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Face transplant | 1000053-12 | In June 2016, a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, physicians and other health professionals completed a near-total face transplant at Mayo Clinic's Rochester campus. Patient Andrew Sandness, a 32-year-old from eastern Wyoming, had devastating facial injuries from a self-inflicted gunshot wound in 2006. The surgery, which spanned more than 50 hours, restored Sandness' nose, upper and lower jaw, palate, teeth, cheeks, facial muscles, oral mucosa, some of the salivary glands and the skin of his face (from below the eyelids to the neck and from ear to ear). The care team led by Samir Mardini, and Hatem Amer, the surgical director and medical director, respectively, for the Mayo Clinic Essam and Dalal Obaid Center for Reconstructive Transplant Surgery, devoted more than 50 Saturdays over years to rehearsing the surgery, using sets of cadaver heads to transplant the face of one to the other. They used 3-D imaging and virtual surgery to plot out the bony cuts so the donor's face would fit perfectly on the transplant recipient. Today, in addition to his physical transformation, Sandness can smell again, breathe normally and eat foods that were off-limits for a decade.
In a 31-hour operation starting on 4 May 2017, surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic transplanted a face donated from Adrea Schneider, who had died of a drug overdose, to Katie Stubblefield, whose face had been disfigured in a suicide attempt by rifle on 25 March 2014. , Katie is the youngest person in the United States to have had a face transplant, age 21 at the time. Surgeons originally planned to leave her cheeks, eyebrows, eyelids, most of her forehead, and the sides of her face alone. However, because the donor face was larger and darker than Katie's, they made the decision to transplant the donor's full face. This holds the risk that in case of acute rejection in which the face must be removed, she would not have enough tissue for reconstructive surgery. Katie was featured on the cover of National Geographic in September 2018 for an article entitled "The Story of a Face." |
Face transplant | 1000053-13 | In July 2019, 68-year-old Robert Chelsea became the oldest person, as well as the first black person in the world, to receive a full face transplant. On 6 August 2013, Robert was involved in an horrific car accident, leaving burns over 75% of his body. The severe damage meant that Robert was missing significant facial elements such as a part of his nose, which limited his ability to eat and drink. Functionality was important to Robert and was a key reason behind his pursuit of the surgery. In 2016, a face transplant was first discussed. Yet, health care disparities have led to a lack of black organ donations. This meant that Robert waited two years to find a face that matched something close to his own complexion. The surgery was performed on 27 July 2019 at Brigham and Women's Hospital.
Combined procedures
A number of combined VCA procedures, such as bilateral hand transplants, have been described in the literature and media sources. These combined procedures also include attempts at triple-limb and quadruple-limb transplants, however, only three face transplants have been attempted in combination with other allografts.
France
In 2009, Laurent Lantieri and his team attempted a face and bilateral hand transplant on a 37-year-old man who sustained extensive injuries during a self-immolation attempt one year prior. The patient ultimately died of anoxic brain injury two months after his initial transplant during surgical management of infectious and vascular complications. Autopsy revealed no signs of rejection in any of the allografts. |
Face transplant | 1000053-14 | United States On 12 August 2020, at NYU Langone Health in New York, New York, Eduardo D. Rodriguez led a team of over 140 personnel in successfully transplanting the face and bilateral hands of a brain dead donor onto 22-year-old Joe DiMeo, who sustained disfiguring burns after a car accident in 2018. The procedure lasted approximately 23 hours, and involved the entire facial soft tissue (extending from the anterior hairline to the neck, including the eyelids, nose, lips, and ears, along with strategic skeletal components), as well as both hands at the distal forearm level.
Charla Nash's face transplant, described above, also initially included bilateral hands from the same donor. Circulation to Nash's transplanted hands was compromised after she was started on vasopressors as part of treatment for sepsis. The hands were ultimately amputated, however the patient survived, as did her facial allograft.
In May 2023, a team of 140 doctors at NYU Langone Health successfully conducted the first combination eye transplant and partial face transplant. The patient, a 46-year-old linesman, was electrocuted by high voltage wires in 2021 causing the loss of the lower portion of his face and his left eye. The eye, while not restoring vision to the patient, has successfully received blood flow to the retina.
Ethics, surgery and post-operation treatment
The procedure consists of a series of operations requiring rotating teams of specialists. With issues of tissue type, age, sex, and skin color taken into consideration, the patient's face is removed and replaced (sometimes including the underlying fat, nerves, blood vessels, bones, and/or musculature). The surgery may last anywhere from 8 to 36 hours, followed by a 10- to 14-day hospital stay. |
Face transplant | 1000053-15 | There has been a substantial amount of ethical debate surrounding the operation and its performance. The main issue is that, as noted below, the procedure entails submitting otherwise physically healthy people to potentially fatal, lifelong immunosuppressant therapy. So far, four people have died of complications related to the procedure. Citing the comments of various plastic surgeons and medical professionals from France and Mexico, anthropologist Samuel Taylor-Alexander suggests that the operation has been infused with nationalist import, which is ultimately influencing the decision-making and ethical judgements of the involved parties. His most recent research suggests the face transplant community needs to do more in order to ensure that the experiential knowledge of face transplant recipients is included in the ongoing evaluation of the field. As of October 2019, the AboutFace Project , funded by a UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship awarded to Dr Fay Bound Alberti, is exploring these debates as part of its wider research into the emotional and cultural history of face transplants. The AboutFace project has entered its second phase as Interface, a research project which explores the relationship between identity, emotion, and communication, as revealed through the human face.
After the procedure, a lifelong regimen of immunosuppressive drugs is necessary to suppress the patient's own immune systems and prevent rejection. Long-term immunosuppression increases the risk of developing life-threatening infections, kidney damage, and cancer. The surgery may result in complications such as infections that could damage the transplanted face and require a second transplant or reconstruction with skin grafts. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-0 | Alvin Keith McCants (April 19, 1968 – September 2, 2021) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Houston Oilers, and the Arizona Cardinals from 1990 to 1995. He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide, earning unanimous All-American honors in 1989. He was selected by Tampa Bay in the first round of the 1990 NFL Draft with the fourth overall pick. After his playing career, he became a radio broadcaster. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-1 | High school career McCants attended Murphy High School in Mobile, Alabama. As a senior, he amassed 130 tackles and 3 interceptions and was named to the 1986 1st Team All State Team. Additionally, McCants was named to the 1986 Alabama Sports Writers Association's Super 12 team, composed of the top 12 high school football players in the state. McCants was also on the school's basketball team, and helped lead them to the state tournament both his freshman and senior year.
College career
A college standout at the University of Alabama, McCants had a number of accolades bestowed upon him including being named a 1989 Unanimous First-team All-American (AP, UPI, WCFF, AFCA, FWAA, FN, TSN) and a 1989 Butkus Award Runner-up. He was a member of the 1990 Sugar Bowl team and was named the National Defensive Player of the Year in 1989 by CBS. In 1988 as a sophomore, McCants finished second on the team with 78 tackles, second only to Derrick Thomas. Additionally, McCants recorded the most tackles on the team four times during the 1988 regular season, against Tennessee (8), Mississippi State (14), Auburn (17), and Texas A&M (11). The Texas A&M game, dubbed the Hurricane Bowl, was originally to take place September 17, but Alabama head coach Bill Curry refused to travel to College Station due to the threat posed by Hurricane Gilbert. The Tide ended the season with a win against Army in the 1988 Sun Bowl, in which McCants had a game-high 13 tackles. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-2 | In 1989, he led the Crimson Tide with 119 tackles and 4 sacks. After Alabama's victory against Tennessee, McCants was named the SEC Defensive Player of the Week by the league office for his 16 tackles and two sacks. Three weeks later, he was named Sports Illustrated defensive player of the week after totaling 18 tackles in an Alabama victory over LSU. In the last game of the 1989 regular season against Auburn, dubbed the Iron Bowl, McCants was named the CBS Player of the Game for Alabama with 18 tackles, an interception, and a forced fumble. A high point for the Tide from the game was McCants' display of "incredible athletic talent" in running down Auburn receiver Shane Wasden from behind and preventing a touchdown. Additionally, it was the second straight Iron Bowl in which McCants led the Tide in tackles, combining for 35 total between the 1988 and 1989 matchups. Even with the loss to Auburn, Alabama would still claim the title of 1989 SEC Champions, the school’s first conference title since 1981.
Among a number of individual honors, McCants finished his college career with 197 total tackles, including 16 tackles for a loss. Additionally, McCants 119 tackles that year puts him tied for 6th all time for tackles in a single season by an Alabama player. The February 12, 1990, issue of Sports Illustrated ran an article that focused on McCants titled "The Young and the Restless", that profiled his and other college juniors' eventually successful attempts to declare for the NFL Draft before their senior season, a then-uncommon practice. In December 2010, Bleacher Report named McCants the 33rd greatest player in Alabama Crimson Tide History. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-3 | Before the draft, Ed Sherman of the Chicago Tribune described McCants as "the biggest star around", with pro scouts "drooling over him", and projected him to be "a virtual lock to be the top pick in next spring`s NFL draft". `BAMA STAR WEIGHS THE PROS, CONS
Professional career
McCants was for a time expected to be the first player selected in the 1990 NFL draft, but the Atlanta Falcons backed off due to rumors of knee trouble and allegations that his family had been paid money by a sports agent while he was still in college. Still, McCants' strength and 4.51 second time in the 40-yard dash guaranteed he would still be a high pick, if not #1. After being drafted fourth overall by the Buccaneers in 1990, McCants signed a 5-year, $7.4 million deal with the team, including a then-record $2.5 million cash signing bonus. A highly touted prospect, McCants rookie card by Score quoted former Kentucky head coach Jerry Claiborne as saying "Keith is one of the best football players I have ever seen. Have you ever seen a linebacker as big as he is? I never have. He looks like an elephant and he runs like a deer". Buccaneers coach Ray Perkins said that "He plays like he is never out of the play. That is an intensity level I like". |
Keith McCants | 10002424-4 | Floyd Peters was brought to the Bucs in 1991, and converted McCants from a linebacker to defensive end. Although McCants resisted the change, Peters convinced him that with time he could become a success story along the lines of Chris Doleman, another Peters conversion. Although privately unhappy he accepted the position, and tried to make the best of it, claiming "Teams won't take me lightly. I can tell you that...I can play any position on this football team, except maybe quarterback. When this season is over, I could be in the Pro Bowl. You don't know how hungry I am. It doesn't matter what position I'm playing. What matters is me."
Although McCants was not fond of the move, he did have some success, as he led the Buccaneers in 1991 with 34 quarterback pressures and recorded 5 sacks, prompting Patrick Zier of the New York Times to remark "considering the circumstances, McCants first year was a success. . .despite having to learn an entirely new position". In December 1991, Coach Peters told the media "I think he's played a decent season. If you watch films, Keith is a producer." McCants continued to build upon his experience and was second on the Buccaneers in sacks (5) and quarterback pressures (21) in 1992. Eventually, Tampa Bay cut him during their 1993 training camp. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-5 | Within 48 hours, he was picked up off waivers by the New England Patriots, where he was reunited once again with Ray Perkins, then New England's Offensive coordinator. Regarding his cut from the Bucs and resigning, McCants remarked at the time "This is a lot off my shoulders...The rumors had been spreading for some time now concerning my future with Tampa." He played in a preseason game the day he was signed, against the Kansas City Chiefs, before being released.
In 1993 while with the Houston Oilers, McCants stepped in to separate Buddy Ryan and Kevin Gilbride when Ryan punched Gilbride in the face following an Oilers fumble. That season, the Oilers would go on to finish first in the AFC Central Division, sending them to their seventh straight postseason, and McCants's first. When asked what it meant to go to the playoffs, McCants replied, "Let me tell you something, this is big-time. This is football ... I haven't had a winning season since I left college, and it feels great to win again." In 1994, McCants went to the Cardinals, following Buddy Ryan to Arizona after he was named head coach. In a game against the Chicago Bears, McCants picked off Steve Walsh and ran back a 46-yard touchdown; it was the Cardinals' longest interception return of the season. In 1995 McCants scored his second NFL touchdown, on a fumble recovery against the Seattle Seahawks.
NFL statistics |
Keith McCants | 10002424-6 | Broadcast career On September 13, 2019, McCants began cohosting Hear It Now! with Barry Edwards every Friday on WWBA (820 AM) in Tampa Bay. This was his first full-time role as a broadcaster. He interviewed guests Cornelius Bennett, Robert Jones, Stylez G. White, George Teague, Willie Anderson, Kato Kaelin and Ron Jeremy.
Personal life
McCants and Emmitt Smith became friends while both playing in the SEC in college, with both being named to the 1989 All American team. Smith twice called McCants for advice leading up to his decision to announce for the 1990 Draft. According to his biography, while still a child WNBA player Lindsey Harding was inspired by a footrace with McCants to enter the world of sports.
After leaving the NFL, McCants, who studied Criminal Justice while at the University of Alabama, became the first black marine police officer in the state of Alabama. Working for the Department of Conservation and Natural resources, Conservation Commissioner Riley Boykin Smith said at the time that "he hopes McCants will become the first of many minorities who take advantage of the opportunities to work for his department".
McCants was also an avid scuba diver, having dived all around the coast of Florida and the Caribbean.
McCants died of an apparent drug overdose on September 2, 2021, aged 53. |
Keith McCants | 10002424-7 | Media appearances McCants appeared in the 2012 episode Broke, part of ESPN's 30 for 30 series of sports documentaries. The premiere of Broke, which detailed the high rates of bankruptcy and financial trouble amongst professional athletes, attracted 2.7 million viewers, an all-time ESPN record.
McCants was a semi-frequent guest on HuffPost Live, having appeared on the program five times.
Three of the appearances were with host Marc Lamont Hill.
McCants was the guest for the September 21, 2012, episode of Dan Lebatard is Highly Questionable.
On September 24, 2012, he appeared as a guest on The Adam Carolla Show alongside Jeff Timmons of 98 Degrees.
In December 2012, McCants appeared on Tailgating with Kato, Kato Kaelin's sports-themed television talk show
He also appeared on WALA-TV Fox 10 a number of times, with segments including "The Interview" and "Studio 10".
McCants was featured in sportswriter Gregg Easterbrook's book The King of Sports: Football's Impact on America released in October 2013.
Legal troubles
According to a May 15, 2011, Tampa Tribune article, since 2002 McCants had three convictions on charges of possessing drugs or drug paraphernalia. The article goes on to detail how, since his last new arrest in December 2010, "McCants said he has been clean and doesn't believe he has a drug-addiction problem." |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-0 | Club de Deportes Iquique S.A.D.P. is a Chilean football club based in Iquique that is a current member of the Chilean Primera División. Founded in 1978, the club's home stadium is the Estadio Tierra de Campeones, which has a 13,171 capacity.
Iquique has spent 19 seasons in the Primera División, its longest spell lasting ten years (1980–90). The team has spent 13 seasons in Primera B and four in the third-tier Tercera División. Among its titles, Iquique has won three Copa Chile titles (1980, 2010 and 2013–14).
They have a local rivalry with San Marcos de Arica, disputing the derby since early 1980s.
History
The team was founded on 21 May 1978 by the merger of Cavancha and Estrella de Chile. The following year Iquique competed in the Segunda División, winning it and securing promotion to the Campeonato Nacional.
In its first season at top level, the club finished in 14th place out of eighteen teams and won the Copa Polla Gol, beating Colo-Colo in the final at the Estadio Nacional. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-1 | Between 1981 and 1987, Iquique remained in mid-table positions. In 1988, they reached the qualifying stages of the 1989 Copa Libertadores after finishing in third place in the league. However, they lost to Colo-Colo in the final of the qualification tournament. That season, Juan José Oré was the tournament's leading goalscorer with eighteen goals.
In 1991, following a poor campaign where the team finished in the bottom of the table, they were relegated to the second division. They returned to the top flight for one season in 1993, and again for two seasons in 1997. However, in 2002, the club was relegated to the third division and then declared bankruptcy. It was relaunched as Municipal Iquique.
During its four-year presence in the third division, the club saw the rise of Chilean international Edson Puch, a key player in their title win of 2006. Two years later, Iquique reached its fourth promotion to the top division, beating Coquimbo Unido in the promotion playoffs. During the 2009 Apertura, Puch was transferred to Universidad de Chile and Cristian Bogado to Colo-Colo. The club only obtained nine points during the second half of the season, and finished bottom of the table to be relegated to the second division. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-2 | In 2010, Iquique won its third second division title and its second Copa Chile title, securing qualification for the 2011 Copa Sudamericana. In their first ever continental tournament, the club was eliminated in the preliminary stage by Universidad Católica. The team finished eleventh in the league.
In 2012, Iquique participated in the Copa Sudamericana for the second consecutive time, qualifying with third place in the 2012 Apertura which saw the return of Puch and Bogado, signings including Rodrigo Díaz and the emergence of Álvaro Ramos as a strong player. However, once again the team were eliminated at the preliminary stage, this time by Uruguay's Nacional after a 4–2 aggregate loss. That season, the club qualified for the Copa Libertadores after finishing third in the league. After beating Mexican side León in the first stage, Iquique finished bottom of their group in the next stage.
In 2014, Iquique won its third Copa Chile, qualifying again for the Copa Sudamericana. For the third time, it was eliminated at the preliminary stage, with a loss to Universitario de Sucre from Bolivia. In the 2014–15 season, Católica lost the title to Cobresal on the final matchday after drawing 3–3 with Iquique, after Iquique had been losing 3–0 at half time. During the 2015–16 season they finished tenth in the annual table. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-3 | Stadium The Estadio Municipal de Cavancha is currently the home stadium of the club. The stadium holds 3,300 spectators and was built in 1933. It has been home to Deportes Iquique since the club's founding, in 1978, until 1993, and from 2016 until at least 2019. The club played at the Estadio Tierra de Campeones between 1994 and 2016, but this stadium is currently undergoing a complete reconstruction.
Players
Current squad
The teams of the Chilean Primera Division are limited to five players without Chilean nationality and also the same number of foreign players in the field.
2021 Winter transfers
In
Out
Managers
Ramón Estay (1979–1980)
Aurelio Valenzuela (1985)
Ramón Estay (1987–1988)
Ramón Estay (1990)
Ramón Estay (1992)
Mario Maldonado (1993)
Ramón Estay (1994)
Juan Páez (1995)
Gerardo Pelusso (1996–97)
Jorge Garcés (1998–99)
Ramón Estay (2001)
Ramón Estay (2003)
Gustavo Huerta (2009–10)
José Cantillana (2010–11)
Fernando Vergara (2011)
Jorge Pellicer (2011–12)
Christian Díaz (2013)
Jaime Vera (2013–14)
Héctor Pinto (2014)
Nelson Acosta (2014–2015)
Jaime Vera (2015–2017)
Erick Guerrero (2017–2018)
Miguel Riffo (2018)
Luis Musrri (2018)
Pablo Sánchez (2019)
Jaime Vera (2019-2020)
Cristián Leiva (2020-2021)
Luís Musrri (2021)
Víctor Rivero (2022)
Patrick Rojas (2022)
José Miguel Cantillana (2022)
Manuel Villalobos (2022)
Miguel Ponce (2023)
Miguel Ramírez (2024-Act.)
Honours
Domestic
Copa Chile: 3
1980, 2010, 2013–14
Segunda División/Primera B: 3
1979, 1997-C, 2010
Tercera División: 1
2006 |
Nobody's Boy: Remi | 10005544-0 | is a 1977–1978 Japanese anime series by Tokyo Movie Shinsha and Madhouse. The story is based upon French author Hector Malot's 1878 novel Sans Famille. It follows a young boy who works for a travelling group of players in the hope of earning money and seeing his foster family again. The anime is well known in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Latin America, Canada (in French), France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Arab world, Indonesia, Russia and the Philippines.
A film version by the same studio and director was released in 1980.
In the Philippines, the anime was originally shown between 1979 and 1980 on RPN. However, like the other contemporary anime broadcast in the same period (Candy Candy, Heidi, etc.), the full story was not shown. It was only after nearly twenty years that it was shown in full, under the title "Remi" on ABS-CBN, this time in Tagalog. ImaginAsian attempted to make the show available in America through on-demand DVD, but with no success.
In the Netherlands, it was broadcast between 1979 and 1980 by AVRO and in 1996 by the EO. The AVRO version was released on DVD.
In 1996, a new adaptation of this story was aired in Japan. was created by Nippon Animation as part of their famous World Masterpiece Theater series.
In 1995, Nobody's Boy: Remi was also broadcast by RCTI. |
Nobody's Boy: Remi | 10005544-1 | Plot With the story being set in 19th century France, Remi lives with his mother in a French village called Chavanon. His father Jerome Barberin works in Paris. When he is injured, he decides to return to his village, though he is a changed man and is much hard-hearted. Remi discovers that he is actually a foundling. Barberin sells Remi to a traveling artist named Vitalis and his animal group. Remi, who has lost the love of his father and his familiar environment accepts his fate. He leaves the house and confronts the harshness of a traveling artist's life. Along the way, he meets a lovely rich lady named Mrs. Milligan and her sick child named Arthur, who is actually turned out to be his real mother and younger brother. Life with them is great, but Remi didn't know the truth and he decided to leave to go with Vitalis. Tragedies strike one after another to leave Remi alone with only but the faithful dog, Capi. Between staying with a gardening family, where he becomes attached to the youngest mute girl Lise, and traveling with his rowdy best friend Mattia. Making a living playing the harp, Remi searches for a place in life, a place where he can belong. This is until he discovers his real parents may be alive, and undertakes a perilous journey to London, a city in England in search of his family. Remi and Mattia moved in with a man named Driscoll and his family, until after living there for a while, Remi and Mattia realized that the family are a criminal group for money. Later, the police arrest Driscoll and his family for larceny. Unfortunately, Remi is mistaken for being one of them. Mattia and a circus troupe by the names of Bob, Max and Peter rescue Remi, and Remi and Mattia travel back to France to finally found Remi's real family. Lise finally spoke, Arthur is able to walk and Mattia is adopted by the Milligan family and became Remi's adoptive brother. Remi's real name is revealed to be Richard since he was born. Then, 10 years later, Remi became a lawyer and marries Lise, and Mattia became a violinist.
Characters
Remi: Masako Sugaya
Vitalis: Yōsuke Kondō
Mrs. Milligan: Reiko Mutō
Mrs. Baraberin: Hiroko Suzuki
Jerome Baraberin: Takeshi Aono
Mattia: Noriko Ohara
Episodes
Remi from Chavanon Village (October 2, 1977)
Remi, The Child of Destiny (October 9, 1977)
Remi's Departure (October 16, 1977)
March Forward, Remi! (October 23, 1977)
Remi's Debut (October 30, 1977)
Remi and his Sky-Blue Classroom (November 6, 1977)
Do Re Mi Fa Remi (November 13, 1977)
Lost Boy Remi (November 20, 1977)
My First Friend, Grace (November 27, 1977)
An Unexpected Occurrence (December 4, 1977)
Vitalis' Trial (December 11, 1977)
Little Director Remi (December 18, 1977)
A Meeting with the Swan (December 25, 1977)
Remi's Troupe on the Swan (January 1, 1978)
A Happy Boat Ride (January 8, 1978)
Dreaming of My Two Mothers (January 15, 1978)
Goodbye Swan (January 22, 1978)
Don't Look Back Remi (January 29, 1978)
In a Raging Blizzard (February 5, 1978)
Remi and the Wolf (February 12, 1978) |
Nobody's Boy: Remi | 10005544-2 | Birth of a New Life (February 19, 1978)
The Famous Joli Coeur (February 26, 1978)
A Great Master (March 5, 1978)
My New Paris Friend, Mattia (March 12, 1978)
Boss Garofoli (March 19, 1978)
Farewell, My Son (March 26, 1978)
Vitalis's Past (April 2, 1978)
Lise's Feelings (April 9, 1978)
The Happy Greenhouse (April 16, 1978)
The Ring Bond (April 23, 1978)
Thank You, Mattia (April 30, 1978)
A Great Idea (May 7, 1978)
My Outrageous Friend (May 14, 1978)
A Storm! 250 Meters Below (May 21, 1978)
Save Remi! (May 28, 1978)
Mattia the Musical Genius (June 4, 1978)
A Present for Mom (June 11, 1978)
Mrs. Barberin (June 18, 1978)
Hurry to Paris! (June 25, 1978)
Remi is English! (July 2, 1978)
I Finally Meet My Parents (July 9, 1978)
The Driscolls' True Identity (July 16, 1978)
The Milligan Family Insignia (July 30, 1978)
The Bond of Mother and Child (August 6, 1978)
My Mother Has Gone Away (August 13, 1978)
In the Midst of Despair (August 20, 1978)
A Desperate Dive (September 3, 1978)
Storm on the Dover Strait (September 10, 1978)
My Two Mothers (September 17, 1978)
Her First Word...Remi! (September 24, 1978)
Beginning A New Journey (October 1, 1978) |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-0 | Australian vehicle registration plates or number plates and license plates are issued by state, territory, and Commonwealth governments, and the armed forces of Australia. The plates are associated with a vehicle and are generally intended to last for the time the vehicle remains registered in the state, though as they become unreadable (or for other reasons) they may be remade with like for like replacement. Motor vehicle registration in Australia can be renewed monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annually depending on the state or territory where the vehicle is registered.
Current standard issue plates
Standard issue
Other issue
Trailers
Motorcycles
On all other motorcycle plates, the legend is embossed on top of the state or territory.
History and Federal numbering scheme
Standards and federal allocations for all vehicles
From 1910 onwards, vehicle registration plates for each state started at number 1 and were manufactured in enamel.
Starting in 1936, it was decided that Australian plates were to be uniform in size and embossed using standard Australian dies, beginning with New South Wales, the Federal Capital Territory (now ACT) and Victoria. By 1956, the other states and territories had moved to standard Australian embossing using painted or enamelled metal, with dimensions of × . |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-1 | In the early 1950s, a uniform scheme for vehicle registration plates was developed, which was to apply across all states and territories. Previously, both New South Wales and Victoria had issued plates with two letters and three digits, in white on a black background. However, that was not entirely popular, and some states and territories preferred to have their own identity reflected on their registration plates.
The following scheme was meant to be implemented Australia-wide after 1952:
Western Australia deemed itself too large to fit into the proposed scheme and devised its own. Plates in the Iaa-nnn series were to be skipped, because as a capital I was believed to be easily mistaken for the number 1. That allowed the two populous states, with a greater number of registered vehicles, to be allocated a series of six letters series: New South Wales had A to F, Victoria had G to H, and J to M. Three other states had a series of three letters: Queensland N, P and Q, South Australia R to T, Western Australia U to V. Due to its small size, Tasmania was only given one letter, W, the Australian Capital Territory was given Y and the Northern Territory was given the letter X. The letter Z was for Commonwealth government departmental use Australia-wide, the second letter reflecting the department. The letters I and O were deemed to be too similar to 1 and 0 and weren't part of the original scheme. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-2 | The system, introduced in 1951–52, was not as popular as expected. The Northern Territory declined to participate and continued its previous all-number system. Western Australia did adopt the scheme, taking XAA-000 to XZZ-999, previously allocated to the NT. WAG-000 to WAG-999 was reserved for WA Government vehicles, later extended to XZZ-999. However, many WA rural shires chose to issue their own plates, in the WA colour scheme, with the initial letters being the shire abbreviations, followed by digits.
All the other states and territories stuck to their initial allocations, until the number of registrations became too large for each state's allocation, so state authorities allowed their registration numbers to "overflow" into series allocated to another state. In 1972, NSW extended its numbering from FZZ-999 to GAA-000, which had been originally issued to Victoria. In 1974, Victoria, having reserved the Maa-nnn series for state government vehicle registrations, extended its numbering from LZZ-999 to IAA-000, with the letter I no longer being avoided. In 1977, it began using IZZ-999 to AAA-000, the latter originally allocated to NSW. South Australia did similar, extending from SZZ-999 to UAA-000, having reserved the Taa-nnn series for trailer registrations.
All states and territories have now adopted their own series, given that the grouped allocations from the 1950s have long since run out. Various combinations of letters and numbers are now used in each state.
Federal Interstate Registration Scheme
Run years: 1 January 1987 to 1 July 2018. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-3 | Heavy vehicles (over 4.5 tonnes GVM) can choose to participate in FIRS scheme.
FIRS plates are WX·00AA, and are green on a reflective yellow background.
FIRS plates are issued by state authorities on behalf of the Commonwealth, and carry the format as specified by the Interstate Road Transport Regulations 1986 – Reg 21. Federal Interstate-registered vehicles are prohibited from undertaking intrastate journeys and can only be used for cross-border work.
The first character represents the state of issue:
A for Australian Capital Territory
J for Jervis Bay Territory
N for New South Wales
C for Northern Territory
Q for Queensland
S for South Australia
T for Tasmania
V for Victoria
W for Western Australia
The second character represents the type of vehicle being registered:
V for vehicle (typically issued to prime-movers, but are also attached to rigid vehicles such as coaches and moving trucks).
T for trailer.
X for extra weight, for vehicles with particular high gross vehicle or aggregate trailer masses.
The remaining characters are allocated by the issuing authorities. As most interstate transport companies are based on the East Coast, the majority of FIRS plates are registered in NSW and VIC. Some issues originate in QLD or SA, with the remaining states appearing relatively rarely. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-4 | A typical plate which might be found on a semi-trailer, registered to a company in QLD would be QT·88MW.
ALL FIRS scheme plates ceased accepting renewals on 1 July 2018 and FIRS closed on 1 July 2019, after all FIRS registration expired and plates exchanged to the new National Heavy Vehicle scheme/state based registration plates.
More details are found under the Infrastructure website of the Federal Government's
National Heavy Vehicle Registration Scheme
Starting on 1 July 2018, a new system was implemented in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania. Victoria joined the scheme on 1 October 2018.
Northern Territory started using National Heavy Vehicle Plates and abolished the rego stickers effective on 1 August 2019.
Western Australia is not participating, hence WA Heavy Vehicles are on state based plates.
The format now in use are:
FB-12AA in Black on white reflection base, and blue band legend with the words NATIONAL HEAVY VEHICLE imprinted on it.
XQ-12AA is for Trucks while YQ-12AA is for Trailers. In this example the prefix denotes X for Trucks and Y for Trailers and the last prefix letter is for home states/territory:
A for Australian Capital Territory
J for Jervis Bay Territory
N and O for New South Wales |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-5 | R for Northern Territory Q and B for Queensland
S for South Australia
T for Tasmania
V and W for Victoria
It replaced the state based general series, however not mandatory and owners can request state based personalised plates if they wish to have them. It applies to new heavy vehicles or heavy vehicle requiring replacement of state based general series plates. 4.5 GVM minimum must qualify for the new plates.
Debate about registration on bicycle riders
For many years in Australia they have had a debate about should registration be also on bicycle riders.
In 2014, Randwick councillor Charles Matthews proposed to impose a $50 registration fee on bicycle riders, which would be used to help fund cycleways being built by the council. This proposal was rejected by other councillors. In 2014, the Victorian council of City of Bayside tried a same proposal.
Common features
Plates tend to bear the State or Territory name and perhaps a state motto or slogan at the top and/or bottom of the plate. Recent issues of plates (since the 1980s) also often use the state's colours and may include some imagery related to the state (such as the state's logo as the sequence separator). |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-6 | Alternative fuel vehicle identification Under Part 10 of the Australian Light Vehicle Standards Rules 2015, vehicles powered by fuels other than petrol or diesel (collectively alternative fuel systems) must always display a specific plate that is affixed to both the front and rear number plates. These labels exist to assist emergency services personnel in responding to potential hazards involving such vehicles. Generally, such labels are applied permanently to the registration plate by way of pop rivets or other mechanical fixtures.
The standards were updated in March 2019, to add standards for hydrogen and electric powered vehicles.
LPG, LNG or CNG vehicles with more than one tank of that type are required to have one additional diamond attached to the front and back number plates.
Labelling for pre 1 January 2019 hydrogen or electric vehicles
Hydrogen or electric powered vehicles built or converted before 1 January 2019 are still subject to relevant state-based standards for their labelling. For example in Victoria, all electric-powered vehicles (including hybrid vehicles) need to display "EV" number plate labels on both number plates. Electric-powered passenger cars and hybrid vehicles registered before 4 October 2020 were required to display a different style of label.
Commonwealth and military
Military plates were nnn-nnn with the first digit corresponding to the military district number:
1 – Australian Capital Territory |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-7 | 2 – New South Wales
3 – Victoria
4 – Queensland
5 – South Australia
6 – Western Australia
7 – Tasmania
8 – Northern Territory
However, new plates issued to the Army are now in this format: nn-nnnn, where the first two digits represent the year the vehicle was registered, e.g. 05-1832.
Current Australian Army registration plate format is Annnnn with this newer format beginning in 2003. The A represents "Army" with the next two digits representing the year the vehicle was first registered. For instance, a 2008 model Toyota Coaster used to transport army cadets might have the plate A08227. This format has also been adopted by the Defence Force, Navy, and Air Force with combinations Dnnnnn, Nnnnnn and Rnnnnn respectively.
The official car of Chief of the Defence Force carries plates ADF1 and official cars for the three service chiefs carry plates ARMY1, NAVY1 or RAAF1.
The Commonwealth Government of Australia used the Z prefix for its government owned vehicles up until 2000 when the Commonwealth Vehicle Registry was closed.
These plates were on a black on white background, usually marked with "C of A" at the top of the plate – an abbreviation of Commonwealth of Australia and the leading Z being red to further distinguish it from other state plates. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-8 | Issuance of Z prefixed plates used for same purposes was passed onto the states after 2000. Australian Capital Territory plates started at ZYA-000, Victoria plates started at ZED-000, Queensland plates started at ZQ-0000, New South Wales plates started at ZZZ-000, South Australia plates started at ZSA-000, Western Australia plates started at ZAA-00F and Tasmania plates started at ZTA-000. Only New South Wales and Victoria chose to use their state base colours rather than the standard black on reflective white, with the use of red embossed Z prefix.
Each of the states display their state initials as seen above the numbers instead of the old "C of A" legend.
The Northern Territory still uses the older format and same "C of A" legend at top of the plate.
The registration plate of the Prime Ministerial Limousine was C*1 (i.e. Commonwealth No. 1) with a seven-pointed Commonwealth Star. This was updated on 11 November 2015, showing C (Australian Government crest image) 1. Other Commonwealth fleet cars for official transport carry "C of A" plates in the form C-nnn.
The Governor-General's official cars do not carry registration plates, but simply depict a representation of the St Edward's Crown. They tend to also have a flag mounted on the official car. Similar plates were used for vehicles carrying Queen Elizabeth II when visiting Australia.
Cars owned by the government have special number plates, some also have a crown and symbols. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-9 | For official visits to Australia, special plates are often put over the top of normal "Z" plates, depicting the Australian Coat of Arms and, in red "Visit to Australia" with a numeral. These are not strictly registration plates, but are useful for police and other officials to identify cars in official motorcades.
Diplomatic
Diplomatic plates are issued to foreign diplomats by the Government of the Australian Capital Territory. They would formerly grant diplomatic immunity to the vehicle and driver from all traffic laws, speed limits, parking infringements and tolls in all reasonable course of duty by a diplomatic officer, in compliance with international treaty, but this is no longer the case. They follow the format of "DC nnnn", "DCnnnnn", "DX nnnn" or "DXnnnnn", where the first two or three numbers are the code for the home country of the diplomat, and have black text on a powder blue background. DC plates are issued to members of the diplomatic corps, whereas DX plates are issued to persons who are attached to diplomatic missions but are not themselves diplomats, e.g. household staff.
Older issues have no territory identifier, however newer plates have "ACT" embossed at the top centre of the plate. Newer plates are also written as "DC" and "DX", rather than "D.C." and "D.X." to allow for the inclusion of a greater number of characters in the sequence. A substantial number of older-style plates are still in use, however. |
Vehicle registration plates of Australia | 1000181-10 | The first two or three numbers appearing in the plate correspond to a specific country, for example 69 is issued to the United Kingdom. The following two digits are typically issued with lower numbers to higher-ranking officials, usually 01 being issued to the ambassador from that country. So DC 6901 would be found on the vehicle of the British High Commissioner to Australia.
The number issued to each country has no particular relevance, and was allocated by ballot. Countries with many vehicles (such as the USA) are allocated two numbers. Before the blue D.C. plates were introduced, diplomatic cars in Canberra carried plates which had white letters on red.
The numbers then correlated to the length of time the particular diplomatic mission had been in Canberra and the British High Commissioner's car carried the plate D.C.1 The replacement arrangement is more egalitarian.
State registration authorities issue CC plates to consular representatives in their relevant state capital.
The ACT Government issues similar plates to representatives of international organisations in the Territory. These plates are also coloured black on powder blue, and follow a format of IO nnnn.
Registration labels abolition
All other states have abolished registration labels for light and heavy vehicles:
Western Australia – 1 January 2010, beginning with light vehicles and Northern Territory is the last to be abolished from 1 August 2019 for Heavy Vehicles. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-0 | International relations between the Republic of Chile and the Argentine Republic have existed for decades. The border between the two countries is the world's third-longest international border, which is long and runs from north to south along the Andes mountains. Although both countries gained their independence during the South American wars of liberation, during much of the 19th and the 20th century, relations between the countries were tense as a result of disputes over the border in Patagonia. Despite this, Chile and Argentina have never been engaged in a war with each other. In recent years, relations have improved. Argentina and Chile have followed quite different economic policies. Chile has signed free trade agreements with countries such as China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, as well as European Union, and it's a member of the APEC. Argentina belongs to the Mercosur regional free trade area. In April 2018, both countries suspended their membership from the UNASUR.
Historical relations (1550–1989)
Rule under Spain and Independence |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-1 | The relationship between the two countries can be traced back to an alliance during Spanish colonial times. Both colonies were offshoots of the Viceroyalty of Peru, with the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (which Argentina was a part of) being broken off in 1776, and Chile not being broken off until independence. Argentina and Chile were colonized by different processes. Chile was conquered as a southward extension of the original conquest of Peru, while Argentina was colonized from Peru, Chile and from the Atlantic.
Argentina and Chile were close allies during the wars of independence from the Spanish Empire. Chile, like most of the revolting colonies, was defeated at a point by Spanish armies, while Argentina remained independent throughout its war of independence. After the Chilean defeat in the Disaster of Rancagua, the remnants of the Chilean Army led by Bernardo O'Higgins took refuge in Mendoza. Argentine General José de San Martín, by that time governor of the region, included the Chilean exiles in the Army of the Andes, and in 1817 led the crossing of the Andes, defeated the Spaniards, and confirmed the Chilean Independence. While he was in Santiago, Chile a cabildo abierto (open town hall meeting) offered San Martín the governorship of Chile, which he declined, in order to continue the liberating campaign in Peru. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-2 | In 1817 Chile began the buildup of its Navy in order to carry the war to the Viceroyalty of Perú. Chile and Argentina signed a treaty in order to finance the enterprise. But Argentina, fallen in a civil war, was unable to contribute. The naval fleet, after being built, launched a sea campaign to fight the Spanish fleet in the Pacific to liberate Peru. After a successful land and sea campaign, San Martín proclaimed the Independence of Peru in 1821.
War against the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
From 1836 to 1839, Chile and Argentina united in a war against the confederation of Peru and Bolivia. The underlying cause was the apprehension of Chile and Argentina against the potential power of the Peru-Bolivia bloc. This resulted from concern over the large territory of Peru-Bolivia as well as the perceived threat that such a rich state would represent to their southern neighbors. Chile declared the war on 11 November 1836 and Argentina on 19 May 1837.
In 1837 Felipe Braun, one of Santa Cruz's most capable generals and highly decorated veteran of the war of independence, defeated an Argentine army sent to topple Santa Cruz. On 12 November 1838 Argentine representatives signed an agreement with the Bolivian troops. However, on 20 January 1839 the Chilean force obtained a decisive victory against Peru-Bolivia at the Battle of Yungay and the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation came to an end. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-3 | Chincha's war A series of coastal and high-seas naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru and Chile occurred between 1864 and 1866. These actions began with Spain's seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands, part of a strategy by Isabel II of Spain to reassert her country's lost influence in Spain's former South American empire. These actions prompted an alliance between Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Chile against Spain. As a result, all Pacific coast ports of South America situated south of Colombia were closed to the Spanish fleet. Argentina, however, refused to join the alliance and maintained amicable relations with Spain and delivered coal to the Spanish fleet.
War of the Pacific
On 6 February 1873, Peru and Bolivia signed a secret treaty of alliance against Chile. On 24 September, Argentine president Domingo Faustino Sarmiento asked the Argentine Chamber of Deputies to join Argentina with the alliance. The Argentine chamber assented by a vote of 48–18. The treaty made available a credit of six million pesos for military expenditures. However, in 1874, after the delivery of the Chilean ironclad Almirante Cochrane and the ironclad Blanco Encalada, the Argentine Senate postponed the matter until late 1874, and Sarmiento was prevented signing the treaty. Consequently, Argentina remained neutral during the war; and the Argentines signed a Border Treaty with Chile in 1881. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-4 | Claims on Patagonia Border disputes continued between Chile and Argentina, as Patagonia was then a largely unexplored area. The Border Treaty of 1881 established the line of highest mountains dividing the Atlantic and Pacific watersheds as the border between Argentina and Chile. This principle was easily applied in northern Andean border region; but in Patagonia drainage basins crossed the Andes. This led to further disputes over whether the Andean peaks would constitute the frontier (favoring Argentina) or the drainage basins (favoring Chile). Argentina argued that previous documents referring to the boundary always mentioned the Snowy Cordillera as the frontier and not the continental divide. The Argentine explorer Francisco Perito Moreno suggested that many Patagonian lakes draining to the Pacific were in fact part of the Atlantic basin but had been moraine-dammed during the quaternary glaciations changing their outlets to the west. In 1902, war was again avoided when British King Edward VII agreed to mediate between the two nations. He cleverly established the current Argentina-Chile border in Patagonia by dividing many disputed lakes into two equal parts. Several of these lakes still have different names on each side of the frontier, such as the lake known in Chile as Lago O'Higgins and in Argentina as Lago San Martín. A dispute that arose in the northern Puna de Atacama was resolved with the Puna de Atacama Lawsuit of 1899.
Arms race and foreign policy cooperation
Dreadnought race
At the start of the 1900s a naval arms race began amongst the most powerful and wealthy countries in South America: Argentina, Brazil and Chile. It began when the Brazilian government ordered three formidable battleships whose capabilities far outstripped older vessels after the Brazilian Navy found itself well behind the Argentine and Chilean navies in quality and total tonnage. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-5 | Baltimore Crisis During the Baltimore Crisis which brought Chile and the United States to the brink of war in 1891 (at the end of the 1891 Chilean Civil War), the Argentine foreign minister Estanislao Zeballos offered the US-minister in Buenos Aires the Argentine province of Salta as base of operations from which to attack Chile overland. In return, Argentina asked the U.S. for the cession of southern Chile to Argentina. Later, Chile and the United States averted the war.
Pactos de Mayo
The Pactos de Mayo are four protocols signed in Santiago de Chile by Chile and Argentina on 28 May 1902 in order to extend their relations and resolve its territorial disputes. The disputes had led both countries to increase their military budgets and run an arms race in the 1890s. More significantly the two countries divided their influence in South America into two spheres: Argentina would not threaten Chile's Pacific Coast hegemony, and Santiago promised not to intrude east of the Andes.
Snipe incident
In 1958 the Argentine Navy shelled a Chilean lighthouse and disembarked infantry in the uninhabitable islet Snipe, at the east entrance of the Beagle Channel.
Killing of Hernán Merino Correa
The Laguna del Desierto incident, in Argentina called also Battle of Laguna del Desierto occurred between four members of Carabineros de Chile and 90 members of the Argentine Gendarmerie and took place in zone south of O'Higgins/San Martín Lake on 6 November 1965, resulting in Lieutenant Hernán Merino Correa killed and Sergeant Miguel Manríquez injured, both members of Carabineros, creating a tense atmosphere between Chile and Argentina. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-6 | Operation Soberanía Trouble once again began to brew in the 1960s, when Argentina began to claim that the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands in the Beagle Channel were rightfully theirs, although this was in direct contradiction of the 1881 treaty, as the Beagle Channel Arbitration, and the initial Beagle Channel cartography since 1881 stated.
Both countries submitted the controversy to binding arbitration by the international tribunal. The decision (see Beagle Channel Arbitration between the Republic of Argentina and the Republic of Chile, Report and Decision of the Court of Arbitration) recognized all the islands to be Chilean territory. Argentina unilaterally repudiated the decision of the tribunal and planned a war of aggression against Chile.
Direct negotiations between Chile and Argentina in 1977-78 failed and relations became extremely tense. Argentina sent troops to the border in Patagonia and in Chile large areas were mined. On 22 December, Argentina started Operation Soberanía in order to invade the islands and continental Chile, but after a few hours stopped the operation when Pope John Paul II sent a personal message to both presidents urging a peaceful solution. Both countries agreed that the Pope would mediate the dispute through the offices of Cardinal Antonio Samoré his special envoy (See Papal mediation in the Beagle conflict). |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-7 | On 9 January 1979 the Act of Montevideo was signed in Uruguay pledging both sides to a peaceful solution and a return to the military situation of early 1977. The conflict was still latent during the Falklands War and was resolved only after the fall of the Argentine military junta.
A number of prominent public officials in Chile still point to past Argentine treaty repudiations when referring to relations between the two neighbors.
Falklands War
During the Falklands War in 1982, with the Beagle conflict still pending, Chile and Colombia were the only South American countries to abstain from voting in the TIAR.
The Argentine government planned to seize the disputed Beagle Channel islands after the occupation of the Falkland Islands. Basilio Lami Dozo the then Chief of the Argentine Air Force, disclosed that Leopoldo Galtieri told him that:
"[Chile] have to know what we are doing now, because they will be the next in turn.
Óscar Camilión, the last Argentine Foreign Minister before the war (29 March 1981 to 11 December 1981) has stated that:
"The military planning was, after the solution of the Falklands case, to invade the disputed islands in the Beagle. That was the determination of the Argentine Navy." |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-8 | These preparations were public. On 2 June 1982 the newspaper La Prensa published an article by Manfred Schönfeld explaining what would follow Argentina's expected victory in the Falkland Islands:
"The war will not be finished for us, because after the defeat of our enemies in the Falklands, they must be blown away from South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands, and all Argentine Austral archipelagos."
Argentine General Osiris Villegas demanded (in April 1982) after the successful Argentine landing in the Falklands that his government stop negotiations with Chile and seize the islands south of the Beagle. In his book La propuesta pontificia y el espacio nacional comprometido, (p. 2), he asked:
no persistir en una diplomacia bilateral que durante años la ha inhibido para efectuar actos de posesión efectiva en las islas en litigio que son los hechos reales que garantizan el establecimiento de una soberanía usurpada y la preservación de la integridad del territorio nacional.
This intention was probably known to the Chilean government, as the Chileans provided the United Kingdom with 'limited, but significant information' during the conflict. The Chilean Connection is described in detail by Sir Lawrence Freedman in his book The Official History of the Falklands Campaign.
Post-Pinochet democratic governments in Chile have given greater support to the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-9 | In June 2010 (as in 2009 and years before) Chile has supported the Argentine position at the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization calling for direct negotiations between Argentina and the United Kingdom concerning the Falkland Islands dispute.
Peace and Friendship Treaty
This important treaty () was an agreement signed in 1984 between Argentina and Chile establishing friendly relations between the two countries. Particularly, the treaty defines the border delineation and freedom of navigation in the Strait of Magellan and gives possession of the Picton, Lennox and Nueva islands and sea located south of Tierra del Fuego to Chile, but the most part of the Exclusive Economic Zone eastwards of the Cape Horn-Meridian to Argentina. After that, other border disputes were resolved by peaceful means.
The 1984 treaty was succeeded by the Maipu Treaty of Integration and Cooperation (Tratado de Maipú de Integración y Cooperación) signed on 30 October 2009
Post-1990 relations
Argentine support for Bolivia
Despite the Pactos de Mayo agreement, in 2004 Argentina proposed to establish a "corridor" through Chilean territory under partial Argentine administration as a Bolivian outlet to sea. After talks with Chilean ambassador to Argentina, the Kirchner government pulled out of the proposal and declared the issue as "concerning Chile and Bolivia" only. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-10 | Border issues In 1898 the border in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field was defined and wasn't objected during the 1902 Arbitral award of the Andes which defined most of the border on the current Province territory. Both experts, Francisco Pascasio Moreno from Argentina and Diego Barros Arana from Chile agreed on the border between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Daudet. However the border started being questioned by Argentina later on which started the dispute between both countries.
In the 1990s, relations improved dramatically. The dictator and last president of the Argentine Military Junta, General Reynaldo Bignone, called for democratic elections in 1983, and Augusto Pinochet of Chile did the same in 1989. As a consequence, militaristic tendencies faded in Argentina. The Argentine presidents Carlos Menem and Fernando de la Rúa had particularly good relations with Chile. In a bilateral manner, both countries settled all the remaining disputes except Laguna del Desierto, which was decided by International Arbitration in 1994. That decision favoured Argentine claims.
According to a 1998 negotiation held in Buenos Aires, a a border redraw is agreed, being pending to this day the part between Mount Fitz Roy and Cerro Murallón, however a new border was drawn between Cerro Murallón and Cerro Daudet. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-11 | In 2006, president Néstor Kirchner invited Chile to define the border in the pending area, but Michelle Bachelet's government left the invitation unanswered. The same year, the Chilean government sent a note to Argentina complaining that Argentine tourism maps showed the boundary claimed by Argentina in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field prior to the 1998 agreement, placing most of the area in Argentina.
In the maps published in Argentina, until today, the region continues to be shown without the white rectangle, as can be seen in a map of Santa Cruz on a website of an official Argentine agency. While in the official Chilean maps and most tourist maps, the rectangle is shown and it is clarified that the boundary is not demarcated according to the 1998 treaty.
Officially Chile is a neutral party in the Argentine claim on the Falkland Islands, although it does acknowledge it's claim as legal it does not support any special party continuously calling for peaceful negotiations to resolve the matter.
Geopolitics over Antarctica and the control of the passages between the south Atlantic and the south Pacific have led to the founding of cities and towns such as Ushuaia and Puerto Williams, both of which claim to be the southernmost cities in World.
Currently, both countries have research stations in Antarctica, as does the United Kingdom. All three nations claim the totality of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Economy and energy
Trade between the two countries is made mostly over the mountain passes that have enough infrastructure for large scale trade. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-12 | The trade balance shows a great deal of asymmetry. , Chile is the third export trading partner for Argentina, behind Brazil and the United States. Significant import products from Argentina to Chile include cereal grains and meat. Recently, significant Chilean capital has been invested in Argentina, especially in the retail market sector.
In 1996, Chile became an associate member of Mercosur, a regional trade agreement that Argentina and Brazil created in the 1990s. This associate membership does not convey full membership to Chile, however. In 2009, approvals were granted for a $3-billion Pascua Lama project to mine an ore body on the border of the two countries. In 2016, Argentina's exports to Chile amounted to US$2.3 billion, while Chile's exports to Argentina amounted to US$689.5 million.
Gas
Argentine president Carlos Menem signed a natural gas exportation treaty with Chilean president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle in 1996. In 2005, President Néstor Kirchner broke the treaty due to a supply shortage experienced by Argentina. The situation in Argentina was partly resolved when Argentina increased its own imports from Bolivia, a country with no diplomatic relations with Chile since 1978. In the import contract signed with Bolivia it was specified that not even a drop of Bolivian gas could be sold to Chile from Argentina. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-13 | Sports In 2003, Argentine AFA's president suggested that both countries launch a joint bid for the 2014 FIFA World Cup but was abandoned in favor of a CONMEBOL unified posture to allow the tournament be hosted in Brazil.
Beginning in 2009, the Dakar Rally began to be held in South America, and both Argentina and Chile have collaborated in organizing the annual cross-border event multiple times.
Host country Chile and Argentina contested the 2015 Copa America final and Chile was declared Champion after penalty shots. Copa America 2016 trophy was also for Chile against Argentina once again in the penalty shots.
Argentina's and Chile's clash in Pool D of the 2023 Rugby World Cup in France marked the first ever encounter between two South American teams since the inception of the tournament in 1987. Los Pumas went on to defeat Los Cóndores 59 points to 5. The encounter is considered a milestone in the development of rugby in South America.
Technology
Argentina announced on 28 August 2009 the election of the Japanese/Brazilian ISDB-T digital television standard with Chile following the same direction on 14 September.
Military integration
Since the 1990s, both militaries have begun a close defense cooperation and friendship policy. In September 1991 they signed together with Brazil, the Mendoza Declaration, which commits signatories not to use, develop, produce, acquire, stock, or transfer —directly or indirectly— chemical or biological weapons. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-14 | Joint exercises were established on an annual basis in the three armed forces alternately in Argentina and Chile territory. An example of such maneuvers is the Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada () performed by both Navies to guarantee safety to all touristic and scientific ships that are in transit within the Antarctic Peninsula.
Both nations are highly involved in UN peacekeeping missions. UNFICYP in Cyprus was a precedent where Chilean troops are embedded in the Argentine contingent. They played a key role together at MINUSTAH in Haiti(Video Haiti) and in 2005 they began the formation of a joint force for future United Nations mandates. Named Cruz del Sur (), the new force began assembly in 2008 with headquarters alternately on each country every year.
In 2005, while the Argentine Navy school ship ARA Libertad was under overhaul, Argentine cadets were invited to complete their graduation on the Chilean Navy school ship Esmeralda and in another gesture of confidence, on 24 June 2007, a Gendarmeria Nacional Argentina (Border Guard) patrol was given permission to enter Chile to rescue tourists after their bus became trapped in snow.
Chilean earthquake
On 13 March 2010, following the Chilean earthquake the benefit concert Argentina Abraza Chile () was hosted in Buenos Aires, and an Argentine Air Force Mobile Field Hospital was deployed to Curicó. |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-15 | On 8 April 2010 the newly elected Chilean president Sebastián Piñera made his first trip abroad a visit to Buenos Aires where he thanked president Cristina Fernández for the help received. He also stated his commitment to an increased cooperation between the two countries.
Argentina protects fugitive of Chilean justice
In September 2010, CONARE (the Argentine National Refugee Commission, a department of the Argentine Interior Ministry) granted asylum to Chilean citizen Galvarino Apablaza. Apablaza now lives in Argentina where he is married to journalist Paula Chain, and is father to three Argentine-born children. Chain has worked for the Argentine Government press office since 2009. Apablaza is accused by Chile of being involved in the murder of Chilean Senator Jaime Guzmán in 1991, during the government of Patricio Aylwin, as well as the kidnapping of the son of one of the owners of the El Mercurio newspaper. The asylum status has been universally rejected by the Chilean government, as well as by the Argentine political opposition. Some Argentine media and journalists have pointed out that the Argentine government ignored a ruling of the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice allowing the extradition of Apablaza. Chilean state attorney Gustavo Gené has pointed out that there was no question of the Chilean legal system's authority or grounds by the Argentine Commission, and that the reasons for granting political asylum were based exclusively on "humanitarian grounds".
The Argentine decree 256/2010 about the Strait of Magellan |
Argentina–Chile relations | 10002382-16 | On 17 February 2010 the Argentine executive issued the decree 256/2010 pertaining to authorisation requirements placed on shipping to and from Argentina but also to ships going through Argentine jurisdictional water heading for ports in the Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. This decree was implemented by disposition 14/2010 of the Prefectura Naval Argentina. On 19 May 2010 the United Kingdom presented a note verbale rejecting the Argentine government's decrees and stipulating that the UK considered the decrees "are not compliant with International Law including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea ”, and with respect to the Straits of Magellan the note recalls that "the rights of international shipping to navigate these waters expeditiously and without obstacle are affirmed in the 1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Chile and Argentina with respect to the Straits of Magellan".
Article 10 of the 1984 Treaty states "The Argentine Republic undertakes to maintain, at any time and in whatever circumstances, the right of ships of all flags to navigate expeditiously and without obstacles through its jurisdictional waters to and from the Strait of Magellan".
Resident diplomatic missions
Argentina has an embassy in Santiago and consulates-general in Antofagasta, Concepción, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas and Valparaíso.
Chile has an embassy in Buenos Aires and consulates-general in Bariloche, Córdoba, Mendoza, Neuquén, Río Gallegos, Rosario and Salta; and consulates in Bahía Blanca, Comodoro Rivadavia, Mar del Plata, Río Grande and Ushuaia. |
SISMI | 1000534-0 | Servizio per le Informazioni e la Sicurezza Militare (abbreviated SISMI, Military Intelligence and Security Service) was the military intelligence agency of Italy from 1977–2007.
With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007, SISMI was replaced by Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna (AISE). |
SISMI | 1000534-1 | History Since the end of World War II, Italian intelligence agencies have been reorganized many times (SIM 1900–49, SIFAR 1949–65, SID 1965–77) and last SISDE (civil) and SISMI (military) from 1977 to 2007, in an attempt to increase their effectiveness and bring them more fully under civilian control.
The agency was established as part of a broader reform of the Italian intelligence community, which represented the latest in a long string of government attempts to effectively manage Italy's intelligence agencies.
In 1977, with Legislative Act n.801, the SISMI was created after a former chief of the SID, Vito Miceli, was arrested in 1974 for "conspiring against the State" (See Golpe Borghese of the 1970). Thus the intelligence agencies were reorganized in a democratic attempt. This re-organization mainly consisted of:
The split of SID, the intelligence agency at that time, into two separate agencies with different roles: SISDE (the domestic one) and SISMI (the military one).
The creation of CESIS, with a coordination role between the two intelligence agencies and the Presidency of the Council of Ministers.
The creation of the Parliamentary Committee, COPACO, to oversee the activities of the two agencies.
Since 1 August 2007, with Legislative Act n.124 of 08/03/2007, following the reform of the Italian intelligence agencies, SISDE, SISMI and CESIS were replaced respectively by AISI, AISE and DIS, and the COPACO was granted additional oversight and control powers. |
SISMI | 1000534-2 | The first director of the service was Giuseppe Santovito (1978–1981), succeeded by General Nino Lugaresi was SISMI's director from 1981 to 1984; he testified on Gladio. General Nicolò Pollari was SISMI's second-last director; he resigned on 20 November 2006 after being indicted in the Abu Omar case, so Prime Minister Romano Prodi replaced him with Admiral Bruno Branciforte.
Admiral Bruno Branciforte was SISMI's last director, in charge until 3 August 2007.
With the reform of the Italian Intelligence Services approved on 1 August 2007 the military intelligence was eliminated, and the Italian intelligence was divided into internal and foreign.
Mission
SISMI was responsible for intelligence and security activities involving the military defence of Italy and for the integrity of the Italian State.
SISMI reported to the Italian Ministry of Defense and operated both inside and outside of Italy's borders. It was feasible that domestic Intelligence and Security, which normally fell under SISDE's jurisdiction (since it reported to the Ministry of the Interior), also involved SISMI, unless the security threat came from organized crime.
Its duties included:
clearing activities with the Prime Minister;
nominating the Director of the Service and his assistants under CIIS supervision.
The directors
General Giuseppe Santovito (First director, 13 January 1978 – August 1981) |
SISMI | 1000534-3 | General Nino Lugaresi (August 1981 – 4 May 1984)
Admiral Fulvio Martini (5 May 1984 – 26 February 1991)
General Sergio Luccarini (27 February 1991 – 19 August 1991)
General Luigi Ramponi (19 August 1991 – 9 August 1992)
General Cesare Pucci (10 August 1992 – 12 July 1994)
General Sergio Siracusa (12 July 1994 – 3 November 1996)
Admiral Gianfranco Battelli (4 November 1996 – 30 September 2001)
General Nicolò Pollari (1 October 2001 – 20 November 2006)
Admiral Bruno Branciforte (21 November 2006 – 3 August 2007)
Motto and logo
SISMI's motto, as seen on its logo, was "" (Latin for "Understanding hidden things"). The verb "", which literally means "I comprehend", was chosen because «it evokes the noble root of intelligence, a discipline aimed at unravelling mysteries and holds in itself a constant tension directed to its final goal: knowledge».
Its coat of arms was granted by a decree of the President of the Republic dated 28 January 2004.
Recent controversies
Nicola Calipari and Giuliana Sgrena
In 2004, Nicola Calipari, a high-ranking SISMI hostage negotiator, was killed at a U.S. Army checkpoint in Baghdad by Mario Lozano, purportedly after a communication breakdown between the Italian intelligence community and the occupying forces. |
SISMI | 1000534-4 | Yellowcake forgery In 2005, SISMI was implicated in the yellowcake forgery scandal. The forged documents purporting to detail an Iraqi purchase of yellowcake uranium from Niger were given to a "cutout" named Rocco Martino by a Colonel in SISMI, Antonio Nucera. The head of SISMI, after claiming his agency received the documents from external sources, met with then-Deputy National Security Advisor, Stephen Hadley, on 9 September 2002.
Reportedly, the SISMI director vouched for the documents' authenticity at the meeting; as a result, the White House attempted to insert a reference to uranium from Africa in President Bush's upcoming address to the United Nations, scheduled for 12 September 2002. The CIA removed the reference 24 hours before the address was given. In bypassing the CIA, Pollari ignored the established protocol for contacts between Italian and American intelligence agencies.
President Bush later used the same discredited information when delivering his January 2003 State of the Union address.
Imam Rapito
In July 2006, the Italian judiciary power issued arrest warrants for several SISMI officials involved in the joint CIA-SISMI operation resulting in the unlawful extraordinary rendition of Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr, which SISMI Director Pollari had formally denied in testimony before a committee of the national legislature. Among these were:
former Deputy Director Marco Mancini
General Gustavo Pignero, agency chief for Northern Italy
Mancini's aide Giuseppe Ciorra
Pio Pompa, an aide to SISMI Director Nicolò Pollari (he was indicted for "abusive interception" against the vice-president of La Repubblica, Giuseppe D'Avanzo)
former Trieste Station Chief Lorenzo Pillinini
former Padua Station Chief Marco Iodice
Milan Station Chief Maurizio Regondi |
SISMI | 1000534-5 | Nicolò Pollari himself would later be indicted on 5 December 2006 and sentenced to 10 years in jail on February 12, 2013. Marco Mancini was sentenced to 9 years in jail. They appealed against this ruling.
On 16 February 2007, an Italian judge ordered twenty-six Americans and five Italians (including Pollari) to stand trial over the case on 8 June 2007.
As part of the judiciary investigation, a SISMI-run black operation targeting centre-left politician Romano Prodi and a vast domestic surveillance program was uncovered. Pompa prevailed upon the newspaper Libero to print allegations that Prodi, when serving as European Commissioner, had authorized the CIA prison flights via Italy. Targeted in the surveillance program were La Repubblica reporters Giuseppe D'Avanzo and Carlo Bonini, who broke the yellowcake forgery story.
Spying on magistrates
Italian magistrates searching the SISMI's headquarters in August 2007 found documents proving that the intelligence agency had spied over various European magistrates between 2001 and 2006, whom it considered carrying a "destabilization" potential. These included the Medel, a European association of magistrates, as well as three French judges, including Anne Crenier, former president of the Syndicat de la magistrature French union, who is married to Italian magistrate Mario Vaudano who works at the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-0 | Carlo Fortunato Pietro Ponti Sr. (11 December 1912 – 10 January 2007) was an Italian film producer with more than 140 productions to his credit. Along with Dino De Laurentiis, he is credited with reinvigorating and popularizing Italian cinema post-World War II, producing some of the country's most acclaimed and financially-successful films of the 1950s and 1960s. |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-1 | Ponti worked with many of the most important directors of Italian cinema of the era, including Federico Fellini, Michelangelo Antonioni, and Vittorio De Sica, as well as many international directors such as Agnès Varda and David Lean. He helped launch the career of his wife, international film star Sophia Loren. He won the Academy Award for Best Foreign-Language Film for La Strada (1954) and was nominated for Best Picture for producing Doctor Zhivago (1965). In 1996, he was appointed as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic.
Early life
Ponti was born in Magenta, Lombardy, where his grandfather had been mayor of the city. Ponti studied law at the University of Milan. He joined his father's law firm in Milan and became involved in the film business through negotiating contracts.
Career
Early films
Ponti attempted to establish a film industry in Milan in 1940 and produced Mario Soldati's Piccolo mondo antico there, starring Alida Valli, in her first notable role. The film dealt with the Italian struggle against the Austrians for the inclusion of northeastern Italy into the Kingdom of Italy during the Risorgimento. The film was successful, because it was easy to see "the Austrians as Germans" during World War II. As a result, Ponti was briefly jailed for undermining relations with Nazi Germany.
Ponti accepted an offer from Riccardo Gualino's Lux Film in Rome in 1941. He made Giacomo the Idealist (1943), A Yank in Rome (1946), To Live in Peace (1947), The White Primrose (1948), Prelude to Madness (1948) andHey Boy (1948). |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-2 | Ponti produced some films starring Gina Lollobrigida: Alarm Bells (1949), The White Line (1950), A Dog's Life (1950). Her Favourite Husband (1950) was a British-Italian co production with Jean Kent. He made a number of comedies including Figaro Here, Figaro There (1950), Toto the Third Man (1951) and Toto in Color (1952), with Totò, plus The Knight Has Arrived! (1951), The Piano Tuner Has Arrived (1952) and The Steamship Owner (1951) with Walter Chiari. Ponti alternated this with more serious material such as Europe '51 (1952) from Roberto Rossellini, Brothers of Italy (1952), Lieutenant Giorgio (1953), and Easy Years (1953). The Unfaithfuls (1953) reunited Ponti with Lollobrigida, while Neapolitan Carousel (1954) won the International Prize at Cannes.
International breakthrough and Sophia Loren
In 1954 Ponti had his greatest artistic success with the production of Federico Fellini's La strada. However, Fellini denied Ponti's role in its success and said that "La Strada was made in spite of Ponti and De Laurentiis". Along with a Toto comedy The Doctor of the Mad (1954) he and de Laurentiis produced an international film, Mambo (1954) directed by Robert Rossen. There was An American in Rome (1955) with Alberto Sordi and The Gold of Naples (1954) with a young Sophia Loren.
Loren was the female lead in Ponti's Attila (1954), a biopic of Attila the Hun with Anthony Quinn that became a big box office success. Loren was in The Miller's Beautiful Wife (1955), a comedy. |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-3 | Ponti and de Laurentiis made the epic war film War and Peace (1956). In June 1956 his partnership with De Laurentiis ended after more than eighty films over six years.
Ponti continued to produce smaller movies for the Italian market such as The Railroad Man (1956), and Guendalina (1957), but his focus was increasingly on bigger budgeted films aimed at the international Market starring Loren: The Black Orchid (1959) with Anthony Quinn, That Kind of Woman (1959) with Tab Hunter, Heller in Pink Tights (1960) with Quinn again, A Breath of Scandal (1960) with John Gavin. Two Women (1960) starring Loren and directed by Vittorio de Sica was a huge success, winning Loren the Oscar.
French films
Ponti produced a series of movies in France: Lola (1961) starred Anouk Aimee, A Woman Is a Woman (1961) directed by Jean-Luc Goddard, Léon Morin, Priest (1961) from Jean Paul Melville starring Jean Paul Belmondo, Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962) from Agnes Varda, Le Doulos (1962) with Belmondo, Landru (1962), plus The Carabineers (1963) and Contempt (1963) from Goddard.
Ponti continued to make movies in Italy, notably Boccaccio '70 (1962), Redhead (1962), The Empty Canvas (1962), Break Up (1965) and two with Loren, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1963) and Marriage Italian Style (1964). |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-4 | MGM Ponti produced his most popular and financially successful film, Doctor Zhivago, in 1965; the movie was directed by David Lean and made by MGM. Also for MGM Ponti produced Operation Crossbow (1965), a war film with Loren, The Girl and the General (1967) with Rod Steiger, Ghosts – Italian Style (1967), and three notable films with Michelangelo Antonioni, Blowup in 1966, Zabriskie Point in 1970 and The Passenger in 1974.
He made The 10th Victim (1965), and some films for Paramount, Smashing Time (1967) Diamonds for Breakfast (1968).
Later career
Ponti's later movies included The Priest's Wife (1970) with Loren, What? (1972) from Roman Polanski, Giordano Bruno (1973), Torso (1973) a gallo with Suzy Kendall, Dirty Weekend (1973) with Oliver Reed, Mr. Hercules Against Karate (1973), Flesh for Frankenstein (1974), The Voyage (1974) with Loren, Sex Pot (1975) with Loren and Mastroinanni, L'Infermiera (1975) with Ursula Andress, and Down and Dirty (1977),
His final credits included The Cassandra Crossing (1977), an international co production starring Loren, and A Special Day (1977) with Mastroianni and Loren.
Personal life
Marriages
In 1946, he married Giuliana Fiastri with whom he had a daughter, Guendalina, in 1951, and a son, Alex, in 1953. While serving as a judge in a beauty contest in 1951, Ponti met a minor actress named Sofia Lazzaro (real name Sofia Villani Scicolone). He subsequently cast her in films such as Anna (1951). In 1952, his friend Goffredo Lombardo, head of production at Titanus, changed Lazzaro's name to Sophia Loren. |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-5 | Five years later, Ponti obtained a Mexican divorce from his first wife and married Sophia Loren by proxy. Divorce was still forbidden in Italy, and he was informed that were he to return there, he would be charged with bigamy, and Loren would be charged with "concubinage".
Ponti co-produced several films in Hollywood starring Loren, establishing her fame. In 1960, he and Loren returned to Italy and when summoned to court, denied being married. In 1962, they had the marriage annulled, after which Ponti arranged with his first wife, Giuliana, that the three of them move to France (which at that time allowed divorce) and become French citizens. In 1965, Giuliana Ponti divorced her husband, allowing Ponti to marry Loren in 1966 in a civil wedding in Sèvres. They later became French citizens after their application was approved by then-French President Georges Pompidou.
Ponti and Loren had two sons:
Carlo Ponti Jr. (born 29 December 1968)
Edoardo Ponti (born 6 January 1973)
Their daughters-in-law are Sasha Alexander and Andrea Meszaros. They have four grandchildren.
Loren remained married to Ponti until his death on 10 January 2007 of pulmonary complications.
Kidnapping attempts
Two unsuccessful attempts were made to kidnap Ponti in 1975, including one involving an attack on his car with gunfire. |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-6 | Smuggling charges He was tried in absentia in 1979 for smuggling money and works of art abroad, fined 22 billion lire, and sentenced to four years in prison. Ponti did not attend the hearing, as his French nationality made him immune from extradition. He was finally cleared of the charges in 1990.
Art collection
Ponti owned works by, among others, Picasso, Georges Braque, Renoir, René Magritte (including his Lumière du pole from 1927), Salvador Dalí, Henry Moore (including his Figure from 1933), Barbara Hepworth, Giorgio de Chirico and Canaletto. His collection was renowned for containing ten works by Francis Bacon. These included examples from his early Van Gogh series, triptychs, self-portraits and pope paintings, which were rarely publicised or lent to public exhibitions. In 1977 the Bacon paintings, then valued at an estimated $6.7 million, were seized and turned over by the Italian government to the Pinacoteca di Brera in Milan; thirty-three sketches by George Grosz went to a museum in Caserta. When Ponti reached a deal with the Italian government and was cleared of the charges brought against him in 1990, he regained possession of 230 confiscated paintings. At some point, the collection is said to have been split between Ponti and Loren. |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-7 | Over the years, several works have been sold privately. In 2006 two Bacon paintings that had previously been in the Ponti collection were exhibited in an exhibition at the Gagosian Gallery in London. One, a vertical composition of four self-portraits, had already been sold to the American collector Steven A. Cohen. In 2007 another pope painting by Bacon, sold by Ponti in 1991, was sold in a private deal brokered by Acquavella Galleries in New York for more than £15 million. That same year, Study for Portrait II (1956) was consigned by Loren at Christie's; it was auctioned for the record price of £14.2 million ($27.5 million).
Death
Ponti died in Geneva, Switzerland, from pulmonary complications on 10 January 2007. He was survived by his daughter Guendalina (b. 1951), and his son Alessandro (b. 1953) from his first marriage; and by his second wife, Sophia Loren, and their sons Carlo (b. 1968) and Edoardo Ponti (b. 1973).
His body rests in the family tomb in Magenta, Lombardy.
Filmography
Piccolo mondo antico (1940)
Giacomo the Idealist (1943)
A Yank in Rome (1946)
To Live in Peace (1947)
The White Primrose (1947)
Prelude to Madness (1948)
Hey Boy (1948)
Alarm Bells (1949)
The White Line (1950)
Her Favourite Husband (1950)
Figaro Here, Figaro There (1950)
A Dog's Life (1950)
The Knight Has Arrived! (1950)
Toto the Third Man (1951)
The Steamship Owner (1951)
Europa '51 (1952)
Brothers of Italy (1952)
The Piano Tuner Has Arrived (1952)
Toto in Color (1952)
Lieutenant Giorgio (1952)
Easy Years (1953)
Le infedeli (1953)
Carosello napoletano (1954)
La strada (1954)
The Doctor of the Mad (1954) |
Carlo Ponti | 1000035-8 | Mambo (1954) Un americano a Roma (1954)
L'oro di Napoli (1954)
Attila (1954)
The Miller's Beautiful Wife (1955)
War and Peace (1956)
Il ferroviere (1956)
Guendalina (1957)
The Black Orchid (1958)
That Kind of Woman (1959)
Heller in Pink Tights (1960)
A Breath of Scandal (1960)
Two Women (1960)
Lola (1961)
A Woman Is a Woman (1961)
Léon Morin, prêtre (1961)
Cléo from 5 to 7 (1962)
Boccaccio '70 (1962)
Le Doulos (1962)
L'isola di Arturo (1962)
Redhead (1962)
The Empty Canvas (1963)
Landru (1963)
Les Carabiniers (1963)
Contempt (1963)
Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1963)
Marriage Italian Style (1964)
Break Up (1965)
Operation Crossbow (1965)
The 10th Victim (1965)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
Closely Watched Trains (1965, uncredited)
Blowup (1966)
The Firemen's Ball (1967, uncredited)
Smashing Time (1967, uncredited)
La Ragazza e il Generale (1967)
Ghosts – Italian Style (1968)
Diamonds for Breakfast (1968)
Zabriskie Point (1970)
The Priest's Wife (1971)
Oasis of Fear (1971)
What? (1972)
Giordano Bruno (1973)
Torso (1973)
Dirty Weekend (1973)
Mr. Hercules Against Karate (1973)
Flesh for Frankenstein (1973)
Gawain and the Green Knight (1973)
The Voyage (1974)
The Passenger (1974)
Sex Pot (1975)
L'infermiera (1975)
Brutti, sporchi e cattivi (1976)
The Cassandra Crossing (1976) |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-0 | Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is the incorporation of a word into one language from another, often creating a neologism, where the word's non-native quality is hidden by replacing it with phonetically and semantically similar words or roots from the adopting language. Thus the approximate sound and meaning of the original expression in the source language are preserved, though the new expression (the PSM – the phono-semantic match) in the target language may sound native.
Phono-semantic matching is distinct from calquing, which includes (semantic) translation but does not include phonetic matching (i.e., retention of the approximate sound of the borrowed word through matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existent word or morpheme in the target language).
Phono-semantic matching is also distinct from homophonic translation, which retains the sound of a word but not the meaning.
History
The term "phono-semantic matching" was introduced by linguist and revivalist Ghil'ad Zuckermann. It challenged Einar Haugen's classic typology of lexical borrowing (loanwords). While Haugen categorized borrowing into either substitution or importation, camouflaged borrowing in the form of PSM is a case of "simultaneous substitution and importation." Zuckermann proposed a new classification of multisourced neologisms, words deriving from two or more sources at the same time. Examples of such mechanisms are phonetic matching, semanticized phonetic matching and phono-semantic matching.
Zuckermann concludes that language planners, for example members of the Academy of the Hebrew Language, employ the very same techniques used in folk etymology by laymen, as well as by religious leaders. He urges lexicographers and etymologists to recognize the widespread phenomena of camouflaged borrowing and multisourced neologization and not to force one source on multi-parental lexical items.
Examples |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-1 | Arabic Zuckermann analyses the evolution of the word artichoke. Beginning in Arabic () "the artichoke", it was adapted into Andalusian Arabic alxarshofa, then Old Spanish alcarchofa, then Italian alcarcioffo, then Northern Italian arcicioffo > arciciocco > articiocco, then phonetically realised in English as artichoke. The word was eventually phono-semantically matched back into colloquial Levantine Arabic (for example in Syria, Lebanon and Israel) as (), consisting of () "earthly" and () "thorny".
Arabic has made use of phono-semantic matching to replace blatantly imported new terminology with a word derived from an existing triliteral root. Examples are:
Dutch
A number of PSMs exist in Dutch as well. One notable example is ("hammock"), which is a modification of Spanish , also the source of the English word. Natively, the word is transparently analysed as a "hang-mat", which aptly describes the object. Similarly:
In ("anchovy"), the second part was modified to resemble ("fish"), although the word originates in Spanish anchova;
In ("scurvy"), the word parts were modified to resemble (stem of , tear open) and ("belly, stomach"), although the word originates in Middle Low German ;
In (an alternative name for , "February"), the first part was modified to resemble ("gather wood"), although the word originates in Latin spurcalia;
In (a variety of apple with a very soft, thin, yellow skin), the word parts were modified to resemble ("silken") and ("shirt; small shirt; vest"), although the word actually denotes the place Sydenham where the apple originates.
Dutch dictionary Van Dale describes as a particularly notable example.
Other examples are , , , , , , , and . |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-2 | English A few PSMs exist in English. The French word ("Carthusian monastery") was translated to the English charterhouse. The French word , itself an adaptation of the Choctaw name for the bowfin, has likewise been Anglicized as , although it is unrelated to the pikes. The French name for the Osage orange, ( "bow-wood"), is sometimes rendered as "bowdark".
The second part of the word muskrat was altered to match rat, replacing the original form , which derives from an Algonquian (possibly Powhatan) word, muscascus (literally "it is red"), or from the Abenaki native word mòskwas.
The use of runagates in Psalm 68 of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer derives from phono-semantic matching between Latin and English .
Finnish
The Finnish compound word for "jealous," , literally means "black-socked" ( "black" and "sock"). However, the word is a case of a misunderstood loan translation from Swedish "black-sick". The Finnish word fit with a close phonological equivalent to the Swedish . Similar cases are "hardworking person", literally "work mole", from "work ant", matching "ant" to "mole"; and "clavus", literally "extra toe", from < "dead thorn", matching "extra" to "dead (archaic)" and "toe" to < "thorn".
German
"applies the concepts of multisourced neologisation and, more generally, camouflaged borrowing, as established by to Modern German, pursuing a twofold aim, namely to underline the significance of multisourced neologisation for language contact theory and secondly to demonstrate that together with other forms of camouflaged borrowing it remains an important borrowing mechanism in contemporary German." |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-3 | Icelandic demonstrate how Icelandic camouflages many English words by means of phono-semantic matching. For example, the Icelandic-looking word eyðni, meaning "AIDS", is a PSM of the English acronym AIDS, using the pre-existent Icelandic verb eyða, meaning "to destroy", and the Icelandic nominal suffix -ni. Similarly, the Icelandic word tækni, meaning "technology, technique", derives from tæki, meaning "tool", combined with the nominal suffix -ni, but is, in fact, a PSM of the Danish teknik (or of another derivative of Greek ), meaning "technology, technique". Tækni was coined in 1912 by Dr Björn Bjarnarson from Viðfjörður in the East of Iceland. It had been in little use until the 1940s, but has since become common, as a lexeme and as an element in new formations, such as raftækni, lit. "electrical technics", i.e. "electronics", tæknilegur "technical" and tæknir "technician". Other PSMs discussed in the article are beygla, bifra bifrari, brokkál, dapur dapurleiki - depurð, fjárfesta - fjárfesting, heila, guðspjall, ímynd, júgurð, korréttur, Létt og laggott, musl, pallborð pallborðsumræður, páfagaukur, ratsjá, setur, staða, staðall staðla stöðlun, toga togari, uppi and veira.
Japanese
In modern Japanese, loanwords are generally represented phonetically via katakana. However, in earlier times loanwords were often represented by kanji (Chinese characters), a process called when used for phonetic matching, or when used for semantic matching. Some of these continue to be used; the characters chosen may correspond to the sound, the meaning, or both. |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-4 | In most cases the characters used were chosen only for their matching sound or only for their matching meaning. For example, in the word (sushi), the two characters are respectively read as and , but the character means "one's natural life span" and means "to administer", neither of which has anything to do with the food this is . Conversely, in the word () for "tobacco", the individual kanji respectively mean "smoke" and "herb", which corresponds to the meaning, while none of their possible readings have a phonetic relationship to the word this is .
In some cases, however, the kanji were chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching. A stock example is () for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from the original English and the Japanese, ). Another example is () for the Portuguese , a kind of raincoat. The characters can mean "wings coming together", as the pointed resembles a bird with wings folded together.
Mandarin Chinese
PSM is frequently used in Mandarin borrowings. An example is the Taiwanese Mandarin word , which literally means "powerful and hard" and refers to Viagra, the drug for treating erectile dysfunction in men, manufactured by Pfizer. |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-5 | Another example is the Mandarin form of World Wide Web, which is (), which satisfies "www" and literally means "myriad dimensional net". The English word hacker has been borrowed into Mandarin as (, "dark/wicked visitor").
Modern Standard Chinese / "sonar" uses the characters / "sound" and / "receive, accept". The pronunciations and are phonetically somewhat similar to the two syllables of the English word. Chinese has a large number of homo/heterotonal homophonous morphemes, which would have been a better phonetic fit than , but not nearly as good semantically consider the syllable (cf. 'deliver, carry, give (as a present)', 'pine; loose, slack', / 'tower; alarm, attract' etc.), (cf. 'search', 'old man', / 'sour, spoiled' and many others) or (cf. 'receive, accept', 'receive, accept', 'hand', 'head', / 'beast', 'thin' and so forth).
According to Zuckermann, PSM in Mandarin is common in:
brand names, e.g., / , "Coca-Cola" translates to "tasty [and] entertaining", / itself genericised to refer to any cola.
computer jargon, e.g., the aforementioned word for "World Wide Web".
technological terms, e.g., the aforementioned word for "sonar".
toponyms, e.g., the name / , "Belarus" combines the word , "White" with the name / , "Russia", therefore meaning "White Russia" just like the endonym "". |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-6 | From a monolingual Chinese view, Mandarin PSM is the 'lesser evil' compared with Latin script (in digraphic writing) or code-switching (in speech). Zuckermann's exploration of PSM in Standard Chinese and Meiji-period Japanese concludes that the Chinese writing system is multifunctional: pleremic ("full" of meaning, e.g., logographic), cenemic ("empty" of meaning, e.g., phonographic - like a syllabary), and phono-logographic (simultaneously cenemic and pleremic). Zuckermann argues that Leonard Bloomfield's assertion that "a language is the same no matter what system of writing may be used" is inaccurate. "If Chinese had been written using roman letters, thousands of Chinese words would not have been coined, or would have been coined with completely different forms". Evidence of this can be seen in the Dungan language, a Chinese language that is closely related to Mandarin, but written phonetically in Cyrillic, where words are directly borrowed, often from Russian, without PSM.
A related practice is the translation of Western names into Chinese characters.
Modern Hebrew
Often in phono-semantic matching, the source language determines both the root word and the noun-pattern. This makes it difficult to determine the source language's influence on the target language morphology. For example, "the phono-semantic matcher of English dock with Israeli Hebrew mivdók could have usedafter deliberately choosing the phonetically and semantically suitable root meaning 'check' (Rabbinic) or 'repair' (Biblical) the noun-patterns mi⌂⌂a⌂á, ma⌂⌂e⌂á, mi⌂⌂é⌂et, mi⌂⌂a⌂áim etc. (each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted). Instead, mi⌂⌂ó⌂, which was not highly productive, was chosen because its [o] makes the final syllable of mivdók sound like English dock."
Miscellaneous
The Hebrew name (Yərūšālayim) for Jerusalem is rendered as (Hierosóluma) in, e.g. Matthew 2:1. The first part corresponds to the Ancient Greek prefix (hiero-), meaning "sacred, holy". |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-7 | Old High German widarlōn ("repayment of a loan") was rendered as widerdonum ("reward") in Medieval Latin. The last part corresponds to the Latin donum ("gift").
Viagra, a brand name which was suggested by Interbrand Wood (the consultancy firm hired by Pfizer), is itself a multisourced neologism, based on Sanskrit ("tiger") but enhanced by the words vigour (i.e. strength) and Niagara (i.e. free/forceful flow).
Other than through Sinoxenic borrowings, Vietnamese employs phono-semantic matching less commonly than Chinese. Examples include ("matrix", from the words for "magic" and "battle array"), ("apply", from the words for "press down" and "use"), and (Huey P. Long, from "yellow flying dragon", evoking the Huey P. Long Bridge).
Motivations
According to Zuckermann, PSM has various advantages from the point of view of a puristic language planner:
recycling obsolete lexical items
camouflaging foreign influence (for the native speaker in the future)
facilitating initial learning (mnemonics) (for the contemporary learner/speaker)
Other motivations for PSM include the following:
playfulness (cf. midrashic tradition of homiletic commentary, cf. the Jewish pilpul)
Apollonianism (the wish to create order/meaningfulness, cf. folk etymology, etymythology, paronymic attraction)
iconicity (the belief that there is something intrinsic about the sound of names; cf. phonaesthetics)
political correctness / rejective lexical engineering
attracting customers (in the case of brand names) |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-8 | Expressive loan An expressive loan is a loanword incorporated into the expressive system of the borrowing language, making it resemble native words or onomatopoeia. Expressive loanwords are hard to identify, and by definition, they follow the common phonetic sound change patterns poorly. Likewise, there is a continuum between "pure" loanwords and "expressive" loanwords. The difference to a folk etymology (or an eggcorn) is that a folk etymology is based on misunderstanding, whereas an expressive loan is changed on purpose, the speaker taking the loanword knowing full well that the descriptive quality is different from the original sound and meaning.
South-eastern Finnish, for example, has many expressive loans. The main source language, Russian, does not use the vowels 'y', 'ä' or 'ö' [y æ ø]. Thus, it is common to add these to redescriptivized loans to remove the degree of foreignness that the loanword would otherwise have. For example, tytinä "brawn" means "wobblyness", and superficially it looks like a native construction, originating from the verb tutista "to wobble" added with a front vowel sound in the vowel harmony. However, it is expressivized from tyyteni (which is a confusing word as -ni is a possessive suffix), which in turn is a loanword from Russian stúden'. A somewhat more obvious example is tökötti "sticky, tarry goo", which could be mistaken as a derivation from the onomatopoetic word tök (cf. the verb tökkiä "to poke"). However, it is an expressive loan of Russian d'ogot' "tar". |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-0 | A brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source and utilizing an electric brush for contact. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-1 | Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy, and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field. Depending on the connections of the field to the power supply, the speed and torque characteristics of a brushed motor can be altered to provide steady speed or speed inversely proportional to the mechanical load. Brushed motors continue to be used for electrical propulsion, cranes, paper machines and steel rolling mills. Since the brushes wear down and require replacement, brushless DC motors using power electronic devices have displaced brushed motors from many applications.
Simple two-pole DC motor
The following graphics illustrate a simple, two-pole, brushed, DC motor.
When a current passes through the coil wound around a soft iron core situated inside an external magnetic field, the side of the positive pole is acted upon by an upwards force, while the other side is acted upon by a downward force. According to Fleming's left hand rule, the forces cause a turning effect on the coil, making it rotate. To make the motor rotate in a constant direction, "direct current" commutators make the current reverse in direction every half a cycle (in a two-pole motor) thus causing the motor to continue to rotate in the same direction.
A problem with the motor shown above is that when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field—i.e. when the rotor poles are 90 degrees from the stator poles—the torque is zero. In the pictures above, this occurs when the core of the coil is horizontal—the position it is just about to reach in the second-to-last picture on the right. The motor would not be able to start in this position. However, once it was started, it would continue to rotate through this position by momentum. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-2 | There is a second problem with this simple pole design. At the zero-torque position, both commutator brushes are touching (bridging) both commutator plates, resulting in a short circuit. The power leads are shorted together through the commutator plates, and the coil is also short-circuited through both brushes (the coil is shorted twice, once through each brush independently). Note that this problem is independent of the non-starting problem above; even if there were a high current in the coil at this position, there would still be zero torque. The problem here is that this short uselessly consumes power without producing any motion (nor even any coil current.) In a low-current battery-powered demonstration this short-circuiting is generally not considered harmful. However, if a two-pole motor were designed to do actual work with several hundred watts of power output, this shorting could result in severe commutator overheating, brush damage, and potential welding of the brushes—if they were metallic—to the commutator. Carbon brushes, which are often used, would not weld. In any case, a short like this is very wasteful, drains batteries rapidly and, at a minimum, requires power supply components to be designed to much higher standards than would be needed just to run the motor without the shorting. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-3 | One simple solution is to put a gap between the commutator plates which is wider than the ends of the brushes. This increases the zero-torque range of angular positions but eliminates the shorting problem; if the motor is started spinning by an outside force it will continue spinning. With this modification, it can also be effectively turned off simply by stalling (stopping) it in a position in the zero-torque (i.e. commutator non-contacting) angle range. This design is sometimes seen in homebuilt hobby motors, e.g. for science fairs and such designs can be found in some published science project books. A clear downside of this simple solution is that the motor now coasts through a substantial arc of rotation twice per revolution and the torque is pulsed. This may work for electric fans or to keep a flywheel spinning but there are many applications, even where starting and stopping are not necessary, for which it is completely inadequate, such as driving the capstan of a tape transport, or any similar instance where to speed up and slow down often and quickly is a requirement. Another disadvantage is that, since the coils have a measure of self inductance, current flowing in them cannot suddenly stop. The current attempts to jump the opening gap between the commutator segment and the brush, causing arcing. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-4 | Even for fans and flywheels, the clear weaknesses remaining in this design—especially that it is not self-starting from all positions—make it impractical for working use, especially considering the better alternatives that exist. Unlike the demonstration motor above, DC motors are commonly designed with more than two poles, are able to start from any position, and do not have any position where current can flow without producing electromotive power by passing through some coil. Many common small brushed DC motors used in toys and small consumer appliances, the simplest mass-produced DC motors to be found, have three-pole armatures. The brushes can now bridge two adjacent commutator segments without causing a short circuit. These three-pole armatures also have the advantage that current from the brushes either flows through two coils in series or through just one coil. Starting with the current in an individual coil at half its nominal value (as a result of flowing through two coils in series), it rises to its nominal value and then falls to half this value. The sequence then continues with current in the reverse direction. This results in a closer step-wise approximation to the ideal sinusoidal coil current, producing a more even torque than the two-pole motor where the current in each coil is closer to a square wave. Since current changes are half those of a comparable two-pole motor, arcing at the brushes is consequently less.
If the shaft of a DC motor is turned by an external force, the motor will act like a generator and produce an Electromotive force (EMF). During normal operation, the spinning of the motor produces a voltage, known as the counter-EMF (CEMF) or back EMF, because it opposes the applied voltage on the motor. The back EMF is the reason that the motor when free-running does not appear to have the same low electrical resistance as the wire contained in its winding. This is the same EMF that is produced when the motor is used as a generator (for example when an electrical load, such as a light bulb, is placed across the terminals of the motor and the motor shaft is driven with an external torque). Therefore, the total voltage drop across a motor consists of the CEMF voltage drop, and the parasitic voltage drop resulting from the internal resistance of the armature's windings. The current through a motor is given by the following equation:
The mechanical power produced by the motor is given by: |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-5 | As an unloaded DC motor spins, it generates a backwards-flowing electromotive force that resists the current being applied to the motor. The current through the motor drops as the rotational speed increases, and a free-spinning motor has very little current. It is only when a load is applied to the motor that slows the rotor that the current draw through the motor increases.
The commutating plane
In a dynamo, a plane through the centers of the contact areas where a pair of brushes touch the commutator and parallel to the axis of rotation of the armature is referred to as the commutating plane. In this diagram the commutating plane is shown for just one of the brushes, assuming the other brush made contact on the other side of the commutator with radial symmetry, 180 degrees from the brush shown.
Compensation for stator field distortion
In a real dynamo, the field is never perfectly uniform. Instead, as the rotor spins it induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator.
The faster the rotor spins, the further the degree of field distortion. Because the dynamo operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field, it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-6 | These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed. It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo, since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane.
The effect can be considered to be somewhat similar to timing advance in an internal combustion engine. Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed.
DC machines with wound stators compensate the distortion with commutating field windings and compensation windings.
Motor design variations
DC motors
Brushed DC motors are constructed with wound rotors and either wound or permanent-magnet stators.
Wound stators
The field coils have traditionally existed in four basic formats: separately excited (sepex), series-wound, shunt-wound, and a combination of the latter two; compound-wound.
In a series wound motor, the field coils are connected electrically in series with the armature coils (via the brushes). In a shunt wound motor, the field coils are connected in parallel, or "shunted" to the armature coils. In a separately excited (sepex) motor the field coils are supplied from an independent source, such as a motor-generator and the field current is unaffected by changes in the armature current. The sepex system was sometimes used in DC traction motors to facilitate control of wheelslip. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-7 | Permanent-magnet motors Permanent-magnet types have some performance advantages over direct-current, excited, synchronous types, and have become predominant in fractional horsepower applications. They are smaller, lighter, more efficient and reliable than other singly-fed electric machines.
Originally all large industrial DC motors used wound field or rotor magnets. Permanent magnets have traditionally only been useful on small motors because it was difficult to find a material capable of retaining a high-strength field. Only recently have advances in materials technology allowed the creation of high-intensity permanent magnets, such as neodymium magnets, allowing the development of compact, high-power motors without the extra volume of field coils and excitation means. But as these high performance permanent magnets become more applied in electric motor or generator systems, other problems are realized (see Permanent magnet synchronous generator).
Axial field motors
Traditionally, the field has been applied radially—in and away from the rotation axis of the motor. However some designs have the field flowing along the axis of the motor, with the rotor cutting the field lines as it rotates. This allows for much stronger magnetic fields, particularly if halbach arrays are employed. This, in turn, gives power to the motor at lower speeds. However, the focused flux density cannot rise about the limited residual flux density of the permanent magnet despite high coercivity and like all electric machines, the flux density of magnetic core saturation is the design constraint. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-8 | Speed control Generally, the rotational speed of a DC motor is proportional to the EMF in its coil (= the voltage applied to it minus voltage lost on its resistance), and the torque is proportional to the current. Speed control can be achieved by variable battery tappings, variable supply voltage, resistors or electronic controls. A simulation example can be found here and. The direction of a wound field DC motor can be changed by reversing either the field or armature connections but not both. This is commonly done with a special set of contactors (direction contactors). The effective voltage can be varied by inserting a series resistor or by an electronically controlled switching device made of thyristors, transistors, or, formerly, mercury arc rectifiers.
Series-parallel
Series-parallel control was the standard method of controlling railway traction motors before the advent of power electronics. An electric locomotive or train would typically have four motors which could be grouped in three different ways:
All four in series (each motor receives one quarter of the line voltage), lowest speed
Two parallel groups of two in series (each motor receives half the line voltage)
All four in parallel (each motor receives the full line voltage), highest speed
This provided three running speeds with minimal resistance losses. For starting and acceleration, additional control was provided by resistances. This system has been superseded by electronic control systems. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-9 | Field weakening The speed of a DC motor can be increased by field weakening. Reducing the field strength is done by inserting resistance in series with a shunt field, or inserting resistances around a series-connected field winding, to reduce current in the field winding. When the field is weakened, the back-emf reduces, so a larger current flows through the armature winding and this increases the speed. Field weakening is not used on its own but in combination with other methods, such as series-parallel control.
Chopper
In a circuit known as a chopper, the average voltage applied to the motor is varied by switching the supply voltage very rapidly. As the "on" to "off" ratio is varied to alter the average applied voltage, the speed of the motor varies. The percentage "on" time multiplied by the supply voltage gives the average voltage applied to the motor. Therefore, with a 100 V supply and a 25% "on" time, the average voltage at the motor will be 25 V. During the "off" time, the armature's inductance causes the current to continue through a diode called a "flyback diode", in parallel with the motor. At this point in the cycle, the supply current will be zero, and therefore the average motor current will always be higher than the supply current unless the percentage "on" time is 100%. At 100% "on" time, the supply and motor current are equal. The rapid switching wastes less energy than series resistors. This method is also called pulse-width modulation (PWM) and is often controlled by a microprocessor. An output filter is sometimes installed to smooth the average voltage applied to the motor and reduce motor noise. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-10 | Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in traction applications such as electric locomotives, and trams. Another application is starter motors for petrol and small diesel engines. Series motors must never be used in applications where the drive can fail (such as belt drives). As the motor accelerates, the armature (and hence field) current reduces. The reduction in field causes the motor to speed up, and in extreme cases the motor can even destroy itself, although this is much less of a problem in fan-cooled motors (with self-driven fans). This can be a problem with railway motors in the event of a loss of adhesion since, unless quickly brought under control, the motors can reach speeds far higher than they would do under normal circumstances. This can not only cause problems for the motors themselves and the gears, but due to the differential speed between the rails and the wheels it can also cause serious damage to the rails and wheel treads as they heat and cool rapidly. Field weakening is used in some electronic controls to increase the top speed of an electric vehicle. The simplest form uses a contactor and field-weakening resistor; the electronic control monitors the motor current and switches the field weakening resistor into circuit when the motor current reduces below a preset value (this will be when the motor is at its full design speed). Once the resistor is in circuit, the motor will increase speed above its normal speed at its rated voltage. When motor current increases, the control will disconnect the resistor and low speed torque is made available. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-11 | Ward Leonard A Ward Leonard control is usually used for controlling a shunt or compound wound DC motor, and developed as a method of providing a speed-controlled motor from an AC supply, though it is not without its advantages in DC schemes. The AC supply is used to drive an AC motor, usually an induction motor that drives a DC generator or dynamo. The DC output from the armature is directly connected to the armature of the DC motor (sometimes but not always of identical construction). The shunt field windings of both DC machines are independently excited through variable resistors. Extremely good speed control from standstill to full speed, and consistent torque, can be obtained by varying the generator and/or motor field current. This method of control was the de facto method from its development until it was superseded by solid state thyristor systems. It found service in almost any environment where good speed control was required, from passenger lifts through to large mine pit head winding gear and even industrial process machinery and electric cranes. Its principal disadvantage was that three machines were required to implement a scheme (five in very large installations, as the DC machines were often duplicated and controlled by a tandem variable resistor). In many applications, the motor-generator set was often left permanently running, to avoid the delays that would otherwise be caused by starting it up as required. Although electronic (thyristor) controllers have replaced most small to medium Ward-Leonard systems, some very large ones (thousands of horsepower) remain in service. The field currents are much lower than the armature currents, allowing a moderate sized thyristor unit to control a much larger motor than it could control directly. For example, in one installation, a 300 amp thyristor unit controls the field of the generator. The generator output current is in excess of 15,000 amperes, which would be prohibitively expensive (and inefficient) to control directly with thyristors.
Torque and speed of a DC motor
A DC motor's speed and torque characteristics vary according to three different magnetization sources, separately excited field, self-excited field or permanent-field, which are used selectively to control the motor over the mechanical load's range. Self-excited field motors can be series, shunt, or a compound wound connected to the armature.
Basic properties
Define
, counter-electromotive force (V)
, armature current (A)
, counter EMF equation constant |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-12 | , speed equation constant , torque equation constant
, armature frequency (rpm)
, motor resistance (Ω)
, motor torque (Nm)
, motor input voltage (V)
, machine's total flux (Wb)
Carter's coefficient (kC) is a parameter that is often used as a way to estimate the effective slot pitch in the armature of a motor with open (or semi-enclosed) slots.
Counter EMF equation
The DC motor's counter emf is proportional to the product of the machine's total flux strength and armature speed:
Voltage balance equation
The DC motor's input voltage must overcome the counter emf as well as the voltage drop created by the armature current across the motor resistance, that is, the combined resistance across the brushes, armature winding and series field winding, if any:
Torque equation
The DC motor's torque is proportional to the product of the armature current and the machine's total flux strength:
where
Speed equation
Since
and
we have
where
Torque and speed characteristics
Shunt wound motor
With the shunt wound motor's high-resistance field winding connected in parallel with the armature, Vm, Rm and Ø are constant such that the no load to full load speed regulation is seldom more than 5%. Speed control is achieved three ways:
Varying the field voltage
Field weakening
Variable resistance in the field circuit. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-13 | Series wound motor The series motor responds to increased load by slowing down; the current increases and the torque rises in proportional to the square of the current since the same current flows in both the armature and the field windings. If the motor is stalled, the current is limited only by the total resistance of the windings and the torque can be very high, but there is a danger of the windings becoming overheated. Series wound motors were widely used as traction motors in rail transport of every kind, but are being phased out in favour of power inverter-fed AC induction motors. The counter EMF aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature. When power is first applied to a motor, the armature does not rotate, the counter EMF is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance. As the prospective current through the armature is very large, the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter EMF. As the motor rotation builds up, the resistance is gradually cut out.
The series wound DC motor's most notable characteristic is that its speed is almost entirely dependent on the torque required to drive the load. This suits large inertial loads as motor accelerates from maximum torque, torque reducing gradually as speed increases.
As the series motor's speed can be dangerously high, series motors are often geared or direct-connected to the load.
Permanent magnet motor
A permanent magnet DC motor is characterized by a linear relationship between stall torque when the torque is maximum with the shaft at standstill and no-load speed with no applied shaft torque and maximum output speed. There is a quadratic power relationship between these two speed-axis points. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-14 | Protection To extend a DC motor's service life, protective devices and motor controllers are used to protect it from mechanical damage, excessive moisture, high dielectric stress and high temperature or thermal overloading. These protective devices sense motor fault conditions and either activate an alarm to notify the operator or automatically de-energize the motor when a faulty condition occurs. For overloaded conditions, motors are protected with thermal overload relays. Bi-metal thermal overload protectors are embedded in the motor's windings and made from two dissimilar metals. They are designed such that the bimetallic strips will bend in opposite directions when a temperature set point is reached to open the control circuit and de-energize the motor. Heaters are external thermal overload protectors connected in series with the motor's windings and mounted in the motor contactor. Solder pot heaters melt in an overload condition, which cause the motor control circuit to de-energize the motor. Bimetallic heaters function the same way as embedded bimetallic protectors. Fuses and circuit breakers are overcurrent or short circuit protectors. Ground fault relays also provide overcurrent protection. They monitor the electric current between the motor's windings and earth system ground. In motor-generators, reverse current relays prevent the battery from discharging and motorizing the generator. Since D.C. motor field loss can cause a hazardous runaway or overspeed condition, loss of field relays are connected in parallel with the motor's field to sense field current. When the field current decreases below a set point, the relay will deenergize the motor's armature. A locked rotor condition prevents a motor from accelerating after its starting sequence has been initiated. Distance relays protect motors from locked-rotor faults. Undervoltage motor protection is typically incorporated into motor controllers or starters. In addition, motors can be protected from overvoltages or surges with isolation transformers, power conditioning equipment, MOVs, arresters and harmonic filters. Environmental conditions, such as dust, explosive vapors, water, and high ambient temperatures, can adversely affect the operation of a DC motor. To protect a motor from these environmental conditions, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) have standardized motor enclosure designs based upon the environmental protection they provide from contaminants. Modern software can also be used in the design stage, such as Motor-CAD, to help increase the thermal efficiency of a motor. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-15 | DC motor starters The counter-emf aids the armature resistance to limit the current through the armature. When power is first applied to a motor, the armature does not rotate. At that instant the counter-emf is zero and the only factor limiting the armature current is the armature resistance and inductance. Usually the armature resistance of a motor is less than 1 Ω; therefore the current through the armature would be very large when the power is applied. This current can make an excessive voltage drop affecting other equipment in the circuit and even trip overload protective devices.
Therefore, the need arises for an additional resistance in series with the armature to limit the current until the motor rotation can build up the counter-emf. As the motor rotation builds up, the resistance is gradually cut out.
Manual-starting rheostat
When electrical and DC motor technology was first developed, much of the equipment was constantly tended by an operator trained in the management of motor systems. The very first motor management systems were almost completely manual, with an attendant starting and stopping the motors, cleaning the equipment, repairing any mechanical failures, and so forth.
The first DC motor-starters were also completely manual, as shown in this image. Normally it took the operator about ten seconds to slowly advance the rheostat across the contacts to gradually increase input power up to operating speed. There were two different classes of these rheostats, one used for starting only, and one for starting and speed regulation. The starting rheostat was less expensive, but had smaller resistance elements that would burn out if required to run a motor at a constant reduced speed. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-16 | This starter includes a no-voltage magnetic holding feature, which causes the rheostat to spring to the off position if power is lost, so that the motor does not later attempt to restart in the full-voltage position. It also has overcurrent protection that trips the lever to the off position if excessive current over a set amount is detected.
Three-point starter
The incoming power wires are called L1 and L2. As the name implies there are only three connections to the starter, one to incoming power, one to the armature, and one to the field. The connections to the armature are called A1 and A2. The ends of the field (excitement) coil are called F1 and F2. In order to control the speed, a field rheostat is connected in series with the shunt field. One side of the line is connected to the arm of the starter. The arm is spring-loaded so, it will return to the "Off" position when not held at any other position.
On the first step of the arm, full line voltage is applied across the shunt field. Since the field rheostat is normally set to minimum resistance, the speed of the motor will not be excessive; additionally, the motor will develop a large starting torque. |
Brushed DC electric motor | 10004115-17 | The starter also connects an electromagnet in series with the shunt field. It will hold the arm in position when the arm makes contact with the magnet.
Meanwhile, that voltage is applied to the shunt field, and the starting resistance limits the current to the armature.
As the motor picks up speed counter-emf is built up; the arm is moved slowly to short.
Four-point starter
The four-point starter eliminates the drawback of the three-point starter. In addition to the same three points that were in use with the three-point starter, the other side of the line, L1, is the fourth point brought to the starter when the arm is moved from the "Off" position. The coil of the holding magnet is connected across the line. The holding magnet and starting resistors function identical as in the three-point starter.
The possibility of accidentally opening the field circuit is quite remote. The four-point starter provides the no-voltage protection to the motor. If the power fails, the motor is disconnected from the line.
Parameters and stats estimation
Several studies propose either non-intelligent estimators which depend on the model, such as the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and Luenberger's observer, or intelligent estimators such as cascade-forward neural network (CFNN) and quasi-Newton BFGS backpropagation . |
Channel V | 1000397-0 | Channel [V] ("V" as in the letter, not the Roman numeral "5") is a Chinese and former Asian pay television musical network originally launched by Star TV Hong Kong (now Disney Networks Group Asia Pacific). It was part of the unit of Disney International Operations, and was launched in September 1991 to replace the first incarnation of MTV's Asian operation before it was shut down on October 1, 2021.
The mainland Chinese version is owned by Star China Media, and is still operational, since they're a subsidiary of China Media Capital. The Australian channels were owned by Foxtel before their closure.
Channel [V] previously operated either a local feed or a relay of the international version in Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Thailand or localized versions in India, the Philippines, Taiwan, South Korea, Japan and Australia.
History
Early years
MTV Asia (15 September 1991 – 2 May 1994) |
Channel V | 1000397-1 | Channel [V] was originally launched on 15 September 1991 as MTV Asia (). It was a 24-hour music channel broadcast in English, Hindi and Chinese, focused on pop music. The STAR TV Network, which is based in British Hong Kong (now called Hong Kong, China since 1997), operated the channel in partnership with Viacom in the United States, which owned MTV-branded regional music channels there. The channel was broadcast across the continent of Asia, reaching from the Far East to the Middle East, as with the AsiaSat 1's footprint. The STAR TV Network have since regionalized the channel to serve its huge viewerships.
On 2 May 1994, MTV Asia left the STAR TV Network as the contract with Viacom expired.
Channel [V]
On 27 May 1994, under the leadership of managing director Gary Davey, Channel [V] was launched as a replacement of MTV Asia with VJs (who used to work on MTV Asia) celebrating on air from various locations; the Great Wall of China, the Taj Mahal, Downtown Tokyo, the Himalayas etc. At the same time, Channel [V] officially 'split' its beam, in effect, providing two separate services for different regional audiences within the AsiaSat 1's footprint. This enables the channel to provide appropriate programming and viewing time for its viewers from different regions in Asia.
On 5 June 1994, Channel [V] has opened up its production facilities in Taipei, Taiwan.
On 4 July 1994, Sigaw Manila was launched on the Northern Beam.
On 1 August 1994, BPL Oye! was launched on the Southern Beam.
On 5 June 1994, Channel [V] has opened up its production facilities in Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay), India.
On 27 April 1995, the STAR TV Network starts transmitting Channel [V] on the Palapa B2R satellite to Indonesia and the Philippines. |
Channel V | 1000397-2 | On 30 April 1995, Channel [V] has opened up its production facilities in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates producing Sony Yalla!, the first ever Arabic Top 10 Countdown in the Middle East was launched on the Southern Beam.
On 4 August 1996, a Thai-localized feed of Channel [V] was launched in Thailand, as carried on Thai cable and satellite providers. This apparently replaced Channel [V] International in the country, but the pan-Asian feed would still be available in Thailand via both AsiaSat and Palapa satellites.
In 1997, Channel [V] International was launched in the Middle East on the Middle Eastern digital satellite TV platform Orbit Communications Company as part of the STAR Select package.
On 15 July 1997, Channel [V] International was launched in Japan on the Japanese digital satellite TV platform SKY PerfecTV!.
In 1999, the president of rival MTV Networks Asia conceded that Channel V was a very close competitor in Taiwan and Thailand.
On 27 April 2021, Disney announced that Channel [V] would be closing down on 1 October as part of its winddown of traditional cable/satellite networks across Southeast Asia and Hong Kong in favor of focusing on both Disney+ and Disney+ Hotstar,. Thus the channel space initially created by the first incarnation of MTV Asia in 1991 subsequently ceased to exist on October 1, 2021. As a result, Channel [V] remains on-air only in Mainland China.
Operating channel |
Channel V | 1000397-3 | Mainland China Channel [V] Mainland China is the Chinese branch of the Channel [V] network. It started operating in Mainland China in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia. Fox International Channels Asia Pacific sold certain Mandarin language entertainment television channels that target Mainland China, including Channel [V] Mainland China, to China Media Capital. As a result, Channel [V] Mainland China is a part of Star China Media as of 2014 along with Xing Kong. It was broadcast free-to-air on AsiaSat 7. Channel [V] switches between Simplified and Traditional Chinese with selected Channel [V] International programs airing with Chinese subtitles.
Current VJs
Blackie (黑人)
Christine Fan (范范/范瑋琪)
Will Pan (潘瑋柏)
Former feeds
Hong Kong, Macau, Southeast Asia, and International
Channel [V] Asia was the flagship of the Channel [V] network. It was founded after MTV Asia separated with the STAR TV Network after the expiration of its contract. It was produced and operated from Hong Kong from January 1994 until January 2002, after which operations and studios were shifted to Malaysia with some aspects still operating in Hong Kong. Since January 1, 2008, Channel [V] International has moved back to its original studio in Hong Kong, which is also the same studio of Channel [V] China and Taiwan. |
Channel V | 1000397-4 | After 27 years of broadcasting, Channel [V] along with most of The Walt Disney Company channels across Southeast Asia and Hong Kong (Fox Crime, Fox, Fox Life, FX, Disney Junior, Disney Channel, Nat Geo People, Fox Movies, Fox Action Movies, Fox Family Movies, Star Movies China, SCM Legend, and five of its sports channels) officially ceased broadcasting and transmission on October 1, 2021, at exactly midnight (based on Jakarta's time) with the final music video being M to the B by Millie B. In the Philippines, the channel space was now replaced by ViacomCBS's Nickelodeon on October 1, 2021 on G Sat and ABS-CBN cable music channel Myx on Cignal, while in the rest of Southeast Asia, Channel V was now replaced by other channels from other content providers.
Former VJs
Rick Tan
Paula Malai Ali
Cindy Burbridge
Marion Caunter
Angela Chow
Trey Farley
Alessandra
Patrick Lima
Amanda Griffin
Danny McGill
Sophiya Haque
Cliff Ho
Maya Karin
Dania Khatib
Dom Lau
Francis Magalona
Rishma Malik
Joey Mead
Melanie Casul
Jonathan Putra
Lisa S.
Nicholas Saputra
Jeremiah Odra
Asha Gill
Vivien Tan
Kamal Sidhu
Sarah Tan
Ruth Winona Tao
Brad Turvey
Georgina Wilson
David Wu
India (1994–2018)
Channel [V] India was the Indian branch of the Channel [V] network. It was operated by Star India. It started operating in India in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia. On 1 July 2012, the channel discontinued its musical programming and started focusing on original content through fiction dailies and studio formats that address teenage issues. On 30 June 2016, stopped airing original programming. On 1 August, it rebranded its graphical package. Later, it discontinued operations on 15 September 2018. |
Channel V | 1000397-5 | Philippines (1994–2012) Channel [V] Philippines was the Filipino branch of the Channel [V] network. It was a joint venture between Fox Networks Group Asia Pacific, Fox International Channels, Previous channel providers and partners like Ermita Electronics Corporation (Channel 23 where MTV Asia also air on the same channel as a first launch), CityNet (Channel 27, A GMA Network affiliate), TV Xtreme Broadcasting Company and Northern Star Productions. It started operating in the Philippines in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia. It discontinued operations on 13 July 2012.
Australia (1995–2020)
Channel [V] Australia was the Australian branch of the Channel [V] network. It was first launched as Red in 1995 and was owned by Foxtel. It ceased broadcasting in Australia on 26 February 2016, as it merged with [V] Hits (later rebranded as [V]), focusing only on music video programming and countdowns. V Hits was also formerly known as Club [V] and Channel [V] 2, and ceased broadcasting on 1 July 2020. Former VJs included Osher Günsberg (then "Andy G"), Jabba, James Mathison, Chloe Maxwell and Yumi Stynes.
Taiwan (1994–2018)
Channel [V] Taiwan was the Taiwanese branch of the Channel [V] network. It started operating in Taiwan in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia. On 1 September 2012 it was replaced by Fox Taiwan (and later Star World Taiwan). |
Channel V | 1000397-6 | South Korea (1994–2008) Channel [V] Korea was the Korean branch of the Channel [V] network. It started operating in South Korea in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia.
Japan (1994–2002)
Channel [V] Japan was the Japanese branch of the Channel [V] network. It started operating in Japan in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia.
Thailand
Channel [V] Thailand was the Thai branch of the Channel [V] network. It is a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company Asia Pacific, GMM Media and TrueVisions. It started operating in Thailand in 1994 as part of Channel [V] Asia.
Channel [V] Thailand also officially ceased transmission on 1 October 2021.
Former VJs
B – Bandit Saokaew
Boss – Chatchavalit Sirisab
Chai – Chartayodom Hiranyasthiti
Earth – San Ittisuknanth
Emme – Amika Boohert
Helen – Prathumrat Berger
Jenny – Genevieve Jane Irwin
Janeen – Janeen Lyons
Loukade – Metinee Kingpayome
Louk-Tarn – Supamat Phahulo
Meaw – Autcharra Sinratchar-tarnon
Nadia – Nadia Nimitvanich
Sunny – Sunissa Brown
Ta-Ngaew – Bussaba Mahatthapong
Team – Kosin Piyakittiphaibun
Terng – Pradorn Sirakovit
Michael – Sirachuch Chienthaworn
Nax – Charlie Potjes
Alex – Bin Alexandre
Bank – Puttipong Kongsomsaksakul
Bas – Panupat Sulanlayalak
Ake – Eakachai Waricharaporn
Ja – Natthaweeranuch Thongmee
Kwan – Sirikwan Chinnachot
Loukade – Jirada Yohara
Mike – Michael Kenneth Wong
Paula – Paula Taylor
Pitta – Pitta na Patalung |
Eddie Adams (photographer) | 1000456-0 | Edward Thomas Adams (June 12, 1933 – September 19, 2004) was an American photographer and photojournalist noted for portraits of celebrities and politicians and for coverage of 13 wars. He is best known for his photograph of the summary execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém, a Viet Cong prisoner of war, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography in 1969. Adams was a resident of Bogota, New Jersey.
Early life
Edward Thomas Adams was born on June 12, 1933, in New Kensington, Pennsylvania.
Career
Early
Adams joined the United States Marine Corps in 1951, during the Korean War as a combat photographer. One of his assignments was to photograph the entire Demilitarized Zone from end to end immediately following the war. This took him over a month to complete.
Pulitzer Prize–winning photograph
It was while covering the Vietnam War for the Associated Press that he took his best-known photograph—that of police chief General Nguyễn Ngọc Loan, summarily executing Nguyễn Văn Lém, a Vietcong prisoner of war. This took place on a Saigon street on February 1, 1968, during the opening stages of the Tet Offensive. |
Eddie Adams (photographer) | 1000456-1 | Adams won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and a World Press Photo award for the photograph. Writer and critic David D. Perlmutter points out that "no film footage did as much damage as AP photographer Eddie Adams's 35mm shot taken on a Saigon street ... When people talk or write about [the Tet Offensive] at least a sentence is devoted (often with an illustration) to the Eddie Adams picture".
Anticipating the impact of Adams's photograph, an attempt at balance was sought by editors at The New York Times. In his memoirs, John G. Morris recalls that assistant managing editor Theodore M. Bernstein "determined that the brutality manifested by America's ally be put into perspective, agreed to run the Adams picture large, but offset with a picture of a child slain by Vietcong, which conveniently came through from AP at about the same time." Adams' picture, however, retained a more lasting infamy. Max Hastings, writing in 2018, accused Lém of murdering Colonel Nguyen Tuân, his wife, six children, and 80-year old mother; he also wrote that American historian Ed Moise "is convinced that the entire story of Lém murdering the Tuân family is a post-war invention" and that "The truth will never be known." |
Eddie Adams (photographer) | 1000456-2 | In Regarding the Pain of Others (2003), Susan Sontag was disturbed by what she saw as Loan's staging of the execution in the street for journalists' photographs. She wrote that "he would not have carried out the summary execution there had they [journalists] not been available to witness it" and positioned himself in profile view with the prisoner facing the cameras. However, Donald Winslow of The New York Times quoted Adams as having described the image as a "reflex picture" and "wasn't certain of what he'd photographed until the film was developed". Furthermore, Winslow noted that Adams "wanted me to understand that 'Saigon Execution' was not his most important picture and that he did not want his obituary to begin, 'Eddie Adams, the photographer best known for his iconic Vietnam photograph "Saigon Execution.
Adams would later lament the impact of the photo. On Loan and his photograph, Adams wrote in Time in 1998:
Loan moved to the United States, and in 1978, there was an unsuccessful attempt to rescind his permanent residence status (green card). Adams advocated for Loan when the U.S. government sought to deport him based on the photograph, and apologized in person to Loan and his family for the irreparable damage it did to his honor while he was alive. When Loan died, Adams praised him as a "hero" of a "just cause". On the television show War Stories with Oliver North Adams referred to Loan as "a goddamned hero!" |
Eddie Adams (photographer) | 1000456-3 | He once said, "I would have rather been known more for the series of photographs I shot of 48 Vietnamese refugees who managed to sail to Thailand in a 30-foot boat, only to be towed back to the open seas by Thai marines." The photographs, and accompanying reports, helped persuade then President Jimmy Carter to grant asylum to the nearly 200,000 Vietnamese boat people. He won the Robert Capa Gold Medal from the Overseas Press Club in 1977 for this series of photographs in his photo-essay, "Boat of No Smiles" (published by AP). Adams remarked, "It did some good and nobody got hurt."
On October 22, 2009, Swann Galleries auctioned a print of Adams' photo of Loan and Lém. Printed in the 1980s, it had been a gift to Adams's son. It sold for $43,200.
The sole survivor of Lém's alleged killing of Tuan's family was Huan Nguyen; aged nine at the time, he was shot twice during the attack that killed his family and stayed with his mother for two hours as she bled to death. In 2019, he became the highest ranking Vietnamese American officer in the U.S. military when he was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. |