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[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 17 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Macroeconomic policy questions", "International trade and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The multilateral trading system is facing major uncertainties regarding the prospect of the closing of the Doha Round of trade negotiations, which comes on top of a series of changes in the structure and direction of international trade. The growth of trade in intermediate goods, linked to the spread of international production, has been accelerating in recent years and often includes a strong regional component. Along with the proliferation of regional trade agreements, the drive towards regionalism will be a major focus of the trade policy agenda over the coming years. Favourable economic realities have also contributed to increased South-South trade, along with increased South-South cooperation. Properly harnessed, this too can contribute to inclusive and sustainable development. Still, the multilateral trading system needs to be reinvigorated and the Doha Round concluded with a strong development dimension. An early least developed country package could be the first step in this direction. However, greater coherence needs to be built throughout the different layers and components of the international trading system — multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral — if trade is to contribute to more inclusive development paths. The thirteenth session of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, scheduled in April 2012 in Doha, will mobilize international efforts towards a development-centred globalization, which contributes to inclusive and sustainable growth and development.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/142, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit, in collaboration with the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments in the multilateral trading system.", "II. Trends in international trade and development", "A. Near-term developments", "2. Following a sharp contraction in 2009, world merchandise exports recorded their largest ever annual expansion of 14 per cent in volume (22 per cent in value) in 2010. The speed of expansion was faster in developing countries for both exports and imports (16.7 and 18.9 per cent, respectively) than in developed countries (12.6 and 10.2 per cent), suggesting not only developing countries’ strong export drive but also vibrant import demand thanks to robust recoveries in many regions. This was particularly true in Asia, where trade takes place through international production networks. In 2010, world total services exports expanded 8 per cent, but their value was still below the pre-crisis 2008 level.", "3. Trade performance has been conditioned by underlying economic developments. The world economy grew 3.9 per cent in 2010, after a contraction of 2.0 per cent in 2009, and is estimated to decelerate this year to 3.3 per cent. Developing countries continued to fuel the global recovery in 2010, with their collective gross domestic product (GDP) growth reaching 7.5 per cent. High and volatile commodity prices, fragility in financial markets and sovereign debt crises, and pervasive unemployment continue to influence the recovery. Given these persistent threats, along with the deceleration of output growth this year, export expansion is expected to slow, highlighting the persistent vulnerabilities of a trading system in an interdependent world economy.", "4. Rising commodity prices in 2010 boosted the nominal value of commodity exports but posed challenges for food security and macroeconomic stability. The all-food price index surpassed its historic peak early in 2011. Prices of oil also surged following instabilities in some oil-exporting countries, putting additional strains on growth prospects for many countries. Such high price volatility largely reflects negative supply shocks (e.g. weather conditions) but the price effect is believed to have been magnified by speculation in financialized commodity markets (see A/66/207). While higher prices are positive for net exporters, since many developing countries, particularly the least developed countries, are net importers of food and energy, higher prices are likely to have negative effects on poverty reduction; the recent price hikes could push more than 60 million people into poverty in Asia alone.[1]", "B. Changing international trade landscape", "5. Over the previous decade trade grew persistently faster than GDP (except in 2009), resulting in an increased exports-to-GDP ratio; in developing countries the average figure rose from 29.5 per cent to 36.0 per cent by 2008. The share of developing countries in world merchandise exports expanded from 24 per cent to 42 per cent in the previous two decades, and from 17 per cent to 32 per cent in world output, pointing to the possible future income convergence (see figure I). Consequently, the importance of external markets and the contribution of exports to output growth increased significantly. While total exports have grown rapidly, this growth has not led to a proportionate increase in domestic value added. This arises partly because increased fragmentation of production implies that exports require a significant amount of imported intermediate inputs.", "6. The strong growth in Asian countries and several other emerging economies (e.g. the BRIC countries, Brazil, Russian Federation, India and China), has created new trading opportunities, particularly for other developing countries. Developing countries’ share in world imports increased from 22 per cent in 2000 to 39 per cent in 2009, contributing 47 per cent to world import growth. The high import content of Asian exports has benefited other developing countries integrated into the global supply chain. South-South exports now account for 53 per cent of total developing countries’ exports, up from 43 per cent in 2000. South-South trade in services is estimated to be 10 per cent of global trade.", "Figure I Share of developing countries and BRIC in world output and exports by region, 2000-2010", "(Percentage)", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "7. While 23 developing countries experienced real annual export growth rates of more than 10 per cent between 2000 and 2010, close to one third (48 countries) experienced export contractions (see figure II). This serves as a reminder that income convergence is not an automatic consequence of a more open global economy, and that polarization remain a challenge for policymakers, at the national and international levels.", "Figure II Distribution of developing countries by growth in annual average real merchandise exports and output, 2000-2010", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "8. The changing pattern of world trade is also observable in its product composition (see figure III). The disproportionately fast growth in intensively traded machinery and transport equipment drove the expansion of developing countries’ exports, while higher commodity prices have increased the share of mineral fuels. The declining share of light manufactured goods arises partly from increased competition, with the entry of low-wage countries putting pressure on prices.", "9. The differing product composition of regions suggests increasing regional specialization, with Asia concentrating in manufactured goods, Latin America in agriculture and resource-based products and Africa and the least developed countries in minerals and other commodities. From 1995 to 2009, machinery and transport equipment contributed more than 40 per cent to export growth in Asia, while mineral fuels were responsible for 60 per cent of export growth in least developed countries. While recent commodity price increases have helped increase export earnings in the latter group of countries, worries remain that their weakly diversified economic structures could hamper long-term growth prospects.", "Figure III Product composition of developing countries’ exports, 2010", "(Percentage)", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "10. The shifting direction and dynamism of world trade, particularly along its South-South axis, has been closely linked to the increased fragmentation of production in the global supply chain (see UNCTAD reports TD/B/57/3 and TD/B/C.I/16). Falling transport and trade costs, including tariffs, expanding business and infrastructure services, and buoyant foreign direct investment flows to developing countries (43 per cent of global foreign direct investment inflows) contributed to the development of global production networks.[2] International trade in intermediate goods has been dynamic, and expanded from $2 trillion in 1995 to almost $7 trillion in 2008 to represent 48 per cent of non-fuel merchandise trade (see figure IV and box 1). This trade encourages the specialization of different economies in different processing activities, leading to “trade in tasks” that adds value along the global supply chain. Countries specialized in labour-intensive activities, however, may be locked into low value adding activities, so that domestic value retention is limited despite increased export volume. For instance, to increase competitive edge and profitability, companies relying on innovative technologies are increasingly using a “closed supply chain” among suppliers specializing in components unique to the final products and wherein profit margins are larger. National productive capabilities, human capital and technological sophistication thus matter for countries that seek to effectively benefit from the global supply chain and upgrade their value-chain ladders.", "Figure IV Non-fuel world trade, 1995-2010", "(Billions of United States dollars)", "Source: UNCTAD.", "Box 1Global supply chain and the measurement of trade\nThe growing global supply chain has exposed a measurement issue ininternational trade statistics. Unlike national income statistics,trade statistics measures the value of trade in terms of the grossvalue of a product, rather than value added. Increased productionin trade-intensive global supply chain has inflated the value ofinternational trade, because parts cross borders several times andare counted each time. For instance, although Apple is a companybased in the United States of America and the value added to theproduction of the iPod by China (where final assembly is done) issmall, with the bulk of profits retained by Apple and accruing tothe United States (e.g. retailers), every $300 iPod sold in theUnited States increases its trade deficit with China by $150 (i.e.factory cost). If measured in value added terms, China has anestimated bilateral trade surplus with the United States that is 40per cent smaller.*\n* Greg Linden, Kenneth Kraemer and Jason Dedrick, “Who capturesvalue in a global innovation network?: the case of Apple’s iPod”,Communications of the ACM, vol. 52, No. 3 (March 2009).", "11. The small share of agriculture (under 10 per cent) in developing countries’ exports understates its importance for some countries as well as the sector’s wider development potential. Many developing countries remain dependent on the rural economy for employment generation, income and export earnings. Agriculture accounts on average for 52 per cent of employment in developing countries, while the countries’ share in world agricultural exports increased from 31 per cent in 2000 to 36 per cent in 2009, driven by competitive Latin American exporters. Some countries (e.g. Brazil) have been able to diversify and upgrade their agricultural activities to achieve faster growth. Several high-value products have exhibited strong export dynamism (e.g. horticulture and processed food). However, increased specialization has turned many developing countries, even those with predominantly agrarian economies, into net importers of staple foods. This has made food security a pressing issue, particularly with regard to the unpredictability of supply associated with export restriction, resulting in the recent G-20 decision to remove export restrictions on food purchased for humanitarian aid.", "12. The services sector, particularly infrastructure services, is not important only in its own right but can help improve efficiency and competitiveness in all sectors of the economy (see TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8). Services represent 15 per cent of total exports of goods and services for developing countries and 51 per cent of their national output. These percentages are lower than the world average (20 per cent and 67 per cent), indicating the generally lower level of structural transformation in developing countries. However, developing countries are gaining market share. From 2000 to 2010, their share in world services exports rose from 23 per cent to 30 per cent, with many gains originating in Asia — particularly with regard to travel and business services in China and computer and information services in India. Travel and transportation are the two dominant subsectors, representing one fourth and one fifth of services exports in 2010. They are losing ground in favour of modern exportable business services that exhibit strong economies of scale and externalities and absorb highly skilled labour (see figure V). Services provide a realistic opportunity for structural transformation, especially for those countries without comparative advantage in manufactures.", "Figure V Shares of selected services subcategories in world services trade, 1990-2010", "(Percentage)", "[]", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "13. The issue of migration with regard to trade and development has emerged as a major challenge. Increased labour mobility and movement of services providers have created increased workers’ remittance flows which contribute to poverty reduction. The number of global migrants reached 215 million in 2010, or 3 per cent of the world population. World remittance flows were $442 billion in 2010, of which two thirds went to developing countries and 6 per cent to the least developed countries (see table 1). Remittances are an important source of external financing, accounting for 1.5 per cent of GDP for developing countries as a whole (1.2 per cent in 2000) and 5.2 per cent for the least developed countries. Although the long-term development impact of remittances is still not well understood, the impact can be strengthened by channelling remittances into productive sectors, including financial sector development and education.[3]", "14. To increase remittance flows, measures affecting temporary migration need to be addressed at all levels, including at the Doha Round services negotiations on Mode 4 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Policy coherence and integrated approaches are important. There is a need to further strengthen and improve cooperation and coordination nationally and internationally — including among origin, transit and destination countries — and also to share experiences.", "Table 1 Remittances as a share of GDP and of world total remittances, 2010", "(Percentage)", "Share in GDP Share in world total", "Developed economies 0.3 25.9", "Transition economies 1.5 6.8", "Developing economies 1.5 67.2", "Africa 2.5 9.0", "Latin America 1.2 13.5", "Asia 1.5 44.3", "Least developed 5.2 5.9 countries", "Source: UNCTADstat.", "15. Transforming trade dynamism into greater income opportunities through job creation is a critical development challenge for inclusive growth (see TD/B/C.I/15). The crisis has already left a large worldwide pool of unemployed, totalling 205 million in 2010. Evidence suggests that while trade openness does not affect the overall level of employment in the long run, liberalization can lead to net job losses in the short run, as job destruction in contracting import-competing sectors can outpace job creation in export sectors. Although the empirical relationship between trade and employment warrants further research, this suggests that transforming potential trade efficiency gains into employment gains is not automatic and requires proactive and careful government intervention. Such a trade-employment nexus needs to be critically accounted for in the international trading system", "III. Developments in the multilateral trading system", "16. The changes outlined above are part of a broader transformation of the international trading system. That transformation is towards fragmented production, multi-polarization, and regionalization, with integration proceeding at different speeds for different countries. Manifestations of the transformation include the current stalemate in the Doha Round negotiations, increased difficulties facing multilateralism and the increasing regional initiatives that complement and compete with the multilateral processes (see TD/B/58/3).", "A. Overview", "17. The Doha Round was launched in 2001 and scheduled to conclude by the end of 2004. Continued disagreement over agriculture has delayed overall progress. Efforts intensified in 2011 to finalize the round by December. However, the absence of significant progress on key outstanding issues led to a serious blockage in April. One major issue was deeper sectoral liberalization in non-agriculture market access negotiations. While participation in sectorals was deemed “voluntary”, some developed countries had sought to secure the participation of larger developing countries in two of the three key sectors — chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics — to achieve deeper liberalization, including tariff elimination, in these economies than would result from applying the general tariff-cutting formula. Developing countries found such a demand imbalanced because, under the general tariff-cutting formula, they would already be cutting bound tariffs in proportionately greater amounts than developed countries. Sectoral liberalization was found to be particularly sensitive owing to its labour market implications. Other sectors include enhanced health care, forest products, raw materials and gems and jewellery. Other areas were also controversial, including the issue of stronger commitments by developing countries in Mode 3 of the General Agreement on Trade in Services to bind existing levels of openness (e.g. foreign equity limitations), Mode 4 commitments by developed countries and the special agricultural safeguard mechanism.", "18. The three-speed approach — fast, medium and slow lanes — suggested by the Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in May 2011 as a way forward consisted of seeking partial agreement while preserving a single-undertaking principle. Issues involving the least developed countries — duty-free and quota-free market access, associated rules of origin, a most-favoured-nation waiver to cover possible preferential services market access and cotton — would be targeted for early harvest by the Eighth WTO Ministerial Conference in December 2011. “Least developed country-plus” (LDC-plus) issues would be discussed in the “medium track”, which would also include trade facilitation, agricultural export competition, a special and differential treatment monitoring mechanism, fisheries subsidies and environmental goods and services to strike an overall balance and address the concerns of major trading partners (e.g. the United States). Negotiations on agriculture, non-agriculture market access and services, as well as issues related to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), were proposed to be deferred to 2012.", "19. The effective delivery of an early harvest in December 2011 is critical for the subsequent negotiations in 2012. There is concern that prolonged negotiations have already affected the credibility of the multilateral trading system and made some negotiating issues less relevant to today’s economic realities. Developing countries stress, as part of the original Doha Development Agenda, the need to deliver on outstanding issues from the Uruguay Round, while some developed countries (e.g. those in the European Union) call for addressing new issues such as investment, competition policy, government procurement, export taxes and climate change. There is need to move expeditiously to address new “twenty-first century issues” to preserve the relevance of the multilateral trading system to changing economic realities. Trade liberalization and agreements need to contribute positively to addressing broader development challenges, including poverty reduction, employment, productive capacity, sustained and inclusive growth, food and energy security, public health and access to water. Strong leadership is required, including from emerging countries, to reinvigorate the multilateral trading system architecture.", "20. The robustness of the rule-based multilateral trading system against protectionism was reaffirmed during the economic crisis. Import-restrictive measures introduced between October 2008 and April 2011 are estimated to cover at most 2.70 per cent of world imports and incur a limited effect — 0.25 per cent by border measures and 0.75 per cent by bailout measures. Aggressive protectionism was contained, thanks essentially to countries’ adherence to WTO rules and commitments and strong restraint exercised by many developing countries. WTO was catalytic in mobilizing efforts to address trade-finance shortage (used in 80-90 per cent of trade) and Aid for Trade support for productive capacity, trade-related infrastructure, competitiveness and adjustment. Despite some increase in financial resources (60 per cent from 2005 to 2010), major challenges remain regarding ensuring additionality of resources and enhancing effectiveness and development results, as noted in the Third Global Review of Aid for Trade in July. In 2011, WTO reported signs of accelerating post-crisis protectionism, with an increased recourse to higher tariffs and non-automatic import licensing and export restrictions, against the backdrop of decelerating growth and high unemployment.[4]", "B. Welfare effect of the Doha Round", "21. The failure to conclude the Doha Round can be seen as a missed opportunity. The latest UNCTAD analysis of the possible trade and welfare impact of a Doha Round outcome in goods finds that global gains from further liberalization are positive although modest, at around an estimated $70 billion annually (see table 2). The magnitude of gains has been corroborated by other recent studies. Welfare effects of model-based analysis depend, of course, on model specifications, underlying data and simulation scenarios. Earlier studies, such as by the World Bank in 2003, found global welfare gains up to $358 billion but were subsequently revised significantly downwards, pointing to the need for caution in interpreting model results. Even such large gains represent only a fraction of GDP. This suggests the importance of domestic complementary policies to enhance endogenous productive capacities and employment opportunities to increase the benefits of trade liberalization.", "Table 2 Potential annual welfare and trade impacts of Doha outcome", "Doha Doha with sectorals\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)", "European Union 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "United States -351 1.48 -2 127 2.21", "Japan 6 432 1.94 9 543 3.08", "Other developed 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86 countries", "Cairns group exporters 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84", "China 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "India 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "Indonesia 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "Brazil 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "Mexico -1 322 -0.53 -2 543 -0.95", "South-East Asia 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "South Asia 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "Eastern Europe and West 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60 Asia", "Central America 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "Latin America, excluding 345 0.29 41 0.15 Brazil", "North Africa and Middle 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41 East", "South Africa 178 0.60 35 0.48", "Sub-Saharan Africa 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "Total 70 457 1.09 77 367 1.73", "Source: UNCTAD (GTAP database).", "^(a) Millions of United States dollars.", "^(b) Percentage.", "22. The welfare gains are not equally shared among participants. The European Union and Japan have high protection in agriculture (e.g. sugar, meat, rice); reducing that increases efficiency and benefits consumers, taxpayers and foreign suppliers. Similar gains also arise from tariff reductions for apparel and motor vehicles in the industrial sector. Gains for most developing countries are estimated to be smaller. Negative terms of trade effects may overwhelm other gains and lead to negative overall effects. This is the case for Mexico and the United States of America. The risk of losses also exists for sub-Saharan African countries, although as a group their welfare effects are positive in this simulation. Such losses could arise from preference erosion and rising food import prices. Indeed, several studies find negative welfare effects for them.[5]", "23. Sectoral elimination in chemicals, industrial machinery and electronics in developed countries and Brazil, China and India could raise the global welfare gains to $77 billion. Exports and imports in these regions would increase more than in the basic scenario. Some regions (e.g. South Africa and Latin America) are estimated to be worse off compared to the baseline scenario. Although the participating developing countries gain in welfare terms, production and employment in the sectors concerned are negatively affected compared to the baseline, with implications for their industrial development and employment objectives. The estimates underscore the importance of voluntary participation in the sectorals as provided in the declaration made at the 2005 Sixth WTO Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong, China.", "24. Services trade liberalization could also yield gains for both developed and developing countries. A potential reduction of 10 per cent of the trade barriers could lead to an increase of 2.7 per cent of services exports.[6] The estimated global GDP impact is about $46 billion. Both European Union and United States exports would increase by $10 billion. The multilateral temporary work visa scheme (quota for skilled and unskilled developing country workers at 3 per cent of the developed-country labour force) is estimated to generate $200 billion globally.[7] A reduction of 1 per cent in trade transaction costs is estimated to generate $43 billion in welfare gains worldwide, of which 65 per cent would accrue to countries not part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.", "C. Doha Round challenges", "25. The current stalemate has resuscitated debate over the causes of the setbacks and the future of the Round. Structural changes in the international trade landscape have significantly affected negotiating dynamics, while global crises have overtaken policymakers’ attention and raised the political challenge of justifying concessions. The crises have also changed economic thinking in favour of stronger regulations of market and a more proactive and pragmatic intervention by States. Systemic issues of the multilateral trading system also influenced the course of negotiations.", "26. Non-agriculture market access negotiations sectoral liberalization was an immediate cause of the stalemate. The objective of sectorals would be to rebalance the disparity in the contribution between developed and emerging countries and to achieve harmonization of their tariffs. Industrial tariff negotiations had attracted increased attention from developed countries as high agricultural commodity prices made tariffs and subsidies less relevant in agriculture, while services liberalization proved to be complex and without immediate prospects for a commercially meaningful outcome. The increased attention given to exporters’ interest in developed countries may be seen as an attempt to win overall domestic political support for the Doha Round package in order to overcome “resistance” from import-competing domestic interests. Addressing exporters’ interests today requires deep liberalization which is essential for modern trade-intensive production in a global supply chain wherein a small tariff can disproportionately increase production cost — hence the call for sectoral liberalization. Non-tariff barriers — increasingly important given substantial reduction in tariffs — have not been sufficiently addressed.", "27. This was contested by developing countries as contradictory to the agreed-upon principles of voluntary participation in such initiatives and less-than-full reciprocity for developing countries. While large “tariff water” in developing countries — the difference between bound and applied rates — had drawn attention to effective cuts in applied tariffs, developing countries pointed to their past autonomous liberalization efforts, which had created such water. Between 1990 and 2010, average most-favoured-nation-applied tariffs decreased from 32.5 to 8.2 per cent for developing countries. This highlights the importance of tariff flexibilities as industrial policy instruments. Sectoral liberalization was also seen as sensitive to developing countries’ post-crisis development objectives of building endogenous productive capacity and employment opportunities. The increased economic weight of developing countries — home to over half of global growth in the coming years — allowed them to take an assertive position.", "28. The increased number and diversity of members in WTO has increased the complexity of negotiations and trade-offs. Starting from 23 members in 1947, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization membership has increased to 154. A broad-based negotiating agenda in a single undertaking was required to reconcile diverse interests among many participants by allowing cross-sectoral trade-offs. The large agenda, however, appeared to overload negotiators, and resulted in diluting attention from core issues (e.g. the built-in agenda from the Uruguay Round of agriculture and services and development issues). Ensuring transparency and inclusiveness among numerous participants became increasingly challenging (see box 2). Trade-offs between different issues proved to be difficult, as they necessitated a minimum convergence of positions. The single-undertaking approach, together with the consensus rule, was seen as amenable to exceptions, as the approach gave individual countries leverage to seek special treatment.", "Box 2Trade disputes\nMany difficult and emerging issues are increasingly addressed intrade disputes, rather than through negotiations. The number ofdisputes is expected to increase. Export restrictions by China oncertain minerals (e.g. bauxite, magnesium) were successfullychallenged by the European Union, the United States and Mexico onthe grounds that the measures discriminate against foreignmanufacturers and give unfair advantage to domestic downstreamproducers. Some disputes were relevant to policies promoting greentechnologies. The European Union challenged Canada regardingOntario’s feed-in-tariff programme for renewable energy, which itargues go against a WTO rule prohibiting local content subsidies.The case will have bearing on the ability of countries to supportlocal industries in promising environmental goods and servicesmarkets.", "29. In view of systemic factors contributing to the stalemate, the case for WTO institutional reform as a long-term objective has been recognized, including in respect to implementing and monitoring trade agreements and policies, addressing trade issues in a more cooperative framework and providing Aid for Trade and capacity-building support. The possible institutional reform needs to ensure that the norms and instruments of the multilateral trading system are a critical factor in evolving economic realities and development needs. It might, accordingly, be necessary to align existing rules and practices with longer-term development objectives such as strengthening industrial capabilities, creating employment opportunities, managing food security and providing access to essential medicines and services, thereby contributing to the Millennium Development Goals. This implies the need for greater recognition of special and differential treatment and policy space.", "IV. The way forward", "30. The effective delivery of an early harvest of least developed country packages, and possibly “LDC-plus” packages, in December 2011 is seen as critical for subsequent negotiations in 2012. The least developed country package will also be important to help the least developed countries to implement the Istanbul Programme of Action adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in May. However, additional complementary support by the international community is still essential, as such a package would not be sufficient to help the least developed countries meet the targets. As things stand, the chance of agreement on an early package is likely to be limited, as it is difficult to strike a balance of interests among all parties.", "A. Duty-free quote-free market access", "31. Important progress has been made in expanding duty-free quota-free market access for the least developed countries since 2000. The Hong Kong Ministerial Conference decision’s target for covering at least 97 per cent of tariff lines was achieved in all developed countries except the United States, which currently covers 83 per cent of tariff lines. Renewal and substantial reform by the United States of the Generalized System of Preferences scheme (which expired in 2010) to expand product coverage is needed to meet the targets. Extending product coverage could require balancing competing interests of African and Asian least developed countries, because sub-Saharan African countries (e.g. Lesotho, Madagascar) could experience preference erosion of their African Growth and Opportunity Act benefits, especially on apparel, and be severely affected. Coverage may be extended to agricultural products currently excluded from the duty-free quota-free initiative (e.g. tobacco, meat). The selection of products matters, as exports from the least developed countries are highly concentrated; 3 per cent of tariff lines represent 95 per cent of the value of high-income country imports from the least developed countries. It is important to meaningfully address adjustment and competitiveness challenges facing certain sub-Saharan African countries through innovative support measures, so that producers remain in the sector, increase value addition and participate in the global supply chain.", "32. The benefits accruing for the least developed countries from full duty-free quota-free treatment could amount to $4 billion to $8 billion. In a scenario where all developed countries provide such treatment for the least developed countries, the potential annual welfare gain for the least developed countries is estimated to be $4.8 billion, with an increase of 2.4 per cent in exports. However, the gains would be very unevenly distributed among countries (see table 3). Results are driven by apparel, textiles and, to a lesser extent, tobacco. Asian least developed countries are the major beneficiaries, owing to increased apparel exports. Total exports from Cambodia and Bangladesh increase by 18 and 8 per cent, respectively, generating employment gains for unskilled labour of 10 per cent and 3 per cent. If Brazil, China, India and South Africa also open their markets for the least developed countries (as some of them are doing — see box 3), gains for the least developed countries rise to $7.7 billion.", "Table 3 Welfare effect of duty-free quota-free market access", "Welfare Exports Employment, (millions of (percentage) unskilled United States (percentage) dollars)", "Cambodia 916 18.0 10.1", "Bangladesh 2 100 8.2 3.2", "Ethiopia 144 1.1 0.5", "Lao People’s Democratic 5 0.2 0.1 Republic", "Malawi 161 7.4 4.7", "Madagascar 7 0.1 0.1", "Mozambique 106 1.7 1.5", "United Republic of Tanzania 130 1.6 0.7", "Senegal 221 2.1 1.9", "Uganda 3 0.1 —", "Zambia 42 0.6 0.5", "Rest of West Africa 355 0.5 0.6", "Central Africa 108 0.6 0.3", "South-Central Africa -2 — —", "Rest of East Africa 498 0.9 0.5", "European Union, United States, -3 897 — — Other developed and developing countries", "Source: UNCTAD.", "Box 3Developing countries’ duty-free quota-free initiatives\nSeveral developing countries have extended duty-free quota-freetreatment for the least developed countries. The duty-freequota-free initiative by India, first announced at the India-AfricaForum Summit in April 2008, grants duty-free quota-free access to85 per cent of tariff lines and duty reductions on another 9 percent, to be liberalized over five years, so that the duty-freequota-free programme covers 94 per cent of tariff lines, includingcotton, cocoa, cane sugar and garments. The scheme developed byBrazil will initially grant preferential treatment to 80 per centof the least developed countries’ exports and subsequently expandto 100 per cent by 2014. China offers 31 sub-Saharan leastdeveloped countries an average 10.4 per cent preference margin on95 per cent of tariff lines (e.g. cocoa beans, leather, copper),while 90 per cent of the least developed countries’ imports (e.g.oil) already enter China duty-free through most-favoured-nationstatus. The scheme by the Republic of Korea provides duty-freequota-free access on 85 per cent of tariff lines and will cover 95per cent by 2012, including copper, raw tobacco and plywood.", "33. Making rules of origin simpler and more transparent has been a key objective of the least developed countries, as stringent rules inhibit effective use of preferences. Evidence suggests that relatively stringent rules of origin on apparel products in the European Union, which required the assembly of apparel from yarn and not from fabric, had the effect of reducing preference utilization. Major progress was made in this regard with the implementation of new European Union Generalized System of Preferences rules of origin in January 2011. The new rules introduced more flexible rules, specific to the least developed countries, for industrial products, including for apparel that now permit “single transformation” (i.e. allowing the use of third-country fabric) (see also box 4). The regional scope for cumulation was extended to four regional groupings without, however, the possibility of pan-African cumulation. By comparison, the Generalized System of Preferences scheme by Canada for the least developed countries provides global cumulation of all Generalized System of Preferences beneficiaries. The least developed countries have called for harmonized rules of origin common to different developed countries based on across-the-board value added criteria with facilitated regional cumulation rules.", "Box 4Beyond duty-free quota-free market access to support the IstanbulProgramme of Action\nThe least developed country package will be important to help theleast developed countries meet the target of doubling their sharein world exports by 2020, as set out in the Istanbul Programme ofAction. From 2000 to 2010, the least developed countries’ exportsoutpaced world exports to double their share, albeit to a meagre 1per cent. Repeating this success for the next decade is, however, amajor challenge.^(a) Assuming that world exports will expand by 4.7per cent annually between 2011 and 2020, doubling the share willrequire exports by the least developed countries to grow by 12.2per cent annually. This is ambitious because, first, the increasein the nominal value of exports in the last decade was driven byrising commodity prices (see figure below). Second, almost half ofproducts from the least developed countries are destined fordeveloped countries (46 per cent) where import growth is lessdynamic (6.7 per cent, compared to 12.0 per cent in developingcountries). The majority of the least developed countries fellshort of doubling their export share.\nThe least developed countries’ share in world exports and commodityprices, 1990-2011\n [] \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Source: UNCTADstat. \nThis implies that meeting the Programme objective will largelydepend on future commodity price developments and the performanceof specific products in specific markets. For example, exports fromBangladesh are highly concentrated in apparels and in EuropeanUnion and United States markets. The duty-free quota-freeinitiative — estimated to generate a one-time export increase ofaround 1 per cent for most of the least developed countries — helpsbut is unlikely to be sufficient. Strong Aid for Trade support bythe international community is urgently needed to address the weakproductive capacities and infrastructures of the least developedcountries.^(b) Innovative measures should also be explored. Tradeby China with Africa has witnessed explosive growth. China issupporting the establishment of economic and trade cooperationzones in several African least developed countries, which couldfurther increase and diversify exports from Africa, particularlymanufacturing.^(a) See The Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a NewInternational Development Architecture for LDCs (United NationsPublication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.5). \n^(b) UNCTAD “Making trade more development-transmitting,multiplying and inclusive for LDCs”. Available fromwww.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf.", "34. The duty-free quota-free market access initiatives and continued international efforts to support the least developed countries are likely to induce further changes to unilateral preferential schemes. In its proposal yet to be adopted, the European Union seeks to overhaul its Generalized System of Preferences scheme from 2014 to redirect its benefits essentially to the least developed countries and other low- and lower-middle-income countries by reducing the number of beneficiaries, for the first time, from the existing 176 to some 80 countries. Concern exists as to whether benefits would be captured by the least developed countries as expected, as countries being removed are essentially high- and upper-middle-income countries that do not necessarily compete with the least developed countries. Limiting beneficiaries can further accentuate differentiation of developing countries, with implications for the non-discrimination and special and differential treatment principles of WTO. According to WTO jurisprudence,[8] “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”, such differentiation may be permissible if based on an objective standard that is administered in a non-discriminatory manner.", "B. Cotton", "35. Ambitious, specific and expeditious reduction and elimination of cotton subsidies and tariffs remain to be fully addressed. The sector is highly concentrated, with the five largest producers (China, India, the United States, Brazil and Pakistan) representing four fifths of the world production. In 2009, the United States was the largest cotton exporter, accounting for one third of world exports, followed by India, Uzbekistan and Brazil. The largest cotton importers are China (23 per cent), Turkey and Bangladesh. Reductions of cotton tariffs in major importing countries would contribute to gains for exports from the least developed countries (see figure VI).", "Figure VI Most-favoured-nation and preferential tariffs on cotton in major importing countries", "[]", "Source: UNCTAD (TRAINS).", "36. At the core of the issue is the ambitious reduction of domestic cotton support. Total government support to the cotton industry is estimated at $1.3 billion in 2010/11, down from $5.5 billion provided in 2008/09. High prices for cotton led to a sharp decline in subsidies in 2010/11, since many support programmes were not triggered. The major subsidizing countries are the United States, China, Greece and Turkey. The United States spent $4.2 billion in 2005, while recently China became the largest cotton subsidizer, according to the International Cotton Advisory Committee, mainly providing support to seeds. Over a longer term, the share of world cotton production receiving direct government assistance increased from an average of 55 per cent between 1997 and 2008 to an estimated 84 per cent in 2008/09. Elimination of cotton subsidies could increase cotton prices by 10-20 per cent, which is significant, especially if current high cotton prices fall.", "37. Many developing countries, especially 20 least developed countries in Africa, have a high concentration of exports in cotton (up to 85 per cent).[9] Cotton production in the “Cotton Four” countries (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Mali) decreased by 50 per cent, partly due to unfavourable market environments that made them switch to other products. Furthermore, African producers in general have been unable to keep up with productivity growth in countries such as China and India that make increasing use of biotech varieties. Consequently, the market share of African countries declined from 8.8 per cent in 2002/03 to 5.6 per cent in 2007/08. Effective cuts in cotton subsidies could increase their export revenues by 20 per cent. Measures to strengthen productive capacities, including value added, infrastructure and technology contribute to increasing their supply response to higher prices.", "C. Services waiver", "38. A waiver authorizing countries to grant preferential market access in services specifically for the least developed countries without having to extend the same treatment to other countries will help the least developed countries to exploit the growing services trade. Such preferential market access, particularly Mode 4, would contribute to increasing exports from the least developed countries. Rules of origin should ensure that preferential access benefits are reserved for suppliers to the least developed countries (i.e. those who have substantial business operations in the least developed countries). The waiver would also allow preferences regarding certain procedural aspects of domestic regulation, such as lower licensing fees. It is important to ensure that preferences given to the least developed countries should be in addition to most-favoured-nation treatment so as not to raise barriers for other developing countries. For the waiver to be meaningful, effective preferential market access needs to be provided.", "D. Accessions to the World Trade Organization", "39. While it is not part of the Doha programme of work, the least developed countries have repeatedly emphasized the need to improve the WTO accession process. Currently, 12 of 30 countries in the accession process are least developed countries. The accession of Vanuatu, expected this year, follows only those of Cape Verde in 2008 and of Cambodia and of Nepal in 2004. The absence of pre‑established, objective criteria for membership and asymmetric bargaining structure in negotiations has resulted in deep and stringent commitments undertaken by acceding countries. Examples are low bound tariffs; participation in sectoral tariff harmonization; effective and broad-based services liberalization commitments; prohibition of agricultural export subsidies and export duties; privatization; accession to the otherwise-optional Agreement on Government Procurement; and prohibition of export performance and transfer of technology requirements on foreign investors. This approach has limited acceding countries’ policy flexibilities.", "40. Effective implementation and operationalization of the 2002 accession guidelines for the least developed countries can contribute to improving the accession process. Commitments expected of the least developed countries can be clarified by setting benchmarks for market access and other commitments, for instance based on average tariff and services commitments undertaken by existing least developed country members. Average bound rates of existing least developed country members are 77 per cent in agriculture and 45 per cent in non-agricultural products. They compare with commitments by Cambodia and Nepal in their accession on the order of 28-41 per cent in agriculture and 18-24 per cent in non‑agricultural products. On rules, all the least developed countries can be automatically entitled to all special and differential treatment provisions, supplemented by regulatory and policy action plans. Such clarification could usefully be harvested together with the least-developed-country package.", "E. Least developed country-plus package", "41. An “LDC-plus” package has been found necessary to achieve balance among diverse WTO members’ interests and burden-sharing. Trade facilitation aimed at improved customs procedures can reduce trade costs and have effects similar to tariff reduction for exporters. Some developing countries are concerned over the implementation cost, as some trade facilitation measures (e.g. single window) will incur significant costs, and effective special and differential treatment and capacity-building support has been a key negotiating issue. Environmental goods and services are promoted for potential environmental benefits while concern exists that deeper liberalization on a range of proposed “environmental goods”, mostly manufactured goods related to energy efficiency, can have deep liberalization effects similar to sectoral liberalization, and cover, for instance, 20 per cent of all imports for the least developed countries.", "42. Commitment already exists to eliminate agricultural export subsidies by 2013. These subsidies were prevalent from 1995 to 2000 and were valued at $6.2 billion annually worldwide; 90 per cent of them originated in the European Union and supported mainly dairy and meat (beef). Since the amount decreased considerably thereafter, its elimination will have limited effect. On fisheries subsidies, since the disciplines are yet to be fully developed, “standstill” on existing subsidies is suggested to limit their adverse effect on overfishing. Possible disciplines will prohibit certain subsidies contributing to overfishing (e.g. for new vessel construction), while opponents argue that poor management of fish stocks is the major cause for depletion of fish stocks. Other issues proposed include a review of the Dispute Settlement Understanding, regional trade agreements and standstills, including on tariffs, to prevent protectionist tendencies.", "V. Regional trade agreements", "43. The drive towards regional trade agreements is likely to accelerate with deepened behind-the-border commitments. Preferential trade liberalization represents a major challenge for the multilateral trading system, with some 300 regional trade agreements currently in force. Recent regional trade agreement negotiations involve a greater number of large and dynamic markets — particularly Asia — resource-rich countries and developed countries. This is observable in the recent European Union move towards “competitiveness-oriented” regional trade agreements and the United States engagement in a Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement. By inducing deeper liberalization and regulatory harmonization covering an increasing share of world trade, they could further affect incentives for multilateralism. Developing countries contributed considerably to the sharp increase, with South-South agreements now representing two thirds of all regional trade agreements.", "44. The value of trade covered by regional trade agreements increased to 51 per cent of world trade, although the share of trade actually receiving preferential treatment is much lower (about 16 per cent), as half of world trade is already duty free owing to most-favoured-nation treatment.[10] The preference utilization rate may be high (e.g. 87 per cent and 92 per cent under regional trade agreements involving the European Union and the United States, respectively). Trade liberalization under regional trade agreements generally has a positive effect on global welfare. Participants tend to benefit in terms of welfare, exports and often employment, although government revenues from tariffs may fall, but non-participants tend to lose from trade diversion (see table 4). Simulation shown in table 4 suggests that global gains from some likely regional trade agreements may be negative, indicating that estimated losses to non-members outweigh the gains to members. Smaller countries would suffer losses if they are sidelined in the regional trade agreement formation.", "Table 4 Potential effects from possible regional trade agreements", "Free trade Free trade area area non-participants participants\n Welfare^(a) Exports^(b) Welfare^(a) Exports^(b)", "European Union-Japan 9.7 0.36 -9.5 -0.11", "European Union-Association of 12.8 0.44 -4.9 -0.18 Southeast Asian Nations", "Trans-Pacific Partnership 7.4 1.08 -8.8 -0.07", "Asia-Pacific Economic 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01 Cooperation", "Source: UNCTAD.", "^(a) Billions of United States dollars.", "^(b) Percentage change.", "45. In 2009, the trade-weighted global average most-favoured-nation tariff was 4 per cent. Such a low rate does not leave much scope for tariff preference, the traditional rationale for regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have expanded their scope to investment, competition, services, standards, government procurement and intellectual property, as well as labour and environmental standards. They appear to be increasingly motivated by the need to provide a platform for regional supply chains by ensuring duty-free and non-tariff-barrier-free trading environments through deep regulatory integration. Empirical analysis confirms a positive link between trade in parts and components — a proxy for production networks — and the depth of agreements. For instance, the intra-preferential trade agreement trade of intermediate goods is prevalent in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations.", "46. The quantitative proliferation and qualitative deepening of regional trade agreements point to the need for coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements. Increased transparency, as under the transparency mechanism on regional trade agreements established by WTO, is useful in enhancing predictability of regional trade agreements. Developmental coherence is required so that special and differential treatment and policy space available under the multilateral trading system is not overridden by regional trade agreements where bargaining power can be asymmetric. Regulatory coherence needs to be ensured, including by multilateralizing certain elements of regional trade agreements, such as rules of origin and sectoral liberalization (e.g. ITA). Regional trade agreements could also promote broader cooperation. Economic, financial, regulatory and institutional cooperative schemes, and pooling resources to develop regional infrastructure and trade facilitation, could significantly increase the benefits. The conclusion of the Doha Round could also contribute to such coherence.", "A. North-South regional trade agreements", "47. Market access conditions may be a valid consideration for North-South regional trade agreements involving lower-income countries and/or countries reliant on limited products and markets. Locking in existing preferential conditions under unilateral preferential arrangements was a key motivation for some Latin American countries to form regional trade agreements with the United States (agricultural products and for non-least developed country African, Caribbean and Pacific States to conclude economic partnership agreements with the European Union (e.g. banana, sugar under the Cotonou preferences). Under regional trade agreements, for example, several Latin American countries obtained a reduction of European Union banana tariffs, increasing preference margins from €3-€39 per ton.", "48. Larger developing countries face challenges in effectively securing improved market access under regional trade agreements. Regional trade agreements often preserve high tariffs on import-sensitive products that attracted high protection on a most-favoured-nation basis, including dairy, sugar, cereals and apparel. Preferential tariffs reduce the global trade-weighted average tariff only by 1 per cent, because high tariffs on agriculture and labour-intensive manufacturing goods are often excluded. For example, 27 per cent of agriculture products are excluded compared with 1 per cent of manufacturing goods. This may be changing, as recent North-South regional trade agreements provide for tariff elimination by developed countries of almost all products by the end of transition period, including some otherwise import-sensitive products (e.g. sugar).", "49. Ensuring an adequate content, pace and sequence of their liberalization is a key concern of developing countries, as the effect of reciprocal tariff elimination would be greater for them given economic asymmetries. Their ability to undertake lesser and slower liberalization is, however, constrained by a WTO rule requiring regional trade agreements to liberalize “substantially all trade”, often understood as requiring liberalization of 90 per cent of trade over 10 years. Some developing countries have called for revising the rule by incorporating the principle of special and differential treatment to allow “less-than-full” reciprocity in regional trade agreements. Recent regional trade agreements have incorporated a mechanism to automatically extend deeper liberalization that may be undertaken by a regional trade agreement party under future regional trade agreements to the other party, such as “third-party most-favoured-nation” clauses under economic partnership agreements between African, Caribbean and Pacific States and the European Union, which could have a chilling effect on South-South regional trade agreements, and similar provisions applied to selected agricultural products under regional trade agreements of the United States.", "50. Trade in services is characteristic of North-South regional trade agreements. Globally, one third of regional trade agreements have services commitments. Two models for services liberalization are the “North American Free Trade Agreement model” based on negative list approach and a “hybrid model” combining positive and negative list approaches. The models generally cover cross-border services, commercial presence (often in conjunction with investment in goods), movement of natural persons and sector-specific regulatory issues (e.g. financial services). More substantial commitments are made under regional trade agreements than under general agreements on trade in services (see figure VII). Under the economic partnership agreement between the European Union and the Caribbean Forum of African, Caribbean and Pacific States (CARIFORUM), for instance, the CARIFORUM countries listed 75 per cent of subsectors. Certain regional trade agreements have incorporated disciplines on services regulations that could potentially constrain their right to regulate, such as financial prudential carve-outs conditioned, unlike under general agreements on trade in services, on “necessity tests”. North-South regional trade agreements could help provide meaningful market access on sectors and modes of interest to developing countries, particularly Mode 4, where opening is limited.", "Figure VII Index of services liberalization commitments", "[]", "[]", "Source: UNCTAD, based on WTO.", "51. Regional trade agreements often incorporate “TRIPS-plus” disciplines on intellectual property rights that affect various public policies, ranging from health to innovation. They expand the coverage, title holder’s rights and duration of several intellectual property categories with stricter enforcement, so that flexibilities available under TRIPS are often restricted (e.g. compulsory licensing to import essential drugs). Some have the effect of delaying the market entry of generic products (e.g. protecting pharmaceutical test data for at least five years). Some estimates suggest that such provisions could increase drug prices by 10-40 per cent (e.g. Costa Rica).", "52. North-South regional trade agreements have embarked on liberalization of government procurement, a market representing 10-15 per cent of GDP. The lack of supply capacity in developing countries has often prevented meaningful reciprocity. Conversely, government procurement has long served as an important industrial and public policy instrument for them — to support local suppliers and promote technological development. While domestic preference policies requiring local content have historically contributed to the establishment of some strategic industries, such policies are generally prohibited and permissible only in connection with government procurement under WTO (for most developing countries not party to the Agreement on Government Procurement). Such important policy flexibilities are increasingly restricted by regional trade agreement disciplines.", "B. South-South integration", "53. South-South integration and cooperation increasingly provides a platform for dynamic South-South trade (see box 5). Most South-South regional trade agreements have covered trade in goods, while many have embarked on broader regulatory and cooperative measures. They allow the exploitation of economies of scale, serve as development launch pads to global integration, promote trade in non‑traditional goods and have the potential to facilitate diversification.[11] Less stringent rules of origin and the mutual recognition of standards — more easily achievable among countries with similar level of development — can promote the development of regional value chains.", "Box 5Potential benefits of an African common market\nThe level of intra-African trade is low, including in intermediategoods. To overcome fragmentation and small markets, Africancountries seek to establish a pan-African common market by 2023.Favourable economic conditions create the right environment for ameaningful African integration agenda. The tripartite initiativeamong the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the CommonMarket for Eastern and Southern Africa and the East AfricanCommunity demonstrates commitment to bringing coherence tooverlapping African regional trade agreements. Thus far theintegration process has focused mainly on tariffs, but“developmental integration” combining trade liberalization withregulatory and development cooperation could go a long way. Areduction by 50 per cent of intra-African tariffs and non-tariffbarriers often resulting from infrastructure deficiency orburdensome administrative procedures could generate significantwelfare gains of $6.5 billion with a positive employment effect inall regions, up to 4.8 per cent in the Economic Community of WestAfrican States (ECOWAS). Intra-African trade and output wouldincrease, contributing to structural change.\n Potential effects of intra-African integration -------------------------------------------------------------------------Welfare Employment, Exports (millions of United unskilled (percentage)States dollars) (percentage)-------------------- ---------------------- -------------- -------------- North Africa 1 188 0.66 1.72 ECOWAS 1 814 4.78 7.04 East and Central 1 329 0.07 3.19Africa \nSADC 2 177 2.04 3.12-------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Source: UNCTAD.", "54. Interregional South-South trade cooperation has received impetus from the conclusion in December 2010 of the third round of the Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries (GSTP) negotiations, launched in 2004 at the eleventh session of UNCTAD. The agreement reduces applied tariffs by 20 per cent on 70 per cent of dutiable products, thereby combining effective cuts with policy flexibilities. The resulting tariff concessions broaden product coverage to 47,000 tariff lines. Twenty-two of the 43 GSTP members participated in the round and 11 exchanged tariff concessions.[12] UNCTAD estimates find the 11 participants will see welfare gains of $2.5 billion, which could be increased to $5.8 billion if all 22 countries that participated in the round undertake tariff reduction. Broadening and deepening liberalization, with enhanced rules of origin, and extending cooperation and liberalization to non-tariff barriers, trade facilitation, trade finance and eventually services trade could significantly enhance its potential.", "VI. Conclusion", "55. A dynamic trade and investment nexus has, over the past two decades, been a key driver of growth and structural transformation in some developing countries. That dynamism has begun to change the economic landscape and has redirected focus to the complementary policies required to strengthen productive capacities, expand employment opportunities in support of inclusive and sustainable development, and better cope with external shocks. Greater attention needs to be given to agriculture and services sectors. Integrated and coherent trade, industrial, labour market and social policies can go a long way towards realizing a more equitable sharing of wealth and opportunities, within and across countries. The international trading system is an important catalyst for realizing the benefits of trade, and the efforts behind the protracted Doha Round negotiations need to be urgently channelled into meaningful development gains. The least developed country package should make an important contribution to the implementation of the Istanbul Programme of Action. Attention should be given to the realization of Millennium Development Goal 8 on an open, equitable, rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory multilateral trading and financial system. Reinvigorating the multilateral trading system and preparing it for twenty-first century challenges is important. Development imperatives under rapidly changing economic conditions need to be factored into the norms and instruments of the international trading system, such as through enhanced policy space for development and achieving greater developmental coherence between the multilateral trading system and regional trade agreements, as well as between the international trade and financial systems.", "[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “World economic situation and prospects 2011, update as of mid-2011”. Available from www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_ current/2011wespupdate.pdf.", "[2] World Investment Report 2011: Non-Equity Modes of International Production and Development (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.D.2).", "[3] See TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2 and Devesh Kapur, “Remittances: the new development mantra?”, G-24 Discussion Paper Series. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf.", "[4] WTO, “Report to the Trade Policy Review Body from the Director General on trade-related developments”. Available from www.docsonline.wto.org.", "[5] Sandra Polaski, “Winners and losers: impact of the Doha Round on developing countries”. Available from www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf.", "[6] Peterson Institute, “Figuring out the Doha Round”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ reser_e/dialogue_paper_schott_e.pdf.", "[7] Dani Rodrik, “Feasible globalizations”. Available from www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/ Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf.", "[8] WTO, “European communities — conditions for the granting of tariff preferences to developing countries”. Available from https://docsonline.wto.org.", "[9] UNCTAD, “Pan-African Cotton Meeting 2011, Concept Note”. Available from www.unctad.info/ upload/SUC/PACM_Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf.", "[10] For a recent analysis, see WTO, “World trade report 2011: The WTO and preferential trade agreements: from co-existence to coherence”. Available from www.wto.org/english/res_e/ booksp_e/anrap_e/world_trade_report11_e.pdf.", "[11] UNCTAD, “Making South-South trade an engine for inclusive growth”. Available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb20093_en.pdf.", "[12] Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Paraguay, Republic of Korea, Uruguay." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目17(a)", "宏观经济政策问题", "国际贸易与发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "从多哈回合贸易谈判结束的前景看，多边贸易体制面临很大的不确定性。同时，国际贸易的结构和方向发生了一系列变化。中间产品贸易的增长，与国际生产的蔓延相关，已在近几年加快，经常包括强有力的的区域组成部分。随着区域贸易协定的扩散，推动区域主义的努力将在今后几年的贸易政策议程上成为一个主要焦点。有利的经济现实，也有助于扩展南南贸易，同时还加强南南合作。把握得当，这也可以为普惠性和可持续发展作出贡献。不过，多边贸易体制需要重新注入活力，而多哈回合谈判结束时，也需要纳入较强的发展层面。早先关于最不发达国家的一套办法可成为向这个方向迈进的第一步。然而，如果想使贸易促进更具包容性的发展道路，就需要在国际贸易体系各不同层次和组成部分——多边，区域，双边和单边——的全部范围内促成更大的一致性。预定于2012年4月在多哈举行的联合国贸易和发展会议第十三届会议将调动国际努力，向以发展为中心的全球化迈进，这有助于促进普惠性和可持续的增长和发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/142号决议编写的，大会在该决议中请秘书长与联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书处合作，向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于多边贸易体制事态发展的报告。", "二. 国际贸易和发展趋势", "A. 近期的发展", "2. 继2009年急剧萎缩之后，以数量计算，世界商品出口在2010年录得其有史以来最大规模的扩增，即剧增14%(按价值计算则为22%)。在发展中国家，出口和进口的扩张速度(分别为16.7%和18.9%)要比发达国家(12.6%和10.2%)更快，这就表示，不仅发展中国家在大力推进出口，而且由于许多地区的强劲复苏，导致蓬勃的进口需求。亚洲的情况尤其如此，在亚洲，贸易是通过国际生产网络进行的。2010年，世界服务出口总额增加8%，但其价值仍然低于危机前的2008年水平。", "3. 贸易情况的优劣取决于它所凭借的经济发展。2009年，世界经济增长萎缩2.0%，紧接着，在2010年增长3.9%，估计今年的增长速度将放缓至3.3%。2010年，发展中国家继续成为全球经济复苏的引擎，它们合计的国内生产总值增长率高达7.5%。商品价格高企和激烈波动，金融市场脆弱及主权债务危机的发生，加上大规模失业，继续影响经济复苏。鉴于这些持久的威胁存在，随着今年产出增长减速，出口增长速度预计将减缓，突出显示，在一个相互依存的世界上，贸易体系持续的脆弱性。", "4. 2010年商品价格上涨，推动商品出口的名义价值升高，但对粮食安全和宏观经济稳定构成了挑战。所有食品合计的价格指数突破了2011年初的历史高峰。随着一些石油出口国局势动荡，石油价格也在飙升，对许多国家的增长前景增加了额外压力。价格波动如此激烈，很大程度上反映了具有破坏性的的供应冲击(如气候状况)，但有人认为，在已金融化的商品市场上进行的投机活动，放大了对价格的影响(见A/66/207)。虽然价格升高，对净出口国有利，但因为许多发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家，是粮食和能源的净进口国，价格升高很可能对减少贫穷产生不利的影响;单单在亚洲，近期的价格上涨可能会将超过6 000万人推进贫穷深渊。[2]", "B. 不断变化的国际贸易景观", "5. 过去十年间，贸易增长速度持续高于国内总产值(2009年除外)，导致出口占国内总产值的比例不断上升。平均数字从29.5%上升到2008年36.0%。过去二十年当中，发展中国家在世界商品出口中所占的份额已从24%增至42%，并在世界产出中，从17%增加到32%，显示收入将来可能会趋于接近(见图一)。因此，外部市场的重要性和出口对产出增长的的贡献大幅升高。虽然出口总额迅速增长，这种增长并没有导致在国内的增值幅度提高。出现这种情况的部分原因是：生产分割化加剧意味着出口需要大量进口中间投入。", "6. 在亚洲国家，和其他一些新兴经济体(例如，金砖四国，即：巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度和中国)的强劲增长，创造了新的贸易机会，特别是同其他发展中国家。发展中国家在世界进口中所占的份额从2000年的22%上升到2009年的39%，占世界进口增长的47%。亚洲出口产品的进口含量高，有利于其他发展中国家融入全球供应链。南南出口目前占发展中国家出口总额的53%，而2000年为43%。南南服务贸易估计占全球贸易的10%。", "图一 发展中国家和金砖四国在世界产出和出口中所占的份额，按地区分列，2000至2010年", "(百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "7. 2000至2010年期间，虽然23个发展中国家出口的年增长率超过10%，接近三分之一(48个国家)的出口萎缩(见图二)。这种情况提醒人们，收入逐渐接近并非全球经济更加开放的必然结果，而且，在国家和国际各级，两极分化仍然是决策者面临的挑战。", "图二 2000-2010年，发展中国家商品出口和产出年均实际增长率的分布情况", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "8. 世界贸易格局不断变动也可以从产品的组成看出来(见图三)。交易蓬勃的机械及运输设备不成比例的快速增长，带动发展中国家出口增加，而商品价格上涨，增加了矿物燃料的份额。轻工业产品所占份额不断下降，部分原因是：随着低工资国家进入市场，价格感受压力，从而竞争加剧。", "9. 各区域产品的组成不同显示区域专业化程度提高，亚洲集中生产制成品，拉丁美洲生产农产品和基于资源的产品，非洲和最不发达国家生产矿物和其他商品。1995至2009年，机械和运输设备在亚洲出口的增长中占40%以上，而矿物燃料则是最不发达国家出口增长60%的原因。虽然近期商品价格上涨已经帮助后一组国家增加出口收入，有人仍然担忧，其经济结构的多元化不足可能会阻碍长期增长前景。", "图三 发展中国家出口产品构成，2010年 (百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "10. 世界贸易的方向和动态不断变动，尤其是沿其南南轴线进行的合作，一直同全球生产链的生产程序分割加剧有着密切的联系(见贸发会议的报告TD/B/57/3和TD/B/C.I/16)。运输和贸易成本不断下降，其中包括关税，扩大业务和基础设施服务等费用，而蓬勃的外国直接投资流向发展中国家(占全球外国直接投资流量的43%)有助于全球生产网络的建立。[3] 中间产品的国际贸易一直蓬蓬勃勃，并从1995年的2万亿美元增加到2008年接近7万亿美元，占非燃料商品贸易的48%。(见图四和方框1)。这种贸易鼓励不同经济体专营不同的加工活动，导致“任务贸易”，即沿着全球生产链增加产品的价值。然而，专门从事劳动密集型活动的国家可能会被锁定于低增值活动，因此，可在国内保留的价值有限，尽管出口量有所增加。例如，为了增加竞争力和盈利能力，依靠创新技术的公司越来越多地采用“封闭式供应链”，也就是利用专门生产最终产品独特部件的供应商，从而获得较高的利润率。因此，对力求有效从全球生产链获益和在增值链楼梯向高端爬升的国家而言，国家的生产能力，人力资本和技术的精密程度关系重大。", "图四 非燃料世界贸易 (十亿美元)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议。", "方框1全球生产链和贸易的计量\n全球生产链越来越兴旺给国际贸易统计带来了测量问题。与国民所得统计不同，贸易统计以产品价值的毛额，而不是增值来计量贸易值。随着在贸易蓬勃的全球生产链中生产增多，国际贸易的价值虚增，因为零件跨越国界好几次，每次都计入。例如，虽然苹果公司是总部设在美利坚合众国的一家公司而iPod在中国(完成最后组装)生产的部分增值很少，大部分利润由苹果公司保留和应计入美国(如零售商)账目，在美国每售出一个价值300美元的iPod，就会使得美国对中国的贸易赤字增加150美元(即工厂成本)。如果按增值部分计量，中国对美国的双边贸易顺差估计将减少40%。^(*)\n^(*) Greg Linden，Kenneth Kraemer和JasonDedrick合著“在全球创新网络中谁获取了价值？：苹果公司iPod案例”，ACM通讯，第52卷，第3号(2009年3月)。", "11. 在发展中国家出口中，农产品所占份额很小(不到10%)低估了它对一些国家以及该部门更广泛发展潜力的重要性。许多发展中国家仍依赖农村经济创造就业机会，收入和出口创汇。农业在发展中国家的就业中平均占52%。而这些国家在世界农产品出口中所占的份额已从2000年的31%，增加到2009年的36%，2009年，主要是由具有竞争力的拉丁美洲出口商驱动。有些国家(如巴西)已能多元化经营，并提升其农业活动，实现更快的增长。一些高附加值产品已表现出强劲的出口活力(如园艺和加工食品)。然而，加强专业化已使许多发展中国家，甚至以农业经济为主的国家，变成主食的净进口国。这使得粮食安全成为一项迫切问题，特别是与出口限制相关的供应难以预测，导致20国集团最近决定，对为人道主义援助购买的粮食，取消其出口限制。", "12. 服务业，特别是基础设施服务，不仅本身十分重要，也可在经济的所有部门，帮助提高工作效率和竞争能力。(见TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8号。服务代表在发展中国家商品和服务出口总额当中，服务业占15%，而在其本国产出中占51%。这些百分比都低于世界平均水平(20%及67%)，显示发展中国家的结构转型水平普遍较低。然而，发展中国家的市场份额都在不断扩大。从2000年到2010年，它们在世界服务出口中所占的份额从23%增加到30%，许多进展都来自亚洲，特别是中国(旅游和商务服务)和印度(计算机和信息服务)。旅游和运输两个主要分部门，2010年分别占服务业出口的1/4和1/5。它们的重要性正落后于现代商业服务，后者表现出强劲的经济规模和外部因素，并吸收了高技能的劳动力(见图五)。尤其是对那些在制造业未具比较优势的国家，服务提供了一个结构转型的现实机会。", "图五 1990-2010年在世界服务贸易中一些选定服务亚类所占的份额 (百分比)", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "13. 与贸易和发展相关的移民问题已开始成为一项重大挑战。劳工流动性增高，和服务提供者的迁移，使得工人的汇款流量大增，有助于减少贫穷。2010年，全球移民人数高达2.15亿，即世界人口的3%。2010年，世界汇款流动量高达4 420亿美元，其中三分之二汇往发展中国家，6%汇往最不发达国家(见表1)。汇款是外部供资的重要来源，整体而言，占发展中国家国内总产值的1.5%(2000年占1.2%)和最不发达国家则占5.2%。虽然汇款对长期发展有什么影响仍不很清楚，如果把汇款引导到生产部门，包括金融部门的发展和教育，可以加强所生的影响。[4]", "14. 为了增加汇款流入，需要在所有各级，包括在多哈回合关于贸易总协定模式4的服务谈判中解决影响临时移民需要的措施。政策保持一致性和采用综合办法都是至关重要的。有必要进一步在国内和国际两级——包括原籍国，过境国和目的地国之间——加强和改善合作和协调以及交流经验。", "表1 2010年，汇款占国内总产值的比重，和世界汇款总额 (百分比)", "在国内总产值中的份额\t在世界总额中的份额 \n 发达经济体 0.3 25.9 \n 转型经济体 1.5 6.8 \n 发展中经济体 1.5 67.2 \n 非洲 2.5 9.0 \n 拉丁美洲 1.2 13.5 \n 亚洲 1.5 44.3 \n 最不发达国家 5.2 5.9", "资料来源：贸发会议统计。", "15. 通过创造就业将贸易活力转化为更大的创造收入机会，这是对包容性增长的一项重大发展挑战(见TD/B/C.I/15)。危机已在世界各地留下数量庞大的失业大军，2010年人数高达2.05亿。有证据表明，长期而言，贸易开放不见得会影响就业的整体水平，自由化可能会导致短期内职业净损失，因为进口竞争部门所造成的职业流失可能会超过出口部门所创造的就业机会。虽然贸易和就业之间的的实证关系尚待进一步研究，这表明，将贸易提高效率的潜力转化成就业增长，并不是水到渠成的自然发展，需要政府作出积极和谨慎的干预。这种贸易就业之间的关系需要在国际贸易体系中认真考虑。", "三. 多边贸易体制的发展", "16. 上文所述的变化是国际贸易体系更广泛变革的一部分。这一转变正在向下列目标推进：分割生产程序，多极化，区域化，一体化，并在不同国家以不同速度进行。这种转型体现在，多哈回合谈判目前陷入僵局，多边主义面临的更多困难，还提出了更多区域倡议，以之补充多边进程并与之竞争(见TD/B/58/3)。", "A. 概览", "17. 多哈回合谈判于2001年启动，原定于2004年年底结束。对农业的持续分歧已推迟全面进展。2011年加紧努力，力图在12月之前完成这一谈判。然而，悬而未决的关键问题无法取得重大进展，导致4月份面对了严重障碍。非农业市场准入谈判的一个主要问题是：如何使部门自由化更加深化。虽然各部门的参与被认为属“自愿性质”，有些发达国家力图确保较大的发展中国家参与三个关键部门，即化学品，工业机械和电子产品，中的两个部门，以便在这些经济体实现更加深入的自由化，包括取消关税，使其幅度比适用一般关税削减公式更为深入。发展中国家发现，这种要求不均衡，因为根据一般的关税削减公式，它们已削减的约束关税按比例计算已比发达国家幅度更大。由于对其劳动力市场的影响，部门自由化是特别敏感的问题。其他部门包括：高层次保健，森林产品，原材料和宝石及珠宝首饰。其他领域也存在争议，包括发展中国家在服务贸易总协定模式3中作出的强有力承诺，结合现有的开放水平(例如，外资股权限制)和发达国家在模式4中作出的承诺和农业特别保障机制。", "18. 分为三种速度的办法-是快速、中等速度和慢速通道，这是世界贸易组织总干事2010年5月提出的建议，作为寻求部分协议，同时保持单一承诺原则，向前推进的方法。涉及最不发达国家的各项问题，包括：免税和免除配额的市场准入、相关的原产地规则，最惠国待遇豁免，以支付可能的优惠服务和棉花，将是2011年12月第八届部长级会议所针对，希望早日解决的问题。“最不发达国家加”的各项问题将在“中间速度轨道”讨论，将包括贸易便利化、农产品出口竞争、特殊和差别待遇的监督机制，渔业补贴以及环境商品和服务，以便取得适用服务整体的平衡和解决主要贸易伙伴(如美国)的关注。关于农业，非农产品市场准入和服务，以及与贸易有关的知识产权协议相关等问题的谈判，建议推迟到2012年。", "19. 在2011年12月有效获得早期成果，对2012年的后续谈判至关重要。有人担心，旷日持久的谈判影响到多边贸易体制的信誉，并使得某些谈判的问题同当今的经济现实不那么相关。作为原始多哈发展议程的一部分，发展中国家需要解决乌拉圭回合谈判悬而未决的问题，而一些发达国家(如欧盟各国)呼吁解决新问题，如投资，竞争政策，政府采购，出口税和气候变化。需要迅速采取行动，解决新的“21世纪问题”，以维护多边贸易体制不断变化的经济现实的相关性。贸易自由化和协议需要作出积极贡献，解决更广泛的发展挑战，包括扶贫，就业，生产能力，持续和包容性增长，粮食和能源安全，公共卫生和获得用水。需要强有力的领导，包括来自新兴国家，以便重振多边贸易体制架构。", "20. 在危机期间，各国重申，需要维持一个以规则为基础、稳健的多边贸易体系，反对贸易保护主义。从2008年10月至2011年4月推出的限制进口措施，估计最多涵盖世界进口的2.7%，仅产生了极其有限的效果，边境措施更仅达0.25%，而救市措施为0.75%。主要由于各国遵守世贸组织的规则和承诺，以及许多发展中国家的强烈的克制，使得过分的保护主义受到约制。世贸组织发挥了催化剂的作用，动员努力解决下列问题：贸易融资短缺(80-90%的贸易利用这种融资)和为促进生产能力、与贸易相关的基础设施、竞争力和调整提供的贸易援助。尽管财政资源有一些增加(2005年至2010年增加60%)，如同七月份第三次贸易援助全球审议指出，主要挑战仍然是确保额外资源，提高效益和发展成果。2011年，世界贸易组织报告说，危机后出现了保护主义加速的迹象，在增长减速和失业率高企的背景下，更加频繁地诉诸提高关税，非自动进口许可和出口限制。[5]", "B. 多哈回合的福利效应", "21. 多哈回合未能圆满结束，可被视为错失了一个机会。贸发会议分析了多哈回合谈判在货物方面取得的成果对贸易和福利可能产生的影响，最近的一次分析认为，全球进一步自由化的成果是有益的，虽然好处不大，估计每年约达700亿美元(见表2)。最近进行的其他研究证实了收益的幅度。基于模型分析的福利效应当然取决于模型的规格，基础数据和模拟情景。早先的研究，如同世界银行2003年进行的研究发现，全球福利收益3 580亿美元，但随后被大幅度下调，这种情况指出，需要谨慎解释根据模型获得的结果。即使这样大的收益也仅占国内总产值的一小部分。这表明，国内配套政策的重要性，这些政策可以提高本国的生产能力和就业机会，扩大贸易自由化的好处。", "表2 多哈成果每年可能对福利和贸易产生的影响", "多哈 多哈附加部门", "福利^(a) 出口^(b) 福利^(a) 出口^(b)", "欧洲联盟 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "美国 -351 1.48 -2 127 2.21", "日本 6 432 1.94 9 643 3.08", "其他发达国家 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86", "凯恩斯集团出口国 1 858 0.59 1 831 0.84", "中国 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "印度 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "印度尼西亚 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "巴西 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "墨西哥 -1 322 -0.53 -2 543 -0.95", "东南亚 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "南亚 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "东欧和西亚 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60", "美洲 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "拉丁美洲(巴西除外) 345 0.29 41 0.15", "北非和中东 1 296 1.57 1 222 1.41", "南非 178 0.60 35 0.48", "撒南非洲 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "共计 70 457 1.09 77 867 1.73", "资料来源：贸发会议(GTAP数据库)", "^(a) 百万美元。", "^(b) 百分比。", "22. 所获得的福利收益并没有在参与者之间平等分享。欧盟和日本对农业(如糖，肉，大米)提供高度保护；减少对农业的保护就可以提高效率，使消费者，纳税人和外国供应商受益。类似的收益也可来自工业界，例如服装和汽车的关税削减。对于大多数发展中国家的收益估计要小一些。对贸易条件产生的不利影响可能会大幅超过其他收益，导致负面的整体影响。这是墨西哥和美利坚合众国的情况。遭受损失的风险也存在于撒哈拉以南的非洲国家，但作为一个群体，在这个模拟情况下，它们的福利效应是有益的。这种损失可能会造成优惠侵蚀和进口粮食价格上涨。实际上，一些研究发现，确实对它们的福利产生了不良的影响。[6]", "23. 在发达国家以及巴西，中国和印度，对化学品，工业机械和电子产品等部门采取撤消保护措施，可以增进全球福利，收益为770亿美元。这些地区的出口和进口会增加，比基准情景为佳。一些地区(例如，南非和拉丁美洲)估计会比基准情景要差。虽然参与的发展中国家在福利方面获得利益，与基线相比，对有关行业的生产和就业会产生负面影响，对其工业发展和就业目标也具有影响。这些估计强调，诸如2005年在中国香港举行的世界贸易组织第六届部长会议宣言所规定，各部门的参与必须是自愿的，这一点十分重要。", "24. 对发达国家和发展中国家而言，服务贸易自由化也会带来好处。如果贸易壁垒降低10%，就可导致服务出口增加2.7%。[7] 对全球国内总产值的影响估计约为460亿美元。欧盟和美国的出口将增加100亿美元。多边临时工作签证的计划(发展中国家技术工人和非技术工人的配额大约占发达国家劳动力的3%)估计在全球范围产生2 000亿美元。[8] 如果贸易的交易费用降低1%，估计在全球将产生430亿美元的福利收益，其中65%将由非属经济合作与发展组织成员的国家获得。", "C. 多哈回合的挑战", "25. 目前的僵局再度引起人们辩论挫折的原因和多哈回合谈判的未来前途。国际贸易景观的结构变化已严重影响了谈判动态，而全球性危机已转移了决策者的关注和在政治上难以解释为何让步。危机也改变了经济思想，主张制定更强有力的市场法规和赞成国家更积极务实的进行干预。多边贸易体系的系统性问题也影响了谈判的过程。", "26. 非农产品市场准入的部门自由化是造成僵局的直接原因。部门性目标将是：对发达国家和新兴国家贡献有差距的情况，重新加以均衡，并实现关税的协调统一。工业关税谈判吸引了越来越多发达国家的关注，由于农产品价格高企，使得关税和补贴对农业的重要性降低，同时事实证明，服务贸易自由化相当复杂，就获得商业上有意义的结果而言，面前的前景不佳。发达国家更加重视出口商的利益，可被视为试图赢得国内对多哈回合一揽子办法整体的政治支持，以便克服国内与进口竞争的利益集团的“抵抗”。当今，照顾出口商的利益需要深刻的自由化，对在全球供应链内进行贸易密集的现代化生产而言，自由化至关重要。在全球供应链中，即便是一个轻微的关税，就可以不成比例地增加生产成本，因此有人大声疾呼部门自由化。鉴于关税已大幅削减，非关税贸易壁垒越来越重要，还没有得到充分处理。", "27. 发展中国家提出异议，因为这样作违背了自愿参与这些举措的商定原则，而且对发展中国家来说，谈不上充分互惠。发展中国家的“关税水分”，也就是约束和应用税率之间的差异相当大，引起人们注意有效削减应用税率的问题。发展中国家指出，就是它们过去自主的自由化的努力才引起这些水分。1990年至2010年，就发展中国家而言，对最惠国适用的平均关税已从32.5%降至8.2%。这突出表明，关税灵活性作为产业政策工具的重要性。部门自由化也被视为是对发展中国家危机后的发展目标十分敏感的问题。这些目标是：建设本国生产能力和就业机会。在未来几年内，全球经济增长的一半以上将由发展中国家创造，它们的经济份量加重，有利于采取更加决断的立场。", "28. 世贸组织成员数目和多元性增加，使得谈判和讲价还价更加复杂。由23名成员在1947年开创，关税和贸易总协定/世界贸易组织成员已增至154个。需要制定一个单一承诺、基础广泛的谈判议程，才能在许多与会者之间，调和大不相同的利益，作出跨部门的取舍。然而，范围广阔的议程，看来使得谈判人员难以应付，从而减少了对核心问题(例如，内置的议程，源自关于农业和服务业的乌拉圭回合的已确定议程，与发展问题)的重视。在众多参与者之间确保透明度和包容性变得越来越具有挑战性(见方框2)。事实证明，不同的问题之间的权衡取舍十分困难，因为这样做需要一种最低限度的立场趋近。单一承诺的办法，加上协商一致的规则，被看作是纵容例外，给予个别国家寻求特殊待遇的余地。", "方框2贸易争端\n许多困难和新出现的问题越来越多地通过贸易争端，而不是谈判解决。争端的数量预计将增加。欧盟，美国和墨西哥成功地挑战中国对某些矿物(例如，铝土矿，镁)施加的出口限制，理由是：这些措施歧视外国制造商和向国内下游生产商提供不公平的优势。有些争端涉及推广绿色技术的政策。欧盟质疑加拿大安大略省对可再生能源的关税方案，欧盟认为，这样做违背世贸组织禁止当地含量补贴的规则。对于国家是否能够在前途光明的环保商品和服务市场支持本地产业而言，这宗案件将会产生影响。", "29. 鉴于有系统性因素造成僵局，人们公认，世界贸易组织机构改革将是一个长远的目标，内容包括：贸易协定和政策的执行和监测，在更多的合作框架内解决贸易问题和提供贸易援助和支援能力建设。可能的机构改革需要确保，多边贸易体制的规范和文书，在经济现实和发展需要不断变化的情况下，成为至关重要的关键因素。因此，可能有必要调整现有的规则和做法，使其符合较长期的发展目标，诸如加强工业能力，创造就业机会，管理粮食安全，获得基本药物和服务，从而促进千年发展目标的实现。这意味着需要更广泛地确认特殊和差别待遇以及政策空间。", "四. 前进的道路", "30. 关于最不发达国家的一揽子办法，可能还包括对“最不发达国家”的一套办法在2011年12月及早获得有效协议，这被视为2012年后续谈判的关键。对帮助最不发达国家实施在5月举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议所通过的“伊斯坦布尔行动纲领”而言，关于最不发达国家的一套办法也将是重要的。然而，国际社会提供更多辅助性支援，仍然是必要的，因为单单这样的一套办法是不够的，不足以帮助最不发达国家达到目标。从目前情况来看，就早期的一套办法获致协议，机会可能是有限的，因为它难以在各方利益之间取得平衡。", "A. 免关税免配额的市场准入", "31. 2000年以来，在扩大最不发达国家免关税免配额的市场准入方面，已取得了重要进展。香港部长会议决定的目标：覆盖至少97%的税目已在美国之外的所有发达国家中实现，而在美国，目前已覆盖83%的税目。美国需要在普惠制计划(2010年到期)的延期和大幅度改革方面作出努力，扩大产品的覆盖面，才能达成目标。扩大产品覆盖面可能需要平衡非洲和亚洲最不发达国家的利益争夺，因为撒哈拉以南非洲国家(例如，莱索托，马达加斯加)体验到，通过《非洲增长和机会方案》获得的优惠利益，特别是在服装方面，遭到侵蚀，因而受到严重影响。覆盖范围可扩展到目前来被免关税免配额办法排除的农产品(如烟草，肉类)。作为最不发达国家出口的产品，选定那些产品，事关重大，因为最不发达国家的出口高度集中；在高收入国家从最不发达国家进口的产品总值中, 百分之3的税目占95%的份额。重要的是，通过创新的支持措施，在真正意义上解决某些撒哈拉以南非洲国家面临的调整和竞争力的挑战，使生产者得以留在该部门，增加附加值和参与全球供应链。", "32. 最不发达国家得到全面免关税免配额待遇所带来的好处可能达40至80亿美元。如果所有发达国家都向最不发达国家提供这种待遇，最不发达国家的潜在福利收益每年估计达48亿美元，出口增加2.4%。然而，收益在各国之间的分配将很不均匀(见表3)。这是服装，纺织品，并在较小程度上包括烟草驱动的结果。由于服装出口增加，亚洲最不发达国家是主要受益者。来自柬埔寨和孟加拉国的出口总值将分别增加18%和8%，为非熟练劳力创造的就业增长达到10%和3%。如果巴西，中国，印度和南非也向最不发达国家开放市场(其中一些正在这样做，方框3)，最不发达国家的收益将会增加到77亿美元。", "表3 免关税免配额市场准入的福利效应", "福利 出口 就业非技术工人 (百万美元)", "柬埔寨 916 18.0 10.1", "孟加拉国 2 100 8.2 3.2", "埃塞俄比亚 144 1.1 0.5", "老挝人民民主共和国 5 0.2 0.1", "马拉维 161 7.4 4.7", "马达加斯加 7 0.1 0.1", "莫桑比克 106 1.7 1.5", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国 130 1.6 0.7", "塞内加尔 221 2.1 1.9", "乌干达 3 0.1 —", "赞比亚 42 0.6 0.5", "西非其他国家 355 0.5 0.6", "中非 108 0.6 0.3", "中南非洲 -2 — —", "东非其他国家 498 0.9 0.5", "欧盟，美国,其他发达国家和发展中国家 3 897 — —", "资料来源。贸发会议。", "方框3发展中国家免关税免配额举措\n一些发展中国家把免关税免配额待遇扩及最不发达国家。印度-非洲论坛于2008年4月印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上首次宣布，印度的免关税免配额举措对85%税目授予免关税免配额市场准入和对另外9%减少关税，分五年实施自由化，从而使得免关税免配额计划覆盖94%的税目，包括棉花，可可，甘蔗和服装。巴西制定的计划最初将对最不发达国家80%的出口给予优惠待遇，并随后于2014年扩大到100%。中国向撒哈拉以南非洲31个最不发达国家95%税目(例如，可可豆，皮革，铜)提供的优惠幅度平均为10.4%，而最不发达国家90%的进口(如石油)已通过最惠国待遇免税进入中国市场。大韩民国的计划向85%的税目提供免关税免配额市场准入，到2012年将覆盖95%税目，包括铜，烟草原料和胶合板。", "33. 使原产地规则更简单，更透明一直是最不发达国家的主要目标，由于严格的规则约制有效利用优惠待遇。有证据表明，服装产品在欧盟面对比较严格的原产地规则，规定需要从纱线而不是从面料缝制服装，从而减少了优惠待遇的利用率。随着新的欧盟普惠制原产地规则在2011年1月开始实施，在这方面已取得重大进展。新出台的规则专门针对最不发达国家的工业产品，包括服装(又见方框4)，现在更灵活的规则允许“单一转型”(即允许使用第三国面料)。累积的区域范围扩大到四个区域集团，但没有泛非累积的可能性。相比之下，加拿大对最不发达国家的普惠制方案规定，所有普惠制的惠益可以全球累积。最不发达国家呼吁，根据一律的增值标准和有利的区域累积规则，制订通用于不同发达国家的统一原产地规则。", "方框4超越无关税无配额市场准入，以支持伊斯坦布尔行动纲领 \n最不发达国家的一套办法十分重要，如同《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》所述，可协助最不发达国家完成指标，在2020年以前将其在世界出口中所占的份额增加一倍。从2000年至2010年，尽管最不发达国家的出口在世界出口中所占的份额仅为微不足道的1%，但其增长速度超过后者，份额加倍。然而，在下一个十年当中，再次重复这种成就将是一项重大挑战。^(a)假定2011至2020年之间，世界出口每年增加4.7%，将最不发达国家出口份额加倍，其出口将需要每年增加12.2%。这是雄心勃勃的目标，因为，第一，过去十年出口名义价值的增高是由商品价格上涨所驱动(见下文的数字)。第二，最不发达国家运往发达国家的产品当中，几乎有一半(46%)是运往进口增长乏力的国家(6.7%，与此相比，发展中国家占12.0%)。绝大多数最不发达国家无法达到使其出口份额加倍的目标。 1990-2011年，最不发达国家在世界出口中所占的份额和商品价格 \n [] \n 资料来源：贸发会议统计。 \n这意味着，达到行动纲领的目标在很大程度上将取决于未来商品价格的发展以及特定产品在特定市场上的价格表现。举例而言，孟加拉国的出口高度集中于服装，市场也高度集中于欧盟和美利坚合众国。据估计，免关税免配额举措将促成大多数最不发达国家出口一次性增长1%左右，会有帮助，但不大可能足够。这些需要国际社会提供强有力的贸易援助支持，以克服最不发达国家生产能力和基础设施薄弱的弱点。^(b)还应探讨创新的措施。大家都看到，中国同非洲的贸易呈现爆炸性增长。在非洲几个最不发达国家，中国支持建立经济和贸易合作区的主张，这样做可以进一步增加非洲的出口，特别是制造业产品，并使其多样化。^(a)参看《2010年最不发达国家报告：25个最不发达国家迈向新的国际发展结构》(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.10.II.2.5)。 \n^(b)贸发会议，《使贸易更容易输送、繁值和更加包容最不发达国家》。可参阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd20nd1_en.pdf。", "34. 免关税免配额市场准入举措和国际社会继续致力支助最不发达国家，很可能会引起单方面优惠计划的进一步变动。欧盟在其尚待通过的提案中，力图从2014年开始全面修订其普惠制计划，基本上把惠益导向最不发达国家，和其他低收入和较低中等收入国家。所用的办法是：头一次减少受惠国数目，从现有的176国减至大约80个国家。令人关注的是，惠益是否能如同期望，为最不发达国家获得。被剔除的国家基本上都是高收入和中等偏高收入的国家，不一定需要同最不发达国家竞争。限制受益国家也可以把发展中国家作出进一步区分，对世界贸易组织的不歧视和特殊和差别待遇原则会有影响。根据世界贸易组织的判例，“欧洲共同体——对发展中国家给予关税优惠的条件”，[9] 这种区分可能是允许的，如果它是以客观标准为基础，并以非歧视的方式管理。", "B. 棉花", "35. 雄心勃勃、具体和迅速地降低和撤消对棉花的补贴和关税，仍是尚待全面解决的问题。这个部门高度集中，拥有五个最主要的生产国(中国、印度、美国、巴西和巴基斯坦)，占全世界产量的五分之四。2009年，美国是世界最大的棉花出口国，占全世界出口量的三分之一，随后是印度、乌兹别克斯坦和巴西。最大的棉花进口国是中国(23%)，土耳其和孟加拉国。在主要的进口国降低棉花关税将有助于使最不发达国家的出口获益(见图六)。", "图六", "棉花主要进口国的最惠国税率和优惠关税", "[]", "资料来源：贸发会议(贸易分析和信息系统)。", "36. 雄心勃勃地减少对国内棉花的支持是问题的核心。2010/11年度，政府向棉花产业提供的支助，总额估计高达13亿美元，比2008/09年度的55亿美元已见减少。2010/11年度，棉花价格高企导致补贴急剧下降，因为许多支助方案未能达到触发点。提供补贴的主要国家有：美国、中国、希腊和土耳其。2005年，美国耗资42亿美元，而据国际棉花咨询委员会称，中国最近已成为最大的棉花补贴国，主要是向种子提供支助。从一段较长的时间看，世界上得到政府直接援助的棉花所占的份额，已从1997至2008年平均55%增加到2008/09年度估计高达84%。如果取消对棉花的补贴可能会使棉花价格上涨10-20%，幅度相当高，特别是如果棉花从当前的高昂价格下跌。", "37. 许多发展中国家，特别是非洲的20个最不发达国家，出口产品高度集中于棉花(最高达到85%)[10] 部分是由于市场环境不利，迫使它们转换到其他产品，“四大棉国”(贝宁、布基纳法索、乍得和马里)的棉花产量下跌50%。此外，由于诸如中国和印度之类国家越来越多加利用生物技术品种，非洲生产国一般无法赶上它们生产力的增长。因此，非洲国家的市场份额已从2002/03年度的8.8%下降到2007/08年度的5.6%。有效削减棉花补贴可以使它们的出口收入增加20%左右。加强生产能力的措施，包括增加价值、基础设施和技术，有助于使它们更快应对较高价格增加供应。", "C. 服务豁免", "38. 豁免授权国家对服务，特别是对最不发达国家给予优惠市场准入，而无须向其他国家提供同样待遇。这样做将帮助最不发达国家利用不断增长的服务贸易。这种优惠的市场准入，特别是模式4，有助于提升最不发达国家的出口。原产地规则应当确保优惠性准入的好处保留给最不发达国家供应商(例如在最不发达国家境内有大规模商业营运者)。豁免也将允许对国内法规的若干程序给予优惠待遇，诸如较低的许可证费用。亟需确保给予最不发达国家的优惠应当是加在最惠国待遇之上的额外惠益。要使豁免真正具有意义，就需要提供有效的优惠市场准入。", "D. 加入世界贸易组织", "39. 最不发达国家一再强调，需要改进世贸组织的加入程序，虽然这并非是多哈工作方案的一部分。目前，在30个处于加入进程的国家当中，有12个是最不发达国家。瓦努阿图预期可在今年加入，佛得角于2008年加入，柬埔寨和尼泊尔则在2004年加入。成员资格没有预先确定的客观标准，而谈判程序的讨价还价结构不对称，导致加入国需要作出深入严峻的承诺。例如：约束关税偏低、参与部门性关税统一、有效和基础广泛的服务业自由化承诺；禁止农产品出口补贴和出口关税，私有化、加入不然可保留选择余地的政府采购协定；和禁止出口业绩和要求外国投资者转让技术。这种做法限制了加入国家政策上的灵活性。", "40. 2002年最不发达国家加入准则的有效实施和运作，有助于改善加入程序。不妨通过制定市场准入和其他承诺的基准，例如根据现有最不发达国家成员对关税和服务作出的平均承诺，澄清预期最不发达国家作出那些承诺。最不发达国家成员现行的平均约束税率是：农业产品，77%；非农业产品，45%。与此相比，柬埔寨和尼泊尔在加入时作出的承诺大致为：农业产品，28-41%，非农业产品，18-24%之谱。关于规则，所有最不发达国家可以自动享受所有特殊和差别待遇条款，辅之以法规和政策方面的行动计划。作出这种澄清是有益的，可以同最不发达国家的一套办法一起达成。", "E. 最不发达国家加包", "41. 有人认为，最不发达国家加包对于在世贸组织成员形形色色的利益分享和负担分担之间获取平衡来说，可能会是必要的。旨在改善海关程序的贸易便利化可以降低贸易成本，给出口商带来类似于降低关税的效果。有些发展中国家对执行费用感到关注，因为某些贸易便利化措施(例如单一窗口)将引起可观的费用，而有效的特殊和差别待遇和能力建设支助一直是关键的谈判问题。有人宣扬环境货物和服务潜在的环境效益，但也有人关注，对各种各样拟议的“环境商品”，其中大多数是与能源利用效率有关的制成品实施更加深入的自由化，会导致类似于部门自由化的深切自由化效果，而其涵盖范围不小，举例来说，占最不发达国家所有进口的20%。", "42. 到2003年取消农产品出口补贴，是已经存在的承诺。1995年至2000年期间，这些补贴普遍存在，全世界合计，每年价值高达62亿美元，其中90%源自欧盟，主要是支助乳制品和肉类(牛肉)。由于此后数额大幅减少，将其取消的效果有限。关于渔业补贴，因为这方面的规律尚未充分开发，有人建议，现有补贴“停留不动”，以便限制其对过度捕捞产生的不利影响。可能建立的规律将禁止有助于过度捕捞的某些补贴(例如对建造新船的补贴)，而反对者认为，对鱼类资源管理不善是造成鱼类枯竭的主要原因。提出的其他问题包括：对解决争端谅解书进行一次审查、区域贸易协定和停留不动规定，包括关于关税的规定，以防止保护主义倾向。", "五. 区域贸易协定", "43. 向区域贸易协定推进的趋势很可能会加速，边境背后的承诺也会深化。对多边贸易体制来说，优惠贸易自由化是一项重大挑战，目前已有大约300个区域贸易协定生效。最近关于区域贸易协定的谈判牵涉到更多规模庞大、活力充沛的市场，尤其是亚洲、资源丰富的国家和发达国家。最近欧盟向“竞争力导向”的区域贸易协定推进，以及美利坚合众国参与一项跨太平洋伙伴关系协定，都是在这方面可以看到的行动。通过诱导更深入的自由化和监管协调，它在世界贸易中的覆盖份额越来越大，可能会进一步影响对多边主义的激励。南南协定现在占所有区域贸易协定的三分之二，发展中国家的努力，是这种协定数量急剧增加的重大因素。", "44. 区域贸易协定所涵盖的贸易价值已增加到世界贸易的51%，尽管实际得到优惠待遇的贸易所占份额低得多(约16%)，因为世界贸易有一半已通过最惠国待遇得以免税。[11] 优惠待遇的利用率可能相当高(例如，涉及欧盟和美国，根据区域贸易协定进行的比例分别高达87%和92%)。根据区域贸易协定进行的贸易自由化对全球福利一般具有积极的作用。参与者往往在福利、出口和经常在就业方面受惠，尽管从关税得到的政府收入可能下降，但不参与者往往因为贸易转移而遭受损失(见表4)。表4所示的模拟表明，一些可能出现的区域贸易协定，其全球受益可能是负数，表明非成员的估计损失超出成员获得的收益。较小的国家将蒙受损失，如果在形成区域贸易协定时，它们被排除在外。", "表4 可能的区域贸易协定的潜在影响", "区域贸易协定参与者 区域贸易协定非参与者", "福利^(a) 出口^(b) 福利^(a) 出口^(b)", "欧洲联盟-日本 9.7 0.36 -9.5 -0.11", "欧盟-东盟 12.8 0.44 -4.9 -0.18", "泛太平洋伙伴 7.4 1.08 -8.8 -0.07", "亚洲太平洋经济合作 207.1 6.73 -43.9 -1.01", "资料来源：贸发会议。", "^(a) 十亿美元。", "^(b) 面分比变动。", "45. 2009年，全球贸易加权平均最惠国关税为4%。税率如此之低，以至于没有给关税优惠留下多少余地，而后者是区域贸易协定传统的理据。最近的区域贸易协定将范围扩及投资、竞争，服务、标准、政府采购和知识产权，以及劳工和环境标准。动机看来日益变成：需要通过确保深入的监管一体化，建立免税和不存在非关税壁垒的贸易环境，以便为区域供应链建立一个平台。实证分析证实，在零部件贸易——生产网络的代理——之间有积极的联系和深入的协议。举例来说，在东南亚国家联盟地区，区域内进行的优惠贸易协定中间产品贸易相当普遍。", "46. 区域化协定数量大增、质量深化表明，多边贸易体系和区域贸易协定之间需要达成一致性。根据世界贸易组织制定的区域贸易协定透明度机制，增加透明度，有助于加强区域贸易协定的可预测性。推展工作需要连贯一致，使得根据多边贸易体制提供的特殊和差别待遇以及政策空间不至被区域贸易协定推翻，因为在谈判区域贸易协定时，议价能力是不对称的。需要确保监管的连贯一致，包括通过多边区域贸易协定某些要素，诸如原产地规则和部门自由化。区域贸易协定也可以促进更广泛的合作。经济、金融、监管和体制合作计划，和汇集资源开发区域基础设施和贸易便利化，都能大幅度提高效益。多哈会合的圆满结束也将有助于达成这种连贯一致性。", "A. 南北区域贸易协定", "47. 对涉及低收入国家和/或依赖有限产品和市场的国家来说，市场准入条件是应当注意的考虑因素。锁定根据单方面优惠安排获得的现有优惠条件，是某些拉丁美洲国家同美国缔结(农产品)区域贸易协定，以及非属最不发达国家的一些非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家同欧盟缔结(例如，根据科托努优惠，关于香蕉和糖的)经济伙伴关系协定的主要动机。举例来说，根据区域贸易协定，某些拉丁美洲国家获得了欧盟降低香蕉关税的待遇，增加的优惠幅度达每吨3至39欧元不等。", "48. 在根据区域贸易协定有效保障市场准入方面，较大的发展中国家面临挑战。区域贸易协定经常对进口敏感的产品保留高关税，这些产品，包括乳制品、糖、谷类和服装，在最惠国待遇的基础上得到高度保护。优惠关税导致全球贸易加权平均关税降低，但幅度只有一个百分点，因为对农产品和劳动密集型制造业产品维持了高关税。举例来说，27%的农产品被排除在外，与之相比，制造业产品仅有1%被排除。这种情况可能会改变，因为最近的南北区域贸易协定规定，到过渡期结束之时，发达国家几乎所有产品，包括对进口敏感的一些产品(例如糖)的关税都应取消。", "49. 发展中国家的一项重大关注是：确保其自由化有适当的内容、节奏和顺序，原因是：鉴于经济不对称，对它们而言，互惠性取消关税的效果更有利。然而，它们承担幅度较小和速度较缓的自由化的能力，受到了世贸组织规则的制约。这项规则要求区域贸易协定将“实质上所有贸易”自由化，这经常被理解为：要求在十年期间将90%的贸易自由化。某些发展中国家要求修订这项规则，纳入特殊和差别待遇的原则，以便使区域贸易协定允许“不完全的”互惠。最近的区域贸易协定已纳入一个自动扩大更深入自由化的机制，将区域贸易协定某一方根据未来区域贸易协定向另一方作出的自由化承诺，例如亚洲、加勒比和太平洋国家同欧盟之间根据经济伙伴关系协定制定的“第三方最惠国待遇”条款扩大适用范围。这种做法对南南区域贸易协定和根据美国区域贸易协定所选定农产品适用的类似规定，可能会产生冷却的效应。", "50. 在南北区域贸易协定中，服务业贸易十分突出。全球区域贸易协定中有三分之一规定了服务承诺。服务业自由化的两个模式是：根据否定列表法进行的“北美自由贸易协定模式”和合并肯定和否定列表法进行的“混合模式”。这些模式的范围一般涵盖跨境服务、(经常与货物投资并存的)商业存在、自然人的移动和针对特定部门(例如金融服务)的监管问题。同服务贸易总协定相比，根据区域贸易协定作出的承诺，数量多得多(见图七)。举例来说，根据欧盟和非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家加勒比论坛之间缔结的经济伙伴协定，其中列出了75%的分部门。某些区域贸易协定纳入了关于服务业条例的规律，可能会限制它们监管的权利，而服务贸易总协定则与之不同，规定了“必要性检验”。对于发展中国家利益攸关的部门和模式，特别是在开放程度有限的模式4，南北区域贸易协定可能有助于提供真正意义上的市场准入。", "图七 服务贸易自由化承诺指数", "[]", "51. 区域贸易协定经常纳入关于知识产权的“与贸易攸关的知识产权协定附加条款”，这些条款影响到从保健到创新的各种各样公共政策。它们扩大了好几类知识产权的覆盖范围，所有者权利和适用期限，并规定了更加严格的强制执行办法，因此根据与贸易攸关的知识产权协定，可以运用的灵活性经常受到限制(例如，进口基本药品的强制性许可)。有些规定拖延了非专利产品进入市场(例如，保护药品的试验数据至少五年)。有些估计数字表明，这种规定可能会使药物价格提高10-40%(例如，在哥斯达黎加)。", "52. 南北区域贸易协定已开始着手政府采购自由化，这个市场占国内总产值的10-15%。发展中国家的供应能力短缺，经常不能得到真正意义上的互惠。相反的是，长期以来，政府采购被它们当作是支助本地供应商和促进技术发展的重要的工业和公共政策工具。国内的优惠政策关于当地含量的规定历来有助于建立某些战略性工业。尽管如此，这种政策一般遭到禁止，(对非属政府采购协定缔约方的大多数发展中国家)只有在世贸组织框架下进行相关的政府采购时才被允许。这种重要的政策灵活性日益受到区域贸易协定的限制。", "B. 南南一体化", "53. 南南一体化与合作日益为充满活力的南南贸易提供一个平台(见方框5)。大多数南南区域贸易协定范围涵盖货物贸易，而许多国家开始着手采取范围更广泛的监管与合作措施。它们准许利用规模效益作为跳板，以便加入全球一体化、促进非传统商品贸易，它也有促进多样化的潜力。[12] 在发展水平类似的国家之间，比较容易采用较宽松的原产地规则和相互承认标准。这样做可促进区域性价值链的发展。", "方框5非洲共同市场的潜在效益 非洲内部贸易，包括中间商品贸易的水平很低。为了克服市场分散和规模太小，非洲各国力图在2023年以前建立一个泛非洲共同市场。有利的经济条件为具有真正意义的非洲一体化议程创造了合适的环境。南部非洲发展共同体、东非和南非共同市场以及东非共同市场之间的三方倡议显示，各国已作出承诺，致力促使彼此重叠的非洲区域贸易协定获致一致性。到目前为止，一体化进程的重点主要放在关税上，但“发展方面的一体化”结合贸易自由化以及监管与发展合作大有发展余地。非洲区域内的关税和非关税壁垒经常导致基础设施缺乏或行政程序繁琐。如果把它们削减50%，就可以产生高达65亿美元的福利收益，并在所有地区产生创造就业的效果，在西非国家经济共同体区域，最高可提高就业率4.8%。非洲内部贸易和产量将会增加，有助于结构变革。 非洲内部一体化的潜在效果 --------------------------------------------------------------------就业 -------------------- ------------- ---------------- ----------------福利 非技术工人 出口 百万美元 (百分比) (百分比) 北非 1 188 0.66 1.72 西非国家经济共同体 1 814 4.78 7.04 东非和中非 1 329 0.07 3.19 南部非洲发展共同体 2 177 2.04 3.12 \n --------------------------------------------------------------------\n 资料来源：贸发会议", "54. 2004年，在第十一届贸发大会上，发展中国家启动了全球贸易优惠制度谈判。第三回合的谈判于2010年12月结束。这项活动为区域间的南南贸易合作提供了动力。各国协议，针对70%的应课税产品，将其适用关税降低20%，从而同时照顾到有效削减和政策灵活性。由此产生的关税减让将产品覆盖面扩大到47 000个税目。在优惠制43个成员中，有22个国家参与了这一回合的谈判，并有11个国家交换关税减让。[13] 贸发会议的估计显示，11个参与国家将会得到25亿美元的福利收益，如果参与这一回合的所有22个国家都采取关税减让行动，这种收益还可能增加到58亿美元。扩大和深化自由化，结合加强的原产地规则，并把合作和自由化的范围扩及非关税壁垒、贸易便利化、贸易融资，并最终扩及服务贸易，可以大幅度提高其潜力。", "六. 结论", "55. 过去20年来，充满活力的贸易和投资关系一直是促进某些发展中国家经济增长和结构转型的关键驱动力量。这种动态已开始改变经济景观和重定重点，针对：加强生产能力所需要的配套政策，扩充就业机会以支助可持续的普惠性发展，以及更加有效地应对外部冲击。需要更加重视农业和服务部门。对在各国国内和跨国之间实现更公平分享财富和机会而言，协调一致的综合性贸易、工业、劳工和社会政策还大有发展的余地。跨市场交易系统是一个重要的催化剂，可以促进贸易效益的实现。在旷日持久的多哈回合谈判背后作出的努力，迫切需要引向具有真正意义的发展收益。最不发达国家的一套办法应作出重大贡献，促进伊斯坦布尔行动纲领的实施。应当更加重视关于建立一个开放、公平、有章可循、可预测和非歧视性的多边贸易和金融体制的千年发展目标8。重新振兴多边贸易体系和为21世纪的挑战做好准备都是重要的工作。在经济状况不断迅速变动的情况下，各项重大的发展工作需要考虑到跨市场交易系统的规范和工具，诸如通过扩大促进发展的政策空间和在多边贸易体制和区域贸易协定之间，以及在国际贸易和金融体系之间，在发展方面实现更高度的一致性。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 经济和社会事务部《2001年世界经济现况和前景，2011年年中增补资料》，可查阅www.un.org/en/development./desa/policy/wesp/wesp_current/2011wespupdate.pdf。", "[3] 《2001年世界投资报告：国际生产与发展的非股权模式》(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.11.II. D.2。", "[4] 参看TD/B/C.1/EM.4/2和Devesh Kapur所著《汇款：发展的新口头禅》，《20国集团讨论文件综述丛书》，可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/gsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf。", "[5] 世界贸易组织，《总干事向贸易政策审查机构提交的关于与贸易相关发展的报告》。可参阅www.docsonline.wto.org。", "[6] Sandra Polaski著《赢家和输家：多会合对发展中国家的影响》。可参阅www.carnegieendowment. org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf。", "[7] 彼得森研究所，《搞清楚多哈回合》，可参阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/roses_e/dialogue_papers/ Feasglob.pdf。", "[8] Dani Rodrik，《可行的全球化》。可参阅www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/Research%20papers/Feasglob.pdf。", "[9] 世贸组织，《欧洲共同体——给予发展中国家关税优惠的条件》。可参阅http://docsonline.wto.org。", "[10] 贸发会议，《2011年泛非洲棉花会议，概念纪要》。可参阅www.unctad.info/upload/SUC/PACM_ Benin/Concept_Note_English.pdf。", "[11] 最近的分析，参看世贸组织《2011年世界贸易报告：世贸组织和优惠贸易协定：从共存走向一致》，可参阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/books_e/arref_e/world_trade.report11_e.pdf。", "[12] 贸发会议，《使南南贸易成为包容性增长的引进》。可参阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb 20093_en.pdf。", "[13] 阿根廷，巴西，古巴，埃及，印度，印度尼西亚，马来西亚，摩洛哥，巴拉圭，大韩民国和乌拉圭。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目17(a)", "宏观经济政策问题", "国际贸易与发展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "多边贸易体系在结束多哈回合贸易谈判的前景方面面临重大不确定性,而多哈回合谈判是在国际贸易结构和方向的一系列变化基础上进行的。 近年来,与国际生产扩展有关的中间货物贸易增长正在加速,而且往往包括一个强有力的区域组成部分。 随着区域贸易协定的激增,走向区域主义的运动将是今后几年贸易政策议程的一个主要重点。 有利的经济现实也有助于增加南南贸易,并增加南南合作。 如果加以适当利用,这也将有助于包容性和可持续发展。 然而,需要重振多边贸易体系,多哈回合结束时具有强有力的发展层面。 早期的最不发达国家一揽子计划可能是朝这个方向迈出的第一步。 然而,国际贸易体系的不同层次和组成部分——多边、区域、双边和单边——需要建立更大的一致性,贸易才能为更具包容性的发展道路作出贡献。 定于2012年4月在多哈举行的联合国贸易和发展会议第十三届会议将动员国际社会为以发展为核心的全球化而努力,以促进包容性和可持续增长和发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第65/142号决议编写的,该决议请秘书长与联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)秘书处合作,向大会第六十六届会议提交关于多边贸易体制发展情况的报告。", "二. 国际贸易和发展趋势", "A类. 近期发展", "2. 联合国 2009年世界商品出口急剧收缩后,2010年出口量年增长幅度最大,达到14%(价值为22%)。 发展中国家的进出口扩张速度(分别为16.7%和18.9%)快于发达国家(分别为12.6%和10.2%),这表明由于许多区域强劲复苏,发展中国家不仅有强劲的出口动力,而且有强劲的进口需求。 在亚洲尤其如此,亚洲的贸易是通过国际生产网络进行的。 2010年,世界服务出口总额增长了8%,但其价值仍低于2008年危机前的水平。", "3个 贸易业绩受到基本经济发展的制约。 世界经济在2009年收缩2.0%后于2010年增长3.9%,估计今年将减速到3.3%。 发展中国家继续推动2010年全球复苏,其集体国内生产总值(国内总产值)增长达到7.5%。 商品价格高而起伏不定、金融市场脆弱和主权债务危机以及普遍失业继续影响复苏。 鉴于这些持续的威胁,加上今年产出增长减速,出口扩张预计会放慢,突出显示在相互依存的世界经济中贸易体系的持续脆弱性。", " 4.四. 2010年商品价格的上涨提高了商品出口的名义价值,但对粮食安全和宏观经济稳定构成了挑战。 2011年初,所有粮食价格指数都超过了历史高峰。 由于一些石油出口国不稳定,石油价格也暴涨,给许多国家的增长前景带来额外压力。 如此高的价格波动在很大程度上反映了消极的供应冲击(例如天气条件),但据信,金融化商品市场的投机行为放大了价格影响(见A/66/207)。 虽然净出口国的价格上涨是正向的,因为许多发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家,是粮食和能源的净进口国,但价格上涨可能对减贫产生不利影响;最近的价格上涨可能仅亚洲就有6 000多万人陷入贫困。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "B. 不断变化的国际贸易格局", "5 (韩语). 在过去十年中,贸易增长持续快于国内生产总值(2009年除外),导致出口与国内生产总值的比率上升;到2008年,发展中国家的平均增长率从29.5%上升到36.0%。 发展中国家在世界商品出口中所占的份额在过去20年从24%增至42%,在世界产出中所占的份额从17%增至32%,这表明未来收入可能趋同(见图一)。 因此,外部市场的重要性和出口对产出增长的贡献大大增加。 虽然出口总额迅速增长,但这一增长并没有导致国内附加值的适度增长。 造成这种情况的部分原因是,生产日益分散意味着出口需要大量的进口中间投入。", "6. 国家 亚洲国家和其他几个新兴经济体(如金砖四国、巴西、俄罗斯联邦、印度和中国)的强劲增长创造了新的贸易机会,特别是对其他发展中国家而言。 发展中国家在世界进口中所占份额从2000年的22%增加到2009年的39%,为世界进口增长贡献了47%。 亚洲出口的高进口含量使融入全球供应链的其他发展中国家受益。 南南出口现在占发展中国家出口总额的53%,而2000年为43%。 南南服务贸易估计占全球贸易的10%。", "图一 2000-2010年按区域分列的发展中国家和金砖国家在世界产出和出口中所占份额", "(百分比)", "资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。", "7. 联合国 2000至2010年期间,23个发展中国家的实际年出口增长率超过10%,接近三分之一(48个国家)的出口收缩(见图二)。 这提醒我们,收入趋同并不是更开放的全球经济的必然结果,两极分化仍然是国家和国际两级决策者面临的挑战。", "图二 2000-2010年按年均商品出口和产出增长分列的发展中国家分布情况", "[]", "资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。", "8. 联合国 世界贸易格局的变化也体现在其产品构成上(见图三)。 交易频繁的机械和运输设备增长过快,推动了发展中国家出口的扩大,而初级商品价格上涨则增加了矿物燃料的份额。 轻制成品份额下降的部分原因是竞争加剧,低工资国家的进入对价格造成压力。", "9. 国家 各区域不同的产品组成表明,区域专业化程度日益提高,亚洲集中在制成品上,拉丁美洲集中在农业和资源产品上,非洲和最不发达国家集中在矿物和其他商品上。 从1995年到2009年,机械和运输设备为亚洲的出口增长贡献了40%多,而矿物燃料占了最不发达国家出口增长的60%。 虽然最近商品价格的上涨有助于增加后一组国家的出口收入,但人们仍然担心,这些国家经济结构多样化薄弱会阻碍长期增长前景。", "图三 2010年发展中国家出口的产品构成", "(百分比)", "[]", "资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。", "10个 世界贸易方向和活力的转变,特别是其南南轴心的转变,与全球供应链中生产的分化加剧密切相关(见贸发会议的报告TD/B/57/3和TD/B/C.I/16)。 运输和贸易成本的下降,包括关税,扩大商业和基础设施服务,以及流向发展中国家的强劲的外国直接投资(占全球外国直接投资流入量的43%),促进了全球生产网络的发展。 [2] 中间货物的国际贸易一直活跃,从1995年的2万亿美元增加到2008年的近7万亿美元,占非燃料商品贸易的48%(见图四和方框1)。 这种贸易鼓励不同经济体在不同的加工活动中实现专业化,导致“任务贸易”,从而在全球供应链上增加价值。 然而,专门从事劳动密集型活动的国家可能陷入低附加值活动,因此,尽管出口量增加,但国内价值的保留有限。 例如,为了提高竞争优势和利润率,依赖创新技术的公司越来越多地在专门从事最终产品独有部件的供应商之间使用“封闭供应链”,利润幅度较大。 因此,国家生产能力、人力资本和技术先进程度对于设法从全球供应链中有效获益并提升其价值链梯级的国家至关重要。", "图四 1995-2010年非燃料世界贸易", "(10亿美元)", "资料来源:贸发会议。", "方框1. 全球供应链和贸易计量\n日益增长的全球供应链暴露出国际贸易统计中的一个计量问题。 与国民收入统计不同的是,贸易统计以产品总价值而不是增值来衡量贸易价值。 贸易密集型全球供应链的扩大夸大了国际贸易的价值,因为部分产品跨越了边界几次,每次都被计算在内。 例如,虽然苹果公司设在美国,中国(最终组装地点)对iPod生产的附加值很小,大部分利润被苹果公司所保留并积累到美国(如零售商),但在美国出售的每300美元iPod,其与中国的贸易逆差就增加了150美元(即代理成本)。 如果以增值值衡量,中国与美国的双边贸易顺差估计为40%。 * 联合国\n* Greg Linden、Kenneth Kraemer和Jason Dedrick,“谁在全球创新网络中抓住价值? 《Apple的iPod案》,ACM通讯,第52卷,第3号(2009年3月)。", "11个 农业在发展中国家出口中所占的一小部分(不到10%)低估了它对一些国家的重要性以及该部门更广泛的发展潜力。 许多发展中国家在创造就业、收入和出口收入方面仍然依赖农村经济。 在发展中国家,农业平均占就业的52%,而在有竞争力的拉丁美洲出口商的推动下,这些国家在世界农业出口中所占份额从2000年的31%增至2009年的36%。 一些国家(例如巴西)已经能够使其农业活动多样化并升级,以加快增长。 一些高价值产品(如园艺和加工食品)显示出了强大的出口活力。 然而,专业化程度的提高已使许多发展中国家,甚至以农业经济为主的发展中国家,成为主食的净进口国。 这使得粮食安全成为一个紧迫问题,特别是在与出口限制有关的供应不可预测方面,导致20国集团最近决定取消对为人道主义援助所购买粮食的出口限制。", "12个 服务部门,特别是基础设施服务部门本身不仅很重要,而且有助于提高所有经济部门的效率和竞争力(见TD/B/C.I/MEM.3/8)。 服务业占发展中国家货物和服务出口总额的15%,占国家产出的51%。 这些百分比低于世界平均水平(20%和67%),表明发展中国家的结构转型水平普遍较低。 然而,发展中国家正在获得市场份额。 从2000年到2010年,它们在世界服务出口中的份额从23%上升到了30%,许多收益来自亚洲,特别是在中国的旅行和商业服务以及印度的计算机和信息服务方面。 旅行和运输是两个占主导地位的分部门,占2010年服务出口的四分之一和五分之一。 它们正在失去对现代可出口商业服务的支持,这种服务具有强大的规模经济和外部效应,吸收了高技能劳动力(见图五)。 服务业为结构转型提供了一个现实的机会,对那些在制成品方面没有比较优势的国家尤其如此。", "图五 1990-2010年世界服务贸易中某些服务亚类的份额", "(百分比)", "[]", "资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。", "13个 贸易和发展方面的移徙问题已成为一项重大挑战。 劳动力流动和服务提供者流动的增加增加了工人的汇款流量,有助于减少贫穷。 2010年,全球移民人数达到2.15亿,占世界人口的3%。 2010年世界汇款流量为4 420亿美元,其中三分之二流向发展中国家,6%流向最不发达国家(见表1)。 汇款是外部筹资的一个重要来源,占整个发展中国家国内生产总值的1.5%(2000年为1.2%),占最不发达国家5.2%。 虽然对汇款对发展的长期影响仍然认识不足,但可以通过将汇款输送到生产部门,包括金融部门的发展和教育,来加强这种影响。 [3]", "14个 为了增加汇款流量,需要在各级,包括在关于《服务贸易总协定》方式4的多哈回合服务谈判中,处理影响临时移徙的措施。 政策一致性和综合办法十分重要。 需要进一步加强和改善国家和国际上的合作与协调,包括原籍国、过境国和目的地国之间的合作与协调,并交流经验。", "2010年汇款占国内生产总值和世界汇款总额的比例", "(百分比)", "占国内生产总值的份额 占世界总数的份额", "发达经济体", "转型经济体 1.5 6.8", "发展中经济体 1.5 67.2", "非洲", "拉丁美洲 1.2 13.5", "亚洲 1.5 44.3", "5.2 5.9个最不发达国家", "资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。", "15个 通过创造就业,将贸易活力转化为更大的收入机会,是包容性增长面临的一项关键发展挑战(见TD/B/C.I/15)。 这场危机已经使全世界大量失业,2010年的失业总人数为2.05亿。 有证据表明,从长远来看,贸易开放并不影响总的就业水平,但从短期来看,自由化可能导致净就业损失,因为承包进口竞争部门的工作破坏速度会快于出口部门创造就业机会的速度。 虽然贸易与就业之间的实证关系值得进一步研究,但这表明,将潜在的贸易效率收益转化为就业收益并不是自动的,需要政府采取主动和谨慎的干预措施。 这种贸易与就业关系需要在国际贸易体系中得到严格考虑。", "三. 多边贸易体制的发展", "16号. 上述变化是国际贸易体系更广泛变革的一部分。 这种转变是走向分散生产、多极化和区域化,不同国家的一体化进程速度不同。 转变的表现包括多哈回合谈判目前陷入僵局,多边主义面临更多的困难,以及区域倡议日益增多,补充多边进程并与多边进程相竞争(见TD/B/58/3)。", "A类. 概览", "17岁。 多哈回合于2001年启动,计划于2004年底结束。 在农业问题上继续存在分歧,延误了总体进展。 2011年加紧努力,争取在12月前完成这一回合。 然而,在关键未决问题上没有取得重大进展,导致4月份严重受阻。 一个主要问题是在非农业市场准入谈判中深化部门自由化。 虽然参与部门被认为是“自愿的”,但一些发达国家设法确保较大的发展中国家参与三个关键部门中的两个部门——化学品、工业机械和电子产品——以便在这些经济体中实现更深入的自由化,包括取消关税,而不是通过采用一般的关税削减公式。 发展中国家发现这种需求不平衡,因为按照一般的关税削减公式,它们已经削减约束关税,其数量比发达国家大。 部门自由化因其对劳动力市场的影响而被认为特别敏感。 其他部门包括加强保健、森林产品、原材料和宝石及珠宝。 其他领域也存在争议,包括发展中国家在《服务贸易总协定》模式3中对约束现有开放水平的更有力承诺(如外国股权限制)、发达国家对模式4的承诺以及特别农业保障机制。", "18岁。 世界贸易组织(世贸组织)总干事于2011年5月提出的三快-快道、中道和慢道办法,作为前进方向,包括寻求部分协议,同时保留单一接受原则。 涉及最不发达国家的问题——免关税和免配额市场准入、相关的原产地规则、涵盖可能优惠服务市场准入的最惠国待遇豁免和棉花——将在2011年12月举行的世贸组织第八次部长级会议之前针对早日收获。 “最不发达国家加”问题将在“中轨”中讨论,其中还将包括贸易便利化、农业出口竞争、特殊和差别待遇监测机制、渔业补贴以及环境产品和服务,以达成总体平衡并解决主要贸易伙伴(例如美国)所关切的问题。 关于农业、非农业市场准入和服务以及与《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》有关的问题的谈判被提议推迟到2012年进行。", " 19. 19. 2011年12月有效实现收成对2012年随后的谈判至关重要。 人们担心,旷日持久的谈判已经影响到了多边贸易体制的信誉,使一些谈判问题与当今的经济现实不太相干。 发展中国家强调,作为最初多哈发展议程的一部分,必须解决乌拉圭回合的未决问题,而一些发达国家(如欧洲联盟国家)呼吁解决投资、竞争政策、政府采购、出口税和气候变化等新问题。 需要迅速采取行动,处理新的“二十一世纪问题”,以保持多边贸易体系与不断变化的经济现实的相关性。 贸易自由化和协议需要为应对更广泛的发展挑战作出积极贡献,包括减贫、就业、生产能力、持续和包容性增长、粮食和能源安全、公共卫生和用水。 需要强有力的领导,包括来自新兴国家的领导,以重振多边贸易体系结构。", "20号. 在经济危机期间,基于规则的反对保护主义的多边贸易体系的强大性得到重申。 据估计,2008年10月至2011年4月期间采取的限制进口措施最多占世界进口的2.70%,效果有限——边境措施为0.25%,救助措施为0.75%。 侵略性保护主义受到遏制,这主要是由于各国遵守世贸组织的规则和承诺,以及许多发展中国家实行强有力的克制。 世贸组织在动员各方努力解决贸易资金短缺(用于80%至90%的贸易)和贸易援助支持生产能力、与贸易有关的基础设施、竞争力和调整方面起到了催化作用。 尽管财政资源有所增加(从2005年到2010年增加了60%),但正如7月第三次贸易援助全球审查所指出,在确保增加资源、提高效力和发展成果方面仍存在重大挑战。 2011年,世贸组织报告了危机后保护主义加速的迹象,在增长减速和高失业率的背景下,越来越多地诉诸高关税和非自动进口许可和出口限制。 [4]", "B. 多哈回合的福利影响", "21岁 未能结束多哈回合可视为错失了一次机会。 贸发会议最近对多哈回合成果在货物方面可能产生的贸易和福利影响所作的分析发现,进一步自由化带来的全球收益虽然不大,但是积极的,估计每年约为700亿美元(见表2)。 最近的其他研究也证实了这一进展的程度。 基于模型的分析对福利的影响当然取决于模型的规格、基础数据和模拟情景。 早先的研究,如世界银行2003年的研究,发现全球福利收益高达3 580亿美元,但后来大幅下调,这表明在解释模型结果时必须谨慎。 即使如此之多的收益也只占国内生产总值的一小部分。 这表明国内互补政策对于提高本国生产能力和就业机会以增加贸易自由化的惠益十分重要。", "表2 多哈成果对福利和贸易的潜在年度影响", "多哈与各部门\n福利=(a) 出口=(b) 福利=(a) 出口=(b)", "欧洲联盟 5 643 0.16 1 360 0.21", "美国 - 351 1.48 - 2 127 2.21", "日本 6 432 1.94 9 543 3.08", "其他发达国家 11 142 2.25 16 023 3.86", "凯恩斯集团出口商", "中国 17 715 3.58 25 600 7.34", "印度 4 089 3.55 5 341 8.88", "印度尼西亚 1 216 1.55 1 107 1.74", "巴西 1 320 1.01 1 808 1.84", "墨西哥 - 1 322-0.53-2 543-0.95", "东南亚 6 413 1.90 6 569 1.83", "南亚 2 040 3.94 1 821 3.66", "东欧和西欧 8 614 0.86 6 455 0.60 亚洲", "中美洲 1 634 1.83 1 244 1.57", "拉丁美洲,不包括巴西", "北非和中东", "南非 178 0.60 35 048", "撒哈拉以南非洲 2 195 1.64 2 036 1.40", "共计 70 457 1.09 77 367 1.73", "资料来源:贸发会议(GTAP数据库)。", "^(a) 百万美元。", "^(b) 百分比。", "22号. 福利收益在参与者之间没有平等分享。 欧洲联盟和日本在农业(如糖、肉和大米)方面有高度保护;减少这种保护可以提高效率,使消费者、纳税人和外国供应商受益。 工业部门服装和机动车辆的关税削减也带来了类似的收益。 大多数发展中国家的收益估计较小。 不利的贸易条件影响可能压倒其他收益并导致负面的总体影响。 墨西哥和美利坚合众国就是这种情况。 撒哈拉以南非洲国家也有损失风险,尽管作为一个群体,它们的福利效应在这种模拟中是积极的。 这种损失可能由优惠缩减和粮食进口价格上涨所引起。 事实上,一些研究发现,对他们的福利产生不利影响。 [5]", "23. 联合国 发达国家以及巴西、中国和印度的化学品、工业机械和电子部门的消除可以将全球福利收益提高到770亿美元。 这些区域的进出口额将比基本设想的要多。 估计有些区域(如南非和拉丁美洲)的情况比基线情景更糟。 虽然参与的发展中国家从福利方面得到好处,但与基线相比,相关部门的生产和就业受到不利影响,对其工业发展和就业目标产生影响。 概算强调了按照2005年在中国香港举行的世贸组织第六次部长级会议宣言的规定自愿参与各部门的重要性。", "24 (韩语). 服务贸易自由化也可以为发达国家和发展中国家带来收益。 可能减少10%的贸易壁垒可能导致服务出口增加2.7%。 [6] 全球国内总产值估计影响约为460亿美元。 欧洲联盟和美国的出口都将增加100亿美元。 多边临时工作签证计划(发展中国家技术工人和非技术工人占发达国家劳动力的3%)估计将在全球产生2 000亿美元。 [7] 贸易交易成本减少1%估计将在全世界产生430亿美元的福利收益,其中65%将累积给不属于经济合作与发展组织的国家。", "C. 多哈 回合挑战", "25岁 目前僵局已使关于挫折的原因和多哈回合的未来的辩论重新起步。 国际贸易格局的结构变化严重影响了谈判动态,而全球危机已经超越了决策者的注意力,并提出了为让步辩护的政治挑战。 危机还改变了经济思想,主张加强市场监管和各国采取更主动和务实的干预措施。 多边贸易体制的系统性问题也影响了谈判进程。", "26. 联合国 非农业市场准入谈判部门自由化是造成僵局的直接原因。 部门的目标将是重新平衡发达国家和新兴国家之间在贡献方面的差距并实现关税的统一。 工业关税谈判吸引了发达国家的更多关注,因为高昂的农业商品价格使得关税和补贴在农业中不那么重要,而服务业自由化则证明是复杂的,没有立即取得具有商业意义的结果的前景。 发达国家日益重视出口商的利益,可视为试图争取对多哈回合一揽子方案的全面国内政治支持,以克服进口竞争的国内利益的 \" 抵制 \" 。 解决出口商的当今利益需要深度自由化,这对于全球供应链中的现代贸易密集型生产至关重要,因为小关税会不成比例地增加生产成本,因此需要实行部门自由化。 非关税壁垒——由于关税大幅度削减而变得越来越重要——尚未得到充分解决。", "27个 发展中国家对此提出异议,认为这与自愿参与这类倡议和发展中国家不完全互惠的商定原则相矛盾。 虽然发展中国家的高额“关税水”——约束税率与适用税率之间的差别——引起了人们对有效削减适用关税的关注,但发展中国家指出它们过去自主的自由化努力创造了这种水。 1990年至2010年,发展中国家适用最惠国的平均关税从32.5%降至8.2%。 这突出表明了关税灵活性作为工业政策工具的重要性。 部门自由化也被视为对发展中国家危机后建立本国生产能力和就业机会的发展目标具有敏感性。 发展中国家经济比重的提高——今后几年占全球增长的一半以上——使它们能够采取坚定的立场。", "28岁 世贸组织成员数目和多样性的增加增加了谈判和取舍的复杂性。 从1947年的23个成员开始,关税及贸易总协定/世界贸易组织的成员已增加到154个。 一项单一承诺需要有基础广泛的谈判议程,以便通过允许跨部门取舍来调和许多参与者的不同利益。 然而,这个庞大的议程似乎使谈判者负担过重,导致对核心问题(例如乌拉圭回合农业和服务业与发展议题的内在议程)的关注减少。 确保众多参与者的透明度和包容性越来越具有挑战性(见方框2)。 不同问题之间的取舍被证明是困难的,因为这些问题需要至少统一立场。 单一接受办法和协商一致规则被视为可以允许例外,因为这种办法使个别国家有机会寻求特殊待遇。", "方框2. 贸易争端\n许多困难和正在出现的问题越来越多地通过贸易争端而不是通过谈判来解决。 争议人数预计将会增加。 中国对某些矿物(如铝土、镁等)的出口限制受到欧洲联盟、美国和墨西哥的质疑,理由是这些措施歧视外国制造商,使国内下游生产商获得不公平的优势。 一些争端与促进绿色技术的政策有关。 欧盟就安大略可再生能源的入税方案向加拿大提出挑战,认为该方案违背了世贸组织禁止当地含量补贴的规则。 这一案例将影响各国支持地方工业进入有希望的环境产品和服务市场的能力。", "29. 国家 鉴于造成僵局的系统性因素,世贸组织机构改革被确认为一项长期目标,包括执行和监测贸易协定和政策,在更合作的框架内处理贸易问题,提供贸易援助和能力建设支助。 可能的体制改革需要确保多边贸易体系的准则和文书是不断变化的经济现实和发展需要的关键因素。 因此,可能有必要使现行规则和做法与长期发展目标相协调,例如加强工业能力、创造就业机会、管理粮食安全和提供基本药物和服务,从而促进千年发展目标。 这意味着需要更多地承认特殊和差别待遇以及政策空间。", "四、结 论 二. 前进的道路", "30岁。 在2011年12月有效实现最不发达国家一揽子计划(可能还有“最不发达国家加”一揽子计划)的早期收成,对2012年随后的谈判至关重要。 最不发达国家一揽子计划对于帮助最不发达国家执行5月第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过的《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》也很重要。 然而,国际社会的额外补充支持仍然至关重要,因为这样的一揽子计划不足以帮助最不发达国家实现这些目标。 就目前情况而言,就早期一揽子方案达成协议的机会可能有限,因为难以在各方之间达成利益平衡。", "A类. 免关税的无报价市场准入", "31岁 自2000年以来,在扩大最不发达国家免税免配额市场准入方面取得了重大进展。 香港部长级会议决定至少涵盖97%关税细目的目标在所有发达国家都实现,但美国除外,美国目前涵盖83%的关税细目。 为了实现各项目标,美国需要更新和实质性改革普惠制计划(2010年到期)以扩大产品覆盖面。 扩大产品覆盖面可能需要平衡非洲和亚洲最不发达国家相互竞争的利益,因为撒哈拉以南非洲国家(如莱索托和马达加斯加)的优惠可能会削弱其《非洲增长和机会法》的好处,特别是在服装方面,并会受到严重影响。 目前被排除在免税配额倡议之外的农产品(如烟草、肉类等)可以涵盖范围扩大。 产品的选择很重要,因为最不发达国家的出口高度集中;3%的关税细目占从最不发达国家进口的高收入国家价值的95%。 必须通过创新的支助措施,有意义地应对某些撒哈拉以南非洲国家面临的调整和竞争力挑战,使生产者留在该部门,增加附加值并参与全球供应链。", "32. 联合国 最不发达国家从完全免关税免配额待遇中获得的利益可达40至80亿美元。 在所有发达国家向最不发达国家提供这种待遇的情况下,最不发达国家每年可能获得的福利收益估计为48亿美元,出口增加2.4%。 然而,各国的收益分配极不均匀(见表3)。 成果由服装、纺织品以及较小程度上由烟草所驱动。 由于服装出口增加,亚洲最不发达国家是主要受益者。 来自柬埔寨和孟加拉国的出口总额分别增加了18%和8%,为非熟练劳动力创造了10%和3%的就业收益。 如果巴西、中国、印度和南非也对最不发达国家开放市场(其中一些国家正在这样做——见方框3),最不发达国家的收益将增至77亿美元。", "表3 免税免配额市场准入的福利影响", "就业(百万美元(百分比))", "柬埔寨 916 18.0 10.1", "孟加拉国 2 100 8.2 3.2", "埃塞俄比亚 144 1.1 0.5", "老挝人民民主共和国", "马拉维", "马达加斯加 7 0.1 0.1", "莫桑比克 106 1.7 1.5", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "塞内加尔 221 2.1 1.9", "乌干达 3 0.1 -", "赞比亚 42.0.6 0.5", "西非其他地区 355 0.5 0.6", "中部非洲", "中南非洲 - 2 - .", "东非其他地区 498 0.9 0.5", "欧洲联盟、美国、-3 897--其他发达国家和发展中国家", "资料来源:贸发会议。", "框3 发展中国家的免税免配额倡议\n一些发展中国家对最不发达国家实行免关税免配额待遇。 印度在2008年4月的印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上首次宣布的免关税免配额倡议,将免关税税目的85%给予免关税免配额,并在五年内再削减9%的关税,以便免关税免配额方案涵盖包括科顿、可可、蔗糖和服装在内的94%的税目。 巴西制定的计划最初将给予最不发达国家80%的出口优惠待遇,随后到2014年将扩大到100%。 中国在95%的关税细目(如可可豆、皮革、铜等)上向31个撒哈拉以南非洲最不发达国家平均提供10.4%的优惠幅度,而90%的最不发达国家进口商品(如石油)已经通过最惠国地位免税进入中国。 大韩民国的计划为85%的税目提供了免税准入,到2012年将涵盖95%,包括铜、生烟草和胶合板。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 使原产地规则更加简单和透明,是最不发达国家的一项关键目标,因为严格的规则阻碍了优惠的有效利用。 有证据表明,欧洲联盟关于服装产品的相对严格的原产地规则要求从纱线而不是从织物中装配服装,从而减少了优惠利用率。 2011年1月,在实施欧洲联盟新的普遍优惠制原产地规则方面取得了重大进展。 新规则对工业产品,包括目前允许“单一转化”(即允许使用第三国织物)的服装,采用了更加灵活的规则,专门针对最不发达国家(另见方框4)。 区域累积范围扩大到四个区域集团,但没有泛非累积的可能性。 相比之下,加拿大对最不发达国家的普惠制计划为所有普惠制受益者提供了全球累积。 最不发达国家呼吁根据全面的增值标准以及便利的区域累积规则,制定不同发达国家共同的统一的原产地规则。", "方框4. 支持《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》的免税免配额市场准入\n根据《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》的规定,最不发达国家一揽子计划对于帮助最不发达国家实现到2020年将其世界出口份额增加一倍的目标至关重要。 从2000年到2010年,最不发达国家的出口速度超过了世界出口,使其份额翻了一番,尽管只有很小的1%。 然而,在今后十年中重复这一成功是一项重大挑战。 假设在2011至2020年期间,世界出口将每年增长4.7%,最不发达国家的出口份额将增加一倍,每年增长12.2%。 这是雄心勃勃的,因为首先,过去十年出口名义价值的提高是由初级商品价格上涨所驱动的(见下图)。 第二,来自最不发达国家的近一半产品都运往发达国家(46%),因为这些国家的进口增长不太活跃(6.7%,而发展中国家为12.0%)。 大多数最不发达国家的出口份额没有翻一番。\n1990-2011年最不发达国家在世界出口和商品价格中的份额\n[\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n资料来源:贸发会议统计数据库。\n这意味着实现本方案的目标将在很大程度上取决于未来的商品价格发展和特定市场特定产品的业绩。 例如,孟加拉国的出口高度集中于服装、欧洲联合市场和美国市场。 免税配额倡议——估计将使大多数最不发达国家的一次性出口增长约1%——虽然帮助不大。 国际社会迫切需要提供强有力的贸易援助,以解决最不发达国家生产能力和基础设施薄弱的问题。 还应探讨创新措施。 中国与非洲的贸易出现了爆炸性增长。 中国支持在几个非洲最不发达国家建立经贸合作区,可进一步增加非洲出口并实现出口多样化,特别是制造业。 见《2010年最不发达国家报告:为最不发达国家建立新的国际发展架构》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.II.D.5)。\n^(b) 贸发会议“使贸易更加有利于最不发达国家的发展、倍增和包容性”。 可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditctncd2011d1_en.pdf。", "34. 国家 免关税免配额市场准入倡议和为支援最不发达国家而持续进行的国际努力,有可能促使单方面优惠计划发生进一步变化。 在尚待通过的提案中,欧洲联盟力求从2014年起全面改革其普惠制计划,将受益对象从现有的176个首次减少到大约80个,从而将受益对象主要转向最不发达国家和其他中低收入国家。 最不发达国家能否如所期望的那样获得利益,令人感到关切,因为被除名的国家基本上是没有与最不发达国家竞争的高收入和中上收入国家。 限制受益者可进一步加重发展中国家的差别,对世贸组织的非歧视和特殊和差别待遇原则产生影响。 根据世贸组织的判例,[8] “欧洲共同体——给予发展中国家关税优惠的条件”,如果基于以不歧视方式管理的客观标准,这种区别是可以允许的。", "B. 棉花", "35. 联合国 大胆、具体和迅速地减少并取消棉花补贴和关税的问题仍有待充分解决。 该部门高度集中,五大生产国(中国、印度、美国、巴西和巴基斯坦)占世界产量的五分之四。 2009年,美国是最大的棉花出口国,占世界出口的三分之一,其次是印度、乌兹别克斯坦和巴西。 最大的棉花进口国是中国(23%)、土耳其和孟加拉国。 主要进口国降低棉花关税将有助于从最不发达国家获得出口收益(见图六)。", "图六 主要进口国棉花最惠国和优惠关税", "[]", "资料来源:贸发会议(TRAINS)。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 问题的核心是大幅度削减国内棉花支持。 2010/11年度政府对棉花业的支助总额估计为13亿美元,低于2008/09年度提供的55亿美元。 棉花价格高涨导致2010/11年度补贴急剧下降,因为许多支助方案没有启动。 主要的补贴国家是美国、中国、希腊和土耳其。 据国际棉花咨询委员会称,2005年美国支出了42亿美元,而最近中国成为最大的棉花补贴国,主要为种子提供支持。 从长期来看,世界棉花生产得到政府直接援助的比例从1997年至2008年的平均55%增加到2008/09年的估计84%。 取消棉花补贴可以使棉花价格上涨10%-20%,这很重要,特别是在目前的高棉价格下跌的情况下。", "37. 联合国 许多发展中国家,特别是非洲20个最不发达国家,出口高度集中于棉花(高达85%)。 [9] “Cotton 四”国家(贝宁、布基纳法索、乍得和马里)的棉花产量减少了50%,部分原因是不利的市场环境使它们转向其他产品。 此外,非洲生产商一般无法跟上中国和印度等越来越多地使用生物技术品种的国家的生产力增长。 因此,非洲国家的市场份额从2002/03年的8.8%下降到2007/08年的5.6%。 棉花补贴的有效削减可以使其出口收入增加20%。 加强生产能力的措施,包括增值、基础设施和技术,有助于增加供应,应对价格上涨。", "C. 服务豁免", "38. 国家 放弃授权各国向最不发达国家提供服务方面的优惠市场准入,而不必给予其他国家同样的待遇,将有助于最不发达国家利用日益增长的服务贸易。 这种优惠市场准入,特别是方式4,将有助于增加最不发达国家的出口。 原产地规则应确保优惠准入福利留给最不发达国家的供应商(即那些在最不发达国家有大量业务的供应商)。 放弃还允许对国内条例的某些程序方面给予优惠,例如降低许可证费。 重要的是,要确保给予最不发达国家的优惠除最惠国待遇外,不应给其他发展中国家造成障碍。 要使放弃有意义,就必须提供有效的优惠市场准入。", "D. 加入世界贸易组织", "39. 联合国 虽然它不是多哈工作方案的一部分,但最不发达国家一再强调必须改进加入世贸组织的进程。 目前,30个正在入世的国家中有12个是最不发达国家。 预计瓦努阿图今年将加入,2008年只有佛得角加入,2004年只有柬埔寨和尼泊尔加入。 由于在谈判中没有预先确定、客观的成员资格标准和不对称的谈判结构,使加入国作出了深刻而严格的承诺。 例子有:低约束关税;参与部门关税协调;有效和基础广泛的服务自由化承诺;禁止农业出口补贴和出口税;私有化;加入本来可以选择的政府采购协定;禁止出口业绩和外国投资者技术转让要求。 这种办法限制了加入国的政策灵活性。", " 40. 40. 有效执行和实施2002年最不发达国家入世准则有助于改进入世进程。 可以通过制定市场准入基准和其他承诺,例如根据现有最不发达国家成员所作的平均关税和服务承诺,来澄清最不发达国家预期作出的承诺。 现有最不发达国家成员的平均约束率在农业为77%,在非农产品为45%。 与柬埔寨和尼泊尔在农业方面28-41%和非农业产品方面18-24%的加入承诺相比。 关于规则,所有最不发达国家都可以自动享受所有特殊和差别待遇规定,并辅之以监管和政策行动计划。 这种澄清可与最不发达国家一揽子计划一起得到有益的利用。", "页:1 最不发达国家加一揽子方案", "41. 国家 现已发现,需要 \" 最不发达国家加 \" 一揽子计划,以便在世贸组织各成员的利益和负担分担之间实现平衡。 旨在改进海关程序的贸易便利化可降低贸易成本并产生类似于对出口商降低关税的效果。 一些发展中国家对执行成本感到关切,因为一些贸易便利化措施(如单一窗口)将产生大量成本,有效的特殊和差别待遇以及能力建设支助是一个关键的谈判问题。 环境商品和服务得到促进,以获得潜在的环境利益,而人们则担心,对一系列拟议的“环境商品”(主要是与能源效率有关的制成品)实行更深入的自由化,可产生与部门自由化相类似的深度自由化影响,例如,涵盖最不发达国家全部进口的20%。", "42. 国家 已经承诺到2013年取消农业出口补贴。 这些补贴在1995至2000年期间普遍存在,全世界每年价值62亿美元;其中90%来自欧洲联盟,主要支助奶和肉(牛肉)。 由于该数额此后大幅减少,因此其消除效果有限。 关于渔业补贴,由于这些纪律尚未充分制定,建议对现有补贴“继续”以限制其对过度捕捞的不利影响。 可能的纪律将禁止助长过度捕捞的某些补贴(如建造新船),而反对者则认为,鱼类种群管理不善是鱼类种群枯竭的主要原因。 提议的其他问题包括审查《解决争端谅解书》、区域贸易协定和停顿,包括关税,以防止保护主义倾向。", " V. 区域贸易协定", "43. 东帝汶 随着边境承诺的深化,区域贸易协定的推进可能加快。 优惠贸易自由化是多边贸易体制的一大挑战,目前已有约300个区域贸易协定生效。 最近的区域贸易协定谈判涉及更多的大型和有活力的市场,特别是亚洲资源丰富的国家和发达国家。 这一点可见于欧洲联盟最近向“以竞争力为导向的”区域贸易协定以及美国参与跨太平洋伙伴关系协定。 通过促使更深入的自由化和监管协调,涵盖世界贸易中越来越多的份额,它们会进一步影响对多边主义的鼓励。 发展中国家为大幅度增加作出了很大贡献,南南协定现在占所有区域贸易协定的三分之二。", "44. 国家 区域贸易协定所涵盖的贸易价值已增加到世界贸易的51%,尽管实际获得优惠待遇的贸易份额要低得多(约16%),因为由于最惠国待遇,世界贸易的一半已经免税。 [10] 优惠利用率可能很高(例如,在涉及欧洲联盟和美国的区域贸易协定中分别占87%和92%)。 区域贸易协定下的贸易自由化一般对全球福利产生积极影响。 参与者往往在福利、出口和往往就业方面受益,尽管政府从关税中获得的收入可能下降,但非参与者往往因贸易转移而损失(见表4)。 表4的模拟表明,一些可能达成的区域贸易协定所产生的全球收益可能是负的,表明对非成员的估计损失大于对成员的收益。 如果小国在区域贸易协定的形成中被忽略,它们将遭受损失。", "表4 可能的区域贸易协定的潜在影响", "自由贸易 自由贸易区非参加者\n福利=(a) 出口=(b) 福利=(a) 出口=(b)", "欧洲联盟-日本", "欧洲联盟协会 东南亚国家联盟", "跨太平洋伙伴关系", "亚太经济 合作", "资料来源:贸发会议。", "^(a) 10亿美元。", "^(b) 百分比变化。", "45. 国家 2009年,贸易加权的全球平均最惠国关税为4%。 这种低税率并没有给关税优惠留下很大的余地,而这是区域贸易协定的传统理由。 最近的区域贸易协定的范围已扩大到投资、竞争、服务、标准、政府采购和知识产权以及劳工和环境标准。 它们似乎越来越受到需要为区域供应链提供平台的推动,通过深入的监管一体化确保免税和非关税壁垒的贸易环境。 经验分析证实,零部件贸易——生产网络的代名词——与协议的深度之间有着积极的联系。 例如,在东南亚国家联盟,优惠贸易协定内部的中间货物贸易十分普遍。", "46. 经常预算: 区域贸易协定在数量上的扩散和质的深化表明,需要使多边贸易体系与区域贸易协定保持一致。 世贸组织建立的区域贸易协定透明度机制所规定的透明度的提高有助于提高区域贸易协定的可预测性。 需要发展一致性,以便多边贸易体系下提供的特殊和差别待遇和政策空间不会被谈判力量不对称的区域贸易协定所压倒。 需要确保监管的一致性,包括通过使区域贸易协定的某些内容多边化,例如原产地规则和部门自由化(例如国际投资协定)。 区域贸易协定还可以促进更广泛的合作。 经济、金融、监管和机构合作计划,以及汇集资源来发展区域基础设施和贸易便利化,可以大大增加效益。 多哈回合的结束也有助于这种一致性。", "A. 南北区域贸易协定", "47. 国家 对于涉及低收入国家和/或依赖有限产品和市场的国家的北南区域贸易协定,市场准入条件可能是有效的考虑。 锁定在单边优惠安排下的现有优惠条件,是一些拉丁美洲国家与美国缔结区域贸易协定(农产品和非最不发达国家非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家与欧洲联盟缔结经济伙伴关系协定(如科托努优惠下的香蕉和糖)的关键动机。 例如,根据区域贸易协定,一些拉丁美洲国家减少了欧洲联盟香蕉关税,使优惠幅度从每吨3-39欧元增加。", " 48. 48. 较大的发展中国家在根据区域贸易协定有效改善市场准入方面面临挑战。 区域贸易协定往往对进口敏感产品保持高关税,这些产品在最惠国待遇基础上受到高额保护,包括奶制品、糖、谷物和服装。 优惠关税使全球贸易加权平均关税只减少1%,因为农业和劳动密集型制造业产品的高关税往往被排除在外。 例如,27%的农产品被排除在外,而1%的制成品被排除在外。 这种情况可能正在改变,因为最近的北南区域贸易协定规定,发达国家在过渡期结束时对几乎所有产品取消关税,包括一些对进口敏感的产品(如糖等)。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 确保其自由化的适当内容、速度和顺序是发展中国家的主要关切,因为鉴于经济不对称,取消对等关税对它们的影响会更大。 但是,世贸组织的一项规则要求区域贸易协定“实质上所有贸易”自由化,这往往被理解为要求在10年内实现90%的贸易自由化,这限制了这些国家实行较慢和较慢自由化的能力。 一些发展中国家呼吁修订该规则,将特殊和差别待遇原则纳入区域贸易协定,允许“不完全”互惠。 最近的区域贸易协定已纳入一种机制,使区域贸易协定缔约方根据未来的区域贸易协定可自动向另一方提供更深入的自由化,例如非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家与欧洲联盟之间经济伙伴关系协定中的“第三方最惠国”条款,这可能会对南南区域贸易协定产生冷却作用,美国区域贸易协定中对某些农产品适用的类似规定。", " 50. 50. 服务贸易是南北区域贸易协定的特点。 在全球范围内,三分之一的区域贸易协定都作出了服务承诺。 服务自由化的两个模式是基于负面清单方法的“北美自由贸易协定模式”和将积极和负面清单方法结合起来的“混乱模式”。 这些模式一般涵盖跨界服务、商业存在(往往与货物投资相配合)、自然人流动和具体部门的管理问题(如金融服务)。 在区域贸易协定下作出的承诺比在服务贸易总协定下作出的承诺要多(见图七)。 例如,根据欧洲联盟与加勒比非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家论坛之间的经济伙伴关系协定,加勒比论坛国家列出了75%的分部门。 某些区域贸易协定纳入了关于服务条例的纪律,这些纪律可能限制它们进行监管的权利,例如与一般服务贸易协定不同的是,在“必要检验”方面,以金融审慎性为条件。 北南区域贸易协定可有助于为发展中国家感兴趣的部门和模式提供有意义的市场准入,特别是模式4,因为开放有限。", "图七 服务自由化承诺指数", "[]", "[]", "资料来源:贸发会议,基于世贸组织。", "51. 联合国 区域贸易协定往往包含“TRIPS-plus”关于知识产权的纪律,这些纪律影响到从卫生到创新的各种公共政策。 它们扩大了若干知识产权类别的涵盖范围、所有权持有人的权利和期限,并更严格地执行,因此TRIPS提供的灵活性往往受到限制(例如进口基本药物的强制许可)。 其中一些影响拖延了非专利产品的市场进入(例如保护药品测试数据至少五年)。 一些估计表明,这类规定可能使药物价格上涨10-40%(如哥斯达黎加)。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 南北区域贸易协定已开始实行政府采购自由化,这个市场占国内生产总值的10-15%。 发展中国家缺乏供应能力往往妨碍了有意义的互惠。 相反,政府采购长期以来一直是它们的一个重要的工业和公共政策工具——支持当地供应商和促进技术发展。 虽然要求当地含量的国内优惠政策历来有助于建立一些战略性产业,但这种政策一般是被禁止的,而且只有在世贸组织规定的政府采购方面才允许(对于大多数非《政府采购协定》缔约方的发展中国家而言)。 这种重要的政策灵活性日益受到区域贸易协定纪律的限制。", "B. 南南一体化", "53. 联合国 南南一体化和合作日益为活跃的南南贸易提供平台(见方框5)。 大多数南南区域贸易协定都涵盖货物贸易,而许多协定已开始采取更广泛的监管和合作措施。 它们允许利用规模经济,作为全球一体化的发展起点,促进非传统商品的贸易并有可能促进多样化。 [11] 不太严格的原产地规则和相互承认标准——在发展水平相近的国家更容易实现——可以促进区域价值链的发展。", "方框5 非洲共同市场的潜在利益\n非洲内部的贸易水平较低,包括中间产品。 为了克服分化和小市场,非洲国家力求到2023年建立一个泛非共同市场。 有利的经济条件为促进非洲一体化议程创造了适当的环境。 南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)、东部和南部非洲共同市场和东非共同体三方倡议表明,致力于使非洲区域贸易协定协调一致。 迄今为止,一体化进程主要侧重于关税,但将贸易自由化同管制和发展合作结合起来的“发展一体化”可以发挥很大的作用。 非洲内部关税和非关税壁垒减少50%往往是基础设施不足或行政手续繁琐造成的,这可产生65亿美元的重大福利收益,对所有区域都产生积极的就业影响,在西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)最高可达4.8%。 非洲内部贸易和产出将增加,有助于结构变革。\n非洲内部一体化的潜在影响 -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 福利就业,出口(百万美元为非熟练(百分比)) 美元(百分比) . - -?),又作\"活活活活活\". - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- 北非 1 188 0.66 1.72 西非经共体 1 814 4.78 7.04 东部和中部 1 329 0.07 3.19 非洲\n南共体 2 177 2.04 3.12-------------------------------------------------------- 3.----------- 3.--------- 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. ------ 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3.\n资料来源:贸发会议。", "54. 联合国 2010年12月完成了2004年在贸发会议第十一届会议上启动的发展中国家间全球贸易优惠制度第三轮谈判,这推动了区域间南南贸易合作。 该协议对70%的可征税产品将适用关税降低20%,从而将有效削减与政策灵活性结合起来。 由此产生的关税减让将产品覆盖范围扩大到47 000个税目。 43个全面贸易优惠制成员中有22个参加了这一回合,11个交换了关税减让。 [12] 贸发会议估计,11个参与者将获得25亿美元的福利收益,如果所有22个参加该回合的国家都削减了关税,福利收益将增加到58亿美元。 扩大和深化自由化,强化原产地规则,将合作和自由化扩大到非关税壁垒、贸易便利化、贸易融资以及最终的服务贸易,可以大大提高其潜力。", "六、结 论 结论", "55. 国家 过去20年来,活跃的贸易和投资联系是一些发展中国家增长和结构转型的关键驱动力。 这种活力已开始改变经济格局,并重新将重点转向加强生产能力、扩大就业机会以支持包容性和可持续发展以及更好地应对外部冲击所需的补充政策。 需要更加重视农业和服务部门。 一体化和协调一致的贸易、工业、劳动力市场和社会政策,可以大大有助于实现各国内部和各国之间更公平地分享财富和机会。 国际贸易体系是实现贸易利益的重要催化剂,需要立即将长期多哈回合谈判背后的努力引向有意义的发展成果。 最不发达国家一揽子计划应为执行《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》作出重要贡献。 应注意实现千年发展目标8,建立一个开放、公平、有章可循、可预测和非歧视性的多边贸易和金融体制。 振兴多边贸易体系并准备迎接二十一世纪的挑战是重要的。 需要将经济条件迅速变化下的发展需要纳入国际贸易体系的准则和文书,例如通过扩大发展政策空间和使多边贸易体系与区域贸易协定之间以及国际贸易与金融体系之间实现更大的发展一致性。", "[1] 经济和社会事务部,“2011年世界经济形势和前景,截至2011年年中的最新情况”。 网址:www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/wesp/wesp_ 当前2011.wespupdate.pdf.", "[2] 《2011年世界投资报告:国际生产与发展的非公平模式》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.D.2)。", "[3] 见TD/B/C.I/EM.4/2和Devesh Kapur,“汇款:新的发展口号?” ,24国集团讨论文件系列。 可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsmdpbg2420045_en.pdf。", "[4] 世贸组织,“总干事向贸易政策审查机构提交的关于与贸易有关的事态发展的报告”。 可查阅www.docsonline.wto.org。", "[5] Sandra Polaski,“弱者和输家:多哈回合对发展中国家的影响”。 可查阅www.carnegieendowment.org/files/winners.losers.final2.pdf。", "[6] 彼得森研究所,“展望多哈回合”。 可查阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/。 reser_e/对话_paper_schott_e.pdf. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-21.", "[7] Dani Rodrik,“可实现的全球化”。 可查阅www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/drodrik/。 研究%20纸/Feasglob.pdf.", "[8] 世贸组织,“欧洲共同体——给予发展中国家关税优惠的条件”。 可查阅https://docsonline.wto.org。", "[9] 贸发会议,“2011年泛非棉花会议,概念说明”。 可查阅www.unctad.info/上传/SUC/PACM_贝宁/Concept_Note_English.pdf。", "[10] 最近的分析见世贸组织,“2011年世界贸易报告: 世贸组织和优惠贸易协定:从共存到一致性”。 可查阅www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/anrap_e/world_trade_report11_e.pdf。", "[11] 贸发会议,“使南南贸易成为包容性增长的引擎”。 可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/presspb20093_en.pdf。", "[12] 阿根廷,巴西,古巴,埃及,印度,印度尼西亚,马来西亚,摩洛哥,巴拉圭,大韩民国,乌拉圭." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report on the work of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its twelfth meeting", "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Consultative Process addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A of 7 December 2010, we were appointed as the Co-Chairs of the twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea.", "We have the honour to submit to you the attached report on the work of the Informal Consultative Process at its twelfth meeting, which was held at United Nations Headquarters from 20 to 24 June 2011. The outcome of the meeting consists of our summary of issues and ideas discussed during the meeting. As per past practice, we kindly request that the present letter and the report of the Consultative Process be circulated as a document of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "In addition, kindly note that the meeting entrusted us to bring the outcome of the twelfth meeting to the attention of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2012. Accordingly, we would be grateful if the attached document, which includes issues that could benefit from attention in the framework of the Conference, could also be transmitted to the Co‑Chairs of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference.", "(Signed) Milan Jaya Nyamrajsingh Meetarbhan Don MacKay Co-Chairpersons", "Twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea", "(20-24 June 2011)", "Co-Chairs’ summary of discussions[2]", "1. The twelfth meeting of the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea was held from 20 to 24 June 2011 and, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/37 A, focused its discussions on the topic entitled “Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges”.", "2. The meeting was attended by representatives of 88 States, 17 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 12 non-governmental organizations.", "3. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1); and (b) format and annotated provisional agenda of the meeting (A/AC.259/L.12).", "4. The meeting also had before it submissions from the European Union (A/AC.259/20) and the Pacific small island developing States (A/AC.259/21).", "Agenda items 1 and 2 Opening of the meeting and adoption of the agenda", "5. The two Co-Chairs, Don MacKay (New Zealand) and Milan Jaya Meetarbhan (Mauritius), highlighted in their opening statements the importance of the oceans and seas to sustainable development, in particular for coastal developing States and small island developing States, in the light of their dependence on healthy coastal and marine ecosystems for livelihood. There was a need for the oceans to feature prominently on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "6. On behalf of the Secretary-General, Patricia O’Brien, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and Legal Counsel, underlined the critical importance of oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas for global food security and for sustaining economic prosperity and the well-being of many nations. She noted that while progress had been made with regard to an institutional framework for the oceans with the establishment, inter alia, of the Consultative Process, much more remained to be done.", "7. Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs, stressed that billions of people around the world were dependent on the oceans and their resources for their livelihood. Yet, oceans were among the most threatened ecosystems, including from the loss of marine biodiversity, pollution, global warming, acidification, coral bleaching and declining fish stocks. These challenges highlighted the urgency of taking action to ensure the sustainable management and use of marine resources for current and future generations.", "8. The meeting adopted the format and annotated provisional agenda and approved the proposed organization of work.", "Agenda item 3 General exchange of views", "9. The discussions held on the topic of focus at the plenary meetings and within the panels are reflected in paragraphs 11 to 85 below.", "10. Delegations expressed their appreciation for the addendum to the report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/66/70/Add.1). Several delegations highlighted the challenges and emerging issues identified in the report, noting its conclusion that while progress had been achieved, the full implementation of many of the goals and targets for the sustainable development of oceans and seas required further efforts by States, intergovernmental organizations and other relevant actors.", "Area of focus: Contributing to the assessment, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development and addressing new and emerging challenges", "11. In accordance with the annotated agenda, discussions in the panel were structured around four segments: (a) sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea; (b) overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development; (c) new and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas; and (d) the road to Rio+20 and beyond. The segments were launched by presentations from panellists, which were followed by discussions.", "12. Delegations highlighted the timeliness and critical importance of the topic of focus, noting that the oceans and seas, in the light of their economic, social and environmental significance, should feature prominently in the discussions and outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. The importance of the topic of focus to developing countries was particularly emphasized.", "13. With reference to one of the themes of the conference, which was entitled “Green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, some delegations noted that for many countries, a “green economy” was a “blue economy”.", "1. Sustainable development, oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Panel presentations", "14. Brice Lalonde, Co-Executive Coordinator, United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, provided a presentation on the challenges faced in the implementation of legal instruments relating to the oceans and the need to address the multiple threats to the oceans. In particular, Mr. Lalonde emphasized the important role of regional organizations, including in the gathering of scientific knowledge through cooperation and coordination. He stressed the need for science-based measures and the importance of ecosystem-based approaches, integrated coastal management and environment impact assessments. Cherdsak Virapat, Executive Director, International Oceans Institute, discussed the relationship between the oceans and the three pillars of sustainable development. He emphasized the nexus between oceans and coastal areas and the ever-increasing pressures on ocean ecosystems from human activities, despite efforts by the international community to develop a global and comprehensive governance regime for the oceans. Mr. Virapat stressed the need for human society to change its behaviour to achieve the goals of sustainable interaction with the environment and the oceans.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "15. The role of oceans in achieving the three pillars of sustainable development was emphasized. It was noted that the oceans, including coastal areas, were critical for life, food security and the prosperity of humankind. The health of the oceans and the management of their resources were directly related to development opportunities for many peoples, in particular in small island developing States. The role of healthy oceans in providing ecosystem services as part of the Earth’s ecological cycles, including by absorbing carbon and providing oxygen, was also stressed. In particular, the significance of the contribution of fisheries to the social pillar was highlighted, as well-managed fisheries provided food security and employment. Fisheries were also essential for trade and commerce for many coastal States that rely heavily on those resources, in particular small island developing States.", "16. Several delegations recalled that a central principle of sustainable development was intergenerational equity, which stressed the pursuance of development in a manner that used natural resources rationally and sustainably so that future generations could also enjoy the benefits of current development. Reference was also made to intragenerational equity. Many delegations noted the need to balance and strengthen linkages among the economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. Some delegations stressed that all three elements should be considered as an integrated whole and not as separate pillars. The view was expressed that such an approach required consideration of the relevant economic, ecological and social aspects at the local, national, regional and global levels, and that there was no “one-size-fits-all” solution.", "17. Several delegations were of the view that, in achieving sustainable development, fragmentation of the law of the sea should be avoided. They recalled that activities in the oceans were governed by the law of the sea as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the integrity of which should be preserved. In that regard, it was recalled that ratification of the Convention was the most significant action a State could take towards sustainable development. It was also noted that the convening of the Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 would coincide with the thirtieth anniversary of the adoption of the Convention.", "18. With reference to the role of regional organizations in the sustainable development of oceans and the law of the sea, some delegations expressed concern at a proposal from a panellist that the mandates of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements into regional ocean management organizations. It was stressed that regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements were already coping with challenges in fulfilling existing mandates and that it was not likely that they would have either the capacity or the mandate to address issues such as marine protected areas. Other delegations emphasized the existing legal framework established by the Convention and its implementing agreements and the tools already available to face those challenges.", "19. The central role of the General Assembly as a decision-making body, particularly in aspects related to the sustainable development of oceans and seas, was emphasized.", "20. With regard to cooperation and coordination, some delegations noted the plethora of international conventions, conferences and legal frameworks dealing with marine issues, and highlighted the need to harmonize the vision of the international community and develop synergies in order to promote the sustainable management of the oceans. The importance of cross-sectoral cooperation between organizations with mandates to regulate different activities, particularly at the regional level, was noted. The need for integrated management and the sustainable development of coastal areas, as well as the adoption of ecosystem approaches, was also emphasized.", "21. In this context, it was recalled that in the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), it was recommended that an effective, transparent and regular inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues be established within the United Nations system, which led to the establishment of UN-Oceans. The view was expressed that there was a need to re-evaluate the role of UN-Oceans (see also paras. 87-91) in increasing coherence and supporting Member States in the implementation of ocean-related policies.", "22. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the importance of applying a precautionary approach as called for in Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and as reiterated by the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea in its advisory opinion on the responsibilities and obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the area. Several delegations supported the application of an ecosystem approach to managing human activities in the oceans, including by using tools, consistent with international law, such as marine protected areas and coastal and marine spatial planning. Reference was also made to Principle 2 of the Rio Declaration, according to which States had the responsibility to ensure that activities within their jurisdiction did not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limit of national jurisdiction. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities was also recalled by many delegations.", "2. Overview of progress to date and the remaining gaps in the implementation of the outcomes of the major summits on sustainable development", "(a) Panel presentations", "23. Luis Valdés, Head of Ocean Sciences of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization (IOC/UNESCO), noted gaps in marine scientific research, the fragmentation of the governance of oceans within the United Nations and the under-utilization of UN‑Oceans. He cited geo-engineering, vulnerable deep-sea ecosystems and marine plastics as the most significant emerging issues. Kriangsak Kittichaisaree, Ambassador of Thailand to Australia, presented the remaining gaps and challenges in capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology, including in the area of energy-related research; marine biotechnology, strengthening management structures, protection of the marine environment; disaster preparedness, sustainable fisheries development; sea-level rise; waste management and addressing the adverse effects of climate change. Sebastian Mathew, Executive Secretary, International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, highlighted the existing gaps between summit outcomes, national legislations and policies for the sustainable development of capture fisheries and implementation at the national and local levels. He attributed such a gap mainly to lack of capacity, insufficient scientific knowledge, absence of political commitment and poor governance. Phil Weaver, Coordinator, Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man’s Impact on European Seas, noted the destructive impacts of bottom fishing on marine species and the seabed. He emphasized the importance of impact assessments, the application of a precautionary approach and the need for surveillance of fishing vessels. Alo Babajide, Professor, University of Lagos, identified the gaps, challenges and priorities in marine environmental protection from marine pollution necessary to achieve the three pillars of sustainable development, highlighting the costs of inaction. He addressed implementing mechanisms and noted the role of the Large Marine Ecosystems projects in support of the ecosystem approach and integrated management.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "24. Delegations recalled positive commitments made at major summits on sustainable development. Many delegations referred also to the Manado Ocean Declaration and the outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, many delegations noted with concern the gap between the adoption of commitments and their implementation. Several delegations stated that while important political efforts had been undertaken to meet these commitments, including by perfecting the normative framework, shortcomings in implementation remained in relation to oceans.", "25. Several delegations noted that many of the commitments made at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and subscribed in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, especially relating to coastal developing States and small island developing States, had not been met.", "26. A number of delegations emphasized the need for greater efforts in the implementation of existing agreements and commitments, particularly at the national level, in order to advance the sustainable development agenda. In this regard, a key message from Agenda 21, “to think globally and act locally”, was recalled. It was suggested that the aggregate of actions at the national level would translate into action at the international level. The need to develop policies at the local level, for example with small-scale fishing communities, was highlighted.", "27. Some delegations stressed the importance of flag State responsibility and the need for States, in order to be responsible fishing nations, to become party to important international instruments such as the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement and the Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing approved by the Committee on Fisheries of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). It was noted that States could be responsible fishing nations without becoming party to such Agreements and that their performance should be evaluated on the basis of their actions.", "28. Noting the importance of scientific knowledge for the sound management and conservation of the oceans, some delegations expressed the need for greater efforts in strengthening the ability of the IOC/UNESCO and regional organizations in building capacity in marine science. Reference was also made to the International Seabed Authority as a possible model for the promotion of cooperation and coordination of capacity-building and transfer of marine technology.", "29. The view was expressed that good governance was essential for poverty eradication and sustainable development but still constituted a considerable challenge for the United Nations system. In particular, the reference to good governance contained in the 2002 Monterrey Consensus of the International Conference on Financing for Development and the ocean governance goals identified at the World Summit on Sustainable Development were highlighted. In that regard, there was still a need to identify to what extent such goals had been achieved. The lack of clarity on the institutional and regulatory mechanisms needed for achieving the target of protection of 10 per cent of oceans by 2020 was also noted. A concern was expressed about the institutional and budgetary weakening of the international bodies mandated to examine the implementation of the rules relating to maritime protection.", "30. Attention was drawn to the Marine Strategic Framework Directive of the European Union according to which, inter alia, an ecosystem-based approach would be applied to the management of human activities. In this context, from 2012, Member States of the European Union would need to assess, through regular assessments, the cost of degradation of the marine environment.", "31. The central role of the Convention in the context of the recommendations adopted at the major summits on sustainable development was noted. It was suggested that the 1995 United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement had provided the foundation for a robust international fisheries regulatory regime and codified modern principles of fisheries conservation and management. The issue of transparency, with particular reference to the need of having States properly reporting their fishing efforts to the regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in which they participated, was also highlighted.", "32. It was also noted that the 1995 Agreement had included the establishment of an Assistance Fund under Part VII which was often underresourced and which therefore frustrated the expectations of developing States. An appeal was made for contributions to the Assistance Fund.", "33. Several delegations expressed the view that the major remaining gaps in the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation in respect of sustainable fisheries related to overfishing and fishing overcapacity, as well as fisheries subsidies. In this connection, noting that removing harmful subsidies had economic, environmental and developmental benefits, the view was expressed that it would be welcome if the issue of subsidies could be discussed in the preparation for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development (see also para. 66).", "34. Other delegations observed that a lack of monitoring, control and surveillance capacity affected the ability of some States to regulate activities in their exclusive economic zone. Delegations stressed the need to address illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, destructive fishing practices, by-catch and discards, single-species management, data reporting and ineffective fisheries management. A concern was also expressed about continued shark finning.", "35. With regard to bottom trawling, attention was drawn to the upcoming workshop to discuss implementation of relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 on the impact of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks, which was seen as the most suitable forum to deal with the technical aspects of bottom fishing.", "36. The view was expressed that the economic benefits of deep sea fisheries were negligible in absolute terms and disproportionately small when compared with the negative impact on the marine environment.", "37. Several delegations stressed the need to apply more effectively modern conservation and management principles to fisheries management, such as the precautionary and ecosystem approaches. In this connection, many delegations expressed concern that several of the goals set up by the sustainable development summits, in particular the application of the ecosystem approach by 2010, the achievement by 2010 of a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels, and the establishment of representative networks of marine protected networks by 2012, had not been met.", "38. Reference was also made to the alarming statistics contained in the FAO report State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, highlighting the need to strengthen the regulatory regime for regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with a view to making them more accountable, transparent and open. In that regard, attention was drawn to the recommendations of the Resumed Review Conference on the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement relating to the need to modernize the mandate of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements and to undertake regular performance reviews. Attention was also drawn to the 1982 Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest. In this connection, the importance of the sustainability of tuna fishing for the economy of small island developing States was underscored, and attention was drawn to the 2010 Koror Declaration, which introduced innovative measures, such as expanded and targeted high seas closures. Some delegations proposed that the General Assembly exercise oversight of the performance of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements. However, the North-East Atlantic was identified as an area where the competent regional fisheries management organization had successfully addressed illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing through, inter alia, the use of black lists.", "39. Some delegations highlighted the importance and vulnerability of migrating cetaceans, which sustained coastal communities engaged in commercial whale and dolphin watching operations. They noted the ecosystem services provided by cetaceans, for example, baleen whales recycle organic iron and convert it into mineral iron. It was noted that only one fifth of cetaceans was covered by the current legal and policy frameworks. The fragmented level of protection of whales, for example, constituted a substantial hindrance to the fair and sustainable development of the oceans. They observed that further international cooperation was needed on this issue, with the view to adopting a collective policy, in conformity with applicable international law, including the Convention, to ensure the protection of cetaceans on the high seas. Some other delegations highlighted in this regard the fundamental principle that renewable resources must be harvested in a sustainable way. They expressed their readiness to continue to cooperate within existing competent forums, namely the International Whaling Commission and the North Atlantic Marine Mammals Commission.", "40. With regard to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity, many delegations highlighted that a step towards overcoming a major gap in the implementation of the Convention had been taken at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, held from 31 May to 3 June 2011. The Working Group had recommended that a process be initiated, by the General Assembly with a view to ensuring that the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction effectively addressed those issues by identifying gaps and ways forward, including through the implementation of existing instruments and the possible development of a multilateral agreement under the Convention. This process would address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction, in particular, together and as whole, marine genetic resources, including questions on the sharing of benefits, measures such as area-based management tools, including marine protected areas, and environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology.", "41. Some delegations noted that marine protected areas had been recognized as an important management tool, including mitigating and buffering some of the impacts on the oceans from coastal and offshore development, overfishing, climate change, natural events, and other stressors. Some delegations pointed out the slow progress towards achieving the 2012 target for establishing marine protected areas, consistent with international law and based on the best scientific information available, including representative networks. Several delegations highlighted the need to establish marine protected areas in areas beyond national jurisdiction. With reference to the work of the Working Group (see para. 40), other delegations stressed the need to address jurisdictional issues and develop institutional structures for areas beyond national jurisdiction that represented the interests of the international community as a whole.", "42. The absence of a global mechanism for the designation of marine protected areas beyond areas of national jurisdiction was also noted by some delegations. Reference was made to the relevant outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, emphasizing the adoption of a new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including targets on sustainable fisheries and on coastal and marine protected areas, as well as the process established in decision X/29 of the Conference of the Parties to identify ecologically or biologically significant areas.", "43. In order to ensure the sustainable use of marine goods and services, several delegations noted the need to adequately assess and understand the state and functioning of the oceans to support an integrated and ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities that had an impact on the marine environment. In that regard, reference was made to the importance of an operational regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects.", "44. The view was expressed that an ecosystem approach was needed for the management of all users and uses, including tourism, merchant shipping, mining and fishing. In this connection, reference was made to the importance of establishing regional marine scientific and technological centres in small island developing States.", "45. With regard to marine pollution, the need for further work in reducing the impacts of marine debris, underwater noise and land-based activities on the oceans was stressed. Marine debris was a transboundary issue, requiring regional cooperation and coordination. The phenomenon of invasive species was also underscored as a threat to biodiversity and a significant factor in its decline. The work of the International Maritime Organization in addressing ballast water was underlined (see also para. 92). It was noted that a decrease of biodiversity also affected fisheries, tourism and commerce. Attention was also drawn to the lack of a legal regime on liability and compensation related to damage caused by pollution generated in connection with offshore exploration and exploitation activities.", "46. The view was expressed that transboundary pollution from offshore oil platforms constituted a concern which should be addressed, and noted ongoing work in this regard. Some delegations discussed the possibility of the development of new instruments to address emerging issues relating to activities such as offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation. Other delegations emphasized that the issue was adequately covered by existing obligations under international law to protect the marine environment, including the Convention, and stressed the need to fully implement them.", "47. Several delegations were of the view that pollution research projects should address these new threats to the marine environment. Research was also necessary on the impact of climate change on oceans.", "48. Some delegations also expressed concern with regard to the risks associated with the transportation of hazardous and radioactive waste through the Caribbean Sea.", "49. The general view was expressed that capacity-building was critical for the achievement of the sustainable development of oceans and seas. It was also noted that changes in technology had expanded access to data from the Global Ocean Observing System, which served as an important resource for scientists, ocean and coastal resource managers, emergency responders, policymakers, educators, and those who used the oceans for their recreation and livelihood.", "50. Attention was drawn to the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology and the need to apply them. It was noted that the role of IOC with regard to the transfer of technology should be further explored. With regard to activities in the Area, the competence of the International Seabed Authority for transfer of technology was underlined.", "51. Reference was made to the need to consider balancing the requirements of developing States with proprietary rights linked to the transfer of technology.", "52. The need for a coordinated approach to capacity-building and technology transfer was noted. In this regard, identifying the capacity gaps, which may hinder effective participation in the sustainable development of oceans and finding solutions to these gaps was considered necessary. Some delegations suggested that this could include the establishment of a clearing house mechanism for providers and recipients.", "53. Several delegations also recognized that capacity-building was an important aspect of research. Examples of effective capacity-building programmes were referred to, including the Nansen Programme, which aimed at building capacity through fisheries research and management and institutional strengthening. Reference was also made to examples of South-South cooperation, in particular in regard to marine and coastal fish farming and the development of alternative, renewable energy.", "Information session", "54. The Co-Chairs invited Professor Alex Rogers, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, to inform delegations of a recently released report on an international expert workshop on ocean stresses and impacts. Professor Rogers highlighted a wide range of impacts on the oceans due to human activities, which had major implications for the function and resilience of marine ecosystems. He expressed particular concern over the unprecedented rate of climate change and the need for action to protect ecosystems. He recommended urgent action to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, a coherent strategy of ecosystems restoration and effective management of the high seas.", "3. New and emerging challenges for the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas", "(a) Panel presentations", "55. Yoshinobu Takei, Assistant Professor, School of Law, Utrecht University, discussed the challenges and opportunities in achieving the goal of sustainable development through the integrated management of oceans and seas. He examined coral reef management as an example to illustrate ways in which States could achieve integrated management and the difficulties related thereto. Ussif Rashid Sumaila, Professor, University of British Columbia, highlighted some of the impacts of global warming on the sustainable use of ocean fish resources such as changes in fish productivity, distributional range of species, migration patterns, increases in coral bleaching, ocean acidification, and changes in ecosystem composition; as well as economic effects through changes in catches and catch values. He noted, for example, that the value of fish stocks in West Africa could decrease by up to 50 per cent. Tullio Scovazzi, Professor of International Law, University of Milan-Bicocca, provided a legal perspective on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity within and beyond the limits of national jurisdiction while emphasizing the need to consider how the Convention could evolve to address new issues such as a regime for marine genetic resources and the establishment of a network of marine protected areas, as well as environmental impact assessments, capacity-building and the transfer of marine technology. Jacqueline Alder, Head of Freshwater and Marine Ecosystem Branch, Division of Environmental Policy Implementation, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), highlighted the scope and nature of globally significant emerging issues relating to governance, pollution and the industrialization of the oceans.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "56. A wide range of new and emerging challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas was highlighted as requiring attention. In particular, delegations expressed concern over the loss of biodiversity and related services; impacts on vulnerable marine ecosystems, including corals; overexploitation of resources; harmful subsidies; marine debris and microplastics; invasive alien species; underwater noise; and the accumulation of chemicals and excessive nutrients in the oceans.", "57. Several delegations noted that the challenges affecting sustainable development were interlinked and could not be addressed in isolation. These delegations also stressed that the interplay between these issues could produce challenges that were not addressed under current policies. It was noted, for example, that research on climate change usually focused on individual impacts, and that cumulative impacts might have unknown consequences.", "58. Many delegations also highlighted the environmental vulnerability and isolation of small island developing States, whose culture, livelihoods and economies were being threatened by unsustainable uses of marine resources and by climate change. In this regard several delegations raised concerns over the impacts of climate change on oceans including sea level rise and ocean acidification. Many delegations agreed on the need to address climate change in the context of the principles set out in the United Nations Framework for the Convention on Climate Change. In particular, reference was made to how climate change impacts relate to water supplies and food security.", "59. It was noted that the lack of information and technology as well as institutional capacity within developing States to address, in particular climate change, needed to be taken into consideration. Other delegations called for increased international cooperation and data sharing on observations and research to better understand and anticipate the effects of ocean acidification on the marine environment. Several delegations also noted the role of renewable energy in sustainable development, including in the minimization of the risk of climate change and reduction of poverty. The importance of a precautionary approach in the development of renewable energies to manage environmental impacts was noted.", "60. Several delegations also highlighted the impact of climate change on fish stocks, including redistribution of fish populations.", "61. Some delegations emphasized that changes in the distribution of stocks could lead to the collapse of existing agreements in regional fisheries management organizations where allocations were based on the location of these resources. Some delegations suggested that there was a need for an international instrument on the allocation of fish stocks, since this issue was not dealt with in the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement.", "62. With regard to ocean acidification, concerns were expressed over the lack of capacity to monitor the impacts of acidification, particularly in developing countries.", "63. With regard to ocean fertilization, concern was expressed about the possible impact on the marine environment.", "64. Several delegations noted that although marine debris was not a new challenge, its effects on marine ecosystems were becoming more apparent due, in particular, to pervasiveness of microplastics. They suggested that this matter deserved particular attention at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development. It was noted by a panellist that UNEP had a comprehensive waste management programme in place.", "65. In regard to underwater noise, several delegations highlighted that the marine environment had experienced an acute growth of noise events, particularly in the shipping and energy sectors and military activities. A panellist stressed that noise could seriously affect marine species, including mammals, and could cause dramatic reductions in fishing catch rates. Several delegations called for immediate action on this issue.", "66. As to overfishing, the view was expressed that there was a need to eliminate harmful subsidies. Although attractive in the short term, subsidies could undermine the resource base in the long term. Several delegations emphasized that the appropriate forum for this issue was the Doha Round of the World Trade Organization. Some delegations stated that it was important not to treat all subsidies the same way since they could be used to fund adaptive measures, such as the diversification of local economies. It was suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development process could provide a new important opportunity to address issues related to subsidies.", "67. Some delegations emphasized the need to recognize the important contribution of artisanal and small scale fishing communities to sustainable development. In this regard, it was recalled that Agenda 21 had reflected and recognized the importance of artisanal and small scale fisheries to sustainable development. Some delegations suggested that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should reaffirm the importance of these issues.", "68. Reference was made to the use of industrial scale floating aquaculture farms. There was a need to increase national and international efforts to address aquaculture, including through data collection, best practices and certification guidelines.", "69. Several delegations expressed views on possible solutions to the wide range of challenges to the sustainable development and use of oceans and seas, while emphasizing that ecosystems were at the centre of management efforts. These delegations also highlighted the need to preserve the integrity of ecosystems and to make the ecosystem approach operational. The potential role of the Regular Process was emphasized.", "70. Many delegations stated that the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group was a significant move forward and a delicately balanced outcome (see also para. 40).", "71. Many delegations underlined the need to address the question of the relevant legal regime for marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. These delegations expressed support for the possible development of an implementing agreement to address the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Some delegations supported the inclusion of language in this regard in the outcome document of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development.", "72. Other delegations expressed the view that the solution to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity should be sought by maximizing the implementation of existing instruments. With reference to the outcome of the fourth meeting of the Working Group, it was stressed by those delegations that the implementation of existing instruments and the identification of implementation gaps was an equally important part of the process.", "4. The road to Rio+20 and beyond", "(a) Panel presentations", "73. Biliana Cicin-Sain, President of the Global Ocean Forum and Director of the Gerard J. Mangone Centre for Marine Policy, University of Delaware, reflected on oceans and the Rio process, what had been achieved and what needed to be done, focusing on two issues, namely integrated ecosystem-based ocean governance and climate change. She also presented some elements of a possible “oceans package” at the Conference on Sustainable Development, within the framework of the Conference’s major themes. Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa, Minister Plenipotentiary in the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations, and member ex officio of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, described the commitments undertaken with respect to sustainable development and oceans. She noted the following as persistent challenges to be addressed: unsustainable fisheries; capacity development for sustainable fisheries; loss of habitat, including coral reefs and mangrove areas; environmental impact assessments; invasive alien species; nuclear waste; ocean acidification and sea level rise; vulnerability of small island developing States; and biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. She also noted the need to address coordination and cooperation of ocean-related agencies and organizations in the future discussions on an institutional framework for sustainable development. She also recalled that the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had also called for strengthening the ability of IOC/UNESCO, FAO and other relevant international and regional and subregional organizations to build national and local capacity in marine science and the sustainable management of oceans and their resources.", "(b) Plenary and panel discussions", "74. Several delegations expressed the view that for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to be a success, it should deliver a strong outcome for oceans, fisheries and biodiversity. The view was expressed that Governments should consider taking bold actions at Rio+20, including the need to reaffirm existing commitments and develop new initiatives. In the light of the various inputs to be made to the 2012 Conference, a coordinated approach with regard to oceans issues was needed in order to avoid a fragmentation of the law of the sea.", "75. Many delegations called for linking the “blue economy” to the “green economy”, within the context of eradication of poverty and sustainable development. Ocean priorities could be raised to a higher level of international attention and awareness with a view to achieving sustainable development objectives. In the light of the fact that many of the commitments which had been agreed in Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation had not yet been implemented, the need for setting realistic targets and goals that would be fully implemented instead of more ambitious targets was also pointed out. The view was expressed that renewed efforts should be directed towards implementation and enforcement of existing measures. It was stressed that the ability of developing countries to attain those targets required continued assistance at the international, regional, national and local levels.", "76. A suggestion was made to focus on specific issues, such as food security, ocean acidification and effective conservation and management of marine ecosystems. Several other delegations called for the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development to place an emphasis on the particular vulnerability and needs of small island developing States. The need to give serious consideration to issues related to sustainable production and consumption, in particular sustainable seafood consumption, was also highlighted. The role of renewable and alternative sources of energy was identified as crucial for the fulfilment of the three pillars of sustainable development and the accomplishment of a “green economy”, with the importance of a precautionary approach noted (see also para. 59). The general view was expressed that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should assist the international community in its consideration of effective conservation and management measures for the oceans, including through adequate frameworks, policies and mechanisms.", "77. It was noted that the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development would provide an opportunity to consider the best policy tools for countries to move forward towards a “green economy” while avoiding new “green” barriers to trade. In that regard, the Conference should focus on reform and removal of existing disincentives to “green” growth such as harmful fossil fuel and fisheries subsidies. The proposals for special and differentiated treatment for developing countries, with respect to fisheries subsidies in the context of negotiations within the World Trade Organization were recalled.", "78. With particular reference to fisheries, the view was expressed that the outcome of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development should ensure that global fisheries were fair, sustainable and accountable. In that regard, the important responsibility entrusted to regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to conserve and manage global fish stocks was recalled. However, the need to improve the mandate of such organizations was underlined, as was the necessity to apply ecosystem approaches to fisheries. A proposal was made that the General Assembly exercise an oversight role over the performance of the regional fisheries management organizations.", "79. With regard to marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction, the need for a specific legal regime under the Convention was stressed by many delegations. The role of the International Seabed Authority with regard to the protection and preservation of the marine environment in the area, including marine biodiversity, as evidenced by the regulations adopted by its Assembly, was pointed out.", "80. With respect to area-based management tools, a view was expressed that the 2012 Conference should recognize the need to improve the effectiveness of existing and future marine protected areas to increase marine resilience to climate change and ocean acidification.", "81. The need to evaluate the impacts of human activities on the environment to inform policy planning was highlighted. In that regard, the view was expressed that the Conference on Sustainable Development would contribute to raising awareness about the need for impact assessments. A proposal was made that the Conference promote the development of assessment processes, including for cumulative impact assessments of human activities on the marine environment.", "82. The role of marine technology transfer in building capacity and in contributing to sustainable development was underscored. It was noted that the cooperation called for under Part XIV of the Convention in relation to the transfer of marine technology could be envisaged in both a North-South and South-South context. It was also observed that the transfer of marine technology required enabling environments that would attract investments.", "83. With regard to the institutional framework, it was proposed that a focus be placed on pragmatic reforms of existing institutions rather than larger scale institutional change. The need to enhance cooperation and coordination among the agencies of the United Nations in accelerating the achievement of the goals and targets set in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation was stressed. A concern was expressed, however, that the establishment of new structures could lead to fragmentation of the law of the sea.", "84. The essential role of regional and national institutions was also recognized. The need for institutional frameworks, including at the international level, allowing for integration across the three pillars of sustainable development was highlighted. Closer cooperation among fisheries, environmental and other ocean bodies was considered crucial for an integrated approach to managing ocean issues and addressing cumulative impacts of various human activities.", "85. Several delegations proposed that the Informal Consultative Process should agree on specific elements to be forwarded to the Conference on Sustainable Development. These could include: the close link among the three pillars of sustainable development, including seas and oceans, in particular for small island developing States; the need for sustainable development to take into consideration environmental, economic, social and human aspects; the importance of restoring the health of ocean ecosystems as a priority for realizing sustainable development, food security, poverty eradication and the establishment of a sustainable blue economy; the fact that many of the goals on oceans and sustainable development agreed upon at previous summits had not been achieved, in particular those included in chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation; reconfirming and, where necessary, updating such commitments; taking concrete steps to achieve an integrated and ecosystem-based approach for the management of human activities having an effect on marine ecosystems; tackling emerging issues, such as marine debris, underwater noise, invasive species and their cumulative impacts on biodiversity, including beyond areas of national jurisdiction; enhancing resilience of marine ecosystems in the face of ocean acidification; linking an ecosystem approach and commitments for the regular assessment of the state of the marine environment as a basis for informed decision-making; further integrating the value of ecosystem services, including the cost of degradation, in decision-making processes, including through market-based mechanisms; the importance of management of fisheries resources in a manner that guarantees their long-term sustainability, including by ensuring that fishing capacity is commensurate with fishing possibilities, through the elimination of harmful subsidies and the application of an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management; renewing commitments for all economic sectors having an impact on the marine environment, including shipping, offshore energy and land-based impacts; capacity-building and technology transfer; confirming commitments made at other processes, in particular at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity on marine biodiversity; the importance of marine biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction for the integrity of marine ecosystems, and their related goods and services as an essential element for sustainable development, including for developing countries. The specific legal regime for biodiversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction under the Convention was noted as an element for consideration. They considered that these matters could be brought before the Conference on Sustainable Development for the endorsement of a way forward.", "Agenda item 4 Inter-agency cooperation and coordination", "86. Andrew Hudson, Principal Technical Advisor, International Waters, United Nations Development Programme, and UN-Oceans Coordinator, reported on the most recent work of UN-Oceans and of the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection.", "87. He informed the meeting about the main outcomes of the ninth meeting of UN‑Oceans, held in New York on 17 June 2011, at which participating agencies discussed the possibility of conducting a review of UN-Oceans aimed at identifying its strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for improvement.", "88. Mr. Hudson also briefed the meeting about the initiatives taken by member agencies to ensure the visibility of ocean-related topics at the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development, as well as in the planning and preparation for the Expo 2012, to be held in Yeosu, Republic of Korea, on the theme “The living ocean and coast — diversity of resources and sustainable activities”.", "89. He provided updates about the various activities of UN-Oceans task forces and informed the meeting about the decision to establish a new Task Force on Marine Debris, co-led by UNEP and IMO, with strong links to the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection. Mr. Hudson also described ongoing upgrades to the United Nations Atlas of the Oceans, welcomed $45,000 of new funding, and expressed the hope that such financial support would continue on an annual basis. Responding to questions, Mr. Hudson observed that the establishment of new task forces had been made pursuant to one of the core mandates of UN-Oceans on the identification of emerging issues and the establishment of task teams to deal with them, as appropriate.", "90. A view was expressed that UN-Oceans should be strengthened and that its transparency, visibility and relevance increased in view of the 2012 Conference on Sustainable Development in accordance with the mandate contained in General Assembly resolution 57/141 and that participation of member States in the work of UN-Oceans should be given consideration. The suggestion was made that a review of UN-Oceans may also benefit from lessons learned from other inter-agency coordination mechanisms, such as UN-Water and UN-Energy.", "91. With regard to how UN-Oceans could coordinate the scheduling of ocean-related meetings to avoid overlaps, Mr. Hudson suggested that the circulation of a calendar of existing ocean-related events could assist UN-Oceans members in planning future events. It was further noted that such a task is expected to be done by the secretariats, which are part of UN-Oceans.", "92. Mr. Hudson recalled the scientific contribution of the Joint Group of Experts towards the advancement of chapter 17 of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and drew attention to its work, including on ballast waters, atmospheric emissions from ships and coastal pollution sources, and ocean acidification in areas of heavy shipping traffic. In the light of the harmful effects of invasive species on marine ecosystems, States were called upon to ratify the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments.", "93. Mr. Hudson also underscored the continuing availability of the Joint Group of Experts to contribute to the Regular Process, if requested, and recalled the partnership with the Global Environment Facility Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. He further highlighted the work of the Joint Group of Experts on emerging issues, such as microplastics, and the availability of the Joint Group of Experts to provide its scientific contributions to States and international organizations.", "94. The role of the Joint Group of Experts as an inter-agency scientific committee was noted, and reference was made to the difficulties the Joint Group of Experts continued to face in its work because of a lack of funding.", "Agenda item 5 Process for the selection of topics and panellists so as to facilitate the work of the General Assembly", "95. With regard to the topics to be discussed at upcoming meetings of the Informal Consultative Process, several delegations recalled the conclusion reached at the tenth meeting that the Informal Consultative Process should address issues related to the three pillars of sustainable development. The view was expressed that conservation and development were interlinked and therefore could not be examined independently from each other.", "96. Several delegations reiterated the need for concept papers to be preferably circulated no later than the first round of informal consultations of the General Assembly on the resolution on oceans and the law of the sea, to allow delegations sufficient time to study them. The practice of choosing topics for at least two consecutive years was considered productive, although caution was raised at this suggestion, as adequate examination of proposed topics is needed.", "97. The difficulty of organizing panels was recognized and several delegations noted the need to allow the Co-Chairs some degree of flexibility. The important role of the Co-Chairs in identifying and inviting competent individuals to participate as panellists and in maintaining the appropriate regional balance was also stressed.", "98. Some delegations stressed the usefulness of the preparatory meeting and in this connection welcomed the efforts of the Co-Chairs to consult Member States.", "99. The Co-Chairs reiterated their appeal to contribute to the voluntary trust fund established under General Assembly resolution 55/7 to assist the representatives of developing States, in particular least developed States, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, to attend the meetings of the Consultative Process as an essential means to ensure participation of both experts and attendees from developing countries. The Secretariat provided an update on the status of the Trust Fund.", "Agenda item 6 Issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea", "100. The attention of the meeting was drawn to the composite streamlined list prepared by the Co-Chairs of issues that could benefit from attention in the future work of the General Assembly on oceans and the law of the sea.[3] An intergovernmental organization highlighted the issue of climate change and, in particular ocean acidification, as directly linked to all three pillars of sustainable development. It noted, in this regard, that the increase of ocean acidification was directly linked to shifts in concentration of fish, negative impacts on corals and to the transmission of ocean noise. Another source of concern was the harmful effect of acidification on coral reefs that serve as vital fish habitats that protect food and employment and also coastal communities from storm surges.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The summary is intended for reference purposes only and not as a record of the discussions.", "[3] Available from http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_ info.htm#-List%20of%20issues." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目76(a)", "海洋和海洋法", "联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议的工作报告", "2011年7月22日协商进程共同主席给大会主席的信", "按照大会2010年12月7日第65/37 A号决议，我们被任命为联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议的共同主席。", "我们谨向你提交所附的2011年6月20日至24日在联合国总部举行的非正式协商进程第十二次会议的工作报告。会议成果包括第十二次会议期间讨论的问题的摘要和构想。根据以往惯例，请将本函和协商进程报告作为大会第六十六届会议议程题为“海洋和海洋法”的项目的文件分发为荷。", "此外，恳请注意会议委托我们提请将于2012年在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展问题会议注意第十二次会议的成果。因此，还请将包括可提请在会议框架内注意的问题的所附文件传递会议筹备进程主席团共同主席为荷。", "共同主席", "米兰·贾亚·尼亚姆拉辛·米塔尔班(签名)", "唐·麦凯(签名)", "海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议", "(2011年6月20日至24日)", "共同主席的讨论摘要 [1]", "1. 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议于2011年6月20日至24日举行。会议依照大会第65/37 A号决议，重点讨论了题为“促进联合国可持续发展会议评估执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距，处理新的和新出现的挑战”的专题。", "2. 出席会议的有来自88个会员国、17个政府间组织和其他机构及12个非政府组织的代表。", "3. 会议收到了以下相关文件：(a) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1)；(b) 会议形式和附加说明的临时议程(A/AC.259/L.12)。", "4. 会议还收到欧洲联盟(A/AC.259/20)和太平洋小岛屿发展中国家(A/AC.259/21)的呈件。", "议程项目1和2", "会议开幕和通过议程", "5. 两位共同主席唐·麦凯(新西兰)和米兰·贾亚·尼亚姆拉辛·米塔尔班(毛里求斯)在开幕词中着重指出海洋对可持续发展的重要性，尤其是对于沿海发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家来说，因为其生计有赖于健康的海岸和海洋生态系统。海洋必须处在联合国可持续发展会议议程的显著位置。", "6. 主管法律事务的副秘书长兼法律顾问帕特里夏•奥布赖恩代表秘书长强调指出，海洋、岛屿和沿海区对于全球粮食安全和许多国家持续经济繁荣与福祉至关重要。她指出，特别是在协商进程建立后，海洋体制框架方面取得了进展，但仍有许多工作要做。", "7. 主管经济和社会事务的副秘书长沙祖康强调，全世界数十亿人的生计依赖于海洋及其资源。然而，海洋是受到最大威胁的生态系统，包括受到海洋生物多样性丧失、污染、全球升温、酸化、珊瑚漂白和鱼类种群减少的威胁。这些挑战凸显了采取行动确保为今世后代可持续管理和利用海洋资源的紧迫性。", "8. 会议通过了会议的形式和附加说明的临时议程，并核准了拟议工作安排。", "议程项目3", "一般性交流意见", "9. 在全会和小组讨论中对重点专题的讨论情况见下文第11至85段。", "10. 各代表团表示赞赏秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1)。几个代表团着重指出该报告查明的挑战和新出现的问题，同时注意到报告的结论，即虽然取得了进展，许多海洋可持续发展目标和指标的充分执行需要各国、政府间组织和其他相关行为体作出进一步努力。", "重点领域：促进联合国可持续发展会议评估执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距，处理新的和新出现的挑战。", "11. 按照附加说明的议程，小组讨论分四部分进行：(a) 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法；(b) 执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概述；(c) 在海洋的可持续发展和利用方面新的和新出现的挑战；(d) 迈向里约＋20和之后的道路。这些部分开始时由小组成员进行演讲，随后进行了讨论。", "12. 各代表团着重强调这一重点专题的及时性和极为重要性，同时指出，由于其经济、社会和环境的重要性，海洋应在联合国可持续发展委员会2012年的讨论和成果中占据突出位置。它们特别强调这一重点专题对发展中国家的重要性。", "13. 关于会议题为“可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济”的主题，一些代表团指出，对于许多国家来说，“绿色经济”就是“蓝色经济”。", "1. 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法", "(a) 小组讲演", "14. 联合国可持续发展会议共同执行协调员Brice Lalonde介绍了在执行海洋相关法律文书方面遇到的挑战，以及应对多种海洋威胁的必要性。Lalonde先生特别强调区域组织的重要作用，特别是在通过合作协调收集科学知识方面。他强调需要科学措施，以及生态系统办法、综合沿海管理和环境影响评估的重要性。国际海洋研究所执行主任Cherdsak Virapat论述了海洋与可持续发展三个支柱之间的关系。他强调海洋和沿海区与人类活动对海洋生态系统的压力与日俱增之间的关系，尽管国际社会努力制定一项全球综合海洋治理制度。Virapat先生强调，人类社会必须改变行为，实现与环境和海洋进行可持续互动的目标。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "15. 海洋在实现可持续发展三个支柱方面的作用得到强调。有代表团指出，海洋及沿海区对于生命、粮食安全和人类繁荣至关重要。海洋健康及其资源管理直接关系到许多国家人民，特别是小岛屿发展中国家人民的发展机会。健康海洋作为地球生态周期的一部分提供生态系统服务的作用，包括吸碳供氧，也得到强调。与会者特别强调渔业对社会支柱做出的贡献的重要性，因为妥善管理的渔业提供粮食安全和就业。渔业对于许多严重依赖这些资源的沿海国家，特别是小岛屿发展中国家的贸易和商业至关重要。", "16. 若干代表团回顾，可持续发展的核心原则是代际公平。代际公平强调以合理和可持续利用自然资源的方式谋求发展，以便后代也可以享受目前发展的收益。有代表团还提及同代公平。许多代表团指出，有必要平衡并加强可持续发展经济、社会和环境支柱之间的联系。一些代表团强调，所有三个要素应作为一个综合整体，而不是分开的支柱加以考虑。有人认为，这种办法需要考虑地方、国家、区域和全球各级有关的经济、生态和社会方面，没有“一刀切”的解决办法。", "17. 若干代表团认为，要实现可持续发展，就必须避免海洋法不成体系的问题。它们回顾，海洋活动遵循1982年《联合国海洋法公约》所反映的国际法，应当保护《公约》的完整性。在这方面，有代表团回顾，批准《公约》是一国可以采取的最重要的实现可持续发展行动。有代表团还注意到，2012年召开可持续发展会议将与《公约》通过30周年巧合。", "18. 关于区域组织在可持续发展海洋与海洋法方面的作用，一些代表团对一个小组成员提议将各区域渔业管理组织和安排的任务扩展到区域海洋管理组织表示关切。有代表团强调，各区域渔业管理组织和安排完成现有任务已经挑战重重，不可能有能力或授权来应对海洋保护区等问题。其他代表团强调，已经有《公约》及其执行协定和工具所建立的现有法律框架来面对这些挑战。", "19. 大会作为决策机构尤其在可持续地发展海洋方面的核心作用，得到了强调。", "20. 关于合作与协调，一些代表团注意到有关海洋问题的众多国际公约、会议和法律框架，并着重指出有必要统一国际社会的愿景并协同合力，以促进海洋的可持续管理。受权管理各种活动的组织之间特别是在区域一级的跨部门合作的重要性得到强调。另外还强调有必要对沿海区进行综合管理和可持续开发，以及采取生态系统办法。", "21. 在这方面，有人回顾，《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)中建议在联合国系统内建立一个有效、透明的海洋和沿海问题经常性机构间协调机制，因此设立了联合国海洋网络。有代表团认为，有必要重新评价联合国海洋网络在增强一致性和支持会员国执行海洋相关政策方面的作用(另见第87至91段)。", "22. 有代表团提请会议注意必须适用《环境与发展问题里约宣言》原则15中要求采用的、国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭有关赞助个人和实体参加“区域”活动的国家的责任和义务的咨询意见中重申的审慎方法。若干代表团支持对管理人类海洋活动采用生态系统办法，包括使用与国际法一致的工具，如海洋保护区及沿海和海洋空间规划。会上还提及《里约宣言》原则2。根据这项原则，各国有责任确保其管辖范围内的活动不损害其他国家或国家管辖范围以外区域的环境。许多代表团还回顾共同但有区别的责任原则。", "2. 执行可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议的成果迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概述", "(a) 小组演讲", "23. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织政府间海洋学委员会(教科文组织/海委会)海洋科学主管Luis Valdés指出海洋科学研究有差距、联合国内海洋治理不统一以及联合国海洋网络利用不足。他列举了地理工程、脆弱的深海生态系统和海洋塑料等新出现的最重要问题。泰国驻澳大利亚大使Kriangsak Kittichaisaree介绍了以下问题：能力建设和海洋技术转让、包括能源相关研究领域仍存在的差距与挑战；海洋生物技术，加强管理结构，保护海洋环境；备灾，可持续渔业发展；海平面上升；废物管理和应对气候变化不利影响。国际渔工援助合作社执行秘书Sebastian Mathew着重指出首脑会议成果、促进捕捞渔业可持续发展的国家立法和政策及在国家和地方各级实施之间现存的差距。他认为这一差距主要产生于缺乏能力、技术知识不够，没有政治承诺和治理欠佳。热点生态系统研究及人对欧洲海域的影响协调员Phil Weaver指出海底捕捞活动对海洋物种和海床的破坏性影响。他强调必须进行影响评估，采用审慎办法，有必要监视渔船。拉各斯大学教授Alo Babajide查明为实现可持续发展三个支柱而需要保护海洋环境免遭海洋污染方面的各种差距、挑战和优先事项，着重指出不行动的代价。他谈到了各种执行体制，指出大型海洋生态系统项目在支持生态系统办法和综合管理方面的作用。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "24. 各代表团回顾可持续发展问题各次主要首脑会议上作出的积极承诺。许多代表团还提到《万鸦老海洋宣言》及《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议的成果。不过，许多代表团关切地注意到作出承诺与实施承诺之间的差距。若干代表团说，虽然为实现这些承诺作出了重大政治努力，包括完善规范框架，但与海洋有关的承诺实施仍有缺点。", "25. 若干代表团指出，在联合国环境与发展会议上作出的、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标中赞同的许多承诺，特别是与沿海发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家有关的承诺尚未实现。", "26. 若干代表团强调有必要加大执行现有协议和承诺的力度，特别是在国家一级，以推进可持续发展议程。在这方面，有代表团回顾《21世纪议程》的一个关键信息，即“放眼全球，着手地方”。有代表团提示，各种国家级行动将变成国际级行动。有人着重指出在小型渔业社区等地方一级制定政策的必要性。", "27. 一些代表团强调船旗国的责任重大，以及各国要成为负责任的捕鱼国就必须加入重要的国际文书，如1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织) 渔业委员会批准的《预防、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动港口国措施协议》。有代表团指出，各国可以不加入这类协定而成为负责任的捕鱼国，它们的表现应根据其行动来评价。", "28. 注意到科学知识对于健全管理和养护海洋的重要性，一些代表团表示有必要作出更大努力，加强教科文组织海委会和区域组织在建设海洋科学能力方面的能力。有代表团还提到国际海底管理局是推动合作和协调促进能力建设及转让海洋技术的可能模式。", "29. 有代表团认为，善政对于消除贫穷和可持续发展至关重要，但仍给联合国系统带来相当大的挑战。它们特别着重指出2002年发展筹资问题国际会议蒙特雷共识中提到的善政，以及可持续发展问题世界首脑会议确定的海洋治理目标。在这方面，仍有必要查明在多大程度上实现了这些目标。还有代表团指出，实现到2020年保护10%的海洋的目标所需的体制和管制机制不清晰。有代表团对受权审查海洋保护相关规则执行情况的国际机构的体制和预算弱化表示关切。", "30. 有代表团提请注意欧洲联盟《海洋战略框架指示》。按照该指示，除其他外，将对管理人类活动采取生态系统办法。在这方面，从2012年起，欧洲联盟成员国必须通过定期评估对海洋环境退化的代价进行评估。", "31. 有代表团提及《公约》在可持续发展各次主要首脑会议通过的各项建议方面的核心作用。它们认为，1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》为建立一种有力的国际渔业管制制度和编篡现代渔业养护和管理原则奠定了基础。有代表团还着重指出透明度问题，特别是各国有必要向其参加的区域渔业管理组织和安排适当报告其捕鱼工作。", "32. 有代表团指出，1995年《协定》规定设立第七部分下的援助基金。该基金经常资金不足，使发展中国家的期望因而落空。它们呼吁为援助基金捐款。", "33. 若干代表团认为，在实施《21世纪议程》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》可持续渔业内容方面仍存在的主要差距，涉及过度捕捞和捕捞能力过大及渔业补贴。在这方面，有代表团注意到消除有害补贴具有经济、环境和发展效益，表示欢迎在2012年可持续发展委员会会议筹备过程中讨论补贴问题(另见第66段)。", "34. 其他代表团认为，缺乏监测、管制和监视能力影响一些国家管理其专属经济区活动的能力。各代表团强调有必要处理非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动、破坏性捕捞做法、副渔获物和弃鱼、单一鱼种管理、数据报告和无效渔业管理等问题。有代表团还对继续割鲨鱼鳍表示关切。", "35. 关于底拖网捕捞，有代表团提请注意即将举行讲习班讨论大会关于底拖网捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响的第61/105号和第64/72号决议有关段落的执行情况。这次讲习班被视为处理底拖网捕捞技术问题的最恰当论坛。", "36. 有代表团认为，深海渔业的绝对经济效益可忽略不计，与对海洋环境的不利影响相比，小的不成比例。", "37. 若干代表团强调有必要对渔业管理采用更有效的现代养护和管理原则，如审慎办法和生态系统办法。在这方面，许多代表团表示关切的是，各次可持续发展问题首脑会议制定的若干目标尚未实现，特别是到2010年采用生态系统办法、到2010年在全球、区域和国家各级大幅度降低目前的生物多样性丧失速度、到2012年建立海洋保护区网络的代表性网络。", "38. 有代表团还提到粮农组织《世界渔业和水产业状况》报告中令人震惊的统计数据，着重指出有必要加强区域渔业管理组织或安排的管制制度，使之更加负责任、透明和开放。在这方面、有代表团提请注意《联合国渔业种类协定》审查续会的建议，即各区域渔业管理组织或安排的任务有必要现代化并经常进行业绩审查。它们还提请注意1982年《关于符合共同利益的渔业管理合作瑙鲁协定》。在这方面强调了可持续金枪鱼捕捞对于小岛屿发展中国家经济的重要性，并提请注意2010年《科罗尔宣言》。该《宣言》推出了创新性措施，如扩大和有针对性地关闭公海。一些代表团提议，大会对区域渔业管理组织或安排的执行情况进行监督。不过，东北大西洋被确定为相关区域渔业管理组织或安排通过利用黑名单等手法成功地处理非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动的区域。", "39. 一些代表团着重指出洄游鲸目动物的重要性和脆弱性。这些动物维持着从事商业性鲸鱼和海豚观赏业务的沿海社区。这些代表团注意到鲸目动物提供的生态系统服务，如须鲸回收有机铁并将其转变成矿物铁。有代表团指出，目前的法律和政策框架只覆盖1/5的鲸目动物。例如，对鲸鱼的保护不统一，是公平和可持续地发展海洋的一个严重障碍。它们认为，在这个问题上需要进一步国际合作，以期根据包括《公约》在内的可适用的国际法采用一项集体政策，以确保保护公海上的鲸目动物。其他一些代表团就此着重指出必须以可持续方式收获可再生资源的根本性原则。他们表示愿意继续与现有主管论坛、即国际捕鲸委员会和北大西洋海洋哺乳动物委员会合作。", "40. 关于养护和可持续地利用海洋生物多样性问题，许多代表团着重指出，2010年5月31日至6月3日举行的对保护和可持续地利用国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性相关问题进行研究的不限成员名额特设非正式工作组第四次会议在克服执行《公约》的一个主要差距方面迈进了一步。工作组建议，大会发起一个进程，以确保养护和可持续地利用国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性法律框架有效处理这些问题，方法是通过执行现有文书和有可能按《公约》制定一项多边协定而查明差距和确定前进方向。该进程将处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性问题，特别是一并和整体处理海洋遗传资源的养护和利用问题，包括分享惠益、区域管理工具等措施，其中包括海洋保护区和环境影响评估、能力建设和转让海洋技术。", "41. 一些代表团指出，海洋保护区一直被视为重要的管理工具，包括减轻和缓冲沿海和近海开发、过度捕捞、气候变化，自然事件和其他压力因素对海洋的一些影响。一些代表团指出，根据国际法和现有最佳科学信息，包括代表性网络而实现到2012年建立海洋保护区的目标的进展缓慢。一些代表团着重指出有必要在国家管辖范围以外区域建立海洋保护区。关于工作组的工作(见第40段)，其他代表团强调有必要讨论管辖问题，并制定代表整个国际社会利益的国家管辖范围以外区域的体制结构。", "42. 一些代表团还指出缺乏一个指定国家管辖范围以外区域海洋保护区的全球机制。有代表团提到生物多样性公约缔约国会议第十次会议的相关成果，强调采用新的《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》，其中包括关于可持续渔业及沿海和海洋保护区的目标，以及缔约国会议第X/29号决定为确定生态或生物重要区域而制定的程序。", "43. 为了确保可持续地利用海洋产品和服务，若干代表团指出有必要适当评估和了解海洋状况与运作，以支持采取基于生态系统综合办法来管理对海洋环境产生影响的人类活动。在这方面提到必须有一个可运作的关于海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序。", "44. 有代表团表示，需要采取一种生态系统办法来管理所有使用者和用途，包括旅游业、商业海运、采矿和捕捞活动。在这方面提到必须在小岛屿发展中国家建立区域海洋科学和技术中心。", "45. 关于海洋污染，有代表团强调需要进一步开展工作，减少海洋废弃物、水下噪音和陆地活动对海洋的影响。海洋废弃物是一个跨界的问题，需要区域合作与协调。有代表团还强调指出入侵物种现象是对生物多样性的威胁，是其衰弱的一个重要因素。国际海事组织处理压载水的工作得到了强调(另见第92段)。有代表团指出，生物多样性减少还影响渔业、旅游业和商业。有人提请注意缺少与近海勘探和开发活动污染所造成损害有关的责任和赔偿的法律机制。", "46. 有代表团表示，应处理近海石油平台跨界污染引起的问题，并注意到在这方面进行的工作。一些代表团谈到是否能制定新的文书以处理与近碳氢化合物勘探和开发等活动有关的新出现的问题。其他代表团强调，这一问题得到保护海洋环境的国际法，包括《公约》所规定的现有义务的适当覆盖，并强调有必要充分执行这些义务。", "47. 若干代表团认为，污染研究项目应对付海洋环境面临的新威胁。还有必要研究气候变化对海洋的影响。", "48. 一些代表团还对途经加勒比海运输有害和放射性废料的相关风险表示关切。", "49. 与会者普遍认为，能力建设对于实现海洋可持续发展至关重要。有代表团还指出，技术变化扩大了全球海洋观测系统数据的获取。该系统是科学家、海洋和沿海资源管理人员、应急人员、决策者、教育工作者以及利用海洋休闲和谋生者的一个重要帮手。", "50. 有代表团提请注意《政府间海洋学委员会转让海洋技术标准和准则》和适用这些标准和准则的必要性。与会者指出，应进一步探讨海委会在转让技术方面的作用。关于“区域”内的活动，他们着重指出了国际海底管理局在转让技术方面的职权。", "51. 有代表团提到有必要考虑在发展中国家的需求和转让技术相关知识产权之间求得平衡。", "52. 有代表团指出，有必要对能力建设和技术转让采取协调的办法。在这方面，它们认为有必要查明有可能妨碍有效参与可持续地发展海洋能力方面的差距，并寻找解决这些差距的办法。一些代表团认为，这可以包括为提供者和接受者建立一个信息中心机制。", "53. 若干代表团还认识到，能力建设是一个重要的研究领域。有代表团提到有效能力建设方案的例子，包括旨在通过渔业研究及管理和体制强化而建设能力的南森方案。有人还提及南南合作的例子，特别是在海洋和沿海养鱼和开发替代、可再生能源方面的合作。", "信息通报会", "54. 共同主席邀请牛津大学动物学系教授阿历克斯·罗杰斯向各代表团通报最近发布的海洋压力因素与影响问题国际专家讲习班的报告。罗杰斯教授着重指出人类活动对海洋的各种影响。这些活动对海洋生物系统的运作和恢复力具有很大影响。他对空前的气候变化速度和有必要采取行动保护生态系统表示特别关切。他建议紧急采取行动减少二氧化碳排放，此外恢复生态系统和有效管理公海的一致战略。", "3. 海洋的可持续发展和利用方面新出现的挑战", "(a) 小组演讲", "55. 乌特勒支大学法学院助教Yoshinobu Takei论述了通过海洋综合管理而实现可持续发展目标的挑战和机遇。他把珊瑚礁管理研究作为一个例子，说明各国如何可以实现综合管理，克服与之相关的困难。加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学Ussif Rasid Sumaila教授着重提到全球变暖对可持续利用海洋鱼类资源的一些影响，如鱼类繁殖、物种分布范围、迁移模式的变化、珊瑚漂白增加、海洋酸化和生态系统组成的变化；以及渔获量变化和渔获值变化带来的经济影响。他指出，例如，西非鱼类资源的价值可减至50%。米兰比可卡大学国际法教授Tullio Scovazzi从法律角度探讨国家管辖范围内外海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用问题，同时强调需要考虑《公约》如何演变以解决新问题，如海洋遗传资源体系、海洋保护区网络的建立，以及环境影响评估、能力建设和转让海洋技术等。联合国环境规划署环境政策执行司淡水和海洋生态系统处处长Jacqueline Alder女士着重谈到关于海洋治理、污染和产业化的全球重大新问题的范围和性质。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "56. 与会者着重指出，可持续地发展和利用海洋方面新出现的各种挑战需要给予注意。各国代表团特别表示关注以下问题：生物多样性和相关服务的损失；对脆弱的海洋生态系统，包括珊瑚的影响；资源过度开采；有害的补贴；海洋废弃物和微型塑料碎片；外来入侵物种；水下噪声；化学品和海洋过度营养物的累积。", "57. 几个代表团指出，影响可持续发展的挑战是相互联系在一起的，不能孤立处理。这些代表团还强调，这些问题之间的相互作用可能形成挑战，但现行政策没有给予处理。例如，有人指出，关于气候变化的研究通常集中于单独的影响，累积的影响可能造成未知的后果。", "58. 许多代表团还强调了小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性和隔离状态，其文化、生计和经济正由于不可持续地利用海洋资源及气候变化而受到威胁。在这方面，一些代表团关注气候变化对海洋的影响，包括海平面上升和海洋酸化。许多代表团都同意，需要在《联合国气候变化框架公约》确定的原则背景下应对气候变化。它们特别提到了气候变化如何影响到水的供应和粮食安全。", "59. 有人指出，发展中国家缺乏信息和技术以及特别是应对气候变化的机构能力，这需要加以考虑。其他代表团呼吁加强观测和研究的国际合作和数据共享，更好地了解和预测海洋酸化对海洋环境的影响。一些代表团还注意到可再生能源在可持续发展中的作用，包括将气候变化的风险降到最低和减少贫困。有人指出，开发可再生能源管理以控制环境影响，须审慎从事。", "60. 一些代表团还强调了气候变化对鱼类的影响，包括鱼类种群的再分布。", "61. 一些代表团强调，鱼类分布变化可能导致现有的区域渔业管理组织协议的瓦解，因为其分配是基于这些资源的所在地。一些代表团建议，需要就鱼类资源分配缔结国际文书，因为《联合国鱼类种群协定》没有涉及这个问题。", "62. 关于海洋酸化，有人对特别是发展中国家缺乏监测酸化影响的能力表示关切。", "63. 关于海洋肥化，有人对其可能给海洋环境造成的影响表示关注。", "64. 几个代表团指出，海洋废弃物虽然不是新的挑战，但其对海洋生态系统的影响越来越明显，特别是由于微型塑料到处都是。他们认为，这个问题值得在2012年可持续发展大会会议上给予关注。一位小组成员指出，环境署已设立全面废物管理方案。", "65. 关于水下噪音，几个代表团强调，海洋环境中噪音事件急剧增长，特别是在航运和能源部门及军事活动方面。一个小组成员强调，噪音会严重影响海洋物种，包括哺乳动物，并可能大幅度降低渔获率。几个代表团呼吁立即就此问题采取行动。", "66. 对于过度捕捞，有看法认为有必要取消有害的补贴。补贴虽然具有短期吸引力，但从长远看可能会破坏资源基础。一些代表团强调，这个问题的适当论坛是世界贸易组织的多哈回合。一些代表团指出，切不要以同一方式对待所有补贴，因为补贴可用来资助当地经济的多样化等适应措施。有人提出，2012年可持续发展大会会议进程可提供一个新的重要机会，解决有关补贴的问题。", "67. 一些代表团强调，需要认识到个体和小规模捕捞社区对可持续发展的重要贡献。在这方面，它们回顾《21世纪议程》反映和承认个体和小规模渔业对可持续发展的重要性。一些代表团认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议应重申这些问题的重要性。", "68. 会上提到了产业规模浮动水产养殖场的使用。有必要增加国家和国际努力，解决水产养殖问题，方法包括数据收集、最佳做法和认证准则。", "69. 几个代表团表示了看法，谈到战胜可持续地发展和利用海洋面对的各种挑战的可能办法，同时强调生态系统是管理工作的中心。这些代表团还强调，需要保持生态系统的完整性，让生态系统方法运行起来。与会者强调了“经常程序”的潜在作用。", "70. 许多代表团指出，工作组第四次会议的成果显著，保持了微妙的平衡(见第40段)。", "71. 许多代表团强调，需要解决国家管辖范围以外海洋遗传资源相关法律制度问题。这些代表团表示支持可拟定一份执行协议，解决国家管辖范围以外地区海洋生物多样性的保护和可持续利用问题。一些代表团支持在2012年可持续发展大会会议成果文件中列入相关文字。", "72. 其他代表团认为，海洋生物多样性保护和可持续利用的解决方案，应力求最大限度地执行现有文书。参照工作组第四次会议的成果，这些代表团强调，现有文书的执行和找出执行方面的差距，是进程中同样重要的一部分。", "4． 里约+20及今后之路", "(a) 小组演讲", "73. 全球海洋论坛主席兼美国特拉华大学Gerard J.Mangone海洋政策中心主任Biliana Cicin-Sain，回顾了海洋和里约进程，已经取得的成绩和需要做的努力，同时重点谈到两个问题：即生态系统为基础的综合海洋管理和气候变化。她还介绍了可持续发展大会会议在会议主题范畴内可能指定的“海洋计划”的一些内容。巴西常驻联合国代表团特命全权公使兼2012年可持续发展大会会议筹备进程主席团当然委员玛丽亚·特雷莎·梅斯基塔·佩索阿，介绍了在可持续发展和海洋方面作出的承诺。她指出以下几个要解决的持续挑战：不可持续的渔业；可持续渔业的能力发展；栖息地的损失，包括珊瑚礁和红树林地区；环境影响评估；外来侵入物种；核废料；海洋酸化和海平面上升；小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性；国家管辖范围外地区的生物多样性。她还指出，需要解决与海洋有关的机构和组织在关于可持续发展的体制框架的未来讨论中的协调和合作问题。她还回顾，“约翰内斯堡执行计划”也呼吁加强教科文组织/海委会/粮农组织和其他相关国际、区域和次区域组织的能力，建立国家和地方的海洋科学及海洋和海洋资源可持续管理的能力。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "74. 一些代表团认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议若要成功，就应该在海洋、渔业和生物多样性方面拿出有力的成果。与会者认为，各国政府应考虑在里约+20周年之际开展大胆行动，包括需要重申现有的承诺，制定新的举措。鉴于对2012年会议作出的各种投入，需要一个针对海洋问题的协调方法，以避免海洋法的不统一。", "75. 许多代表团呼吁在根除贫困和可持续发展背景下，把“蓝色经济”同“绿色经济”联系起来。海洋的优先举措，可以提高到更高的国际社会关注和意识层次，以实现可持续发展目标。鉴于《21世纪议程》和“约翰内斯堡执行计划”中已经商定的许多承诺尚未实施，与会者指出需要制定切实和可以全面实施的大小目标，而不是雄心勃勃的目标。一种看法认为，应该对现有措施的实施和执行作出新的努力。有人强调，发展中国家有能力实现这些目标，但需要国际、区域、国家和地方各级继续提供援助。", "76. 有人建议把重点放在具体问题上，如粮食安全、海洋酸化和海洋生态系统的有效保护和管理。其他几个代表团呼吁，2012年可持续发展大会会议重视小岛屿发展中国家的特殊脆弱性和需要，还强调需要认真考虑可持续生产和消费相关问题，特别是可持续的海鲜消费。可再生能源和替代能源的作用被认为是实现可持续发展和实现“绿色经济”三大支柱的关键，同时指出应该审慎从事(另见第59段)。与会者一般认为，2012年可持续发展大会会议应协助国际社会审议海洋的有效养护和管理措施，包括借助适当的框架、政策和机制。", "77. 有人指出，2012年可持续发展大会会议将提供一个机会，让各国审议最佳政策工具以走向“绿色经济”，同时避免新的“绿色”贸易壁垒。2012年可持续发展大会会议在这方面应着眼于改革和取消现有的惩罚“绿色”增长的措施，如有害的矿物燃料和渔业补贴。与会者回顾了世界贸易组织谈判中关于在渔业补贴方面对发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇的建议。", "78. 特别是关于渔业，有人表示，2012年可持续发展大会会议的结果应确保全球渔业公平、可持续和负责任。在这方面，大家回顾了赋予区域渔业管理组织和安排的养护和管理全球鱼类种群的重要责任。不过，与会者强调需要改进这些组织的任务，还需要对渔业采取生态系统方法。会上提出一项建议，要大会对区域渔业管理组织和安排的执行情况行使监督。", "79. 许多代表团强调，关于国家管辖范围以外地区的海洋生物多样性，需要根据《公约》有一个具体的法律制度。它们还指出，如国际海底管理局大会通过的法规所规定，该管理局在保护和保全区域内海洋环境，包括海洋生物多样性方面发挥作用。", "80. 关于基于区域的管理工具，有一种观点认为，2012年会议应认识到需要提高现有和未来的海洋保护区的效力，增加海洋抵御气候变化和海洋酸化的能力。", "81. 与会者强调需要评价人类活动对环境的影响，以利于政策规划。在这方面，有人认为，可持续发展大会会议将有助于让人们更加意识到需要进行影响评估。为此提出一个建议，即可持续发展大会会议推动评估进程发展，包括人类活动对海洋环境的累积影响评估。", "82. 会上强调了海洋技术转让在建设能力和促进可持续发展方面发挥的作用。有人指出，根据《公约》有关海洋技术转让的第十四部分呼吁开展的合作，可以从南北和南南合作角度加以设想。有人还指出，海洋技术的转让需要有利的环境以吸引投资。", "83. 关于体制框架，有人建议，重点放在切实改革现有的机构，而不是进行较大规模的体制变革。与会者强调需要加强联合国各机构间的合作和协调，加快实现“约翰内斯堡执行计划”的大小目标。不过，有人表示担心建立新的架构可能导致海洋法的不统一。", "84. 区域和国家机构的重要作用也得到了承认。与会者强调需要建立体制框架，包括国际一级的框架，以便让可持续发展的三大支柱综合一体。渔业、环境和其他海洋机构之间加强合作，被视为是综合管理海洋问题和解决各种人类活动累积影响的关键。", "85. 一些代表团提议，非正式协商进程应商定具体内容，提交给可持续发展大会会议。这些内容可包括：可持续发展(包括海洋)三大支柱之间紧密连结，特别是针对小岛屿发展中国家；可持续发展需要考虑到环境、经济、社会和人文方面；必须恢复海洋生态系统的健康，以此作为优先事项而实现可持续发展、粮食安全、消除贫困和建立可持续发展的蓝色经济；实际上以前首脑会议上商定的许多关于海洋和可持续发展的目标尚未实现，尤其是《21世纪议程》第17章及“约翰内斯堡执行计划”中的目标，再次确认并在必要情况下更新此类承诺；采取具体步骤，以基于生态系统的综合方法管理影响到海洋生态系统的人类活动；解决新出现的问题，如海洋废弃物，水下噪音，入侵物种及其对生物多样性的累积影响，包括国家管辖范围以外地区；加强海洋生态系统面对海洋酸化的恢复能力；把生态系统方法和对定期评估海洋环境状况的承诺联系起来，作为明智决策的基础；进一步把生态系统服务价值，包括退化的代价，纳入决策过程，其中包括利用市场机制；必须以保证其长期可持续性的方式管理渔业资源，包括通过消除有害的补贴和采用生态系统渔业管理方式，确保捕捞能力与渔业机会相称；重新对影响到海洋环境的所有经济部门的承诺，包括航运、海上能源和陆上影响；能力建设和技术转让；确认在其他进程，特别是关于海洋生物多样性的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十次会议上做出的承诺；国家管辖范围以外地区海洋多样性对于海洋生态系统和其相关的商品和服务十分重要，是包括发展中国家在内的可持续发展的基本要素。与会者注意到根据《公约》规定的国家管辖范围以外地区生物多样性的特定法律制度，是应考虑的内容。他们认为，这些问题可以提交给可持续发展大会会议以确认前进方向。", "议程项目4", "机构间合作与协调", "86. 联合国开发计划署国际水域的首席技术顾问兼联合国海洋网络协调员Andrew Hudson，报告了联合国海洋网络和海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组最新的工作。", "87. 他向会议通报了2011年6月17日在纽约举行的联合国海洋网络第九次会议的主要成果。在这次会议上，参与机构讨论了是否可审查联合国海洋网络的工作，找出其长处和弱点及改善的机会。", "88. Hudson先生还向会议介绍了成员机构为确保海洋相关的主题在2012年可持续发展的会议上得到重视，以及在规划和筹备2012年主题为“活生生的海洋和海岸-资源多样性与可持续活动”的韩国丽水世博会时得到重视而采取的措施。", "89. 他介绍了联合国海洋网络工作队各项活动的最新情况，并向会议通报了有关成立新的海洋废弃物工作队的决定，该工作队由联合国环境规划署和国际海事组织共同牵头，并与海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组保持密切联系。Hudson先生介绍了联合国海洋地图集正在升级，欢迎新供资45 000美元，表示希望这笔财政支持将每年继续。在回答问题时，Hudson先生指出，新工作队是根据联合国海洋网络核心任务之一成立的，即找出新出现的问题并成立工作队酌情解决。", "90. 有人表示，应按照大会第57/141号决议所规定的任务，结合2012年可持续发展大会会议而增加联合国海洋网络的透明度受重视程度和意义，并应考虑成员国参与海洋网络工作问题。有人建议，联合国海洋网络的审查工作也可借鉴其他机构间的协调机制，如联合国水机制和联合国能源的经验教训。", "91. 关于联合国海洋网络如何协调海洋相关会议的日期安排以避免重叠，Hudson先生建议，分发一份现有的海洋有关活动的日历，可协助联合国海洋网络成员规划未来工作。有人进一步指出，这样的任务是应由作为联合国海洋网络一部分的秘书处负责。", "92. Hudson先生回顾海洋环境保护的科学问题专家组对推进《21世纪议程》第17章和“约翰内斯堡执行计划”做出的科学贡献，并提请注意其工作，包括关于航运繁忙海区压载水、船舶气体排放和沿岸污染源及海洋酸化的工作。鉴于入侵物种对海洋生态系统的有害影响，呼吁各国批准《国际控制和管理船舶压载水和沉积物公约》。", "93. Hudson先生还强调要保持专家组，以应要求为经常进程提供帮助，并回顾了与全球环境基金越境水域评估方案的合作伙伴关系。他进一步强调了专家组关于如微型塑料等新问题的工作，以及保持专家组以为各国和国际组织做出科学贡献。", "94. 与会者指出了专家组作为机构间科学委员会的作用，提到专家组缺乏资金，工作面临困难。", "议程项目5", "甄选议题和专题小组成员以便协助大会开展工作的程序", "95. 关于在即将举行的非正式协商进程会议上讨论的议题，几个代表团回顾了在第十次会议的结论：非正式协商进程应处理有关可持续发展三大支柱的问题。有人认为，保护和发展是相互关联的，因此不能分开审查。", "96. 几个代表团重申，概念文件的分发时间最好不迟于大会关于海洋和海洋法的决议的第一轮非正式磋商，以使各代表团有足够时间来研究。选定至少连续两年的议题被认为是合算的，但有人对此建议表示谨慎，因为需要对提出的议题进行充分的审查。", "97. 与会者认识到组织讨论小组有困难。几个代表团指出，需要让共同主席有某种程度的灵活性。它们还强调在物色和邀请有关人士参加小组讨论和保持适当区域平衡方面，共同主席发挥着重要作用。", "98. 一些代表团强调，筹备会议很有用，在这方面欢迎共同主席努力与会员国协商。", "99. 共同主席再次呼吁向大会第55/7号决议设立的自愿信托基金捐款，协助发展中国家代表，特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家代表出席协商进程会议，以此作为一个重要的手段，确保来自发展中国家的专家和与会者的参与。秘书处介绍了信托基金的最新情况。", "议程项目6", "如受大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作的注意则可能受益的问题", "100. 有人提请会议注意共同主席编列的、如受大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作的注意则可能受益的问题的综合精简清单。[2] 一个政府间组织强调了气候变化问题，特别是海洋酸化，因为它直接关系到可持续发展的三个支柱。它指出，在这方面，海洋酸化的增加直接关系到鱼类集中程度的变化、对珊瑚的负面影响和海洋噪音的传播。另一个令人关切的问题是，酸化对作为重要的鱼类栖息地的珊瑚礁的有害影响，因为这些栖息地保护食品和就业，防止沿海社区遭受风暴激增的影响。", "[1] 摘要仅供参考，不是讨论记录。", "[2] 见http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#- List%20of%20issues。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目76(a) [1]", "海洋和海洋法", "联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议工作报告", "2011年7月22日协商进程共同主席给大会主席的信", "根据大会2010年12月7日第65/37 A号决议,我们被任命为联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议的共同主席。", "谨随函附上非正式协商进程2011年6月20日至24日在联合国总部举行的第十二次会议工作报告。 会议成果包括我们对会议期间讨论的问题和想法的总结。 按照惯例,谨请将本函和协商进程的报告作为大会第六十六届会议题为“海洋和海洋法”的议程项目下的文件分发为荷。", "此外,请注意,会议委托我们提请将于2012年在巴西里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会注意第十二次会议的成果。 因此,我们谨请将所附文件转交会议筹备委员会主席团共同主席,该文件包括可在会议框架内得到注意的问题。", "米兰(签名) 贾亚·尼亚姆拉吉辛赫 米塔尔汉·唐·麦凯 共同主席", "联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议", "(2011年6月20日至24日),纽约", "联合主席的讨论摘要[2]", "1. 联合国 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十二次会议于2011年6月20日至24日举行,根据大会第65/37 A号决议,重点讨论了题为“在联合国可持续发展大会范围内评估在执行可持续发展问题主要首脑会议成果和应对新出现的挑战方面迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距”的议题。", "2. 联合国 88个国家、17个政府间组织和其他机构以及12个非政府组织的代表出席了会议。", "3个 会议收到了下列辅助文件:(a) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1);和(b) 会议形式和附加说明的临时议程(A/AC.259/L.12)。", " 4.四. 会议还收到了欧洲联盟(A/AC.259/20)和太平洋小岛屿发展中国家(A/AC.259/21)提交的材料。", "议程项目1和2 会议开幕和通过议程", "5 (韩语). 两位共同主席唐·麦凯(新西兰)和米兰·贾亚·米塔尔班(毛里求斯)在开幕词中强调了海洋对可持续发展的重要性,特别是对沿海和小岛屿发展中国家的重要性,因为它们依赖健康的沿海和海洋生态系统为生。 需要使海洋成为联合国可持续发展大会议程的重点。", "6. 国家 主管法律事务副秘书长兼法律顾问帕特里夏·奥布赖恩代表秘书长强调,海洋、岛屿和沿海地区对全球粮食安全以及许多国家的经济繁荣和福祉至关重要。 她指出,虽然随着协商进程的建立,在海洋体制框架方面取得了进展,但仍有许多工作要做。", "7. 主管经济和社会事务副秘书长沙祖康强调,全世界有数十亿人依靠海洋及其资源为生。 然而,海洋是最受威胁的生态系统之一,包括海洋生物多样性丧失、污染、全球变暖、酸化、珊瑚漂白和鱼类种群减少。 这些挑战突出表明迫切需要采取行动,确保为今世后代可持续管理和利用海洋资源。", "8. 联合国 会议通过了会议形式和附加说明的临时议程并核准了拟议工作安排。", "议程项目3", "9. 国家 全体会议和小组讨论的重点专题,见下文第11至85段。", "10个 各代表团表示赞赏秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告增编(A/66/70/Add.1)。 几个代表团着重指出了报告所查明的挑战和新出现的问题,指出报告的结论,即虽然取得了进展,但充分执行海洋可持续发展的许多目标和指标需要各国、政府间组织和其他相关行动者作出进一步努力。", "重点领域: 协助在联合国可持续发展大会框架内评估在执行可持续发展问题主要首脑会议成果和应对新出现的挑战方面迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距", "11个 根据附加说明的议程,小组的讨论围绕四个部分进行:(a) 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法;(b) 可持续发展主要首脑会议成果执行中迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概述;(c) 海洋可持续发展和利用方面新出现的挑战;(d) 里约+20及其后的道路。 小组成员首先作了专题介绍,然后进行了讨论。", "12个 各代表团强调重点专题的及时性和至关重要性,指出鉴于海洋的经济、社会和环境意义,2012年联合国可持续发展大会的讨论和成果应突出海洋。 会议特别强调了重点专题对发展中国家的重要性。", "13个 关于会议的主题之一,即“可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济”,一些代表团指出,对许多国家来说,“绿色经济”是“蓝色经济”。", "1. 联合国 可持续发展、海洋和海洋法", "(a) 小组发言", "14个 联合国可持续发展大会联合执行协调员Brice Lalonde介绍了在执行与海洋有关的法律文书方面面临的挑战以及应对海洋面临的多种威胁的必要性。 Lalonde先生特别强调了区域组织的重要作用,包括通过合作与协调收集科学知识。 他强调需要采取以科学为基础的措施,并强调了以生态系统为基础的方法、综合沿海管理和环境影响评估的重要性。 国际海洋研究所执行主任Cherdsak Virapat讨论了海洋与可持续发展三大支柱之间的关系。 他强调了海洋和沿海地区之间的联系以及人类活动给海洋生态系统带来的越来越大的压力,尽管国际社会努力为海洋制定全球和综合治理制度。 Virapat先生强调,人类社会需要改变其行为,以实现与环境和海洋进行可持续互动的目标。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "15个 会议强调了海洋在实现可持续发展三大支柱方面的作用。 有人指出,海洋,包括沿海地区,对人类的生命、粮食安全和繁荣至关重要。 海洋的健康及其资源管理直接关系到许多人民,特别是小岛屿发展中国家人民的发展机会。 健康海洋作为地球生态循环的一部分提供生态系统服务的作用也得到强调,包括吸收碳和提供氧气。 特别强调了渔业对社会支柱的贡献的重要性,管理良好的渔业提供了粮食安全和就业。 对于许多严重依赖这些资源的沿海国,特别是小岛屿发展中国家来说,渔业对贸易和商业也至关重要。", "16号. 几个代表团回顾,可持续发展的核心原则是代际公平,强调以合理和可持续地利用自然资源的方式追求发展,使子孙后代也能享受到目前发展的利益。 还提到代间公平。 许多代表团指出,需要平衡和加强可持续发展的经济、社会和环境支柱之间的联系。 一些代表团强调,应将所有这三个要素视为一个整体,而不是单独的支柱。 有人认为,这种办法需要在地方、国家、区域和全球各级考虑相关的经济、生态和社会方面,而且没有“一刀切”的解决办法。", "17岁。 若干代表团认为,为实现可持续发展,应避免海洋法不成体系。 他们回顾,海洋活动受1982年《联合国海洋法公约》所反映出的法律管辖,其完整性应予维护。 在这方面,有人回顾,批准《公约》是一国为实现可持续发展可采取的最重要行动。 还有人指出,2012年召开可持续发展会议将适逢《公约》通过三十周年。", "18岁。 关于区域组织在海洋和海洋法的可持续发展方面的作用,一些代表团对一名小组成员提出的区域渔业管理组织和安排的任务纳入区域渔业管理组织的提议表示关切。 有代表团强调,区域渔业管理组织和安排在履行现有任务方面已经面临挑战,它们不可能有能力或授权处理海洋保护区等问题。 其他代表团强调了《公约》及其执行协定所建立的现有法律框架,以及应对这些挑战的现有工具。", " 19. 19. 有人强调大会作为一个决策机构的中心作用,特别是在同海洋的可持续发展有关的方面。", "20号. 关于合作与协调,一些代表团注意到处理海洋问题的各种国际公约、会议和法律框架,并强调需要协调国际社会的愿景并发展协同作用,以促进海洋的可持续管理。 有人指出,负有管理不同活动、特别是区域一级活动的任务的各组织必须开展跨部门合作。 还强调了综合管理和可持续发展沿海地区的必要性,以及采用生态系统方法的必要性。", "21岁 在这方面,有人回顾,《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)建议在联合国系统内建立一个有效、透明和定期的海洋和沿海问题机构间协调机制,从而导致建立联合国海洋网络。 有人认为,需要重新评估联合国海洋网络在加强一致性和支持会员国执行与海洋有关的政策方面的作用(又见第87-91段)。", "22号. 会议被提请注意,必须采用《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》原则15所呼吁并如国际海洋法法庭海底争端分庭在其关于担保个人和实体从事该区域活动的国家所负责任和义务的咨询意见所重申的预防性办法。 若干代表团支持采用生态系统方法管理人类在海洋的活动,包括使用符合国际法的工具,如海洋保护区和沿海及海洋空间规划。 还有人提到《里约宣言》原则2,根据该原则,各国有责任确保其管辖范围内的活动不会给其他国家或国家管辖范围以外区域的环境造成损害。 许多代表团还回顾了共同但有区别的责任原则。", "2. 联合国 执行可持续发展问题主要首脑会议成果方面迄今取得的进展和尚存的差距概览", "(a) 小组发言", "23. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织/海洋学委员会)政府间海洋学委员会海洋科学主任Luis Valdés指出,海洋科学研究方面存在差距,联合国内部海洋治理不成体系,联合国海洋网络利用不足。 他将地质工程、脆弱的深海生态系统和海洋塑料列为最重要的新问题。 泰国驻澳大利亚大使Kriangsak Kittichaisaree介绍了在能力建设和海洋技术转让方面仍然存在的差距和挑战,包括在与能源有关的研究、海洋生物技术、加强管理结构、保护海洋环境、备灾、可持续渔业发展、海平面上升、废物管理和应对气候变化的不利影响等领域。 支持渔业工人国际联盟执行秘书Sebastian Mathew强调了首脑会议成果、国家立法和政策在可持续捕捞渔业方面的现有差距以及国家和地方各级的执行工作。 他认为这种差距主要是由于缺乏能力、科学知识不足、缺乏政治承诺和治理不善。 热点生态系统研究和人类对欧洲海洋的影响协调员Phil Weaver指出底鱼捕捞对海洋物种和海底的破坏性影响。 他强调影响评估、采用预防办法和需要监视渔船的重要性。 拉各斯大学教授Alo Babajide指出了保护海洋环境免受海洋污染方面的差距、挑战和优先事项,这些差距、挑战和优先事项是实现可持续发展三大支柱所必需的,突出了不采取行动的代价。 他谈到执行机制,并提到大型海洋生态系统项目在支持生态系统方法和综合管理方面的作用。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "24 (韩语). 各代表团回顾了在可持续发展问题主要首脑会议上作出的积极承诺。 许多代表团还提及了《万鸦老海洋宣言》和生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议的成果。 然而,许多代表团关切地注意到通过承诺与履行承诺之间的差距。 一些代表团指出,虽然为履行这些承诺作出了重要的政治努力,包括完善了规范框架,但在执行海洋方面仍存在不足。", "25岁 一些代表团指出,联合国环境与发展会议上作出并赞同《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标的许多承诺,特别是有关沿海发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家的承诺,没有实现。", "26. 联合国 一些代表团强调,必须加强努力,特别是在国家一级执行现有协定和承诺,以推进可持续发展议程。 在这方面,有人回顾了《21世纪议程》的一项关键信息,即“全球思考和地方行动”。 有人建议,国家一级的综合行动将转化为国际一级的行动。 强调需要在地方一级制定政策,例如针对小型渔业社区。", "27个 一些代表团强调船旗国责任的重要性,并强调指出,为了成为负责任的捕鱼国,各国必须成为联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)渔业委员会所批准的1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》和《关于防止、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动的港口国措施协定》等重要国际文书的缔约国。 有人指出,各国可能不加入这些协定就成为负责任的捕鱼国,应根据其行动来评价其业绩。", "28岁 一些代表团注意到科学知识对妥善管理和养护海洋的重要性,表示需要进一步努力加强海委会/教科文组织和区域组织在海洋科学能力建设方面的能力。 还有人提到国际海底管理局是促进能力建设和海洋技术转让合作与协调的可能模式。", "29. 国家 有人认为,善政对消除贫穷和可持续发展至关重要,但对联合国系统仍构成相当大的挑战。 会议特别强调了2002年《发展筹资问题国际会议蒙特雷共识》所提及善政以及可持续发展问题世界首脑会议所确定海洋施政目标。 在这方面,仍然需要确定在何种程度上实现了这些目标。 还有人指出,在实现到2020年保护10%的海洋的目标方面,缺乏明确的体制和监管机制。 有人对受权审查与海上保护有关的规则执行情况的国际机构在体制和预算上受到削弱表示关切。", "30岁。 有人提请注意欧洲联盟的《海洋战略框架指令》,其中规定,除其他外,在管理人类活动时将采用基于生态系统的办法。 在这方面,从2012年起,欧洲联盟成员国需要通过定期评估评估海洋环境退化的代价。", "31岁 会议注意到《公约》在可持续发展问题主要首脑会议所通过建议方面的中心作用。 有人认为,1995年《联合国鱼类种群协定》为建立强有力的国际渔业管理制度和编纂现代渔业养护和管理原则奠定了基础。 还强调透明度问题,特别是需要各国向它们参加的区域渔业管理组织和安排适当报告其捕捞努力。", "32. 联合国 还有人指出,1995年协定包括根据第七部分设立一个援助基金,该基金往往资源不足,因此使发展中国家的期望落空。 呼吁向援助基金捐款。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团认为,在执行《21世纪议程》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》方面,在可持续渔业方面仍然存在的主要差距与过度捕捞和捕捞能力过剩以及渔业补贴有关。 在这方面,有人指出,取消有害补贴具有经济、环境和发展效益,因此,欢迎在筹备2012年可持续发展会议时讨论补贴问题(又见第66段)。", "34. 国家 另一些代表团指出,缺乏监测、控制和监视能力影响了一些国家管制其专属经济区内活动的能力。 各代表团强调,需要处理非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动、破坏性捕捞做法、副渔获物和抛弃物、单一鱼种管理、数据报告和无效渔业管理等问题。 有人还对鲨鱼鳍的继续表示关切。", "35. 联合国 关于底拖网捕捞,有人提请注意即将举行的讲习班,以讨论大会第61/105号和第64/72号决议关于底拖网捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性等相关段落的执行情况,认为这是处理底拖网捕捞技术问题的最适当论坛。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 有人认为,与对海洋环境的不利影响相比,深海渔业的经济利益绝对值微不足道,而且不成比例地小。", "37. 联合国 一些代表团强调,必须更有效地将现代养护和管理原则适用于渔业管理,例如预防性和生态系统方法。 在这方面,许多代表团表示关切的是,可持续发展首脑会议所制定的若干目标尚未实现,特别是到2010年采用生态系统方法,到2010年在全球、区域和国家各级大幅降低目前的生物多样性丧失速度,到2012年建立有代表性的海洋保护区网络。", "38. 国家 还有人提到粮农组织报告《世界渔业和水产养殖状况》所载令人震惊的统计数字,强调必须加强区域渔业管理组织和安排的管理制度,使这些组织和安排更加负责、透明和公开。 在这方面,有人提请注意联合国鱼类种群协定审查会议续会的建议,即需要使区域渔业管理组织和安排的任务现代化并定期进行业绩审查。 还提请注意1982年《瑙鲁关于共同感兴趣的渔业管理合作协定》。 在这方面,有人强调金枪鱼捕捞的可持续性对小岛屿发展中国家经济的重要性,并提请注意2010年《科罗尔宣言》,其中提出了创新措施,如扩大和有针对性地关闭公海。 一些代表团建议大会监督区域渔业管理组织和安排的业绩。 然而,东北大西洋被确定为区域渔业管理组织通过使用黑名单等手段成功处理非法、未报告和无管制捕捞活动的地区。", "39. 联合国 一些代表团强调迁徙鲸目动物的重要性和脆弱性,它们使沿海社区持续从事商业性鲸和海豚的观察活动。 他们注意到鲸目动物提供的生态系统服务,例如鲸鱼回收有机铁并将其转化为矿物铁。 有人指出,现有法律和政策框架只涵盖五分之一的鲸目动物。 例如,鲸鱼保护的分散程度严重阻碍了海洋的公正和可持续发展。 他们指出,在这个问题上需要进一步的国际合作,以期按照适用的国际法,包括《公约》,通过一项集体政策,确保公海鲸目动物得到保护。 在这方面,其他一些代表团强调了以可持续方式获取可再生资源的基本原则。 他们表示愿意在现有主管论坛,即国际捕鲸委员会和北大西洋海洋哺乳动物委员会内继续合作。", " 40. 40. 关于海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用,许多代表团强调,2011年5月31日至6月3日举行的研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的不限成员名额非正式特设工作组第四次会议已经为克服在执行《公约》方面存在的重大差距迈出了一步。 工作组已建议大会启动一个进程,以确保国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用的法律框架能有效地解决这些问题,办法是查明差距和前进的道路,包括执行现有文书和可能根据《公约》拟订一项多边协定。 这一进程将处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题,特别是共同和整个海洋遗传资源,包括利益分享问题、包括海洋保护区在内的划区管理工具等措施以及环境影响评估、能力建设和海洋技术转让。", "41. 国家 一些代表团指出,海洋保护区已被确认为一个重要的管理工具,包括减轻和缓冲沿海和近海开发、过度捕捞、气候变化、自然事件和其他压力因素对海洋的一些影响。 一些代表团指出,在实现2012年建立海洋保护区的目标方面进展缓慢,这一目标符合国际法,并以现有最佳科学资料为基础,包括具有代表性的网络。 一些代表团强调,必须在国家管辖范围以外区域建立海洋保护区。 关于工作组的工作(见第40段),其他代表团强调,需要处理管辖权问题并发展代表整个国际社会利益的国家管辖范围以外地区的体制结构。", "42. 国家 一些代表团还指出,没有指定国家管辖范围以外海洋保护区的全球机制。 有人提到生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议的相关成果,强调通过新的《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》,包括关于可持续渔业和沿海及海洋保护区的目标,以及缔约方大会第X/29号决定为确定具有生态或生物重要性的区域而确定的进程。", "43. 东帝汶 为了确保海洋货物和服务的可持续利用,几个代表团指出需要充分评估和了解海洋的状况和运作情况,以支持以基于生态系统的综合办法管理对海洋环境有影响的人类活动。 在这方面,有人提到,必须建立业务经常程序,就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估。", "44. 国家 有人认为,需要采用生态系统方法来管理所有用户和用途,包括旅游、商船运输、采矿和捕鱼。 在这方面,有人提到在小岛屿发展中国家建立区域海洋科学和技术中心的重要性。", "45. 国家 关于海洋污染,有人强调需要进一步努力减少海洋废弃物、水下噪音和陆上活动对海洋的影响。 海洋废弃物是一个跨界问题,需要区域合作与协调。 还有人强调,入侵物种现象是对生物多样性的威胁,也是物种减少的一个重要因素。 有人强调了国际海事组织在处理压载水方面的工作(又见第92段)。 有人指出,生物多样性的减少也影响到渔业、旅游业和商业。 还有人提请注意,在与近海勘探和开发活动有关的污染所造成损害的责任和赔偿方面缺乏法律制度。", "46. 经常预算: 有人认为,海上石油平台的跨界污染是一个需要解决的问题,并注意到这方面正在进行的工作。 一些代表团讨论了制定新文书以解决与近海油气勘探和开采等活动有关的新问题的可能性。 其他代表团强调,包括《公约》在内的现有保护海洋环境的国际法义务充分涵盖了这一问题,并强调需要充分执行这些义务。", "47. 国家 若干代表团认为,污染研究项目应处理对海洋环境的这些新威胁。 还需要研究气候变化对海洋的影响。", " 48. 48. 一些代表团还表示关切通过加勒比海运输有害和放射性废物的风险。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 普遍认为,能力建设对于实现海洋的可持续发展至关重要。 还有人指出,技术的变化扩大了从全球海洋观测系统获取数据的机会,该系统是科学家、海洋和沿海资源管理者、应急人员、决策者、教育工作者以及利用海洋娱乐和谋生者的重要资源。", " 50. 50. 有人提请注意政府间海洋学委员会《海洋技术转让标准和准则》以及适用这些标准和准则的必要性。 有人指出,应进一步探讨海委会在技术转让方面的作用。 关于 \" 区域 \" 内的活动,强调了国际海底管理局的技术转让权限。", "51. 联合国 有代表团提到,需要考虑平衡发展中国家的要求和与技术转让有关的所有权。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 有人指出,需要对能力建设和技术转让采取协调一致的办法。 在这方面,认为有必要查明可能妨碍有效参与海洋可持续发展的能力差距并找到解决这些差距的办法。 一些代表团建议,这可包括为提供者和接受者建立一个信息交换所机制。", "53. 联合国 一些代表团还认识到能力建设是研究的一个重要方面。 提到了有效的能力建设方案的例子,包括南森方案,该方案旨在通过渔业研究和管理以及体制强化来进行能力建设。 还提到了南南合作的例子,特别是在海洋和沿海鱼类养殖和开发替代可再生能源方面。", "情况介绍会", "54. 联合国 共同主席请牛津大学动物学系的Alex Rogers教授向各代表团通报最近发表的关于海洋压力和影响问题国际专家讲习班的报告。 罗杰斯教授强调了人类活动对海洋的广泛影响,这对海洋生态系统的功能和复原力有重大影响。 他对前所未有的气候变化速度以及采取行动保护生态系统的必要性表示特别关切。 他建议采取紧急行动来减少二氧化碳排放、采取连贯的生态系统恢复战略并有效管理公海。", "3个 可持续开发和利用海洋方面新出现的挑战", "(a) 小组发言", "55. 乌得勒支大学法学院助理教授Yoshinobu Takei讨论了通过综合管理海洋来实现可持续发展目标的挑战和机遇。 他研究了珊瑚礁管理,以此为例,说明各国实现综合管理的方式以及这方面的困难。 不列颠哥伦比亚大学教授Ussif Rashid Sumaila强调了全球变暖对可持续利用海洋鱼类资源的一些影响,如鱼类生产力的变化、物种分布范围、迁徙模式、珊瑚漂白增加、海洋酸化和生态系统构成的变化;以及通过渔获量和捕获值的变化所产生的经济影响。 例如,他指出,西非的鱼类种群价值可减少50%。 米兰-比科卡大学国际法教授Tullio Scovazzi就国家管辖范围以外海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题提供了法律视角,同时强调需要考虑《公约》如何演变,以解决海洋遗传资源制度和建立海洋保护区网络以及环境影响评估、能力建设和海洋技术转让等新问题。 联合国环境规划署(环境署)环境政策执行司淡水和海洋生态系统处处长Jacqueline Alder强调了与治理、污染和海洋工业化有关的全球重大问题的范围和性质。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "56. (中文(简体) ). 有人强调,需要注意在海洋的可持续发展和利用方面面临的各种新的和正在出现的挑战。 特别是,各代表团对生物多样性和相关服务的丧失;对包括珊瑚在内的脆弱海洋生态系统的影响;资源过度开发;有害补贴;海洋废弃物和微塑料;外来入侵物种;水下噪音;以及海洋中化学品和营养物质的积累等表示关切。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 一些代表团指出,影响可持续发展的挑战相互关联,不能孤立地应对。 这些代表团还强调指出,这些问题之间的相互作用可能产生现行政策未涉及的挑战。 例如,有人指出,关于气候变化的研究通常侧重于个别影响,而累积影响可能产生未知的后果。", "58. 联合国 许多代表团还强调指出,小岛屿发展中国家的环境脆弱和孤立,其文化、生计和经济正受到以不可持续的方式利用海洋资源和气候变化的威胁。 在这方面,一些代表团对气候变化对海洋的影响表示关切,包括海平面上升和海洋酸化。 许多代表团同意有必要在《联合国气候变化框架公约》所阐明的原则范围内处理气候变化问题。 特别提到了气候变化影响与供水和粮食安全的关系。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 有人指出,需要考虑到发展中国家缺乏信息和技术以及体制能力,无法解决气候变化问题。 其他代表团呼吁在观测和研究方面加强国际合作并分享数据,以更好地了解并预测海洋酸化对海洋环境的影响。 一些代表团还指出了可再生能源在可持续发展中的作用,包括在将气候变化风险降至最低和减贫方面的作用。 有人指出,在开发可再生能源以管理环境影响方面必须采取预防性办法。", "60. 联合国 一些代表团还着重指出了气候变化对鱼类种群的影响,包括鱼类的再分配。", "61. 国家 一些代表团强调,种群分布的变化可能导致区域渔业管理组织现有协定的崩溃,因为区域渔业管理组织的拨款是根据这些资源的地点确定的。 一些代表团认为,有必要制定一项关于鱼类种群分配的国际文书,因为《联合国鱼类种群协定》没有处理这一问题。", "62. 联合国 关于海洋酸化,有人对缺乏监测酸化影响的能力表示关切,特别是在发展中国家。", "63. 国家 关于海洋肥化,有人对海洋环境可能产生的影响表示关切。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 几个代表团指出,虽然海洋废弃物不是新的挑战,但由于微塑料的普遍存在,海洋废弃物对海洋生态系统的影响越来越明显。 他们建议,2012年可持续发展会议应特别关注这一事项。 一位小组成员指出,环境署已制定了全面的废物管理方案。", "65. 国家 关于水下噪音,一些代表团强调,海洋环境的噪音事件急剧增加,特别是在航运和能源部门以及军事活动中。 一名小组成员强调,噪音会严重影响包括哺乳动物在内的海洋物种,并会大幅降低捕捞率。 一些代表团呼吁立即就该问题采取行动。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 关于过度捕捞问题,有人认为需要取消有害的补贴。 补贴虽然在短期内具有吸引力,但从长远来看可能会损害资源基础。 一些代表团强调,这一问题的适当论坛是世界贸易组织多哈回合。 一些代表团指出,重要的是不能对所有补贴一视同仁,因为它们可用于资助适应性措施,例如当地经济多样化。 有人建议,2012年可持续发展会议进程可以为处理与补贴有关的问题提供新的重要机会。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团强调必须承认个体和小规模渔业社区对可持续发展的重要贡献。 在这方面,有人回顾,《21世纪议程》反映并承认个体和小规模渔业对可持续发展的重要性。 一些代表团建议,2012年可持续发展会议应重申这些问题的重要性。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 有人提到使用工业规模的浮动水产养殖场。 需要通过数据收集、最佳做法和认证准则等方式,加强国家和国际处理水产养殖问题的努力。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 几个代表团就解决海洋可持续发展和利用所面临的广泛挑战的可能办法发表了意见,同时强调生态系统是管理努力的核心。 这些代表团还强调,必须维护生态系统的完整性,使生态系统方法发挥作用。 有人强调经常程序的潜在作用。", "70. 联合国 许多代表团表示,工作组第四次会议的成果是向前迈出的重要一步,是微妙平衡的结果(又见第40段)。", "71. 联合国 许多代表团强调必须处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋遗传资源的有关法律制度问题。 这些代表团表示支持可能拟订一项执行协定,以处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题。 一些代表团支持在2012年可持续发展会议成果文件中列入这方面的措辞。", "72. 联合国 其他代表团则认为,应通过最大限度地执行现有文书来寻求养护和可持续利用海洋生物多样性的解决办法。 关于工作组第四次会议的结果,这些代表团强调,执行现有文书并查明执行差距是这一进程中同样重要的一部分。", " 4.四. 通往里约+20及其后的道路", "(a) 小组发言", "73. 全球海洋论坛主席兼特拉华大学Gerard J. Mangone海洋政策中心主任Biliana Cicin-Sain回顾了海洋和里约进程、已经取得的成就和需要采取的行动,并着重讨论了两个问题,即综合生态系统海洋治理和气候变化。 她还在可持续发展会议上,在可持续发展会议的主要主题框架内,介绍了可能提出的 \" 海洋一揽子计划 \" 的一些内容。 巴西常驻联合国代表团全权公使兼2012年可持续发展会议筹备进程主席团当然成员Maria Teresa Mesquita Pessôa介绍了对可持续发展和海洋所作的承诺。 她指出,以下是需要应对的长期挑战:不可持续的渔业;可持续渔业的能力发展;生境丧失,包括珊瑚礁和红树林地区;环境影响评估;外来入侵物种;核废物;海洋酸化和海平面上升;小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性;国家管辖范围以外地区的生物多样性。 她还指出,今后讨论可持续发展的体制框架时需要处理与海洋有关的机构和组织的协调与合作问题。 她还回顾说,《约翰内斯堡执行计划》也呼吁加强海委会/教科文组织、粮农组织和其他有关国际和区域组织的能力,以建设国家和地方在海洋科学以及海洋及其资源的可持续管理方面的能力。", "(b) 全体会议和小组讨论", "74. 国家 一些代表团认为,2012年可持续发展会议要取得成功,就应在海洋、渔业和生物多样性方面取得强有力的成果。 有人认为,各国政府应考虑在里约+20会议上采取大胆行动,包括需要重申现有承诺并制订出新的举措。 鉴于将向2012年会议提供的各种投入,需要就海洋问题采取协调一致的办法,以避免海洋法不成体系。", "75. 国家 许多代表团呼吁在消除贫穷和可持续发展的范围内将“蓝色经济”同“绿色经济”联系起来。 海洋优先事项可以提高国际关注和认识,以实现可持续发展目标。 鉴于《21世纪议程》和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所商定的许多承诺尚未得到履行,也有人指出,需要制定能够充分执行的现实目标,而不是更雄心勃勃的目标。 有人认为,应继续努力执行和执行现有措施。 有人强调,发展中国家实现这些目标的能力需要继续在国际、区域、国家和地方各级得到援助。", "76. 联合国 有人建议把重点放在具体问题上,如粮食安全、海洋酸化和海洋生态系统的有效养护和管理等。 其他一些代表团呼吁2012年可持续发展会议强调小岛屿发展中国家的特殊脆弱性和需要。 还强调必须认真考虑与可持续生产和消费有关的问题,特别是可持续海产食品消费。 可再生能源和替代能源的作用被确认为对实现可持续发展和实现“绿色经济”的三大支柱至关重要,并指出了预防办法的重要性(又见第48段)。 页:1 与会者普遍认为,2012年可持续发展会议应协助国际社会审议有效的海洋养护和管理措施,包括通过适当的框架、政策和机制。", "77. 国家 有人指出,2012年可持续发展会议将为各国提供一个机会,审议在避免新的“绿色”贸易壁垒的同时迈向“绿色经济”的最佳政策工具。 在这方面,会议应侧重于改革和消除阻碍“绿色”增长的现有因素,例如有害矿物燃料和渔业补贴。 与会者回顾了关于在世界贸易组织内谈判范围内对发展中国家渔业补贴给予特殊和差别待遇的建议。", "78. 国家 有人特别就渔业问题表示,2012年可持续发展会议的成果应确保全球渔业公平、可持续并接受问责。 在这方面,有人回顾区域渔业管理组织和安排负有养护和管理全球鱼类种群的重要责任。 然而,与会者强调,需要改进这些组织的任务,还必须对渔业采用生态系统方法。 有人提议大会对区域渔业管理组织的业绩发挥监督作用。", "79. 联合国 关于国家管辖范围以外区域的海洋生物多样性,许多代表团都强调,需要根据《公约》建立一个具体的法律制度。 有人指出了国际海底管理局在保护和保全该区域海洋环境,包括海洋生物多样性方面的作用,其大会通过的规章就是证明。", "80个 关于划区管理工具,有人认为,2012年会议应认识到需要提高现有和未来的海洋保护区的效力,以提高海洋应对气候变化和海洋酸化的能力。", "81个 强调需要评价人类活动对环境的影响,为政策规划提供参考。 在这方面,有人认为,可持续发展会议将有助于提高对影响评估必要性的认识。 有人提议,会议应促进制定评估程序,包括对人类活动对海洋环境的累积影响评估。", "82. 会议强调了海洋技术转让在能力建设和促进可持续发展方面的作用。 有人指出,《公约》第十四部分要求在海洋技术转让方面开展的合作可以在南北和南南两个方面进行。 还有人指出,海洋技术转让需要有利的环境来吸引投资。", "83个 关于体制框架,有人建议把重点放在现有机构的实际改革上,而不是更大的机构改革上。 有人强调必须加强联合国各机构之间的合作与协调,以加速实现《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所订立的目标和指标。 然而,有人担心,建立新的结构可能导致海洋法不成体系。", "第八十四会. 区域和国家机构的重要作用也得到确认。 强调需要包括国际一级在内的机构框架,以便能够在可持续发展的三大支柱之间实现一体化。 渔业、环境和其他海洋机构之间的更密切合作被认为对采取综合办法管理海洋问题和处理各种人类活动的累积影响至关重要。", "85. 若干代表团提议,非正式协商进程应就提交可持续发展会议的具体内容达成协议。 这些可能包括:可持续发展,包括海洋和海洋,特别是小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的三大支柱之间的密切联系;需要可持续发展考虑到环境、经济、社会和人的问题;必须恢复海洋生态系统的健康,以此作为实现可持续发展、粮食安全、消除贫穷和建立可持续蓝色经济的优先事项;以往首脑会议商定的许多海洋和可持续发展目标尚未实现,特别是《21世纪议程》第17章和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所包括的目标;重申并在必要时更新这些承诺;采取具体步骤,以基于生态系统的综合方法管理人类活动,对海洋生态系统产生影响;解决新出现的问题,如海洋废弃物、水下噪音、入侵物种及其对生物多样性的累积影响,包括对国家管辖范围以外区域的生物多样性的累积影响;在海洋酸化面前加强海洋生态系统的复原力;将生态系统方法与定期评估海洋环境状况的承诺联系起来,以此作为知情决策的基础;进一步将生态系统服务的价值,包括退化的成本,纳入决策进程;通过基于市场的机制等途径,在可持续渔业管理中确认所有生态系统的可持续作用,包括以可持续方式,通过基于市场的能力,在可持续渔业管理中,包括以可持续方式,为所有渔业部门提供可持续的可持续能力;通过基于生态系统的可持续管理,包括为此,通过对生态系统的可持续能力,包括以维持所有生态系统的可持续作用的可持续管理;通过基于市场的可能性,在渔业管理中,包括以维持所有生态系统的可持续作用,确认对渔业的可持续管理,包括以 会议指出,《公约》规定的国家管辖范围以外区域生物多样性的具体法律制度是一个需要考虑的因素。 他们认为,这些问题可以提交可持续发展会议,以便核准前进的道路。", "议程项目 4 机构间合作与协调", "86. 联合国开发计划署国际水域首席技术顾问兼联合国海洋网络协调员Andrew Hudson报告了联合国海洋网络和海洋环境保护的科学方面联合专家组最近的工作。", "87个 他向会议通报了2011年6月17日在纽约举行的联合国海洋网络第九次会议的主要成果,与会机构在会上讨论了审查联合国海洋网络的可能性,以找出其长处、弱点和改进机会。", "88个 Hudson先生还向会议简要介绍了各成员机构为确保2012年可持续发展会议以及定于2012年在大韩民国益秀举行的主题为“活的海洋和海岸——资源的多样性和可持续活动”的博览会的规划和筹备工作中与海洋有关的专题的能见度而采取的举措。", "89. 国家 他介绍了联合国海洋网络工作队各项活动的最新情况,并向会议通报了关于设立一个由环境署和海事组织共同领导的新的海洋废弃物工作队的决定,该工作队与海洋环境保护的科学方面联合专家组有着密切的联系。 Hudson先生还介绍了联合国海洋地图集的不断升级,欢迎45 000美元的新资金,并表示希望每年继续提供这种财政支助。 Hudson先生在回答问题时指出,已根据联合国海洋网络的一项核心任务,即确定新出现的问题和酌情设立处理这些问题的工作队,设立了新的工作队。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 有人表示,鉴于2012年可持续发展会议根据大会第57/141号决议规定的任务,应加强联合国海洋网络,提高其透明度、能见度和相关性,并应考虑会员国参与联合国海洋网络的工作。 有人建议,审查联合国海洋网络也可从联合国水机制和联合国能源机制等其他机构间协调机制吸取的经验教训中受益。", "91. 联合国 关于联合国海洋网络如何能协调安排与海洋有关的会议以避免重叠,Hudson先生建议,分发现有与海洋有关的活动的日历可以协助联合国海洋网络成员规划今后的活动。 还有人指出,这项工作预计将由属于联合国海洋网络的秘书处完成。", "92. (中文(简体) ). Hudson先生回顾了联合专家组对推进《21世纪议程》第17章和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所作的科学贡献,并提请注意该小组的工作,包括压载水、船舶和沿海污染源的大气排放和重船运输领域的海洋酸化方面的工作。 鉴于入侵物种对海洋生态系统的有害影响,呼吁各国批准《控制和管理船舶压载水和沉积物国际公约》。", "93. 国家 Hudson先生还强调指出,联合专家组可继续应要求为经常程序出力,并回顾了与全球环境基金跨界水域评估方案的伙伴关系。 他进一步强调了联合专家组在微塑料等新问题方面的工作,以及联合专家组向各国和国际组织提供科学贡献的机会。", "94. 国家 会议注意到联合专家组作为机构间科学委员会的作用,并提到联合专家组由于缺乏资金而在工作中继续面临的困难。", "议程项目5 甄选专题和小组成员以便利大会工作的进程", "95号. 关于即将举行的非正式协商进程会议所要讨论的议题,一些代表团回顾第十次会议得出的结论,即非正式协商进程应处理同可持续发展的三大支柱有关的问题。 有人认为,养护和发展是相互关联的,因此不能分开审查。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 一些代表团重申,概念文件最好能至迟在大会关于海洋和海洋法的决议的第一轮非正式协商之前分发,以便各代表团有足够的时间加以研究。 选择至少连续两年的专题的做法被认为是有成效的,不过有人对这项建议提出了谨慎态度,因为需要对拟议专题进行充分审查。", "97. 国家 会议认识到组织小组讨论的困难,若干代表团指出,有必要允许共同主席有一定的灵活性。 还强调了联合主席在确定和邀请有能力的个人作为小组成员参与以及维持适当的区域平衡方面的重要作用。", "98 (英语). 一些代表团强调筹备会议的有用性,并在这方面欢迎共同主席为同会员国协商而作的努力。", "99号. 共同主席再次呼吁向大会第55/7号决议所设自愿信托基金提供捐款,以协助发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家的代表出席协商进程会议,作为确保发展中国家专家和与会者参加的重要手段。 秘书处介绍了信托基金的最新情况。", "议程项目6 大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作应引起注意的问题", "一百个 会议被提请注意共同主席编制的精简综合清单,其中列有大会今后关于海洋和海洋法的工作应注意的问题。 [3] 一个政府间组织强调了气候变化问题,特别是海洋酸化问题,这些问题与可持续发展的所有三大支柱直接相关。 在这方面,委员会指出,海洋酸化的增加与鱼类浓度的变化、对珊瑚的不利影响和海洋噪音的传播直接相关。 另一个令人关切的问题是酸化对珊瑚礁的有害影响,珊瑚礁是保护食物和就业以及沿海社区免受风暴潮影响的重要鱼类生境。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 本摘要仅供参考,不是讨论记录。", "[3] 可查阅http://www.un.org/depts/los/consultative_process/consultative_process_info.htm#-List%20of%20issues。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Liechtenstein to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Principality of Liechtenstein to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to the note of 25 March 2011, requesting all States to report to the Committee on their implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Liechtenstein is fully committed to the implementation of the measures, including those calling upon States to impose the arms embargo, the travel ban and the assets freeze. The measures referred to in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) were incorporated into national law in March 2011 through the Government Ordinance on Measures concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, No. 81) and further amendments thereto (Liechtenstein Legal Gazette 2011, Nos. 82, 92, 115, 120, 133, 143, 195 and 225). Liechtenstein furthermore incorporated the additional restrictive measures of the European Union. By virtue of its Customs Union with Switzerland, the relevant Swiss laws and enforcement measures are applied with respect to the movements of goods and persons across Liechtenstein’s borders." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日列支敦士登常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的 普通照会", "列支敦士登公国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨提及2011年3月25日关于要求所有国家向委员会报告第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段执行情况的照会。", "列支敦士登全心全意致力于执行这些措施，包括促请各国实施武器禁运、旅行禁令和资产冻结的措施。2011年3月，通过《关于涉及阿拉伯利比亚民众国的措施的政府令》(列支敦士登法律公报，2011年第81期)以及对其作出的进一步修正(列支敦士登法律公报，2011年第82、92、115、120、133、143、195和225期)，第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段提及的措施被纳入国内法律。列支敦士登还纳入了欧洲联盟规定的其他限制性措施。根据与瑞士的关税同盟，瑞士的相关法律和执法措施适用于出入列支敦士登边境的货物和人员。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日列支敦士登常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "列支敦士登公国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨提及2011年3月25日照会,其中请所有国家向委员会报告第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段的执行情况。", "列支敦士登充分致力于执行这些措施,包括呼吁各国实施武器禁运、旅行禁令和资产冻结的措施。 第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段所述措施于2011年3月通过《关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国措施的政府条例》(列支敦士登法律公报2011年第81号)及其进一步修正(2011年列支敦士登法律公报2011年第82、92、115、120、133、143、195和225号)被纳入国家法律。 列支敦士登还纳入了欧洲联盟的补充限制性措施。 通过其与瑞士的关税同盟,瑞士对货物和人员跨越列支敦士登边界流动适用了相关的法律和执法措施。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 21 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture and development", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General hereby transmits the report prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166.", "Culture and development", "Report of the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "Summary", "The present report, prepared by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), presents progress made in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, and includes an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development. To this end, the report outlines the work undertaken by 18 United Nations entities, demonstrating the contributions of culture to development. In addition, it presents the value of convening such a conference, assessing the aim, level, format, timing and the budgetary implications. It also includes recommendations for enhancing progress towards further integration of culture into development policies and practice.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII. Background 3III. Interface 4 between culture and \ndevelopment IV.Progress 6 of implementation in the United Nations \nsystem V.Assessment 19 of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and \ndevelopment \nVI.Conclusions 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/166, entitled “Culture and development”, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and relevant United Nations bodies and multilateral development institutions, to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a progress report on the implementation of the resolution and to include therein an assessment of the value and desirability of organizing a United Nations conference on culture and development, including its aim, level, format and timing, as well as budgetary implications.", "2. The most recent report on the topic of culture and development (A/59/202) concerned the implementation of General Assembly resolution 57/249.", "II. Background", "3. The evolution of the concept of development from a singular universal model and vision to a broader concept that entails multiple and diverse paths has resulted in a human-centred approach to development. This broadening of the development paradigm has gradually paved the way for acknowledging the indispensable role of culture in sustainable development. Consequently, a vision of sustainable development that better reflects the complexities of societies and the contextual implications has emerged. The 1996 report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, entitled Our Creative Diversity, contributed to the conceptual advancement highlighting the fundamental cultural dimension of a human-centred development model, and proposed that culture be prioritized in development policies. UNESCO was entrusted to lead the World Decade for Cultural Development from 1988 to 1997. The decade culminated in the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Cultural Policies for Development, which called for a cultural approach to human development and marked cultural policy as one of the key elements of development strategy.", "4. Despite significant progress since the Stockholm Conference, the nexus between culture and development is still inadequately reflected in international development policies and culture remains ancillary in the development equation as defined by the different development objectives and measures. However, recent global developments signal a welcome trend towards the systematic integration of culture into development strategies and programmes. Among the eight thematic windows established to sustain the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, the culture and development window of the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, financed by Spain, has provided an unprecedented opportunity to document the link between culture and development. Furthermore, the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals at its sixty-fifth session (General Assembly resolution 65/1) emphasized the importance of culture for development and its contribution to the achievement of the Goals. It also encouraged international cooperation in the cultural field, aimed at achieving development objectives. This was reaffirmed by Assembly resolution 65/166, which called for the integration of culture into global and national development policies. Moreover, the Economic and Social Council recently adopted “Science, technology and innovation, and the potential of culture, for promoting sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals” as the theme for the annual ministerial review, to be held at its substantive session of 2013. The preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), scheduled to take place in 2012, provide an opportunity to genuinely assess the integration of the cultural dimension in development.", "III. Interface between culture and development", "5. The relationship between culture and development is multifaceted. In addition to its intrinsic value, culture contributes to both the process and outcome of development. It has a cross-cutting role in achieving development goals and is a driver of development in its own right. Development initiatives and approaches that prioritize culture are likely to result in inclusive and context-sensitive development that yields equitable outcomes and enhances ownership by target beneficiaries. As such, development must be rooted in local cultures and knowledge and tailored to local circumstances in order for overall ownership to be enhanced, in line with the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness. Consequently, the inclusion of the cultural dimension in the conception, measurement and practice of development is key to attaining and sustaining development objectives.", "6. The culture sector, encompassing cultural heritage, creative and cultural industries, cultural tourism and cultural infrastructure, generates substantial economic benefits, including job creation. Despite the lack of reliable and consolidated data on the socio-economic contribution of culture, cultural industries account for more than 3.4 per cent of the global gross domestic product, with a global market share of approximately 1.6 trillion United States dollars in 2007, which represents almost double the amount estimated for international tourism receipts for the same year, according to a report carried out by PricewaterhouseCoopers in 2008. As outlined in the same report, cultural and creative industries represent one of the most rapidly expanding sectors in the global economy, with a growth rate of 17.6 per cent in the Middle East, 13.9 per cent in Africa, 11.9 per cent in South America, 9.7 per cent in Asia, 6.9 per cent in Oceania, and 4.3 per cent in North and Central America. The report also records how the culture sector grew steadily in the 1980s and exponentially in the 1990s, when the creative economies in the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development grew at an annual rate twice that of service industries and four times that of manufacturing.", "7. National economies significantly benefit from the cultural sector. For instance, IBF International Consulting reported in 2007 that Mali’s culture sector accounted for 5.8 per cent of employment in 2004 and 2.38 per cent of the gross domestic product in 2006, while Thailand has an estimated two million craft workers, of whom almost half work full time in the craft trade. Similarly, the creative sector in Brazil contributed 6.7 per cent of the gross domestic product in 1998, according to UNESCO data in “The power of culture for development”. Promoting and further developing the culture sector as a powerful economic sector generates employment and provides outlets for innovation.", "8. The tourism sector has diversified to become one of the fastest growing economic sectors, especially in developing countries. Gross worldwide tourism receipts grew at an average rate of 7 per cent from 1998 to 2008; according to figures released in June 2011 by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the rate of growth in the least developed countries, for the same period, was 12 per cent. In 2010, international tourism generated 919 billion dollars in export earnings. Emerging and developing countries accounted for 47 per cent of world international tourism arrivals and 36.9 per cent of world international tourism receipts in 2010. Cultural tourism presently accounts for 40 per cent of world tourism revenues. Cultural heritage sites in general, and in particular, those inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List, generate substantial revenues and employment from tourism. The same applies to intangible cultural heritage, which sustains living cultural expressions and traditional know-how, as well as performing arts. Museums and other cultural institutions also significantly contribute to economic investments and benefits. Therefore, identifying tourism as a subsector for investment would encourage investment in infrastructure and stimulate local development.", "9. Though inherently complex and difficult to quantify, investing in intercultural dialogue can help prevent conflicts, build peace and protect the rights of marginalized groups, thus creating conditions for achieving development goals. By promoting understanding and reconciliation, intercultural dialogue transcends barriers between and within cultures, serving as a valuable lever to counter ignorance, prejudice and exclusion. In addition to fostering social cohesion, culture is an essential component of human development, as it provides a sense of identity and is a source of creativity at both individual and societal levels. With globalization and technological advances presenting opportunities as well as threats, culture-sensitive approaches help to protect vulnerable communities from the pressure of homogenization, to the enrichment of all societies.", "10. Local and indigenous knowledge systems and environmental management practices provide valuable insight and tools for tackling ecological challenges, preventing the loss of biodiversity, reducing land degradation and mitigating the effects of climate change. With the profound development implications of climate change, capitalizing on the positive practices embedded in traditional cultures that value the balance between the natural and human worlds can contribute towards achieving development objectives. Seeking synergies between traditional and modern environmental practices and strengthening community participation in conservation initiatives are central aspects of environmental sustainability.", "11. Although there is no explicit reference to culture in the Millennium Development Goals, culture bears direct and indirect effects on their attainment. The cultural dimension in development reinforces national ownership of development initiatives by ensuring responsive and context-appropriate development policies, aligned with national development priorities. The economic prospects of the culture sector are particularly relevant for developing countries, given their rich cultural heritage and substantial labour force. Sustainable tourism and the culture and creative industries are strategic outlets for income generation and poverty reduction. Cultural industries require limited capital investment and have low entry barriers. Culture-related economic opportunities are not easily outsourced, making them attractive to investors. Effective promotion of the cultural industries is likely to have direct impact on vulnerable populations, owing to the significant reliance of the culture economy on the informal sector, where poor and marginalized populations, including women, often find employment, and can thereby stimulate social inclusion while maximizing jobs and trade opportunities. Development experiences indicate that the economic empowerment of women frequently results in a multiplier effect, with community gains and economic growth. Besides empowering marginalized communities, the cultural industries encourage innovation, support skill development and generate entrepreneurial capital within local communities.", "IV. Progress of implementation in the United Nations system", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "12. As the only United Nations agency with a specific mandate in the field of culture, UNESCO strategic programmes are diverse and seek to foster cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace, as well as to demonstrate the fundamental linkage between culture and sustainable development. For UNESCO, the cultural dimension of development entails protecting and promoting cultural diversity in all its manifestations, including safeguarding tangible and intangible cultural heritage, preserving the diversity of cultural expressions, mainstreaming cultural approaches to the prevention of HIV/AIDS and to material health, as well as advancing culturally sensitive policies and actions.", "13. During the past year, UNESCO has consolidated the repositioning of culture in development through a range of analytical, normative, technical and operational initiatives and tools. Among other benefits, these initiatives advanced the aims of the resolution. Multiple donors support UNESCO culture-related operational projects that promote local development.", "14. Eight normative instruments, including seven conventions, guide UNESCO engagement in the field of culture. These are: the Universal Copyright Convention; the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property; the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage; the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity; the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage; the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage; and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. Drawing on these instruments, UNESCO has developed several tools and capacity-building activities to pursue the global culture and development agenda.", "15. With regard to the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, in particular its provisions for the promotion of cultural industries and expressions, capacity-building initiatives include an expert facility programme (totalling 1 million euros and funded by the European Union) that seeks to strengthen the system of governance for culture through technical assistance missions. In addition, UNESCO has produced a series of innovative policy, research and educational tools, such as the policy guide for developing cultural and creative industries and the online resource hub, “Culture and creative industries around the world”. Also in the framework of that Convention, UNESCO encourages public-private partnerships through its Global Alliance for Cultural Diversity, a mechanism that promotes collaborative arrangements to strengthen cultural industries in developing countries. With funds in excess of 4 million dollars, the International Fund for Cultural Diversity currently supports 31 projects from 24 developing countries. These projects will contribute to a global database on best practice for culture and development projects.", "16. In relation to the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, a large-scale capacity-building programme supporting ratification and effective implementation has been launched. A group of 60 experts, including 20 from Africa, received training and continue to participate in more than 30 capacity-building activities worldwide. The global capacity-building strategy is supported by the Fund for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage and by extrabudgetary contributions, amounting to approximately 10 million dollars for a two-year period.", "17. In line with the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, UNESCO developed the “Cultural Diversity Lens”, a tool that enables policymakers and practitioners to assess development policies and programmes from a cultural diversity perspective. Employing this lens, UNESCO conducted workshops that led to the review of 12 United Nations Development Assistance Framework documents and outcomes, of 8 joint programmes of the United Nations and of 50 project documents. Furthermore, the cultural policies of nine countries were reviewed to reflect cultural diversity principles and 11 United Nations country teams were trained to take culture into account when designing programmes and strategies.", "18. To inform national policymakers of the need to protect underwater cultural heritage from looting, UNESCO, in collaboration with different partners, organized seven regional conferences on the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. These meetings focused on improving legal protection, raising awareness of underwater heritage conservation and capacity-building in the field of underwater archaeology and heritage management.", "19. In the framework of the preparations for the recently adopted global World Heritage Capacity-Building Strategy, 2,864 individuals participated in 32 capacity-building trainings conducted in 5 regions, with women representing 37 per cent of participants. In 2012, the theme of the commemoration of the fortieth anniversary of the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage will be “World Heritage and sustainable development: the role of local communities in the management of World Heritage Sites”. UNESCO continues to work on case studies, in the framework of other conventions, that demonstrate the crucial role of local communities in the socio-economic development of World Heritage sites, while maintaining their outstanding universal value and integrity. A coordination meeting with the secretariats of other biodiversity-related conventions took place in April 2011.", "20. Regarding the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, UNESCO combats illicit trafficking of cultural objects through strategic partnerships, awareness-raising and capacity-building. Several legal, practical and awareness-raising tools, such as the Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws, have been developed. National and regional trainings organized by UNESCO in 2011 include workshops in Egypt, Mongolia, Namibia and the Philippines.", "21. In addition, UNESCO has undertaken measures to respond to the increased demand for data and to support the strategic integration of culture in development policies. To better measure the impact and relevance of cultural policies and initiatives, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics developed the UNESCO Framework for Cultural Statistics, a tool that defines culture for statistical purposes and allows for the production of internationally comparable data. The Institute is also advancing rapidly on the production of data on employment in the culture sector. Building on recently generated data and experiences gained from implementing culture-related development projects worldwide, the innovative culture for development indicator suite informs decision-making by providing qualitative and quantitative indicators covering seven development areas.", "22. To respond to the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, the UNESCO culture, HIV and AIDS programme supports policy and planning that is gender-responsive, human rights-based and built on a thorough analysis of the sociocultural specificities of the communities concerned. Culturally appropriate approaches stress the need for multiple, context-specific biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions. UNESCO developed a series of guideline materials for the design of cultural approaches to HIV/AIDS prevention and care, including an interactive e-learning tool for project officers. Other programme activities include nurturing “enabling environments” for culturally appropriate HIV and AIDS policies, and strengthening local research.", "23. The contribution of the culture and creative industries to sustainable development is strengthened through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund, of which UNESCO has been designated Convenor. With a budget of 95 million dollars, 18 joint programmes are supported worldwide under this inter-agency initiative, which builds on culture as an asset for socio-economic development and a factor for social cohesion and peace. The cultural dimensions covered by the programmes range from cultural heritage to cultural industries and cultural tourism to intercultural dialogue. National ownership with community-based action is one of numerous strengths of the joint programmes, which involve coordination with economy and finance, culture, tourism and environment ministries. The joint programmes on culture and development have produced a number of tangible results in areas such as tourism, heritage promotion and conservation, craft and creative industries and intercultural dialogue. As living laboratories for “Delivering as one”, the joint programmes have generated considerable innovation and knowledge in terms of inter-agency cooperation and programming and have contributed to advancing United Nations reform at the country level, building on the comparative advantage of each entity.", "24. A two-year knowledge management system project on culture and development aims to capitalize on the experience of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development funded by the Achievement Fund, and to capture, codify, translate and disseminate knowledge with a view to learning, raising awareness and informing future development policy and programming. The project will enable the further assessment of the linkages between culture and development, including the impact of culture on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "25. On 1 July 2011, UNESCO and the World Bank signed a memorandum of understanding formalizing ongoing cooperation on culture and development, with a framework for technical work in the areas of preservation and rehabilitation of historic cities, conservation of natural heritage sites, cultural indicators, the economics of culture and the promotion of cultural diversity. UNESCO is exploring other potential partnerships to strengthen culture and development linkages.", "26. UNESCO supports multiple efforts geared at harnessing indigenous knowledge. It coordinated the elaboration of a joint reflection paper by the Inter‑Agency Support Group on Indigenous People’s Issues, on the theme of indigenous people and the role of their culture and identity in development, in the light of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, as a contribution to the ninth session of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In addition, UNESCO further consolidated its support for cultural approaches to natural resources management, including the preservation and application of local and indigenous knowledge for environmental sustainability, through a joint programme with the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Strengthening the linkages between culture and biodiversity, the joint programme employs a holistic approach consistent with cultural values, knowledge systems and livelihoods that contributes to conservation as well as the sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.", "27. With the aim of optimizing the contribution of culture to sustainable development, field offices have implemented General Assembly resolution 65/166 through capacity-building, awareness-raising, knowledge exchanges, culture mainstreaming, fund mobilization and support for the strengthening of national legal and policy frameworks.", "28. In response to the General Assembly’s request, the Director-General of UNESCO invited all relevant United Nations bodies to provide contributions on the implementation of the resolution, since its adoption on 20 December 2010. The following 17 organizations responded.", "United Nations Development Programme", "29. The primary engagement of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in the area of culture and development is through the culture and development window of the Achievement Fund. Alongside other United Nations entities, UNDP participates in the implementation of the 18 joint programmes on culture and development. UNDP administers the Fund on behalf of the United Nations system.", "30. UNDP implements other initiatives aligned with General Assembly resolution 65/166, including the biennial Equator Prize that supports efforts to reduce poverty through the sustainable use of biodiversity, and promotes sustainable development that respects the rights of indigenous people through the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme. Under the first pillar of its Millennium Development Goals “Breakthrough Strategy”, UNDP continues to implement the Millennium Development Goals acceleration framework for 14 countries across the globe. The tool, developed by UNDP and endorsed by the United Nations Development Group, aids Governments and development partners in examining issues of participation, discrimination and cultural exclusion, in line with resolution 65/166, as they relate to bottlenecks hampering the progress of interventions based on the Millennium Development Goals. The bottleneck assessment under the framework includes questions concerning reducing language barriers and respecting indigenous peoples’ practices in public services such as health and education.", "31. On 20 May 2011, UNDP, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund launched the first global United Nations inter-agency initiative to advance the rights of indigenous peoples, the United Nations Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership. Furthermore, the Human Development Report, together with other UNDP publications, underscores culture as an integral part of sustainable development and achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In addition, the Assistant Administrator of UNDP launched a new report, in collaboration with the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), entitled Creative Economy Report 2010: a Feasible Development Option, which reviews the market situation for creative industries and the potential of cultural industries for developing countries that seek to diversify their economies and progress in one of the most vibrant sectors of the world economy.", "Development Operations Coordination Office", "32. Pursuant to paragraph 6 of the resolution, the Development Operations Coordination Office communicated the text of the resolution to all resident coordinators, inviting them to further integrate and mainstream culture into their programmes within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework. Currently, some 60 per cent of the programmes under the Framework (in 112 countries) reference culture and/or include a cultural component in their activities.", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "33. In its strategy for the development of creative industries, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) seeks to empower entrepreneurial women, youth, rural groups and peripheral communities to respond to market opportunities utilizing the rich creative cultural heritage and diverse creative knowledge to produce innovative goods and services. To this end, a targeted environment of policy support measures, microcredit as well as venture funds and business support mechanisms are put in place. In relation to the economic potential of creative knowledge for multimedia and audio-visual production, UNIDO assisted eight island States in the Caribbean to promote entrepreneurship, develop frameworks and enhance institutional capacities for business development services for the creative industries. Through South-South Cooperation, the project built the capacities of national as well as regional counterparts, using UNIDO methodologies for entrepreneurship development and business development services.", "34. UNIDO supports specific policies and advocacy measures to redress exclusion of indigenous communities from the benefits of activities related to creative industries. For example, the “Entrepreneurship for Creative Industries” project in China, implemented within the United Nations Development Assistance Framework “Outcome One” programme for 2008-2011, seeks to develop social and economic policies for human-centred, sustainable and equitable growth.", "35. Under the prevailing conditions of global competition and concerns for harnessing environment-friendly resources, creative industries are considered to be a key sector for operationalizing new perspectives and technologies, through sustainable national and industrial development strategies for poverty reduction. UNIDO has produced two substantial documents on creative industry development. In response to increasing requests from Member States, UNIDO intensified its technical assistance to promote the development of cultural assets through the creative industries. That includes addressing insufficient quality standards, inadequate supply capacity, insufficient market linkages and limited commercialization of creative industries. Furthermore, UNIDO developed relevant linkages with other sectors, including agribusiness, in order to enhance the potential for job creation and human development, based on traditional and cultural heritage.", "World Tourism Organization", "36. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) recognizes sustainable tourism as a powerful tool for development and cultural diversity and as a key contributor to local economies worldwide. The advancement of sustainable tourism, in a manner that establishes a balance between environmental, economic and sociocultural aspects of tourism development, lies at the heart of UNWTO programmes. The Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, the guiding policy document of UNWTO, unequivocally affirms the importance of culture for sustainable development, economic growth, human enrichment and poverty eradication. The Code promotes cultural diversity and advocates for cultural tourism as an essential component of sustainability.", "37. Within the framework of its capacity-building activities, UNWTO developed a tourism management programme at heritage sites to facilitate the development of policy and operational guidelines for addressing tourist congestion at cultural and natural heritage sites, and for enhancing the tourism sector’s ability to develop and present destinations and heritage sites in a more comprehensive manner.", "38. UNWTO acknowledges that linking tourism with cultural heritage better serves local economies. When managed well, cultural tourism protects a nation’s natural and cultural treasures and improves the quality of life for residents and visitors. A handbook for the tourism sector on communicating heritage will further contribute to capacity-building activities on cultural tourism and consolidate the creative sector. The first UNWTO study on tourism and intangible cultural heritage, which is expected to be published in 2011, provides comprehensive research and innovative forms of policymaking through case study analysis, drawn from across five continents, on the links between tourism development and intangible cultural heritage. UNWTO is a member of the steering group for the UNESCO programme on World Heritage and sustainable tourism.", "39. The Technical Cooperation and Services Department of UNWTO implements many cooperation projects where culture is the major focus. The tourism development master plan for the State of Punjab in India includes sustainable development of cultural tourism at some of the prime locations in the State, where cultural tourism will open up new avenues for socio-economic development of the local communities through job creation and income generation, particularly for youth and women. Within the framework of the Achievement Fund, UNWTO, together with other United Nations entities, is implementing the joint programme for the mobilization of the Dahshur World Heritage Site for community development in Egypt.", "40. In 2002, the UNWTO “Sustainable Tourism Eliminating Poverty” initiative was launched to reduce poverty levels by promoting sustainable forms of tourism. To date, 24 regional and national trainings on tourism and poverty reduction have been organized to build capacities among public officials, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities in developing countries, with a total participation of over 2,000 officials. With the support of a wide range of public and private sector organizations, 97 projects are already being implemented, benefiting 33 developing countries. Projects range from the training of local guides and hotel employees to facilitating the involvement of local residents in tourism development around natural and cultural heritage sites and establishing business linkages between poor producers and tourism enterprises. Relevant examples of such projects with a clear cultural heritage component can be found in several countries, including Ethiopia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and the United Republic of Tanzania. Finally, UNWTO has published five reports providing evidence of the impact of tourism in reducing poverty levels, as well as recommendations on how to maximize these impacts.", "World Bank", "41. The World Bank’s policies support culture as a key component of the development paradigm, with significant implications for social cohesion, opportunities for economic growth and positive synergies with poverty reduction strategies. Cultural considerations and cultural development objectives have been set for an increasing number of projects that are primarily generated in the following areas: (a) urban development, which promotes the rehabilitation of historic cities and sites, their accessibility, conservation and presentation; (b) local economic development, as it relates to the activities of small and medium enterprises, especially of the informal sector, which lie at the core of handicrafts production and commerce; (c) social development, which promotes cultural diversity in order to ensure social cohesion among diverse social groups and the integration of indigenous peoples, minorities and migrants into the social fabric; and (d) sustainable tourism development, which promotes economic investments primarily in the hospitality business and services related to natural and cultural landscapes. The total volume of the World Bank’s investments in development projects with a cultural dimension has increased from 1.3 billion dollars, between 1990 and 1999, to 4 billion dollars between 2000 and 2009, with a majority of the investments generated under urban development.", "42. The World Bank’s assistance to the Governments of developing countries and emerging economies extends to analytical work and technical assistance to assess institutional frameworks and improve the effectiveness of national and local agencies responsible for the management of cultural assets. The World Bank also conducts research work on policy topics such as cultural economics and the threats to cultural heritage caused by increasing natural hazards and the impact of climate change.", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "43. As part of the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) engagement with indigenous peoples, the following activities were carried out in 2011, in order to raise public awareness of indigenous peoples’ cultural diversity. In May, at the meeting of the World Summit on the Information Society Forum in Geneva, IFAD delivered a presentation entitled “Promoting indigenous peoples’ education — IFAD engagement with indigenous peoples”, which highlighted development with culture and identity. In June, IFAD sponsored the first “Indigenous Terra Madre” forum, an event focused on strengthening the food cultures of indigenous peoples and creating spaces for the expression of indigenous voices in the ongoing food and climate debate.", "44. IFAD is currently implementing its policy on engagement with indigenous peoples, which includes principles of engagement relating to “cultural heritage and identity as assets”, through which IFAD will build upon indigenous peoples’ cultural distinctiveness and assist communities in taking full advantage of their traditional knowledge, culture, governance systems and natural resources. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility finances projects designed and implemented by indigenous peoples’ communities and includes “development with culture and identity” as one of the selection criteria for financing. At an IFAD workshop in February 2011, the process of establishing an indigenous peoples’ forum at IFAD was initiated. The forum’s objectives would include the strengthening of partnerships between IFAD and indigenous peoples, in order to address poverty and sustainable development with culture and identity.", "45. IFAD funded a grant to Oxfam Italy for a project addressing the marginalization of poor farmers and migrants from Ecuador, Morocco and Senegal through market linkages and the promotion of diversity. The project empowers poor rural communities and enhances their income generation opportunities by rescuing and conserving target plant species and their associated indigenous knowledge; enhancing cultivating practices; developing commercialization and marketing; and raising public awareness on the value of target species in nutritional security, health and income generation. An important dimension of the programme was to ensure cultural continuity.", "46. The IFAD Indigenous Peoples Assistance Facility has supported a wide variety of microprojects focusing on indigenous traditional knowledge and community practices of environmental management. Several such projects revitalized traditional agricultural systems and handicraft techniques, while others aimed at valuing and strengthening indigenous peoples’ communities’ identities, traditional customs and languages.", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "47. Consistent with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) focus on the linkage between intellectual property and the preservation of the public domain, WIPO undertook a series of initiatives, including the second survey on voluntary registration and deposit systems (on repositories of cultural and historical heritage); the scoping study on copyright and related rights and the Public Domain (a comparison of national legislations that directly or indirectly define the public domain); and the survey of private copyright documentation systems and practices. In October 2011, WIPO will organize a conference on copyright documentation and infrastructure to showcase the findings.", "48. More than 35 countries have used the WIPO Guide on Surveying the Economic Contribution of the Copyright-based Industries, which includes industries considered to be of great cultural value. This informs national development as measured through gross domestic product, employment and trade statistics. Several countries use the outcome reports and studies as a basis to further study and develop their creative and cultural industries-related policy. Furthermore, WIPO assists member States in developing national strategies on the creative industries. The Creative Industries Division of WIPO has developed several publications on specific creative industries. A guide to assessing the economic, social and cultural impact of the creative industries is being developed. The multi-stakeholder project includes inputs from UNESCO and Eurostat, among others, and is designed to enable countries to address cultural and developmental policy issues.", "49. Upon request, WIPO conducts capacity-building activities. In 2011, the Copyright Development Services Division organized 20 activities, including 7 national, 7 regional and 2 interregional training programmes, and 4 expert missions for developing countries. Moreover, the Traditional Knowledge Division of WIPO, in collaboration with the Government of Oman, organized an international technical symposium entitled “Intellectual property and sustainable development: documentation and registration of traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions”, held in June 2011. In May 2011, WIPO and the International Council of Museums signed a memorandum of understanding pledging collaboration and cooperation on intellectual property issues of interest to museums. WIPO participated in several awareness-raising and technical cooperation activities in numerous countries. Notably, WIPO participated in the work of the independent expert in the field of cultural rights on access to cultural heritage. Lastly, WIPO produced a United Nations Television and Video film entitled “Digitizing traditional culture in Kenya”.", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "50. In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and UNESCO will jointly organize a workshop on the quality of food and agricultural products. To prepare for the workshop, FAO initiated a study on the potential of origin-linked products to preserve and promote the UNESCO Programme on Man and the Biosphere, World Heritage sites, the FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems and other areas of natural and cultural interests. The workshop will identify areas in which FAO and UNESCO can further collaborate in the preservation and promotion of natural and cultural heritage.", "United Nations Environment Programme", "51. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to achieving environmental protection and sustainable development, including the interlinkages between global environmental changes and adverse social, cultural and economic effects. In the light of the decision by the Governing Council of UNEP, at its sixteenth session, to focus on environment and cultural diversity, UNEP environmental protection activities include biodiversity, traditional knowledge, indigenous languages and practices, cultural diversity and biodiversity and cultural behaviours. UNEP, in the fifth report of its Global Environment Outlook series, will consider the interlinkages between knowledge and practices of indigenous communities, and the goals of conservation and sustainable use; the analysis will be submitted as a contribution to the preparation process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "52. Key initiatives include the production of awareness-raising materials for the annual celebration of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People and for several UNEP publications, such as the special issue of the youth magazine “TUNZA” on indigenous knowledge and the environment and articles on indigenous knowledge in “The Environment Times”, a publication of the UNEP Global Resource Information Database in Norway (GRID-Arendal).", "53. Using the framework of multilateral environment agreements, UNEP focuses on identifying cultural and community rights to biodiversity management, including conservation, sustainable use and access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing. Linking the concepts of access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP worked with relevant stakeholders, including UNESCO, to develop a set of biocultural community protocols to help mainstream culture, biodiversity management and traditional knowledge into livelihood securities, economic well‑being and sustainable development. In 2010, a website developed jointly with UNESCO was launched by UNEP, as part of the International Year of Biodiversity, to showcase work on biocultural community protocols. A policy brief on communities and well-being, developed by UNEP and other partners and addressing rights-based approaches, development and community knowledge services, was distributed at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010.", "54. UNEP is one of five United Nations entities participating in a joint programme in Namibia, funded by the Achievement Fund. The project builds on cultural and natural heritage as a basis for the development of cultural tourism and targets ethnic minority groups. UNEP is responsible for mainstreaming environment into cultural tourism by supporting the Government of Namibia in more effectively integrating and implementing the principles of cultural and natural diversity into sustainable development policies and activities.", "55. In 2010, UNEP supported a project on the involvement of African non‑governmental organizations in the access- and benefit-sharing process. It explored the role of such organizations in the protection of traditional knowledge, awareness-raising and capacity-building in local communities in the context of traditional knowledge as it relates to access- and benefit-sharing legislation in some African countries. Furthermore, UNEP, in partnership with several organizations, including the Drought Monitoring Centre of the Climate Prediction and Applications Centre of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) concluded a project on harnessing and application of indigenous knowledge in nature conservation and natural disaster management in Africa. This knowledge, in line with African traditions, has been handed down orally from generation to generation, hence the compelling need to document it. In 2010, a book entitled Traditional Knowledge in Policy and Practice: Approaches to Development and Human Well‑being was published by the United Nations University Press, with support from UNEP. Within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity articles on access- and benefit-sharing and traditional knowledge, UNEP assisted Parties to the Convention to finalize traditional knowledge-related work programmes and complete negotiations under the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "56. Since 2000, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) mandate has included conducting policy-oriented research to assist developing countries in identifying innovative policy options for optimizing the economic contributions of the creative industries, in order to foster trade and development gains towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme works on the development dimensions of creative industries. Key contributions of UNCTAD include the joint UNCTAD and UNDP “Creative Economy” reports of 2008 and 2010, as well as the UNCTAD global database on the creative economy. UNCTAD Creative Economy Programme e-news raises awareness of the importance of culture and the growing contributions of the creative economy to fostering sustainable and inclusive development, facilitates networking and partnerships, and enhances synergy between key stakeholders.", "57. In 2010, UNCTAD prepared country profiles and a user guide for the UNCTAD Global Database on the Creative Economy. Demand-driven capacity-building continues to assist end-users from all countries to assess the trade performance of their creative products in the global market. The tool is used in policy design to shape concrete actions for nurturing the creative economy. UNCTAD supports developing countries in enhancing their creative productive capacities and the appropriate institutional, regulatory and financing mechanisms to facilitate the emergence of domestic markets for culture and creative goods, as well as services.", "58. UNCTAD conducted research on the linkages between the creative economy and the green economy, capturing ongoing policy debates on how creativity and biodiversity can be a win-win solution for promoting sustainable development and economic recovery. In the context of the International Year of Biodiversity, celebrated in 2010, UNCTAD launched the “eco-chic” initiative to increase awareness within the international community of environmentally and socially sensitive practices in the use of biodiversity.", "59. Through its Creative Economy Programme, UNCTAD assists developing countries to put in place concerted multidisciplinary policies and inter-ministerial actions involving the areas of culture, tourism, trade, labour, technology and enterprise development. Examples include national country studies, released in June 2011, for Mozambique and Zambia.", "60. Concrete initiatives to optimize the contributions of culture and the creative industries for development include the “Creative Africa Initiative” launched in 2008. It showcases the richness of African cultures and the creative talent of Africans to promote inclusive development rooted in the creative economy. Subsequently, the Prime Minister of Nigeria created the Nigerian chapter of the initiative to support the Nigerian film industry. In Ghana, Mali and Senegal, the creative economy is now part of the national strategy for poverty reduction. In 2011, UNCTAD, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization, launched the “Puppet Planet Project” to encourage action that addresses climate challenges and environmental degradation while promoting sustainable development and the culture/creative economy in developing countries.", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "61. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) series on the management and conservation of World Heritage seeks to optimize the impact of UNESCO conventions on natural and cultural heritage by focusing on related national policy formulation, best practices and case studies knowledge exchange. A values-based management approach, which makes the conservation of heritage meaningful, has been developed over the course of seven workshops. The series has also focused on the innovative role that natural and cultural heritage can play in peacebuilding, using the example of Hiroshima by highlighting the resonance and relevance of its policies for other sites around the world.", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "62. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) contributes to the promotion of culture for sustainable development through the restoration of cultural heritage and historic buildings, the improvement of access to local markets and historical sites, and the management of small grants to help local communities address environmental challenges. UNOPS capacity-building for the development of a dynamic cultural and creative sector includes projects in Argentina and Guatemala, where UNOPS supports the respective Governments through the provision of human resource management services and information and communications technology equipment, and assists in the conservation of historical buildings. To contribute to improved access to markets, products and services, including cultural goods and cultural tourism sites, UNOPS maintains and builds large road networks throughout Africa and Asia and provides demining services.", "Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "63. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) supports evidence and rights-based responses to HIV, in order to move towards zero new infections, zero discrimination and zero AIDS-related deaths. UNAIDS recognizes the central role of culture as a foundation of society, and seeks to maximize the positive contributions of cultural leaders towards responses that: (a) achieve public health goals through the implementation of evidence-supported approaches; (b) respect the dignity and rights of individuals, particularly with regard to non‑discrimination, health, security of the person, privacy and freedom from violence; and (c) include pragmatic approaches that respond to peoples’ behaviours and needs.", "64. UNAIDS promotes inclusive dialogue in all aspects of the HIV response, acknowledging that the behaviours and known risk factors for HIV infection can be controversial and culturally sensitive.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "65. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) is deeply committed to ensuring that refugees, stateless and internally displaced persons and other persons of concern have equal access to their rights, protection, services and resources, and are able to participate as active partners in the decisions that affect them. To this end, UNHCR has committed to mainstreaming an age, gender and diversity approach in its operations worldwide. The diversity element of the approach refers to differences in values, attitudes, cultural perspectives, beliefs, ethnic background, nationality, sexual orientation, gender identity, ability, health, social status, skills and other specific personal characteristics. By analysing these dimensions as interlinked personal characteristics, UNHCR can better understand the multifaceted protection risks and capacities of individuals and communities, and address and support these more effectively. By promoting respect for difference as an enriching element of any community, UNHCR fosters full equality. National or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities or indigenous groups often experience discrimination and marginalization, factors that are compounded in forced displacement situations. UNHCR works to identify the risks, as well as the strategies to mitigate them.", "United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "66. The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) provides technical assistance and extensive guidance for policymakers and local leaders to assist in the development of public policies and participatory decision-making processes, with a view to contributing to the improvement of the living conditions of indigenous peoples in urban areas. In 2011, UN-Habitat produced a policy guide to secure land rights for indigenous peoples in cities, in partnership with the Global Land Tool Network. In 2010 and 2011, UN-Habitat focused on some of the specific challenges indigenous peoples are facing in cities, in particular with regards to health and the negative impacts of climate change on vulnerable urban settlements, but also to indigenous peoples’ contributions to a sustainable urban development and a green economy.", "United Nations Population Fund", "67. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) developed a “culture lens” in 2001 to integrate cultural dynamics into all its human rights-based programming on sexual and reproductive health, gender equality and population and development. Critical to this “lens”, is a focus on young people as powerful enablers of the struggle against poverty and as the cultural and political drivers of development. UNFPA continues to support processes, at the national level, designed with and for youth constituencies, as part of its broader engagement for safe motherhood and family planning.", "68. The Executive Director of UNFPA launched a campaign initiative, “7 Billion Actions”, on World Population Day, 11 July 2011, targeting broad cultural agents of change, to work on building awareness and to magnify the opportunities and challenges of a world of seven billion people. UNFPA offices around the world are also working with faith-based non-governmental organizations and religious leaders as critical gatekeepers of culture, who form part of its Global Interfaith Network on Population and Development. The aim of the network, which has more than 500 members, is to encourage participation in national development plans and processes; build service capacities around family planning, safe motherhood, urbanization and immigration; and provide coordinated humanitarian relief efforts that take into account the specific reproductive health needs of girls and women.", "69. UNFPA chairs the inter-agency task force on engaging faith-based organizations for the Millennium Development Goals. Under the aegis of that mechanism, UNFPA co-sponsors a strategic learning exchange for senior United Nations staff, based around the themes of faith, culture and development. The course is offered through the United Nations System Staff College in Turin, Italy, each year, and includes global faith-based non-governmental organizations as resources for the mutual policy and programmatic learning on culture and development.", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "70. The United Nations Volunteers programme (UNV), in collaboration with different partners, organized multiple activities in line with the resolution, including workshops promoting cultural heritage and facilitating capacity-building for the cultural and creative industries. For instance, UNV, along with other United Nations entities, national partners and the local community, promoted Haitian art in all its forms to contribute to sustainable livelihoods, especially in the communities most devastated by the earthquake that struck Haiti in 2010. Moreover, UNDP and UNV are among several United Nations entities participating in a joint programme on creativity and cultural identity for local development, in Honduras.", "V. Assessment of modalities for a United Nations conference on culture and development", "71. The contributions of the United Nations entities summarized in this report showcase multiple and diverse programmes and different approaches to sustainable development. They demonstrate that culture-sensitive approaches underline mandates in areas as diverse as agriculture, food security, poverty alleviation, health, environmental sustainability, urbanization, refugee protection, migration, social cohesion, human rights and gender equality. Furthermore, the contributions entail technical assistance at both a policy and an operational level, with support focusing on: capacity-building (both for institutions and individuals); awareness-raising; mainstreaming culture in development policies and programmes; conserving and leveraging cultural heritage, including indigenous knowledge as an asset for development; generating knowledge though policy-oriented research; lessons learned through implementation; and data collection for monitoring and evaluating the impact of culture on development. Collaborative efforts building on the comparative advantages of the United Nations entities and community-oriented approaches are also recurring themes.", "72. The current global efforts that address gaps in achieving sustainable development and mapping the way for future development goals and approaches, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul, Turkey, in May 2011, the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and for a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015, remain insufficiently informed by the impact of culture on development, including its contribution to the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals. While future opportunities exist for examining the potential contributions of culture to achieving sustainable development, such as the annual ministerial review at the substantive session of the Economic and Social Council of 2013, they afford rather limited potential and lack appropriate expertise, among other resources, to satisfactorily address the nexus between culture and the three pillars of development. There is a need for additional quantitative data and substantial debates on the linkages between culture and development.", "73. Culture-sensitive approaches and practices are neither consolidated nor fully assessed within United Nations shared policies, practices and, most importantly, vision. Consensus-building and a better articulation of a shared vision and guidelines, together with an enhanced exchange of experiences, would ensure that United Nations entities more effectively respond to the increasing demand for assistance in this sector, and would contribute to the ongoing efforts to mainstream culture into the distinctive mandates of United Nations entities. Moreover, it would facilitate further collaboration in joint programming exercises at the country level and inform the decisions of development actors.", "74. A high-level culture and development conference would address the impact of culture on sustainable development, both in quantitative and qualitative terms, in order to better inform the development agenda towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "75. The year 2011 marks the thirteenth anniversary of the Stockholm Intergovernmental Conference on Culture Policies for Development, with its focus on “the power of culture”. It provides a timely opportunity for the international community to build on the momentum, take stock and consider the appropriate manner in which to integrate the cultural dimension into the development agenda towards 2015 and beyond.", "76. The proposed two-day conference could be organized in plenary sessions and round tables. Conference invitations would be extended to some 500 participants comprising of high-level Government representatives, heads of United Nations entities, representatives of development banks, non-governmental organizations, foundations, civil society and the private sector.", "77. In response to the General Assembly’s request, in its resolution 65/166, for a budget estimate for convening the proposed conference, it is expected that, should the conference be held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, the minimum estimate would be 400,000 dollars, including the use of the venue, interpretation and translation services and security expenses, but excluding travel and accommodation of participants.", "78. Alternatively, the conference could be hosted by a Member State.", "VI. Conclusions", "79. General Assembly resolution 65/166 was instrumental in revitalizing the debate on the impact of culture on sustainable development, at a time when international development actors are assessing gaps in achieving development objectives in view of the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and a summit on the Millennium Development Goals in 2015.", "80. The present report presents the first opportunity to take stock of actions by United Nations entities that integrate culture, showcasing the culture-sensitive approaches to development across the United Nations system and demonstrating the impact of the culture sector on development at large, and in particular, on the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals.", "81. The resolution encouraged the compilation of data, facts, figures and best practices on the linkages between culture and development, in order to demonstrate the impact of culture on the social and economic well-being of peoples and societies, thus informing national and international development policies.", "82. Furthermore, the resolution facilitated greater mainstreaming of culture into United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks and fostered international partnerships in the field of culture and development, such as the memorandum of understanding recently signed by UNESCO and the World Bank.", "83. The following actions could build on the achievements of 2011 and reinforce implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/166:", "(a) Support sustained efforts by all United Nations entities directed at enhancing understanding of the nexus between culture and sustainable development through the development of indicators, statistics and best practices to inform development policies. The Statistical Commission could be invited to address this subject and contribute to building a body of data on the relevance of investing in the culture sector;", "(b) Encourage studies that document the qualitative impact of culture on the well-being of society and showcase the potential of human rights-based cultural approaches to foster sustainable peace. In this regard, UNDP, in its Human Development Report, could be encouraged to reflect on the qualitative impact of culture on human development and integrate culture-based data into the human development index;", "(c) Pursue further efforts for the operationalization of the culture and development approach initiated under the projects funded by the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund, demonstrating the relevance of culture for the achievement of development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "(d) Invite UNESCO to consider organizing the proposed conference and to look for possible modalities, in close collaboration with all concerned United Nations entities, in order to enhance understanding of the quantitative and qualitative contributions of culture for inclusive, equitable and sustainable development. The conference could sustain the momentum generated by the General Assembly resolution on culture and development and provide an opportunity to formulate a consolidated approach to culture and development throughout the United Nations system, including through a substantial outcome document with new elements and commitments by the international community." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21", "^(*) A/66/150。", "文化与发展", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织根据大会第65/166号决议编写的报告。", "文化与发展", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告", "摘要", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)编写的本报告介绍了大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议的执行工作进度，评估了组织一次联合国文化与发展大会的价值和可取性。为此目的，本报告概述了18个联合国实体开展的工作，显示了文化对发展的贡献。此外，本报告说明了召开这样一次会议的价值，评估了会议目标、级别、形式、召开时间和所涉预算问题。本报告还载有为促进文化进一步融入发展政策和实践而提出的建议。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.背景 4\n3.文化与发展的相互联系 5\n4.联合国系统内的执行工作进度 6\n5.对联合国文化与发展会议方式的评估 18\n6.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议提交。大会在该决议中请秘书长同联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事及相关的联合国机构和多边发展机构协商，就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份进度报告，并在报告中评估举办一次联合国文化与发展大会的价值和可取性，包括会议的目标、级别、形式和时间安排及所涉预算问题。", "2. 关于文化与发展专题的最近一次报告(A/59/202)涉及大会第57/249号决议的执行情况。", "二. 背景", "3. 发展的概念从单一的普遍模式和构想演变到需要采取多种不同路径的更广泛概念，产生了以人为本的发展范式。发展范式的这一扩展为确认文化在可持续发展中不可或缺的作用逐步铺平了道路。其结果是出现了更能反映社会复杂性和背景情况的可持续发展构想。世界文化和发展委员会题为“我们的创造性的多样性”的1996年报告有助于促进概念的提升，强调以人为本发展模式的基本文化层面，建议将文化列为发展政策的优先事项。教科文组织曾接受委托，领导世界文化发展十年(1988-1997年)的各项活动。世界文化发展十年在斯德哥尔摩文化政策促进发展政府间会议上达到高潮，该次会议呼吁以文化促进人类发展，认为文化政策是发展战略的关键要素之一。", "4. 尽管自斯德哥尔摩会议以来取得了重大进展，但国际发展政策仍未充分体现文化与发展的联系，并且，在由不同发展目标和措施决定的发展公式中，文化仍然处于辅助地位。但是，近来全球发展所显示的值得欢迎的趋势是将文化系统性纳入发展战略和方案。为持续实现千年发展目标而建立的8个主题窗口中，由西班牙提供资金的实现千年发展目标基金的文化与发展窗口为揭示文化与发展的联系提供了前所未有的机会。此外，大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件(大会第65/1号决议)强调文化促进发展及其对实现千年发展目标的贡献至关重要。该决议还鼓励在文化领域中开展国际合作，以实现发展目标。大会第65/166号决议重申了这一点，呼吁将文化纳入全球和国家发展政策。此外，经济及社会理事会最近采纳“科学、技术和创新以及文化潜力用于促进可持续发展和实现千年发展目标”，作为将于2013年实质性会议期间举行的年度部长级审查的主题。计划于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会(“里约＋20”会议)的筹备工作为真正评估将文化因素纳入发展的情况提供了机会。", "三. 文化与发展的相互联系", "5. 文化与发展的关系是多方面的。除了其内在价值之外，文化还有助于发展进程和结果。文化在不同领域中为实现发展目标发挥作用，它本身也是推动发展的力量。把文化放在优先地位的发展举措和办法很可能促成具有包容性和切合实际的发展，产生公平结果并增强目标受益人的自主权。发展本身应该植根于当地文化和知识并适应当地情况，以便依照《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》的规定，增强总体自主权。因此，将文化因素纳入发展的设想、衡量和实践，对于实现和保持发展目标至关重要。", "6. 包含文化遗产、创造性和文化产业、文化旅游和文化基础设施在内的文化部门，创造了大量经济利益，其中包括就业机会。虽然缺乏可靠的合并数据说明文化所做的社会经济贡献，但普华永道会计师事务所2008年的一份报告指出，2007年文化产业在全球国内生产总值中的百分比高于3.4%，全球市场份额约16 000亿美元，几乎相当于同一年国际旅游收入预测额的两倍。同一份报告还表明，文化和创造性产业是全球经济中扩张最快的部门之一，在中东的增长率为17.6%，非洲为13.9%，南美洲为11.9%，亚洲为9.7%，大洋洲为6.9%，北美和中美洲为4.3%。该报告还记录了文化部门在1980年代的稳步增长和在1990年代的大幅增长，当时在经济合作与发展组织成员国中，创造性经济的年增长率是服务业的两倍，是制造业的四倍。", "7. 国民经济大大受益于文化部门。例如，IBF国际咨询公司2007年的报告指出，马里文化部门在2004年创造了5.8%的就业机会，2006年占国内生产总值的2.38%；泰国估计有200万名手工业者，其中几乎一半在手工艺行业从事全职工作。同样，根据教科文组织在“促进发展的文化力量”报告中提供的数据，巴西的创造性部门1998年对国内生产总值的贡献为6.7%。将文化部门作为一个强有力的经济部门加以促进和进一步发展，能创造就业，为开辟创新渠道。", "8. 旅游部门实现了多样化，成为增长最快的经济部门之一，在发展中国家尤其如此。1998年至2008年，世界旅游总收入的年增长率平均为7%；根据世界旅游组织(世旅组织)2011年6月发布的数据，上述期间内最不发达国家的旅游收入增长率为12%。2010年，国际旅游业创造了9 190亿美元的出口收入。2010年，新兴国家和发展中国家占全世界国际游客抵达人数的47%，国际旅游收入的36.9%。文化旅游目前占世界旅游收入的40%。在总体上，文化遗址，尤其是列入教科文组织世界遗产目录的文化遗址，创造了大量旅游收入和就业机会。非物质文化遗产也是这样，它们延续着鲜活的文化表现形式、传统知识和表演艺术。博物馆和其他文化机构也对经济投资和效益做出重大贡献。因此，将旅游业作为投资的一个子部门将鼓励基础设施投资，刺激当地发展。", "9. 尽管具有内在复杂性且难以量化，投资于文化间的对话还是有助于避免冲突、建设和平以及保护边缘群体的权利，从而为实现发展目标创造条件。文化间对话通过增进理解与和解，超越各种文化之间及其内部的障碍，成为消除愚昧、偏见和排斥的重要手段。除了增强社会凝聚力之外，文化还是人类发展的重要组成部分，它能使人具有认同感，是个人和社会两个层面上创造性的源泉。当全球化和技术进步带来机遇和威胁之时，敏感地对待文化，有助于保护脆弱社区，使其免受文化趋同的压力，有助于丰富所有社会。", "10. 本地和本土知识体系以及环境管理做法为应对生态挑战、防止丧失生物多样性、减轻土地退化和缓和气候变化效应提供了有价值的深刻见解和工具。考虑到气候变化对发展产生的深刻影响，如能利用重视自然界与人类世界之间平衡关系的传统文化所蕴育的积极做法，将有利于实现发展目标。实现环境可持续性的核心内容是寻求传统与现代环境做法之间的协同增效以及让各社区更多参与保护运动。", "11. 尽管千年发展目标中没有明确提及文化，但文化对这些目标的实现产生直接和间接影响。发展所包含的文化因素能确保发展政策有针对性，适合实际情况且符合国家优先发展事项，从而巩固国家对发展举措的掌管权。鉴于发展中国家拥有丰富的文化遗产和大量劳动力，文化部门的经济前景对它们尤其重要。可持续旅游业以及文化和创造性产业是创收和减贫的战略途径。文化产业需要的资金有限，门槛也很低。与文化有关的经济机会不容易被外包，因此对投资者有吸引力。由于文化经济严重依赖非正式部门，而包括妇女在内的贫穷和边缘人群经常受雇于非正式部门，因此有效促进文化产业发展可能会对弱势人群产生直接影响，从而在尽可能创造更多就业和商业机会的同时增进社会包容性。发展方面的经验表明，增强妇女的经济权力往往能达到多重效果，使社区获益和经济增长。除了能增强边缘社区能力外，文化产业还鼓励创新，支持发展技能并在当地社区内部产生企业家资本。", "四. 联合国系统内的执行工作进度", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "12. 教科文组织是联合国唯一一个在文化领域内负有具体任务的机构，其战略方案各不相同，力图增进文化多样性，推动文化间对话，弘扬和平文化，展示文化与可持续发展的根本联系。对于教科文组织而言，发展的文化内容要求从所有方面保护和增进文化多样性，包括保护物质和非物质文化遗产，保留文化表达的多样性，将文化办法纳入预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病和材料卫生工作的主流，以及推进文化敏感的政策和行动。", "13. 过去一年中，教科文组织借助一系列分析、规范、技术和业务性举措和工具，加强了文化在发展中的重新定位。除带来其他惠益外，这些举措推动实现大会决议的目标。多方援助者支持教科文组织促进地方发展的文化相关业务项目。", "14. 8项规范性文书，其中包括7部条约，为教科文组织参与文化领域内的活动提供指导。这些文书是：《世界版权公约》、《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约》、《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》、《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》、《联合国教育、科学及文化组织世界文化多样性宣言》、《保护水下文化遗产公约》、《保护非物质文化遗产公约》和《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。教科文组织利用这些文书，开发了一些工具，开展了能力建设活动，以实施全球文化和发展计划。", "15. 关于《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》，尤其是其中关于推动文化产业和文化表现形式的规定，能力建设举措中包括一个由欧洲联盟供资、共计100万欧元的专家支持方案，力图通过技术援助任务来加强文化治理制度。此外，教科文组织提出了一系列创新政策、研究和教育工具，例如发展文化和创造性产业的政策指引以及在线资源中心“世界各地的文化和创造性产业”。也是在《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》框架内，教科文组织通过其全球文化多样性联盟来鼓励公私伙伴关系。全球文化多样性联盟是一个促进协同安排以加强发展中国家文化产业的机制。文化多样性国际基金利用其超过400万美元的资金，目前为24个发展中国家的31个项目提供支持。这些项目有助于建立一个关于文化和发展项目最佳做法的全球数据库。", "16. 在《保护非物质文化遗产公约》方面，教科文组织开展了大规模能力建设方案，以支持对该公约的批准和有效执行。60名(其中包括20名来自非洲的)专家接受了培训，继续参与世界各地30多项能力建设活动。金额约1 000万美元的保护非物质文化遗产基金和预算外捐助为全球能力建设战略提供为期两年的支持。", "17. 教科文组织依照《世界文化多样性宣言》，制作了“文化多样性视角”这一工具，帮助政策制订者和执行人员从文化多样性角度评估各项发展政策和方案。教科文组织运用这一工具举办讲习班，审查了12份联合国发展援助框架文件和成果、联合国8个联合方案和50份项目文件，此外还审查了9个国家的文化政策，以反映文化多样性原则，培训了11个联合国国家工作队，指导其在制订方案和战略时考虑到文化因素。", "18. 为向国家决策者说明有必要保护水下文化遗产，使其免受劫掠，教科文组织与不同的合作伙伴协作，组织了7次关于《保护水下文化遗产公约》的区域会议。这些会议注重改善法律保护、提高保存水下遗产的意识以及水下考古和遗产管理领域的能力建设。", "19. 在编写最近获得通过的全球“世界遗产能力建设战略”过程中，2 864个人参加了在5个区域举办的32次能力建设培训，参与人中妇女占37%。2012年纪念《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》四十周年的主题定为“世界遗产与可持续发展：当地社区在管理世界遗产中的作用”。教科文组织继续开展其他公约框架内的案例研究工作。这些案例研究表明，当地社区在世界遗产所在地的社会经济发展中发挥重要作用，同时还维护世界遗产突出的普遍价值和完整性。2011年4月举行了与生物多样性有关的其他公约秘书处的协调会。", "20. 在《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》方面，教科文组织通过战略伙伴关系、提高认识和能力建设，打击非法贩运文化物品的活动。教科文组织开发了各国文化遗产法数据库等一些法律、实践和提高认识工具。教科文组织在2011年组织的国家和区域培训包括在埃及、蒙古、纳米比亚和菲律宾举办的讲习班。", "21. 此外，教科文组织还采取了一些措施以应对增加的数据需求，支持将文化战略性地纳入发展政策。为更好地衡量文化政策和举措的影响和相关性，教科文组织统计研究所制订了教科文组织文化统计框架，该工具为统计目的而对文化进行界定，有利于产生具有国际可比性的数据。统计研究所还在迅速推动文化部门就业数据的提供工作。利用近期产生的数据以及在世界各地执行文化相关发展项目中取得的经验，创新性的文化促进发展指标组合提供涵盖7个发展领域的质量和数量指标，为决策提供信息。", "22. 为应对全球艾滋病毒/艾滋病疫情，教科文组织的文化、艾滋病毒和艾滋病方案支持促进性别平等、以人权为本且基于全面分析相关社区社会文化特殊情况的政策和计划。“文化上适宜的办法”强调必须采取多种切合实际的生物医药、行为和结构性干预措施。为制订艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和护理的文化办法，教科文组织编写了一系列指导材料，包括为项目干事开发的互动式电子学习工具。其他方案活动包括为文化上适宜的艾滋病毒和艾滋病政策营造“有利环境”以及加强当地调研。", "23. 教科文组织被指定担任实现千年发展目标基金文化和发展窗口的召集人，该窗口有助于加强文化和创造性产业对可持续发展的贡献。这一机构间举措拥有9 500万美元的预算，在全世界支持18个联合方案，把文化作为一项促进社会经济发展的资产和增进社会凝聚力及和平的因素加以利用。方案所涵盖的文化因素从文化遗产到文化产业，从文化旅游到文化间对话，范围广泛。联合方案的众多优势之一是国家掌管权加上基于社区的行动。这些联合方案涉及与经济和金融、文化、旅游和环境部门的协调。文化和发展联合方案已经在旅游、遗产宣传和保护、工艺品和创造性产业以及文化间对话等领域中产生了一些具体成果。作为“一体行动”活生生的实验室，联合方案利用每个实体的比较优势，已经在机构间合作和方案拟订方面产生了相当多的创新做法和知识，并为推动联合国在国家一级的改革做出了贡献。", "24. 教科文组织开展了一个为期两年的文化与发展知识管理系统项目，其目的是汲取由实现千年发展目标基金供资的18个联合方案所取得的经验，并且记录、编撰、翻译和传播相关知识，以期用于学习、提高认识并为今后的发展政策和方案拟订提供资料。该项目有利于进一步评估文化与发展的联系，包括文化对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "25. 2011年7月1日，教科文组织和世界银行签署了一份谅解备忘录，正式确定了当前开展的文化与发展合作，建立了在历史城市保存和复原、自然遗产场址保护、文化指标、文化经济学和增进文化多样性领域内的技术工作框架。教科文组织正在寻求其他潜在合作伙伴，以加强文化与发展的联系。", "26. 教科文组织支持利用本土知识的多种努力。教科文组织协调土著问题机构间支助小组的联合反思文件的编写工作。该文件的主题是：按照《联合国土著人民权利宣言》，土著人民及其文化和特性在发展中的作用。该文件将提交给土著问题常设论坛第九届会议。此外，教科文组织通过与《生物多样性公约》秘书处的联合方案，进一步加大力度支持采用文化办法管理自然资源，包括保护和运用当地和本土知识增进环境可持续性。该联合方案通过强化文化与生物多样性的联系，采取文化上适宜的价值、知识系统和民生的综合办法，有助于保护以及可持续地公平利用生物多样性。", "27. 本着优化文化对可持续发展的贡献的目的，各外地办事处通过能力建设、提高认识、知识交流、文化主流化、资金调动和支持加强国家法律和政策框架等办法来执行大会第65/166号决议。", "28. 为响应大会的请求，教科文组织总干事请所有相关的联合国机构提供资料，说明自2010年12月20日该决议通过以来为执行该决议所作的贡献。下列17个组织作出了回应。", "联合国开发计划署", "29. 联合国发展计划署(开发署)主要通过实现千年发展目标基金的文化与发展窗口参与文化与发展领域的活动。开发署与联合国其他实体一道，参与执行18个关于文化与发展的联合方案。开发署为联合国系统管理该基金。", "30. 开发署执行符合大会第65/166号决议的其他倡议，包括两年期赤道奖。该奖支持努力通过可持续利用生物多样性来减贫，并通过全球环境基金小额赠款方案来促进尊重土著人民权利的可持续发展。在千年发展目标“突破战略”的“第一支柱”下，开发署继续在全球14个国家执行千年发展目标加速框架。这一工具由开发署开发并得到联合国发展集团赞同，目的是协助各国政府和发展伙伴按照第65/166号决议来审查参与、歧视和文化排斥等问题，因为这些问题事关阻碍基于千年发展目标的干预措施取得进展的瓶颈。有关框架下的瓶颈评估包括在诸如保健和教育等公共服务中减少有关语言障碍和尊重土著人民的做法等方面的问题。", "31. 2011年5月20日，开发署、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、国际劳工组织和联合国儿童基金推出了推动落实土著人民权利的第一个全球性的联合国机构间倡议，即“联合国土著人民伙伴关系”。而且，《人类发展报告》，以及开发署其他出版物，均强调文化是可持续发展和实现千年发展目标的一个不可分割的组成部分。此外，开发署助理署长与联合国贸易与发展会议(贸发会议)协作发表了题为“2010创意经济报告：一个可行的发展方案”的新报告，审查创意产业的市场形势和努力寻求经济多元化的发展中国家的文化产业的潜力，以及世界经济最具活力的部门之一的进展情况。", "发展业务协调办公室", "32. 根据该决议第6段，发展业务协调办公室向所有驻地协调员转发了决议案文，请他们将文化纳入联合国发展援助框架下的方案内并使之主流化。目前，(在112个国家)该框架下的方案中约有60%的方案提及文化和(或)在其活动中列入了文化组成部分。", "联合国工业发展组织", "33. 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在创意产业发展战略中努力增强创业妇女、青年、农村群体和边缘社区的能力，以利用丰富的创意文化遗产和多样化的创造性知识来提供创新商品和服务，从而抓住市场机会。为此，建立了一种有针对性的政策扶持措施环境、小额信贷以及风险基金和业务支持机制。在有关多媒体和视听作品的创造性知识的经济潜力方面，工发组织协助8个加勒比岛屿国家促进创业、制定框架和提高创意产业企业发展服务方面的机构能力。该项目通过南-南合作，利用工发组织创业发展和企业发展服务的方法，建设国家及区域同行的能力。", "34. 工发组织支持采取具体政策和宣传措施，以纠正土著社区被排除在与创意产业有关的活动惠益之外的情况。例如，在中国的“创意产业的创业”项目，是在联合国发展援助框架2008-2011年“第一成果”方案下实施的，旨在制定促进以人为本、可持续和公平的经济增长的社会和经济政策。", "35. 在当前全球竞争和对驾驭环境友好型资源的关切的情况下，创意产业被视为一个关键部门，通过可持续国家产业发展战略来减少贫穷，从而让新的观点和技术得以利用。工发组织制作了关于创意产业的发展的两部实质性文件。为响应会员国不断增加的请求，工发组织加强了其技术援助，通过创意产业促进文化资产的发展。这包括解决创意产业质量标准不足、供应能力不足、市场联系不足和商业化有限等问题。此外，工发组织与包括农业综合企业在内的其他部门，建立了相关的联系，以便在传统和文化遗产的基础上，改进创造就业和人的发展的潜力。", "世界旅游组织", "36. 世界旅游组织(世旅组织)承认可持续旅游业是追求发展和文化多样性的一个强大工具，能为世界各地的地方经济作出了重要贡献。在旅游发展的环境、经济和社会文化等方面实现平衡，以此推进可持续的旅游业，是世旅组织各项方案的核心之所在。《全球旅游业道德守则》是世旅组织的指导性政策文件，明确肯定了文化对可持续发展、经济增长、丰富人生和消除贫困的重要性。《守则》提倡文化多样性，宣传文化旅游是可持续发展一个必不可少的组成部分。", "37. 世旅组织在其能力建设活动的框架内，制定了文化遗址旅游管理方案，以促进制定解决文化和自然遗址游客拥挤问题的政策和业务准则，并加强旅游部门以更加全面的方式开发和推出旅游目的地和文化遗址的能力。", "38. 世旅组织承认，将旅游与文化遗产挂钩会更好地为地方经济服务。如果管理得当，文化旅游会保护一个国家的自然和文化宝藏，并改善居民和游客的生活质量。关于宣传遗产方面的一本旅游部门手册将进一步促进关于文化旅游方面的能力建设活动，并巩固创意部门。预计世旅组织关于旅游与非物质文化遗产的一份研究报告将在2011年出版，将会通过横跨5大洲的关于旅游业的发展与非物质文化遗产之间的联系的案例分析，提供全面的研究成果和创新形式的决策。世旅组织是教科文组织世界遗产与可持续旅游方案指导小组的成员。", "39. 世旅组织技术合作和服务部实施了主要重点是关注文化的许多合作项目。印度旁遮普邦的旅游发展总计划包括在该邦的一些黄金地段发展可持续文化旅游，文化旅游将通过创造就业和创收，尤其是青年和妇女的就业和创收，为当地社区的社会经济发展开辟新的途径。世旅组织在千年发展目标基金的框架内，与联合国其他实体一起，正在实施联合方案，利用代赫舒尔世界遗产遗址来为埃及社区发展服务。", "40. 2002年，世旅组织推出了“可持续旅游消除贫困”倡议，以通过促进可持续形式的旅游业来减少贫困。迄今，已举办24次关于旅游和减少贫穷的区域和国家培训，帮助发展中国家的公职人员、非政府组织、私营部门和社区提高能力，共有2 000多名官员参加了培训。在许多公共和私营部门组织的支持下，已在执行97个项目，33个发展中国家从中受益。项目多种多样，有的培训当地导游和酒店员工，有的协助当地居民参与自然和文化遗产场址附近的旅游发展，有的使贫穷的生产者与旅游企业建立业务联系。在埃塞俄比亚、老挝人民民主共和国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国等一些国家，可以找到此类具有明显的文化遗产组成部分的项目的相关例子。最后，世旅组织已出版了五份报告，以证据说明旅游业在减少贫困中的作用，并就如何最大限度地发挥这些作用提出建议。", "世界银行", "41. 世界银行的政策支持将文化作为发展模式的一个重要组成部分，这对社会凝聚力有着重要影响，给经济增长带来了机会，对减贫战略有着积极的协同增效作用。现已为主要源于下列领域的越来越多的项目确定了文化因素和文化发展目标：(a) 城市发展，促进历史名城和场址的恢复，改善交通，增强保全，扩大宣传；(b) 地方经济发展，力挺中小型企业，特别是非正规部门企业，因为这是手工艺生产和商业的核心之所在；(c) 社会发展，增进文化多样性，确保不同的社会群体间的社会凝聚力，让土著人民、少数民族和移民融入社会结构；(d) 可持续的旅游业发展，促进主要对与自然和文化景观相关的接待和服务业的经济投资。世界银行对有文化层面的发展项目的投资总量，从1990年至1999年的13亿美元，增至2000年至2009年的40亿美元，大部分投资是城市发展投资。", "42. 世界银行对发展中国家和新兴经济体政府的援助延伸至分析工作和技术援助，以评估体制框架和提高负责文化资产管理的国家和地方机构的有效性。世界银行还对诸如文化经济以及越来越多的自然灾害和气候变化影响对文化遗产的威胁等政策专题开展研究工作。", "国际农业发展基金", "43. 2011年，国际农业发展基金会(农发基金)与土著人民合作，开展了下列活动，以提高公众对土著人民文化多样性的认识。5月，在日内瓦召开的信息社会世界首脑会议论坛会上，农发基金作了题为“促进土著人民的教育——农发基金与土著人民的合作”的介绍，强调有文化和身份特征的发展。6月，农发基金主办了第一个“土著大地母亲”论坛，侧重于加强土著人民的饮食文化，为正在进行的食物与气候的辩论中表达土著声音创造空间。", "44. 农发基金目前正在实施与土著人民合作的政策，其中包括有关“将文化遗产和身份特征作为资产”的合作原则。通过这些合作项目，农发基金弘扬土著人民的文化独特性，协助社区充分利用其传统知识、文化、治理制度和自然资源。农发基金土著人民援助融资机制向土著人民拟订和实施的项目提供资金，将“有文化和身份特征的发展”作为提供融资的选择标准之一。在2011年2月农发基金举行的一个讲习班上，发起了在农发基金建立一个“土著人民论坛”的进程。该论坛的目标包括加强农发基金和土著人民的伙伴关系，以解决贫困和实现有文化和身份特征的可持续发展。", "45. 农发基金给意大利乐施会赠款，供开办项目，通过市场联系和增进多样性来解决厄瓜多尔、摩洛哥和塞内加尔的贫困农民和移民被边缘化问题。该项目增强贫困农村社区的能力，扩大他们的创收机会，所采取的办法是抢救和保护的目标植物物种及其相关的土著知识，改进种植做法，发展商业化和市场营销，提高公众对目标物种的营养安全、保健和创收价值的认识。该方案的一个重要方面是确保文化的连续性。", "46. 农发基金土著人民援助融资机制支持多种注重土著传统知识和环境管理方面的社区做法的微型项目。几个此类项目帮助振兴传统农业系统和手工艺技术，其他一些项目旨在重视和加强土著人民社区的身份特征、传统习俗和语言。", "世界知识产权组织", "47. 世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)按照其注重知识产权和保护公共领域之间的联系的做法，采取了一系列举措，包括对自愿登记及存放系统(关于文化和历史遗产的存放)的第二次调查、关于版权以及相关权利和公有领域的范围研究(对直接或间接地界定公共领域的国家立法的比较)、对私有版权文件系统和做法的调查。2011年10月，知识产权组织将举办一次有关版权文件和基础设施的会议，展示调查结果。", "48. 35个以上的国家使用了知识产权组织关于调查基于版权的产业的经济贡献的指南。这些产业包括被视为具有文化价值的产业。这一调查提供了通过国内生产总值、就业和贸易统计来加以衡量的国家发展的情况。几个国家使用成果报告和研究作为基础，进一步研究和发展它们有关创意和文化产业的政策。此外，知识产权组织协助各会员国制定关于创意产业的国家战略。知识产权组织创意产业司已经制作了关于具体创意产业的若干出版物。评估创意产业的经济、社会和文化影响的指南正在拟订之中。一个多方利益攸关方项目包含教科文组织、欧统局等机构的投入，其目的是让各国能够解决文化与发展政策问题。", "49. 应请求，知识产权组织开展了能力建设活动。2011年，版权发展服务司举办了20场活动，包括7个国家、7个区域、2个区域间培训方案和专家团对发展中国家的4次访问。此外，2011年6月，知识产权组织的传统知识司与阿曼政府合作，举办了一场题为“知识产权与可持续发展：传统知识和传统文化表现形式的记录和注册”的国际技术研讨会。2011年5月，知识产权组织和国际博物馆理事会签署了一项谅解备忘录，承诺就博物馆有关的知识产权问题进行协作和合作。知识产权组织在许多国家参加了若干提高认识和技术合作活动。值得注意的是，知识产权组织参加了文化权利领域独立专家关于访问文化遗产问题的工作。最后，知识产权组织制作了题为“肯尼亚传统文化数字化”的一部联合国电视和录像片。", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "50. 2011年，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和教科文组织将联合举办关于食品和农产品质量的讲习班。为了筹备该讲习班，粮农组织发起了一项与原产地挂钩的产品的潜力的研究，以维护和宣传教科文组织的“人与生物圈”方案、世界遗产场地、粮农组织全球重要的农业遗产系统以及其他有自然和文化内涵的领域。讲习班将确定粮农组织和教科文组织可以进一步合作保护和宣传自然和文化遗产的领域。", "联合国环境规划署", "51. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)强调必须以一种全面的方法来实现环境保护和可持续发展，关注全球环境变化与不利的社会、文化和经济影响之间的相互联系。鉴于环境署理事会第十六届会议作出的注重环境与文化多样性的决定，环境署环保活动涵盖生物多样性、传统知识、土著语言和习俗、文化多样性和生物多样性以及文化行为。环境署在其《全球环境展望》系列的第五次报告中，将审议土著社区的知识和做法与保护和可持续利用目标的相互联系；并将提交分析报告，作为对联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程的贡献。", "52. 主要举措包括为每年庆祝世界土著人国际日制作提高认识材料，为诸如青年杂志《关爱我们的地球》关于土著知识和环境的特刊等几个环境署出版物制作提高认识材料，以及在挪威的环境署全球资源信息数据库(阿伦达尔中心)的出版物“环境时报”上刊登关于土著知识的文章。", "53. 环境署利用多边环境协定的框架，重点注意确定生物多样性管理文化权利和社区权利，包括保护、可持续利用以及遗传资源的获取和惠益分享。为将获取和惠益分享概念与传统知识挂钩，环境署与包括教科文组织在内的相关的利益攸关方合作，拟定一套生物文化社区议定书，以帮助将文化、生物多样性管理和传统知识纳入生计保障及经济福祉和可持续发展的主流。2010年，作为国际生物多样性年活动的一部分，环境署推出了与教科文组织联合开发的一个网站，展示关于生物文化社区议定书方面的工作。2010年10月，在日本名古屋召开的《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十次会议上，分发了开发署与其他伙伴拟定的关于社区和福祉的政策情况简报，谈及基于权利的办法、发展和社区知识服务等。", "54. 环境署是参加实现千年目标基金供资的纳米比亚联合方案的五个联合国实体之一。该项目是建立在将文化和自然遗产作为发展文化旅游的基础之上的，以少数民族群体为目标。环境署负责支持纳米比亚政府更有效地整合和实施将文化和自然多样性纳入可持续发展和活动的原则，将环境纳入文化旅游的主流。", "55. 2010年，得到环境署支持的一个项目是让非洲非政府组织参加获取和惠益分享进程。该项目探讨此类组织在保护传统知识、提高认识以及当地社区在传统知识方面的能力建设中的作用，因为在一些非洲国家这涉及获取和惠益分享立法。此外，环境署与政府间发展管理局(伊加特)气候预测和应用中心旱情监测中心等几个组织签署了一项关于掌握和应用非洲保护自然和管理自然灾害的土著知识的项目的协议。按照非洲传统，这方面的知识一直代代口头相传，因此迫切需要记录下来。2010年，在环境署的支持下，联合国大学出版社出版了一本名为《政策和做法方面的传统知识：对待发展和人类福祉的方法》的书籍。在《生物多样性公约》关于获取和惠益分享及传统知识条款的框架下，环境署协助《公约》缔约方最后完成与传统知识有关的工作方案以及完成《遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》下的谈判工作。", "联合国贸易和发展会议", "56. 自2000年以来，联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)的任务已包括开展政策导向研究，以协助发展中国家确定创新性的政策选项，优化创意产业的经济贡献，从而促进在贸易和发展方面取得进展，争取实现千年发展目标。贸发会议创意经济方案着手处理的是创意产业的发展层面问题。贸发会议的主要贡献包括贸发会议和开发署的“创意经济”2008年和2010年报告，以及贸发会议关于创意经济的全球数据库。贸发会议创意经济方案电子新闻帮助提高对文化重要性以及对创意经济对促进可持续和包容性的发展的越来越大的贡献的认识，促进发展网络关系和伙伴关系，增强关键利益攸关方之间的协同作用。", "57. 2010年，贸发会议为贸发会议创意经济全球数据库编写了各国概况和用户指南。需求驱动的能力建设工作继续协助各国的终端用户评估其创意产品在全球市场上的贸易表现。这一工具被用于政策制定工作，据以开展培育创意经济具体行动。贸发会议支持发展中国家加强其创意生产能力和适当的体制、监管和融资机制，以促进文化和创意商品以及服务的国内市场的出现。", "58. 贸发会议参考正在进行的关于创造性和生物多样性如何可以成为促进可持续发展和经济复苏的一个双赢解决方案的政策辩论。对创意经济与绿色经济的关联进行了研究。在2010年国际生物多样性年的背景下，贸发会议发起了“生态时尚”倡议，以提高国际社会对在利用生物多样性过程中环境敏感和社会敏感做法的认识。", "59. 贸发会议通过其创意经济方案协助发展中国家实施涉及文化、旅游、贸易、劳工、技术和企业发展等领域的协调一致的多学科政策和跨部委行动。这方面的例子包括2011年6月发布的莫桑比克和赞比亚进行的国家研究。", "60. 优化文化和创意产业为发展所作贡献的具体举措包括2008年推出的“创意非洲倡议”。它展示了非洲文化的丰富性和非洲人民的创造才能，以促进植根于创意经济的包容性发展。随后，尼日利亚总理为这一倡议创建了尼日利亚分会，以支持尼日利亚的电影业。在加纳、马里和塞内加尔，创意经济现在是国家减贫战略的一部分。2011年，贸发会议与世界气象组织协作，启动了“玩偶星球项目”，鼓励采取行动应对气候变化挑战和环境退化问题，同时促进发展中国家可持续发展和文化/创意经济发展。", "联合国训练研究所", "61. 联合国训练研究所(训研所)世界遗产管理和保护系列致力于通过聚焦于国家相关政策的制订、最佳做法和案例研究知识的交流，优化教科文组织各项公约对自然和文化遗产的影响。在举办7个讲习班的过程中，已制订了一种以价值观为基础的管理办法，这种办法将使对遗产的保护变得更有意义。该系列还着重强调自然和文化遗产在建设和平工作中可以发挥的创新作用，同时利用广岛事例突出说明其政策对全球其他遗址的意义和关联性。", "联合国项目事务厅", "62. 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)通过修复文化遗产和历史建筑、改善进入当地市场和接触历史遗迹的机会以及管理小额赠款以帮助当地社区应对环境挑战等方式，为推动有利于可持续发展的文化作出贡献。项目厅为发展富有活力的文化和创意产业所开展的能力建设工作包括在阿根廷和危地马拉的项目。项目厅通过提供人力资源管理服务及信息和通信技术设备，对两国政府分别给予了支持并协助保护历史建筑。为帮助扩大进入市场和获得产品及服务的机会，包括与文化产品和文化旅游景点有关的机会，项目厅在整个非洲和亚洲维护和修建了庞大的道路网并提供了排雷服务。", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "63. 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)支持对艾滋病毒采取基于证据和权利的对策，以迈向零新感染、零歧视和零艾滋病相关死亡的目标。艾滋病署确认文化作为一种社会基础的核心作用，并致力于最大限度地发挥文化领导人对具有以下特点的应对措施的积极贡献：(a) 通过实行证据支持的办法实现公共卫生目标；(b) 尊重个人的尊严和权利，在不歧视、健康、人的安全、隐私和免于暴力的自由方面尤其如此；(c) 包括符合人们行为和需求的各种务实办法。", "64. 艾滋病署认识到各种行为和已知的感染艾滋病毒危险因素可具争议性和文化敏感性，推动在艾滋病毒对策的所有方面开展包容性对话。", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "65. 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)坚定致力于确保难民、无国籍人和境内流离失所者以及其他有关人有平等机会享受他们的权利和获得保护、服务及资源，并能作为积极的合作伙伴参与作出会影响到他们的决定。为此，难民署承诺把年龄、性别、多样性等方面的考量纳入其全球业务的主流。这里的多样性要素是指价值观、态度、文化视角、信仰、种族背景、国籍、性取向、性别、能力、健康、社会地位、技能和其他具体个人特征方面的差异。通过分析作为相互关联的个人特点的这些层面，难民署可以更好地了解多方面的保护风险以及个人和社区的能力，更有效地处理和帮助处理这些问题。为了促进充分平等，难民署推动尊重差异，将其视为使任何社区变得更加丰富的一个要素。民族或族裔、宗教和语言方面的少数群体或土著群体往往遭到歧视和排斥，在被迫流离失所的情况下，这些因素变得更加复杂。难民署致力于识别风险并找到减轻风险的战略。", "联合国人类住区规划署", "66. 联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)提供技术援助和广泛指导，协助决策者和地方领导人制订公共政策和参与性决策进程，以期为改善城市地区土著人民的生活条件作出贡献。2011年，人居署与全球土地工具网合作编制了一份政策指南，以确保城市中土著人民的土地权利。2010年和2011年，人居署重点应对土著人民在城市中面临的一些具体挑战，特别是健康方面的挑战和气候变化对脆弱的城市住区的负面影响，但也关系到土著人民对可持续城市发展和绿色经济的贡献。", "联合国人口基金", "67. 联合国人口基金(人口基金)在2001年推出“文化透镜”，将文化动态纳入其关于性和生殖健康、性别平等和人口与发展的所有基于人权的方案拟订工作之中。“透镜”的关键是聚焦于年轻人，把他们视为与贫穷作斗争的强大生力军和推动发展的文化和政治力量。人口基金继续在国家一级支持与青年群体一道和为青年群体制订各种进程，作为其在安全孕产和计划生育方面更广泛互动协作的一部分工作。", "68. 在2011年7月11日世界人口日，人口基金执行主任针对推动变革的广大文化媒介发起了一个名为“70亿行动”的运动倡议，致力于提高认识，大力宣传一个70亿人口的世界带来的机遇和挑战。人口基金在世界各地的办事处也正在同作为关键的文化守护者的以信仰为基础的非政府组织和宗教领袖一道开展工作。这些非政府组织和宗教领袖是人口基金全球人口与发展信仰间网络的组成部分。该网络拥有超过500个成员，其目标是：鼓励参加国家的发展计划和进程；围绕计划生育、安全孕产、城市化和移民动态建设服务能力；考虑到女童和妇女具体的生殖健康需求，努力提供协调一致的人道主义救济。", "69. 人口基金是争取以信仰为基础的组织参与实现千年发展目标行动的机构间工作队的主持机构。在这一机制之下，人口基金参与开办了一个联合国高级工作人员战略学习交流课程，内容围绕信仰、文化和发展的主题展开。这一课程每年通过意大利都灵联合国职员学院提供，全球以信仰为基础的非政府组织也作为学习文化和发展政策和方案相互学习的资源参加。", "联合国志愿人员方案", "70. 联合国志愿人员方案(志愿人员方案)与各伙伴协作，根据决议组织了多种活动，其中包括推广文化遗产和促进文化和创意产业能力建设的一批讲习班。例如，志愿人员方案与联合国其他实体、国家伙伴和当地社区一道，推动海地各种形式的艺术为促进可持续生计作出贡献，特别是在海地2010年地震中遭受破坏最严重的社区这样做。此外，开发署和志愿人员方案还与联合国其他几个实体一道参加了洪都拉斯一个以创造力和文化特色促进地方发展的联合方案。", "五. 对联合国文化与发展会议方式的评估", "71. 本报告概述的联合国各实体的贡献展示了促进可持续发展的多种不同方案和各式各样的办法，说明对文化敏感的办法突显了各领域中任务规定的重要性，而这些领域涵盖广泛，所涉范围包括农业、粮食安全、扶贫、卫生、环境可持续性、城市化、难民保护、移民、社会凝聚力、人权和性别平等。此外，这些贡献还意味着政策和业务这两个层面的技术援助，支持重点是：能力建设(包括机构和个人)；提高认识；把文化纳入发展政策和方案的主流；保护和利用好文化遗产，包括将土著知识作为发展的资产；通过以政策为导向的研究产生知识；通过执行获得经验教训；为监测和评价文化对发展的影响而收集数据。在联合国实体和以社区为导向方法的相对优势基础上再接再厉的协作努力也是一个经常性的主题。", "72. 目前处理实现可持续发展和为未来发展目标及方法规划道路方面的差距的全球努力，包括2011年5月在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、为2012年联合国可持续发展大会和为2015年千年发展目标首脑会议所做的筹备工作，仍未能充分了解文化对发展的影响，包括文化对实现国际商定发展目标的贡献。虽然今后还有机会审议文化对实现可持续发展的潜在贡献，例如经济及社会理事会2013年实质性会议的年度部长级审查，但这些机会所提供的潜力相当有限，且缺乏适当的专业知识和其他资源，难以令人满意地处理好文化与发展三大支柱之间的关联。关于文化与发展之间的关联，还需要更多的量化数据和实质性辩论。", "73. 在联合国的共同政策和做法中，最重要的是在联合国的共同愿景中，文化敏感的办法和实践既未得到综合，也未得到充分评估。建立共识和更好地阐明共同愿景及指导方针，同时加强经验交流，将确保联合国各实体更有效地对这一部门中不断增加的援助需求作出反应，并将对目前正在进行的把文化融入联合国各实体独特任务主流的努力有裨益。此外，这样做还将有利于促进在国家一级联合拟订方案的工作中的协作，并为发展领域中各行为体的决定提供帮助。", "74. 一次文化与发展问题高级别会议将讨论文化在数量和质量两方面对可持续发展的影响，以更好地帮助制订实现千年发展目标的发展议程。", "75. 2011年是以“文化的力量”为重点的斯德哥尔摩文化政策促进发展政府间会议十三周年，这为国际社会适时提供了一个机会，使之可乘势再接再厉，总结过去并考虑以何种适当方式将文化层面纳入面向2015年及其之后的发展议程。", "76. 拟议为期两天的这一会议将以全体会议和圆桌会议的形式组织。会议将向约500名参与者发出与会邀请，其中包括政府高级代表、联合国各实体负责人以及开发银行、非政府组织、基金会、民间社会和私营部门的代表。", "77. 大会第65/166号决议要求为召集这次拟议的会议作出概算，现在预计，如在纽约联合国总部举行这次会议，最低估计数为400 000美元，其中包括使用场地、口译和笔译服务的费用和安保费用，但包括不与会者的差旅费和住宿费。", "78. 作为另一种选择，本次会议也可由某个会员国主办。", "六. 结论", "79. 鉴于联合国可持续发展大会即将召开，千年发展目标首脑会议也将在2015年召开，国际发展行为体正在评估实现发展目标方面的差距，大会第65/166号决议有助于振兴关于文化对可持续发展的影响的辩论。", "80. 本报告为总结联合国各实体采取行动将文化纳入其工作的经验提供了第一个机会，展示了整个联合国系统在发展问题上采取的文化敏感办法，并说明了文化部门对发展的影响，尤其是对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "81. 该决议鼓励汇编关于文化与发展关联的数据、事实、数字和最佳做法，说明文化对社会和人民的社会及经济福祉的影响，从而帮助国家和国际发展政策。", "82. 此外，该决议推动进一步将文化纳入联合国发展援助框架并使之主流化，并加强文化与发展领域中的国际关系，例如教科文组织和世界银行最近签署了谅解备忘录。", "83. 在2011年所取得成绩的基础上可再接再厉采取以下行动，加大力度执行大会第65/166号决议：", "(a) 支持联合国各实体持续努力，制订指标，编制统计资料，发展最佳做法，帮助制定发展政策，增进对文化与可持续发展关联的了解。可请统计委员会讨论这一主题，协助汇集关于投资于文化部门的意义的数据；", "(b) 鼓励开展研究以记录文化对社会福祉的质量影响和展示基于人权的文化方法促进可持续和平的潜力。在这方面，可鼓励开发署在其《人类发展报告》中就文化对人类发展的质量影响进行反思，并把基于文化的数据纳入人类发展指数；", "(c) 进一步努力落实在实现千年发展目标基金供资项目下启动的文化与发展办法，同时展示文化对实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项发展目标的相关性；", "(d) 请教科文组织考虑与联合国所有相关实体密切协调，组织拟议中的会议并寻找可能的会议方式，以增进对文化为包容、公平和可持续发展在数量和质量方面所作贡献的了解。这次会议将能维持大会关于文化与发展的决议所产生的势头，并提供机会为整个联合国系统制订一个处理文化与发展问题的通盘方针，包括通过一份载有国际社会所提新元素和所作新承诺的实质性成果文件。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目21", "文化与发展", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨转递联合国教育、科学及文化组织根据大会第65/166号决议编写的报告。", "文化与发展", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的报告", "内容提要", "本报告由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)编写,介绍了在执行大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议方面取得的进展,并评估了组织联合国文化与发展会议的价值和可取性。 为此,报告概述了18个联合国实体开展的工作,表明文化对发展的贡献。 此外,报告还提出召开这样一次会议的价值,评估目标、级别、形式、时间安排和所涉预算问题。 它还包括促进将文化进一步纳入发展政策和做法的建议。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 背景情况 文化与\n四. 发展 联合国执行进展6\n评估联合国文化与文化会议的模式\n发展\n六、结 论. 20", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会题为“文化与发展”的第65/166号决议提交的。 大会在该决议中请秘书长同联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事和联合国相关机构和多边发展机构协商,向大会第六十六届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的进度报告,并在报告中评估组织联合国文化与发展会议的价值和可取性,包括其目标、级别、形式和时间安排以及所涉预算问题。", "2. 联合国 关于文化与发展专题的最新报告(A/59/202)涉及大会第57/249号决议的执行情况。", "二. 背景情况", "3个 发展概念从单一的普遍模式和愿景演变为涉及多条和多条道路的更广泛概念,导致以人为中心的发展办法。 发展模式的扩大逐步为承认文化在可持续发展中不可或缺的作用铺平了道路。 因此,出现了更好地反映社会复杂性和背景影响的可持续发展愿景。 世界文化与发展委员会1996年题为 \" 我们的创造性多样性 \" 的报告促进了概念方面的进展,突出了以人为中心的发展模式的基本文化层面,并提议在发展政策中优先考虑文化。 教科文组织受托领导从1988至1997年的世界文化发展十年。 十年的高潮是斯德哥尔摩政府间文化政策促进发展会议,会议呼吁对人类发展采取文化办法,并标志着文化政策是发展战略的关键要素之一。", " 4.四. 尽管自斯德哥尔摩会议以来取得了重大进展,但文化与发展之间的关系在国际发展政策中仍然没有得到充分的反映,在不同的发展目标和措施所确定的发展方程式中,文化仍然是辅助性的。 然而,最近的全球事态发展表明,有系统地将文化纳入发展战略和方案的趋势值得欢迎。 在为持续实现千年发展目标而建立的八个专题窗口中,由西班牙资助的千年发展目标成就基金的文化与发展窗口为记录文化与发展之间的联系提供了前所未有的机会。 此外,大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议的成果文件(大会第65/1号决议)强调了文化促进发展的重要性及其对实现千年发展目标的贡献。 它还鼓励在文化领域开展国际合作,以实现发展目标。 大会第65/166号决议重申了这一点,呼吁将文化纳入全球和国家发展政策。 此外,经济及社会理事会最近通过了“科学、技术和创新以及文化潜力,以促进可持续发展并实现千年发展目标”,作为将在2013年实质性会议上举行的年度部长级审查的主题。 定于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20会议)的筹备工作为真正评估将文化层面纳入发展提供了一个机会。", "三. 文化与发展的相互关系", "5 (韩语). 文化与发展之间的关系是多方面的。 文化除了其内在价值外,还有助于发展进程和成果。 它在实现发展目标方面具有贯穿各领域的作用,本身就是发展的驱动力。 将文化列为优先事项的发展举措和办法有可能带来包容性和对背景有敏感认识的发展,产生公平的结果并增强目标受益者的自主权。 因此,发展必须扎根于当地的文化和知识并适合当地情况,以便根据《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》加强总体自主权。 因此,将文化层面纳入发展的概念、衡量和实践是实现和维持发展目标的关键。", "6. 国家 文化部门,包括文化遗产、创意和文化产业、文化旅游和文化基础设施,产生巨大的经济效益,包括创造就业。 尽管缺乏关于文化的社会经济贡献的可靠和综合数据,文化产业占全球国内生产总值的3.4%以上,2007年全球市场份额约为1.6万亿美元,根据普华永道2008年的一份报告,这几乎是同年国际旅游收入估计数的两倍。 如同一份报告所概述,文化和创意产业是全球经济中增长最快的部门之一,中东的增长率为17.6%,非洲为13.9%,南美洲为11.9%,亚洲为9.7%,大洋洲为6.9%,北美和中美洲为4.3%。 报告还记录了文化部门在1980年代和1990年代的稳步增长,当时经济合作与发展组织成员国的创意经济年增长率是服务业的两倍,是制造业的四倍。", "7. 联合国 国家经济大大受益于文化部门。 例如,IBF国际咨询公司在2007年报告说,马里文化部门在2004年占就业人数的5.8%,在2006年占国内生产总值的2.38%,而泰国估计有200万手工业工人,其中近一半从事手工业的全职工作。 同样,根据教科文组织在“文化促进发展的力量”方面的数据,巴西的创意部门在1998年贡献了国内生产总值的6.7%。 促进和进一步发展文化部门,使之成为强大的经济部门,创造就业,提供创新途径。", "8. 联合国 旅游部门已经多样化,成为增长最快的经济部门之一,特别是在发展中国家。 根据世界旅游组织(世旅组织)2011年6月公布的数字,1998至2008年全球旅游总收入平均增长7%,同期最不发达国家增长率为12%。 2010年,国际旅游创造了9,190亿美元的出口收益. 2010年,新兴国家和发展中国家占世界国际旅游抵达人数的47%,占世界国际旅游收入的36.9%。 文化旅游目前占世界旅游收入的40%。 总的来说,文化遗产遗址,特别是列入教科文组织世界遗产名录的遗址,从旅游业中创造了大量收入和就业。 非物质文化遗产也是如此,它维持活的文化表现形式和传统专门技能以及表演艺术。 博物馆和其他文化机构也对经济投资和收益作出重大贡献。 因此,将旅游业确定为投资的分部门将鼓励对基础设施的投资并刺激地方发展。", "9. 国家 投资于文化间对话虽然本质上复杂而难以量化,但有助于预防冲突、建设和平并保护边缘化群体的权利,从而为实现发展目标创造条件。 通过促进理解与和解,文化间对话超越了文化之间和内部的障碍,成为消除无知、偏见和排斥的宝贵杠杆。 除了促进社会凝聚力外,文化是人类发展的一个基本组成部分,因为它提供了一种认同感,是个人和社会层面创造力的来源。 随着全球化和技术进步带来机会和威胁,注重文化的办法有助于保护脆弱社区免受同质化的压力,并丰富所有社会。", "10个 地方和土著知识系统及环境管理做法为应对生态挑战、防止生物多样性丧失、减少土地退化和减轻气候变化的影响提供了宝贵的见解和工具。 由于气候变化对发展产生了深刻的影响,利用传统文化中蕴含的积极做法,重视自然世界和人类世界之间的平衡,可以促进实现发展目标。 寻求传统和现代环境做法之间的协同作用和加强社区参与养护举措是环境可持续性的核心方面。", "11个 虽然千年发展目标没有明确提及文化,但文化对实现这些目标具有直接和间接影响。 发展的文化层面确保符合国家发展优先事项的顺应需要和适合具体情况的发展政策,从而加强了国家对发展举措的自主权。 文化部门的经济前景对发展中国家特别重要,因为它们拥有丰富的文化遗产和大量的劳动力。 可持续旅游业以及文化和创意产业是创收和减贫的战略途径。 文化产业需要有限的资本投资,进入壁垒也很低. 与文化有关的经济机会不容易外包,因此对投资者具有吸引力。 由于文化经济严重依赖非正规部门,包括妇女在内的贫穷和边缘化人口往往在非正规部门找到工作,因此有效促进文化产业有可能对弱势人口产生直接影响,从而可以刺激社会包容,同时最大限度地增加就业和贸易机会。 发展经验表明,赋予妇女经济权力往往产生倍增效应,带来社区收益和经济增长。 除了赋予边缘化社区权力外,文化产业还鼓励创新,支持技能发展,并在当地社区内产生创业资本。", "四、结 论 联合国系统的执行进展情况", "教科文组织", "12个 教科文组织是文化领域唯一负有具体任务的联合国机构,其战略方案多种多样,力求促进文化多样性、文化间对话和和平文化,并显示文化与可持续发展之间的根本联系。 对教科文组织来说,发展的文化方面要求保护和促进各种表现形式的文化多样性,包括保护有形和无形的文化遗产,保护文化表现形式的多样性,将预防艾滋病毒/艾滋病和物质健康的文化方法纳入主流,并推进对文化敏感的政策和行动。", "13个 在过去一年中,教科文组织通过一系列分析、规范、技术和业务举措和工具,巩固了文化在发展中的重新定位。 除其他好处外,这些倡议推动了决议的目标。 多个捐助方支持教科文组织促进地方发展的文化相关业务项目。", "14个 包括7个公约在内的8个规范性文书指导了教科文组织在文化领域的参与。 它们是:《世界版权公约》、《关于发生武装冲突时保护文化财产的公约》、《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》、《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》、《教科文组织世界文化多样性宣言》、《保护水下文化遗产公约》、《保护非物质文化遗产公约》和《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》。 教科文组织利用这些文书,开发了若干工具和能力建设活动,以推行全球文化和发展议程。", "15个 关于《保护和促进文化表现形式多样性公约》,特别是其促进文化产业和表现形式的规定,能力建设举措包括一个专家设施方案(共计100万欧元,由欧洲联盟供资),该方案旨在通过技术援助特派团加强文化治理系统。 此外,教科文组织还制作了一系列创新政策、研究和教育工具,如发展文化和创意产业的政策指南和在线资源中心“世界各地的文化和创意产业”。 同样在该公约的框架内,教科文组织通过其全球文化多样性联盟鼓励公私伙伴关系,这一机制促进协作安排,以加强发展中国家的文化产业。 国际文化多样性基金的资金超过400万美元,目前支助来自24个发展中国家的31个项目。 这些项目将有助于建立一个关于文化和发展项目最佳做法的全球数据库。", "16号. 关于《保护非物质文化遗产公约》,已经启动了一项支持批准和有效执行的大规模能力建设方案。 包括20名非洲专家在内的60名专家组接受了培训,并继续参加全世界30多起能力建设活动。 全球能力建设战略由保护非物质文化遗产基金和预算外捐款支持,为期两年,数额约为1 000万美元。", "17岁。 根据《世界文化多样性宣言》,教科文组织开发了“文化多样性网”,使决策者和从业人员能够从文化多样性的角度评估发展政策和方案。 教科文组织利用这一视角举办了讲习班,从而审查了12个联合国发展援助框架文件和成果、8个联合国联合方案和50个项目文件。 此外,对9个国家的文化政策进行了审查,以反映文化多样性原则,并对11个联合国国家工作队进行了培训,以便在制定方案和战略时考虑到文化。", "18岁。 为了让国家决策者了解保护水下文化遗产免遭掠夺的必要性,教科文组织同不同伙伴合作,组织了七次关于《保护水下文化遗产公约》的区域会议。 这些会议的重点是加强法律保护、提高对水下遗产保护的认识以及在水下考古和遗产管理领域进行能力建设。", " 19. 19. 在筹备最近通过的全球世界遗产能力建设战略的框架内,有2 864人参加了在5个区域开展的32个能力建设培训,其中妇女占37%。 2012年,纪念《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》四十周年的主题是“世界遗产和可持续发展:地方社区在世界遗产管理中的作用”。 教科文组织继续在其他公约的框架内进行个案研究,这些个案研究表明,地方社区在世界遗产所在地的社会经济发展中发挥着关键作用,同时保持了它们杰出的普遍价值和完整性。 2011年4月与其他生物多样性相关公约秘书处举行了一次协调会。", "20号. 关于《关于禁止和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》,教科文组织通过战略伙伴关系、提高认识和能力建设来打击非法贩运文物。 开发了国家文化遗产法数据库等若干法律、实践和提高认识的工具。 教科文组织2011年举办的国家和区域培训包括在埃及、蒙古、纳米比亚和菲律宾举办的讲习班。", "21岁 此外,教科文组织已采取措施,应对对数据日益增长的需要,并支助将文化战略性地纳入发展政策。 为了更好地衡量文化政策和倡议的影响和相关性,教科文组织统计研究所制定了教科文组织文化统计框架,这一工具为统计目的界定了文化,并允许编制国际可比数据。 研究所还在编制文化部门就业数据方面迅速取得进展。 创新文化促进发展指标套案利用世界各地执行文化发展项目最近获得的数据和经验,通过提供涵盖七个发展领域的定性和定量指标为决策提供信息。", "22号. 为了应对全球艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病,教科文组织的文化、艾滋病毒和艾滋病方案支持政策和规划,这些政策和规划应促进两性平等,以人权为基础,并基于对有关社区的社会文化特点的透彻分析。 文化上适当的方法强调需要针对具体情况的多种生物医学、行为和结构干预。 教科文组织编写了一系列指导材料,用于设计艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防和护理的文化方法,包括为项目干事提供的互动电子学习工具。 其他方案活动包括为文化上适当的艾滋病毒和艾滋病政策培养“有利环境”,以及加强地方研究。", "23. 联合国 通过成就基金的文化和发展窗口,文化和创意产业对可持续发展的贡献得到加强,教科文组织被指定为该基金的召集人。 这一机构间倡议利用9 500万美元的预算,在全世界支助了18个联合方案,其基础是作为社会经济发展资产和社会融合与和平因素的文化。 这些方案涵盖的文化层面从文化遗产到文化产业和文化旅游到文化间对话。 国家当家作主,采取基于社区的行动,是联合方案的诸多优势之一,这些方案涉及与经济和财政、文化、旅游和环境部的协调。 关于文化与发展的联合方案在旅游、遗产推广和保护、手工艺和创意产业以及文化间对话等领域取得了一些切实成果。 作为“一体行动,履行使命”的活实验室,联合方案在机构间合作和方案编制方面产生了大量创新和知识,并借助每个实体的相对优势,为推进国家一级的联合国改革作出了贡献。", "24 (韩语). 一个关于文化与发展的两年知识管理系统项目旨在利用成就基金资助的18个文化与发展联合方案的经验,并收集、编纂、翻译和传播知识,以学习、提高认识和为今后的发展政策和方案拟定提供信息。 该项目将有助于进一步评估文化与发展之间的联系,包括文化对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "25岁 2011年7月1日,教科文组织同世界银行签署了一项谅解备忘录,正式确定了正在进行的文化与发展合作,其中包括历史城市的保护和修复、自然遗产地的保护、文化指标、文化经济学和促进文化多样性等领域的技术工作框架。 教科文组织正在探索其他可能的伙伴关系,以加强文化与发展的联系。", "26. 联合国 教科文组织支持旨在利用土著知识的多方面的努力。 它协调土著人民问题机构间支助小组根据《联合国土著人民权利宣言》,就土著人民及其文化和特性在发展中的作用这一主题编写联合思考文件,作为对土著问题常设论坛第九届会议的贡献。 此外,教科文组织通过与《生物多样性公约》秘书处开展的一项联合方案,进一步巩固了对自然资源管理的文化办法的支持,包括保存和应用地方和土著知识促进环境可持续性。 联合方案加强文化和生物多样性之间的联系,采用符合文化价值观、知识体系和生计的综合办法,有助于生物多样性的养护以及可持续和公平利用。", "27个 为了优化文化对可持续发展的贡献,外地办事处通过能力建设、提高认识、知识交流、文化主流化、资金调动和支持加强国家法律和政策框架,执行了大会第65/166号决议。", "28岁 应大会的要求,教科文组织总干事请联合国所有有关机构自2010年12月20日通过该决议以来为执行该决议作出贡献。 以下17个组织作了答复。", "联合国开发计划署", "29. 国家 联合国开发计划署(开发署)在文化与发展领域的主要参与是通过成就基金的文化与发展窗口。 开发计划署与联合国其他实体一道,参与执行18个文化与发展联合方案。 开发计划署代表联合国系统管理基金。", "30岁。 开发署根据大会第65/166号决议实施其他举措,包括两年一度的赤道奖,支持通过可持续利用生物多样性来减少贫穷的努力,并通过全球环境基金小额赠款方案来促进可持续发展,以尊重土著人民的权利。 开发署在千年发展目标的第一支柱“突破战略”下,继续为全球14个国家实施千年发展目标加速框架。 该工具由开发署开发并获得联合国发展集团认可,有助于各国政府和发展伙伴按照第65/166号决议审查参与、歧视和文化排斥问题,因为这些问题涉及阻碍以千年发展目标为基础的干预措施取得进展的瓶颈。 该框架下的瓶颈评估包括减少语言障碍和尊重土著人民在卫生和教育等公共服务中的做法的问题。", "31. 2011年5月20日,开发署、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、国际劳工组织和联合国儿童基金会发起了第一个全球联合国机构间倡议,即 \" 联合国土著人民伙伴关系 \" 。 此外,《人类发展报告》以及开发计划署的其他出版物都强调文化是可持续发展和实现千年发展目标的一个组成部分。 此外,开发署助理署长与联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)合作,推出了一份题为《2010年创意经济报告:可行的发展选择》的新报告,其中审查了创意产业的市场状况以及发展中国家文化产业的潜力,这些产业力求使其经济多样化,并在世界经济最有活力的部门之一取得进展。", "发展业务协调办公室", "32. 联合国 根据该决议第6段,发展业务协调办公室将决议案文传达给所有驻地协调员,请他们进一步将文化纳入联合国发展援助框架内的方案主流。 目前,《框架》下约60%的方案(112个国家)将文化和(或)文化内容纳入其活动。", "联合国工业发展组织", "33. (中文(简体) ). 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)在其创意产业发展战略中,力求增强创业妇女、青年、农村社区和周边社区的能力,以利用丰富的创意文化遗产和多样的创意知识来生产创新产品和服务,应对市场机会。 为此,建立了有针对性的政策支助措施、小额信贷以及风险基金和商业支助机制的环境。 关于多媒体和视听制作的创造性知识的经济潜力,工发组织协助加勒比8个岛屿国家促进创业精神,制定框架并增强为创意产业提供企业发展服务的机构能力。 通过南南合作,该项目利用工发组织的创业发展和企业发展服务方法,建设了国家和区域对应方的能力。", "34. 国家 工发组织支持采取具体政策和宣传措施,纠正土著社区被排除在创意产业相关活动惠益之外的现象。 例如,在2008-2011年联合国发展援助框架“成果一”方案范围内在中国实施的“创意产业创业”项目,旨在为以人为本、可持续和公平增长制定社会和经济政策。", "35. 联合国 在全球竞争的普遍条件下和对利用环境友好型资源的关切下,创意产业被认为是通过可持续的国家减贫战略和工业发展战略将新视角和技术付诸实施的一个关键部门。 工发组织编写了两份关于创造性工业发展的实质性文件。 针对成员国日益增多的请求,工发组织加强了技术援助,以通过创意产业促进文化资产的开发。 这包括解决质量标准不足、供应能力不足、市场联系不足和创意产业商业化有限等问题。 此外,工发组织还同包括农产企业在内的其他部门建立了相关联系,以在传统和文化遗产的基础上加强创造就业和人类发展的潜力。", "世界旅游组织", "36. (中文(简体) ). 世界旅游组织(世旅组织)认为可持续旅游业是促进发展和文化多样性的有力工具,也是全世界地方经济的主要贡献者。 旅游组织方案的核心是促进可持续旅游业,在旅游业发展的环境、经济和社会文化方面实现平衡。 《全球旅游业道德守则》是世旅组织的指导政策文件,它明确申明了文化对可持续发展、经济增长、丰富人类和消除贫穷的重要性。 该守则促进文化多样性并倡导文化旅游是可持续性的重要组成部分。", "37. 联合国 世旅组织在其能力建设活动的框架内,制定了遗产地旅游管理方案,以利制定政策和业务准则,解决文化和自然遗产地旅游拥堵问题,并增强旅游部门以更全面的方式发展和介绍目的地和遗产地的能力。", "38. 国家 世旅组织承认,将旅游业同文化遗产联系起来,更有利于当地经济。 如果管理得当,文化旅游将保护一个国家的自然和文化财富,并提高居民和游客的生活质量。 旅游部门传播遗产手册将进一步促进文化旅游能力建设活动并巩固创意部门。 世旅组织关于旅游和非物质文化遗产的第一份研究预计将于2011年出版,通过从五大洲抽取的关于旅游发展与非物质文化遗产之间联系的案例研究分析,提供综合研究和创新的决策形式。 世旅组织是教科文组织世界遗产和可持续旅游方案指导小组的成员。", "39. 联合国 世旅组织技术合作和服务部执行许多以文化为主要重点的合作项目。 印度旁遮普邦的旅游业发展总计划包括在邦内一些主要地点持续发展文化旅游,在那里,文化旅游将通过创造就业和创收,为当地社区的社会经济发展开辟出新的途径,特别是对青年和妇女而言。 在成就基金的框架内,世旅组织与联合国其他实体一道,正在执行为埃及社区发展而动员达胡尔世界遗产的联合方案。", " 40. 40. 2002年,世旅组织发起了“可持续旅游消除贫困”倡议,以促进可持续的旅游形式来减少贫穷水平。 迄今为止,已经组织了24次关于旅游和减贫的区域和国家培训,以建设发展中国家公职人员、非政府组织、私营部门和社区的能力,共有2 000多名官员参加了培训。 在广泛的公共和私营部门组织的支持下,97个项目已经得到实施,惠及33个发展中国家。 这些项目包括培训当地导游和旅馆雇员,促进当地居民参与自然和文化遗产遗址周围的旅游业发展,以及在贫穷生产者和旅游企业之间建立商业联系。 包括埃塞俄比亚、老挝人民民主共和国和坦桑尼亚联合共和国在内的一些国家都有这类具有明确文化遗产组成部分的项目。 最后,世旅组织发表了五份报告,提供了旅游业对减少贫穷影响的证据,并就如何最大限度地扩大这些影响提出了建议。", "世界银行", "41. 国家 世界银行的政策支持将文化作为发展范式的关键组成部分,对社会凝聚力、经济增长机会和与减贫战略的积极协同作用产生重大影响。 已经为主要在以下领域产生的越来越多的项目制定了文化考虑和文化发展目标:(a) 城市发展,促进历史城市和遗址的恢复、无障碍利用、保护和展示;(b) 地方经济发展,因为它涉及中小型企业的活动,特别是作为手工艺品生产和商业核心的非正规部门的活动;(c) 社会发展,它促进文化多样性,以确保不同社会群体之间的社会融合并促使土著人民、少数群体和移民融入社会结构;(d) 可持续旅游业发展,这主要促进与自然和文化景观有关的招待性商业和服务的经济投资。 世界银行对具有文化层面的发展项目的投资总额从1990至1999年的13亿美元增加到2000至2009年的40亿美元,其中大部分投资是在城市发展项下产生的。", "42. 国家 世界银行对发展中国家和新兴经济体政府的援助包括分析工作和技术援助,以评估体制框架,并改进负责管理文化资产的国家和地方机构的效力。 世界银行还就文化经济学等政策专题以及自然灾害和气候变化的影响不断增加对文化遗产造成的威胁开展研究工作。", "国际农业发展基金", "43. 东帝汶 作为国际农业发展基金(农发基金)与土著人民接触的一部分,2011年开展了以下活动,以提高公众对土著人民文化多样性的认识。 5月,在日内瓦信息社会世界首脑会议论坛会议上,农发基金作了题为 \" 促进土著人民的教育 -- -- 农发基金与土著人民的接触 \" 的演讲,重点介绍了具有文化和特性的发展。 6月,农发基金主办了第一次“土著Terra Madre”论坛,这次活动的重点是加强土著人民的粮食文化,并创造空间,让土著人民在当前的粮食和气候辩论中表达自己的声音。", "44. 国家 农发基金目前正在执行其与土著人民接触的政策,其中包括与 \" 文化遗产和身份认同作为资产 \" 有关的接触原则,农发基金将通过这些原则以土著人民的文化特性为基础,协助社区充分利用他们的传统知识、文化、治理系统和自然资源。 农发基金土著人民援助基金资助由土著人民社区设计和执行的项目,并将 \" 有文化和特性的发展 \" 作为筹资的选择标准之一。 在2011年2月的一次农发基金讲习班上,启动了在农发基金设立一个土著人民论坛的进程。 论坛的目标将包括加强农发基金同土著民族之间的伙伴关系,以以文化和特性解决贫穷和可持续发展问题。", "45. 国家 农发基金资助向意大利乐施会提供赠款,用于通过市场联系和促进多样性解决来自厄瓜多尔、摩洛哥和塞内加尔的贫穷农民和移民边缘化问题的项目。 该项目通过拯救和保护目标植物物种及其相关的土著知识,增强贫穷农村社区的能力并增加其创收机会;加强种植做法;发展商业化和营销;提高公众对目标物种在营养安全、健康和创收方面价值的认识。 该方案的一个重要方面是确保文化的连续性。", "46. 经常预算: 农发基金土著人民援助基金支助了各种微型项目,重点是土著传统知识和环境管理的社区做法。 若干此类项目振兴了传统农业制度和手工艺技术,而其他项目则旨在重视和加强土著人民的特性、传统习俗和语言。", "世界知识分子协会 财产组织", "47. 国家 根据世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)对知识产权与保护公有领域之间的联系的重视,知识产权组织采取了一系列举措,包括关于自愿登记和保存制度的第二次调查(关于文化和历史遗产的储存);版权和相关权利的范围界定研究和公共领域(直接或间接界定公有领域的国家立法的比较);以及私人版权文献系统和做法的调查。 2011年10月,知识产权组织将组织一次版权文献和基础设施会议,展示研究结果。", " 48. 48. 超过35个国家使用了知识产权组织《关于调查版权产业的经济贡献的指南》,其中包括被认为具有重大文化价值的产业。 这为通过国内生产总值、就业和贸易统计衡量的国家发展提供了信息。 若干国家将成果报告和研究作为基础,以进一步研究和制定与创意和文化产业有关的政策。 此外,知识产权组织还协助成员国制定关于创意产业的国家战略。 知识产权组织创意产业司编写了若干关于具体创意产业的出版物。 正在编制评估创意产业的经济、社会和文化影响的指南。 该多利益攸关方项目包括教科文组织和欧统局等机构的投入,旨在使各国能够解决文化和发展政策问题。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 知识产权组织应请求开展能力建设活动。 2011年,版权发展事务司组织了20个活动,包括7个国家、7个区域和2个区域间培训方案,并为发展中国家派出了4个专家团。 此外,知识产权组织传统知识司同阿曼政府合作,于2011年6月举办了题为“知识产权与可持续发展:传统知识和传统文化表现形式的文献和登记”的国际技术专题讨论会。 2011年5月,知识产权组织和国际博物馆理事会签署了一项谅解备忘录,承诺就博物馆感兴趣的知识产权问题进行协作与合作。 知识产权组织参加了许多国家的一些提高认识和技术合作活动。 特别是,知识产权组织参加了文化权利领域独立专家关于获取文化遗产的工作。 最后,知识产权组织制作了一部题为“肯尼亚传统文化数字化”的联合国电视和录像电影。", "联合国粮食及农业组织", " 50. 50. 2011年,联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和教科文组织将联合组织一次关于食品和农产品质量的讲习班。 为了筹备该讲习班,粮农组织发起了一项研究,探讨与原产地有关的产品在保护和促进教科文组织人类和生物圈方案、世界遗产地、粮农组织全球重要农业遗产系统和其他自然和文化利益领域的潜力。 讲习班将确定粮农组织和教科文组织在保护和促进自然和文化遗产方面可以进一步合作的领域。", "联合国环境规划署", "51. 联合国 联合国环境规划署(环境署)强调,必须采取综合办法来保护环境并实现可持续发展,包括全球环境变化与不利的社会、文化和经济影响之间的相互联系。 根据环境署理事会第十六届会议关于重点关注环境和文化多样性的决定,环境署的环境保护活动包括生物多样性、传统知识、土著语言和做法、文化多样性、生物多样性和文化行为。 环境署将在其《全球环境展望》系列的第五次报告中,审议土著社区的知识和实践与养护和可持续使用目标之间的相互联系;将提交分析,作为对联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程的贡献。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 主要倡议包括为每年庆祝世界土著人民国际日以及环境规划署的一些出版物制作提高认识的材料,例如关于土著知识和环境的青年杂志 \" TUNZA \" 的特刊,以及环境规划署在挪威的全球资源信息数据库(全球资源数据库-阿伦达尔)出版的关于土著知识的文章。", "53. 联合国 环境署利用多边环境协定的框架,注重确定文化和社区对生物多样性管理的权利,包括保护、可持续利用和获取遗传资源以及分享利益的权利。 在将获取和惠益分享以及传统知识的概念联系起来时,环境署与包括教科文组织在内的相关利益攸关方合作,制定了一套生物文化社区议定书,以帮助将文化、生物多样性管理和传统知识纳入生计保障、经济福祉和可持续发展的主流。 2010年,作为国际生物多样性年的一部分,环境署启动了与教科文组织联合开发的一个网站,展示生物文化社区协议方面的工作。 2010年10月在日本名古屋举行的生物多样性公约缔约方会议第十次会议上分发了由环境署和其他伙伴编写的关于社区和福祉的政策简报,并讨论了基于权利的办法、发展和社区知识服务。", "54. 联合国 环境署是参与由成就基金供资的纳米比亚联合方案的五个联合国实体之一。 该项目以文化和自然遗产为基础,作为发展文化旅游的基础,并针对少数民族群体。 环境规划署负责将环境纳入文化旅游的主流,支持纳米比亚政府更有效地将文化和自然多样性原则纳入可持续发展政策和活动并加以实施。", "55. 国家 2010年,环境署支持了一个非洲非政府组织参与获取和惠益分享进程的项目。 它探讨了这类组织在传统知识范围内在保护传统知识、提高认识和能力建设方面的作用,因为这些知识涉及一些非洲国家的获取和惠益分享立法。 此外,环境署还与若干组织合作,包括与政府间发展管理局(伊加特)气候预测和应用中心的干旱监测中心合作,完成了一个在非洲自然保护和自然灾害管理方面利用和应用土著知识的项目。 这种知识符合非洲传统,代代相传,因此迫切需要加以记录。 2010年,联合国大学出版社在环境署的支持下出版了一本题为《政策和做法中的传统知识:发展和人类福祉的方法》的书。 在《生物多样性公约》关于获取和惠益分享以及传统知识的条款框架内,环境署协助《公约》缔约方最后确定与传统知识有关的工作方案,并完成《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源以及公正公平分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》下的谈判。", "联合国贸易和发展会议", "56. 自2000年以来,联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)的任务包括开展以政策为导向的研究,以协助发展中国家确定创新的政策选择,以优化创意产业的经济贡献,为实现千年发展目标促进贸易和发展收益。 贸发会议创意经济方案致力于创意产业的发展层面。 贸发会议的主要贡献包括贸发会议和开发署2008年和2010年的联合“创意经济”报告,以及贸发会议创意经济全球数据库。 贸发会议创意经济方案电子新闻提高了对文化重要性的认识,提高了创意经济对促进可持续和包容性发展的贡献,促进了网络和伙伴关系,并加强了主要利益攸关方之间的协同作用。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2010年,贸发会议编写了国家概况和贸发会议创意经济全球数据库用户指南。 由需求驱动的能力建设继续帮助所有国家的最终用户评估其创造性产品在全球市场上的贸易业绩。 该工具被用于政策设计,以形成培育创意经济的具体行动。 贸发会议支持发展中国家提高其创造性生产能力并建立适当的体制、管理和融资机制,以利文化和创造性商品以及服务的国内市场的出现。", "58. 联合国 贸发会议对创意经济和绿色经济之间的联系进行了研究,抓住了正在进行的关于创意和生物多样性如何成为促进可持续发展和经济复苏的双赢解决办法的政策辩论。 在2010年庆祝国际生物多样性年的背景下,贸发会议发起了“生态奇异”倡议,以提高国际社会对利用生物多样性方面环境和社会敏感做法的认识。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 贸发会议通过其创意经济方案,协助发展中国家制定涉及文化、旅游、贸易、劳工、技术和企业发展等领域的协调一致的多学科政策和部际行动。 实例包括2011年6月发布的莫桑比克和赞比亚国家研究报告。", "60. 联合国 优化文化和创意产业对发展的贡献的具体举措包括2008年发起的“创造性非洲倡议”。 它展示了非洲文化的丰富性和非洲人在促进植根于创意经济的包容性发展方面的创造才能。 随后,尼日利亚总理创建了倡议的尼日利亚分会,以支持尼日利亚电影业. 在加纳、马里和塞内加尔,创意经济现已成为国家减贫战略的一部分。 2011年,贸发会议同世界气象组织合作,发起了“傀儡地球项目”,鼓励采取行动,解决气候挑战和环境退化问题,并促进发展中国家的可持续发展和文化/创造性经济。", "联合国训练研究所", "61. 国家 联合国训练研究所(训研所)关于管理和养护世界遗产的系列出版物力求通过注重相关国家政策的制定、最佳做法和个案研究知识交流,使教科文组织各项公约对自然和文化遗产的影响最大化。 在7个讲习班期间,制定了基于价值观的管理办法,使遗产的保护具有实际意义。 该系列还以广岛为例,突出其政策对世界各地其他地点的共鸣和相关性,重点阐述自然和文化遗产在建设和平方面可以起的创新作用。", "联合国项目事务厅", "62. 联合国 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)通过恢复文化遗产和历史建筑、改善进入当地市场和历史遗址的机会以及管理小额赠款来帮助地方社区应对环境挑战,为促进可持续发展的文化作出贡献。 项目厅发展有活力的文化和创造性部门的能力建设包括在阿根廷和危地马拉的项目,项目厅通过提供人力资源管理服务以及信息和通信技术设备,支持这些国家的政府,并协助保护历史建筑。 为了帮助改善市场准入、产品和服务,包括文化商品和文化旅游场所,项目厅在整个非洲和亚洲维持并建设了大型公路网络,并提供了排雷服务。", "联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "63. 国家 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)支持对艾滋病毒采取循证和以权利为本的对策,以争取实现零新感染、零歧视和无艾滋病相关死亡。 艾滋病方案认识到文化作为社会基础的中心作用,并力求使文化领袖对下列对策作出最大的积极贡献:(a) 通过实施有证据支持的办法来达到公共卫生目标;(b) 尊重个人的尊严和权利,特别是在不歧视、健康、人身安全、隐私和免受暴力的自由方面;(c) 包括符合人民行为和需要的务实办法。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 艾滋病规划署促进在艾滋病毒对策的所有方面开展包容性对话,承认艾滋病毒感染的行为和已知风险因素可能具有争议性并具有文化敏感性。", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "65. 国家 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)坚定致力于确保难民、无国籍者和境内流离失所者以及其他受关注者能够平等地获得其权利、保护、服务和资源,并能够作为积极的伙伴参与影响他们的决定。 为此,难民署承诺将年龄、性别和多样性方法纳入其全球业务的主流。 方法的多样性要素指在价值观,态度,文化视角,信仰,民族背景,国籍,性取向,性别认同,能力,健康,社会地位,技能等具体个人特征上的差异. 通过将这些方面分析为相互关联的个人特点,难民署能够更好地了解个人和社区的多方面保护风险和能力,并更有效地处理和支持这些方面。 通过促进尊重差异作为任何社区的一个丰富因素,难民署促进充分平等。 民族或族裔、宗教和语言少数群体或土著群体往往遭受歧视和边缘化,这些因素在被迫流离失所的情况下更为复杂。 难民署努力查明风险以及减轻风险的战略。", "联合国人类住区规划署 计划", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)为决策者和地方领导人提供技术援助和广泛指导,协助制定公共政策和参与性决策进程,以有助于改善城市地区土著人民的生活条件。 2011年,人居署与全球土地工具网络合作,编制了确保城市土著人民土地权的政策指导。 2010年和2011年,人居署重点关注了土著人民在城市面临的一些具体挑战,特别是在健康和气候变化对脆弱城市住区的负面影响方面,以及土著人民对可持续城市发展和绿色经济的贡献方面。", "联合国人口基金", "67. (中文(简体) ). 联合国人口基金(人口基金)于2001年开发了一个“文化透镜”,将文化动态纳入其关于性健康和生殖健康、两性平等和人口与发展的所有基于人权的方案。 这种“贷款”的关键是注重青年人作为战胜贫穷的强大推动者以及发展的文化和政治推动者。 人口基金继续支持在国家一级与青年群体一道并为青年群体制定的进程,作为更广泛地参与安全孕产和计划生育工作的一部分。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金执行主任在2011年7月11日世界人口日发起了一项运动倡议,即“7亿行动”,针对变革的广泛文化推动者,努力提高认识并扩大70亿人口世界的机会和挑战。 人口基金在世界各地的办事处还与信仰非政府组织和宗教领袖合作,作为文化的重要守门人,他们是人口基金人口与发展问题全球信仰间网络的一部分。 该网络有500多名成员,其目的是鼓励参与国家发展计划和进程;围绕计划生育、安全孕产、城市化和移民建设服务能力;提供考虑到女孩和妇女具体生殖健康需要的协调的人道主义救济努力。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金主持关于让信仰组织参与实现千年发展目标的机构间工作队。 在该机制的主持下,人口基金共同赞助了一次以信仰、文化和发展为主题的联合国高级工作人员战略学习交流会。 该课程每年由意大利都灵联合国系统职员学院提供,包括全球信仰非政府组织,作为文化与发展相互政策和方案学习的资源。", "联合国志愿人员方案", "70. 联合国 联合国志愿人员方案(志愿人员方案)同不同伙伴合作,根据该决议组织了多种活动,包括举办促进文化遗产的讲习班,并便利文化和创意产业的能力建设。 例如,联合国志愿人员组织会同联合国其他实体、国家伙伴和地方社区,促进海地各种形式的艺术,为可持续生计作出贡献,特别是在2010年海地地震所破坏最严重的社区。 此外,开发署和联合国志愿人员组织是参与洪都拉斯地方发展创造力和文化特性联合方案的若干联合国实体之一。", " V. 评估联合国文化与发展会议的方式", "71. 联合国 本报告所总结的联合国各实体的贡献展示了多种不同的方案和不同的可持续发展办法。 它们表明,注重文化的方法强调农业、粮食安全、减贫、保健、环境可持续性、城市化、难民保护、移徙、社会融合、人权和两性平等等不同领域的任务。 此外,这些贡献包括政策和业务层面的技术援助,支助重点是:能力建设(为机构和个人提供);提高认识;将文化纳入发展政策和方案的主流;保存和利用文化遗产,包括土著知识作为发展的资产;通过以政策为导向的研究产生知识;通过执行取得的经验教训;为监测和评价文化对发展的影响而收集数据。 利用联合国各实体的相对优势和面向社区的办法开展协作也是反复出现的主题。", "72. 联合国 目前全球努力缩小在实现可持续发展方面的差距并规划未来发展目标和方法的途径,包括2011年5月在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作以及2015年千年发展目标首脑会议的筹备工作,仍然没有充分了解文化对发展的影响,包括文化对实现国际商定的发展目标的贡献。 虽然今后有机会审查文化对实现可持续发展的潜在贡献,例如经济及社会理事会2013年实质性会议的年度部长级审查,但除其他资源外,这些机会提供了相当有限的潜力并缺乏适当的专门知识,以令人满意地解决文化与发展三大支柱之间的关系。 需要就文化与发展之间的联系提供更多的数量数据并进行实质性辩论。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 在联合国共同的政策、做法和最重要的愿景中,对文化敏感的做法和做法既没有得到巩固,也没有得到充分的评估。 建立共识并更好地阐明共同的愿景和准则,并增强经验交流,将确保联合国各实体更有效地应对这一部门不断增加的援助需要,并将有助于将文化纳入联合国各实体不同任务主流的持续努力。 此外,它将促进在国家一级联合拟订方案工作中的进一步合作,并为发展行动者的决定提供信息。", "74. 国家 高级别文化与发展会议将讨论文化在数量和质量上对可持续发展的影响,以更好地为实现千年发展目标的发展议程提供信息。", "75. 国家 2011年是斯德哥尔摩文化政策促进发展政府间会议13周年,会议的重点是“文化的力量”。 它为国际社会提供了一个及时的机会,以扩大势头,评估并考虑以何种适当方式将文化层面纳入2015年之前及之后的发展议程。", "76. 联合国 拟议的为期两天的会议可在全体会议和圆桌会议中举行。 将向大约500名与会者发出邀请,其中包括高级别政府代表、联合国实体负责人、开发银行、非政府组织、基金会、民间社会和私营部门的代表。", "77. 国家 大会第65/166号决议要求提出召开拟议会议的预算估计数,预计如果会议在纽约联合国总部举行,最低估计数为400 000美元,包括会议地点的使用、口译和笔译服务以及安保费用,但不包括与会者的旅费和住宿费。", "78. 国家 或者,会议可由会员国主办。", "六、结 论 结论", "79. 联合国 大会第65/166号决议有助于重振关于文化对可持续发展所产生影响的辩论,鉴于即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会和2015年千年发展目标首脑会议,国际发展行为体正在评估在实现发展目标方面的差距。", "80个 本报告提供了第一次机会来评估联合国各实体纳入文化的行动,展示整个联合国系统对文化敏感的发展办法,并展示文化部门对整个发展特别是对实现千年发展目标的影响。", "81个 该决议鼓励汇编关于文化与发展之间联系的数据、事实、数字和最佳做法,以显示文化对人民和社会的社会和经济福祉的影响,从而为国家和国际发展政策提供信息。", "82. 此外,该决议还促进将文化进一步纳入联合国发展援助框架的主流,并促进了文化和发展领域的国际伙伴关系,例如教科文组织和世界银行最近签署的谅解备忘录。", "83个 以下行动可以借鉴2011年的成就并强化大会第65/166号决议的执行:", "(a) 支持联合国所有实体持续努力,以通过制定指标、统计和最佳做法来为发展政策提供依据来增进对文化与可持续发展之间关系的了解。 可邀请统计委员会讨论这一问题并帮助建立一套关于文化部门投资的关联性的数据;", "(b) 国家 鼓励开展研究,记录文化对社会福祉的质量影响,并展示以人权为基础的文化方法在促进可持续和平方面的潜力。 在这方面,可以鼓励开发署在其《人类发展报告》中思考文化对人类发展的质量影响,并将以文化为基础的数据纳入人类发展指数;", "(c) 进一步努力落实由实现千年发展目标基金资助的项目所启动的文化和发展办法,表明文化对实现发展目标,包括千年发展目标的相关性;", "(d) 请教科文组织考虑与所有有关联合国实体密切合作,组织拟议的会议并寻找可能的方式,以增进对文化对包容性、公平和可持续发展所作数量和质量贡献的了解。 这次会议可以保持大会关于文化与发展的决议所形成的势头,并提供机会以制定整个联合国系统文化与发展的综合办法,包括通过一份实质性成果文件,其中包含国际社会的新内容和承诺。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Berger\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMs. Hodžić\n Brazil Mr. Rizzo \n China Mr. Yang Zhiyu \n Colombia Mrs. Escorcia \n France Mr. Beaumont \n Gabon Mr. Lembouma \n India Mr. Raguttahalli \n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mrs. Aguwa \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhdanov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Ms. Germain", "Agenda", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question", "The meeting resumed at 3.05 p.m.", "The President: Under rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to participate in this meeting.", "I wish to remind speakers to limit their statements to no more than four minutes in order to enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously.", "I give the floor to the representative of Kyrgyzstan.", "Mr. Kydyrov (Kyrgyzstan): Thank you, Sir, for convening this important debate at such a crucial time, when popular protests and major political changes are continuing in the Middle East. In addition, we do not see any tangible progress in the Israeli-Palestinian political process.", "The Middle East remains at the centre of the world’s attention due to the recent well-known revolutionary upheavals. Despite some undeniable differences, these events have a great deal in common. The causes behind them are based on Governments’ inability to adapt to new conditions of social development and to carry out effective reforms. The peoples and Governments of the region face not only tremendous social and political challenges, but also new opportunities and perspectives. We strongly condemn the use of force against peaceful demonstrations and urge all parties to show utmost restraint. Kyrgyzstan, which has gone through similar revolutionary changes recently, believes that the only way to address these problems is through dialogue and reforms.", "Kyrgyzstan strongly calls for the resumption of Israeli-Palestinian negotiations as soon as possible. In this regard, we support the statement of the Middle East Quartet of 20 May 2011 with an appeal to overcome the current obstacles and resume direct bilateral negotiations without delay. But we regret that the most recent meeting of the Quartet, held on 11 July in Washington, D.C., ended without substantive agreement. It is essential that a new meeting be held as soon as possible to take active measures to promote the negotiation process. We consider it important that this process continue in order to find ways to achieve a long-term settlement of the situation and to reach a peace agreement providing for the coexistence of two States in peace and security, in accordance with previously defined and accepted parameters. Kyrgyzstan hopes that the Quartet will play an active role in finding a solution acceptable to all parties concerned.", "Kyrgyzstan favours the settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through political diplomatic means on the basis of the relevant Security Council resolutions, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map of the Middle East Quartet. I would like to note that the time to consider the accession of Palestine to membership in the United Nations is rapidly approaching, as we have discussed that issue at length both informally and formally. In that regard, Kyrgyzstan considers it extremely important to achieve rapid progress in the peace process and to overcome the current worrisome impasse. We also urge the parties to demonstrate their strong will and unwavering commitment to peace and to eliminate all obstacles impeding the resumption of direct talks.", "For us, it is quite obvious that the continuing construction of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East Jerusalem, and those regular announcements of its expansion, will not contribute to an early solution of the problem. Quite the contrary — at least as we have seen from recent events — it leads to even greater disturbances, escalating violence and civilian deaths. Kyrgyzstan supports the implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions concerning Jerusalem and calls for a stop to the building of Israeli settlements.", "In conclusion, let me emphasize that the peoples of the Middle East have been suffering from conflict and confrontation for several decades. The time has come to reach a final and comprehensive settlement that would resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. We believe that maintaining the current situation is totally unacceptable.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey.", "Mr. Çorman (Turkey): As the Security Council holds another open debate on the situation in the Middle East, a great transformation in the region is firmly under way. Universal notions such as freedom, equality, dignity, human rights and the rule of law have all become rallying cries for millions who rightfully demand a more just and promising future for themselves and their fellow citizens. While achieving meaningful change may take some time and may not necessarily always be smooth sailing, that process of historic restoration cannot be reversed, undermined or corrupted.", "Meanwhile, as that major upheaval runs its course, the Palestinian question still remains in limbo. Palestinians in their millions, whether in Gaza, the West Bank or refugee camps across the region, continue to suffer an unfortunate fate not of their own making. That is an anomaly and must be addressed as a matter of utmost urgency.", "The truth is that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies at the heart of the many disputes in the region and beyond. The international community cannot expect the momentum towards positive change to be maintained in the Middle East and North Africa while occupation and subjugation are a day-to-day reality for the Palestinian people.", "Recent and past events stand as testament to how the plight of the Palestinian people has repercussions far beyond its own geographical scope. If we are to win the hearts and minds of the Arab people and to support them in meeting their aspirations, we must be able to show them our collective determination to reach a just and viable peace in the region to which everyone can relate. That is why it is crucial that the search for a lasting and comprehensive settlement not take a back seat to other developments in the region. On the contrary, it must once again be the priority.", "At the moment, there is neither peace nor a process in the region. Instead, there is an impasse that is neither reassuring nor promising for Israelis or Palestinians. The parties seem to be drifting further apart. The Security Council and the Quartet have been unable to pronounce themselves in an effective manner and to inspire genuine engagement.", "The people want solutions from their leaders, not empty rhetoric. Overall, there is a prevailing sense of abandonment and uncertainty, which fuels mass frustration, especially among the most disenfranchised. That is a troubling picture, reminiscent of a tinderbox.", "Turkey rejects violence in any shape or form by any party as unacceptable and unjustifiable. We also believe that that there is no genuine alternative to a negotiated settlement. However, meaningful engagement that inspires confidence on both sides cannot happen while settlement activity continues, including in occupied East Jerusalem.", "Israel’s latest position on the construction of more than 300 new settlement units is another example of its illegal activities in the occupied territories. As such, it is unacceptable and cause for deeper doubt about Israel’s sincerity towards furthering the peace process.", "Once again, we call on Israel, based on its Road Map commitments, to cease all settlement activity and to return to direct negotiations with the Palestinian side. That is not much to ask, and it is currently the only way to pave the way towards the realization of a two-State solution based on the well-established principles by which Israel and Palestine will forever live side by side in peace and security.", "The Palestinians have been working hard for the past two years to lay the institutional groundwork of their future State. Through its deeds, the Palestinian Authority has proven beyond any doubt that it is ready to assume all the rights and obligations of an internationally recognized State, even though Palestine continues to be under occupation and therefore in need of international support.", "Turkey believes that it is high time for Palestine to be recognized as a fully fledged Member State within the international community, based on the 1967 borders. The very notion of a two-State solution, going as far back as 1947, is the firm and clear basis for that. The international community must not turn a blind eye to the legitimate appeal of Palestine to be recognized as nothing less than an equal and, ultimately, to be admitted to the United Nations as a full Member. Turkey will work with Palestine to realize those critical goals. Ultimately, in the absence of a meaningful peace process, the Palestinians cannot be expected to remain a prisoner of Israel’s will forever.", "The situation in the Gaza Strip continues to be a cause for serious concern. The plight of the Palestinians in Gaza must urgently be alleviated, and the reconstruction and rehabilitation requirements of the people should immediately be addressed. Resolution 1860 (2009) must be implemented as a whole. The current humanitarian and human rights conditions of the civilian population in Gaza are unsustainable and unacceptable and, ultimately, are not in the interests of any of those concerned. The periodic escalation of tension among the parties clearly proves that the situation is tenuous at best. Minimalist approaches aimed at public diplomacy will not work. Israel must lift its unlawful and inhuman blockade of Gaza immediately.", "Meanwhile, Turkey welcomes the unity agreement reached among the Palestinians. That very important development comes at a time when the whole region has begun a democratic transformation. Thus it is a step in the right direction. We hope that that process of national reconciliation can be concluded soon with the formation of an inclusive and democratically representative Government that will take the Palestinian nation to free and fair elections.", "Turkey calls on the Palestinian groups to embrace the reconciliation process once and for all and to partake in the creation of a Palestinian State that will exist side by side with Israel in peace and security. As Palestinians seek harmony among their ranks, the international community should also play a positive role by supporting the process and not prejudging its outcome.", "It has been more than a year since the deadly attack by Israel on the international humanitarian convoy sailing to Gaza. Israeli forces ruthlessly killed nine civilians and wounded many. The passengers were subjected to all forms of maltreatment until they left Israel. The Panel of Inquiry established by the Secretary-General in accordance with presidential statement S/PRST/2010/9 of 1 June 2010 has concluded its work. The Chair and Co-Chair produced their report, which is now sealed and waiting for submission to the Secretary-General.", "We have provided an exit to Israel out of this situation. It must apologize and pay compensation. There will be no normalization of relations between Turkey and Israel unless the Israelis deliver what is expected of them. Turkey will resolutely pursue the matter until justice is done.", "In conclusion, let me reiterate once more Turkey’s strong support for the establishment of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the region based on the two-State solution, as well as our determination to assist our Palestinian brothers and sisters in attaining their long-delayed goal of a viable, peaceful and prosperous State of Palestine.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Japan.", "Mr. Nishida (Japan): I would like to thank the President for giving us the opportunity to address the situation in the Middle East. I thank Mr. Serry for his comprehensive briefing. I would also like to thank Ambassador Mansour and Ambassador Prosor for their statements.", "Japan strongly supports a two-State solution, under which Israel and a Palestinian State would live side by side in peace, security and mutual recognition. Japan supports the vision that the borders under a two-State solution should be defined through negotiations and based on the 1967 lines, with mutually agreed swaps, in a way that would achieve peaceful coexistence between a viable Palestinian state and Israel with secure and recognized borders. Through such a two-State solution, the Palestinians would exercise their rights to establish an independent State, Israel would enjoy a greatly enhanced security environment, and both parties would be able to launch full-fledged cooperation for mutual prosperity.", "A two-State solution can be achieved only through sincere negotiations. Japan has been encouraging both sides to resume direct negotiations in cooperation with the international community. Japan strongly supports the speech made by President Obama in May, which laid out a foundation for resuming negotiations. We call on both sides to engage with the United States and the international community and to take steps that would create an environment conducive to restarting direct negotiations.", "Japan will not recognize any unilateral measures that prejudge the outcome of the final status negotiations. The two parties must abide by their obligations under previous agreements, most importantly the Road Map. We call on Israel again to freeze its settlement activities in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. At the same time, we call upon the Palestinian Authority to continue its efforts to improve security and fulfil its commitments to ceasing violence and working against incitement. Japan has strongly supported the State-building efforts of the Palestinian Authority, and will continue to provide assistance in that regard.", "Japan remains concerned about the humanitarian situation in the Gaza Strip. We continue to call for the full implementation of resolution 1860 (2009). Japan is keenly monitoring the Palestinian efforts to establish a unified Government that will genuinely seek a two-State solution.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate our call on the parties to make the utmost effort to resume direct negotiations. Japan, along with the international community, will continue to make efforts to help realize a just and comprehensive peace in the region.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Jordan.", "Mr. Omaish (Jordan) (spoke in Arabic): The Palestinian people has aspired for decades to enjoy the same political, economic and social rights enjoyed by the rest of the world, foremost among which is the right to sovereignty over their own national territory, freedom and dignity. They have a basic, universally recognized right to an independent State, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel within the borders of 4 June 1967.", "Jordan warns against the outbreak of conflict, war and anarchy due to Israeli intransigence in addressing the Palestinian question. Israel continues to procrastinate and to squander opportunities to establish peace. It must return to a pragmatic, practical and enlightened vision free from ideological paradoxes that can only negatively impact the situation and have adverse repercussions on international peace and security. It takes courage to make difficult decisions. Jordan therefore calls for a swift return to direct negotiations towards a final solution to the Palestinian question.", "However, Jordan believes that negotiations will be in vain so long as settlements continue to be built. Israel must also define a clear and precise position vis-à-vis the peace process. Jordan is deeply concerned over Israel’s ongoing violations in the occupied Arab territories and its attempts to Judaize them, which will have a negative impact on the holy places of East Jerusalem. On the basis of our active role in the maintenance of the holy Christian and Islamic places in the occupied territories, we call for international intervention to put an end to these violations and the Judaization process. We also call for an end to the ongoing suffering of Palestinian prisoners and detainees languishing in Israeli prisons.", "We welcome the recent signing of the Palestinian national reconciliation agreement. It is a step in the right direction on the path towards Palestinian reunification, and will fulfil the hopes of the Palestinian people for unified, responsible leadership that can meet the aspirations of the Palestinian people to establish their independent State. Jordan calls on the international community to work towards the lifting of the illegal embargo and blockade of the Gaza Strip. An international community that insists on the enjoyment of human rights, freedom and dignity cannot remain silent about the collective punishment of an entire nation.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Ms. Zainul Abidin (Malaysia): Let me first congratulate you, Mr. President, on your delegation’s presidency of the Council. I align my delegation with the statements by Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by Kazakhstan, on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "Here at the United Nations, we are used to experiencing and marking milestones. The creation of the United Nations itself marked the end of World War II and the beginning of global peace — the first of its many milestones. But some of those historic events are sad marks in our civilization. Last month, we marked another such occasion: the longest foreign military occupation — for June 2011 marked the forty-fourth year of occupation of the Palestinian territories by Israel.", "Forty-four years is a long time to languish under the thumb of another, especially in this day and age. Chunks of land that were once Palestine have now been appropriated and their inhabitants squeezed out. The construction and expansion of settlements and the separation wall, the demolition of Palestinians’ homes and infrastructure, and the revocation of Palestinian residency rights in East Jerusalem are all part of Israel’s illegitimate policies and practices designed to supplant inhabitants and erase history. These actions are not only illegal but also render the two-State solution more elusive than ever.", "Last month also marked the fourth year of the inhumane blockade of Gaza by Israel. The living conditions facing 1.6 million Gaza inhabitants continue to be a matter of concern. Dependent on international aid, Gaza residents are robbed by the blockade of their right to live in dignity. On 31 May 2010, we also saw nine deaths added to the more than 1,400 people who were killed as a result of Israeli military aggression since the end of 2008. Those nine were the humanitarian activists killed in international waters, messengers of relief efforts to alleviate the plight of the people of Gaza. In this regard, we urge Israel to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009) and to lift completely the illegal blockade, which is a form of collective punishment forbidden by international law.", "It is now more than imperative that a just solution be found on this issue. The parties concerned must step up to their mark as honest parties to this peace process, lest we continue to remain in the untenable state we are in. On this note, the establishment of an independent State of Palestine, on the basis of pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, living side by side with Israel in peace and security, in accordance with the established parameters as defined by resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003), 1850 (2008), the Madrid terms of reference, including the land-for-peace principle, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Road Map, is extremely crucial in addressing the Palestinian question, which has been the crux of the Arab-Israeli conflict for more than 60 years.", "The Security Council is duty-bound, under its mandate, to do whatever is necessary to ensure the implementation of its own resolutions. We need to ensure that all parties resume peace negotiations. Anything less would make a mockery of the very Organization we seek to uphold.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Uganda.", "Mr. Kafeero (Uganda): Thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this open debate. I also thank Special Coordinator and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, Mr. Robert Serry, for his briefing.", "Today the Israeli and Palestinian parties, as well as the international community, are at a critical juncture. It is regrettable that, despite efforts by the parties and the support from regional and international actors, no tangible progress has been achieved and the peace process remains deadlocked. It was the expectation of my delegation that the recent meetings this month of the Quartet and the Arab League would result in the resumption of the stalled direct negotiations, leading to an agreed framework.", "This is a defining moment. It is a test of statesmanship on the part of the Israeli and Palestinian leaders. While the support of the international community is vital, the primary responsibility for negotiating and reaching a comprehensive and lasting peace lies with the Israeli and Palestinian parties. Uganda reiterates its call upon both parties to urgently resume negotiations and summon the necessary courage to take bold decisions, bearing in mind that the legitimate aspirations of the Palestinians for statehood cannot be delayed much longer and that the legitimate security concerns of Israel must be addressed.", "My delegation remains deeply concerned about recent approvals for the construction of new settlement units by Israel and once again calls for a complete freeze on all settlement activity.", "We commend the Palestinian leadership for their State-building efforts and for fulfilling their obligations under the Road Map, particularly in the sectors of security and economic development. We also commend their efforts at forging unity and reconciliation.", "We remain concerned about the humanitarian situation in Gaza and the continued obstacles to the movement of goods and persons to and from Gaza. We call on Israel to lift the blockade on Gaza, and we reiterate our call on all parties to fully implement resolution 1860 (2009).", "In conclusion, my delegation wishes to underscore that the current situation is unsustainable. We encourage the Israeli and Palestinian parties, with the support of the international community and the Security Council in particular, to overcome the current stalemate and work towards the realization of a two-State solution, in the interest of peace, security and prosperity for their people.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Iceland.", "Ms. Gunnarsdóttir (Iceland): Iceland firmly supports a peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the two-State solution. Since the Oslo process was launched, almost two decades ago, we have been betting on the peace process to lead to such a result, which would make a comprehensive peace achievable in the region as a whole, as foreseen in the Arab Peace Initiative.", "Now, however, the peace process is at a complete standstill. While Iceland urges the parties to return to the negotiating table, we feel that the time has come for the international community to become more directly involved. The United Nations had a historic role in the creation of the State of Israel and the time might be approaching when it would be appropriate for the General Assembly and the Security Council to re‑engage themselves for the purposes of solving the Palestinian question.", "If the Palestinians decide to bring the issue directly to the General Assembly, Iceland stands ready to support them. This was clearly stated by the Icelandic Minister for Foreign Affairs when he met with President Abbas and Foreign Minister Al-Malki during his to trip to Ramallah earlier this month. At that time, our Minister stated that Iceland would support a resolution on Palestinian statehood, based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, as well as a resolution on the full membership of Palestine in the United Nations, should the Palestinians decide to seek such resolutions in the autumn.", "Iceland’s position is that the pursuit of recognition of a Palestinian State does not contradict the wish for a negotiated settlement of the conflict. It might, quite to the contrary, be seen as the means to stimulate serious negotiations. There is a need to address the asymmetry of power between the two parties. That can only be done through a more forceful participation by the international community, including through emphasizing the international law applicable to the occupation.", "In the absence of a political solution the situation on the ground needs to be improved. First of all, we echo those worldwide who urge the Israeli Government to lift the blockade of Gaza immediately. Enough of the currently closed legitimate crossings and established channels for goods in and out of Gaza should be opened to be able to reach the pre-blockade capacity for imports and exports. The markets in steel bars and cement should especially be liberalized by the Israeli authorities.", "The decision of the Israeli Government to continue with its settlement activities in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, is incompatible not only with its obligations under international law but also with the Road Map. We note that this illegal activity continues and that the use of violence, house demolitions and forceful evictions in the occupied Palestinian territories, including in East Jerusalem, remains a serious concern. The international community should be careful not to send messages that can be perceived as accommodating existing illegal settlement activities. Creating facts on the ground that are contrary to international law and constitute an obstacle to achieving a two-State solution should not be rewarded. The settlements are reversible.", "Iceland would also like to voice concern over increased settler violence against the Palestinians, including their so-called price-tag policy. This is a very worrying development, and Israel is under the obligation to do its utmost to prevent such violence and, when it does occur, to ensure that those involved are held accountable.", "Finally, Iceland welcomes the reconciliation agreement between Fatah and Hamas and their intention to form an interim Government in preparation for presidential and parliamentary elections in Palestine. We urge the Palestinian parties to heed the calls of their own people to work towards realization of the agreement and to become united in their pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the conflict.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kuwait.", "Mr. Alotaibi (Kuwait) (spoke in Arabic): I have the honour to deliver this statement to the Security Council on behalf of the States members of the Arab Group. First, however, let me express our support for the statement delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement by the representative of Egypt, as well as for the statement to be made by the representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "The meeting is a demonstration of the importance that the international community attaches to the legitimate rights of the Palestinian people, who have suffered for more than 60 years under the occupation and practices of Israel and its refusal to abide by its international commitments and its flouting of all international resolutions.", "The peoples and States of the region place great hopes in the ability of the international community to assume its political, legal and moral responsibility vis-à-vis the return of occupied Arab territories, putting an end to Israeli intransigence and arrogance and compelling Israel to comply with and fully implement the resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly the relevant Security Council resolutions. Israel persists in ignoring those resolutions as it continues to pursue illegal and aggressive measures and practices in the occupied Palestinian territories, particularly East Jerusalem and its environs, with a view to altering their demographic status, character and composition. That is in addition to continuing violations by Israel, the occupying Power, of international law and the rules and regulations relating to human rights.", "Such practices make a mere fantasy of any talk of the existence of an Israeli partner having sincere intentions about achieving peace. They also demonstrate beyond any doubt that, through its practices and policies and the declarations of its officials, Israel is working as hard as it can to undermine every international effort to resume peace talks based on the solution of two States within the framework of the borders of 4 June 1967.", "Furthermore, all practices such as Israel’s continued and intensified campaigns to rapidly construct thousands of settlement units and its persistent demolition of Palestinian properties and buildings affirm its expansionist intentions and contradict the claims of the Israeli Government that it wishes to resume the peace process and move towards a two-State solution.", "The existing situation in the Gaza Strip represents yet another manifestation of Israel’s violations of resolution 1860 (2009) and its disregard of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949. As the oppressive Israeli blockade enters its fifth year, Palestinian civilians continue to be subjected to collective punishment, leading to increased poverty in Gaza and to severe deterioration of the economic, social and humanitarian situation there.", "It is not strange, therefore, that the blockade has resulted in terrifying statistics — for example, a rise in the unemployment rate to 65 per cent. Also, the air raids that the Israeli air force conducts from time to time — despite the fact that such raids contravene the most basic rules of international law, which prohibit such attacks on areas populated by civilians — are tantamount to terrorist actions against unarmed Palestinian people.", "The international community must send a clear, unequivocal message to Israel that it must lift the blockade and open the crossing points immediately, permanently and without conditions, in order to allow access for humanitarian assistance, construction materials and goods, and the movement of people. Israel must also be punished for its persistence in violating international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. It must be held accountable for the war crimes it has committed so far, for its practice of State terrorism, and for the systematic violations of human rights it has committed against unarmed Palestinians, the perpetrators of which must be prosecuted.", "The Arab Group demands that the Security Council take all measures to pressure Israel to implement Council resolution 497 (1981), which calls for Israel’s withdrawal from the occupied Syrian Golan to the lines of 4 June 1967. It also reaffirms that the measures taken by Israel aimed at changing the legal, physical and demographic situation there are considered null and void and having no legal basis, as well as violating international law and the Charter of the United Nations.", "The Arab Group also demands that Israel cease its continued violations of Lebanese sovereignty and infringement on Lebanon’s territories, air space and territorial waters. The Group also demands Israel’s complete withdrawal from the northern part of the town of Al-Ghajar, the Shebaa farms and the hills of Kfar Shouba.", "A comprehensive settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict — a just, comprehensive and lasting solution — can be reached only by implementing the relevant resolutions of international legitimacy, particularly Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008). It must also be based on the principles of the Madrid Peace Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative, and the Road Map as endorsed by the Quartet.", "The Arab Group affirms its full support for the efforts by the Palestinian Authority to obtain membership in the United Nations at the upcoming session of the General Assembly, in accordance with what has already been confirmed at the meeting of the Ministerial Committee of the Arab Peace Initiative held in Doha on 14 July.", "More than six decades have passed while Israel has persisted in defying the international community. It has gone too far in carrying out its illegal and unilateral policies, while the Palestinian people have deferred their dreams and aspirations year after year, for more than six decades, waiting and hoping to build a national home that will embrace them all.", "For six decades the demands of the Palestinian people, and our demands, have been very clear. What we need most is implementation of United Nations resolutions, including those of the Security Council, and the exercise by the Palestinians of their right to self determination and to live a free, independent and dignified life within an independent, sovereign State with East Jerusalem as its capital.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of Nicaragua.", "Mr. Rosales Díaz (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): As a member of the Movement of Non‑Aligned Countries, Nicaragua fully associates itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt in his capacity as Chair of our Movement.", "Nicaragua reiterates once again its most profound condemnation of Israel’s illegal occupation of all the Palestinian, Syrian and Lebanese territories and demands its immediate withdrawal from them. We condemn the Israeli policies and practices of construction and non-dismantling of settlements, as well as the inhumane blockade of Gaza, the policy of severing the West Bank and other Palestinian territories.", "The Security Council is meeting on the eve of a historic moment, which must lead us to make an incontrovertible reality of a Palestinian State that is recognized and fully welcomed into the fold of this Organization, thereby finally implementing all the provisions of General Assembly resolution 181 (II), which calls specifically for the creation of two States in Palestinian land — one Arab, the other Jewish.", "Indeed, it is no longer possible to allow the logic of the denial of the very existence of a Palestinian State to continue. Since the triumph of the revolution of 1979, Nicaragua has been in a privileged position to witness the struggle of the Palestinian people and the substantial concessions made by Palestine, which have been shamelessly met by Israel with more illegal settlements, more humiliations, more deaths, more systematic assassinations of Palestinian leaders, more destruction of homes and more plundering, including of East Jerusalem.", "In short, we have been witnesses to a policy that is truly aimed at cornering the Palestinian people — a policy that is supported by an unspoken determination on the part of the Israelis to deny all Palestinian citizens their very humanity.", "For all of these reasons, Nicaragua reiterates the need to put an immediate end to the insufferable impunity that Israel has been enjoying, which has been ensured, irresponsibly, by the Security Council, and more specifically by the indiscriminate use of the veto by those who have become the major accomplices of Israel.", "The time has come for the Security Council to assume its responsibilities and demand that Israel commit to peace. Threats of the use of veto must end, and the international community must cast aside rhetoric in favour of concrete action.", "To that end, Nicaragua calls on the Security Council and the General Assembly to recognize the State of Palestine on the basis of its 1967 borders. That is the only way to bring about a stable and lasting peace that would enable both peoples to effectively enjoy all of their rights, thereby putting a definitive end to an unacceptable and inexplicable injustice.", "Mr. Raza Bashir Tarar (Pakistan): Mr. President, I should like at the outset to thank you for convening today’s debate. Allow me to express, on behalf of the people and the Government of Pakistan, our deepest condolences and commiseration to the people and the Government of Norway in connection with Friday’s terrorist atrocities. Such dastardly acts only harden our resolve to combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "We align ourselves with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as with the statement to be delivered by the Permanent Representative of Kazakhstan on behalf of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation.", "Pakistan believes that the time is ripe for a lasting solution to the Israeli-Palestine conflict, based on two independent and sovereign States living side by side and at peace with each other.", "The Palestinian Authority’s progress in establishing State institutions is an auspicious augury for peace. Numerous independent sources have confirmed that Palestinian statehood by September 2011 is well within reach. This has been acknowledged in the reports of many international bodies and mentioned in past statements of the Middle East Quartet. The relative reduction of violence in the region recently has also helped strengthen the conditions necessary for lasting peace. It is in our common interest to embrace and strengthen the achievements of Palestine as an invaluable opportunity for lasting peace in the region.", "The positive developments in Palestine can be sustained only with an active engagement on the part of the international community. In order for a durable peace in the Middle East to be achieved, it is incumbent upon the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet to honour their long-standing commitments to a final settlement and to work in tandem to achieve this goal. The well-known terms of reference of the Middle East peace process provide a navigational guide for the road to peace in the Middle East. Despite the clarity of our common goal and near-unanimity on the rules of engagement, the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet increasingly appear unable to act. This does not augur well for the region. Their inaction may cause the present opportunity for peace to be lost and lock the region once again in cycles of violence and mistrust.", "The challenges to peace in the Middle East are not due only to the international community’s inaction, but are rooted also in Israel’s expansionist policy, characterized by the planning and building of new settlement areas. The recent approval of new construction areas in occupied Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nablus are cause for serious concern. The demolition of Palestinian homes and structures in East Jerusalem and the Jordan Valley has resulted in the displacement of many Palestinian families.", "Settlement activity is a clear violation of international law and should be treated as such. Each block of these settlements constitutes a major roadblock in this journey to peace. Israel must stop building new settlements and using settlement activity as a political tool in the peace process. Settlement activity and the peace process cannot move ahead together.", "Israel’s continuing blockade of Gaza is neither conscionable nor tenable. We call for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009). Life in Gaza cannot return to normal without the free movement of persons and goods, including essential reconstruction material. We hope that Israel will facilitate the completion of reconstruction projects, including those undertaken by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.", "Pakistan is supportive of lasting peace for all the inhabitants of the Middle East, irrespective of religion, ethnicity or nationality. The framework for peace in the Middle East is laid down elaborately in Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973), 1397 (2002), 1515 (2003) and 1850 (2008); the Madrid terms of reference; the Arab Peace Initiative; and the Quartet road map. Mustering and sustaining the political will to implement the framework is imperative.", "We hope that the Security Council and the Middle East Quartet will engage meaningfully with the protagonists concerned to realize the collective objective of the international community: an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all of its neighbours. Pakistan shares and supports this objective.", "The President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela welcomes the briefing by Mr. Robert Serry, United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority.", "We endorse the statement made by Ambassador Maged Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "Mr. Maxwell Gaylard, United Nations Coordinator for Humanitarian and Development Activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, warned recently that thousands of Bedouins would be affected by the demolitions that are being carried out by the Government of Israel in Jerusalem with a view to expanding illegal settlements of Israeli citizens. According to Mr. Gaylard, this year more homes have been demolished than in all of 2009 or 2010, leaving homeless refugees who have been living in that area since 1948.", "This serious situation threatens to displace 80 per cent of the Bedouins who inhabit the region. In addition, thousands of Palestinian families have been forcibly displaced from their residential areas. The increased illegal Israeli settlements, home demolitions and the prohibition on new Palestinian construction must all be condemned. All of those illegal and inhuman acts are obvious examples of the apartheid system imposed by the Israeli Government and are carried out with total impunity by the occupying Power, highlighting the Council’s inaction.", "Pursuant to the right to self-determination, the immediate recognition of the State of Palestine and its incorporation as a full member of the General Assembly have been proposed. My delegation reaffirms the sovereign right of peoples to choose their own destiny. Venezuela reiterates its call on the Government of Israel to fully respect the provisions of the Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Times of War within the Palestinian territories, including Eastern Jerusalem and the other occupied Arab territories.", "Bradley Burston, senior editor at the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, has pointed out that", "“[t]here is nearly nothing which more effectively delegitimizes Israel — and makes Israel look more like an uncaring blockhead state — than does the siege of Gaza”.", "There is no doubt that the fragile humanitarian situation of Palestinians in the Gaza Strip is deplorable. The blockade imposed in that region is inhuman and illegal, as is the wall built by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and its surroundings.", "The unacceptable and relentless actions of the occupying Power against suffering Palestinian citizens have resulted in the most shameless violations of their human rights. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela firmly demands once again an unrestricted and immediate end to those inhuman, illegal and unilateral measures.", "Venezuela expresses its concern over the serious events that took place in the occupied Syrian Golan on 15 May and 5 June, when Israeli soldiers massacred numerous Palestinian citizens who were peacefully protesting against the occupation. Venezuela once again calls on Israel to withdraw from that territory, in compliance with the relevant resolutions of the Security Council. We also again request the State of Israel to respect the sovereignty of the State of Lebanon in order to avoid a conflict such as that which took place in July 2006.", "My country proclaims the values of freedom, independence and sovereignty, which must continue to be strengthened in order to achieve peace between peoples. Again, without justice there can be no peace.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Kim Yong Song (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): My delegation would first like to thank Mr. Robert Serry for his detailed briefing this morning. My delegation also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Egypt on behalf of the States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The resolution of the Palestinian issue in the Middle East is a top priority among efforts to ensure peace and safety in the region. For that reason, the international community continues to devote its attention to the Palestinian question and to make every effort towards its resolution.", "I would like to particularly underline a positive development that may decisively affect the resolution of the Palestinian question, with the strong support of the international community. It is noteworthy that the Palestinian people’s struggle for an independent, sovereign State is gaining momentum now more than ever before. The key to victory in this struggle should be in the hands of the Palestinian people, as it is certain that key is the unity of the Palestinian people themselves. The adoption of a final reconciliation agreement between Palestinian political forces in May will surely serve to strengthen the unity of the Palestinian people and firmly encourage their struggle for an independent, sovereign State.", "Notwithstanding the positive developments, obstacles and challenges to the Middle East peace process still lie ahead. Israel has not withdrawn from the occupied Palestinian and Arab territories, in spite of increased denouncements by the international community. Israel has continued to further expand its settlements in East Jerusalem and the Arab territories, directly challenging international demands. Settlement-building is part of Israel’s ambitious effort at territorial expansion, and its impact is now having serious consequences. It is because of the expansion of the Israeli settlements that the Palestine-Israel talks, arranged after a laborious process of twists and turns, are now deadlocked.", "Support for the founding of an independent, sovereign State of Palestine is becoming a trend of international society that no one dares to stop. Many countries recognize Palestine as an independent, sovereign State, and their number has now reached more than 120. The Palestinian people’s struggle to regain its occupied territory and set up an independent, sovereign State is more than justifiable; its victory is ensured.", "My delegation would like to take this opportunity to express our full support to and solidarity with the justified struggle of the Palestinian people to recover their legitimate sovereign rights, including the founding of an independent, sovereign State.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): I thank Germany for scheduling this very important open debate on the situation in the Middle East. Allow me to express our appreciation to the Minister of State of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany for chairing this debate. I also convey our thanks to Mr. Robert Serry, Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General, for his comprehensive briefing this morning.", "The Bangladeshi delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt and Kazakhstan on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, respectively. In addition, I wish to briefly make certain points that Bangladesh believes to be of importance.", "A durable and sustainable resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, including the issue of Palestine, which is the core of the long-lasting crisis, must be our collective strategic objective. All Member States should pledge complete commitment to this objective and throw their full moral, diplomatic, political and economic support behind its early realization.", "The people of Palestine are being denied their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live freely in their own land, and displaced Palestinians have been denied their rights to return home and live in dignity and safety. Unfortunately, it appears to be a collective failure on the part of the international community, and especially the people of Israel, who themselves having suffered deprivation failed nevertheless to rise to the occasion and guarantee the people of Palestine their fundamental rights to self-determination and to live in a sovereign State of their own, side by side with Israel. In order to achieve a lasting solution in the Middle East, it is very important to address the key issue, which is the prolonged and illegal occupation of the Arab territories by Israel.", "We express our concern at the occupying Power’s extensive destruction of property, homes, economic institutions, agricultural lands and orchards; the construction of the wall; the confiscation of land; and the continued imposition of checkpoints, contrary to international law, in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, which have seriously hampered the already dire socio-economic situation facing the Palestinian population.", "We commend President Mahmoud Abbas’ leadership of the Palestinian Authority and continued Palestinian State-building efforts, especially in the areas of governance, rule of law and human rights, livelihoods and productive sectors, education and culture, health, social protection and water.", "But we are worried owing to the Israeli military operations and the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including humanitarian personnel, as well as food, medical, fuel and other essential supplies, in the Gaza Strip, which are causing civilian casualties. We therefore call for maximum restraint and respect for international humanitarian law. In this regard, it is very unfortunate that a French civilian boat, which was sailing to provide humanitarian support, was recently seized.", "My delegation believes that the Fourth Geneva Convention, the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, Security Council resolutions 242 (1967), 338 (1973) and 425 (1978), the land-for-peace principle, and the Madrid Conference terms of reference, which guarantee Israel’s withdrawal from all occupied Arab and Palestinian territories to the lines of 4 June 1967, the Road Map, and the Arab Peace Initiative are the best guides for achieving a two-State solution.", "The principled support for the right of the Palestinian people to self-determination that has come from all corners of the globe, both bilateral and multilateral, has been an essential pillar of Palestinian resilience over the decades. My delegation welcomes in this regard the Palestinian Authority’s plan, “Palestine: Ending the Occupation, Establishing the State”, a plan for constructing the institutions of a Palestinian State by September 2011.", "Let us turn to the situations in Lebanon and the occupied Syrian Golan. It is sad that the occupying State is violating Lebanese sovereignty and repeatedly breaching Security Council resolution 1701 (2006). It is also of concern that there have been various measures and actions to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan.", "In conclusion, let me reiterate Bangladesh’s long-standing position that the continued illegal occupation of Palestine over the past six decades is the root cause of violence, unrest and destabilization in the region. Let me also reiterate our full support for a lasting peace for all inhabitants of the region, both Arabs and Israelis, and our strong commitment to the realization of an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital, living side by side and in peace with all its neighbours.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Morocco.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, let me express our profound gratitude to you for having convened this open debate. I also thank Mr. Robert Serry for his thorough briefing on the latest developments in the Middle East. As is customary, my delegation endorses the statements delivered by the representatives of Egypt, Kazakhstan and Kuwait on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League, respectively.", "At the outset, I would like to express our profound concern at the protracted deadlock facing international and regional efforts to reinvigorate the talks between the Palestinians and the Israelis, particularly in the light of the legal aspirations of the Palestinians with regard to September 2011. There can be no doubt that there is unanimous agreement at the international level when it comes to the two-State solution and the need for a comprehensive settlement in the Middle East, in keeping with international legitimacy. Consequently, the international community must be strict and effective in order to create an environment conducive to negotiations, free from provocative, illegal, unilateral measures by Israel, so as to bring peace and prosperity to the region.", "We are deeply concerned at the obstacles impeding direct talks between the two sides. At the same time, we are convinced that the peace process is a necessary choice that must lead to a comprehensive, just and legitimate peace for all peoples in the region.", "In this context, Morocco is closely and optimistically following the several initiatives — by the United States, the Quartet, the European Union and other regional and international actors — to promote a return to direct negotiations. Our hope is that these efforts will bring about a resumption of serious negotiations in good faith, in keeping with international law, the Arab Peace Initiative, the Road Map and the previously achieved agreements between the sides.", "Morocco warmly welcomed the commitment made by President Obama of the United States remarks his speech on 19 May 2011 on a comprehensive and just peace between the Palestinians and the Israelis and creation of an independent Palestinian State, within the 1967 borders and living side by side in peace with Israel.", "We express the hope that this position, which is shared by the entire international community, will enable the Palestinian people to reclaim their legitimate rights and establish an independent State with its capital at Al-Quds Al-Sharif.", "In this context, Morocco, whose King, Mohammed VI, is presiding over the Jerusalem Commission, would like to state its concerns to the Council and to condemn the measures taken by Israel in East Jerusalem with a view to changing its demographics, legal status and religious profile and Israel’s expulsion of Palestinians in order to build roads and settlements and Judaize the area. All of these actions impede a final settlement, and, given the crucial importance of Al-Quds Al-Sharif in any comprehensive settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian question, we call on the international community, and the Security Council in particular, to assume their full responsibilities to ensure that Israel end these illegal practices, respect the international efforts aimed at bringing about early talks and to cooperate with them.", "In these sensitive historical circumstances, the eyes of the world are focused more than ever on the United Nations and the international and regional forces working to uphold their political and moral responsibilities towards the Palestinian people and to restart direct negotiations. This could give new momentum and optimism to the process to achieve the peace to which we all aspire.", "The Palestinian Authority, strengthened by its national reconciliation, continues to show itself to be the genuine and effective partner in the peace process that it has always been, and to demonstrate its commitment to achieving a lasting solution. The Arab States, through the Arab Peace Initiative, have expressed their sincere desire for lasting and just peace.", "Morocco places the issue of Palestine at the very centre of its regional and international interests, and will continue its efforts to resolve this matter through direct negotiations. This will happen only after Israel withdraws from all Arab and Palestinian territories occupied since June 1967, and through the creation of an independent Palestinian State, with Jerusalem as its capital, and respect for the legal rights of the brotherly people of Palestine.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I have the honour to make the following statement on behalf of the States members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). I would like to emphasize again that, on 1 July, the name of that Organization changed and is now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation. I speak in my country’s capacity as Chair of the OIC.", "We are grateful to Germany for convening today’s meeting devoted to the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. The continuation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole continues to threaten international peace and security. This issue is at the centre of security problems and challenges, the negative implications of which are not confined to that region, but are felt well beyond and across the globe.", "It is most unfortunate that the Security Council’s efforts to address this conflict have repeatedly failed due to the refusal by Israel, the occupying Power, to comply with international law and relevant United Nations resolutions, as well as the lack of political will among Member States to implement the Council’s resolutions. This is a regrettable fact, despite the Council’s unequivocal demands from the outset for the withdrawal of Israel, the occupying Power, from the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in accordance with the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force. The Council has consistently adopted resolutions calling for an end to the Israeli occupation and the realization of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders as the guarantor of peace and security between the two peoples.", "We are shocked and extremely disturbed by the escalation of Israel’s illegal practices in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. Israel, the occupying Power, has increased its military operations throughout the West Bank, even raiding a summer camp for children and forcing these children to endure harsh interrogations. The occupying forces continue to spread fear among the civilian Palestinian population, including women and children, and continue to carry out arrest operations, increasing the number of Palestinians illegally imprisoned and detained by Israel.", "At the same time, Israel continues to intensify its illegal and destructive settlement campaign in the occupied Palestinian territory, especially in and around occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn Israel’s flouting of international law and of the unanimous calls for a complete cessation of such illegal actions. The spate of settlement activities and the demolition of homes have reached an unprecedented level recently in a clear attempt to further colonize the occupied Palestinian territory and to create even more illegal alterations to the historical and religious landmarks, demographic composition, characteristics and status of the territory.", "The OIC group is highly perturbed by the attacks not only on Palestinian civilians, but also on peace activists and volunteers from international non‑governmental organizations. The OIC group reiterates that it is disturbed by the fact that, for the past four years, about 1.5 million Palestinians have been suffering in immeasurably grave conditions in the besieged Gaza Strip as a result of Israel’s illegal and inhumane blockade, a most condemnable form of collective punishment. We reiterate the call for the immediate lifting of the blockade and for Israel’s compliance with all of its legal obligations under international humanitarian law.", "The OIC is deeply concerned over the stalemate in the negotiations between Israel and Palestine, and the recent failure of the Quartet during its meeting in Washington, D.C., to deliver results that would enable the resumption of negotiations. At its thirty-eighth session, held last month in Astana, the OIC Council of Foreign Ministers reiterated the need for an early settlement of the Palestinian issue and expressed full support for the Arab Peace Initiative, which is aimed at reaching a lasting, comprehensive and just resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict.", "The OIC member States have also applauded the significant institution-building efforts of the Palestinian National Authority, and called on the international community to acknowledge the progress achieved and to recognize the independent, sovereign State of Palestine on the basis of the borders of 4 June 1967. The OIC also joins the international community in reaffirming that all measures and actions taken or to be taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to alter the legal, physical and demographic status of the occupied Syrian Golan and its institutional structure, as well as to impose jurisdiction and administration there, are null and void and have no legal effect.", "The international community, including the Security Council, cannot afford to lose any more time. It should uphold its responsibility and take immediate and decisive action to bring Israel into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention, relevant United Nations resolutions, the Madrid terms of reference, including land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative and the Quartet Road Map. This is the most urgent step to salvage the two-State solution for an independent, sovereign and viable State of Palestine, living side by side and in peace with Israel.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Syrian Arab Republic.", "Mr. Falouh (Syrian Arab Republic) (spoke in Arabic): The Security Council is meeting yet again to discuss the deteriorating situation in the occupied Arab territories under the agenda item “The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question”. This item is centred exclusively on the Arab-Israeli conflict, the Palestinian question and how to compel Israel to end its occupation of Arab land in implementation of resolutions of international legality, including resolutions of the Security Council. It does not refer to any other issues that are not covered by the historical definition of the item.", "However, instead of focusing on the substance of this agenda item, some unfortunately attempt to engage the Council on other issues in order to dilute the essence of the item, under which the Security Council seeks to effectively engage in reviving the peace process, ending Israeli occupation of occupied Arab land and establishing a Palestinian State on the basis of the 1967 borders. However, the reality on the ground reaffirms that there is a systematic Israeli pattern of behaviour that some do not want to hold to international accountability. This pattern contradicts the core provisions of international law and international humanitarian law and demonstrates Israel’s disregard for international legality.", "Among Israel’s most egregious practices are its great colonialist theft of territory through its history of settlement, including land confiscation, the demolition of homes, the expulsion of citizens from their homes and replacing them with foreign settlers, the construction of the racist separation wall, the Judaization of occupied Jerusalem, support for settlers’ oppressive and extremist racist practices against unarmed Palestinians, under the protection of the occupying forces, and the unjust imposition of the blockade against Gaza.", "On 15 May and 5 June, on the anniversary of Israel’s occupation of their land, Israel fired live bullets at unarmed demonstrators, claiming the lives of many martyrs and wounding a great number of people. That is the underlying aggressive nature of the State terrorism practiced by Israel. Israel continues to refuse to return the occupied Syrian Golan to its motherland, Syria, and to implement resolutions of the international community, in particular resolution 497 (1981), which declared the annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan null and void and without international legal effect.", "Israel pursues its policy of intimidating and oppressing Syrian citizens in the Golan. It continues to confiscate land, expand settlements and plunder the riches and resources of the Golan, distorting its history and robbing its historic monuments. It continues to plant mines on the territory.", "Comprehensive and fair peace will be achieved only through complete Israeli withdrawal from all Arab territories to the 4 July 1967 lines, and the establishment of an independent Palestinian State, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. The Security Council is called on to sincerely and effectively commit to finding a solution to the Arab-Israeli conflict without delay or partial solutions. The Security Council has an important opportunity to prove its ability to play its Charter role by supporting the internationally backed and fair Palestinian request to establish an independent State on its territory, with Al-Quds Al-Sharif as its capital. That would be achieved by accepting Palestine as a full Member of the United Nations, pursuant to the resolutions of international legality.", "In that regard, we recall General Assembly resolution 273 (III) of 1949, which established the conditions for Israel’s admission as a full Member of the United Nations: its commitment to the principles of the Charter and respect for the rights of the Palestinian people to establish its independent State and of Palestinian refugees to return to the homes from which they had been forcibly expelled.", "However, some speakers have used non-objective and exaggerated language in their statements to describe recent domestic events. They have sought to engage the Council in internal affairs on fragile and unfounded pretexts that have nothing to do with the Council’s role or responsibilities. That is why I wish to underscore that the goal and substance of this agenda item are clear. I would like to make the following points.", "Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad has declared a comprehensive reform programme that the Government has begun to implement to promote democratic national reconciliation and to increase the participation of all citizens in the political and economic process, as well as to sanctify national unity and to ensure law and order for all citizens. We sent a letter to the Secretary-General, issued under the symbol S/2011/353, in which we stated our position vis-à-vis recent developments in Syria.", "Syria has held consultations on new bills concerning pluralism and the participation of political parties in Syria. The consultations recommended the establishment of a supreme human rights council and a political committee to revise the Constitution to ensure pluralism and to promote human rights, social justice, the rule of law and the rights of women and children.", "I wish to comment on the statements made by certain representatives when a group of young people demonstrated outside the French and United States embassies to voice their views on interference by those embassies in our internal affairs. We stress that the Syrian authorities are committed to protecting the security of those two embassies. We recall that the Syrian embassies in certain countries have been attacked and that the countries where those attacks took place did little to protect them.", "It is clear that any internal reform undertaken by a Member of the United Nations should comply with the United Nations Charter and should be respected. Those outside the country advocating reform should not deliberately ignore serious reform measures or undermine the Syrian model of tolerance and coexistence among all citizens. They should not draw conclusions from or base their analysis on fabricated and false information. They should ignore neither our reform efforts nor the sabotage and crimes being committed by organized terrorist groups in Syria.", "We would have hoped to hear in those statements even a single word of condemnation of Israel’s use of live fire against unarmed civilian demonstrators on 15 May and 5 June. That is the behaviour at the heart of this issue and falls within the purview of the Security Council’s mandate, pursuant to relevant resolutions.", "The President: I give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): At the outset, I wish to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this important open debate at this critical juncture in developments in the Middle East. This meeting will surly provide us with an overview of the current state of affairs in the region and the path forward to bring peace to the Middle East.", "The question of Palestine, from its occupation until today, has remained one of the biggest challenges and problems of the world. The occupation represents the most painful and biggest tragedy of humankind in modern history. More than six decades of massacres, home demolitions, embargos, the abduction and imprisonment of people, attacks on neighbours and others, and violations of international law and international humanitarian law have followed this occupation.", "The Israeli regime continues to defy international law in its pursuit of an unlawful and inhuman blockade of the Palestinians, particularly in the Gaza Strip, which has entered its fifth year. A recent report of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East indicates that broad unemployment in Gaza in the second half of 2010 reached an unprecedented 45.2 per cent, one of the highest rates in the world. The seizure of another civilian boat, the Dignité-El Karama, by the Israeli regime was yet another violation of international law. The inhumane blocked is a source of grave concern to people all over the world, who have expressed their support for such humanitarian gestures as the freedom flotilla and the Dignité-Al Karama and called for the immediate lifting of the Gaza blockade.", "States supporting the Israeli regime have brought shame on themselves because, on the one hand, they claim to advocate human rights and international law and international humanitarian law, while at the same time they support the occupation, illegal settlements and all violations of international law by the brutal regime occupying Palestine. The history of the Israeli regime is nothing but crime, the killing of men, women and children, the use of banned weapons and the stockpiling of nuclear weapons, blind assassinations, attacks on civilians and aid convoys in international waters, and war crimes in Lebanon and Palestine. All these inhumane acts have become the routine doings of the occupying regime. There is no doubt that support for this regime is tantamount to support for occupation, massacre, assassination and the violation of human rights.", "Attaining a peaceful and just settlement of the question of Palestine is imperative to the realization of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East and beyond. In our view, achieving lasting peace in Palestine and the region will be possible only by ensuring justice, putting an end to discriminatory and racist policies, and ending the occupation of Palestine and other occupied territories. Today, we are seeing more and more States joining the ranks of those that have already recognized Palestine as an independent State. This is a very clear indication that the cause of Palestine is gaining new momentum.", "On Syria, there have evidently been attempts to incite sectarian sensitivities and denominational tensions and divisions, a known tactic of hegemonic regimes. Such mischievous attempts are worthless and vain and will have no effect on the stability of the country. The enemies of humankind do not want and have never wanted the people of Syria to remain united, independent and developed. But the people of Syria know that the key to their independence and dignity is unity and resistance to mischievous and subversive attempts.", "The Israeli regime has persisted in its aggressive policies towards Lebanon by constantly violating its land, sea and air space and refusing to withdraw from occupied Lebanese villages. These occupations and acts of aggression should stop immediately.", "Before concluding, I would like to react to the reference made to my country by the representative of the Israeli regime in this Chamber this morning. It is no surprise that, in levelling baseless allegations against Iran’s nuclear programme, the Zionist regime has preposterously attempted to deflect attentions from its long and dark catalogue of crimes and atrocities, such as occupation, aggression, militarism, State-terrorism, and crimes against humanity. It is a widely recognized fact that the Israeli regime’s clandestine development and unlawful possession of nuclear weapons poses a uniquely grave threat to regional and international peace and security. The Israeli regime has clearly defied the demands of the overwhelming majority of the United Nations Member States that have time and again called on it to renounce nuclear weapons and accede to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).", "Regrettably, the inaction of the relevant United Nations organs in the face of such Israeli policies and practices has emboldened this dangerous regime. The Council is expected to condemn the Israeli regime for the possession of nuclear weapons, compel it to abandon nuclear weapons, urge it to accede to the NPT without delay, and demand that it promptly place all its nuclear facilities under the full-scope safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Indeed, peace and stability cannot be achieved in the Middle East so long as the massive Israeli nuclear arsenals continue to threaten the region and beyond.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 4.50 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 伯杰先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 霍季奇女士 \n 巴西 里佐先生 \n 中国 杨治宇先生 \n 哥伦比亚 埃斯科尔西亚夫人 \n 法国 博蒙特先生 \n 加蓬 伦博马先生 \n 印度 拉古塔哈利先生 \n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 特克西拉·科埃略女士\n 俄罗斯联邦 日丹诺夫先生 \n 南非 拉海尔先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴先生 \n 美利坚合众国 热尔曼女士", "议程项目", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "下午3时05分复会。", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表参加本次会议。", "我谨提醒各位发言者将发言时间限定在四分钟以内，以便安理会能够快速开展工作。", "我请吉尔吉斯斯坦代表发言。", "克德罗夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢你在这样一个关键时刻召开本次重要辩论会。此时，民众抗议活动和重大政治变化仍在中东继续。此外，我们没有看到以色列-巴勒斯坦政治进程取得任何具体进展。", "由于最近发生的众所周知的革命性剧变，中东仍然是世界关注的中心。这些事件尽管存在某些不可否认的不同之处，但却具有许多共同点。它们背后的原因都是有关各国政府未能适应新的社会发展条件并进行有效的改革。该地区各国人民和政府不仅面临巨大的社会和政治挑战，而且还面临新的机遇和前景。我们强烈谴责对和平示威活动使用武力，并敦促各方保持最大克制。最近经历类似革命性变革的吉尔吉斯斯坦认为，处理这些问题的唯一途径是对话和改革。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦强烈呼吁尽早恢复以色列-巴勒斯坦谈判。在这方面，我们支持中东问题四方于2011年5月20日发表的声明，其中呼吁克服目前障碍和毫不拖延地恢复直接双边谈判。但我们感到遗憾的是，四方最近于7月11日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行的会议结束时未能达成实质性协议。至关重要的是，应尽早举行一次新的会议，以便采取积极措施促进谈判进程。我们认为，这一进程必须继续下去，以便找到途径实现相关局势的长期解决，并根据先前确定和接受的参数达成实现两国和平、安全共处的和平协议。吉尔吉斯斯坦希望，中东问题四方将在找到可为有关各方接受的解决办法方面发挥积极作用。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦赞成在安全理事会有关决议、《阿拉伯和平倡议》和中东四方《路线图》的基础上通过政治外交手段解决巴以冲突。我要指出的是，考虑让巴勒斯坦加入联合国问题的时间正在迅速靠近，因为我们已经在正式和非正式场合中对此问题进行了长期讨论。在这方面，吉尔吉斯斯坦认为在和平进程方面迅速取得进展和打破目前令人不安的僵局极其重要。我们还敦促各方展示其对于和平的强烈意愿和坚定承诺，消除阻碍恢复直接对话的一切障碍。", "对于我们来说，显而易见，以色列继续在西岸和东耶路撒冷修建定居点以及经常宣布扩大定居点的做法无助于早日解决问题。相反——至少正如我们从最近事件中所见到的那样——它会导致动乱加剧、暴力升级和平民死亡。吉尔吉斯斯坦支持落实安全理事会有关耶路撒冷问题的所有相关决议，并且呼吁停止修建以色列定居点。", "最后，我要强调的是，中东各国人民在过去几十年里一直在经历冲突和对抗。落实一项解决巴以冲突的最终与全面的解决方案的时机已经到来。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请土耳其代表发言。", "科尔曼先生(土耳其)(以英语发言)：在安全理事会就中东局势问题举行又一次公开辩论会之际，本地区正在稳步进行一场巨大变革。自由、平等、尊严、人权和法治等普世观念已经成为数以百万计人民的战斗口号，他们正通过合法手段为其本身及其同胞争取更加公正和更有前途的未来。虽然实现有实际意义的变革可能需要一定的时间，并且未必总是会一帆风顺，但这一历史性的进程不能(不能)被逆转、损害或破坏。", "与此同时，在这一剧变发展之际，巴勒斯坦问题却仍然处于停滞状态。无论是在加沙和西岸，还是在区域各地难民营中，数以百万计的巴勒斯坦人仍在继续遭受并非由其自己造成的不幸命运。这是一种不正常现象，必须作为一个最迫切的问题加以解决。", "事实上，巴以冲突一直是本地区内外很多争端的核心。只要占领和镇压仍然是巴勒斯坦人民日常生活中的一个现实，国际社会就无法指望在中东和北非能够保持积极的变革势头。", "最近的事件和过去的事件都证明巴勒斯坦人民的困境所产生的影响远远超出其本地区的地理范围。如果我们想要赢得阿拉伯人民的人心，如果我们想要支持他们实现其理想，那么我们就必须能够向他们展示我们对实现中东地区涉及所有人的切实可行和公正和平的集体决心。这就是中东地区没有任何其他事情能够比寻求持久、全面解决冲突更加重要的原因。因此，它必须再一次成为优先重点。", "此时此刻，中东地区既没有和平，也没有和平进程。相反，所存在的是一个僵局，一个既不能让以色列人和巴勒斯坦人安心也不能让其看到希望的僵局。双方似乎正在越离越远。安全理事会和四方未能以有效的方式发出其声音，未能推进真正的互动接触。", "人民希望其领导人能够拿出解决办法，而不是空谈。总之，人们普遍有一种被抛弃和不确定感，使他们更加普遍感到受挫，特别是那些最没有公民权的人民。这就是一个令人担忧的火药桶。", "土耳其反对任何一方实施任何形态或形式的暴力，认为暴力行为是不可接受的，没有道理可言。我们还认为，除了谈判解决以外，没有真正的替代办法。但是，只要修建定居点活动，包括在被占领的东耶路撒冷修建定居点的活动仍在继续，就不可能进行富有实际意义的、有助于促进双方互信的接触。", "以色列最近在修建300多所住房问题上的立场是其在被占领土上开展非法活动的又一个例证。这种做法同样是不可以接受的，也使人进一步怀疑以色列对推进和平进程的诚意。", "我们再一次呼吁以色列以其根据《路线图》作出的承诺为基础，停止一切定居点活动，恢复与巴勒斯坦方面的直接谈判。这是一项很起码的要求，它目前是落实以既定原则为基础的两国解决方案的唯一途径，而根据这些原则，以色列和巴勒斯坦将永远和平、安全地毗邻共存。", "在过去两年里，巴勒斯坦一直在努力为其未来的国家打下体制基础。通过其所作所为，巴勒斯坦权力机构已经清楚地表明它愿意承担一个国际公认国家的权利和义务，即使巴勒斯坦继续处于被占领状态且因此需要国际支助。", "土耳其认为，现在是承认以1967年边界为基础的巴勒斯坦是国际社会一个正式成员国的时候了。两国解决方案这个概念最早可以追溯到1947年，它是解决巴以冲突的明确而坚定的基础。国际社会不能无视巴勒斯坦要求被承认拥有平等地位并最终作为一个正式会员被接纳进联合国的合法诉求。土耳其将与巴勒斯坦一起努力实现这些重要目标。最后，如果没有有效的和平进程，就不能指望巴勒斯坦人永远成为以色列人的囚犯。", "加沙地带的局势继续引起人们严重关切。加沙巴勒斯坦人面临的困境亟需缓解，应该立即满足民众对重建和恢复的要求。必须全面落实第1860(2009)号决议。当前，加沙平民人口面临的人道主义和人权状况是不可以持续的，也是不可以接受的，而且也不符合任何有关者的利益。双方之间紧张关系不时升级，这清楚表明，即便是在最好的情况下，中东地区的局势也是非常脆弱的。以公共外交为目的采取的保守做法不会起任何作用。以色列必须立即取消针对加沙的非法和不人道的封锁。", "同时，土耳其欣见巴勒斯坦人达成团结协议。这是在整个中东地区已经开始民主变革之际发生的一件大事。因此，它是朝着正确的方向迈出的一步。我们希望这一民族和解进程能够很快导致组建一个具有包容性和民主代表性的巴勒斯坦国政府，从而把巴勒斯坦民族引向自由、公平的选举。", "土耳其呼吁巴勒斯坦各派毅然决然地加入和解进程，参与建设一个与以色列和平和安全地毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国。在巴勒斯坦人寻求内部和谐共存的时候，国际社会也应该发挥积极作用，支持中东和平进程，而不要预断其结果。", "以色列对驶往加沙的国际人道主义护送船只发动导致多人死亡的袭击以来已经一年有余。以色列军队又残无人道地杀害了9位平民，并且致使多人受伤。船上的乘客在离开以色列之前受到各种形式的虐待。秘书长根据2010年6月1日S/PRST/2010/9号安理会主席声明设立的调查小组已经结束了调查工作。主席和共同主席提交了调查报告，该报告现已密封，并等待提交秘书长。", "我们已经为以色列摆脱这种状况提供了出路。以色列必须道歉，必须支付赔偿。如果以色列不做到我们希望它做到的那样，土耳其和以色列之间就不可能实现关系正常化。在正义得到伸张之前，土耳其绝对不会心慈手软。", "最后，我要再次重申，土耳其坚决支持在两国解决方案的基础上实现公正、持久和全面的中东和平，并再次重申我们决心协助我们的巴勒斯坦兄弟姐妺实现他们被拖延很久的建立一个能够生存、和平和繁荣的巴勒斯坦国的目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请日本代表发言。", "西田先生(日本)(以英语发言)：我要感谢主席先生为我们探讨中东局势提供机会。我要感谢塞里先生所作的全面通报。我还要感谢曼苏尔大使和普罗索尔大使的发言。", "日本坚决支持以色列和巴勒斯坦国和平与安全地毗邻共存且相互承认的两国解决方案。日本支持有关两国方案之中的边界线应该在1967年边界的基础上通过谈判方式加以确定的愿景。在此方案之中，双方应相互做出让步，以实现能够生存的巴勒斯坦国与以色列和平共存并且拥有安全和得到相互认可的边界。通过这种两国解决方案，巴勒斯坦将行使其建立独立国家的权利，以色列将获得大大加强的安全环境，双方都能为共同繁荣开展全方位的合作。", "只有通过认真谈判的方式才能实现两国解决方案。日本一直在与国际社会合作，鼓励巴以双方恢复直接谈判。日本坚决支持奥巴马总统5月的讲话，它为恢复谈判奠定了基础。我们呼吁巴以双方与美国及国际社会进行接触，并采取措施创建有利于恢复直接谈判的环境。", "日本不承认任何有损于最终地位谈判成果的单边措施。巴以双方必须履行其在先前所达成协定之中承担的义务，最重要的就是路线图。我们再次呼吁以色列冻结其包括东耶路撒冷在内在加沙西岸的定居点活动。同时，我们还呼吁巴勒斯坦权力机构继续努力加强安全局势，履行其对停止暴力及制止煽动针对以色列仇恨所作出的承诺。日本坚决支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的建国努力，并将继续在此方面为其提供援助。", "日本仍然对加沙地带的人道主义局势表示关切。我们继续要求全面落实安理会第1860(2009)号决议。日本正在密切关注巴勒斯坦为建立一个统一的政府以便真正实现两国解决方案所作的努力。", "最后，我要再次呼吁巴以双方为恢复直接谈判作出最大努力。日本将与国际社会一道继续努力，以便帮助在中东地区实现公正和全面的和平。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请约旦代表发言。", "Omaish先生(约旦)(以阿拉伯语发言)：几十年来，巴勒斯坦人民一直渴望与世界其他地方一样享有同样的政治、经济和社会权利，其中最重要的就是对本国领土主权、自由和尊严享有的权利。他们对在1967年6月4日边界内建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都并与以色列和平共存的独立国家拥有基本和得到普遍公认的权利。", "约旦发出警告称，由于以色列在解决巴勒斯坦问题方面采取顽固的态度，有可能爆发冲突、战争和政治动乱。以色列继续拖延和浪费建立和平的机会。以色列必须摆脱其意识悖论，回到务实、切实可行和开明的愿景当中来，意识悖论只能对中东局势产生负面影响，并对国际和平与安全产生不良影响。要有作出困难决策的勇气。因此，约旦呼吁迅速恢复直接谈判，以便最终解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "但是，约旦认为，只要以色列继续修建定居点，谈判就毫无意义。以色列还必须在和平进程采取明确的立场。约旦对以色列正在被占巴勒斯坦领土侵犯巴勒斯坦人权及其试图针对巴勒斯坦人民的犹太化活动深表关切，这些活动将会对东耶路撒冷圣地产生不良影响。基于我们在被占领土上为维护基督教和伊斯兰教圣地发挥的积极作用，我们呼吁国际社会采取干预措施以结束以色列侵犯巴勒斯坦人权及其针对巴勒斯坦人民的犹太化活动。我们还呼吁结束目前被关押在以色列监狱的巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘押者正在遭受的痛苦。", "我们欣见最近巴勒斯坦民族和解协议的签订。这是在实现巴勒斯坦统一道路上向正确方向迈出的一步，并将实现巴勒斯坦人民对于拥有统一和负责任的领导所怀有的希望，从而实现巴勒斯坦人民对于建立其独立国家的渴望。约旦呼吁国际社会为取消针对加沙地带的非法禁运和封锁作出努力。国际社会坚持认为巴勒斯坦人民应享有人权、自由和尊严，不能对以色列对整个巴勒斯坦国采取集体惩罚的行为默不作声。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请马来西亚代表发言。", "扎因·阿比丁女士(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我首先就贵国代表团担任安理会主席向你表示祝贺。我要表示，我国代表团赞同埃及以不结盟运动的名义以及哈萨克斯坦以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "在联合国安理厅，我们常常经历和取得阶段性成果。联合国自身的成立标志着第二次世界大战的结束和全球和平的开始——这是诸多阶段性成果的第一项成果。但在这些具有历史意义的事件中，有些事件是人类文明的悲哀标志。上个月，我们纪念了另外一个这样的事件：历时最长的外国军事占领——因为2011年6月标志着以色列占领巴勒斯坦领土44周年。", "在听凭他国摆布的煎熬下，44年是一个漫长的岁月，尤其是在当今这个时代。一度属于巴勒斯坦的大片土地现在被侵占，居民受到排挤，被迫离开这片土地。定居点和隔离墙的修建和扩建、巴勒斯坦人的家园和基础设施被拆毁以及巴勒斯坦人在东耶路撒冷居住权被吊销，全都是以色列排挤居民和抹杀历史之非法政策和行径的组成部分。这些行为不仅非法，而且也使“两国解决方案”的实现更加遥不可及。", "上个月也是以色列对加沙实施不人道封锁的第四个年头。160万加沙居民的生活条件仍然令人感到关切。由于封锁，依赖国际援助的加沙居民被剥夺有尊严地生活的权利。自2008年底以来，以色列的军事侵略已经造成1 400多人丧生，而2010年5月31日，我们注意到又有9人死亡。这九人是在国际水域遭到杀害的人道主义活动家，他们是缓解加沙人民困境开展救济工作的使者。在这方面，我们敦促以色列全面执行第1860(2009)号决议，彻底取消非法封锁，因为这是国际法所禁止的集体惩罚形式。", "现在更加迫切需要找到公正解决这个问题的办法。有关各方必须加紧努力，本着诚意参加这一和平进程，以免我们继续处于难以为继的状态。在这方面，按照第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)、1850(2008)号决议的既定内容、包括土地换和平原则在内的马德里框架、阿拉伯和平倡议和路线图，在1967年以前的边界基础上建立一个以东耶路撒冷为其首都并与以色列和平、安全毗邻共存的独立巴勒斯坦国，对于解决巴勒斯坦问题至为关键，这是60多年来阿以冲突的症结所在。", "安理会依照其任务授权，责无旁贷地应采取一切必要措施，确保其各项决议得以执行。我们必须确保所有各方恢复和平谈判。任何懈怠都是对我们竭力维护的本组织的嘲弄。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请乌干达代表发言。", "卡费罗先生(乌干达)(以英语发言)：感谢主席先生组织这次公开辩论会。我还要感谢特别协调员和秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生通报情况。", "今天，以色列和巴勒斯坦双方以及国际社会都处于关键时刻。令人遗憾的是，尽管各方的努力及区域和国际行为者的支持，没有取得实际进展，和平进程仍陷于僵局。我国代表团期望，四方和阿拉伯联盟本月新近举行的会议将促使停顿的直接谈判恢复进行，最终达成商定的框架。", "这是一个决定性的时刻，也是对以色列和巴勒斯坦领导人政治才能的考验。虽然国际社会的支持至关重要，但进行谈判和实现全面持久和平的主要责任在于以色列和巴勒斯坦双方。乌干达重申它呼吁双方紧急恢复谈判，鼓起必要的勇气作出大胆决定，铭记巴勒斯坦建国的合法愿望不容久拖并且必须解决以色列的合理安全关切。", "我国代表团仍然对以色列最近批准修建新的定居点单元深表关切，再次呼吁完全冻结所有定居点活动。", "我们赞扬巴勒斯坦领导人的建国努力，赞扬他们履行路线图规定的义务，特别是在安全和经济发展部门。我们也赞扬他们为促进团结与和解所做的努力。", "我们仍然对加沙的人道主义局势以及货物和人员进出加沙继续受阻表示关切。我们呼吁以色列解除对加沙的封锁，重申我们呼吁所有各方全面执行第1860(2009)号决议。", "最后，我国代表团想要强调，目前的局势难以为继。我们鼓励以色列和巴勒斯坦双方在国际社会特别是安理会的支持下，打破目前的僵局，为各自人民的和平、安全与繁荣努力实现两国解决方案。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请冰岛代表发言。", "贡纳斯多蒂尔女士(冰岛)(以英语发言)：冰岛坚定支持和平解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突和“两国解决方案”。自奥斯陆进程在将近二十年前启动以来，我们一直在进行博弈，不知道和平进程能否产生这样一种成果，像《阿拉伯和平倡议》预见的那样，促使在整个区域实现全面和平。", "然而，和平进程现在完全停顿。虽然冰岛敦促各方回到谈判桌前，但我们认为促使国际社会更加直接参与其中的时机已经到来。联合国对于创建以色列国曾经发挥过历史性的作用，现在时机也许快要来临，宜由大会和安全理事会行动起来，解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "如果巴勒斯坦人决定直接把这一问题交给大会，冰岛随时准备支持他们。冰岛外交部长本月稍早时候在拉马拉期间会见阿巴斯主席和外交部长马勒基时阐明了这一点。我国外长当时指出，冰岛将支持关于在1967年边界基础上建立以东耶路撒冷为其首都的巴勒斯坦国的决议，以及关于巴勒斯坦加入成为联合国正式会员国的决议，但前提是巴勒斯坦人要决定于今年秋季谋求形成这样的决议。", "冰岛的立场是，谋求承认巴勒斯坦国与通过谈判解决冲突的愿望并不相悖。恰恰相反，这也许被视为推动认真谈判的手段。必须解决双方实力不对称的问题。只有通过国际社会更有力的参与，以及强调在占领问题上所适用的国际法，才能做到这一点。", "在没有政治解决方案的情况下，需要改善当地的局势。首先，我们支持世界各地敦促以色列政府立即解除对加沙封锁的人们。凡目前关闭的合法过境点和货物进出加沙的既有通道应全部开放，以便能够达到封锁前的进出口能力。以色列当局尤其应当放开钢筋和水泥市场。", "以色列政府继续在包括在东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上实施定居点活动，这样的决定不仅与它根据国际法负有的义务格格不入，也不符合《路线图》的规定。我们注意到这种非法活动仍在继续，并注意到在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土动用暴力、拆毁房屋和强行驱逐仍然令人严重关切。国际社会应当小心谨慎，不要发出让人误以为容许现有非法定居点活动的信息。在违反国际法、妨碍实现两国解决方案的基础上制造事实的行径不应该如愿以偿。定居点是可以停建的。", "冰岛还要对定居者对巴勒斯坦人的暴力增多及其所谓的价签政策表示关切。这是一个非常令人担忧的事态发展。以色列有义务尽最大努力防止这种暴力事件，而一旦发生暴力事件，就应确保追究相关人员的责任。", "最后，冰岛欢迎法塔赫与哈马斯达成和解协议，而且双方打算组建一个临时政府，为巴勒斯坦总统和议会选举做准备。我们敦促巴勒斯坦各方听从本国人民的呼声，努力落实协议，共同追求和平解决冲突。", "主席(以英语发言)：下面请科威特代表发言。", "奥泰比先生(科威特)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我很荣幸代表阿拉伯国家集团成员国在安全理事会作这一发言。但是，首先我希望表示，我们支持由埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言，以及哈萨克斯坦代表以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "这次会议表明，国际社会重视巴勒斯坦人民的合法权利，60多年来，他们一直由于以色列的占领和种种行径，由于以色列拒绝履行其国际承诺而且无视所有国际决议而深受其害。", "该地区国家和人民对国际社会寄予非常大的希望，希望它能够通过承担起政治、法律和道义上的责任，使阿拉伯被占领土得以归还、制止以色列傲慢强硬的态度，迫使以色列遵守并全面落实具有国际合法性的各项决议，特别是安理会有关决议。以色列坚持无视这些决议，继续在巴勒斯坦被占领土，特别是在东耶路撒冷及周边地区采取非法和侵略性的措施和做法，企图改变其人口状况、特征和构成。此外，占领国以色列不断实施暴力，违反国际法和有关人权的规则条例。", "这些行为使得关于以色列是一个真诚希望实现和平的伙伴的任何说法都只是一种幻想。他们还通过行动、政策及其官员的声明毫无疑问地表明，以色列正在竭尽全力破坏一切目的是恢复1967年6月4日边界框架内以两国解决方案为基础的和平谈判的国际努力。", "此外，以色列继续并强化其各种活动，迅速建造数以千计的定居点住房单元，不断毁坏巴勒斯坦人的财产和房屋，所有此类行径都证明了其扩张主义意图，与以色列政府希望恢复和平进程、实现两国解决方案的说法背道而驰。", "目前加沙地带的局势是以色列违反第1860(2009)号决议，无视1949年《日内瓦第四公约》的又一例证。随着以色列的压迫性封锁进入第五年，巴勒斯坦平民继续承受着集体惩罚，导致加沙地带日趋贫困，经济、社会和人道主义状况严重恶化。", "因此，封锁导致了可怕的统计数据，这并不为奇——例如，失业率已上升到65%。此外，以色列空军不时进行的空袭——尽管这种袭击违反了禁止袭击平民聚居区的最基本国际法规则——无异于针对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人民实施恐怖主义行动。", "国际社会必须向以色列传达明确无误的信息，即它必须解除封锁，并且立即、永久和无条件地开放过境点，允许人道主义援助、建筑材料、货物和人员通过。以色列还必须因其执意违反国际法，包括违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为而受到惩罚。它必须为迄今所从事的战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为，以及有计划地侵犯手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人人权的行为负责。这些行为的实施者必须接受审判。", "阿拉伯集团要求安全理事会采取一切措施，迫使以色列执行安理会第497(1981)号决议，该决议呼吁以色列从被占领的叙利亚戈兰撤至1967年6月4日的边界。阿拉伯集团还重申，以色列所采取的旨在改变法律、自然和人口状况的措施应是无效和没有法律依据的，并且违反国际法和《联合国宪章》。", "阿拉伯集团还要求以色列停止继续侵犯黎巴嫩主权以及黎巴嫩领土、领空和领海。该集团还要求以色列完全撤出盖杰尔镇北部，沙巴阿农场和Kfar Shouba山区。", "要达成阿以冲突的全面解决方案——一个公正、全面和持久的解决办法——就必须执行具有国际合法性的相关决议，特别是安理会第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)和第1850(2008)号决议。冲突的解决还必须以马德里和平会议的原则为基础，包括土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议，以及四方认可的路线图。", "根据在7月14日多哈阿拉伯和平倡议部长级委员会会议上所作的确认，阿拉伯集团申明它完全支持巴勒斯坦权力机构为争取在即将举行的联合国大会上成为联合国会员国而作的努力。", "在过去的六十多年，以色列一直藐视国际社会。它在推行非法和单方面政策上走得太远了，而巴勒斯坦人民的梦想和愿望六十多年来被推迟了一年又年，他们期待并希望建立一个能接纳他们所有人的民族家园。", "六十年来，巴勒斯坦人民的要求和我们的要求一直非常明确。我们最需要的是执行联合国决议，包括安理会决议，让巴勒斯坦人行使其自决权，并在一个独立的、以东耶路撒冷为首都的主权国家里过上自由、独立和有尊严的生活。", "主席(以英语发言)：现在请尼加拉瓜代表发言。", "罗萨莱斯·迪亚兹先生(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言)：作为不结盟运动的成员，尼加拉瓜完全赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动主席身份所作的发言。", "尼加拉瓜再次重申，对以色列非法占领所有巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩领土表示最强烈的谴责，并要求其立即撤出。我们谴责以色列建造和拒绝拆除定居点的政策和做法以及对加沙的不人道封锁，谴责其企图把西岸与其他巴勒斯坦领土隔开的政策。", "安全理事会今天是在一个历史性时刻的前夕召开会议，它必将把我们引向一个无可辩驳的现实，即成立一个得到承认、完全为本组织所接纳的巴勒斯坦国，从而最终落实大会第181(II)号决议的所有规定，其中特别要求在巴勒斯坦土地上建立两个国家——一个是阿拉伯国家，另一个是犹太国家。", "的确，否认巴勒斯坦国实际存在的论调再也不可能继续了。自从1979年革命胜利以来，尼加拉瓜以特定的立场，见证了巴勒斯坦人民的斗争以及巴勒斯坦所作的实质性让步，而以色列恬不知耻的回应则是更多的非法定居点、更多的羞辱、更多的死亡、更多的有组织地暗杀巴勒斯坦领导人、更多地毁灭家园以及更多地掠夺，包括对东耶路撒冷的掠夺。", "总之，我们已经目睹了一种旨使巴勒斯坦人民真正陷入困境的政策——由以色列不言而喻地决定拒绝给予所有巴勒斯坦公民人性化待遇所支撑的政策。", "由于所有这些原因，尼加拉瓜重申，必须立即取消以色列一直享受的令人难以容忍的有罪不罚的待遇，这种待遇一直由于安全理事会不负责任，更具体地来说，由于已成为以色列主要帮凶的那些国家滥用否决权而得到保障。", "现在是安全理事会承担其责任，要求以色列兑现和平的时候了。威胁使用否决权的做法必须停止，国际社会必须抛开各种空话而采取实际行动。", "为此，尼加拉瓜呼吁安全理事会和大会在巴勒斯坦1967年边界的基础上承认巴勒斯坦国。只有这样，才能实现稳定而持久的和平，使两国人民有效享有他们所有的权利，从而最终结束不可接受的和令人费解的不公正。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "拉扎·巴希尔·塔拉尔先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我想首先感谢你召开今天的辩论会。请允许我代表巴基斯坦人民和政府，就星期五发生的恐怖暴行，向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问和同情。这种卑鄙的行为只能坚定我们打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的决心。", "我们赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言，并且赞同哈萨克斯坦常驻代表将以伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦认为，在毗邻共处、和平共存的两个独立主权国家的基础上，持久解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的时机已经成熟。", "巴勒斯坦民族权力机构在建立国家机构方面所取得的进展是实现和平的吉祥征兆。许多独立的消息来源证实，巴勒斯坦建国很可能在2011年9月实现。这在许多国际机构的报告中已经得到确认，在过去的中东问题四方声明中也曾提及。近来该地区的暴力活动相对减少，同样有助于加强实现持久和平的必要条件。接受并且巩固巴勒斯坦所取得的成就，将其视为在该地区实现持久和平的良机，这是我们的共同愿望。", "只要国际社会积极参与，巴勒斯坦问题才可能取得持续的积极发展。为了在中东实现持久和平，安全理事会和中东问题有关四方拥有义不容辞的责任，兑现他们对于实现最终解决的长期承诺，并为实现这一目标进行协作。著名的中东和平进程框架为中东的和平进程提供了导航指南。尽管我们的共同目标明确、参与规则大同小异，但安全理事会和中东问题四方却似乎越来越无所作为。这对该地区来说不是好兆头。他们的不作为可能导致丧失目前的和平机会，并使该地区再次陷入暴力和猜忌的循环。", "中东和平所面临的挑战不只归咎于国际社会的不作为，它也来源于以色列的扩张主义政策，其特征是规划和建设新的定居区。最近批准在被占领的耶路撒冷、伯利恒和纳布卢斯地区建立新建筑区引起了严重关切。在东耶路撒冷和约旦河谷拆除巴勒斯坦人的房舍和建筑物，造成许多巴勒斯坦家庭流离失所。", "建造定居点的活动明显违反国际法，应按照违反国际法论处。这些定居点的每一个街区都构成这个和平之旅的重要障碍。以色列必须停止建造新的定居点，停止利用修建定居点活动作为和平进程的政治手段。定居点活动与和平进程不可能齐头并进。", "以色列继续封锁加沙既不道德也不合理。我们呼吁全面实施安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议。没有人员、货物包括必要的重建材料的自由流动，加沙的生活便无法恢复正常。我们希望以色列能协助完成重建项目，包括由联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处承建的这些项目。", "巴基斯坦支持中东地区的所有居民——无论宗教、种族或国籍如何——实现持久和平。在安全理事会第242(1967)、338(1973)、1397(2002)、1515(2003)和1850(2008)号决议；马德里框架；阿拉伯和平倡议以及四方路线图中，精心制定了中东和平框架。聚集和维持这种政治意愿来实施这一框架势在必行。", "我们希望，安全理事会和中东问题有关四方有针对性地将与有关主角一起努力实现国际社会的集体目标：建立一个以圣城谢里夫为首都，与其所有邻国毗邻共存、和平共处的独立、享有主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国。巴基斯坦赞同和支持这一目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国欢迎联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。", "我们赞成阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹大使以不结盟国家运动的名义所作的发言。", "联合国驻巴勒斯坦被占领土人道主义事务和发展活动协调员麦克斯韦尔·盖拉尔德先生最近警告说，数以千计的贝都因人因为以色列政府正在耶路撒冷开展强拆活动以期扩大以色列公民的非法定居点而受到影响。盖拉尔德先生指出，今年已经被拆毁的居民住房已经超过2009年或2010年的全年总数，导致自1948年以来就居住在这一地区的居民无家可归，沦为难民。", "局势严重，可能造成该地区80%的贝都因人居民流离失所。此外，数以千计巴勒斯坦家庭已经被强制赶出他们的住区。增加以色列非法定居点，拆毁房屋，禁止巴勒斯坦人建造新的建筑，这些行为都必须受到谴责。所以这些非法和不人道的行为显然说明以色列政府推行种族隔离制度，占领国如此胡作非为却完全不受惩罚，突显安理会的无所作为。", "依照自决权的规定，现已建议立即承认巴勒斯坦国并接纳它成为大会正式会员国。我国代表团重申，人民有选择自己命运的主权权利。委内瑞拉再次呼吁以色列政府在巴勒斯坦领土上，包括在东耶路撒冷和其他被占领阿拉伯领土上，充分尊重《关于战时保护平民的日内瓦第四公约》的各项规定。", "以色列国土报资深编辑布拉德利·伯斯顿指出：", "“抹杀以色列的合法性并使以色列看起来更像是一个不仁不义的愚蠢国家的最有效做法莫过于封锁加沙”。", "毫无疑问，加沙地带巴勒斯坦居民脆弱的人道主义状况令人扼腕。对该地区实行封锁是不人道和非法的行为，正如同以色列在被占领巴勒斯坦领土包括东耶路撒冷及其周围地区建造隔离墙一样。", "占领国对苦难的巴勒斯坦人民采取的不可接受和无情的行动是对他们的人权最无耻的侵犯。委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次坚决要求立即、无条件停止这些不人道和非法的单方面措施。", "委内瑞拉对5月15日和6月5日被占领叙利亚戈兰发生以色列士兵屠杀许多和平抗议反对占领的巴勒斯坦公民的严重事件表示严重关切。委内瑞拉再次要求以色列撤出该领土并遵守安全理事会的相关决议。我们也再次要求以色列国尊重黎巴嫩国家主权，避免发生类似2006年7月的冲突的事件。", "我国宣告，必须继续加强自由、独立和主权的价值观，以实现各国人民之间的和平。同样，没有正义就不会有和平。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "Kim Yong Song先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：我国代表团首先感谢罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的详细通报。我国代表团也赞同埃及共和国常驻代表以不结盟运动成员国的名义所作的发言。", "解决中东巴勒斯坦问题是确保该地区和平与安全努力的首要任务。因此，国际社会继续关注并尽力争取解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "我想特别强调对在国际社会的有力支持下解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力可能有决定性影响的一个积极事态发展。值得注意的是，现在巴勒斯坦人民建立一个独立主权国家的斗争的势头空前壮大。巴勒斯坦人民应该掌握赢得这场斗争胜利的关键，因为可以肯定那就是巴勒斯坦人民自身。今年5月，巴勒斯坦各政治势力达成最终和解协议，这必将有助于加强巴勒斯坦人民团结，坚决鼓励巴勒斯坦人民建立一个独立主权国家的斗争。", "尽管有积极的事态发展，但中东和平进程还面临障碍和挑战。尽管国际社会进一步谴责，但以色列还没有撤出被占领的巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯领土。以色列继续进一步扩大在东耶路撒冷和其他阿拉伯领土建造的定居点，直接违抗国际社会的要求。建造定居点是以色列扩张领土的野心计划的一部分，现在已经开始产生严重后果。因为以色列扩大定居点，煞费苦心，历经艰难而安排的巴以谈判现已陷入僵局。", "支持建立一个独立、主权的巴勒斯坦国，正成为没有人敢制止的国际潮流。许多国家承认巴勒斯坦为独立主权国家，此类国家现在已经达到120多个。巴勒斯坦人民收复被占领土、建立一个独立主权国家的斗争是完全有理的，是必胜的。", "我国代表团愿借此机会表示，我们充分支持和声援巴勒斯坦人民恢复其合法主权权利，包括建立独立主权国家的正义斗争。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：我感谢德国安排这次非常重要的公开辩论会，讨论中东局势问题。请允许我表示，我们赞赏德国联邦外交部国务部长主持本次辩论。我还要表示，我们感谢中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的全面通报。", "孟加拉国代表团赞同分别由埃及和哈萨克斯坦代表以不结盟运动和伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。此外，我想简单地谈谈孟加拉国认为重要的某些看法。", "持久与可持续地解决阿以冲突，包括作为这场旷日持久的危机核心的巴勒斯坦问题，必须是我们各国的共同战略目标。所有会员国都应完全致力于该目标，为其早日实现给予充分的道义、外交、政治和经济支持。", "巴勒斯坦人民被剥夺了自决和在自己土地上自由生活的基本权利，流离失所的巴勒斯坦人被剥夺了返回家园的权利以及享有尊严和安全生活的权利。不幸的是，这看来是国际社会的集体失败，特别是以色列人民的失败。以色列人民自己曾经遭受剥夺，然而却未能挺身而出，保障巴勒斯坦人民享有自决以及建立自己的、与以色列毗邻共存的主权国家的基本权利。要实现中东问题的持久解决，就必须处理以色列长期、非法占领阿拉伯领土这个关键问题。", "我们对占领国大量毁坏财产、房屋、经济机构、农田和果园；修建隔离墙；没收土地；继续违反国际法，在被占领巴勒斯坦领土包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区设置检查站感到关切。这些检查站严重加剧了巴勒斯坦民众所处的本已恶劣的社会经济状况。", "我们赞扬马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席领导巴勒斯坦权力机构和继续开展巴勒斯坦建国工作，特别是在施政、法治和人权、民生和生产部门、教育与文化、卫生、社会保护和用水方面。", "但以色列的军事行动，以及以色列继续在加沙地带奉行封锁和严重限制人员和物资，其中包括人道主义工作人员以及粮食、药品、燃料等必需品通行的政策，令我们感到担忧。这些政策导致了平民伤亡。因此，我们呼吁它保持最大程度的克制和遵守国际人道主义法。在这方面，非常不幸的是，一艘驶往加沙提供人道主义救助的法国民用船只最近遭到扣押。", "我国代表团认为，《日内瓦第四公约》、大会相关决议、安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号和第425(1978)决议、土地换和平原则、保证以色列撤出所有被占领阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土，从而恢复1967年6月4日边界线的马德里会议框架、路线图以及阿拉伯和平倡议是实现两国解决方案的最佳指南。", "全球各地对巴勒斯坦人民自决权的原则支持，无论是双边还是多边支持，多年来一直是巴勒斯坦人民百折不挠精神的基本支柱。我国代表团在这方面欢迎巴勒斯坦权力机构的计划，即“巴勒斯坦：结束占领和建立国家”计划。该计划旨在最晚于2011年9月建立巴勒斯坦国家机构。", "我们要谈谈黎巴嫩和被占领叙利亚戈兰的局势。可悲的是，占领国正在侵犯黎巴嫩主权，并一再违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。同样也令人关切的是，它采取了各种措施和行动，来改变被占领叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状况。", "最后，我要重申孟加拉国的长期立场，即过去60年来巴勒斯坦遭受持续非法占领，是该地区暴力、动乱和不稳定的根源。我还要重申我们全力支持该地区所有居民，无论是阿拉伯人还是以色列人，都能享有持久和平，重申我们大力致力于实现以下目标，即建立独立、主权、有生存能力、以圣城为首都、与所有邻国和平毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请摩洛哥代表发言。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我要深切感谢你召开本次公开辩论会。我也感谢罗伯特·塞里先生详尽通报中东最新事态发展情况。与往常一样，我国代表团赞同埃及、哈萨克斯坦和科威特代表分别以不结盟运动、伊斯兰会议组织和阿拉伯联盟的名义所作的发言。", "首先，我愿深表关切的是，重振巴以谈判的国际和区域努力陷入旷日持久的僵局，特别是考虑到巴勒斯坦人希望于2011年9月建国的合法愿望。无疑，国际上一致赞同两国解决方案，以及必须根据国际合法性原则实现中东问题的全面解决。因此，国际社会必须严格、切实地开展工作，以便创造有利于谈判的环境，不受以色列方面的挑衅、非法和单方面措施的干扰，从而使该地区实现和平与繁荣。", "我们对双方直接谈判遭遇障碍深感关切。与此同时，我们深信和平进程是必需的选择，其最终结果必须是该地区各国人民享有全面、公正和正当的和平。", "有鉴于此，摩洛哥正在密切并乐观地关注着美国、四方、欧洲联盟以及其它区域和国际行为体提出的几项倡议，目的是推动双方恢复直接谈判。我们希望这些努力能够促成双方根据国际法、阿拉伯和平倡议、路线图和双方原先达成的协议，秉持诚意恢复认真谈判。", "摩洛哥热烈欢迎美国总统奥巴马在2011年5月19日讲话中承诺推动巴勒斯坦人与以色列人实现全面、公正的和平，并在1967年边界范围内建立一个与以色列和平毗邻共存的独立巴勒斯坦国。", "我们希望得到整个国际社会赞同的这一立场能够使巴勒斯坦人民恢复其合法权利，并建立一个以圣城为首都的独立国家。", "在这方面，摩洛哥国王穆罕默德六世正在主持耶路撒冷委员会的工作。摩洛哥愿向安理会表达它的关切，并谴责以色列在东耶路撒冷采取的旨在改变该市人口结构、法律地位和宗教面貌的措施，谴责以色列为了修建道路和定居点以及使该地区犹太化而驱逐巴勒斯坦人。所有这些行动都妨碍了最终解决，而鉴于圣城对于全面解决以巴问题至关重要，我们呼吁国际社会特别是安全理事会充分履行职责，确保以色列停止这些非法行径，尊重旨在促成尽早谈判的国际努力，并对这些努力给予配合。", "在这些敏感的历史情况下，全世界的目光比以往任何时候都更聚焦于努力担负起对巴勒斯坦人民的政治和道义责任并重启直接谈判的联合国和国际以及区域力量。这会给实现众望所归的和平的进程注入新的势头与乐观精神。", "民族和解壮大了巴勒斯坦权力机构，它继续表明它自己始终是和平进程中一个真正和有效的合作伙伴，并表现出对达成持久解决方案的承诺。阿拉伯国家通过《阿拉伯和平倡议》已经表示了它们对实现持久与公正和平的真诚愿望。", "摩洛哥认为巴勒斯坦问题是其区域和国际利益的核心，它将继续努力通过直接谈判来解决该问题。只有以色列撤出自1967年6月以来占领的所有阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土、建立一个以耶路撒冷为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国并尊重巴勒斯坦手足人民的合法权益，问题才会得到解决。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表伊斯兰合作组织成员国作以下发言。我愿再次强调，本组织的名称于7月1日有了改变，现在的名称是伊斯兰合作组织。我以我国作为伊斯兰合作组织主席国的身份作此发言。", "我们感谢德国今天召开会议，专门讨论中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。总体来说，以巴冲突和阿以冲突的持续仍威胁着国际和平与安全。该问题处在各安全问题和挑战的核心，其消极影响不仅局限于该地区，而是在广泛地区乃至全球都能感受到。", "非常不幸的是，安全理事会处理该冲突的努力一再遭到挫败，原因是占领国以色列拒绝遵守国际法和联合国有关决议以及会员国也缺乏执行安理会决议的政治意愿。这是一个令人遗憾的事实，尽管安理会从一开始就根据通过武力来获取领土不可接受的原则，明确要求占领国以色列从包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土撤出。安理会一再通过决议，呼吁结束以色列的占领，基于1967年以前的边界达成两国解决方案，以保障两国人民均享有和平与安全。", "我们对以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的非法行径的升级感到震惊和极度不安。占领国以色列增加了其在西岸各地的军事行动，甚至袭击了一个儿童夏令营，使这些孩子受到严酷讯问。占领国继续在巴勒斯坦平民包括妇女和儿童中散布恐慌，并继续执行逮捕行动，使被以色列非法监禁和拘押的巴勒斯坦人有所增加。", "与此同时，以色列继续加紧其在巴勒斯坦被占领土特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷境内和周边的非法和破坏性定居点活动。我们谴责以色列无视国际法和要求其全面停止这种非法行动的一致呼吁。最近，定居点活动的激增和拆除房屋达到了史无前例的程度，显然是企图进一步将巴勒斯坦被占领土殖民化，并给该领土的历史和宗教标志性建筑、人口组成、特性和地位造成更多的非法变更。", "伊斯兰合作组织对不仅袭击巴勒斯坦平民，而且还袭击来自国际非政府组织的和平活跃分子与志愿者深感不安。伊斯兰合作组织重申，它对过去4年来约有150万巴勒斯坦人由于以色列采取应予强烈谴责的集体惩罚形式进行非法和不人道封锁，而被困在加沙地带极端恶劣的环境中忍受痛苦折磨感到不安。我们再次呼吁立即解除封锁，并呼吁以色列履行其根据国际人道主义法所承担的各项法律义务。", "伊斯兰合作组织对以巴谈判陷入僵局以及最近四方在华盛顿特区的会议未能达成恢复谈判的结果深表关切。在上月在阿斯塔纳召开的第三十八届会议上，伊斯兰合作组织外交部长理事会重申有必要尽早解决巴勒斯坦问题，并对旨在持久、全面和公正解决阿以冲突的《阿拉伯和平倡议》表示完全支持。", "伊斯兰合作组织成员国还欢迎巴勒斯坦民族权力机构在机构建设方面所作的重要努力，呼吁国际社会肯定已取得的进展，并基于1967年6月4日的边界承认独立和享有主权的巴勒斯坦国。伊斯兰合作组织还与国际社会一道重申，占领国以色列已采取或将采取的旨在改变被占领戈兰高地的法律、地理和人口地位及其体制架构以及对该地强行施加管辖权和行政管理的一切行动都是无效的，也不具有法律效力。", "国际社会包括安全理事会再也浪费不起时间了。它应担当起责任，立即采取决定性行动，使以色列遵守国际法，包括履行它根据《日内瓦第四公约》、联合国有关决议、包括土地换和平在内的马德里框架、《阿拉伯和平倡议》以及四方路线图所承担的义务。这是拯救两国解决方案，建立一个独立、享有主权、能够生存并与以色列和平毗邻共存的巴勒斯坦国要采取的最为紧迫的一步。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请阿拉伯叙利亚共和国代表发言。", "Falouh先生(阿拉伯叙利亚共和国)(以阿拉伯语发言)：安全理事会再次开会，在“中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题”的议程项目下，讨论在阿拉伯被占领土上不断恶化的局势。该项目围绕的唯一核心是阿以冲突、巴勒斯坦问题以及如何迫使以色列执行具有国际合法性的各项决议，其中包括安全理事会的各项决议，以结束对阿拉伯土地的占领。它不涉及该项目历史定义上未涵盖的任何其它问题。", "然而，一些人不注重该议程项目的实质内容，而是令人遗憾地企图让安理会插手其它问题，以冲淡该项目的实质。安全理事会力求在该项目下有效参与振兴和平进程，结束以色列对阿拉伯被占土地的占领，并根据1967年边界建立一个巴勒斯坦国。然而，实地的现实再次证实，有些人不愿追究以色列系统行为模式的国际责任。这种行为模式违反了国际法和国际人道主义法的核心规定，表明以色列藐视国际合法性。", "以色列最为恶劣的做法之一，就是通过其定居史，包括没收土地、拆毁房屋、将公民驱逐出家园而代之以外国定居者、建造种族主义隔离墙、使被占领的耶路撒冷犹太化、支持定居者在占领军的保护下对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人采取压迫和极端的种族主义做法，以及对加沙实行不公正的封锁，大肆进行对领土的殖民主义盗窃活动。", "在5月15日和6月5日以色列占领这些领土周年纪念日，以色列向手无寸铁的示威者发射了实弹，造成许多烈士牺牲，并造成许多人受伤。这暴露了以色列实行的国家恐怖主义的侵略本性。以色列继续拒绝将被占领的叙利亚戈兰还给其祖国叙利亚，并拒绝执行国际社会的各项决议，特别是宣布吞并被占领的叙利亚戈兰为无效并且不具有国际法律效力的第497(1981)号决议。", "以色列对居住在戈兰的叙利亚公民实行恐吓和压迫政策。它继续没收土地，扩大定居点，掠夺戈兰的财富与资源，歪曲其历史，以及劫掠其历史遗迹。它还继续在该领土埋设地雷。", "只有以色列从所有阿拉伯领土撤至1967年7月4日边界线，并建立一个以圣城为其首都的独立的巴勒斯坦国，才能实现全面、公正的和平。安全理事会必须真诚、有效地致力于解决阿以冲突，毫不拖延或寻求片面解决方法。安全理事会有一个重要机遇证明，它有能力发挥《宪章》赋予的作用，支持巴勒斯坦人在其领土上建立一个以圣城为其首都的独立国家这一得到国际支持的公正要求。根据各项国际合法性决议接受巴勒斯坦为联合国正式会员国，将实现这个目标。", "在这方面，我们要回顾大会1949年第273(III)号决议，其中规定了接纳以色列为联合国正式会员国的条件：它致力于《宪章》各项原则，尊重巴勒斯坦人民建立其独立国家的权利，并尊重巴勒斯坦难民返回他们被强行驱逐出的家园的权利。", "但是，一些发言者却在发言中使用了不客观、夸张的措辞来描述最近发生的一些国内事件。他们企图用站不住脚和毫无根据的借口让安理会介入与安理会作用或责任毫不相干的内政。这就是为什么我愿强调该议程项目的目标与实质非常清楚。我愿发表以下意见。", "叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德宣布政府将开始实行一项全面改革方案，以促进民主的全国和解，使所有公民更多参与政治和经济进程，维护神圣的国家统一，以及为所有公民确保法律与秩序。我们致函秘书长，在这封以文号S/2011/353分发的信中阐述了我们对叙利亚近期事态发展所持的立场。", "叙利亚已就关于叙利亚多元化和政党参与的新法案进行了协商。协商后建议，成立一个最高人权理事会和一个政治委员会以修订《宪法》，确保多元化，并促进人权、社会公正、法治以及妇女和儿童权益。", "我愿评论一下某些代表就一群年轻人在法国和美国使馆外示威，表明他们对这两个使馆干涉我国内部事务的看法所发表的言论。我们强调，叙利亚当局致力于保护这两个使馆的安全。我们要回顾，叙利亚驻某些国家的使馆曾遭到袭击，而发生这些袭击事件的国家却为保护使馆做得极少。", "显然，联合国会员国的任何内部改革均应遵循《联合国宪章》，并应受到尊重。那些提倡改革的局外人不应蓄意忽视认真的改革措施，或削弱叙利亚所有公民彼此容忍和共存的模式。它们不应基于纯属编造和错误的信息得出结论或进行分析。它们不应忽视我们的改革努力，也不应忽视有组织恐怖团体在叙利亚进行的破坏活动和犯下的罪行。", "我们本希望在那些发言中听到对以色列5月15日和6月5日对手无寸铁平民示威者发射实弹表示谴责，哪怕只是一句谴责的话。这种行为是这一问题的核心，而且根据相关决议，属于安全理事会的职权范围。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我谨对你在中东局势的这一关键时刻召开本次重要的公开辩论会表示赞赏。这次会议定将让我们了解区域当前局势以及中东和平道路的总体情况。", "自巴勒斯坦遭到占领至今，该问题一直是世界上最大的挑战和问题之一。这一占领是现代史上最痛苦和最大的人间悲剧。在占领之后的60多年里发生了屠杀、摧毁住房、禁运、绑架和监禁人民、袭击邻国和其他国家以及违反国际法和国际人道主义法等种种行为。", "以色列政权继续无视国际法，对巴勒斯坦人实行非法和不人道的封锁，特别是在加沙地带实行封锁，该封锁现已进入第五年。联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处最近的一份报告指出，加沙广泛的失业率在2010年下半年达到前所未有的45.2%，是世界上最高的失业率之一。以色列政权劫持又一艘民用船“尊严”号，再一次违反国际法。全世界人民对非人道的封锁感到严重关切，他们对自由船队和“尊严”号等人道主义姿态表示支持，并要求立即取消对加沙的封锁。", "支持以色列政权的国家自取其辱，因为它们一方面声称支持人权以及国际法和国际人道主义法，同时却支持占领巴勒斯坦的野蛮政权的占领、非法定居点和所有违反国际法的行为。以色列政权的历史只包括犯罪、屠杀男女老幼、使用被禁止的武器和储存核武器、盲目暗杀、在国际水域中袭击平民和援助船队行为，以及在黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦犯下的战争罪。所有这些不人道的行为已成为占领政权的惯常行为。毫无疑问，支持该政权就相当于支持占领、屠杀、暗杀和侵犯人权。", "为了实现中东内外全面和持久的和平与稳定，必须和平和公正地解决巴勒斯坦问题。我们认为，只有通过伸张正义、结束歧视性和种族主义的政策，并停止对巴勒斯坦和其他被占领土的占领，才能够实现巴勒斯坦和整个区域的持久和平。今天，我们看到越来越多的国家加入已经承认巴勒斯坦为独立国家的会员国行列。这非常清楚地表明，巴勒斯坦事业正在获得新的势头。", "关于叙利亚，显然有人企图挑动教派敏感情绪和煽动宗派紧张和分裂，这是霸权主义政权采取的众所周知伎俩。这种恶意的企图是毫无价值和徒劳的，对该国的问题毫无作用。人类的敌人不希望，并且从来不希望叙利亚人民保持团结、独立和发展。但是叙利亚人民知道，团结一致抵抗恶意的颠覆企图，是他们的独立和尊严的关键。", "以色列政权坚持推行对黎巴嫩的侵略政策，不断侵犯其陆地、海洋和领空，拒绝撤出被占领的黎巴嫩村庄。应当立即停止这些占领和侵略行动。", "最后，我要对以色列政权的代表今天上午在本会议厅中提到我国的话作出回应。犹太复国主义政权对伊朗的核计划提出毫无根据的指控，荒唐地企图转移对它所实施的占领、侵略、军事主义、国家恐怖主义和危害人类罪等一长串丑恶罪行和暴行的注意力。这是不足为奇的。以色列政权秘密发展和非法拥有核武器，对区域和国际和平与安全构成独特的严重威胁，这是一个广泛承认的事实。以色列政权显然违背占压倒多数的联合国会员国的要求，它们一再呼吁它放弃核武器并加入《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)。", "令人遗憾的是，联合国相关机构面对以色列的这种政策和做法袖手旁观，使得这一危险政权更加大胆。人们期望安理会谴责以色列政权拥有核武器、迫使它放弃核武器、敦促它立即加入《不扩散条约》，并要求它迅速把所有核设施置于国际原子能机构的全面保障监督之下。实际上，只要以色列的大规模核武库继续对区域内外构成威胁，就无法实现中东的和平与稳定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其他发言者了。安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午4时50分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 伯杰先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 霍季奇女士\n巴西 Rizzo先生\n中国 杨志玉先生\n哥伦比亚 埃斯科西亚夫人\n法国 博蒙特先生\n加蓬 伦博马先生\n印度 拉古塔哈尔利先生\n黎巴嫩 Ramadan先生\n尼日利亚 阿古瓦女士\n葡萄牙 特克谢拉·科埃略女士\n俄罗斯联邦 日丹诺夫先生\n南非 拉赫尔先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 Germain女士", "议程项目", "中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题", "下午3时05分复会。", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第37条,我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表参加本次会议。", "我谨提醒各位发言者将发言限制在四分钟以内,使安理会能够迅速开展工作。", "我请吉尔吉斯斯坦代表发言。", "基德罗夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦): 谢谢 主席先生,在中东民众抗议和重大政治变革仍在继续的关键时刻召开这次重要辩论。 此外,我们看不到以巴政治进程取得任何具体进展。", "由于最近众所周知的革命动乱,中东仍然是世界关注的中心。 尽管存在一些不可否认的分歧,但这些事件有很大的共同之处. 其背后的原因在于各国政府无法适应社会发展的新条件并进行有效的改革。 本区域各国人民和政府不仅面临巨大的社会和政治挑战,而且还面临新的机遇和前景。 我们强烈谴责对和平示威使用武力,并敦促所有各方表现出最大的克制。 最近经历了类似的革命性变革的吉尔吉斯斯坦认为,解决这些问题的唯一途径是通过对话和改革。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦强烈呼吁尽快恢复以巴谈判。 在这方面,我们支持中东四方2011年5月20日的声明,呼吁立即克服目前的障碍并恢复直接双边谈判。 但我们感到遗憾的是,最近于7月11日在华盛顿特区举行的四方会议没有达成实质性协议而结束。 必须尽快举行新的会议,以采取积极措施促进谈判进程。 我们认为,这一进程必须继续下去,以找到实现长期解决局势的办法,并达成一项和平协定,规定两国根据先前确定和接受的参数在和平与安全中共存。 吉尔吉斯斯坦希望四方在找到有关各方都能接受的解决办法方面发挥积极作用。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦赞成在安全理事会有关决议、阿拉伯和平倡议和中东四方路线图的基础上,通过政治外交手段解决以巴冲突。 我要指出,审议巴勒斯坦加入为联合国会员国问题的时间正在迅速临近,因为我们已非正式地和正式地详细讨论了这一问题。 在这方面,吉尔吉斯斯坦认为,在和平进程中迅速取得进展并克服目前令人担忧的僵局极为重要。 我们还敦促各方表现出坚定意愿并坚定不移地致力于和平并消除阻碍恢复直接谈判的一切障碍。", "对我们来说,很显然,继续在西岸和东耶路撒冷建造以色列定居点以及定期宣布扩大定居点无助于早日解决问题。 恰恰相反——至少我们从最近的事件中看到的那样——它导致更大的动乱、暴力升级和平民死亡。 吉尔吉斯斯坦支持执行安全理事会关于耶路撒冷的所有有关决议,并呼吁停止建造以色列定居点。", "最后,请允许我强调,几十年来,中东各国人民一直遭受冲突和对抗之苦。 现在是达成解决以巴冲突的最后和全面解决的时候了。 我们认为,维持目前的局势是完全不能接受的。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请土耳其代表发言。", "乔尔曼先生(土耳其): 随着安全理事会再次就中东局势举行公开辩论,该区域正在坚定地进行重大变革。 诸如自由、平等、尊严、人权和法治等普遍概念都成为千百万人的呼声,他们正当地要求为自己及其同胞有一个更加公正和有希望的未来。 虽然实现有意义的变革可能需要一些时间,不一定总是顺利地进行,但历史的恢复进程不能逆转、破坏或被破坏。", "与此同时,随着这一重大动荡的发生,巴勒斯坦问题仍然处于僵局。 数百万巴勒斯坦人,无论是加沙、西岸还是整个区域的难民营,继续遭受着并非他们自己造成的不幸命运。 这是一个反常现象,必须作为最紧急的事项加以处理。", "事实是,以巴冲突是该区域内外许多争端的核心。 国际社会不能指望中东和北非保持积极变革的势头,而占领和征服是巴勒斯坦人民的日常现实。", "最近和过去的事件证明,巴勒斯坦人民的困境的影响远远超出了其自身的地理范围。 如果我们要赢得阿拉伯人民的心和心,支持他们实现他们的愿望,我们就必须能够向他们展示我们的集体决心,以便在人人能够与之相联的区域实现公正和可行的和平。 因此,寻求持久和全面解决的努力不应落后于该区域其他事态发展。 相反,它必须再次成为优先事项。", "目前,该地区既没有和平,也没有进程。 相反,僵局对以色列人或巴勒斯坦人来说既不令人放心,也不大有希望。 各方似乎正在进一步分裂。 安全理事会和四方未能以有效方式表明自己的立场并激励真正的参与。", "人民希望领导人能够解决问题,而不是空谈。 总的来说,普遍存在着抛弃和不确定的感觉,这加剧了人们的挫折感,特别是在最被剥夺权利的人群中。 这是一个令人不安的图片,令人联想起一个铁盒。", "土耳其反对任何一方任何形式的暴力,认为这种暴力是不可接受和没有道理的。 我们还认为,除了谈判解决外,没有其他真正替代办法。 然而,如果定居点活动继续进行,包括在被占领的东耶路撒冷,则不能进行有意义的接触来激发双方的信心。", "以色列最近关于建造300多所新定居点单元的立场是它在被占领土上进行非法活动的另一个例子。 因此,这是不可接受的,使人对以色列推动和平进程的诚意产生更深刻的怀疑。", "我们再次呼吁以色列根据其路线图承诺,停止一切定居点活动并恢复同巴勒斯坦方面的直接谈判。 这不是什么要求,它目前是为实现两国解决办法铺平道路的唯一途径,这种解决办法的基础是以色列和巴勒斯坦将在和平与安全中永久毗邻共存的既定原则。", "过去两年来,巴勒斯坦人一直在努力为未来国家奠定体制基础。 巴勒斯坦权力机构通过其行动,毫无疑问地证明,它准备承担一个得到国际承认的国家的所有权利和义务,尽管巴勒斯坦继续处于占领之下,因此需要国际支持。", "土耳其认为,现在是承认巴勒斯坦在以1967年边界为基础的国际社会中是一个完全成熟的会员国的时候了。 两国解决办法的概念早在1947年就已经存在,这是其坚实和明确的基础。 国际社会决不能对巴勒斯坦的合法呼吁视而不见,即承认巴勒斯坦是平等的,并最终被接纳为联合国的正式会员国。 土耳其将同巴勒斯坦一起努力实现这些关键目标。 归根结底,如果没有有意义的和平进程,就不能指望巴勒斯坦人永远成为以色列意志的俘虏。", "加沙地带的局势继续令人严重关切。 必须紧急缓解加沙巴勒斯坦人的困境,并应立即解决人民的重建和恢复需要。 必须全面执行第1860(2009)号决议。 加沙平民目前的人道主义和人权状况是不可持续的和不可接受的,最终不符合任何有关方面的利益。 各方间紧张局势的定期升级显然证明,局势充其量是脆弱的。 以公共外交为目的的最小主义做法将行不通。 以色列必须立即解除对加沙的非法和不人道的封锁。", "与此同时,土耳其欢迎巴勒斯坦人之间达成的团结协议。 这一非常重要的发展是在整个区域开始民主变革的时候发生的。 因此,这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步。 我们希望,民族和解进程能够很快以组成一个包容各方和具有民主代表性的政府而结束,该政府将使巴勒斯坦民族参加自由和公正的选举。", "土耳其呼吁巴勒斯坦各团体一劳永逸地支持和解进程并参与建立一个与以色列在和平与安全中并存的巴勒斯坦国。 由于巴勒斯坦人寻求其队伍之间的和谐,国际社会也应当发挥积极作用,支持这一进程,而不是预先判断其结果。", "以色列向前往加沙的国际人道主义运输队发动致命袭击已有一年多。 以色列部队无情地杀害了9名平民并打伤了许多人。 乘客在离开以色列之前受到各种形式的虐待。 秘书长根据2010年6月1日S/PRST/2010/9号主席声明设立的调查小组已完成工作。 主席和共同主席提出了报告,现已密封并等待提交秘书长。", "我们已经向以色列提供了摆脱这种局面的出路。 它必须道歉并支付赔偿。 土耳其和以色列之间的关系不会正常化,除非以色列人兑现他们的期望。 土耳其将坚决处理此事,直至伸张正义。", "最后,我要再次重申,土耳其坚决支持在两国解决方案的基础上建立该地区公正、持久和全面和平,并决心协助我们的巴勒斯坦兄弟姐妹实现他们长期拖延的目标,即建立一个可行、和平和繁荣的巴勒斯坦国。", "主席(以英语发言):我请日本代表发言。", "西田先生(日本): 我要感谢主席给我们机会处理中东局势。 我感谢塞里先生的全面通报。 我还要感谢曼苏尔大使和普罗索尔大使的发言。", "日本坚决支持两国解决方案,根据这一解决方案,以色列和巴勒斯坦国将和平、安全和相互承认地毗邻共存。 日本支持这样一种设想,即两国解决方案下的边界应当通过谈判并基于1967年的分界线来界定,并相互商定互换,以实现一个有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国同以色列之间有安全和公认的边界的和平共处。 通过这种两国解决方案,巴勒斯坦人将行使其建立独立国家的权利,以色列将享有大大加强的安全环境,双方将能够为共同繁荣展开全面合作。", "只有通过真诚的谈判,才能实现两国解决方案。 日本一直鼓励双方同国际社会合作,恢复直接谈判。 日本坚决支持奥巴马总统5月份的讲话,这为恢复谈判奠定了基础。 我们呼吁双方同美国和国际社会接触,并采取步骤为重新开始直接谈判创造有利环境。", "日本不会承认任何预先判断最后地位谈判结果的单方面措施。 双方必须遵守以前各项协定规定的义务,最重要的是路线图。 我们呼吁以色列再次冻结其在西岸,包括东耶路撒冷的定居点活动。 与此同时,我们呼吁巴勒斯坦权力机构继续努力改善安全并履行其停止暴力和反对煽动的承诺。 日本坚决支持巴勒斯坦权力机构的建国努力,并将继续提供这方面的援助。", "日本仍然对加沙地带的人道主义局势感到关切。 我们继续呼吁全面执行第1860(2009)号决议。 日本正在密切监督巴勒斯坦为建立一个真正寻求两国解决方案的统一政府而作的努力。", "最后,我要再次呼吁各方尽最大努力恢复直接谈判。 日本将与国际社会一道,继续努力帮助实现该地区的公正和全面和平。", "主席(以英语发言):我请约旦代表发言。", "奥迈什先生(约旦)(以阿拉伯语发言): 几十年来,巴勒斯坦人民一直渴望享有世界其他国家所享有的同样政治、经济和社会权利,其中最重要的是对本国领土的主权、自由和尊严。 他们拥有建立以东耶路撒冷为首都、在1967年6月4日边界内同以色列并存的独立国家的基本、得到普遍承认的权利。", "约旦警告说,由于以色列顽固地处理巴勒斯坦问题,爆发了冲突、战争和无政府状态。 以色列继续拖延和浪费建立和平的机会。 它必须回到务实、实际和开明的愿景,摆脱意识形态的自相矛盾,这种自相矛盾只能对局势产生不利影响并对国际和平与安全产生不利影响。 作出艰难的决定需要勇气。 因此,约旦呼吁迅速恢复直接谈判,以最终解决巴勒斯坦问题。", "然而,约旦认为,只要继续建造定居点,谈判将徒劳无功。 以色列还必须确定对和平进程的明确和确切的立场。 约旦对以色列在被占领阿拉伯领土上不断发生的侵犯行为及其使这些领土犹太化的企图深感关切,这将对东耶路撒冷的圣地产生不利影响。 基于我们在维护被占领土上基督教和伊斯兰教圣地方面的积极作用,我们呼吁国际社会进行干预,以结束这些侵犯行为和犹太化进程。 我们还呼吁结束在以色列监狱受苦受难的巴勒斯坦囚犯和被拘押者正在遭受的苦难。", "我们欢迎最近签署巴勒斯坦民族和解协定。 这是在巴勒斯坦统一道路上朝着正确方向迈出的一步,将实现巴勒斯坦人民对能够满足巴勒斯坦人民建立其独立国家愿望的统一而负责任的领导者的希望。 约旦呼吁国际社会努力解除对加沙地带的非法禁运和封锁。 坚持享有人权、自由和尊严的国际社会不能对整个国家的集体惩罚保持沉默。", "主席(以英语发言):我请马来西亚代表发言。", "扎伊努尔·阿比丁女士(马来西亚): 主席先生,首先请允许我祝贺你代表团担任安理会主席。 我赞同埃及代表不结盟运动和哈萨克斯坦代表伊斯兰合作组织所作的发言。", "在联合国这里,我们习惯于经历和标志里程碑。 联合国本身的建立标志着第二次世界大战的结束和全球和平的开始——这是其许多里程碑中的第一个。 但是,其中一些历史性事件是我们文明中令人悲伤的标志。 上个月,我们又一次纪念了这一事件:最长的外国军事占领——2011年6月是以色列占领巴勒斯坦领土的第四十四年。", "四十四由来已久,受他人之指下受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受苦受. 一度是巴勒斯坦的土地现在被侵占,其居民被挤出。 建造和扩大定居点和隔离墙、拆除巴勒斯坦人的房屋和基础设施以及取消巴勒斯坦人在东耶路撒冷的居住权,都是以色列旨在取代居民并抹去历史的非法政策和做法的一部分。 这些行动不仅是非法的,而且使两国解决方案比以往任何时候都更加难以实现。", "上个月还标志着以色列不人道地封锁了加沙的第四个年头。 160万加沙居民的生活条件继续令人关切。 由于依赖国际援助,加沙居民被剥夺了有尊严地生活的权利。 2010年5月31日,我们还看到,自2008年底以来被以色列军事侵略所杀害的1 400多人中,又有9人死亡。 这9人是在国际水域被害的人道主义活动者,是缓解加沙人民困境的救济努力的使者。 在这方面,我们敦促以色列全面执行第1860(2009)号决议并完全解除非法封锁,这是国际法所禁止的一种集体惩罚形式。", "现在更必须就这一问题找到公正的解决办法。 有关各方必须挺身而出,成为这一和平进程的诚实当事方,以免我们继续处于无法维持的状态。 在这方面,根据第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号、第1850(2008)号决议、马德里职权范围,包括以土地换和平原则、阿拉伯和平倡议和路线图,建立一个以东耶路撒冷为首都、同以色列和平、安全地毗邻共存的独立巴勒斯坦国,对于解决巴勒斯坦问题至关重要,巴勒斯坦问题是60多年来阿以冲突的核心。", "安全理事会有义务根据其任务规定,采取一切必要行动,确保执行其各项决议。 我们需要确保所有各方恢复和平谈判。 任何不这样的话,都会成为对我们寻求维护的组织本身的嘲弄。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请乌干达代表发言。", "卡费罗先生(乌干达): 谢谢 主席先生,感谢你组织这次公开辩论。 我还要感谢特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。", "今天,以色列和巴勒斯坦各方以及国际社会正处于一个关键时刻。 令人遗憾的是,尽管各方作出了努力并得到了区域和国际行为体的支持,但并没有取得任何实际进展,和平进程仍然陷于僵局。 我国代表团期望,四方和阿拉伯联盟最近本月的会议将导致恢复停滞不前的直接谈判,并导致商定框架。", "这是一个决定性的时刻。 这是对以色列和巴勒斯坦领导人政治家的考验。 虽然国际社会的支持至关重要,但谈判和实现全面和持久和平的首要责任在于以色列和巴勒斯坦各方。 乌干达再次呼吁双方紧急恢复谈判并鼓起必要的勇气作出大胆决定,同时铭记巴勒斯坦人建国的合法愿望不能再拖延了,以色列的合理安全关切必须得到解决。", "我国代表团仍然对以色列最近批准建造新的定居点单位深感关切,并再次呼吁全面冻结所有定居点活动。", "我们赞扬巴勒斯坦领导人努力建国并履行路线图规定的义务,特别是在安全和经济发展部门。 我们还赞扬他们为促成团结与和解而作的努力。", "我们仍然对加沙的人道主义局势和继续阻碍货物和人员进出加沙感到关切。 我们呼吁以色列解除对加沙的封锁,并再次呼吁所有各方充分执行第1860(2009)号决议。", "最后,我国代表团想强调,目前的局势是不可持续的。 我们鼓励以色列和巴勒斯坦各方在国际社会、特别是安全理事会的支持下,为两国人民的和平、安全与繁荣而打破目前的僵局并努力实现两国解决方案。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请冰岛代表发言。", "贡纳斯多蒂尔女士(冰岛): 冰岛坚决支持和平解决以巴冲突和两国解决方案。 自近20年前发起奥斯陆进程以来,我们一直相信和平进程将取得这样的结果,这将使整个区域实现《阿拉伯和平倡议》所预见的全面和平。", "然而,现在和平进程已完全停顿。 冰岛敦促各方回到谈判桌旁,但我们认为,国际社会更直接参与的时机已经到来。 联合国在建立以色列国方面发挥着历史性的作用,现在或许是大会和安全理事会重新参与解决巴勒斯坦问题的适当时机。", "如果巴勒斯坦人决定将这一问题直接提交大会,冰岛随时准备支持他们。 冰岛外交部长在本月初访问拉马拉期间同阿巴斯主席和马尔基外长会晤时明确指出了这一点。 当时,我国部长表示,如果巴勒斯坦人决定在秋季寻求以1967年边界为基础,以东耶路撒冷为首都,冰岛将支持一项关于巴勒斯坦建国的决议以及关于巴勒斯坦成为联合国正式会员国的决议。", "冰岛的立场是,寻求承认巴勒斯坦国并不违背通过谈判解决冲突的愿望。 相反,它可能被视为刺激认真谈判的手段。 需要解决双方权力不对称的问题。 只有国际社会更有力地参与,包括通过强调适用于占领的国际法,才能做到这一点。", "如果没有政治解决办法,当地的局势需要改善。 首先,我们赞同全世界敦促以色列政府立即解除对加沙的封锁。 目前关闭的合法过境点和进出加沙的既定货物渠道应充分开放,以便能够达到封锁前的进出口能力。 以色列当局应特别放开钢筋和水泥市场。", "以色列政府决定继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上进行定居活动,这不仅不符合其根据国际法承担的义务,也不符合路线图。 我们注意到,这种非法活动仍在继续,在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上使用暴力、拆毁房屋和强行驱逐仍然是一个令人严重关切的问题。 国际社会应当谨慎行事,不要发出可被视为容纳现有非法定居点活动的信息。 不应奖励在实地制造违反国际法并阻碍实现两国解决方案的事实。 定居点是可逆的。", "冰岛还愿对定居者针对巴勒斯坦人的暴力增加,包括所谓的价格对抗政策表示关切。 这是一个非常令人担忧的事态发展,以色列有义务竭尽全力防止这种暴力,并在发生这种暴力时确保追究有关人员的责任。", "最后,冰岛欢迎法塔赫同哈马斯达成和解协议,并打算组成一个临时政府来筹备巴勒斯坦的总统和议会选举。 我们敦促巴勒斯坦各方听从其本国人民的呼吁,努力实现协定并团结一致寻求和平解决冲突。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请科威特代表发言。", "阿洛泰比先生(科威特)(以阿拉伯语发言): 我谨代表阿拉伯集团成员国向安全理事会作这一发言。 然而,首先,请允许我表示,我们支持埃及代表代表不结盟运动所作的发言以及哈萨克斯坦代表将代表伊斯兰合作组织所作的发言。", "这次会议表明,国际社会重视巴勒斯坦人民的合法权利,他们在以色列的占领和行径下遭受了60多年的苦难,并拒绝遵守其国际承诺并蔑视所有国际决议。", "该区域各国人民对国际社会有能力对被占阿拉伯领土的归还承担政治、法律和道义责任,结束以色列的顽固和傲慢态度并迫使以色列遵守和充分执行具有国际合法性的决议,特别是安全理事会有关决议,寄予了极大的希望。 以色列顽固地无视这些决议,继续在巴勒斯坦被占领土,特别是东耶路撒冷及其周围地区推行非法和侵略性措施和做法,以改变其人口状况、特征和组成。 除此之外,占领国以色列还继续违反国际法和有关人权的规则和条例。", "这种做法只是幻想任何谈论以色列伙伴是否真心希望实现和平。 它们也毫无疑问地表明,以色列通过其做法和政策及其官员的宣言,正在竭尽全力破坏以两国在1967年6月4日边界框架内的解决办法为基础的恢复和谈的一切国际努力。", "此外,以色列继续加紧迅速建造数千个定居点单位和不断拆毁巴勒斯坦财产和建筑物等一切做法都证实了其扩张主义意图并反驳了以色列政府关于它希望恢复和平进程并走向两国解决方案的说法。", "加沙地带目前的局势再次表明以色列违反了第1860(2009)号决议并无视1949年《日内瓦第四公约》。 随着以色列压迫性的封锁已进入第五个年头,巴勒斯坦平民继续受到集体惩罚,导致加沙的贫困加剧,并导致那里的经济、社会和人道主义局势严重恶化。", "因此,封锁产生了可怕的统计数字,例如失业率上升到65%,这并不奇怪。 此外,以色列空军不时进行的空袭——尽管这种袭击违反了禁止对平民居住地区进行这种袭击的国际法最基本规则——相当于针对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人民的恐怖主义行动。", "国际社会必须向以色列发出明确无误的信息,即它必须解除封锁并立即、永久和无条件地开放过境点,以便允许人道主义援助、建筑材料和货物以及人员流动。 以色列坚持违反国际法,包括国际人道主义法和人权法,也必须受到惩罚。 它必须为其迄今所犯下的战争罪行、其国家恐怖主义行为以及它有系统地侵犯手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人人权的行为负责,必须起诉那些犯下这些罪行的人。", "阿拉伯集团要求安全理事会采取一切措施,迫使以色列执行安理会第497(1981)号决议,该决议要求以色列从被占领的叙利亚戈兰撤至1967年6月4日的分界线。 它还重申,以色列为改变那里的法律、物质和人口状况而采取的措施被视为无效和没有法律依据,并违反了国际法和《联合国宪章》。", "阿拉伯集团还要求以色列停止继续侵犯黎巴嫩主权并侵犯黎巴嫩领土、领空和领水。 专家组还要求以色列完全撤出Al-Ghajar镇北部、Shebaa农场和Kfar Shouba山地。", "只有通过执行具有国际合法性的相关决议,特别是安理会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号和第1850(2008)号决议,才能全面解决阿以冲突——公正、全面和持久的解决。 它还必须以马德里和平会议的各项原则为基础,包括以土地换和平的原则、阿拉伯和平倡议和四方认可的路线图。", "阿拉伯集团申明,它完全支持巴勒斯坦权力机构根据7月14日在多哈举行的阿拉伯和平倡议部长级委员会会议上已经确认的内容,为在即将举行的大会届会上获得联合国会员国资格而作的努力。", "60多年前,以色列一直藐视国际社会。 它在执行其非法和单方面政策方面走得太远了,而巴勒斯坦人民却年复一年地将他们的梦想和愿望推迟了60多年,等待和希望建立一个将接纳他们所有人的国家家园。", "六十年来,巴勒斯坦人民的要求和我们的要求非常明确。 我们最需要的是执行联合国各项决议,包括安全理事会的决议,以及巴勒斯坦人行使自决权,在一个以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立主权国家内过上自由、独立和有尊严的生活的权利。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请尼加拉瓜代表发言。", "罗萨莱斯·迪亚斯先生(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言): 作为不结盟国家运动的成员,尼加拉瓜完全赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动主席的身份所作的发言。", "尼加拉瓜再次重申最深切地谴责以色列对巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩所有领土的非法占领,并要求以色列立即撤出这些领土。 我们谴责以色列建筑和不拆除定居点的政策和做法,并谴责对加沙的不人道封锁、切断西岸和其他巴勒斯坦领土的政策。", "安全理事会是在历史时刻前夕开会的,它必须引导我们使一个得到承认和充分欢迎的巴勒斯坦国成为无可争议的现实,从而最终执行大会第181(II)号决议的所有规定,该决议特别要求在巴勒斯坦土地上建立两个国家——一个阿拉伯国家,另一个犹太人。", "实际上,不能再允许否认巴勒斯坦国存在的逻辑继续下去了。 自1979年革命胜利以来,尼加拉瓜一直享有特权,目睹巴勒斯坦人民的斗争和巴勒斯坦所作的重大让步,以色列无耻地以更多的非法定居点、更多的屈辱、更多的死亡、更有系统地暗杀巴勒斯坦领导人、更多的房屋被摧毁和更多的掠夺,包括东耶路撒冷。", "简言之,我们目睹了一项真正旨在扼杀巴勒斯坦人民的政策,这一政策得到以色列方面不言而喻的决心的支持,即拒绝所有巴勒斯坦公民的人道。", "出于所有这些原因,尼加拉瓜重申需要立即结束以色列一直遭受的令人无法忍受的有罪不罚现象,安全理事会不负责任地确保了这种有罪不罚现象,更具体地说,那些已成为以色列主要同谋的人滥用了否决权。", "现在是安全理事会承担责任并要求以色列致力于和平的时候了。 使用否决权的威胁必须停止,国际社会必须放弃支持具体行动的言论。", "为此,尼加拉瓜呼吁安全理事会和大会在其1967年边界的基础上承认巴勒斯坦国。 这是实现稳定和持久和平的唯一途径,使两国人民能够切实享有他们的所有权利,从而最终结束无法接受和无法解释的不公正。", "拉扎·巴希尔·塔拉先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言):主席先生,我首先感谢你召开今天的辩论会。 请允许我代表巴基斯坦人民和政府就星期五的恐怖主义暴行向挪威人民和政府表示最深切的慰问和慰问。 这种卑鄙行径只会使我们更加坚定地决心打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义。", "我们赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言以及哈萨克斯坦常驻代表将以伊斯兰合作组织名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦认为,在两个独立和主权国家彼此和平共处的基础上持久解决以巴冲突的时机已经成熟。", "巴勒斯坦权力机构在建立国家机构方面取得的进展是和平的吉兆。 许多独立消息来源证实,到2011年9月建立巴勒斯坦国是可望而不可及的。 许多国际机构的报告都确认了这一点,中东四方过去的发言也提到了这一点。 最近该地区暴力相对减少也有助于加强持久和平的必要条件。 接受和加强巴勒斯坦的成就是该地区持久和平的宝贵机会,符合我们的共同利益。", "只有国际社会积极参与,巴勒斯坦的积极事态发展才能得到维持。 为了实现中东的持久和平,安全理事会和中东四方有义务履行其对最终解决的长期承诺并共同努力来实现这一目标。 众所周知的中东和平进程职权范围为通往中东和平的道路提供了通航指南。 尽管我们的共同目标明确,而且在接战规则上几乎一致,但安全理事会和中东四方似乎越来越无法采取行动。 这对该区域来说不是好兆头。 他们的不作为可能使目前的和平机会被丧失,并再次使该区域陷入暴力和不信任的循环之中。", "对中东和平的挑战不仅是国际社会不采取行动造成的,而且也植根于以色列的扩张主义政策,其特点是规划和建造新的定居点地区。 最近批准在被占领的耶路撒冷、伯利恒和纳布卢斯建造新的建筑区,令人严重关切。 东耶路撒冷和约旦河谷的巴勒斯坦住房和建筑被拆除,导致许多巴勒斯坦家庭流离失所。", "定居活动明显违反国际法,应作为国际法对待。 这些定居点的每个街区都构成了和平之行中的一个主要路障。 以色列必须停止建造新的定居点,将定居点活动作为和平进程的政治工具。 定居活动与和平进程不能一起前进。", "以色列对加沙的持续封锁既不合理也不合理。 我们呼吁充分执行安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议。 如果没有人员和货物的自由流动,包括必要的重建材料,加沙的生活就无法恢复正常。 我们希望,以色列将促进完成重建项目,包括由近东救济工程处开展的重建项目。", "巴基斯坦支持中东所有居民的持久和平,不论其宗教、族裔或国籍。 安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号、第1397(2002)号、第1515(2003)号和第1850(2008)号决议、马德里框架、阿拉伯和平倡议和四方路线图详细规定了中东和平框架。 必须动员和维持执行该框架的政治意愿。", "我们希望,安全理事会和中东四方将与有关各方进行有意义的接触,以实现国际社会的集体目标:建立一个独立、主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国,以圣城为首都,同其所有邻国和平共处。 巴基斯坦赞同并支持这一目标。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言): 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国欢迎联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生的通报。", "我们赞同阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹大使代表不结盟国家运动所作的发言。", "联合国巴勒斯坦被占领土人道主义和发展活动协调员Maxwell Gaylard先生最近警告说,数千名贝都因人将受到以色列政府在耶路撒冷为扩大以色列公民非法定居点而实施的拆毁行动的影响。 据盖拉德先生说,今年被拆毁的房屋比2009年或2010年的全年都多,使1948年以来居住在该地区的无家可归难民离开家园。", "这种严重的情况有可能使该地区80%的贝都因人流离失所。 此外,数以千计的巴勒斯坦家庭被迫离开其居民区。 以色列非法定居点增加、房屋被拆毁和禁止新建巴勒斯坦人都必须受到谴责。 所有这些非法和不人道的行为都是以色列政府强加的种族隔离制度的明显例子,占领国完全不受惩罚,这突出表明了安理会的无所作为。", "根据自决权,已提议立即承认巴勒斯坦国并将其纳入大会正式成员。 我国代表团重申各国人民选择自己命运的主权权利。 委内瑞拉再次呼吁以色列政府充分尊重《关于战时在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土上保护平民之日内瓦第四公约》的规定。", "以色列《国土报》高级编辑Bradley Burston指出,", "“几乎没有任何东西比对加沙的围困更能有效地使以色列合法化——并使以色列看起来更像一个不受关照的封锁国家”。", "毫无疑问,加沙地带巴勒斯坦人脆弱的人道主义局势令人遗憾。 在该地区实行的封锁是不人道和非法的,以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上所建的隔离墙也是如此。", "占领国对受苦受难的巴勒斯坦公民采取的令人无法接受和无情的行动导致最无耻地侵犯他们的人权。 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次坚决要求不加限制地立即停止这些不人道、非法和单方面的措施。", "委内瑞拉对5月15日和6月5日在被占领的叙利亚戈兰发生的严重事件表示关切,当时以色列士兵屠杀了许多和平抗议占领的巴勒斯坦公民。 委内瑞拉再次呼吁以色列按照安全理事会有关决议撤出该领土。 我们还再次请以色列国尊重黎巴嫩国的主权,以避免2006年7月发生的这种冲突。", "我国宣布自由、独立和主权的价值观,必须继续加强这些价值观,以在各国人民之间实现和平。 同样,没有正义就不可能有和平。", "主席(以英语发言):我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "金永松先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国): 我国代表团首先要感谢罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的详细通报。 我国代表团还赞同埃及共和国常驻代表以不结盟运动成员国的名义所作的发言。", "解决中东的巴勒斯坦问题是确保该地区和平与安全的努力中的一个最优先事项。 因此,国际社会继续关注巴勒斯坦问题并尽一切努力解决该问题。", "我要特别强调一项积极的事态发展,它可能在国际社会的大力支持下,对巴勒斯坦问题的解决产生决定性影响。 值得注意的是,巴勒斯坦人民为建立一个独立的主权国家而作的斗争,现在比以往任何时候都有了更大的势头。 这场斗争取胜的关键在于巴勒斯坦人民,因为毫无疑问,关键在于巴勒斯坦人民本身的团结。 巴勒斯坦各派政治力量于5月通过一项最后和解协议,必将有助于加强巴勒斯坦人民的团结并坚定鼓励他们为建立一个独立和主权国家而斗争。", "尽管出现了积极的事态发展,中东和平进程仍然面临障碍和挑战。 尽管国际社会更加谴责以色列,但以色列并未从被占领的巴勒斯坦和阿拉伯领土上撤出。 以色列继续进一步扩大其在东耶路撒冷和阿拉伯领土的定居点,直接挑战了国际要求。 定居点建设是以色列领土扩张的宏伟努力的一部分,其影响正在产生严重后果。 正是由于以色列定居点的扩大,巴勒斯坦-以色列经过艰难的曲折过程安排的谈判现已陷入僵局。", "支持建立一个独立、主权的巴勒斯坦国正在成为国际社会的一个趋势,没有人敢停止。 许多国家承认巴勒斯坦是一个独立的主权国家,其数目已超过120个。 巴勒斯坦人民为收复其被占领土并建立一个独立的主权国家而进行的斗争是完全正当的;它的胜利是有保障的。", "我国代表团想借此机会表示,我们完全支持并声援巴勒斯坦人民为恢复其合法主权权利而进行的正当斗争,包括建立一个独立和主权国家。", "主席(以英语发言):我请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马赫穆德先生(孟加拉国): 我感谢德国安排这次关于中东局势的非常重要的公开辩论。 请允许我对德国联邦外交部国务部长主持本次辩论表示赞赏。 我还要感谢中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长个人代表罗伯特·塞里先生今天上午所作的全面通报。", "孟加拉国代表团赞同埃及和哈萨克斯坦代表分别以不结盟运动和伊斯兰合作组织的名义所作的发言。 此外,我谨简要地提出孟加拉国认为重要的几点。", "持久和可持续地解决阿以冲突,包括巴勒斯坦问题,这是长期危机的核心,必须成为我们的集体战略目标。 所有会员国应保证对这一目标作出全面承诺,并全力以赴地提供道义、外交、政治和经济支持。", "巴勒斯坦人民被剥夺了自决和在自己土地上自由生活的基本权利,流离失所的巴勒斯坦人被剥夺了返回家园并有尊严和安全地生活的权利。 不幸的是,这似乎是国际社会,特别是以色列人民的集体失败,他们自己也遭受了剥夺,但却未能挺身而出,保障巴勒斯坦人民享有自决和同以色列并肩生活在自己的主权国家的基本权利。 为了实现中东的持久解决,必须解决关键问题,即以色列长期非法占领阿拉伯领土。", "我们对占领国大规模破坏财产、住房、经济机构、农田和果园;修建隔离墙;没收土地;以及违反国际法,继续在被占领巴勒斯坦领土上,包括东耶路撒冷及其周围设置检查站等行为表示关切,这些行为已严重阻碍了巴勒斯坦人民已经严峻的社会经济局势。", "我们赞扬马哈茂德·阿巴斯主席对巴勒斯坦权力机构的领导和巴勒斯坦建国的持续努力,特别是在治理、法治和人权、生计和生产部门、教育和文化、保健、社会保护和水等领域。", "但是,我们感到担忧的是,以色列的军事行动以及以色列继续实行封锁政策并严格限制加沙地带人员和货物的流动,包括人道主义工作人员,以及粮食、医疗、燃料和其他必需品,造成平民伤亡。 因此,我们呼吁实行最大限度的克制并尊重国际人道主义法。 在这方面,非常不幸的是,一艘法国民用船只最近被扣押,该船当时正在出海提供人道主义支助。", "我国代表团认为,《日内瓦第四公约》、大会有关决议、安全理事会第242(1967)号、第338(1973)号和第425(1978)号决议、土地换和平原则以及马德里会议的职权范围,这些都保证以色列从所有被占领的阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土撤回到1967年6月4日的分界线、路线图以及阿拉伯和平倡议是实现两国解决办法的最佳指南。", "几十年来,来自全球各个角落的双边和多边对巴勒斯坦人民自决权的原则支持,是巴勒斯坦复原力的重要支柱。 在这方面,我国代表团欢迎巴勒斯坦权力机构的“巴勒斯坦:结束占领,建立国家”计划,该计划是到2011年9月建立巴勒斯坦国体制的计划。", "让我们谈谈黎巴嫩和被占领的叙利亚戈兰的局势。 可悲的是,占领国正在侵犯黎巴嫩主权并一再违反安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议。 还令人关切的是,采取了各种措施和行动来改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状况。", "最后,让我重申孟加拉国的长期立场,即过去60年对巴勒斯坦的持续非法占领是该地区暴力、动乱和不稳定的根源。 还请允许我重申,我们完全支持该地区所有居民,包括阿拉伯人和以色列人,都享有持久和平,并坚定地致力于建立一个以圣城为首都、与所有邻国和平共处的独立、主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国。", "主席(以英语发言):我请摩洛哥代表发言。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以阿拉伯语发言): 首先,请允许我表示,我们深切感谢你召开本次公开辩论会。 我还要感谢罗伯特·塞里先生就中东最新事态发展所作的详尽通报。 按照惯例,我国代表团赞同埃及、哈萨克斯坦和科威特代表分别以不结盟运动、伊斯兰合作组织和阿拉伯联盟的名义所作的发言。", "首先,我要对国际和区域努力在重振巴勒斯坦人同以色列人之间的会谈方面长期陷入僵局深表关切,特别是考虑到巴勒斯坦人对2011年9月的法律愿望。 毫无疑问,在涉及两国解决方案和需要根据国际合法性全面解决中东问题时,国际上达成了一致一致。 因此,国际社会必须严格而有效,以创造有利于谈判的环境,避免以色列采取挑衅性、非法和单方面的措施,为该地区带来和平与繁荣。", "我们对阻碍双方直接会谈的障碍深感关切。 与此同时,我们相信,和平进程是一个必要的选择,必须导致该地区所有人民的全面、公正和合法和平。", "在这方面,摩洛哥密切关注美国、四方、欧洲联盟和其他区域和国际行动者为促进恢复直接谈判而提出的若干倡议。 我们希望,这些努力将根据国际法、《阿拉伯和平倡议》、《路线图》和双方以前达成的协议,本着诚意恢复认真的谈判。", "摩洛哥热烈欢迎美国总统奥巴马2011年5月19日就巴勒斯坦人和以色列人之间全面和公正的和平以及建立一个在1967年边界内与以色列和平共处的独立巴勒斯坦国所发表的讲话。", "我们希望,得到整个国际社会赞同的这一立场将使巴勒斯坦人民能够恢复其合法权利并建立一个以圣城为首都的独立国家。", "在这方面,摩洛哥国王穆罕默德六世正在主持耶路撒冷委员会,他要向安理会表示它的关切并谴责以色列在东耶路撒冷为改变人口结构、法律地位和宗教特征而采取的措施,以及以色列驱逐巴勒斯坦人以修建道路和定居点并使该地区犹太化。 所有这些行动都妨碍最终解决,鉴于圣城在全面解决以-巴问题方面至关重要,我们呼吁国际社会,特别是安全理事会,承担起全部责任,确保以色列停止这些非法行径,尊重旨在早日举行会谈并与之合作的国际努力。", "在这种敏感的历史环境中,世界的目光比以往任何时候都更加聚焦于联合国以及致力于维护对巴勒斯坦人民的政治和道德责任并重新开始直接谈判的国际和区域力量。 这可以给实现我们大家都渴望的和平的进程带来新的势头和乐观。", "巴勒斯坦权力机构在其民族和解所加强下,继续显示自己是和平进程的真正和有效伙伴,并表明它致力于实现持久解决。 阿拉伯国家通过《阿拉伯和平倡议》,表示真诚希望实现持久和公正和平。", "摩洛哥将巴勒斯坦问题置于其区域和国际利益的核心,并将继续努力通过直接谈判来解决这一问题。 只有以色列撤出自1967年6月以来占领的所有阿拉伯和巴勒斯坦领土,通过建立一个以耶路撒冷为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国并尊重兄弟的巴勒斯坦人民的合法权利,才能做到这一点。", "主席(以英语发言):我请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦): 我谨代表伊斯兰合作组织成员国作以下发言。 我要再次强调,该组织于7月1日更名为现在的伊斯兰合作组织。 我以伊斯兰会议组织主席的身份发言。", "我们感谢德国召开今天专门讨论中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题的会议。 以巴冲突和整个阿以冲突的持续继续威胁着国际和平与安全。 这一问题是安全问题和挑战的核心,其负面影响不仅限于该区域,而是在全球以外和世界各地感受到。", "非常不幸的是,由于占领国以色列拒绝遵守国际法和联合国有关决议,以及会员国缺乏执行安理会决议的政治意愿,安全理事会解决这一冲突的努力一再失败。 这是一个令人遗憾的事实,尽管安理会从一开始就明确要求占领国以色列根据不容许以武力获取领土的原则从包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上撤出。 安理会一贯通过决议,呼吁结束以色列的占领并实现以1967年以前边界为基础的两国解决办法,以保障两国人民之间的和平与安全。", "我们对以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的非法行径升级感到震惊和极为不安。 占领国以色列在整个西岸加强了军事行动,甚至袭击了儿童夏令营并迫使这些儿童忍受严厉的审讯。 占领军继续在包括妇女和儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民中散布恐惧,并继续开展逮捕行动,使被以色列非法监禁和拘留的巴勒斯坦人人数增加。", "与此同时,以色列继续加紧在巴勒斯坦被占领土,特别是在被占领的东耶路撒冷及其周围的非法和破坏性定居点活动。 我们谴责以色列蔑视国际法和一致呼吁完全停止这种非法行动。 最近,定居点活动和房屋被拆毁的情况达到了前所未有的地步,显然企图使被占巴勒斯坦领土进一步被殖民化,使该领土的历史和宗教地标、人口组成、特征和地位更加非法地改变。", "伊斯兰会议组织集团不仅对巴勒斯坦平民,而且对来自国际非政府组织的和平活动家和志愿人员发动了攻击,感到非常不安。 伊斯兰会议组织集团重申,它感到不安的是,在过去四年里,由于以色列的非法和不人道的封锁,大约150万巴勒斯坦人在被围困的加沙地带遭受了难以估量的严重条件,这种封锁是最可谴责的集体惩罚形式。 我们再次呼吁立即解除封锁并要求以色列遵守国际人道主义法规定的所有法律义务。", "伊斯兰会议组织对以巴谈判陷入僵局和四方最近在华盛顿特区开会期间未能取得有助于恢复谈判的成果深感关切。 伊斯兰会议组织外交部长理事会上月在阿斯塔纳举行的第三十八届会议上重申需要早日解决巴勒斯坦问题,并表示完全支持《阿拉伯和平倡议》,该倡议旨在达成阿以冲突的持久、全面和公正的解决。", "伊斯兰会议组织成员国还赞扬了巴勒斯坦民族权力机构的重大体制建设努力,并呼吁国际社会承认已取得的进展并承认在1967年6月4日边界基础上的独立、主权的巴勒斯坦国。 伊斯兰会议组织还同国际社会一起重申,占领国以色列为改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的法律、地理和人口状况及其体制结构,以及在那里强加管辖权和行政权而采取或将采取的所有措施和行动都是无效的,没有任何法律效力。", "国际社会,包括安全理事会,不能再浪费时间了。 它应坚持其责任,立即采取果断行动,使以色列遵守国际法,包括《日内瓦第四公约》规定的义务、联合国有关决议、马德里框架,包括以土地换和平、阿拉伯和平倡议和四方路线图。 这是挽救两国解决方案的最紧迫步骤,以便建立一个独立、主权和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国,同以色列和平共处。", "主席(以英语发言):我请阿拉伯叙利亚共和国代表发言。", "法卢先生(阿拉伯叙利亚共和国)(以阿拉伯语发言): 安全理事会再次举行会议,在题为“中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题”的议程项目下讨论阿拉伯被占领土上不断恶化的局势。 这个项目完全集中在阿以冲突、巴勒斯坦问题以及如何迫使以色列执行具有国际合法性的决议,包括安全理事会决议来结束对阿拉伯土地的占领。 它不涉及该项目历史定义未涵盖的任何其他问题。", "然而,一些不幸地试图就其他问题与安理会接触,以淡化该项目的实质。 根据该项目,安全理事会寻求有效地参与恢复和平进程,结束以色列对被占阿拉伯领土的占领并建立一个以1967年边界为基础的巴勒斯坦国。 然而,实地的现实再次证明,以色列有系统的行为模式,有些人不想追究国际的责任。 这种模式违背了国际法和国际人道主义法的核心规定,表明以色列无视国际合法性。", "以色列最令人发指的行径包括:通过其定居点历史,包括没收土地、拆毁房屋、将公民驱逐出家园取而代之以外国定居者、建造种族主义隔离墙、使被占领的耶路撒冷犹太化、支持定居者在占领军的保护下对手无寸铁的巴勒斯坦人实施压迫和极端主义的种族主义做法,以及对加沙实施不公正的封锁。", "5月15日和6月5日,在以色列占领其土地的周年纪念日,以色列向手无寸铁的示威者发射实弹,造成许多殉道者死亡并造成许多人受伤。 这就是以色列实行的国家恐怖主义的根本侵略性质。 以色列继续拒绝将被占领的叙利亚戈兰归还其祖国叙利亚,并拒绝执行国际社会的决议,特别是第497(1981)号决议,该决议宣布对被占领的叙利亚戈兰的兼并无效,没有国际法律效力。", "以色列奉行恐吓和压迫戈兰叙利亚公民的政策。 它继续没收土地、扩大定居点并掠夺戈兰的财富和资源,歪曲其历史并掠夺其历史遗迹。 它继续在领土上埋设地雷。", "只有以色列完全从所有阿拉伯领土撤回到1967年7月4日的分界线,并建立一个以圣城为首都的独立巴勒斯坦国,才能实现全面和公正的和平。 呼吁安全理事会真诚而有效地致力于毫不拖延地或部分地解决阿以冲突。 安全理事会有一个重要机会来证明它有能力发挥《宪章》的作用,支持巴勒斯坦提出的在其领土上建立一个以圣城为首都的独立国家的得到国际支持和公平的要求。 根据具有国际合法性的决议,通过接受巴勒斯坦成为联合国正式会员国,就可以实现这一目标。", "在这方面,我们回顾大会1949年第273(III)号决议,该决议为以色列成为联合国正式会员国规定了条件:它承诺遵守《宪章》的原则并尊重巴勒斯坦人民建立独立国家的权利和巴勒斯坦难民返回家园的权利。", "然而,有些发言者在发言中使用了非客观和夸张的语言来描述最近发生的国内事件。 他们试图以与安理会的作用或责任无关的脆弱和毫无根据的借口同安理会接触。 这就是为什么我要强调,这个议程项目的目标和实质内容是明确的。 我想提出以下几点。", "叙利亚总统巴沙尔·阿萨德宣布了一项全面改革方案,政府已开始执行该方案,以促进民主的民族和解,使所有公民更多地参与政治和经济进程,使民族团结神圣化,并确保所有公民的法律和秩序。 我们致函秘书长,其文号为S/2011/353,其中阐述了我们对叙利亚最近事态发展的立场。", "叙利亚就叙利亚多元化和政党参与的新法案举行了磋商。 磋商建议设立一个最高人权理事会和一个政治委员会来修订《宪法》,以确保多元化并促进人权、社会正义、法治和妇女和儿童的权利。", "我要谈谈某些代表的发言,当时一群年轻人在法国和美国大使馆外示威,就这些大使馆干涉我国内政的问题发表意见。 我们强调,叙利亚当局致力于保护这两个使馆的安全。 我们回顾,叙利亚驻某些国家的使馆遭到袭击,而发生这些袭击的国家却很少保护他们。", "显然,联合国一个会员国进行的任何内部改革都应符合《联合国宪章》并应得到尊重。 境外主张改革者不应故意忽视认真的改革措施或破坏叙利亚所有公民之间的容忍和共处模式。 它们不应根据捏造和虚假的信息得出结论或进行分析。 他们不应忽视我们的改革努力,也不应忽视叙利亚有组织恐怖主义集团正在犯下的破坏和罪行。", "我们本希望在这些发言中甚至听到一句谴责以色列在5月15日和6月5日对手无寸铁的平民示威者使用实弹。 这是这个问题的核心,根据有关决议属于安全理事会授权范围。", "主席(以英语发言):我请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国): 主席先生,首先,我谨感谢你在中东事态发展的关键时刻召开这次重要的公开辩论会。 这次会议将使我们略为了解该地区目前的局势以及实现中东和平的道路。", "从占领到今天,巴勒斯坦问题仍然是世界上最大的挑战和问题之一。 占领是现代历史上人类最痛苦和最大的悲剧。 六十多年的屠杀、拆毁房屋、禁运、绑架和监禁人民、袭击邻居和其他人以及违反国际法和国际人道主义法的行为都是在占领之后发生的。", "以色列政权继续无视国际法,对巴勒斯坦人进行非法和不人道的封锁,特别是在已经进入第五年的加沙地带。 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处最近的一份报告显示,2010年下半年加沙的广泛失业率达到了前所未有的45.2%,是世界上失业率最高的国家之一。 以色列政权扣押了另一艘民用船只 -- -- 迪尼特-埃尔卡拉马号 -- -- 这是又一违反国际法的行为。 被封锁的不人道行为令全世界人民严重关切,他们表示支持自由船队和Dignité-Al Karama等人道主义姿态,并呼吁立即解除加沙封锁。", "支持以色列政权的国家为自己制造了耻辱,因为一方面,它们声称倡导人权、国际法和国际人道主义法,同时它们支持占领巴勒斯坦的残暴政权的占领、非法定居点和一切违反国际法的行为。 以色列政权的历史只不过是犯罪、杀害男人、妇女和儿童、使用被禁武器和储存核武器、盲目暗杀、袭击国际水域的平民和援助车队以及在黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦的战争罪行。 所有这些不人道行为已成为占领政权的例行行为。 毫无疑问,支持该政权等于支持占领、屠杀、暗杀和侵犯人权。", "实现巴勒斯坦问题的和平和公正解决,对实现中东内外的全面和持久和平与稳定至关重要。 我们认为,只有确保正义、结束歧视性和种族主义政策并结束对巴勒斯坦和其他被占领土的占领,才能实现巴勒斯坦和该区域的持久和平。 今天,我们看到越来越多的国家加入了已经承认巴勒斯坦为独立国家的国家行列。 这非常清楚地表明,巴勒斯坦的事业正在得到新的势头。", "在叙利亚,显然有人企图煽动宗派敏感性和宗派紧张和分裂,这是众所周知的霸权政权的策略。 这种错误的企图是毫无价值和徒劳的,不会影响国家的稳定。 人类的敌人不希望也从未希望叙利亚人民保持团结、独立和发展。 但叙利亚人民知道,他们独立和尊严的关键是团结和抵制邪恶和颠覆企图。", "以色列政权坚持其对黎巴嫩的侵略政策,不断侵犯其陆地、海洋和空中空间并拒绝从被占领的黎巴嫩村庄撤出。 这些占领和侵略行为应立即停止。", "在结束发言之前,我要对以色列政权的代表今天上午在本会议厅提到我国作出反应。 毫不奇怪,犹太复国主义政权在对伊朗核计划提出毫无根据的指控时,妄图转移人们对其长期和黑暗的犯罪和暴行的注意力,如占领、侵略、军国主义、国家恐怖主义和危害人类罪。 众所周知,以色列政权秘密发展和非法拥有核武器,对区域和国际和平与安全构成了独特的严重威胁。 以色列政权显然无视联合国绝大多数会员国的要求,它们一再呼吁以色列放弃核武器并加入《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)。", "令人遗憾的是,联合国有关机构面对以色列的这种政策和做法不采取行动,使这一危险的政权更加胆大妄为。 预期安理会将谴责以色列政权拥有核武器,迫使它放弃核武器,敦促它毫不拖延地加入《不扩散条约》,并要求以色列迅速将其所有核设施置于国际原子能机构的全面保障监督之下。 事实上,只要以色列庞大的核武库继续威胁着该区域内外,中东就不可能实现和平与稳定。", "主席(以英语发言):我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "下午4时50分散会。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6590th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Tuesday, 26 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question." ]

[ "安全理事会第6590次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月26日星期二上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6590次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月26日星期二上午10时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAM areaand their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of therights of children Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia andrelated intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 25 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "In accordance with instructions received from the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, I have the honour to inform you that on 14 July 2011, as a result of the blast of an explosive device built in a toy, a 13-year-old Azerbaijani girl, Aygun Shahmaliyeva, was killed and her 32-year-old mother, Elnara Shahmaliyeva, was seriously wounded. This terrible accident took place in the Alibayli village of the Tovuz district of Azerbaijan, bordering with the Republic of Armenia.", "The toy stuffed with an explosive device was found by the victim in the Tovuz River, springing from the territory of Armenia and flowing through the village of Alibayli. According to the conclusions of the preliminary investigation, the booby trap toy was made in Armenia, was dropped to the river intentionally, and its target were children of the neighbouring Azerbaijani settlements.", "As I informed you earlier, in spite of a formal ceasefire, deliberate attacks by the armed forces of Armenia against Azerbaijani civilians and civilian objects, in contravention of applicable international law, have become more frequent and violent over recent months, resulting in the killing and maiming of many inhabitants residing near the front line (A/65/780-S/2011/132, A/65/821-S/2011/251, A/65/872-S/2011/379). Thus, on 8 March 2011, a nine-year-old Azerbaijani child was shot dead by an Armenian sniper. On 26 May 2011, the civilian population of the Chiragli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan was subjected to continuous fire by the armed forces of Armenia. On 3 June 2011, a resident of the Aghjabadi district of Azerbaijan was killed by Armenian militaries in the Chemenli village of the Agdam district of Azerbaijan.", "Attempts of the Republic of Armenia to deny its responsibility for these crimes are groundless and must be rejected from the outset.", "The above-mentioned facts are not the only instances of deliberate attacks on Azerbaijani civilians committed by the Armenian armed forces, terrorist bands and mercenary units during the aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan.", "Thus, the forcible deportation of about 230,000 Azerbaijanis from their homes in Armenia at the end of the 1980s was accompanied by killings, torture, enforced disappearances and other crimes throughout Armenia, and even children were not spared.", "Moreover, as a result of terrorist acts perpetrated by the Armenian terrorists on the territory of Azerbaijan since the late 1980s, targeting civilian objects, including industrial units and means of air, sea and land transport, over 2,000 citizens of Azerbaijan were killed, the majority of them children, women and the elderly.", "At the end of 1991 and the beginning of 1992, Armenia initiated combat operations on the territory of Azerbaijan. That period and the following years until the establishment of the ceasefire in 1994 were marked by an increase in the magnitude, intensity and consistency of the attacks on Azerbaijani civilians. In February 1992, the town of Khojaly in the Daghlyq Garabagh (Nagorno Karabakh) region of Azerbaijan was notoriously overrun and its civilian population was subjected to an unprecedented massacre. The attack and capture of the town involved the extermination of hundreds of Azerbaijanis, including children, women and the elderly; thousands of civilians were wounded and taken hostage, many of whom remain missing, while the town was razed to the ground.", "In its resolutions adopted in 1993 in response to the occupation of Azerbaijani territories, the Security Council referred specifically to violations of international humanitarian law, including attacks on civilians and bombardments of inhabited areas. The European Court of Human Rights later arrived at an important conclusion qualifying the offences of the invading Armenian military forces against Azerbaijani civilians as acts of particular gravity that could amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity.", "The overall assessment of the causes and tragic consequences of the war unleashed by Armenia against Azerbaijan makes it clear that the recent attacks on Azerbaijani civilians, including the killing of children, were not isolated or sporadic acts, but were the illustrative evidence of Armenia’s widespread and systematic policy and practice of atrocities.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan strongly condemns the provocative actions of the Armenian side, which can in no way contribute to the establishment of confidence between the parties and to the resolution of their long-lasting conflict. By the intentional killing of Azerbaijani civilians, the Republic of Armenia has demonstrated once again its unwillingness to obey the generally accepted moral and ethical principles and to comply with the Charter of the United Nations and international law.", "The Republic of Azerbaijan calls upon the States Members of the United Nations to convince the Republic of Armenia to put a prompt end to its policy of disregard and contempt for human dignity, rights and freedoms, including, inter alia, through measures aimed at ending impunity for egregious crimes committed by the Armenian side in the course of its aggression against Azerbaijan.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会 \n 第六十五届会议 第六十六年 \n 议程项目34、39、64、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 阿塞拜疆被占领土的局势 促进和保护儿童权利 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n 国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年7月25日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉阿塞拜疆共和国政府的指示，谨向你通报，2011年7月14日，1名13岁的阿塞拜疆女孩Aygun Shahmaliyeva被玩具内置爆炸装置炸死，其32岁母亲Elnara Shahmaliyeva受重伤。这一可怕事件发生在与亚美尼亚共和国接壤的阿塞拜疆托武兹区Alibayli村。", "这一内有爆炸装置的玩具是受害人在托武兹河里捡到的，该河发源于亚美尼亚境内，流经Alibayli村。根据初步调查的结论，诱杀装置玩具是亚美尼亚制造的，被故意扔进河里，其目标是邻近的阿塞拜疆定居点的孩子们。", "如我以前向你通报所述，尽管有正式停火，亚美尼亚武装部队仍蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民和民用目标，这违反了适用的国际法。此类袭击最近几个月来更加频繁和残暴，造成靠近前线的许多居民被打死打伤(A/65/780-S/2011/132、A/65/821-S/2011/251、A/65/872-S/2011/379)。2011年3月8日，一名九岁的阿塞拜疆儿童被亚美尼亚狙击手射杀。2011年5月26日，阿塞拜疆阿格达姆地区Chiragli村的平民遭到了亚美尼亚军队的连续射击。2011年6月3日，阿塞拜疆Aghjabadi区的一名居民在阿塞拜疆阿格达姆地区Chemenli村被亚美尼亚军队杀害。", "亚美尼亚共和国企图否认其对这些罪行的责任，这是毫无根据的，必须从一开始就加以拒绝。", "上述事实并非亚美尼亚武装部队、恐怖分子匪帮和雇佣军在亚美尼亚侵略阿塞拜疆期间蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民的仅有实例。", "20世纪80年代末，230 000名阿塞拜疆人从其在亚美尼亚的家中被强行驱逐，同时在整个亚美尼亚境内还发生杀戮、酷刑、强迫失踪和其他罪行，甚至儿童也不能幸免。", "此外，自从20世纪80年代后期以来，亚美尼亚恐怖分子在阿塞拜疆境内，以工厂、海陆空运输工具等民用物体为目标，犯下了各种恐怖行为，结果，超过2 000名阿塞拜疆公民被杀害，其中大多数是儿童、妇女和老人。", "在1991年底和1992年初，亚美尼亚在阿塞拜疆领土上发起了战争。这一时期及随后的几年里，直至1994年建立停火以前，越来越多地对阿塞拜疆平民发动更大的袭击。1992年2月，阿塞拜疆Daghlyq Garabagh(纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫)地区的霍贾里镇遭到占领，平民百姓遭受了前所未有的大屠杀，该事件已是臭名昭著。对该镇的袭击和占领造成数百名阿塞拜疆人，包括儿童、妇女和老人被杀，数千名平民受伤，被劫为人质，其中许多人至今仍然下落不明，与此同时，该镇被夷为平地。", "安全理事会在1993年就阿塞拜疆领土被占一事通过的各项决议，特别提及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括袭击平民和轰炸居民区。欧洲人权法院后来得出一个重要结论，将亚美尼亚侵略军对阿塞拜疆平民所犯的罪行,定性为相当于战争罪或危害人类罪的严重罪行。", "全面评估亚美尼亚对阿塞拜疆发动战争的原因及其悲惨后果表明，最近对阿塞拜疆平民的袭击，包括杀害儿童，不是孤立或零星行为，而是亚美尼亚普遍和系统的残暴政策和实践的典型证据。", "阿塞拜疆共和国强烈谴责亚美尼亚方面的挑衅行为，这对促进双方之间建立信任和解决长期冲突毫无助益。亚美尼亚共和国故意杀害阿塞拜疆平民，再次证明了它不愿意遵守普遍接受的道德和伦理原则，不愿意遵守《联合国宪章》和国际法。", "阿塞拜疆共和国呼吁联合国会员国说服亚美尼亚共和国迅速结束其无视和蔑视人的尊严、权利和自由的政策，其中包括采取措施，结束亚美尼亚方面在侵略阿塞拜疆过程中犯下令人发指罪行但没有受到惩罚的现象。", "谨请将本函作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75的文件和安理会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目34、39、64、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象\n国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年7月25日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "奉阿塞拜疆共和国政府指示,谨通知你,2011年7月14日,在玩具中制造的爆炸装置被炸出,一名13岁的阿塞拜疆女孩Aygun Shahmaliyeva被炸死,她32岁的母亲Elnara Shahmaliyeva受了重伤。 这一可怕的事故发生在阿塞拜疆托武兹区与亚美尼亚共和国接壤的Alibayli村.", "受害人从亚美尼亚境内取出并流出Alibayli村,在Tovuz河中发现了装有爆炸装置的玩具。 根据初步调查的结论,诱杀装置是在亚美尼亚制造的,故意扔到河上,目标是邻近的阿塞拜疆定居点的儿童。", "如我先前所告知的,尽管已正式停火,但近几个月来,亚美尼亚武装部队违反适用的国际法,蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民和民用物体的事件已变得更加频繁和激烈,导致居住在前线附近的许多居民死亡和致残(A/65/780-S/2011/132), A/65/821-S/2011/251,A/65/872-S/2011/379。 因此,2011年3月8日,一名9岁的阿塞拜疆儿童被一名亚美尼亚狙击手枪杀。 2011年5月26日,阿塞拜疆Agdam区Chiragli村的平民不断被亚美尼亚武装部队射击。 2011年6月3日,阿塞拜疆Aghjabadi区一名居民被亚美尼亚军队杀害于阿塞拜疆Agdam区Chemenli村。", "亚美尼亚共和国否认对这些罪行负责的企图是毫无根据的,必须从一开始就予以拒绝。", "上述事实并非亚美尼亚武装部队、恐怖主义团伙和雇佣军在亚美尼亚侵略阿塞拜疆期间蓄意袭击阿塞拜疆平民的唯一事例。", "因此,1980年代末,亚美尼亚全国约有230 000名阿塞拜疆人被强行驱逐出其家园,并伴有杀戮、酷刑、被强迫失踪和其他罪行,甚至儿童也未能幸免。", "此外,由于亚美尼亚恐怖分子自1980年代后期以来在阿塞拜疆领土上针对民用物体,包括工业单位和空中、海上和陆地运输工具所犯下的恐怖行为,2 000多名阿塞拜疆公民被炸死,其中大多数是儿童、妇女和老人。", "1991年底和1992年初,亚美尼亚在阿塞拜疆领土上发起了战斗行动。 在1994年实现停火之前的这段时期和之后的几年中,对阿塞拜疆平民的袭击的规模、强度和连贯性都有所增加。 1992年2月,阿塞拜疆达赫利克卡拉巴赫(纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫)地区的霍贾里镇被臭名昭著地占领,其平民遭受了前所未有的屠杀。 袭击和夺取该镇时,包括儿童、妇女和老人在内的数百名阿塞拜疆人被消灭;数千名平民被打伤并被扣作人质,其中许多人仍然失踪,而该镇被夷为平地。", "安全理事会在1993年针对阿塞拜疆领土的占领所通过的决议中,特别提到违反国际人道主义法的行为,包括攻击平民和轰炸居民区。 欧洲人权法院后来得出一项重要结论,将入侵的亚美尼亚军队对阿塞拜疆平民所犯下的罪行定性为可构成战争罪或危害人类罪的特别严重行为。", "对亚美尼亚对阿塞拜疆发动战争的原因和悲惨后果的总体评估表明,最近对阿塞拜疆平民的袭击,包括杀害儿童,不是孤立或零星的行为,而是亚美尼亚广泛和有计划地推行暴行政策和做法的证明。", "阿塞拜疆共和国强烈谴责亚美尼亚一方的挑衅行动,这丝毫无助于在双方之间建立信任并解决其长期冲突。 亚美尼亚共和国蓄意杀害阿塞拜疆平民,再次表明它不愿意遵守公认的道德和伦理原则并遵守《联合国宪章》和国际法。", "阿塞拜疆共和国呼吁联合国会员国说服亚美尼亚共和国迅速结束其无视和蔑视人的尊严、权利和自由的政策,除其他外,包括采取措施,以结束亚美尼亚方面在侵略阿塞拜疆期间所犯下的令人发指的罪行不受惩罚的现象。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Serbia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Upon the instruction of my Government, I have the honour to request an urgent meeting of the Security Council for Thursday, 28 July 2011, devoted to the serious deterioration of the security situation in the northern part of Kosovo, following violent attempts by the special forces of the Kosovo police to change the situation on the ground. The attempts to take over the administrative border points Brnjak and Jarinje pose a serious threat to the ongoing dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina and threaten an even worse escalation of the situation.", "I have also the honour to request that, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and rule 37 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, a representative of the Government of Serbia be allowed to participate in the meeting and to make a statement.", "(Signed) Milan Milanovic Ambassador Deputy Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年7月26日塞尔维亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨请安全理事会于2011年7月28日星期四召开一次紧急会议，专门讨论科索沃北部在科索沃警察特种部队试图以暴力改变当地局面后，其安全局势严重恶化的问题。上述特种部队试图接管Brnjak和Jarinje两个行政边界点，这对贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳之间正在进行的对话构成严重威胁，并有可能使局势进一步恶化。", "谨请按照《联合国宪章》有关规定和安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条，允许塞尔维亚政府的一名代表参加会议并发言。", "常驻副代表", "大使", "米兰·米拉诺维奇(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月26日塞尔维亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示,谨请安全理事会在2011年7月28日星期四举行一次紧急会议,专门讨论科索沃警察特种部队暴力企图改变当地局势后科索沃北部安全局势严重恶化的问题。 试图占领行政边界站Brnjak和Jarinje的企图对贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳之间正在进行的对话构成严重威胁,并威胁到局势的更严重升级。", "另谨请求根据《联合国宪章》有关规定和安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条,允许塞尔维亚政府的一名代表出席会议并发言。", "米兰·米兰诺维奇(签名)" ]

[ "Seventeenth session", "Kingston, Jamaica", "11-22 July 2011", "Statement of the President on the work of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority at its seventeenth session", "1. The seventeenth session of the Assembly of the International Seabed Authority was held at Kingston, from 11 to 22 July 2011. The Assembly held its 131st to 134th meetings.", "I. Adoption of the agenda", "2. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly adopted its agenda for the seventeenth session (ISBA/17/A/1).", "II. Election of the President and Vice-Presidents of the Assembly", "3. At the 131st meeting, Peter Thomson (Fiji) was elected President of the Assembly for the seventeenth session. Following consultations in the regional groups, the representatives of Ghana (Group of African States), Chile (Group of Latin American and Caribbean States), Russian Federation (Group of Eastern European and Other States) and Belgium (Group of Western European and Other States) were elected Vice-Presidents.", "III. Election to fill a vacancy on the Finance Committee", "4. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly elected David Wilkens (Germany) as member of the Finance Committee for the remainder of the term of Michael Hackethal (Germany).", "IV. Request by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, for observer status in the Assembly", "5. At its 131st meeting, the Assembly considered a request for observer status by the Center for Oceans Law and Policy, University of Virginia School of Law, and decided to invite the Center to participate as an observer in its meetings, pursuant to rule 82 (1) (d) of the rules of procedure of the Assembly.", "V. Annual report of the Secretary-General", "6. At the 132nd meeting, on 18 July 2011, the Secretary-General introduced his annual report to the Assembly (ISBA/17/A/2), as required by article 166, paragraph 4, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The Secretary-General reviewed the Authority’s work since the sixteenth session and outlined the progress that had been made in the implementation of its work programme for the period 2011-2013.", "7. He advised the Assembly that a project under consideration was a preliminary study of some of the issues associated with the development of an exploitation code, to be followed by a workshop or seminar in the second quarter of 2012.", "8. He indicated that the Secretariat intended to produce a user’s guide to the regulatory regime for deep seabed mining, which will describe the system for prospecting, exploration and exploitation, with reference to the Convention, the Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the Convention and the Regulations of the Authority.", "9. The report also covered administrative matters, the Authority’s budget as well as the Voluntary Trust Fund, and the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research. As at 31 May 2011, there were 162 members of the Authority (161 States and the European Union), and 141 parties to the Agreement. Since the last session, Malawi and Thailand have become parties to the Convention and the Agreement (28 September 2010, 15 May 2011, respectively) and Angola has become party to the Agreement (7 September 2010).", "10. He pointed out that private sector interest in the potential for deep seabed mining had increased over the past year, as evidenced by the requests from Nauru Ocean Resources Inc., sponsored by Nauru, and Tonga Offshore Mining Limited, sponsored by Tonga, to reinstate their applications for approval of their plan of work for exploration for polymetallic nodules; and as shown by numerous enquiries about possible applications for contracts for exploration in the Area. In addition, he observed that there had been increased interest on the part of deep ocean technology companies in participating in workshops organized by the Authority, as the global economy continues to recover. With the increased level of commercial interest in seabed mining, the Authority was also under pressure to deliver an appropriate level of environmental protection for the Area. In this regard, the proposals for an environmental management plan for the Clarion-Clipperton Zone and for the management of chemosynthetic environments in the global oceans were measures under urgent consideration.", "11. The Secretary-General stated that the completion of a comprehensive exploration code covering the three main types of seabed mineral resources — polymetallic nodules, polymetallic sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts — would mark an important milestone in the evolution of the Authority.", "12. Following the presentation by the Secretary-General, the Minister of State, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Jamaica, Marlene Malahoo Forte, made a statement on behalf of the Government of Jamaica, the host country of the Authority. The Minister said that the National Land Agency, which managed the secretariat building, had been in close dialogue with the Authority on the concerns raised by the Secretary-General in his report concerning the maintenance of the facilities.", "13. She stated that Jamaica would introduce a draft resolution during the session to encourage the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 2012 and that it would also submit a similar draft resolution at the United Nations in New York that would seek to have the Organization convene a commemorative meeting on 10 December 2012. The Minister encouraged other Member States to mark the occasion to raise awareness about the Convention, which was opened for signature in Montego Bay, Jamaica, on 10 December 1982.", "14. With regard to the annual report of the Secretary-General, statements were also made by the delegations of Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada (on behalf of Canada, Australia and New Zealand), Chile, China, Cuba, France, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation, Senegal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The observer delegation of the United Nations Secretariat also made a statement.", "15. Members expressed their general satisfaction with the detailed report and indicated their support for the work that had been undertaken during the reporting period by the Authority as part of its programme of work for the period 2011-2013.", "16. With regard to the regulatory work of the Authority, delegations urged the Authority to continue work at finalizing regulations for prospecting and exploration for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts that occur on seamounts in the deep oceans. The draft regulations were completed by the Legal and Technical Commission in 2009 and recommended to the Council for adoption. Delegations also welcome the proactive position adopted by the Authority to include in its programme of activities for the period 2011-2013 the commissioning of a preliminary study of some of the issues relating to the development of an exploitation code through the hosting of a seminar.", "17. Delegations supported the efforts by the secretariat towards the implementation in the near future of article 82 (4) of the Convention with respect to the distribution by the Authority of payments or contributions derived from the possibly imminent exploitation of non-living resources from the continental shelf beyond 200 miles, in view of the number of recommendations already issued by the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. For that reason, delegations expressed their interest in participating in an expert group meeting to prepare draft recommendations to the Council and the Assembly as proposed in the annual report of the Secretary-General.", "18. Welcoming the cooperation between the Authority and OSPAR, delegations encouraged the Authority to pursue further cooperation with relevant institutions having a mandate over activities in the oceans so as to ensure a consistency of approach as well as comprehensive protection of the marine environment within and beyond the national jurisdiction. It was also emphasized that the responsibilities of the Authority should be considered in the broader context of developments within the law of the sea and in particular, within the context of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction.", "19. Delegations noted with concern the tardiness of the submission by contractors of their environmental data, which hampers the Authority to discharge the responsibilities entrusted to it by the Convention and the Agreement with respect to the development of mineral resources in a sustainable manner. In order to remediate to that situation, delegations encouraged contractors to share best environmental practices and access to their environmental databases in view of raising environmental reporting standards and of expanding the database of the Authority.", "20. With regard to the Voluntary Trust Fund, delegations expressed their appreciation for it, noting that it had helped to ensure the participation of members from developing countries in meetings of the Legal and Technical Commission and the Finance Committee and encouraged contributions in order to avoid the depletion of the Fund.", "21. At the 133rd meeting of the Assembly, Japan announced a contribution of $100,000 to the Endowment Fund stating that building the expertise of scientists from developing States would encourage the expansion of marine research, which could only be to the benefit of mankind. Subsequently, Mexico announced a contribution of $2,500 and Nigeria announced a contribution of $10,000 each to the Endowment Fund and the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "VI. Report and recommendations of the Finance Committee", "22. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly considered the report of the Finance Committee (ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3).", "23. On the basis of the recommendations of the Council contained in document ISBA/17/C/18, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/5.", "24. The President of the Assembly also extended appreciation on behalf of the Assembly to the outgoing Chairman of the Finance Committee, Hasjim Djalal (Indonesia) for his contribution to the work of the Authority.", "VII. Election of members of the Finance Committee", "25. At its 134th meeting, the Assembly elected, by consensus, 15 members of the Finance Committee for the period from 1 January 2012 until 31 December 2016:", "Aung, Zaw Minn (Myanmar) Armas-Pfirter, Frida María (Argentina) Bakanov, Aleksey P. (Russian Federation) Choudhary, Pradip K. (India) Elliott, Trecia (Jamaica) Graziani, Francesca (Italy) Kavina, Pavel (Czech Republic) Laki, Duncan M. (Uganda) Myklebust, Olav (Norway) Ségura, Serge (France) Storani, Reinaldo (Brazil) Whomersley, Chris (United Kingdom) Wilkens, David C. M. (Germany) Yamanaka, Shinichi (Japan) Yao, Jinsong (China)", "VIII. Appointment and report of the Credentials Committee", "26. At its 131st meeting, on 12 July 2011, the Assembly appointed its Credentials Committee in accordance with rule 24 of its rules of procedure. The following were elected members of the Credentials Committee: Argentina, Brazil, Germany, Kenya, Namibia, New Zealand, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia. Subsequently, Jaqueline Moseti (Kenya) was elected by the Committee as its Chairman.", "27. The Committee held one meeting, on 19 July 2011, during which it examined the credentials of representatives participating in the seventeenth session of the Assembly. The Committee had before it a memorandum by the secretariat dated 19 July 2011 on the status of those credentials. The report of the Committee is contained in document ISBA/17/A/6.", "28. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July 2011, the Assembly adopted the report of the Committee. The decision of the Assembly relating to credentials is contained in document ISBA/17/A/7.", "IX. Other matters", "29. At its 134th meeting, on 22 July, the Group of 77 and China introduced a proposal to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "30. The proposal recalled the historic significance of the Convention and reaffirmed the importance of the codification and designation by the Convention of the seabed and ocean floor and subsoil beyond the limits of national jurisdiction as well as the resources of the Areas, as the common heritage of mankind. In addition to supporting the convening of a commemorative meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on Monday, 10 December 2012 to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the Convention, the proposal called for a special meeting during the eighteenth session of the Authority for the same purpose.", "31. The Assembly adopted, with an amendment, the proposal contained in its decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/8, with the understanding that related costs remain within the budget of the Authority for 2012.", "32. Also at its 134th meeting, Ghana, the Netherlands, Nigeria and South Africa introduced a proposal referring to the Advisory Opinion of 1 February 2011 delivered by the Seabed Disputes Chamber on the Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring persons and entities with respect to activities in the Area.", "33. After discussion and with amendments to the proposal, the Assembly adopted the decision contained in document ISBA/17/A/9.", "X. Dates of the next session of the Assembly", "34. The next session of the Assembly will be held from 16 to 27 July 2012. It will be the turn of the African Group to nominate a candidate for the presidency of the Assembly in 2012." ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加，金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日", "国际海底管理局大会主席关于大会第十七届会议工作的说明", "1. 国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议于2011年7月11日至22日在金斯敦举行。大会举行了其第131次至第134次会议。", "一. 通过议程", "2. 在2011年7月12日第131次会议上，大会通过了第十七届会议议程(ISBA/17/A/1)。", "二. 选举大会主席和副主席", "3. 在第131次会议上，彼得·汤姆森(斐济)当选为第十七届会议主席。经各区域集团协商，加纳(非洲国家集团)、智利(拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团)、俄罗斯联邦(东欧和其他国家集团)和比利时(西欧和其他国家集团)的代表当选为副主席。", "三. 进行选举以填补财务委员会空缺", "4. 在第131次会议上，大会选举达维德·维尔肯斯(德国)为财务委员会成员，完成米夏埃尔·哈克塔尔(德国)的所余任期。", "四. 弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和海洋政策中心请求获得大会观察员地位", "5. 在其第131次会议上，大会审议了弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和海洋政策中心关于获得观察员地位的请求，并决定依照议事规则第82条(1)款(d)项，邀请该中心以观察员身份参加其会议。", "五. 秘书长的年度报告", "6. 2011年7月18日，秘书长在第132次会议上根据《联合国海洋法公约》第166条第4款的要求，向大会介绍了他的年度报告(ISBA/17/A/2)。秘书长回顾了管理局自第十六届会议以来的工作，并概述了在执行管理局2011-2013年度工作方案方面取得的进展。", "7. 他告知大会，正在审议的一个项目是对与制定开采守则有关的一些问题的初步研究，随后将在2012年第二季度举办一个讲习班或研讨会。", "8. 他表示，秘书处打算制定一份关于深海海底采矿监管制度的用户指南，其中将参照《公约》、《关于执行公约第十一部分的协定》和管理局条例，说明勘探、开发和开采制度。", "9. 该报告还包括行政事项、管理局预算和自愿信托基金，以及海洋科学研究捐赠基金。截至2011年5月31日，管理局共有162个成员(161个国家加欧洲联盟)，而《协定》则有缔约方141个。自上届会议以来，马拉维和泰国已(分别于2010年9月28日和2011年5月15日)成为《公约》和《协定》的缔约国，而安哥拉则成为《协定》的缔约国(2010年9月7日)。", "10. 他指出，私营部门对深海海底采矿潜力的兴趣在过去一年间有所增加，具体体现是由瑙鲁赞助的瑙鲁海洋资源公司和汤加赞助的汤加近海采矿有限公司都提出要求，恢复其关于批准它们勘探多金属结核工作计划的申请；并体现在关于可否申请在“区域”内进行勘探的合同的众多查询。此外，他还指出，随着全球经济持续复苏，深海技术公司对于参加管理局所举办的讲习班的兴趣有所增加。随着对海底采矿越来越大的商业兴趣，管理局也感受到在区域内提供适当程度的环保的压力。在这方面，关于克拉里昂-克利珀顿区的环境管理计划和全球海洋的化学合成环境管理的提议，是加以紧急审议的措施。", "11. 秘书长指出，制定出一项涵盖三类主要海底矿产资源(多金属结核、多金属硫化物及富钴铁锰结壳)的综合勘探守则，将标志着管理局逐步发展过程中的一个重要里程碑。", "12. 在秘书长介绍情况后，牙买加国务部长兼外交和外贸部长马琳·马拉霍·福特代表国际海底管理局东道国牙买加政府作了发言。部长表示，管理着秘书处大楼的国土厅，与管理局就秘书长在其有关设施的维护报告中提出的关注进行了密切对话。", "13. 她说，牙买加将在会议期间提出一项决议草案，推动于2012年举行联合国海洋法公约30周年纪念活动，该国还将在纽约联合国提出一个类似的决议草案，争取由联合国于2012年12月10日召开一次纪念会议。部长鼓励其他会员国纪念1982年12月10日在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署的该《公约》的周年之日，以提高人们对它的认识。", "14. 关于秘书长的年度报告，阿根廷、孟加拉国、巴西、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大(代表加拿大，澳大利亚和新西兰)、智利、中国、古巴、法国、加纳、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、尼日利亚、挪威、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、南非、特里尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、乌干达和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国等国代表团作了发言。联合国秘书处观察员代表团也发了言。", "15. 各成员国对这份详尽报告表达了总体满意，并表示支持管理局作为其2011-2013年工作方案的一部分而在报告所述期间从事的工作。", "16. 关于管理局的监管工作，各代表团敦促管理局继续着力于完成关于深海海隆富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章的定稿。法律和技术委员会于2009年完成规章草案，并建议理事会通过。各代表团还欢迎管理局所采取的积极立场，即在2011-2013年期间的活动方案中纳入通过举办一次研讨会委托对关于制定勘探守则进行初步研究。", "17. 鉴于大陆架界限委员会已经提出的建议数量，各代表团支持秘书处在不久的将来，为关于管理局分配200海里以外大陆架内即将开发非生物资源所获付款或捐助，执行“公约”第82条(4)款所做努力。出于这个原因，各代表团表示愿意参加一个专家组会议，以按照秘书长年度报告中的提议，拟定提交理事会和大会的建议草案。", "18. 各代表团对管理局和奥巴委之间的合作表示欢迎，同时鼓励管理局与负责海洋活动的相关组织寻求进一步合作，以确保采取的做法具有连贯性，在国家管辖范围内外全面保护海洋环境。它们还强调，应当在海洋法发展的更广范围内，特别是根据不限成员名额的非正式特设工作组的情况，考虑管理局的职责，研究有关保护和可持续利用国家管辖范围以外的海洋生物多样性问题。", "19. 各代表团关切地注意到承包商提交环境数据迟缓，妨碍了管理局履行《公约》和《协定》赋予它的可持续开发矿产资源的职责。为了补救这种情况，各代表团鼓励承包商分享其最佳环保做法，并提供其环境数据库的使用，着眼于提高环境报告标准并扩大管理局的数据库。", "20. 关于自愿信托基金，许多代表团对其表示赞赏，并指出该基金有助于确保来自发展中国家的成员参加法律和技术委员会和财务委员会会议，并鼓励作出捐款，以避免基金枯竭。", "21. 在大会的第133次会议上，日本宣布捐款10万美元给捐赠基金，并指出提高发展中国家科学家的专业知识将促进扩大海洋研究，其结果只会造福于人类。随后，墨西哥宣布捐款2 500美元，而且尼日利亚则宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金分别捐款1万美元。", "六. 财务委员会的报告和建议", "22. 2011年7月22日，大会第134次会议审议了财务委员会的报告(ISBA/17/ A/3-ISBA/17/C/3)。", "23. 根据ISBA/17/C/18号文件所载理事会的建议，大会通过了ISBA/17/A/5号文件所载的决定。", "24. 大会主席还代表大会对财务委员会离任主席哈希姆·贾拉尔(印度尼西亚)为管理局工作所作贡献表示赞赏。", "七. 选举财务委员会成员", "25. 大会第134次会议协商一致选举出财务委员会15名成员，任期从2012年1月1日起至2016年12月31日：", "Aung, Zaw Minn(缅甸)", "Armas-Pfirter, Frida María(阿根廷)", "Bakanov, Aleksey P.(俄罗斯联邦)", "Choudhary, Pradip K.(印度)", "Elliott, Trecia(牙买加)", "Graziani, Francesca(意大利)", "Kavina, Pavel(捷克共和国)", "Laki, Duncan M.(乌干达)", "Myklebust, Olav(挪威)", "Ségura, Serge(法国)", "Storani, Reinaldo(巴西)", "Whomersley, Chris(联合王国)", "Wilkens, David CM(德国)", "Yamanaka, Shinichi(日本)", "Yao, Jinsong(中国)", "八. 全权证书委员会的任命及报告", "26. 大会在2011年7月12日的第131次会议上依照其议事规则第24条任命了全权证书委员会。以下国家当选为全权证书委员会成员：阿根廷、巴西、德国、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯。委员会随后选举Jaqueline Moseti(肯尼亚)为主席。", "27. 委员会于2011年7月19日举行了一次会议，审查参加大会第十七届会议代表的全权证书。委员会面前有2011年7月19日秘书处关于这些全权证书状况的备忘录。委员会的报告载于ISBA/17/A/6号文件。", "28. 2011年7月22日，大会第134次会议通过了委员会的报告。大会关于全权证书的决定载于ISBA/17/A/7号文件。", "九. 其他事项", "29. 7月22日，77国集团和中国在第134次会议上提出关于纪念1982年联合国海洋法公约三十周年的提案。", "30. 这一提案回顾了《公约》的历史意义，并重申公约将国家管辖范围以外海床和洋底及其底土以及“区域”内资源编纂和指定为人类的共同遗产的重要性。除了支持为纪念《公约》三十周年而于2012年12月10日(星期一)召开联合国大会纪念会议之外，提案还呼吁管理局在其第十八届会议期间为同一目的举行一次特别会议。", "31. 大会通过其ISBA/17/A/8号文件所载决定中的提案及对它的修订，但条件是相关费用不超出管理局2012年的预算范围。", "32. 在第134次会议上，加纳、荷兰、尼日利亚和南非还提出一项提案，其中提及海底争端分庭于2011年2月1日就赞助个人和实体参加国际海底区域活动的国家的责任和义务问题所做出的咨询意见。", "33. 经过对提案的讨论和修订，大会通过了ISBA/17/A/9号文件所载的决定。", "十. 大会下届会议日期", "34. 大会下届会议将于2012年7月16日至27日 举行。这次将轮到非洲集团提名一个担任2012年大会主席的人选。" ]

[ "第十七届会议", "牙买加金斯敦", "2011年7月11日至22日,日内瓦", "主席关于国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议工作的说明", "1. 联合国 国际海底管理局大会第十七届会议于2011年7月11日至22日在金斯敦举行。 大会第131至134次会议。", "一. 通过议程", "2. 联合国 2011年7月12日,大会第131次会议通过了第十七届会议议程(ISBA/17/A/1)。", "二. 选举大会主席和副主席", "3个 在第131次会议上,彼得·汤姆森(斐济)当选为大会第十七届会议主席。 在各区域集团协商后,加纳(非洲国家集团)、智利(拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团)、俄罗斯联邦(东欧和其他国家集团)和比利时(西欧和其他国家集团)的代表当选为副主席。", "三. 选举财务委员会成员以补空缺", " 4.四. 在第131次会议上,大会选举戴维·威尔肯斯(德国)为财务委员会成员,完成迈克尔·哈克塔尔(德国)所余任期。", "四、结 论 弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和政策中心申请大会观察员地位", "5 (韩语). 在第131次会议上,大会审议了弗吉尼亚大学法学院海洋法和政策中心提出的观察员地位请求,并根据大会议事规则第82(1)(d)条,决定邀请该中心作为观察员参加其会议。", " V. 秘书长的年度报告", "6. 国家 在2011年7月18日第132次会议上,秘书长按照《联合国海洋法公约》第一六六条第4款的要求,向大会介绍了他的年度报告(ISBA/17/A/2)。 秘书长审查了管理局自第十六届会议以来的工作并概述了在执行2011-2013年工作方案方面取得的进展。", "7. 联合国 他告知大会,正在审议的一个项目是对与制定开发守则有关的一些问题的初步研究,随后将在2012年第二季度举办一次讲习班或研讨会。", "8. 联合国 他指出,秘书处打算编写深海海底采矿管理制度用户指南,其中将介绍探矿、勘探和开发制度,参照《公约》、《关于执行公约第十一部分的协定》和《管理局条例》。", "9. 国家 该报告还涉及行政事项、管理局的预算以及自愿信托基金和海洋科学研究捐赠基金。 截至2011年5月31日,管理局有162个成员(161个国家和欧洲联盟),《协定》有141个缔约方。 自上届会议以来,马拉维和泰国分别成为《公约》和《协定》(2010年9月28日、2011年5月15日)和安哥拉成为《协定》缔约国(2010年9月7日)。", "10个 他指出,过去一年来,私营部门对深海海底采矿潜力的兴趣有所增加,瑙鲁海洋资源公司(由瑙鲁赞助)和汤加所赞助的汤加近海采矿有限公司(由汤加赞助)请求重新申请核准其多金属结核勘探工作计划;关于可能提出的 \" 区域 \" 内勘探合同申请的多次查询就证明了这一点。 此外,他指出,随着全球经济的继续复苏,深海技术公司越来越有兴趣参加管理局举办的讲习班。 随着对海底采矿的商业兴趣增加,管理局也面临为 \" 区域 \" 提供适当环境保护的压力。 在这方面,关于克拉里昂-克利珀顿区环境管理计划以及全球海洋化学合成环境的管理的建议都是紧急审议的措施。", "11个 秘书长指出,完成涵盖三种主要海底矿物资源——多金属结核、多金属硫化物和富钴铁锰结壳——的全面勘探守则,将标志着管理局演变过程中的一个重要里程碑。", "12个 秘书长发言后,牙买加外交和外贸部国务部长玛琳·马拉霍·福尔特代表管理局东道国牙买加政府发了言。 部长说,负责管理秘书处大楼的国家土地局就秘书长在其关于设施维护的报告中所提出的关切同该局进行了密切对话。", "13个 她说,牙买加将在本届会议期间介绍一项决议草案,以鼓励在2012年纪念《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年,牙买加还将在纽约联合国提交一份类似的决议草案,争取本组织于2012年12月10日召开一次纪念会。 部长鼓励其他会员国纪念1982年12月10日在牙买加蒙特哥湾开放供签署的提高对《公约》的认识的机会。", "14个 关于秘书长的年度报告,下列国家代表团也发了言:阿根廷、孟加拉国、巴西、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、加拿大(代表加拿大、澳大利亚和新西兰)、智利、中国、古巴、法国、加纳、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、尼日利亚、挪威、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、南非、特立尼达和多巴哥、突尼斯、乌干达和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。 联合国秘书处观察员代表团也发了言。", "15个 成员们对详细报告总体上表示满意,并表示支持管理局在报告所述期间作为其2011-2013年工作方案的一部分而开展的工作。", "16号. 关于管理局的监管工作,各代表团敦促管理局继续努力为深海海山上富钴铁锰结壳探矿和勘探规章定稿。 法律和技术委员会于2009年完成了规章草案,并建议理事会予以通过。 各代表团还欣见管理局采取积极主动的立场,在2011-2013年期间的活动方案中,通过主办一次研讨会,委托进行与制定开发守则有关的一些问题的初步研究。", "17岁。 各代表团支持秘书处努力在不久的将来执行《公约》第八十二条第(四)款,根据大陆架界限委员会已经提出的建议数目,管理局分配因200英里以外大陆架非生物资源可能即将被开采而产生的付款或捐款。 因此,各代表团表示有兴趣参加专家组会议,以按照秘书长年度报告中的提议,拟订给理事会和大会的建议草案。", "18岁。 各代表团欢迎管理局同保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约之间的合作,鼓励管理局同负责海洋活动的有关机构进一步合作,以确保方法的一致性并全面保护国家管辖范围内外的海洋环境。 还有人强调,管理局的责任应在海洋法范围内更广泛的发展范围内,特别是在研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的不限成员名额非正式特设工作组范围内审议。", " 19. 19. 各代表团关切地注意到,承包者提交环境数据的时间过迟,妨碍了管理局履行《公约》和《协定》所赋予的可持续开发矿物资源的责任。 为了纠正这种情况,各代表团鼓励承包者分享最佳环境做法并进入其环境数据库,以提高环境报告标准并扩展管理局的数据库。", "20号. 关于自愿信托基金,各代表团表示赞赏,指出该基金有助于确保发展中国家成员参加法律和技术委员会及财务委员会会议,并鼓励捐款以避免基金耗尽。", "21岁 在大会第133次会议上,日本宣布向捐赠基金捐款100 000美元,指出建设发展中国家科学家的专门知识会鼓励扩大海洋研究,这只会为人类造福。 随后,墨西哥宣布捐款2 500美元,尼日利亚宣布向捐赠基金和自愿信托基金各捐款10 000美元。", "六、结 论 财务委员会的报告和建议", "22号. 2011年7月22日,大会第134次会议审议了财务委员会的报告(ISBA/17/A/3-ISBA/17/C/3)。", "23. 联合国 根据ISBA/17/C/18号文件所载理事会的建议,大会通过了ISBA/17/A/5号文件所载决定。", "24 (韩语). 大会主席还代表大会感谢财务委员会主席哈斯吉姆·贾拉尔(印度尼西亚)对管理局工作的贡献。", "页:1 选举财务委员会成员", "25岁 在第134次会议上,大会以协商一致方式选出财务委员会15名成员,任期从2012年1月1日至2016年12月31日:", "阿昂、祖明(缅甸) 阿马斯-普菲尔特、弗里达·玛丽亚(阿根廷) 巴卡诺夫、阿列克赛·P.(俄罗斯联邦)乔德哈里、普拉迪普·K.(印度)艾略特、特雷西亚(牙买加)格拉齐亚尼、弗朗切斯卡(意大利)卡维纳、帕维尔(捷克共和国)拉基、邓肯·M.(乌干达)米克勒布斯特、奥拉夫(挪威)塞古拉、塞尔日(法国)斯多拉尼、雷纳尔多(巴西)霍默斯利、克里斯(联合王国)威尔肯斯、 David C. M.(德国)", "第八编. 全权证书委员会的任命和报告", "26. 联合国 2011年7月12日,大会第131次会议根据议事规则第24条任命了全权证书委员会。 以下人士当选为全权证书委员会成员:阿根廷、巴西、德国、肯尼亚、纳米比亚、新西兰、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯。 随后,委员会选举Jaqueline Moseti(肯尼亚)为主席。", "27个 委员会于2011年7月19日举行了一次会议,审查了出席大会第十七届会议代表的全权证书。 委员会收到了秘书处2011年7月19日关于这些全权证书状况的备忘录。 委员会的报告载于ISBA/17/A/6号文件。", "28岁 2011年7月22日,大会第134次会议通过了委员会的报告。 大会有关全权证书的决定载于ISBA/17/A/7号文件。", "第九编. 其他事项", "29. 国家 在7月22日第134次会议上,77国集团和中国提出了一项纪念1982年《联合国海洋法公约》三十周年的建议。", "30岁。 提案回顾了《公约》的历史意义,并重申了《公约》编纂和指定国家管辖范围以外的海底、洋底和底土以及 \" 区域 \" 资源作为人类共同遗产的重要性。 除了支持于2012年12月10日星期一召开联合国大会纪念会以纪念《公约》三十周年外,该提案还要求管理局第十八届会议期间为此召开一次特别会议。", "31岁 大会经修正后通过了ISBA/17/A/8号文件所载决定中的提议,但有一项谅解,即相关费用仍由管理局2012年预算支付。", "32. 联合国 在第134次会议上,加纳、荷兰、尼日利亚和南非还提出一项提案,提及海底争端分庭2011年2月1日就担保个人和实体从事 \" 区域 \" 内活动的国家所负责任和义务发表的咨询意见。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 大会经讨论并修正了提案后,通过了ISBA/17/A/9号文件所载决定。", " . 大会下届会议的日期", "34. 国家 大会下一届会议将于2012年7月16日至27日举行。 轮到非洲集团提名2012年大会主席候选人。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (k)", "Economic and environmental questions: cartography", "Draft decision submitted by the Vice-President of the Council, Miloš Koterec (Slovakia)", "Dates and venue for the nineteenth session of the United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific", "The Economic and Social Council, recalling its decision 2010/241 of 21 July 2010, in which it took note of, inter alia, the report of the Eighteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific,[1] decides to hold the Nineteenth United Nations Regional Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Pacific in Bangkok from 29 October to 2 November 2012.", "[1] E/CONF.100/9." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(k)", "经济和环境问题：制图", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷奇(斯洛伐克)提交的决定草案", "第十九次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议的时间地点", "经济及社会理事会，回顾其2010年7月21日第2010/241号决定，其中，除其他外，理事会注意到第十八次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议的报告，[1] 决定2012年10月29日至11月2日在曼谷举行第十九次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议。", "[1] E/CONF.100/9。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(k)", "经济和环境问题:制图", "理事会副主席米洛什·科捷雷克(斯洛伐克)提交的决定草案", "联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议第十九届会议的日期和地点", "经济及社会理事会,回顾其2010年7月21日第2010/241号决定,其中除其他外,注意到第十八次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议的报告,[1] 决定于2012年10月29日至11月2日在曼谷举行第十九次联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议。", "[1] E/CONF.100/9。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 26 July 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/65/L.87)]", "65/312. Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, in particular paragraph 3 thereof, and its resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, in particular paragraph 1 thereof,", "Adopts the following outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding:", "Outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "We, Heads of State and Government, Ministers and representatives of Member States, gathered at a high-level meeting at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011 on the theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”,", "1. Stress the need to disseminate and foster among young people and educate them about the ideals of peace, freedom, justice, tolerance, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, solidarity and dedication to the objectives of progress and development;", "2. Recall resolution 64/134 of 18 December 2009, by which the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, and acknowledge the significance of the High-level Meeting as the highlight of the International Year of Youth;", "3. Reaffirm the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and call upon Member States to continue its implementation at the local, national, regional and international levels;", "4. Encourage Member States to develop comprehensive policies and action plans that focus on the best interests of youth, particularly the poor and marginalized, and address all aspects of youth development, and also encourage the international community and the United Nations system to support national youth programmes and further develop and improve the existing international framework on youth, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, in order to fully address all current challenges affecting youth;", "5. Also encourage Member States to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of youth development, recognizing the vulnerability of girls and young women, and the important role of boys and young men in ensuring gender equality;", "6. Note with appreciation the activities, special events, contributions and inputs of Member States and all stakeholders, including youth-led organizations, the private sector, civil society and the media, as well as United Nations entities, and take into account the input from youth-led organizations to the outcome document of the High-level Meeting;", "7. Recognize that the ways in which young people are able to address their aspirations and challenges and fulfil their potential will influence current social and economic conditions and the well-being and livelihood of future generations, and stress the need for further efforts to promote the interests of youth, including the full enjoyment of their human rights, inter alia, by supporting young people in developing their potential and talents and tackling obstacles facing youth;", "8. Recall the commitment to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits and relevant programmes;", "9. Stress the important role of effective sectoral and cross-sectoral national youth policies, reflecting youth in all its diversity, as well as of international cooperation in promoting the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "10. Invite Member States to review and evaluate the implementation of their commitments to relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth, and request the United Nations regional commissions to assist Member States in sharing information on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices in that regard;", "11. Encourage Member States to continue developing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective national youth policies, taking into account their cultural context regarding youth development, as well as to promote relevant regional programmes on youth;", "12. Reaffirm our determination to give priority attention to the promotion of youth and their interests and to address the challenges that hinder youth development, in particular through poverty eradication, the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development and full and productive employment and decent work for all, and call for increased participation of youth and youth-led organizations in the formulation of, as appropriate, local, national, regional and international development strategies and policies;", "13. Reaffirm the need for young people to be protected from all forms of violence, including gender-based violence, trafficking in persons, bullying and cyberbullying, as well as from involvement and manipulation in criminal activities such as drug-related crimes, and recognize the need for the development of safe and youth-friendly counselling and complaint and reporting mechanisms for the redress of violations of their rights;", "14. Reaffirm that the strengthening of international cooperation regarding youth, including through the fulfilment of all official development assistance commitments, the transfer of appropriate technology, capacity-building, the enhancement of dialogue, mutual understanding and the active participation of youth, are crucial elements of efforts towards achieving the eradication of poverty, full employment and social integration;", "15. Welcome the ongoing efforts by Member States to implement their pledges to achieve the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledge the contributions of Member States, the United Nations entities, civil society organizations, including youth-led organizations, and the private sector to improve the situation of young people; note with concern, however, that, despite these efforts, substantial numbers of young people reside in areas where poverty constitutes a major challenge and access to basic social services is limited, especially for girls and young women, and that youth development remains hindered by the economic and financial crisis, as well as by challenges brought about by the food crisis and continued food insecurity, the energy crisis and climate change; and also note with concern that the overall progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in particular on issues relevant to youth, has been uneven;", "16. Recognize that the majority of the world’s youth live in developing countries and that development constraints pose additional challenges to youth owing to their limited access to resources, education and training, health care, employment and broader socio-economic development opportunities, and therefore request United Nations entities to take into account these development constraints when designing and implementing their programmes on youth in order to ensure that benefits reach young people living in developing countries equally;", "17. Condemn the recruitment and use of youth in armed conflict, in contravention of applicable international law, deplore the negative consequences it has on the youth involved, and call upon Member States, in cooperation with the United Nations entities, to take concrete measures and continue to support programmes to ensure the effective social and economic reintegration and rehabilitation of demobilized young people;", "18. Recognize the importance of preventing and addressing youth crime, including drug-related crime, and its impact on youth and the socio-economic development of societies, as well as of protecting young victims and witnesses and supporting the rehabilitation, reintegration and inclusion of young offenders in society with a view to them assuming constructive roles;", "19. Invite Member States, following the celebration of the International Year of Youth, to continue to place greater emphasis on, and expand their activities at the national, regional and international levels in promoting, including through human rights education and learning, a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among and with youth, as agents of development, social inclusion, tolerance and peace;", "20. Reiterate that the full and effective participation of young people and youth-led organizations in relevant decision-making processes through appropriate channels is key to, inter alia, achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to implementing the outcomes of global conferences and summits, as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "21. Recognize the positive contribution that youth representatives make to the General Assembly and other United Nations entities and their role in serving as an important channel of communication between young people and the United Nations, and in this regard request the Secretary-General to adequately support existing instruments so that they can continue to facilitate their effective participation in meetings;", "22. Encourage Member States, in cooperation with relevant actors, to promote dialogue and mutual understanding to better address youth-related issues, particularly as regards active youth participation, youth work, gender equality and the empowerment of women, social integration, full employment and decent work for all, access to quality education, the development of scientific and innovative capacities, scholarships and training, access to and safe use of information and communications technology, in particular in the interest of the protection of children and young people, access to health care, the elimination of discrimination, protection from all forms of violence, intergenerational solidarity, and the impacts of financial, economic and other crises;", "23. Request the United Nations agencies, and invite the international community and civil society, as well as the private sector, to promote the broader youth development agenda and to strengthen international cooperation and the exchange of good practices in order to support Member States in their efforts to achieve such progress, taking into account the fact that the primary responsibility for ensuring youth development lies with States;", "24. Urge the United Nations entities, including specialized agencies, funds and programmes, in accordance with their mandates, to support, upon request, the strengthening of national capacities and efforts in the development and implementation of national plans, policies and programmes that can accelerate the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and the relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "25. Request the United Nations entities to enhance their coordination and intensify efforts towards a more coherent, comprehensive and integrated approach to youth development through, inter alia, the Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, call upon the United Nations entities and relevant partners to develop additional measures to support national, regional and international efforts in addressing challenges hindering youth development, and in this regard encourage close collaboration with Member States as well as other relevant stakeholders, including civil society;", "26. Request the Secretary-General to submit a report, with due regard to existing reporting obligations, to the Commission for Social Development at its fifty-first session, on national experiences, lessons learned and good practices on how to address problems affecting youth, which report shall also evaluate the achievements and shortcomings of ongoing United Nations programmes related to youth and put forward concrete recommendations on how to more effectively address the challenges hindering the development and participation of youth, including through volunteer activities; how to improve the United Nations programmes and structures related to youth, including their coherence; how to better foster dialogue and mutual understanding among youth worldwide; and how to assess progress in these fields, and should be prepared in consultation with Member States, as well as the relevant specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and regional commissions, taking into account the work done by the United Nations system; and also request the Secretariat to consult, as appropriate, with youth-led and youth-focused organizations to ensure that various youth inputs are duly shared with the Commission for Social Development during its deliberations;", "27. Reiterate our request to the Secretary-General to propose a set of possible indicators linked to the World Programme of Action for Youth and the proposed goals and targets, in order to assist Member States in assessing the situation of youth, encouraging continued consultations with Member States;", "28. Renew our resolve to fulfil our commitments to promote youth development, dialogue and mutual understanding, paying due attention to the relevant internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and relevant outcomes and programmes of action, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. Therefore, we pledge to commit to the following actions:", "(a) Call upon the international community to continue to support the efforts of Member States, together with civil society, including youth-led organizations, the private sector and other parts of society, to anticipate and offset the negative social and economic consequences of globalization and to maximize its benefits for young people;", "(b) Also call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to support the efforts of Member States in the implementation of this outcome document as well as the World Programme of Action for Youth;", "(c) Address the high rates of youth unemployment, underemployment, vulnerable employment and informal employment by developing and implementing targeted and integrated national youth employment policies for inclusive job creation; improved employability; skill development and vocational training to meet specific labour market needs of youth, including young migrants; and increased entrepreneurship, including the development of networks of young entrepreneurs at the local, national, regional and global levels, which foster knowledge among young people about their rights and responsibilities in society; and in this regard request donors, specialized United Nations entities and the private sector to continue to provide assistance, including technical and funding support, as required;", "(d) Urge Member States to address the global challenge of youth unemployment by developing and implementing strategies that give young people everywhere a real chance to find decent and productive work, and, in this context, consider undertaking efforts towards the development of a global strategy on youth employment with a focus on youth unemployment, and encourage Member States, employers’ organizations, trade unions, the private sector, institutions of education at all levels, youth organizations and civil society, with the support of the international community, all relevant stakeholders, including financial institutions, and the United Nations system, as appropriate, to develop partnerships in this regard to foster inclusive employment opportunities in the labour market, including through the promotion of youth entrepreneurship, taking into account regional and national particularities;", "(e) Undertake appropriate measures, in cooperation with civil society, including youth-led organizations, educational institutions and the private sector, in order to strengthen international, regional and national partnerships to foster mutual respect, tolerance and understanding among young people with different racial, cultural and religious backgrounds;", "(f) Increase efforts to improve the quality of education and promote universal access to education, particularly for young women, out-of-school youth, youth with disabilities, indigenous youth, youth in rural areas, young migrants, and youth living with HIV and affected by AIDS, without discrimination on any basis, to ensure that they can acquire the knowledge, capacities, skills and ethical values needed, including by appropriate access to scholarships and other mobility programmes, non-formal education, as well as technical and vocational education and training, to develop and to participate fully in the process of social, economic and political development, since knowledge and education are key factors for youth participation, dialogue and mutual understanding;", "(g) Promote and provide human rights education and learning for youth, taking particular account of young women, and develop initiatives in that regard, in order to promote dialogue and mutual understanding, tolerance and friendship among youth of all nations;", "(h) Urge Member States to take effective measures in conformity with international law to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement;", "(i) Adopt appropriate laws and develop strategies for the prevention and elimination of all forms of violence against youth, in all settings, and to ensure the implementation of policies and adequately resourced programmes on ending violence against youth, including initiatives to support youth action to end violence through youth-led organizations and networks;", "(j) Strengthen the use of information and communications technology to improve the quality of life of young people, and, with the support of the United Nations system, donors, the private sector and civil society, promote universal, non‑discriminatory, equitable, safe and affordable access to information and communications technology, especially in schools and public places, and remove the barriers to bridging the digital divide, including through transfer of technology and international cooperation, as well as promote the development of locally relevant content and implement measures to equip young people with the knowledge and skills needed to use information and communications technology appropriately and safely;", "(k) Ensure that young people enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health by providing youth with access to sustainable health systems and social services without discrimination and by paying special attention to, and raising awareness regarding, nutrition, including eating disorders and obesity, the effects of non-communicable and communicable diseases and sexual and reproductive health, as well as measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV and AIDS;", "(l) Promote youth participation in training and capacity-building for environmental issues, including climate change adaptation and mitigation, tackling desertification and other challenges, particularly for those who are engaged in agricultural production and play a vital role in providing food security, which is threatened by climate change;", "(m) Promote and protect effectively the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, especially young people, regardless of their migration status, address international migration through international, regional or bilateral cooperation and dialogue and through a comprehensive and balanced approach, recognizing the roles and responsibilities of countries of origin, transit and destination in promoting and protecting the human rights of all migrants, especially young people, and address the root causes of youth migration, while avoiding approaches that might aggravate their vulnerability;", "(n) Urge Member States to take concerted actions in conformity with international law to remove the obstacles to the full realization of the rights of young people living under foreign occupation to promote the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals;", "(o) Encourage Member States, the international community, the United Nations system and the private sector to support youth-led organizations in achieving openness and inclusiveness and to strengthen their capacity to participate in national and international development activities;", "(p) Encourage Member States to strengthen mechanisms for partnerships with civil society, including youth-led organizations, as contributions to youth development, and create effective channels of cooperation, dialogue and information exchange among young people, including rural and urban youth, their national Governments and other relevant decision makers, as appropriate;", "(q) Call upon donors, including Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, to actively contribute to the United Nations Youth Fund in order to support catalytic and innovative actions in the field of youth and to facilitate the participation of youth representatives from developing countries in the activities of the United Nations Programme on Youth, taking into account the need for a greater geographic balance of youth representation, and, in this regard, request the Secretary-General to take appropriate action to encourage contributions to the Fund as well as synergy with other youth-related funds of United Nations entities.", "111th plenary meeting 26 July 2011" ]

[ "2010年7月26日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/65/L.87)]", "65/312. 大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件", "大会，", "回顾大会2009年12月18日第64/134号决议，特别是其中第3段，以及大会2011年3月15日第65/267号决议，特别是其中第1段，", "通过大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件如下：", "大会关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的高级别会议的成果文件", "我们，各国国家元首和政府首脑、部长和会员国代表于2011年7月25日和26日汇聚纽约联合国总部，讨论“青年：对话和相互了解”这一主题，", "1. 强调有必要就和平、自由、公正、容忍、尊重人权和基本自由、团结及献身于进步和发展目标等理想，对青年人进行宣传、培养和教育；", "2. 回顾2009年12月18日第64/134号决议，其中大会宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为“国际青年年：对话和相互了解”，并承认高级别会议作为国际青年年的重要活动具有重要意义；", "3. 重申《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其中15项相互关联的优先领域，并吁请各会员国继续在当地、国家、区域和国际层面加以执行；", "4. 鼓励各会员国制定综合政策和行动计划，重点关注青年，特别是处于贫穷和边缘状态的青年的最大利益，解决青年发展所有方面的问题，还鼓励国际社会和联合国系统支持国家青年方案，进一步发展和完善现有的包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的青年问题国际框架，以充分应对目前影响青年的所有挑战；", "5. 又鼓励各会员国在青年发展的所有方面促进性别平等和妇女赋权，确认女孩和青年妇女的脆弱性以及男孩和青年男子在确保性别平等方面发挥的重要作用；", "6. 赞赏地注意到各会员国，包括青年组织、私营部门、民间社会和媒体在内的所有利益攸关方和联合国各实体的各项活动、特别活动、贡献和投入，同时注意到青年组织对高级别会议成果文件的投入；", "7. 确认青年人追求理想，应对挑战，发挥潜力的方式将影响到当前的社会和经济情况以及子孙后代的福利和生计，并强调有必要进一步努力，特别是通过支持青年人发挥潜力和才能及克服面临的障碍，促进他们的利益，包括使他们能够充分享有人权；", "8. 回顾承诺实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，承诺落实各次全球会议、首脑会议和相关方案的成果；", "9. 强调有效的、能反映青年多样性的部门和跨部门国家青年政策的重要作用，强调国际合作对于促进实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的重要作用；", "10. 邀请会员国审查和评价其就包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领所作的承诺的落实情况，并请联合国各区域委员会协助会员国共享在此方面的国家经验、教训和良好做法；", "11. 鼓励各会员国继续制定、执行、监测及评价有效的国家青年政策，要考虑到各自在青年发展方面的文化背景，并促进有关青年的相关区域方案；", "12. 重申我们决心优先关注促进青年发展和青年利益，应对阻碍青年发展的各项挑战，特别是通过消除贫穷，促进持续经济增长、可持续发展以及人人享有的充分、生产性就业和体面工作等办法这么做，呼吁青年人和青年组织酌情更多地参与制定当地、国家、区域和国际的发展战略和政策；", "13. 重申有必要保护青年人免遭包括性别暴力在内的一切形式的暴力行为、贩运人口、欺凌和网络欺凌，避免他们陷入诸如毒品犯罪等犯罪活动，被人操纵，确认有必要制定安全、对青年有利的咨询、投诉和报告机制，以解决他们权利受侵犯的问题；", "14. 重申加强在青年问题方面的国际合作，包括通过兑现所有各项官方发展援助承诺，转移适当技术，开展能力建设，增进青年对话、相互了解和积极参与等等，是实现消除贫穷、充分就业和社会融合的关键要素；", "15. 欢迎各会员国为兑现有关实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的承诺而持续作出的努力，并承认各会员国、联合国各实体、包括青年组织在内的民间社会组织以及私营部门为改善青年人的状况所作的贡献；但关切地注意到尽管开展了这些努力，但在大量青年人居住的区域，贫穷依然构成主要挑战，获得基本社会服务的途径有限，对女孩和青年妇女而言更是如此，而经济和金融危机、粮食危机、持续的粮食无保障、能源危机和气候变化等带来的种种挑战依然阻碍青年发展；还关切地注意到，在实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标方面，特别是在与青年相关的问题方面取得的总体进展并不均衡；", "16. 确认世界上大多数青年生活在发展中国家，发展制约给青年带来了更多挑战，因为他们获得资源、教育和培训、保健、就业及更广泛的社会经济发展机会的途径有限，因此请联合国各实体在设计和实施青年方案时能考虑到这些发展制约，以确保生活在发展中国家的青年人同样能够受益；", "17. 谴责违反适用的国际法，在武装冲突中招募和使用青年，痛惜这一做法对所涉青年产生的负面影响，吁请各会员国与联合国各实体合作，采取具体措施，继续支持各项方案，确保解除武装的青年能够有效地重新融入社会和经济生活，恢复正常生活；", "18. 确认务必预防和解决包括毒品犯罪在内的青年犯罪问题及其对青年和社会经济发展产生的影响，务必保护青年受害者和目击证人，支持青年罪犯改造、重返社会及融入社会，使他们能够发挥建设性作用；", "19. 邀请会员国在国际青年年庆祝活动之后继续更加强调和扩大在国家、区域和国际层面的活动，通过人权教育和学习等方式促进青年之间以及与青年的对话和相互了解文化，借以推动发展、社会包容、容忍与和平；", "20. 再次申明青年人和青年组织通过适当渠道充分、有效地参与相关决策过程是实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，落实各次全球会议和首脑会议成果以及《世界青年行动纲领》的关键；", "21. 确认青年代表对大会及联合国其他实体所作的积极贡献以及他们作为青年人与联合国之间重要沟通渠道所起的作用，在此方面请秘书长充分支持现有机制，继续方便青年人有效参加各种会议；", "22. 鼓励会员国与相关行为体合作，加强对话和相互了解，以更好地解决与青年相关的各种问题，特别是有关青年积极参与、青年就业、性别平等和妇女赋权、社会融合、人人充分就业和拥有体面工作、获得优质教育、发展科学和创新能力、奖学金和培训、获得并特别是为保护儿童和青年人而安全使用信息和通信技术、享有保健、消除歧视、受保护免于一切形式的暴力行为、代际团结以及金融、经济和其他危机产生的影响等问题；", "23. 请联合国各机构，并邀请国际社会和民间社会及私营部门推动扩大青年发展议程，加强国际合作，交流良好做法，以支持会员国努力在此方面取得进展，同时考虑到确保青年发展的主要责任应由各国承担；", "24. 敦促联合国各实体，包括各专门机构、基金和方案，根据其任务规定，应请求支持加强各国制定和执行国家计划、政策和方案的能力与工作，以加速实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领；", "25. 请联合国各实体通过青年发展机构间网络等措施加强协调并加大努力，在青年发展问题上采用更连贯、更全面和更综合的方法，吁请联合国各实体和相关伙伴采取更多措施，支持为应对阻碍青年发展的挑战在国家、区域和国际层面开展努力，在此方面，鼓励与会员国和包括民间社会在内的其他相关利益攸关方密切协作；", "26. 请秘书长适当考虑到现有的报告义务，向社会发展委员会第五十一届会议提交一份报告，说明在解决影响青年的各种问题方面有哪些国家经验、教训和良好做法，还应评价联合国当前与青年有关的各项方案取得的成绩及存在的不足，并提出具体建议，说明如何通过志愿者活动等办法有效应对阻碍青年发展和参与的各项挑战，如何改善联合国与青年有关的各项方案和结构，包括其连贯性，如何更好地加强世界各地青年人之间的对话和相互了解，如何评估在这些领域中取得的进展；该报告应与各会员国以及相关专门机构、基金和方案及区域委员会磋商编写，同时考虑到联合国系统开展的工作；又请秘书处酌情与青年组织和关注青年的组织磋商，以确保社会发展委员会在审议报告期间能适当考虑到青年提出的各种意见；", "27. 再次申明我们请秘书长提出一套与《世界青年行动纲领》以及各项拟议目标和具体目标相关联的可能指标，以协助各国评估青年状况，同时鼓励秘书长继续与会员国磋商；", "28. 再次表示我们决心兑现促进青年发展、对话和相互了解的承诺，同时适当关注包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标、各相关成果和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的各行动纲领。因此，我们承诺致力于以下行动：", "(a) 吁请国际社会与包括青年组织在内的民间社会、私营部门和社会其他方面一道继续支持会员国所作的努力，预防并抵消全球化的负面社会和经济影响，并使青年人从中获得最大益处；", "(b) 吁请包括会员国及政府间和非政府组织在内的捐助方支持会员国为执行本成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》所作的努力；", "(c) 解决青年失业、就业不足、工作不稳定和非正规就业比率高企的问题，办法是制定和执行有针对性的青年就业综合国家政策，以便创造包容性就业；提高受雇能力；发展技能，提供职业培训，满足青年，包括移徙青年的劳动力市场具体需求；提高创业精神，包括在当地、国家、区域和全球层面发展青年企业家网络，使青年人更多了解他们在社会中的权利和责任；在此方面请捐助方、联合国各专门实体和私营部门继续提供援助，包括根据需要提供技术和资金支持；", "(d) 敦促会员国通过制定和执行各项战略，使世界各地的青年人确实有机会找到体面的生产性工作，解决青年失业这一全球性挑战，并在此方面考虑努力制定一项青年就业问题全球战略，其中重点关注青年失业问题；鼓励会员国、雇主组织、工会、私营部门、各级教育机构、青年组织和民间社会在国际社会、包括金融机构在内的所有利益攸关方以及联合国系统的支持下，酌情在此方面建立伙伴关系，通过促进青年创业等办法，推动在劳动力市场创造包容性的就业机会，同时考虑到区域和国家的特殊性；", "(e) 与包括青年组织在内的民间社会、教育机构及私营部门合作，采取适当措施，加强国际、区域和国家伙伴关系，使来自不同种族、文化和宗教背景的青年人加强相互间的尊重、容忍和了解；", "(f) 加大努力，提高教育质量，促进普及教育，特别是使青年妇女、辍学青年、残疾青年、土著青年、农村地区青年、移民青年以及感染了艾滋病毒的青年和受艾滋病影响的青年能够不受任何歧视地获得受教育机会，确保他们能获得所需的知识、能力、技能和道德价值观，包括适当获得奖学金和参与其他交流方案、得到非正规教育以及技术和职业教育和培训，以实现发展，充分参与社会、经济和政治发展进程，因为知识和教育是青年参与、对话和加强相互了解的关键因素；", "(g) 向青年人倡导和提供人权教育和学习机会，同时特别考虑到青年妇女的需求，并在此方面制定各项举措，促进各国青年的对话和相互了解、容忍和友谊；", "(h) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取有效措施，保护受恐怖主义和教唆影响或利用的青年人；", "(i) 通过适当法律并制定各项战略，以预防和消除各种情况下针对青年的一切形式暴力行为，确保落实有关结束针对青年的暴力行为的政策和有充足资金的方案，包括通过青年组织和青年网络采取的支持青年行动以结束暴力行为的各项举措；", "(j) 更多地利用信息和通信技术提高青年人的生活质量，同时在联合国系统、捐助方、私营部门和民间社会的支持下，推动以非歧视、公平、安全和负担得起的方式普及信息和通信技术，特别是在学校和公共场所，通过技术转让和国际合作等办法消除障碍以弥合数字鸿沟，促进开发关于本地的内容，并采取措施，向青年人传授妥善、安全使用信息和通信技术必需的知识与技能；", "(k) 通过不加歧视地向青年人提供可持续的卫生系统和社会服务，通过特别关注营养问题，包括进食障碍症和肥胖症，关注非传染病和传染病的影响、性保健和生殖保健以及旨在防止包括艾滋病毒和艾滋病在内的性传播疾病的措施，并提高这方面的认识，确保青年人享受所能达到的最高标准身心健康；", "(l) 促进青年，特别是那些参与农业生产以及在确保受到气候变化威胁的粮食安全方面发挥关键作用的青年参加环境问题方面的培训和能力建设，这些问题包括适应和缓解气候变化，应对荒漠化及其他挑战；", "(m) 切实促进和保护所有移徙者，特别是青年移徙者的人权和基本自由，不论其移徙身份为何，并通过国际、区域或双边合作和对话，以综合、平衡的方式处理国际移徙问题，同时确认原籍国、过境国和目的地国在促进和保护所有移徙者，特别是青年移徙者人权方面的作用和责任，解决青年移徙的根源问题，同时避免采取可能使他们更易受伤害的举措；", "(n) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取协调行动，消除各种障碍，使生活在外国占领下的青年人能够充分实现其权利，以促进实现千年发展目标；", "(o) 鼓励会员国、国际社会、联合国系统及私营部门支持青年组织变得开放、包容，并加强青年组织参与国家和国际发展活动的能力；", "(p) 鼓励会员国加强与包括青年组织在内的民间社会的伙伴关系机制，促进青年发展，同时创建有效的合作、对话和信息交流渠道，酌情促进青年人（包括农村和城市青年）、其所在国政府和其他相关决策者之间的交流；", "(q) 吁请包括会员国、政府间和非政府组织在内的捐助方积极为联合国青年基金捐款，以支持青年领域具有推动作用的创新行动，便利发展中国家的青年代表参与联合国青年方案的活动，同时考虑到有必要在青年代表方面更多地体现地域平衡，在此方面请秘书长采取适当行动，鼓励向青年基金捐款并与联合国各实体其他与青年有关的基金开展协作。", "2010年7月26日", "第111次全体会议" ]

[ "2011年7月26日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/65/L.87)]", "65/312 (英语). 大会关于青年:对话和相互了解的高级别会议成果文件", "大会,", "回顾其2009年12月18日第64/134号决议,特别是其中第3段,以及2011年3月15日第65/267号决议,特别是其中第1段,", "通过大会青年:对话和相互了解高级别会议的以下成果文件:", "大会关于青年:对话和相互了解的高级别会议成果文件", "我们,会员国的国家元首和政府首脑、部长和代表,于2011年7月25日和26日在纽约联合国总部聚集一堂,主题为“青年:对话和相互了解”,", "1. 联合国 强调需要在青年人中传播和培养,并教育他们了解和平、自由、正义、容忍、尊重人权和基本自由、团结和致力于进步和发展目标的理想;", "2. 联合国 回顾2009年12月18日第64/134号决议,其中大会宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为 \" 国际青年年:对话和相互了解 \" ,并承认高级别会议作为 \" 国际青年年 \" 重点的重要意义;", "3个 1. 重申《世界青年行动纲领》,包括其十五个相互关联的优先领域,并吁请会员国继续在地方、国家、区域和国际各级执行;", " 4.四. 5. 鼓励会员国制定以青年特别是穷人和被边缘化群体的最佳利益为重点的全面政策和行动计划,并处理青年发展的所有方面,还鼓励国际社会和联合国系统支持国家青年方案并进一步发展和改进现有的国际青年框架,包括《世界青年行动纲领》,以充分应对影响青年的所有现有挑战;", "5 (韩语). 4. 又鼓励会员国在青年发展的所有方面促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力,同时认识到女孩和青年妇女的脆弱性以及男孩和青年男子在确保两性平等方面的重要作用;", "6. 国家 1. 赞赏地注意到会员国和所有利益攸关方,包括青年领导的组织、私营部门、民间社会和媒体以及联合国各实体的活动、特别活动、贡献和投入,并考虑到由青年领导的组织为高级别会议成果文件提供的投入;", "7. 联合国 9. 认识到青年人能够应对其愿望和挑战并实现其潜力的方式将影响当前的社会和经济条件以及子孙后代的福祉和生计,并强调需要进一步努力促进青年的利益,包括充分享受其人权,特别是支持青年人发展其潜力和才智并克服青年面临的障碍;", "8. 国家 回顾承诺实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,并落实全球会议和首脑会议的成果及相关方案;", "9. 国家 强调有效的部门和跨部门国家青年政策,反映青年的多样性,以及国际合作在促进实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标方面的重要作用;", "10. 邀请会员国审查和评价其对包括千年发展目标在内的相关国际商定发展目标以及包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的相关成果和行动纲领所作承诺的执行情况,并请联合国各区域委员会协助会员国交流这方面的国家经验、教训和良好做法;", "11个 鼓励会员国继续制定、执行、监测和评价有效的国家青年政策,同时考虑到本国在青年发展方面的文化背景,并推广有关青年的区域方案;", "12个 5. 重申我们决心优先重视促进青年及其利益,并应对阻碍青年发展的挑战,特别是通过消除贫穷、促进持续经济增长、可持续发展以及充分和生产性就业及人人有体面工作,并呼吁青年和青年领导的组织更多地参与酌情制定地方、国家、区域和国际发展战略和政策;", "13个 重申需要保护青年人免遭一切形式的暴力,包括基于性别的暴力、贩运人口、欺凌和网络欺凌,并免遭参与和操纵毒品犯罪等犯罪活动;确认需要建立安全和方便青年的咨询、投诉和报告机制,以纠正侵犯其权利的行为;", "14个 5. 重申加强青年方面的国际合作,包括通过履行所有官方发展援助承诺、转让适当技术、能力建设、加强对话、相互了解和青年的积极参与等,是努力消除贫穷、充分就业和社会融合的关键因素;", "15个 3. 欢迎会员国正不断努力履行其承诺,以实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,并承认会员国、联合国实体、民间社会组织(包括青年领导的组织)和私营部门为改善青年状况而作的贡献;但关切地注意到,尽管作出了这些努力,但仍有大量青年居住在贫穷构成重大挑战和获得基本社会服务的机会有限的地区,特别是女孩和青年妇女,青年发展仍然受到经济和金融危机以及粮食危机和持续粮食无保障、能源危机和气候变化所带来的挑战的阻碍;又关切地注意到,在实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标方面,特别是在青年问题上,总体进展参差不齐;", "16号. 认识到世界上大多数青年生活在发展中国家,发展制约因素对青年构成更多的挑战,因为他们获得资源、教育和培训、保健、就业和更广泛的社会经济发展机会的机会有限,因此请联合国各实体在制订和执行青年方案时考虑到这些发展制约因素,以确保生活在发展中国家的青年平等受益;", "17岁。 谴责违反适用的国际法在武装冲突中招募和利用青年的行为,对这种行为给有关青年造成的消极影响表示遗憾,并吁请会员国同联合国各实体合作,采取具体措施并继续支持方案,确保复员青年切实重新融入社会经济生活并恢复正常生活;", "18岁。 承认预防和处理青年犯罪,包括与毒品有关的犯罪及其对青年和社会社会经济发展的影响的重要性,以及保护青年被害人和证人并支助青年罪犯康复、重返社会和融入社会的重要性,以便他们发挥建设性作用;", "19. 邀请会员国在庆祝国际青年年后,继续更加重视和扩大在国家、区域和国际各级的活动,以通过人权教育和学习等途径,促进青年之间的对话和相互了解文化,并以此作为发展、社会包容、容忍与和平的推动因素;", "20号. 3. 重申青年人和由青年领导的组织通过适当渠道充分而有效地参与相关决策进程,是实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,执行全球会议和首脑会议成果以及《世界青年行动纲领》的关键;", "21岁 4. 认识到青年代表对大会和联合国其他实体作出的积极贡献,以及他们作为青年与联合国之间交流的重要渠道的作用,并在这方面请秘书长充分支持现有文书,以使他们能够继续促进他们有效地参加会议;", "22号. 鼓励会员国同相关行为体合作,促进对话和相互理解,以更好地解决与青年有关的问题,特别是在青年积极参与、青年工作、两性平等和妇女赋权、社会融合、充分就业和人人有体面工作、获得优质教育、发展科学和创新能力、奖学金和培训、获得并安全使用信息和通信技术等方面,特别是为了保护儿童和青年、获得保健、消除歧视、保护免受一切形式的暴力、代际团结以及金融、经济和其他危机的影响;", "23. 联合国 4. 请联合国各机构并邀请国际社会和民间社会以及私营部门促进更广泛的青年发展议程并加强国际合作和良好做法交流,以支持会员国努力取得这种进展,同时考虑到确保青年发展的首要责任在于各国;", "24 (韩语). 敦促联合国各实体,包括专门机构、基金和方案,根据其任务规定,应要求支持加强国家能力和努力,以制定和执行能加速实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标和包括《世界青年行动纲领》在内的相关成果和行动纲领的国家计划、政策和方案;", "25岁 请联合国各实体加强协调并加紧努力,除其他外,通过机构间青年发展网络,采取更一致、更全面和更综合的办法来推动青年发展,吁请联合国各实体和相关伙伴制定更多措施,支持各国、区域和国际努力应对阻碍青年发展的挑战,并在此方面鼓励会员国以及包括民间社会在内的其他相关利益攸关方密切协作;", "26. 联合国 12. 请秘书长适当考虑到现有报告义务,向社会发展委员会第五十一届会议提交一份报告,说明各国如何处理影响青年的问题的经验、教训和良好做法,并在报告中评价联合国现行青年方案的成就和不足,就如何更有效地应对阻碍青年发展和参与的挑战提出具体建议,包括通过志愿活动;如何改进与青年有关的联合国方案和结构,包括其一致性;如何更好地促进全世界青年之间的对话和相互了解;如何评估这些领域的进展;并应考虑到联合国系统所做的工作,同会员国以及相关专门机构、基金和方案及区域委员会协商编写该报告;又请秘书处酌情同青年领导和以青年为重点的组织协商,以确保在社会发展委员会审议期间适当分享青年的各种投入;", "27个 再次请秘书长提出一套与《世界青年行动纲领》和拟议目标和指标相联的可能指标,以协助会员国评估青年状况,并鼓励会员国继续进行协商;", "28岁 重申决心履行促进青年发展、对话和相互了解的承诺,并适当注意包括千年发展目标在内的相关国际商定发展目标以及相关成果和行动纲领,包括《世界青年行动纲领》。 因此,我们承诺采取以下行动:", "(a) 吁请国际社会继续支持会员国同包括由青年领导的组织、私营部门和社会其他部门在内的民间社会一起,为预测和抵消全球化对社会和经济的消极影响并尽量扩大全球化对青年人的惠益而作的努力;", "(b) 国家 5. 还呼吁捐助者,包括会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织,支持会员国努力执行本成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》;", "(c) 解决青年失业率高、就业不足、就业脆弱和非正规就业高的问题,为此要制定和执行目标明确和综合的国家青年就业政策,以创造包容性就业;提高就业能力;开展技能发展和职业培训,以满足青年,包括青年移民的具体劳动力市场需要;增加创业能力,包括在地方、国家、区域和全球各级建立青年企业家网络,使青年了解他们在社会中的权利和责任;在这方面请捐助者、联合国专门实体和私营部门继续提供所需的援助,包括技术和资金支持;", "(d) 敦促会员国应对青年失业的全球挑战,制定和实施战略,使各地的青年真正有机会找到体面和有生产力的工作,在这方面,考虑努力制定一项以青年失业为重点的青年就业全球战略,并鼓励会员国、雇主组织、工会、私营部门、各级教育机构、青年组织和民间社会,在国际社会、包括金融机构在内的所有相关利益有关者和联合国系统的支持下,酌情发展这方面的伙伴关系,以通过促进青年创业等途径,促进劳动力市场的包容性就业机会,同时考虑到区域和国家的具体情况;", "(e) 与包括由青年领导的组织、教育机构和私营部门在内的民间社会合作,采取适当措施,加强国际、区域和国家伙伴关系,促进不同种族、文化和宗教背景的青年人之间的相互尊重、容忍和了解;", "(f) 加强努力,提高教育质量,促进普及教育,特别是针对青年妇女、校外青年、残疾青年、土著青年、农村地区青年、青年移民、感染艾滋病毒和受艾滋病影响的青年,不受任何歧视地确保他们能够获得所需的知识、能力、技能和道德价值观,包括适当获得奖学金和其他流动方案、非正规教育以及技术和职业教育及培训,以发展和充分参与社会、经济和政治发展进程,因为知识和教育是青年参与、对话和相互了解的关键因素;", "(g) 促进和向青年提供人权教育和学习,特别考虑到青年妇女,并制订这方面的倡议,以促进各国青年之间的对话和相互了解、容忍和友谊;", "(h) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取有效措施,保护受恐怖主义和煽动行为影响或被利用的青年;", "(一) 通过适当法律并制订战略,以防止和消除在各种环境中一切形式暴力侵害青年的行为,并确保执行有关终止暴力侵害青年行为的政策和资源充足的方案,包括支持青年通过由青年领导的组织和网络采取行动以终止暴力行为的举措;", "(j) 加强使用信息和通信技术来提高青年人的生活质量,并在联合国系统、捐助者、私营部门和民间社会的支持下,促进普遍、非歧视、公平、安全和负担得起的信息和通信技术获取,特别是在学校和公共场所,并消除弥合数字鸿沟的障碍,包括通过技术转让和国际合作,并促进发展当地相关内容并采取措施使青年人掌握适当和安全地使用信息和通信技术所需的知识和技能;", "(k) 与《公约》有关的问题 确保青年人不受歧视地获得可持续的保健系统和社会服务,特别关注并提高对营养,包括饮食失调和肥胖、非传染性疾病和传染病的影响以及性健康和生殖健康的认识,并采取措施预防性传播疾病,包括艾滋病毒和艾滋病,从而享有能达到的最高标准的身心健康;", "(l) 促进青年参与环境问题的培训和能力建设,包括适应和减缓气候变化、应对荒漠化和其他挑战,特别是参与农业生产并在提供受气候变化威胁的粮食安全方面发挥重要作用的青年;", "(m) 有效促进和保护所有移徙者,特别是青年的人权和基本自由,不论其移徙身份如何,通过国际、区域或双边合作和对话,并采用全面和平衡的办法,处理国际移徙问题,确认原籍国、过境国和目的地国在促进和保护所有移徙者,特别是青年的人权方面的作用和责任,并处理青年移徙的根源,同时避免采取可能加剧其脆弱性的办法;", "(n) 敦促会员国根据国际法采取一致行动,消除妨碍充分实现外国占领下青年权利的障碍,促进实现千年发展目标;", "(o) 鼓励会员国、国际社会、联合国系统和私营部门支持由青年领导的组织实现开放和包容性,并加强其参与国家和国际发展活动的能力;", "(p) 鼓励会员国加强与民间社会,包括由青年领导的组织建立伙伴关系的机制,为青年发展作出贡献,并酌情在青年,包括农村和城市青年、本国政府和其他相关决策者之间建立有效的合作、对话和信息交流渠道;", "(q) 减少 呼吁捐助者,包括会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织,向联合国青年基金提供积极捐款,以支持青年领域的催化和创新行动,并便利发展中国家的青年代表参加联合国青年方案的活动,同时考虑到需要扩大青年代表的地域平衡,并在这方面请秘书长采取适当行动,鼓励向基金提供捐款并与联合国其他实体与青年有关的基金发挥协同作用。", "第111次全体会议" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit to him herewith the report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 20 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "Report of Switzerland under Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "Pursuant to paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011, Switzerland has the honour to provide the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) with the following information on implementation of the measures set out in paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 thereof.", "* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.", "On 30 March 2011, the Swiss Federal Council (the Government) adopted the Ordinance instituting measures against Libya (hereinafter “the Ordinance”)* with a view to application of the United Nations sanctions established in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The legal basis for the Ordinance is the Federal Act of 22 March 2002 concerning the application of international sanctions (the Embargo Act).", "Paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011): Arms embargo", "These paragraphs are implemented by article 1 of the Ordinance.", "Article 1 (1) prohibits the sale, supply, export or transit of military equipment of all types to Libya or for use in Libya.", "Article 1 (3) prohibits the provision of services of any kind, including financial services, brokerage services and technical training related to military equipment, as well as the provision of armed mercenaries.", "Lastly, article 1 (4) prohibits the purchase, import, transit, transport and brokerage of military equipment from Libya.", "Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011): Travel ban", "This paragraph is implemented by article 4 of the Ordinance.", "Article 4 (1) prohibits the entry into or transit through Switzerland of the individuals listed in annexes 4 and 5 of the Ordinance. Annex 4 contains the list of individuals subject to sanctions under annex I of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex I of resolution 1973 (2011).", "Paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011): Asset freeze", "This paragraph is implemented by article 2 of the Ordinance.", "Article 2 (1) provides that funds and economic resources owned or controlled by the individuals, enterprises and entities listed in annexes 2 and 3 of the Ordinance shall be frozen. Annex 2 contains the list of individuals and entities subject to financial sanctions under annex II of resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II of resolution 1973 (2011).", "Article 2 (2) prohibits the provision of funds to individuals, enterprises and entities subject to the asset freeze and stipulates that funds and economic resources shall not be made directly or indirectly available to them.", "Lastly, article 8 of the Ordinance establishes the obligation to declare frozen assets to the competent Swiss authorities.", "Other measures", "The flight ban established in paragraph 17 of resolution 1973 (2011) is implemented by article 5 of the Ordinance.", "In addition to the measures described above, Switzerland has taken further coercive measures against Libya. The sale, supply, export and transit of goods which might be used for internal repression have been prohibited (article 1 (2) and annex 1 of the Ordinance). In addition, the travel ban and financial sanctions have been applied to the additional individuals and entities mentioned in annexes 3 and 5 of the Ordinance. These further coercive measures are identical to those taken by the European Union.", "As at 1 June 2011, Libyan assets valued at approximately 650 million Swiss francs were frozen in Switzerland." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "瑞士常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨转递瑞士根据第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议编写的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "瑞士根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议编写的报告", "瑞士谨根据2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第25段，向安全理事会在该决议中设立的制裁委员会提交以下关于第9、10、15和17段所定措施执行情况的资料。", "2011年3月30日，瑞士联邦委员会(即瑞士政府)通过了对利比亚采取措施的法令(以下简称“法令”)，[1] 以执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所述的联合国制裁措施。法令的法律依据为2002年3月22日关于执行国际制裁的联邦法(禁运法)。", "第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段：军火禁运", "这两段通过法令第1条执行。", "第1条第1款禁止向利比亚出售、供应、出口或转口任何军事装备或将此类装备用于利比亚。", "第1条第3款禁止提供任何军事服务，包括相关金融服务、中介服务和技术培训，禁止提供雇佣军。", "第1条第4款禁止从利比亚购买、进口或转口军事装备，禁止从事相关运输和中介活动。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15条：旅行禁令", "这一段通过法令第4条执行。", "第4条第1款禁止法令附件4和附件5所述自然人在瑞士入境或过境。附件4转录了第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所载应受制裁的自然人名单。", "第1970(2011)号决议第17段：冻结资产", "这一段通过法令第2条执行。", "第2条第1款规定冻结属于法令附件2和附件3所述自然人、企业和实体或受他们控制的金融资产和经济资源。附件2转录了第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二所载应受金融制裁的自然人和实体名单。", "第2条第2款禁止向资产被冻结的自然人、企业和实体提供资产，或者直接或间接地将金融资产或经济资源交给他们使用。", "最后，法令第8条规定了向瑞士主管当局申报被冻结资产价值的义务。", "其他措施", "第1973(2011)号决议第17段所述旅行禁令通过法令第5条执行。", "除上述措施外，瑞士还对利比亚采取了其他强制措施，一方面禁止出售、供应和转口可能会被用于内部镇压的资产，另一方面对法令附件3至附件5提到的补充个人和实体实施旅行禁令和制裁措施。这些补充强制措施与欧洲联盟所采取的措施相同。", "2011年6月初，在瑞士被冻结的利比亚资产约为6.5亿瑞士法郎。", "[1] ^(*) 附件存于秘书处以备查阅。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "瑞士常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨向他转递瑞士根据安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议提交的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月20日瑞士常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "瑞士根据安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议提交的报告", "根据2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第25段,瑞士谨向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会提供以下资料,说明该决议第9、10、15和17段所列措施的执行情况。", "* 附件存于秘书处,可供查阅。", "2011年3月30日,瑞士联邦委员会(政府)通过法令,对利比亚采取措施(下称“法令”),* 以期适用第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的联合国制裁。 该法令的法律依据是2002年3月22日关于实施国际制裁的联邦法(禁运法)。", "第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段: 武器禁运", "这些段落由条例第1条执行。", "第1(1)条禁止向利比亚出售、供应、出口或转运各种军事装备或用于利比亚。", "第1条第3款禁止提供任何形式的服务,包括金融服务、与军事装备有关的经纪服务和技术培训,并禁止提供武装雇佣军。", "最后,第1条第4款禁止从利比亚购买、进口、转运、运输和经纪军事装备。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15段: 旅行禁令", "本条由法令第4条执行。", "第4条第1款禁止条例附件4和5所列个人在瑞士入境或过境。 附件4载有第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所制裁的个人名单。", "第1970(2011)号决议第17段: 资产冻结", "本条由条例第2条执行。", "第2(1)条规定,应冻结法令附件2和附件3所列个人、企业和实体拥有或控制的资金和经济资源。 附件2载有根据第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二受金融制裁的个人和实体名单。", "第2(2)条禁止向受资产冻结限制的个人、企业和实体提供资金,并规定不得直接或间接向他们提供资金和经济资源。", "最后,法令第8条规定了向瑞士主管当局申报被冻结资产的义务。", "其他措施", "第1973(2011)号决议第17段规定的飞行禁令由法令第5条执行。", "除上述措施外,瑞士还对利比亚采取了进一步的胁迫措施。 禁止销售、供应、出口和转运可能用于内部镇压的物品(法令第1(2)条和附件1)。 此外,对法令附件3和5中提到的其他个人和实体实施了旅行禁令和金融制裁。 这些进一步的胁迫性措施与欧洲联盟采取的措施相同。", "截至2011年6月1日,利比亚在瑞士冻结了价值约6.5亿瑞士法郎的资产。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Gabonese Republic to the United Nations has the honour to transmit the report of the Gabonese Government submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Gabon to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of the Gabonese Republic submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 on the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Gabon is submitting the present report in compliance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "Arms embargo", "Paragraph 9 of the resolution", "None of the activities referred to in paragraph 9 of the resolution and directed towards the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have been detected in Gabonese territory.", "In discharging their various mandates for the inspection and control of maritime, land and air borders, the police, customs, transport and defence services have found no information concerning the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer of arms and related materiel from Gabonese territory by Gabonese or foreign nationals using any form of transport.", "In addition, Gabon does not provide any technical assistance, training or financial assistance to Libya, nor does it provide mercenaries to that country.", "Gabon is likewise not involved in the provision of the items listed as exceptions in paragraph 9 (a), (b) and (c) of the resolution.", "Nonetheless, the Gabonese authorities, for the purpose of implementing the resolution, have taken measures to strengthen the control of maritime, land and air borders.", "Paragraph 10 of the resolution", "Gabon does not import arms or related materiel from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "However, the Gabonese authorities have instituted maritime, land and air border control measures to prohibit the procurement of such items by Gabonese and foreign nationals.", "Travel ban", "Paragraph 15 of the resolution", "Gabon has no record of the entry into or transit through its territory of any of the individuals listed in annex I of the resolution.", "Concerning this issue, the Gabonese authorities have also introduced, through the competent services, reliable operational arrangements for strengthening border controls pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011).", "Asset freeze", "Paragraph 17 of the resolution", "With respect to paragraph 17, the customer records of financial institutions in Gabon do not include the names of any of the individuals and entities listed in annex II of the resolution, nor do such institutions have any record of movements of funds involving such individuals or entities.", "Financial and monetary institutions in Gabonese territory, in cooperation with subregional institutions, have taken measures to ensure strict compliance with the provisions of paragraph 17 of the resolution.", "Having prepared this national report, Gabon remains willing to engage in any exchange of information for the purpose of implementing the resolution." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "加蓬共和国常驻联合国代表团谨转递加蓬政府根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "加蓬共和国政府根据安全理事会2011年2月26日关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议提交的报告", "加蓬将本报告作为对安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段的回复。", "军火禁运", "决议第9段", "决议第9段所述以阿拉伯利比亚民众国为目的地的活动，在加蓬境内没有任何记录。", "事实上，警察、海关、运输和国防部门在海洋边界实施各类视察和监控的过程中，都没有记录到关于本国国民或外国人利用任何运输手段从加蓬境内直接或间接供应、出售或转让军火或相关物资的资料。", "此外，加蓬不向利比亚提供任何技术援助、培训或财政援助，也不提供雇佣军。", "决议第9段(a)、(b)和(c)分段所述例外也不适用于加蓬。", "不过，为执行决议，加蓬当局已采取措施加强对海陆空边界的监控。", "决议第10段", "加蓬不从阿拉伯利比亚民众国进口任何军火或相关物资。", "尽管如此，加蓬当局仍已采取海陆空监控措施，禁止本国国民和外国人购置此类物项。", "旅行禁令", "决议第15段", "加蓬没有记录到关于决议附件一所列个人在加蓬入境或过境的资料。", "关于这个问题，加蓬当局也已通过各主管部门作出可靠行动安排，根据第1970(2011)号决议加强对海陆空边界的监控。", "冻结资产", "决议第17段", "关于第17段，加蓬金融机构在其客户名单中没有发现决议附件二所列个人或实体，也没有发现涉及这些个人或实体的资金移动。", "加蓬境内的金融和货币机构已经与次区域机构协作，采取措施确保严格执行决议第17段。", "最后，在本国家报告结束之际，加蓬强调愿意随时交流关于决议执行情况的任何资料。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "加蓬共和国常驻联合国代表团谨转递加蓬政府根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月21日加蓬常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "加蓬共和国政府根据安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势的2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议提交的报告", "加蓬根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交本报告。", "武器禁运", "决议第9段", "在加蓬境内没有发现决议第9段所述针对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的活动。", "警察、海关、运输和国防部门在履行检查和管制海上、陆地和空中边界的各项任务时,没有发现任何关于加蓬人或外国国民利用任何形式的运输从加蓬领土直接或间接供应、销售或转让军火和有关物资的资料。", "此外,加蓬没有向利比亚提供任何技术援助、培训或财政援助,也没有向该国提供雇佣军。", "同样,加蓬没有参与提供决议第9(a)、(b)和(c)段所列的例外情况。", "尽管如此,加蓬当局为了执行该决议,已采取措施加强对海上、陆地和空中边界的控制。", "决议第10段", "加蓬不从阿拉伯利比亚民众国进口武器或相关材料。", "但是,加蓬当局已制定海上、陆地和空中边境管制措施,禁止加蓬人和外国国民采购此类物品。", "旅行禁令", "决议第15段", "加蓬没有关于决议附件一所列任何个人入境或过境的记录。", "在这个问题上,加蓬当局还根据第1970(2011)号决议,通过主管部门,为加强边境管制作出了可靠的行动安排。", "资产冻结", "决议第17段", "关于第17段,加蓬境内金融机构的客户记录没有列入决议附件二所列任何个人和实体的名字,这些机构也没有涉及这些个人或实体的资金流动记录。", "加蓬境内的金融和货币机构同分区域机构合作,已采取措施确保严格遵守决议第17段的规定。", "加蓬在编写本国家报告后,仍愿意为执行该决议而进行任何信息交流。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Vaz Patto \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.50 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Côte d’Ivoire to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/458, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France and the United States of America.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/387, containing the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2000 (2011).", "I would like to take this opportunity to recall that resolution 1000 (1995) was adopted on 23 June 1995. It is mere coincidence that resolution 1000 (1995), concerning the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, was, like resolution 2000 (2011), adopted under the presidency of Germany. I am sure that I speak for all members of the Security Council in paying tribute to all delegations that have served on the Council over the 65 years since resolution 1 of 25 January 1946 was adopted.", "I now give the floor to the representative of Côte d’Ivoire.", "Mr. Bamba (Côte d’Ivoire) (spoke in French): As the members of the Security Council are aware, Côte d’Ivoire is emerging from a violent post-electoral crisis that killed 3,000 people, displaced 1 million people internally, and led 300,000 refugees to flee to neighbouring countries. It also led to the deterioration of much economic and institutional infrastructure, in particular prisons and courts.", "The Government of Côte d’Ivoire has been striving for some two months for a swift return to normalcy so as to create conditions conducive to the effective implementation of President Ouattara’s programme, on the basis of which the people of Côte d’Ivoire voted for him overwhelmingly in the most fair, transparent and free democratic election ever held in my country.", "It is in that context that my delegation welcomes the unanimous adoption by the Security Council of resolution 2000 (2011), extending the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and Operation Licorne for 12 months, until 31 July 2012. In so doing, the Security Council has demonstrated its support for democracy in Côte d’Ivoire and made manifest the commitment of the international community to supporting Côte d’Ivoire in its recovery and stabilization following the crisis.", "There are many challenges ahead, including above all the issue of security, and they are all pressing. At the same time, much progress has been made. We therefore welcome the timely adoption of resolution 2000 (2011), which will help us to accelerate the normalization process under way.", "The resolution adopted today is historic because it enshrines the victory of the will of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. As you noted, Sir, it is a symbolic resolution. It is not by chance that the Council adopted both resolutions 1000 (1995) and 2000 (2011) under a German presidency. It is a round number, symbolizing a new beginning filled with promise for a radiant future of peace and prosperity for Côte d’Ivoire.", "More specifically, resolution 2000 (2011) addresses the progress made on the ground by the Ivorian authorities. It commends the initiatives of the President of Côte d’Ivoire to stabilize the country in the areas of security, assistance to internally displaced persons, the promotion of reconciliation and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. It takes note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de defense de Côte d’Ivoire. It stresses the importance of future legislative elections and the full restoration of constitutional order. The resolution maintains the robust deterrent force of UNOCI, with a troop ceiling of 9,792 personnel on the ground, as well as reinforcements.", "It is important to note that the resolution upholds the certification of the legislative elections, taking the necessary adaptations into account. It commends the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and attaches particular importance to the protection of civilians and respect for human rights in Côte d’Ivoire. It reaffirms the leadership of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire in the implementation of security sector reform, and addresses the need for a new disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme tailored to the new circumstances, highlighting both objective and personal criteria.", "The resolution addresses the recommendations of the Human Rights Council in Geneva and refers to the International Criminal Court, as sought by President Ouattara, who is here at United Nations Headquarters in New York. He has just had a very important and fruitful meeting with the Secretary-General and a working meeting with the President of the General Assembly, at which he took the opportunity to reiterate Côte d’Ivoire’s commitment to adhering to the noble ideals of the United Nations Charter.", "The return of peace to Côte d’Ivoire is a vibrant reality in the daily lives of the people of Côte d’Ivoire. That peace should be strengthened and consolidated so that the country can recover its former prosperity and its natural place as a nexus of political stability and economic growth in the West African subregion. To that end, progress must be further extended and accelerated. My delegation believes that the renewal of the UNOCI and Operation Licorne mandates will contribute decisively to that end.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Security Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 11 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 贾比尔先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 瓦斯·帕托先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "上午10时50分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "主席(以英语发言)按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请科特迪瓦代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/458，其中载有法国和美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/387，其中载有秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2000(2011)号决议。", "我要借此机会回顾，第1000(1995)号决议是于1995年6月23日通过的。像第2000(2011)号决议一样，关于联合国塞浦路斯维持和平部队的第1000(1995)号决议正巧也是在德国担任主席时通过的。我相信我是代表安全理事会全体成员向自1946年1月25日第1号决议获得通过后的65年以来担任安理会成员的所有代表团致以敬意的。", "我现在请科特迪瓦代表发言。", "班巴先生(科特迪瓦)(以法语发言)：正如安全理事会成员所知，科特迪瓦正在摆脱一场极为严重的选举后危机。在这场危机中，有3 000人被杀，1万人沦为境内流离失所者，以及造成30万难民逃往邻国。这场危机还导致经济和机构基础设施、尤其是监狱和法庭恶化。", "大约两个多月来，科特迪瓦政府一直力求迅速恢复正常，以便为有效执行瓦塔拉总统方案创造有利条件。根据该方案，科特迪瓦人民在我国有史以来举行的最公平、透明和自由的民主选举中，以压倒性的多数投票给他。", "正是在这一背景下，我国代表团欢迎一致通过安全理事会第2000(2001)号决议，将联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和独角兽行动的任务期限延长12个月至2012年7月31日。安全理事会以此表明支持科特迪瓦民主，并表明国际社会致力于支持科特迪瓦在危机后实现恢复与稳定。", "面前有许多挑战，尤其包括安全问题。所有挑战都是紧迫的。与此同时，已取得了重大进展。因此，我们欢迎一致通过第2000(2001)号决议，该决议将协助我们加快正在进行的正常化进程。", "今天通过的决议是富有历史意义的，因为它标志着科特迪瓦人民意志的胜利。主席先生，正如你指出的那样，这是一项具有象征意义的决议。安理会均在德国担任主席期间通过第1000(1995)号决议和第2000(2011)号决议，并非偶然。这是一个整数，象征着充满对科特迪瓦光辉灿烂的和平与繁荣未来的希望的新开端。", "更具体地说，第2000(2011)号决议提及科特迪瓦当局在实地取得的进展。决议赞扬科特迪瓦总统在安全、援助境内流离失所者、促进和解以及修复基础设施等领域采取的稳定国家的举措。决议注意到组建了科特迪瓦共和国部队，以取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队。决议强调今后举行立法选举和恢复宪法秩序的重要性。决议维持联科行动强有力的威慑力，兵员最高限额为9 792人，以及增派兵员。", "必须注意到，决议考虑到必要的调整，维持对立法选举的认证。决议赞扬设立对话、真相与和解委员会，并对在科特迪瓦保护平民和尊重人权给予特别重视。决议重申科特迪瓦政府在实行安全部门改革中的领导作用，并强调需要制定一个新的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案，该方案须符合新的情况，强调客观和个人标准。", "决议论及日内瓦人权理事会提出的建议，并提及瓦塔拉总统所诉诸的国际刑事法院。瓦塔拉总统目前正在纽约联合国总部。他刚刚同秘书长进行了非常重要、富有成效的会晤，并且同大会主席举行了工作会晤。在这期间，他借此机会重申了科特迪瓦对遵守《联合国宪章》崇高宗旨的承诺。", "在科特迪瓦恢复和平是科特迪瓦人民日常生活中的一个活生生的现实。这一和平应得到加强和巩固，以使我国能够恢复其昔日的繁荣和作为西非次区域政治稳定和经济增长中心的自然地位。为此，必须进一步扩大和加快进展。我国代表团认为，延长联科行动和独角兽行动的任务期限将为此作出决定性贡献。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其他发言者了。安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安全理事会将继续处理此案。", "上午11时散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 博内先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 曼吉耶夫·辛格普里先生\n黎巴嫩 Jaber先生\n尼日利亚 奥格武女士\n葡萄牙 瓦斯·帕托先生\n俄罗斯联邦 朱可夫先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "上午10时50分宣布开会", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第37条,我请科特迪瓦代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前有文件S/2011/458,其中载有法国和美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案的文本。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/387,其中载有秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告。", "我的理解是,安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。 我现在将决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成:", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言):有15票赞成。 决议草案获得一致通过,成为第2000(2011)号决议。", "我要借此机会回顾,第1000(1995)号决议于1995年6月23日通过。 关于联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队的第1000(1995)号决议与德国担任主席期间通过的第2000(2011)号决议一样,只是巧合而已。 我相信,我代表安全理事会所有成员向自1946年1月25日第1号决议通过以来65年来在安理会任职的所有代表团致敬。", "我现在请科特迪瓦代表发言。", "班巴先生(科特迪瓦)(以法语发言): 安全理事会成员知道,科特迪瓦正在摆脱选举后的暴力危机,这场危机造成3 000人死亡,100万人在境内流离失所,并导致30万难民逃到邻国。 它还导致许多经济和体制基础设施,特别是监狱和法院的恶化。", "大约两个月来,科特迪瓦政府一直努力使局势迅速恢复正常,以创造有利于有效执行瓦塔拉总统方案的条件。 在此基础上,科特迪瓦人民在我国有史以来最公平、最透明和最自由的民主选举中以压倒性多数投票赞成瓦塔拉总统。", "在此背景下,我国代表团欢迎安全理事会一致通过第2000(2011)号决议,将联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和 \" 独角兽行动 \" 的任务期限延长12个月,至2012年7月31日。 安全理事会在这样做时表明了对科特迪瓦民主的支持,并表明国际社会承诺支持科特迪瓦在危机后恢复和稳定。", "前面有许多挑战,首先包括安全问题,这些挑战都是紧迫的。 与此同时,取得了很大进展。 因此,我们欢迎及时通过第2000(2011)号决议,这将有助于我们加快目前正在进行的正常化进程。", "今天通过的决议具有历史意义,因为它体现了科特迪瓦人民意愿的胜利。 主席先生,正如你指出的那样,这是一项象征性的决议。 在德国担任主席期间,安理会通过第1000(1995)和2000(2011)号决议并非偶然。 它是一个圆形数字,象征着充满了科特迪瓦和平与繁荣光明未来的希望的新开端。", "更具体地说,第2000(2011)号决议述及科特迪瓦当局在实地取得的进展。 安理会赞扬科特迪瓦总统在安全、援助境内流离失所者、促进和解和修复基础设施等领域为稳定该国而采取的举措。 安理会注意到科特迪瓦共和军已经成立,取代了前科特迪瓦安全和防卫部队。 安理会强调今后立法选举和全面恢复宪政秩序的重要性。 该决议维持了联科行动强有力的威慑力量,其兵力上限为9 792名实地人员以及增援人员。", "必须指出,该决议维护立法选举的认证,同时考虑到必要的调整。 安理会赞扬科特迪瓦设立对话、真相与和解委员会,并特别重视在科特迪瓦保护平民并尊重人权。 安理会重申科特迪瓦政府在执行安全部门改革方面的领导作用,并需要根据新的情况制定新的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案,同时强调客观标准和个人标准。", "该决议涉及人权理事会在日内瓦所提出的建议并提及国际刑事法院,瓦塔拉总统正在纽约联合国总部寻求设立国际刑事法院。 他刚刚同秘书长举行了一次非常重要和富有成果的会议,同大会主席举行了一次工作会议,他借此机会重申科特迪瓦致力于坚持《联合国宪章》的崇高理想。", "科特迪瓦恢复和平是科特迪瓦人民日常生活中充满生机的现实。 应加强并巩固这种和平,使该国能够恢复其原先的繁荣和作为西非次区域政治稳定和经济增长纽带的自然地位。 为此,必须进一步扩大和加快进展。 我国代表团认为,延长联科行动和独角兽行动的任务期限将为此目的作出决定性贡献。", "主席(以英语发言):我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。 安全理事会将继续处理此案。", "上午11时散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n\tGabon\tMr. MoungaraMoussotsi\n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Moraes Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The meeting was called to order at 11.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "United Nations peacekeeping operations", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations; Lieutenant General Patrick Nyamvumba, Force Commander of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur; Lieutenant General Chander Prakash, Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas, Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon; and Major General Muhammad Khalid, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia to participate in this meeting.", "I would also like to warmly welcome the other Force Commanders and Chief Military Observers present with us today.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy: We are grateful to you, Mr. President, for giving all our heads of mission the opportunity to appear before the Council. Four of them will speak. The first, Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, will speak on the issue of the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Lieutenant General Prakash of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will speak on the impact of the conditionality policy on the operation. Major General Asarta Cuevas of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon will speak on safety concerns in south Lebanon and their impact on daily operations. Major General Khalid of the United Nations Mission in Liberia will speak on the role of military components in early peacebuilding.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant General Nyamvumba.", "Lieutenant General Nyamvumba: I would like to thank you, Mr. President, for allowing me to address the Security Council on the protection of civilians in a non-permissive environment. Today, I will discuss issues of the operational environment, experience and strategic approach and efforts of the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) in implementing its mandate vis-à-vis the protection of civilians. I will first briefly talk about Darfur’s non‑permissive environment and UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy. I will then discuss the efforts UNAMID has made to provide protection to civilians. Finally, I will talk about the challenges of the issue under discussion.", "Let me begin with the operational environment of Darfur. Suffice it to say that the environment across the length and breadth of Darfur is indeed non-permissive. It is a large area with harsh climatic conditions, a lack of adequate roads and infrastructure, and limited local resources. Darfur is huge and mostly without minimum infrastructure facilities, which creates considerable barriers to reaching populations at risk and in need. The poor state of the roads often delays movement and restricts operational activities, especially during the rainy season, from June to October.", "Besides this, the non-permissive environment for the protection of civilians in Darfur is also a result of localized armed clashes between the Government of the Sudan and belligerent groups, as well as localized tribal conflicts and clashes, usually over natural resources. Other factors include organized banditry, the widespread availability of small arms, sexual violence, child recruitment, and arbitrary arrests and detention.", "In some areas, we have seen that due to the localized fighting between the Government of the Sudan and armed groups, UNAMID’s movements, both on land and in the air, have sometimes been restricted by warring factions that unquestionably impede our efforts to protect civilians. Additionally, in the absence of any definite peace agreement or ceasefire between all the belligerents in Darfur, the conflict continues, resulting in the Government of the Sudan and the armed groups again restricting access to those areas; in an insecure environment for humanitarian components; and in the further suffering of the inhabitants. With diverse interest groups and stakeholders involved, the security situation remains volatile, and inter-factional or tribal conflicts continue to occur between all these warring parties.", "Ultimately, the protection of the people of Darfur is dependent on the readiness and capacity of the Government of the Sudan to carry out its sovereign responsibility to protect its citizens. Accordingly, UNAMID’s protection strategy, inter alia, identifies specific objectives and tasks to engage with and assist the Government of the Sudan in fulfilling its protection responsibilities in accordance with international human rights law. Our protection strategy at UNAMID is based on UNAMID’s protection of civilians mandate, as issued under resolutions 1769 (2007), 1828 (2008) and 1935 (2010), and the communiqué of the seventy-ninth meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council. The mandated tasks are to protect civilians across Darfur and to ensure safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and the protection of humanitarian convoys.", "UNAMID’s protection of civilians strategy was prepared in full consultation with the United Nations country team. It is both built on and helps to guide the UNAMID/United Nations country team’s integrated strategic framework; the United Nations Sudan humanitarian work plan; the UNAMID protection of civilians mission directive; the UNAMID Force Commander’s directive; and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations/Department of Field Services operational concept on the protection of civilians in United Nations peacekeeping operations. In keeping with its strategic roles and responsibilities, UNAMID has developed a situational awareness and early warning system. It also monitors, reports and evaluates incidents and conducts operational planning and implementation, coordination, communications and public information.", "In the light of its mandate, and based on analysis of the protection environment in Darfur, the UNAMID strategy outlines four main objectives, which are, first, to ensure the fulfilment by the Government, armed groups and other non-State actors of their responsibility to protect civilians, in accordance with international human rights and humanitarian law; secondly, to protect civilians from physical acts of violence; thirdly, to ensure freedom of access to the populations at risk; and lastly, to prevent violations of human rights and ensure effective response, particularly with regard to women and children.", "I shall now turn more specifically to our activities with regard to the protection of civilians. Despite the many obstacles in our operational environment, UNAMID has been relentless in its efforts to launch several initiatives aimed at improving its protection of civilians. We have maintained a more robust presence throughout Darfur, particularly in areas where fighting has affected civilian communities. We have improved the Mission’s early warning and early response mechanism by issuing weekly analytical protection of civilian reports, in addition to conducting weekly civil-military coordination meetings.", "We have significantly increased our patrol activities to include robust patrolling in various villages by day and night; protecting internally displaced person (IDP) camps; protecting marketplaces; assisting disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes; and providing humanitarian, logistics and administrative escorts. UNAMID’s military, along with other components of the Mission, has already established a broader footprint across Darfur. In 2010, UNAMID’s military conducted a total of 33,963 patrols; by contrast, in the first six months of 2011, the number has already reached 23,554. This is clearly a marked improvement, which signals our increased effort to protect innocent civilians. UNAMID has been able to assist in stabilizing team sites in Shangil Tobaya, Khor Abeche, Hamidiya, Hassa Hissa and Kalma camps.", "UNAMID has facilitated access for humanitarian actors to deliver assistance, including in Jebel Marra and Jebel Moon. In the case of Jebel Marra, we are actively seeking to establish a temporary operating base in Feina as a humanitarian hub for outreach to other locations in the area. In all of these areas, there has been a significant improvement in the security situation, and as a result significant numbers of IDPs — approximately 1,500 per month since January — have started returning to their homes. We have assisted in the movement of families within Sector North and the resettlement of returnees from Chad in Sector West. The Mission has been involved in settling disputes over farms and water among nomads, and tribal clashes.", "In May and June, UNAMID, in collaboration with the humanitarian country team, initiated efforts to reach out and deliver relief assistance to areas that had not been accessed before.", "The quick-impact projects have also provided dividends in terms of delivering on various needs of the populations. The exercise code-named Operation Spring Basket has been conceptualized within the framework of the UNAMID strategy on the protection of civilians as a means of improving the delivery of humanitarian relief through the expansion of access to hard-to-reach areas and to more people in need.", "Following the negotiations held with the Government of the Sudan and the armed movements, Operation Spring Basket commenced on 1 May with a total of nine assessment missions, completed during the months of May and June 2011. The missions have been able to deliver a limited supply of vaccinations for women and children, as well as educational and shelter materials for a girls’ school in Northern Darfur.", "Protection is indeed a joint effort by UNAMID and the humanitarian community. However, that community is culturally independent and has its own schedule and priorities, and at times it is not comfortable delivering aid with the military involved. Organizationally, while the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs is charged with coordination, it has no authority, incentives or penalties to increase participation by the United Nations family or non-governmental organizations.", "UNAMID has provided escorts as well as corridors for the delivery of humanitarian services, including those related to food, water, hygiene, vaccination and shelter. Some of those activities have succeeded in curtailing maternal deaths and reducing the infant mortality rate. The HIV/AIDS Unit is also working with the UNAMID military, police and civilian components to build the capacity of mission personnel on matters related to the integration of HIV/AIDS into their various activities. Since January 2011, the UNAMID HIV/AIDS Unit has provided valuable services to more than 1,000 ex-combatants demobilized in different parts of Darfur. The third phase, planned for July and August 2011, is expected to continue with a stronger and larger focus on the actual delivery of humanitarian relief.", "Our efforts with regard to the protection of civilians also face different challenges. The first and foremost is that in the absence of a comprehensive, inclusive and legitimate ceasefire by all armed movements, the security of civilians remains a major concern. It is to be noted that on many occasions UNAMID has been prevented from having access to certain areas because of fighting, which continues to create challenges for the protection of civilians. Other challenges include the fact that peacekeepers have also been targeted, with seven of them killed in 2010 and 2011.", "Finally, poor training and ill-equipped troop-contributing countries have been identified as one of the major setbacks affecting efficiency concerning the protection of civilians in Darfur. It is indeed unfortunate that, in spite of deliberate orders, some troop-contributing countries have failed to act in accordance with the training focus for the Mission mandate.", "I have provided here a flavour of the strategies on the protection of civilians and the guidelines of UNAMID and have outlined the realities on ground. Against that backdrop, I have highlighted our efforts and activities aimed at improving human lives. Protection of civilians in Darfur is definitely a demanding and arduous job. However, our determination and efforts will be sustained. We shall continuously strive to overcome the challenges by whatever means are available to us, and we shall continue to count on the support of the Security Council.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Chander Prakash.", "Lieutenant-General Prakash: It is an honour for me, as Force Commander of one of the largest United Nations peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) — to be given an opportunity to address the Council this morning on the conditionality policy and its impact on operations.", "The policy has been in operation in MONUSCO for just over 18 months, and we now have a reasonably good feel for what it can do and the associated issues. These I will elaborate on a little later, but before doing so, it might be helpful if I started by talking about what the policy actually entails and how it is being implemented by MONUSCO.", "Protection of civilians in support of the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains the primary focus of our work. Among the other tasks with which the Mission is charged, we are mandated to support the efforts of the Government in bringing ongoing military operations against the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (FDLR), the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and other armed groups to a completion, specifically by supporting the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) through jointly planned operations. But, as stated in resolution 1925 (2010) and carried through its current mandate — resolution 1991 (2011) — MONUSCO support for the FARDC is strictly conditioned on compliance by the FARDC with international humanitarian and human rights law, and refugee law. This caveat is what is now referred to as the conditionality policy, and it governs the way in which the Mission approaches the task of supporting the FARDC and other Congolese authorities.", "The policy has been translated into a detailed mission standing operating procedure, setting out very clear requirements that need to be met in order for support to the FARDC to be provided. The nature of the support includes primarily fuel, rations, transportation, fire support, expert advice and casualty evacuation. Certain ongoing FARDC actions against the armed groups, such as Operation Amani Leo and Operation Iron Stone, inter alia, are being carried out with considerable support from MONUSCO. That support is conditional on there being sufficient joint planning of operations, particularly with respect to protection of civilians. Support is limited to units and commanders with acceptable human rights records. Implicit is the requirement for adequate screening of key personnel and visibility of FARDC actions in the field. Support is denied at the planning stage to units or commanders believed to have committed grave human rights violations, including mass rapes and the employment of child soldiers.", "In this regard, a thorough screening process is in place. Even after the support is provided, if at some stage non-compliance with the conditionality policy comes to light, support can be withdrawn after due notification to the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and if they then fail to take appropriate action, as was the case when serious human rights violations were committed by one of the battalions recently. The standard operating procedure remains the subject of fine-tuning.", "The implementation of the conditionality policy is regularly reviewed by the senior management group, in consultation with representatives of the humanitarian community, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. The impact of the conditionality policy is now visible.", "There are, of course, some positives. In certain areas, the policy has had a positive impact on the conduct of operations by the FARDC. It has brought the MONUSCO Force and FARDC closer to jointly planning operations and developing operational concepts that are applicable to the unique conditions that prevail in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Both sides have learned from each other, and, as a result, operations have become much more sophisticated in their design and implementation. Importantly, protection of civilians has been factored in at the start of the planning process, as inputs are sought from a large number of stakeholders, including the Joint Human Rights Office within the Mission. The Mission’s efforts and those of the FARDC are now much better coordinated, with obvious benefits in terms of what can be achieved on the ground. The requirement for MONUSCO is to closely scrutinize the distribution of logistics support, which has its obvious operational benefits. It has helped to ensure that our support gets to the troops in the field as intended, to ensure that they are properly fed and sustained, thereby contributing to individual morale and motivation.", "The very existence of the conditionality policy, as well as President Kabila’s “zero-tolerance” policy, has reminded Commanders of their personal responsibilities in exercising effective command and control over their own troops in operations. For their own sake, as well as for that of the unit, they have had to pay more attention to what is being done by the troops in their name.", "By and large, the recent behaviour of MONUSCO-supported FARDC units has been satisfactory, and the conduct of most joint operations has not been impacted by adverse publicity. In an army made up of professionals, ex-rebels and Mayi-Mayis, which has attracted criticism for preying off the local population, we now have started seeing encouraging signs of improvement in personal discipline and human values.", "There are certain issues. Despite certain obvious benefits, the policy presents certain issues and challenges for the Mission. The limited resources available to the Mission to implement the conditionality policy, in addition to other commitments, means that there is a restriction on the number of FARDC units that it can support. At a certain point in time, we run out of military observers and contingents to carry out the monitoring functions. We also run out of civilian staff to conduct the necessary screening checks. In addition to this, experience has shown there are many commanders who do not meet the criteria. So, one of the consequences of our own conditionality policy is that our capacity to reach and influence all parts of the FARDC order of battle is not as great as we would want it to be.", "That having been said, even if we had sufficient resources we would still find ourselves in the situation where there is no longer a strong appetite within the FARDC for conducting joint operations, particularly in the Kivus. They argue, with some vindication, that operational surprise and security are lost due to the protracted preparations and wide consultation. The trend is therefore away from joint operations towards unilateral FARDC operations, over which the Mission has limited oversight or influence.", "It is a fact that we have been breaking new ground with the introduction of a conditionality policy. We had nothing to fall back on in terms of tried and tested guidance for implementing the policy. Only as time has passed have we become more confident about the best ways of operationalizing the policy. There have been stresses and strains along the way, including with our FARDC partners, who have complained about inadequate consultation and engagement, particularly in the early days when considering withdrawal of support to offending units. Requests for changes of commanders have aroused feelings of intrusion into areas of national sovereignty.", "Our own troops have also faced the dilemma of trying to work out where to place priority — monitoring supported FARDC or countering anti‑Government forces? This has not been easy, particularly for junior field commanders, who are trained more to deal with clarity than ambiguity. Who is on which side? When should they act, and how? Conditionality has certainly added to the burden on such officers and made the operational landscape more blurred and challenging.", "Let me make some recommendations. Having sketched out some of the ways in which the conditionality policy can impact on operations, I would now like to make a few suggestions on how it might be enhanced for future missions. First and foremost, the conditionality policy cannot stand on its own for long-term gains; it must be simultaneously followed up and supported by broader military reforms, such as proper integration, and security sector reform.", "Secondly, while it is desirable to make the screening system broad and deep, apart from being resource-intensive, it tends to reduce the number of commanders and units available for operations that can be supported by MONUSCO. The extent to which the exercise is undertaken needs to be looked at again. We need to find a balance between what is desirable and what is feasible, in order for the policy not to become so invasive that it conflicts with the achievement of our overall mandate.", "Thirdly, where possible we should seek to introduce this policy at mission start-up rather than further downstream. It is easier to implement when everything else is new, and the impact could potentially be much greater.", "To conclude, conditionality policy has had both positive and negative impacts on operations. There are certain broader issues and human values at stake. To my mind, this policy is there to stay, but there is scope for further development and refinement. If the policy were seen as jointly owned by our national partners, this would be of great help. While it would still be a vehicle for safeguarding the United Nations image and reputation, it could also create an opening for the host nation to influence and take informed decisions on what and who is supported.", "The President: I thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Alberto Asarta Cuevas. Let me take this opportunity to reiterate the Council’s strong condemnation of the attacks perpetrated against the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon yesterday in Saida and to convey through him our condolences to the injured and their families.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas: I thank you very much, Sir, for your kind words and for giving me the opportunity to address the Council today.", "Last week, the Council met to discuss the latest report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) (S/2011/406). I know that the Council was briefed by Special Coordinator Williams and the Department for Peacekeeping Operations.", "Today, I would like to take this opportunity to highlight one of my main concerns in southern Lebanon: the issue of safety and security and its impact on the operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). I will then also touch on the broader issue of the status of the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and the focus for the coming period to ensure further progress in its overall implementation.", "On the whole, southern Lebanon and northern Israel have enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. The situation in UNIFIL’s area of operations also remained relatively stable during the first half of 2011, when the political situation in the country was at an impasse. Nevertheless, in recent months, UNIFIL has experienced a series of events that reflected the range of threats that the Mission is exposed to and that affect the security situation.", "Yesterday, at around 6 p.m. local time, an explosion targeted a UNIFIL convoy along the coastal road near the town of Saida, which is outside UNIFIL’s area of operations. According to preliminary information, the attack injured six UNIFIL peacekeepers. Three of them were transported with minor injuries to hospital for treatment, where their condition is said to be stable. They will be repatriated today to France. UNIFIL forensic experts are coordinating closely with the Lebanese Armed Forces to determine the circumstances surrounding the incident. This was the fifth attack against UNIFIL since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Council members will also be aware of the attack against a UNIFIL convoy that occurred on 27 May on the highway to Beirut, when a remote-controlled roadside bomb exploded, injuring six Italian peacekeepers. Two were seriously wounded, while four suffered light to moderate injuries. In addition, two Lebanese civilians sustained minor injuries. This was the first attack in more than three years. No one has claimed responsibility for the attack.", "The Lebanese authorities and UNIFIL immediately launched an investigation, as have the Italian authorities. These investigations are still ongoing. The attack was condemned by all senior political leaders across the political spectrum. The cooperation with the Lebanese authorities in conducting the investigation and in instituting additional risk-mitigation measures, such as Lebanese Army escorts, has been good. In addition, I, as the designated official for security in south Lebanon, undertook to reduce the risk of a similar attack by adopting additional protection measures, including for military convoys and other movements inside and outside the UNIFIL area of operations, and for enhanced force protection. Nevertheless, it is impossible to completely prevent such terrorist attacks.", "On 15 May — and this is also covered in the Secretary-General’s report — a large demonstration took place on the occasion of what the Palestinians commemorate as Nakba Day. I will not repeat in detail the sequence of the tragic events that, according to the information provided to UNIFIL by Lebanese authorities, resulted in 7 persons being killed and more than 100 injured. We have discussed our preliminary findings on the events with the parties and, having sent the UNIFIL investigation report to them, will do so in more detail at the next tripartite meeting, planned for August.", "UNIFIL has also conveyed to the parties its recommendations for preventing such incidents in the future. Specifically, the Lebanese authorities should carry out a full assessment of all security and other risks of violations of resolution 1701 (2006) and of measures required to maintain law and order before authorizing any demonstration in the vicinity of the Blue Line. The Lebanese Army did not authorize demonstrations in the vicinity of the Blue Line during the Naksa period in early June, thereby preventing a repetition of such violence. These measures have indeed proven to be effective, and they demonstrate yet again the resolve and determination of the Lebanese Armed Forces and the people of southern Lebanon to work towards lasting peace and stability in the south.", "Finally, throughout the month of June, the Mission experienced a number of incidents of unfriendly behaviour by individuals or groups of individuals towards UNIFIL patrols and restricted freedom of movement of UNIFIL. These incidents do give me real cause for concern.", "In many instances, the Lebanese side cites a perceived infringement of the individual’s or local community’s privacy by the UNIFIL troops taking photos or inadvertently entering private property as the reason for the unfriendly behaviour towards our troops. However, not all such situations can be explained in this way, and we cannot exclude that there may also be instances when the population may be encouraged to act in this way in an attempt to discourage UNIFIL from carrying out its activities and thereby fulfilling its mandate throughout the area of operations.", "How has UNIFIL reacted to these events? We have increased force protection and risk-mitigating measures, which often means that more personnel are required to carry out the same activities. We also conduct more operational activities, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces to the extent that the capacity of the Lebanese Army allows but without limiting the performance of UNIFIL in carrying out activities, especially those we consider essential. The Council can rest assured that neither terrorist attacks nor unfriendly encounters with the population will deter UNIFIL from carrying out its mandate. We continue to do so with the same resolve as ever.", "At this point, I would also like to convey to the Council how greatly the Mission has benefited from the unwavering support it has received over the years from the Council, as expressed most strongly in resolution 1773 (2007). On the basis of that resolution, UNIFIL regularly reminds the parties of their responsibilities to scrupulously respect the safety and security of United Nations personnel and the freedom of movement of UNIFIL and reiterates with Lebanese interlocutors the Council’s call for closer cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army.", "Despite the security challenges I spoke about earlier, the security situation in the south, as I mentioned before, remains generally relatively stable, and south Lebanon has enjoyed the five quietest and calmest years in many decades. This is in many ways the result of the close cooperation between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army, which helped establish a new strategic environment in southern Lebanon.", "Almost five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), it is an appropriate moment to look again at the main objectives of the resolution and how we need to proceed in order to achieve them.", "Resolution 1701 (2006) called for a full cessation of hostilities. It also called for Israel and Lebanon to support a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict based, inter alia, on full respect for the Blue Line by both parties and security arrangements to prevent the resumption of hostilities, including the establishment between the Blue Line and the Litani River of an area free of any armed personnel, assets and weapons other than those of the Government of Lebanon and of UNIFIL.", "In addition to carrying out its military operational activities, UNIFIL established the tripartite forum, in which it discusses with senior representatives of the Israel Defense Forces and the Lebanese Armed Forces violations of resolution 1701 (2006), military operational issues and confidence-building measures between the two sides. The tripartite forum has developed into a key mechanism for liaison and coordination between the parties, and both parties have committed themselves to it and use it actively. The forum continues to play a critical role in advancing the Blue Line marking process, in finding practical solutions to contentious issues and thereby in defusing tensions and preventing the escalation of incidents in areas along the Blue Line.", "The Lebanese Armed Forces are a strategic partner for UNIFIL in maintaining the new strategic environment in south Lebanon and in implementing resolution 1701 (2006). The joint Department of Peacekeeping Operations-UNIFIL technical review, which was completed at the beginning of 2010, therefore recommended that a regular strategic dialogue mechanism between UNIFIL and the Lebanese Armed Forces be set up. The Lebanese authorities — Government and Army — welcomed this recommendation, and the mechanism has been established and has taken up its work.", "The process will assist the Lebanese Armed Forces in establishing appropriate operational capabilities for implementing tasks mandated in resolution 1701 (2006) and will eventually facilitate the gradual handover of responsibility to the Lebanese Armed Forces. The strategic dialogue mechanism will proceed on the basis of analyses of the UNIFIL and Lebanese Army ground forces and maritime assets and will set a series of benchmarks reflecting the correlation between the capacity and responsibilities of UNIFIL vis-à-vis the capacity and responsibilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "With the tripartite forum and the strategic dialogue mechanism, UNIFIL is in a good position to advance the military operational issues mandated to it in resolution 1701 (2006). The successful implementation of these processes will, hopefully, ensure that the situation in south Lebanon and along the Blue Line will remain calm and that the cessation of hostilities between the parties will be maintained.", "Essentially, that would ensure maintaining the status quo of relative calm, but in a precariously fragile environment. However, I believe we — the United Nations, UNIFIL, the Security Council and the international community — should not be satisfied with maintaining this status quo. Rather, the calm and relative stability that UNIFIL and the Lebanese Army and the Israel Defense Forces have established and maintained across the Blue Line provide a window of opportunity for a political process to address the issues, which are beyond the remit of a peacekeeping mission such as UNIFIL can support a political process by ensuring a conducive security situation, but it cannot replace a political, diplomatic process.", "I therefore believe it is necessary to refocus all our efforts on achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), namely, a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution to the conflict.", "UNIFIL enjoys the support of the population in the south, and the Lebanese national consensus on resolution 1701 (2006) has been maintained. The ministerial statement of the new Government reiterates Lebanon’s strong commitment to resolution 1701 (2006) and to UNIFIL’s mandate. At the most recent tripartite meeting, on 13 July, the head of the Lebanese delegation confirmed that there has been no change in the orders to the Lebanese Armed Forces with respect to implementation of resolution 1701 (2006) and cooperation with UNIFIL.", "While the new Government’s period in office has been short, UNIFIL has noted that the Government and the Army are acting in that spirit. This was confirmed by Prime Minister Mikati in his first visit to south Lebanon, on 16 July, which included a symbolic visit to UNIFIL headquarters, constituting a strong statement of support for our Mission.", "The Government of Israel also remains committed to the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). Since the adoption of the resolution, UNIFIL has enjoyed the unanimous support of the Security Council for its operation in south Lebanon. That support remains of vital importance in order for UNIFIL to be in a strong position to continue to carry out its mandate.", "These are key factors for continued success in the implementation of UNIFIL’s mandate. At the same time, however, UNIFIL’s success in eventually handing over responsibilities to the Lebanese Army and drawing down its own forces will ultimately depend on a political process to resolve the issues underlying the conflict. UNIFIL is providing a window of opportunity that should be seized in order to make progress towards achieving the main objectives of resolution 1701 (2006), which I reiterate, namely, the establishment of a permanent ceasefire and a long-term solution of the conflict.", "Very soon the Council will discuss the extension of UNIFIL’s mandate. As Head of Mission and Force Commander of UNIFIL, I would highly appreciate the continued support of the Security Council and in particular its express support for the safety and freedom of movement of UNIFIL personnel, as well as the objectives of the strategic dialogue process.", "The President: I thank Major General Asarta Cuevas for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Major General Muhammad Khalid.", "Major General Khalid: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), I feel honoured to have been mandated to share in this forum my thoughts and experiences on the role of the military component in early peacebuilding. I will deal with the subject by first underlining the peacebuilding process so as to ascertain the space available for application of the military instrument. Then I will outline its role in early peacebuilding and how it can be achieved. At the end, I will highlight certain areas that I feel would need attention before mandating the deployment of the military component.", "Post-conflict societies are characterized by non‑existent or very weak security mechanisms — armies in shambles, disorganized paramilitary forces under little or no control, abundant arms and ammunition in private and Government possession, and lack of trust in and legitimacy of Government control over police and military forces. Against such a backdrop, peacekeeping troops attempt to support the transition of wartime security tasks and the political and economic system by providing a peaceful and secure environment for a sustainable and durable peace process.", "Since the cold war era, the concept of peacekeeping has been entirely transformed. The military component, apart from providing a safe and secure environment and monitoring ceasefires between opposing parties, carries out a host of other activities that fall under the purview of peacebuilding. That entails all actions to identify and support structures that will tend to strengthen peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.", "Let me add that the peacebuilding process is multidimensional, intricate and specialized in nature. It is not necessarily the domain of the military but rather is the specialized job of experts in this field. It involves the process of and activities in resolving violent conflicts and establishing sustainable peace. It focuses on national capacity-building, which takes place in collaboration with political, operational and tactical fronts at national and subnational levels.", "Normally, the military component is first to be deployed in any conflict-ridden area, as other set-ups take more time due to certain procedural delays and the non-conducive environment.", "The military component, by virtue of its organizational strength, can absorb and facilitate other components, besides undertaking a variety of roles to minimize the miseries of the inhabitants of a conflict zone. It also facilitates a jump start to the peacebuilding process before other United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations arrive and get established.", "Likely roles of the military component in the early peacebuilding process may include providing a safe and secure environment, combating organized crime, policing tasks and support to police in cases of mass unrest, engineering tasks to restore infrastructure to facilitate humanitarian relief efforts and initiate certain quick-impact projects, medical outreach and epidemic control, handling and management of refugees, assisting security sector reform and capacity-building of national armed forces and police, and a broad range of logistics and other support to United Nations agencies and other partners engaged in peacebuilding activities, including transport, airlift and communications. In most phases, the military can provide a secure and conducive environment in which to recommence the political process through elections or referendums or perhaps both.", "For such a comprehensive process to proceed, an enabling environment must be created. This is where the role of the military component, as an enabler in the early stages of the peacebuilding process, can play out.", "Providing a security umbrella to various organs and functionaries of the international body is the most important function of the military. That is achieved through observer missions for the implementation and enforcement of peace agreements with a view to help build confidence in the early phase, brought about through good offices and impartial monitoring of commitments endorsed by the parties. The commitments may include ceasefires, border engagements, agreed divisions of power or assets, peace negotiations, peace or ceasefire enforcement, and restoration of law and order. They may also include disarmament, demobilization and reintegration as per agreed terms, demining activities, unexploded ordnance disposal, removal of explosives and booby traps for the safety of peacekeepers and the local population and other United Nations agencies, and escort, patrol and security tasks, thereby enhancing peacebuilders’ freedom of movement and operations.", "This is in brief the context and the role where, I believe, the military component fits in. However, if military intervention is contemplated, the need for a post-intervention strategy is also of paramount importance. The objective of such a strategy must be to help ensure that the conditions that prompted military intervention do not repeat themselves or simply resurface.", "Before employing military instruments to resolve problems in the post-conflict scenario, certain essential aspects must be kept in mind in order to accrue the desired dividends.", "First, a comprehensive approach is the only way in which military interventions as peacebuilders can achieve success. The military must not be used as a substitute for political engagement in the context of a peacebuilding problem.", "Secondly, correlation of ends and means is extremely important. If the military is to be deployed, it should be deployed with adequate strength at the early stages and drawn down thereafter, not vice versa.", "Last but not least, the military presence tends to create a culture of dependence among the host population, which can hinder national reconstruction and human resource development. Such tendencies must be guarded against, and capacity-building in the host country must remain a priority.", "To conclude, I would say that the role of military components in the early stages of the peacebuilding process is inescapable and crucial. The military components play two main roles in the early peacebuilding process.", "First, the military component provides a secure and safe environment for other internal and external actors to operate. Secondly, the military makes its resources available for the attainment of the mission’s overall objective, over and above its security functions, during the stabilization, transition and consolidation phases of the peacebuilding process. Being the first component to be deployed, the military component starts the peacebuilding, directly or indirectly, right from Day One and provides a launchpad from which other peacebuilding forces will be unleashed for systematic initiation of a comprehensive process.", "The President: I will now turn to Council members. I remind colleagues to be mindful of the lateness of the hour when speaking.", "Mrs. Ogwu (Nigeria): My first words must be to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for the guidance he has provided for this debate, particular in organizing the Force Commanders. I want to warmly welcome the presence of the Force Commanders in the Council. The clarity and incisiveness of their perspectives on the issues under consideration bear out the wisdom and importance of this interaction, which aims to foster greater synergy between the field and the Security Council. Let me commend them especially for their immeasurable sacrifices in leading the various peace missions.", "Since our last engagement with Force Commanders, in August 2010 (6370th meeting), there have been several important developments throughout the United Nations system toward making our peacekeeping efforts more effective. We have seen a more purposeful implementation of peace agreements and maintenance of ceasefires. We have established two new peacekeeping missions — the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and, following the closure of UNMIS, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "However, major challenges remain in such critical areas as civilian protection, bridging the gaps in capacity in human and material resources, and capping troop casualties. The topics under consideration this morning are therefore apt and responsive to trends in contemporary peacekeeping discourse.", "My point of departure this morning will be the key issue of the conditionality policy of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) examined by General Prakash.", "We share his assessment and views, and we remain convinced that it is prima facie counterproductive for MONUSCO to provide support to or carry out joint operations with the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC) where the latter has known human rights violators in strategic and command positions. Indeed, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Roger Meece, once noted, “the conditionality policy has resulted in the removal of some of such FARDC commanders involved in the perpetration of crimes against civilians in the regions where MONUSCO has a strong presence”.", "To strengthen such positive assessments, the conditionality policy must be adequately complemented by sustained efforts to build the capacity of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to maintain internal security through disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and reintegration — and, of course, security sector reform. With structural fragmentation, absence of clear command and control, operational weakness and improper discipline, FARDC is often unable to effectively provide protection for civilians. In debating the conditionality policy, therefore, my delegation prefers a strategic alliance between MONUSCO and FARDC that will complement the capacity of FARDC, retain MONUSCO’s relative oversight and ultimately boost the operational effectiveness of the Force.", "The primary expectation of civilians in the communities where peacekeepers deploy is that they will be afforded appropriate protection. Protection of civilians is therefore at the heart of the mandate of most United Nations peacekeeping missions, including the African Union-United Nations Mission in Darfur (UNAMID).", "With reports of aerial bombardments, artillery shelling and heavy fighting between the Sudanese armed forces and armed movements, particularly in the areas of Shangil Tobaya in Northern Darfur and Djebil Mara in Western Darfur, deterring attacks on civilians remains a daunting challenge in Darfur. Although the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the Sudanese authorities, greater cooperation between the Government of the Sudan and UNAMID will undoubtedly ensure better protection of civilians.", "My delegation commends UNAMID for employing a more robust posture to protect civilians and for increasing active patrolling in Western Darfur. In particular, we welcome its enhanced logistical support to humanitarian organizations and support for the child protection mainstreaming agenda.", "Since the adoption of Council resolution 1701 (2006) and the deployment of troops of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), south Lebanon has gradually moved toward stability. The progress can be partly attributed to UNIFIL’s close coordination with the Lebanese armed forces and the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). However, the security situation remains very fragile. The deadly incident of 15 May along the Blue Line and the terrorist attacks on 27 May on six UNIFIL peacekeepers call for further reflection. Yesterday there was another attack on five peacekeepers at Sidon.", "My delegation unequivocally condemns these attacks. We call on the parties — the Lebanese armed forces and the IDF — to fulfil their obligations under resolution 1701 (2006) to ensure the safety and security of UNIFIL personnel. Indeed, the parties must leverage the regular tripartite meetings convened by the UNIFIL Force Commander to strengthen confidence and reinvigorate hope in the UNIFIL forces.", "United Nations peacekeeping is at a critical juncture. Meeting the demands for peacekeeping operations has stretched the Organization’s capacity to the limits, exerting enormous pressure, enormous strain, on its peacekeeping efficiency. Our peacekeeping operations are increasingly multidimensional, requiring greater coordination and cooperation between the various constituents, including the military, civilian police and regional and other, informal, organizations. The challenges have been varied, ranging from preventing the appearance of conflicts to restoring peace when the conflicts eventually do appear.", "Deploying troops with the necessary training, equipment and logistical support to effectively undertake the complex and potentially dangerous task faced by peacekeepers remains a key determinant of an operation’s success. In that connection, my delegation reiterates that adequate emphasis be placed on the deployment of troops with the capacity to respond adequately to the cultural nuances in each field station. That, from our point of view, should also be a priority when considering inter-mission cooperation, as was recently seen in the United Nations Mission in Liberia and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI).", "The early resolution of peace across many of our missions is increasingly dependent on the work of civilian experts in key areas such as the rule of law, human rights and child protection. Recent developments in UNAMID and UNOCI lend further credence to the significance of building sustainable national capacities in these areas. In this regard, we encourage the Office of the Rule of Law and Security Institutions to coordinate its activities with relevant actors within and outside the United Nations, including the non-governmental organizations that inherently have the capacity to remain in the field well after the conclusion of a United Nations peacekeeping mission.", "As we continue to confront the diverse challenges to peacekeeping, we must leverage the lessons learned from previous experiences. We can begin by identifying the issues that have most often held missions back from assuming their full range of capabilities. An effective early warning system can forestall conflict, limiting threats to international peace and security. Member States and regional bodies should seek more effective strategies to identify and address the deep-rooted causes of conflict within their countries and regions. That will ultimately help to ensure that when peace comes, it will be deeply rooted and sustainable.", "I want to affirm that Nigeria remains fully committed to collective security, as enshrined in the United Nations Charter. While paying tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the line of duty so that others may live in peace, let us take this opportunity to renew our resolve as peacekeepers to respecting and preserving the fundamentals of United Nations peacekeeping.", "The President: Let me remind Council members that they have the opportunity here to address questions and comments not only to our briefers, but also beyond, to all Force Commanders present in the Chamber.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): I would like to start by paying special tribute to Mr. Alain le Roy. Faced with demanding and difficult tasks, he has done an extraordinary job. Brazil greatly appreciates his work in general, but I would like to make particular reference to his constant and very constructive interaction with troop-contributing countries, as well as the launch, along with Ms. Malcorra, of the New Horizon initiative. My Government thanks him for his service and wishes him well in his future endeavours.", "I would like to join in welcoming the heads of military components to the Council, and to express my country’s heartfelt appreciation for the excellent work that they are doing in very challenging circumstances. I thank the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur, the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the reflections that they have shared with us today. Having troops and observers in most of those missions, Brazil knows first-hand the high quality of their leadership and commitment.", "The briefings that we have heard today help us to gain a better understanding of how the decisions we take affect the situation on the ground. Here in New York, we must strive to ensure that we give peacekeepers the political guidance and support they need to carry out their mandates. However, we must also take care not to micromanage them or curb the space for the creative thinking of the mission leadership, which are just as crucial to success.", "I wish to focus my remarks on the capability-driven approach to peacekeeping, proposed by the New Horizon initiative. We are right to demand results from mission leaders, but we must also give them the tools they need to do their job. On the whole, although important progress has been made, we should continue to strive to get the necessary skills and capacity onto the ground.", "The military are usually the largest component of missions. For the local population, they are often the face of the mission. Therefore, it is important to ensure that they receive the necessary training in areas such as civil-military cooperation, cultural sensitivity, conduct and discipline. Peacekeepers will be more effective if they are capable of relating to the local population.", "In the civilian area of peacekeeping, the harmonization of service conditions will have a significant long-term impact on a mission’s ability to attract and retain civilian staff of the highest calibre. The civilian capacity review was a major contribution to our thinking on the issue. Discussions on implementing the recommendations should begin as soon as possible.", "To achieve sustainable peace, the Council, the Secretariat, troop- and police-contributing countries and other stakeholders must all work together to give commanders on the ground the support they need. I wish to assure all the Force Commanders present here today that Brazil remains committed to that goal.", "Mr. Alzate (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Our delegation would like to begin by thanking the presidency of the Council for organizing this meeting with the Force Commanders, to whom I pay special tribute. We would also like most especially to thank Mr. Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, for his participation in and guidance of this discussion’s success.", "My delegation values the important work undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Force Commanders, their staff and the Working Group on Peacekeeping Operations, led by Ambassador Ogwu of Nigeria, who have made valuable contributions in that field.", "One challenge that is the subject of ongoing interest is improving the synergy among the Secretariat, the Security Council and troop-contributing countries. We have made progress in that regard. At the same time, we would suggest that the Council continue enhancing that interaction, which we believe to be vital. Similarly, we underscore the progress made in developing doctrine and improving the operations of United Nations peacekeeping missions. The dynamic of operations in the field and the United Nations logistical capacity to ensure the security and well-being of staff on the ground are thereby improved.", "With regard to the West Africa Coast Initiative to tackle international organized crime in that region, Columbia believes it very important to offer our experience in that area, having deployed national police units to work with Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone. We also have an active presence in the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti.", "One challenge facing us is improving the capacity to mobilize United Nations troops on the use of and doctrine of using rotary-wing aircraft, helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. In that regard, we propose further analysis of logistical, human and technological capacities in order to optimize their results. We need to procure high-technology teams for peacekeeping operations, in particular in communications, intelligence and observation in the field, for early warning and forecasts of violence.", "Finally, we recognize the need to prioritize the protection and defence of civilians by United Nations forces, just as we have prioritized upholding the principles and mandates enshrined in the Organization’s Charter. Only thereby can we strengthen the relationship between the United Nations and the forces that represent it and the populations on the ground.", "Mr. Moungara Moussotsi (Gabon) (spoke in French): Peacekeeping operations, which are one of the key functions of our Organization, have in recent demonstrated their utility and effectiveness in the maintenance of international peace and security. In that regard, I would like first and foremost to thank Mr. Le Roy and the Force Commanders for their briefings.", "Gabon reiterates its great appreciation of the commitment and professionalism of the Force Commanders and the other peacekeepers who undertake difficult work, often in a very hostile environment and at times with limited resources. The enlightening briefings that we have just heard reflect the daily realities of all peacekeeping missions represented here and are viable indicators of the real difficulties facing peacekeeping operations. My delegation also appreciates receiving such information, which enables the Council better to take necessary decisions and adapt to evolving situations on the ground.", "We commend the incorporation in the mandates of peacekeeping operations of new multidisciplinary approaches, such as the protection of civilians, strengthening the rule of law, the implementation of mechanisms to prevent the resurgence of conflict, and post-conflict peacebuilding. We therefore reiterate the need for the Council to give peacekeeping operations clear, credible and executable mandates tailored to the foreseen objectives and results, as well as the resources necessary to achieve all the tasks assigned to them.", "With respect to peacebuilding, I welcome the progress achieved in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. In late 2011, those countries will hold major, decisive elections, which will be a litmus test for the missions there. Their success will determine the eventual configuration of withdrawals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia, and will thereby help us to elaborate strategies for transferring security functions to the respective Governments. In that respect, the Council must continue to closely track the situations being addressed by those two peacekeeping operations so that we can incorporate appropriate changes in their mandates, particularly in terms of logistical and operational capacities.", "I should like to ask a question of the Force Commander of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. What is his assessment of the threat posed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)? How does he envision cooperation among all the United Nations missions in the region, particularly with respect to fighting the LRA?", "In conclusion, my country will continue to support the United Nations peacekeeping operations. We welcome interactive meetings such as today’s with the Force Commanders in order to keep the Council abreast of developments in their missions on the ground and to report to us on the challenges they face.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I would like to thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and Under-Secretary-General Alain Le Roy for having introduced the Force Commanders and for having given us this opportunity to hear directly from the people on the ground. I believe that this is particularly important since peacekeeping really is the main tool at the disposal of the Security Council, involves the largest percentage of the United Nations budget and is certainly the particular activity that occupies the maximum amount of time of the Council.", "India has contributed more troops and police officers to peacekeeping operations than any other country. With more than 100,000 personnel in over 40 peacekeeping operations, we are very familiar with what all of this entails, what is possible and what peacekeeping operations are capable of. We have also engaged in the normative side of this particular debate, both in the Council and the General Assembly. A seminar was recently held in New Delhi in the tradition of that constructive engagement. It broke new ground in drawing from the operational experience of peacekeepers in the further evolution of the peacekeeping agenda.", "Peacekeeping has matured. More than 80 per cent of peacekeeping resources today are devoted to operations that are more than five years old. As we launch two new missions — the first new operations in several years — we need to take stock of the situation. I would like to stress the following points.", "The first is the lack of resources and the whole issue of trying simply to tell people to do more with existing or even less resources. I understand efficiency gains; I understand the need to squeeze more; but I think it needs to be clearly understood that operating on shoestring budgets and with ever-increasing mandates is certainly just not possible or effective.", "Moreover, mandates need to have clarity. The Force Commander from my country, India, noted ambiguity in mandates and how it translates into people lower down the command chain really not knowing what is expected of them. I think we in the Council owe it to ourselves and the forces that we deploy on the ground to be clear in that respect and to understand that mandates and resources need to be married and in synergy. In that context, it is particularly important that the process of interacting with troop-contributing countries, which has already been begun, should be carried out in a much more intensive manner in which we have much greater clarity on what can actually be produced and done with the kind of resources that are being placed at the disposal of the force that we are creating.", "I would also like to highlight one other very important element — the willingness to work in partnerships. Here, let me draw members’ attention to Africa. Two-thirds of the Council’s meetings and outcomes concern Africa. It is also central to United Nations peacekeeping. India strongly supports the development of greater African Union capacities in peacekeeping. In this connection, I would like to quote from the address of our Prime Minister at the second India-Africa Forum summit in Addis Ababa in May. He said:", "“India has consistently supported the development of African capacities. As a token of our commitment to supporting Africa’s endeavours for seeking African solutions, I am happy to announce that India will contribute $2 million for the African Union Mission in Somalia.”", "Similar assistance needs to be provided by other Member States to build the African Union’s capacity in peacekeeping. India is also committed to the early operationalization of the African Standby Force through special training arrangements.", "We know that the weakest suffer the most in conflict. Women and children have suffered and continue to suffer appallingly in conflicts around the world. The international community has not just the responsibility but the obligation to do its utmost to ensure the security of women and children, particularly in conflict and post-conflict situations. Indian troops and police officers, which include the first fully female units deployed under the United Nations flag, will do their utmost to protect the vulnerable in their areas of operation.", "In conclusion, I would like to thank the Force Commanders and the men and women under their command. It is they who turn the Council’s words into deeds. I would also like to pay tribute to those peacekeepers who have made the supreme sacrifice when serving the United Nations in its efforts to create a better and safer world.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): I thank you, Sir, and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) for arranging this meeting for the Council today. I, too, would like to express appreciation to Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his excellent leadership of the DPKO during a very difficult and challenging period. We wish him all the best in his future endeavours.", "I would like to thank the Force Commanders for their statements today. We very much appreciate the role that they play every day in peacekeeping operations. I want to take this opportunity to express to Major General Asarta Cuevas and my French colleagues the United States sympathy for the injuries suffered yesterday by French peacekeeping troops in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), and our hope that they will recover fully and quickly. This is, of course, an all-too-clear example of the risks that brave peacekeepers face daily as they fulfil their roles.", "To the Force Commanders, I just want to say that we very much welcome this opportunity to hear from them first-hand about the challenges and risks that they face in implementing United Nations mission mandates. The Council seeks to match mission mandates with the needed leadership and capacity to implement them successfully.", "We are very much interested in understanding the operational, logistical and leadership issues that Force Commanders face. The core of every peacekeeping mission is its people and their ability to support efforts to build a more stable peace. We are interested in the operational steps being taken to develop mission-wide strategies to protect civilians, including from sexual violence, and the role for uniformed peacekeepers as part of the mission. We very much welcome discussion of the innovative measures, such as firewood patrols, community liaison assistance, issuance of cell phones to community leaders, and response and investigative teams that include a mix of civilian, police and military expertise.", "Just as important are the gaps that Commanders face — the factors that either expand or constrain logistical or leadership effectiveness in achieving their mandates. These might be the tools to support missions, such as doctrine, pre-deployment or in‑mission training; tools to help missions operate efficiently, such as early-warning capacity, intelligence and timely analysis; or tools to facilitate mobility, such as aviation capacity and budgetary and administrative issues.", "I have a few questions for the Generals.", "I would like to hear General Asarta Cuevas speak about the military arsenal of Hizbullah. The report of the Secretary-General of 1 July (S/2011/406) notes that Hizbullah still maintains its own substantial, growing and destabilizing military arsenal. I am wondering what steps UNIFIL is taking to assist the Lebanese armed forces in removing those illegal weapons and armed personnel south of the Litani River.", "I very much appreciate General Nyamvumba’s focus on the robust presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in his remarks. We express the hope that the lessons that UNAMID has learned in establishing such a robust presence could be shared with other missions. I would like to hear him comment on that.", "We remain very concerned about the severe capacity gap in aviation assets faced by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and I would like to hear General Prakash address the question of whether — or rather how — that gap is affecting the Mission’s ability to implement its mandate as outlined in resolution 1991 (2011). What are the trade-offs with the Mission’s tasks, and what is the Mission no longer able to do?", "Finally, I would like to hear from General Khalid about inter-mission cooperation. There has been good inter-mission cooperation between the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire and the United Nations Mission in Liberia, and I wonder what lessons have been learned from that cooperation and whether he sees a possibility to put inter-mission cooperation to use elsewhere.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his presence at today’s meeting. I have listened attentively to the statements made by the four Force Commanders of United Nations peacekeeping operations. I wish to express my warm welcome to all the Force Commanders present here at today’s meeting. They are working under extreme difficulties all across the world, implementing the Council’s mandates and making contributions to world peace and security. The Chinese delegation pays tribute to them and to all peacekeepers all across the world.", "For over 60 years United Nations peacekeeping operations have been making great contributions to maintaining world peace and security. In recent years, with the changing environment, peacekeeping operations are also faced with a series of new challenges.", "I do not have questions to raise at this time, but I have listened to the statements of the Force Commanders, and I want to make some comments on principle. I wish to emphasize the following four points.", "First, we must strengthen coordination between peacekeeping and peacemaking. As important as peacekeeping is, it is not a panacea. To establish lasting peace, the key is to promote political dialogue and reconciliation. The Secretary-General and his Special Representatives can play a greater role in this regard in mediation.", "Secondly, it is important to strengthen coordination and coherence between peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The parties concerned should pay attention to and tackle the root causes of conflicts, in particular economic and social development. A holistic approach must be taken in considering the relationship between peacekeeping and peacebuilding, and the division of labour between peacekeeping and peacebuilding must be clearly defined. Timely formulation and gradual improvement of an exit strategy are very important.", "Thirdly, we must effectively implement the mandate to protect civilians. The host countries must bear primary responsibility for protecting civilians. Peacekeeping operations, while implementing the mandate of protecting civilians, should abide strictly by the Council’s resolutions and follow the principle of impartiality, so as not to become a party to the conflict. At the same time, they should respect the sovereignty of the host country, so as to do more to promote political and national reconciliation.", "Fourthly, we must also strengthen the capacity-building function of peacekeeping operations. We hope that the countries with the resources and the technical capacity to do so will increase their input so as to provide the necessary resources and technical guarantees for peacekeeping operations. We support United Nations efforts to improve the speed and efficiency of deployment of peacekeeping operations and make them more targeted and flexible and to strengthen coordination and partnership with host countries and regional organizations.", "Ms. Ziade (Lebanon): At the outset, we would like to express our appreciation to you, Sir, for organizing this important debate. We also wish to thank Under-Secretary-General Le Roy for his laudable work at the helm of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and to the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their comprehensive presentations.", "Lebanon believes that United Nations peacekeeping operations require a partnership among the Security Council, the Secretariat, troop-contributing countries and host countries. After paying careful attention to the presentations of the Force Commanders, we would like to salute their dedication and service for peace. This direct interaction avails us the opportunity to understand the urgent needs from the field and in turn helps the Council to better respond to those needs.", "I have two questions. One is similar to that asked by the delegation of the United States concerning cooperation between MONUSCO and UNAMID. Perhaps General Nyamvumba could give us his thoughts about the major logistical challenges facing UNAMID.", "In our region, the Middle East, an end to the Israeli occupation in Palestine, Syria and the remaining parts of Lebanon — the root cause of the conflict — is a prerequisite for any comprehensive resolution and successful exit of United Nations peacekeeping missions.", "Everyone has referred to what happened yesterday in the south of Lebanon. When a peacekeeping mission is tested and peacekeepers attacked, only solidarity and determination remain key for putting an end to any kind of recurrence. In this context Lebanon expressed its unequivocal condemnation of the attack. Suffice it to mention here that the President of the Republic of Lebanon, General Michel Sleiman, made a statement in which he condemned the attack and urged authorities “to multiply efforts to uncover the perpetrators and punish them”.", "He said that in Beirut, and here in New York my delegation associated itself with the press statement issued by the Security Council to condemn the attack (SC/10341). My delegation expresses sincere sympathy to the injured peacekeepers and their families, and we are confident that General Asarta Cuevas will convey our deep appreciation to the men and women working in UNIFIL.", "Almost five years after the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), the Government of Lebanon is strongly committed to the implementation of that resolution in its entirety. We call on the international community to put an end to Israeli violations of our sovereignty by land, air and sea. In his most recent report (S/2011/406), the Secretary-General refers to those violations and calls for their immediate cessation, since they undermine not only the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006), but also the work and credibility of UNIFIL and the authority of the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "Only two days after the vote of confidence in the new Government, the Prime Minister of Lebanon visited southern Lebanon and UNIFIL headquarters. During that visit, he acknowledged the important role that UNIFIL is playing in the implementation of resolution 1701 (2006). In that regard, we sent a letter two days ago requesting a renewal of UNIFIL’s mandate with no amendments.", "When Major General Asarta Cuevas spoke about strategic dialogue and cooperation, he referred to the consultations that took place last week. Let me reiterate before the Council what my delegation had to say regarding this. The Lebanese army is fully engaged in a strategic dialogue with UNIFIL. Lebanon commends the efforts and sacrifices of the UNIFIL forces operating in South Lebanon, and expresses its appreciation to all contributing countries. It attaches great importance to strengthening coordination and cooperation with UNIFIL, in accordance with the agreed rules of engagement, in order to ensure proper implementation of the mission entrusted to it. Assistance in building up the capabilities of the Lebanese Armed Forces is necessary. A stronger Lebanese army would enable the Lebanese Government to continue to extend its authority over its territory.", "I should like to ask Major General Asarta Cuevas a question. What, in his opinion, would be the best way to prevent disproportionate use of force by Israel along the Blue Line, similar to what happened on 15 May, when civilian demonstrators were shot at, despite the fact that they had not crossed the Blue Line?", "The President: I suggest we interrupt the list of speakers and turn to the Force Commanders. I call first on Lieutenant General Prakash.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: Of the two questions asked of me, the first, from the representative of Gabon, concerned my assessment of the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) in the region, and what cooperation can happen between the interregional missions to neutralize it.", "The threat of the LRA in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is real. While its numbers are not large, the threat cannot be wished away. On average, we get reports of about 15 to 20 incidents of LRA activity every month. Over a period of time, the brutality of the attacks has lessened, the number of killings has fallen, and the number of civilians being abducted has also been greatly reduced. This reduction in the LRA’s activity can, to a great extent, be attributed to a number of proactive operations that the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) has been undertaking in the area.", "That said, I would reiterate that the threat is real and cannot be wished away. The fact is that the terrain is rugged, the numbers they operate in are small, the areas where they operate are inaccessible, and the borders are porous. We have established a joint intelligence operations centre in Dungu that became operational this year and is a step towards sharing information between the partners: the Uganda People’s Defence Force, the Forces armées de la République Démocratique du Congo and our mission, MONUSCO. Also, in May, we had an inter-mission force commanders’ conference in Entebbe where we shared information about the LRA. That said, this is not enough, and there is more scope for sharing information and conducting more effective operations against the LRA, provided we are given the right kind of resources to do it.", "The second question was about the existing capability gap in our aviation assets and how it affects the Mission. The non-availability of aviation assets — both utility and attack helicopters — is of great concern for the Mission. As the years have gone by, the negative activity has shifted west, away from the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and more towards the jungles, to areas that are accessible only by helicopter. The Council is well aware of the fact that there is no road infrastructure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Today, of 93 bases that we have in the country, 31 are air-supported; that is, one-third of the temporary operating bases/company operating bases are in areas that can be logistically supplied only by air assets. If we do not get the right kind of air assets to support those bases, not only will we not be in a position to establish more bases that are required in inaccessible areas, but we will find it difficult to support even the existing 31 bases.", "The fact that since 4 July we have had no attack helicopters has greatly reduced our deterrence capability against the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda in the Kivus. We have no capability for undertaking any proactive actions against the armed groups in the Kivus. Since the elections are approaching, we also feel that future requirements for air assets are going to be much higher. There will be conflict between meeting the requirements for protecting civilians and for transporting electoral material. That is when we will be totally stretched, and I feel at this stage that our ability to do our basic task of protecting civilians will also be highly constrained.", "The President: Let me remind the Council of the lateness of the hour. Military people are known for being succinct and to the point; I do not know if the same can be said of us diplomats. I would appeal to the Council to make the best use of the time available to us, and to limit all our statements. We have another seven Council members left to speak, and we should limit our statements to what is absolutely necessary for the remaining time.", "Let me now turn to Major General Asarta Cuevas.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): Please allow me to answer the questions in my own language, Spanish, so that I can respond more precisely.", "Concerning the so-called Hizbullah arsenal, in the mandate in resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility to ensure that there are no weapons other than those belonging to the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL falls to the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, under resolution 1701 (2006), the primary responsibility for ensuring that there is no type of weapon other than those of the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL in UNIFIL’s area of operation falls on the Government of Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces. Under our mandate, UNIFIL cannot go into private homes or onto private property unless there is credible evidence and an immediate threat relating to a violation of resolution 1701 (2006).", "Our troops which are deployed in southern Lebanon, between the Litani river and the Blue Line, consist of about 12,500 soldiers and more than 1,000 civilians. Those soldiers, who are from 35 different countries, are involved in between 10,000 to 12,000 operational activities a month. During those operational activities, we have discovered, in the five years since the adoption of resolution 1701 (2006), stores of ammunition, bunkers and weapons, but all of that predates the conflict — the 2006 war. To date also, taking into account the fact that we cannot go onto private property or search homes — that is an obligation of the Lebanese Government and the Lebanese Armed Forces — there has been no evidence of the illegal trafficking of weapons. What I mean by that is that neither I personally nor any of my soldiers have seen the arsenals that have been referred to. We would like to see them to determine if they do in fact exist.", "I should like to say also that the most recent launching of rockets from our area of operations against Israel took place in October 2009, so for almost two years now, thanks to the efforts of the population of the south, the Lebanese Armed Forces and UNIFIL, the cessation of hostilities has been maintained and there have been no rocket launchings against Israel.", "Turning to the second question, which was asked by the representative of Lebanon, I should like to refer to the recommendations that UNIFIL made to the parties following the tragic incidents that took place on 15 May, Nakba Day, this year. Those recommendations included the fact that only the Lebanese authorities are responsible for law and order within Lebanon, and that they had to take the measures necessary to prevent incidents along the Blue Line, which, as is well known, is a very sensitive area, where most incidents take place; it has been the line of withdrawal of the Israeli forces since the war of 2000. Therefore, to prevent such incidents from occurring, what is necessary is comprehensive oversight of the population.", "Also in our recommendations, which I will read word for word, we said that the Israeli forces should refrain from responding in such situations, unless it is clearly required for their own immediate self-defence, taking into account the fact that both countries, Lebanon and Israel, have the right to self-defence. But the Israel Defense Forces must not resort to the excessive use of force and must always take action that is commensurate with the offence, and therefore they should also include equipment, units and experts for controlling demonstrators and for crowd control.", "We also said that both countries — Israel and Lebanon — should ensure that in these types of situations, they use troops that are properly trained and equipped to try to prevent this type of incident from occurring. In the tripartite meetings and in the meetings I have with the parties, I always say the same thing:", "(spoke in English)", "Do not give, do not take.", "(spoke in Spanish)", "Do not provoke, and do not react to any provocation. That is the best way of avoiding incidents along the Blue Line.", "I think that I have answered the questions, but if further clarifications are required, I would be happy to provide them.", "The President: I now give the floor to Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba, to whom two questions were also addressed.", "Lieutenant-General Nyamvumba: Two questions were posed to me, one by the representative of the United States and the other by the representative of Lebanon.", "The United States question was whether we could share our experience with other missions. Indeed, that is very relevant, and part of the purpose of our gathering here in New York is, among others, to share our experiences from different missions. But besides that, we also have a forum, particularly what we refer to as inter-mission cooperation. I express my appreciation to General Prakash, who hosted our regional Force Commanders’ meeting in Entebbe in May. We will take note of this and will continue to share our experiences with other missions, particularly those that have a protection of civilians mandate. We also welcome other experiences from other missions.", "On the issue of the major logistical challenges facing the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), I did outline some of them, but, to be more specific, one is the long supply lines. All present are aware that the major seaport is in Port Sudan, which is about 2,000 kilometres from Darfur, with little or no infrastructure. In terms of our operations, the biggest hurdle is the lack of infrastructure on the ground. During the rainy season, as I said earlier, our patrols and our activities actually drop drastically because of the inaccessibility of areas. Even as I speak, we have dropped from 160 daily patrols to about 100 because of the impassability of roads.", "Finally, there is the issue of aviation capacity. There is still a very big gap with regard to utility helicopters. I will take this opportunity to appeal to those that have the means to support the mission to make some of those capacities available, because, indeed, they go a long way towards enhancing the capabilities of the mission.", "The President: I now give the floor to Major-General Khalid.", "Major-General Khalid: Questions were asked of me by the representatives of the United States and Lebanon. I think that inter-mission cooperation is of paramount importance. I say so because the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) has no reserve, and with the number of missions across the globe, they do not have enough forces to deal with every unforeseen eventuality.", "Let me tell the House that I am going to speak to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (C‑34) tomorrow on the same topic, which has been given to me by DPKO, and I will be touching in detail upon that issue in my speech tomorrow.", "But just to reply in brief with respect to the lessons learned: we sent an infantry battalion and Mi-8 helicopters to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) in November. The infantry battalion came back in January, the utility helicopters came back in June; the gunship helicopters were sent in March and are still there. I am glad to tell you that both UNOCI and the United Nations Mission in Liberia are making use of those Mi-24 gunships for joint tasking and joint border patrolling.", "Turning to lessons learned, they come, in effect, under four major headings, or concerns: legality, logistics, military capabilities and coordination. I will touch on each of these very briefly.", "By legality, I mean saving time at the last minute regarding the apprehensions of the troop-contributing countries. This should form part of the memoranda of understanding.", "Turning to logistics, missions should cater for, coordinate and perhaps even at times deal with dumping of rations or fuel prior to the launching of missions so that incoming troops do not face any problems. At the level of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations at United Nations Headquarters, a comprehensive strategy must be applied — and I am sure this is the case. It must be reviewed periodically in consultation with all missions which have been tasked with inter-mission cooperation. There may not be a giant border in all cases of inter-mission cooperation, and road conditions may not be good or there may not be any roads at all, so this must be catered for by land, air and sea so as to avoid any unnecessary delays at the last minute, which is normally a critical stage. The logistics must be clearly defined.", "For better coordination, all such missions must have inter-mission coordination cells, which should maintain contact with a view to achieving better coordination and remaining up to date with the latest developments.", "Last but not least, in cases where different languages are spoken in the missions and countries concerned, a team of interpreters must be present to ensure that forces encounter no problems upon arrival and that they are put to effective use.", "The President: I will now give the floor to the members of the Security Council.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): I thank the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Mr. Alain Le Roy, the head of the Office of Military Affairs, Lieutenant General Babacar Gaye, and the Force Commanders for their informative statements this morning.", "We welcome the Force Commanders who have joined us today in the Council. New York is indeed far from the battlefield, so the opportunity to hear firsthand from the military leadership from the field is indeed valuable. We see merit in convening such engagements on a regular basis, and we thank the German delegation for this initiative.", "The Security Council has stated clearly in the past — and South Africa fully endorses this view — that United Nations peacekeeping operations are deployed only as an accompaniment and not as an alternative to political strategies for the resolution of conflicts.", "Over the years, peacekeeping has become a complex and multifaceted undertaking due to the changing nature of conflicts. We are mindful of the compounding effects and challenges prevailing in the era of intra-State conflicts. In most cases, belligerents are increasingly well resourced and equipped, often wield great influence and do not conform to the rules of engagement. No longer are conflict-affected areas only failed States; they possess strong military capacities and robust political leadership.", "In response to these challenges, the United Nations has to act with the necessary dynamism and agility. It is therefore critical, for us in the Council and the United Nations political and military leadership on the ground, to be continuously concerned with mobilizing and maintaining the political support of all stakeholders, especially of those nations in which the Council mandates peacekeeping missions, and to respect the sovereignty of all States.", "The Council also has a particularly important role throughout a mission’s lifespan to support efforts to improve cooperation and coordination with regional and subregional organizations and other partners. The Security Council’s responses to the crises on the African continent are a constant reminder of the ongoing need for greater cooperation and coordination with regional organizations, especially the African Union. Nothing will replace African leadership and solutions for African problems.", "Today we should reflect on, inter alia, our ability to optimally leverage the security umbrella provided by peacekeeping operations in the field and to find political solutions to conflicts. The Council should adopt coherent, comprehensive strategies that effectively translate the mandates of peacekeeping operations into clear, credible and achievable outcomes. We should reflect on ensuring that operations are sufficiently matched with appropriate resources and that they are adequately prepared and deployed in a timely manner at the desired operational strength and capacity. We should make sure that the monitoring and evaluation mechanisms for peacekeeping operations are adequate and that the Council is sufficiently aware of the resource and field support implications of its decisions.", "These are just some of the important issues that could help our collective efforts to understand the challenges that we face at a military level across the spectrum of peacekeeping operations. We believe that by collectively addressing these issues we will make a significant contribution to improving the overall performance of United Nations peacekeeping.", "Protecting the lives of ordinary civilians, who are all too often the innocent victims of instability and strife in conflict zones, is paramount. International law provides that the primary responsibility to protect civilians rests with the States. The protection of civilians is by its nature politically very sensitive, yet it is a critical and vital mandated task. Given the nature of recent conflicts, the protection of civilians becomes a necessity, and the role of regional organizations and the international community is even more important.", "We are encouraged by ongoing efforts to address the shortage of military assets such as helicopters. We cannot afford to deploy troops in foreign territories and then expect them to be everywhere at once without the necessary resources or, in some cases, when not operating at full strength. We owe it to our troops on the ground to ensure that they receive the desired level of support.", "However, we must always emphasize the importance of United Nations peacekeeping operations always acting in accordance with the principles of impartiality, as enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and in accordance with international law and human rights law.", "In conclusion, my delegation pays tribute to all the men and women in uniform who have served and who continue to serve in United Nations peacekeeping operations, and we commend their dedication and courage. We pay special tribute to those who have paid the ultimate price in the service of peace and humanity.", "Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): I too wish to thank you, Mr. President, for having organized this meeting, which has become a regular feature, as it provides a rare but valuable opportunity to exchange with the force commanders and to hear the views from the field.", "I thank the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations-African Union Hybrid Mission in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for their briefings.", "First, I would like to recall France’s commitment to peacekeeping, which is one of the most important and certainly most symbolic activities of the United Nations. Here I would like first of all to commend the exceptional work carried out by the Blue Helmets on the ground in often difficult and dangerous conditions, where no one else goes, in order to implement mandates whose complexity directly reflects that of the crises that our Organization seeks to tackle.", "France wishes to continue participating in efforts to improve the functioning of peacekeeping operations. Since their inception, these operations have been the privileged instrument through which the Council exercises its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Improving the effectiveness of such operations is thus a matter of strategic importance.", "In following up the 2009 initiative by France and the United Kingdom, our goal remains to improve the political and military monitoring of operations by the Security Council, to ensure greater effectiveness in the logistical and financial management of operations, to clarify doctrine with regard to a number of complex issues such as the protection of civilians, and to clarify, and rationalize as far as possible, mandates, as necessary. That is the purpose of the regular consultations that the Council now holds on cross-cutting issues concerning peacekeeping. We believe that they should continue.", "With regard to all of the issues I just raised, we believe that we have made progress. We welcome in particular the implementation of the global field support strategy. We would also like to welcome the Senior Advisory Group’s report on strengthening civilian capacity in post-conflict situations (S/2011/85). We believe that it will make it possible to amend the way that peacekeeping operations function in terms of such important issues as the economic impact of operations on national development and the role of women in peacekeeping.", "We will therefore continue our work, especially in the area of strengthening the chain of command in peacekeeping operations, improving cooperation with troop contributors and providing for more rigorous financial follow-up in support of peacekeeping. I note that the budget for peacekeeping operations has soared in recent years. It is true that the needs played a big role in this, but it is also true that in a tight budgetary climate for financial contributors, it is essential that we have the means to manage the budget in a responsible and controlled manner.", "I, too, have some questions to ask the Force Commanders present here today. First, I have a general question. Are the reform efforts undertaken in New York felt in the field? Do the practices on the ground change as a result of decisions taken or recommendations made in the Council? How can we in the Council better take into account the views from the field and the feedback from Force Commanders?", "More specifically, I have questions for Major General Asarta Cuevas on UNIFIL. We, too, firmly condemn, of course, the attacks on UNIFIL troops. We appreciate the solidarity expressed after yesterday’s attack, in which our soldiers were victims. Of course, we will not tolerate the security and safety of military and civilian staff deployed in Lebanon being furthered threatened. We understand the difficulty of the task at hand, but what can we do to ensure that the soldiers in the field are better protected? Also, how can we enhance cooperation with the Lebanese Armed Forces? And how can we ensure that the tasks currently carried out by UNIFIL are progressively handed over?", "My question for the Force Commander of MONUSCO concerns the adaptation of the civilian protection strategy in the current context of preparing for elections. In this pre-electoral climate, is there any need to change the force’s approach and its civilian protection strategy, given the constraints that we have been advised of?", "Mr. Barbalić (Bosnia and Herzegovina): At the outset, I would like to thank you, Sir, for organizing this briefing. We thank the Under-Secretary-General for his comments and the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, the United Nations Mission in Liberia, the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur and the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo for their insightful remarks. We also welcome the presence of the other Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping operations and praise their commitments and efforts, as well as the outstanding work of all the personnel in peacekeeping missions.", "One of the key recurring issues in discussions on peacekeeping has been the need for the Council to provide peacekeeping missions with clear, credible and achievable mandates matched by adequate resources in order to fulfil their mandated tasks. Bringing timely and relevant information to the Council is therefore indispensable for decision-making. To that end, we emphasize that each resolution needs to be clearly and accurately reflected in the concept of operations during its implementation.", "Starting at the beginning of the year, significant documents on the interrelation between peacekeeping and peacebuilding and between security and development have been released. Discussions on these issues must identify a practical way forward for the main challenges and obstacles and offer solutions for capacity-development, coordination and field guidance.", "The growing complexity of tasks entrusted to peacekeeping missions and the scarcity of specific resources, in particular civilian support capacities, can place the success of a mission at risk. Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomes activities related to the review of the international civilian capacities. We believe that ongoing activities with regard to the recommendations of and discussions on this study will lead towards concrete improvements and practical and feasible proposals in this area. Moreover, cooperation between the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support should bring about viable solutions, positive changes and tangible results on the ground.", "In this regard, we underline the importance of cooperation, consultation and exchange of views with troop- and police-contributing countries. Mobilizing Member States’ support is essential for dealing with a capability-driven approach that concentrates on skills, equipment and capacity.", "It is evident that missions with protection mandates include diverse activities aimed at ensuring the safety and physical protection of civilian populations. Information-gathering, timely and accurate data about the local situation and circumstances, and their analysis are crucial. Nevertheless, missions should have appropriate resources to analyse those data and to assist in restoring an environment in which the host State is able to exercise its primary responsibility to protect its citizens. This aspect certainly includes other processes — such as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, security sector reform, supporting electoral processes and the empowerment of local communities — in order to facilitate the transition to sustainable peacebuilding.", "The need to implement an effective exit strategy must be coordinated with the quality of personnel and equipment and linked to corresponding operational mandates and objectives. The cultural sensitivities of the area of deployment should also be taken into account in order to avoid unnecessary misunderstandings between a mission and the host country and its communities.", "This year we have witnessed the authorization of two new missions: the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei and the United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan. Bosnia and Herzegovina is of the view that the Organization needs to perform to the best of its ability to apply its know-how and the lessons learned from previous peacekeeping missions, while the Council must provide the missions with the strategic guidance and adequate support they need. In that regard, the Mission in South Sudan has to contribute to improving governance capacity and the rule of law.", "The mandate is undoubtedly of vital importance in providing guidance for the future reconfiguration of a mission. Developments on the ground must be taken into account, making the mandate of a mission more realistic and attainable.", "Finally, we emphasize that a peacekeeping mission is part of the political solution to conflict, but that it cannot be a substitute for the solution. Therefore, activities on the ground must be strengthened, together with efforts on preventive diplomacy, early warning or conflict mediation, and focused on national priorities and national actors. Paying attention to those aspects needs to be an integral part of each peacekeeping mission in order to avoid the recurrence of conflict, contribute to a country’s development and lasting peace and, above all, guarantee international security.", "Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I will try to be very brief. I thank Ambassador Wittig for inviting Under-Secretary-General Le Roy and the Force Commanders from the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) to brief the Council. I would like to thank them for their insights this morning, and more importantly for the work of the Force Commanders and police commissioners and the hard work of all the women and men who are under their command, frequently, as we know, in very challenging circumstances and at great personal risk. These risks were highlighted by the recent attacks on UNIFIL. I join others in condemning the attack earlier this week and in wishing a speedy recovery to those who were injured.", "The United Kingdom very much supports the ongoing initiative, which has become something of a tradition now, to ensure that force commanders and police commissioners have an opportunity to brief the Council during their annual conference in New York. It is important to ensure that we do as much as is feasible to improve the Council’s understanding of the operational demands placed on troops and police by the peacekeeping resolutions we write.", "As we demonstrated during our November presidency of the Council, we have access to new technology to ensure that we can hear from operational commanders more frequently, and we believe that we should take up that opportunity on a more regular basis. It will be important that we can hear in due course from the new Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.", "In the light of what I have heard from the Force Commanders and from colleagues on the Council, I would like to make observations on four brief points.", "First is the protection of civilians. I took from the presentation of General Nyamvumba a clear message about the importance of the responsibility to protect civilians under attack or threat of attack. That is fundamental to peacekeeping responsibilities. I am interested here in the linkage between that and the use of a robust posture — a concept which is well understood among UNAMID senior leadership. I am aware that for some this is a controversial issue, but I join my Nigerian colleague in expressing robust support for robust posture. I am aware that the Secretary-General has referred to UNAMID’s robustness as having contributed to a reduction in attacks on the Mission, and I think that is an important point.", "Second is the impact of conditionality policy. I listened to General Prakash’s remarks on conditionality with great interest. Conditionality is a requirement to ensure that peacekeepers are not supporting activities that fall outside international humanitarian law. The application of such a policy must, obviously, be rigorous.", "But we have to also keep an eye on operational effectiveness. General Prakash spoke about the balance between the desirable and the feasible. I am interested in the concept of that balance — how to strike it — if there is time, but I appreciate the fact that we are running against the clock. I would be interested in General Prakash’s view as to whether there are useful general principles for this balance that can be identified for wider application, or whether this is something that needs to be determined very much on the ground.", "General Prakash also gave some useful guidelines about implementing conditionality, in particular that it is easier to implement at the start rather than downstream. I think that is an important consideration in the light of the new peacekeeping operation under way in Southern Sudan.", "My third observation is about inter-mission cooperation, where I would briefly like to echo my Nigerian colleague once again, and my United States colleague, in expressing strong support for the principle of inter-mission cooperation. There are situations where this makes good operational sense, and the asset-sharing between UNMIL and the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) is an important example. I think the potential for this needs to be fully explored.", "My final observation is on clear mandates. I think it was my Indian colleague who spoke about the importance of clear mandates. We have all referred to the risks and hardships that our peacekeeping operations have to endure. I think the least that we can do is to provide the peacekeeping missions with clear mandates. It is all too easy for us around the Council table to try and bridge differences through ambiguity or elaborate wording. We always need to be mindful of the problems this can pose to peacekeeping operations in the field as they carry out their important work.", "Finally, listening to the Force Commanders this morning, I was reminded once again of the enormous value that we get from the direct view from the field. I would like to thank them very much for taking the time from their annual conference to speak to the Council. I hope we will be able to hear from them in the future on a regular basis.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): I will try to be brief, given the time constraints.", "We are pleased to again welcome here the Force Commanders of the United Nations peacekeeping missions. It is heartening to see this kind of dialogue, which was initially proposed by the Russian Federation last year during its presidency of the Council, put into practice. I would like to here support my British colleague, who has enriched the practice. The Council now has the opportunity for more frequent such meetings using videoconferencing and other modern technology. Members of the Council should check our watches with those of our military colleagues to examine the current problems in the field that are truly being faced by peacekeepers, and the military challenges. This practice will ultimately ensure that the Council is provided with effective military expertise.", "I will not go over the importance we attach to peacekeeping. Like many colleagues, we believe it is a truly crucial tool of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace and security. Our peacekeepers participate in many peacekeeping operations in the Middle East and various regions of Africa and in Haiti. We are aware that United Nations peacekeeping is not fixed in place. It continues to be actively needed. As has been noted, there are two new peacekeeping operations in the Abyei region and in South Sudan.", "In our view, people in military uniforms, who make up two thirds of the peacekeepers, play a leading role in terms of addressing three crucial tasks: supporting efforts of national Governments to stabilize the situation and restore peace, protecting civilians, and monitoring compliance with ceasefire agreements. But United Nations peacekeeping activities continue to evolve, including from both conceptual and operational perspectives. Therefore it is important to adapt in order to deal with current problems and respond to new political realities.", "Many of the speakers here today have talked about the fact that there are new challenges and what kind of challenges there are — challenges that require joint decisions between military actors and the diplomats of the Security Council.", "We therefore believe that there are several general points — for example, the unconventional situations faced by the Blue Helmets. But there are unwavering principles regarding peacekeeping. Peacekeepers must strictly abide by their mandates and avoid involvement in any political conflict or silent support to a party to a conflict. Such action could lead to extremely negative consequences and undermine the reputation of the United Nations.", "Clearly, we support comments made by other colleagues that the mandates of peacekeeping operations must be clear, feasible and in keeping with the situations. Therefore, there is still a need to address the issue of ensuring the necessary level of military advice for the steps undertaken within United Nations peacekeeping.", "Again we recall our proposal to revitalize the activities of the Military Staff Committee, which could elaborate recommendations on operational aspects of peacekeeping and take part in missions to assess the preparedness of contingents and infrastructure for peacekeeping operations. In turn, this would make it possible to provide the Council with up-to-date information.", "Obviously, the issue of enhancing United Nations peacekeeping requires more effectively tapping into the resources of regional organizations and engaging them, since we agree that peacekeeping is an ancillary function to the primary functions of the Governments of countries, for example, engaging the forces of that State or Government.", "The shortfall of financial, logistical and technical resources means that there is a need to leverage existing capacities. Therefore we believe it is important to clearly distinguish between functions in peacekeeping and post-conflict peacebuilding. Under current peacekeeping mandates those are clearly linked, but United Nations peacekeepers should only be given the initial tasks of peacebuilding. The process of socio-economic reconstruction and related tasks must be assigned to more specialized structures of the United Nations system in areas of development, and also regional organizations with the relevant capacities.", "Our hope is that this meeting will make it possible to work together on further enhancing United Nations peacekeeping operations.", "Mr. Moraes Cabral (Portugal): Like others, we believe that peacekeeping and peacebuilding are truly at the crux of the United Nations today. All members know how deeply my country is committed to these tasks. We have been active in several missions during the past 30 years. We therefore thank you, Mr. President, for organizing this very timely debate. It is extremely useful to have this opportunity to interact with Force Commanders and to hear their points of view directly, so I thank the Generals for their very comprehensive presentations, which were extremely useful, as were the answers that they gave to some of the questions raised.", "However, let me pay tribute and commend all the women and men who are in missions, the Force Commanders and the Police Commissioners for the way in which they carry out their tasks, often — as we have already heard today — in very difficult conditions. They deserve our constant support.", "I have a couple of comments on what has been said, and I endorse much, if not everything, that has already been said, so I will be brief.", "The conditionality policy can be used as a tool but, as was underlined by Lieutenant General Prakash, some caution is needed in its application. The issue for us — as he himself said — is that there is scope for development and refinement in the conditionality dimension and the positive and negative elements it entails. I fully agree with him that there is a problem if the application of the conditionality starts to have a negative impact on mission operational activities. I also thank Lieutenant General Prakash for his reference to the threat of the Lord’s Resistance Army. We ourselves suggested the useful debate that we had on that last week (see S/PV.6588).", "Moving on to the protection of civilians, to which we all attach the utmost importance, there has been significant improvement over the years on that very important dimension. We commend the efforts of the Secretariat and the positive progress made by missions in that area. To Lieutenant General Nyamvumba, I would say that the issue is to what extent a mission, if not mandated in that sense, should use force to protect civilians in a non-permissive environment.", "My third comment is addressed to Major General Asarta Cuevas. Again like others, we condemn the attacks on the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) yesterday and in May, which unfortunately took lives. We consider the situation unacceptable, and the parties should abide by United Nations resolutions and by their responsibilities. Our French colleague raised the important issue of how we can best ensure the protection of the soldiers in a very difficult situation. As the General mentioned the other day, last week we had a very useful debate on the situation in Lebanon and it is very clear that the presence of UNIFIL has had a very important and positive impact on creating a stable and calm situation, albeit still very fragile. I think that that there was broad consensus that UNIFIL’s presence in the area is still an extremely important element.", "As I stated during that debate — and we are very happy about it — we will shortly reinforce the Portuguese contingent within UNIFIL with 12 officers from Timor-Leste. I think that that also has a very symbolic dimension to it because Timor-Leste, being a country where there is still a United Nations mission, for its part it is already participating in other United Nations missions.", "I thank Major General Khalid for his statement and his answers. I think that the issue of strong inter-mission cooperation is extremely important and can be decisive in some areas. Of course, I share his view of the role in early peacebuilding efforts in keeping law and order, allowing for people to return to their normal livelihoods and, obviously, getting a political process under way. We often say that peacekeepers are the first peacebuilders as long as there is a peace to keep and build. But I think that that is a useful way of looking at it.", "Here, I conclude that — and this has been stated before — missions need the means, tools, adequate training and leadership, but, as our South African colleague stressed, there is a need for an overall political and coherent strategy in order for missions to do their job properly.", "The President: Due to the lateness of the hour, I will skip my national statement. Most of it has already been covered by others. I will just make three brief remarks.", "First, I thank the Force Commanders for being with us and giving us this opportunity for an exchange. I think that it will, indeed, become a tradition. Secondly, I express high appreciation of their difficult service in very demanding circumstances and, of course, through them, of the 120,000 men and women in the field. Thirdly, I would like to join others in paying tribute to Alain Le Roy. He has just left the Chamber, but he knows how highly we regard his outstanding commitment and leadership in managing the peacekeeping operations and in taking forward the challenges of adapting them to the new requirements.", "Let us now turn to the questions and answers. There was one from the representative of France, I think, of an overarching nature, that is, the question of reform and how that impacts on missions on the ground. I take it that it also refers to the New Horizon agenda. Following a hint by Alain Le Roy, I would suggest that, in accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, we invite Major General Obi, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, and Major General Ramos Pereira, Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, to participate in this meeting and to address those questions because we can diversify a little and give them an opportunity to respond on the reform issue.", "I give the floor to Major General Ramos Pereira to answer the question on reform put by the French representative.", "Major General Ramos Pereira: As the Force Commander of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, I now face the challenge of implementing the new mandate that the Security Council is seeking on reform. I would like to say that the situation in Haiti is still stable and under control. For me and my troops, it is very good to have a very clear mandate with guidance and the capacity to fulfil our mission. It is important also to mention that, as the Council is fully aware, the environment in Haiti is volatile, so it has to account for the situation there.", "If there are more questions, I am available to answer them.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Obi.", "Major General Obi: I am the Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan.", "I would like to say that the reforms introduced so far have had a very positive impact on our operations in the field in a number of ways. I would like to start with the issue of the quality of troops that was raised here today. We need a very high quality of troops in the field to be able to execute our mandate.", "One of the reforms deals with that subject, and to that effect infantry units are standardized in terms of personnel and equipment. That has made it easier for a force commander to appreciate what is available to him. He is able to assess what personnel are available to him and to task them appropriately.", "In terms of the quality of troops, I also want to say that the introduction of pre-deployment training and pre-induction inspections of equipment has helped in ensuring that we have a higher quality of troops, which has also helped in our mandate implementation.", "The aspect of integration is one of those areas that have been well emphasized in recent reforms. My Mission, the United Nations Mission in the Sudan, has been integrated, and to that extent we have been enabled to work jointly with the civilian, military and police pillars and the United Nations country team. A case in point is the protection of civilians strategy, which takes into account the fact that the protection of civilians is not just a military responsibility, but involves all. Here, we have been able to incorporate our efforts through training, the development of concepts, the sharing of information, and the creation of joint operations centres and joint movement centres. These are all developments that have been found to be very useful in the field and have greatly assisted us. During the recent crises in Kordofan and Abyei, we put them widely into practice. All pillars shared information, met very actively in crisis management teams, and were largely able, collectively, to address the challenges that faced us.", "These reforms have been useful to us in the field, in addition to getting us together in meetings of force commanders — as in the case of the Entebbe meeting, which was referred to earlier — to exchange information. That is also a new development that we have found to be very useful.", "The President: I call on Lieutenant General Prakash to address the questions and comments that have been made.", "Lieutenant General Prakash: The question that I want to answer is whether a change of strategy is required with respect to the protection of civilians by the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO) in the pre- and post-electoral periods.", "My view on the subject is that the present strategy in place is working well. We have recently taken a look at it. We have worked out modalities as to how we are going operate. We have arranged various contingencies to deal with various situations that may arise. What clearly emerges is not that the strategy is not in place, but that the enablers are not in place. For example, there is a likelihood of armed groups ramping up their activities and, as the elections approach, there is likely to be more civil unrest. If such things are going to happen, we will need more enablers. The enablers need to come on time and to be in the right place at the right time. As long as the enablers are provided, I think there is no need to change strategy.", "The President: I give the floor to Major General Asarta Cuevas to address the questions and comments that have been made.", "Major General Asarta Cuevas (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, I should like to thank all members of the Council for their kind words addressed to our French soldiers in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) who suffered a criminal terrorist attack yesterday.", "The French Ambassador asked three questions. The first was about how our soldiers can be better protected. The second was about coordination with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF). The third related to the transfer of responsibility to the LAF.", "Turning to the question about how our soldiers can be better protected, I must say that UNIFIL has enough robust means and protection to achieve its missions. The protection of vehicles is a national responsibility. In this case, France, Spain and Italy have had no problem providing us with armoured vehicles. Following the attack of 27 May on an Italian patrol, in which six soldiers were wounded, I sent a directive to my soldiers containing additional security measures. The most important of those measures included the orders that convoys, where possible, should always take place at night and with jammers; that two vehicles at a minimum must always travel together; that our soldiers should wear flak jackets and helmets; and that, whenever possible, the LAF should also provide bodyguards and maintain ongoing contact with the joint operations centre.", "It is important to stress that those instructions were for convoys travelling outside our area of operations, because the two terrorist attacks on us — the first in May and the other yesterday — took place outside of UNIFIL’s area of operations. Similar attacks took place in 2008 in the same zone. What that means is that, in cooperation with the LAF and the population, we can control our area of operations, but outside that we do not have control. That is the national responsibility of the Lebanese Government and Armed Forces. They must guarantee security along the coastal highway, which is basically UNIFIL’s only route for relief troops and supplies and to access the Beirut port and airport where our soldiers arrive at and leave the country.", "Having discussed convoys, I will turn to the safety of individuals, towards which we have taken certain additional measures, including a ban on the use of marked UNIFIL vehicles for personal use outside the area of operations. However, if individuals need to leave the area of operations — to go on vacation via the airport, for instance — we have painted 14 unmarked vehicles, using various colours, that are made available to soldiers and other UNIFIL personnel for individual needs.", "We have taken one additional measure that I proposed to General Kahwaji and the chief of intelligence of the LAF for the southern sector. That measure involves daily reconnaissance of the highway that connects our area of operations with the port and airport of Beirut. For us, it amounts to an extension of our area of operations, but it is not actually within that area. We therefore need to work closely with the Lebanon Government and the LAF. I have proposed daily reconnaissance of that road, at different times each day, together with the Lebanese Armed Forces and security forces, but only in sensitive areas that are highly vulnerable to attack.", "I have been waiting for a response for two months. Finally last Friday, I sent a formal letter to the Commander in Chief of the Lebanese Armed Forces, proposing this initiative yet again and asking for a response. Sadly, yesterday there was another attack. I am not saying that we could have avoided it had we taken the measures I proposed, but we might have.", "I also want to update the Council on what happened with the incident yesterday. There were four vehicles, three of which were armoured, while the third was not. The attack was against the fourth vehicle, which was an armoured vehicle with jammers. Of a total of 12 soldiers, six were wounded, all lightly except one who has an eye in quite bad condition, but he will not lose it. Of those, three were flown home to France today. The other three are still working in their units. We were actually lucky.", "Turning to the second question about our coordination with the LAF, it is excellent in our operations area. They have officials and representatives at all levels and in every location. They are aware of our activities on a daily basis and there is complete transparency. Beyond the area of operations, at the Force Commander level we coordinate with the chief of intelligence and the Commander in Chief of the LAF. If they have information or anything important that I need to know, they communicate it right away.", "Regarding the transfer of responsibilities from UNIFIL to the LAF, in keeping with the joint technical review that I mentioned earlier, we have a strategic dialogue in place with the LAF. The purpose of the dialogue is to assess UNIFIL capacity and the tasks that it must fulfil pursuant to its mandate under resolution 1701 (2006). It is also to assess LAF capacity and which of our missions it can undertake, with the ultimate goal of leaving the Lebanese Armed Forces to fulfil all the tasks conferred on UNIFIL under resolution 1701 (2006). We recognize that UNIFIL cannot be in Lebanon forever. At some point, we must withdraw. The LAF will have to assume the responsibilities currently now assumed by UNIFIL. When will that day come? We do not know, but we are working towards it.", "By way of conclusion, I can say that the most recent meeting on 7 July saw the creation of four subcommittees — one for infrastructure, one for command and control, another for troop capacity and movement, and another for operational issues. All of that is geared to making headway towards being able to transfer all our responsibilities — and I underline again that this is mandated by resolution 1701 (2006) — to the Lebanese Armed Forces.", "The President: We have covered a lot of ground in a few hours. This has been a very useful dialogue. I know I speak for the Council in thanking all the Force Commanders for making it possible by making themselves available. I think this should become a tradition and that we should have such an exchange at least once a year.", "I thank the Force Commanders for being with us today.", "The meeting rose at 2.05 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 蒙加拉·穆索奇先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 齐亚德女士 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生\n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "联合国维持和平行动", "上午11时15分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "联合国维持和平行动", "主席(以英语发言)按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生；非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官Patrick Nyamvumba 中将；联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团部队指挥官钱德尔·普拉卡什中将；联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队特派团部队指挥官兼团长阿尔韦托·阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将；以及联合国利比里亚特派团部队指挥官穆罕默德·哈立德少将参加本次会议。", "我还要向今天与会的其他部队指挥官和首席军事观察员表示热烈欢迎。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，我们感谢你让我们的所有特派团负责人有机会来安理会这里出席会议。他们中有四个人将发言。首先，尼亚姆武姆巴中将将发言谈及在恶劣环境中保护平民的问题。联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的普拉卡什中将将发言谈及有条件支持政策对行动的影响。联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将将发言谈及黎巴嫩南部的安全关切及其对日常行动的影响。联合国利比里亚特派团的哈立德少将将发言谈及军事部门在早期建设和平工作中的作用。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请尼亚姆武姆巴中将发言。", "尼亚姆武姆巴中将(以英语发言)：主席先生，我要感谢你让我在安全理事会发言，谈谈在恶劣环境中保护平民的问题。今天，我将讨论非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在执行其涉及保护平民的任务规定时所处的行动环境、所经历的事情、所采取的战略方法和所作的努力。首先，我将简要谈谈达尔富尔难以进入的环境和达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民战略。然后，我将讨论达尔富尔混合行动为向平民提供保护所作的努力。最后，我将谈谈与所讨论议题有关的各种挑战。", "让我首先谈谈达尔富尔的行动环境。达尔富尔各地的环境确实很恶劣，这一点就足以说明问题。达尔富尔幅员辽阔，气候条件恶劣，缺乏适当的公路和基础设施，地方资源有限。达尔富尔面积很大，而多数地方连起码的基础设施都没有。这给前往救助面临风险和需要援助的民众造成巨大障碍。公路状况差，往往使行进受到耽搁，业务活动受到制约，在6月至10月的雨季期间尤其如此。", "除此之外，保护平民工作面临恶劣环境也是苏丹政府与交战团体之间在当地发生武装冲突以及部落之间通常为争夺自然资源而在当地爆发冲突和交战所造成的结果。其他因素包括有组织土匪活动、小武器泛滥、性暴力、招募儿童行为和任意逮捕与关押。", "在一些地区，我们看到，由于苏丹政府与武装团体在当地发生的交战，达尔富尔混合行动的陆上和空中通行有时受到交战派别限制。这无疑阻碍我们保护平民的努力。此外，由于达尔富尔的所有交战者之间没有达成任何明确的和平协议或停火，冲突仍在继续，因而导致苏丹政府和武装团体再次限制前往这些地区，人道主义部门面临不安全的环境，居民进一步受苦。由于涉及的利益集团和利益攸关方多种多样，安全局势仍然动荡不定，派系之间或部落之间的冲突继续在所有这些交战方之间发生。", "归根结底，达尔富尔人民能否得到保护取决于苏丹政府是否愿意以及是否能够履行其保护本国公民的主权责任。因此，达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略除其他事项外，确定了具体目标与任务，以便同苏丹政府接触，协助它根据国际人权法履行其保护责任。我们达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略基于第1769(2007)号、第1828(2008)号和1935(2010)号决议以及非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第79次会议公报所规定的达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民任务授权。所规定的任务是在达尔富尔各地保护平民，确保安全、及时和畅通无阻的人道主义准入，为人道主义工作人员提供安全保障，保护人道主义车队。", "达尔富尔混合行动的保护平民战略是在与联合国国家工作队充分协商情况下拟订的。该战略既在达尔富尔混合行动/联合国国家工作队综合战略框架、联合国苏丹人道主义工作计划、达尔富尔混合行动保护平民任务指示、达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官指示和维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于在联合国维持和平行动中保护平民的行动概念的基础上订立的，同时又对它们起帮助指导作用。达尔富尔混合行动根据其战略作用和责任建立了一个有助于了解情况和进行预警的系统。它还监测、报告和评估有关事故，并开展行动规划与执行、协调、通信和宣传等工作。", "鉴于其任务授权，并根据对达尔富尔保护平民工作环境的分析，达尔富尔混合行动战略中概述了四个主要目标。它们是：第一，确保苏丹政府、各武装团体和其他非国家行为体根据国际人权和人道主义法履行其保护平民的职责；第二，保护平民免遭人身暴力行为侵害；第三，确保能够自由接触面临风险的民众；以及最后，防止发生侵犯人权特别是侵犯妇女和儿童人权的行为，并确保对这种行为作出有效反应。", "我现在要更具体地谈谈我们所开展的保护平民活动。尽管我们的行动环境中存在许多障碍，但达尔富尔混合行动一直坚持不懈地努力启动若干旨在改进其保护平民工作的举措。我们在达尔富尔各地，特别是在平民社区受到战火影响的地区，维持了更强大的存在。我们改进了特派团的早期预警和早期反应机制，每周发表分析性保护平民工作报告，每周举行民事-军事协调会议。", "我们大幅增加了我们的巡逻活动，包括日夜在各个村庄进行强有力的巡逻；保护境内流离失所者营地；保护市场；协助实施解除武装、复员和重返社会方案；以及提供人道主义、后勤和行政护送服务。达尔富尔混合行动的军事部门与特派团的其他部门一道已在达尔富尔各地留下更广泛的足迹。2010年，达尔富尔混合行动的军事部门进行了总计33 963次巡逻。与此相比，在2011年头六个月，巡逻次数已达到23 554次。这显然是明显的改进，表明我们保护无辜平民的力度有所加大。达尔富尔混合行动得以协助稳定设在尚吉尔托巴伊难民营、阿贝歇湾难民营、哈萨希萨难民营和卡尔马难民营的队部。", "达尔富尔混合行动一直在协助人道主义行为体进入有关地区，以便提供救援，包括在杰贝勒马拉赫和杰贝勒穆恩。就杰贝勒马拉赫而言，我们正积极寻求在费纳建立一个临时行动基地，作为便利前往该地区其他地方的人道主义集散地。所有这些地区的安全局势已大为好转。结果是，为数众多的境内流离失所者已开始返回家园——自1月份以来，每月有近1 500人回返。我们在北区协助家庭迁移，在西区协助自乍得回返者的重新安置。特派团一直参与解决游牧者之间为争夺农场和水源而发生的争端，以及部落冲突。", "5月和6月，达尔富尔混合行动与人道主义国家工作队协作，开始努力接触以前未进入过的地区，并向那些地区提供救济援助。", "速效项目还发挥了满足民众各种需要的功效。代号为“春篮行动”的演习就是在达尔富尔混合行动保护平民战略框架内酝酿拟定的，将其作为改善人道主义救济的手段，以扩大进入难以进入地区的能力并将援助送达更多需要援助的人。", "在同苏丹政府和各武装运动谈判之后，于5月1日开始执行“春篮行动”，在2011年5月和6月共完成了九次评估活动，为妇女和儿童提供了一些疫苗，并为北达尔富尔州一所女子学校提供了教学材料和校舍建材。", "事实上，保护平民是达尔富尔混合行动和提供人道主义援助各方的共同任务。但提供人道主义援助各方在做法上各具其独立性，它们有各自的时间表和优先次序，有时不愿在有军方参与的情况下提供援助。在组织结构上，联合国人道主义事务协调厅尽管负有协调的责任，但却没有增加联合国大家庭或非政府组织参与工作的权威、奖励或处罚手段。", "达尔富尔混合行动为提供人道主义服务，包括运送食物、水、卫生、疫苗和住房的活动提供护送和渠道，其中有些活动已经成功地减少了孕产妇死亡和降低了婴儿死亡率。艾滋病毒/艾滋病股也在同达尔富尔混合行动军事、警察和文职部门合作，建设特派团人员有关将防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动纳入他们各种活动的能力。自2011年1月以来，达尔富尔混合行动艾滋病毒/艾滋病股已经为达尔富尔不同地区复员的1 000多名前战斗人员提供了宝贵的服务。预期计划在2011年7月和8月执行第三阶段工作，这将继续进一步加强和扩大实际提供人道主义救济。", "我们保护平民的努力还面临不同的挑战。首先是缺乏有所有武装运动参加的全面、包容各方和合法的停火，平民的安全问题依然令人严重关切。应当指出，因为交战不停，达尔富尔混合行动多次被阻，无法进入某些地区，这些交战继续对保护平民工作构成挑战。其他挑战包括维和人员成为遭受袭击的目标，在2010年和2011年已有7名维和人员遇害。", "最后，部队派遣国训练不足和装备不良已被认定是影响在达尔富尔保护平民工作效率低下的重要因素之一。实在不幸的是，尽管指示明确，但有些部队派遣国不按照特派团任务规定的培训重点行事。", "我在这里简单介绍了达尔富尔混合行动保护平民的战略和指导方针及当地现实状况，并在此背景下，强调我方旨在改善民众生活的努力和活动。在达尔富尔保护平民无疑是一项艰巨和困难的工作，但我们决心继续努力。我们将继续用我们可采用的任何手段来克服这些挑战，并将继续依靠安全理事会的支持。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢尼亚姆武姆巴中将的通报。", "我现在请钱德尔·普拉卡什中将发言。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：今天上午，我荣幸地有机会作为联合国最大维持和平特派团之一——联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)的部队指挥官在安理会发言，就支助条件的政策及其对稳定团作业的影响作出说明。", "在联刚稳定团作业中采用这项政策刚过18个月，我们现在对该政策的作用及其相关问题已经有了一个相当好的感觉，稍后对此我将进一步加以阐述。但在此之前，我不妨首先介绍这项政策的具体内容，以及联刚稳定团执行这项政策的方式。", "支持刚果民主共和国政府保护平民仍然是我们工作的首要重点。在稳定团肩负的其他任务中，我们受权支持政府完成目前正在对解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)、上帝抵抗军(上帝军)和其他武装团体采取的军事行动，特别是通过有计划地联合行动支持刚果民主共和国武装力量(刚果(金)武装力量)。但正如第1925(2010)号决议和稳定团现有任务——第1991(2011)号决议的规定，联刚稳定团支持刚果(金)武装力量具有严格的条件，即刚果(金)武装力量遵守国际人道主义法、人权法和难民法。这就是现在所说的支助条件的政策，它指导稳定团处理支持刚果(金)武装力量和其他刚果当局的任务的方式。", "这项政策已经被细化为稳定团经常作业程序，其中设置为了向刚果(金)武装力量提供支助需要满足的明确要求。支助内容主要包括燃料、口粮、运输、火力支援、专家咨询和伤员后送。刚果(金)武装力量目前正在实施的打击武装团体的行动，如“阿马尼利奥行动”和“铁石行动”，正是在联刚稳定团的大力支持下开展的。这种支助是有条件的，即行动需要有足够的联合规划，特别是在保护平民方面。仅限于支助其人权记录可接受的部队单位和指挥官，这表示要求适当审查主要人员及刚果(金)武装部队外勤行动。如果认定部队单位或指挥官曾经犯有严重侵犯人权行为，包括集体强奸和雇用儿童兵，则在规划期间就拒绝提供支助。", "在这方面，已经建立了一个彻底的审查程序。即使已经提供支助，如果在某个阶段发现有不遵守支助条件的政策，经过适当通知刚果民主共和国当局，而他们又不采取适当行动，就可撤回支助。最近发现有一个营严重侵犯人权时，就采取了这样做法。标准作业程序仍需作出调整、加以完善。", "高级主管组与提供人道主义援助各方包括人道主义事务协调厅的代表协商，定期审查支助条件的政策的执行情况。现在，支助条件的政策产生的影响至为明显。", "当然，已经取得一些积极成果。在某些地区，这项政策已经被刚果(金)武装力量的作业方式产生积极的影响。它已经使联刚稳定团和刚果(金)武装力量更密切地联合规划行动和发展制订适用刚果民主共和国国内存在的独特情况的作业概念。双方相互学习，结果改进行动的设计和实施工作。重要的是，在规划过程之初就听取各利益攸关方包括稳定团内人权事务联合办公室的意见，考虑到保护平民的因素。现在，稳定团和刚果(金)武装部队行动协调工作明显改善，显然有助于在当地取得成效。要求联刚稳定团密切审查后勤支助分布情况，显然有助于稳定团作业。这已经帮助我们确保按照要求将支助送到外勤部队，确保这些部队得到适当的供应和给养，尽快提高个人的士气和积极性。", "这种条件的政策的存在以及卡比拉总统的“零容忍”政策已经提醒部队指挥官履行他们自己的职责，在作业中有效指挥和控制自己的部队。为了他们自己，也为了部队，他们必须更加关注部队正在为他们做些什么。", "总的来说，得到联刚稳定团支持的刚果(金)武装力量部队最近的表现是令人满意的，负面宣传没有影响到多数联合行动的开展。在由专业人员、原叛乱分子和玛伊-玛伊民兵组成的部队里，我们现已开始看到个人纪律和人文价值观方面出现了令人鼓舞的改进迹象。该部队曾因袭击当地民众而招致批评。", "存在一些问题。该政策尽管具有某些明显的好处，但也给特派团带来某些问题和挑战。特派团可用来在履行其它承诺之外执行有条件支持政策的资源有限，这意味着它所能支持的刚果(金)武装部队的数目有限。在某个时间点，我们用于从事监测工作的军事观察员和特遣队不够用。用于从事必要甄别及核查工作的民事人员也不够用。此外，经验表明，有很多指挥官不符合标准。因此，我们自己的有条件支持政策所造成的后果之一就是，我们接触和影响刚果(金)武装力量各部分战斗序列的能力不象我们希望的那么大。", "尽管如此，即便我们拥有足够资源，我们也仍会处于这样的一种情况，即刚果(金)武装力量内部不再渴望开展联合行动，特别是在南北基伍省。他们声称——这样说也有一定道理——由于准备时间过长和协商范围较广，行动失去了出其不意性和安全性。因此，趋势是取消联合行动，转而由刚果(金)武装力量开展单方面行动。特派团对这些单方面行动的监督或影响是有限的。", "实际情况是，通过采取有条件支持政策，我们有了新的突破。我们在执行该政策过程中没有久经考验的指导方针可以依赖。只是随着时间的推移，我们才对如何以最佳方式落实该政策有了更多信心。其间一直存在着紧张和压力，其中包括与我们的刚果(金)武装力量伙伴。他们抱怨协商和接触得不够，特别是在考虑撤回对违规部队支持的早期阶段。要求更换指挥官，也令人感觉我们侵犯了某些方面的国家主权。", "我们自己的部队也面临以下两难境地，那就是努力确定应当优先处理哪些问题——是监测得到支持的刚果(金)武装力量，还是打击反政府部队？这一点不容易，特别是对于低级的战地指挥官来说。他们所接受的训练更多是关于如何应对明朗局势的，而非如何应对含混局面。谁支持谁？应当什么时候行动，如何行动？附条件肯定加重了此类军官的负担，致使行动情况更加模糊和严峻。", "我要谈一些建议。在描述了有条件支持政策可对行动产生影响的某些方面之后，我现在愿谈几点建议，以说明如何针对未来的特派团强化这项政策。首先也是最重要的是，有条件支持政策要想取得长期成效就不能只靠政策，还必须同时开展更大范围的军事改革，如适当整编和安全部门改革，来予以跟进和支持。", "第二，虽然建立广泛、深入的甄别制度是可取的，但除了要耗费很多资源之外，它还会使用来从事联刚稳定团可予支持的行动的指挥官和部队人数减少。有必要重新研究这项工作的实施规模。我们需要在可取与可行之间找到平衡，从而使该政策不会太冒进，以致于同履行我们总体任务的工作产生冲突。", "第三，如有可能，我们应当努力在创立特派团时而非在这之后采取这项政策。在其它一切都是新的时候，执行起来会更容易，所起到的效果也可能大得多。", "最后，有条件支持政策对行动既有正面影响也有负面影响。这牵涉到某些范围更广的问题和人文价值观。我认为该政策将会继续下去，但存在着进一步发展和细化的空间。要是该政策能够被视为由我们的国家伙伴共同作主的话，则会有很大帮助。它仍将是维护联合国形象和声誉的一个工具，与此同时，它也能够创造机会，使东道国可以对支持什么以及支持何人的问题施加影响并作出知情决定。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢普拉卡什中将的通报。", "我现在请阿尔贝托·阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将发言。我要借此机会重申，安理会强烈谴责昨天在塞达发生的针对联黎部队的袭击，并通过他转达我们对于伤者及其家人的慰问。", "阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你所说的客气话，也感谢你给我今天在安理会发言的机会。", "上周，安理会讨论了秘书长关于执行第1701(2006)号决议情况的最新报告 (S/2011/406)。我知道威廉姆斯特别协调员和维持和平行动部向安理会作了通报。", "今天，我愿借此机会着重谈谈我在黎巴嫩南部所担心的主要问题之一，即安全问题及其对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)行动的影响。接着，我还会谈到第1701(2006)号决议执行情况这个范围更广的问题，以及为确保其总体执行取得进展在今后需要侧重开展的重点工作。", "总体而言，黎巴嫩南部和以色列北部五年来的局势是几十年来最平静、最安宁的。联黎部队行动区的局势在2011年上半年也仍然较为稳定，虽然该国政局陷入僵局。然而，近几个月来，联黎部队经历了一系列事件，这些事件表明了特派团遭受的、且影响到安全局势的各种威胁。", "当地时间昨天下午6时左右，在联黎部队行动区之外的塞达镇附近的沿海公路上发生了一起针对联黎部队车队的爆炸事件。据初步消息，袭击造成联黎部队6名维和人员受伤。其中三人被运往医院治疗，据称其状况稳定，只是轻微受伤。他们今天将被送回法国。联黎部队法医专家正在与黎巴嫩武装部队密切协调，查明事件有关情况。这是第1701(2006)号决议通过以来联黎部队第五次遇袭。", "安理会成员也知道，5月27日联黎部队车队在通往贝鲁特的公路上遇袭，当时一枚遥控的路边炸弹爆炸，造成6名意大利维和人员受伤。两人遭受重伤，四人遭受轻中伤。此外，两名黎巴嫩平民遭受轻伤。这是三年多来的首次袭击事件。没有人声称对袭击事件负责。", "黎巴嫩当局和联黎部队立即展开了调查，意大利当局也是如此。这些调查尚在进行之中。各派政治力量的所有高级政治领导人均谴责了此次袭击。在开展调查和采取诸如由黎巴嫩军队提供护送等其它减轻威胁的措施方面，与黎巴嫩当局开展了良好合作。此外，我作为负责黎巴嫩南部安全问题的指定官员，还负责为军用车队和在联黎部队行动区内外开展的其它活动采取更多保护措施，并加强对部队的保护，以降低发生类似袭击的风险。尽管如此，完全防止此类恐怖袭击的发生是不可能的。", "5月15日——秘书长的报告中也提及这一事件——在巴勒斯坦人纪念大灾难日时发生了大规模示威活动。我不想详细重述悲剧性事件发生的次序，根据黎巴嫩当局提供给联黎部队的信息，有7人被打死，100多人受伤。我们已与双方讨论了我们对事件的初步调查结果，并向他们发送了联黎部队的调查报告，在计划于8月份召开的下一次三方会议上，我们将进行更加详细的讨论。", "联黎部队还向双方转达了今后防止此类事件发生的建议。具体而言，黎巴嫩当局应当对违反第1701(2006)号决议行为所带有的各种安全风险和其它风险进行一次全面评估，并评估授权在蓝线附近举行示威之前为维护法律秩序而需采取的措施。黎巴嫩军队没有授权于6月初大灾难纪念活动期间在蓝线附近举行示威，从而防止了此类暴力事件的再次发生。事实证明这些措施确实有效，它们再次彰显出黎巴嫩武装部队和黎巴嫩南部人民下定决心，努力实现南部的持久和平与稳定。", "最后，在整个6月份期间，特派团经历了一些个人或个人团体对联黎部队巡逻队采取不友好举动的若干事件以及对联黎部队通行自由的限制。这些事件的确使我有切实理由感到关切。", "在许多情况中，黎巴嫩一方提出，联黎部队士兵拍照或意外进入私人宅地，被认为是侵犯了个人或当地社区的隐私，并把它作为对我们士兵采取不友好举动的理由。然而，并不是所有此类情况都能以这种方法解释，我们不能排除有些情况可能是，人们可能受到鼓励采取这种行为方式，以试图阻拦联黎部队开展其活动，从而使其无法在整个行动区执行其授权任务。", "联黎部队是如何回应这些事件的呢？我们加强了部队保护和降低风险措施，这常常意味着需要有更多人来开展同样的活动。我们还在黎巴嫩军队能力可及的范围内，并在不限制联黎部队开展活动特别是开展那些我们认为极其重要活动时作业的情况下，与黎巴嫩武装部队一道开展了更多业务活动。安理会可以放心的是，无论是恐怖袭击还是民众的不友好举动都不会阻止联黎部队执行其授权任务。我们抱着同样的决心继续这样做。", "此时此刻，我还愿向安理会表示，多年来，特派团从安理会坚定不移的支持中受益匪浅，第1773(2007)号决议就十分强烈地表达了这一支持。基于该决议，联黎部队定期提醒双方，它们有责任严格确保联合国工作人员的安全保障，并尊重联黎部队的通行自由，联黎部队还向黎巴嫩各方重申，安理会呼吁进一步密切联黎部队与黎巴嫩军队之间的合作。", "尽管存在我先前谈到的安全挑战，但是像我以前提及的那样，南部的安全局势总体保持了相对稳定，南黎巴嫩五年来的局势是许多年来最安宁和最平静的。这在很大程度上是联黎部队和黎巴嫩军队密切合作的结果，这种合作有助于在黎巴嫩南部建立一个新的战略环境。", "第1701(2006)号决议已通过将近5年时间，现在正是再次审视该决议主要目标以及我们需怎样着手实现这些目标的适当时候。", "第1701(2006)号决议呼吁全面停止敌对行动，此外还呼吁以色列和黎巴嫩支持永久性停火和冲突的长期解决办法，其基础尤其包括：双方全面尊重蓝线，作出安全安排以防止敌对行动复发，其中包括在蓝线和利塔尼河之间设置一个除黎巴嫩政府和联黎部队人员、资产和武器之外没有任何其它武装人员、资产和武器的地区。", "除开展军事业务活动外，联黎部队还设立了三方论坛，籍此与以色列国防军和黎巴嫩武装部队的高级代表探讨违反第1701(2006)号决议的问题、军事业务问题以及双方之间的建立信任措施。三方论坛已发展成为双方联络与协调的一个关键机制，双方都致力于该论坛并积极利用它。该论坛在推动蓝线标示进程并找到办法切实解决有争议问题从而缓解紧张、防止蓝线一带地区事件升级方面，继续发挥着重要作用。", "黎巴嫩武装部队是联黎部队维护南黎巴嫩新战略环境并执行第1701(2006)号决议的一个战略合作伙伴。因此，2010年年初完成的维和行动部-联黎部队联合技术审查建议，应在联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队之间建立一个定期的战略对话机制。黎巴嫩当局包括政府及军队都欢迎该建议，该机制业已建立并已开始工作。", "该进程将帮助黎巴嫩武装部队建设适当的行动能力，以执行第1701(2006)号决议中授权的各项任务，并最终促成将责任逐渐移交给黎巴嫩武装部队。战略对话机制将在分析联黎部队、黎巴嫩军队地面部队以及海上资产的基础上进行，并将制定一系列反映联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队双方能力与责任之间相互关联的基准。", "有了三方论坛和战略对话机制，联黎部队就具备了推进第1701(2006)号决议授予它的军事行动事务的良好条件。我们希望，这些进程的成功展开将确保南黎巴嫩以及蓝线一带的局势保持平静，并确保双方继续停止敌对行动。", "关键的是，这将确保在一个动荡不安的脆弱环境里维持相对平静的现状。但是，我认为，我们——联合国、联黎部队、安全理事会以及国际社会——不应满足于维持现状。相反，联黎部队、黎巴嫩军队和以色列国防军在蓝线一带建立并维持平静与相对稳定，为通过政治进程来处理问题提供了一个机会之窗，而这超出了像联黎部队这样的维和行动的授权范围。联黎部队可以通过确保有利的安全局势来支持这种政治进程，但是它无法替代政治和外交进程。", "为此，我认为有必要将我们的所有努力重新集中到实现第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标——永久性停火并长期解决冲突——上来。", "联黎部队得到了南部民众的支持，而黎巴嫩对第1701(2006)号决议的全国共识也得以保持。新政府发表了部长声明，重申了黎巴嫩对第1701(2006)号决议和联黎部队任务规定的坚定承诺。在最近7月13日的三方会议上，黎巴嫩代表团团长证实，对黎巴嫩武装部队发出的关于执行第1701(2006)号决议并同联黎部队合作的命令没有改变。", "新政府视事时间虽短，但联黎部队注意到，政府和军队都按照这一精神采取行动。米卡提总理在7月16日第一次访问黎巴嫩南部时证实了这一点，其中包括对联黎部队总部的象征性访问，对我们特派团表示了强大的支持。", "以色列政府也致力于执行第1701(2006)号决议。自决议获得通过以来，联黎部队在黎巴嫩南部的行动获得安全理事会的一致支持。这项支持仍然极端重要，以便联黎部队处于强有力的地位，继续执行其任务。", "这些都是继续成功执行联黎部队任务规定的主要因素。但是，与此同时，联黎部队成功地最终把责任交给黎巴嫩军队和缩小本身部队的编制，归根结底，有赖于一个解决冲突根源的政治进程。应当利用联黎部队提供的机会之窗，以便在实现第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标方面取得进展，我重申，这些目标就是实现永久停火和长期解决冲突。", "安理会不久将讨论延长联黎部队的任务期限。作为特派团负责人和联黎部队的部队指挥官，我要高度赞赏安全理事会的持续支持，特别是对联黎部队人员的安全和通行自由以及战略对话进程的目标的明确支持。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将的通报。", "我现在请穆罕默德·哈利德少将发言。", "哈利德少将(以英语发言)：作为联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的部队指挥官，我荣幸地获准在本论坛介绍我关于建设和平初期军事单位的作用的想法和经验。在提到这个议题时，我要首先强调建设和平进程，以便为使用军事工具赢得空间。然后，我将描述它在建设和平初期的作用和如何能够做到它。最后，我将强调某些领域，我认为，在授权部署军事单位之前，需要关注这些领域。", "冲突后社会的特点是安全机制要么不存在，要么非常脆弱——军队土崩瓦解、散乱的准军事部队几乎失控或无人管治、私人和政府拥有大量武器弹药，并且政府对警察和军队的控制不受信任和缺乏合法性。在此背景下，维和部队设法支持战时安全任务以及政治和经济制度的过渡，为可持续和持久的和平进程提供和平及可靠的环境。", "自冷战时期以来，维持和平的概念已经完全改变。军事单位除了提供安全和可靠的环境并监督对立双方之间的停火之外，还要开展大量属于建设和平范畴的其他活动。为此要采取各种行动，查明并支持有助于加强和平的机构，避免冲突死灰复燃。", "我还要指出，建设和平进程是多层面、错综复杂和专业性的工作。它不一定是军方的领域，而相反是该领域中专家的专门性工作。它涉及解决暴力冲突和建立可持续和平的进程与活动。它注重国家能力建设，这要在国家和国以下各级同政治、业务和战术方面合作进行。", "一般而言，军事单位最早部署在任何冲突地区，因为其他机构由于某些程序性拖延和不利的环境而需要更多的时间。", "除了发挥各种作用，减轻冲突地区居民的痛苦之外，军事单位由于其组织能力，能够吸收和协助其他单位。它也在其他联合国机构和非政府组织到达并落脚之前，帮助快速启动建设和平进程。", "军事单位在建设和平进程初期能够发挥的作用可以包括：提供安全和可靠的环境；打击有组织犯罪；执行警务和在发生大规模骚乱时支持警察；为修复基础设施以协助人道主义救济努力而执行工程任务，并启动某些速效项目；医疗外联和流行病控制；接待和管理难民；协助安全部门改革和国家武装部队及警察的能力建设；以及向从事建设和平活动的联合国机构和其他伙伴提供一系列广泛的后勤和其他支助，包括运输、空运和通信。在多数阶段中，军方能够提供一个可靠和有利的环境，通过选举或全民投票或通过两者，重启政治进程。", "为了开展这种全面进程，必须创造有利的环境。军事单位作为建设和平进程早期阶段的推动者，能够在这方面发挥作用。", "向国际机构的各个机关和工作人员提供全面安全保护是军事部门最重要的职能。这样做的办法是通过观察团执行和实施和平协议，以便在早期阶段帮助建立信任、提供斡旋并对双方同意的承诺进行不偏袒的监测。这些承诺可能包括停火、边界接触、商定的权力或资产分配、和平谈判、落实和平或停火以及恢复法治。它们也可能包括：按商定的条件进行解除武装、复原和重返社会；为了维和人员、当地人民和其他联合国机构的安全进行扫雷、清除未爆弹药、清除爆炸物和饵雷；以及护送、巡逻和保安任务，从而增进建设和平人员的通行自由和业务。", "简而言之，这就是我认为军事单位适合的环境和作用。然而，如果考虑进行军事干预，干预后的战略也极端重要。这样一项战略的目标，必须是帮助确保那些引起军事干预的条件不会卷土重来或再次出现。", "在动用军事工具解决冲突后局势中的问题之前，必须考虑到某些基本方面，以便获得预期成效。", "第一，为建设和平而进行的军事干预能够取得成功的唯一途径是采取全面方法。在建设和平问题上，绝不能用军队代替进行政治接触。", "第二，目标和手段之间的相关性是极端重要的。如果要部署军队，应当在早期阶段部署足够的实力，然后缩小编制，而不是相反。", "最后但同样重要的是，军事存在倾向于在东道国人口中产生依赖文化，这可能阻碍国家的重建和人力资源开发。必须提防这种趋势。东道国的能力建设必须仍然是一个优先事项。", "最后，我要说，军事部门在建设和平进程早期阶段的作用不可避免，至为重要。军事部门在建设和平进程早期发挥着两项主要作用。", "第一，军事部门为其他内部和外部行为者开展行动提供安全环境。第二，军事部门使其资源在建设和平进程的稳定、过渡和巩固阶段实现特派团超越其安全职能的总体目标。军事部门作为部署的第一个部门，从第一天起便直接或间接开始建设和平工作，并为其他建设和平力量的投放提供平台，以便有系统地启动全面进程。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安理会成员发言。我提醒各位同事在发言时注意此刻时间已经不早。", "奥格武女士(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：我首先要对勒罗伊副秘书长为本次辩论会提供的指导——特别是在组织部队指挥官方面提供的指导——表示感谢。我要热烈欢迎各位部队指挥官来到安理会。他们就审议中的议题提出的看法清楚明了、言简意赅。这表明，本次旨在促进加大实地与安全理事会之间协同增效作用的互动极为明智、至关重要。让我赞扬他们尤其在领导各和平特派团方面所作的不可估量的奉献。", "自我们上次在2010年8月与部队指挥官进行接触(第6370次会议)以来，联合国系统在使我们的维和努力更为有效方面出现了若干重要事态发展。我们看到，执行和平协议和维持停火的工作更有针对性。我们新设了两个维和特派团——联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)和继联苏特派团关闭之后设立的联合国驻阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿部队)。", "然而，在保护平民、弥合人力与物质资源方面存在的能力差距和减少部队伤亡等至关重要方面仍然存在巨大挑战。因此，今天上午所审议的议题切合实际，顺应当前维和工作的趋势。", "我今天上午发言的要点是普拉卡什将军所说的联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)的设定条件政策这一至关重要的问题。", "我们赞同他的评估和看法。我们仍然坚信，当刚果民主共和国武装力量担任战略和指挥职务的人有侵犯人权行为时，联刚稳定团向他们提供支助或与之开展联合行动将取得完全适得其反的效果。事实上，秘书长特别代表罗杰·米斯曾经指出，“设定条件的政策已导致刚果民主共和国武装力量某些参与在联刚稳定团驻有强大兵力的地区犯下侵害平民罪行的指挥官被解职”。", "要想加强这种积极评估，必须作出持续努力，通过解除武装、复员、遣返、重新安置和重返社会，当然还有安全部门改革，建设刚果民主共和国的能力，使之能够维持国内安全，以此适当补充设定条件的政策。刚果民主共和国武装力量由于结构分散，缺乏明确的指挥和控制，行动软弱，纪律涣散，往往不能有效地为平民提供保护。因此，在辩论设定条件的政策时，我国代表团更希望联刚稳定团与刚果民主共和国武装力量结成战略联盟。这将补充刚果民主共和国武装力量的能力，保留联刚稳定团的相对监督，最终提高刚果民主共和国武装力量的行动效力。", "在部署维和人员的社区，平民的首要期望是他们将得到适当的保护。因此，保护平民是包括非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在内的多数联合国维和特派团的任务授权的核心。", "由于有报道说，苏丹武装部队与武装运动之间特别是在北达尔富尔州的尚吉尔托巴伊和西达尔富尔州的杰贝勒迈拉进行空袭、炮击和激战，在达尔富尔制止对平民发动袭击仍是一项艰巨挑战。尽管保护平民的首要责任在于苏丹政府当局，但加大苏丹政府与达尔富尔混合行动之间的合作无疑会使平民得到更好保护。", "我国代表团赞扬达尔富尔混合行动采取更有力的方式保护平民，并在西达尔富尔州积极加强巡逻。特别是，我们欢迎达尔富尔混合行动增加对人道主义组织的后勤支助和支持将保护儿童工作纳入主流的议程。", "自通过安理会第1701(2009)号决议和部署联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)官兵以来，黎巴嫩南部逐渐趋于稳定。所取得的进展可部分归因于联黎部队与黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军的密切协调。然而，安全局势依然非常脆弱。5月15日在“蓝线”一带发生的致命事件和5月27日对6名联黎部队维和人员发动的恐怖袭击要求我们进一步反思。昨天在西顿发生了另一起袭击5名维和人员的事件。", "我国代表团明确谴责这些袭击事件。我们呼吁有关各方——黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军——履行它们依照第1701(2006)号决议承担的义务，确保联黎部队人员的安全。事实上，有关各方必须利用联黎部队指挥官定期召开的三方会议来加强对联黎部队的信任和恢复对联黎部队的希望。", "联合国维和工作正处于紧要关头。满足对维和行动的要求已使本组织的能力极度吃紧，因而对其维和工作的效率产生巨大压力，造成极大紧张。我们维和行动承担的工作层面日益增多，这要求包括军事部门、民警和区域及其他非正式组织在内的各组成部分之间加大协调与合作。挑战的种类各种各样，从防止发生冲突到当冲突终于发生时恢复和平，不一而足。", "部署受过必要训练、拥有必要装备和得到必要后勤支助的部队，以便有效开展维和人员所面临的复杂和可能危险的任务，仍然是维和行动取得成功的主要决定因素。在这方面，我国代表团重申，应当适当注重部署能够对每个实地局势中的文化差异作出适当反应的部队。在我们看来，在考虑我们最近在联合国利比里亚特派团和联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)中看到的那种特派团之间的合作时，这也应当是一个优先事项。", "我们的许多特派团及早实现和平日益取决于民事专家在法治、人权和儿童保护等关键领域开展的工作。达尔富尔混合行动和联科行动最近出现的事态发展进一步表明，在这些领域建设可持续的国家能力至关重要。在这方面，我们鼓励法治和安全机构厅同包括非政府组织在内的联合国内外相关行为体协调其活动，因为这些非政府组织本身具有在联合国维和特派团结束之后长时间继续待在实地开展工作的能力。", "我们在继续应对各种维和挑战时，必须充分利用以往的经验教训。我们首先可以找出最经常阻碍特派团全方位发挥能力的问题。一个有效的预警系统可以防止冲突，限制对国际和平与安全的威胁。会员国和区域机构应当寻求更有效的战略，发现和解决其国内和地区冲突的深层原因。这将最终有助于确保一旦和平来临，那将是根深蒂固和可持续的和平。", "我谨重申，尼日利亚继续完全致力于《联合国宪章》所载的集体安全。在向那些以身殉职，以便他人能够和平生活的人们表示敬意的同时，也让我们借此机会重申，作为维和人员，我们决心尊重和维护联合国维和工作的基本原则。", "主席(以英语发言)：我谨提醒安理会成员，他们有机会在会上不仅向作通报的各位，而且还可以向安理会会议厅内的所有部队指挥官提出问题和表达意见。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西)(以英语发言)：我首先要特别赞扬阿兰·勒罗伊先生。面对困难艰巨的任务，他表现出色。巴西十分赞赏他的所有工作，但我要特别提及他与部队派遣国的持续不断和非常富有建设性的互动，并与马尔科拉女士一起发起《新局面倡议》。我国政府感谢他的服务，并祝愿他今后事业成功。", "我愿同大家一起欢迎各特派团军事部门负责人来到安理会，并表达我国由衷感谢他们在非常艰难的情况下出色地开展工作。我感谢联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国利比里亚特派团的部队指挥官今天与我们分享他们的见解。巴西派部队和观察员参加了其中大多数特派团，因此直接了解到他们高质量的领导和承诺。", "我们今天听到的通报有助于我们更好地认识我们所采取的决策对实地局势的影响。在纽约这里，我们必须确保我们为维和人员提供他们履行任务所需的政治指导和支持。但是，我们也必须注意避免对他们进行微观管理或限制特派团领导创造性思维的空间，这些同样是成功的关键。", "我想重点谈《新局面倡议》中提出的注重能力的维持和平办法。我们要求特派团领导取得结果是对的，但也必须为他们提供完成工作所需要的工具。整体而言，虽然已经取得重要进展，但我们应该继续努力，为实地输送必要的技能和能力。", "军事部门通常是特派团的最大组成部分。对于当地居民，他们往往代表特派团的形象。因此，重要的是要确保他们在军民合作、文化敏感性、行为和纪律等方面接受必要的培训。维和部队如果能够理解当地居民，其工作将更有效。", "在维和工作的文职领域，统一服务条件对特派团吸引和留住最优秀文职工作人员的能力有重要的长期影响。文职能力审查对我们有关该问题的思考有重要贡献。应尽快开始讨论执行审查建议。", "为了实现可持续和平，安理会、秘书处、部队和警察派遣国以及其他利益攸关方必须同心协力，为实地指挥官提供他们所需要的支持。我愿向今天在座的所有部队指挥官保证，巴西仍然致力于达到这一目标。", "阿尔萨特先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团首先感谢安理会轮值主席组织召开这次与部队指挥官的会议，我向这些指挥官表示特别敬意。我们还要特别感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长勒罗伊先生参加并指导这次讨论取得成功。", "我国代表团重视维持和平行动部、部队指挥官及其工作人员和尼日利亚奥格武大使领导的维持和平行动工作组的重要工作，他们已经在这方面作出了宝贵的贡献。", "各国持续关心的一个问题是改善秘书处、安全理事会和部队派遣国之间的协同效应。在这方面，我们已经有所进展。同时，我们建议安理会继续加强这种互动，我们认为这是至关重要的。同样，我们强调在制定理论和改善联合国维持和平特派团行动状况方面取得的进展。外勤作业的动态和联合国确保实地工作人员安全和福祉的后勤能力因而得到了改善。", "关于打击西非地区国际有组织犯罪的西非海岸倡议，哥伦比亚认为，我们派遣了本国警察部队与几内亚比绍和塞拉利昂合作，因而非常有必要提供这方面经验。我国还积极参加联合国海地稳定特派团。", "我们面临的挑战之一是如何在使用旋转翼飞机、直升机和固定翼飞机以及这些飞机的使用理论方面改进对联合国部队进行动员的能力。在这方面，我们建议进一步分析后勤、人力和技术能力，以取得最佳结果。我们需要为维和行动配备高科技小组，特别是在通信、情报和实地观察领域，以进行暴力活动方面的预警和预测工作。", "最后，我们确认，需要优先重视联合国部队保护和保卫平民的工作，恰如我们优先强调维护《联合国宪章》所载原则和任务。只有这样，我们才能加强联合国与代表联合国的部队和当地居民之间的关系。", "蒙加拉·穆索奇先生(加蓬)(以法语发言)：维持和平行动是本组织的主要职能之一，这些行动近来已经在维护国际和平与安全方面展现其实用性和效力。在这方面，我谨首先感谢勒罗伊先生和部队指挥官们的通报。", "加蓬重申，我们高度赞赏部队指挥官和其他维和人员的决心和专业精神，他们开展着艰苦的工作，常常是在非常恶劣的环境下，有时甚至资源有限。我们刚才听到的通报富有启发性，反映了派代表参加今天会议的各维持和平特派团所面临的日常现实，有效显示了维持和平行动所面临的实际困难。我国代表团也感谢收到此类信息，这使安理会得以更好地作出必要决定，因应实地不断变化的情况。", "我们赞扬将新的多层面做法，如保护平民、加强法治、落实防止冲突再发的机制和开展冲突后建设和平工作纳入维持和平行动的任务授权。因此，我们重申，安理会必须赋予维和行动明确、可信、可执行、且针对预期目标和成果的任务授权，并提供必要资源来完成这些行动被赋予的所有任务。", "关于建设和平，我欢迎刚果民主共和国和利比里亚取得的进展。2011年底，这些国家将举行具有决定意义的重要选举，这将是对派往那里的特派团的重大考验。选举能否成功将决定撤离刚果民主共和国和利比里亚的最终安排，从而帮助我们制定将安全职能移交两国政府的战略。在这方面，安理会必须继续密切关注这两个维和行动处理的局势，以便我们能够对其授权进行适当变更，特别是在后勤和行动能力方面。", "我要向联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团指挥官问一个问题。他如何看待上帝抵抗军(上帝军)构成的威胁？他对联合国驻该地区特派团的合作特别在打击上帝军方面的合作有何设想？", "最后，我国将继续支持联合国维和行动。我们欢迎像今天这样与部队指挥官举行互动会议，以便安理会了解其特派团的实地情况，并向我们报告他们所面临的挑战。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：我愿感谢维持和平行动部和阿兰·勒罗伊副秘书长介绍各位部队指挥官，并让我们有这个机会直接听取身处实地的指挥官的看法。我认为这一点特别重要，因为维持和平确实是安全理事会拥有的主要工具，在联合国预算中占有最大比例，而且肯定是占用安理会最多时间的工作。", "印度向维和行动派遣的部队和警官人数比任何其它国家都多。我们向40多个维和行动派出了10多万名官兵。因此，我们非常了解这一切意味着什么，能够做成哪些事情，维和行动拥有哪些能力。我们也参与了该辩论所涉及的制定法规方面的工作，无论是在安理会还是大会。我们秉持这种建设性接触的传统，最近在新德里举行了一个讨论会。它在借鉴维和人员的行动经验从而进一步推动维和工作方面取得了新的突破。", "维和工作已趋成熟。如今，80%多的维和经费用于历时5年以上的行动。我们在成立两个新特派团之际——这是几年来的首批新行动——需要总结有关情况。我愿强调以下几点。", "第一是缺乏经费的问题，也就是在现有经费状况下甚至是经费减少的状况下，努力做更多工作的问题。我理解需要提高效率；我理解必须更加节俭；但我认为必须要清楚地认识到，依靠微薄预算开展行动，而任务却在不断增多，这肯定是不可能做到的，也是无法产生实效的。", "此外，任务授权必须要明确。来自我国即印度的部队指挥官指出了授权含糊不清的现象，以及这种现象如何导致指挥系统的下级人员确实不清楚他们应当做什么的问题。我认为，在这方面说清楚并认识到任务授权与资源必须相互结合、形成合力，对我们安理会成员以及我们在实地部署的部队都有好处。有鉴于此，尤为重要的是，应当更密集地开展与部队派遣国的互动交流，以便我们能够更加明确，凭借我们成立的部队所拥有的资源数量可以取得哪些成果、开展哪些工作。这种互动交流业已开始。", "我还愿强调另一个十分重要的内容——开展伙伴关系的意愿问题。在此，我要提请各国成员注意非洲。安理会三分之二的会议和成果涉及非洲问题。非洲对于联合国维和行动也具有核心意义。印度大力支持发展非洲联盟的维和能力。在这方面，我愿引用我国总理在5月份于亚的斯亚贝巴举行的第二届印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上的讲话。他说：", "“印度一贯支持非洲发展自身能力。为了表示我们致力于支持非洲努力寻求非洲本土解决办法，我要高兴地宣布，印度将向非洲联盟驻索马里特派团捐助200万美元。”", "其它会员国需要提供类似援助来建设非洲联盟的维和能力。印度还承诺尽早通过特别训练安排，使非洲待命部队投入运作。", "我们知道最弱势者受冲突之害最多。妇女和儿童曾经并继续深受世界各地的冲突之害。国际社会不仅有责任而且有义务尽力确保妇女和儿童的安全，特别是在冲突和冲突后局势中。印度部队和警官将尽全力保护其行动区的弱势人群，这些部队和警官中包括了以联合国名义部署的首批全女兵部队。", "最后，我愿感谢各位部队指挥官以及接受他们指挥的人员。是他们将安理会的言辞落实为行动。我还愿对帮助联合国努力缔造一个更安全、更美好的世界而作出巨大牺牲的维和人员表示敬意。", "迪卡尔洛夫人(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你和维持和平行动部(维和部)安排安理会今天举行本次会议。我也愿赞赏勒罗伊副秘书长在十分困难和艰巨的时期对维和部的出色领导。我们祝愿他今后一切顺利。", "我愿感谢各位部队指挥官今天的发言。我们非常赞赏他们每天在维和行动中发挥的作用。我要借此机会向阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将和我的法国同事表示，美国对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队中的法国维和部队昨天受伤表示慰问，希望他们能够很快完全康复。这当然是一个最明显不过的例子，说明了勇敢的维和人员在履行职责时每天会遇到何种危险。", "对于各位部队指挥官，我只想说，我们非常欢迎有这个机会直接听取他们是如何看待在执行联合国特派团的授权任务过程中所遇到的挑战和危险的。安理会希望为特派团的任务授权配备成功履行任务所需的领导和能力。", "我们非常有兴趣了解部队指挥官面临的业务、后勤和领导问题。每个维持和平特派团的核心就是其人员及其能力，以支持旨在建立更稳定和平的努力。我们对于正在采取的业务步骤感兴趣，这些步骤的目的是制定全特派团的保护平民战略，包括防止性暴力，我们并且对于特派团中的军警维和人员的作用感兴趣。我们非常欢迎有关创新措施的讨论，例如拾柴路线巡逻、社区联络援助、向社区领导人分发手机，以及应急和调查小组，这些小组包含各种文职、警察和军事专长。", "指挥官面临的缺口是同样重要的——这些因素要么扩大、要么限制他们在完成任务时的后勤或领导效力。这些缺口可能是理论、部署前或在职培训等支持特派团的工具；早期预警能力、情报和及时分析等帮助特派团有效运作的工具；或是空运能力等有助于机动性的工具，以及预算和行政问题。", "我有几个问题要问各位将军。", "我想听阿萨塔·奎瓦斯将军谈谈真主党的军事武库。7月1日秘书长的报告(S/2011/406)指出，真主党依然保留自己的大量、日益增加和引起动乱的军事武库。我想知道，联黎特派团采取什么步骤来协助黎巴嫩武装部队移走利塔尼河南岸的这些非法武器和武装人员。", "我非常赞赏Nyamvumba将军在发言中注重非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的强有力的存在。我们表示希望，可以向其他特派团交流达尔富尔混合行动在建立这种强有力存在时吸取的经验教训。我想听听他对此的评论。", "我们仍然对于联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团面临的航空资产能力的严重短缺感到非常关切，我想听普拉卡什将军回答这个问题，这个缺口是否——或者不如说如何——影响特派团执行第1991(2011)号决议所规定任务的能力。特派团的任务中要作出那些折衷个，特派团不再能够做什么？", "最后，我想听哈利德将军谈谈特派团之间的合作。联合国科特迪瓦行动同联合国利比里亚特派团之间进行了良好的特派团间合作，我想知道在这一合作中学到些什么，并且他是否认为能够在其他地方利用特派团间合作。", "王民先生(中国)：主席先生，我感谢勒罗伊副秘书长出席今天的会议。我也认真听取了四位联合国维和特派团指挥官的发言。我特别要对出席今天安理会会议的全体联合国维和行动指挥官表示热烈的欢迎。你们在世界各地艰苦的环境下工作，履行安理会赋予的神圣使命，为维护世界和平与安全作出了重要贡献。中国代表团向你们以及在世界各地工作的维和官兵表示崇高的敬意。", "联合国维和行动开展60多年来，为维护世界和平与安全作出了巨大贡献。近年来，随着形势的迅速变化，联合国的维和行动也面临着一系列新的挑战。我不想提什么问题，听了几位指挥官的发言之后，我想作一些原则性的评论。我着重想谈以下4点看法。", "第一，应加强维和行动与缔造和平行动之间的协调。维和行动固然重要，但不是“万能药”。建立持久和平关键是要推进政治对话与和解进程。联合国秘书长及其特别代表可就此发挥更加积极的斡旋作用。", "第二，应加强维和行动与建设和平工作的协调配合。有关各方应关注和解决冲突产生的根源，特别是经济社会发展问题。应统筹考虑维和行动与建设和平的衔接问题，明确维和行动与建设和平的分工。维和行动应及时制定并逐步完善撤出战略。", "第三，应切实履行好保护平民的授权。当事国对保护平民负有首要责任。维和行动在履行保护平民授权时既要严格遵守安理会决议，恪守中立原则，避免成为冲突一方，同时也要尊重当事国的主权，多做有利于推进政治和民族和解的事情。", "第四，加强联合国维和行动能力建设。我们希望有资源和技术能力的国家加大投入，为维和行动提供必要的资源和技术保障。我们支持联合国提升维和行动部署的速度和运作效率，加强针对性和灵活性，同时加强与当事国和区域组织的伙伴关系。", "齐亚德女士(黎巴嫩)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我们要对你召开本次重要辩论会表示赞赏。我们也谨感谢主管维持和平行动部的勒罗伊副秘书长值得称赞的工作，并感谢联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的部队指挥官的全面通报。", "黎巴嫩认为，在联合国维和行动中，安全理事会、秘书处、部队派遣国和东道国之间需要结成伙伴关系。在仔细听取各位部队指挥官的通报之后，我们要对他们的献身精神和为和平提供的服务表示敬意。通过这次直接互动，我们有机会了解实地的紧迫需求，从而帮助安理会更好地应对这些需求。", "我有两个问题。一个问题类似于美国代表团提出的有关联刚稳定团同达尔富尔混合行动之间的合作的问题。也许尼亚姆武姆巴将军可以告诉我们达尔富尔混合行动面临的主要后勤挑战。", "在我们区域，停止以色列对巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩其余土地的占领——冲突的根源——是任何全面解决办法和联合国维和特派团成功撤离的先决条件。", "每个人都提到昨天在黎巴嫩南部发生的情况。当一个维和特派团受到考验，维和人员遭到袭击时，只有团结与决心才是我们制止任何种类事件再次发生的关键。正是在这个背景下，黎巴嫩对这一袭击事件表示明确的谴责。只需在此提到黎巴嫩共和国总统米歇尔·苏莱曼将军发表了一项声明就够了。他在声明中谴责这起袭击事件，并敦促当局“加倍努力查明凶手并惩罚他们。”", "他是在贝鲁特这样说的，并且我国代表团在纽约这里赞同安全理事会发表的谴责这起袭击事件的新闻谈话(SC/10341)。我国代表团对受伤的维和人员及其家属表示衷心慰问，我们相信，阿萨塔·奎瓦斯将军将向联黎部队男女官兵转达我们的深切赞赏。", "在第1701(2006)号决议获得通过将近五年之后，黎巴嫩政府坚定致力于全面执行该决议。我们呼吁国际社会制止以色列对我国的陆海空主权的侵犯。秘书长在其最近的报告(S/2011/406)中提到了这些侵犯行径，要求立即予以停止，因为这种行径不仅破坏第1701(2006)号决议的执行，而且破坏了联黎部队的工作和信誉，削弱了黎巴嫩武装部队的权力。", "在新政府赢得信任投票后仅仅两天，黎巴嫩总理访问了黎巴嫩南部和联黎部队总部。他在访问期间确认联黎部队在执行第1701(2006)号决议方面发挥着重要作用。在这方面，我们两天前致函要求在不改变联黎部队任务授权的情况下延长其任务期限。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将在谈及战略对话与合作时提到上周进行的磋商。我要在安理会重申我国代表团不得不就此发表的意见。黎巴嫩军队全面参与同联黎部队的对话。黎巴嫩赞扬驻黎巴嫩南部的联黎部队所作的努力和牺牲，并对所有部队派遣国表示感谢。它高度重视按照商定的《接战规则》加强与联黎部队的协调与合作，以确保正确执行交付给它的任务。协助增强黎巴嫩武装部队的能力是必要的。更强大的黎巴嫩军队将使黎巴嫩政府能够继续将其权力扩展到全国。", "我要问阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将一个问题。5月15日，平民示威者没有越过蓝线，但还是遭到枪杀，在他看来，防止以色列在蓝线一带采取类似做法过度使用武力的最佳方式是什么？", "主席(以英语发言)：我建议我们中断安理会成员的发言，由部队指挥官发言。我首先请普拉卡什中将发言。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：在向我提出的两个问题中，第一个问题是加蓬代表提出的，内容涉及我如何评价上帝抵抗军(上帝军)对整个区域的威胁，以及区域间特派团可以开展什么合作来消除这种威胁。", "上帝军在刚果民主共和国的威胁切实存在。虽然其人数并不多，但主观愿望无法使这一威胁消失。平均而言，我们接到的报告称每月约发生15至20次涉及上帝军活动的事件。一段时间以来，攻击的残暴性有所减弱，被杀人数出现减少，被绑架平民的人数也大为减少。上帝军的活动之所以减少，很大程度上是因为联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在该地区采取了一些积极行动。", "尽管如此，我还是要重申，这一威胁切实存在，主观愿望无法使之消失。实际情况是，那里的地形崎岖不平，他们分成小股在难以进入的地区活动，而且边界防备松懈、漏洞百出。我们在栋古建立了一个联合情报行动中心，今年已经开始运作，这是朝着合作伙伴之间共享情报迈出的一步；这些合作伙伴有：乌干达人民国防军、刚果民主共和国武装力量以及我们这个特派团——联刚稳定团。此外，我们5月份在恩德培举行了一次各特派团部队指挥官会议，交流了有关上帝军的情报。虽则如此，但这还不够，如果能够为我们提供所需适当资源，交流情报和采取更多有效行动打击上帝抵抗军的余地将更大。", "第二个问题涉及我们在航空资产方面的现有能力差距及其对特派团的影响。不能获得航空资产——通用直升机和攻击直升机——令特派团非常担忧。多年来，有害活动已经从刚果民主共和国东部转向西部，更多地转向丛林地带，转向那些只有直升机才能进入的地区。安理会非常清楚，刚果民主共和国没有道路基础设施。而今，我们在该国设立的93个基地有31个依靠空中支援；也就是说，临时行动基地/连级行动基地有三分之一位于只能通过航空资产提供后勤补给的地区。如果我们没有适当的航空资产为这些基地提供支持，不仅我们不能在难以到达的地区建立所需的更多基地，而且还会发现我们甚至难以为现有的31个基地提供支持。", "自7月4日以来，我们一直没有攻击直升机，这就大大削弱了我们在南北基伍对解放卢旺达民主力量的威慑能力。我们没有能力采取任何积极主动的行动打击南北基伍的武装团伙。由于临近选举，我们也认为今后对航空资产的需求将大得多。满足保护平民和运送选举材料的需求之间会出现矛盾。那样的话，我们的应对能力会捉襟见肘。我认为在现阶段，我们履行保护平民这一基本任务的能力也将严重受限。", "主席(以英语发言)：我要提醒安理会，时间已经很晚。军人素来以长话短说、直接切题而著称；我不知道我们外交官是否也是如此。我呼吁安理会尽量合理利用分配给我们的时间，限制所有人的发言时间。还有七个安理会成员还没有发言。在剩下的时间里，我们应将发言时间限制在绝对必要的长度。", "我现在请阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将发言。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言)：请允许我以母语西班牙语回答问题，这样一来，我就能够更准确地作出回答。", "根据第1701(2006)号决议，在我们的任务授权内，黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队的首要责任是确保联黎部队任务区内除黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的武器外，没有任何其他武器。根据我们的任务授权，联黎部队除非有确凿证据以及存在与违反第1701(2006)号决议有关的直接威胁，不得搜查民宅或私人财产。", "我们的部队部署在黎巴嫩南部利塔尼河与蓝线之间，共有约12 500名士兵和1 000多名文职人员。这些士兵来自35个不同国家，每月参与10 000至12 000次与维和有关的活动。在执行活动期间，我们发现，通过第1701(2006)号决议以来的五年内储存了弹药、燃料和武器，但所有这些都远远早于2006年的战争冲突。此外，迄今为止，由于我们不能搜查私人财产或住所这一事实——这是黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队的责任——没有任何证据表明目前存在非法贩运武器问题。我的意思是，我本人和我的部下都不曾看到提到的军火库。我们希望发现军火库后再决定是否确有其事。", "我还要说，最近一次从我们的任务区向以色列发射火箭弹的时间是2009年10月，因此到目前为止已近两年时间，由于南部人民、黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的努力，敌对行动一直处于停止状态，也没有向以色列发射火箭弹。", "至于黎巴嫩代表提出的第二个问题，我要提一下联黎部队在今年5月15日灾难日悲剧事件发生后向各方提出的建议。这些建议包括只有黎巴嫩当局负责黎巴嫩境内的法律和秩序，它们必须采取必要的措施防止蓝线一带的事件。众所周知，蓝线是一个高度敏感的地区，多数事件都发生在那里；它也是以色列军队自2000年战争以来的撤军线。因此，为防止此类事件发生，有必要对当地人民进行全面监视。", "我们在建议——我将逐字宣读建议内容——中还说，在这类局势中，以色列军队应避免作出回应，除非处于直接自卫的明确要求，并且要考虑到黎巴嫩和以色列两国均有权进行自卫这一事实。但以色列国防军决不能过度诉诸武力，必须始终采取与受到的袭击相称的行动，因此其中还应包括控制示威人群和维持秩序的装备、军队和专家。", "我们还认为以色列和黎巴嫩两国应确保在这类情形中动用训练有素、装备精良的部队，尽力防止此类事件发生。在三方会议和我与各方的会晤中，我始终提及同一件事：", "(以英语发言)", "不让步，不占有。", "(以西班牙语发言)", "不挑衅，不回击任何挑衅。这是避免蓝线一带发生任何事件的最佳办法。", "我认为我已经解答了问题，如有需要，我非常乐意作出进一步澄清。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请被问到两个问题的尼亚姆伍姆巴中将发言。", "尼亚姆伍姆巴中将(以英语发言)：有人向我提出两个问题，一个是美国代表提出，另一个是黎巴嫩代表提出。", "美国的问题是我们能否与其他特派团分享我们的经验。实际上，这个问题非常重要，我们聚集安理厅的一部分目的主要是为了与不同特派团分享我们的经验。不过除此之外，我们还开设了一个论坛，特别是我们称之为特派团之间合作的论坛。我向普拉卡什将军表示感谢，他于5月在恩德培举行了区域部队指挥官会议。我们将注意到这一点，并继续与其他特派团、尤其是负有保护平民任务的特派团分享我们的经验。我们还欢迎其他特派团提供其他经验。", "关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)面临重大后勤挑战这个问题，我的确概述了其中的一些挑战，但更具体而言，其中一个挑战是补给线长的问题。在座诸位都知道，主要海港是距达尔富尔约2 000公里的苏丹港，那里基础设施寥寥无几甚至没有基础设施。在我们执行任务期间，最大障碍是实地缺乏基础设施。正如我早先所说的那样，在雨季，我们的巡逻和活动因区域无法通行实际上大幅减少。我甚至说，由于道路不通，我们每日巡逻次数从160次减少到约100次。", "最后是航空能力问题。多用途直升机方面的缺口仍然很大，我借此机会呼吁有办法支援特派团的机构提供一些航空能力，事实上，这对加强特派团的能力大有助益。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哈立德中将发言。", "哈立德中将(以英语发言)：美国代表和黎巴嫩代表分别向我提出了问题。我认为代表团之间的合作至关重要。我这样说是因为维持和平行动部(维和部)没有后备人员。考虑到全球各地特派团的数量，它们没有足够的兵力来应对所有不可预见的不测事件。", "请允许我向各位说明，明天我将在维持和平行动特别委员会(34国委员会)谈同一主题，这是维和部向我提出的问题，在明天的发言中我将详细论及这个问题。", "不过，对于汲取的经验教训，我简单答复如下：11月我们向联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)派遣了步兵营和米-8型直升机。步兵营于1月返回，多用途直升机于6月返回；3月派遣了武装直升机，目前仍部署在那里。我高兴地告诉各位，联科行动和联合国利比里亚特派团正在使用米-24型武装直升机共同执行任务并联合进行边界巡逻。", "关于经验教训，实际上可以分成四大标题或者关注点：合法性、后勤、军事能力和协调。我将非常简要地逐一介绍。", "就合法性而言，有关部队派遣国的忧虑，我的意思是在最后关头要节省时间。这应该成为谅解备忘录的一部分。", "关于后勤，特派团应供应食品、进行协调，甚至有时要在组建特派团之前解决倾倒供应品或燃料的问题，以使即将进驻的部队不会遇到任何问题。在联合国总部维持和平行动部一级，必须适用一项综合战略——并且我相信情况确实如此。必须与负责开展特派团间合作的所有特派团协商，定期对这一战略进行审查。特派团间的合作或许并不十分广泛，并且道路状况可能较差，或者根本没有任何道路，因此必须通过陆海空供应食品，避免在最后时刻，通常也是关键阶段，出现任何不必要的延误。必须对后勤工作做出明确规定。", "为更好地开展协调，所有此类特派团必须设立特派团间合作小组，这些小组应保持联系，以实现更好的协调，并了解最新的事态发展。", "最后但并非无关紧要的是，如果相关特派团和国家使用不同的语言，则必须提供口译小组，确保部队在抵达后不会遇到任何问题并能发挥有效作用。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安全理事会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生、军事厅负责人巴巴卡尔·盖伊中将和各位部队指挥官今天上午所作内容丰富的发言。", "我欢迎今天与我们一道出席安理会会议的部队指挥官。纽约的确与战场相隔甚远，因此，直接听取来自实地的军事领导介绍情况确实机会非常难得。我们认为定期举行这种接触至为有益，感谢德国代表团的这一倡议。", "安全理事会曾明确指出，部署联合国维持和平行动只能作为解决冲突的政治战略的协助而非其替代，南非完全赞同此观点。", "多年以来，由于冲突的性质不断变化，维持和平已成为错综复杂的多层面任务。我们注意到国内冲突带来的综合影响和种种挑战。在许多情况下，交战各方利用的资源越来越多，装备也越来越好，经常产生巨大影响，并且不遵守交战规则。受冲突影响的地区不再只是战败国；它们拥有强大的军事能力和有力的政治领导。", "为应对上述挑战，联合国的行动必须要有必要的机动性和灵敏度。因此，对安理会和联合国在当地的政治和军事领导来说，必须始终重视动员和维持所有利益攸关方特别是安理会派驻维持和平特派团的国家的政治支助，并尊重所有国家的主权。", "安理会在特派团整个任务期间也发挥着尤为重要的作用，以支持为加强与区域和次区域组织以及其他伙伴之间的合作协调而做出的各种努力。安全理事会应对非洲大陆危机的措施不断提醒我们，当前必须加大与区域组织特别是非洲联盟的合作与协调。非洲的领导以及非洲问题的解决是最重要的。", "今天，我们除其他外应思考我们以最佳方式利用维持和平行动在外地提供的安全保护以及找到解决冲突的政治办法的能力。安理会应采用一致、全面的战略，有效地将维持和平行动任务转化为明确、可信和可实现的成果。我们应考虑为行动配备充分和适当的资源，并确保按照预期的行动实力和能力，进行充分准备和及时部署。我们应确保对维持和平行动有适当的监督和评价机制，并且确保安理会充分了解其决定所涉的资源和外地支助问题。", "我们在整个维持和平行动领域面临许多军事方面的挑战，而这些只是帮助我们共同了解各方面挑战的一些重要问题。我们相信，通过共同解决上述问题，我们将会对提高联合国维持和平总体业绩做出重大贡献。", "保护普通平民的生命极为重要，这些人通常是身陷冲突地区不稳定状况和战乱的无辜受害者。国际法规定，保护平民的首要责任应由各国承担。保护平民本身属于非常敏感的政治问题，更是一项至关重要的任务规定。鉴于当前冲突的性质，保护平民成为了必要之事，区域组织和国际社会的作用就变得更为重要。", "令我们感到鼓舞的是，正在努力解决直升机等军事资产短缺的问题。在缺乏必要资源或是在一些非满员运作的情况下，我们无法向外国领土部署军队并期望他们立即到达各地。我们认为理应确保我们在当地军队获得他们所需要的支助。", "然而，在任何时候我们都必须强调坚持按照《联合国宪章》所载的公正原则以及国际法和人权法开展联合国维持和平行动的重要性。", "最后，南非代表团对曾服务于或继续服务于联合国维持和平行动的所有男女军警致敬，并对其奉献精神和勇气表示赞扬。我们还要对为和平和人类事业付出最大代价的人致以特别的敬意。", "博内先生(法国)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我也要感谢你召开此次会议，这已成为定期活动，因为这为与部队指挥官进行交流并听取来自实地的意见提供了难能可贵的机会。", "我感谢维持和平行动部以及联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国-非洲联盟达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混和行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)部队指挥官所作的通报。", "首先，我要回顾法国对维持和平的承诺。维持和平是联合国最为重要，当然也是最具象征性的一项活动。在此，我首先要对蓝盔部队在当地所做的出色工作表示赞扬，他们通常是在他人不会去的艰苦和危险环境下开展工作，以履行其任务，这些任务的复杂性直接反映了本组织设法解决的危机的复杂状况。", "法国要继续参与努力改善维持和平行动的运作情况。从一开始，这些行动就是安理会履行其维持国际和平与安全这一首要责任的优先手段。因此，提高此类行动的效力具有战略上的重要意义。", "继法国和联合王国2009年的倡议之后，我们的目标仍然是加强安全理事会对此类行动的政治和军事监督、确保提高此类行动后勤管理和财务管理的效力、阐明与保护平民等一些复杂问题相关的原则和在必要时明确任务授权并尽可能使其合理化。这是安理会现在就维和的各个领域问题举行定期磋商的目的。我们认为，这些磋商应当继续。", "关于我刚才提出的所有问题，我们认为我们已取得了进展。我们特别欢迎执行全球实地支助战略。我们还要欢迎高级咨询小组关于加强冲突后局势中民事能力的报告(S/2011/85)。我们认为，该报告将促成修正维和行动在诸如其行动对国家发展的经济影响和妇女在维和工作中的作用等重要问题运作的方式。", "因此，我们将继续推进我们的工作，尤其在加强维和行动指挥链、改进与部队派遣国的合作和采取更有力的财政后续行动支持维和行动等方面。我注意到，用于维和行动的预算近年来飞速增长。诚然，需求在这方面起了很大作用，但同样千真万确的是，在提供资金者预算紧缩的气氛中，我们必须有办法以负责任和受控制的方式管理预算。", "我也要向今天在座的部队指挥官提出几个问题。首先，我有一个一般性的问题。外地是否感受到纽约进行的改革努力？实地的做法是否由于安理会作出的决定或提出的建议而有所改变？安理会如何能够更好地顾及来自外地的看法和来自部队指挥官的反馈？", "更具体而言，我要向联黎部队的阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将提出几个问题。当然，我们也强烈谴责对联黎部队官兵发动的袭击。在昨天发生的袭击中，我们有士兵沦为受害者。我们赞赏各方在这起事件发生之后所表示的声援。当然，我们不会容忍部署在黎巴嫩的军事和民事工作人员的安全保障受到进一步威胁。我们理解手头任务的困难，但我们能够做些什么使驻地士兵受到更好的保护？还有，我们如何能够加强同黎巴嫩武装部队的合作？我们如何能够做到逐步移交目前由联黎部队执行的任务？", "我向联刚稳定团部队指挥官提出的问题涉及如何在目前筹备选举的背景下调整保护平民的战略。在目前的选前气氛中，鉴于我们所获悉的那些制约因素，是否有必要改变部队的行事方法及其保护平民的战略？", "巴尔巴利奇先生(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我要感谢你召开本次通报会。我们感谢副秘书长的发言，以及联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、联合国利比里亚特派团、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的部队指挥官提出的富有见地的意见。我们还欢迎其他联合国维和行动部队指挥官与会并赞扬他们的承诺和努力，以及各维和特派团中的所有工作人员所做的出色工作。", "在关于维和的讨论中一再出现的主要议题之一是，安理会必须为维和特派团规定明确、可信和可实现的任务并提供充足的资源，使特派团能够根据授权完成任务。因此，及时向安理会提供相关信息对于决策不可或缺。为此，我们强调，每项决议在执行期间都必须清楚和准确地反映在行动概念中。", "从今年年初开始，出台了关于维持和平与建设和平之间以及安全与发展之间相互关系的重要文件。关于这些问题的讨论必须确定切实可行的前进道路，以应对主要挑战和克服主要障碍并提出关于能力发展、协调和实地指导的办法。", "赋予各维和特派团的任务日益复杂，而具体资源特别是民事支助能力不足，这可能使特派团取得成功的机会面临风险。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那欢迎与审查国际民事能力有关的活动。我们认为，就这项研究报告提出的各项建议和关于这项研究报告的讨论开展的活动，将导致在这方面作出具体改进，提出切实可行的建议。此外，维持和平行动部与外勤支助部之间的合作应当导致在实地产生可行的办法、积极的变化和具体的结果。", "在这方面，我们强调应与部队和警察派遣国合作、协商和交换看法。动员会员国提供支助对于采取由能力驱动的方法至关重要。这种方法将集中于技能、装备和能力。", "显然，拥有保护平民任务的授权的特派团需要开展各种活动，以确保平民安全，人身受到保护。收集信息，及时、准确地获取关于当地形势和情况的数据，并对这些数据进行分析，所有这些都至关重要。不过，特派团应当拥有适当的资源来分析这些数据，并协助恢复环境，使东道国能够履行其保护本国平民的首要责任。这方面当然包括其他进程，例如解除武装、复员和重返社会，安全部门改革，支助选举进程和赋予当地社区权能，以便促进向可持续建设和平过渡。", "执行有效撤离战略的必要性必须与人员的素质和装备的质量保持协调，并与相应的行动任务和目标挂钩。还必须顾及部署地区的文化敏感性，以避免特派团与东道国及其社区之间发生不必要的误会。", "今年，我们看到授权设立两个新的特派团：联合国驻阿卜耶伊临时安全部队和联合国南苏丹共和国特派团。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为，本组织必须尽力运用其专门技能以及从以往维和特派团中吸取经验教训，而安理会则必须为各团提供其所需的战略指导和适当支助。在这方面，联合国南苏丹特派团必须为提高治理能力和改善法治状况作出贡献。", "任务授权无疑至关重要，可为特派团今后的重组提供指南。必须顾及实地的事态发展，使特派团的任务授权更加现实和更可实现。", "最后，我们强调，维和特派团是政治解决冲突的办法的一部分，但它不可取代这种解决办法。因此，必须加强实地的活动，同时致力于预防性外交、预警或冲突调解，并注重国家优先事项和国家行为体。关注这些方面必须是每一个维和特派团任务规定的组成部分，以避免冲突复发，促进有关国家的发展与持久和平，尤其是保障国际安全。", "泰瑟姆先生(联合王国)(以英语发言)：我的发言将力求简短。我感谢维蒂希大使邀请勒罗伊副秘书长和来自非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的各位部队指挥官向安理会通报情况。我要感谢他们今天上午提出的见解，更重要的是，感谢各位部队指挥官和警务专员所开展的工作，以及他们麾下所有男女官兵所作的辛勤努力。正如我们所知，他们往往处于极具挑战性的环境并且面临极大的人身风险。我与其他人一道谴责本周早些时候发生的袭击事件，并祝愿受伤者早日康复。", "联合王国非常支持现已成为某种传统的现行举措，以确保部队指挥官和警务专员在他们在纽约举行的年度会议期间有机会向安理会通报情况。重要的是，我们应当作出尽可能多的努力，以增进安理会对我们所制定的维和决议对部队和警察提出的行动要求的理解。", "正如我们在去年11月担任安理会主席期间所表明的那样，我们有机会利用新技术确保我们能够更频繁地听取行动指挥官的发言。我们认为，我们应当更加定期地利用这一机会。重要的是，我们将能在适当的时候听到联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队新部队指挥官的情况介绍。", "根据我在这里听到的部队指挥官和安理会同事的发言，我想简短地谈四点看法。", "首先是保护平民。我从尼亚姆武姆巴将军的情况介绍中得到一个明确的信息，即保护受到攻击或攻击威胁的平民的责任至为重要。这是维和责任的基本要素。在这方面，我对这一概念与采取强有力的姿态两者之间的联系感兴趣，达尔富尔混合行动高层领导对后者有明确的认识。我知道，对有些人来说，这是一个有争议的问题，但我同尼日利亚同事一道对强有力姿态表示强有力的支持。我知道，秘书长谈到，达尔富尔混合行动采取的强有力姿态对减少对特派团的攻击有贡献，我认为这一点很重要。", "第二点是设定支助条件的政策的影响。我非常感兴趣地听了普拉卡什将军介绍设定支助条件的发言。支助条件要求维和部队不支持不符合国际人道主义法的活动。显然必须严格执行这种政策。", "但是，我们也必须考虑作业效率。普拉卡什将军谈到可取和可行两者之间的平衡。如果有时间，我有兴趣了解这一平衡概念，如何取得平衡，但我们知道我们时间有限。我希望了解，普拉卡什将军认为，有关这种平衡，是否可找出一些有用、可更广泛应用的基本原则；抑或需要根据各地地面具体情况作出决定。", "普拉卡什将军还介绍了一些有关执行支助条件的有用指导意见，特别是在初始阶段而非后期执行更为方便的看法。我认为，这是一个需要考虑的重要意见，鉴于时下正在南苏丹部署新的维和行动。", "第三点是关于各特派团之间的合作，在此问题上，我再次附和尼日利亚同事和美国同事的意见，对特派团之间合作的原则表示坚决支持。在有些情况下，这样做有利于特派团运行，联利特派团和联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)共享资产就是一个重要的例子。我认为，需要充分探讨这方面的潜力。", "最后一点是任务规定要明确。我记得，印度同事谈到任务规定明确的重要性。我们大家都谈到维和行动所面临的风险和困难。我认为，我们至少应该为维和特派团提供明确的任务规定。我们很容易在安理会利用模棱两可或堆砌词藻的做法来掩盖分歧。我们始终需要注意，这样做对维和行动在外地开展其重要工作可能带来的问题。", "最后，听了今天上午各位部队指挥官的介绍，我再次认识到直接听取实地人员介绍情况的重要价值。我非常感谢他们在参加部队指挥官年会的过程中抽出时间来安理会发言。我希望我们今后能够定期听到他们介绍情况。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：鉴于时间有限，我的发言将尽量简短。", "我们高兴再次欢迎各位联合国维持和平特派团部队指挥官出席安理会。看到这种对话令人鼓舞，这一做法最初由俄罗斯联邦在去年担任安理会轮值主席期间建议付诸实施。在此，我支持英国同事，他丰富了这一做法。安理会现在有机会利用视频会议和其他现代技术更加经常性地举行此类会议。安理会成员可以同我们这些军队同事对话，研究维和人员在实地真正面临的问题和军事挑战。这种做法将最终确保安理会得到军事专家的有效帮助。", "我不细谈我们对维和行动的重视。和许多同事一样，我们认为这是联合国维护和平与安全的一个真正重要的工具。我国维和人员参加在中东、非洲各地和海地的许多维和行动。我们认识到，联合国维和行动没有固定地点，而且继续迫切需要。正如有人指出，现在正在阿卜耶伊地区和南苏丹部署两个新的维持和平行动。", "我们认为，军事人员占维和人员三分之二，他们在执行三项关键任务方面发挥重要作用：支持各国政府稳定局势和恢复和平的努力、保护平民以及监测遵守停火协定情况。然而，联合国维持和平活动继续演变，包括在理论和实际操作方面。因此，作出调整很重要，以解决现有问题和适应新的政治现实。", "今天会上许多发言者谈到这样的事实，即存在新的挑战，这些挑战的性质需要军事行动者和安全理事会外交官共同作出决定。", "因此，我们认为有几个共同点，例如蓝盔部队面临非常规的局势。但在维和方面存在一些坚定不移的原则。维和人员必须严格遵守其任务规定，避免参与任何政治冲突或私下支持冲突一方。这种行动可能产生极为不利的后果，破坏联合国的信誉。", "显然，我们支持其他同事的看法，即维和行动的任务规定必须明确、可行和符合具体情况。因此，仍然需要解决针对联合国维和措施听取必要的军方意见的问题。", "我们再次重申我们提出的重振军事参谋团的建议。军事参谋团可制定有关维和作业方面的建议，参与评估维和行动特遣队和基础设施的准备状况。此外，它们也可以为安理会及时提供最新信息。", "显然，加强联合国维和行动需要更有效地挖掘利用各区域组织的资源并与它们接触，以及同有关国家或政府部队接触，既然我们同意，维持和平是各国政府主要职能的从属功能。", "因为财政、后勤和技术资源短缺，所以需要利用现有能力。因此，我们认为，必须明确区分维和职能与冲突后建设和平职能。根据目前的维和任务规定，这两方面职能显然是相连的，但应该仅为联合国维和行动规定建设和平的初期任务。社会经济重建及相关任务必须分配给联合国系统发展领域专门机构以及具有相关能力的区域组织。", "我们希望，本次会议能使各方合作，进一步加强联合国维和行动。", "莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：和其他国家一样，我们认为，今天维持和平与建设和平确实是联合国的核心所在。各成员国都知道我国对这方面任务的承诺之深。过去30年，我国积极参加了多个特派团。因此，主席先生，我们感谢你组织本次非常及时的辩论。有这个机会与各位部队指挥官进行互动交流，直接听取他们的看法，是非常有益的。因此，我感谢各位将军作了十分全面的介绍，这些介绍极为有益，他们对所提出的一些问题的回答也是如此。", "不过，我要对各特派团所有工作人员、部队指挥官和警务专员表示敬意和赞扬，他们出色地开展了工作，而且常常——正如我们今天所听到的那样——是在十分困难的条件下。我们应当始终给予他们支持。", "我想对大家发表的看法发表几点意见，我赞同其中即使不是全部也是大部分看法，所以我会作简要发言。", "有条件支持政策可以作为工具，但正如普拉卡什中将强调的那样，需要慎重使用。我们的问题是——正如他本人所说的那样——就附带条件这一点以及该政策所牵涉的正反两方面问题而言，存在着发展和细化的空间。我完全赞同他的看法，即存在着这样一个问题，那就是，附带条件是否会开始对特派团业务活动造成负面影响。我也感谢普拉卡什中将谈到上帝抵抗军的威胁问题。我们自己就曾提议举行上周那次关于该问题的有益辩论(见S/PV.6588)。", "关于我们大家都极为重视的保护平民问题，多年来在这一非常重要问题上取得了重大改进。我们赞扬秘书处的努力以及各特派团在这方面取得的积极进展。对尼亚姆武姆巴中将我要说，问题在于如果特派团没有获得这方面的授权，那么，面对恶劣环境，它应当在多大程度上使用武力来保护平民。", "我的第三点意见是说给阿萨尔塔·奎瓦斯少将的。我们也和其他人一样，谴责昨天和5月份袭击联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的事件。这些事件不幸导致人员死亡。我们认为这种状况是不能接受的，各方均应遵守联合国决议和自身职责。我们的法国同事提到了以下重要问题，即我们如何以最佳方式确保在十分艰难的形势下保护士兵。正如将军前两天提到的那样，我们上周就黎巴嫩局势问题进行了非常有益的辩论。非常清楚的是，联黎部队的存在对于创造稳定、平静的局面——尽管这种局面仍然十分脆弱——起到了非常重要和积极的影响。我认为存在着普遍共识，即联黎部队在该地区的存在依然是一个极为重要的因素。", "正如我在该辩论会中指出的那样——我们对举行辩论会感到非常高兴——我们很快将向联黎部队中的葡萄牙特遣队增派12名东帝汶军官。我认为此举也具有很强的象征意义，因为东帝汶作为一个仍派驻有联合国特派团的国家，已经在参与联合国其它特派团了。", "我感谢哈立德少将的发言和回答。我认为特派团之间大力合作的问题极为重要，在某些方面可以起到决定性作用。当然，我赞同他的看法，即这种合作对于根据法治原则开展早期建设和平工作，使人们得以恢复正常生计，以及——显然需进行的——启动政治进程，可以起到作用。我们常说，维和人员是最早的建设和平人员，只要有和平可以维持和建设。但我想这是看待该问题的有益方式。", "在此，我最后要说——以前也说过这一点——各特派团需要资源、工具、适当的训练和领导，但正如我们南非同事强调的那样，必须要有一项整体和一致的政治战略，以便各特派团能够妥善开展工作。", "主席(以英语发言)：鉴于时间已晚，我就不以本国代表身份发言了。其他人已经谈到了我要说的大部分内容。我将只是简要谈谈三点看法。", "第一，我感谢各位部队指挥官和我们一起开会，让我们有这个机会进行交流。我想这定将成为一种传统。第二，我高度赞赏他们在非常艰难的环境下从事着艰苦工作，当然也要通过他们对身处实地的12万名人员表示赞赏。第三，我愿和其它人一样，向阿兰·勒罗伊表示敬意。他刚刚离开会议厅，但他知道我们非常赞赏他在管理维和行动和应对使这些行动适应新需要的挑战方面的突出承诺和领导。", "下面我们要进行问答。法国代表提出了一个问题，我认为它至关重要，那就是改革以及它会对实地特派团产生何种影响的问题。我认为它也涉及到“新局面”议程。在阿兰·勒罗伊提示下，我愿建议，我们根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条的规定，邀请联合国苏丹特派团部队指挥官奥比少将、联合国海地稳定特派团部队指挥官拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将参加本次会议，谈谈这些问题，因为我们可以使会议内容稍微多样化一些，并让他们有机会就改革问题作出回答。", "我请拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将发言，回答法国代表提出的涉及改革的一个问题。", "拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将(以英语发言)：作为联合国海地稳定特派团部队指挥官，我现在面临的挑战是，履行安全理事会希望就改革问题赋予的新授权。我愿表示，海地局势依然稳定、可控。对于我和我的部队来说，有一个十分明确的授权，同时也获得指导并配备履行我们使命所需的能力，是一件大好事。此外还必须提到，正如安理会清楚了解的那样，海地环境比较脆弱，因此它必须要考虑到那里的局势。", "如果还有问题，我也愿意回答。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请奥比少将发言。", "奥比少将(以英语发言)：我是联合国苏丹特派团部队指挥官。", "我要说的是，迄今实施的改革已在若干方面对我们的行动产生了非常积极的影响。我愿首先谈谈今天有人在这里提出的部队质量问题。我们在实地需要有非常高质量的部队，以便能够履行我们的任务授权。", "其中一项改革就是处理这个问题，由此对步兵单位的人员与装备订定了标准。这使部队指挥官可以更容易了解他可利用的资源。他能够评估他可以利用哪些人员并给他们分配适当的任务。", "关于部队素质，我也要说，进行部署前培训并在派遣前检查装备有助于确保我们提高部队的素质，这也有助于我们执行任务授权。", "整合是在近期改革中反复强调的领域之一。我的特派团即联合国苏丹特派团就实行了整编，由此，我们得以与文职、军事和警察等各组成部分以及联合国国家工作队携手努力。一个适例就是保护平民战略，它考虑到这样一个事实，即保护平民不只是军队的责任，而应涉及所有各方。在此，我们通过培训、制定概念、共享信息以及建立联合行动中心和联合调度中心，成功地整合了我们的工作。这些都是对实地十分有益并给予我们极大帮助的发展。在最近的科尔多凡州和阿卜耶伊危机期间，我们将它们投入了广泛使用。所有组成部分都共享信息，在危机管理团队中积极碰头，从而在很大程度上共同处理了我们面临的挑战。", "这些改革除了像在先前提及的恩德培会议上那样将部队指挥官召集起来开会以交流信息之外，对于我们实地也十分有益。这也是一个我们认为十分有益的新的事态发展。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请普拉卡什中将答复提出的问题和意见。", "普拉卡什中将(以英语发言)：我想回答的问题是：是否需要改变联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在选举前和选举后期间的保护平民战略？", "我对该问题的观点是当前实行的战略运转良好。最近我们检查了该战略。我们制定了我们的行动模式。我们制定了各种应急预案以处理可能发生的不同情况。很显然，出现的情况不在于没有战略，而在于不具备成功执行战略的要素。例如，随着选举的临近，武装团体有可能加强活动，也有可能发生更多内乱。如果发生此类情况，我们就需要有更多能够运用的资源。这些资源需要按时提供，并在正确的时间部署到正确的地方。只要能提供这些资源，我认为就没有必要改变战略。", "主席(以英语发言)：我请阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将答复提出的问题和意见。", "阿萨塔·奎瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我要感谢安理会所有成员亲切慰问我们联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)昨天遭到恐怖袭击的法国士兵的问候。", "法国大使提出了三个问题。第一个是关于如何能更好地保护我们的士兵。第二个是关于与黎巴嫩武装部队的协调。第三个涉及向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任。", "谈到如何能更好地保护我们的士兵，我必须说，联黎部队拥有足够和强有力的手段与保护措施来完成其任务。保护车辆是国家应负的责任。在这方面，法国、西班牙和意大利都为我们提供了装甲车。继5月27日对意大利巡逻队的袭击导致6名士兵受伤后，我向士兵发出了加强保护措施的指令。在这些措施中，最为重要的命令是车队应尽可能在夜间出发并配备电子干扰器；至少有2辆车同时行驶；士兵应穿防弹衣和戴头盔；以及黎巴嫩武装部队应尽可能提供护卫并与联合行动中心随时保持联系。", "重要的是要强调，这些指令是针对在我们行动区域以外行驶的车辆，因为我们遭到的两次恐怖袭击 ——第一次是5月份，另一次就是昨天——都发生在联黎部队的行动区域以外。2008年在同一个地区发生过类似袭击。这意味着，经与黎巴嫩武装部队和民众的合作，联黎部队能够控制我们的行动区域，但是出了行动区，我们就无法控制了。这是黎巴嫩政府及武装部队应负的国家责任。它们必须保障沿海公路一带的安全，因为这基本上是联黎部队救急队伍和物资以及通往我们士兵抵达和离开该国必经的贝鲁特港口和机场的唯一通道。", "谈完了车队问题，我再谈谈个人安全问题。在这方面，我们加强采取了一些措施，包括禁止在行动区域外私人使用带有联黎部队标志的车辆。但是，如果个人需离开行动区域，例如说前往机场去休假的话，我们用不同颜色涂抹了14辆未做标记的车，提供给士兵和联黎部队其他工作人员作为个人使用。", "我们还采取了一项额外措施，我向Kahwaji将军和黎巴嫩武装部队情报部长也建议了该项措施。该措施涉及每天对连接我们行动区与贝鲁特港口和机场的公路进行侦察。对我们来说，这无异于扩大了我们的行动区域，但是它又不真正在该区域中。因此，我们需与黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队密切合作。我已经提议与黎巴嫩武装部队和安全部队一起，在每天不同时段对这条道路进行日常侦查，但只是在非常容易遭受袭击的敏感地区这样做。", "我两个月来一直在等待答复。最后在上周五，我正式致函黎巴嫩武装部队总司令，再次提出这一倡议并要求得到答复。不幸的是，昨天又发生了一起袭击。我并不是说如果采取了我提议的措施，我们原本就可以避免该次袭击，但是可能性是存在的。", "我还想向安理会通报昨天事件的最新情况。有四辆车，其中三辆是装甲车，而第三辆不是。遇袭的是第四辆车，是一辆配备有干扰器的装甲车。在共计12名士兵中有6名士兵受伤，所有人都是轻伤，只有一人眼部受重伤，不过他的眼睛可以保住。在受伤的士兵中，有三名已于今天飞返法国。其余三人仍在其所在部队工作。我们确实非常幸运。", "谈到有关我们与黎巴嫩武装部队之间协调的第二个问题，我们行动区内的协调是出色的。他们在各级和各个地点都有官员和代表。他们知道我们每天的活动，而且一切都是透明的。在行动区之外，我们在部队指挥官一级与黎巴嫩武装部队情报部门主管和总司令进行协调。如果他们掌握我需要知道的信息或任何重要情况，他们都会立即通报。", "关于联黎部队向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任的问题，根据我先前谈到的联合技术审查结果，我们与黎巴嫩武装部队进行了战略对话。对话的目的是评估联黎部队的能力和依照第1701(2006)号决议必须履行的任务规定。对话也是为了评估黎巴嫩武装部队的能力以及他们可以承担我们的哪些任务，最终目标是使黎巴嫩武装部队能够承担根据第1701(2006)号决议授予联黎部队的所有任务。我们知道，联黎部队不会永远留在黎巴嫩。总有一天我们必须撤出。黎巴嫩武装部队将不得不承担目前由联黎部队承担的所有责任。这一天将什么时候到来？我们不知道，但是我们正在为此努力。", "最后，我可以说的是，在最近一次于7月7日举行的会议上设立了四个次级委员会，分别负责基础设施、指挥和控制、部队能力和移动以及行动问题。所有这些措施都旨在朝能够把我们的所有责任——我再次强调是第1701(2006)号决议授权的责任——移交给黎巴嫩武装部队的目标迈进。", "主席(以英语发言)：我们在几个小时中讨论了许多问题。此次对话确实非常有益。我代表安理会感谢所有部队指挥官与会，使我们得以举行本次对话。我认为，这应当成为一个惯例，我们应当每年进行至少一次这样的交流。", "我感谢各位部队指挥官出席今天的会议。", "下午2时05分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 博内先生\n加蓬 蒙加拉·穆索齐先生\n印度 曼吉耶夫·辛格普里先生\n齐亚德女士\n尼日利亚 奥格武女士\n葡萄牙 莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "联合国维持和平行动", "上午11时15分宣布开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "联合国维持和平行动", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官帕特里克·尼亚姆文巴中将、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团部队指挥官钱德·普拉卡什中将、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队部队指挥官兼特派团团长阿尔韦托·阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将和联合国利比里亚特派团部队指挥官穆罕默德·哈立德少将参加本次会议。", "我还要热烈欢迎今天在场的其他部队指挥官和首席军事观察员。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生: 主席先生,我们感谢你给我们所有代表团团长机会出席安理会会议。 四会相说. 第一位是Nyamvumba中将,他将谈论在不容许的环境中保护平民的问题。 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的普拉卡什中将将就条件政策对该行动的影响发言。 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队Asarta Cuevas少将将就黎巴嫩南部的安全问题及其对日常行动的影响发言。 联合国利比里亚特派团的哈立德少将将就军事部门在早期建设和平中的作用发言。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请尼亚姆旺巴中将发言。", "Nyamvumba中将: 主席先生,我要感谢你允许我就保护平民问题向安全理事会发言。 今天,我将讨论非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔特派团(达尔富尔混合行动)在执行保护平民任务方面的行动环境、经验和战略方法以及努力等问题。 我首先要简要谈谈达尔富尔的不宽容环境和达尔富尔混合行动保护平民战略。 然后,我将讨论达尔富尔混合行动为保护平民所作的努力。 最后,我将谈谈所讨论问题的挑战。", "让我首先谈谈达尔富尔的业务环境。 只要说达尔富尔各地的环境确实不容许。 这是一个气候条件恶劣、缺乏适当道路和基础设施以及当地资源有限的大片地区。 达尔富尔幅员辽阔,大多没有最起码的基础设施,这为接触处境危险和有需要的人口设置了相当大的障碍。 道路状况不佳,往往会延误通行,限制业务活动,特别是在6月至10月的雨季。", "除此之外,达尔富尔保护平民的不容许环境也是苏丹政府同交战团体之间局部武装冲突以及局部部落冲突和冲突的结果,这些冲突通常是为争夺自然资源而发生的。 其他因素包括有组织地抢劫、小武器泛滥、性暴力、招募儿童以及任意逮捕和拘留。", "在一些地区,我们看到,由于苏丹政府和武装团体之间的局部战斗,达尔富尔混合行动在陆地和空中的行动有时受到交战派别的限制,这些派别无疑会阻碍我们保护平民的努力。 此外,在达尔富尔所有交战方之间没有达成任何明确的和平协定或停火的情况下,冲突仍在继续,导致苏丹政府和武装团体再次限制进入这些地区;人道主义部分在不安全的环境中;居民进一步受苦受难。 由于各利益集团和利益攸关方的参与,安全局势仍然动荡不安,所有交战方之间继续发生派别间或部落间冲突。", "归根结底,保护达尔富尔人民取决于苏丹政府履行保护本国公民的主权责任的意愿和能力。 因此,达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略除其他外,确定了与苏丹政府接触并协助苏丹政府根据国际人权法履行其保护责任的具体目标和任务。 我们达尔富尔混合行动的保护战略以第1769(2007)号、第1828(2008)号和第1935(2010)号决议以及非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第七十九次会议公报规定的达尔富尔混合行动保护平民的任务为基础。 规定的任务是在达尔富尔各地保护平民,确保安全、及时和不受阻碍地提供人道主义援助,人道主义人员的安全和保障,并保护人道主义车队。", "达尔富尔混合行动保护平民战略是与联合国国家工作队充分协商制定的。 它既以达尔富尔混合行动/联合国国家工作队的综合战略框架、联合国苏丹人道主义工作计划、达尔富尔混合行动保护平民特派团指令、达尔富尔混合行动部队指挥官指令以及维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于联合国维持和平行动中保护平民的业务构想为基础,又为指导。 达尔富尔混合行动根据其战略作用和责任,已建立了对局势的认识和预警系统。 它还监测、报告和评价事件,并进行业务规划和执行、协调、通信和新闻。", "根据其任务,并基于对达尔富尔保护环境的分析,达尔富尔混合行动的战略概述了四个主要目标,即:第一,确保政府、武装团体和其他非国家行为者根据国际人权和人道主义法履行其保护平民的责任;第二,保护平民免遭人身暴力行为;第三,确保接触受威胁人口的自由;最后,防止侵犯人权行为并确保作出有效反应,特别是针对妇女和儿童。", "我现在更具体地谈谈我们在保护平民方面的活动。 尽管我们的行动环境存在许多障碍,但达尔富尔混合行动一直不懈地努力发起若干旨在改进对平民的保护的倡议。 我们在达尔富尔全境、特别是在战斗已影响到平民社区的地区保持了更强有力的存在。 我们改进了特派团的预警和早期反应机制,除了每周举行军民协调会议外,每周还发布平民保护分析报告。", "我们大幅增加了巡逻活动,包括昼夜在各个村庄进行强有力的巡逻;保护境内流离失所者营地;保护市场;协助解除武装、复员和重返社会方案;提供人道主义、后勤和行政护送。 达尔富尔混合行动的军事部门以及特派团的其他部分已经在达尔富尔建立了更广泛的足迹。 2010年,达尔富尔混合行动军队共进行了33 963次巡逻;相比之下,2011年头六个月,巡逻次数已达23 554次。 这显然是一个显著的改进,这表明我们为保护无辜平民而加紧努力。 达尔富尔混合行动得以协助稳定Shangil Tobaya、Khor Abeche、Hamidiya、Hassa Hissa和Kalma营地的队部。", "达尔富尔混合行动为人道主义行为体提供援助提供便利,包括在杰贝勒马拉和杰贝勒穆恩。 就杰贝勒马拉而言,我们正积极寻求在费纳建立一个临时行动基地,作为在该地区其他地点进行外联的人道主义中心。 在所有这些地区,安全局势已大有改善,因此,自一月份以来,大量境内流离失所者(每月约1 500人)开始返回家园。 我们协助了北区家庭的迁移和从乍得返回者在西区重新安置。 特派团一直参与解决游牧民对农场和取水的争端以及部落冲突。", "5月和6月,达尔富尔混合行动同人道主义国家工作队合作,开始努力外联,并向以前没有进入的地区提供救济援助。", "速效项目还为满足民众的各种需要提供了红利。 代号为 \" 春季篮子行动 \" 的演习是在达尔富尔混合行动保护平民战略框架内构想的,通过扩大进入难以进入地区和更多需要帮助的人的准入,以此改善人道主义救济的提供。", "在同苏丹政府和各武装运动进行谈判后, \" 春季篮子 \" 行动于5月1日开始,共派出了9个评估团,在2011年5月和6月期间完成。 特派团能够为妇女和儿童提供有限的疫苗供应,并为北达尔富尔的一所女子学校提供教育和住房材料。", "保护确实是达尔富尔混合行动和人道主义界的共同努力。 然而,该社区在文化上是独立的,有自己的时间表和优先事项,有时它不自在地向所涉军队提供援助。 在组织上,虽然人道主义事务协调厅负责协调工作,但它没有权力、鼓励或惩罚来增加联合国大家庭或非政府组织的参与。", "达尔富尔混合行动为提供人道主义服务,包括与粮食、水、卫生、疫苗接种和住所有关的服务提供了护送和走廊。 其中一些活动成功地减少了产妇死亡并降低了婴儿死亡率。 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 该股还同达尔富尔混合行动军事、警察和文职部门合作,建设特派团人员在将艾滋病毒/艾滋病纳入其各项活动方面的能力。 2011年1月以来,达尔富尔混合行动的艾滋病毒/艾滋病 该股向达尔富尔各地复员的1 000多名前战斗人员提供了宝贵的服务。 第三阶段计划于2011年7月和8月进行,预计将继续更强有力地更注重实际提供人道主义救济。", "我们在保护平民方面的努力也面临着不同的挑战。 首先,在所有武装运动不实现全面、包容和合法停火的情况下,平民的安全仍然是一个主要关切问题。 应当指出,在许多情况下,由于战斗,达尔富尔混合行动无法进入某些地区,这继续对保护平民构成挑战。 其他挑战包括维和人员也成为目标,其中7人在2010年和2011年被杀死。", "最后,训练不足和装备不足的出兵国被确定为影响在达尔富尔保护平民效率的重大挫折之一。 确实不幸的是,尽管有蓄意的命令,一些出兵国没有按照特派团任务的培训重点采取行动。", "我在这里介绍了保护平民的战略和达尔富尔混合行动的指导方针,并概述了当地的现实情况。 在此背景下,我强调了我们旨在改善人类生活的努力和活动。 在达尔富尔保护平民无疑是一项艰巨而艰巨的工作。 然而,我们的决心和努力将持续下去。 我们将继续努力,以一切现有手段来克服挑战,我们将继续得到安全理事会的支持。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢尼亚姆文巴中将的通报。", "我现在请钱德·普拉卡什中将发言。", "普拉卡什中将: 作为最大的联合国维持和平特派团之一——联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)——的部队指挥官,我很荣幸有机会今天上午就条件政策及其对行动的影响在安理会发言。", "这项政策在联刚稳定团已运作了18个多月,我们现在对它能够做些什么和相关问题有相当好的感觉。 我稍后将阐述这些问题,但在这样做之前,我首先谈谈政策的实际内容以及联刚稳定团是如何执行的。", "保护平民以支持刚果民主共和国政府仍然是我们工作的主要重点。 在特派团负责的其他任务中,我们的任务是支持政府努力完成目前针对解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)、上帝抵抗军(上帝军)和其他武装团体的军事行动,特别是通过联合计划的行动支持刚果民主共和国武装部队(刚果(金)武装部队)。 但是,正如第1925(2010)号决议所指出并贯穿其目前的任务——第1991(2011)号决议——联刚稳定团对刚果(金)武装力量的支持严格取决于刚果(金)武装力量遵守国际人道主义法和人权法以及难民法的情况。 这一警告是现在所说的附加条件政策,它指导了特派团处理支助刚果(金)武装力量和其他刚果当局的任务的方式。", "该政策已转化为一个详细的特派团常设业务程序,为向刚果(金)武装部队提供支助规定了需要满足的非常明确的要求。 支助的性质主要包括燃料、口粮、运输、消防支助、专家咨询和伤员后送。 刚果(金)武装力量在联刚稳定团的大力支持下,正在对武装团体采取某些行动,如 \" Amani Leo \" 行动和 \" 铁石 \" 行动等。 这种支持的条件是对行动进行充分的联合规划,特别是在保护平民方面。 支助仅限于拥有可接受的人权记录的部队和指挥官。 隐含的要求是对关键人员进行充分筛选并宣传刚果(金)武装部队在实地的行动。 在规划阶段,对被认为犯下严重侵犯人权行为,包括大规模强奸和雇用儿童兵的单位或指挥官不予支持。", "在这方面,已经建立了彻底的筛选程序。 即使在提供支助之后,如果在某一阶段发现不遵守附加条件政策的情况,在适当通知刚果民主共和国当局之后,如果它们未能采取适当行动,就可撤回支助,如其中一个营最近严重侵犯人权的情况。 标准作业程序仍然是微调的主题。", "高级管理小组同包括人道主义事务协调厅在内的人道主义界代表协商,定期审查条件政策的执行情况。 附加条件政策的影响现已显现。", "当然,有一些积极因素。 在某些方面,这项政策对刚果(金)武装部队的行动产生了积极影响。 这使联刚稳定团部队和刚果(金)武装部队更接近于联合规划行动并制订适用于刚果民主共和国独特条件的行动构想。 双方相互学习,因此,行动的设计与实施更加精细. 重要的是,在规划进程开始时就考虑到了保护平民问题,因为需要大量利益攸关方,包括特派团内的联合人权办公室提供投入。 特派团的努力和刚果(金)武装部队的努力现已得到更好的协调,在实地可以取得哪些成果方面显然有好处。 联刚稳定团需要仔细审查后勤支助的分配,这显然在业务上有好处。 它帮助确保了我们对实地部队的如意支助,以确保他们得到适当的喂养和维持,从而促进个人的士气和积极性。", "附加条件政策的存在以及卡比拉总统的 \" 零容忍 \" 政策,都提醒指挥官,他们个人有责任在行动中有效指挥和控制自己的部队。 他们为了自己和部队的利益,不得不更加注意部队以他们的名义正在做的事情。", "总的来说,联刚稳定团支助的刚果(金)武装力量部队最近的行为令人满意,大多数联合行动的开展没有受到负面宣传的影响。 在一支由专业人员、前叛乱分子和玛伊玛伊民兵组成的军队中,我们开始看到个人纪律和人类价值改善的令人鼓舞的迹象,这引起了对掠夺当地居民的批评。", "有一些问题。 尽管有某些明显的好处,但这项政策给特派团带来了某些问题和挑战。 除了其他承诺外,特派团可用于执行附加条件政策的资源有限,这意味着它能够支持的刚果(金)武装部队的数目受到限制。 在某一时刻,我们没有军事观察员和特遣队来履行监测职能。 我们还没有文职人员进行必要的筛查。 除此之外,经验表明有许多指挥官不符合标准。 因此,我们自己的附加条件政策的后果之一是,我们达到和影响刚果(金)武装力量战斗秩序所有部分的能力不如我们希望的那样大。", "话虽如此,即使我们拥有足够的资源,我们仍会发现,刚果(金)武装部队不再强烈希望开展联合行动,特别是在南北基伍。 他们争辩说,由于旷日持久的准备工作和广泛协商,行动惊奇和安全受到损失。 因此,这一趋势不是采取联合行动,而是采取刚果(金)武装力量单方面行动,特派团对此的监督或影响有限。", "事实是,我们采取了附加条件的政策,从而开创了新的局面。 就执行这项政策的经过尝试和测试的指导而言,我们没有什么可退缩的。 只有当时间流逝时,我们才更加相信执行这项政策的最佳方式。 沿途,包括同我们的刚果(金)武装部队伙伴一道,一直面临压力和压力,他们抱怨协商和接触不足,特别是在考虑撤出对违规部队的支助的初期。 要求更换指挥官引起了侵犯国家主权地区的情绪。", "我们自己的部队也面临两难境地,即试图确定将哪一个列为优先事项——监测得到刚果(金)武装部队的支持或打击反政府部队? 这并非易事,特别是对于初级战地指挥官而言,他们受到的训练更加明确,而不是含糊不清。 谁站在哪一边? 他们何时行动,如何行动? 条件性无疑加重了这些军官的负担,使行动环境更加模糊和具有挑战性。", "让我提出一些建议。 在概述了附加条件政策对行动产生影响的一些方式之后,我现在想就今后特派团如何加强附加条件政策提出几点建议。 首先,附加条件政策不能为了长期利益而自立;它必须同时得到更广泛的军事改革,例如适当的一体化和安全部门改革的后续和支持。", "第二,虽然应该使甄别制度广泛而深入,但除资源密集外,它往往会减少联刚稳定团可以支助行动的指挥官和部队的数目。 需要再次审视这项工作的程度。 我们需要在什么是可取的和什么是可行的之间找到一种平衡,使这项政策不致变得如此侵入性,以致于它与完成我们的总体任务相冲突。", "第三,在可能时,我们应设法在特派团开办时而不是在下游实行这项政策。 当其他一切都是新的时,执行起来就更容易了,其影响可能要大得多。", "最后,附加条件政策对业务产生了积极和消极影响。 有某些更广泛的问题和人类价值受到威胁。 在我看来,这一政策是可以坚持的,但还有进一步发展和完善的余地。 如果这项政策被视为我们国家伙伴的共同所有,那将大有帮助。 虽然它仍将是维护联合国形象和声誉的一个工具,但它也可以为东道国提供一个机会,以影响并作出关于什么和谁得到支持的知情决定。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢普拉卡什中将的通报。", "我现在请阿尔贝托·阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将发言。 让我借此机会重申,安理会强烈谴责昨天在赛达发生的对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的袭击,并通过他向受伤者及其家属转达我们的慰问。", "阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将: 主席先生,我非常感谢你所说的客气话并给我机会今天在安理会发言。", "上星期,安理会开会讨论了秘书长关于第1701(2006)号决议执行情况的最新报告(S/2011/406)。 我知道,特别协调员威廉姆斯和维持和平行动部向安理会通报了情况。", "今天,我要借此机会强调我对黎巴嫩南部的主要关切之一:安全和保障问题及其对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)行动的影响。 然后,我还将谈谈第1701(2006)号决议执行情况的更广泛问题,以及今后期间的工作重点,以确保在全面执行决议方面取得进一步进展。", "总的来说,黎巴嫩南部和以色列北部经历了几十年来最平静和最平静的五年。 2011年上半年,联黎部队行动区的局势也相对稳定,该国政治局势陷入僵局。 然而,近几个月来,联黎部队经历了一系列事件,反映了特派团面临的并影响安全局势的各种威胁。", "昨天当地时间下午6时左右,联黎部队一支车队在位于联黎部队行动区外Saida镇附近的沿海公路上被炸。 根据初步资料,这次袭击使联黎部队6名维和人员受伤。 其中3人因轻伤被送往医院治疗,据说病情稳定。 他们今天将被遣返法国。 联黎部队的法医专家正同黎巴嫩武装部队密切协调,以确定该事件的背景。 这是自第1701(2006)号决议通过以来对联黎部队的第五次袭击。", "安理会成员还将知道5月27日联黎部队车队在通往贝鲁特的公路上被袭击,当时一枚遥控路边炸弹爆炸,炸伤了6名意大利维和人员。 2人受重伤,4人受轻伤至中伤。 此外,两名黎巴嫩平民受轻伤。 这是三年多来的第一次攻击. 没有人声称对袭击负责。", "黎巴嫩当局和联黎部队以及意大利当局立即展开调查。 这些调查仍在进行中。 整个政治派别的所有高级政治领导人都谴责了这次袭击。 与黎巴嫩当局合作进行调查和采取其他减轻风险措施,例如黎巴嫩军队的护送,一直很好。 此外,作为负责黎巴嫩南部安全的指定官员,我承诺采取更多保护措施,包括针对联黎部队行动区内外的军事车队和其他行动,并为加强部队保护,从而减少发生类似袭击的风险。 然而,无法完全防止这种恐怖袭击。", "5月15日 -- -- 秘书长的报告也述及这一点 -- -- 在巴勒斯坦人纪念 \" 浩劫日 \" 之际举行了大规模示威。 我将不详细重复黎巴嫩当局向联黎部队提供的情报显示造成7人死亡和100多人受伤的悲惨事件。 我们已同双方讨论了我们关于这些事件的初步调查结果,并将在定于8月举行的下届三方会议上向双方提交联黎部队的调查报告。", "联黎部队还就今后防止此类事件向各方提出建议。 具体而言,黎巴嫩当局应全面评估违反第1701(2006)号决议的所有安全风险和其他风险,以及在批准 \" 蓝线 \" 附近任何示威之前维持法律和秩序所需要采取的措施。 黎巴嫩军队没有批准6月初纳克萨时期在蓝线附近举行示威,从而防止了这种暴力的再起。 这些措施确实证明是有效的,它们再次表明了黎巴嫩武装部队和黎巴嫩南部人民努力实现南部持久和平与稳定的决心和决心。", "最后,在整个6月期间,特派团经历了一些个人或个人团体对联黎部队巡逻行为不友好并限制联黎部队行动自由的事件。 这些事件确实让我担心。", "在许多情况下,黎巴嫩方面认为联黎部队拍照或无意中进入私人财产侵犯了个人或当地社区的隐私,是对我们部队采取不友好行为的原因。 然而,并非所有这种情况都可以以这种方式解释,我们不能排除这样的情况:也可能有人鼓励民众以这种方式采取行动,企图阻止联黎部队开展活动,从而在整个行动区完成其任务。", "联黎部队对这些事件的反应如何? 我们加强了部队保护和减轻风险措施,这往往意味着需要更多的人员开展同样的活动。 我们还与黎巴嫩武装部队一起开展更多的业务活动,只要黎巴嫩军队的能力允许,但并不限制联黎部队开展活动,特别是我们认为至关重要的活动。 安理会可以放心,无论是恐怖袭击还是与民众的不友好相遇,都不会阻止联黎部队执行任务。 我们继续以同样的决心这样做。", "此时此刻,我还要向安理会转达,正如第1773(2007)号决议最强烈地表示的那样,特派团从安理会多年来给予的坚定支持中受益匪浅。 根据该决议,联黎部队定期提醒各方有责任认真尊重联合国人员的安全和保障以及联黎部队的行动自由,并再次同黎巴嫩对话者一起重申安理会呼吁联黎部队同黎巴嫩军队更密切合作。", "尽管存在安全挑战 我早些时候谈到过,正如我前面提到的那样,南部的安全局势总的来说仍然相对稳定,而黎巴嫩南部享有几十年来最平静和最平静的五年。 这在许多方面是联黎部队同黎巴嫩军队密切合作的结果,这有助于在黎巴嫩南部建立新的战略环境。", "第1701(2006)号决议通过已近五年,现在是再次审视该决议的主要目标以及如何着手实现这些目标的适当时机。", "第1701(2006)号决议呼吁全面停止敌对行动。 安理会还呼吁以色列和黎巴嫩支持永久停火并长期解决冲突,其基础包括双方充分尊重蓝线并作出安全安排来防止敌对行动再起,包括在蓝线和利塔尼河之间建立一个除黎巴嫩政府和联黎部队武装人员、资产和武器外没有任何其他武装人员、资产和武器的地区。", "除了开展军事行动活动外,联黎部队还设立了三方论坛,与以色列国防军和黎巴嫩武装部队高级代表讨论违反第1701(2006)号决议的行为、军事行动问题和双方之间的建立信任措施。 三方论坛已发展成为双方联络和协调的重要机制,双方已对它作出承诺并积极加以利用。 论坛继续发挥关键作用,推动 \" 蓝线 \" 标识进程,为有争议问题找到实际解决办法,从而缓和紧张局势,防止 \" 蓝线 \" 沿线地区事件升级。", "黎巴嫩武装部队是联黎部队维持黎巴嫩南部新战略环境和执行第1701(2006)号决议的战略伙伴。 因此,2010年初完成的维持和平行动部-联黎部队联合技术审查建议在联黎部队和黎巴嫩武装部队之间建立定期战略对话机制。 黎巴嫩当局——政府和军队——欢迎这项建议,该机制已经建立并开始工作。", "这一进程将协助黎巴嫩武装部队建立适当的行动能力,以执行第1701(2006)号决议所授权的任务,并最终将促进逐步向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任。 战略对话机制将在对联黎部队和黎巴嫩陆军地面部队和海上资产进行分析的基础上进行,并将制定一系列基准,反映联黎部队的能力和责任与黎巴嫩武装部队的能力和责任之间的相互关系。", "通过三方论坛和战略对话机制,联黎部队能够很好地推进第1701(2006)号决议所授权的军事行动问题。 希望这些进程的成功实施能确保黎巴嫩南部和蓝线一带的局势保持平静并维持双方之间停止敌对行动。", "从根本上说,这将确保保持相对平静的现状,但在不稳定的环境中。 然而,我认为,我们——联合国、联黎部队、安全理事会和国际社会——不应对维持这种现状感到满意。 相反,联黎部队、黎巴嫩军队和以色列国防军在蓝线两侧建立并保持的平静和相对稳定为解决这些问题的政治进程提供了一个机会之窗,这些问题超出了联黎部队等维持和平特派团的职权范围,可以通过确保有利的安全局势来支持政治进程,但不能取代政治外交进程。", "因此,我认为,有必要将我们的一切努力重新集中于实现第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标,即永久停火和长期解决冲突。", "联黎部队得到南部居民的支持,黎巴嫩全国对第1701(2006)号决议的共识得到维持。 新政府的部长声明重申黎巴嫩对第1701(2006)号决议和联黎部队任务的坚定承诺。 在7月13日最近一次三方会议上,黎巴嫩代表团团长证实,黎巴嫩武装部队在执行第1701(2006)号决议以及与联黎部队合作方面的命令没有改变。", "新政府的任期很短,但联黎部队注意到,政府和军队正在本着这种精神行事。 米卡提总理在7月16日第一次访问黎巴嫩南部时证实了这一点,包括象征性地访问联黎部队总部,这是对我们特派团的有力支持。", "以色列政府还继续致力于执行第1701(2006)号决议。 自该决议通过以来,联黎部队在黎巴嫩南部的行动得到了安全理事会的一致支持。 这种支持对于联黎部队继续有力地执行其任务仍然至关重要。", "这些是联黎部队执行任务继续取得成功的关键因素。 然而,与此同时,联黎部队能否成功地最终将责任移交给黎巴嫩军队并削减自己的部队,最终将取决于解决冲突所引起问题的政治进程。 联黎部队正在提供应当抓住的机会之窗,以便在实现我重申的第1701(2006)号决议的主要目标方面取得进展,即建立永久停火和长期解决冲突。", "安理会不久将讨论延长联黎部队任务期限的问题。 作为联黎部队的特派团团长和部队指挥官,我非常感谢安全理事会的继续支持,特别是其对联黎部队人员的安全和行动自由以及战略对话进程目标的支持。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将的通报。", "我现在请穆罕默德·哈立德少将发言。", "少将 哈立德: 作为联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)部队指挥官,我荣幸地被授权在本论坛就军事部分在早期建设和平中的作用交流我的想法和经验。 我首先要强调建设和平进程,以确定军事文书的适用空间。 然后,我将概述它在早期建设和平中的作用以及如何实现这一目标。 最后,我将强调我认为在授权部署军事部分之前需要注意的某些领域。", "冲突后社会的特点是不存在或非常薄弱的安全机制——军队处于混乱状态,准军事部队组织混乱,几乎或根本没有控制,私人和政府拥有大量武器和弹药,政府对警察和军队的控制缺乏信任和合法性。 在这种背景下,维持和平部队试图支持战时安全任务和政治及经济制度的过渡,为可持续和持久和平进程提供和平与安全的环境。", "自冷战时代起,维持和平的概念已经完全改变。 军事部门除了提供安全可靠的环境并监测敌对各方之间的停火之外,还开展了一系列属于建设和平范围的其他活动。 这要求采取一切行动,确定和支持倾向于加强和平的结构,以避免重新陷入冲突。", "让我补充指出,建设和平进程具有多面性、复杂性和专门性。 它不一定是军事领域,而是该领域专家的专门工作。 它涉及解决暴力冲突和建立可持续和平的进程和活动。 它侧重于国家能力建设,这与国家和国家以下各级的政治、行动和战术战线合作进行。", "通常,军事部分首先部署在任何充满冲突的地区,因为由于某些程序上的拖延和不有利的环境,其他安排需要更多的时间。", "军事部门凭借其组织力量,除了发挥各种作用以尽量减少冲突地区居民的痛苦外,还可以吸收和促进其他部门。 它还有助于在联合国其他机构和非政府组织到达并成立之前,启动建设和平进程。", "军事部分在早期建设和平进程中可能发挥的作用包括:提供安全和有保障的环境、打击有组织犯罪、维持治安和在大规模动乱情况下支助警察、恢复基础设施以促进人道主义救济工作和启动某些速效项目的工程任务、医疗外联和流行病控制、难民的处理和管理、协助安全部门改革和国家武装部队和警察的能力建设,以及向联合国机构和其他参与建设和平活动的伙伴提供广泛的后勤和其他支助,包括运输、空运和通信。 在大多数阶段,军队可以提供一个安全而有利的环境,通过选举或公民投票,或也许两者兼而有之,重新开始政治进程。", "为了开展这样一个全面的进程,必须创造有利的环境。 军事部门作为建设和平进程初期的推动者,可以在这方面发挥作用。", "为国际机构的各机构和官员提供安全保护伞是军方最重要的职能。 这是通过派遣观察团执行和执行和平协定来实现的,目的是通过斡旋和公正监测各方认可的承诺,帮助在早期阶段建立信任。 承诺可能包括停火、边界交战、商定的权力或资产划分、和平谈判、和平或停火执行以及恢复法律和秩序。 这些任务还可以包括按照商定条件解除武装、复员和重返社会、排雷活动、未爆弹药的处理、清除爆炸物和诱杀装置以保障维持和平人员、当地人民和联合国其他机构的安全,以及护送、巡逻和安全任务,从而加强建设和平者的行动自由和行动自由。", "简言之,这就是我认为军事部分适合的背景和作用。 但是,如果考虑军事干预,那么干预后战略的必要性也至关重要。 这种战略的目标必须是帮助确保促使军事干预的条件不会重演或重新出现。", "在使用军事手段解决冲突后局势中的问题之前,必须牢记某些基本方面,以便获得预期的红利。", "第一,全面的办法是作为建设和平者进行军事干预取得成功的唯一途径。 在建设和平问题上,决不能以军事手段取而代之。", "第二,目标与手段的相互关系极为重要。 如果要部署军队,应在早期阶段部署足够的兵力并随后缩编,反之亦然。", "最后但并非最不重要的是,军事存在往往在东道国人民中形成一种依赖文化,会阻碍国家重建和人力资源开发。 必须防止这种趋势,东道国的能力建设必须仍然是优先事项。", "最后,我要说,军事部分在建设和平进程的早期阶段的作用是不可回避和至关重要的。 军事部门在早期建设和平进程中起两个主要作用。", "首先,军事部分为其他内部和外部行为者的行动提供了安全可靠的环境。 第二,在建设和平进程的稳定、过渡和巩固阶段,除了其安全职能之外,军方还提供其资源,以实现特派团的总体目标。 作为部署的第一个组成部分,军事部分从第一天开始直接或间接地开始建设和平,并提供一个发射台,其他建设和平部队将从中动员起来,有系统地启动全面进程。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请安理会成员发言。 我提醒各位同事注意发言时间已晚。", "奥格武夫人(尼日利亚): 首先,我必须向勒罗伊副秘书长表示感谢,他为本次辩论提供了指导,特别是在组织部队指挥官方面。 我要热烈欢迎部队指挥官出席安理会会议。 他们对所审议问题的看法清楚而深刻,证明了这种互动的智慧和重要性,这种互动旨在促进外地同安全理事会之间更大的协同作用。 让我特别赞扬他们在领导各种和平特派团方面作出的不可估量的牺牲。", "自从我们上次于2010年8月与部队指挥官接触(第6370次会议)以来,整个联合国系统在使我们的维和努力更加有效方面出现了若干重要事态发展。 我们看到和平协定得到更有目的的执行并维持了停火。 我们设立了两个新的维持和平特派团——联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团),并在联苏特派团关闭后设立了联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)。", "然而,在保护平民、缩小人力和物质资源能力差距和限制部队伤亡等关键领域,仍然存在重大挑战。 因此,今天上午审议的议题是适合和顺应当代维和讨论趋势的。", "我今天上午的出发点将是普拉卡什将军所审查的联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)条件政策的主要问题。", "我们赞同他的评估和看法,我们仍然相信,联刚稳定团向刚果民主共和国武装部队(刚果(金)武装部队)提供支持或与其开展联合行动,显然会适得其反,因为刚果(金)武装部队在战略和指挥职位上已经知道侵犯人权者。 事实上,秘书长特别代表罗杰·米斯曾指出,“附加条件政策导致刚果(金)武装力量的一些指挥官在联刚稳定团驻有强大力量的地区参与对平民实施犯罪”。", "为了加强这种积极的评估,条件政策必须辅之以持续努力,以建设刚果民主共和国通过解除武装、复员、遣返、重新安置和重返社会——当然还有安全部门改革——来维持国内安全的能力。 由于结构支离破碎、缺乏明确的指挥和控制、行动薄弱和纪律不当,刚果(金)武装部队往往无法有效保护平民。 因此,在辩论附加条件政策时,我国代表团倾向于联刚稳定团同刚果(金)武装力量建立战略联盟,以补充刚果(金)武装力量的能力,保持联刚稳定团的相对监督,并最终提高部队的行动效力。", "维和人员部署的社区的平民的主要期望是,他们将得到适当的保护。 因此,保护平民是联合国大多数维持和平特派团,包括非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔特派团(达尔富尔混合行动)的核心任务。", "由于据报苏丹武装部队与武装运动之间,特别是在北达尔富尔的尚吉尔托巴亚和西达尔富尔的杰比尔马拉等地进行了空中轰炸、炮击和激烈战斗,遏制对平民的袭击仍然是达尔富尔的一个严峻挑战。 虽然保护平民的主要责任在于苏丹当局,但苏丹政府同达尔富尔混合行动之间加强合作无疑将确保更好地保护平民。", "我国代表团赞扬达尔富尔混合行动采取更强有力的姿态来保护平民并增加在西达尔富尔的积极巡逻。 我们尤其欢迎它加强对人道主义组织的后勤支助并支助儿童保护主流化议程。", "自从通过安理会第1701(2006)号决议和部署联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)部队以来,黎巴嫩南部已逐步走向稳定。 取得进展的部分原因是联黎部队同黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军密切协调。 然而,安全局势仍然非常脆弱。 5月15日沿 \" 蓝线 \" 发生的致命事件和5月27日对联黎部队六名维和人员的恐怖袭击需要进一步思考。 昨天在西顿又发生了一起袭击5名维和人员的事件。", "我国代表团明确谴责这些袭击。 我们呼吁各方——黎巴嫩武装部队和以色列国防军——履行第1701(2006)号决议规定的义务,确保联黎部队人员的安全。 实际上,各方必须利用由联黎部队指挥官召集的定期三方会议,以加强对联黎部队的信心并重振对该部队的希望。", "联合国维持和平行动正处于关键时刻。 满足对维持和平行动的需求已使本组织的能力达到极限,对其维持和平的效率造成巨大的压力和巨大压力。 我们的维持和平行动日益具有多面性,需要不同组成部分,包括军事、民警以及区域和其他非正式组织之间加强协调与合作。 挑战多种多样,从防止冲突的出现到冲突最终出现时恢复和平不等。", "部署部队并提供必要的训练、装备和后勤支助,以有效完成维持和平人员面临的复杂而有潜在危险的任务,仍然是一项行动取得成功的关键决定因素。 在这方面,我国代表团重申,应适当强调部署有能力对每个外地站的文化细微差别作出适当反应的部队。 我们认为,正如最近在联合国利比里亚特派团和联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)中看到的那样,在考虑特派团之间的合作时,这也应该是一个优先事项。", "我们许多特派团早日实现和平,越来越取决于文职专家在法治、人权和儿童保护等关键领域的工作。 达尔富尔混合行动和联科行动最近的事态发展进一步证明,在这些领域建设可持续的国家能力具有重要意义。 在这方面,我们鼓励法治和安全机构厅与联合国内外的有关行动者协调其活动,包括在联合国维持和平特派团结束很久之后自然有能力留在外地的非政府组织。", "在我们继续面对维持和平的各种挑战时,我们必须从以往的经验中吸取教训。 我们可以首先确定那些在承担全部能力时往往使特派团倒退的问题。 有效的预警系统可以防止冲突,限制对国际和平与安全的威胁。 会员国和区域机构应寻求更有效的战略,查明并解决其国家和区域内根深蒂固的冲突根源。 这最终将有助于确保在和平到来时,和平将根深蒂固并具有可持续性。", "我要申明,尼日利亚仍然充分致力于《联合国宪章》所揭示的集体安全。 在向那些为了其他人能够和平地生活而在履行职责时付出了最终代价的人致敬的同时,让我们借此机会重申我们作为维持和平人员尊重和维护联合国维持和平基本内容的决心。", "主席(以英语发言):让我提醒安理会成员,他们有机会在这里不仅向我们的通报者,而且向会议厅内的所有部队指挥官提出问题和发表评论。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西): 首先,我要特别赞扬阿兰·勒罗伊先生。 面对艰巨而艰巨的任务,他做了非凡的工作. 巴西非常赞赏他的总体工作,但我要特别提到他与出兵国的不断和非常有建设性的互动,以及他与马尔科拉女士一道发起了 \" 新地平线 \" 倡议。 我国政府感谢他的服务并祝愿他今后工作顺利。", "我要同大家一道欢迎军事部门的首长来到安理会,并表示我国衷心感谢他们在极具挑战性的情况下所做的出色工作。 我感谢联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国利比里亚特派团的部队指挥官今天与我们分享的思考。 巴西在大多数这些特派团中都有部队和观察员,因此,巴西直接知道他们的高质量领导和承诺。", "我们今天听到的通报有助于我们更好地了解我们作出的决定如何影响实地局势。 在纽约这里,我们必须努力确保我们向维持和平人员提供他们执行任务所需的政治指导和支持。 然而,我们还必须注意不要对他们进行微观管理,不要限制特派团领导人创造性思维的空间,因为创造性思维对成功同样至关重要。", "我要重点谈谈由新地平线倡议提出的以能力驱动的维持和平办法。 我们要求特派团领导人取得成果是正确的,但我们也必须向他们提供他们开展工作所需的工具。 总的来说,虽然已经取得了重要进展,但我们应当继续努力使必要的技能和能力落到实处。", "军事部门通常是特派团的最大组成部分。 对当地民众来说,他们往往是访问团的面目。 因此,必须确保他们在军民合作、文化敏感性、行为和纪律等领域接受必要的培训。 维持和平人员如果能够与当地人民建立联系,就会更加有效。", "在维持和平的文职领域,统一服务条件将对特派团吸引和留住最优秀文职人员的能力产生长期重大影响。 文职能力审查对我们对这一问题的思考作出了重大贡献。 应尽快开始讨论执行这些建议的问题。", "为了实现可持续和平,安理会、秘书处、部队和警察派遣国以及其他利益攸关方必须共同努力,向实地指挥官提供他们需要的支助。 我谨向今天在场的所有部队指挥官保证,巴西仍然致力于这一目标。", "阿尔扎特先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言): 我国代表团首先要感谢安理会主席组织与部队指挥官的这次会议,我特别赞扬他们。 我们还要特别感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长勒罗伊先生参与和指导本次讨论的成功。", "我国代表团重视维持和平行动部、部队指挥官及其工作人员以及尼日利亚奥格武大使所领导的维持和平行动工作组所开展的重要工作,他们在这一领域作出了宝贵贡献。", "目前关注的一个挑战是加强秘书处、安全理事会和出兵国之间的协同作用。 我们在这方面取得了进展。 与此同时,我们建议安理会继续加强这种互动,我们认为这种互动至关重要。 同样,我们强调在制定理论和改善联合国维持和平特派团行动方面取得的进展。 因此,外地业务的动态和联合国确保实地工作人员安全和福祉的后勤能力得到改善。", "关于处理该区域国际有组织犯罪的西非海岸倡议,哥伦比亚认为,非常重要的是提供我们在这方面的经验,已经部署了国家警察部队同几内亚比绍和塞拉利昂合作。 我们还积极参与了联合国海地稳定特派团。", "我们面临的一项挑战是,提高调动联合国部队使用旋转翼飞机、直升机和固定翼飞机的能力并加强其理论。 在这方面,我们提议进一步分析后勤、人力和技术能力,以优化其成果。 我们需要为维持和平行动,特别是在实地的通信、情报和观察领域,采购高技术小组,以便预警和预测暴力。", "最后,我们认识到,正如我们把维护本组织《宪章》所载原则和任务作为优先事项一样,联合国部队必须优先保护和保护平民。 只有这样,我们才能加强联合国与代表联合国的部队和当地人民之间的关系。", "蒙加拉·穆索茨先生(加蓬)(以法语发言): 维持和平行动是本组织的关键职能之一,最近已表明它们在维持国际和平与安全方面的效用和效力。 在这方面,我首先要感谢勒罗伊先生和部队指挥官的通报。", "加蓬重申,我们非常赞赏部队指挥官和其他维持和平人员的承诺和专业精神,他们常常在非常敌对的环境中,有时在资源有限的情况下,从事艰苦的工作。 我们刚才听到的富有启发性的通报反映了在座所有维持和平特派团的日常现实,是维持和平行动所面临真正困难的可行指标。 我国代表团还赞赏收到这种信息,这使安理会能够更好地作出必要决定并适应当地不断变化的局势。", "我们赞扬在维持和平行动的任务中纳入新的多学科办法,例如保护平民、加强法治、执行预防冲突再起的机制以及冲突后建设和平。 因此,我们重申,安理会需要为维持和平行动规定明确、可信和可执行的任务,使之符合预期的目标和结果,以及完成分配给它们的所有任务所需的资源。", "关于建设和平,我欢迎刚果民主共和国和利比里亚取得的进展。 2011年末,这些国家将举行重大、决定性的选举,这将是对那里的特派团的试金石。 它们的成功将决定从刚果民主共和国和利比里亚撤出的最终安排,从而帮助我们制定战略,将安全职能移交给有关政府。 在这方面,安理会必须继续密切跟踪这两个维持和平行动正在处理的局势,以便我们能够在其任务规定中纳入适当的改变,特别是在后勤和行动能力方面。", "我想问一下联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团部队指挥官的问题。 他对上帝抵抗军(上帝军)所构成的威胁有何评价? 他如何设想联合国在该区域的所有特派团之间的合作,特别是在打击上帝军方面?", "最后,我国将继续支持联合国维持和平行动。 我们欢迎今天同部队指挥官举行交互式会议等,使安理会随时了解他们在实地执行任务的事态发展,并向我们报告他们面临的挑战。", "曼捷夫·辛格·普里先生(印度): 我要感谢维持和平行动部和副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊介绍部队指挥官,并给我们这次机会直接听取当地人民的意见。 我认为,这一点特别重要,因为维持和平确实是安全理事会可以利用的主要工具,涉及联合国预算的最大百分比,当然也是占用了安理会最大时间的特定活动。", "印度向维持和平行动派遣了比任何其他国家更多的部队和警官。 在40多个维持和平行动中,有100 000多名人员,我们非常熟悉这一切意味着什么、什么是可能的以及维持和平行动的能力。 我们还在安理会和大会中参与了这一具体辩论的规范方面。 本着这种建设性接触的传统,最近在新德里举行了一次研讨会。 它吸取了维持和平人员在维持和平议程进一步发展方面的行动经验,从而开创了新的局面。", "维持和平已经成熟。 今天,80%以上的维持和平资源都用于五年以上的行动。 在我们启动两项新任务——几年来的第一次新行动——时,我们需要评估局势。 我要强调以下几点。", "第一是缺乏资源和整个问题,就是试图告诉人们用现有的甚至更少的资源做更多的事情。 我理解效率的提高;我理解需要压缩更多的资源;但我认为,必须明确理解,以微薄的预算和不断增加的任务运作当然是不可能或有效的。", "此外,任务规定需要明确。 来自我国印度的部队指挥官指出,任务不明确,而且任务如何转化为指挥链下层的人,实际上不知道对他们的期望是什么。 我认为,我们安理会应为自己和我们在实地部署的部队负责,以便在这方面做到明确,并理解任务和资源必须结合和协同。 在这方面,特别重要的是,已经开始的同出兵国互动的进程应该更加深入地进行,以便我们更清楚地了解用我们所建立的部队支配的那种资源能够实际产生和完成什么工作。", "我还要强调另一个非常重要的因素——建立伙伴关系的意愿。 在此,我要提请各位成员注意非洲。 理事会三分之二的会议和成果涉及非洲。 它也是联合国维持和平的核心。 印度坚决支持加强非洲联盟在维持和平方面的能力。 在这方面,我要引用我国总理5月份在亚的斯亚贝巴第二届印度-非洲论坛首脑会议上的讲话。 他说:", "“印度一贯支持发展非洲的能力。 为了表示我们致力于支持非洲寻求非洲解决办法的努力,我高兴地宣布,印度将为非洲联盟驻索马里特派团提供200万美元。 “", "需要由其他会员国提供类似的援助,以建设非洲联盟的维持和平能力。 印度还致力于通过特别培训安排使非洲待命部队早日投入运作。", "我们知道,最弱者在冲突中受害最深。 妇女和儿童在世界各地的冲突中遭受并正在继续遭受骇人听闻的痛苦。 国际社会不仅有责任而且有义务竭尽全力确保妇女和儿童的安全,特别是在冲突和冲突后局势中。 印度的部队和警官,包括第一批完全部署在联合国旗帜下的女性部队,将尽最大努力保护其行动区的弱势群体。", "最后,我要感谢部队指挥官及其指挥下的男女。 正是他们把安理会的言论变为行动。 我还要赞扬那些为联合国努力创造一个更美好和更安全的世界而作出最大牺牲的维和人员。", "迪卡洛夫人(美利坚合众国): 主席先生,我感谢你和维持和平行动部(维和部)安排今天安理会的本次会议。 我也谨感谢勒罗伊副秘书长在一个非常困难和富有挑战性的时期出色地领导了维和部。 我们祝愿他今后一切顺利。", "我要感谢部队指挥官们今天的发言。 我们非常赞赏他们每天在维持和平行动中发挥的作用。 我要借此机会向阿萨塔·克耶瓦斯少将和我的法国同仁表示,美国同情联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)法国维和部队昨天受的伤,并希望他们能全面而迅速地康复。 当然,这是勇敢的维和人员在履行职责时每天面临的风险的一个非常清楚的例子。", "对部队指挥官们,我只想说,我们非常欢迎有机会亲自听取他们介绍他们在执行联合国特派团任务方面面临的挑战和风险。 安理会力求使特派团的任务与成功执行这些任务所需的领导和能力相匹配。", "我们非常想了解部队指挥官面临的行动、后勤和领导问题。 每个维持和平特派团的核心都是其人民及其支持建立更稳定和平的努力的能力。 我们感兴趣的是,正在采取哪些行动步骤来制定全特派团保护平民的战略,包括防止性暴力的战略,以及军警人员作为特派团一部分的作用。 我们非常欢迎对创新措施的讨论,例如木柴巡逻、社区联络援助、向社区领导人发放手机、以及包括民事、警察和军事专门知识在内的反应和调查小组。", "同样重要的是,指挥官们面临的差距——扩大或限制他们完成任务的后勤或领导效力的因素。 这些可能是支助特派团的工具,如理论、部署前或特派团内部培训;帮助特派团有效运作的工具,如预警能力、情报和及时分析;或便利调动的工具,如航空能力以及预算和行政问题。", "我有几个问题要问将军们", "我希望听到阿萨塔·克瓦斯将军谈到真主党的军事武库。 秘书长7月1日的报告(S/2011/406)指出,真主党仍然保留着自己的大量、不断增长和破坏稳定的军事武库。 我想知道联黎部队正在采取哪些步骤来协助黎巴嫩武装部队清除利塔尼河以南的非法武器和武装人员。", "我非常赞赏尼亚姆武姆巴将军在发言中强调非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的有力存在。 我们希望,达尔富尔混合行动在建立这样一个强有力的存在方面吸取的教训能够与其他特派团分享。 我想听听他对此的看法。", "我们仍然非常关切联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团在航空资产方面面临的严重能力差距,并想听到普拉卡什将军谈到这样一个问题,即这一差距是否影响或如何影响特派团执行第1991(2011)号决议所概述任务的能力。 与特派团的任务有何取舍,特派团再也无法做什么?", "最后,我要听取哈立德将军介绍特派团之间的合作情况。 联合国科特迪瓦行动同联合国利比里亚特派团之间有着良好的特派团间合作,我想知道从这种合作中吸取了哪些经验教训,以及他是否认为有可能将特派团间合作用于其他地方。", "王民先生(中国): 我谨感谢勒罗伊副秘书长出席今天的会议。 我认真听取了联合国维持和平行动四位部队指挥官的发言。 我谨热烈欢迎出席今天会议的所有部队指挥官。 它们正在世界各地的极端困难下工作,执行安理会的任务,为世界和平与安全作出贡献。 中国代表团向他们和全世界所有维和人员表示敬意。", "60多年来,联合国维持和平行动一直为维护世界和平与安全作出重大贡献。 近年来,随着环境的变化,维持和平行动也面临一系列新的挑战。", "我现在没有问题要问,但我听取了部队指挥官的发言,我想就原则发表一些意见。 我要强调以下四点。", "第一,我们必须加强维持和平与建立和平之间的协调。 虽然维持和平很重要,但它不是万能药。 为了建立持久和平,关键是促进政治对话与和解。 秘书长及其特别代表可以在这方面发挥更大的调解作用。", "第二,必须加强维持和平与建设和平之间的协调与一致。 有关各方应注意并处理冲突的根源,特别是经济和社会发展。 在考虑维持和平与建设和平之间的关系时必须采取综合办法,必须明确界定维持和平与建设和平之间的分工。 及时制定和逐步改进撤离战略非常重要。", "第三,我们必须有效执行保护平民的任务。 东道国必须承担保护平民的主要责任。 维持和平行动在执行保护平民的任务时,应严格遵守安理会的决议并遵循公正原则,以免成为冲突的一方。 同时,它们应尊重东道国的主权,以便为促进政治和民族和解做更多工作。", "第四,我们还必须加强维持和平行动的能力建设职能。 我们希望,拥有这样做的资源和技术能力的国家将增加它们的投入,以便为维持和平行动提供必要的资源和技术保障。 我们支持联合国努力提高部署维持和平行动的速度和效率,使其更具针对性和灵活性,并加强与东道国和区域组织的协调和伙伴关系。", "齐亚德女士(黎巴嫩): 主席先生,我们首先要感谢你组织这次重要辩论。 我们还要感谢勒罗伊副秘书长领导维持和平行动部的可嘉工作,并感谢联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)的部队指挥官所作的全面介绍。", "黎巴嫩认为,联合国维持和平行动需要安全理事会、秘书处、出兵国和东道国之间的伙伴关系。 在认真注意部队指挥官的介绍之后,我们要赞扬他们的献身精神和为和平服务。 这种直接互动使我们有机会了解实地的迫切需要,并进而帮助安理会更好地满足这些需要。", "我有两个问题 其中一个类似美国代表团就联刚稳定团同达尔富尔混合行动之间的合作问题提出的要求。 或许尼亚姆武姆巴将军可以向我们介绍他对达尔富尔混合行动所面临主要后勤挑战的看法。", "在我们地区,中东,结束以色列对巴勒斯坦、叙利亚和黎巴嫩其他地区的占领——这是冲突的根源——是全面解决和成功撤出联合国维持和平特派团的先决条件。", "每个人都提到了昨天在黎巴嫩南部所发生的事件。 当维持和平特派团受到考验,维和人员受到攻击时,只有团结和决心才能结束任何类型的再次发生。 在这方面,黎巴嫩明确谴责这次袭击。 在此只需提及,黎巴嫩共和国总统米歇尔·苏莱曼将军发表声明,谴责这次袭击,并敦促当局“加倍努力,揭露肇事者并惩罚他们”。", "他说,在贝鲁特和纽约,我国代表团赞同安全理事会发表的谴责这次袭击的新闻声明(SC/10341)。 我国代表团向受伤的维和人员及其家属表示由衷的同情,我们相信,阿萨塔·克瓦斯将军将深切感谢在联黎部队工作的男女工作人员。", "在第1701(2006)号决议通过近五年后,黎巴嫩政府坚定地致力于全面执行该决议。 我们呼吁国际社会制止以色列从陆地、空中和海上侵犯我们主权的行为。 秘书长在他最近的报告(S/2011/406)中提到了这些侵犯行为,并呼吁立即停止这些行为,因为它们不仅会破坏第1701(2006)号决议的执行,而且会破坏联黎部队的工作和信誉以及黎巴嫩武装部队的权威。", "在对新政府进行信任投票仅两天后,黎巴嫩总理访问了黎巴嫩南部和联黎部队总部。 他在访问期间承认了联黎部队在执行第1701(2006)号决议方面的重要作用。 在这方面,我们两天前发来一封信,要求延长联黎部队的任务期限,不作任何修改。", "当阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将谈到战略对话与合作时,他提到了上星期进行的协商。 让我在安理会上重申我国代表团对此必须说的话。 黎巴嫩军队正同联黎部队全面进行战略对话。 黎巴嫩赞扬在南黎巴嫩行动的联黎部队的努力和牺牲,并对所有出兵国表示感谢。 安理会高度重视根据商定的接战规则加强与联黎部队的协调与合作,以确保适当执行赋予它的任务。 必须协助建立黎巴嫩武装部队的能力。 一个更强大的黎巴嫩军队将使黎巴嫩政府能够继续将其权力扩展到其领土。", "我要问阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将一个问题。 他认为,什么是防止以色列沿着 \" 蓝线 \" 滥用武力的最佳办法? 5月15日,平民示威者尽管没有越过 \" 蓝线 \" ,却遭到枪击。", "主席(以英语发言):我建议我们打断发言者名单,请部队指挥官发言。 我先呼叫普拉卡什中将", "普拉卡什中将: 在向我提出的两个问题中,第一个是加蓬代表提出的,涉及我对上帝抵抗军(上帝军)在该区域所构成威胁的评估,以及区域间特派团之间可以开展哪些合作来消除这一威胁。", "上帝军在刚果民主共和国的威胁是真实的。 虽然其人数并不多,但不能希望这种威胁消失。 我们平均每月收到大约15至20起上帝军活动事件的报告。 一段时间以来,袭击的残暴程度已经减少,杀戮事件已经减少,被劫持的平民人数也已经大大减少. 上帝军活动的减少在很大程度上可归因于联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)在该地区开展的一些积极行动。", "尽管如此,我要重申,这一威胁是真实的,不能希望它消失。 实际情况是地势崎岖,它们活动的数量很少,它们活动的地区无法进入,边界漏洞多. 我们已在栋古建立了一个联合情报行动中心,该中心今年开始运作,这是在乌干达人民国防军、刚果民主共和国武装部队以及我们的任务联刚稳定团等伙伴之间交流信息的一个步骤。 此外,5月份,我们在恩德培举行了一次特派团间部队指挥官会议,分享了上帝军的信息。 尽管如此,这还不够,而且有更多的空间分享信息并开展更有效的打击上帝军的行动,只要我们得到这样做的适当资源。", "第二个问题是我国航空资产的现有能力差距及其如何影响特派团。 特派团极为关切的是,没有通用和攻击直升机等航空资产。 随着岁月的流逝,消极活动已经向西转移,从刚果民主共和国东部转向丛林,再转向只有直升机才能进入的地区。 安理会非常清楚刚果民主共和国没有道路基础设施。 今天,我们在该国的93个基地中,有31个得到空中支助,即三分之一的临时行动基地/连级行动基地位于只能由空中资产提供后勤供应的地区。 如果我们得不到适当的航空资产来支持这些基地,我们不仅将无法在交通不便的地区建立需要的更多基地,而且我们将发现连现有的31个基地都难以支持。", "自7月4日以来,我们没有攻击直升机,这大大削弱了我们对南北基伍解放卢旺达民主力量的威慑能力。 我们没有能力对南北基伍的武装团体采取任何积极行动。 由于选举即将到来,我们还认为,今后对航空资产的需求将高得多。 满足保护平民和运送选举材料的要求之间将发生冲突。 那时,我们将完全捉襟见肘,在现阶段,我感到,我们完成保护平民的基本任务的能力也将受到很大限制。", "主席(以英语发言):让我提醒安理会注意时间已晚。 军人以简洁而有重点而著称;我不知道能否对我们的外交官说同样的话。 我呼吁安理会最好地利用我们可以利用的时间,并限制我们的所有发言。 我们还有七个安理会成员要发言,我们的发言应限于剩余时间内绝对需要的发言。", "我现在谈谈阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将。", "阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言): 请允许我用我自己的语言西班牙语回答问题,以便我能够更准确地回答。", "关于所谓的真主党武库,根据第1701(2006)号决议的授权,确保除了属于黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的武器之外没有其他武器的首要责任在于黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队。 根据第1701(2006)号决议,根据我们的任务规定,确保联黎部队行动区内除黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的武器外,没有其他类型的武器的主要责任在于黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队。 根据我们的任务规定,联黎部队不能进入私人住宅或私人财产,除非有可信的证据和立即威胁违反第1701(2006)号决议。", "我们部署在黎巴嫩南部利塔尼河和蓝线之间的部队由大约12 500名士兵和1 000多名平民组成。 这些来自35个不同国家的士兵每月参与10 000至12 000起业务活动。 在这些业务活动中,我们发现,自第1701(2006)号决议通过以来的五年中,储存了弹药、掩体和武器,但这一切都发生在冲突——2006年战争之前。 迄今,考虑到我们不能进入私人财产或搜查住宅——这是黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队的义务——没有证据表明存在非法贩运武器的情况。 我的意思是,我本人和我的士兵都没有看到提到的武库。 我们希望看到它们确定它们是否确实存在。", "我还要说,最近从我们针对以色列的行动区发射的火箭是在2009年10月发射的,因此,在将近两年的时间里,由于南部人民、黎巴嫩武装部队和联黎部队的努力,停止敌对行动得到了维持,而且没有向以色列发射火箭。", "关于黎巴嫩代表所问的第二个问题,我要提及联黎部队在今年5月15日 \" 灾难日 \" 悲惨事件后向各方提出的建议。 这些建议包括:只有黎巴嫩当局对黎巴嫩境内的法律和秩序负责,他们必须采取必要措施,防止蓝线一带发生的事件,众所周知,蓝线是一个非常敏感的地区,大多数事件都发生在这一地区;自2000年战争以来,蓝线一直是以色列部队的撤离线。 因此,为了防止此类事件发生,必须对民众进行全面监督。", "在我们的建议中,我将逐字宣读,我们说,以色列部队在这种局势中应避免作出反应,除非这是他们自己立即自卫的明确要求,同时考虑到黎巴嫩和以色列两国都有自卫权。 但是,以色列国防军决不能过度使用武力,必须始终采取与罪行相适应的行动,因此,还应包括控制示威者和人群控制的装备、单位和专家。", "我们还说,两国——以色列和黎巴嫩——都应确保,在这类局势中,它们使用经过适当训练和装备的部队,努力防止此类事件的发生。 在三方会议和我与各方举行的会议中,我总是说同样的话:", "(以英语发言)", "不给,不取。", "(以西班牙语发言)", "不要挑衅,不要对任何挑衅作出反应。 这是避免沿蓝线发生事件的最佳办法。", "我认为我已经回答了这些问题,但如果需要进一步澄清,我将乐于提供这些问题。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请尼亚姆旺巴中将发言,他也受到两个问题的影响。", "Nyamvumba中将: 向我提出了两个问题,一个由美国代表提出,另一个由黎巴嫩代表提出。", "美国的问题是,我们是否可以与其他特派团分享我们的经验。 确实,这非常相关,我们在纽约开会的目的之一是分享我们来自不同代表团的经验。 除此之外,我们还有一个论坛,特别是我们所说的特派团之间的合作。 我向普拉卡什将军表示感谢,他于5月在恩德培主办了我们区域部队指挥官会议。 我们将注意到这一点,并将继续与其他特派团,特别是那些负有保护平民任务的特派团分享我们的经验。 我们也欢迎其他特派团的其他经验。", "关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)面临的主要后勤挑战问题,我确实概述了其中一些挑战,但更具体地说,其中一个挑战就是供应线很长。 在座各位都知道,主要海港位于苏丹港,该地距离达尔富尔约2 000公里,基础设施很少或根本没有。 就我们的行动而言,最大的障碍是当地缺乏基础设施。 正如我早些时候所说的那样,在雨季,我们的巡逻和我们的活动实际上急剧减少,因为一些地区无法进入。 就在我发言的时候,由于道路无法通行,我们从每天的160次巡逻减少到了大约100次。", "最后,还有航空能力问题。 在通用直升机方面仍存在很大差距。 我将借此机会呼吁那些有能力支持特派团的人提供其中一些能力,因为这些能力确实对加强特派团的能力大有帮助。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请哈立德少将发言。", "哈立德少将: 美国和黎巴嫩代表向我提出了问题。 我认为,特派团之间的合作至关重要。 我这样说是因为维持和平行动部(维和部)没有后备部队,而且由于全球各特派团的数目众多,它们没有足够的部队应付每一次意外事件。", "让我告诉大会,我明天将向维持和平行动特别委员会(C-34)就维和部交给我的同一议题发言,我将在明天的发言中详细谈论这一问题。", "但是,只是简要地答复所吸取的经验教训:我们于11月向联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)派出了步兵营和米-8直升机。 步兵营一月来回,通用直升机六月来回;炮舰直升机于三月来回,至今仍在. 我高兴地告诉你,联科行动和联合国利比里亚特派团正在利用这些米-24武装部队进行联合任务和联合边界巡逻。", "关于所吸取的经验教训,它们实际上分为四个主要标题或关切:合法性、后勤、军事能力和协调。 我将非常简短地谈每个问题。", "根据合法性,我指的是在最后一刻节省有关对部队派遣国的担心的时间。 这应成为谅解备忘录的一部分。", "关于后勤问题,特派团应照顾、协调,甚至有时在特派团启动前处理口粮或燃料的倾倒问题,以便新入驻部队不会遇到任何问题。 在联合国总部的维持和平行动部一级,必须执行一项全面战略——我相信情况就是这样。 必须与负责特派团间合作的所有特派团协商,定期对其进行审查。 在特派团间合作的所有情况下,都可能没有巨大的边界,而且道路条件可能并不良好,或者可能根本没有任何道路,因此,这必须由陆、空和海来满足,以避免在最后一分钟出现任何不必要的延误,这通常是一个关键阶段。 后勤工作必须明确界定。", "为了更好的协调,所有这些特派团都必须有特派团间协调单位,这些单位应保持接触,以更好地进行协调并跟上最新的事态发展。", "最后但并非最不重要的是,在特派团和有关国家使用不同语言的情况下,必须有一个口译员小组,以确保部队抵达时不会遇到任何问题,并确保部队得到有效利用。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请安全理事会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言):我感谢主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生、军事厅厅长巴巴卡尔·盖伊中将和部队指挥官今天上午所作的内容翔实的发言。", "我们欢迎今天加入安理会的部队指挥官。 纽约确实远离战场,因此,实地军事领导人第一手听取其发言的机会确实非常宝贵。 我们认为定期举行这种接触是有好处的,我们感谢德国代表团的这一倡议。", "安全理事会过去曾明确指出——南非完全赞同这种看法——联合国维持和平行动的部署只是作为伴随,而不是作为解决冲突的政治战略的替代。", "多年来,由于冲突性质不断变化,维持和平已成为一项复杂而多方面的工作。 我们意识到国内冲突时代的复杂影响和挑战。 在大多数情况下,交战方拥有越来越多的资源和装备,往往具有巨大的影响力并不符合接战规则。 受冲突影响的地区不再只有失败的国家;它们拥有强大的军事能力和强有力的政治领导。", "为应对这些挑战,联合国必须以必要的活力和灵活性采取行动。 因此,至关重要的是,我们安理会和联合国在实地的政治和军事领导人继续关注调动和维持所有利益攸关方的政治支持,特别是安理会授权维持和平特派团的国家的政治支持,并尊重所有国家的主权。", "安理会在整个特派团存在期间也发挥特别重要的作用,支持同区域和次区域组织及其他伙伴改善合作与协调的努力。 安全理事会对非洲大陆危机的反应不断提醒人们,目前需要同区域组织,特别是非洲联盟加强合作与协调。 没有任何东西能够取代非洲的领导地位和解决非洲问题的办法。", "今天,我们应当特别反思我们优化利用实地维持和平行动提供的安全保护伞的能力,并找到冲突的政治解决办法。 安理会应当采取连贯而全面的战略,有效地将维持和平行动的任务转化为明确、可信和可实现的结果。 我们应思考确保行动与适当资源充分相匹配,确保行动有适当的准备和及时部署,具备理想的行动力量和能力。 我们应确保维持和平行动的监测和评价机制是适当的,并让安理会充分了解其决定所涉的资源和外地支助问题。", "这些只是一些重要问题,可以帮助我们作出集体努力,了解我们在维持和平行动中军事一级面临的挑战。 我们认为,通过集体解决这些问题,我们将为改进联合国维持和平的总体业绩作出重大贡献。", "保护普通平民的生命至关重要,他们常常是冲突地区不稳定和纷争的无辜受害者。 国际法规定,保护平民的主要责任在于国家。 保护平民就其性质而言是政治上非常敏感的,但它是一项关键和至关重要的任务。 鉴于最近冲突的性质,必须保护平民,区域组织和国际社会的作用更为重要。", "我们对目前为解决直升机等军事资产短缺而作的努力感到鼓舞。 我们不能在外国领土上部署部队,然后指望它们立即在任何地方部署,而缺乏必要的资源,或者在某些情况下,在没有充分兵力的情况下。 我们应当感谢我们在实地的部队,以确保他们得到所需的支持。", "然而,我们必须始终强调联合国维持和平行动必须始终遵循《联合国宪章》所揭示的公正原则,并遵循国际法和人权法。", "最后,我国代表团向曾经和继续为联合国维持和平行动服务的所有穿制服的男女人员致敬,我们赞扬他们的献身精神和勇气。 我们特别赞扬那些为和平与人类服务而付出了最高代价的人。", "博纳先生(法国)(以法语发言): 主席先生,我也谨感谢你组织这次会议,这次会议已成为一个经常的会场,因为它为同部队指挥官交换意见和听取实地意见提供了难得而宝贵的机会。", "我感谢维持和平行动部和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国-非洲联盟达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)部队指挥官的通报。", "首先,我要回顾法国对维持和平的承诺,这是联合国最重要和肯定最具象征意义的活动之一。 在此,我首先要赞扬蓝盔部队在实地经常在困难和危险的条件下开展出色的工作,在那里没有人去,以便执行各项任务,其复杂性直接反映了本组织所寻求处理的危机。", "法国希望继续参与改善维持和平行动运作的努力。 这些行动自成立以来,一直是安理会行使其维护国际和平与安全的主要责任的特权工具。 因此,提高这些行动的效力具有战略重要性。", "作为法国和联合王国2009年倡议的后续行动,我们的目标仍然是改进安全理事会对行动的政治和军事监测,确保提高行动的后勤和财务管理效力,澄清关于保护平民等若干复杂问题的理论,并视需要尽可能明确和合理确定任务。 这就是安理会现在就有关维持和平的共有问题进行定期磋商的目的。 我们认为,它们应该继续下去。", "关于我刚才提出的所有问题,我们认为我们已经取得了进展。 我们尤其欢迎全球外勤支助战略的执行。 我们也想欢迎高级咨询小组关于加强冲突后局势中民事能力的报告(S/2011/85)。 我们认为,这将使我们能够在诸如行动对国家发展的经济影响和妇女在维持和平中的作用等重要问题上改变维持和平行动的运作方式。", "因此,我们将继续我们的工作,特别是在加强维持和平行动指挥系统、改善同出兵国的合作以及为支助维持和平提供更严格的财政后续措施方面。 我注意到,近年来维持和平行动预算猛增。 诚然,这方面的需要发挥了很大作用,但同样重要的是,在财政捐助者预算紧张的情况下,我们必须有能力以负责和控制的方式管理预算。", "我也有一些问题要问今天在场的部队指挥官。 首先,我有一个总的问题。 纽约进行的改革努力是否在实地有所感受? 当地的做法是否因安理会作出的决定或提出的建议而改变? 我们安理会如何能够更好地考虑实地的意见和部队指挥官的反馈?", "更具体地说,我要向阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将提出有关联黎部队的问题。 我们当然也坚决谴责对联黎部队的袭击。 我们赞赏昨天袭击后表达的声援,我们的士兵是袭击的受害者。 当然,我们不会容忍部署在黎巴嫩的军事和文职人员的安全受到进一步的威胁。 我们理解手头任务的困难,但是我们如何确保战地士兵得到更好的保护? 此外,我们如何加强与黎巴嫩武装部队的合作? 我们如何确保联黎部队目前所执行的任务逐步移交?", "我向联刚稳定团部队指挥官提出的问题涉及在当前筹备选举的背景下修改平民保护战略。 在选举前的这种气氛中,鉴于我们被告知的限制因素,是否有必要改变部队的做法及其平民保护战略?", "巴尔巴利奇先生(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那): 主席先生,首先我要感谢你组织这次通报会。 我们感谢副秘书长的发言以及联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队、联合国利比里亚特派团、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团的部队指挥官的洞察力。 我们也欢迎联合国维持和平行动其他部队指挥官的到来,并称赞他们的承诺和努力,以及维持和平特派团所有人员的出色工作。", "有关维持和平的讨论中一再出现的一个关键问题是,安理会需要向维持和平特派团提供明确、可信和可实现的任务规定,并配以充足的资源,以完成已获授权的任务。 因此,及时向安理会提供相关信息对于决策是必不可少的。 为此,我们强调,每项决议在执行期间都必须明确和准确地反映在行动构想中。", "从年初开始,已经发布了关于维持和平与建设和平之间以及安全与发展之间相互关系的重要文件。 有关这些问题的讨论必须确定解决主要挑战和障碍的切实办法,并为能力发展、协调和外地指导提供解决办法。", "委托给维持和平特派团的任务日益复杂,以及缺乏具体资源,特别是文职支助能力,可能危及特派团的成功。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那欢迎与审查国际民事能力有关的活动。 我们认为,目前有关这项研究的建议和讨论的活动将导致这一领域的具体改进和切实可行的建议。 此外,维持和平行动部和外勤支助部之间的合作应带来可行的解决办法、积极的变革和实地的切实成果。", "在这方面,我们强调同部队和警察派遣国合作、协商和交换意见的重要性。 调动会员国的支持对于处理注重技能、设备和能力的能力驱动办法至关重要。", "显然,负有保护任务的特派团包括各种旨在确保平民安全和人身保护的活动。 关于当地情况和情况的信息收集、及时和准确的数据及其分析至关重要。 然而,各特派团应拥有适当资源来分析这些数据并协助恢复东道国能够履行其保护本国公民的首要责任的环境。 这个方面当然包括其他进程——例如解除武装、复员和重返社会、安全部门改革、支持选举进程和赋予地方社区权力——以促进向可持续建设和平的过渡。", "执行有效的撤离战略的必要性必须与人员和设备的质量相协调,并与相应的业务任务和目标相挂钩。 还应考虑到部署地区的文化敏感性,以避免特派团与东道国及其社区之间不必要的误解。", "今年,我们目睹了两个新特派团的授权:联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队和联合国南苏丹共和国特派团。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那认为,本组织需要尽其最大能力,运用其专门知识和以往维持和平特派团的经验教训,而安理会必须为各特派团提供它们需要的战略指导和适当支助。 在这方面,南苏丹特派团必须帮助提高治理能力和法治。", "这项任务无疑对指导特派团今后的重组至关重要。 必须考虑到实地的事态发展,使特派团的任务更加现实和可实现。", "最后,我们强调,维持和平特派团是冲突的政治解决的一部分,但它不能取代解决办法。 因此,必须加强实地活动,并努力开展预防性外交、预警或冲突调解,并注重国家优先事项和国家行为体。 注意这些方面必须成为每个维持和平特派团的组成部分,以避免冲突再起,促进一个国家的发展和持久和平,并最重要的是保证国际安全。", "塔特姆先生(联合王国): 我将尽量简短。 我感谢维蒂希大使邀请勒罗伊副秘书长和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团和联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的部队指挥官向安理会通报情况。 我要感谢他们今天上午的洞察力,更重要的是感谢部队指挥官和警务专员的工作,以及他们指挥下的所有男女的辛勤工作,正如我们所知,他们经常在非常有挑战性的环境中,冒着极大的个人风险。 最近对联黎部队的袭击突出了这些风险。 我同其他人一道谴责本周早些时候的袭击并祝愿受伤者迅速康复。", "联合王国非常支持正在进行的倡议,该倡议现已成为一种传统,以确保部队指挥官和警务专员有机会在纽约举行的年度会议上向安理会通报情况。 重要的是,要确保我们尽最大可能改善安理会对我们所写的维持和平决议对部队和警察提出的行动要求的了解。", "正如我们在11月份担任安理会主席期间所显示的那样,我们能够获得新技术,以确保我们能够更经常地听取作战指挥官的意见,而且我们认为,我们应该更经常地利用这一机会。 我们必须在适当时候听取联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队新任部队指挥官的发言。", "鉴于我从部队指挥官和安理会同仁那里听到的情况,我想就四点简短发表意见。", "第一是保护平民。 我从Nyamvumba将军的介绍中了解到保护受攻击或受攻击威胁的平民的责任的重要性。 这是维持和平责任的根本。 我在这里对这与使用强有力的姿态之间的联系感兴趣,达尔富尔混合行动高级领导层对这一概念非常了解。 我知道,对于某些人来说,这是一个有争议的问题,但我同我的尼日利亚同事一样,表示坚决支持强有力的姿态。 我知道,秘书长提到达尔富尔混合行动的强大性有助于减少对特派团的袭击,我认为这是一个重要问题。", "第二是条件政策的影响。 我非常感兴趣地听取了普拉卡什将军关于附加条件的发言。 条件性是确保维和人员不支持国际人道主义法之外的活动的要求。 显然,这种政策的实施必须严格。", "但我们也必须注意行动效力。 普拉卡什将军谈到了理想与可行之间的平衡。 如果有时间,我对这种平衡的概念——如何实现这种平衡——很感兴趣,但我赞赏我们在赶时间。 我对普拉卡什将军的看法很感兴趣,即这一平衡是否有可被广泛应用的有用的一般原则,或这是实地非常需要确定的。", "普拉卡什将军还就执行附加条件问题提供了一些有益的指导方针,特别是,在开始时而不是在下游更容易执行。 我认为,鉴于正在苏丹南部开展新的维持和平行动,这是一个重要的考虑因素。", "我的第三点意见是关于特派团间合作,我在这里愿与我的尼日利亚同僚和美国同僚一样,表示坚决支持特派团间合作的原则。 在有些情况下,这在业务上是有意义的,联利特派团同联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)分享资产就是一个重要的例子。 我认为,必须充分探讨这样做的潜力。", "我的最后意见是明确的任务。 我认为,正是我的印度同事谈到明确任务的重要性。 我们都提到了我们维持和平行动必须承受的风险和困难。 我认为,我们至少可以向维持和平特派团提供明确的任务。 我们非常容易在安理会议席上试图通过含糊不清或精心措辞来弥合分歧。 我们始终需要铭记这对实地维持和平行动开展重要工作可能构成的问题。", "最后,今天上午我听取了部队指挥官的发言,他们再次提醒我,我们从实地的直接观点中获得了巨大的价值。 我要非常感谢他们抽出时间从年度会议上向安理会发言。 我希望我们今后能够定期听取他们的意见。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言): 鉴于时间有限,我将尽量简短。", "我们高兴地在此再次欢迎联合国维持和平特派团部队指挥官。 令人鼓舞的是,俄罗斯联邦去年在担任安理会主席期间最初提出的这种对话已经付诸实施。 在这里,我要支持我的英国同事,他丰富了这一做法。 安理会现在有机会利用电视会议和其他现代技术更经常地举行这种会议。 安理会成员应同我们的军事同事一道检查我们的手表,以审查维持和平人员真正面临的实地问题和军事挑战。 这种做法最终将确保安理会获得有效的军事专门知识。", "我将不谈我们对维持和平的重视。 同许多同事一样,我们认为它是联合国维护和平与安全的一个真正至关重要的工具。 我们的维持和平人员参加了中东和非洲各区域以及海地的许多维持和平行动。 我们知道,联合国维持和平工作还没有固定下来。 它继续是积极需要的。 正如已经指出的那样,阿卜耶伊地区和南苏丹有两个新的维持和平行动。", "我们认为,身穿军装的人占维和人员的三分之二,在处理三项关键任务方面发挥着主导作用:支持各国政府为稳定局势并恢复和平而作的努力,保护平民并监测停火协定的遵守情况。 但是,联合国维持和平活动继续演变,包括从概念和业务角度发展。 因此,必须适应,以便处理当前的问题并适应新的政治现实。", "今天在座的很多发言者谈到,存在着新的挑战和什么样的挑战——这些挑战需要军事行为者同安全理事会外交官共同作出决定。", "因此,我们认为,有几个一般性问题——例如蓝盔部队面临的非常规局势。 但是,维持和平的原则是坚定不移的。 维和人员必须严格遵守其任务规定并避免卷入任何政治冲突或对冲突一方的沉默支持。 这种行动可能导致极其消极的后果并损害联合国的声誉。", "显然,我们支持其他同事的意见,即维持和平行动的任务必须明确、可行并符合局势。 因此,仍然需要解决确保为联合国维持和平行动中采取的步骤提供必要的军事咨询的问题。", "我们再次回顾我们关于振兴军事参谋团活动的建议,该委员会可就维持和平行动的业务方面提出建议并参加评估维持和平行动特遣队和基础设施准备情况的任务。 反过来,这将有可能向安理会提供最新信息。", "显然,加强联合国维持和平的问题需要更有效地利用区域组织的资源并使它们参与进来,因为我们同意,维持和平是各国政府主要职能的辅助职能,例如,让该国或政府的部队参与。", "财政、后勤和技术资源短缺意味着需要利用现有能力。 因此,我们认为,必须明确区分维持和平和冲突后建设和平的职能。 根据目前的维持和平任务,这些任务显然相互关联,但联合国维和人员只应承担建设和平的初步任务。 必须将社会经济重建进程和相关任务分配给联合国系统在发展领域的更专门结构,以及具有相关能力的区域组织。", "我们希望,本次会议将使我们能够共同努力,进一步加强联合国维持和平行动。", "莫赖斯·卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙): 同其他人一样,我们认为,维持和平与建设和平确实处于当今联合国的核心。 所有成员都知道,我国非常致力于这些任务。 过去30年中,我们积极参与了若干特派团。 因此,主席先生,我们感谢你组织这次非常及时的辩论。 极有必要有机会同部队指挥官进行互动并直接听取他们的观点,因此我感谢将军们非常全面的介绍,他们的发言极为有益,他们对提出的一些问题所作的答复也极为有益。", "然而,请允许我赞扬和赞扬特派团中的所有男女人员、部队指挥官和警务专员在非常困难的条件下执行任务的方式,正如我们今天已经听到的那样。 他们应该得到我们的不断支持。", "我对已经说过的话有几点看法,我赞同已经说过的话,即使不是所有的话,也非常赞同,因此我的发言将简短。", "附加条件政策可以作为一种工具,但正如普拉卡什中将所强调,在适用时需要谨慎。 正如他本人所说的那样,我们面临的问题是,在条件方面还有发展和完善的余地,以及由此产生的积极和消极因素。 我完全同意他的看法,即如果条件的适用开始对特派团的业务活动产生消极影响,就有一个问题。 我还要感谢普拉卡什中将提到上帝抵抗军的威胁。 我们自己也提出了上星期我们举行的有益辩论(见S/PV.6588)。", "今后,在保护平民方面,我们所有人都极为重视,但多年来,在这一非常重要的方面,情况已大有改善。 我们赞扬秘书处的努力和各特派团在这方面取得的积极进展。 我要对尼亚姆武姆巴中将说,问题在于,如果特派团没有获得这方面的授权,应在何种程度上使用武力,在不容许的环境中保护平民。", "我的第三点意见是针对阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将的。 同其他人一样,我们再次谴责昨天和5月对联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的袭击。 我们认为,这一局势是不可接受的,各方应遵守联合国决议并履行其责任。 我们的法国同事提出了我们在非常困难的情况下如何能最好地确保士兵得到保护这一重要问题。 正如将军在前一天提到的那样,上星期我们就黎巴嫩局势进行了非常有益的辩论。 显然,联黎部队的存在对创造一个稳定而平静的局势产生了非常重要和积极的影响,尽管仍然非常脆弱。 我认为,各方普遍认为,联黎部队在该地区的存在仍然是一个极为重要的因素。", "正如我在那次辩论中所说的那样——我们对此感到非常高兴——我们不久将用12名东帝汶军官来加强联黎部队内的葡萄牙特遣队。 我认为,这也具有非常象征性的一面,因为东帝汶作为一个仍有联合国特派团的国家,已经参加了联合国其他特派团。", "我感谢哈立德少将的发言和答复。 我认为,特派团间密切合作的问题极为重要,在某些领域可以起决定性作用。 当然,我同意他的看法,即早期建设和平努力在维持法律和秩序、使人们能恢复正常生活以及显然开展政治进程方面的作用。 我们经常说,只要有和平可以维持和建立,维持和平人员就是最早的建设和平者。 但我认为,这是一个有用的看待方法。", "在此,我的结论是,特派团需要手段、工具、适当的培训和领导,而正如我们的南非同事所强调,需要有一个总体的政治和连贯的战略,使特派团能够适当地履行职责。", "主席(以英语发言):由于时间已晚,我将跳过我国的发言。 大部分已经由其他人负责。 我只想简短地谈三点。", "首先,我感谢部队指挥官们同我们在一起,给我们这次交流的机会。 我认为,这确实会成为一种传统。 第二,我高度赞赏他们在非常困难的情况下,当然通过他们,他们为实地的12万男女提供了困难的服务。 第三,我要同其他人一道向阿兰·勒罗伊致敬。 他刚刚离开安理厅,但他知道,我们如何高度评价他在管理维持和平行动和推进使其适应新需要的挑战方面的杰出承诺和领导。", "让我们现在谈谈问题和答案。 我认为,法国代表有一个具有总括性质的问题,即改革问题以及改革对实地特派团的影响。 我认为,它也提到了 \" 新地平线 \" 议程。 根据阿兰·勒罗伊的提示,我建议,根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我们邀请联合国苏丹特派团部队指挥官奥比少将和联合国海地稳定特派团部队指挥官拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将参加本次会议并讨论这些问题,因为我们可以略微多样化,让他们有机会就改革问题作出答复。", "我请拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将回答法国代表提出的改革问题。", "拉莫斯·佩雷拉少将(以英语发言):作为联合国海地稳定特派团的部队指挥官,我现在面临着执行安全理事会正在寻求改革的新任务的挑战。 我要说,海地局势仍然稳定并受到控制。 对我和我的部队来说,有一个非常明确的任务,有指导并有能力完成我们的任务,是非常好的。 还必须指出,正如安理会所充分意识到的那样,海地的环境是多变的,因此必须对那里的局势负责。", "如果有更多的问题,我可以回答。", "主席(以英语发言):我请奥比少将发言。", "少将 欧比: 我是联合国苏丹特派团的部队指挥官。", "我要说,迄今实行的改革以若干方式对我们在实地的行动产生了非常积极的影响。 我首先要谈谈今天在这里提出的部队质量问题。 我们需要一支非常高质量的实地部队才能执行我们的任务。", "其中一项改革涉及这一问题,因此步兵部队在人员和装备方面实现了标准化。 这使得部队指挥官更容易了解他所拥有的一切。 他能够评估他可提供哪些人员,并适当指派他们。", "在部队质量方面,我还想说,对装备进行部署前培训和上岗前检查有助于确保我们部队的素质提高,这也有助于我们执行任务。", "一体化方面是最近改革中充分强调的领域之一。 我的特派团 -- -- 联合国苏丹特派团 -- -- 已经整编,因此,我们得以与文职、军事和警察支柱部门以及联合国国家工作队共同努力。 保护平民战略就是一个例子,它考虑到保护平民不仅仅是一项军事责任,而且涉及所有方面。 在这方面,我们通过培训、制定概念、分享信息以及建立联合行动中心和联合行动中心,得以将我们的努力结合起来。 所有这些事态发展都被认为在实地非常有用并极大地帮助了我们。 在科尔多凡和阿卜耶伊最近发生的危机中,我们将这些危机广泛付诸实施。 所有支柱都分享信息,在危机管理小组中非常积极地开会,并且基本上能够集体地应对我们面临的挑战。", "这些改革对我们在实地是有用的,此外还使我们在部队指挥官会议上聚集一堂——如早些时候提到的恩德培会议——交流信息。 这也是我们发现非常有用的新发展。", "主席(以英语发言):我请普拉卡什中将谈谈提出的问题和评论。", "普拉卡什中将: 我要回答的问题是,联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)是否需要在选举前后时期改变保护平民的战略。", "我对这个问题的看法是,现行战略运作良好。 我们最近研究了一下。 我们已制定了如何运作的模式。 我们安排了各种紧急情况,以处理可能出现的各种局势。 明显出现的情况不是战略尚未到位,而是使能因素尚未到位。 例如,武装团体有可能加紧活动,随着选举的临近,很可能出现更多的内乱。 如果发生这种情况,我们将需要更多的促进手段。 使能器需要及时赶来,在合适的时间到达合适的位置. 只要提供了使能工具,我认为就没有必要改变战略。", "主席(以英语发言):我请阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将发言,谈谈提出的问题和评论。", "阿萨塔·克瓦斯少将(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我要感谢安理会所有成员对我们联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)的法国士兵所说的客气话,他们昨天遭受了罪恶的恐怖主义袭击。", "法国大使问了三个问题。 首先是如何更好地保护我们的士兵。 第二是同黎巴嫩武装部队的协调。 第三个涉及向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任。", "关于如何更好地保护我们的士兵的问题,我必须指出,联黎部队有足够的有力手段和保护来完成其任务。 保护车辆是国家的责任。 在这种情况下,法国、西班牙和意大利没有给我们提供装甲车的问题。 5月27日,意大利巡逻队遭到袭击,有六名士兵被打伤。 之后,我向我的士兵发出指示,其中载有额外的安全措施。 其中最重要的措施包括:命令在可能情况下,车队应始终在夜间和有干扰器;至少必须有两辆汽车一起行驶;我们的士兵应穿防弹夹克和头盔;只要可能,黎巴嫩武装部队还应提供保镖并保持与联合行动中心的持续联系。", "必须强调,这些指示是针对在行动区外旅行的车队的,因为对我们的两次恐怖袭击——第一次发生在5月,另一次发生在昨天——发生在联黎部队行动区外。 2008年在同一地区也发生了类似的袭击事件。 这意味着,在与黎巴嫩武装部队和民众的合作下,我们能够控制我们的行动区,但在我们无法控制的地区之外。 这是黎巴嫩政府和武装部队的国家责任。 他们必须保证沿海公路沿线的安全,这条公路基本上是联黎部队救济部队和物资的唯一路线,并进入我国士兵抵达和离开该国的贝鲁特港口和机场。", "在讨论车队问题后,我将谈谈个人安全,我们已为此采取了一些额外措施,包括禁止使用联黎部队标志车辆供个人在行动区外使用。 但是,如果个人需要离开行动区——例如通过机场度假——我们用各种颜色涂了14辆无标记的车辆,供士兵和联黎部队其他人员自用。", "我们已经采取了我向卡瓦吉将军和黎巴嫩武装部队负责南部地区的情报主管提议的一项额外措施。 这项措施涉及每天侦察连接我们行动区和贝鲁特港口和机场的高速公路。 对我们来说,这相当于扩大我们的行动区,但实际上它并不在该地区内。 因此,我们需要同黎巴嫩政府和黎巴嫩武装部队密切合作。 我提议每天在不同时间同黎巴嫩武装部队和安全部队一道对这条道路进行侦察,但只在极易被攻击的敏感地区进行侦察。", "我等答复已经两个月了。 最后,上星期五,我向黎巴嫩武装部队总司令发出了一封正式信,再次提出这一倡议并请求答复。 可悲的是,昨天又发生了一起袭击。 我不是说,如果我们采取了我建议的措施,我们本来可以避免这种情况,但我们也许可以避免。", "我还要向安理会通报昨天事件的最新情况。 当时有四辆车,其中三辆是装甲车,而第三辆则不是. 袭击对象是第四辆车,这是一辆带有干扰器的装甲车。 在总共12名士兵中,有6名被打伤,除了一只眼睛状况相当糟糕的人外,他们都轻而易举地受伤了,但他不会失去眼睛。 其中,3架是今天飞回法国的。 其余三人仍在本单位工作. 我们其实很幸运", "关于我们与黎巴嫩武装部队协调的第二个问题,这在我们的行动领域是出色的。 他们在各级和每个地点都有官员和代表。 他们每天都了解我们的活动,而且完全透明。 在行动区以外,在部队指挥官一级,我们与情报主任和黎巴嫩武装部队指挥官进行协调。 如果他们有我需要知道的信息或任何重要信息, 他们马上把它传达出去。", "关于联黎部队向黎巴嫩武装部队移交责任的问题,根据我前面提到的联合技术审查,我们与黎巴嫩武装部队进行了战略对话。 对话的目的是评估联黎部队的能力以及根据第1701(2006)号决议规定的任务所必须完成的任务。 还要评估黎巴嫩武装部队的能力以及我们哪些特派团可以执行的任务,最终目标是离开黎巴嫩武装部队去完成第1701(2006)号决议赋予联黎部队的所有任务。 我们认识到,联黎部队不可能永远留在黎巴嫩。 在某些时候,我们必须撤出。 黎巴嫩武装部队必须承担联黎部队目前承担的职责。 那天什么时候到? 我们不知道,但我们正在努力实现这一目标。", "最后,我可以说,7月7日最近一次会议设立了四个小组委员会——一个负责基础设施,一个负责指挥和控制,另一个负责部队能力和调动,另一个负责行动问题。 所有这一切都是为了在能够将我们的所有责任——我再次强调这是第1701(2006)号决议的授权——移交给黎巴嫩武装部队方面取得进展。", "主席(以英语发言):几小时后,我们覆盖了许多地方。 这是一种非常有用的对话。 我知道,我代表安理会感谢所有部队指挥官通过提供他们自己的机会使会议得以举行。 我认为,这应当成为一种传统,我们应当至少每年进行一次这样的交流。", "我感谢部队指挥官们今天同我们在一起。", "下午2时05分散会" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n India Mr. Vinay Kumar \n Lebanon Mr. Khachab \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Alain Le Roy, Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abyei, which will be issued as document S/2011/451.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Le Roy.", "Mr. Le Roy (spoke in French): I thank you, Sir, for the opportunity to brief the Security Council on the situation in Abyei and the deployment of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA).", "As Council members are aware, the status of the disputed area of Abyei remains unresolved and is a major source of tension between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement. In May, during the period leading up to the independence of South Sudan, an outbreak of violence culminated in the Sudanese Armed Forces taking control of Abyei town and the entire region north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river and the displacement of the local population. One month ago, pursuant to the 20 June agreement between the parties, the Council authorized the deployment of UNISFA, composed of Ethiopian troops, to monitor and verify the withdrawal of all armed forces from Abyei. The mission will also include up to 50 police officers to support the formation of the Abyei police service and a limited number of civilians to support the Force.", "I can report that as of yesterday, 26 July, 521 of the 4,200 soldiers authorized for UNISFA had been deployed on the ground, including 411 in Abyei town and 110 in Diffra, in northern Abyei. A further 495 troops are in Kadugli, awaiting deployment to Abyei. We hope to have approximately 1,200 soldiers in the area of operations in order to establish the mission’s initial operating capability by the end of July, in just a few days.", "It is true that the deployment is encountering a variety of difficulties, and we are working closely with the Government of the Sudan to overcome these challenges. For instance, the lack of sufficient accommodation for troops limits the speed of deployment and will necessitate the construction of additional accommodation once the rainy season ends. In view of the need to proceed with the speedy implementation of the 20 June agreement, we are, as I said, working closely with the Government of the Sudan to ensure that everything possible is done to facilitate UNISFA’s deployment, including a status-of-forces agreement, which is awaiting signature.", "In the meantime, while the security situation in Abyei remains tense, both sides appear committed to avoiding an escalation of violence and ready to cooperate with UNISFA. The Sudanese Armed Forces retain a considerable presence north of the Kiir/Bahr el-Arab river, but have indicated their intention to withdraw when UNISFA deploys. In the next few days the Head of Mission, Lieutenant General Tesfaye of Ethiopia, will discuss the precise timing of this withdrawal with the parties involved. Two days ago, on 25 July, more than 100 Sudan People’s Liberation Army soldiers were observed south of the river near Banton Bridge. However, the troops pledged not to cross the river and agreed to withdraw upon UNISFA’s deployment.", "Concerning the humanitarian situation, which was largely described by Under-Secretary-General Valerie Amos in her briefing of the Council on 15 July, an estimated total of 113,000 persons remain displaced from their homes. About 27,000 of those are currently in Agok, south of Abyei, and the rest are in South Sudan, in Warrap, Unity, and Bahr el-Ghazal states. Humanitarian agencies have relocated their personnel in order to provide food, shelter and other emergency aid to the displaced population. As a result of the displacement and destruction in Abyei, food security, shelter and the resumption of livelihoods will be critical needs in Abyei in the future. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights is planning to conduct an assessment mission in Abyei as soon as possible in order to take stock of the events of May and June, including allegations of human rights violations, in furtherance of the Security Council’s request for effective monitoring of respect for human rights in the region.", "Although the deployment of UNISFA represents a positive step forward, sustained improvement in the security situation clearly will depend on the progress achieved in the political implementation of the 20 June agreement and, eventually, on the overall question of the status of Abyei. In this regard, the parties have exchanged proposals on the composition of the Abyei area administration, but have not yet finalized the appointments. Naturally, we require mutually accepted local authorities in order to ensure liaison with UNISFA in the implementation of its mandate. Those appointments have still not been made, as I said earlier.", "(spoke in English)", "Abyei is, of course, a critical component of the larger spectrum of security, political and economic issues that must be resolved between the Sudan and South Sudan, including the demarcation and joint management of the border, the ongoing violence in Southern Kordofan as well as the tensions in Blue Nile and other outstanding post-separation arrangements. In this context, and as previously reported to the Council, we note the signing of agreements on 28 and 29 June, on Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile and on border security, which have provided a useful framework for the continuation of the negotiations. However, the situation in Southern Kordofan remains particularly alarming, and we continue to urge the parties to reach a ceasefire as soon as possible.", "The 29 June agreement has specific implications for UNISFA, since it requests the Mission to provide force protection for an international border-monitoring verification mission. We are currently consulting with the parties in order to further refine the nature of such a border-verification mission and the possible force protection role of UNISFA. Upon conclusion of these discussions, the Secretary-General will prepare recommendations for consideration by the Council on the further support that the United Nations may provide for the implementation of this mechanism.", "The signing of a number of agreements over the past several weeks is welcome and shows goodwill on both sides with respect to addressing the security issues between them in a peaceful manner. As we move forward, we must continue to support the parties to reach full agreement on issues that remain unresolved, including on the final status of Abyei. We continue to stress that UNISFA can provide only a temporary solution. More broadly, border disputes, wealth-sharing and citizenship arrangements should be urgently addressed; they have practical concerns for the populations of both countries. The former Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Sudan, Mr. Haile Menkerios, has now been appointed Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, and will, in coordination with the African Union High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), led by former President Mbeki, offer the good offices of the Secretary-General to help facilitate the conclusion of all post-independence issues.", "In this regard, we call on all members of the Council to coordinate their bilateral support for both the Sudan and South Sudan with the AUHIP and the Special Envoy, Mr. Menkerios, in order to assist in the quick resolution of outstanding issues.", "The AUHIP, with President Mbeki, will convene with the Governments of the Sudan and South Sudan in Addis Ababa on 28 and 29 July for further discussions and negotiations on security, as well as on transitional financial and currency arrangements. I hope that both sides will seize this important opportunity to resolve their remaining differences.", "The President: I thank Mr. Le Roy for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussions on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 3.20 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 印度 维奈·库马尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 哈沙卜先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "下午3时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意将在文件S/2011/451中分发的秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告。", "我现在请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生(以法语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你给我这次机会，就阿卜耶伊局势和联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的部署情况，向安全理事会作通报。", "如安理会成员所知，争议地区阿卜耶伊的地位仍未解决，并且是苏丹政府同苏丹人民解放运动之间紧张关系的一个主要根源。5月，在南苏丹独立之前的时期，在发生暴力之后，苏丹武装部队控制了阿卜耶伊镇和基尔/阿拉伯河以北的整个地区，当地民众逃离了家园。一个月前，根据双方于6月20日达成的协议，安理会授权部署由埃塞俄比亚部队组成的联阿安全部队，以监测与核实所有武装部队撤离阿卜耶伊地区的情况。特派团还包含最多50名警官，以支持阿卜耶伊警察部队的成立，并包含为该部队提供支助的有限数目文职人员。", "我可以报告，截至昨天7月26日，联阿安全部队获得授权的4 200名士兵中有521人已部署到当地，包括部署到阿卜耶伊镇的411人和部署到阿卜耶伊北部迪夫拉的110人。另外有495名士兵在卡杜格利，等待被部署到阿卜耶伊。我们希望在活动区有大约1 200名士兵，以便几天后亦即最迟至7月底建立特派团的初步行动能力。", "部署工作确实遇到各种困难，我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作，克服这些挑战。例如，部队缺乏足够的房舍，从而限制了部署的速度，而且导致必须在雨季结束时建造额外的房舍。由于必须迅速执行6月20日协议，正如我说过的那样，我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作，确保作出一切可能的努力，协助联阿安全部队的部署，包括使一项尚待签署的部队地位协定得以签署。", "与此同时，尽管阿卜耶伊安全局势依然紧张，双方看来致力于避免暴力升级，并准备同联阿安全部队合作。苏丹武装部队在基尔/阿拉伯河以北继续部署大量士兵，但表示他们打算在联阿安全部队部署之后撤出。在今后几天里，特派团负责人、埃塞俄比亚的特斯法耶中将将同当事双方讨论部队撤离的确切时间。两天前，7月25日，在河的南岸班顿桥附近，有人看到100多名苏丹人民解放军士兵。然而，这些士兵保证不越过河，并同意在联阿安全部队部署之后撤出。", "关于人道主义局势，瓦莱丽·阿莫斯副秘书长在7月15日安理会的通报中大体作了描述，估计总共有113 000人仍然背井离乡。其中大约有27 000人目前在阿卜耶伊南部的阿戈克，其他人则散布在南苏丹的瓦拉布州、统一州和杰贝勒河州。人道主义机构重新调配了各自人员，以便向流离失所者提供粮食、住所和其他紧急援助。由于阿卜耶伊的流离失所状况及其所遭受的破坏，今后阿卜耶伊将亟需保障粮食安全、提供住所并使人们恢复生计。人权事务高级专员办事处正计划尽快向阿卜耶伊派出一个评估团，以便了解5月和6月的事件，包括有关侵犯人权行为的指控，进一步落实安全理事会关于有效监测该区域人权受尊重情况的要求。", "尽管部署联阿安全部队是向前迈出的积极一步，但安全局势能否得到持续改善，将取决于在政治上执行6月20日协议是否取得进展，并且最终取决于阿卜耶伊地位总体问题是否得到解决。在这方面，双方就阿卜耶伊地区行政机构的组成交换了建议，但尚未敲定有关官员的任命。我们自然要求建立为双方共同接受的地方当局，以确保该当局与联阿安全部队联络，协助执行其任务规定。正如我先前所说的那样，这些任命尚未作出。", "(以英语发言)", "阿卜耶伊当然是苏丹与南苏丹之间必须解决的一系列安全、政治和经济问题的重要组成部分。这些问题包括边界的划定与共同管理、南科尔多凡州的持续暴力、青尼罗州的紧张局势以及其他有待作出的分离后安排。在这方面，而且正如以前已向安理会报告的那样，我们注意到，双方于6月28日和29日签署了关于南科尔多凡州和青尼罗州的协议和关于边界安全的协议。这些协议为继续进行谈判提供了有益框架。然而，南科尔多凡州的局势仍然特别令人不安。我们继续敦促双方尽早实现停火。", "6月29日协议对联阿安全部队有具体影响，因为该协议请联阿安全部队为一个国际边界监测核查团提供部队保护。我们目前正与双方协商，以进一步确定这样一个边界核查团的性质和联阿安全部队可能发挥的部队保护作用。一俟这些讨论结束，秘书长将就联合国为落实这一机制可能提供的进一步支助提出建议，供安理会审议。", "过去几周来，双方签署了若干协议。这是受欢迎的，并表明它们有诚意以和平方式处理双方之间的安全问题。当我们向前迈进时，我们必须继续支持双方就包括阿卜耶伊最终地位问题在内的未决问题达成全面协议。我们继续强调，联阿安全部队只能提供临时解决办法。更广泛地说，应当紧急处理边界争端、财富分享及公民身份安排等问题，因为这些问题关系到两国民众的切身利益。负责苏丹问题的前秘书长特别代表海尔·门克里欧斯先生现已被任命为苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。他将与塔博·姆贝基前总统领导的非洲联盟高级别执行小组(高级别执行小组)协调，提供秘书长的斡旋，以帮助促进解决所有独立后问题。", "在这方面，我们呼吁安理会所有成员同高级别执行小组和特使门克里欧斯先生协调其对苏丹和南苏丹的双边支助，以协助迅速解决未决问题。", "高级别执行小组与姆贝基前总统将于7月28日和29日在亚的斯亚贝巴召开与苏丹政府和南苏丹政府的会议，以便就安全问题及过渡性财政和货币安排举行进一步讨论和谈判。我希望，双方将抓住这次重要机会，争取化解其仍然存在的分歧。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢勒罗伊先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在邀请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这一议题。", "下午3时20分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 邓洛普女士\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 阿罗先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 维奈·库马尔先生\n黎巴嫩 哈查布先生\n尼日利亚 阿米耶奥福里先生\n葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "下午3时10分宣布开会", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告,该报告将作为文件S/2011/451印发。", "我现在请勒罗伊先生发言。", "勒罗伊先生(以法语发言): 主席先生,我感谢你给我机会向安全理事会通报阿卜耶伊局势和联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的部署情况。", "安理会成员知道,阿卜耶伊争议地区的地位仍未解决,是苏丹政府同苏丹人民解放运动之间关系紧张的一个主要根源。 5月,在南苏丹独立之前的这段时期,爆发了暴力事件,最终苏丹武装部队控制了阿卜耶伊镇和基尔/伯尔阿拉伯河以北的整个地区,并造成当地居民流离失所。 一个月前,根据双方6月20日的协议,安理会授权部署由埃塞俄比亚部队组成的联阿安全部队,以监测和核查所有武装部队从阿卜耶伊撤出的情况。 特派团还将有多达50名警官支持组建阿卜耶伊警察局,并有数量有限的文职人员支持联阿安全部队。", "我可以报告,截至昨天,即7月26日,为联阿安全部队核准的4 200名士兵中有521人已部署到实地,包括阿卜耶伊镇的411人和阿卜耶伊北部的迪夫拉的110人。 另有495名部队人员正在卡杜格利等待部署到阿卜耶伊。 我们希望在行动区内有大约1 200名士兵,以便在短短几天内在7月底之前建立特派团的初步行动能力。", "部署确实遇到各种困难,我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作来克服这些挑战。 例如,部队缺乏足够的住宿条件,限制了部署速度,一旦雨季结束,就必须建造更多的住宿设施。 鉴于需要迅速执行6月20日协定,正如我所说,我们正在同苏丹政府密切合作,确保尽一切努力为联阿安全部队的部署提供便利,包括一项部队地位协定,该协定正在等待签署。", "与此同时,阿卜耶伊的安全局势仍然紧张,但双方似乎都致力于避免暴力升级并愿意同联阿安全部队合作。 苏丹武装部队在Kiir/Bahr el-Arab河以北保留了相当多人员,但表示打算在联阿安全部队部署时撤出。 今后几天,特派团团长、埃塞俄比亚的特斯法耶中将将与有关各方讨论撤离的确切时间。 两天前,即7月25日,在班顿桥附近的河以南观察到了100多名苏丹人民解放军士兵. 然而,部队保证不渡河并同意在联阿安全部队部署后撤出。", "关于副秘书长瓦莱丽·阿莫斯7月15日向安理会通报的人道主义局势,估计仍有113 000人流离失所。 其中约27 000人目前在阿卜耶伊以南的阿戈克,其余在南苏丹、瓦拉布、团结和加扎勒河州。 人道主义机构已迁移其人员,以便向流离失所者提供粮食、住所和其他紧急援助。 由于阿卜耶伊的流离失所和被破坏,粮食安全、住房和恢复生计将是阿卜耶伊今后的关键需要。 人权事务高级专员办事处正计划尽快在阿卜耶伊派遣一个评估团,以便评估5月和6月的事件,包括侵犯人权的指控,从而推动安全理事会要求有效监测该地区尊重人权的情况。", "虽然联阿安全部队的部署是向前迈出的积极一步,但安全局势的持续改善显然将取决于在政治执行6月20日协定方面取得的进展,并最终取决于阿卜耶伊地位的总体问题。 在这方面,双方就阿卜耶伊地区行政当局的组成交换了意见,但尚未最后确定任命。 自然,我们需要相互接受的地方当局,以确保在联阿安全部队执行任务时与其联络。 正如我早些时候所说的那样,这些任命仍未作出。", "(以英语发言)", "当然,阿卜耶伊是苏丹和南苏丹之间必须解决的更广泛的安全、政治和经济问题的重要组成部分,这些问题包括划界和联合管理边界、南科尔多凡州正在发生的暴力以及青尼罗州紧张局势和其他尚未解决的分离后安排。 在这方面,正如以前向安理会所报告,我们注意到6月28日和29日签署了关于南科尔多凡州和青尼罗州以及边界安全问题的协定,这些协定为继续谈判提供了有益的框架。 然而,南科尔多凡州的局势仍然特别令人震惊,我们继续敦促各方尽快实现停火。", "6月29日的协定对联阿安全部队有具体的影响,因为它要求特派团为国际边界监测核查团提供部队保护。 我们目前正在同各方协商,以进一步完善这样一个边界核查特派团的性质以及联阿安全部队可能发挥的部队保护作用。 在这些讨论结束后,秘书长将就联合国可能为执行这一机制而提供的进一步支助提出建议,供理事会审议。", "过去几周签署若干协定是受人欢迎的,这表明双方对以和平方式解决彼此之间的安全问题抱有善意。 在我们向前迈进时,我们必须继续支持各方就尚未解决的问题,包括阿卜耶伊的最后地位,达成充分协议。 我们继续强调,联阿安全部队只能提供一种临时解决办法。 更广泛地说,应紧急解决边界争端、财富分享和公民身份安排;它们对两国人民都有实际关切。 秘书长苏丹问题前特别代表海尔·门克里欧斯先生现已被任命为苏丹和南苏丹问题特使,并将同由前总统姆贝基领导的非洲联盟高级别执行小组(非盟执行小组)协调,提供秘书长的斡旋,以帮助推动解决独立后的所有问题。", "在这方面,我们呼吁安理会所有成员同非盟执行小组和特使门克里欧斯先生协调对苏丹和南苏丹的双边支持,以协助迅速解决悬而未决的问题。", "非盟执行小组同姆贝基总统一道,将于7月28日和29日在亚的斯亚贝巴同苏丹和南苏丹政府举行会议,就安全以及过渡财政和货币安排进行进一步讨论和谈判。 我希望双方将抓住这个重要机会,解决他们剩余的分歧。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢勒罗伊先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商,以继续我们对这一问题的讨论。", "下午3时20分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The President (spoke in French): In opening this meeting, I would like to be able to commend the Conference on Disarmament. Unfortunately, I cannot do so owing to the paralysis that has characterized the Conference for more than 10 years. That is serious for disarmament, which is, let us not forget, a key element of promoting peace, and for the Conference and its role in global governance. If the Conference does not regain its momentum, it could well be discredited and become completely useless.", "In that context, I wish to especially thank our Secretary-General for his efforts to revitalize the Conference, in particular by organizing the High-level Meeting that took place last September. I fully endorse such efforts. Moreover, I had the opportunity to impart my concern with regard to the stagnation of the Conference both during that High-level Meeting and when I addressed the Conference directly in Geneva in February.", "The High-level Meeting gave rise to a certain number of welcome initiatives. In particular, the fact that the follow-up to the Meeting will be on future agendas of the First Committee and of the General Assembly provides Member States the opportunity to discuss the situation of the Conference. Furthermore, it must be recalled that that is in line with the United Nations Charter, which clearly states that the General Assembly", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments”.", "The General Assembly is empowered to make recommendations to Member States on that issue, and I call on participants to do so today.", "During the autumn 2010 session, the First Committee thus adopted a draft resolution by consensus and included the issue on the agenda of its next session. I therefore encourage the Committee to send a strong signal to the Conference on Disarmament this year with a view to overcoming its stagnation.", "In order to revitalize the Conference, the Secretary-General also mandated the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to devote itself exclusively to the situation of the Conference on Disarmament during its two working sessions in 2011. I hope that the recommendations contained in the report drawn up by the Board (A/65/228) will hold the full attention of members of the Conference and of all States members of the General Assembly. I believe that the establishment of a high-level panel of eminent persons could bring a new perspective and revitalize the Conference. We will shortly have the opportunity, at an informal meeting, to hear more about the Board’s work.", "I believe it crucial to identify the real reason for the paralysis. Some blame the consensus rule. That is part of the basic rules of the Conference’s work, and it is always desirable that the decisions of the Conference enjoy broad-based support. Still, the consensus rule should not become a reason for deadlock or an implicit right of veto. However, that explanation falls a little short. The Conference has always respected that principle. In the past, in much more complex, polarized situations, the Conference demonstrated its capacity to successfully conclude difficult negotiations.", "What is lacking today is a true political will to move forward. A flexible approach, using all available disarmament tools and based on stronger negotiation and persuasion skills, is necessary to overcome resistance and build a climate of trust.", "While informal approaches are, in my opinion, an avenue to explore, such approaches and their outcomes must nevertheless be in the context of the Conference. We must not deprive the Conference of its legitimacy by circumventing it, but help it to recover its former effectiveness. Our efforts must seek that goal, and that must motivate our discussions today.", "In trying to overcome the current deadlock, it is important to maintain an integrated approach on disarmament and non-proliferation matters. That is one of the great qualities of the programme of work adopted in 2009. Although unfortunately never implemented, that programme is the outcome of a subtle balance among the various interests and concerns of Member States. In that regard, it should serve to inspire us if we want to move forward, and it could be used as a model to the Conference in the quest for a new programme of work. I am confident that States members of the Conference will ultimately shoulder their responsibilities, negotiate a new programme of work and, above all, implement it.", "In recent years, the international environment has been particularly conducive to disarmament. Expectations are therefore high. It is our duty not to disappoint them. I therefore call on speakers today, beyond stating support for the Conference, to truly examine concrete channels in order to enable us to overcome the deadlock and to provide the means for significant progress on disarmament.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: We meet in the midst of a growing crisis of confidence. The United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, has failed us for too long. As we look ahead, we face two critical questions. First, what are we to do when the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is incapable of delivering on its mandate? Secondly, how can the world resume the process of building disarmament norms that apply universally?", "Those questions led me to convene the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations last September. The concerns expressed at that Meeting, coupled with the many initiatives that were proposed, testify to the importance that Member States attach to the challenge. I am also grateful to the President of the General Assembly for his own efforts to address the issue. In the Chairman’s summary of that meeting (A/65/496, annex), I proposed four actions.", "First, I strongly suggested that the Conference on Disarmament readopt its 2009 programme of work, or a similar proposal submitted during the 2010 session. To encourage progress, I addressed the Conference on Disarmament last January for my third time as Secretary-General. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to respond. I look forward to a more action-oriented move from the membership, pending the final status of the Conference on Disarmament’s 2011 session.", "Secondly, I proposed that the General Assembly include an item to follow-up on the High-level Meeting on the agenda of its sixty-fifth session. The Assembly approved that request. It has also added the item to the agenda of its forthcoming sixty-sixth session.", "Thirdly, I asked my Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to review the issues raised at the High-level Meeting. The Board has completed its review. My report on the Board’s work (A/65/228) is now before members, and I look forward to their feedback.", "Fourthly, I stated that I would submit a report on the High-level Meeting and its follow-up to next year’s first session of the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "Member States have identified many options for revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament and carrying forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. One option is the status quo approach, namely, to continue seeking consensus in the Conference on Disarmament without fundamentally changing its mandate or rules. Many States, however, are understandably reluctant to follow such a course, given the years that have passed without result. Indeed, I am among the many who have warned that the status quo will simply render the Conference on Disarmament irrelevant and obsolete. A second set of options consists of various proposals for fundamental reforms in the multilateral disarmament machinery. Some feel that those would be best addressed at a fourth special session of the General Assembly on disarmament. There is still no consensus among Member States on convening such a gathering. That leaves the third option — incremental change.", "Yet even these proposals, modest as they are, have encountered resistance. Various States argue strongly for or against changing the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure. Proposals for ad hoc mechanisms have also found supporters and opponents. State policy priorities differ widely. States even disagree over where reforms should be implemented. Should it be in the Conference on Disarmament, in the General Assembly and its First Committee, outside the United Nations, in a conference on a specific disarmament issue, or in an ad hoc forum organized by like-minded countries?", "As Secretary-General, I see no fundamental flaw in the United Nations disarmament machinery that may be blamed for this deadlock, and certainly none that cannot be overcome by changes in State policies. The problem lies not with the vehicle, but with the driver. What is needed most of all is a closer alignment between policy priorities and multilateral disarmament goals. If differences persist, we could consider the appointment of a high-level panel of eminent persons, as I have suggested. Alternatively, States could conduct the negotiations in an ad hoc committee of the General Assembly or at a United Nations conference.", "There are no quick fixes. The road ahead will not be easy. Yet we must never abandon multilateralism or our respect for universal norms. We must remain true to the ideals of the United Nations. In addressing disarmament, as with other global public goods, our goal is not to advance the preferences of the few, but the common interests of all.", "If the Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked, the General Assembly has a responsibility to step in. As I have said before, the Conference on Disarmament should not be held perpetually hostage by one or two members. Concerns should be addressed through negotiations. The stakes are too high to continue falling short. The world expects progress. Let us defer no longer. Let us put an end to this long cycle of stagnation. For my part, I will do all I can to assist in achieving our shared goals.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "I shall now suspend the formal meeting to declare open the informal meeting of the General Assembly on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The meeting was suspended at 10.25 a.m. and resumed at 10.45 a.m.", "The President (spoke in French): There are 50 speakers on the list. That calls for a certain discipline with respect to the length of statements. I propose limiting statements to eight minutes, but it is quite possible and representatives are free to talk for a shorter time than that and only to speak for five minutes. In preparing texts of that length, one can count on a page usually taking three minutes.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) at this important meeting. The Non-Aligned Movement is composed of 120 countries, and if I take eight minutes for each of them, it will take up about one day to deliver my statement, but I am not going to do that.", "This meeting, convened as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations that was held upon the initiative of the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, is very important. I would like to thank the Secretary-General and you, Mr. President, for convening this meeting.", "As consistently reaffirmed by the Non-Aligned Movement summits and ministerial conferences, including the recent sixteenth NAM ministerial conference held in Bali, Indonesia, in May, NAM underscores the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. It reiterates its determination to promote multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the areas of disarmament and non‑proliferation. NAM reaffirms its principled position on nuclear disarmament, which remains its highest priority, and on the related issues of nuclear non-proliferation in all its aspects, and stresses the importance that efforts aiming at nuclear non‑proliferation should be parallel to simultaneous efforts on nuclear disarmament. Progress in both is essential to strengthening international peace and security.", "In that context, NAM stresses that nuclear disarmament, as the highest priority established by the first special session devoted to disarmament and as a legal obligation, should not be made conditional to confidence-building measures or other disarmament efforts. While emphasizing the vital role of a strong and genuine political will in multilateral negotiations on disarmament, NAM hopes that today’s deliberations and the proposals made by the Secretary-General and the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters will contribute to enhancing political will in support of the United Nations disarmament machinery and the multilateral disarmament negotiations within the United Nations.", "To realize a world free of nuclear weapons free from the colossal global expenditures and the energies of the nuclear-weapon States concentrated on the possession, development and modernization of nuclear weapons, using such expenditures instead to further global development and peace, it is critical that nuclear-weapon States fulfil their nuclear disarmament obligations. There should be concrete progress in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations.", "NAM reiterates its deep concern over the lack of progress towards nuclear disarmament, in particular on the part of the nuclear-weapon States, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with the relevant multilateral legal obligations. As a necessary step in the much-sought and long-delayed realization of general and complete disarmament, NAM underscores the need for the nuclear-weapon States to implement their nuclear disarmament obligations and their unequivocal undertaking in 2000, and further reiterated at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), so as to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear weapons. In that regard, NAM emphasizes the urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament with a specific time frame and without delay.", "NAM notes with concern the lack of multilateral agreement on a number of its key priorities, in particular beginning negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, and calls for tangible progress in that regard. NAM States parties to the nuclear Non‑Proliferation Treaty are convinced that it is vital that the action plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference on aspects of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation, the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East be implemented.", "Welcoming the adoption by consensus of the detailed plan of action on the Middle East, particularly the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and the conclusion and recommendations of the follow-on action of the 2010 NPT Review Conference, NAM States parties to the NPT strongly urge the Secretary-General and sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and coordination with the States of the region, to immediately take the necessary measures to convene in 2012 the conference on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, to be attended by all States of the Middle East.", "NAM remains steadfast in fully supporting the multilateral disarmament agenda and in strengthening the United Nations disarmament machinery. It is high time that all countries, working together, cooperate more and bring to bear the respective political capital to revitalize that crucial machinery. Promoting the work of the United Nations disarmament machinery hinges on creating a suitable political environment, taking into account the security interests of all States, rather than changing the rules of procedure.", "While there is a need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery, it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community through the United Nations disarmament machinery, including key legal instruments, resolutions, guidelines and other crucial documents that constitute the framework, and are a reference for the work of the United Nations in the areas of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It thus remains important to preserve the nature, role and purpose of each part of this important machinery.", "NAM recognizes the need to enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. In this context, NAM notes that the main difficulty facing the disarmament machinery lies in the lack of true political will by some States to achieve actual progress, including, in particular, on nuclear disarmament.", "While it is important to recall the achievements arrived at by the international community within the Conference on Disarmament, NAM expresses its disappointment at the fact that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda for many years. In this regard, NAM believes that it is counterproductive to ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference only to its rules of procedure, as such an approach could conceal the true obstacle faced by the Conference, which is lack of political will.", "NAM reaffirms the importance of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament and reiterates its call on the Conference to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work by, inter alia, establishing an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament as soon as possible and as the highest priority. NAM emphasizes the necessity of starting negotiations without further delay on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. NAM reaffirms the importance of the unanimous conclusion reached by the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control.", "NAM noted the adoption by the Conference of the programme of work for the 2009 session (CD/1864) on 29 May 2009, which was not implemented. NAM calls on the Conference to agree by consensus on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work without further delay.", "NAM encourages the Conference on Disarmament to consider appointing a special coordinator on the expansion of the membership of the Conference as early as possible, with a view to examining the possible expansion of its membership, in accordance with its rules of procedure.", "NAM also reaffirms the importance and relevance of the Disarmament Commission as the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery and reaffirms that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as reaffirmed in the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons adopted by the sixteenth Ministerial Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement, held in Bali.", "NAM will consider the recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Board and present our views during discussions of this issue during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "The President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union (EU). The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, align themselves with this declaration.", "I would like first of all to commend you, Mr. President, for having scheduled this debate at this very appropriate moment. I should like also to thank the Secretary-General for his efforts and the message conveyed to us today, as well as the Chair of the Advisory Group and the Chair of the Conference on Disarmament.", "The European Union is indeed disappointed at the absence of progress since the high-level meeting last September. We are nonetheless hopeful that our deliberations today will prove an opportunity to heed the calls made at that meeting for forward-looking and concrete discussions of future options — both for revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and for the review of practical ideas on how to pursue multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We are encouraged by the fact that the high-level meeting and the General Assembly follow-up resolution, resolution 65/93, have stimulated the reflection process in both Geneva and New York. Indeed, we have been encouraged by important positive developments in the areas of global disarmament and non-proliferation over the past two years, illustrated, for example, by Security Council resolution 1887 (2009), the New START Agreement, the Washington on Nuclear Security Summit, the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the intensified international public debate in which you, Mr. Secretary-General, have been personally involved, through your five-point plan. The European Union warmly welcomes these developments, though we are, naturally, aware that renewed and constant effort will be needed to ensure that the international community builds on the new momentum.", "Indeed, now is the time to reinforce and revitalize multilateral efforts, since we all recognize that today’s global security problems require cooperative and multilateral solutions. We in the European Union are fully committed to maintaining and strengthening the momentum and committed to implementing agreed outcomes in full cooperation with other States, both because this is in keeping with our EU strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and because this is more than ever a key condition of international peace and security.", "Notwithstanding the positive trends overall, the European Union remains deeply troubled by the apparent dysfunction of a crucial part of the disarmament machinery: the ongoing stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. The adoption in 2009 of the programme of work would have been an important breakthrough which would have allowed Conference members to start negotiations on a multilateral and verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices. For the European Union, launching these negotiations remains important and urgent. The EU thus continues to urge the last remaining State so far unwilling to join the consensus to begin negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Doing so would allow the Conference to resume its negotiating role and thereby regain credibility and continue to pursue its fundamental purpose.", "All States members of the Conference on Disarmament should, we believe, appreciate the fact that starting FMCT negotiations is the beginning of a process of identifying and protecting specific national security concerns, rather than the outcome of such a process. The European Union considers the blockage of the whole Conference on Disarmament forum by a refusal even to start negotiations to be an unacceptable practice. It seriously undermines the principle of multilateral cooperation.", "We also consider that there are confidence-building measures that can be taken immediately, without waiting for the beginning of formal negotiations. That is why we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and then uphold a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "The EU thus reaffirms once more its commitment to engaging in substantive discussions on all the other core issues on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We deeply regret that despite clear manifestations of strong political will on the part of the majority of Conference on Disarmament members and firm support for negotiations and clear calls at both the current session of the General Assembly and the 2010 NPT Review Conference, the Conference has not yet been able to build upon the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. We acknowledge the security concerns of all States, but at the same time we firmly believe that the consensus rule must not be subject to abuse. The world cannot afford to stand still on the crucial issues of disarmament and non‑proliferation or to allow procedural issues to stymie real political progress. A review of working methods is therefore part of the EU’s proposals to improve the functioning of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Let me use this occasion to reiterate the EU’s longstanding attachment to the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament. The European Union supports the call made by the informal group of observer States to the Conference, including some States members of the EU, to appoint, during the current session, a special coordinator on expansion of the membership of the Conference.", "Consistent with the EU’s engagement with civil society, we are also keen to explore ways to strengthen the voice of non-governmental organizations and to associate research institutions with the work of the Conference.", "The First Committee is another important body where discussion of current topics and potential initiatives on non-proliferation and disarmament issues can fruitfully take place. States Members of the United Nations share responsibility for maintaining the relevance of this forum, and we believe that the First Committee should therefore improve its working methods so as to be capable of debating contemporary security challenges and developing concrete measures to address them.", "I would also like to make mention of the United Nations Disarmament Commission. We believe that its procedures and operating principles should also be thoroughly reviewed and enhanced.", "Greater involvement of civil society in the work of that body should also be welcome. The aim of the United Nations Disarmament Commission is to submit recommendations on issues of disarmament and arms control to the General Assembly and, through it, to the Conference on Disarmament. Indeed, it is with great regret that the EU notes that both the deliberative and the negotiating bodies set up under the auspices of the General Assembly have been falling short of their agreed goals for more than a decade.", "The Conference on Disarmament, in accordance with the mandate it received, should be the place to forge multilateral treaties shared by nuclear-weapon States and non-nuclear-weapon States alike. However, given the continuing stalemate in the Conference, the international community needs to reflect on options and, if necessary, identify other ways to ensure progress. In sum, Mr. President, the European Union is ready to engage with you and with all States Members of the United Nations to identify ways and means to overcome the deadlock in the Conference.", "Let me summarize the European Union’s concrete proposals. First, we call on all States Members of the Conference on Disarmament to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay and to begin work on the other issues on the agenda. Secondly, we call on all States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and uphold an immediate moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. Thirdly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and to duly reflect on this issue in their reports to the General Assembly. We naturally encourage the Assembly to remain seized of the issue. Fourthly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to include the current observer States as full members. Lastly, we call on the Conference on Disarmament to explore ways to strengthen the contribution of non‑governmental organizations in the Conference and to increase contacts with research institutions.", "In conclusion, we reaffirm our commitment to making the United Nations and the disarmament machinery able to deliver tangible results. We also stand ready to work with all delegations on further steps to make other operational suggestions and to envisage other concrete and operational options. The effective functioning of multilateral disarmament institutions is vital to our security. The long-term deadlock of core disarmament forums such as the Conference on Disarmament poses a serious problem which it calls all States to overcome. Moreover, time is running out. The Conference on Disarmament needs to resume its work without delay. We reiterate our call for a substantive follow-up and for the disarmament machinery to do what it was created to do.", "Mr. Araud (France): Allow me, Mr. President, on behalf of the People’s Republic of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America, to thank you for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010. We welcome the personal commitment and leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We fully support your continuing efforts to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. We are deeply concerned by its long-running stalemate and lack of progress since last year’s meeting. It is crucial to reaffirm the negotiating role of the Conference and to allow it to resume its substantive work without delay.", "Ten months after the High-level Meeting, today’s follow-up meeting is a timely opportunity to reflect on the situation of the disarmament machinery and to consider ways to make further progress on disarmament and international peace and security.", "We welcome the numerous positive developments in the area of arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation. In particular, the adoption of a concrete and balanced action plan on all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) at the Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT in 2010 has shown the international community’s firm commitment to reinforcing the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and addressing nuclear issues with a global and pragmatic approach.", "Now, all State parties must work together to advance the implementation of the NPT action plan. In this context, the permanent five States members of the Security Council are strongly determined to assume their responsibilities and play their part. At the High-level Meeting in September last year, France undertook to organize the first permanent five follow-up meeting to the 2010 NPT Review Conference.", "Accordingly, on 30 June and 1 July, the permanent five met in Paris at the Director Generals and experts level with a view to considering progress on the commitment they made at the NPT Review Conference and to contributing to the preparation of the next NPT review cycle. They discussed a wide range of issues relating to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. That was the second time that the permanent five got together in that format with that agenda, the first being the London conference on confidence-building measures in 2009. The Paris conference was therefore a significant and vital opportunity to further build mutual trust and confidence on nuclear matters.", "We would like to share with the Assembly the general outcomes of our discussions, which were reflected in the final joint press statement issued at the end of the conference. As nuclear-weapon States, we discussed how we intend to meet our disarmament obligations under the NPT, including engagement on the efforts called for in the 2010 NPT action plan, particularly the steps outlined in action 5, as well as reporting and other efforts.", "We continued our previous discussions on the issues of transparency and mutual confidence, including nuclear doctrine and capabilities, and on verification. Such measures are important for establishing a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.", "We also shared views on measures to uphold the NPT’s non-proliferation pillar to include how to respond to notifications of withdrawal from the NPT, while recognizing the provisions of article 10, and stressed the need to strengthen the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, including by promoting the adoption of the Additional Protocol and the reinforcement of IAEA resources and capabilities for deterring and detecting non-compliance.", "All States — NPT parties and non-parties — must contribute to fulfilling the overall objective of disarmament by creating the necessary security environment, resolving regional tensions, promoting collective security, ensuring that the international nuclear non-proliferation regime remains robust and reliable, and making progress in all areas of disarmament.", "We are convinced that, as the sole standing multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of the international community, the Conference on Disarmament should maintain the primary role in substantive negotiations on priority questions of disarmament. We call on all Conference member States to agree without delay on the comprehensive and balanced programme of work, allowing the Conference to resume its substantive work.", "We recognized that the one key element in the effective implementation of article 6 of the NPT and in the prevention of nuclear proliferation is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). An FMCT would help cut off the most important building blocks needed for nuclear weapons. We reiterate our support for the immediate commencement of negotiation at the Conference on Disarmament of an FMCT, including verification provisions.", "In order to sustain the potential of negotiation in the Conference, the permanent five will, prior to the next session of the General Assembly, renew their efforts with other relevant partners to promote such negotiation. Furthermore, the permanent five recall their commitment to promoting and ensuring the swift entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and its universalization.", "(spoke in French)", "I would like at this juncture to make some brief remarks in my national capacity. I fully endorse the European Union’s statement. France, in all forums, including the Group of Eight (G-8) which we are chairing, supports any initiative seeking to improve international security in all areas: nuclear, biological, chemical, conventional, ballistic proliferation and space.", "We must continue to jointly insist to those who may seek to take advantage of the stalemate in the work of the Conference on Disarmament that they are going against history. Today there is a consensus, minus one, for opening negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty. Needless to say, we hope that those negotiations will be conducted under the auspices of the Conference, since that is what it exists for.", "With regard to the start of negotiations, we must demonstrate visibly our commitment to ending production of fissile material for nuclear weapons. Four nuclear-weapon States have already declared a moratorium on production of such material. We call earnestly on all nuclear Powers to declare a similar moratorium immediately. And we must go even further by making this halt to fissile material production irreversible. France has been a pioneer in this area by dismantling its production facilities irreversibly.", "In the interests of saving time, I will stop here. The full version of my statement will be available on the website of France’s Permanent Mission to the United Nations.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I have the privilege today of speaking on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative (NPDI), whose current members are Australia, Canada, Chile, Germany, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Poland, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.", "We are very grateful to you for convening this debate, Mr. President, as well as for your personal efforts towards the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, including through your visit to Geneva this year. We also welcome the Secretary-General’s commitment to this critical task.", "This debate comes at an appropriate moment. At the conclusion of the second part of the Conference’s annual session and sufficiently ahead of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, it is the right time to jointly assess the developments that have taken place since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and to exchange views on how to facilitate the Conference’s resumption of substantive work. We should capitalize on a period of reflective momentum that has prevailed in New York and Geneva in recent months, and for which the meeting itself was a constructive stimulus.", "The Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative was established in September 2010 in order to build on the renewed momentum in disarmament and non-proliferation resulting from, in particular, the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). At their second foreign ministers’ meeting in Berlin on 30 April, the NPDI member States reaffirmed their intention to work towards achieving nuclear disarmament and strengthening the international non‑proliferation regime. Recognizing the danger to all humankind posed by the possibility of the use of nuclear weapons and the necessity of addressing increased proliferation risks, decreasing nuclear arsenals, strengthening nuclear security and improving nuclear safety, we continue to consider it compelling and urgent to reduce nuclear risks and achieve tangible progress on the path towards a world free of nuclear weapons. In Berlin, the NPDI foreign ministers reiterated their determination to support and help drive implementation of the consensus outcomes of last year’s NPT Review Conference.", "NPDI members have welcomed, sometimes led and certainly actively participated in various initiatives in the first and second part of the Conference on Disarmament’s session this year aimed at facilitating work on the its current core issues. At the same time, however, we note with deep regret that the Conference has not been able to profit from broader positive trends in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. It has so far not implemented the three actions in the NPT Review Conference’s action plan that pertain to its work: action 6 on establishing a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament; action 7 on substantive discussions on negative security assurances; and action 15 on fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) negotiations.", "We also have to acknowledge that, instead of making progress, the Conference has actually taken a step backwards from its consensus adoption of a programme of work (CD/1864) in May 2009. We are convinced that the use of the consensus rule to prevent the start of FMCT negotiations, as well as substantive discussions on the other three core issues, has not only harmed the Conference’s already diminished credibility, but also seriously undermined the entire multilateral disarmament process and, in the long run, therefore, the security interests of the entire international community.", "The Conference on Disarmament has been unable to fulfil the task assigned to it — the negotiation of disarmament and non-proliferation instruments — for more than a decade. In light of this situation, we reiterate our firm conviction that the Conference must immediately start negotiations on an FMCT. However, while patience is a virtue, of course, continued passivity is not. Therefore, if an agreement on launching FMCT negotiations continues to elude us in the third part of the Conference’s session, we are determined to ask the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session later this year to address the issue and consider ways to proceed with the aim of beginning FMCT negotiations.", "We acknowledge that, of course, FMCT negotiations will be challenging from both a political and a technical point of view, no matter what venue is selected. In our view, these two aspects are closely intertwined. While we continue to consider that the earliest possible start of negotiations on an FMCT is the priority, we consider that establishing a group of scientific experts assigned to examine the technical aspects of an FMCT could facilitate and contribute to the start of negotiations. We are very willing to discuss this idea with interested parties.", "The NPDI’s concerns are by no means limited to one specific aspect of the Conference’s work. In order to reshape it into an effectively functioning institution whose composition reflects the realities of this century, not the last, its current working methods need to be examined critically, its membership reviewed and its interaction with civil society increased.", "While we consider the Conference’s return to substantive work to be the most urgent task we have, our interest in revitalization extends beyond it. The Disarmament Commission constitutes another theoretically important but increasingly irrelevant pillar of the United Nations disarmament machinery. It would greatly profit from a review of its current work and from well-calibrated structural reform.", "Furthermore, we call on the General Assembly’s own First Committee to increase its practical relevance to disarmament and international security. Given the objective of today’s debate, we particularly appeal to it to move the FMCT and other disarmament core issues forward. Overall, the Assembly should, in our view, continue to play an important role in marshalling the expectations of the international community vis-à-vis the multilateral disarmament machinery and identifying possible solutions to persistent problems. We look forward to this, as well as to possible future debates on the highly relevant and critical issue of making progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Tatham (United Kingdom): I thank you for convening this important discussion, Mr. President. The United Kingdom welcomes your personal commitment and the leadership you have shown on disarmament and non-proliferation. We are very pleased to have this opportunity to take stock since last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.", "The Government of the United Kingdom remains firmly committed to the long-term goal of a world without nuclear weapons, and to making progress on multilateral disarmament. We take seriously our international disarmament obligations and have made concrete progress in the past year. In our strategic defence and security review in October 2010, we announced a number of disarmament measures around reducing the number of nuclear warheads and missiles on our submarines. We also gave a new, stronger assurance to non-nuclear weapon States.", "There has been good progress on the international disarmament agenda in 2011. In February, the New START agreement entered into force, and a few weeks ago, the five nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) took part in a conference of the permanent five members of the Security Council in Paris. This was only the second time such a meeting has taken place, following the 2009 meeting hosted by the United Kingdom. We were delighted with the confidence-building discussions that took place and by the opportunity to look in detail at our disarmament obligations.", "The outcomes from the conference, which my French colleague has already outlined on behalf of the permanent five, clearly demonstrate our collective determination to work together to implement the commitments made in the 2010 NPT Review Conference action plan (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This includes practical steps taken by the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia as depositories of the NPT in our commitment towards the implementation of the 1995 NPT resolution on a Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery.", "We look forward to making progress on the disarmament and confidence-building initiatives agreed at the conference. As part of this follow-up work, the United Kingdom will host an expert-level meeting with our permanent five partners on lessons learned from our pioneering work with Norway on the verification of warhead dismantlement. Our work with Norway has demonstrated that nuclear-weapon and non-nuclear-weapon States alike are able to make an active contribution to their NPT obligations through research into the verification of nuclear disarmament, while still complying with their non-proliferation obligations. Indeed, the cooperation of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear disarmament verification research is necessary in order to achieve effective and mutually trusted technical and procedural solutions to support verifiable multilateral nuclear disarmament.", "Despite positive progress and momentum elsewhere, the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva has so far failed to produce any substantive work since the High-level Meeting last September. There is overwhelming support for the principle of a treaty that would end the future production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. Starting negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would constitute a significant achievement and necessary building block for our ultimate goal of a world without nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, as we all know, one country continues to block this step. It is for this reason, as opposed to any other, that we are here today and have made no tangible progress on FMCT since the High-level Meeting last September.", "If we want to move forward, we must focus our collective efforts on persuading all members to agree again to set the Conference on Disarmament back to work and start negotiating an FMCT. The side events organized by our Australian and Japanese colleagues constituted a welcome and informative initiative towards this end.", "If it is to strengthen the global disarmament and non-proliferation framework in a meaningful way, a future FMCT must prohibit the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons and other explosive devices by all States. For this reason, the United Kingdom wishes to re-emphasize its strong commitment to starting negotiations on an FMCT within the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference on Disarmament represents the best option we have for negotiations with all the relevant States as members. It is an institution that, through its rules of procedure, shows respect for everyone’s security. And we still have a programme of work ready to go, agreed by all except one. Document CD/1864 provides for negotiations on an FMCT as well as substantive discussions on the other agenda items on which the Conference on Disarmament has also failed to make progress in the past two years.", "We must continue to reassure all members that the Conference on Disarmament’s well-established rules offer protection for all countries security interests, both during negotiations and in the eventual signature and ratification phase. It is to be expected that some countries will have concerns about what an FMCT might mean for them. There will be plenty of opportunities to discuss all of the issues and concerns at the negotiating table.", "The public statement from the Paris conference of the permanent five reiterated the strong support of the five for the immediate start of FMCT negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. The permanent five made a commitment to renew efforts with relevant partners to promote such negotiations prior to the next session of the General Assembly. We intend to pursue further detailed discussions on the main treaty issues with other relevant partners, building on the side events that have already taken place. As these discussions progress, momentum towards negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament will continue to build. We appeal to all States to sustain this momentum, and on the last remaining State to join the consensus and end its block on allowing the Conference on Disarmament to conduct its work as soon as possible. This block has been damaging for multilateralism inside the United Nations and has encouraged some to consider bypassing traditional institutions in order to try to make quick progress on an FMCT.", "The Conference on Disarmament urgently needs to show that it is still relevant and that it can prove its potential as the best means of finding sustainable solutions for the challenges of global arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in the twenty-first century.", "Ms. Gottemoeller (United States of America): I thank you, sir, for the opportunity to speak today. The United States welcomed the initiative of the Secretary-General to convene last September’s High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, in the hopes that it would spur progress on negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in the Conference on Disarmament. We co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on follow-up to the High-level Meeting, and we also welcome the opportunity today to take stock of where we are 10 months later. The United States shares your commitment to progress, Mr. President, and your interest in seeing this process carried forward.", "Two years ago in his speech in Prague, President Obama affirmed the commitment of the United States “to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons” and laid out a plan of action for near-term practical steps to move in that direction. Since then, significant progress has been registered. I will not detail all of it here, but I would like to highlight a few successes because they stand in stark contrast to the continuing failure to begin negotiations on a priority objective — a ban on the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons.", "A key arms control achievement of the past year was the entry into force of the New START agreement with the Russian Federation this past February. Implementation of the Treaty is well under way. As of last weekend, we and the Russian Federation had exchanged 1,000 notifications in implementation of the Treaty regime. Furthermore, we have conducted 13 inspections, six by the Russian Federation and seven by the United States. We are keeping pace in our implementation efforts.", "In May, President Obama also submitted to the Senate for its advice and consent the protocols of the African and South Pacific nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties. And we are in discussion with parties to the South-East Asia and Central Asia nuclear-weapon-free zones Treaties in an effort to reach agreement that would allow the United States to sign the Protocols to those treaties, as well.", "The United States remains committed to securing ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, and we are engaging the United States Senate and the American public on the merits of that Treaty.", "As already reported by the representative of France, the nuclear-weapon States recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) — the permanent five — met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July to engage on issues bearing on nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, and in particular steps outlined in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the NPT (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). This was a continuation of discussions begun in London in 2009 and will continue with a third conference in the context of the Preparatory Committee for the 2012 NPT Review Conference. These meetings are helping to build a process for permanent-five dialogue on transparency, nuclear doctrine and verification, recognizing that such a dialogue is needed if we are to establish a firm foundation for further disarmament efforts.", "The United States has spared no effort to initiate negotiations in the Geneva Conference on Disarmament on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons. The completion of such a treaty continues to be the top multilateral priority for the United States and the vast majority of others, and would be a major international achievement in non-proliferation and disarmament. At a time when significant progress has been registered in other areas of arms control and disarmament, it is all the more disappointing that a single State has prevented the Conference on Disarmament from again taking its place on the disarmament stage and undertaking negotiations to reach that long-overdue objective.", "The preference of the United States is to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) within the Conference on Disarmament. We welcomed the initiative of Australia and Japan to organize serious technical FMCT discussions at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament this year. The activity proved to be productive, substantive and collegial, but this does not obscure the central fact that the Conference on Disarmament remains blocked and that we are no closer to FMCT negotiations today than we were two years ago, when a compromise programme of work was adopted by consensus by all 65 Conference on Disarmament members.", "It is because of this continuing stalemate that we have launched consultations to move the issue forward. We are encouraged, therefore, that the permanent five agreed in Paris to take steps prior to the next General Assembly session to renew efforts with other relevant partners to promote such FMCT negotiations, and we are planning these activities now.", "Turning to the issue of the United Nations disarmament machinery and how it functions — or does not function — I note that this is often a subject of discussion. For example, improvements motivated the 1978 decision to create the Committee on Disarmament — renamed Conference soon after — by the then-member States of the Conference on Disarmament’s predecessor body. They judged that certain changes, such as a rotating presidency and membership expansion, would render the body more representative and more productive. The decisions of those States were recalled in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S-10/2).", "More recently, serious thought and a number of interesting ideas have emerged regarding reform of the Conference on Disarmament and other disarmament machinery. But we should consider such proposals with our eyes wide open, realistic about what the root cause of the current deadlock is. While the machinery could certainly benefit from a tune-up, it is not the underlying cause of the breakdown in the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference has produced good results in years past: the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Put simply, when countries share an objective, they can move it forward in the Conference on Disarmament, and this is an experience we wish to see repeated, starting with the fissile material cut-off treaty.", "The Secretary-General has offered recommendations on how to proceed with a review of multilateral disarmament affairs, and he has provided us with a thoughtful report on the work of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228). The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research has also provided stimulating food for thought. We have a wealth of ideas.", "A panel of eminent persons, the Conference on Disarmament itself, or some others might usefully continue their exploration to include recommendations on the following: how to revamp or reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which, after yeoman’s efforts, has been unable to reach consensus for a number of years on any agenda item; and how to update the Geneva Conference on Disarmament. Its decalogue and agenda could be updated to reflect the current international security environment. Members should also review some of its other procedures and recommend changes that would encourage greater continuity and focus.", "Also included would be recommendations on how to provide for continuity on an agreed Conference on Disarmament work programme from year to year, such as automatic rollover of an agreed programme of work; how to protect national security interests while preventing abuse of the consensus rule; and whether expansion of the Conference on Disarmament would improve its efficiency, and how to reflect universal disarmament goals in deliberative and negotiating bodies while maintaining their efficacy and ensuring that States’ security concerns are respected and protected. This is the fundamental issue. In this regard, we view that, theoretically, working with 193 members would inevitably pose complexities. I might note that the Conference on Disarmament in its current composition, expanded since 1996 to 65 member States, has yet to demonstrate its ability to function as a negotiating body.", "In exploring new ways to proceed, we think that balance is needed. The status quo is unacceptable, but we should also guard against being overly ambitious, lest we lose our way. As we seek our way forward, we must keep our eye on the prize and, for most of the international community, that prize is a fissile material cut-off treaty as the next immediate multilateral nuclear disarmament step. Calls for yet another special session on disarmament are a distraction at best. A special session on disarmament is not the only or the most practical vehicle for reform in the light of its record of failure. Unless we have agreed objectives for such a session, we should better direct our efforts where progress can be made.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): I would like to begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting. I would also like to thank you and the Secretary-General for your statements.", "The High-level Meeting held in September 2010 held useful discussions on the work of the Conference on Disarmament and multilateral disarmament negotiations. China hopes that today’s meeting will also play an active role in facilitating multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Arms control and disarmament are closely related to security and have always been the barometer of changes in the international security situation. It is now the general hope of the international community that the multilateral disarmament process, and the work of the Conference on Disarmament in particular, will move forward so as to further promote the security of all States.", "Since the beginning of this year, the parties have displayed positive intentions and adopted a constructive approach to the advancement of the work of the Conference on Disarmament. However, differences among the parties remain to be bridged and renewed efforts are required of Conference members in order to break the impasse in its work.", "Given the current circumstances, China would like to make the following proposals on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward the multilateral disarmament process.", "First, the authority of the Conference on Disarmament should be respected and maintained. As the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Conference is irreplaceable by any other international mechanism. Since the end of the Cold War, the Conference has negotiated and concluded the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. These two instruments have contributed greatly to the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the advancement of the international arms control and disarmament process, and their effects have been vindicated by history. If the fissile material cut-off treaty is to fulfil its dual objective of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and in order to ensure its authority, effectiveness and universality, it must be negotiated within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Secondly, the legitimate security concerns of States should receive due attention and equal treatment. The Conference on Disarmament cannot work in a vacuum, and international and regional security situations are bound to have a direct and important bearing on its work. The legitimate security concerns of member States should be fully respected and appropriately addressed, both at the time of launching negotiations and during the negotiating process. It is for this very purpose that we engage in serious negotiations on multilateral arms control treaties, and it is also the necessary precondition for universal support for and compliance with such treaties.", "Thirdly, we should maintain confidence in the Conference on Disarmament and further engage in creative thinking. Progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament depends on the common efforts of — and especially synergy among — all member States in the framework of the Conference. Any idea or practice of resorting to another framework is obviously not conducive to the work of the Conference on Disarmament and will not produce a satisfactory fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). In the face of deadlock and difficulties, it is all the more necessary for Conference members to use political wisdom and fully mobilize diplomatic creativity to maintain the momentum on launching FMCT negotiations, and spare no effort in seeking workable ways to push the Conference to carry out substantive work on FMCT-related issues.", "Fourthly, efforts should be made to advance the work of the Conference on Disarmament in a comprehensive manner. While negotiations on the FMCT should start at an early date, the Conference should also engage in substantive work on other important items, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and security assurances for non-nuclear-weapon States. This is the wish of the great majority of Conference members. I am convinced that work on these three items will have a positive effect on promoting FMCT negotiations.", "China has always supported the work of the Conference on Disarmament and is in favour of starting FMCT negotiations as soon as possible. During China’s tenure as President of the Conference on Disarmament this year, it has cooperated fully with other Presidents, conducted broad-based consultations with member States and made unremitting efforts to narrow differences and break the impasse. We hope that all sides will respect each other’s legitimate security concerns and continue dialogue and consultations in a serious, equal, open and transparent manner with a view to reaching agreement on the programme of work of the Conference as soon as possible so that substantive work on various items can begin.", "Taking forward the international arms control and disarmament process is in the interests of all parties and is the historic responsibility of all States. We believe in the political will and collective wisdom of the States members of the Conference on Disarmament and remain confident that the Conference will launch FMCT negotiations and start substantive work in other areas. Meanwhile, we make an urgent call on all parties to make new efforts and attempts to that end. China is willing to work with others and redouble its efforts to promote the healthy development of the cause of multilateral arms control and disarmament and to maintain world peace and security.", "Mr. Schaper (Netherlands): I have the honour of taking the floor on behalf of the following 41 States: Australia, Austria, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Japan, Kenya, the Republic of Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Peru, the Philippines, Poland, the Republic of Moldova, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and Uruguay.", "These States, from many regions across the globe, share the commitment to strengthen the multilateral disarmament system — and this will be the theme of my remarks today — so that this system can fulfil its purpose. We thank you, Sir, for organizing this meeting, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "The 41 States I just mentioned consider it regrettable that, for more than a decade, the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference on Disarmament in particular, have not met the expectations of the international community, as expressed in the Final Document of the first special session devoted to disarmament (resolution S/10-2) and the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous General Assembly resolutions and in outcome documents of the Review Conferences of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Conference on Disarmament is simply failing to fulfil its mandate. It is failing to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.", "For several years now, this lack of progress on new multilateral disarmament instruments has directly affected our common security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system. While progress has been made in other multilateral disarmament forums, the Conference on Disarmament has been unable to unlock its potential or to agree on the issue of wider participation by interested States and on enhanced engagement with members of civil society.", "Our countries find this sorry picture of stagnation, stalemate and lack of results in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. We see an urgent need to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. In this regard, we are highly appreciative of the Secretary-General’s initiatives in support of such efforts.", "The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 highlighted the views of States on the causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. But above all, the High-level Meeting made it more evident that the international community wants to move beyond mere deliberations to action, and without further delay.", "As members may be aware, during the course of 2011 Conference on Disarmament members in Geneva have increasingly voiced and documented their concerns about the deadlock, including during an interaction with you, Sir, on the occasion of your visit to Geneva in March. They have also expressed their concerns to the Secretary-General and the members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "But despite the considerable efforts of consecutive Conference on Disarmament Presidents for more than a decade, despite various suggestions and initiatives of Conference members, and despite the adoption of decisions that would have seen the Conference fulfil its mandate, the Conference is still failing to undertake substantive work.", "Here in New York, the United Nations Disarmament Commission regrettably once again failed to produce any concrete recommendations. We consider this to be an additional indicator of the continued challenges facing the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.", "If the multilateral disarmament machinery, especially the Conference on Disarmament, is not able to overcome this crisis, the international community, and the General Assembly in particular, will need to respond and give serious consideration to ways and means to overcome it. We cannot afford to start another Conference session in January 2012 accepting that the continued impasse is a given and that we cannot do anything about it.", "Already, States are discussing various options. Some focus on giving the General Assembly a more central and active role in advancing multilateral disarmament negotiations. Some focus on implementing agreements previously reached in the Conference on Disarmament and other relevant multilateral forums. Some seek to intensify preparations for negotiations. Some focus on efforts to motivate a formal revitalization process within the Conference on Disarmament, and some seek to include a broader reform process of the disarmament machinery.", "Although these different initiatives point to different focuses, they are all being explored — and need to be explored — in order to improve global security, including through finding the most effective way to achieve a world without nuclear weapons. We hope that this debate can provide us with a suitable platform to keep addressing, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations effectively and in an outcome-oriented spirit. We must assume our responsibility, both in Geneva and here, to address these concerns effectively without further delay.", "We welcome the attention of the Secretary-General and his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters to the problems facing the disarmament machinery. At the same time, we recognize that the responsibility for current difficulties rests with States, as does the responsibility to find solutions. We stand ready to contribute actively and constructively to this forward-looking endeavour. All the States of the world have a vital interest, a right and a duty to participate in and contribute to the success of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Kim Sook (Republic of Korea): At the outset, I would like to join previous speakers in expressing my sincere appreciation to you, Sir, for convening this meeting. As one of the member countries that co-signed the letter requesting this gathering, the Republic of Korea associates itself with the remarks made just now by the representative of the Netherlands. At this juncture, however, I would like to speak in my national capacity.", "In recent years, we have taken many positive steps towards the long-awaited breakthrough in nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation. Just last year alone, we witnessed the signing of the New START agreement, the Nuclear Security Summit held in Washington, D.C., and the adoption of the decade-spanning Final Document by consensus at the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In particular, the adoption of the Final Document at the 2010 NPT Review Conference amounts to a formal recognition by the international community that disarmament and non-proliferation are once again becoming central to the global agenda.", "After these series of positive movements in other disarmament areas, our expectation for the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament is now greater than at any other time in recent years. Reflecting the aspirations of the international community, a High-level Meeting was convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 as a response of the international community to the Conference on Disarmament. We have also observed various efforts made by many delegations this year. Nevertheless, the Conference continues to make little progress and the patience of the international community is gradually running out. Moreover, the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC) has also failed to produce any final documents or recommendations since 1999. The multilateral disarmament machinery is, in fact, in severe disarray.", "We believe that getting the Conference on Disarmament back on track lies at the heart of any solution. Further paralysis of the Conference may not only jeopardize its status and legitimacy as the premier forum for disarmament, but also damage the very foundations of the multilateral disarmament machinery, including the UNDC. I firmly believe that the Conference on Disarmament should act quickly if it wishes to continue to play a central role.", "To encourage the Conference on Disarmament to move forward, it is necessary above all for each country to demonstrate more political flexibility with respect to its security considerations and modus operandi. Only when countries show flexibility and a spirit of cooperation will the Conference be able to evolve significantly and keep up with the rapidly changing disarmament climate. What the Conference process needs now is not an endless and empty debate, but concrete action.", "As the Republic of Korea proposed at the September 2010 High-level Meeting, and as the Secretary-General suggested again this morning, I would like to call for the establishment of a group of eminent persons, under the auspices of the Secretary-General, to find solutions to the current difficulties in the Conference on Disarmament.", "In this regard, we welcome the report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters (A/65/228), in which he supports the establishment of such a group. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Board noted that a group of eminent persons could help behind-the-scenes negotiations and draw significant global attention to the issue. We have recently witnessed similar kinds of groups in the fields of Millennium Development Goals and climate change financing. These cases could be good examples.", "As we know, the Conference on Disarmament is a child of the General Assembly, and it is natural for the Assembly to discuss the predicament of its child. In this regard, I believe that not only internal efforts of the Conference on Disarmament but also external political stimulus may be of great help in breaking the deadlock in the Conference. I hope that the First Committee of the General Assembly will continue this year to discuss ways to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery.", "The Republic of Korea is of the opinion that the international community shares the common view that, among all the issues in the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for weapons is most in need of negotiation. The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is indispensable not only for nuclear non‑proliferation, but also for nuclear disarmament. An FMCT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty are of vital importance, symbolically and substantively, to the global nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime. We are confident that once we start the negotiations on an FMCT, the momentum will lead to further discussions on other major issues, such as nuclear disarmament, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances, in a comprehensive and balanced way.", "Once again, the Republic of Korea calls upon all Conference on Disarmament members to cooperate in commencing substantive work on an FMCT at the earliest possible time, to the benefit not only of nuclear non-proliferation, but also and more largely of nuclear disarmament. The Republic of Korea, for its part, will do its utmost to set the Conference on Disarmament process in motion.", "Mr. Zhukov (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation wholeheartedly supports the revitalization of the multilateral disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control machinery. We support the preservation and strengthening of the existing disarmament triad: the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee and the Conference on Disarmament. These forums have proven their necessity and their efficiency, and they have made a significant contribution to preserving international peace and security.", "In our view, it is not now a matter of radically reorganizing them, but rather of marshalling the political will to kick-start these mechanisms to create new universal disarmament and non-proliferation agreements. We believe that the current situation of the multilateral disarmament process, specifically within the Conference on Disarmament, is the result not of any systemic breakdown in the multilateral disarmament machinery, but rather a reflection of the different priorities of States on disarmament and non‑proliferation matters and in their vision of their legitimate national interests. The roots of the Conference’s problems are extraneous to it.", "Obviously, the Conference on Disarmament deals with very sensitive matters, namely, those of State security. Here as nowhere else, we must be willing to strike a reasonable compromise based on a balance of interests. In addition, we should not oversimplify the reasons behind the situation in the Conference on Disarmament or boil them down to procedural disagreements or clashes of ambitions and claims.", "Significantly, notwithstanding the radical recent calls for the Conference on Disarmament to be closed down, for changes to its basic working principles or for a launch of new formats, an absolute majority of forum participants broadly recognized the importance of retaining the Conference on Disarmament as the key multilateral negotiation mechanism. The shock therapy proposed by some countries is a radical step that could not only paralyse the Conference on Disarmament definitively, but also seriously undermine the entire disarmament triad and ultimately destroy the existing disarmament machinery.", "We cannot agree to such an approach. There is no silver bullet. Our aim must be to engage in a patient and respectful quest for mutually acceptable ways of breaking the deadlock, rather than taking rash and hasty steps and decisions. This pertains not only to procedural but also to substantive matters, not to mention punitive measures, such as the denial of financing.", "In that regard, we support the balanced approach taken by the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, Mr. Tokayev, to the effect that stagnation on the disarmament track, including at the Conference, is due mainly not to shortcomings in the mechanism but to the world geopolitical situation, strategic clashes between States and the lack of political will.", "We oppose any review of the Conference on Disarmament’s main working principle of consensus. At the same time, we are prepared to be flexible and seek fresh approaches that could break the deadlock. In that context, one interesting idea would be to broaden the membership of the Conference, to promote the greater involvement of non-governmental bodies, and to enhance public communications on disarmament matters.", "Universal disarmament agreements can be elaborated under the auspices of the United Nations and on the basis of consensus. It is only in such circumstances that agreements become functional and adaptable to new realities and challenges. The diversion of negotiations onto parallel tracks among likeminded States is unlikely to lead to any universal or viable treaty. We are convinced that the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament would be in the interests of all Member States. We see no alternative to patient and respectful dialogue aimed at allaying the security concerns of particular Conference members, or to the achievement of agreement on the basis of the Conference agenda.", "Document CD/1864 is a realistic basis for compromise. By supporting it, the Russian Federation demonstrated its willingness to take the positions of its partners into account and to agree to compromise. We expect the same of our partners. The Russian Federation’s priority within the Conference on Disarmament is to develop a treaty on the prohibition of all types of weapons in outer space. The draft treaty submitted by us and China takes the interests of all States into account, without exception.", "Another important challenge is the drafting of a universal, equitable and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. Its adoption would be one further step towards strengthening the disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation regime.", "Mr. Bavaud (Switzerland) (spoke in French): Allow me to thank and congratulate you, Sir, for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, of 24 September 2010. Your initiative and engagement will undoubtedly help us to move forward on this issue.", "Switzerland fully subscribes to the statement delivered earlier by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 countries. Allow me to add a few elements from the Swiss perspective.", "Switzerland fully supports the Secretary-General’s initiatives to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations and to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament. This process has already had significant effects. Since September 2010, we have seen important discussions in the First Committee, the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations Disarmament Commission. Over the past 10 months, it has become clear that a growing number of States find the lack of progress on various issues related to disarmament unacceptable. In the course of these deliberations, it has also become evident that more and more States see the urgent need to revitalize the disarmament machinery and to start substantive work, most notably in the form of negotiations on one or several of the four core issues on the Conference’s agenda.", "Switzerland is convinced that the ongoing lack of agreement on new multilateral disarmament and non‑proliferation instruments has undermined the multilateral disarmament system — a trend that will be in the interest of no State in the long run. To address this situation, we need to pursue complementing efforts undertaken within the Conference on Disarmament by marshalling political will and stepping up pressure outside that body. We also need to understand that the current deadlock cannot be attributed solely to external political factors, but is also linked to institutional issues. The existing mechanisms are manifestly unable to catalyze the necessary political will and to capitalize on it where it is developing.", "To move forward, we also need to have institutions and mechanisms that reflect and capable of addressing current realities. We are living in a global, interdependent world that faces a multitude of shared disarmament and non-proliferation challenges. It is important to move from one-dimensional approaches to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation to more holistic approaches. It is critical to recognize that disarmament and non-proliferation activities affect numerous areas of concern to the international community other than peace and security; they have an impact on human security, human rights, development, the environment and health, to name just a few. Only if we include these aspects into our considerations will we be able to confront the challenges we are facing.", "Our institutions should no longer be based on or continuously favour a clearly outdated conception of an all-prevailing national security paradigm. If they do not change, the Conference on Disarmament may run the risk of privileging the interests of some at the expense of the interests of the overwhelming majority of States and peoples of the world. We are convinced of the need to work inclusively and to build on the views of all stakeholders, such as other interested States, expert communities or civil society representatives.", "We need institutions that are designed to produce results and not to maintain the status quo. They must be both responsive and preventive, and thus able to produce the instruments needed to address current as well as future challenges. Switzerland therefore recalls that the international community needs mechanisms, platforms and environments that encourage meaningful, timely, inclusive and effective deliberations and negotiations on all issues relating to disarmament in a larger sense. This must be our long-term goal.", "While the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 was intended to promote the debate on how to overcome the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the situation has not improved since then. In many ways, the deadlock is today more severe. Switzerland is of the view that we now need to complement the current dialogue with real action on various levels and on several fronts at the same time and in a sustainable manner.", "In the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, for the remainder of the year and for the 2012 session, it is important to initiate substantive work within the existing framework and to start negotiations. The Conference must also continue the ongoing reflection on its strengths and weaknesses in a more systematic and outcome-oriented way with a view to making the necessary changes to make the Conference more functional. The Conference has no option but to demonstrate that it can produce results.", "At the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee, Member States may want to consider launching issue-specific processes, for instance setting open-ended working groups on nuclear disarmament issues, including fissile material or the prevention of an arms race in outer space. Such processes should be anchored in Geneva, making use of the unparalleled expertise available in and around the Conference on Disarmament. If they are to be sustainable and provide an incentive to the Conference to resume its work, such processes should be complementary with possible future breakthroughs in that forum and be designed in a way that allows relevant results to be transmitted to the Conference at an appropriate stage.", "At the broader level of the General Assembly, Member States should take forward the revitalization process by introducing fresh thinking, new ideas and pragmatic approaches. Such groundwork is essential to paving the way for the broader support needed to launch a deeper reform process. In this regard, the implementation of the recommendation contained in the recent report of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters on the setting-up of a high-level panel charged with the task of rapidly formulating proposals on such a reform could represent a constructive way forward.", "To conclude, I would like to stress that as we try to move forward in our efforts to revitalize the multilateral disarmament machinery, Switzerland remains convinced of the need for a permanently available pool of disarmament delegations — supported by experts from Governments, international organizations and civil society — to review implementation issues of existing agreements and to negotiate new instruments. We also continue to believe in the need for a permanent forum, similar to the Conference on Disarmament, that addresses challenges in our field and contributes to global security in the twenty-first century.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba reaffirms the importance of promoting multilateralism as the core principle of disarmament negotiations. Multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the United Nations Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues.", "Within the disarmament machinery, the Conference on Disarmament plays a crucial role in the multilateral negotiation of universally accepted disarmament treaties. If the Conference did not exist, we would have to create it without delay. We regret that the Conference has been unable to carry out substantive work for over a decade. Some insist that the causes lie in its working methods and rules of procedure. Cuba does not share that interpretation. The best vindication of our assessment is that what has happened to the Conference on Disarmament is far from an isolated situation within the disarmament machinery.", "For instance, it is no coincidence that the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded its work again this year, for the twelfth consecutive time, without agreeing on substantive recommendations. In addition, every year the First Committee adopts dozens of resolutions — particularly on disarmament — that are simply not implemented. The fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament has still not been convened, in spite of the fact that the Non-Aligned Movement has insisted on this matter for many years.", "Cuba supports the optimization of the United Nations disarmament machinery, including the Conference on Disarmament. However, we are convinced that the paralysis currently affecting most of the disarmament machinery is caused first and foremost by the lack of political will on the part of some States to achieve genuine results, particularly on disarmament.", "We are concerned about the insinuations by some delegations that the time has come to set aside the Conference on Disarmament and turn to alternative negotiation processes. Cuba opposes the replacement of the Conference with selective, improvised ad hoc arrangements outside the framework of the United Nations and managed by certain countries. If such criteria are imposed, we would be taking a dangerous step backwards. The solution is not to start disregarding the Conference on Disarmament or to minimize its importance. On the contrary, today more than ever, its preservation and strengthening are the responsibility of us all.", "The Conference must adopt as soon as possible a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes real disarmament priorities into consideration. Cuba is ready to negotiate, in parallel with the Conference on Disarmament, a treaty that eliminates and prohibits nuclear weapons; a treaty that bans the arms race in outer space; a treaty that provides effective security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States, like Cuba; and a treaty that bans the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is capable of supporting these negotiations simultaneously.", "The negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty for the manufacture of nuclear weapons would be a positive action, but still insufficient in and of itself if the subsequent steps to achieve nuclear disarmament are not defined.", "Nuclear disarmament is and must remain the highest priority in disarmament. On this basis, consensus must be achieved in the framework of the Conference on Disarmament. The Conference must urgently commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specific time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. The mere existence of nuclear weapons and of doctrines prescribing their possession and use poses a serious threat to international peace and security. It is simply unacceptable that there are almost 23,000 nuclear weapons in the world today, 7,560 of which are ready for immediate use.", "On 22 August, Cuba will assume the presidency of the Conference on Disarmament and the responsibility to draft and negotiate the report of that body for presentation to the First Committee. It is our firm purpose to make every possible effort to promote substantive negotiations with that body, in accordance with its mandate to negotiate international treaties on disarmament and arms control. That will require the contribution of each and every member of the Conference. The opportunity to prove our commitment to disarmament and peace through concrete actions is in our hands.", "Mr. Sin Son Ho (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me first of all extend my appreciation to you, Sir, for having organized this important meeting today. Allow me also to express my hope that this meeting will provide a good opportunity to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament and return it to the right track.", "My delegation fully supports the statement made by Mr. Maged A. Abdelaziz, Permanent Representative of the Arab Republic of Egypt, on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Nuclear disarmament remains a top priority in securing world peace and security. The first appearance of nuclear weapons in 1945 marked the beginning of the history of the most destructive weapons ever used against humankind. The dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, was its central event, more than amply proving to the world the destructive consequences of even a single nuclear weapon for global peace and security. Moreover, the appearance of the first nuclear-weapon State in 1945 was a fundamental root cause of nuclear proliferation to the rest of the world, resulting in a chain reaction. If the successes of a sacred human science had not been used to an ill-famed and dangerous end that could result in the destruction of all humankind, the proliferation of nuclear weapons might not be an issue today. As we can see, nuclear weapons are a matter directly relating to the survival of humankind and to the peace and security of the world.", "The nuclear-weapon States have an unavoidable obligation to implement their commitments under the existing international norms. In 1996, the International Court of Justice made it very clear to the world that the use of nuclear weapons is a violation of international law. It brought to our attention the fact that all other existing weapons without exception are under the full control of treaties or conventions, but that nuclear weapons remain outside multilateral international laws. The same is true of negative security assurances towards non-nuclear-weapon States.", "Recent developments cast dark shadows over the prospects for nuclear disarmament, focusing the attention of the international community. Nuclear-weapons modernization programmes are openly propelled by nuclear doctrines that recall the Cold War. I bring to members’ attention the fact that projects are under way to develop small nuclear weapons to be used like conventional weapons.", "In addition to this, the development of a missile defence system is making steady headway, in defiance of international concerns. The system being promoted under the pretext of responding to so-called ballistic missile developments by what some call “rogue States” is far from logical, given its exorbitant funding and geographical network covering the entire world. The nature and scope of the missile defence system speak eloquently of its defender’s real target, which is none other than gaining absolute nuclear superiority and global hegemony over its nuclear rivals.", "In the current changing world, one can easily predict that this dangerous move will eventually spark a new nuclear arms race. This shows that the world’s largest nuclear-weapon State has lost its legal and moral justification to talk of proliferation issues before the international community, on whatever grounds. If the largest nuclear-weapon State truly wants non-proliferation, it should set a good example by negotiating a treaty abolishing nuclear weapons.", "The total and complete elimination of nuclear weapons remains the consistent policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. A treaty abolishing nuclear weapons should be concluded in a time-bound, verifiable, irreversible and legally binding manner. This policy of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a good reflection of the unique and special security environment to which the country has been exposed for decades under continuing external nuclear threat and blackmail. Since the first nuclear weapon was introduced into South Korea in 1957 by the United States, the number of nuclear weapons there has exceeded 1,000.", "As a state member and the current President of the Conference on Disarmament, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea will do everything possible to move the Conference forward. Nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, and the banning of outer space weapons and fissile materials are all pending issues in the Conference. It is regrettable that nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances have not yet been settled, although they have a history of decades-long discussion that began with the establishment of the United Nations.", "The cause of the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament, which has persisted for more than a decade, is a lack of political will. If the Conference is to move forward, the security interests of all member countries should be fully considered. In this regard, the programme of work adopted by the Conference in 2009 is something of value to be reconsidered, since it reflects on an equal basis all the pending issues on the agenda.", "Mr. Ragaglini (Italy): Allow me at the outset to reaffirm my delegation’s gratitude to you, Sir, for having arranged this debate on the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament, in follow-up to the High-Level Meeting convened in September 2010 by the Secretary-General.", "We fully subscribe to the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Observer of the European Union. We also share the views presented by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of a number of like-minded States, including my own. I would like, however, to make a few comments in my national capacity, as a contribution to the debate and to identify a possible concrete follow-up to this initiative and to the general exercise launched last year.", "The Conference on Disarmament has been stalled for more than a decade. It has not been able to perform its core task, which is negotiating global international instruments in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation. But I would argue that the whole international disarmament machinery is currently experiencing serious difficulties. The United Nations Disarmament Commission, while remaining a useful forum for in-depth discussion, has not been able to agree on substantial recommendations or decisions for many years.", "In general, although we have seen significant successes in recent years, they have been achieved bilaterally, in forums other than the Conference on Disarmament or through ad hoc formats outside the established United Nations disarmament machinery. Still, Italy firmly believes in the importance and genuine need of a forum dedicated to global disarmament negotiations that will advance the cause of international peace and disarmament.", "To continue asserting that the Conference on Disarmament is not functioning due to a lack of political will is, in our opinion, no longer credible. For example, this year two member States took it upon themselves to organize three well-attended and very successful side events on specific aspects of the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) in an effort to overcome the procedure-driven inertia of the Conference. The side events significantly enhanced the membership’s knowledge of key topics of a future Treaty that will prove to be to everyone’s advantage once negotiations start.", "What is thwarting the Conference on Disarmament is, rather, in our opinion, the misuse of the rules of procedure by a small number of members. In 2009, the Conference adopted by consensus a programme of work to carry out negotiations on an FMCT and to set up four ad hoc working groups, one of which was tasked with undertaking these negotiations. However, the Conference was prevented from implementing the programme of work in the absence of consensus on organizational matters, such as establishing the time, place and chair rotation for the meetings. Further thought should, therefore, be given to reviewing some of the working methods of the Conference so as to make them more effective and more efficient.", "Other provisions of the rules of procedure of the Conference on Disarmament also warrant a reappraisal. The monthly rotation of the presidency appears to be too frequent, to the detriment of continuity in the Conference’s work. As a preliminary suggestion, two presidencies a year would appear to be more appropriate. The President’s decision-making authority could also be better specified. Furthermore, the rule requiring the adoption every year of a work programme appears to be unwise. It allows any member, immediately after 31 December, to indefinitely block negotiations. Consideration should be given to maintaining the same programme of work initially adopted by the Conference for the following years unless the membership agrees by consensus on a new one.", "Of course, we are not blind to the hurdles in modifying the Conference’s rules of procedure. As we stated last year at the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, there are no procedural solutions to political problems. Nonetheless, we are also convinced that the issue must be addressed with courage and commitment to succeed, while looking to solve the underlying political problems. That requires an effort by the whole membership of the Conference.", "Resumption of the work of the Conference on Disarmament can no longer be postponed. It has become a matter of urgency. The ongoing stalemate is quickly destroying what is left of its prestige and authority.", "If by the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly no decision has been taken to compel the Conference to start negotiations as indicated in CD/1864 — the work programme approved in 2009 — we fear that the proposal to move them outside the Conference will gain momentum. While not enthusiastic regarding such an outcome, Italy will certainly not oppose it, as nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation are priority areas of our foreign policy.", "To facilitate reaching agreement on the revitalization of the Conference, Italy is open to proposals for future discussions on negative security assurances (NSAs), with a view to a possible future start of negotiations on this question. While a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) represents the tool to stem supplies of the main raw materials of nuclear weapons, NSAs would be needed to reassure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear arms.", "Those are two goals that completely reflect our common aspiration of a world free of nuclear weapons. They also represent a way to strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime. In this context, we should also bear in mind that the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions adopted last year at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I)) mention, as substantive tasks for the Conference, only those two items: FMCT and NSAs.", "Today’s debate confirms the international community’s attention to the Conference and the disarmament machinery in general. The General Assembly can play a specific role in this field, while today’s discussions can actually be a catalyst for further action. We hope that as soon as in the Assembly’s next session, particularly in the First Committee, we will take this discussion forward and come up with concrete ideas on how to relaunch negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Mr. Kmentt (Austria): I would like to express to you, Mr. President, our appreciation for scheduling today’s General Assembly debate on this important agenda item, which had been requested by Austria together with 48 other Member States. However, I would also like to express Austria’s disappointment that this debate had actually become a necessity, because it is a clear sign of failure that we have been able neither to revitalize the Conference on Disarmament nor to take forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, as requested in the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last year.", "We fully associate ourselves with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and also with the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of Member States. In addition, we would like to offer the following comments.", "Like others, Austria has welcomed the recent positive momentum in international security policy. At the same time, expectations of the international community to engage in concrete multilateral disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations continue to be frustrated. The multilateral disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament, remains in deadlock. The momentum that we hoped to generate over the past year did not materialize. While there has been a strong convergence on diagnosing the Conference’s illnesses, no agreement on the necessary medicine has been reached so far.", "On procedural issues, for instance, in our view the Conference’s procedural architecture, particularly its consensus rule, is inadequate for the twenty-first century. Austria finds the procedural hostage-taking of the kind that we see in the Conference unacceptable. It is our shared responsibility to find ways to prevent such a continued abuse of the consensus rule.", "Its past successes notwithstanding, the Conference on Disarmament has become a forum where multilateral engagement on disarmament can be pretended safely, given that procedural tools seem to guarantee an unrestricted veto at all times. The Conference’s refusal to admit new members and the dismal practice regarding engagement with civil society are other examples of the Conference’s obsolete and outdated working methods.", "The Conference is not confronted with a procedural problem alone, though. Ultimately, the Conference is and has been in paralysis for such a long time due to political issues, and insufficient political will to overcome them. States members of the Conference cannot agree to start negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), which Austria would like to see start without delay. There is opposition today from one member State to starting those negotiations.", "However, the political issues of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its deadlock go deeper. Responsibility for the Conference and for its paralysis since 1997 is more widely shared. Furthermore, it is not only the FMCT that does not muster consensus. Nuclear disarmament, prevention of an arms race in outer space and negative security assurances are also divisive issues. The ultimate problem is therefore the lack of real political commitment to address disarmament and non-proliferation through multilateralism leading to multilateral treaties. It is this lack of commitment that the Conference on Disarmament has come to epitomize more than any other forum.", "This begs the question whether the Conference can in fact still serve as an effective forum for multilateral disarmament negotiations. In Austria’s view, the Conference has not only lost much of its credibility but is also risking its legitimacy. For the past 14 years, the Conference has failed to deliver on the mandate. We cannot continue with this wishful-thinking approach, which makes us believe that we are just about to break the impasse in the Conference.", "Austria is firmly committed to multilateralism and attaches great importance to the multilateral institutions. Yet those institutions are not a purpose in themselves. Ultimately, we are not committed to the Conference on Disarmament as an institution but to progress on multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "After diagnosing the problems, is there a therapy? In our view, there are essentially two options.", "On the one hand, we could continue to work through and within the Conference, working with and waiting for member States to finally reach consensus. However, it is clear that political will cannot be forced upon member States. After 14 years of trying in vain to bridge the gaps on a balanced programme of work, this does not look very promising.", "States members of the Conference could also try to stimulate progress by addressing the Conference’s working methods, for instance by clarifying that the consensus rule does not apply to procedural questions such as the programme of work, or that it could be suspended in exceptional cases. States members could finally admit those States that have expressed their wish to participate in the work of the Conference and facilitate fresh thinking by opening the Conference to outside expertise and input from civil society.", "Those would be important steps. However, they, too, have been discussed for many years without real progress. We therefore have doubts both as to the chances of finding agreement on even such modest steps within the Conference and, more importantly, about whether they would actually contribute to bringing about a political breakthrough.", "In our view, we should therefore consider another course of action and explore options outside the framework of the Conference also. We could, for example, envisage the General Assembly playing a more active, direct and central role in disarmament negotiations.", "The absence of political will — or worse, real commitment to multilateral progress — on the part of some should be no reason to prevent the rest of the international community from moving forward. We believe strongly that political will can also be generated through process, by starting negotiations and addressing the issues that have been stuck on the agenda for so many years. It is against this background that Austria expects that the next session of the First Committee will decide in substance on how to move forward and enable multilateral disarmament negotiations. We cannot afford to wait any longer.", "What counts, in the final analysis, is substantive success. We have to ensure that our instruments facilitate success and do not become, to the contrary, an obstacle to success. Since last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, we have a renewed and clear commitment to achieving a world without nuclear weapons. This is a collective commitment and we need to act on it. We must begin focusing in concrete terms on the parameters that will enable us to reach this goal through the Conference on Disarmament, the General Assembly or any other constructive multilateral approach.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia): Let me begin by thanking you, Sir, for convening this meeting on such an important issue.", "Indonesia fully associates itself with the statement delivered earlier by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Long committed to a world free from nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction, Indonesia expects that today’s discussion will generate clear political momentum to enable us to overcome the obstacles that have continued to hamper progress on multilateral disarmament goals.", "At the High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010, we saw a real opportunity to resolve the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament in the wake of the consensus adoption of the Final Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)) of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the New START agreement between the United States and the Russian Federation. By any token, those were two significant and highly worthy achievements. A break in the decades-old impasse in nuclear disarmament finally seemed to be in reach. New hope was kindled that, by building on these critical achievements and emerging understanding, the international community could realize the vision of a nuclear-weapons free world in the foreseeable future.", "The dismay at the absence of tangible progress on the global nuclear disarmament agenda since the September meeting is thus understandable. The Conference on Disarmament remains unable to agree on a balanced and comprehensive programme of work in Geneva, and the United Nations Disarmament Commission concluded yet another session in New York without agreeing to substantive recommendations.", "Despite expressions of commitment last year, there has also been little progress on the implementation of the Final Document of the NPT Review Conference, including its mandate on holding the crucial 2012 conference on the establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone in the Middle East.", "Indonesia underscores the importance of delivering fully on internationally agreed commitments in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. It is high time that that all States, particularly nuclear-weapon States, honour the commitments they have undertaken on complete nuclear disarmament. Undertaking time-bound actions to that end is the best way to build confidence and to ensure that the Conference on Disarmament can be reinvigorated and meaningful disarmament negotiations commenced.", "We should be clear. As stated by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement this morning, it is not that the United Nations disarmament machinery itself is problematic, for it was this machinery which enabled the drafting of guidelines for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, as well as for conventional arms control, limitation and disarmament. The Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions, the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, among others, were made possible through this machinery and its predecessor system.", "We agree that procedures are very important, but we should not have any illusions. If the will to attain goals is lacking, the best of procedures will not bear fruit. Indonesia is confident that, given the political will, the Conference on Disarmament can advance negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances, a fissile material cut-off treaty in accordance with the Shannon mandate, and a treaty on the prevention of arms race in outer space.", "We also stress the continued validity of the consensus Final Document adopted at first special session on disarmament (resolution S-10/2), which set out a comprehensive disarmament strategy by the largest-ever gathering of States. We urge all States once again to play their part in convening a fourth special session on disarmament and making it a fitting success.", "Allow me to conclude by underlining again the significance of this meeting in galvanizing political action for achieving concrete disarmament steps. We must all work together and promote measures to abolish the scourge of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction from our planet. To this end, Indonesia, as in the past, is determined to continue to play an active role.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes this opportunity for the General Assembly to assess the status of the international disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We hope that this debate will revitalize the work of the Conference, renew the political will to transform it, reform its working methods and thereby improve it.", "Costa Rica aligns itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 41 States that sponsored resolution 65/93, which lay the groundwork for this debate. Despite its closed membership, its state of deadlock, and our inability to participate in it as a member with full rights, the Conference on Disarmament, for Costa Rica, is still the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. We recognize its leading role in strengthening global security and promoting international stability. We have held this view since 1994, when we expressed our legitimate but unsatisfied interest in participating in the Conference, which we reiterate now as an active member of the Geneva-based informal group of observer States.", "Disarmament is not an isolated exercise relating only to military affairs; it is an organic process that interests and affects all of us, and on which we must constantly strive to make progress through productive negotiations. We are therefore greatly concerned at the paralysis in the Conference, its continuing repetition of the same routines and same mistakes, and the significant resources required to maintain its rituals. Through these grave failures, the Conference has compromised its capacity to address emerging security problems and generated justified dissatisfaction and impatience.", "However, the major reasons behind the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament are not limited to its current working methods; perhaps more important is the militaristic, as opposed to humanistic, approach that has prevailed to date. The time has come to approach disarmament in terms of its value for human security and arms control through the lens of international humanitarian law and human rights. By doing so, we could turn the conceptual thrust of the debate in a more positive — and, in our view, effective — direction.", "The main tools for promoting and maintaining national and international security are not weapons, but respect for human security and dignity and the rule of law. We do not deny the right of countries to military defence, despite the fact that we opted to abolish our armed forces more than 60 years ago. However, we are convinced that while an essentially militaristic approach to security and disarmament might bring us closer to arms regulation and the control of international arsenals, it will never lead to global disarmament.", "To be blunt, with the Conference on Disarmament we are experiencing only the illusion of disarmament. It is the illusion that destroying certain weapons signifies progress, despite their being immediately replaced by more powerful ones; it is the illusion whereby certain weapons are proscribed because the strategic advantage they may have is exponentially inferior to that offered by newer and more advanced ones; it is the illusion of fulfilling the requirements of civil society, when in fact the only result is a paralysed, and paralyzing, process.", "The Conference on Disarmament, furthermore, operates like a closed club, in which only one third of the States Members of the United Nations have the responsibility of negotiating global disarmament. It is paradoxical, for example, that this group does not include a single one of the 27 countries that do not have armed forces, and thus military disarmament has taken second place to national realities.", "Global military spending reached $1.6 trillion in 2010. On its own, this figure tells us little. Yet if we invested just 10 per cent of that sum annually until 2015, the international community would be in a position to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by that date.", "Costa Rica believes that any efforts aimed at revitalizing and restructuring the multilateral disarmament negotiations must focus on human security, as we said earlier. That focus was key in the negotiations on banning anti-personnel landmines and cluster munitions. It was also been instrumental in the preparatory meetings for a robust arms trade treaty.", "Nuclear weapons have already been determined to be incompatible with international law and international humanitarian law in particular. The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), as well as the unanimous decision taken by the International Court of Justice in 1996, affirm that there is a legal obligation on the part of States to commence and conclude negotiations on the global prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons.", "To build trust and send a signal of goodwill in order to allow for the commencement of negotiations in the Conference of Disarmament or in another body, the nuclear-weapon States should abandon their plans for the modernization, replacement or upgrading of those weapons.", "My delegation does not consider conducive to disarmament the fact that nuclear-weapon States bring to the negotiating table a merely “representative” reduction, while channelling considerable resources into research on and the modernization of facilities that are capable of maintaining or multiplying these threats.", "In conclusion, Costa Rica believes that the multilateral disarmament bodies and processes, such as the Conference on Disarmament, could begin to interact and cooperate with the bodies in charge of the promotion and protection of human rights and international humanitarian law, with the goal of more effectively following up on the implementation of States’ duties in those areas in the light of their commitments to disarmament.", "Costa Rica deems it necessary that the implementation of disarmament agreements be incorporated as a factor in the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council. We sometimes hear that seeking to create a more just and secure world on the basis of a humanitarian approach towards disarmament and arms control is but wishful thinking. We do not agree with this assessment. Rather, what we have observed, as undeniable evidence, is the paralysis in the Conference with respect to the militaristic approach. We still have time to reorient the Conference on Disarmament in such a way as to equip it with new paradigms, better working methods and real compromise.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil): Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations are essential steps towards a more secure world. The international community has repeatedly reaffirmed that the threat posed by the mere existence of nuclear arsenals must be tackled with steadfast political will. Our common purpose must be to achieve the long-sought-after goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "We take note with interest of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. The difficulty facing the members of the Advisory Board in proposing solutions to the deadlock in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as is evident in the document, proves that the reasons for the stalemate are political and therefore not related to institutional or procedural issues in the Conference. It is thus important to emphasize the recommendation made in the report that the Secretary-General, if he decides to convene a high-level panel of eminent persons, request a study on the means to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery in general.", "Brazil believes that any reform effort should consider the United Nations disarmament machinery as a whole and not only the Conference on Disarmament. That is why we support the convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly on Disarmament, which could examine the institutional structure established by the first special session on disarmament, held in 1978. We discourage any initiatives that try to partially amend the operation of the machinery based on a limited goal and restricted to only one subject, such as, for example, fissile material.", "Brazil considers that the Conference on Disarmament is the only body duly constituted by the international community to negotiate nuclear disarmament. While we attach the highest priority to the elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a convention on nuclear disarmament, we support the launching of negotiations on the other three core issues of the agenda of the Conference, namely, fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other explosive devices, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We do not endorse the view that only the issue of a treaty on fissile material is ripe for negotiations. Nor do we support the thesis that only one country should be held responsible for the stalemate in the work of the Conference. If this is true with respect to the subject of a treaty on fissile material, other countries have blocked the negotiation of instruments related to the other agenda items.", "Even with regard to a treaty on fissile material, there exists a clear difference of views between Member States. Brazil advocates the negotiation of a treaty that takes into consideration the issue of stocks. A treaty limited to the prohibition of production would have little or no effect on nuclear disarmament.", "The criticism of the institutional aspects of the Conference on Disarmament, in particular regarding its rules of procedure, is not consistent. One could ask whether the countries denouncing the abuse of the rule of consensus in negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) would be ready to accept majority decisions on other issues that are under consideration by the Conference. Negotiations affecting the security of States are always sensitive and complex. The rule of consensus is a special procedure of the Conference on Disarmament that reflects this reality.", "Brazil supports the consideration of the expansion of the membership of the Conference, as this would promote richer and more comprehensive discussions within that body. We also advocate the", "increased participation of civil society in following the work of the Conference, since that would contribute to a greater awareness about the challenges faced in the area of nuclear disarmament.", "It is certainly a matter of concern that the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament continues to prevail despite the efforts made in the last few years, based on positive developments in the disarmament and non-proliferation scenario, particularly the successful outcome of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The existence of nuclear weapons constitutes the most immediate threat to the survival of humankind. The negotiation of instruments conducive to nuclear disarmament is therefore urgent. The question that one should ask, however, is the following: Would the international community be in a better position to negotiate those instruments without the Conference on Disarmament? Brazil believes that, despite its shortcomings, there really is no alternative to the Conference. That is why revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament cannot mean finding ways to circumvent it.", "The meeting rose at 1 p.m." ]

[ "33529", "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时10分开会。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工.作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "主席(以法语发言)：我原本希望在宣布本次会议开始时对裁军谈判会议表示赞扬，但不幸不能如愿，因为十余年来裁谈会始终处于瘫痪状态。这对裁军工作影响严重，而裁军是促进和平的一个重要因素——我们不能忘记这一点；这对裁谈会及其在全球治理方面的作用也有着严重影响。如果裁谈会不能恢复其势头，就很可能信誉扫地，变得毫无用处。", "在这方面，我要特别感谢我们的秘书长努力振兴裁谈会，特别是组织召开去年9月的高级别会议。我完全赞同这样的努力。此外，我也曾有机会在那次高级别会议上以及今年2月直接在日内瓦裁谈会内发言时，提出了我对裁军谈判会议工作处于瘫痪状态的关切。", "高级别会议提出了一些值得欢迎的倡议。特别是，该会议的后续行动将被列入第一委员会和大会的未来议程，从而使会员国有机会讨论裁谈会的状况。此外还必须指出，这与《联合国宪章》是一致的。《宪章》明确规定，大会", "“得考虑关于维持国际和平及安全之合作之普通原则，包括裁军及军备管制之原则”。", "大会有权就此问题向会员国提出建议，今天我呼吁与会者这样做。", "因此，在2010年秋季会议期间，第一委员会以协商一致方式通过一项决议草案，将该问题列入委员会下届会议议程。因此，我鼓励委员会今年向裁军谈判会议发出强烈的信息，以期克服裁军谈判会议工作停滞不前的状况。", "为了振兴裁军谈判会议，秘书长还授权裁军事项咨询委员会在其2011年两届工作会议期间专门讨论裁谈会的状况。我希望委员会报告(A/65/228)中提出的各项建议能够得到裁谈会成员和大会所有会员国的充分重视。我认为，设立一个高级别名人小组可提供新的视角，振兴裁谈会。不久，我们将有机会在一次非正式会议上进一步了解该咨询委员会的工作。", "我认为，必须找到裁谈会处于瘫痪状态的真正原因。有人把问题归咎于协商一致规则。协商一致是裁谈会工作基本规则的一部分，而且裁谈会的决定获得广泛支持，这一点始终是可取的。不过，协商一致规则不应该成为僵局状况或变相否决权的致因。然而，这种解释有些不充分。裁谈会一向尊重协商一致原则。过去，即使在更为错综复杂和两极化的情况下，裁谈会仍然展示出它有能力成功地完成艰难的谈判。", "今天缺少的是真正推动裁军谈判会议工作向前的政治意愿。要克服阻力，建立信任气氛，就必须采取灵活的方法，使用所有可用的裁军工具，在加强谈判和说服技巧的基础上作出努力。", "虽然我认为非正式办法是一种值得探索的途径，但必须把这种办法及其结果置于裁谈会框架内。我们决不能绕过裁谈会，使其失去合法性，而必须帮助它恢复往日效力。这是我们在作出努力时必须寻求的目标，也必须是我们今天讨论的动机。", "在试图克服目前僵局的过程中，重要的是要保持综合处理裁军和防扩散事项的做法。这是2009年通过的工作方案的长处之一。这项方案虽然很遗憾从未付诸实施，但它却是成员国不同利益和不同关注之间达成某种微妙平衡的结果。在这方面，它应当激励我们向前迈进，而且它可以成为裁谈会在谋求订立一项新工作方案过程中采用的一个模式。我相信，裁谈会成员国最终将肩负起自己的责任，谈判达成而且最重要的是执行一项新的工作方案。", "近年来，国际环境特别有利于裁军，因此各国的期望甚高。我们有责任不辜负它们的期望。因此，我呼吁今天会上的发言者们不仅表示支持裁谈会，而且切实探讨可通过哪些具体的渠道，使我们能够克服僵局，并提供办法，使裁军工作取得重要进展。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长(以英语发言)：我们今天在信心危机日益严重的情况下开会。联合国多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议工作长期令我们失望。展望未来，我们面临两个关键问题。首先，在世界唯一多边裁军谈判论坛无法履行任务的情况下，我们怎么办？其次，世界如何才能恢复旨在建立可普遍适用的裁军规范的进程？", "这些问题曾经导致我召开去年9月的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议。", "各方在那次会议上所表达的关切以及所提出的诸多倡议都证明了会员国对这一挑战的重视。我还要感谢大会主席亲自努力处理该问题。我在该次会议的主席摘要中建议采取四项行动。", "第一，我强烈建议裁军谈判会议再次通过其2009年工作方案或在2010年会议期间提交的一项类似提案。为鼓励取得进展，今年1月我第三次以秘书长身份在裁军谈判会议上发言。迄今，裁军谈判会议尚未能做出回应。我期待着成员国视裁军谈判会议2011年会议的最终状况而采取更加注重行动的举措。", "第二，我提议大会在其第六十五届会议的议程上增加一个项目，以后续执行该高级别会议的成果。大会核准了该请求。它还将该项目纳入了即将召开的第六十六届会议的议程。", "第三，我请我的裁军事项咨询委员会审议在高级别会议上提出的各种问题。委员会已完成了审议。我关于委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)现在摆在成员们面前，我期待它们提出反馈意见。", "第四，我提出，我将向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会明年的第一届会议提交一份关于高级别会议及其后续工作的报告。", "会员国确定了振兴裁军谈判会议以及推进多边裁军谈判的多种可选方案。一个可选能方案是维持现状做法，即：继续寻求在裁军谈判会议内达成共识，而不根本改变其任务授权或规则。但是，考虑到时间已过去多年，但却没有取得结果，因而许多国家不愿意沿用这一做法，这是可以理解的。事实上，我与许多人一样也告诫过，现状只会使裁军谈判会议失去现实意义，成为过时的东西。第二种可能方案中包含了对多边裁军机制进行彻底改革的各种建议。有些人认为，最好是在关于裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议上讨论这些建议。会员国仍未就该会议的召开达成共识。这样就剩下第三种可能方案，即渐进式改革。", "但是，即使是这些很温和的提议也遇到了阻力。不同的国家要么强烈支持，要么强烈反对改变裁军谈判会议的议事规则。设立特设机制的建议也是既有人支持也有人反对。各国政策的优先事项大不相同。各国甚至未能就应在哪里实行改革达成一致。应当在裁军谈判会议、大会及其第一委员会、联合国以外、一个讨论具体裁军问题的会议上，还是在由志同道合国家组织的一个特设论坛上实行改革？", "作为秘书长，我看不出联合国裁军机制存在可能造成这种僵局的根本性缺陷，也绝不认为它存在任何不能通过改变国家政策来加以克服的缺陷。问题不在于车辆而在于司机。最为需要的是，应当将政策优先事项与多边裁军目标更加紧密地结合起来。如果仍有分歧，我们可以像我建议过的那样任命一个高级别知名人士小组。作为备选方案，各国也可以在大会某个特设委员会或联合国某一会议上开展谈判。", "快速解决方案是不存在的。前方的道路不会一帆风顺。但是，我们绝不能放弃多边主义，也绝不能不遵守普遍性规范。我们必须继续坚持联合国的理想。处理裁军问题与处理其它全球公益物一样，我们的目标不是要投少数人所好，而是要促进所有人的共同利益。", "如果裁军谈判会议仍陷于僵局，大会就有责任介入。我以前说过，裁军谈判会议不应长期为一两个成员所胁制。应通过谈判来处理各种关切。继续停滞不前的风险太高。世界期待着进展。我们不应再拖延。让我们结束这个旷日持久的停滞周期。从我自身而言，我将尽我所能帮助实现我们的共同目标。", "主席(以法语发言)：我感谢秘书长的发言。", "现在我要暂停正式会议，并宣布关于2010年9月24日振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议后续行动的大会非正式会议现在开始。", "上午10时25分会议暂停；上午10时45分复会。", "主席(以法语发言)：发言者名单上有50位发言者。这就要求就发言长度制订一定的纪律。我提议把发言时间限制在8分钟以内，不过很有可能，而且各位代表可以自由选择的是作比8分钟更短的发言，只发言5分钟。各位在据此准备发言稿时，可以以一页纸讲稿通常需要3分钟时间为参照。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表不结盟运动在本次重要会议上发言。不结盟运动由120个国家组成，因此，如果照每一个国家用8分钟发言计算的话，我的发言要占用一天时间，不过，我不会这样做。", "本次会议是对2010年9月24日在秘书长倡议下举行的振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议采取的后续行动，因此非常重要。我谨感谢秘书长和主席先生你召开本次会议。", "正如各次不结盟运动首脑会议和部长级会议，包括最近于5月在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟运动第十六次部长级会议一贯重申的那样，不结盟运动强调，多边外交在核裁军与核不扩散领域绝对有效。不结盟运动重申决心促进多边主义，将它作为裁军与防扩散领域谈判的核心原则。不结盟运动重申我们在核裁军问题——这依然是不结盟运动的最高优先事项——以及核不扩散所有各方面相关问题上的原则立场，并要强调，以核不扩散为目标的努力必须与核裁军方面的努力齐头并进。在两个方面都取得进展对加强国际和平与安全至关重要。", "在这一背景下，不结盟运动强调，核裁军作为专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议确立的最重要优先事项和一个法律义务，不应当以建立信任措施或其它裁军努力为先决条件。在强调强有力和真诚政治意愿在多边裁军谈判中具有至关重要作用的同时，不结盟运动希望，今天的讨论以及秘书长和裁军事务咨询委员会提出的建议将有助于加强支持联合国裁军机制和联合国内部多边裁军谈判的政治意愿。", "为了实现一个没有核武器的世界，而且核武器国家不把巨额全球支出和精力集中在拥有、研制和实现核武器的现代化上，而是把这些花费用于进一步的全球发展与和平，至关重要的是核武器国家应当履行它们的核裁军义务。应当在多边核裁军谈判中取得切实进展。", "不结盟运动重申，我们深感关切的是，核裁军方面缺乏进展，特别是核武器国家在按照相关多边法律义务完全消除其核武库方面缺乏进展。不结盟运动强调，作为各方积极谋求但却长期延误的全面和彻底裁军的一个必要步骤，核武器国家必须履行它们的核裁军义务和它们在2000年作出并在不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约方2010年审查大会上进一步重申的明确承诺，以便彻底消除其核武器。在这方面，不结盟运动强调，迫切需要开始就在具体时间表内毫不拖延地实现全面和彻底核裁军进行谈判。", "不结盟运动关切地注意到，在我们的一些重要优先事项上，特别是在开始核武器公约谈判这个问题上未能达成多边一致意见，我们呼吁在这方面取得切实进展。《不扩散条约》的不结盟运动缔约国坚信，至关重要的是，2010年不扩散条约审议大会就核裁军、核不扩散、和平利用核能以及执行1995年中东问题决议等方面通过的行动计划必须得到执行。", "不结盟运动欣见，以协商一致方式通过了有关中东问题，特别是有关执行1995年中东问题决议的详细行动计划以及有关2010年不扩散条约审议大会后续行动的结论和建议，不扩散条约的不结盟运动缔约国强烈敦促秘书长和1995年决议的提案国与该区域国家紧密协商和协调，以便立即采取必要措施，在2012年举行中东所有国家都参加的建立中东无核武器和无其它大规模毁灭性武器区的会议。", "不结盟运动依然坚定地全力支持多边裁军议程，并坚定致力于加强联合国裁军机制。现在，所有国家都应当共同努力，加强合作并且利用各自的政治资本，以便振兴目前的裁军机制。推动联合国裁军机制的工作取决于在考虑所有国家安全利益的同时创造一个适当的政治环境，而不是改变议事规则。", "尽管需要提高联合国裁军机制的有效性，但也应回顾国际社会通过联合国裁军机制取得的成就，包括主要法律文书、决议、准则等重要文件，它们构成了一个框架，并且是联合国在裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域中的工作的参照标准。因此，仍然必须维护这一重要机制的每个部分的性质、作用和目标。", "不结盟运动认识到，有必要提高联合国裁军机制的有效性。在这方面，不结盟运动注意到裁军机制面临的主要困难，即某些国家缺乏取得实际进展尤其是核裁军的真正政治意愿。", "回顾国际社会在裁军谈判会议取得的成就固然重要，但不结盟运动对于裁军谈判会议多年来未能就其议程进行实质性工作表示失望。在这方面，不结盟运动认为，仅仅把裁谈会缺乏具体成果的原因归咎于它的议事规则将适得其反，因为这种做法可能掩盖谈判会议面临的真正障碍，即缺乏政治意愿。", "不结盟运动重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构的重要性，并再次吁请裁军谈判会议达成全面和均衡的工作方案，包括以最优先方式尽快建立核裁军特设委员会。不结盟运动强调立即开始谈判在具体时间范围内分阶段全面消除核武器的方案的必要性，包括达成核武器公约。不结盟运动重申国际法院一致结论的重要性，即各国有义务本着诚意开展并完成导致在严格和有效国际监督下实现所有方面核裁军的谈判。", "不结盟运动注意到，2009年5月29日裁谈会通过其2009年届会的工作方案(CD/1864)，但没有得到执行。不结盟运动呼吁裁谈会立即以协商一致方式商定全面和均衡的工作方案。", "不结盟运动鼓励裁军谈判会议考虑尽早任命一位有关增加裁谈会成员组成问题的特别协调员，以便按照其议事规则审视增加其成员数目的可能性。", "不结盟运动还重申裁军审议委员会作为联合国多边裁军机制中的唯一专门审议机构的重要性和现实意义，并重申彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障。在巴厘举行的不结盟运动第16次部长级会议通过的有关彻底消除核武器的声明也重申了这一点。", "不结盟运动将审议咨询委员会报告中的各项建议，并在大会第六十六届会议讨论这一问题期间提出我们的看法。", "主席(以英语发言)：我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表欧洲联盟(欧盟)发言。候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛，参与稳定与结盟进程的可能候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚，以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚赞同这一发言。", "主席先生，我首先感谢你在这非常恰当的时候安排本次辩论会。我也谨感谢秘书长作出的努力和今天向我们传达的信息，并感谢咨询小组主席和裁军谈判会议主席。", "欧洲联盟确实对去年9月的高级别会议以来缺乏进展感到失望。但是，我们希望，我们今天的审议将提供一次机会，以听取在那次会议上发出的有关对未来选项进行前瞻性和具体讨论的呼吁——以便振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和审查有关如何开展多边裁军谈判的切合实际的想法。", "我们感到鼓舞的是，高级别会议和大会后续决议——第65/93号决议触发了在日内瓦和纽约的反思进程。实际上，我们对过去两年中全球裁军与不扩散领域中的重要积极事态发展感到鼓舞，例如安全理事会第1887(2009)号决议、新的裁武条约、华盛顿核安全首脑会议、不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会以及秘书长亲自参加并提出五点计划的更积极的国际公开辩论。欧洲联盟热烈欢迎这些发展，尽管我们知道，需要不断作出新的努力，以确保国际社会扩大这一新的势头。", "实际上，现在要加强和振兴多边努力，因为我们都认识到，今天的全球安全问题需要多变合作解决办法。我们欧洲联盟充分致力于维护和加强这一势头，并致力于在同其他国家充分合作下执行商定的成果，因为这符合欧盟禁止扩散大规模毁灭性武器的战略，又因为这比以往更加是国际和平与安全的主要条件。", "尽管总的趋势是积极的，但是欧洲联盟仍然对裁军机制的一个关键部门显然功能失调深感不安：裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局。2009年工作方案的通过本来可以成为一次重要的突破，使裁军谈判会议成员国能够开始谈判一项多边和可核查的禁止生产用于核武器和其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约。欧洲联盟认为，开始进行这些谈判仍然是重要和紧迫的工作。因此，欧盟继续敦促最后剩下的迄今不愿意加入共识的国家开始就“裂变材料禁产条约”进行谈判。这样做将使裁军谈判会议能够恢复其谈判的作用，从而恢复信誉并继续实现其基本宗旨。", "我们认为，裁军谈判会议全体会员国应当理解，开展“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判是确定和保护特定国家安全关切的进程的开始，而不是这一进程的结果。欧洲联盟认为，阻挡整个谈判会议甚至拒绝开始谈判的做法是不可接受的。这严重损害多边合作的原则。", "我们还认为，有些建立信任措施可以立即采取，不必等待正式谈判的开始。这就是为什么我们要求所有核武器国家宣布和然后执行关于暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的措施。", "因此，欧盟再次重申，它致力于参加有关裁军谈判会议议程上所有其他核心问题的实质性谈判。", "我们深感遗憾的是，尽管裁军谈判会议大多数成员国明确表示强烈的政治意愿，大会本届会议和2010年不扩散条约缔约国审议大会都坚定支持谈判和发出明确呼吁，裁谈会未能扩大全球裁军与不扩散的势头。我们认识到所有国家的安全关切，但与此同时，我们坚信不能滥用有关协商一致的规定。世界不能在裁军与不扩散的关键问题上袖手旁观，或是允许程序性问题阻挠真正的政治进展。因此，欧盟有关改善裁军谈判会议的运作的各项建议中包括了对其工作方法进行审查。", "请允许我借此机会重申，欧盟长期支持裁军谈判会议的扩大。欧洲联盟支持裁谈会观察国非正式小组、包括欧盟一些成员国的呼吁，要求在本届会议期间任命一位有关增加谈判会议成员数目问题的特别协调员。", "按照欧盟同民间社会交往的做法，我们也急于探讨各种方法，以加强非政府组织的发言权，并且让研究机构参与谈判会议的工作。", "第一委员会是能够富有成效地讨论当前议题和关于裁军与不扩散问题的可能倡议的另一个重要机构。联合国会员国承担着维护这一论坛发挥重要作用的责任，并且我们认为，第一委员会因此应当改进其工作方法，以便能够讨论当代安全挑战并为解决它们制定具体措施。", "我还要提及联合国裁军审议委员会。我们认为，也应全面审查和加强其程序和业务原则。", "民间社会更广泛地参与该机构的工作也应受到欢迎。联合国裁军审议委员会的目的在于向大会、并通过大会向裁军谈判会议提交关于裁军和军备控制问题的建议。实际上，欧盟非常遗憾地注意到，在大会主持下建立的议事机构和谈判机构过去十多年来均未达到其商定目标。", "根据其接受的任务规定，裁军谈判会议应该是缔结核武器国家和无核武器国家都加入的各项多边条约的场所。然而，考虑到会议持续陷于僵局，国际社会需要考虑可选办法，并且若有必要，另辟蹊径，以确保取得进展。主席先生，总之，欧盟愿意与你和联合国全体会员国一起努力寻求打破裁谈会所陷入的僵局的方法与途径。", "请允许我总结欧盟的一些具体提议。首先，我们吁请裁军谈判会议全体成员国毫不拖延地启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判，并且开始就议程上的其他问题开展工作。第二，我们呼吁所有拥有核武器国家宣布和坚持立即暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核裂变材料。第三，我们吁请裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会审查各自的工作方法，并在其提交大会的各份报告中适当思考该问题。我们当然鼓励大会继续处理这个问题。第四，我们吁请裁军谈判会议接纳现观察国成为正式会员。最后，我们吁请裁军谈判会议探讨各种方法，以增加裁军谈判会议中各非政府组织的贡献，并加强与各研究机构的接触。", "最后，我们重申，我们致力于使联合国和该裁军机构能取得切实成果。我们还随时准备与所有代表团一道采取进一步措施，以提出其他业务建议并设想其他具体的业务可选办法。多边裁军机构的有效运作，对我们的安全至关重要。诸如裁军谈判会议之类的核心裁军论坛长期陷于僵局造成一个严重问题，要求全体会员国加以解决。而且，时间正在流逝。裁军谈判会议需要毫不拖延地恢复工作。我们再次呼吁采取实质性的后续行动，并吁请该裁军机构开展其当初创建时要做的工作。", "阿罗德先生(法国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我代表中华人民共和国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国，感谢你召开2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议后续会议。我们欣见你在裁军和不扩散问题上所展现的个人承诺和领导才能。我们全力支持你为恢复裁军谈判会议作出的持之以恒的努力。我们对裁谈会长期陷于僵局及自去年会议以来缺乏进展极为关切。重申对裁谈会的谈判作用和使其能毫不拖延地恢复实质性工作至关重要。", "举行高级别会议十个月之后，今天的后续会议是一个适时的机会，借以反思该裁军机构的现状，并考虑设法在裁军和国际和平与安全问题上取得进一步进展。", "我们欣见军备控制、裁军和不扩散领域中出现的众多积极的事态发展。尤其在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上通过了一项关于《不扩散条约》三大支柱的具体平衡的行动计划，这表明国际社会坚定致力于加强国际核武器不扩散制度并以全面、务实的方法处理核问题。", "现在，全体缔约国必须共同努力推进这项《不扩散条约》行动计划的执行。在这方面，联合国五常任理事国下定决心承担其责任并发挥其作用。在去年9月高级别会议上，法国承担了组织不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会第一次五常任理事国后续会议的责任。", "因此，今年6月30日至7月1日，五常任理事国在巴黎举行了总干事和专家级会议，以期审议各国在履行在不扩散条约审议大会上作出的承诺方面取得的进展，并为筹备下一个《不扩散条约》审查周期作出贡献。他们就与核裁军和防扩散相关的广泛问题展开了讨论。那是五常任理事国第二次以此模式开会讨论此议程。第一次是于2009年举行的关于建立信任措施的伦敦会议。因此，巴黎会议是一次在核问题上进一步建立互信和信任的重要和关键的机会。", "我们愿与大会分享我们的讨论所取得的大体成果。这些成果已体现在会议结束时发表的最后联合新闻谈话中。作为核武器国家，我们讨论了我们打算如何履行《不扩散条约》规定的裁军义务，包括参与2010年《不扩散条约》行动计划要求开展的工作—特别是行动5中规定的步骤，以及报告和其他工作。", "我们沿续了先前关于透明度和互信问题(包括核理论、核能)以及关于核查问题的讨论。这些措施对为进一步开展裁军工作奠定坚实基础是重要的。", "我们还一致同意要采取措施，维护《不扩散条约》的不扩散支柱内容，以便将如何答复退出该条约的通知纳入其中，同时确认第10条中的条款内容；并强调需要加强国际原子能机构的保障监督职能，包括通过促成通过附加议定书和增加原子能机构的资源以及提高其阻止和查明违约行为的能力来达到加强其保障监督职能的目的。", "全体成员国—缔约国和非缔约国—必须作出贡献，通过建立必要的安全环境、消除区域紧张局势、促进集体安全、确保国际核不扩散制度仍富有活力和可靠，以及在裁军各个领域都取得进展来实现裁军总目标。", "我们坚信，作为国际社会唯一的多边裁军谈判常设论坛，裁军谈判会议应该保持在有关裁军优先事项问题的实质性谈判中的首要作用。我们呼吁所有缔约国毫不拖延地就全面平衡的工作方案达成一致，使裁谈会能恢复其实质性工作。", "我们认识到，有效执行《不扩散条约》第6条和防止核武器扩散的一个关键因素是通过谈判缔结一项“裂变材料禁产条约”(禁产条约)。“禁产条约”将有助于禁止生产制造核武器所需要的最重要基本材料。我们再次表示支持在裁军谈判会议上立即开始关于“禁产条约”的谈判，包括核查条款。", "为了维持在裁军谈判会议上进行谈判的可能性，五常任理事国将在大会下届会议召开之前，与其他相关伙伴再次努力促进这种谈判。此外，五常任理事国再次承诺促进和确保《全面禁止核试验条约》迅速生效并实现其普遍化。", "(以法语发言)", "在这一关头，我愿代表我国作简短发言。我完全赞同欧盟的发言。法国在所有论坛，包括在我们担任主席的8国集团，支持在核、生物、化学、常规武器、弹道扩散及空间等所有领域寻求加强国际安全的任何倡议。", "我们必须继续联手向那些企图利用裁军谈判会议工作陷入僵局的人强调，他们是在逆历史潮流而动。今天，只缺一个国家就能达成启动裂变材料禁产条约谈判的共识。毋庸置言，我们希望能在裁军谈判会议的主持下开展这些谈判，因为这正是会议存在的目的。", "关于开展谈判，我们必须切实证明我们致力于停止生产用于核武器的裂变材料。四个核武器国家已经宣布暂停生产这种材料。我们真诚呼吁所有核武器大国立即做出类似的暂停生产的宣布。我们还必须更进一步，使裂变材料的禁产不可逆转。法国不可逆转地拆除了其生产设施，已经成为该领域的先导。", "为节约时间，我就说到这里。我的发言稿全文可从法国常驻联合国代表团的网站调取。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚)(以英语发言)：今天，我荣幸地以不扩散和裁军倡议组织的名义发言。目前这个组织的成员有：澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、波兰、土耳其和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "主席先生，我们非常感谢你召开本次辩论会，也感谢你今年访问了日内瓦，亲自努力振兴裁军谈判会议的工作。我们也喜见秘书长对这一重要任务表现出的承诺。", "本次辩论会召开的时机十分恰当。此刻正值裁军谈判会议年度会议的第二部分结束而离大会第六十六届会议的召开还有一段足够的时间之际，这正是共同评估自去年9月振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议举行以来所发生的各项发展并就如何推动大会恢复实质性工作交流看法的适当时候。我们应该利用最近数月在纽约和日内瓦掀起的反思浪潮，而本次会议也能对这个势头给予积极推动。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织成立于2010年9月，以便在不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国2010年审议大会产生的裁军与不扩散的最新势头上再接再厉。在今年4月30日柏林召开的第二次外长会议上，不扩散和裁军倡议组织成员国重申，它们打算为实现核裁军并加强国际不扩散制度而努力。我们承认核武器使用的可能性对全人类构成危险，并有必要处理扩散风险增加的问题、削减核武库、加强核保障并改进核安全，同时，我们仍然认为，有充分理由并急需减少核风险，并沿着建设一个无核武器世界的道路取得切实进展。不扩散和裁军倡议组织的各国外长在柏林重申，他们决心支持并帮助推动落实去年不扩散条约审议大会达成的协商一致成果。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织成员们欢迎在今年裁军谈判会议第一部分和第二部分提出的旨在推动其当前核心问题工作的各项举措，有时还主导也当然积极参与了这些举措。但是，与此同时，我们注意到会议未能从裁军和不扩散领域广泛的积极势头受益，对此我们深表遗憾。迄今为止，它尚未落实不扩散条约审议大会行动计划与其工作有关的三项行动，即关于成立一个附属机构以处理核裁军问题的行动6；有关消极安全保证实质性讨论的行动7；以及有关裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)谈判的行动15。", "我们还不得不承认，会议不仅没有取得进展，从2009年5月一致通过工作方案(CD/1864)的角度来说，事实上还倒退了一步。我们相信，利用共识规则来阻止开展禁产条约的谈判和就其它3个核心问题进行的实质性讨论不仅损害了会议业已受损的信誉，而且还严重削弱了整个多边裁军进程，因此，从长远来说，损及整个国际社会的安全利益。", "10多年来，裁军谈判会议一直未能完成交付给它的就裁军和不扩散文书进行谈判的任务。鉴于这种情况，我们重申，我们坚信裁军谈判会议必须立即开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。然而，虽说耐心当然是一种美德，但是继续被动消极却不是。因此，如果我们在裁军谈判会议第三部分会议中仍不能就开展裂变材料禁产条约谈判达成一致的话，我们决心在今年晚些时候请大会第六十六届会议处理该问题并考虑如何就开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判采取行动。", "当然，我们承认无论选择哪条道路，裂变材料禁产条约不仅从政治角度还是从技术角度来说都至为艰巨。我们认为，这两个层面彼此紧密交织。我们仍然认为尽早开展裂变材料禁产条约的谈判是一个优先事项，同时我们也认为成立一个科学专家小组来专门审查裂变材料禁产条约的技术层面可能会推动并有助于谈判的启动。我们非常愿意与感兴趣的各方探讨这个想法。", "不扩散和裁军倡议组织绝非只关心裁军谈判会议工作中的某一具体方面。要想将它重塑为一个有效运转、成员组成反映本世纪而非上世纪现实的机构，就需要以批判的眼光来审视它当前的工作方法、考查其成员并加强与民间社会的互动。", "尽管我们认为裁军谈判会议恢复实质性工作是最紧急的任务，但是我们对振兴的兴趣却超出了这一范畴。裁军审议委员会是联合国裁军机制另一个从理论上来说非常重要、但却日益失去现实意义的支柱。审查其当前的工作并实行周密的结构改革对它大有好处。", "此外，我们呼吁大会自身的第一委员会提高它在处理裁军和国际安全问题上的实际适切性。考虑到今天辩论的目标，我们要特别吁请它推动裂变材料禁产条约和其它裁军核心问题向前迈进。我们认为，从整体而言，大会应在引导国际社会对多边裁军机制的期望并找到解决持续存在问题的办法方面继续发挥重要作用。我们对此充满期待，并期待着参加今后可能就推进多边裁军谈判这一具有高度现实意义的重要问题展开的辩论。", "泰瑟姆先生(联合王国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你举行本次重要讨论。联合王国欣见你对裁军和不扩散问题表现出个人承诺与领导魄力。继去年9月召开振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议后，我们非常高兴有这个机会进行总结。", "联合王国政府继续坚定致力于一个没有核武器世界的长远目标，并致力于在多边裁军领域取得进展。我们认真对待多边裁军义务，并在过去一年中取得了具体进展。在2010年10月发表的战略防御与安全评论中，我们宣布采取若干裁军措施，削减我们潜艇上的核弹头与导弹数量。我们还为无核武器国家作出了更有力的新保证。", "2011年，国际裁军议程上出现了良好进展。2月份，新的《裁武条约》生效，几周前，《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)承认的五个核武器国家参加了安全理事会五个常任理事国在巴黎举行的会议。这是继联合王国主办2009年会议之后第二次举行此类会议。我们感到高兴的是，会议期间开展了建立信任的讨论，并且有机会详细研究了我们的裁军义务。", "我的法国同事已经代表五常概述了此次会议的成果，这些成果显然表明，我们有共同决心来一起努力，以便兑现在不扩散条约2010年审议大会行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))中作出的承诺。其中包括联合国、美国和俄罗斯作为《不扩散条约》保存国采取务实步骤，兑现我们对执行不扩散条约1995年审议大会关于将中东建成无大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具区的决议所作的承诺。", "我们期待着在该次会议上商定的裁军和建立信任举措方面取得进展。作为后续工作的一部分，联合王国将主办一次与五常伙伴的专家级会议，讨论从我们与挪威一起在核查核弹头拆除情况方面开展的开拓性工作中汲取的经验教训。我们与挪威一起开展的工作表明，核武器国家和无核武器国家都能够通过研究如何核查核裁军情况，为履行其不扩散条约义务作出积极贡献，同时仍然遵守其不扩散义务。的确，无核武器国家在核裁军核查研究方面给予合作是必要的，因为这可促成采取有效和相互信任的技术和程序性解决办法，支持可核查的多边核裁军。", "尽管在其它地方出现了积极的进展和势头，但自去年9月的高级别会议以来，日内瓦的裁军谈判会议迄今尚未进行任何实质性工作。绝大多数国家都支持关于缔结一项将禁止在今后生产用于核武器的裂变材料条约的原则。在裁军谈判会议中开始关于《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)的谈判将是一个重大成就，也是实现我们无核武器世界最终目标的必要基石。遗憾的是，我们都知道，有一个国家继续阻碍迈出这一步。正是由于这个原因，而不是其它原因，我们处于今天的这种情况，自去年9月份高级别会议以来没有在《禁产条约》方面取得任何切实进展。", "如果我们想要向前推进，我们就必须使我们的集体努力侧重于说服所有成员再次商定使裁军谈判会议恢复工作，并且开始谈判一项《禁产条约》。我们的澳大利亚同事和日本同事所组织的会外活动是为此目的采取的一项值得欢迎而且可提供有益信息的举措。", "要切实有效地加强全球裁军和防扩散框架，未来的《禁产条约》就必须禁止所有国家生产用于核武器和其它爆炸装置的裂变材料。因此，联合王国要再次强调，我们坚定致力于在裁军谈判会议中启动有关《禁产条约》的谈判。裁军谈判会议是我们与所有相关国家作为成员国进行谈判的最佳选择。裁军谈判会议这个机构凭借其议事规则，展现了对所有人安全的尊重。而且，我们仍然有一项可以立即执行的工作方案，这个方案已得到所有国家的赞同，只有一个国家除外。CD/1864号文件规定就《禁产条约》举行谈判，并且就裁军谈判会议过去两年来也未取得进展的其它议程项目举行实质性讨论。", "我们必须继续向所有成员保证，裁军谈判会议的既定规则为所有国家的安全利益提供保护，在谈判期间和在最后的签字和批准阶段都是如此。可以预期，一些国家将对《禁产条约》对它们会意味着什么有顾虑。在谈判桌上将有足够机会来讨论所有这些问题和关切。", "五常巴黎会议在公开声明中重申，五常大力支持在裁军谈判会议立即启动《禁产条约》谈判。五常承诺与有关伙伴一起作出新的努力，以推动在大会下一届会议前举行谈判。我们打算在已经举行的会外活动的基础上，与其它相关伙伴进一步详细讨论与该条约有关的主要问题。随着这些讨论的推进，在裁军谈判会议中形成的谈判势头将继续增强。我们吁请各国保持这一势头，并请最后一个剩余国家加入协商一致，停止阻碍这一进程，使裁军谈判会议能够尽快开展工作。这种阻碍一直在破坏联合国内部的多边主义，并且促使一些国家考虑绕过传统体制，以求在《禁产条约》方面取得迅速进展。", "裁军谈判会议急需表明它仍然具有现实意义，而且，它能够证明它有潜力成为最好的手段，找到解决21世纪全球军备控制、裁军和防扩散等挑战的办法。", "戈特默勒女士(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，感谢你给我在今天发言的机会。美国欣见秘书长倡议召开了去年9月份关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议，以期通过该会议促进在裁军谈判会议中的《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)谈判方面取得进展。我们是有关该次高级别会议后续行动的第65/93号决议的共同提案国，我们也欢迎今天有机会回顾一下我们在10个月后处于什么情况。主席先生，美国与你一样致力于取得进展，也与你一样希望确保这一进程向前推进。", "奥巴马总统两年前在布拉格发表演讲时，申明美国致力于“寻求一个无核武器世界的和平与安全”，并且阐述了朝这一方向迈进的近期务实步骤行动计划。自那时以来已取得了重要进展。我将不在这里赘述所有进展，但我想强调几个成功之处，因为它们与就一个优先目标——禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料——开始谈判方面的持续失败形成鲜明对比。", "过去一年中军备控制方面的一个重大成就是与俄罗斯联邦签署的新的《裁武条约》于今年2月生效。《条约》的执行工作正在稳步开展。截至上周末，我们与俄罗斯联邦在执行条约制度方面交换了1 000份通知。此外，我们进行了13次视察，6次由俄罗斯联邦进行，7次由美国进行。我们正在保持我们执行工作的步伐。", "今年5月，奥巴马总统还向参议院提交了《非洲无核武器区条约》和《南太平洋无核武器区条约》的议定书，请参议院提出意见并予以认可。我们正在与《东南亚无核武器区条约》和《中亚无核武器区条约》的缔约国进行讨论，以便达成协议，使美国也能够签署这些条约的议定书。", "美国依然致力于确保批准《全面禁止核试验条约》，我们正在与美国参议院和美国民众沟通交流，介绍这项条约的好处。", "正如法国代表所报告的那样，《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)承认的五个核武器国家，即五常，于6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行了会议，讨论与核裁军和核不扩散有关的问题，特别是在不扩散条约2010年审议大会通过的行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))中列述的务实步骤。巴黎会议是2009年在伦敦开始的讨论的延续，并将在不扩散条约2012年审议大会筹备委员会的框架内举行第三次会议。这些会议正在帮助建立一个有关透明度、核理论和核查的五常对话进程，同时承认，如果我们要为进一步裁军努力建立坚实基础的话，这种对话是必要的。", "美国为在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上启动谈判以缔结一项关于禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料的条约，竭尽了全力。达成这样一项条约，继续是美国和绝大多数其他国家的最高多边优先事项，并且将是不扩散与裁军方面的一项重大国际成就。在其他军备控制和裁军领域取得巨大进展之时，有一个国家却使裁军谈判会议无法再次在裁军舞台上发挥其应有作用，而且无法为达到这个长久未能实现的目标而展开谈判，这更加令人失望。", "美国希望在裁军谈判会议中谈判一项裂变材料禁产条约。我们欢迎澳大利亚和日本倡议在今年裁军谈判会议的主要会议之外，就裂变材料禁产条约进行认真的技术讨论。这一活动是富有成效、实质性的，而且是在平等友好的气氛中进行的，但是这并没有掩盖一个核心事实，即裁军谈判会议受到阻挠，我们今天不比两年前更加接近于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，当时裁军谈判会议全体65个成员国通过了一项妥协工作方案。", "正是由于持续存在这一僵局，我们为在这个问题上取得进展进行了协商。因此，我们感到鼓舞的是，五个常任理事国在巴黎商定，在大会下届会议之前采取步骤，同其他相关伙伴一道重新作出努力，促进这种有关裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，而且我们目前正在规划这些活动。", "关于联合国裁军机制及其如何运作——或为何无法运作——的问题，我注意到，这是各方时常讨论的一个议题。例如，各方面的改进促使裁军谈判会议前身机构当时的成员国在1978年决定成立裁军谈判委员会——不久后改名为裁军谈判会议。他们断定，某些改变——例如轮流担任主席和增加成员数目——将使该机构更有代表性，更有成效。第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议的《最后文件》(第S-10/2号决议)回顾了这些国家的决定。", "最近，各方对裁军谈判会议和其他裁军机制的改革进行了认真思考，并提出了一些令人感兴趣的想法。但是，我们在审议这些建议时应当睁大眼睛，现实地看待当前僵局的根源。尽管该机制当然可以受益于一次调整，但这并不是裁军谈判会议陷于崩溃的根本原因。裁谈会在过去几年中取得了良好的成果：《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。简而言之，如果各国的目标一致，它们就能够在裁军谈判会议中推进该目标，这是我们想要再次看到的情况，首先是在裂变材料禁产条约方面。", "秘书长就如何着手审查多边裁军事务提出了各项建议，并且向我们提供了一份经过深思熟虑的关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)。联合国裁军研究所也提供了富有启发性、能发人深思的材料。各方已经提出了许多想法。", "应当由一个知名人士小组、裁军谈判会议本身，或是其他一些方面继续进行有益的探讨，就下列问题提出建议：如何修改或重新考虑联合国裁军审议委员会的作用，因为多年来，它经历过千辛万苦，但仍然未能就任何议程项目达成共识；以及如何更新日内瓦裁军谈判会议。可以更新它的“十诫”和议程，以反映当前的国际安全环境。成员国也应当审查它的一些其他程序，并建议作出将有助于提高连续性并且使工作重点更突出的改变。", "此外还应包含与下列方面有关的建议：如何确保裁军谈判会议每年商定的工作方案的连续性，例如自动展延已商定的工作方案；如何在防止滥用协商一致规则的同时，保护国家安全利益；裁军谈判会议的扩大是否将改进其效率，以及如何体现审议和谈判机构的普遍裁军目标，同时确保它们的效率并尊重和保护各国的安全关切。这是一个根本问题。在这方面，我们认为，从理论上讲，与193个成员国一道商讨必然会产生复杂情况。我要指出，自1996年扩大为65个成员国之后，裁军谈判会议目前的成员组成尚未表明它有能力发挥谈判机构的职能。", "在探寻新的出路过程中，我们认为需要取得平衡。现状是不可接受的，但我们也应当防止好高骛远，不然我们会迷路。我们在寻找出路时，必须着眼于既定的目标，对国际社会的多数成员而言，这个目标就是缔结裂变材料禁产条约，作为下一个直接多边核裁军步骤。关于再举行一次裁军特别会议的呼吁，充其量只会转移视线。考虑到其失败记录，裁军特别会议并不是唯一或最实用的改革工具。除非我们商定了这样一次会议的目标，否则我们最好把精力放在能够取得进展的地方。", "王民(中国)：主席先生，我感谢你召集此次会议。我也要感谢你和秘书长所做的发言。", "在去年9月举行的多边裁军高级别会议上，各方就日内瓦裁谈会工作和多边裁军谈判问题进行了有益探讨。中方希望此次会议对多边裁军谈判进程起到积极的推进作用。", "军控、裁军与安全休戚相关，历来是国际安全形势变化的“晴雨表”。当前，国际社会普遍希望推进多边裁军进程、特别是裁谈会工作，进一步促进各国安全。", "今年以来，各方对推进裁谈会工作显示出积极意愿和建设性态度，但有关各方分歧尚未弥合。要打破裁谈会僵局，有待裁谈会成员国做出新的努力。", "当前形势下，中国对重振裁谈会工作、推进多边裁军进程有以下主张：", "首先，应尊重和维护裁谈会的权威地位。作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构，裁谈会是任何其他国际机制无法取代的。冷战结束以来，在裁谈会先后谈判达成了《禁止化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》，这两个条约对防止大规模杀伤性武器扩散和推进国际军控和裁军进程功不可没，是经得起历史考验的。只有坚持在裁谈会框架内谈判“禁止生产核武器用裂变材料条约”，才能实现该条约的核裁军和防扩散双重目标，确保条约的权威性、有效性和普遍性。", "第二，应重视和平等对待各国的正当安全关切。裁谈会不可能在真空的环境下开展工作，国际和地区安全形势对其工作势必产生直接和重要影响。无论在启动谈判之前，还是在谈判过程之中，各成员国的正当安全关切都应该得到充分尊重和妥善解决。这才是严肃认真的多边军控条约谈判的目的所在，也是确保条约的公正性、使条约得到普遍支持和遵守的必要前提。", "第三，应保持对裁谈会的信心，进一步发挥创造性思维。", "推进裁谈会工作取得进展，靠的是各成员国的共同努力，尤其是在裁谈会框架内形成合力。另起炉灶的想法和做法显然无助于推进裁谈会工作，也不可能谈出一个好的“禁产条约”。越是在面临僵局和困难的时候，裁谈会成员国越应更加充分地发挥政治智慧和外交上的创造力，保持裁谈会启动“禁产条约”谈判的势头，不遗余力地寻找推进裁谈会就“禁产条约”相关问题开展实质性工作的途径。", "第四，应致力于全面推进裁谈会的工作。“禁产条约”谈判应该早日启动。与此同时，裁谈会也有必要围绕核裁军、防止外空军备竞赛、对无核国家安全保证这几项重要议题开展实质性工作。这是裁谈会最广大成员国的呼声。我相信，上述三项议题方面的工作将对“禁产条约”谈判起到积极的促进作用。", "中国一贯支持裁谈会工作，支持尽早在裁谈会启动“禁产条约”谈判。中国在今年担任裁谈会轮值主席期间，与其他轮值主席充分合作，与成员国广泛协商，为弥合各方分歧、打破目前僵局做出了不懈努力。我们希望各方尊重彼此正当安全关切，并继续通过认真、平等、公开、透明的对话和协商，致力于尽早就裁谈会工作计划达成一致，启动裁谈会各项实质性工作。", "不断推进国际军控和裁军进程符合各方共同利益，也是各国肩负的历史责任。我们相信裁谈会成员国的政治意愿和集体智慧，对裁谈会早日启动“禁产条约”谈判及其他领域的实质性工作保持信心。与此同时，我们也迫切地呼吁各方为此做出新的努力与尝试。中国愿与各方一道，为推进多边军控与裁军事业的健康发展、维护世界和平与安全而加倍努力。", "沙佩尔先生(荷兰)(以英语发言)：我谨代表以下41个国家发言：澳大利亚、奥地利、阿尔巴尼亚、比利时、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、德国、匈牙利、意大利、爱尔兰、日本、肯尼亚、大韩民国、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、墨西哥、黑山、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其和乌拉圭。", "这些国家来自全球很多区域，共同致力于加强多边裁军系统(这将是我今天发言的主题)，以使这一系统达到其目的。主席先生，我们感谢你组织这次会议，提供了一个机会来评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来所取得的进展。", "我刚才提到的41个国家感到遗憾的是，十多年来，多边裁军机制、尤其是裁军谈判会议，没有满足国际社会的期望，《第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议最后文件》(第S/10-2号决议)、大量大会决议所载的决定和建议，以及不扩散核武器条约审议大会的成果文件中都表达了这些期望。裁军谈判会议根本没有完成任务，没有通过有效的多边军备控制、裁军及不扩散文书来应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战。", "几年来，新的多边裁军文书方面缺乏进展，这直接影响了我们在二十一世纪的共同安全，并且削弱了多边裁军系统。虽然其他多边裁军论坛取得了进展，但是裁军谈判会议未能发掘其潜力，也没能就感兴趣的国家更广泛参与和加强与民间社会成员的接触等问题达成一致。", "我们各国认为裁军谈判会议停滞不前、陷于僵局，以及缺乏成果的可悲情况是不可接受的。我们迫切需要振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推动多边裁军谈判。在这方面，我们高度赞赏秘书长提出的支持这些努力的倡议。", "2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议强调了各国对裁军谈判会议陷于僵局的原因的看法。但最重要的是，高级别会议更加清楚地表明，国际社会不想只是进行审议，而是要不再拖延地采取行动。", "各成员可能意识到，在2011年裁军谈判会议过程中，包括在你、主席先生于3月访问日内瓦时与你的互动中，在日内瓦的成员越来越多地以口头和文件方式表达了他们对这种僵局的关切。他们还向秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员表示了其关切。", "但是，尽管历届裁军谈判会议主席十多年来做出了相当大的努力，尽管裁谈会成员提出了各种建议和倡议，以及尽管通过了本来会使裁谈会完成其任务的各项决定，但是裁谈会仍未能开展实质性工作。", "在纽约这里，联合国裁军审议委员会再一次遗憾地未能提出任何具体建议。我们认为这进一步显示了更广泛多边裁军机制所面临的持续挑战。", "如果多边裁军机制尤其是裁军谈判会议不能克服这个危机，那么国际社会，尤其是大会，将需要做出反应，并且认真考虑克服危机的方法和途径。我们再也不能在2012年1月召开另一届会议，同时认为持续的僵局是既成事实，而且我们对此无能为力。", "各国已经在讨论不同的可选办法。有些国家侧重于让大会在推动多边裁军谈判方面发挥更加主要和积极的作用。有些国家则注重执行先前在裁军谈判会议和其他相关多边论坛达成的各项协议。有些国家力求加强谈判的筹备工作。有些国家把重点放在努力在裁军谈判会议范围内启动一个正式的振兴进程。有些国家则力求纳入一个更广泛的裁军机制改革进程。", "虽然这些不同倡议的侧重点不同，但是正在对其进行探讨——需要进行探讨——包括通过找到最有效的方法实现无核武器世界来加强全球安全。我们希望本次辩论能够为我们提供一个合适的平台，继续以透明、包容性方法，探讨本着注重成果的精神有效推动多边裁军谈判的所有未来可能的可选办法。无论是在日内瓦还是在这里，我们都必须担负起我们的责任，毫不拖延地有效处理这些关切。", "我们欢迎秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会关注裁军机制面临的问题。与此同时，我们承认，造成当前困难的责任在于各国，找到解决办法的责任也落在各国的肩上。我们随时准备为这项前瞻性工作做出积极和建设性贡献。参与多边裁军谈判并为其成功做出贡献符合世界各国的重要利益，同时也是它们的一种权利与义务。", "Kim Sook先生(大韩民国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先我愿与前面的发言者一道，对你召开本次会议表示衷心感谢。大韩民国是请求召开本次会议信函的联署成员国之一，它赞同荷兰代表刚才所作的发言。但是，此刻，我愿以我国代表的身份发言。", "近年来，我们为实现核裁军和不扩散领域期待已久的突破采取了许多积极步骤。仅在去年，我们就目睹签署了新的《裁武条约》，在华盛顿特区召开了核安全问题首脑会议，在不扩散核武器缔约国审议大会上一致通过了时间跨度为十年的《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))。特别是在不扩散条约2010年审议大会上通过《最后文件》无异于国际社会正式承认，裁军和不扩散再次成为全球议程的核心。", "继其它裁军领域出现这一系列积极动态后，现在我们对振兴裁军谈判会议寄予了比近年来其它任何时候都要高的期望。2010年9月，作为国际社会对裁军谈判会议的一种回应，秘书长召开了一次高级别会议，从而反映了国际社会的期望。我们还注意到今年许多代表团做出了各种努力。尽管如此，裁军谈判会议的工作仍进展甚微，国际社会的耐心正在逐步耗尽。此外，联合国裁军审议委员会(裁审会)自1999年以来也一直未提出任何最后文件或建议。多边裁军机制实际上处于严重混乱之中。", "我们认为，让裁军谈判会议回到正轨上来是所有解决方案的核心。裁谈会的进一步瘫痪不仅有可能危及它作为裁军事务首要论坛的地位与合法性，而且还有可能破坏包括裁审会在内的多边裁军机制的基础。我坚信，如果裁军谈判会议希望继续发挥核心作用的话，它就应迅速行动起来。", "为鼓励裁军谈判会议向前迈进，最重要的是，各国有必要在其安全考虑和工作方式上表现出更大的政治灵活度。只有各国表现出灵活度与合作精神，裁军谈判会议才能取得重大进展，并与迅速变化的裁军大环境保持同步。会议进程现在需要的不是没完没了和空洞的辩论，而是具体的行动。", "正如大韩民国在2010年9月高级别会议上所建议的那样，同时也鉴于今天上午秘书长又再次提出这一建议，我谨呼吁成立一个在秘书长主持下的知名人士小组，以找到解决裁军谈判会议当前困难的办法。", "在这方面，我们欢迎秘书长关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告(A/65/228)，在报告中，他支持成立这个小组。秘书长的咨询委员会指出，一个知名人士小组可能会有助于幕后谈判，并吸引全球高度关注该问题。最近我们看到在千年发展目标和气候变化筹资等领域成立了类似小组。它们可以作为良好的范例。", "我们知道，裁军谈判会议是大会催生的一个机构，因而大会对它催生的这个机构所面临的困境进行讨论，是很自然的。在这方面，我认为，裁军谈判会议的内部努力以及其外部政治驱动力都有可能大大帮助打破裁谈会所处的僵局。我希望大会第一委员会今年将继续讨论如何振兴多边裁军机制。", "大韩民国认为，国际社会一致认为在裁军谈判会议面前的所有问题中，最需要谈判缔结的是一项禁止生产用于武器的裂变材料条约。裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的谈判对于核不扩散与核裁军来说都是不可或缺的。裂变材料禁产条约和《全面禁止核试验条约》对于全球核裁军和防扩散制度来说，具有象征性和实质性的至关重要意义。我们相信，我们一旦开始裂变材料禁产条约的谈判，这一势头必将导致就诸如核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及消极安全保证等其它重大问题进一步展开全面而平衡的讨论。", "大韩民国再次呼吁裁军谈判会议所有成员给予合作，以尽早开始关于裂变材料禁产条约的实质性工作，这不仅有利于核不扩散，而且也更广泛有利于核裁军。大韩民国将尽其所能，以启动裁军谈判会议进程。", "茹科夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦全心全意地支持振兴多边裁军、防扩散和军备控制机制。我们支持维持并加强现有的三大裁军机构：联合国裁军审议委员会、第一委员会以及裁军谈判会议。这些论坛已证明了它们的必要性与效率，并为维护国际和平与安全做出了重要贡献。", "我们认为，现在问题并不在于彻底重组这些机构，而在于凝聚政治意愿启动这些机制，以达成新的普遍性裁军和防扩散协议。我们认为，多边裁军进程——即裁军谈判会议内部——的当前现状并不是多边裁军机制任何系统性瘫痪导致的结果，而是反映各国在裁军和不扩散问题上有着不同侧重点，而且它们对国家正当利益的看法存在差异。裁谈会各种问题的根源来自其外部。", "显然，裁军谈判会议处理的是非常敏感的问题，即国家安全问题。在这方面，与其它任何地方不同，我们必须愿意在利益平衡基础上达成合理妥协。此外，我们不应将造成裁军谈判会议处境的原因过于简单化，或将其归结为程序上的分歧或企望与要求上的冲突。", "重要的是，尽管最近有人发出了要裁军谈判会议关门、改变其基本工作原则或启动新模式的极端呼声，但是该论坛的绝大多数参与者仍广泛确认保留裁军谈判会议作为关键的多边裁军机制非常重要。一些国家建议的休克疗法是一种极端步骤，有可能不仅使裁军谈判会议最终陷入瘫痪，还有可能严重削弱所有三大裁军机构，并最终摧毁现有裁军机制。", "我们不能同意这种办法。没有什么灵丹妙药。我们的目标必须带着耐心以尊重彼此的态度去寻求共同接受的打破僵局的办法，而不是仓促草率地采取措施和作出决定。不仅对于程序性事宜，而且对于实质性问题而言，都应如此，更不用说拒绝提供资助等惩罚性措施。", "在这方面，我们支持裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生采取的平衡办法，其主旨是，裁军轨道上，包括裁军谈判会议中的停滞不前状况主要不是由于裁军机制的种种缺陷，而是由世界地缘政治局势、各国之间的战略冲突以及缺乏政治意愿。", "我们反对审查裁军谈判会议“协商一致”的主要工作原则。与此同时，我们愿意采取灵活态度，并寻求可以打破僵局的新办法。在这方面，一个有意思的想法会是增加裁军谈判会议成员，促进非政府组织的更多参与，并且加强有关裁军事务的公共宣传。", "普遍性的裁军协议可在联合国的主持下、以协商一致为基础来制订。只有在这种情况下，这些协议才会行之有效，并且适应新的现实和挑战。把谈判转到想法一致国家间的平行轨道上，不可能带来任何普遍性或者可行的条约。我们坚信，振兴裁军谈判会议将有利于所有会员国。我们认为，除了带着耐心以尊重彼此的态度进行对话，以便减轻裁军谈判会议某些成员国的安全关切，或者在裁军谈判会议议程基础上达成协议外，别无他法。", "CD/1864号文件是达成妥协的现实基础。俄罗斯联邦支持这份文件，由此表明我们愿意考虑我们的伙伴的立场，并且同意妥协。我们期望我们的伙伴们也这么做。俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议中的优先事项是制订一项禁止在外空部署一切类型武器的条约。我们和中国提交的条约草案考虑了所有国家的利益，无一例外。", "另一个重大挑战是起草一项普遍、公平而且可核查的裂变材料禁产条约。这项条约如获通过，将是朝加强裁军和核不扩散制度方向又迈出一步。", "巴沃先生(瑞士)(以法语发言)：主席先生，请允许我感谢并祝贺你召开此次2010年9月24日振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议的后续会议。你的倡议和参与肯定将帮助我们在这个问题上向前推进。", "瑞士完全赞同荷兰代表此前以40个国家的名义所作的发言。请允许我从瑞士的角度补充谈几点。", "瑞士完全支持秘书长推动多边裁军谈判和振兴裁军谈判会议工作的倡议。这一进程已经产生重要影响。自2010年9月以来，我们看到，第一委员会、裁军谈判会议和联合国裁军审议委员会都进行了重要讨论。过去10个月来，已经清楚的是，越来越多的国家认为，在与裁军有关的各种问题上缺乏进展的状况不可接受。在讨论过程中，同样显而易见的是，有越来越多的国家认为，迫切需要重振裁军机制并开始实质性工作，尤其重要的是应通过就裁军谈判会议议程上四个核心问题中的一个或几个进行谈判来这样做。", "瑞士坚信，当前不能就新的多边裁军和防扩散文书达成一致的情况已经破坏了多边裁军体系，这种趋势从长期来看不符合任何国家的利益。为了解决这种情况，我们必须通过调动政治意愿和在裁军谈判会议外部增加压力，寻求在该机构内部作出补充性努力。我们还必须认识到，目前的僵局不能完全归咎于外部政治因素，它也与体制问题有关。目前的机制显然没有能力激发必要的政治意愿，也不能在政治意愿在发展的时候加以利用。", "为了向前推进，我们还必须建立体现并且能够处理当前现实的体制和机制。我们生活在一个全球化、相互依存的世界中，面临着诸多共同裁军和防扩散挑战。必须摒弃只从一个层面处理军备控制、裁军和防扩散问题的做法，而应采取更加全面综合的办法。至关重要的是应认识到，裁军和防扩散活动影响国际社会感到关切的众多领域，而不仅仅是和平与安全，这些活动对人的安全、人权、发展、环境和卫生等问题都有影响。只有我们把这些方面都纳入考虑，我们才能够应对我们面临的挑战。", "我们的体制不应当再以显然已经过时的国家安全压倒一切的理念为基础，也不应再继续偏向于这种理念。如果不对其进行改变，裁军谈判会议就有可能偏袒某些国家的利益，而牺牲全世界大多数国家和人民的利益。我们坚信，必须以包容性方式开展工作，并且要以所有利益攸关方，如其它相关国家、专家界或民间社会代表的意见为基础。", "我们需要旨在产生成果而非维持现状的机制。这些体制必须既敏于应对，又有预防性，而且能够拿出处理当前和未来挑战所需要的文书。因此，瑞士要重申，国际社会需要能够鼓励就所有与广义裁军相关问题进行有意义、及时、有包容性和有效讨论与谈判的机制、平台和环境。这必须是我们的长期目标。", "尽管2010年9月24日高级别会议的意图是推动有关如何克服裁军谈判会议僵局的讨论，但自那时以来，局面没有得到改善。从许多方面来说，今天的僵局更加严重。瑞士认为，我们现在必须同时和持续地在各个层面和若干领域采取实际行动，以此作为当前对话的补充。", "在日内瓦裁军谈判会议中，在今年剩下的时间里以及在2012年会议期间，各方必须在现有框架内启动实质性工作，并且开始谈判。裁谈会还必须继续以更有系统和更注重成果的方式反思其优势和弱点，以便作出必要改变，使裁谈会更能发挥作用。裁谈会除了表明它能够产生成果之外，别无选择。", "在第一委员会第六十六届会议期间，会员国也许想考虑启动针对具体问题的进程，例如设立不限成员名额的审议核裁军问题的工作组，包括审议裂变材料或防止外空军备竞赛等问题。这些进程应当以日内瓦为基地，利用裁军谈判会议内外的无与伦比的专业知识。为了可持续地开展这些进程并且鼓励裁军谈判会议恢复工作，这些进程应当是相辅相成的，未来可能在该论坛中取得突破，并且其设计方式要让我们能够在适当阶段把相关成果传达给裁军谈判会议。", "在大会一级的更广大范围内，会员国应当提出新思维、新主意和务实的办法以推动振兴进程。这些基础工作至关重要，将为更深入的改革进程获得必要的更广泛支持，铺平道路。在这方面，执行秘书长裁军事项咨询委员会最近报告中的建议，设立一个高级别小组，负责迅速制定这一改革的建议，可以是向前迈出的一个建设性步骤。", "最后，我谨强调，在我们设法进一步努力振兴多边裁军机制时，瑞士仍然认为需要一些常设裁军代表团，在来自政府、国际组织和民间社会的专家的支助下，审查执行现有协议的问题和谈判新的文书。我们也继续认为，需要一个类似于裁军谈判会议的常设论坛，以处理我们领域中的挑战并促进二十一世纪的全球安全。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴重申，促进多边主义这个裁军谈判的核心原则的重要性。按照《联合国宪章》，商定的多边解决办法是处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续方法。", "在裁军机制中，裁军谈判会议在关于普遍接受的裁军条约的多边谈判中发挥着关键作用。如果裁军谈判会议不存在，我们将必须立即创建它。我们对于裁军谈判会议十多年来无法进行实质性工作感到遗憾。一些人坚持认为，原因在于它的工作方法和议事规则。古巴不同意这种解释。关于我们评估的正确性的最佳证明就是，裁军谈判会议发生的情况并非裁军机制中的孤立现象。", "例如，联合国裁军审议委员会今年连续第12次没有商定实质性建议即收场，绝非偶然。此外，第一委员会每年通过的数十项决议——特别是有关裁军的决议——根本未获执行。大会第四次专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议仍未召开，尽管不结盟运动多年来坚持要求召开它。", "古巴支持联合国裁军机制包括裁军谈判会议的改进。然而，我们相信，多数裁军机制目前陷于瘫痪，这首先是某些国家缺乏取得真正成果特别是裁军成果的政治意愿所引起的。", "我们感到关切的是，一些代表团暗示，现在要把裁军谈判会议抛在一边，转而开展替代性谈判进程。古巴反对以联合国范围以外的受某些国家控制的有选择性和即兴的临时安排来取代裁军谈判会议。如果强加这种标准，我们将危险地倒退。解决办法并不是开始忽略裁军谈判会议，或缩小其重要性。相反，我们大家今天应比以往更有责任维护和加强它。", "裁军谈判会议必须尽早通过一项全面和均衡的工作方案，其中将真正的裁军优先事项列入考虑。古巴愿意同裁军谈判会议一道，就消除和禁止核武器的条约、禁止外空军备竞赛的条约、对古巴这样的无核武器国家作出有效安全保证的条约以及禁止生产用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约开展谈判。我们认为，裁军谈判会议能够同时支持这些谈判。", "谈判有关禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料的条约将是积极的行动，但如果没有确定随后实现核裁军的步骤，这一行动本身仍然不够充分。", "核裁军是并且必须继续是裁军的最高优先事项。在此基础上，必须在裁军谈判会议范围内达成共识。裁军谈判会议必须紧急开始谈判一项在特定时间范围内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约。核武器的存在本身以及有关拥有和使用核武器的理论对国际和平与安全构成严重威胁。当今世界上有将近23 000件核武器，其中7 560件可供立即使用，这是根本不可接受的状况。", "8月22日，古巴将担任裁军谈判会议主席并负责起草和谈判该机构提交第一委员会的报告。我们的坚定目标是，竭尽全力促进该机构按照其谈判有关裁军和军备控制的国际条约的任务规定，进行实质性谈判。这将需要裁军谈判会议每个成员国作出贡献。我们的手中掌握着以具体行动证明我们对裁军与和平的承诺的机会。", "申善浩先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我对你召开今天的重要会议，表示赞赏。也请允许我表示希望，本次会议将为振兴裁军谈判会议和使它回到正轨，提供良好的机会。", "我国代表团完全支持阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹先生以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "核裁军仍然是实现世界和平与安全的最高优先事项。1945年首次出现核武器标志着用来危害人类的最具毁灭性武器的历史的开端。向日本广岛和长崎投掷核炸弹是这种武器历史上发生的极为重要的事件，足以向世界证明，甚至一枚核武器就能给全球和平安全造成毁灭性的后果。此外，1945年出现第一个核武器国家是造成核武器向世界其他地方扩散从而引起连锁反应的根本原因。如果人类科学的伟大成就没有被用于可导致全人类毁灭的不光彩的危险目的，那么核武器的扩散今天可能不是问题。正如我们可以看到的那样，核武器是一个直接关系到人类生存及世界和平与安全的问题。", "核武器国家有不可避免的义务履行其依照现有国际准则所作的承诺。1996年，国际法院向世界非常清楚地表明，使用核武器违反国际法。国际法院提请我们注意，所有其他现有武器无例外皆受条约或公约的充分监督，但核武器却仍然处于多边国际法之外。对无核武器国家的消极安全保证也是如此。", "最近出现的事态发展为核裁军的前景蒙上阴影，成为国际社会关注的焦点。使人想起冷战的核理论公开促进核武器现代化方案。我提请各位成员注意，有关项目正在开展，以便研制像常规武器那样使用的小型核武器。", "此外，导弹防御系统的研制不顾国际社会的关切，正在稳步向前迈进。为应对称为“无赖国家”研发的所谓弹道导弹而开展这一防御系统根本不符合逻辑，因为这一系统投资巨大，而且地理网络覆盖全世界。导弹防御系统的性质和范围毫无掩饰地披露了其辩护者的真实目标。这个真实目标无非就是获取对其核对手的绝对核优势和全球霸权。", "在目前不断变化的世界，人们可以容易地预言，这一危险举措最终将引发新的核军备竞赛。这表明，世界最大核武器国家已失去其出于任何原因在国际社会面前谈论扩散问题的法律和道德理由。如果最大核武器国家真想防止扩散，它就应当通过谈判缔结废除核武器的条约来树立良好的榜样。", "全面和彻底消除核武器仍然是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的一贯政策。应当以有时限、可核查、不可逆转和具有法律约束力的方式缔结消除核武器的条约。朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的这一政策很好地反映数十年来我国在持续不断外来核威胁和核讹诈下所面临的独特安全环境。自美国于1957年将首枚核武器引入南朝鲜以来，那里的核武器数量现已超过1 000枚。", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国作为裁军谈判会议的成员国和现任主席国，将作出一切努力向前推进裁军谈判会议。核裁军、消极安全保证、禁止在外层空间部署武器和禁产裂变材料都是裁军谈判会议的未决议题。令人遗憾的是，核裁军和消极安全保证问题尚未得到解决，尽管这些问题有随着联合国的成立即已开始的长达数十年之久的讨论历史。", "裁军谈判会议陷入僵局已持续十多年，原因是缺乏政治意愿。如果裁军谈判会议要向前迈进，它就应当充分考虑所有会员国的安全利益。在这方面，裁军谈判会议于2009年通过的工作方案具有价值，应当予以重新考虑，因为该工作方案平等地反映议程所列所有未决问题。", "拉加利尼先生(意大利)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我首先再次表示，我国代表团感谢你安排本次关于重振裁军谈判会议的辩论会，对秘书长于2010年9月召开的高级别会议采取后续行动。", "我们完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员先前所作的发言。我们还赞同荷兰代表团以包括我国在内的若干观点相同的国家的名义提出的看法。然而，我要以我国代表的身份提出几点意见作为对本次辩论会的贡献，并确定对这一举措和去年开展的一般努力可能采取的具体后续行动。", "裁军谈判会议十多年来一直停滞不前。它未能开展其核心任务，那就是谈判裁军和不扩散领域的全球国际文书。但我要指出，整个国际裁军机制目前正经历严重困难。联合国裁军审议委员会尽管仍然是供各方进行深入讨论的有益论坛，但多年来一直未能就实质性的建议或决定达成一致。", "总的来说，尽管我们近年来看到取得巨大成功，但这些成功是通过双边渠道在裁军谈判会议之外的论坛或通过既定的联合国裁军机制以外的临时方式取得的。然而，意大利仍然坚信一个专门致力于全球裁军谈判的论坛的重要性和真正必要性。这种论坛将推进国际和平与裁军事业。", "继续声称裁军谈判会议不能正常运作是由于缺乏政治意愿在我们看来已不再可信。例如，今年有两个会员国主动就裂变材料禁产条约的具体方面组织三次出席情况良好和非常成功的会边活动，以克服裁军谈判会议由程序问题产生的停滞。会边活动大大提高了会员国对未来条约的主要问题的了解。一俟谈判开始，此举将证明对各方都有裨益。", "在我们看来，使裁军谈判会议停滞不前的原因不是缺乏政治意愿，而是少数成员滥用议事规则。2009年，裁军谈判会议一致通过了一项工作方案，以便就裂变材料禁产条约开展谈判，并设立了四个临时工作组，其中一个工作组负责进行这些谈判。然而，由于未能就组织事项达成共识，例如为会议确定时间、地点和轮值主席，裁军谈判会议无法执行该工作方案。因此，应当进一步考虑审查裁谈会的一些工作方法，以便提高其效力和效率。", "裁军谈判会议议事规则的其他规定也应加以重新评估。主席由各国逐月轮任，此种更换似乎过于频繁，不利于裁谈会工作的延续性。初步建议是，一年当中由两个轮值主席国主持该机构的工作似乎更妥。主席的决策权也能更为具体。此外，要求每年通过一份工作方案的规定似乎是不明智的。这使任何成员在12月31日后都能无限期地阻挠谈判。应当考虑在其后各年中继续沿用裁谈会最初通过的工作方案，除非成员一致商定新的工作方案。", "当然，我们并非看不到在修改会议议事规则方面所遇到的困难。正如我们去年在关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作的高级别会议上提到的那样，政治问题无法靠程序性办法来解决。但是，我们也相信，必须拿出勇气和决心来处理这个问题，同时努力解决根本的政治问题。裁谈会全体成员需要为此而努力。", "恢复裁军谈判会议的工作再也不能推延了。这已成为一项紧迫要务。目前的僵局正在迅速地摧毁裁谈会本已所剩无几的声誉和权威。", "如果在大会第六十六届会议结束的时候仍无法作出决定，促使裁谈会如CD/1864号文件——2009年通过的工作方案——指出的那样，恢复谈判，那么我们担心，那项关于在裁谈会之外进行谈判的提议将会得势。意大利虽不乐见此种结局，但是当然也不反对，因为核裁军及核不扩散是我们外交政策的重点领域。", "为促使在振兴裁谈会方面达成一致，意大利愿意考虑与今后讨论消极安全保证问题有关的各项提议，以期未来可能在此问题上展开谈判。《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)固然是阻止核武器主要原材料供应的工具，但同时也需要作出消极安全保证，以使非核武器国家不担心会对它们使用或威胁使用核武器。", "这两个目标完全反映了我们对实现无核武器世界的共同期望。它们也是加强核不扩散制度的一个途径。在这个背景下，我们也应当铭记，去年在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上通过的关于后续行动的结论和建议(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))在述及裁谈会的实质性任务时，仅提到两个项目，即《禁产条约》和消极安全保证。", "今天的辩论证实了国际社会对裁谈会及整个裁军机制的关注。大会可在这一领域发挥具体作用，而今天的讨论实际上可以对进一步开展行动起到催化作用。我们希望尽快在大会下一届会议上，特别是在第一委员会中继续这一讨论，并就如何在裁军和防扩散领域恢复谈判提出具体想法。", "科门特先生(奥地利)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我感谢你在奥地利以及其他48个国家的要求下安排今天的大会辩论，讨论这一重要的议程项目。但是，我还要表示，奥地利感到失望的是，这场辩论实际上已变得必不可缺，因为我们没有达到去年关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议的要求，既未能振兴裁军谈判会议，也未能推进多边裁军谈判，这正是一种明显的失败迹象。", "我们完全赞成以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言，以及荷兰代表以跨区域会员国组群名义所作的发言。此外，我们想作以下评论。", "与其他国家一样，奥地利欣见最近国际安全政策出现的积极势头。与此同时，国际社会要求进行具体的裁军及防扩散问题多边谈判的愿望却继续受挫。多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议，依然处于僵局。去年我们希望能产生的势头并未实现。虽然在找出裁谈会所存在的问题上，各方意见明显趋于一致，但迄今未就必要的解决办法达成一致。", "举例来说，关于程序性问题，我们认为，裁谈会的程序结构，特别是其协商一致规则，不符合二十一世纪的需要。奥地利认为，我们在裁谈会上看到的那种从程序上挟持会议的做法是不可接受的。我们负有共同的责任，必须找出各种办法，防止以此种方式持续滥用协商一致规则。", "虽然过去曾经有过一些成功，但由于程序性工具似乎能确保任何时候都可以不受限制地行使否决权，裁军谈判会议现已成为一个完全形同虚设的多边裁军论坛。裁谈会拒绝吸纳新成员，而且在与民间社会互动接触方面，情况令人沮丧——这些是反映裁谈会工作方法陈旧过时的其他例子。", "但是，裁谈会所面临的不光是程序性问题。归根到底，裁谈会长期以来一直处于瘫痪状态，其根源是政治问题以及没有足够的解决问题的政治意愿。裁谈会成员国无法一致商定开始进行关于《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)的谈判。奥地利希望这些谈判能够立即开始。今天，有一个成员国表示反对开始这些谈判。", "然而，裁军谈判会议的政治问题以及造成其僵局的原因有其更深层的根源。对于裁谈会及其自1997年以来的瘫痪局面，各方普遍负有责任。此外，我们不仅在《禁产条约》上未能达成一致。核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及消极安全保证，也是引起分歧的问题。因此，核心问题在于缺乏通过多边渠道缔结多边条约，从而解决裁军和防扩散问题的真正政治承诺。与任何其他论坛相比，在裁军谈判会议中，缺乏承诺的问题最为严重。", "这就引出了这样一个问题，即：裁谈会实际上是否依然能作为多边裁军谈判的有效论坛发挥作用。奥地利认为，裁谈会不仅已信誉大失，而且还有可能丧失其合法性。在过去14年里，裁谈会未能履行其任务规定。我们不能再继续脱离现实，想当然地以为我们即将打破裁谈会的僵局。", "奥地利坚定致力于多边主义，并且极为重视多边机构。但是这些机构本身并不是目的。归根到底，我们所作努力的着眼点并不是裁军谈判会议这个机构，而是要在多边裁军谈判上取得进展。", "在找到问题之后，是否有什么解决之道呢？我们认为，基本上有两个可选方案。", "一方面，我们可以通过裁谈会或者在裁谈会内部，继续展开工作，与各成员国一道努力，并等待各成员国最终达成一致意见。然而，我们显然不能把政治意愿强加于各成员国。14年来，我们一直努力弥补在形成平衡工作方案方面存在的不足，但却一无所获，因此，这一办法看起来不太有望成功。", "裁谈会成员国也可力图通过改变会议的工作方法来推动取得进展，例如明确说明协商一致规则不适用于工作方案等程序性问题，或者在特殊情况下暂时停止实施这一规定。成员国最终可以吸纳那些已表达其参与裁谈会工作意愿的国家，并通过向民间社会开放，利用外部知识专长和投入，启发新的思维。", "这些都将是重要的措施。然而，这些措施同样被讨论了多年，却毫无实际进展。因此我们的疑问是：即便是最温和的措施，它们在裁谈会内部是否有机会取得一致；更重要的是，这些措施能否切实带来政治上的突破。", "我们认为，我们应当另辟蹊径，也探讨裁谈会框架外的办法。比如，我们认为大会可以在裁军谈判中发挥更加积极、直接和核心的作用。", "某些人缺乏政治意愿，或者更糟糕的是，缺乏对取得多边进展的真正承诺，这不应成为阻止国际社会其它成员向前迈进的理由。我们坚信，也可以通过启动谈判并处理多年来在议程上僵持不下的问题，从而在过程中凝聚政治意愿。正是基于这一背景，奥地利期待着第一委员会下届会议将就如何推进并促成多边裁军谈判做出实质性决定。我们再也等不起了。", "归根结底，重要的是要取得实质性成功。我们务使各项文书为成功提供便利，而不是相反成为成功的障碍。自去年召开不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会以来，我们再次明确承诺要实现一个没有核武器的世界。这是一个集体承诺，我们需要付诸行动。我们必须开始具体侧重于能使我们通过裁军谈判会议、大会或任何其它建设性多边做法来实现该目标的各种因素。", "克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先请允许我感谢你就这个重要问题召开本次会议。", "印度尼西亚完全赞同埃及常驻代表早些时候以不结盟运动名义所做的发言。", "印度尼西亚长期致力于一个没有核武器和其它大规模毁灭性武器的世界，它期待今天的讨论将营造出明确的政治势头，以使我们得以克服一直妨碍在多边裁军目标上取得进展的种种障碍。", "继一致通过不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I))以及美国和俄罗斯联邦签署新的《裁武条约》后，我们从2010年9月24日的高级别会议上看到了解决裁军谈判会议僵局的真正契机。从任何意义上来说，这都是两项重要和极有价值的成就。打破数十年来核裁军领域里的僵局似乎终于指日可待了。它点燃了新的希望：国际社会也许可以通过在这些重要成就和新达成谅解的基础上再接再厉，从而在可预见的未来实现一个没有核武器世界的愿景。", "因而，自9月份会议以来全球核裁军议程一直没有取得切实进展令人失望就可以理解了。在日内瓦，裁军谈判会议仍未能就一项均衡和全面的工作方案达成协议；而在纽约，联合国裁军审议委员会的会议又一次以未能商定实质性建设而告终。", "尽管去年做出了承诺，但是在执行不扩散条约审议大会的《最后文件》包括执行其任务授权、召开关键的2012年关于设立中东无核武器区会议方面却进展甚微。", "印度尼西亚强调，充分履行裁军、不扩散及军备控制领域中的各项国际商定承诺非常重要。现在是各国特别是核武器国家兑现它们对全面核裁军作出的承诺的时候了。为此采取有时限要求的行动是建立信任、确保振兴裁军谈判会议并启动有效裁军谈判的最佳途径。", "我们应明确一点。正如秘书长和不结盟运动主席今天上午指出的那样，并不是联合国裁军机制本身出了问题，因为正是这一机制促成了草拟设立无核武器区、常规军备控制、限制以及裁军问题指导方针的工作。也正是这一机制及其前身体系使得《化学武器公约》和《生物武器公约》、《不扩散条约》以及《全面禁止核试验条约》等条约成为可能。", "我们同意程序非常重要，但是我们不应抱有任何幻想。如果缺乏实现目标的意愿，那么再好的程序也不会结出成果。印度尼西亚相信，有了政治意愿，裁军谈判会议就能够推动就核武器公约、消极安全保证、按照香农任务授权就裂变材料禁产条约以及就防止外层空间军备竞赛的条约开展谈判。", "我们还强调，在关于裁军问题的首次特别会议上通过的协商一致的《最后文件》(S-10/2号决议)仍然有效，在这个与会国数量最多的会议上制定了全面裁军战略。我们敦促各国再次发挥各自作用，召开关于裁军问题的第四届特别会议，并使它取得圆满成功。", "最后，请允许我再次强调本次会议对于凝聚政治意愿以实施具体裁军步骤十分重要。我们大家必须携手努力，推行旨在从我们的星球上根除核武器和其它大规模毁灭性武器祸患的各项措施。为此，印度尼西亚决心一如既往，继续发挥其积极作用。", "乌里瓦里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言)：哥斯达黎加对大会有此机会评估国际裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议现状的问题表示欢迎。我们希望本次辩论会将振兴会议的工作，再次激起变革它的政治意愿，改革其工作方法，从而改进会议。", "哥斯达黎加赞同荷兰常驻代表以第65/93号决议41个提案国的名义所作的发言，该发言为本次辩论会奠定了基础。尽管裁军谈判会议的成员组成不对外开放，它陷于僵局之中，我们也无法作为一个拥有完全权利的成员参加会议，但是对哥斯达黎加来说，它仍是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。我们肯定它在加强全球安全和促进国际稳定方面发挥的主导作用。自1994年以来我们就一直持这一观点，当时我们曾对参加会议表示过正当兴趣但未得到满足，现在我们作为驻日内瓦非正式观察员国小组的一个积极成员再次表示有此兴趣。", "裁军不是一个仅仅关系到军事事务的孤立问题，而是一个关系到所有人并影响我们每个人的有机过程。在这方面，我们必须不断努力，以通过有效谈判取得进展。因此，我们对会议陷于瘫痪、继续重复老路和同样的错误还需花费大量资源以维持其各种形式深表关切。这些严重挫败削弱了会议处理新兴安全问题的能力，并理所当然引发了不满和不耐。", "但是，形成裁军谈判会议僵局的主要原因并不限于当前的工作方法；也许更重要的是迄今一直盛行的军事办法而非人本主义的做法。现在已经到了从其对人类安全所具有价值的角度来看待裁军问题，从国际人道主义法和人权的视角来看待军备控制问题的时候了。只有这样做，我们才有可能将辩论的概念矛头引向一个更加积极——而且，我们认为——更加有效的方向。", "促进并维护国家和国际安全的主要工具不是武器，而是对人类安全、尊严以及法治的尊重。我们不否认各国享有军事防御的权利，尽管我们早在60多年前就选择撤销我们的武装部队。不过，我们坚信，用本质上军事性的办法处理安全与裁军问题也许会使我们趋近管制武器和控制国际武器库的目标，但永远带不来全面裁军。", "坦率地说，我们目前在裁军谈判会议经历的不过是裁军的假象。这是销毁某些武器就意味着进展的假象，尽管马上取而代之的是更有威力的武器；在这种假象中，某些武器被禁止是由于它们可能拥有的战略优势远远低于更新式和更先进的武器；这是民间社会要求得到满足的假象，而事实上，唯一的结果是一个陷入瘫痪和令人麻痹的进程。", "此外，裁军谈判会议的运作就像是一个封闭的俱乐部，在这里，仅有三分之一的联合国会员国负责就全面裁军进行谈判。矛盾的是，比如说，这个集团不包括没有武装部队的27个国家中的任何一个，因此，军事裁军已经让位于国家现实情况。", "2010年的全球军费达到了1.6万亿美元。就数字本身而言，它说明不了什么问题。然而，我们只要在2015年前每年投入这笔钱的10%，国际社会就能够在2015年前实现千年发展目标。", "哥斯达黎加认为，正如我们先前所说的那样，振兴和改组多边裁军谈判的任何努力都必须把人的安全作为重点。这一重点在就禁止杀伤人员地雷和集束弹药进行谈判时至关重要。它在制订强有力武器条约的筹备会议中也一直发挥着关键作用。", "已经确定的是，核武器不符合国际法，特别是国际人道主义法。《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)和国际法院在1996年作出一致决定，确认各国均有开始和完成有关全面禁止和消除核武器谈判的法律义务。", "为了建立信任和发出善意信号，从而使裁军谈判会议或者其他机构中的谈判能够开始，核武器国家应当放弃它们把核武器现代化、更换或者升级这些武器的计划。", "我国代表团认为，核武器国家拿到谈判桌上的仅仅是“象征性”裁减，同时却把大量资源用于研究和实现能够保持或者加倍增强这些威胁的设施的现代化上，这种做法不利于裁军。", "最后，哥斯达黎加认为，裁军谈判会议等多边裁军机构和进程可以开始与负责促进和保护人权和国际人道主义法的机构互动和合作，以便更有效地根据各国对裁军所作的承诺，追踪它们在这些领域履行义务的情况。", "哥斯达黎加认为，必须把执行各项裁军协议作为一个要素纳入人权理事会的普遍定期审查中。我们有时听到，寻求在通过人道主义办法实现裁军和军备控制的基础上建立一个更公正和更安全的世界不过是一厢情愿的想法。我们不同意这种评价。相反，我们所看到的是裁军谈判会议在军事性办法方面陷入瘫痪，这是不容置疑的证据。我们仍然有时间调整裁军谈判会议的方向，使它具备新的模式、更好的工作方法和真正的妥协。", "维奥蒂女士(巴西)(以英语发言)：振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判高级别会议是走向一个更安全世界的基本步骤。国际社会已多次重申，必须通过坚定的政治意愿来应对核武库存在本身构成的威胁。我们的共同目标应当是实现一个无核武器世界，这是我们长期寻求的目标。", "我们感兴趣地注意到裁军事项咨询委员会最近的报告。正如报告所指出的那样，咨询委员会成员在提出裁军谈判会议僵局解决办法方面面临的困难证明，导致僵局的原因是政治性的，因此与裁军谈判会议的体制或程序问题无关。因此重要的是应强调报告提出的建议，即如果秘书长决定召集一个高级别名人小组，他应当请小组就振兴整个联合国裁军机制的手段进行研究。", "巴西认为，任何改革努力都应当把联合国裁军机制作为一个整体看待，而不仅仅是审视裁军谈判会议。因此，我们支持召开大会专门讨论裁军问题的第四届特别会议，会议可以审查1978年举行的关于裁军问题的第一届特别会议建立的体制结构。我们不鼓励任何试图部分修改裁军机制的运作方式，以有限目标为基础，并且局限于一个议题，例如裂变材料问题的做法。", "巴西认为，裁军谈判会议是由国际社会适当组成的进行核裁军谈判的唯一机构。我们把通过缔结核裁军公约来消除核武器作为最高优先，我们也支持就裁军谈判会议议程上的其它三个核心问题即用于核武器和其它爆炸装置的裂变材料、消极安全保证以及预防外空军备竞赛问题开展谈判。", "我们不支持认为只有裂变材料条约的谈判时机已经成熟的看法。我们也不支持认为只有一个国家对裁军谈判会议的僵局负有责任的说法。即使在裂变材料条约方面确实只有一个国家在阻碍进程，但其它国家也阻碍了与其它议程项目有关的文书的谈判。", "甚至就裂变材料条约而言，会员国之间也存在明显的意见分歧。巴西主张，条约的谈判应当考虑库存问题。一项仅限于禁止生产的条约对核裁军的影响将微乎其微，甚至根本没有影响。", "关于裁军谈判会议体制这个方面，特别是关于其议事规则的批评缺少一致性。人们会问，那些谴责在《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)谈判中滥用协商一致规则的国家是否愿意在裁军谈判会议审议的其它问题上接受以多数通过的决定。对国家安全有影响的谈判总是敏感和复杂的。协商一致规则是裁军谈判会议的一个特殊程序，反映了这种实际情况。", "巴西支持考虑扩大裁军谈判会议的成员组成，因为这将促进在这个机构中进行更丰富和更全面的讨论。我们也主张加强民间社会在追踪裁军谈判会议工作方面的参与，因为这有助于提高对于我们在核裁军领域面临的挑战的认识。", "虽然过去几年来在裁军和防扩散领域的积极事态发展，特别是不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会取得的成功基础上作出了努力，但裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局，这肯定是一个令人关切的问题。", "核武器的存在对人类生存构成了最直接的威胁。因此，迫切需要谈判达成有利于核裁军的文书。但是，人们应当提出这样一个问题：如果没有裁军谈判会议，国际社会是否能够更好地就这些文书进行谈判？巴西认为，裁谈会尽管有缺点，但实际上无可替代。这就是为什么裁军谈判会议的振兴，不能意味着想办法绕过它。", "主席(以法语发言)：我们已听取本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。", "下午1时散会。" ]

[ "主席: 戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "上午10时10分宣布开会", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日高级别会议的后续行动:振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判", "主席(以法语发言): 在宣布本次会议开幕时,我想赞扬裁军谈判会议。 不幸的是,由于十多年来裁谈会一直处于瘫痪状态,我无法这样做。 这对裁军来说是严重的,我们不要忘记,裁军是促进和平的关键因素,对裁谈会及其在全球治理中的作用也是严重的。 如果裁谈会不恢复其势头,它就很可能失去信誉并完全失去作用。", "在这方面,我要特别感谢我们的秘书长为重振裁谈会而作的努力,特别是组织去年9月举行的高级别会议。 我完全赞同这种努力。 此外,我还有机会对裁谈会在高级别会议期间和2月份我在日内瓦直接讲话时停滞不前表示关切。", "高级别 会议提出了一些受欢迎的倡议。 特别是,会议的后续行动将列入第一委员会和大会今后的议程,这为会员国提供了讨论会议情况的机会。 此外,必须回顾,这符合《联合国宪章》,其中明确指出,大会", "“可考虑在维持国际和平与安全方面进行合作的一般原则,包括裁军和军备管制的原则”。", "大会有权就此问题向会员国提出建议,我呼吁与会者今天这样做。", "因此,在2010年秋季会议期间,第一委员会以协商一致方式通过了一项决议草案,并将此问题列入其下届会议议程。 因此,我鼓励委员会今年向裁军谈判会议发出强烈信号,以克服其停滞。", "为了重振裁谈会,秘书长还授权裁军事项咨询委员会在2011年的两届工作会议上专门处理裁军谈判会议的情况。 我希望,理事会所起草的报告(A/65/228)中所载的建议将引起裁谈会成员国和大会所有成员国的充分注意。 我认为,设立一个由知名人士组成的高级别小组可以带来新的视角并给裁谈会注入新的活力。 我们不久将有机会在一次非正式会议上更多地了解委员会的工作。", "我认为必须查明瘫痪的真正原因。 有些人指责协商一致规则。 这是裁谈会工作基本规则的一部分,裁谈会的决定应得到广泛支持。 然而,协商一致规则不应成为陷入僵局或默示否决权的理由。 然而,这种解释还有些短。 裁谈会一贯尊重这一原则。 过去,在更复杂、两极分化的情况下,裁谈会表现出了成功完成艰难谈判的能力。", "今天缺乏的是向前迈进的真正政治意愿。 为了克服阻力和建立信任气氛,必须采取灵活办法,利用所有可用的裁军工具并基于更强有力的谈判和说服技能。", "我认为,虽然非正式做法是探索的途径,但此种做法及其结果必须结合会议的情况。 我们决不能通过绕过裁谈会而剥夺裁谈会的合法性,而应帮助裁谈会恢复其以前的效力。 我们的努力必须寻求这一目标,这必须激励我们今天的讨论。", "在努力克服目前的僵局时,必须坚持对裁军和不扩散问题采取综合办法。 这是2009年通过的工作方案的伟大品质之一。 虽然不幸从未执行,但该方案是会员国各种利益和关切之间微妙平衡的结果。 在这方面,如果我们想取得进展,它应有助于激励我们,它可以作为裁谈会寻求新工作计划的典范。 我相信,裁谈会成员国最终将承担其责任,谈判一项新的工作方案,并首先是执行该方案。", "近年来,国际环境尤其有利于裁军。 因此,人们的期望很高。 我们有义务不让他们失望。 因此,我今天呼吁发言者除了表示对裁谈会的支持外,真正审查具体渠道,以使我们能够打破僵局,并为裁军取得重大进展提供手段。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长: 我们是在日益严重的信任危机中相会的。 联合国多边裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议,使我们失望太久了。 在我们展望未来时,我们面临两个关键问题。 第一,当世界上唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛无法完成其任务时,我们该怎么办? 第二,世界如何能够恢复建立普遍适用的裁军规范的进程?", "这些问题促使我去年9月召开了关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议。 会议上表达的关切,以及提出的许多倡议,证明了会员国对这一挑战的重视。 我也感谢大会主席为解决这一问题而作的努力。 在主席对这次会议的总结(A/65/496,附件)中,我提出了四项行动。", "首先,我强烈建议裁军谈判会议重新确定其2009年工作方案,或在2010年届会期间提出的类似提案。 为了鼓励取得进展,我今年1月第三次以秘书长身份在裁军谈判会议发言。 迄今为止,裁军谈判会议未能作出反应。 我期待着在裁军谈判会议2011年届会取得最后地位之前,从成员中采取更注重行动的步骤。", "第二,我建议大会在其第六十五届会议议程中列入一个高级别会议后续行动项目。 大会核准了这项请求。 委员会还将该项目列入即将举行的第六十六届会议议程。", "第三,我请我的裁军事项咨询委员会审查高级别会议上提出的问题。 委员会已完成了审查。 我关于理事会工作的报告(A/65/228)现在摆在各位成员面前,我期待着他们的反馈。", "第四,我表示将提交关于高级别会议及其明年不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会第一届会议的后续行动的报告。", "会员国确定了振兴裁军谈判会议和推进多边裁军谈判的许多备选方案。 一种选择是维持现状的办法,即继续在裁军谈判会议上寻求协商一致,而不从根本上改变其授权或规则。 然而,可以理解的是,许多国家不愿意遵循这种方针,因为多年来没有结果。 实际上,我同许多人一样警告说,现状只会使裁军谈判会议变得无关紧要和过时。 第二套选择包括多边裁军机制基本改革的各种建议。 有些人认为,最好在大会第四届裁军特别会议上讨论这些问题。 会员国尚未就召开这样一次会议达成共识。 这就留下了第三个选择——渐进变化。", "然而,即使这些建议虽然不大,但却遭到抵制。 各国强烈主张或反对改变裁军谈判会议的议事规则。 关于特设机制的建议也找到了支持者和反对者。 国家政策优先事项相去甚远。 各国甚至对应在哪些地方进行改革有分歧。 裁军谈判会议、大会及其第一委员会、联合国以外的会议、关于具体裁军问题的会议、或由志同道合的国家组织的一个特设论坛,应该这样吗?", "作为秘书长,我认为联合国裁军机制中没有任何根本缺陷可归咎于这种僵局,当然,也没有任何缺陷不能被国家政策的改变所克服。 问题不在于车辆,而在于司机。 最需要的是使政策优先事项和多边裁军目标更加一致。 如果分歧继续存在,我们可以考虑按照我的建议任命一个由知名人士组成的高级别小组。 或者,各国可以在大会特设委员会或联合国会议上进行谈判。", "没有快速解决办法。 前面的道路将不容易。 然而,我们决不能放弃多边主义或尊重普遍准则。 我们必须坚持联合国的理想。 在处理裁军问题时,同其他全球公益物一样,我们的目标不是促进少数人的偏好,而是所有人的共同利益。", "如果裁军谈判会议仍然陷于僵局,大会有责任介入。 正如我以前说过的,裁军谈判会议不应永远被一两个成员所左右。 应通过谈判解决所关切的问题。 利害关系太大,无法继续拖延。 世界期望进步。 让我们不再拖延。 让我们结束这种长期停滞的循环。 就我而言,我将竭尽全力协助实现我们的共同目标。", "主席(以法语发言): 我感谢秘书长的发言。", "我现在暂停正式会议,以宣布2010年9月24日举行的振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议后续行动大会非正式会议开幕。", "上午10时25分会议暂停,上午10时45分复会。", "主席(以法语发言): 名单上有50名发言者。 这要求在发言长度方面实行某种纪律。 我提议将发言限制在8分钟之内,但这是完全可能的,各位代表可以自由发言的时间比这短,而且只发言五分钟。 在准备该长度的文本时,人们可以指望一个通常需要三分钟的页面.", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及): 我荣幸地代表不结盟运动在本次重要会议上发言。 不结盟运动由120个国家组成,如果我每国需要8分钟,我的发言大约需要一天,但我不会这样做。", "作为2010年9月24日秘书长倡议召开的振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判高级别会议的后续行动而召开的这次会议非常重要。 我要感谢秘书长和主席先生你召开本次会议。", "正如不结盟运动首脑会议和部长级会议,包括最近5月在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟运动部长级会议所一再重申的那样,不结盟运动强调多边外交在核裁军和不扩散领域的绝对效力。 它重申决心促进多边主义,将其作为裁军和不扩散领域谈判的核心原则。 不结盟运动重申其关于核裁军的原则立场,核裁军仍然是其最高优先事项,以及关于核不扩散各方面问题的原则立场,并强调指出,在为核不扩散而作努力的同时,还必须同时进行核裁军努力。 这方面的进展对于加强国际和平与安全至关重要。", "在这方面,不结盟运动强调,核裁军是第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议确定的最高优先事项并是一项法律义务,不应以建立信任措施或其他裁军努力为条件。 不结盟运动在强调在多边裁军谈判中坚定而真正的政治意愿所发挥的重要作用的同时,希望今天的审议以及秘书长和裁军事项咨询委员会所提出的建议将有助于加强支持联合国裁军机制和联合国多边裁军谈判的政治意愿。", "为了实现一个没有核武器的世界,使其摆脱全球巨大的开支和核武器国家的精力集中在核武器的拥有、发展和现代化上,利用这种开支来促进全球的发展与和平,核武器国家必须履行其核裁军义务。 多边核裁军谈判应当取得具体进展。", "不结盟运动重申深为关切核裁军方面缺乏进展,特别是核武器国家方面缺乏进展,无法按照相关多边法律义务实现彻底消除其核武库。 不结盟运动强调,核武器国家必须履行其核裁军义务,并在2000年作出明确承诺,并在2010年不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会上进一步重申这些承诺,以全面消除核武器。 在这方面,不结盟运动强调,迫切需要在具体时限内立即就全面彻底核裁军开始谈判。", "不结盟运动关切地注意到,在它的一些关键优先事项方面,特别是在开始谈判核武器公约方面,没有达成多边协议,并呼吁在这方面取得切实进展。 不结盟运动 《不扩散核武器条约》缔约国深信,必须执行2010年不扩散条约审议大会通过的关于核裁军、核不扩散、和平利用核能和执行1995年中东问题决议等各方面的行动计划。", "欢迎以协商一致方式通过关于中东问题的详细行动计划,特别是执行1995年关于中东问题的决议,并欣见2010年不扩散条约审议大会后续行动的结论和建议,《不扩散条约》的不结盟运动缔约国强烈敦促秘书长和1995年决议提案国同该区域各国密切协商和协调,立即采取必要措施,于2012年召开由中东所有国家参加的关于建立中东无核武器和所有其他大规模毁灭性武器区会议。", "不结盟运动仍然坚定地充分支持多边裁军议程并加强联合国裁军机制。 现在是时候了,所有国家都应该共同努力,加强合作,并拿出各自的政治资本来重振这一重要机制。 促进联合国裁军机制的工作取决于创造一个适当的政治环境,同时考虑到所有国家的安全利益,而不是改变议事规则。", "虽然需要加强联合国裁军机制的效力,但必须回顾国际社会通过联合国裁军机制所取得的成绩,包括构成框架的关键法律文书、决议、准则和其他重要文件,这些文件是联合国在裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域工作的参考。 因此,保持这一重要机制每个部分的性质、作用和宗旨仍然很重要。", "不结盟运动认识到需要加强联合国裁军机制的效力。 在这方面,不结盟运动指出,裁军机制面临的主要困难在于一些国家缺乏取得实际进展的真正政治意愿,特别是在核裁军方面。", "虽然必须回顾国际社会在裁军谈判会议上取得的成就,但不结盟运动对裁谈会多年来未能就其议程开展实质性工作表示失望。 在这方面,不结盟运动认为,将裁谈会缺乏具体成果仅仅归咎于其议事规则是适得其反的,因为这种做法可能掩盖裁谈会面临的真正障碍,即缺乏政治意愿。", "不结盟运动重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构的重要性,并再次呼吁裁军谈判会议商定一项平衡而全面的工作方案,特别是尽快设立一个核裁军特设委员会,作为最高优先事项。 不结盟运动强调,必须不再拖延地开始谈判在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案,包括一项核武器公约。 不结盟运动重申国际法院达成的一致结论的重要性,即各国有义务真诚地开展并完成导致在严格和有效国际监督下实现所有方面核裁军的谈判。", "不结盟运动注意到裁谈会于2009年5月29日通过了2009年会议工作计划(CD/1864),但未能执行。 不结盟运动呼吁裁谈会不再拖延地以协商一致方式商定一项平衡而全面的工作方案。", "不结盟运动鼓励裁军谈判会议考虑尽早任命一名关于扩大本会议成员问题的特别协调员,以便根据议事规则审查扩大其成员的可能性。", "不结盟运动还重申裁军审议委员会作为联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门审议机构的重要性和相关性,并再次申明,如在巴厘举行的不结盟运动第十六次部长级会议通过的关于彻底消除核武器的声明所重申,彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障。", "不结盟运动将审议咨询委员会报告中的建议,并在大会第六十六届会议期间讨论这一问题时提出我们的看法。", "主席(以英语发言):我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟): 我谨代表欧洲联盟(欧盟)发言。 候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰、摩尔多瓦共和国和格鲁吉亚赞同本发言。", "主席先生,我首先要赞扬你在这一非常恰当的时刻安排本次辩论。 我还要感谢秘书长的努力和今天向我们转达的信息,以及咨询小组主席和裁军谈判会议主席。", "欧洲联盟确实对自去年9月高级别会议以来缺乏进展感到失望。 然而,我们希望,我们今天的审议将证明是一次机会,可以听取会上发出的呼吁,即就今后的选择进行有前瞻性和具体的讨论——既要振兴裁军谈判会议的工作,又要审查关于如何进行多边裁军谈判的实际想法。", "我们对高级别会议和大会后续决议 -- -- 第65/93号决议 -- -- 刺激了日内瓦和纽约的反思进程感到鼓舞。 的确,我们感到鼓舞的是,过去两年中,全球裁军和不扩散领域出现了重要的积极事态发展,例如,安全理事会第1887(2009)号决议、《新裁武条约》、关于核安全问题的华盛顿首脑会议、不扩散核武器条约(不扩散条约)缔约国审议大会,以及你,秘书长先生亲自通过你的五点计划参与的国际公开辩论。 欧洲联盟热烈欢迎这些事态发展,尽管我们自然意识到,需要重新和持续地努力,以确保国际社会利用新的势头。", "确实,现在是加强和振兴多边努力的时候了,因为我们都认识到,今天的全球安全问题需要合作和多边解决办法。 我们欧洲联盟充分致力于保持和加强这一势头并致力于同其他国家充分合作来落实商定结果,因为这既符合我们反对大规模毁灭性武器扩散的欧盟战略,也因为这比以往任何时候都更是国际和平与安全的一个关键条件。", "尽管总体上出现了积极的趋势,但欧洲联盟仍然对裁军机制关键部分的明显功能失调深感不安:裁军谈判会议目前的僵局。 2009年通过工作方案将是一个重大突破,使裁谈会成员能够开始谈判一项禁止生产用于核武器和其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的多边和可核查条约。 对欧洲联盟来说,启动这些谈判仍然重要而紧迫。 因此,欧盟继续敦促迄今为止剩下的最后一个国家不愿意加入开始谈判裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的共识。 这样做将使裁谈会能够恢复其谈判作用并从而恢复信誉并继续努力实现其根本目标。", "我们认为,裁军谈判会议所有成员国都应该认识到,开始禁产条约谈判是确定和保护具体国家安全关切进程的开始,而不是这一进程的结果。 欧洲联盟认为,甚至拒绝开始谈判阻碍整个裁军谈判会议论坛的做法是不可接受的。 它严重损害了多边合作的原则。", "我们还认为,可以立即采取建立信任措施,而不必等待正式谈判的开始。 这就是为什么我们呼吁所有拥有核武器的国家宣布并随后维持暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料。", "因此,欧盟再次重申致力于就裁军谈判会议议程上的所有其他核心问题进行实质性讨论。", "我们深感遗憾的是,尽管裁军谈判会议大多数成员明确表现出强烈的政治意愿,坚决支持大会本届会议和2010年不扩散条约审议大会上的谈判并发出明确呼吁,但裁军谈判会议仍未能在全球裁军和不扩散的势头上再接再厉。 我们承认所有国家的安全关切,但同时我们坚信,协商一致规则绝不能被滥用。 世界不能在裁军和不扩散的关键问题上坐视不管,也不能让程序性问题阻碍真正的政治进展。 因此,审查工作方法是欧盟关于改进裁军谈判会议运作的建议的一部分。", "请允许我借此机会重申欧盟长期以来对扩大裁军谈判会议的重视。 欧洲联盟支持包括一些欧盟成员国在内的裁谈会观察员国非正式小组的呼吁,即在本届会议期间任命一名扩大裁谈会成员问题特别协调员。", "根据欧盟与民间社会的接触,我们也热切地想探讨加强非政府组织的声音和使研究机构与裁谈会的工作联系起来的方法。", "第一委员会是另一个重要机构,在这里可以就不扩散和裁军问题的现有议题和潜在倡议进行富有成效的讨论。 联合国会员国都有责任保持这一论坛的相关性,因此我们认为,第一委员会应改进其工作方法,以便能够就当代安全挑战进行辩论并制订具体措施来应对这些挑战。", "我还要提及联合国裁军审议委员会。 我们认为,其程序和业务原则也应得到彻底审查和加强。", "民间社会进一步参与该机构的工作也应受到欢迎。 联合国裁军审议委员会的目的是就裁军和军备控制问题向大会并通过它向裁军谈判会议提出建议。 的确,欧盟非常遗憾地注意到,十多年来,在大会主持下设立的审议机构和谈判机构都未能实现其商定的目标。", "裁军谈判会议应根据它得到的授权,成为核武器国家和无核武器国家共同缔结多边条约的场所。 然而,鉴于裁谈会的持续僵局,国际社会需要思考各种选择,并视需要确定确保取得进展的其他方法。 主席先生,总而言之,欧洲联盟愿意与你和联合国所有会员国接触,以确定打破裁谈会僵局的途径和方法。", "让我总结一下欧洲联盟的具体建议。 首先,我们呼吁裁军谈判会议所有成员国毫不拖延地就裂变材料禁产条约开始谈判,并开始就议程上的其他问题开展工作。 第二,我们呼吁所有拥有核武器的国家宣布并坚持立即暂停生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料。 第三,我们呼吁裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会审查其工作方法,并在各自提交大会的报告中适当思考这一问题。 我们自然鼓励大会继续处理这一问题。 第四,我们呼吁裁军谈判会议接纳目前的观察国为正式成员。 最后,我们呼吁裁军谈判会议探讨如何加强非政府组织在裁谈会的贡献并增加同研究机构的联系。", "最后,我们重申,我们致力于使联合国和裁军机制能够取得切实成果。 我们还随时准备同所有代表团就进一步步骤进行合作,以提出其他业务建议并设想其他具体和可操作的选择。 多边裁军机构的有效运作对我们的安全至关重要。 裁军谈判会议等核心裁军论坛长期陷入僵局,是一个严重问题,它呼吁所有国家予以克服。 此外,时间已经不多了。 裁军谈判会议需要毫不拖延地恢复其工作。 我们再次呼吁采取实质性的后续行动,并呼吁裁军机制按其创建的目的行事。", "阿罗先生(法国): 主席先生,请允许我代表中华人民共和国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国感谢你召开2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议的本次后续会议。 我们欢迎你在裁军和不扩散问题上表现出的个人承诺和领导能力。 我们完全支持你为振兴裁军谈判会议的工作而作的持续努力。 我们对去年会议以来长期存在的僵局和缺乏进展深感关切。 必须重申裁谈会的谈判作用并使其能够毫不拖延地恢复实质性工作。", "在高级别会议后10个月,今天的后续会议是一次及时的机会来思考裁军机制的情况并考虑如何在裁军和国际和平与安全方面取得进一步进展。", "我们欢迎军备控制、裁军和不扩散领域的许多积极事态发展。 尤其是,2010年不扩散条约缔约国审议大会就《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)所有三个支柱通过了一项具体而平衡的行动计划,这表明了国际社会坚定致力于加强国际核不扩散制度并以一种全面而务实的方式处理核问题。", "现在,所有缔约国必须共同努力,推动执行《不扩散条约》行动计划。 在这方面,安全理事会五个常任理事国决心承担起责任并发挥其作用。 在去年9月的高级别会议上,法国承诺组织2010年不扩散条约审议大会第一次五常后续会议。", "因此,5个常任理事国于6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行了总干事和专家级会议,以审议它们在不扩散条约审议大会上所作承诺的进展情况并为筹备下个不扩散条约审议周期作出贡献。 他们讨论了与核裁军和不扩散有关的广泛问题。 这是五个常任理事国第二次以这种形式与该议程相会合,第一次是2009年关于建立信任措施的伦敦会议。 因此,巴黎会议是进一步就核问题建立相互信任和信心的重要机会。", "我们要向大会介绍我们讨论的一般结果,这些结果反映在会议结束时发表的最后联合新闻声明中。 作为核武器国家,我们讨论了我们打算如何履行《不扩散条约》规定的裁军义务,包括参与2010年《不扩散条约》行动计划所呼吁的努力,特别是行动5中概述的步骤,以及报告和其他努力。", "我们继续先前关于透明度和相互信任问题,包括核理论和能力,以及关于核查问题的讨论。 这些措施对于为进一步裁军努力奠定坚实基础十分重要。", "我们还就维护《不扩散条约》不扩散支柱的措施交换了意见,其中包括如何对退出《不扩散条约》的通知作出反应,同时承认第十条的规定,并强调需要加强国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的保障措施,包括促进通过《附加议定书》并增强原子能机构的资源和能力来威慑和发现不遵守情况。", "所有国家——《不扩散条约》缔约国和非缔约国——必须通过创造必要的安全环境、解决区域紧张局势、促进集体安全、确保国际核不扩散制度保持有力和可靠并在所有裁军领域取得进展来为实现裁军的总体目标作出贡献。", "我们深信,作为国际社会唯一的常设多边裁军谈判论坛,裁军谈判会议在就裁军优先问题进行实质性谈判方面应发挥主要作用。 我们呼吁裁谈会所有成员国毫不拖延地就全面和平衡的工作方案达成协议,使裁谈会能够恢复实质性工作。", "我们认识到,有效执行《不扩散条约》第6条和防止核扩散的一个关键因素是就裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判。 禁产条约将有助于切断核武器所需的最重要的组成部分。 我们重申,我们支持裁军谈判会议立即开始谈判禁产条约,包括核查条款。", "为了保持裁谈会的谈判潜力,五个常任理事国将在下届大会之前同其他相关伙伴一起继续努力促进这种谈判。 此外,五个常任理事国回顾它们承诺促进和确保《全面禁止核试验条约》迅速生效并实现普遍加入。", "(以法语发言)", "此时此刻,我想以我国代表的身份作一些简短的发言。 我完全赞同欧洲联盟的发言。 法国在包括我们所主持的八国集团在内的所有论坛上,支持寻求改善核、生物、化学、常规、弹道导弹扩散和空间等所有领域的国际安全的任何倡议。", "我们必须继续共同要求那些可能试图利用裁军谈判会议工作僵局的人坚持他们正在违背历史。 今天,就开始就裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判达成了共识,减一。 不用说,我们希望这些谈判将在裁谈会的主持下进行,因为这是裁谈会存在的目的。", "关于开始谈判,我们必须明确显示我们对停止生产核武器用裂变材料的承诺。 四个核武器国家已宣布暂停生产此类材料。 我们真诚呼吁所有核大国立即宣布类似的暂停。 我们必须更进一步,使这种停止裂变材料生产的做法不可逆转。 法国是这一领域的先驱,不可逆转地拆除了生产设施。", "为了节省时间,我将在这里停留。 我的发言全文可在法国常驻联合国代表团网站上查阅。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚): 我今天荣幸地代表不扩散与裁军倡议组织发言,该倡议目前的成员是澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、德国、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、波兰、土耳其和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "主席先生,我们非常感谢你召开本次辩论会并亲自努力振兴裁军谈判会议的工作,包括你今年访问日内瓦。 我们也欢迎秘书长对这项关键任务的承诺。", "本次辩论是在适当的时候进行的。 在裁军谈判会议年度会议第二期会议结束时,在大会第六十六届会议之前,现在是共同评估自去年9月裁军谈判会议恢复工作高级别会议以来所出现的事态发展并就如何促进裁军谈判会议恢复实质性工作交换意见的适当时机。 我们应当利用最近几个月在纽约和日内瓦出现的反省势头,会议本身就是建设性的刺激。", "不扩散与裁军倡议组织于2010年9月成立,目的是在裁军和不扩散领域新的势头上更上一层楼,特别是在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上。 4月30日,在柏林举行的第二次外交部长会议上,不扩散党成员国重申,它们打算努力实现核裁军并加强国际不扩散制度。 认识到使用核武器的可能性对全人类构成的危险,以及必须应对增加的扩散风险、减少核武库、加强核安全和改善核安全,我们继续认为迫切需要减少核风险,并在实现无核武器世界的道路上取得切实进展。 在柏林,不扩散倡议各国外交部长重申,他们决心支持和帮助推动执行去年不扩散条约审议大会的协商一致结果。", "不扩散党成员欢迎、有时领导并肯定积极参加了裁军谈判会议今年第一期会议和第二期会议的各项倡议,其目的是促进有关其当前核心问题的工作。 然而,与此同时,我们深感遗憾地注意到,裁谈会未能从裁军和不扩散领域更广泛的积极趋势中获益。 迄今为止,它尚未执行不扩散条约审议大会行动计划中与其工作有关的三项行动:关于设立一个处理核裁军问题的附属机构的行动6;关于消极安全保证的实质性讨论的行动7;关于裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)谈判的行动15。", "我们还必须承认,裁谈会实际上没有取得进展,反而在2009年5月协商一致通过工作计划(CD/1864)后倒退了一步。 我们深信,利用协商一致规则来阻止禁产条约谈判的开始,以及对其他三个核心问题的实质性讨论,不仅损害了裁谈会已经降低的信誉,而且严重损害了整个多边裁军进程,因此从长远来看也严重损害了整个国际社会的安全利益。", "十多年来,裁军谈判会议一直未能完成赋予它的任务——裁军和不扩散文书的谈判。 鉴于这种情况,我们重申,我们坚信裁谈会必须立即就禁产条约开始谈判。 然而,虽然耐心是一种美德,但继续被动当然不是。 因此,如果我们在裁谈会第三期会议期间仍未就启动《禁产条约》谈判达成协议,我们决心请大会第六十六届会议在今年晚些时候处理这个问题并审议如何着手开展《禁产条约》谈判。", "我们承认,当然,无论选择何种地点,从政治和技术的角度来看,《禁产条约》谈判都将具有挑战性。 我们认为,这两个方面密切相关。 虽然我们继续认为尽早开始禁产条约谈判是优先事项,但我们认为,设立一个科学专家小组,负责审查禁产条约的技术方面,可以促进和推动开始谈判。 我们非常愿意同有关各方讨论这个想法。", "不扩散倡议的关切绝不仅限于会议工作的一个具体方面。 为了将它改造成一个有效运作的机构,其组成反映本世纪的现实,而不是最后一个世纪的现实,需要对它目前的工作方法进行认真审查,审查其成员情况并增加它同民间社会的互动。", "虽然我们认为裁谈会恢复实质性工作是我们最紧迫的任务,但我们对振兴的兴趣超出了它。 裁军审议委员会是联合国裁军机制中另一个在理论上重要但越来越无关紧要的支柱。 如果对其目前的工作进行审查并进行精心调整的结构改革,它将大有裨益。", "此外,我们呼吁大会第一委员会加强其对裁军和国际安全的实际作用。 鉴于今天辩论的目标,我们特别呼吁它推动禁产条约和其他裁军核心问题。 总的来说,我们认为,大会应继续发挥重要作用,调动国际社会对多边裁军机制的期望,并找出解决长期存在的问题的可能办法。 我们期待着这一点,并期待着今后可能就非常相关和至关重要的多边裁军谈判取得进展的问题进行辩论。", "塔特姆先生(联合王国): 主席先生,我感谢你召集这次重要讨论。 联合王国欢迎你个人的承诺和你在裁军和不扩散问题上所表现的领导。 自去年9月召开关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议以来,我们很高兴有机会作出总结。", "联合王国政府仍然坚定地致力于无核武器世界的长期目标,并致力于在多边裁军方面取得进展。 我们认真对待国际裁军义务,并在过去一年中取得了具体进展。 我们在2010年10月的战略防御和安全审查中宣布了若干裁军措施,这些措施围绕减少我们潜艇上核弹头和导弹的数量。 我们还向无核武器国家提供了新的、更强有力的保证。", "2011年国际裁军议程取得了良好进展。 2月,《新裁武条约》生效,几个星期前,《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)所承认五个核武器国家参加了在巴黎举行的安全理事会五个常任理事国会议。 这是继2009年由联合王国主办的会议之后第二次举行这样的会议。 我们对已进行的建立信任的讨论和详细审视我们的裁军义务的机会感到高兴。", "我的法国同事已经代表五个常任理事国概述了这次会议的成果,这些成果清楚地表明了我们共同努力履行2010年不扩散条约审议大会行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))中所作承诺的集体决心。 这包括联合王国、美国和俄罗斯作为《不扩散条约》保存国在致力于执行1995年《不扩散条约》关于中东无大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具的决议方面所采取的实际步骤。", "我们期待着在会议上商定的裁军和建立信任倡议方面取得进展。 作为这项后续工作的一部分,联合王国将与我们的五个常设伙伴主办一次专家级会议,讨论从我们与挪威在核查拆除弹头方面的开创性工作中吸取的经验教训。 我们与挪威的合作表明,核武器国家和无核武器国家都能够通过研究核裁军核查,为履行其《不扩散条约》义务作出积极贡献,同时仍然遵守其不扩散义务。 的确,无核武器国家在核裁军核查研究方面进行合作是必要的,以便实现有效和相互信任的技术和程序解决办法,支持可核查的多边核裁军。", "尽管在别处取得了积极进展和势头,但自去年9月的高级别会议以来,日内瓦裁军谈判会议迄今未能开展任何实质性工作。 绝大多数国家支持一项条约的原则,即停止今后生产用于核武器的裂变材料。 在裁军谈判会议上就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)开始谈判,将是我们实现无核武器世界的最终目标的一项重大成就和必要的基石。 不幸的是,众所周知,有一个国家继续阻碍这一步骤。 正是出于这个原因,我们今天在这里,自去年9月的高级别会议以来,在《禁产条约》方面没有取得任何具体进展。", "如果我们想取得进展,我们必须集中集体努力,说服所有成员再次同意使裁军谈判会议恢复工作并开始谈判一项禁产条约。 我们的澳大利亚和日本同事组织的会外活动是实现这一目标的一项受人欢迎和内容丰富的倡议。", "要切实地加强全球裁军和不扩散框架,未来的禁产条约就必须禁止所有国家生产用于核武器和其他爆炸装置的裂变材料。 因此,联合王国想再次强调,它坚决致力于在裁军谈判会议内就禁产条约开始谈判。 裁军谈判会议是我们与所有相关成员国进行谈判的最佳选择。 这是一个通过其议事规则尊重每个人安全的机构。 而且,我们还有一项工作计划,除了一项工作计划外,所有人都同意。 CD/1864号文件规定就《禁产条约》进行谈判,并就裁军谈判会议过去两年未能取得进展的其他议程项目进行实质性讨论。", "我们必须继续向所有成员保证,裁军谈判会议既定的规则在谈判期间以及最终签署和批准阶段都为所有国家的安全利益提供保护。 预计一些国家会担心禁产条约对它们可能意味着什么。 谈判桌上将有很多机会讨论所有问题和关切。", "五常巴黎会议的公开声明重申五常坚决支持裁军谈判会议立即开始禁产条约谈判。 五个常任理事国承诺同有关伙伴一起继续努力,在大会下届会议之前促进这种谈判。 我们打算在已经开展的会外活动的基础上,就主要条约问题同其他相关伙伴进行进一步的详细讨论。 随着这些讨论的进展,裁军谈判会议的谈判势头将继续得到发展。 我们呼吁所有国家保持这一势头,呼吁剩下的最后一个国家加入协商一致,并停止阻挠裁军谈判会议尽快开展工作。 这一障碍损害了联合国内部的多边主义,并鼓励一些人考虑绕过传统机构,以争取在禁产条约上迅速取得进展。", "裁军谈判会议迫切需要表明,它仍然具有现实意义,而且它能够证明它作为为二十一世纪全球军备控制、裁军和不扩散的挑战找到可持续解决办法的最佳手段的潜力。", "戈特默勒女士(美利坚合众国): 先生,我感谢你今天有机会发言。 美国欢迎秘书长今年9月关于召开振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的倡议,希望这次会议能促使裁军谈判会议就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)进行谈判取得进展。 我们共同提出了关于高级别会议后续行动的第65/93号决议,我们也欢迎今天有机会评估我们10个月后的情况。 主席先生,美国赞同你对进展的承诺,也赞同你对推动这一进程的兴趣。", "两年前,奥巴马总统在布拉格的讲话中申明了美国“寻求一个无核武器世界的和平与安全”的承诺,并提出了采取近期实际步骤以朝这一方向前进的行动计划。 自那以来,已取得重大进展。 我在这里不详细介绍所有情况,但我要强调一些成就,因为它们与继续未能就一项优先目标——禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料——开始谈判形成鲜明对比。", "过去一年的一项关键军备控制成就是今年2月同俄罗斯联邦达成的《新裁武条约》生效。 《条约》的执行工作进展顺利。 截至上周末,我们和俄罗斯联邦为执行条约制度交换了1 000份通知。 此外,我们进行了13次视察,俄罗斯联邦进行了6次,美国进行了7次。 我们正在跟上执行努力的步伐。", "5月,奥巴马总统还向参议院提交了非洲和南太平洋无核武器区条约议定书,征求参议院的意见并表示同意。 我们正在同东南亚和中亚无核武器区条约缔约国进行讨论,以努力达成协议,使美国也能签署这些条约的议定书。", "美国仍然致力于确保批准《全面禁止核试验条约》,我们正在使美国参议院和美国公众了解该条约的优点。", "正如法国代表已经报告的那样,《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)承认的核武器国家——五个常任理事国——于6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行会议,讨论与核裁军和不扩散有关的问题,特别是不扩散条约缔约国2010年审议大会所通过行动计划(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))中概述的步骤。 这是2009年在伦敦开始的继续讨论,并将在2012年不扩散条约审议大会筹备委员会范围内继续举行第三次会议。 这些会议有助于建立关于透明度、核理论和核查的五常对话进程,认识到如果我们要为进一步裁军努力奠定坚实的基础,就必须进行这种对话。", "美国不遗余力地在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上就禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料条约展开谈判。 完成这样一项条约仍然是美国和绝大多数其他国家的最高多边优先事项,并将是不扩散和裁军方面的一项重大国际成就。 在其他军备控制和裁军领域取得重大进展的时候,更令人失望的是,只有一个国家阻止裁军谈判会议再次进入裁军阶段并进行谈判,以实现这一早就该实现的目标。", "美国倾向于在裁军谈判会议内谈判裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)。 我们欢迎澳大利亚和日本在今年裁军谈判会议期间组织认真的《禁产条约》技术性讨论的倡议。 事实证明,这项活动是富有成效的、实质性的和合议性的,但这并没有掩盖这样一个核心事实,即裁军谈判会议仍然受到阻碍,我们今天没有比两年前更接近《禁产条约》谈判,当时裁军谈判会议所有65个成员国以协商一致方式通过了一项妥协工作方案。", "正是由于这种持续的僵局,我们发起了协商,以推进这一问题。 因此,我们感到鼓舞的是,五个常任理事国在巴黎商定在下届大会之前采取步骤,与其他相关伙伴一起继续努力促进禁产条约谈判,我们正在规划这些活动。", "谈到联合国裁军机制及其如何运作——或不运作——的问题,我注意到,这往往是讨论的主题。 例如,改进促使当时的裁军谈判会议前身机构成员国于1978年决定成立裁军谈判委员会(不久后更名为裁谈会)。 他们认为,某些变化,例如轮任主席和增加成员数目,将使该机构更具代表性并更有成效。 第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议《最后文件》(S-10/2号决议)回顾了这些国家的决定。", "最近,在裁军谈判会议和其他裁军机制的改革方面出现了一些严肃的思考和令人感兴趣的想法。 但是,我们应当广泛、现实地考虑这些建议,了解目前僵局的根源是什么。 虽然这一机制肯定能够从调整中受益,但这不是裁军谈判会议崩溃的根本原因。 裁谈会在过去几年中取得了良好成果:《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。 简言之,当各国有共同的目标时,它们可以在裁军谈判会议上推进这一目标,我们希望从裂变材料禁产条约开始,看到这种经验重复出现。", "秘书长就如何着手审查多边裁军事务提出了建议,并向我们提供了关于其裁军事项咨询委员会工作的深思熟虑的报告(A/65/228)。 联合国裁军研究所还提供了启发性思考的食物。 我们有很多想法。", "知名人士小组、裁军谈判会议本身或其他一些方面不妨继续探讨,包括以下方面的建议:如何修改或重新考虑联合国裁军审议委员会的作用,该委员会经过约曼的努力,多年来未能就任何议程项目达成共识;如何向日内瓦裁军谈判会议提供最新情况。 可以更新其十诫和议程,以反映当前的国际安全环境。 成员们还应审查委员会的一些其他程序,并提出建议,以作出有助于增强连续性和重点的改变。", "此外,还将就如何使商定的裁军谈判会议工作方案具有连续性提出建议,例如自动延长已商定的工作方案;如何在防止滥用协商一致规则的同时保护国家安全利益;扩大裁军谈判会议是否将提高其效率;以及如何在审议和谈判机构中反映普遍裁军目标,同时保持其效力并确保各国的安全关切得到尊重和保护等。 这是根本问题。 在这方面,我们认为,理论上,与193个成员合作将不可避免地造成复杂性。 我不妨指出,裁军谈判会议目前的构成自1996年以来已扩大到65个成员国,但尚未显示其作为一个谈判机构运作的能力。", "在探索新的前进方式时,我们认为需要平衡。 现状是不可接受的,但我们也应该防止过于雄心勃勃,以免我们迷失方向。 在我们寻求前进方向时,我们必须密切关注这一奖项,对国际社会大多数人来说,这一奖项是作为下一个立即的多边核裁军步骤的裂变材料禁产条约。 要求再次召开裁军问题特别会议充其量只是分散注意力。 鉴于裁军特别会议的失败记录,它不是改革的唯一或最实际的手段。 除非我们商定这样一次会议的目标,否则我们应更好地把努力引向能够取得进展的地方。", "王民先生(中国): 主席先生,首先我要感谢你召开本次会议。 我还要感谢你和秘书长的发言。", "2010年9月举行的高级别会议就裁军谈判会议的工作和多边裁军谈判进行了有益的讨论。 中方希望今天的会议在推动多边裁军谈判方面发挥积极作用。", "军备控制和裁军与安全密切相关,始终是国际安全形势变化的晴雨表。 国际社会现在普遍希望,多边裁军进程,特别是裁军谈判会议的工作将取得进展,以进一步促进所有国家的安全。", "今年年初以来,各方表现出了积极的意愿,对推进裁军谈判会议的工作采取了建设性的态度。 然而,各方之间的分歧仍有待弥合,需要裁谈会成员国作出新的努力来打破其工作僵局。", "鉴于目前情况,中方愿就振兴裁谈会工作、推进多边裁军进程提出如下建议。", "第一,应尊重并维护裁军谈判会议的权威。 作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛,裁谈会是任何其他国际机制所无法替代的。 自冷战结束以来,会议谈判并缔结了《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。 这两项文书为不扩散大规模毁灭性武器和推动国际军备控制和裁军进程作出了重大贡献,其影响已被历史所证明。 如果《裂变材料禁产条约》要实现其核裁军和不扩散的双重目标,并为了确保其权威性、有效性和普遍性,就必须在裁军谈判会议的框架内进行谈判。", "第二,各国的正当安全关切应得到应有的关注和平等对待。 裁军谈判会议不能在真空中工作,国际和区域安全局势必然会对其工作产生直接而重要的影响。 在启动谈判时和谈判过程中,都应充分尊重和适当处理成员国的合理安全关切。 正是为此目的,我们才就多边军备控制条约进行认真的谈判,这也是普遍支持和遵守这些条约的必要先决条件。", "第三,我们应当保持对裁军谈判会议的信心并进一步进行创造性的思考。 裁军谈判会议工作的进展取决于所有成员国在裁谈会框架内的共同努力,特别是相互协作。 诉诸另一框架的任何想法或做法显然不利于裁军谈判会议的工作,也不会产生令人满意的裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)。 面对僵局和困难,裁谈会成员更有必要运用政治智慧,充分调动外交创造力,以保持启动禁产条约谈判的势头,并不遗余力地寻求可行的办法来推动裁谈会就与禁产条约有关的问题开展实质性工作。", "第四,应努力全面推进裁军谈判会议的工作。 虽然关于禁产条约的谈判应尽早开始,但裁谈会还应就核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛和无核武器国家安全保证等其他重要项目开展实质性工作。 这是裁谈会绝大多数成员的愿望。 我相信,关于这三个项目的工作将对促进禁产条约谈判产生积极影响。", "中国一贯支持裁谈会的工作,主张尽快启动禁产条约谈判。 中国在今年担任裁军谈判会议主席期间,与其他主席进行了充分合作,同成员国进行了基础广泛的磋商,并作出不懈努力来缩小分歧并打破僵局。 我们希望各方尊重彼此合理的安全关切,继续以严肃、平等、公开和透明的方式开展对话和磋商,以尽快就裁谈会的工作方案达成协议,从而能够就各个项目开展实质性工作。", "推进国际军备控制和裁军进程符合所有各方的利益,是所有国家的历史责任。 我们相信裁军谈判会议成员国的政治意愿和集体智慧,并仍然相信裁谈会将启动禁产条约谈判并开始其他领域的实质性工作。 与此同时,我们紧急呼吁各方为此作出新的努力和努力。 中国愿同其他国家一道,加倍努力,促进多边军控与裁军事业的健康发展,维护世界和平与安全。", "沙佩尔先生(荷兰): 我荣幸地代表下列41个国家发言:澳大利亚、奥地利、阿尔巴尼亚、比利时、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥斯达黎加、克罗地亚、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、德国、匈牙利、意大利、爱尔兰、日本、肯尼亚、大韩民国、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、墨西哥、黑山、荷兰、新西兰、尼日利亚、挪威、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、摩尔多瓦共和国、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其和乌拉圭。", "这些国家来自全球许多区域,它们都承诺加强多边裁军系统——这将是我今天发言的主题——以便这一系统能够实现其目标。 主席先生,我们感谢你组织这次会议,为评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展提供了机会。", "我刚才提到的41个国家认为,令人遗憾的是,十多年来,多边裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议,没有达到国际社会在第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议《最后文件》(第S/10-2号决议)中表达的期望,以及载于许多大会决议和不扩散核武器条约审议大会成果文件中的各项决定和建议。 裁军谈判会议根本未能完成其任务。 它未能通过有效的多边军备控制、裁军和不扩散文书来应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战。", "几年来,在新的多边裁军文书上缺乏进展,直接影响了我们在二十一世纪的共同安全并削弱了多边裁军制度。 虽然其他多边裁军论坛已取得进展,但裁军谈判会议未能发挥其潜力,也未能就有关国家更广泛参与和加强与民间社会成员接触的问题达成协议。", "我们各国认为,裁军谈判会议这种停滞不前、僵局和缺乏结果的不幸局面是不可接受的。 我们认为迫切需要振兴裁军谈判会议的工作并推进多边裁军谈判。 在这方面,我们高度赞赏秘书长支持这种努力的倡议。", "2010年9月24日高级别会议强调了各国对裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的原因的看法。 但最重要的是,高级别会议更加清楚地表明,国际社会希望不再仅仅是审议而是采取行动,不再拖延。", "各位成员可能知道,2011年期间,裁军谈判会议成员在日内瓦越来越多地对僵局表示关切并记录在案,包括在你3月份访问日内瓦时与你进行互动时。 他们还向秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员表示了关切。", "但是,尽管裁军谈判会议历任主席十多年来作出了相当大的努力,尽管会议成员提出了各种建议和倡议,尽管通过了本来可以使会议完成其任务的决定,但会议仍然未能开展实质性工作。", "在纽约这里,联合国裁军审议委员会再次令人遗憾地未能提出任何具体建议。 我们认为,这是更广泛的多边裁军机制继续面临挑战的又一指标。", "如果多边裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议,不能克服这一危机,国际社会,特别是大会就需要作出反应并认真考虑克服危机的方法和途径。 我们不能在2012年1月再次召开裁谈会会议,承认持续的僵局是理所当然的,我们对此无能为力。", "各国已经在讨论各种选择。 有些人强调让大会在推进多边裁军谈判方面发挥更中心而积极的作用。 有些侧重于执行裁军谈判会议和其他有关多边论坛先前所达成的协议。 一些国家试图加紧谈判的筹备工作。 有些国家侧重于努力在裁军谈判会议内推动正式的振兴进程,有些国家寻求纳入更广泛的裁军机制改革进程。", "尽管这些不同的倡议指明了不同的重点,但它们都在探讨——需要探讨——以便改善全球安全,包括找到实现无核武器世界的最有效途径。 我们希望,本次辩论能够为我们提供一个适当的平台,以透明和包容的方式,继续以注重结果的精神,处理今后有效推进多边裁军谈判的所有可能选项。 我们必须在日内瓦和这里承担责任,不再拖延地有效处理这些关切。", "我们欢迎秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会对裁军机制所面临问题的注意。 与此同时,我们认识到,目前困难的责任在于各国,找到解决办法的责任也在于各国。 我们随时准备为这一前瞻性努力作出积极和建设性的贡献。 世界各国都有参与多边裁军谈判并为谈判取得成功作出贡献的切身利益、权利和义务。", "金淑先生(大韩民国): 主席先生,首先我要同前面的发言者一道,对你召开本次会议表示诚挚的赞赏。 作为共同签署要求召开本次会议的信的成员国之一,大韩民国赞同荷兰代表刚才所说的话。 然而,此时此刻,我要以我国代表的身份发言。", "近年来,我们为实现期待已久的核裁军和不扩散突破采取了许多积极步骤。 就在去年,我们目睹了新裁武协定的签署、在华盛顿特区举行的核安全首脑会议,以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会以协商一致的方式通过了为期十年的《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))。 特别是,2010年不扩散条约审议大会通过的《最后文件》相当于国际社会正式承认裁军和不扩散再次成为全球议程的核心。", "在其它裁军领域进行这些一系列积极运动之后,我们对振兴裁军谈判会议的期望现在比近年来任何其他时间都高。 秘书长于2010年9月召开了一次高级别会议,这是国际社会对裁军谈判会议的回应,反映了国际社会的愿望。 我们也注意到许多代表团今年所作的各种努力。 然而,裁谈会继续进展甚微,国际社会的耐心正在逐渐消失。 此外,自1999年以来,联合国裁军审议委员会也未能提出任何最后文件或建议。 事实上,多边裁军机制处于严重的混乱状态。", "我们认为,使裁军谈判会议回到正轨是任何解决办法的核心。 裁谈会的进一步瘫痪不仅会损害其作为裁军首要论坛的地位和合法性,而且会损害多边裁军机制,包括裁审会的基础。 我坚信,裁军谈判会议如果希望继续发挥中心作用,就应该迅速采取行动。", "为了鼓励裁军谈判会议向前迈进,每个国家首先必须在安全考虑和工作方式方面表现出更大的政治灵活性。 只有当各国表现出灵活性和合作精神时,裁谈会才能取得显著进展并跟上迅速变化的裁军气氛。 裁谈会进程现在需要的不是无休止和空洞的辩论,而是具体行动。", "正如大韩民国在2010年9月高级别会议上提议的那样,并正如秘书长今天上午再次建议的那样,我呼吁在秘书长的主持下设立一个知名人士小组,以找到解决裁军谈判会议目前所面临困难的办法。", "在这方面,我们欢迎秘书长关于裁军事项咨询委员会工作的报告(A/65/228),其中他支持设立这样一个小组。 秘书长咨询委员会指出,一组知名人士可以帮助幕后谈判,并引起全球对这一问题的重大注意。 我们最近目睹了千年发展目标和气候变化筹资领域的类似团体。 这些案件可以成为好的例子。", "我们知道,裁军谈判会议是大会的一个孩子,大会自然讨论其孩子的困境。 在这方面,我认为,不仅裁军谈判会议的内部努力,而且外部政治刺激可能大大有助于打破裁谈会的僵局。 我希望,大会第一委员会今年将继续讨论如何振兴多边裁军机制。", "大韩民国认为,国际社会同意以下共同看法:在裁军谈判会议的所有问题上,一项禁止生产武器用裂变材料的条约最需要谈判。 裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的谈判不仅对核不扩散,而且对核裁军都是必不可少的。 《禁产条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》对全球核裁军和不扩散制度具有象征意义和实质意义。 我们相信,一旦开始就禁产条约进行谈判,这一势头将导致以全面和平衡的方式进一步讨论其他重大问题,如核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛和消极安全保证等。", "大韩民国再次呼吁裁军谈判会议所有成员开展合作,尽早就禁产条约开展实质性工作,不仅有利于核不扩散,而且更有利于核裁军。 大韩民国将尽最大努力使裁军谈判会议的进程开始。", "朱可夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言): 俄罗斯联邦全心全意地支持振兴多边裁军、不扩散和军备控制机制。 我们支持维护和加强现有的裁军三重机制:联合国裁军审议委员会、第一委员会和裁军谈判会议。 这些论坛已证明其必要性和效率,并为维护国际和平与安全作出了重大贡献。", "我们认为,现在不是根本重组这些机制的问题,而是调动政治意愿,启动这些机制,以建立新的普遍裁军和不扩散协定。 我们认为,多边裁军进程的现状,特别是在裁军谈判会议内,不是多边裁军机制系统崩溃的结果,而是反映了各国在裁军和不扩散问题上的不同优先事项,以及各国对其合法国家利益的看法。 裁谈会问题的根源与其无关。", "显然,裁军谈判会议处理非常敏感的问题,即国家安全问题。 在其他地方,我们必须愿意在利益平衡的基础上达成合理的妥协。 此外,我们不应过分简化裁军谈判会议局势背后的原因,也不应把它们归结为程序上的分歧或野心和主张的冲突。", "重要的是,尽管最近激进地呼吁关闭裁军谈判会议,要求改变其基本工作原则或推出新的形式,但论坛的绝大多数与会者普遍认识到保留裁军谈判会议作为关键多边谈判机制的重要性。 一些国家提出的休克疗法是一个激进的步骤,不仅可能使裁军谈判会议完全瘫痪,而且还会严重破坏整个裁军三边关系并最终摧毁现有的裁军机制。", "我们不能同意这种做法。 没有银弹 我们的目标必须是耐心和相互尊重地寻求双方可接受的打破僵局的方法,而不是仓促地采取各种步骤和决定。 这不仅涉及程序性问题,还涉及实质性问题,更不用说惩罚性措施,如拒绝资助。", "在这方面,我们支持裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生所采取的平衡做法,即裁军轨道上、包括裁谈会上停滞不前,主要原因不是机制的缺陷,而是世界地缘政治局势、国家间的战略冲突和缺乏政治意愿。", "我们反对对裁军谈判会议协商一致的主要工作原则进行任何审查。 与此同时,我们准备采取灵活态度并寻求能够打破僵局的新方法。 在这方面,一个令人感兴趣的想法是扩大裁谈会的成员,促进非政府组织的更大参与,并增进关于裁军事项的公开宣传。", "普遍裁军协定可在联合国的主持下并协商一致的基础上拟订。 只有在这种情况下,协定才能发挥作用并适应新的现实和挑战。 将谈判转向志同道合的国家之间的平行轨道不大可能导致任何普遍或可行的条约。 我们相信,振兴裁军谈判会议将符合所有会员国的利益。 我们认为,除了旨在缓解裁谈会某些成员国的安全关切或以裁谈会议程为基础达成协议的耐心和相互尊重的对话之外,别无他择。", "CD/1864号文件是妥协的现实基础。 通过支持它,俄罗斯联邦表示愿意考虑其伙伴的立场并商定妥协。 我们期望我们的伙伴也这样做。 俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议内的优先事项是制定一项禁止在外层空间使用所有类型武器的条约。 我们和中国提交的条约草案毫无例外地考虑到所有国家的利益。", "另一个重要挑战是起草一项普遍、公平和可核查的裂变材料禁产条约。 它的通过将是加强裁军和核不扩散制度的又一步骤。", "巴瓦德先生(瑞士)(以法语发言): 主席先生,请允许我感谢你召开2010年9月24日振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判高级别会议的后续会议。 你的倡议和参与无疑将帮助我们在这个问题上取得进展。", "瑞士完全赞同荷兰代表早些时候以40个国家的名义所作的发言。 请允许我从瑞士的角度补充几点内容。", "瑞士完全支持秘书长倡议推进多边裁军谈判并振兴裁军谈判会议的工作。 这一进程已经产生了重大影响。 自2010年9月以来,我们看到第一委员会、裁军谈判会议和联合国裁军审议委员会进行了重要讨论。 过去10个月,显然越来越多的国家认为,在与裁军有关的各种问题上缺乏进展是不能接受的。 在这些审议过程中,也很明显,越来越多的国家认为迫切需要振兴裁军机制并开始实质性工作,尤其是就裁谈会议程上的四个核心问题中的一个或几个进行谈判。", "瑞士相信,目前未能就新的多边裁军和防扩散文书达成协议,这破坏了多边裁军制度,从长远来看,这一趋势将不符合任何国家的利益。 为了处理这种情况,我们需要通过调动政治意愿和在裁军谈判会议之外增加压力来进行补充性的努力。 我们还需要认识到,目前的僵局不能仅仅归咎于外部政治因素,而且还与体制问题有关。 现有机制显然无法催化必要的政治意愿,也无法利用它正在形成的地方。", "为了取得进展,我们还需要有反映并能够处理当前现实的机构和机制。 我们生活在一个全球性、相互依存的世界中,它面临着许多共同的裁军和不扩散挑战。 必须从一维方法转向军备控制、裁军和不扩散,而转向更全面的方法。 必须认识到,裁军和不扩散活动影响到除和平与安全以外的许多国际社会所关切的领域;这些活动对人类安全、人权、发展、环境和健康产生影响,仅举几个例子。 只有把这些方面纳入我们的审议,我们才能应对我们面临的挑战。", "我们的机构不应再建立在或继续支持一个显然已经过时的普遍适用的国家安全范式的概念上。 如果它们不改变,裁军谈判会议就有可能以牺牲世界绝大多数国家和人民的利益为代价,使某些人的利益处于有利地位。 我们深信,必须开展包容性的工作并借鉴所有利益攸关者,如其他有关国家、专家社区或民间社会代表的意见。", "我们需要旨在取得成果而不是维持现状的机构。 它们必须既反应迅速,又具有预防作用,从而能够产生应对当前和未来挑战所需的工具。 因此,瑞士回顾,国际社会需要各种机制、平台和环境,鼓励就与更广泛的裁军有关的所有问题进行有意义、及时、有包容性和有效的审议和谈判。 这必须是我们的长期目标。", "虽然2010年9月24日的高级别会议旨在促进关于如何打破裁军谈判会议僵局的辩论,但自那时以来情况没有改善。 在许多方面,僵局今天更加严重。 瑞士认为,我们现在需要以在各级和几个战线同时以可持续的方式采取实际行动来补充目前的对话。", "在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上,今年剩余时间和2012年届会,必须在现有框架内开展实质性工作并开始谈判。 本会议还必须以更系统和更注重结果的方式继续不断思考其长处和短处,以便进行必要的改革,使本会议更能发挥作用。 裁谈会别无选择,只能表明它能够取得成果。", "在第一委员会第六十六届会议上,会员国不妨考虑启动针对具体问题的进程,例如设立核裁军问题不限成员名额工作组,包括裂变材料或防止外层空间军备竞赛。 这种进程应设在日内瓦,利用裁军谈判会议内部和周围的无与伦比的专门知识。 要使这些进程具有可持续性并为裁谈会恢复工作提供动力,这些进程应当与该论坛今后可能取得的突破相补充,其设计方式应当允许在适当阶段向裁谈会转达相关成果。", "在大会的更广泛层面,会员国应通过引入新的思维、新想法和务实做法来推进振兴进程。 这种基础对于为开展更深入的改革进程所需的更广泛支持铺平道路至关重要。 在这方面,执行秘书长裁军事项咨询委员会最近关于设立一个高级别小组以负责迅速拟订关于这种改革的建议的报告所载的各项建议,可以是一种建设性的前进道路。", "最后,我要强调,在我们努力推动振兴多边裁军机制的努力时,瑞士仍然相信,需要由各国政府、国际组织和民间社会的专家提供支持的、长期存在的裁军代表团队伍,以审查现有协定的执行问题并谈判新的文书。 我们还继续认为,需要建立一个与裁军谈判会议类似的常设论坛,处理我们领域的挑战,为21世纪的全球安全作出贡献。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言): 古巴重申促进多边主义作为裁军谈判核心原则的重要性。 根据《联合国宪章》,多边商定的解决办法是处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续方法。", "在裁军机制内,裁军谈判会议在普遍接受的裁军条约的多边谈判中发挥着关键作用。 如果裁谈会不存在,我们就必须毫不拖延地创建裁谈会。 我们感到遗憾的是,裁谈会十多年来未能开展实质性工作。 一些人坚持认为,其根源在于其工作方法和议事规则。 古巴不同意这种解释。 我们评估的最佳证据是,裁军谈判会议所遭遇的情况远非裁军机制中的孤立局势。", "例如,联合国裁军审议委员会今年连续12次再次结束其工作,但没有就实质性建议达成协议,这不是偶然的。 此外,第一委员会每年都通过几十项决议,特别是关于裁军的决议,这些决议根本没有得到执行。 尽管不结盟运动多年来一直坚持这一问题,但大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议仍未召开。", "古巴支持优化联合国裁军机制,包括裁军谈判会议。 然而,我们深信,目前影响大多数裁军机制的瘫痪首先由一些国家缺乏取得真正成果的政治意愿所造成,特别是在裁军方面。", "我们感到关切的是,一些代表团暗示说,现在应该搁置裁军谈判会议,转向其他谈判进程。 古巴反对以联合国框架之外并由某些国家管理的选择性临时安排取而代之。 如果强制实行这种标准,我们将采取危险的后退步骤。 解决办法不是开始无视裁军谈判会议,或尽量减少其重要性。 相反,今天比以往任何时候更加需要维护和加强它,这是我们大家的责任。", "裁谈会必须尽快通过一项全面而平衡的工作方案,考虑到真正的裁军优先事项。 古巴准备同裁军谈判会议同时谈判一项消除和禁止核武器的条约;一项禁止外层空间军备竞赛的条约;一项向古巴等无核武器国家提供有效安全保证的条约;以及一项禁止生产用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约。 我们认为,裁军谈判会议有能力同时支持这些谈判。", "谈判一项用于制造核武器的裂变材料停产条约将是一项积极行动,但如果不确定实现核裁军的后续步骤,就其本身而言仍然是不够的。", "核裁军现在是而且必须仍然是裁军的最高优先事项。 在此基础上,必须在裁军谈判会议的框架内达成共识。 大会必须紧急开始谈判在具体时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案,包括一项核武器公约。 核武器的存在以及规定拥有和使用核武器的理论的存在,对国际和平与安全构成严重威胁。 当今世界有近23 000个核武器,其中7 560个可以立即使用,这是完全不能接受的。", "8月22日,古巴将担任裁军谈判会议主席,并负责起草和谈判该机构的报告,以提交第一委员会。 我们的坚定目标是,根据其谈判裁军和军备控制国际条约的任务,尽一切努力促进同该机构的实质性谈判。 这将需要裁谈会每个成员作出贡献。 通过具体行动证明我们对裁军与和平的承诺的机会掌握在我们手中。", "Sin Son Ho先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国): 主席先生,首先请允许我感谢你组织今天的这次重要会议。 还请允许我表示希望,本次会议将为振兴裁军谈判会议并恢复其正确轨道提供良好机会。", "我国代表团完全支持阿拉伯埃及共和国常驻代表马吉德·阿卜杜拉齐兹先生以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "核裁军仍然是确保世界和平与安全的首要优先事项。 1945年第一次出现核武器,标志着有史以来对人类使用最有破坏性的武器的历史的开始。 在日本广岛和长崎投下核炸弹是其核心事件,它向世界充分证明了哪怕是一枚核武器对全球和平与安全的破坏性后果。 此外,第一个核武器国家于1945年出现,是向世界其他地方扩散的根本性根源,导致连锁反应。 如果人类神圣科学的成功没有被利用来达到可能毁灭全人类的不祥而危险的目的,那么核武器的扩散今天可能不是一个问题。 正如我们所看到的那样,核武器是一个直接关系到人类生存和世界和平与安全的问题。", "核武器国家有不可避免的义务履行它们根据现有国际准则所作出的承诺。 1996年,国际法院向全世界明确表示,使用核武器违反了国际法。 它提请我们注意,所有其他现有武器无一例外地处于条约或公约的全面控制之下,但核武器仍然在多边国际法之外。 对无核武器国家的消极安全保证也是如此。", "最近的事态发展给核裁军的前景蒙上阴影,使国际社会集中了注意力。 核武器现代化方案是由回顾冷战的核理论所公开推动的。 我提请各位成员注意,目前正在进行开发像常规武器一样使用的小型核武器的项目。", "除此之外,导弹防御系统的发展正在稳步地取得进展,无视国际关切。 以所谓“流氓国家”为借口对所谓的弹道导弹发展作出反应的系统,鉴于其庞大的资金和覆盖全世界的地理网络,是远远不合逻辑的。 导弹防御系统的性质和范围雄辩地说明了其捍卫者的真正目标,它只是获得绝对的核优势和对其核对手的全球霸权。", "在目前不断变化的世界中,人们可以很容易地预测,这一危险的举动最终会引发新的核军备竞赛。 这表明,世界上最大的核武器国家已经丧失了在国际社会面前讨论扩散问题的法律和道义理由,无论理由为何。 如果最大的核武器国家真正希望不扩散,它就应该通过谈判一项消除核武器的条约树立好榜样。", "全面彻底地消除核武器仍然是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的一贯政策。 消除核武器的条约应以有时限、可核查、不可逆转和有法律约束力的方式缔结。 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的这一政策很好地反映了该国几十年来在持续的外部核威胁和讹诈下面临的独特和特殊安全环境。 自从1957年美国将第一枚核武器引入南朝鲜以来,那里的核武器已超过1000枚.", "作为裁军谈判会议的成员国和现任主席,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国将尽一切可能推动裁谈会向前发展。 核裁军、消极安全保证以及禁止外层空间武器和裂变材料都是裁谈会的未决问题。 令人遗憾的是,核裁军和消极安全保证尚未解决,尽管它们有几十年的讨论历史,始于联合国的建立。", "裁军谈判会议陷入僵局已持续了十多年,其原因是缺乏政治意愿。 如果裁谈会要取得进展,就应充分考虑所有成员国的安全利益。 在这方面,裁谈会2009年通过的工作方案是值得重新考虑的,因为它平等地反映了议程上的所有未决问题。", "拉加利尼先生(意大利): 主席先生,首先请允许我重申,我国代表团感谢你安排这次关于振兴裁军谈判会议的辩论会,作为秘书长2010年9月所召开的高级别会议的后续行动。", "我们完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员早些时候所作的发言。 我们还赞同荷兰代表团代表包括我国在内的一些想法相同的国家所发表的意见。 然而,我想以我国代表的身份发表几点意见,作为对辩论的贡献,并确定对这一举措和去年展开的一般性工作可能采取的具体后续行动。", "裁军谈判会议已经停滞了十多年。 它未能履行其核心任务,即谈判裁军和不扩散领域的全球国际文书。 但我要指出的是,整个国际裁军机制目前正面临严重困难。 联合国裁军审议委员会虽然仍然是深入讨论的有益论坛,但多年来未能就实质性建议或决定达成一致。", "总的来说,虽然近年来我们看到了重大的成功,但它们是在双边、裁军谈判会议以外的论坛或通过联合国既定裁军机制之外的特设形式取得的。 然而,意大利坚信,一个致力于促进国际和平与裁军事业的全球裁军谈判的论坛是重要的,也是真正的需要。", "我们认为,继续声称裁军谈判会议因缺乏政治意愿而不能运作已经不可信了。 例如,今年,两个成员国主动就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的具体方面组织了三次出席情况良好和非常成功的会边活动,以努力克服裁谈会的程序驱动的惰性。 会外活动大大提高了会员国对未来条约关键议题的了解,一旦谈判开始,条约将证明对每个人都有利。", "我们认为,阻碍裁军谈判会议的是少数成员滥用议事规则。 2009年,裁谈会以协商一致的方式通过了一项工作方案,就禁产条约进行谈判并设立四个特设工作组,其中一个工作组负责开展这些谈判。 然而,由于在组织事项上缺乏共识,如确定会议的时间、地点和主席轮换,会议无法执行工作方案。 因此,应进一步考虑审查本会议的一些工作方法,以使它们更加有效和高效。", "裁军谈判会议议事规则的其他规定也值得重新评估。 主席的每月轮任似乎过于频繁,损害了裁谈会工作的连续性。 初步建议是,每年两名主席似乎更合适。 总统的决策权也可以得到更好的规定。 此外,要求每年通过一项工作方案的规则似乎不明智。 它允许任何成员在12月31日之后立即无限期地阻止谈判。 应考虑维持裁谈会最初通过的今后几年工作方案,除非成员国就一项新的工作方案达成共识。", "当然,我们并非对修改裁谈会议事规则的障碍视而不见。 正如我们去年在振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议上所指出,对政治问题没有程序性的解决办法。 然而,我们也相信,必须以勇气和决心来解决这个问题,同时寻求解决根本的政治问题。 这需要裁谈会全体成员作出努力。", "裁军谈判会议工作的恢复不能再被推迟了。 这已成为一个紧急事项。 目前的僵局正在迅速摧毁其威望和权威。", "如果到大会第六十六届会议结束时尚未作出决定,迫使裁谈会开始谈判,如CD/1864号文件——2009年核准的工作计划——所指出,我们担心,将其迁出裁谈会的建议将会得到推动。 意大利虽然不热衷于这种结果,但肯定不会反对这种结果,因为核裁军和不扩散是我们外交政策的优先领域。", "为了促进就振兴裁谈会达成协议,意大利愿意接受关于今后就消极安全保证进行讨论的建议,以期今后可能开始关于这个问题的谈判。 虽然裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)是阻止核武器主要原材料供应的工具,但需要消极安全保证来保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器。", "这两个目标完全反映了我们对无核武器世界的共同愿望。 它们也是加强核不扩散制度的途径。 在这方面,我们还应铭记,去年在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上通过的各项结论和后续行动建议(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))只提及这两个项目,作为裁谈会的实质性任务:禁产条约和消极安全保证。", "今天的辩论证实了国际社会对裁谈会和整个裁军机制的关注。 大会可以在这一领域发挥具体作用,而今天的讨论实际上可以成为采取进一步行动的催化剂。 我们希望,一旦在大会下届会议上,特别是在第一委员会上,我们将推进这一讨论,并就如何重启裁军和不扩散领域的谈判提出具体想法。", "克门特先生(奥地利): 主席先生,我要向你表示,我们赞赏安排今天的大会辩论,讨论这一重要议程项目,这是奥地利与其他48个会员国共同要求的。 然而,我还想表示奥地利对这次辩论实际上已成为必要的失望,因为正如去年关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议所要求,我们既未能振兴裁军谈判会议,也未能推进多边裁军谈判。", "我们完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言,也赞同荷兰代表以会员国跨区域集团名义所作的发言。 此外,我们要提出以下意见。", "同其他国家一样,奥地利欢迎国际安全政策最近的积极势头。 与此同时,国际社会参与具体多边裁军和不扩散谈判的期望继续受到挫折。 多边裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议,仍然陷于僵局。 我们去年希望产生的势头没有实现。 虽然在诊断裁谈会的疾病方面有很强的共识,但迄今尚未就必要的药品达成协议。", "例如,关于程序问题,我们认为,裁谈会的程序结构,特别是协商一致规则,在二十一世纪是不够的。 奥地利认为,我们所看到的那种程序性劫持人质的做法是不可接受的。 我们的共同责任是想方设法防止继续滥用协商一致规则。", "尽管裁军谈判会议过去取得了成功,但它已成为一个可以安全地假装在裁军问题上进行多边参与的论坛,因为程序工具似乎保证在任何时候都享有不受限制的否决权。 裁谈会拒绝接纳新成员以及与民间社会接触的令人沮丧的做法,是裁谈会过时和过时的工作方法的其他例子。", "然而,裁谈会并非仅面临程序性问题。 归根结底,由于政治问题和克服这些问题的政治意愿不足,裁谈会现在和现在都处于瘫痪状态。 裁谈会成员国不能同意就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)开始谈判,奥地利希望看到立即开始谈判。 今天,一个成员国反对开始这些谈判。", "然而,裁军谈判会议的政治问题及其陷入僵局的原因更深了。 自1997年以来,裁谈会及其瘫痪的责任得到了更广泛的分担。 此外,不仅禁产条约没有达成共识。 核裁军、防止外层空间军备竞赛和消极安全保证也是有分歧的问题。 因此,最终的问题是缺乏真正的政治承诺,无法通过达成多边条约的多边主义来处理裁军和不扩散问题。 正是这种缺乏承诺的情况,裁军谈判会议比任何其他论坛都更加突出。", "这就提出了这样一个问题:裁谈会实际上能否继续成为多边裁军谈判的有效论坛。 奥地利认为,裁谈会不仅丧失了许多信誉,而且冒着合法性的风险。 在过去14年中,裁谈会未能完成这项任务。 我们不能继续采取这种满怀希望的思维方式,这使我们相信,我们即将打破裁谈会的僵局。", "奥地利坚定地致力于多边主义,并高度重视多边机构。 然而,这些机构本身不是目的。 归根结底,我们不是致力于裁军谈判会议作为一个机构,而是致力于在多边裁军谈判上取得进展。", "在诊断出问题后,是否有治疗? 我们认为,基本上有两个选择。", "一方面,我们可以继续通过裁谈会并在裁谈会内开展工作,同成员国合作并等待成员国最终达成共识。 然而,显然不能将政治意愿强加于成员国。 在14年努力弥合平衡工作方案的差距而徒劳无功之后,这看起来并不大有希望。", "裁谈会成员国还可以设法通过处理裁谈会的工作方法来推动进展,例如澄清协商一致规则不适用于工作计划等程序性问题,或者在特殊情况下可以暂停。 成员国最终可以接纳那些表示希望参加裁谈会工作并让裁谈会向外部专家开放并听取民间社会意见的国家。", "这些将是重要步骤。 然而,它们也经过多年的讨论,没有取得真正的进展。 因此,我们怀疑在裁谈会内就哪怕如此微薄的步骤达成协议的可能性,更重要的是,这些步骤是否真正有助于取得政治突破。", "因此,我们认为,我们应该考虑另一种行动方针,并探讨在裁谈会框架之外的各种选择。 例如,我们可以设想大会在裁军谈判中发挥更积极、更直接和更中心的作用。", "有些国家缺乏政治意愿,或者更糟糕的是,对多边进展的真正承诺,不应成为阻止国际社会其他成员取得进展的理由。 我们坚信,也可以通过进程、开始谈判和解决多年来一直被困在议程上的各种问题来产生政治意愿。 正是在这一背景下,奥地利期望第一委员会下届会议将就如何推进多边裁军谈判作出实质性决定。 我们不能再等待下去了。", "归根结底,重要的是取得实质性成功。 我们必须确保我们的文书能促进成功,而不是相反地成为成功的障碍。 自从去年的不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会以来,我们再次明确承诺建立一个无核武器世界。 这是一个集体承诺,我们需要就此采取行动。 我们必须开始具体地侧重于使我们能够通过裁军谈判会议、大会或任何其他建设性多边办法来实现这一目标的参数。", "克莱布先生(印度尼西亚): 主席先生,首先请允许我感谢你召开关于这一重要问题的本次会议。", "印度尼西亚完全赞同埃及常驻代表早些时候以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "印度尼西亚长期致力于建立一个没有核武器和其他大规模毁灭性武器的世界,期望今天的讨论将产生明确的政治势头,使我们能够克服继续阻碍多边裁军目标取得进展的障碍。", "在2010年9月24日的高级别会议上,我们看到了一个真正的机会,在《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)缔约国审议大会以协商一致方式通过《最后文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))和美国与俄罗斯联邦之间的《新裁武条约》之后,打破了裁军谈判会议的僵局。 无论如何,这是两项重要和非常有价值的成就。 几十年的核裁军僵局终于可以打破。 人们产生了新的希望,即通过在这些关键成就和正在形成的谅解的基础上更上一层楼,国际社会能够在可预见的未来实现无核武器世界的愿景。", "因此,令人沮丧的是,自9月份会议以来,全球核裁军议程没有取得具体进展,这是可以理解的。 裁军谈判会议仍然无法在日内瓦商定一个平衡而全面的工作方案,联合国裁军审议委员会在纽约又结束了一届会议,但没有商定实质性建议。", "尽管去年作出了承诺,但在执行《不扩散条约》审议大会《最后文件》方面也没有取得什么进展,包括其举行2012年关于建立中东无核武器区的重要会议的任务。", "印度尼西亚强调必须充分履行裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域国际商定的承诺。 现在是所有国家,特别是核武器国家履行其就彻底核裁军所作出的承诺的时候了。 为此采取有时限的行动,是建立信任和确保裁军谈判会议能够恢复活力并开始有意义的裁军谈判的最佳途径。", "我们应该很清楚。 正如秘书长和不结盟运动主席今天上午所指出,联合国裁军机制本身不是问题所在,因为正是这一机制才得以起草建立无核武器区以及常规军备控制、限制和裁军的指导方针。 《化学武器公约》和《生物武器公约》、《不扩散条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》等都是通过这一机制及其前身制度得以实现的。", "我们同意,程序非常重要,但我们不应有任何幻想。 如果缺乏实现目标的意愿,最好的程序就不会产生结果。 印度尼西亚相信,鉴于政治意愿,裁军谈判会议能够就一项核武器公约、消极安全保证、根据香农授权的裂变材料禁产条约和防止外层空间军备竞赛条约推进谈判。", "我们还强调,第一届裁军问题特别会议通过的协商一致的《最后文件》(第S-10/2号决议)继续有效,该文件由有史以来规模最大的各国共同提出全面裁军战略。 我们再次敦促所有国家发挥作用,召开第四届裁军特别会议并取得适当成功。", "最后,请允许我再次强调本次会议在激励为实现具体的裁军步骤而采取政治行动方面的重要性。 我们必须共同努力,促进采取措施,从地球上消除核武器和其他大规模毁灭性武器的祸害。 为此,印度尼西亚同过去一样,决心继续发挥积极作用。", "乌利巴里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言): 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加欢迎大会有此机会评估国际裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议的状况。 我们希望,本次辩论将重振裁谈会的工作,重振改革裁谈会的政治意愿,改革工作方法并从而改进裁谈会。", "哥斯达黎加赞同荷兰常驻代表以第65/93号决议的41个提案国的名义所作的发言,该决议为本次辩论奠定了基础。 尽管裁军谈判会议的成员已经关闭,处于僵局,而且我们无法作为拥有充分权利的成员参加,但对于哥斯达黎加来说,裁军谈判会议仍然是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。 我们认识到它在加强全球安全和促进国际稳定方面的主导作用。 自1994年以来,我们一直持这种观点,当时我们表示对参加裁谈会有合法但不满意的兴趣,我们现在作为设在日内瓦的非正式观察员国家小组的积极成员重申这一点。", "裁军不仅仅是一项与军事事务有关的孤立行动;它是一个有机进程,关系到并影响到我们所有人,我们必须不断努力通过富有成效的谈判来取得进展。 因此,我们对裁谈会的瘫痪、继续重复同样的惯例和错误以及维持其仪式所需的大量资源深感关切。 通过这些严重失败,裁谈会削弱了它处理新出现的安全问题的能力,并引起了合理的不满和不耐烦。", "然而,裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的主要原因并不限于其目前的工作方法;也许更重要的是迄今为止盛行的军国主义而不是人文主义。 现在应该从裁军对人类安全和军备控制的价值的角度,从国际人道主义法和人权的角度来看待裁军。 通过这样做,我们可以使辩论的概念方向朝着更积极——我们认为是有效的——方向转变。", "促进和维护国家和国际安全的主要工具不是武器,而是尊重人类安全和尊严及法治。 我们并不否认各国的军事防卫权,尽管我们60多年前选择了废除我们的武装部队。 然而,我们相信,虽然对安全与裁军采取基本上属于军国主义的做法可能使我们更接近军备管制和国际武库的控制,但它永远不会导致全球裁军。", "坦率地说,与裁军谈判会议一样,我们正经历着裁军的幻想。 销毁某些武器意味着进步,尽管它们立即被更强大的武器所取而代之;是某些武器被禁的幻想,因为这些武器的战略优势比较新的和较先进的武器要低;是满足民间社会要求的幻想,而事实上,唯一的结果是瘫痪和瘫痪的进程。", "此外,裁军谈判会议的运作就像一个封闭的俱乐部,其中只有三分之一的联合国会员国有责任谈判全球裁军。 例如,这个集团没有包括一个没有武装部队的27个国家,因此军事裁军已排在国家现实的第二位,这是自相矛盾的。", "2010年全球军费开支达到1.6万亿美元. 这一数字本身告诉我们的不多。 然而,如果我们在2015年之前每年只投入该数额的10%,国际社会将能够在2015年之前实现千年发展目标。", "哥斯达黎加认为,正如我们早些时候所说的那样,旨在振兴和调整多边裁军谈判的任何努力都必须以人的安全为重点。 这一重点对于禁止杀伤人员地雷和集束弹药的谈判至关重要。 它在缔结一项强有力的武器贸易条约的筹备会议中也发挥了重要作用。", "核武器已经确定不符合国际法,特别是国际人道主义法。 《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)以及国际法院1996年作出的一致决定确认,各国有法律义务开始并完成关于全球禁止和消除核武器的谈判。", "为了建立信任并发出善意信号,以便在裁军谈判会议或其他机构开始谈判,核武器国家应放弃其使这些武器现代化、更换或升级的计划。", "我国代表团认为,核武器国家在谈判桌上只是“有代表性的”削减,同时将大量资源用于能够维持或扩大这些威胁的设施的研究和现代化,这不利于裁军。", "最后,哥斯达黎加认为,多边裁军机构和进程,例如裁军谈判会议,可以开始同负责促进和保护人权和国际人道主义法的机构进行互动和合作,目的是根据它们对裁军的承诺,更有效地跟踪各国履行这些领域义务的情况。", "哥斯达黎加认为,必须将执行裁军协定作为因素纳入人权理事会的普遍定期审议。 我们有时听到,在对裁军和军备控制采取人道主义办法的基础上,寻求建立一个更公正和安全的世界,只是一厢情愿的想法。 我们不同意这一评估。 相反,我们所观察到的不可否认的证据是,裁谈会在军国主义做法方面陷于瘫痪。 我们仍然有时间调整裁军谈判会议的方向,使其具备新的模式、更好的工作方法和真正的妥协。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西): 振兴裁军谈判会议的工作并推进多边裁军谈判,是实现更安全世界的重要步骤。 国际社会一再重申,必须以坚定的政治意愿来应对核武库的存在造成的威胁。 我们的共同目标必须是实现长期追求的无核武器世界的目标。", "我们感兴趣地注意到裁军事项咨询委员会最近的报告。 如文件所显示的,咨询委员会成员在提出解决裁军谈判会议工作僵局的办法方面所面临的困难证明,僵局的原因是政治性的,因此与裁谈会的体制或程序问题无关。 因此,必须强调报告中提出的建议,即秘书长如果决定召开一次由知名人士组成的高级别小组会议,就要求就振兴整个联合国裁军机制的方法进行研究。", "巴西认为,任何改革努力都应考虑整个联合国裁军机制,而不仅仅是裁军谈判会议。 因此,我们支持召开大会第四届裁军问题特别会议,审查1978年举行的第一届裁军问题特别会议所建立的体制结构。 我们劝阻任何试图在有限目标基础上部分地修正这一机制的运作并仅限于一个主题,例如裂变材料的倡议。", "巴西认为,裁军谈判会议是国际社会正式组成的谈判核裁军的唯一机构。 虽然我们最优先重视通过一项核裁军公约来消除核武器,但我们支持就裁谈会议程的其他三个核心问题,即用于核武器和其他爆炸装置的裂变材料、消极安全保证和防止外层空间军备竞赛等展开谈判。", "我们不赞同只谈判裂变材料条约问题已经成熟的观点。 我们也不支持只有一个国家应对裁谈会工作僵局负责的论点。 如果就裂变材料条约的主题而言,情况确实如此,那么其他国家就阻碍了有关其他议程项目的文书的谈判。", "即使就裂变材料条约而言,会员国之间也存在明显分歧。 巴西主张谈判一项考虑到储存问题的条约。 一项仅限于禁止生产的条约对核裁军的影响很小或根本没有。", "对裁军谈判会议体制方面的批评,尤其是对其议事规则的批评,并不一致。 人们可以问,那些谴责在裂变材料停产条约(禁产条约)谈判中滥用协商一致规则的国家是否愿意接受关于裁谈会正在审议的其他问题的多数决定。 影响国家安全的谈判总是敏感而复杂的。 协商一致规则是裁军谈判会议反映这一现实的特别程序。", "巴西支持考虑扩大裁谈会成员,因为这将促进该机构内更丰富和更全面的讨论。 我们还主张", "民间社会更多地参与跟踪裁谈会的工作,因为这将有助于提高对核裁军领域所面临挑战的认识。", "毫无疑问,令人关切的是,尽管过去几年在裁军和不扩散形势的积极发展,特别是不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会的成功结果的基础上作出了努力,但裁军谈判会议的僵局仍然存在。", "核武器的存在对人类生存构成最直接的威胁。 因此,迫切需要谈判有利于核裁军的文书。 然而,人们应该提出的问题是: 国际社会是否能够更好地在没有裁军谈判会议的情况下谈判这些文书? 巴西认为,尽管存在着缺点,但裁谈会实际上没有其他选择。 这就是为什么振兴裁军谈判会议不能意味着想方设法绕过它。", "下午1时散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "The meeting was called to order at 3.05 p.m.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The President (spoke in French): Members will recall that the General Assembly held a debate on agenda item 13 jointly with agenda items 115 on the follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit and 120 on the strengthening of the United Nations system at its 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 13, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/10, 65/234 and 65/309 at its 52nd, 72nd and 109th plenary meetings, respectively.", "By way of an opening remark, I would like to share some thoughts with the Assembly. We have met today to address the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation and to consider the impact of the realization of that right on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). I extend a very cordial welcome to His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, whose country, the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is an ardent upholder of this right. I also extend my warmest welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who will also be participating in this afternoon’s discussions.", "In July 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. That decision was a first step towards the explicit acknowledgment of the right to drinking water and sanitation as a human right. Thereafter, in September 2010, the Human Rights Council adopted a resolution asserting the right to water and sanitation as deriving from the right to a dignified life and an acceptable standard of living.", "For millions of people, access to safe drinking water and sanitation is an urgent development need. MDG 7 calls for the halving by 2015 of the proportion of the global population with no access to drinking water and sanitation. The realization of this Goal is crucial to achieving others, such those concerning poverty reduction, child health and education for all.", "The progress achieved after 10 years of effort has been inadequate. There are still 1 billion people with no access to drinking water and more than 2 billion without basic sanitation services. I welcome and support the initiative “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015”, launched by the Secretary-General last month.", "These figures, along with the drought currently afflicting the Horn of Africa, recall for us the scale of the inequality in today’s world with respect to meeting our water needs. While in some regions men, women and children die because they lack just a few litres of water, in other regions water is wasted. The human right to water and sanitation is therefore critical to ensuring that everybody enjoys a dignified and free life.", "As we will have the opportunity to discuss today, we face many challenges, such as, in many cases, the absence of functional State institutions and limited technical and financial resources. Realizing these rights would represent progress in meeting the Millennium Development Goal on water and the totality of the MDGs.", "The 2015 deadline leaves us very little time to take decisive action. In the spirit of the commitment that we made at the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, which opened the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly in September 2010, and in the spirit of the Secretary-General’s initiative that I just mentioned, we should daily reaffirm our collective will to achieve the Goals and redouble our efforts to do so. I hope that the Conference on Sustainable Development to be held next year in Rio will spark a new impetus to achieve universal access to water and sanitation.", "Today, we have an excellent opportunity to send the message that we have the will to succeed. I encourage speakers to emphasize practical, results-oriented approaches to making the right to water and sanitation a reality.", "I now give the floor to the Secretary-General, His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon.", "The Secretary-General: At any one time, close to half of all people in developing countries are suffering from health problems caused by poor water and sanitation. Together, unclean water and poor sanitation are the world’s second biggest killers of children. While progress is broadly on track to meet the Millennium Development Goal target of reducing by half the number of people without access to safe drinking water, the world will miss the sanitation target. I therefore welcome this plenary meeting.", "Last July, the General Assembly recognized the right to water and sanitation. Then, in September, the Human Rights Council specified that this right is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living. Those were important advances. They provide a solid legal framework for Governments and the United Nations system alike. The task now is to translate that commitment into specific obligations at the international and national levels. Only then can people — and especially the poor — realize this right.", "Let us be clear — a right to water and sanitation does not mean that water should be free. Rather, it means that water and sanitation services should be affordable and available to all, and that States must do everything in their power to make that happen. It is not acceptable that poor slum-dwellers pay five or even 10 times as much for their water as wealthy residents of the same cities. It is not acceptable that more than 1 billion people in rural communities live without toilets and have to defecate in the open. It is not acceptable that wastewater from slums, farms and industry is allowed to pollute the environment.", "Last month, the United Nations launched the “Sustainable sanitation — the five-year drive to 2015” initiative. I spoke then of how the lack of access to safe water and adequate sanitation adversely affects children’s health and development. I also told of how good sanitation can boost our efforts to combat HIV/AIDS and malaria, simply because people living in hygienic conditions are better prepared to fight off other diseases. I also pointed out that good sanitation and hygiene can increase school performance and reduce absenteeism, especially among adolescent girls, thereby contributing to their empowerment and equality. In short, improved sanitation can contribute to all our development goals.", "Many Governments have already included the rights to water and sanitation in their constitutions and domestic legislation. Those Governments that have yet to do so should follow suit without delay. We must reach all those who are denied the water and sanitation services that are necessary for their dignity and well-being. Today, my mind is on the emergency in the Horn of Africa. Millions are struggling merely to survive and scarcely enjoying the full range of their rights. They need immediate assistance, from food and water to adequate sanitation in the camps to which many have been forced to flee.", "Such short-term relief, however, must be linked to long-term sustainability. That will require an agricultural transformation that improves the resilience of rural people — especially pastoralists — and minimizes the scale of any future crisis. It means working to realize the right to water and sanitation for all. It means creating the conditions of security necessary for people and communities to thrive. Water, sanitation, stability, prosperity and peace — these goals are closely, inextricably linked. Progress can be ours if we work together.", "The President (spoke in French): I thank the Secretary-General for his statement.", "The Assembly will now hear an address by His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "President Morales Ayma (spoke in Spanish): I come here today to express my deepest respect and admiration for the United Nations, first of all for holding this meeting, and also because a year ago here in the General Assembly adopted an historic and unprecedented declaration on the right to water as a universal human right (resolution 64/292).", "That leads me to believe that this new millennium will offer the chance to make up for the harm inflicted on the peoples of the world. If today water is a human right thanks to the General Assembly, then water is the mother of all rights. If presidents, Governments and States do not guarantee water as a human right, they will certainly respect no human right anywhere in the world. I therefore believe that we can make significant progress in the United Nations in ensuring the enjoyment of human rights, fulfilling the aspirations of our peoples.", "If water is a human right, it must stop being a commodity in private trade. It must be a public service. If water is a human right, it cannot be subject to commerce in the hands of mercenary companies. In issuing this declaration on water as a human right with the approval of the United Nations, we share the obligation to work together and share our experience in order to implement policies to ensure that water can be enjoyed as a human right.", "I take this opportunity to give voice to the suffering of the peoples mentioned by the Secretary-General. Children lose their lives and farmers cannot work because of a lack of water. As is the case with any right, the right to water must be respected. And human rights have opponents — policies that lead to inequalities or inflict injustice on people. Water, too, has its opponent; the enemy of this natural resource is global warming. Global warming is water’s chief enemy, thanks to which last year my country endured the worst year of drought, frost, and low temperatures. In Bolivia’s Amazon region, millions of fish died as a result. On the high plateau, people have had to leave their homes and travel in search of water.", "The effects of global warming are a very serious problem that we have had to address through our own efforts. However, as a responsible Government, we are experimenting with new policies under the My Water programme. We are investing more in water, for without water there can be no life. Without water, there can be no food. Without water, there can be no planet Earth. It is thus the obligation of the Governments of nations to guarantee this natural resource, so vital to life.", "Fortunately, in Bolivia, thanks to the conscience of our people and our democratic nation, the right to water is enshrined in our Constitution and we therefore have a duty to implement it. With this policy, through our My Water programme, together with our 337 municipalities, we are beginning to prioritize projects and programmes that are not just the initiative of one mayor or one President but respond to the needs of the beneficiaries of our natural resources, such as drinking water for people and water for crops and livestock.", "Some representatives may say that providing water for livestock is ridiculous, but there are families whose livelihood depends on animals, and those animals need water. When there is no water on the Bolivian high plateau, families can abandon their communities and their land, but they cannot abandon their livestock. Their livestock are at the mercy of nature. During the rainy season, of course, families return to their lands and recover those animals that have survived the drought. The bodies and skeletons of dead animals strew the fields, but some survive. This is a result of global warming. It affects water; it destroys families, particularly those of poor peasant farmers.", "This experience has been a wake-up call to us to implement this programme. Our expectations are high. We have invested $100 million for 10 million inhabitants of Bolivia. We wish to go further by sharing this experience with the Assembly, and to share in other experiences from other countries. I have come here to learn from other speakers. I want to learn from those here and from other leaders in the United Nations how we can complement one another in guaranteeing water as a public service. Alone, we surely cannot solve this problem or those that occur in other regions, countries and continents. We have a duty to think hard and long.", "It must not be that in some countries water can be wasted as a luxury, as it is in some countries where people are heedless of how it should be shared but rather compete for it. There is no place for competition here. As developing countries, we have major differences that divide us. Competition of any kind will not solve the problems of poverty or unemployment. But if we can work by cooperating with one another, surely we can do it. Our work, struggle and task are to seek a balance among all human beings.", "The United Nations has taken important measures around the world. We have heard that, in some regions, referendums will be held to decide whether water will be a right, a private commodity or a public service. Some 80 or 90 per cent of the people will vote for water as a human right and a public service, and not a private commodity. We do not want to see some multinational companies, as has happened in Bolivia, privatizing water to profit from its sale. How can we sell water? How can water be a private commodity?", "We — rural and urban social movements, workers, professionals and intellectuals committed to their countries, indigenous peoples, coca growers — condemn such competition. The year 2000, when we expelled some multinational companies, was a momentous time for us. Some businesses had sought to increase the price of water by 500 per cent. These events led us to think hard and deeply. Through these social movements, we organized and rewrote our Constitution; and we have come to raise these issues in international forums with great respect for the policies and programmes of every country. It is our obligation to share our experiences, as it is for every country to do for the good of the community.", "I come from the Bolivian people with our policies to greet the leaders and ambassadors of the United Nations, who a year ago declared here, with great wisdom and intelligence, that water is a human right. If it is a human right, it is now our responsibility to implement that policy defined by the United Nations. I commend the Secretary-General and the Assembly for those policies. We will always be willing to share our experience here.", "The President (spoke in French): I have invited the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to participate in this meeting.", "If there is no objection, may I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly, without setting a precedent, to invite the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, to make a statement at this meeting?", "It was so decided.", "The President (spoke in French): In accordance with the decision just taken and without setting a precedent, I now give the floor to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Ms. De Albuquerque (spoke in French): At the outset, I thank you, Sir, for inviting me to participate in this important meeting. It is an honour and a pleasure to be here today to assess the progress achieved and the continuing challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals.", "(spoke in English)", "When, exactly one year ago, following the historic General Assembly vote on the right to water and sanitation (resolution 64/292), journalists asked me about the impact of the recognition of this human right, I immediately recalled the wise words of Eleanor Roosevelt, who said that human rights begin in small places, close to home. And unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Hence today, as we gather to celebrate the first anniversary of the adoption of the resolution, we must ask ourselves the same questions. Will this resolution have any impact on the lives of the billions of people who do not have access to safe water and sanitation? Will it help to prevent the roughly 1.5 million child deaths that occur each year due to water- and sanitation-related diseases? Will it lead to improvements in schools where water is lacking and girls drop out because there are no sex-segregated toilets? Will it help to change the situation in hospitals that are without water and sanitation and face high rates of maternal mortality?", "Fatima and John are examples of the billions of people suffering from a lack of safe water and sanitation. I met Fatima and her daughters in one of my country missions. They had to walk for hours every day to fetch water. They could not work or attend school because much of the day was spent in this task. The family often suffered from diarrhoea, and one friend had almost been raped the day before I met them while walking to fetch water.", "Two years later, I met John, a homeless man, during another of my missions. The public restrooms in his city had been shut down. John became, as he put it, the sanitation technician for the local homeless community. He improvised a toilet inside a tent where people would defecate into plastic bags. John would then collect and carry away the faeces on his bike, trying to find an open toilet where he could empty the bags.", "These human rights violations must be stopped. Resolution 64/292 must serve as the guide for putting an end to the suffering of all the Fatimas and Johns in the world. Am I expecting too much from a resolution of the General Assembly when I expect it to have a tangible impact on people’s lives? I do not think so.", "The challenges are and will remain great, but the experiences already occurring around the world show that the recognition of water and sanitation as human rights can truly make a difference.", "What has the recognition of the right to water and sanitation achieved? When both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council adopted resolutions recognizing water and sanitation as fundamental human rights, States undertook very clear commitments. They recognized that water and sanitation are derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and must, as has already been mentioned, be available in sufficient quantity, accessible, safe, affordable and culturally acceptable to all, without discrimination.", "These resolutions raised political attention and helped to crate the sense of urgency that is badly needed to improve access to water and sanitation in the world. In this context, I praise Bolivia, Germany and Spain for their leadership in this regard at the United Nations level. These resolutions entail a new vision for the world we live in — a world where everyone has access to safe water and sanitation; a world where people do not get sick from the water they drink or make other people sick because they are forced to defecate in the open; a world where people do not have to choose between taking their child to the doctor and paying their water bills.", "This new vision requires a shift in the mindset of policymakers, national Governments, local authorities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), United Nations agencies, the private sector and the people themselves. It means that the most vulnerable, the poorest, the indigenous, the slum-dwellers and the homeless — those who are usually voiceless — are no longer left behind and are prioritized in policymaking. This new vision means that ensuring access to safe drinking water and sanitation is not a gesture of charity or simply a good idea for policymakers. Unlike human rights, good ideas are subject to changing political currents. Good ideas are not legally binding.", "Does this mean that human rights ignore the resource limitations every State may face, or the impact of crises? Of course it does not. By recognizing the rights to water and sanitation, States are expected to take deliberate steps to progressively realize these rights, making maximum use of available resources while putting an end to all forms of discrimination in providing access to water and sanitation.", "A great deal of progress can be made, even within a climate of limited resources, such as that which we are facing right now. Some of these steps are, for example, the recognition of these rights in national legislation, the adoption of national action plans for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation, and putting the priority on unserved or under-served communities so as to provide a minimal level of access for everyone.", "Since the explicit recognition of the right to water and sanitation last year, I have received repeated requests for help from Governments, NGOs, service providers and United Nations agencies that want to implement these human rights but need assistance and guidance in doing so.", "Over the past three years, I have been collecting good practices. I have received over 200 submissions from the five continents, and I will present a compendium to the Human Rights Council in September. These practices cover a diverse array, demonstrating that there is no single path and showing that the realization of the rights to water and sanitation is within reach.", "Let me share some of the examples that I came across. One of them is the arbor loo ecological type of sanitation introduced in different countries, including Malawi, which aims to compost faeces directly in a pit and to subsequently grow a fruit tree — normally a banana tree in Malawi — on this very fertile soil. Selling the bananas becomes a way for the arbor loo owner to make money to pay for this sanitation solution.", "Equally, national legal instruments are important tools for the protection of the right to water. In a recent court decision in Botswana, for example, indigenous communities who were evicted from their land and saw their water borehole dismantled successfully brought suit under the country’s Water Act. The Appellate Court, informed inter alia by the Assembly’s resolution, noted that the water law allowed anyone occupying land to drill boreholes for domestic use without specific water rights and that limiting this right could amount to cruel or inhumane treatment prohibited under the Constitution.", "At the global level, I am glad that, thanks to my mandated cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), the UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water report will next year include more information related to issues such as national recognition and justifiability of the rights to water and sanitation, as well as public participation and non-discrimination.", "Also, the UNICEF-WHO joint monitoring programme, which reviews progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goal targets related to access to water and sanitation, is working closely with me in the development of new indicators that will take into account human rights criteria. I am also leading a task force charged with developing indicators to measure non-discrimination and equality in the access to safe water and sanitation.", "In this context, let me call on all States Members of the United Nations to apply human rights to the water and sanitation framework when negotiating the post-2015 global development agenda. This is crucial because the current MDG framework does not measure the impact of discrimination on access to water and sanitation. Hence a State can be an MDG hero while having left unchanged the fate of indigenous peoples, slum dwellers, or people with disabilities.", "Furthermore, water quality is not yet being monitored worldwide. Affordability of, and the distance to, water and sanitation services are not being assessed at the global level. The harsh reality is that we simply do not know how many people have access to water and sanitation that meets the standards stipulated by the human rights framework of availability, quality, accessibility, affordability and acceptability that the States Members of the United Nations supported last year. Now, and even long after the MDG timeframe has expired, the global development agenda must be aligned with the human rights commitments undertaken by the Assembly.", "The lessons I learned over the past three years while conducting missions and meeting with communities and policymakers who work to improve access to water and sanitation demonstrate that these rights are, as I said earlier, within reach. This is true even in countries and communities with very limited resources, even in emergency situations. Of course, numerous challenges remain, including financial and purely technical obstacles. However, I must emphasize that political will and sound management continue to play the most decisive role in the expansion of access to water and sanitation of good quality.", "In this spirit, I would conclude by calling on all relevant stakeholders, including States, United Nations agencies, donors, civil society and the private sector to use the human rights framework in all their efforts, at the national and global levels, to ensure access to water and sanitation for all. The point of departure provided by the recognition of the human rights to water and sanitation by both the Assembly and the Human Rights Council is a vital tool in this endeavour. By applying this framework, the results of interventions will be better, outcomes will be more successful and impacts will be more sustained.", "The President (spoke in French): I should like to inform the Assembly that there are 35 speakers inscribed on my list. I call on all speakers to limit their statements to no more than five minutes in order to enable maximum participation, otherwise the debate will continue early next week.", "I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Mr. Serrano (European Union) (spoke in Spanish): Before I speak on behalf of the European Union (EU), I should like to welcome the participation in this meeting of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank him for the leadership he has shown in connection with this very important issue and for his statement this afternoon. I welcome also the statement made by the Secretary-General and the participation of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque.", "(spoke in English)", "I have the honour to speak on behalf of the European Union and its member States.", "The candidate countries Croatia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Iceland, the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia, and the European Free Trade Association country Liechtenstein, member of the European Economic Area, as well as Ukraine, align themselves with this declaration.", "Mr. President, the European Union would like to thank you for having organized this meeting of the General Assembly on a topic of the utmost importance. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential for people to live in health and dignity. All countries bear the responsibility of ensuring that people enjoy their full human rights and that they have equal access to health care, education, safe drinking water and sanitation, and social and other basic services. The European Union acknowledges the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council’s specification that this right is part of the human right to an adequate standard of living.", "While also recalling that there are different positions within the United Nations membership on the relevant resolutions, the European Union believes that it is important that the international community demonstrate united political will to address the global water and sanitation crisis.", "In addition, the management of water resources affects all sectors that are important for inclusive growth and sustainable development, such as energy generation, agriculture, food security and the environment, as well as peace and security.", "As a result, there has been a growing international recognition among policymakers of the importance of water and sanitation for sustainable and human development, including thanks to the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Through the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the international community made access to safe drinking water and sanitation a top priority. On this basis, we have collectively made substantial headway towards reaching this goal.", "However, there is no room for complacency, as access to safe drinking water and sanitation remains a matter of life and death for hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Some 884 million people still lack access to improved water sources, while more than 2.6 billion people lack access to acceptable sanitation.", "Furthermore, about a third of the world’s population lives in areas affected by water stress, and the demand for water is increasing. Investments in water infrastructure are lagging far behind in developing countries, especially in Africa, making them vulnerable to droughts and floods, with dramatic social, environmental and economic impacts. Access to water and sanitation is a particularly acute problem in the urban environment, where rapid population growth in cities in the developing world is putting additional pressure on infrastructure and services.", "The EU is fully aware of the fundamental importance of access to water and sanitation, both from the human rights perspective and as a key development issue. The EU will further prioritize sustainable water management in its future development policy.", "The EU and its member States have a strong political commitment to and a close collaboration with African countries in the water sector. This was reflected in the African Union/EU Joint Strategy agreed in Libya in November last year. Last year, the EU also launched an MDG initiative which provides €1 billion for African, Caribbean and Pacific countries and has a focus on water and sanitation.", "Overall, we have recently witnessed a reinforced commitment from the EU and its member States to water in recognition of the challenges related to climate change and the need for green growth. Furthermore, Germany and France will host, respectively, a conference on the water-energy-food nexus, to be held in Bonn in November 2011, and the World Water Forum in Marseille, in March 2012.", "The EU also welcomes the efforts being led by the World Health Organization and UNICEF to look at the post-2015 development framework for water and sanitation, and we acknowledge the importance of the global monitoring of the quality, affordability and accessibility of water and sanitation services.", "To conclude, let me point out that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held in June 2012, offers a unique opportunity for the world to secure a renewed political commitment for sustainable development.", "The EU and its member States are determined to contribute to making the Rio+20 Conference a success. Access to safe drinking water and sanitation and the sustainable management of water resources should figure prominently in the Rio+20 Conference and its outcome. This should complement and support our efforts to secure the full realization of the MDGs and the promotion of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development.", "Mrs. Viotti (Brazil) (spoke in Spanish): Brazil welcomes this opportunity to discuss challenges to the full realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation, at the initiative of Bolivia. It is a pleasure to welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We listened very carefully and with great interest to his statement, and we echo his call for greater cooperation, action and solidarity in connection with this very important issue. I should like also to thank Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, and I commend her for her outstanding work.", "Access to safe drinking water and sanitation is a precondition for poverty eradication. Our efforts to develop our societies are closely linked to progress in this area. At the national level, Brazil is working to ensure universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Internationally, we have shared our experience and have learned from others in the management of water resources, in particular in arid and semi-arid areas.", "Brazil recognizes the right to access to drinking water and sanitation as intrinsically related to respect for the rights to life, physical integrity, health, food and adequate housing. As with rights in the social and economic field, it is the responsibility of the State to guarantee the full enjoyment of those rights for their citizens. Respect for this right is fully compatible with the principle of the sovereign right of States to make use of their own water resources, as enshrined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development.", "In deepening our consideration of the challenges that implementing the right to drinking water and sanitation presents, we must recognize the central role of the human rights entities of the United Nations. Brazil firmly supports the efforts of the Special Rapporteur to clarify the nature and content of the obligations associated with the right to water and sanitation. In this regard, we look forward to considering, through her report to the sixty-sixth session, the challenges related to the achievement of this right.", "The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held next year, will offer another opportunity to return to the subject of access to water and sanitation in the context of sustainable development. We hope to work intensively with all Member States to achieve meaningful results in this area that can lead to realization of the right to drinking water and sanitation.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): First, on behalf of my delegation, I would like to welcome this debate on the human right to drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the recognition of the right to water and sanitation.", "The resolution reminds us that this right is already recognized in international law and thus legally binding. Spain commends the fact that all our synergies are focused today on implementing this right, as reflected in resolutions 15/9 and 16/2 of the Human Rights Council. The latter is particularly relevant, since it renewed the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The work of the Special Rapporteur and former Independent Expert, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, has made it possible to lay the foundations for recognition of access to drinking water and sanitation today. I would like to express Spain’s gratitude for the commendable work of the Special Rapporteur, who is here today, which has given us a solid working base from which to implement this right as a human right.", "The recognition of the right to water must be considered from the human rights perspective. While international cooperative efforts have helped to mitigate the situation, it can be improved only if tackled from this perspective. It was exactly this conviction that moved Spain, together with Germany, to take the initiative five years ago of considering the human right to drinking water and sanitation in the Human Rights Council in Geneva. My country recognizes the universality of all human rights, be they civil, political, economic, social or cultural. Moreover, we believe that there is a direct link between respect for all human rights and the achievement of the MDGs, as the Special Rapporteur indicated in her statement today.", "I wish to highlight her recommendation that States need to understand how to fully realize the human right to water and sanitation by drawing up national action plans that must be integrated into poverty reduction strategies and national budgets. It is not acceptable that nearly 900 million people lack drinking water and that more than 2.5 billion have no access to basic sanitation.", "Today, States and other actors involved understand exactly what their human rights obligations are in this area. The current challenge, therefore, is in their effective implementation and achievement. In this regard, we emphasize the importance of identifying best practices, as the Special Rapporteur did. The criteria for best practices in water and sanitation include the identification of standards based on human rights norms, as well as shared criteria based on such principles as non-discrimination, participation, responsibility, impact and, of course, sustainability. These criteria must be taken into account while ensuring that the right to drinking water and sanitation is being effectively implemented.", "Spain was among the 122 States that voted in favour of the resolution on this issue presented to the Assembly by the Plurinational State of Bolivia exactly one year ago. We therefore welcome today’s debate and the presence of Special Rapporteur Catarina de Albuquerque, who has contributed so much to the issue. Spain believes that a great deal of work has been done that we can support in order to further the full realization of this right as effectively as possible.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, Mr. President, I would like to thank you for taking the initiative of convening Member States for this event in order to enable us to reflect together on a subject that requires commitment on the part of every Government worldwide to ensuring the due realization of the human right to water. On behalf of my delegation and the State of Peru, I would also like to welcome the presence here of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma.", "International human rights norms include specific obligations regarding access to drinking water. They require States to guarantee access for all to sufficient drinking water for personal and domestic use, which includes consumption, sanitation, washing clothes, preparing food and personal and domestic hygiene. These norms also require States to continue progressively to ensure improved access to adequate sanitation services as a prerequisite for human dignity and private life, and to protect the quality of drinking water supplies and resources.", "In the view of Peru, water is a renewable natural resource, essential to life and a strategic part of sustainable development and the maintenance of the systems and natural cycles that sustain it, as well as being essential to our nation’s security. Through our legislation, it is endowed with sociocultural, economic and environmental value and must therefore be exploited through integrated management that balances all those values. We consider water to be an integral part of our ecosystems and a resource that is renewed by the hydrological cycle. In that context, Peru believes that the use and integrated management of water resources must take the following principles into consideration.", "The first of these is the valuation of water and its integrated management. Second, access to water must be prioritized. Third, the public should participate in making decisions that affect the quality, quantity and availability of water, and any other water-related issues. Fourth, investments in water — be they public, private or a combination of the two — must be legally secured. Fifth, the water rights of peasant and indigenous communities must be respected. Sixth, water resources must be used and conserved in a sustainable way. Seventh, water resource management should be decentralized. Finally, efficiency in water use and conservation must be a priority.", "With the adoption of resolution 64/292 a year ago, the international community took a significant step forward in raising awareness of the importance of guaranteed access to water, especially to those for whom it is scarce. Peru played an active role throughout the process of identifying the obligations surrounding the right to drinking water and sanitation, with a view to its ultimate recognition as a human right. We participated in the consultations that were held first in Geneva and then in New York, and that led to the resolution’s adoption. Peru supported that adoption in keeping with the principles I enumerated earlier, which are based on our domestic legislation and on the assumption that the guarantee of that human right must be subject to the local management, planning and adequate allocation of resources necessary to full enjoyment of that right. In other words, in realizing that right, administrations must adopt a comprehensive approach that recognizes the multidimensional impact of the human right to water.", "Much remains to be done for States to implement this right, beginning with their full understanding of its implications in line with national laws and priorities. Peru reaffirms that the human right to water and sanitation derives from the right to an adequate standard of living and is inextricably linked to the highest attainable level of physical and mental health, and to the right to life and human dignity. In that vein, we assert our adherence to those principles and renew our promise to keep working to ensure that they become an increasingly palpable reality.", "Mr. Barton (United States of America): The United States is deeply committed to finding solutions to our world’s water challenges. In the United States Strategy for Meeting the Millennium Development Goals, released in September 2010, we welcomed progress, recognizing that over 1.6 billion people gained access to improved sources of drinking water between 1990 and 2005. At the same time, the United States expressed its concern that in many countries, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation remains unacceptably high.", "At the September 2010 session of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, the United States joined consensus on resolution 15/9, which affirms", "“that the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health” (A/HRC/RES/15/9, para. 3).", "Both tenets are drawn from the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and they call upon Governments to take steps towards the progressive realization of this human right. At the Human Rights Council in March, the United States supported the renewal of the mandate of the Independent Expert on this issue.", "In the context of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, we believe the following. First, Governments should strive to progressively realize universal access to safe drinking water and sanitation and should seek to expand access, especially for underserved populations. Governments should develop and implement national policies and strategies, where needed, and commit sufficient budgetary resources so that they will be able to advance this goal as quickly as possible.", "Secondly, Governments have an obligation to ensure that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is provided on a non-discriminatory basis. Governments also have obligations to provide or ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation to persons in their custody.", "Thirdly, the right to safe drinking water and sanitation can reasonably be interpreted to include access to cooking water. It can also be reasonably understood to mean water in sufficient quantity and quality — although not necessarily potable quality — to meet basic needs regarding personal hygiene.", "Finally, in support of all of that, Governments should work towards greater transparency and accountability in water and sanitation service provision, and include the public in Government decision-making. Good governance is fundamental to the achievement of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In this regard, we would like to recognize and applaud the efforts of the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation and its commitment to implementing water and sanitation initiatives through its “Sustainable sanitation — five-year drive to 2015” initiative, which targets decision-makers in an effort to build political will for water and sanitation programmes.", "The United States hopes that this plenary meeting, aimed at providing dialogue, will also lead Governments to take concrete action to reduce the number of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.", "Mr. Bonne (France) (spoke in French): France aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union. I would like to thank the Bolivian Mission for the initiative to convene this meeting. My country welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292, whereby the General Assembly recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. It has enabled us over the past year to intensify mobilization of Governments and others on this issue. Following that historic step forward, the Human Rights Council adopted by consensus its resolution 15/9 of 30 September 2010, which links the basic right to water to the right to an adequate standard of living.", "With the full involvement of all stakeholders on the issue of safe drinking water and sanitation, we need to move forward by implementing those resolutions and making the right of all to safe drinking water and sanitation a reality. In that spirit, France is committed, in the framework of an open, informal and trans-regional group of States — the Blue Group — to promoting the right to drinking water and sanitation and to working for its implementation. In that regard, we commend the excellent analysis, assessment and advocacy efforts of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. Other praiseworthy initiatives seek to raise awareness of these new texts and the commitments they entail, and seek to work for their implementation. I especially welcome the Secretary-General’s initiative on sanitation.", "France welcomes the work of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe in the context of its Protocol on Water and Health, particularly the preparations under way for a handbook on good practices for equitable access to water. We also thank the many countries that supported our introduction of World Health Assembly resolution 64/24, enabling its adoption by consensus. That resolution calls on States members of the World Health Organization and the United Nations generally, as well as other stakeholders, to ensure enhanced integration of water, sanitation and public health policies with a view to achieving full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "My country will host the sixth World Water Forum in Marseille from 12 to 17 March 2012. The right to drinking water and sanitation is a priority of France’s international activities, and the Forum will be an opportunity to step up our mobilization in this area. We must recall the prime responsibility of States in creating an adequate organizational framework for realizing that right and mechanisms for monitoring its enforcement. We attach particular importance to delineating the respective roles of the various stakeholders.", "Convinced that only joint action at the various levels of political decision-making will enable significant steps forward adapted to each individual context, we call for greater recognition of the role of local authorities in delivering State services in the context of national laws and regulations. All public stakeholders concerned must mobilize and commit to implementing cooperative solutions that will guarantee effective and equitable access to drinking water for all.", "Mr. Abdelaziz (Egypt) (spoke in Arabic): I would like to express Egypt’s appreciation for the convening of this meeting to discuss the challenges of realizing the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We welcome His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and thank him for his initiative to call for this debate, which is supported by a number of Member States, and for his preparations for this meeting.", "The General Assembly adopted the important resolution 64/292 at its sixty-fourth session, recognizing the human right to safe and clean water and sanitation and supporting international efforts towards the full realization of all human rights. Egypt reaffirms that all human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated, and must be enjoyed on an equal basis and in an integrated manner. It stresses the importance for Member States to take all necessary measures at the national level to ensure the fulfilment of the requirements to achieve human rights for all, in accordance with international humanitarian law and obligations under international treaties.", "In this context, Egypt believes that it is necessary to work towards addressing all the challenges faced by our peoples, especially in developing countries, in ensuring access to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account national and regional particularities, while adhering to the terms of international and regional treaties on international watercourses and transboundary water resources, and avoiding the identification of sub-categories of human rights that differ from those stipulated in internationally agreed human rights instruments.", "The outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting to review the progress made on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/1) reaffirmed our commitment to reducing the number of people lacking access to clean drinking water and sanitation by 50 per cent. Although several international reports indicate the possibility of achieving this goal by 2015, Egypt believes that several challenges could hinder the fulfilment of this commitment, the biggest of which is obtaining the funding for the implementation of relevant national programmes, which is estimated at $11.2 billion annually.", "In addition, we need to redouble our efforts to address the negative consequences of climate change; achieve sustainable development, especially economic and social development; control population growth; and strengthen international cooperation in the field of technology transfer, scientific research and development, particularly in the field of drinking water and sanitation.", "In this context, several years ago the Government of Egypt adopted an integrated national plan in the field of water resources in a manner that supports good governance, in order to ensure the equitable and fair distribution of clean drinking water and the provision of sanitation services to its people, without prejudice to the environment. The implementation of this plan is based on decentralization, with the full cooperation of concerned ministries and national agencies, in order to improve the efficiency of water use to sustain good health; combat the negative consequences of climate change; support the role of national water boards and the participation of the private sector in managing the water sector; continuously update and exchange data and information among the relevant national entities; coordinate national investments; and rationalize water usage, giving a bigger role to women in this regard.", "Realizing the goal of providing access to clean drinking water and sanitation for all the peoples of the world will require the adoption of a comprehensive and integrated international approach based on several main pillars, the most important of which are addressing the challenges posed by climate change; promoting international cooperation in the field of water technology; providing the needed financial resources and official development assistance to support national programmes and policies for the provision of clean drinking water and sanitation; supporting sustainable development programmes, especially in relevant countries; and developing technologies that prevent pollution.", "In this context, the United Nations and the international community must intensify their joint endeavours to develop integrated studies in order to address the major challenges hindering the realization of the right of the peoples of the world to clean drinking water and sanitation, taking into account the different challenges posed by the circumstances and particularities of each Member State.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): Cuba welcomes the participation in this debate of our dear comrade, President Evo Morales Ayma of the brotherly Plurinational State of Bolivia. Of course, we fully support his statement and thank him for his personal leadership and that of his country on matters of the greatest importance to the international community, such as that under consideration by the Assembly today.", "Water is at the very heart of the survival of humankind. As was wisely affirmed by President Morales Ayma, water is life. Resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation, adopted a year ago upon the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, was a milestone. For the first time, the United Nations recognized the right to drinking water and sanitation as a fundamental human right.", "As we speechify in this Hall, more than 884 million people on this planet are without access to sources of drinking water, and 2.6 billion people, almost 1 billion of them children, are without access to basic sanitation. We cannot passively accept the fact that each year more 3.5 million people die of diseases borne by polluted water, and that one out of every eight people in the world are without drinking water. Unless we act rapidly and effectively, more than 3 billion will suffer water shortages by 2025.", "Most people on this planet live in developing countries where the main use of water is for agriculture. Hence, a shortage of water due, inter alia, to climate change means that agriculture, aquaculture and other forms of food production will be seriously affected, worsening the already parlous food security of developing countries.", "International cooperation must be enhanced, and financial funds and mechanisms that are not subject to the discriminatory dictates and conditionalities of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund need to be created. These international funds, whether or not they are sponsored by the United Nations, must provide tangible financial and technological resources to extend the coverage of drinking water, sanitation, agricultural and aquacultural production, integrated water production and the sustainable management of ecosystems.", "In 1995, Cuba achieved the Millennium Development Goal on access to drinking water and sanitation and believes that access to water is a fundamental human right. In our country, the State is responsible for the management and control of water and sanitation. We have taken many measures to guarantee the human right to water. Allow me to mention just a few.", "We have improved the supply and quality of water, increasing its rational use. We have reduced by 30 per cent the volume of water used in production-related processes. We have achieved annual decreases in the morbidity rate associated with waterborne diseases. We have supplied drinking water to more than 96 per cent of the population. We have increased the coverage, chlorination levels and quality of drinking water. We have developed early warning systems for drought.", "Despite this progress, and as is the case for other developing countries, Cuba faces varied challenges with respect to climate change, natural disasters and water shortages.", "The criminal economic, financial and trade blockade imposed by the United States Government on Cuba for over half a century has entailed considerable limitations and obstacles to access to new technology, water industry products and their benefits, as well as to achieving increased professional training in these areas.", "Cuba does not support plans to privatize water or market mechanisms promoted by multinational corporations as an alleged solution to shortages of natural resources, including water. Equitable access to water and sanitation, without discrimination and in sufficient quantities, is a fundamental right and must not be manipulated as yet another opportunity to make a profit. The United Nations must be the principal forum in which to debate this issue and achieve agreements on it.", "Mr. Askarov (Uzbekistan) (spoke in Russian): Today’s debate on water and the main challenges in realizing the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) gives us an opportunity to discuss this very important topic.", "On 20 July, the Security Council discussed the impact of climate change on security (see S/PV.6587) in the broader sense of the term. In many statements made on that occasion, direct allusion was made to the fact that water shortages are one of the main challenges to many regions of our planet.", "Today, nobody disputes the incontrovertible truth that our planet, with each passing year, is unfortunately experiencing increasing numbers of natural catastrophes and the impact of climate change. Over the past year, we have seen earthquakes of unprecedented destructive force in Haiti, Japan, Chile and New Zealand. We have seen floods in Pakistan and Australia. We have seen severe droughts in the United States, China and the Horn of Africa.", "In Central Asia, we are also seeing alarming symptoms of these phenomena. The glaciers of the Pamir and Tian Shan mountains, which are the main sources for the Amu Darya and Sir Darya rivers, are melting. This year, our region experienced an extremely severe drought, which affected the socioeconomic development of the countries of the region, including the achievement of the MDGs. We have seen reduced food production, degradation of the environment and other negative consequences of ecological crises.", "Allow me to provide just one example. What was once the fourth-largest continental body of water in the world, the Aral Sea, has disappeared and has turned into the Aralkum — a gigantic desert. In that regard, the rational and reasonable use of water and energy resources is one of the main challenges facing Central Asia. Haphazard and ambiguous approaches to this challenge will only lead to a worsening of ecological disasters.", "Today in the Aral region, we are experiencing not just ecological but also socioeconomic and demographic problems with global consequences, as the Secretary-General saw with his own eyes during his visit to the Aral region in April 2010.", "I would like to note that we in Uzbekistan are implementing a series of programmes for rationalizing water use and making it more efficient. In the context of agricultural reform, we have set up water users’ associations. We have reduced the land area dedicated to cotton growing, which now accounts for only 25 per cent of our arable land. Despite the intensive economic development of our country, we are reducing our water intake from rivers. We have spent over $1 billion on restoring our soil over the past few years. As a result, we have now increased our arable land by 740,000 hectares.", "Despite all this, it must be acknowledged that 3 million of our people do not have access to clean drinking water. Uzbekistan has almost 50 per cent of the entire population of the Central Asian region and has endured the brunt of the Aral disaster. We feel that we have the moral right to call for coordinated efforts on the part of States of the region to ensure a rational and reasonable use of water resources. Furthermore, Central Asia must fully implement the United Nations conventions on water and joint water use, including the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes of 17 March 1992 and the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses of 21 May 1997. Both documents clearly stipulate that all decisions on the use of transboundary watercourses, including the construction of hydroelectric power stations, must in no way harm the environment and or the interests of neighbouring countries.", "Guided by these generally accepted international legal principles and norms, Uzbekistan categorically opposes any construction of large hydroelectric power stations in the high reaches of the rivers of Central Asia that does not take into account the interests of the countries in the lower regions of the rivers. As stated by our President at the MDG summit in September 2010,", "“any attempt to implement projects drafted 30 to 40 years ago in the Soviet period to build large-scale hydropower facilities upstream, including enormous dams — plans that do not take into account the seismicity of the area, which the proposed construction could raise by eight to nine points — could inflict irreparable damage on the environment and create a very dangerous man-made catastrophe” (A/65/PV.3, p. 15).", "The International Commission on Large Dams, which Uzbekistan joined last year, has said in its research that major dams built on transboundary watercourses can entail great risks in many respects.", "In 2008, the United Nations began raising the alarm on increasing food shortages. Climate change and water shortages are undermining food production and even endangering lives. Without secure water supplies, we cannot talk about security, stability or the human right to life. As is stated in the basic text of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations — and Uzbekistan fully agrees — fresh water should be used primarily for the production of food. This is particularly relevant for Central Asia, where every State must be rational and responsible in its use of water resources, on which the life and security of every country, the entire region and every human being depend.", "Mr. Berger (Germany): Germany fully aligns itself with the statement made by Permanent Observer of the European Union.", "Let me start by thanking the Presidents of the General Assembly and of Bolivia for convening this important plenary meeting on the human right to water and sanitation. We are particularly honoured today by the presence of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. I would also like to extend a warm welcome to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. The debate today gives us an opportunity to reflect on what we have achieved and, more important, on the challenges ahead.", "The past 12 months have witnessed the recognition, first in the General Assembly and then in the Human Rights Council in Geneva, of the human right to water and sanitation that is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living at the United Nations. That breakthrough is the result of years of engagement of interested national Governments, civil society organizations around the globe, national human rights institutions and experts at the international and national levels.", "Germany is proud to have been part and parcel of the process right from the beginning. In 2008, Germany and Spain launched an initiative in the Human Rights Council to create the mandate of the then Independent Expert on the question. We have witnessed growing support for our initiative, which in 2011 led to the creation by the Human Rights Council of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. That important step forward would not have been possible without the crucial support of many like-minded Member States from all regional groups.", "The great challenge now is to implement the decisions that we collectively took. Talking about the human right to water and sanitation, we cannot but reiterate the necessity to think in broader terms than simply technical feasibility questions. We must use a human rights approach if we want to create sustainable solutions. The questions of safety, quality, sufficiency, availability, the physical and economic accessibility and the affordability of water and sanitation must receive adequate attention when we create solutions for those in need. Ignoring such parameters means ignoring the real needs of those who are the bearers of such human rights.", "Mr. Kleib (Indonesia), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "We should also take into account that there is no one size fits all when it comes to implementation in individual country situations. However, the common denominator remains the same — the realization of the right to safe water and sanitation. In that regard, we look forward to discussing the compendium of best practices that will be presented by the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council in September. In that context, and taking into account the link between human rights and the Millennium Development Goals, highlighted also today by the Secretary-General, we are particularly pleased by the fact that the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for the Water and Sanitation Sector has adapted and aligned its criteria regarding access to water and sanitation to those defined by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Before I close, I would like to encourage like-minded Member States of all regions of the world to engage in the promotion and implementation of the human right to water and sanitation and to make sure that a human rights approach is maintained when discussing national solutions and designing national action plans.", "Mr. García González (El Salvador) (spoke in Spanish): We commend the initiative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the leadership of President Evo Morales and of the President of the General Assembly to convene this plenary debate on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Water is the basis of all forms of life. It is vital to human beings, animals and the environment. Access to drinking water and sanitation is necessary for a dignified life. Many human rights cannot be enjoyed without water. Hence, water is very important for well-being and social development. In fact, all great civilizations have always developed close to large water supplies.", "Access to drinking water is a fundamental human right that the Government of El Salvador fully supports and that currently is jeopardized principally by two major factors that affect that vital liquid: shortage and pollution. According to research, one-fifth of the world population does not have access to sources of safe water. Every day, 6,000 people, most of them children, die because of polluted water.", "The level of access to water and sanitation supply services in El Salvador remains low, in particular in rural areas. However, under the current Administration of President Mauricio Funes Cartagena, a series of projects is being developed in various areas to improve the supply and quality of the vital fluid in the country. The sustainable and comprehensive management of water is seen by the Government of our country as a participatory process aimed at achieving the internationally agreed goals of protection, conservation, defence and prevention regarding the quality and availability of clean water in order to ensure the right of access for the entire population and future generations through efficient coordination of public policies.", "On 28 July 2010, El Salvador joined a large group of sponsors in adopting resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”, in the plenary of the General Assembly. That was certainly an important step in international efforts to promote sustainable human development.", "However, in order to effectively implement that declaration of water as a human right, in practice it must go hand in hand with a series of measures to prevent the waste, pollution and financial exploitation of water. Water is increasingly becoming the key element in numerous conflicts that may result in social violence.", "Access to drinking water and sanitation as a human right must be fair, non-discriminatory, adequate in terms of quantity and quality, economically, socially and environmentally sustainable, and affordable. It is therefore the duty of the State to protect people from being disconnected from water services and from pollution and to prevent violation of the rights of others by individuals or companies.", "We cannot ignore the role of forests in the conservation of water. When large areas of forest are destroyed, that has a negative impact on the entire water system, leading to a drop in the availability and quality of the water. It is equally important to regulate activities connected to mining, oil prospecting and industrial agriculture, which are direct sources of water pollution.", "We are all responsible for ensuring that everyone, in particular the most needy and excluded groups, can enjoy their basic needs and access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving the Millennium Development Goals should help to meet such needs. However, much remains to be done until everyone can exercise their full right to water and sanitation. In our delegation’s opinion, the issue should be a significant part of the discussions on the substantive content of the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "To conclude, the Government of El Salvador shares the view that States should implement measures for a more rational use of that resource.", "Ms. Burgstaller (Sweden): Sweden fully aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "Sweden welcomes the convening of today’s plenary discussion on the right to water and sanitation. Access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is absolutely central for human life, health and dignity. The right to water and sanitation is now recognized the world over as a human right, derived from the rights to health and to an adequate standard of living in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, and confirmed by decisions taken by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council.", "In light of this, Sweden welcomed the consensus adoption of a resolution in the Human Rights Council in March this year that established the post of Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation. We commend the Special Rapporteur for her excellent work, and we thank her for her presentation here today.", "States must now ensure that everyone has access to safe drinking water for basic personal use and that water supply is organized in a non-discriminatory way. The efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources is an important prerequisite for sustainable development, inclusive economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The upcoming 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development offers a strategic opportunity for all of us to further address the challenge of improving water resource management at all levels, and to make safe water and basic sanitation accessible to all, in particular to women, who often play a central role in securing the water supply at the local level and for households needs.", "Up to now, the work that has been done in the Human Rights Council and other United Nations human rights bodies has helped us define the obligation of States in relation to the right to water and sanitation, and has given us a strong basis for the work that lies ahead — respecting and implementing this recently recognized right on the ground to make it a reality for everyone.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): At the outset, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines warmly welcomes His Excellency Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. We are grateful for his personal involvement and for Bolivia’s championing of this worthy initiative.", "Last year, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was an enthusiastic sponsor of resolution 64/292, in which the General Assembly recognized the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. Resolution 64/292 built upon previous resolutions of the Human Rights Council, and has subsequently been reinforced by Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which strengthened the legal framework surrounding the General Assembly’s recognition of this critical human right.", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has devoted tremendous resources to the achievement of the right to water and sanitation in recent years. In the past decade, we have increased access to pipe-borne water from 70 per cent to over 98 per cent through prudent infrastructural and organizational investments. We have markedly improved sanitation through the establishment of new water distribution systems, modern sewage treatment facilities, and vastly enhanced garbage collection and disposal.", "Our modest national success in realizing and entrenching this human right has taught us that the right to water and sanitation is eminently achievable if the requisite resources and political will are present. The international community has often given voice to a political commitment to the achievement of this right, but too often we have left much of the hard work in this regard to heroic civil society organizations and small business-persons that lack the capacity to effect the sort of multisectoral change that is needed.", "We must now act to operationalize the call of last year’s resolution", "“to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer, through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all” (resolution 64/292, para. 2).", "Our ability to answer this call will be the standard upon which we will be judged by the 884 million people who lack access to safe drinking water and the 2.6 billion who do not have access to basic sanitation.", "This meeting must also recognize the fragility of recent gains in developing countries like Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the urgency of looming threats to the right to safe drinking water. Climate change and desertification threaten to undo recent progress in achieving the right to water, and will further stymie efforts to extend water and sanitation to the hundreds of millions who inexcusably live without these basic necessities.", "Recent unseasonal droughts in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have forced the Government to transport drinking water by ship to other islands in our archipelago, and have affected our agricultural capacity and our ability to generate hydroelectricity. Sea-level rise is threatening the water tables in small island developing States, and may soon have a disastrous effect on access to drinking water, farming and livestock in those communities.", "According to UN-Water, the number of States categorized as “water scarce” will increase by 50 per cent by 2025. This scarcity, and the tensions that it will inevitably engender, will have obvious security implications in the coming years.", "In fulfilment of the right to water, development cooperation and increased resources are critical. Additionally, the international community must begin to mainstream the issue of water in the global political agenda, link climate change more closely to water access, and consider the true value of the water that is used, overused and wasted in many countries, particularly developed countries.", "At the United Nations, there is no shortage of important and well-meaning resolutions and declarations on the topic of water and sanitation. We have General Assembly resolutions, Human Rights Council resolutions, and reports of independent experts and special rapporteurs. The Millennium Development Goals have established a target of halving by 2015 the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation — a target that unfortunately appears to be woefully out of reach.", "Three years ago, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon declared 2008 the year of the bottom billion. For the nearly 1 billion who lack safe drinking water, the time for noble sentiments is long past. As we continue to casually flush our toilets, toss our half-consumed bottles of imported spring water into the trash and luxuriate in another long shower, let us resolve to act meaningfully for those who risk their lives and consume their days simply in search of a mouthful of unpolluted water.", "Mrs. Rubiales de Chamorro (Nicaragua) (spoke in Spanish): I convey the warm regards of the people and Government of Nicaragua to President Evo Morales Ayma, and acknowledge and thank him for the leadership of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life. From the outset, Nicaragua was a proud supporter of this initiative, which culminated in the adoption of resolution 64/292.", "The Government of Reconciliation and National Unity headed by Commandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra considers it essential that the human being be seen as the central focus of development, in full respect for the human rights of Nicaraguans, particularly in the implementation of the economic, social and cultural rights that enable them to enjoy a decent standard of living. In this regard, and considering that water and sanitation are vital to individual health and dignity, my Government has striven to invest in and draw up national plans for improving access to water and sanitation. Similarly, we are firmly opposed to the privatization efforts initiated under previous Governments. The human right to water, the life of human beings, can never be privatized.", "There are 884 million people who still lack drinking water and 2.6 billion without basic sanitation. The insufficient and inadequate supply of drinking water is a persistent health issue worldwide. Eighty per cent of diseases in the developing world are the result of a lack of clean water and adequate sanitation, and thus one of the chief causes of sickness and death, particularly in children.", "This grim picture should inspire Member States to continue to work together in the quest for full attainment of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It should also inspire the international community to mobilize technical assistance and cooperation in support of national action plans and initiatives related to the provision of access to drinking water and sanitation. Achieving access to water and sanitation is essential to human development and the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In that regard, water and sanitation have not been accorded the attention necessary to increase and sustain progress towards the attainment of an important part of the MDGs, to which they are closely linked.", "What must be done is to plan and implement cooperation and development assistance efforts in accordance with human rights standards and principles, including the right to water and sanitation, as well as with human rights obligations relating to non-discrimination, among others, ensuring that adequate and effective measures are taken to identify and address any negative consequences for human rights.", "Without sustainable management of water that takes all the needs of present and future generations into account, we run the growing risk of finding ourselves trapped, not only as concerns development and survival for many of the world’s most dispossessed peoples, but also in situations that are a potential threat to international peace and security. Only the dawning awareness of our peoples that it is impossible to continue with unsustainable models of consumption and production will enable us to save Mother Earth and, eventually, all the human beings on our planet.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): Allow me to offer the Government of Madagascar’s thanks to the President for organizing this important meeting, which will enable the States Members of the United Nations to discuss the crucial subject of the human right to water and sanitation.", "One year after the General Assembly’s adoption in July 2010 of its historic resolution 64/292 on the fundamental right to water and sanitation, the time has come to launch a genuine dialogue designed to map the road that leads directly to the full and effective implementation of that right, so essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and above all to identify the challenges and obstacles to which we must find lasting solutions. Along with all earlier decisions and actions, the resolution has contributed significantly to efforts to achieve our stated goal of halving the number of those lacking access to drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015.", "Water is essential to human life. Madagascar believes that access to water and sanitation is a genuine basic right that should be respected without exception or discrimination. That being the case, every State and Government has the duty and obligation to ensure each of its citizens’ full enjoyment of that right. With this vision as the guiding principle for its actions, the Government of Madagascar, which attaches great importance to the strategic challenges and issues related to drinking water in development and in combating poverty, put its commitments into practice at the highest level with its enactment in 1999 of a code of laws on water and its creation in 2008 of a Ministry of Water. The Ministry’s mandate is to promote sustainable and supported development in Madagascar with an approach based on the MDGs, designed to ensure conditions for economic growth and the welfare of the Malagasy people, and to secure access to drinking water and develop sanitation infrastructure.", "Similarly, with the chief aim of preventing diseases linked to substandard living conditions, the Ministry of Health’s sanitation service and engineering department has established a health and environment service. Various other ministerial departments, such as the ministries for land management and the environment, provide backup efforts in these areas. Our national sanitation policy and strategy, adopted in November 2008, strengthens the Government of Madagascar’s legislative and regulatory framework. With the main aim of improving the effectiveness of sanitation and hygiene efforts throughout Madagascar, it is responsible for managing water resources, particularly in protecting water, conserving water resources, protecting the environment, making the best use of water resources, and supplying drinking water and sanitation for domestic waste water.", "In order to deal with the omnipresent dangers of disease and other consequences of a lack of drinking water supplies and access to sanitation, we have been able to increase concrete action with the support of various partners and friends to Madagascar among nations, alongside the efforts of our Government. To cite just a few examples, the Diorano-WASH Madagascar initiative — a platform for dialogue and sharing experience that brings together Government bodies, national and international non-governmental organizations, bilateral and multilateral technical and financial partners, regulated by a national Dioran WASH strategy and charter — has enabled us to make great progress in providing the population with drinking water and promulgating good hygiene and sanitary practices. Since 2007, we have also set up hundreds of basic health clinics within the WASH framework that practice an integrated water-sanitation-hygiene approach. We have added a sanitation and safe drinking water primary environment care programme to this initiative, for which we are seeking more partnership support.", "Madagascar has deployed considerable efforts, but our country continues to face many challenges in terms of achieving the MDGs. Every year drought affects the southern part of the country, posing a continuing threat to thousands of people, especially children. In 2010, 43 per cent of the population had access to safe drinking water, and 48 per cent of households had access to sanitation. That is far from the goal that the Government has set itself, which is to achieve access to safe drinking water for 63 per cent of the population and to sanitation for 56 per cent by 2015.", "Bearing in mind these challenges, which are exacerbated by myriad obstacles, including lack of financing; insufficient capacity in terms of human resources; lack of current data on requirements in the area of sanitation and hygiene; factors related to behaviour change, particularly in rural areas; and cultural factors, our Government is encouraging increased involvement on the part of non-governmental organizations and of civil society in activities relating to the organization, operation and management of water supply installations and sanitation facilities.", "The Government of Madagascar calls for a greater mobilization of financial resources so as to enable all peoples of the world, particularly those in the developing countries and in Africa, to fully realize their basic rights to water and to sanitation. Our Government calls also on all Member States to effectively implement the commitments that they have undertaken to ensure that this right becomes reality and does not remain only theoretical.", "Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): I should like at the outset to warmly thank the organizers of this meeting, Bolivia most of all, and to express our deep satisfaction at this welcome initiative.", "In its resolution 64/292, the General Assembly stated that access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. This major advance, along with the proclamation of the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, 2005-2015, definitively placed the issue of water and sanitation high on the agenda of the United Nations.", "In that context, my country regularly reiterates its commitment and determination to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), particularly Goal 7 — to reduce by half, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water or sanitation services.", "That is why access to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation services, which is a major challenge on the international development agenda, has high priority in terms of our national development policies. In the same vein, Senegal, for several decades, has been implementing a water-supply policy aimed at providing a sufficient quantity and quality of water to various users at the lowest possible cost. That policy has led to an institutional and legislative reform that enhanced the effectiveness of the sector, with a particular focus on improved management and providing the most marginalized sectors of the population with access to water.", "Moreover, this mechanism is buttressed by a dynamic private sector and the implementation of a plan of action for the integrated management of water resources. In addition to those efforts, another positive development has taken place: the establishment, in the framework of the Millennium Water and Sanitation Programme (PEPAM), of several hydraulic infrastructures, particularly in poor peri-urban zones and in rural areas. The implementation of the programme has already enabled us to achieve quite striking results. Despite these positive results, which are promising in terms of the achievement of the MDGs in this particular domain, much remains to be done in the area of water quality and delivery, as well as sanitation, especially in rural areas.", "With a view to reducing inequalities in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation between urban and rural areas, we have undertaken activities aimed at harnessing surface and run-off water, particularly with respect to catchment areas.", "We will not win this fight if we do not take account of climate-related phenomena such as droughts and floods, which can exacerbate constraints on water resources as well as the problem of access to water and sanitation. That is why I call for increased international cooperation and assistance, which are imperative necessities for supporting the activities of developing countries in the implementation of the objectives set in that respect.", "In conclusion, I should like to reiterate to Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, the readiness of the authorities of Senegal to welcome her to our country in the context of the visit she is planning to pay us soon.", "Mr. Olhaye (Djibouti): I wish at the outset to commend President Deiss for having facilitated the holding of this meeting at the initiative of Bolivia, joined by more than 20 States, including my own, with the aim of providing a dialogue on the principal challenges related to the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292, entitled “The human right to water and sanitation”.", "The presence at this meeting of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, adds significance to our gathering here today and underscores the high-level political commitment to the issues of water and sanitation by placing them on the international agenda.", "The timing of this meeting is also quite significant, as it is taking place against the backdrop of the current severe drought in the Horn of Africa region, which straddles Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Djibouti, where more than 10 million people are facing severe starvation. It is unfortunate that, despite the early warnings issued and the appeals made over the past six months, the world has been slow to recognize the unfolding humanitarian catastrophe, where resources for clean water, food, shelter and health services have been acutely depleted.", "We are only a few years away from the deadline for the commitments made by the international community to achieve fully the Millennium Development Goal of halving, by 2015, the proportion of people unable to reach or afford safe drinking water or access basic sanitation. Unless, therefore, there is sufficient goodwill on the part of the international community, it is inconceivable that that gap will be bridged, given that almost a billion people lack access to improved water sources and that more than 2.6 billion people do not have access to improved sanitation.", "It is quite encouraging, however, that many countries are committing to recognizing access to water and sanitation as human rights and taking, with appropriate political will, both short- and long-term measures to fulfil these goals.", "As with everything else, we cannot escape the reality that the world is divided into haves and have-nots when it comes to the full realization of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation. But we need to bear in mind that we have an obligation. These differences must give way to rational and concrete political commitments to ensure access to safe drinking water and sanitation for large parts of the population, irrespective of their station in life or where they live.", "According to the Independent Expert on human rights, human rights prohibit discrimination against and the exclusion and deprivation of any group or individual, whether living in rural areas, in slums or in poverty. This is why the human rights framework places primary responsibility for the realization of human rights on the State, which should ensure the progressive achievement of universal access and create an overall enabling environment.", "My country is one of the most deficient in freshwater resources, and we risk running out of water in the next 25 years. We are one of the countries with the least water available per capita. Out of the 186 countries reviewed for water stress, Djibouti is included among the 17 most at-risk countries in the world, described as being at “extreme risk”. For us and other countries in similar situations, the changing patterns of climate change are expected to cause increased drought and flooding. The water shortage situation is predicted to become ever more intense.", "With the growth of the world population, an increase in drinking water consumption is inevitable, and, taken together with increased and inefficient irrigation, corruption and poor resource management, the problems of water shortage will be exacerbated. While some water-deficit countries may be endowed with other resources to enable them to invest in desalination plants, build water reservoirs or secure food in other ways, most countries face real challenges for survival.", "One year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on safe drinking water and sanitation, it is gratifying to participate in this meeting to assess the progress achieved within the context of the Millennium Development Goals. We have indeed a long way to go to fully realize the right to drinking water and sanitation, but that prospect should not deter us from striving hard to enable the millions without drinking water or lacking acceptable sanitation conditions to enjoy their human rights.", "Mr. Ngculu (South Africa): My delegation wishes to express its appreciation to the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on the challenges with regard to the realization of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "South Africa also wishes to commend the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, and in particular His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma, for their efforts and commitment to ensuring the human right to water and sanitation.", "The Bill of Rights of the South African Constitution provides a legislative framework for the full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the human right to water and sanitation. In addition, the South African Constitution provides for the justiciability of economic, social and cultural rights, which derives from the provisions of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, especially based on the progressive realization of these rights, including the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "In this regard, our Government has an obligation to create the enabling environment necessary to ensure that all South Africans have access to acceptable levels of water and sanitation. Our Government has established dedicated programmes, policies, criteria and legislation to ensure the realization and enjoyment of the right of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and has committed itself to ensuring access to basic water services since 1994 by creating access to basic water and sanitation to previously disadvantaged people and the victims of racial discrimination.", "The comprehensive nature of this right also touches upon other rights, such as the right to adequate housing and an adequate standard of living, and the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health. The approach undertaken by the Government of South Africa when dealing with the issue of human settlement is not only about the four walls, but also includes the provision of access to basic services such as basic sanitation, health and water.", "Water and environment are catalysts for South Africa’s economic growth and development. The role of the Department of Water Affairs, which holds the national mandate on the human right to water and sanitation, is to ensure that the country has enough water and that the environment is protected in order to meet our country’s development needs, including the MDGs.", "The South African Cabinet further approved the Strategic Framework for Water Services in 2003 and committed itself to the following sanitation targets: all people in South Africa shall have access to a functional basic sanitation facility; all schools shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; all clinics shall have adequate and safe water supply and sanitation services; and all bucket toilets shall be eradicated.", "South Africa actively works and collaborates with fellow African countries, under the auspices of the African Ministerial Council on Water, in the use and management of water resources for sustainable social and economic development and maintenance of African ecosystems. South Africa also uses the New Partnership for Africa’s Development water and sanitation infrastructure programme and the Southern African Development Community water and sanitation programme to further realize the human right to water and sanitation for the African people. In response to the Millennium Development Goals pledge, South Africa has committed itself to implementing a dedicated water services programme. Considering that we are a water-scarce country, South Africa also placed itself at the forefront of progressive water resource management.", "We are pleased to announce that South Africa has done well. In terms of achieving the MDG of formal basic water supply, we halved the formal backlog in 2005; and in terms of basic sanitation, the MDG was achieved in 2008. The achievements of the South African Government can be ascribed to specific strategic actions and strong political will and commitment. However, while we acknowledge that great strides have been made in bringing basic services such as water to poor households, many still do not have access to water or have insufficient access.", "Important challenges with regard to the realization of the human right to water and sanitation are related to climate change, which is a reality that impacts a great number of people and represents a threat to South Africa’s long-term sustainable development, economic growth, quality of life, migration and urbanization.", "South Africa remains committed to ensuring that the right to access to water remains sacrosanct, and in this connection we join other delegations in calling on States and international organizations to provide financial resources, capacity-building and technology transfer through international assistance and cooperation, in particular to developing countries, in order to scale up efforts to provide safe, clean, accessible and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all, for the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 7 and broader sustainable development goals.", "Mr. Körösi (Hungary): Hungary fully aligns itself with the statement made by the European Union.", "Much has been said already by previous speakers, and, obviously, there is a strong convergence among Member States on a broad spectrum of issues, and it encourages me to be very brief and to focus on some points and messages we deem particularly important.", "Protection of water resources and integrated, sustainable water management, including sanitation, are key priorities for my country. We are committed to further sharing with our partners our experiences in these fields.", "Hungary is of the view that a firm legal basis is of vital importance for successful water management and sanitation at both the national and international levels. Hungary encourages the reinforcement of the international partnership on all water-related issues, also in relation to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20 Conference), to be held next year.", "Access to clean drinking water and sanitation should be universal, but this is far from a reality today, as hundreds of millions of people around the world continue to suffer, having been deprived of what we deem essential to a decent human life. We believe that it is a right of all that needs to be protected. It requires investments in management institutions, policies and infrastructure throughout vulnerable areas. The devastating humanitarian, economic and social consequences will come at a much higher cost if we do not take preventive measures now.", "Mr. Vigny (Switzerland) (spoke in French): The proclamation on 28 July 2010 by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/292, of the right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of life and all human rights was a historic step with respect to the issue of water", "Switzerland actively participated in those negotiations and supported the resolution, while highlighting the need for coordination between the work of the General Assembly and that of the Human Rights Council. The resolutions adopted by these two United Nations bodies bring new ethical and qualitative dimensions in terms of physical, economic and non-discriminatory access to services of acceptable quality. Switzerland firmly believes that, in view of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the new goals we need to define for the period following 2015, a human rights-based approach is of the essence.", "With that in mind, we welcome the report (A/65/254) submitted by the independent expert, during the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, on the importance of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation to the realization of the MDGs, particularly Goal 7.C, which seeks to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population with no access to safe drinking water or basic sanitation services. The benchmarks of the World Health Organization/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, put in place to monitor the achievement of the MDGs related to water and sanitation, must now incorporate these new dimensions.", "Switzerland, along with several other countries, supports the Joint Monitoring Programme in this task, which will enable us to monitor the progress made in the area of access to water and sanitation from a human rights perspective. The current situation as described by the Programme reveals major inequalities in terms of access to water and a massive shortfall as concerns sanitation. There is a very wide gap between the needs in the field and the financial resources available. The situation calls for increased financing for drinking water and sanitation by and for low-income countries.", "The Water and Sanitation for All Task Force, supported by numerous partners, including Switzerland, seeks to promote dialogue and commitments with respect to this issue at the global level.", "At the beginning of this year, the Swiss Parliament agreed to increase our official development assistance. The increase will be devoted primarily to water. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation decided to support the establishment and joint financing of a consortium of Swiss non‑governmental organizations that will focus on countries where water and sanitation coverage is extremely sparse, notably in vulnerable countries.", "The progress made in terms of recognizing the right to water must be translated into concrete solutions that must be adjusted to scale. That will be a key topic at the forthcoming World Water Forum, to be held in 2012, and will also lie at the heart of the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, whom I thank for her very detailed, specific and meaningful statement.", "The Protocol on Water and Health, ratified and supported by Switzerland, is a good example of a concrete solution. This international instrument, which pertains to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, enshrines the close link that exists between human rights, health, protection of the environment and sustainable development.", "In that context, the Swiss Development and Cooperation Agency and its partners are in the process of elaborating guidelines aimed at taking better account of the various dimensions of the right to water in the framework of projects related to safe drinking water sanitation and to the integrated management of water resources.", "Mr. Quinlan (Australia): I would like first of all to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this important dialogue, and, of course, the Secretary-General and the Special Rapporteur for their comments earlier today. I would also like to thank President Evo Morales and the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having brought this life-sustaining, indeed, life-creating, human need before the General Assembly.", "Australians understand something about water. We are the driest inhabited continent on Earth. We have one of the lowest rainfalls, and about three quarters of our land — and there is a lot of it — is arid or semi-arid. Over the past decade we have experienced what scientists estimate to have been our worst drought in 1,000 years.", "But of course Australia is a wealthy country, and a developed country; our geology and climate, however, are tough, and our citizens are accustomed to water restrictions in all our major cities as a result of climate change, drought and the degradation of our waterways. Of course, as a developed country that is wealthy, we suffer nothing like the magnitude of the problem so eloquently defined a few minutes ago by the Permanent Representative of Djibouti.", "But we do hope that, as a nation, we understand the importance of water to survival and people’s livelihoods and the imperative of water and sanitation to people’s health, the sustainability of communities — particularly remote and indigenous communities — and the environment. We recognize that access to water and sanitation is fundamental to the realization of human rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.", "Other speakers today have spoken eloquently about the figures we confront — more than 2 billion people with no access to basic sanitation — due, in part, to water scarcity but also due, in part, to poor policies and management that have failed to ensure that everyone, regardless of who they are and where they live, can gain access to safe, affordable water and sanitation supplies and services.", "The implications for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are clear; we simply cannot attain the MDGs without providing safe water and effective sanitation. Australia is encouraged that the world is on track to meet the MDG 7 target to deliver safe drinking water to hundreds of millions of people, but we are alarmed that the sanitation target is likely to be missed by 1 billion. We must do better.", "My own Government has invested over $330 million in water, sanitation and hygiene in developing countries in the past two years, and we are planning to spend another $1 billion in the next four to do much more. Our non-governmental organizations also give priority to water.", "Variable rainfall patterns, pollution of water supplies, inefficient use and leakage of water supplies, poor infrastructure, high population growth, rapid urbanization, discrimination and marginalization are all big challenges, which others have spoken about today, to achieving the goal of delivering safe drinking water and sanitation. Addressing those challenges requires enhanced policy and management, increased investments through funding and capacity support, the application of innovative and cost-effective sanitation and water technologies, and an improved focus on the rights of the most vulnerable and marginalized.", "We need to improve water and sanitation planning for urban settings and close the gap in the level of access between urban and rural populations. We need to expand rainwater catchment and storage facilities to communities in need, particularly, as I have said, to remote and indigenous communities. We need to empower local communities to enact their own local water and sanitation initiatives.", "We need to do more to support integrated water resource management, including safe waste disposal and water-sharing arrangements. And without delay, we need to address the disproportionate impact that poor water and sanitation access has on health, education and economic opportunities for women, young girls and people with disabilities.", "To conclude, Australians know that water is a precious resource — the life source — and that it must be carefully managed. We ourselves will continue to give what priority and assistance we can to help meet the challenges that impede access to safe drinking water and sanitation for many hundreds of millions of people. We will continue to participate in vital debates, such as today’s, and we would encourage the General Assembly to keep this vital subject on its agenda.", "Mr. Kafando (Burkina Faso) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like to thank the delegation of the Plurinational State of Bolivia for having called for this meeting and President Deiss for rallying to the very just cause of the fundamental right to water and sanitation.", "Access to drinking water and sanitation is today a basic human right, as all speakers here have stated. Alas, in today’s world, more than 884 million people still lack access to drinking water, while 2.5 billion still lack access to appropriate sanitation facilities, according to a report prepared in 2008 by the United Nations Children’s Fund and the World Health Organization.", "Bearing this situation in mind, the Government of Burkina Faso has set up a State-owned company — the National Water and Sanitation Office — tasked with building, managing and protecting facilities for capturing, transferring, treating and delivering drinking water to meet urban and industrial needs. It also builds, promotes, improves and manages collective, individual and autonomous sanitation facilities for the evacuation of waste water and solid waste in urban and semi-urban areas.", "Notable progress made by my country over the past few years in terms of access to drinking water and sanitation led to our being honoured with a Millennium Development Goals Award in September 2010. We would like once again to thank the partners whose support for our Government enabled it to achieve these results.", "However, Burkina Faso’s efforts to manage water have been limited by rainfall that is inadequate and very unequal across the national territory. This situation led us, in cooperation with the Kingdom of Morocco, in 1998 to launch Operation SAGA, which aims to create artificial rainfall using proven techniques. The experiment was quite successful and is now an ongoing programme.", "As a Sahelian country that has suffered from drought, Burkina Faso takes this opportunity to alert the international community to the expansion of the desert and its nefarious consequences. The current dramatic and even tragic situation in the Horn of Africa, and Somalia in particular, gives some idea of those consequences.", "We hope that the high-level meeting scheduled for 20 September, on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, will be an opportunity for us to address the core of the problem and, in particular, the matter of access to drinking water and appropriate sanitation facilities.", "Lack of access to water and sanitation has serious consequences for education, housing, work, gender parity and life in general. It is thus very urgent to identify appropriate and sustainable solutions to this problem, whose causes and consequences are many and complex. Nevertheless, through concerted and inclusive efforts, the Member States, with the assistance of the United Nations system and other stakeholders, will be able to create, in our opinion, the conditions conducive to guaranteeing access to safe drinking water and sanitation to populations that still lack them.", "Ms. Hussain (Maldives): The Maldives welcomes the convening of this very important debate on the right to water and sanitation. We thank the President for his leadership in initiating this important discussion.", "The Maldives has a policy towards ensuring that all inhabited islands have access to clean water. Water is very scarce and extremely expensive for us to manage due to the geological formation and geography of the Maldives archipelago. There are no rivers or streams. The few small wetlands or freshwater lakes that we have yet to be managed. Our main freshwater resource is groundwater in the form of a thin freshwater lens found in very shallow depths. It is therefore highly susceptible to saline intrusion and contamination due to sanitation processes and needs intensive management, which is often extremely involved and expensive, to avoid overexploitation. Our lesson is that the health benefits and social impacts of this effort far outweigh the expense.", "The Maldives is deeply concerned that, according to the 2010 Joint Monitoring Programme report of the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund, approximately 884 million people lack access to improved water sources and that over 2.6 billion people do not have access to sanitation. We are very alarmed that approximately 1.5 million children under the age of five die and that 443 million school days are lost every day as a result of water- and sanitation-related diseases. Urgent and transformational action is needed now to combat these global issues.", "There is no doubt that water is a scarce commodity all over the globe. It is even more so for countries like the Maldives, which are highly vulnerable to climate change, adding further pressure to existing threats to the sustainability of our freshwater resources. For small island States like the Maldives, the impact of climate change on our water resources is not a distant reality but an acute problem that we are faced with in the present. Our commitment to contributing to resolve this most critical of issues is directly related to the well-being and socio-economic development of our people.", "The Maldives welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9, which recognize the human right to water and sanitation and reaffirm, inter alia, that the human right to water and sanitation is derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably linked to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as the right to life and human dignity.", "We reaffirm that the human right to water and sanitation is set out in existing human rights treaties and therefore entails legally binding obligations. The Maldives has long been engaged in taking measures to protect and ensure the right to water. Our national policy is to ensure that all inhabited islands have adequate water and sanitation services.", "We acknowledge that right and have put plans in place to enhance the management of our water resources in order to combat the impact of climate change and sea-level rise. The Maldives believes that existing measures to ensure the right to water must be evaluated further in order to determine their sustainability in the context of sea-level rise, the increased frequency of extreme weather events and changes in precipitation levels.", "We consider that the recognition of the human right to water and sanitation is a breakthrough that demonstrates the political will and determined aspiration of the international community’s to resolve this important issue.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): I would like at the outset to thank the President of the General Assembly for having organized this important meeting on the critical issue of the right to water and sanitation, which is a major challenge to the international community. It is at the heart of the realization of the economic and social rights that Morocco holds dear. We are delighted to learn that Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque has been tasked to advocate this right, which she is doing with great commitment and professionalism.", "We all know that the increasingly numerous calls for the recognition and realization of the right to water are legitimate and essential to the full and effective exercise of human rights. No life is possible or conceivable without access to water. This claim is not political, ideological or moral. It is a solemn appeal in favour of the right to life. By enshrining the right to water in international norms, are we not simply helping to protect life? Is that not the raison d’être of the United Nations system? Can we legitimately accept that millions of women, men and children, mostly in developing countries, are deprived of sufficient access to water for economic, geographic or environmental reasons? Is that our understanding of respect for human dignity? Is it acceptable that, in Africa and Asia, the average distance that a woman or a child must walk in order to find water is six kilometres?", "I am proud of having personally experienced that trial and of having lived in very difficult circumstances. When I talk about the right to water, I know what I am talking about.", "According to the World Health Organization, half of all hospital beds across the world are occupied by patients suffering from waterborne diseases. According to the United Nations Development Programme, the lack of access to drinking water and sanitation has grave consequences for the right to health. Every year, 1.8 million children die of diseases caused by unsafe water and poor hygiene; that figure is far higher than the number of deaths caused by violent conflict. Four people out of every 10 in the developing world are affected by water shortages. The situation is deteriorating because of demographic growth, urban sprawl, pollution and the impact of climate change.", "Should the international community resign itself to this sorrowful assessment? We hope not. The time has come for us to come to our senses, appeal to people’s consciences and mobilize the search for sustainable solutions. The organization of this meeting is already, in and of itself, a form of recognition of the gravity of the situation and a call to action. We must not stop at words but act together, and quickly.", "I cannot but regret the fact that this debate, which is so important to the lives of millions of people across the planet, is taking place in a General Assembly Hall that is practically empty. That does not herald any deep or massive commitment on the part of the international community to this fundamental right.", "Morocco is a willing and energetic participant in this new collective awareness-raising. My country supports any international effort to give full recognition to the universal right to water and sanitation. Morocco welcomed the adoption of resolution 64/292 in July 2010.", "My country’s commitment to recognizing the right to water is not new. Since winning its independence, Morocco has made access to water a priority. In the 1960s, we launched a dam construction programme that has enabled us to increase our storage capacity to 17 billion cubic metres. Almost all of our urban population in Morocco has access to drinking water; in rural areas, 60 per cent have such access. The construction of hundreds of water purification plants in small and medium-sized Moroccan towns has led to great achievements in terms of wastewater treatment.", "The modernization of the legislative and administrative framework has allowed for changes to water resource management by increasing supply through demand management and resource protection. In October 2009, His Majesty Mohammed VI declared that", "“our present and future challenge is to work tirelessly to master our resources, where economy in their use, the maximization of their value, expediency in their organization and preservation of their quality will be the basis of our development methods”.", "At the regional and international levels, my country has always stood shoulder to shoulder with countries facing economic, social and human difficulties linked to access to water. In the context of active, voluntary and dynamic South-South cooperation characterized by exchanges of experience, Morocco has provided assistance to brother countries, in particular in Africa, such as on artificial rainfall. My country has also been very aware of the situation of countries affected by climate change, in particular island countries, and by drought, as is unfortunately currently the case in the Horn of Africa.", "Only international joint action will enable future generations to have adequate access to water. However, how can we not be concerned when the United Nations declares that by 2025, two-thirds of the global population, or 5.5 billion people, could live in areas affected by moderate or serious water stress. In Africa, 25 per cent of the population is already in a situation of extreme water stress. The drought-driven exodus from the Horn of Africa fully justifies today’s debate. Respect for human dignity begins with the enshrinement of the universal right to water. It is time to unite and to act, since our prime responsibility in this body is, above all, to help save lives by ensuring access to the source of all life on Earth. I would say that water is essential to all life on Earth.", "When I commented on the fact that this debate is taking place before an almost empty Assembly Hall, it was not to single anybody out, but only to deplore the fact that such a basic, fundamental and seminal human right can be addressed with, I will not say indifference, but little enthusiasm.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank the President for having convened this plenary. Allow me, through him, to welcome the participation of His Excellency the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, our companion and brother Evo Morales Ayma, in this afternoon’s debate.", "The reports of United Nations agencies and bodies indicate that access to water and sanitation is unequal across the world. They reveal the existing polarities among regions and countries with regard to the enjoyment of such rights. Access to water and sanitation is a human right that must be ensured for all men and women on Earth. The fact that a wealthy minority monopolizes the benefits and enjoyment of the gifts of Mother Earth, while almost a billion people lack access to drinking water, is to be condemned. Some 2.6 billion people lack acceptable sanitation facilities, while that same minority flaunts the obscene extravagances that they enjoy in the contrived and alienating capitalist market.", "Every day, between 4,000 and 5,000 children die as a result of lack of access to drinking water. The root causes can be found in poverty, economic and social inequality, climate change, the destruction of natural resources and the unfair balance of power that characterize the global capitalist system.", "Will humankind be able to reverse such destructive trends, which annihilate life, and to create a more democratic, just and pluralistic society conducive to the preservation of life? We believe that that is possible. In order to ensure that humankind can exercise fundamental human rights, including access to water and sanitation, and achieve its freedom, we must uproot the narrow and miserly foundation of economic competition and market fundamentalism and make way for the reign of world solidarity.", "In Venezuela, the human right to water and sanitation is ensured. Our country has a legal provision that recognizes the nation’s full sovereignty over water, that access to water is a fundamental right and that water is vital to life and human well-being and an essential resource for development.", "This afternoon, His Excellency President Evo Morales Ayma said that water is the mother of all rights. We hear him. If that right is not upheld, no human right will be respected. I would add that water delivery must be a public service, not a source of wealth and trade. He called on us to seek a balance between human beings and nature. We fully share such humanist principles.", "Venezuela’s water-related legislation establishes that water is a social good. Therefore, the State ensures access to water to all communities, urban and rural, including indigenous peoples and all vulnerable social groups. The law also guarantees that, in full exercise of sovereignty and national security, foreign companies can never be allowed to exploit any water source anywhere. Water is a public good. It cannot be privately owned by any natural or legal person.", "The United Nations established a Millennium Development Goal aimed at halving the percentage of people without sustainable access to drinking water by 2015. Venezuela achieved the Goal of drinking water coverage in 2001 by building networks to reduce to 15 per cent the number of people without drinking water. The goal of sanitation service coverage was", "reached in 2005 by building networks to reduce the number of people without sanitation services.", "More than 95 per cent of the population of Venezuela today has access to drinking water. Our country, in the context of the Bolivarian revolution, has established major infrastructures for the capture, harnessing, purification and supply of drinking water, resulting in a total production capacity that can provide enough water for the 30 million people living in Venezuela. Our country also met the sanitation objective, achieving coverage of 92 per cent by means of our national plan aimed at expanding access to drinking water and sanitation.", "Allow me to conclude by voicing my country’s hope that the contributions made by the various delegations that have spoken in this debate will serve as an incentive to ensure that the right to water and sanitation can be enjoyed by all human beings on this planet.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "下午3时05分开会。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "主席(以法语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在2010年11月23日第52次全体会议上一并就议程项目13、关于千年首脑会议成果的后续行动的议程项目115，以及关于加强联合国系统的议程项目120进行了一次辩论。", "各位成员还记得，在议程项目13和议程项目115下，大会分别在第9次、第41次、第100次以及第105次全体会议上通过了第65/1号、第65/7号以及第65/285号决议。还在议程项目13下，大会分别在第52次、第72次以及第109次全体会议上通过了第65/10号、第65/234号及第65/309号决议。", "在开幕词中，我要向大会谈谈我的一些想法。我们今天开会是为了应对与实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战，并审议实现这项权利对千年发展目标的影响。我向埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统表示非常热烈的欢迎。他的国家多民族玻利维亚国是这项权利的热诚捍卫者。我还向联合国享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士表示最热烈的欢迎。她也将参加今天下午的讨论。", "2010年7月，大会通过了第64/292号决议。该项决定是朝着明确确认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权的方向迈出的第一步。此后，2010年9月，人权理事会通过了一项决议，申明享有饮水和卫生设施的权利源于享有有尊严生活和可接受的生活水平的权利。", "对于数百万人来说，获得安全饮水和卫生设施是一项迫切的发展需要。千年发展目标7要求到2015年将无法获得饮水和卫生设施的全球人口减半。实现这项目标对于实现其他目标——例如关于减贫、儿童健康和普及教育的目标——至关重要。", "在经过10年努力之后，所取得的进展是不够的。目前仍有10亿人无法获得饮水，有20多亿人享受不到基本的环卫服务。我欢迎并支持秘书长上个月发出的“可持续卫生设施——2015年到来之前的五年努力”倡议。", "这些数字与非洲之角目前所遭遇的干旱一道再次提醒我们，当今世界在满足我们的水需要方面存在严重不平等现象。在某些区域，男女老幼因为仅缺乏几公升水而死亡，而在其他区域，水被浪费。因此，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权对于确保每个人都享有有尊严和自由的生活至关重要。", "由于我们今天将有机会进行讨论，我们面临许多挑战，例如，在许多情况下，缺乏正常运作的国家机构，以及技术和财政资源有限。实现这些权利将是在实现关于饮水的千年发展目标和所有千年发展目标方面取得的进展。", "距离2015年最后期限已经没有多少时间了，我们必须立即采取果断的行动。根据我们在2010年9月第六十五届大会召开之时举行的关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上做出的承诺以及我刚才提到的秘书长提出的倡议，我们应当不断重申我们实现目标的共同意愿并为此加倍做出努力。我希望明年在里约热内卢举行的可持续发展大会将激发起新的动力，实现人人享有饮用水和卫生设施的目标。", "今天，我们有极好的机会传递这个信息——我们有成功的决心。我鼓励发言者强调采取切实和面向成果的措施，使人们享有饮水和卫生设施的权利成为现实。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下讲话。", "秘书长(以英语发言)：由于缺乏饮水和卫生设施，发展中国家总有接近半数的人民饱受健康问题的磨难。不洁的饮用水以及简陋的卫生设施已经成为世界儿童的第二大杀手。实现将无法获得清洁饮水的人口减半的千年发展目标的进展尽管大致顺利，但是全世界仍将无法实现卫生设施方面的目标。因此，我欣见此次全体会议的召开。", "去年7月，大会确认人人享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。人权理事会随后在去年9月具体指出，这项权利源自于享有适当生活标准的权利。这些都是重要的进步。它们为各国政府和联合国系统都提供了稳固的法律框架。目前的任务是将这项承诺转化为国际和国家层面的具体义务。只有在这种情况下，人民才能真正享有这项权利，特别是贫困人民。", "我们应当清楚了解的是，享有饮水和卫生设施的权利并不意味着水应当免费提供。相反，它意味着饮水和卫生设施的提供应当人人负担得起并且能够获得，并且各国必须为实现这个目标尽其所能。我们绝不接受居住同一城市的贫民窟居民得付富人五倍甚至十倍的水价。我们绝不接受超过10亿农村人民没有厕所，而得露天便溺。我们绝不接受任意让贫民窟、农地及工厂的废水污染当地环境。", "上月，联合国启动了“可持续的环境卫生：2015年前的五年奋斗”倡议。当时我提及缺乏安全的饮用水和足够的卫生设施如何对儿童的健康成长造成不利影响。我也提到良好的卫生设施如何能加强我们防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和疟疾的努力，这只是生活在卫生环境下的人民能更好地抵御其他各种疾病。我还指出，良好的卫生设施和卫生习惯能提高学习表现和降低缺勤率，这对少女尤为如此，有助于赋予她们权能和平等。简而言之，改善卫生设施能够帮助实现我们所有的发展目标。", "许多政府已经把饮水和卫生设施的权利纳入宪法和国内法规。还没有这样做的国家应当立刻进行这些工作。对无法获得饮用水和卫生设施的人我们必须对他们提供这些服务，以维护其尊严和幸福。今天，我关注着非洲之角的紧急状况。当地数百万人正在苟延残存，根本无法享有应享的权利。他们急需各种援助——包括粮食、饮用水以及被迫暂时栖身的难民营的适当卫生设施。", "然而，在这样的短期救济之外，还必需考虑长期的持续解决办法。这需要农业转型，以改善农村人民特别是牧民的应变能力，并尽量降低未来灾难可能产生的影响。这意味着致力于实现人人享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。这意味着为人民和社区的繁荣创造必要的安全条件。饮水、卫生、稳定、繁荣与和平都是相互紧密关联的目标。只有我们齐心协力，才能取得进展。", "主席(以法语发言)：我感谢秘书长的讲话。", "大会现在听取多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下的讲话。", "莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统(以西班牙语发言)：我今天来到这里，向联合国表达我最崇高的敬意，这不仅因为召开今天的会议，也因为一年前在这里大会通过了关于饮水权是普遍人权的这一前所未有的历史性宣言(第64/292号决议)。", "这使我相信，这新的千年将有机会弥补世界人民受到的伤害。由于大会的努力，如果今天承认饮水是一项人权，那么它就是所有权利之母。如果总统、政府和国家不保证饮水是一项人权，他们也肯定不会尊重世界任何地方的人权。因此，我相信我们在联合国能取得显著的进展，保证人权得到享有，人民的意愿得以实现。", "如果饮水是一项人权，那么它就不得作为私有买卖的商品。提供饮水必须是一项公共服务。如果饮水是一项人权，那么营利公司绝不能以此牟利。我们经联合国核准,发表这项关于享有饮水是一项人权的声明，从而共同担负着一项义务，必须协同努力，分享经验，以便实施各种政策来确保水资源可以作为一项人权被享有。", "我谨借此机会谈谈秘书长所提到的一些国家人民遭受的痛苦。由于缺水，儿童失去生命，农民无法耕作。与任何权利一样，水权也必须得到尊重。各种人权都有其对立者——那些导致不平等现象或使人民遭受不公正待遇的政策。同样，水资源也有其对立者，而这个自然资源的敌人就是全球变暖现象。全球变暖现象是水资源的首敌。它导致我国去年遭受了最严重的干旱、霜冻和低温气候。在玻利维亚境内的亚马逊流域，数以百万计的鱼因此而死亡。在高原地区，人们不得不背井离乡，四处去寻水。", "全球变暖产生的各种影响是一个必须通过我们自身的努力来解决的非常严重问题。然而，作为一个负责任的政府，我们正在试行《我的水资源》方案中的各种新政策。我们正在加大在水资源方面的投入。没有水，就不可能有生命。没有水，就不可能有粮食。没有水，就不可能有地球。因此，保障这一对生命如此关键的自然资源，是各国政府的义务。", "值得庆幸的是，在玻利维亚，由于我国人民的良知，也由于我国是一个民主国家，水权被载入我国《宪法》。我们正依照这项政策，并通过我国的“我的水资源”方案，协同我国337个城市一道开始优先考虑一些项目和方案。这些项目和方案不只是一个市长或一个总统提出的倡议，它们也是为了满足我们自然资源受益者的需求——例如人的饮水、农作物用水和牲畜用水。", "有些代表可能会说，给牲畜供水很可笑。但是有很多家庭靠饲养牲畜谋生，而那些牲畜需要水。玻利维亚高原上无水的时节，很多家庭可以抛下家园和土地离去，却不能丢下牲畜。他们的牲畜在大自然面前只能听从摆布。当然，雨季期间，这些家庭便重返其土地，找回那些熬过干旱季节幸存下来的牲畜。死去的牲畜躯体和骨架遍布原野，但仍有些还活着。这是全球变暖造成的后果。全球变暖现象影响到水资源，摧毁了家庭，特别是那些贫穷农民的家庭。", "这个经历成为唤醒我们来实施这个方案的一个警钟。我们抱有很高的期望。我们已为1 000万名玻利维亚居民投入了1亿美元。我们希望更进一步，与大会分享这一经验，同时也吸取其它国家的经验。我来到这里，是要向其他发言者学习。我愿向在座的各位以及联合国这里的其他领导人请教，探讨我们如何互补以确保把水资源作为一种公共服务。当然，我们单枪匹马无法解决这个问题或发生在其他区域、国家和大陆的那些问题。但我们有责任进行深入思考并做长远考虑。", "一些国家的水资源被当作奢侈品来挥霍，这些国家的人们丝毫不考虑如何分享水资源，而只顾争夺水资源，这是不容出现的情况。在这方面，任何争夺都是不容许的。作为发展中国家，我们有着一些导致彼此疏远的重大分歧。任何形式的争夺都无法解决贫穷或失业问题。但如果我们能相互合作，共同努力，我们一定能解决这些问题。我们进行的努力、奋斗和任务都是为了寻求全人类之间达到一种平衡。", "联合国已在全世界范围内采取各种重要举措。我们听说，一些区域将要举行各种全民投票来决定水是一项权利，还是一种私有商品，或是一种公共服务。大约80%或90%的人将投票赞成水是一项人权和一种公共服务，而不是一种私有商品。我们不愿看到诸如在玻利维亚发生的情况：一些跨国公司把水据为私有，企图通过卖水来牟利。我们怎么能卖水？水怎么能成为一种私有商品？", "我们——致力于维护祖国、土著民族和古柯种植者的农村和城市社会运动、工人、专家和知识分子——谴责此类争夺。2000年，我们驱逐了一些跨国公司。那一年对我们来说，是重要的一年。一些公司曾企图将水的价格提高5倍。这些情况使我们对此问题进行了认真而深入的思考。通过这些社会运动，我们组织并修改了我国《宪法》。我们本着对每个国家各自政策和方案的高度尊重，在有关国际论坛上提出了这些问题。分享我们的经验是我们的义务，每个国家也都有义务为造福社会而这样做。", "我来自玻利维亚民族，带着我国的政策来到这里，向联合国这里的各国领导人和大使致以敬意。他们一年前在这里以极大的才智和智慧宣布，享有水资源是一项人权。如果这是一项人权，那么现在我们就有责任执行那项由联合国定义的政策。我称赞秘书长和大会制定了那些政策。我们将始终愿意在此分享我们的经验。", "主席(以法语发言)：我邀请了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士参加本次会议。", "如果没有人反对，我是否可以认为大会希望在不形成先例的情况下，邀请享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士在本次会议上发言？", "就这样决定。", "主席(以法语发言)：按照刚才所作的决定，并在不形成先例的情况下，我现在请享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题联合国特别报告员发言。", "德阿尔布克尔克女士(以法语发言)：主席先生，首先我要感谢你邀请我参加本次重要会议。今天我荣幸并高兴地在此评估在千年发展目标背景下在实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面已取得的进展和仍存在的挑战。", "(以英语发言)", "整整一年前，继大会就享有饮水和卫生设施的权利进行历史性表决后，一些记者问我，承认这项人权会有何影响，我立即回顾了埃莉诺·罗斯福说过的至理名言，她说：人权始于小地方，在离家很近的地方。除非这些权利在那里有实际意义，否则它们在任何地方都不会有什么意义。因此，今天在我们汇聚一堂庆祝该决议通过一周年之际，我们必须扪心自问这个同样的问题。这项决议会影响没有安全水源和卫生设施的数十亿人生活吗？它是否有助于防止每年因与水和卫生设施有关的疾病而造成的约150万儿童死亡？它是否会导致缺水学校和女孩因没有男女分厕而辍学的学校改善条件？它是否有助于改变因为没有水和卫生设施而面临高孕产妇死亡率的医院的处境？", "法蒂玛和约翰是缺乏安全水源和卫生设施的数十亿人中的范例。在我的一次国家访问中，我遇到了法蒂玛和她的女儿们。她们每天都必须走好几个小时去打水。她们无法工作或上学，因为一天中的很大一部分时间都花在这件事情上。她们一家常常腹泻，在我见到她们的前一天，一个朋友在走路打水途中差一点遭到强奸。", "2年后，在我的另一次访问中，我见到了约翰，他无家可归。他居住的城市中公用厕所都关闭了。用约翰的话说，他成了当地无家可归者的卫生设施技师。他发明了一种帐篷厕所，人们可以将粪便排到塑料袋中。然后约翰会把粪便收集起来并骑上他的自行车把它们带走，努力寻找一个开放使用的厕所，以倒掉袋子里的粪便。", "这些侵犯人权的情况必须结束。第64/292号决议必须成为结束世界上所有像法蒂玛和约翰一样的人的痛苦的指导方针。我期望大会决议能切实影响人们的生活，这个期望值太高了吗？我不这样认为。", "挑战十分严峻，并将继续如此，但是在世界各地积累的经验表明，承认享有饮水和卫生设施是一项人权，能够真正带来不同。", "对享有饮水和卫生设施的权利的承认取得了哪些成就呢？当大会和人权理事会通过决议，承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项基本人权时，各国做出了非常明确的承诺。它们承认水和卫生设施是适当生活水平权利的一部分，必须像已提及的那样，充分予以提供、使它们可以获得、而且是安全、可负担得起的，从文化角度来说让每个人都可以接受，而不予歧视。", "这些决议提高了政治关注度，并帮助营造了改进世界上获得水和卫生设施渠道所急需的紧迫感。在这一背景下，我要赞扬玻利维亚、德国和西班牙在这方面在联合国一级发挥的领导作用。这些决议包含了一种对我们所生活世界的新愿景——一个每个人都能享有安全饮水和卫生设施的世界；一个人们不会因为喝的水而生病或因为不得不随地排泄而使他人生病的世界；一个人们不必在是带孩子去看病还是支付水费账单之间做出选择的世界。", "这种新愿景要求政策制定者、各国政府、地方当局、非政府组织、联合国各机构、私营部门以及人们自己都要转变心态。这意味着最脆弱者、最贫穷者、土著居民、贫民窟居住者以及无家可归者——这些人通常是没有发言权的——不再被置之不理，而是成为制定政策时的优先考虑。这种新愿景意味着确保能获得安全饮用水和卫生设施不再是一种慈善之举，或只是政策制定者的良好想法。与人权不同的是，善意想法的结果取决于不断变化的政治事态。善意想法不具法律约束力。", "这是否意味着人权不考虑各国可能面临的资源局限或危机的影响？当然不是。既然承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利，各国就应当有意识地采取步骤，逐渐实现这些权利，最大限度地利用可利用的资源，同时杜绝在提供水和卫生设施方面的各种形式的歧视。", "即使在资源有限的情况下，也可以取得大量进展，比如我们现在面临的这种情况。例如，其中一些步骤是在国家立法中承认这些权利，实施国家行动计划以落实享有饮水和卫生设施的权利，并优先对待得不到服务或服务欠缺的社区，以便为每个人提供最起码的条件。", "自去年明确承认享有饮水和卫生设施的权利之后，我不断收到想落实这些人权但在落实过程中需要援助与指导的各国政府、非政府组织、服务提供商以及联合国各机构提出的请求。", "过去3年来，我一直在收集良好做法。我收到了5大洲提交的200多份报告，我将在9月份向人权理事会提出一份简编。这些做法形式多样，这证明道路不是唯一的，也表明实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利并非遥不可及。", "请允许我分享一些我遇到的例子。其中一个是在马拉维等不同国家推行的“植树厕所”生态型环卫系统，其目的是将粪便直接放在地洞中堆肥，随后在这块非常肥沃的土上种上一棵果树——在马拉维通常是种一棵香蕉树。出售香蕉成为植树厕所主人的一种挣钱途径，以支付这种环卫解决办法的费用。", "同样，国家法律文书也是保护水权的重要工具。例如，在博茨瓦纳法院最近的一项裁决中，被逐出其土地、眼睁睁看着自己取水的井被拆除的土著社区根据该国的《水法》成功打赢了官司。上诉法院除其他外根据大会决议指出，水法允许所有拥有土地的人钻孔取水作为家用，而不需拥有具体的水权，限制这一权利可能等同于遭《宪法》禁止的残忍或不人道待遇。", "在全球一级，我高兴地看到，通过我依照授权与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)进行合作，明年联合国水机制全球环境卫生和饮用水问题年度评估报告将包含更多关于国家对享有饮水和卫生设施的权利的承认、它们的可受理性以及公共参与和非歧视的信息。", "同时，负责审查在实现获得水和卫生设施的千年发展目标上所取得进展的儿基会-世卫组织联合监测方案正与我密切合作，制定将顾及人权标准的新指标。我还领导着一支工作队，负责制定指标，以衡量在提供安全饮水与卫生设施方面的非歧视和平等程度。", "在这种背景下，请允许我呼吁联合国所有会员国在谈判2015年后的全球发展议程时，对饮用水和卫生设施框架使用人权。这样做至关重要，因为目前的千年发展目标没有衡量歧视对于享有饮用水和卫生设施的影响。因此，一个国家可以在千年发展目标方面表现出色，但却丝毫没有改变土著人民、贫民窟居民或残疾人的命运。", "此外，饮用水的质量尚未在世界范围内得到监测。目前没有在全球层面评估饮用水和卫生设施服务的承担能力和获得这些服务的距离。一个严峻的现实是，我们根本不知道有多少人能够获得符合供应充足、高质量、容易获得、担负得起和可以接受的标准的饮用水和卫生设施。这些标准是人权框架规定的，并且在去年得到了联合国会员国的支持。现在，而且即使在千年发展目标最后期限过后的很长时间内，都必须使全球发展议程与大会作出的人权承诺保持一致。", "过去三年来，我在实地访问和与努力改善享有饮用水和卫生设施的社区和政策制定者的会晤中汲取到的经验教训表明，这些权利——正如我先前所说的那样——是能够实现的。即便在资源非常有限的国家和社区中，甚至在紧急状况下都能实现这些权利。当然，依然存在许多挑战，其中包括财政的和纯粹技术性的障碍。不过，我必须强调，政治意愿和健全的管理将继续在扩大享有饮用水和卫生设施方面发挥最具决定性的作用。", "本着这种精神，最后，我要吁请相关利益攸关方，包括各个国家、联合国机构、捐助方、民间社会以及私营部门在它们作出各种努力的时候，在国家和国际层面利用人权框架，以确保人人享有饮用水和卫生设施。大会和人权理事会承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权提供了出发点是在作出这一努力时至关重要的工具。通过运用这一框架，干预措施将收到更好成效，结果将更为成功，影响也将更为持久。", "主席(以法语发言)：我谨通知大会，我的名单上有35位发言者。我请各位发言者把发言限制在5分钟以内，以便使尽可能多的人能够参加，否则，下周初将继续进行本次辩论。", "我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以西班牙语发言)：在代表欧洲联盟发言前，我谨欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下与会，并感谢他在这个非常重要的问题上发挥的领导作用和他今天下午所作的发言。我也欢迎秘书长所作的发言，并且欢迎享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士与会。", "(以英语发言)", "我荣幸地代表欧洲联盟及其成员国发言。", "候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛，参与稳定与结盟进程的可能候选国波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚，欧洲自由贸易联盟成员国列支敦士登、欧洲经济区成员国以及乌克兰赞同这一发言。", "主席先生，欧洲联盟感谢你召开本次大会会议，讨论这一极为重要的议题。获得安全饮用水和卫生设施对于人们享有健康和有尊严地生活至关重要。所有国家都有责任确保人们享有充分人权，而且能够平等地获得保健、教育、安全饮用水和卫生设施以及社会和其它基本服务。欧洲联盟赞赏大会最近承认获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权，而且人权理事会明确了这一权利是享有适当生活水准的人权的一部分。", "欧洲联盟也要回顾，联合国会员国虽然对相关决议持不同立场，但我们认为重要的是，国际社会应当展现团结一致的政治意愿，以便解决全球饮用水和卫生设施的危机。", "此外，水资源管理影响到能源、农业、粮食安全和环境等所有对包容性增长和可持续发展有重要意义的部门，也影响和平与安全。", "因此在国际上，政策制定者越来越多地意识到饮用水和卫生设施对于可持续人类发展的重要性，这部分归功于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作。通过千年发展目标，国际社会已经把获得饮用水和卫生设施作为重中之重。在此基础上，我们共同朝实现这个目标取得了实质性进展。", "不过，我们不能骄傲自满，因为饮用水和卫生设施对全世界数亿人来说依然是生死攸关的问题。约有8.84亿人无法获得得到改善的水源，还有超过26亿人得不到可以接受的卫生设施。", "此外，全世界约有三分之一的人生活在受饮用水紧张影响的地区，而且，对饮用水的需求正在增加。发展中国家对饮用水基础设施的投资严重滞后，在非洲尤其如此，使这些国家容易遭受旱灾和洪水，造成巨大的社会、环境和经济影响。获得饮用水和卫生设施在城市环境中是一个特别突出的问题，在这方面，发展中国家城市人口的迅速增长正在增加对基础设施和服务的压力。", "欧盟完全清楚，获得饮用水和卫生设施至关重要，从人权角度和作为一个发展问题来说都是如此。欧盟将进一步把可持续水管理作为其今后发展政策的优先事项。", "欧盟及其成员国在水资源部门对非洲国家有坚定的政治承诺，并且与它们紧密协作。这体现在去年11月在利比亚商定的非洲联盟和欧盟的联合战略中。去年，欧盟还发起了一项千年发展目标倡议，为非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家提供10亿欧元，并且以饮用水和卫生设施为重点。", "总的来说，我们最近看到，由于认识到与气候变化相关的挑战和绿色增长的需要，欧盟及其成员国加强致力于饮用水问题。此外，德国和法国将分别于2011年11月在波恩主办水、能源与粮食关系会议，并于2012年3月在马赛主办世界水论坛。", "欧盟也欣见世界卫生组织和儿童基金会正在牵头努力，研究饮用水和卫生设施方面2015年后的发展框架。我们承认，必须对饮用水和卫生设施服务的质量、承担能力和可及性进行全球监测非常重要。", "最后，请允许我指出，即将于2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约会议二十周年大会)将为全世界提供一个独特机会，确保对可持续发展作出新的政治承诺。", "欧盟及其成员国决心为里约会议二十周年大会取得成功作贡献。获得安全饮用水和卫生设施以及水资源的可持续管理问题在里约会议二十周年大会及其成果文件中应当占据重要地位。大会应当补充和支持我们的努力，以确保全面实现千年发展目标，并且促进持续、包容各方和公平的经济增长和可持续发展。", "维奥蒂女士(巴西)(以西班牙语发言)：巴西欢迎在玻利维亚的倡议下，有机会讨论充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施权利的问题。我很高兴欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下与会。我们非常认真和非常感兴趣地听取了他的发言，我们赞同他呼吁就这个非常重要的问题加强合作、行动和团结。我还应感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士，我赞扬她所做的出色工作。", "获得安全饮用水和卫生设施是消除贫困的先决条件。我们的社会发展努力同各领域的进展密切相关。在国家层面，巴西努力确保安全饮用水和卫生设施的普及化。在国际层面，我们分享自己的经验，并学习别国管理水资源的经验，特别是在干旱和半干旱地区。", "巴西认识到，享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利同尊重生命权、人身安全、健康、粮食和足够的住房有着本质上的联系。如同社会和经济领域中的权利，国家有责任确保其公民充分享受这些权利。尊重这些权利，完全符合1992年《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》所载的各国使用本身水资源的主权原则。", "在行使享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面存在各项挑战，我们在深入审议这些挑战时，必须承认联合国人权实体的核心作用。巴西坚定支持特别报告员在澄清同饮用水和卫生设施的权利相关的各项义务的性质和内涵所作的努力。在这方面，我们期待通过她向第六十六届会议提交的报告，审议在实现这项权利方面存在的挑战。", "明年举行的联合国可持续发展会议将为再次讨论可持续发展方面的饮用水和卫生设施的供应提供又一次机会。我们希望同全体会员国一道作出紧张的努力，在该领域取得有意义的成果，能够导致实现享有饮用水和安全设施的权利。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我谨代表我国代表团欢迎在承认饮用水和卫生设施的权利的第64/292号决议获得通过一年后，召开关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的本次辩论会。", "该决议提醒我们，这项权利已经获得国际法的承认，因此具有法律约束力。西班牙对于我们今天把全部精力用于执行人权理事会第15/9号和第16/2号决议中所载的这项权利，表示赞许。后一项决议尤其重要，因为它延长了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利特别报告员的任期。通过特别报告员和前任独立专家卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克的工作，我们能够为今天承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利奠定基础。我要表示，西班牙感谢今天在座的特别报告员所做值得赞扬的工作，为我们履行这项人权提供了坚实的工作基础。", "必须从人权角度来考虑对饮水权的承认。尽管国际合作努力帮助减缓了局势，但只有从人权角度着手才能改善局势。正是由于这一信念，促使西班牙同德国一道，5年前在日内瓦人权理事会提倡审议享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。我国承认所有人权的普遍性，不管是公民、政治、经济、社会还是文化权利。此外，我们认为，正如特别报告员在今天的发言中指出的那样，尊重所有人权同实现千年发展目标之间有着直接的联系。", "我谨强调她的建议，即各国需要了解如何充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，起草必须被纳入减贫战略和国家预算的国家行动计划。将近9亿人缺乏饮用水和超过25亿人得不到基本卫生设施，这是无法令人接受的事实。", "今天，国家和其他有关行动者确切了解它们在该领域中的人权义务。因此，当前的挑战是有效履行和实现这些义务。在这方面，正如特别报告员那样，我们强调查明最佳做法的重要性。饮水和卫生的最佳做法的标准包括，在人权准则基础上确定标准，以及在非歧视、参与、责任、影响以及当然还有可持续性等原则基础上确定共同的标准。在确保有效行使享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利之时，必须考虑到这些标准。", "西班牙是对有关该问题的决议投赞成票的122个国家之一，该决议是多民族玻利维亚国刚好在一年前提交大会的。因此，我们欢迎今天的辩论以及特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克的与会，她对该问题做出了巨大贡献。西班牙认为，至今已经完成了我们能够支持的大量工作，以便尽可能有效地进一步充分实现这项权利。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言)：主席先生，首先，我谨感谢你主动召集会员国参加本次会议，以便让我们共同思考一个需要世界各国政府作出承诺的议题，以确保充分实现享有饮用水的人权。我也谨代表秘鲁代表团和秘鲁政府欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会。", "国际人权准则包含享有饮用水的具体义务。它们要求各国保障所有人为个人和家庭用途而享有足够的饮用水，包括消费、卫生、洗衣、准备食物以及个人和家庭卫生。这些准则还要求各国继续逐步改善充分的卫生服务，以作为人的尊严和私人生活的先决条件，并保护饮用水供应和资源的质量。", "秘鲁认为，水是可再生的自然资源，是生活必需品和可持续发展以及维护支撑这一发展的系统和自然周期的战略部分，并且是国家安全的基本部分。根据我国的立法，水被赋予社会文化、经济和环境价值，因此，必须通过平衡所有这些价值的综合管理来利用它。我们认为，水是我们生态系统的组成部分，是经过水文循环而再生的资源。在这方面，秘鲁认为，水资源的利用和综合管理必须考虑到下列原则。", "第一项原则是水的价值和综合管理。第二，必须优先重视获取水源的问题。第三，公众应参与影响到饮用水质量、数量和可获得性等问题以及其它与饮用水有关问题的决策。第四，必须从法律上保证对饮用水的投资，无论是公共投资、私人投资还是两者相结合。第五，必须尊重农民和土著社区的饮水权。第六，必须采取可持续的办法来利用和保护水资源。第七，应下放水资源管理的权力。最后，必须将水源利用和保护的效率作为一个优先事项。", "随着一年前第64/292号决议的通过，国际社会在提高对保证特别是那些缺水者获得饮用水重要性的认识上向前迈出了重要一步。秘鲁在确定有关饮用水和卫生设施权的各项义务以最终承认它为人权的整个进程中发挥了积极作用。我们参与了首先在日内瓦然后又在纽约进行的磋商，这导致该决议获得通过。秘鲁支持决议的通过，它符合我先前阐述的原则，这些原则是基于我国的国内立法和这样一种假设，即保障该项人权必须取决于本地管理、规划和分配充分享受该权利所必要的充足资源。换句话说，要实现该权利，行政管理当局就必须采取全面做法，承认享有饮用水的人权会产生多层面影响。", "各国要实现这项权利还有很多工作有待完成，首先就是它们要根据本国法律与优先事项来充分理解其影响。秘鲁重申，享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权源自适当生活水平权，并与能达到的最高标准身心健康和生命权与人类尊严权之间有着千丝万缕的联系。本着这一精神，我们确认将遵循这些原则，并再次承诺继续努力，以确保它们成为日益看得见摸得着的现实。", "巴顿先生(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：美国坚定地致力于探索解决我们世界面临的饮水挑战的办法。美国在2010年9月发表的实现千年发展目标的战略中，我们欣见取得的进展，认识到在1990年至2005年期间超过16亿人获得改良的饮用水源。与此同时，美国也对许多国家无法可持续享用安全饮用水和基本卫生设施人口的比例仍然处于令人不可接受的高位表示关切。", "在2010年9月在日内瓦召开的人权理事会会议上，美国加入了第15/9号决议的共识，该决议申明：", "“享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权源于适当生活水准的权利，与享有能达到的最高标准身心健康权密切相连。”(A/HRC/RES/15/9，第3段)", "这两条原则都援引自《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》，它们呼吁各国政府采取步骤以逐渐实现该人权。在3月份的人权理事会上，美国支持延长有关该问题独立专家的任务期限。", "关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权，我们持以下观点。第一，各国政府应努力逐步实现安全饮用水和卫生设施的普及并应寻求为特别是服务不足的人口拓宽渠道。各国政府应酌情制定并实施国家政策与战略并承诺投入充足的预算资源，以便它们能够尽快推进该目标。", "第二，各国政府有义务确保在非歧视的基础上提供获得安全饮用水和卫生服务的渠道。政府还有义务为处于其监护下的人员提供或确保其享有安全饮用水和卫生设施。", "第三，可以将享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利合理解释为包括可获取烹饪用水。还可以将其合理理解为意味着有充足数量和质量的水——尽管未必达到饮用质量——以满足个人卫生的基本需求。", "最后，为支持所有这些目标，各国政府应在饮用水和卫生服务的提供上努力提高透明度和问责，并让公众参与政府的决策。善治是实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利的基础。", "在这方面，我们愿肯定并赞扬秘书长饮用水和卫生问题咨询委员会的工作以及它致力于通过“可持续的环境卫生——2015年前的五年奋斗”倡议来落实各项饮用水和卫生举措。该倡议针对决策者，力求凝聚有利于饮用水和卫生方案的政治意愿。", "美国希望本次旨在开展对话的全体会议还将导致各国政府采取具体行动，减少无法可持续获取安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人员数量。", "博内先生(法国)(以法语发言)：法国赞同以欧洲联盟的名义所作的发言。我愿感谢玻利维亚代表团召开本次会议的倡议。我国欣见第64/292号决议获得通过，大会通过该决议承认了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权。这使我们得以在过去一年加紧就该问题动员各国政府和其它方面。继跨出这一历史性的一步后，人权理事会还一致通过了2010年9月30日第15/9号决议，将享有饮用水的基本权利与拥有适当生活水平的权利挂钩。", "我们需在安全饮用水和卫生设施问题所涉各利益攸关充分参与的情况下执行这些决议，将所有人享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利变为现实，从而向前迈进。本着这一精神，法国致力于在一个公开、非正式和跨区域国家集团即蓝色集团的框架内，促进享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利，并努力将其付诸实现。在这方面，我们赞扬安全饮用水和卫生设施所涉人权问题特别报告员所做的分析、评估和倡导工作。其它一些值得赞扬的举措也在寻求提高对这些新案文及其所载承诺的认识，并力求努力将其付诸实现。我特别要欢迎秘书长在卫生设施方面提出的倡议。", "法国欢迎联合国欧洲经济委员会根据《关于水与健康的议定书》所做的工作，特别是为编写关于平等获取饮用水良好做法的手册而正在进行的筹备工作。我们还感谢那些支持我们介绍世界卫生大会第64/24号决议并使其获得一致通过的众多国家。该决议呼吁世界卫生组织各成员国、整个联合国以及其它利益攸关方确保加强饮用水、卫生和公共健康政策的一体化，以充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。", "我国将于2012年3月12日至17日在马赛举办第六届世界水论坛。享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利是法国国际活动的优先事项，该论坛将是在这个领域加紧动员的一个机会。我们必须重申，各国担负着为落实这一权利建立适当组织框架以及设立负责监督其执行的机制的主要责任。我们尤其重视不同利益攸关方各自作用的划定。", "我们坚信，只有在政治决策的不同层面采取联合行动，才能促成适应每个具体情况的重要进展，因此我们呼吁各方更加认识到地方当局在国家法律和规章的范围内提供国家服务的作用。所有相关的公共利益攸关方必须调动起来，致力于执行以合作方式解决问题的办法，确保所有人都能切实而公平地获得饮用水。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我谨感谢埃及召开这次会议，讨论在实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权利方面所面临的挑战。我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下，并感谢他倡议召开这次辩论会，这一倡议得到了一些会员国的支持，我们还要感谢他为这次会议所作的准备。", "大会在第六十四届会议上通过了重要的第64/292号决议，承认享有安全清洁的饮水和卫生设施是一项人权，并且支持全面实现所有人权的国际努力。埃及重申，所有人权都是普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的，并且人们必须公平和全面地享有所有各项人权。该决议强调会员国必须在国家层面采取一切必要措施，按照国际人道主义法和国际条约规定的义务，确保达到所有人都享有人权的要求。", "在这种情况下，埃及认为，必须努力解决我们各国人民，尤其是发展中国家人民在确保清洁饮用水和卫生设施的获取上所面临的一切挑战，要考虑到国家和区域特点，同时遵守有关国际水道和跨界水资源的国际和区域条约的条款，避免划分与国际商定人权文书所规定权利不同的分类别人权。", "审查实现千年发展目标方面所取得进展的高级别全体会议的成果文件(第65/1号决议)重申了我们承诺将无法获得洁净饮用水和卫生设施的人数减少一半。即使一些国际报告显示到2015年有可能实现这一目标，但是埃及相信，一些挑战会妨碍这一承诺的兑现，最大的挑战就是获得执行相关国家方案的资金，估计每年为112亿美金。", "此外，我们需要加倍努力，解决气候变化的负面影响，实现可持续发展，尤其是经济和社会发展；控制人口增长；加强在技术转让、科学研究和发展，尤其在饮水和卫生设施领域的国际合作。", "在这方面，埃及政府几年前通过了一项水资源领域的综合国家计划，以支持善治，从而确保公平和公正地分配洁净饮用水和向我国人民提供卫生服务，且不对环境造成伤害。这一计划的执行工作基于权力下放，与相关部门和国家机构进行全面合作，从而提高用水效率以维持健康；应对气候变化的负面影响；支持国家水资源管理委员会的作用以及私营部门在管理水资源中的参与；在相关国家实体之间持续更新和交换数据与信息；协调国家投资；使用水合理化，在这方面赋予妇女更大的作用。", "实现为世界所有人民提供洁净饮用水和卫生设施的目标将需要在国际层面采取一项基于几个主要支柱的全面综合的办法，其中最重要的支柱是解决气候变化造成的挑战；促进水技术领域的国际合作；提供所需的财政资源和官方发展援助以支持提供洁净饮用水和卫生设施的国家方案和政策；尤其在相关国家中支持可持续发展方案；开发防止污染的技术。", "在这种情况下，联合国和国际社会必须加强共同努力，开展综合研究以解决妨碍实现世界各国人民享有洁净饮用水和卫生设施权利所面临的主要挑战，并将每个会员国的情况和特点所造成的不同挑战考虑在内。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：古巴欢迎我们敬爱的同志、兄弟般的多民族玻利维亚国的埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统。当然，我们完全支持他的发言，并感谢他个人和他的国家在国际社会最重要问题上，例如在今天大会正在审议的问题上所发挥的领导作用。", "水是人类生存的核心元素。莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统明智地申明，水就是生命。在多民族玻利维亚国的倡议下，一年前通过了关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议，这项决议是一个里程碑。联合国第一次承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利是一项基本人权。", "我们在这个大厅发言的同时，世界上有超过8.84亿的人无法获得饮用水资源，有26亿人，其中包括10亿儿童，无法获得基本的卫生设施。我们不能消极地接受这样的事实，每年有超过350万的人死于因受污染的水而造成的疾病，世界上每八个人中就有一个人得不到饮用水。除非我们迅速和有效地采取行动，否则到2025年有超过30亿的人将受到缺水问题的影响。", "世界上多数人生活在水资源主要用于农业的发展中国家。因此，气候变化造成的缺水问题，除其他外，意味着农业、水产养殖和其他形式的粮食生产将受到严重影响，使发展中国家业已不稳定的粮食安全状况更加恶化。", "必须加强国际合作，而且需要建立不受世界银行和国际货币基金组织歧视性要求和附加条件限制的基金和财政机制。这些国际基金，不论是否由联合国主持，都必须提供具体的资金和技术来源，从而扩大饮用水、卫生设施、农业和水产养殖生产、综合水生产和生态系统可持续管理的覆盖面。", "1995年，古巴实现了有关获得饮用水和卫生设施的千年发展目标，并认为获得水是一项基本人权。在我国，国家负责水资源和卫生设施的管理与控制。我们采取了许多措施，确保享有水的人权。请允许我仅举数例。", "我们改进了水的供给与质量，提高了水的合理使用率。我们将生产性过程中的用水量减少了30%。我们实现了水传播疾病的发病率逐年下降。我们为逾96%的人口提供了饮用水。我们扩大了饮用水的覆盖面、氯化程度和质量。我们建立了旱灾预警系统。", "尽管取得了这些进展，但是与其它发展中国家一样，古巴也面临着气候变化、自然灾害以及水源缺乏等各种挑战。", "美国政府对古巴施行的长达半个多世纪的罪恶的经济、金融和贸易封锁给获取新技术、水务产品及其裨益并增加这些领域的职业培训制造了严重限制与障碍。", "古巴不支持跨国公司主张的水资源私有化计划或市场机制，它们声称此种计划或机制是解决自然资源包括水源短缺的一种办法。平等、不受歧视地获得充足的水源和卫生设施是一种基本权利，绝不能以此作为又一个谋取利润的机会来加以操纵。联合国必须成为讨论该问题并就此达成协议的主要论坛。", "阿斯卡罗夫先生(乌兹别克斯坦)(以俄语发言)：今天关于水资源、实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施这项人权所面临主要挑战以及它对实现千年发展目标所产生影响的辩论会给我们提供了一个讨论这个非常重要议题的机会。", "7月20日，安全理事会讨论了气候变化对广泛意义上安全的影响(见S/PV.6587)。在那次会议上所作的许多发言中都直接提到了这样的事实，即：缺水是世界许多地区面临的重大挑战之一。", "今天，没有人会对这样一个无可争议的事实提出异议，即：年复一年，地球上都不幸遭受日益增多的自然灾害和气候变化的影响。过去一年来，我们看到海地、日本、智利和新西兰发生了破坏力史无前例的地震。我们看到巴基斯坦和澳大利亚发生了水灾。我们看到美国、中国和非洲之角发生了严重旱灾。", "在中亚，我们还看到这些现象暴露出令人担忧的问题。作为阿姆河和Sir Darya河主要源头的帕米尔和天山山脉的冰川正在融化。今天，我们区域遭受了极其严重的旱灾，影响到区域各国的社会经济发展，包括千年发展目标的实现。我们遭遇到粮食减产、环境恶化以及生态危机带来的其它消极后果。", "请允许我仅举一例。曾是世界上第四大陆地水体的咸海已经消失，并成为巨大的阿拉尔库姆沙漠。在这方面，理性并合理地使用水源和能源是中亚面临的重大挑战之一。对该挑战采取任意而为和模棱两可的做法只会导致生态灾害的加剧。", "今天，我们在咸海地区面临的不仅只是生态问题，还有影响到全球的社会经济和人口问题，这是秘书长在2010年4月访问咸海地区时亲眼所见。", "我愿指出，我们乌兹别克斯坦正在实施一系列方案，以合理使用水源，并提高其使用效率。在农业改革方面，我们成立了用水者协会。我们减少了专门种植棉花的土地面积，现在它只占到我们耕地的25%。尽管我国加紧发展经济，但是我们一直在减少从河流中提取的水量。过去数年来，我们投资10多亿美元用于恢复我们的土壤。由此，我们现在增加了74万多公顷耕地。", "尽管取得了所有这些成就，但是必须承认的是，我们仍有300多万人无法获得清洁的饮用水。乌兹别克斯坦占中亚地区总人口的将近50%，在咸海灾害中我们首当其冲。我们感到，我们有道义上的权利呼吁区域各国协调努力，以确保理性合理地使用水资源。此外，中亚必须充分履行联合国关于水源和联合用水的各项公约，其中包括1992年3月17日的《联合国保护和利用跨界水体和国际湖泊公约》和1997年4月4日的《国际水道非航行使用法公约》。这两份文件都明确规定，对跨界水体的使用包括建造水力发电站都绝不可损害环境和/或邻国的利益。", "在这些普遍公认的国际法律原则与规范的指导下，乌兹别克斯坦明确反对在中亚河流的上游建造任何大型水力发电站而不顾及河流下游地区各国的利益。正如我国总统在2010年9月千年发展首脑会议上所说的那样，", "“任何企图实施30至40年前在苏联时期起草的在上游建造包括巨型水坝在内大型水电设施项目——这些计划没有考虑到该地区的地震活动，而拟议的修建工程可能把地震频率提高8至9点——的做法都可能对环境造成无可挽回的损害，带来非常危险的人为灾难”(A/65/PV.3，第14页)。", "去年乌兹别克斯坦加入了国际大坝委员会，该委员会在其研究报告中说，在跨界水道上建造大坝可能意味着诸多方面的巨大风险。", "2008年，联合国开始发出粮食日益短缺的警报。气候变化和水源短缺使粮食减产，甚至危及生命。没有有保障的水源供给，安全、稳定或生命权这项人权就无从谈起。如联合国粮食及农业组织的基本文件中指出的那样——乌兹别克斯坦完全赞同这种说法——淡水应首要用于生产粮食。这对于中亚来说尤其具有现实意义，各国必须合理、负责任地使用水资源，因为各国、整个区域乃至每个人的生命与安全都要依赖水源。", "伯杰先生(德国)(以英语发言)：德国完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员所作的发言。", "首先，请允许我感谢大会主席和玻利维亚总统倡议召开本次重要的全体会议，讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的人权问题。多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下莅临会议令我们今天倍感荣幸。我还要热烈欢迎享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士。今天的辩论使我们有机会回顾我们取得的成就，而且更为重要的是，思考今后的挑战。", "过去12个月中，在联合国，首先在大会，然后在日内瓦的人权理事会承认了享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，它来源于享有适当生活水准的权利。这一突破是相关国家政府、全球民间社会组织、各国人权机构以及专家多年来在国际和国内参与的结果。", "德国感到自豪的是，我们从一开始就参与了这一进程。2008年，德国和西班牙在人权理事会提出了一项倡议，要求设立当时的关于这个问题的独立专家一职。我们看到，我们的倡议得到了越来越多的支持，其结果是2011年人权理事会设立了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员一职。假如没有来自各个区域集团的许多与我们志同道合会员国的重要支持，原本不可能向前迈出这重要的一步。", "目前的巨大挑战是落实我们共同作出的决定。谈到享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，我们不得不重申有必要进行更广泛的思考，而不仅仅是考虑技术可行性问题。要想制订可持续的解决办法，我们就必须采用将此种权利作为人权来对待的办法。在我们为那些有需要的人们制订解决办法时，饮水和卫生设施是否安全、优质、充足、有供应、在实际上和经济上是否易于获得以及是否负担得起的问题就必须得到充分关注。忽视这些必备要素就意味着忽视那些拥有这些人权者的真正需要。", "副主席克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)主持会议。", "我们还应当考虑的是，在各个具体国家所处的情况中执行方案时，不存在放之四海而皆准的做法。然而，共同标准仍然是一样的，即，实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。在这方面，我们期待讨论特别报告员将在今年9月向人权理事会提交的最佳做法汇编。在此背景下，并且考虑到秘书长今天也予以强调的人权与千年发展目标之间的联系，我们感到特别高兴的是，世界卫生组织和儿童基金会对饮水和卫生设施部门的联合监测方案调整了有关获得饮水和卫生设施的标准，使它们符合享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员确定的标准。", "在结束发言前，我鼓励全世界各个地区想法一致的国家参与促进和落实享有饮水和卫生设施这项人权，并确保在讨论国家解决方案和制订国家行动计划时坚持将此种权利作为人权来对待。", "加西亚·冈萨雷斯先生(萨尔瓦多)(以西班牙语发言)：我们赞扬多民族玻利维亚国提出倡议以及埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和大会主席发挥领导作用，召开关于把享有安全饮用水和卫生设施作为人权的全体辩论。", "水是一切形式生命的基础，它对人类、动物和环境都是必不可少的。获得饮水和卫生设施是有尊严生活的必要条件。没有水，就无法享有许多人权。因此，水对于民生和社会发展非常重要。事实上，一切伟大文明都是起源发展于靠近巨大水源的地方。", "获得饮用水是萨尔瓦多政府完全支持的一项基本人权，但目前，这项人权由于影响水这种重要液体的两个主要因素——短缺和污染——而受到阻碍。研究表明，全世界五分之一的人口无法获得安全的饮用水。每天有6 000人由于饮水受污染而死亡，其中大多数是儿童。", "萨尔瓦多饮水和卫生设施供应服务的获得水平仍然很低，特别是在农村地区。不过，在毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳总统领导的现任政府的领导下，我们正在制订各个领域的一系列项目，以便改善我国境内这种重要液体的供应和质量。我国政府把可持续和全面的水管理视作一个参与性进程，目的是实现提供高质量清洁饮水方面保护、养蓄、保卫和预防的国际商定目标，以便通过有效协调公共政策，确保全体人民和后世子孙获得饮用水的权利。", "2010年7月28日，萨尔瓦多与许多国家一道作为提案国，在大会全体会议上促成通过了题为“享有饮水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议。这确实是促进可持续人类发展国际努力方面的重要一步。", "然而，要有效执行这项把饮用水作为人权的宣言，就必须在实践中同时采取一系列措施，防止浪费和污染水源及借水牟利。在许多有可能导致社会暴力的冲突中，水正日益成为一个关键因素。", "作为人权，获得饮用水和卫生设施必须做到公平、非歧视、数量充足和质量好、在经济、社会和环境上可以持续，并且负担得起。因此，国家有义务保护人民不被切断供水服务，并且不受污染的影响，并且防止个人或公司侵犯其他人的权利。", "我们不能忽视森林在养蓄水源方面的作用。如果大片森林被摧毁，这将对整个水资源系统产生消极影响，导致供水量和水质下降。同样重要的是要管制与采矿、石油勘探和农业产业化有关的活动，这些活动是水污染的直接来源。", "我们都有责任确保每一个人，特别是最贫困和最受排斥的群体的基本需求得到满足，并且能够获得饮水和卫生设施。实现千年发展目标应当有助于满足这些需求。不过，在每一个人都能充分行使其获得饮水和卫生设施的权利方面，仍有许多工作要做。我国代表团认为，这个问题应当成为有关2012年联合国可持续发展大会实质性内容讨论的一个重要部分。", "最后，萨尔瓦多政府同意，各国都应当采取措施，促进更合理地利用水资源。", "布格斯塔勒女士(瑞典)(以英语发言)：瑞典完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "瑞典欢迎召开今天这次关于享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利的全体讨论会。获得安全饮水和适当的卫生设施，对于人的生命、健康和尊严是绝对必需的。享有饮水和卫生设施的权利目前在全世界已被公认是一项人权，它产生于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》中有关健康和适当生活水准的权利，并且获得大会和安全理事会各项决定的证实。", "有鉴于此，瑞典欣见人权理事会今年3月一致通过一项决议，设立关于享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权的特别报告员一职。我们赞扬特别报告员所做的出色工作，并且我们感谢她今天在这里的发言。", "各国现在必须确保人人都可获得安全饮水，以满足个人基本需要，并且以非歧视性的方式组织安排供水。对水资源进行有效、公平和可持续的管理，是实现可持续发展、包容性经济增长和实现千年发展目标的一个重要先决条件。即将召开的2012年联合国可持续发展会议，为我们大家提供了一个战略性机会，以便进一步应对在所有各级改善水资源管理的挑战，并且向所有人，特别是妇女，提供安全饮水和基本卫生设施，妇女往往在确保地方一级供水并满足家庭需求方面发挥核心作用。", "迄今为止，在人权理事会和其他联合国人权机构所做的工作帮助我们确定了各国在享有饮水和卫生设施的权利方面的义务，并且为我们今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础——在实地尊重并执行这项最近获得承认的权利，并且使所有人实际享有这项权利。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言)：首先，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯热烈欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛阁下。我们感谢他的亲自参与，并感谢玻利维亚倡导这项有意义的举措。", "去年，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯是第64/292号决议的积极提案国，大会在该决议中承认，享有安全和干净饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权，对于充分享受生活和所有人权至关重要。第64/292决议在人权理事会以往各项决议基础上更进了一步。这项决议后来得到了人权理事会第15/9号决议的补充，后者加强了大会在承认这项关键人权时的法律框架。", "近年来，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯把大量资源用于实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。过去十年里，通过审慎地在基础设施和组织安排上进行投资，我们把管道输水从70%增加到98%以上。通过建立新的配水系统、现代化污水处理设施和大幅改善的垃圾收集和处理，我们显著改善了卫生设施。", "我国在实现和加强这一人权方面所取得的小小成功告诉我们，如果存在必要的资源和政治意愿，完全可以实现享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。国际社会经常表示对实现这项权利的政治承诺，但是我们往往让英勇的民间社会组织和小企业主来做这方面的大量艰苦工作，而他们却没有能力进行必要的多部门改革。", "我们现在必须落实去年决议的呼吁，", "“通过国际援助和合作，向尤其是发展中国家提供财政资源，帮助进行能力建设，转让技术，以便加紧努力，向所有人提供安全、清洁、容易获得和负担得起的饮水和卫生设施”(第64/292号决议，第2段)。", "我们能否响应这一号召，将成为无法获得安全饮水的8.84亿人和无法获得基本卫生设施的26亿人对我们进行评判的标准。", "本次会议也必须认识到，象圣文森特和格林纳丁斯这样的发展中国家近来所取得的成果的脆弱性，以及享有安全饮水的权利所面临的迫在眉睫威胁的紧迫性。气候变化和荒漠化很可能使饮水权方面最近的进展化为乌有，并将进一步阻碍向千百万人提供饮水和卫生设施的努力，这些人在生活中缺乏这些基本必需品是不可原谅的。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯最近反常的干旱迫使政府不得不用船把饮水送到我们群岛的其他岛屿，并且影响到了我国的农业生产力和水利发电能力。海平面上升危及小岛屿发展中国家的水位，不久可能对这些社区的饮水、农业和畜牧业造成灾难性的影响。", "根据联合国水机制，到2025年，被列为“缺水”的国家数目将增加50%。今后几年中，缺水以及因此不可避免造成的紧张将产生明显的安全影响。", "为了实现饮水权，必须进行发展合作和增加资源。此外，国际社会必须开始把水问题纳入全球政治议程的主流，把气候变化同供水更密切地联系起来，并且考虑到许多国家，特别是发达国家所使用、过度使用和浪费的水的真正价值。", "联合国并不缺少有关饮水和卫生设施议题的重要和用意良好的决议和宣言。我们有大会决议、人权理事会决议以及独立专家和特别报告员的报告。千年发展目标规定了到2015年把无法持久获得安全饮水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半的目标——这个目标不幸看来根本无法实现。", "三年前，潘基文秘书长宣布2008年为“最底层十亿人民年”。对于缺乏安全饮水的将近十亿人，慷慨陈辞的时代早已过去。当我们继续随便冲洗我们的厕所、把喝剩一半的进口矿泉水瓶扔进垃圾堆和又一次尽情享受长时间的淋浴之时，让我们下决心为那些仅仅为了找到一口未污染的水而冒生命危险并且耗费数日的人采取有意义的行动。", "鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言)：我向埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统转达尼加拉瓜人民和政府的热情问候，以及对他的赞赏和感谢，因为他领导多民族玻利维亚国把享有安全饮水和卫生设施的权利当作一项对充分享受生活来说必不可少的人权。从一开始，尼加拉瓜就自豪地支持这项倡议，而这项倡议最终导致通过了第64/292号决议。", "丹尼尔·奥尔特加·萨维德拉司令领导的和解和民族团结政府认为至关重要的是应把人视作发展的核心，以充分尊重尼加拉瓜人民的人权，特别是在实现使他们能够享有体面生活水准的经济、社会和文化权利方面。在这方面，考虑到饮用水和卫生设施对于个人的健康和尊严至关重要，我国政府已努力投资改善获得饮用水和卫生设施的途径，并且制订了国家计划。同样，我们坚决反对过去几届政府开始的私有化努力。享有饮用水的人权——人类的生命——绝不能被私有化。", "仍有8.84亿人得不到饮用水，有26亿人缺少基本卫生设施。饮用水供应不足和不当在全世界是一个长期的卫生问题。发展中国家有80%的疾病是缺少清洁饮用水和适当卫生设施引起的，因此也是患病和死亡的主要原因之一，尤其对儿童而言。", "这种悲惨的局面应当激励会员国继续共同努力，争取充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。这还应当激励国际社会动员技术援助和合作，以便支持与获得饮用水和卫生设施有关的国家行动计划和倡议。实现获得饮用水和卫生设施的目标对人类发展和实现千年发展目标都至关重要。在这方面，饮用水和卫生设施没有得到必要的重视，因此我们未能朝实现与它们紧密相联的千年发展目标一个重要组成部分的方向加大和维持进展。", "必须要做的是根据人权标准和原则，包括享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利以及与非歧视等相关的人权义务来规划和做出合作和发展援助努力，同时确保采取适当和有效的措施，以便确定和应对对人权产生的任何消极影响。", "如果不进行考虑到今世后代所有需求的可持续水管理，我们就会面临与日俱增的风险，发现我们自己陷入不仅事关全世界最贫困人口的发展和生存而且还有可能威胁国际和平与安全的局面中。只有我们各国人民意识到这种不可持续的消费和生产模式不可能再继续下去，我们才能拯救地球母亲，并且最终拯救我们星球上的所有人。", "安德里亚纳里韦卢-拉扎菲先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言)：请允许我对主席组织本次重要会议表示马达加斯加政府的感谢。这次会议将使联合国会员国能够讨论享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权这一至关重要的议题。", "在大会于2010年7月通过其关于享有饮用水和卫生设施是一项基本权利的历史性的第64/292号决议一年之后，开始一场真诚对话的时候到了，目的是规划直接走向充分和有效实现这一对实现千年发展目标来说至关重要的权利的道路，而且最重要的是，确定我们必须找到持久办法加以解决的挑战和障碍。第64/292号决议与此前的所有决定和行动一道，为实现我们在2015年以前把得不到饮用水和卫生设施的人数减半的明确目标作出了巨大贡献。", "水是人类生命的根本。马达加斯加认为，获得饮用水和卫生设施是真正的基本权利，应当无一例外或不歧视地予以尊重。因此，每一个国家和政府都有责任和义务来确保它们的每一个公民都能充分享有这项权利。马达加斯加政府把这一愿景作为其行动的指导原则，对发展和消除贫困方面与饮用水和卫生设施有关的战略性挑战和问题予以高度重视，并且在1999年颁布了一部关于水的法律，在2008年设立水资源部，从而在最高层面把承诺转化为行动。水资源部的职责是通过以千年发展目标为基础，旨在确保经济增长和马达加斯加人民民生条件以及确保获得饮用水和发展环卫基础设施的办法，促进可持续和有支持的发展。", "此外，马达加斯加卫生部的环境卫生服务和工程司把预防与生活水准低下有关的疾病作为主要目标，建立了一个卫生和环境服务部门。土地管理部和环境部等其它各部委在这些领域作支持性努力。于2008年11月通过的国家环境卫生政策和战略加强了马达加斯加政府的立法和管制框架。这一战略以提高马达加斯加全国的环卫和个人卫生工作效力为目标，负责管理水资源，特别是保护饮用水、养蓄水源、保护环境、最好地使用水资源以及饮用水供应和家庭废水环卫处理。", "为了应对缺少饮用水和得不到卫生设施造成的无处不在的疾病危险和其它后果，我们在马达加斯加各国伙伴和朋友的支持下，并且通过我国政府的努力，加强了具体行动。仅举几例说明：“Dioran WASH马达加斯加”倡议是一个对话和交流经验的平台，接受国家“Dioran WASH”战略和宪章的管制，把政府机构、国家和国际非政府组织、双边和多边技术和资金合作伙伴聚集起来。这一倡议使我们得以在为人民提供饮用水和宣传良好的环卫和个人卫生做法方面取得了巨大进展。自2007年以来，我们还在“WASH”框架内设立了几百个采取饮用水-环境卫生-个人卫生综合一体办法的基础卫生诊所。我们还为这一倡议增添了一个卫生设施和安全饮用水初级环境保护方案，我们正在寻求更多伙伴支持这个方案。", "马达加斯加作出了巨大努力，但是我国在实现千年发展目标方面仍面临许多挑战。每年的干旱都会影响我国南部地区，给成千上万人民特别是儿童构成持续威胁。2010年，43%的人口可以获取安全的饮用水，48%的家庭拥有卫生设施。这与政府自身设定的到2015年有63%的人口可获取安全饮用水和56%的人口拥有卫生设施的目标离得还很远。", "各种障碍，包括资金匮乏、人力资源不足、缺少有关环境卫生和个人卫生要求的最新数据、特别是农村地区行为方式改变的因素以及文化因素都使这些挑战雪上加霜。我国政府铭记这些挑战，同时鼓励非政府组织和民间社会更多地参与饮用水供应设施和卫生设施的组织、运作以及管理活动。", "马达加斯加政府呼吁加紧调集财政资源，使世界各国人民特别是发展中国家和非洲国家人民能够充分享有饮用水和卫生设施的基本权利。我国政府呼吁所有会员国有效履行它们已做出的承诺，务使这种权利成为现实，而非仅仅停留在理论上。", "迪亚洛先生(塞内加尔)(以法语发言)：首先，我愿衷心感谢本次会议的主办各方、主要是玻利维亚，并对这一受人欢迎的倡议表示高度赞赏。", "大会在其第64/292号决议中指出，享有安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施是一种人权，它对充分享受生活并享有各种人权来说至关重要。这一重大进步与宣布2005年至2015年为“生命之水”国际行动十年一道，将水和卫生问题决定性地摆到了联合国议程的优先位置。", "在这一背景下，我国定期重申它致力于并决心实现千年发展目标，特别是目标7，即到2015年将不能持续享有安全饮用水或卫生服务的人口比例减少一半。", "这就是为什么享有安全饮用水和充足卫生服务这个国际发展议程上的重大挑战得到了我国发展政策的优先重视。本着同一精神，塞内加尔几十年来一直执行一项饮用水供应政策，旨在以尽可能低的成本为不同用户提供数量充足、质量合格的饮用水。该政策引发了一场机构和立法改革，特别注重于加强管理并为最受边缘化的人群提供饮用水，这提高了该部门的效力。", "此外，充满活力的私营部门及水资源统筹管理行动计划的执行也支撑了该机制。除这些努力外，还出现了另外一个积极动态，即在水和卫生千年方案框架内，特别是在贫困的近郊和农村地区建立了多个水力基础设施。该方案的实施使我们取得了相当显著的成果。尽管取得了这些使实现该具体领域中千年发展目标大有希望的积极成果，但是，特别是在郊区饮用水质量和供给以及卫生方面仍有大量工作有待完成。", "为减少城乡之间获取饮用水和卫生设施方面的差异，我们开展了旨在利用特别是集水区域地表水和径流水的活动。", "如果我们不考虑诸如旱灾和水灾等可能会加剧水资源紧缺并使获取饮用水和卫生问题更加恶化的气候现象，我们就打不赢这场仗。这就是为什么我呼吁加强国际合作与援助，这对于支持发展中国家的活动以落实在这方面制定的目标势在必行。", "最后，我愿向关于安全饮用水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士重申，塞内加尔政府欢迎她计划不久之后对我国进行的访问。", "奥尔埃耶先生(吉布提)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿赞扬戴斯主席在玻利维亚以及包括我国在内的20多个国家的倡议下，促成召开本次会议，目的是在通过题为“享有饮水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议一年后，就实现享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权及其对实现千年发展目标的影响开展对话。", "多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次会议使我们今天在此的集会更显重要，通过将该问题摆在国际议程之上也彰显出高层对饮水和卫生设施问题的政治承诺。", "本次会议召开的时机也十分重要，因为它是在非洲之角地区当前遭遇严重干旱的背景下召开的，旱灾横跨索马里、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚和吉布提，1 000多万人正面临严重饥饿。不幸的是，尽管在过去6个月中发出过早期预警和呼吁，然而世界对人道主义灾难漫延的认识却很迟缓，灾难造成清洁水源、粮食、住房和保健服务等资源被严重耗尽。", "我们距离国际社会承诺的到2015年全面实现将无法获取或承担不起安全饮用水或基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半的千年发展目标的最后期限只有数年之遥。因此，除非国际社会表现出充分诚意，否则跨越这一鸿沟是不可想象的，因为目前仍有将近10亿人没有优质的饮用水，并有26亿多人享受不到改良的卫生设施。", "不过，非常令人鼓舞的是，许多国家正致力于承认享有饮用水和卫生设施是一项人权，并且正在通过适当的政治意愿，采取短期和长期措施来实现这些目标。", "与其它问题一样，我们不能逃避的现实是，在充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面，世界分为享有者和未享有者两极。但我们必须记住，我们负有义务。这些区别必须让位于理智和具体的政治承诺，以确保大部分人口能够获得安全饮用水和卫生设施，无论他们的生活状况如何，也无论他们居住在什么地方。", "人权问题独立专家认为，人权禁止歧视、排斥和剥夺任何群体或个人权利的行为，无论这些人生活在农村地区、贫民窟还是贫困之中。正因为如此，人权框架赋予国家实现人权的主要责任，国家应当确保逐步实现普遍享有人权的目标，并且创造总体的支持性环境。", "我国是淡水资源最不充足的国家之一，我们有可能在未来25年内耗尽水资源。我们是人均可得用水最少的国家之一。在186个接受缺水状况审查的国家中，吉布提是全世界17个风险最大国家之一，被称为面临“极度风险”。对于我们和其它处于相同情况的国家而言，气候变化不断改变的模式预计将带来更多干旱和洪水。预期缺水的情况将变得更加严重。", "随着世界人口的增长，饮用水消耗量的增加将不可避免，而且，考虑到灌溉用水增加而且效率低下、腐败现象和资源管理不善，缺水问题将益加恶化。尽管一些缺水国家或许拥有其它天然资源，使它们能够投资建设盐水淡化工厂、建造水库或者以其它方式确保粮食生产，但大多数国家都面临真正的生存挑战。", "在通过关于安全饮用水和卫生设施问题的第64/292号决议一年之后，我们很高兴参加本次会议，评估在千年发展目标背景下取得的进展。我们在充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面确实有很长的路要走，但是，这种展望不应妨碍我们，使我们不去为使得不到饮用水或者缺少可接受卫生条件的千百万人能够享受他们的人权而努力奋斗。", "Ngculu先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我国代表团要感谢大会主席召开本次会议，讨论与在千年发展目标下实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利相关的挑战。", "南非还要赞扬多民族玻利维亚国代表团，特别是埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下作出努力，并且致力于确保获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权。", "南非宪法的人权法案为充分享有所有人权和基本自由，包括获得饮用水和卫生设施的人权提供了法律框架。此外，南非宪法规定享有经济、社会和文化权利是正当合理的——这来源于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约、公民及政治权利国际公约》——特别是在逐步实现这些权利，包括获得饮用水和卫生设施的权利的基础上这样做。", "在这方面，我国政府有义务创造必要的有利环境，以确保所有南非人民都能获得条件可以接受的饮用水和卫生设施。我国政府制订了专门方案、政策、标准和法律，以确保人们实现和享有获得饮用水和卫生设施的权利，而且自1994年以来一直为过去的弱势群体和种族歧视的受害者创造获得基本饮水和卫生设施的条件，从而致力于确保人们获得基本饮水和卫生设施的权利。", "这项权利具有全面性，它还涉及其它权利，如享有适当住房和适当生活水准以及享受可实现的最高卫生标准的权利。南非政府对处理人居问题采取的办法是不仅仅建造住房本身，还包括提供获得基本卫生设施、保健和饮用水的途径。", "水和环境是南非经济增长和发展的催化剂。水务部是使人民享有饮用水和卫生设施人权方面的国家职能机构，其作用是确保国家拥有足够水源和保护环境，以便满足我国发展的需要，包括千年发展目标。", "南非政府内阁还在2003年批准了供水服务战略框架，并且致力于实现以下卫生设施目标：所有南非人民都应能够获得运作良好的基本卫生设施；所有学校都应拥有适当和安全的供水和卫生服务；所有诊所都应配备适当和安全的供水和卫生设施，以及停用所有使用便桶的厕所。", "在非洲水事部长理事会的主持下，南非在通过利用和管理水资源促进可持续社会和经济发展以及保护非洲生态系统方面与其它非洲国家积极合作和协作。南非还利用“非洲发展新伙伴关系”的饮水和卫生设施基础设施项目和南部非洲发展共同体的饮水和卫生设施项目，以进一步实现非洲人民享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利。为了响应千年发展目标的承诺，南非致力于执行一项专门的供水服务方案。考虑到我们是一个缺水国家，南非自己也走在渐进式水资源管理的前列。", "我们要高兴地宣布，南非做得不错。在实现正规基本供水服务的千年发展目标方面，我们在2005年已经把正式积压量减少一半，就基本卫生设施而言，我们在2008年实现了千年发展目标。南非政府取得的这些成就可以归功于专门的战略行动和强有力的政治意愿和承诺。不过，尽管我们认识到在为贫困家庭提供饮水等基本服务方面已经取得巨大进展，但仍然有许多人得不到或者无法充分获得饮用水。", "实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面的重要挑战与气候变化有关，气候变化是一个现实问题，它影响到许多人，并且对南非的长期可持续发展、经济增长、生活质量、移徙和城市化都构成威胁。", "南非仍然致力于确保获得饮用水的权利不可侵犯，在这方面，我们同其他代表团一道呼吁各国和国际组织，通过国际援助和合作，向尤其是发展中国家提供财政资源、帮助进行能力建设和转让技术，以便加紧努力，向所有人提供安全、清洁、容易获得和负担得起的饮用水和卫生设施，以便实现千年发展目标7和更广泛的可持续发展目标。", "克勒希先生(匈牙利)(以英语发言)：匈牙利完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "前面的发言者已经发表了很多意见，各会员国显然就一系列广泛问题达成了强烈的共识，这促使我就我们认为特别重要的一些问题和信息作非常简短的重点发言。", "保护水资源和对水进行综合、可持续的管理，包括卫生设施是我国的主要优先事项。我们保证同我们的伙伴进一步分享我们在这些领域中的经验。", "匈牙利认为，坚实的法律基础对于国家和国际层面成功的水管理和卫生设施极端重要。匈牙利努力在所有水问题上，以及在明年举行的联合国可持续发展会议(里约会议二十周年会议)上，加强国际伙伴关系。", "应当普及干净饮用水和卫生设施，但今天的现实远非如此，因为全世界数亿人民继续由于被剥夺了我们认为是必需的像样人类生活而受苦。我们认为，这是一个必须受到保护的所有人的权利。为此需要对脆弱地区的管理机构、政策和基础设施进行投资。如果我们现在不采取预防性措施，毁灭性的人道主义、经济和社会后果将造成更大的代价。", "Vigny先生(瑞士)(以法语发言)：2010年7月18日大会在其第64/292号决议中宣布，享有安全和清洁饮用水及卫生设施的权利是充分享有生活和所有人权所必不可少的条件，这是在水问题上迈出的一个历史性步骤。", "瑞士积极参加了这些谈判并对决议表示支持，同时强调在大会和人权理事会的工作中进行协调的必要性。这两个联合国机构通过的决议为实际获得廉价和非歧视性的质量合格的服务引进了新的道德和质量层面。瑞士坚决认为，由于千年发展目标和我们需要为2015年以后制定的新目标，必须采取以人权为基础的方法。", "考虑到这一点，我们欢迎独立专家在大会第六十五届会议期间提交的关于享有安全饮水和安全设施的权利对于实现千年发展目标、特别是目标7.C的重要性的报告(A/65/254)。目标7.C谋求在2015年把无法获得安全饮用水或基本卫生服务的人口比例减少一半。世界卫生组织/儿童基金会供水和卫生联合监测方案为监测实现有关水和卫生的千年发展目标而制定的标准，现在应当纳入这些新的层面。", "瑞士同其他几个国家一道，支持联合监测方案的这项任务，它使我们能够从人权角度监测供水和卫生领域作出的进展。该方案所描述的目前情况，表明在供水方面存在巨大差异以及卫生设施严重不足。实地的需求同现有的财政资源之间存在着巨大差距。在此情况下，需要增加低收入国家提供的饮水和卫生资金以及提供给低收入国家的这方面资金。", "获得包括瑞士在内的无数合作伙伴支持的“人人享有水和卫生设施工作队”谋求在全球层面促进这个问题的对话与承诺。", "今年初，瑞士议会同意增加我国的官方发展援助。这一增加将主要用于水问题。瑞士发展与合作机构决定支持设立和共同资助一个瑞士非政府组织会社，它将注重水和卫生设施普及率极小的国家，尤其是脆弱国家。", "在承认饮水权方面所获得的进展必须转变为具体的解决办法，并且这种办法的规模必须作适当调整。这将是即将在2012年举行的世界水论坛的主要议题，并且也将是享有安全饮水和卫生设施的人权特别报告员卡塔丽娜•德阿尔布克尔克女士的工作核心。我感谢她非常详细、具体和有意义的发言。", "瑞士批准和支持的《关于水与健康的议定书》是一项具体解决办法的良好例子。有关《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》的这项国际文书记载了人权、卫生、保护环境和可持续发展之间的密切联系。", "在这种背景下，瑞士发展与合作机构及其伙伴正在制定准则，在有关安全饮水和卫生以及综合管理水资源的项目范围内，更好地体现饮水权的各个方面。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨感谢大会主席召开本次重要对话，并且当然要感谢秘书长和特别报告员今天早些时候的发言。我也谨感谢埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和多民族玻利维亚国把这个维持生命和实际上创造生命的人类需求提交大会讨论。", "澳大利亚人对水有所了解。我们是地球上有人居住的最干涸的大陆。我们的降雨量最少，我国土地的四分之三——这是很大一片土地——是干旱或半干旱地区。过去十年里，我们经历了科学家们估计为千年一次的最严重干旱。", "当然，澳大利亚是一个富裕国家和发达国家；然而，我国的地理和气候状况至为严酷。由于气候变化、干旱和水道的退化，我国所有主要城市的公民习惯于用水限制。当然，作为一个富裕的发达国家，我们面临问题的严重性不能同吉布提常驻代表几分钟前如此雄辩地描述的情况相提并论。", "但是我们确实希望，我们各国应理解水对于生存和人民生计的重要性，以及水和卫生设施对于人民的健康、社区——特别是偏远的土著社区——的可持续性，以及环境是必不可少的。我们认识到，享有水和卫生设施，是实现《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》以及《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所载的人权的基础。", "今天的其他发言者雄辩地谈到我们面临的统计数字：20多亿人民没有基本卫生设施。其部分原因是缺水，但是部分原因也是政策和管理不当，未能确保人人获得安全、负担得起的饮水和卫生设施的供应和服务，不管他们是谁和住在那里。", "这对于千年发展目标的影响是明显的；如果我们不提供安全饮水和有效的卫生设施，就根本无法实现千年发展目标。澳大利亚感到鼓舞的是，世界将要实现千年发展目标7，向数亿人提供安全饮水。但是我们对于10亿人很可能达不到卫生设施目标感到震惊。我们必须做得更好。", "过去两年，我国政府对发展中国家的饮水、环境卫生和个人卫生投资了逾3.3亿美元，我们还计划在今后4年另外投资10亿美元，以作出更多努力。我国非政府组织也把饮水作为优先事项。", "今天其他人谈到的多变的降雨模式、供水污染、供水的低效利用和漏水、基础设施陈旧、人口高增长率、迅速的都市化、歧视及边缘化，都是对实现提供安全饮水和卫生设施目标的巨大挑战。为了应对这些挑战，需要加强政策和管理、通过供资和支助能力来增加投资、采用创新和成本效益高的卫生和供水技术，以及更加注重最弱势和边缘群体的权利。", "我们需要改善城市环境中的饮水和卫生设施规划，缩小城乡人口享有饮水和卫生设施水平之间的差距。我们需要在贫困社区、特别是我所说的偏远的土著社区，扩大建造雨水收集和储存设施。我们需要增强地方社区实施自己的地方饮水和卫生倡议的能力。", "我们需要作出更大努力，支持水资源的综合管理，包括安全的废物处置和分享供水安排。我们还需要毫不拖延地解决缺水和卫生设施不足对妇女、年幼女童和残疾人的健康、教育和经济机会所造成的不成比例的影响。", "最后，澳大利亚人知道，水是宝贵的资源——生命之源——必须加以精心管理。我们自己将继续把它作为优先事项并尽可能提供援助，以帮助应对阻碍亿万人获得安全饮水和卫生设施的各项挑战。我们将继续参加像今天这样的极为重要的辩论。我们还要鼓励大会把这个重要议题保留在其议程上。", "卡凡多先生(布基那法索)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨感谢多民族玻利维亚国代表团要求召开本次会议，并感谢大会主席戴斯号召各方支持享有饮水和卫生设施基本权利的极其公正的事业。", "今天，正如在座的所有发言者指出的那样，享有饮水和卫生设施是一项基本人权。可是，根据联合国儿童基金会和世界卫生组织在2008年编写的一份报告，在当今世界，逾8.84亿人仍然缺乏饮水，25亿人仍然缺乏适当的卫生设施。", "考虑到这种状况，布基那法索政府建立了一个国营公司——国家饮水和卫生设施办事处——负责建造、管理和保护收集、运输、处理和提供饮水的设施，以满足城市和工业需求。该公司还建造、促进、改善及管理集体、个人和自主的卫生设施，用于城市和半城市地区的废水和固体废物的排放。", "过去几年来，由于我国在饮水和卫生设施供应方面取得了显著进展，我国于2010年9月荣获“千年发展目标奖”。我们谨再次感谢各个伙伴对我国政府的支持，使我们得以取得这些成果。", "然而，由于我国降雨量不够和分布极不平均，布基那法索为管理水所作的努力受到限制。这种情况导致我们于1998年在同摩洛哥王国的合作下，发起了“SAGA行动”，利用已被证实有效的技术进行人工降雨。这项试验相当成功，现已成为一个持续不断的方案。", "作为一个遭遇过干旱的撒哈拉国家，布基那法索借此机会提醒国际社会注意沙漠的扩大及其恶劣后果。非洲之角、特别是索马里目前引人注目、甚至悲惨的局势，使人们对这些后果有所了解。", "我们希望，定于9月20日举行的主题为“在可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”的高级别会议，将使我们有机会处理这一问题的核心、特别是享有饮水和适当的卫生设施问题。", "缺乏饮水和卫生设施，对于教育、住房、工作、两性平等及整个生活都有严重后果。因此，非常迫切需要为这一问题找到适当和可持续的解决办法，而它的原因和后果是众多和复杂的。然而，我们认为，通过一致和包容性的努力，会员国在联合国系统和其他利益攸关者的协助下，将能够创造有利条件，为仍然缺乏安全饮水和卫生设施的人口提供这些资源。", "侯赛因女士(马尔代夫)(以英语发言)：马尔代夫欢迎召开关于享有饮水和卫生设施权利的本次非常重要的辩论会。我们感谢主席在发起本次重要讨论方面起了领导作用。", "马尔代夫奉行一项确保所有有人居住的岛屿享有清洁饮水的政策。由于马尔代夫群岛的地质形成和地理，水非常稀少，并且管理费用极其昂贵。我国没有河流或溪流。我国的少量小面积湿地和淡水湖仍有待管理。我国的主要淡水资源，是在深度很浅的很薄淡水层中获得的地下水。因此，它很容易在卫生流程中受到盐水入侵和污染，并且为了避免过度开采需要进行密集管理，而这往往是极其复杂和昂贵的。我们的经验教训是，这一努力所带来的健康裨益和社会影响大大超过支出。", "根据世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会“联合监测方案”2010年的报告，约有8.84亿人缺乏改良水源，有26亿多人没有卫生设施，马尔代夫对此深表关切。我们感到非常震惊的是，约有150万5岁以下儿童死于与饮水和卫生设施有关的疾病，每天会为此损失4.43亿个上学日。现在需要采取紧急的革新行动，以应对这些全球问题。", "毫无疑问，水在世界各地是一种稀缺商品。对于像马尔代夫这样极易受到气候变化影响的国家来说更是如此，这加重了我们淡水资源可持续性已面临的威胁。对于像马尔代夫这样的小岛屿国家来说，气候变化对我们水资源的影响不是一个遥远的现实，而是我们目前面临的一个尖锐问题。我们致力于推动解决这个直接关系到我国人民的福祉和社会经济发展的至关重要的问题。", "马尔代夫欢迎通过第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议。这些决议确认享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，并特别重申，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权源自享有适当生活水平的权利，并与能达到的最高标准身心健康以及享有生命权和人类尊严权有着密不可分的关联。", "我们重申，在各项现行人权条约中规定了享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，因此要求承担起具有法律约束力的义务。长期以来，马尔代夫致力于采取各种措施，以保护和确保享有饮水权。我国的政策旨在确保所有有人居住的岛屿都享有充分的饮水和卫生服务。", "我们承认这项权利，并制定了加强我国水资源管理计划，以应对气候变化和海平面上升的影响。马尔代夫认为，必须进一步评估确保享有饮水权的现行措施，以确定它们在海平面上升、极端气候事件日益频发以及降雨量变化的背景下是否具有可持续性。", "我们认为，确认享有饮水和卫生设施权是一种突破，它表明了国际社会解决这个重要问题的政治意愿和强烈渴望。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言)：首先，我愿感谢大会主席召开本次关于享有饮水和卫生设施权这个关键问题的重要会议，该问题是国际社会面临的一个重大挑战。它是实现摩洛哥极为重视的经济权和社会权的核心。我们高兴地得知，分配给卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士的任务是倡导这项权利，她正本着专业精神尽心尽力地执行这项任务。", "众所周知，要求确认并实现饮水权的呼声越来越高，这是正当的，并对充分有效行使人权至关重要。没有水，就不可能或想象有生命。这种说法不是政治性的，也不涉及意识形态或道义。它是庄严呼吁享有生命权。我们将饮水权纳入国际规范，难道不正是在帮助保护生命吗？这难道不正是联合国系统存在的理由吗？我们能够心安理得地接受主要是发展中国家中数百万男女老幼因为经济、地理或环境的原因而被剥夺享有充分饮水的权利吗？这就是我们对尊重人类尊严的理解吗？在非洲和亚洲，妇女或儿童必须平均走6公里路才能找到水，这是可接受的吗？", "我感到骄傲的是，我个人经历过这种苦难，并曾经在非常困难的条件下生活过。所以我在谈饮水权的时候，我知道自己在说什么。", "根据世界卫生组织的说法，世界各地所有住院病人中有一半是患了水传播的疾病。联合国开发计划署称，缺乏饮水和卫生设施会对健康权产生严重后果。每年都有180万儿童死于不安全饮水和卫生条件差引起的疾病；这一数字比暴力冲突导致的死亡人数要高得多。发展中世界每10人中就有4人受到水源短缺的影响。由于人口增长、城市扩大、污染以及气候变化的影响，这种情况正在恶化。", "对这种悲哀的评估，国际社会应该听之任之吗？我们希望不是。我们恢复理性，唤起人们良知，并动员起来寻求可持续解决办法的时候到了。召开本次会议本身就是一种承认局势严重性的形式，并呼吁采取行动。我们绝不能只是说说而已，而是要携手迅速行动起来。", "我不能不感到遗憾的是，对于地球上数百万人的生活如此重要的本次辩论会，却是在一个几乎空荡荡的大会堂里进行的。从这一点上可看不出国际社会对这一基本权利做出了什么深刻或大量承诺。", "摩洛哥是这个新的集体提高认识活动的一个心甘情愿和积极的参与者。我国支持为全面确认普遍享有饮水和卫生设施权利所做的各项国际努力。摩洛哥欣见2010年7月通过第64/292号决议。", "我国致力于承认饮水权不是一件新鲜事。自赢得独立以来，摩洛哥就将享有饮水作为一个优先事项。20世纪60年代，我们启动了一个造坝项目，这使我们得以将我们的储水能力提高到170亿立方米。摩洛哥几乎所有城区人口都可获得饮用水；在郊区，有60%的人可获得饮用水。在摩洛哥中小城镇建造的数百家净水厂使我们在废水处理方面取得巨大成就。", "立法和行政框架现代化使我们得以改变水资源管理，通过需求管理和资源保护来增加供应。2009年10月，穆罕默德六世国王陛下宣布", "“我们当前和未来的挑战在于不懈努力管理我们的资源，它们的经济使用、价值最大化、管理得当以及质量维系将是我们发展方式的基础。”", "在区域和国际层面上，我国历来都与面临与获取饮用水有关的经济、社会和人的困难的国家站在一起。在以交流经验为特点的积极、自愿和富有活力的南南合作背景下，摩洛哥为兄弟国家，特别是非洲国家提供了帮助，例如在人工降雨方面。我国也非常清楚受气候变化影响的国家，特别是岛屿国家和受旱灾影响国家的处境，遗憾的是，非洲之角目前就正在遭受旱灾。", "只有国际联合行动才能使后世子孙充分获得饮用水。然而，联合国宣布到2025年时三分之二的全球人口，或者说55亿人将有可能生活在受中度或严重缺水影响的地区，此时此刻，我们如何能够不感到关切。在非洲，已有25%的人口处于极度缺水的状况中。大量人口因旱灾而逃离非洲之角，这充分证明今天的辩论很有必要。尊重人的尊严始于确保获得饮水的普遍权利。现在就是团结起来采取行动的时候，因为我们在这个机构中的主要责任是确保获取水这一地球上所有生命的源泉，以便帮助拯救生命。我要说，水是地球上所有生命的根本。", "当我说，本次辩论是在空荡荡的大会堂中举行的时候，并不是要把任何人单独挑出来批评，只不过是对我们竟会毫无热情——我不说是冷漠——地对待这样一项基本、至关重要和有重要影响的人权感到痛心。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：我感谢主席召开本次全体会议。请允许我通过主席对多民族玻利维亚国总统阁下、我们的同伴和兄弟埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛参加今天下午的辩论会表示欢迎。", "联合国各个机构和机关的报告都指出，世界各地获得饮水和卫生设施的情况是不平衡的。这些报告指出，在享有此种权利方面，各个区域和国家之间存在极端分化现象。获得饮水和卫生设施是必须确保地球上所有男男女女都能享有的一项人权。少数富裕阶层独霸和独享地球母亲赐予的财富，而将近10亿人却无法获得饮用水，这种情况应当受到谴责。约26亿人缺乏可以接受的卫生设施，而少数富有者却在虚假和使人异化的资本主义市场中炫耀挥霍无度的生活。", "每天有4千到5千名儿童由于得不到饮用水而死亡。贫困、经济和社会不平等、气候变化、自然资源遭破坏以及全球资本主义体系所特有的不公平的权力平衡，都是这个问题的根源。", "人类是否将能够扭转这些毁灭生命的破坏性趋势，建立起有利于保护生命的更民主、公正和多元化的社会？我们认为这是有可能的。为确保人类能够享有基本人权，包括获得饮水和卫生设施的权利，并且能够实现其自由，我们必须铲除经济竞争和市场原教旨主义狭隘和可鄙的根基，并且为世界团结创造条件。", "在委内瑞拉，享有饮水和卫生设施的人权得到保障。我国在法律规定中确认，国家对水资源拥有完全主权，获得饮用水是一项基本权利，而且，水对生命和人类福祉至关重要，也是发展所需的根本资源。", "今天下午，埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下谈到，水是一切权利的源头。我们听到了他的心声。不维护这项权利，任何人权都得不到尊重。我要补充指出，供应水必须是公共服务，而不是财富和贸易的来源。他呼吁我们寻求人与自然之间的平衡。我们完全赞同这些人道主义原则。", "委内瑞拉有关水资源的立法确定，水是社会物品。因此，国家确保所有城市和农村社区，包括土著民族和所有社会弱势群体，都能享有饮用水。法律还保证，为充分行使主权和国家安全，绝不允许外国公司借任何地方的水资源牟利。水是公共物品，不能成为任何自然人或法人的私有物品。", "联合国确定了一项千年发展目标，旨在到2015年把无法可持续获得饮用水的人口比例减半。委内瑞拉通过建立网络，把得不到饮用水的人口比例减少到15%，在2001年实现了这一扩大饮用水覆盖面的目标。通过建立网络减少得不到卫生服务的人数，我们在2005年实现了扩大卫生设施服务覆盖面的目标。", "今天，委内瑞拉95%以上的人口均能获得饮用水。在我国的玻利瓦尔革命运动中，为收集、利用、净化及供应饮用水建立了大型基础设施，由此所获得的总生产能力能够为居住在委内瑞拉的3 000万人民提供充足的饮用水。通过实施旨在增加饮用水和卫生设施的国家计划，我国也达到了卫生目标，实现了92%的普及率。", "最后请允许我表示，我国希望，在本次辩论中发言的各代表团所作的发言将促使我们确保本星球所有人都能享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "下午3时05分宣布开会。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "主席(以法语发言): 各位成员记得,大会在2010年11月23日第52次全体会议上就议程项目13和议程项目115(千年首脑会议成果的后续行动)一并进行了辩论。", "各位成员还记得,在议程项目13和115下,大会分别在其第9、41、100和105次全体会议上通过了第65/1、65/7、65/281和65/285号决议。 同样在议程项目13下,大会在第52、72和109次全体会议上分别通过了第65/10、65/234和65/309号决议。", "作为开场白,我想向大会谈谈一些想法。 我们今天开会是为了应对与实现享有水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战并审议实现这一权利对千年发展目标的影响。 我向埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下表示非常诚挚的欢迎,他的国家多民族玻利维亚国是这项权利的坚定维护者。 我还最热烈地欢迎联合国享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士,她也将参加今天下午的讨论。", "2010年7月,大会通过了关于享有水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议。 这一决定是明确承认饮水和卫生设施权是一项人权的第一步。 此后,人权理事会于2010年9月通过了一项决议,确认享有水和卫生设施的权利源于有尊严地生活和可接受的生活水准的权利。", "对数百万人来说,获得安全饮用水和卫生设施是一项紧迫的发展需要。 千年发展目标7呼吁到2015年将无法获得饮用水和卫生设施的全球人口比例减少一半。 实现这一目标对于实现其他目标至关重要,例如关于减贫、儿童保健和教育的目标。", "经过10年努力取得的进展是不够的。 仍有10亿人得不到饮用水,20多亿人没有基本的卫生服务。 我欢迎秘书长上个月发起的“可持续环境卫生——到2015年的五年努力”倡议。", "这些数字同目前影响非洲之角的干旱一道,使我们想起当今世界在满足水需要方面的不平等程度。 在一些地区,男子、妇女和儿童因缺一升水而死亡,而其他地区则浪费了水。 因此,享有水和卫生设施的人权对于确保人人享有有尊严和自由的生活至关重要。", "由于我们今天将有机会讨论,我们面临许多挑战,例如在许多情况下,缺乏运作正常的国家机构以及有限的技术和财政资源。 实现这些权利将意味着在实现关于水的千年发展目标和整个千年发展目标方面取得进展。", "2015年的最后期限使我们几乎没有时间采取果断行动。 本着我们在2010年9月大会第六十五届会议开幕的千年发展目标高级别全体会议上作出的承诺的精神,并本着我刚才提到的秘书长倡议的精神,我们应当每天重申我们实现这些目标的集体意愿并加倍努力实现这些目标。 我希望,明年将在里约举行的可持续发展会议将为实现普遍获得水和卫生设施提供新的动力。", "今天,我们有一个极好的机会发出我们有成功意愿的信息。 我鼓励发言者强调实现饮水和卫生设施权的务实、注重成果的办法。", "我现在请秘书长潘基文先生阁下发言。", "秘书长: 任何时候,发展中国家近一半的人因水和卫生条件差而面临健康问题。 世界上第二大儿童杀手是不清洁的水和恶劣的卫生条件。 虽然在实现将无法获得安全饮水的人数减少一半的千年发展目标方面,进展大致上正在取得进展,但世界将无法实现环境卫生方面的具体目标。 因此,我欢迎本次全体会议。", "今年7月,大会承认享有水和卫生设施的权利。 随后,人权理事会于9月规定,这项权利源于适足生活水准权。 这些都是重要的进步。 它们为各国政府和联合国系统提供了坚实的法律框架。 现在的任务是将这一承诺转化为国际和国家一级的具体义务。 只有这样,人们——特别是穷人——才能实现这一权利。", "让我们明确一点——享有水和卫生设施的权利并不意味着水应该是免费的。 相反,这意味着供水和卫生设施服务应当是负担得起的,人人都能获得,各国必须尽其所能实现这一点。 贫穷的贫民窟居民所付水费是同一城市富裕居民所付水费的五倍甚至十倍,这是不能接受的。 农村社区有10多亿人没有厕所,不得不在露天排便,这是不能接受的。 不允许来自贫民窟、农场和工业的废水污染环境是不能接受的。", "上个月,联合国发起了“可持续环境卫生——到2015年的五年动力”倡议。 当时我谈到缺乏安全饮水和适当的卫生设施如何对儿童健康和发展产生不利影响。 我还告诉大家,良好的卫生设施如何能够促进我们防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病和疟疾的努力,仅仅是因为生活在卫生条件下的人能够更好地准备防治其他疾病。 我还指出,良好的环境卫生和个人卫生可以提高学校成绩并减少旷课,特别是在少女中,从而有助于赋予她们权力和平等。 简言之,改善环境卫生可以促进我们的所有发展目标。", "许多国家政府已将水和卫生设施权纳入其宪法和国内立法。 尚未这样做的各国政府应毫不拖延地效仿。 我们必须帮助所有被剥夺饮水和卫生服务的人,这些服务是他们尊严和福祉所必需的。 今天,我想到非洲之角的紧急情况。 数百万人仅仅为生存而挣扎,几乎无法享受他们的全部权利。 他们需要立即得到援助,从食物和水到许多人被迫逃离的难民营中适当的卫生设施。", "然而,这种短期救济必须与长期可持续性挂钩。 这将需要农业改革,以提高农村人民——特别是牧民——的复原力,并尽量减少今后任何危机的规模。 这意味着努力实现人人享有水和卫生设施的权利。 这意味着为人民和社区繁荣创造必要的安全条件。 水、卫生、稳定、繁荣与和平——这些目标密切相关。 如果我们共同努力,进步可以是我们的。", "主席(以法语发言): 我感谢秘书长的发言。", "大会现在将听取多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下的讲话。", "莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统(以西班牙语发言): 我今天来到这里是为了对联合国表示最深切的敬意和钦佩,首先是对联合国举行本次会议的敬意和钦佩,还因为一年前在大会这里通过了一项历史性和前所未有的宣言,将水权作为一项普遍人权(第64/292号决议)。", "这让我相信,这个新千年将提供机会来弥补给世界各国人民所造成的损害。 如果今天的水是人权,感谢大会,那么水是所有权利之母。 如果总统、政府和国家不保障水是一项人权,它们肯定不会尊重世界上任何地方的人权。 因此,我认为,我们能够在联合国确保享有人权、实现我们各国人民的愿望方面取得显著进展。", "如果水是一项人权,就必须停止在私人贸易中作为商品。 它必须是公共服务。 如果水是一项人权,它不能由雇佣军公司进行商业。 在得到联合国批准后发表这项关于水作为一项人权的宣言时,我们有义务共同努力并分享我们的经验,以便执行各项政策,确保水作为一项人权得到享受。", "我借此机会表达秘书长提到的各国人民的痛苦。 儿童因缺水而丧生,农民无法工作。 与任何权利一样,水权必须得到尊重。 人权也有反对者——导致不平等或对人民造成不公正的政策。 水也有其对手;这种自然资源的敌人是全球变暖。 全球变暖是水的主要敌人,因此我国去年经受了最糟糕的干旱、霜冻和低温。 在玻利维亚的亚马逊地区,数以百万计的鱼类因此死亡. 在高地上,人们不得不出家出走去取水。", "全球变暖的影响是一个非常严重的问题,我们必须通过自己的努力加以解决。 然而,作为一个负责任的政府,我们正在根据我的水方案试行新的政策。 我们正在投资更多的水,因为没有水就没有生命。 没有水,就没有食物。 没有水,就没有地球 因此,各国政府有义务保障这一对生命至关重要的自然资源。", "所幸的是,在玻利维亚,由于我国人民和我们民主国家的良知,水权被庄严地载入我国宪法,因此,我们有义务加以实施。 通过这项政策,我们正通过我们的供水方案,同我们337个城市一道,开始优先考虑不仅是一位市长或一位总统倡议的项目和方案,而且还要满足我们自然资源受益者的需要,例如人民饮用水和作物及牲畜用水。", "一些代表可能说为牲畜提供取水是荒谬的,但有些家庭的生计依赖于动物,而那些动物需要取水. 当玻利维亚高原上没有水时,家庭可以放弃自己的社区和土地,但不能放弃牲畜。 他们的牲畜受自然的支配。 当然,在雨季,一些家庭返回了自己的土地,收复了那些在干旱中幸存下来的动物。 死去的动物的尸体和骨架使田地分崩离析,但有些却活了下来. 这是全球变暖的结果。 它影响水;它摧毁了家庭,特别是贫穷农民的家庭。", "这一经历提醒我们执行这一方案。 我们的期望很高。 我们为玻利维亚1 000万居民投资了1亿美元。 我们希望进一步向大会介绍这一经验,并分享其他国家的其他经验。 我来到这里是为了向其他发言者学习。 我要向在座各位和联合国其他领导人学习,我们如何在保障水作为公共服务方面相互补充。 单靠我们自己,我们当然不能解决这个问题,也不能解决发生在其他区域、国家和大陆的问题。 我们有义务认真而长期地思考。", "在一些国家,水不能作为一种奢侈品被浪费,在一些国家,人们无视如何分享水,而是争相分享水。 这里没有竞争的地方 作为发展中国家,我们存在重大分歧,使我们产生分歧。 任何形式的竞争都无法解决贫困或失业问题。 但是,如果我们能够相互合作,我们当然能够做到这一点。 我们的工作、斗争和任务是寻求全人类之间的平衡。", "联合国在世界各地采取了重要措施。 我们听说,在一些地区,将举行全民投票,以决定水是权利、私人商品还是公共服务。 大约80%或90%的人将选择水作为人权和公共服务,而不是私人商品。 我们不想看到一些跨国公司像玻利维亚那样,将水私有化,从水的销售中获利。 我们怎么卖水? 水怎么会是私人商品?", "我们——致力于本国、土著人民和古柯种植者的城乡社会运动、工人、专业人员和知识分子——谴责这种竞争。 2000年,当我们驱逐一些跨国公司时,对我们来说是一个重大的时刻。 一些企业试图将水价提高500%。 这些事件使我们深刻地思考。 通过这些社会运动,我们组织和改写了我们的宪法;我们来到国际论坛提出这些问题,非常尊重每个国家的政策和方案。 我们有义务分享我们的经验,正如每个国家为了社会的利益所做的那样。", "我来自玻利维亚人民,我们的政策是向联合国领导人和大使致意,他们一年前以极大的智慧和智慧在这里宣布,水是一项人权。 如果这是一项人权,我们现在有责任执行联合国确定的这项政策。 我赞扬秘书长和大会的这些政策。 我们将永远愿意在这里分享我们的经验。", "主席(以法语发言): 我已邀请联合国享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士参加本次会议。", "如果没有人反对,我是否可以认为大会希望邀请联合国享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士在本次会议上发言,但这不构成先例?", "就这样决定。", "主席(以法语发言): 根据刚才作出的决定,在不开创先例的情况下,我现在请联合国享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员发言。", "德阿尔布克尔克女士(以法语发言): 主席先生,我首先感谢你邀请我参加这次重要会议。 今天来到这里评估在千年发展目标范围内实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面取得的进展和继续面临的挑战,是一种荣幸和高兴。", "(以英语发言)", "就在一年前,在大会就饮水和卫生设施权进行历史性表决(第64/292号决议)之后,记者们问我承认这一人权的影响,我立即想起埃莉诺·罗斯福的智慧之言,他说人权始于离家很近的小地方。 除非这些权利有其意义,否则在任何地方都没有什么意义。 因此,当我们今天聚集一堂庆祝该决议通过一周年之际,我们必须问自己同样的问题。 这项决议是否会对无法获得安全用水和卫生设施的数十亿人民的生活产生任何影响? 它是否有助于防止每年因与水和卫生有关的疾病而导致大约150万儿童死亡? 它是否会导致学校的改善,因为没有性别隔离的厕所,学校缺水而女孩辍学? 它是否有助于改变没有水和卫生设施、面临高产妇死亡率的医院的状况?", "法蒂玛和约翰是数十亿人缺乏安全用水和卫生设施的例子。 我在我的一次国别访问中会见了法蒂玛和她的女儿。 他们每天要步行几个小时去取水。 他们无法工作或上学,因为一天的大部分时间都用于这项工作。 家人常常患上腹泻,在我遇见他们前一天,一名朋友在走去取水时几乎被强奸。", "两年后,我在另一个任务中遇到了一个无家可归的约翰. 他所在城市的公共洗手间被关闭。 约翰成了当地无家可归社区的卫生技术员。 他在帐篷里装了个厕所 人们会把粪便排入塑料袋 约翰然后会收集并带走他自行车上的粪便,试图找到一个开放的厕所,在那里他可以清空袋子.", "必须制止这些侵犯人权行为。 第64/292号决议必须成为结束世界上所有法蒂玛人和约翰人痛苦的指南。 我期望大会决议对人民生活产生切实影响,难道对大会决议的期望过高吗? 我不这么认为。", "这些挑战是而且仍将是巨大的,但世界各地已经发生的经验表明,承认水和卫生作为人权确实能够发挥作用。", "对水和卫生设施权的承认取得了哪些成果? 当大会和人权理事会通过决议,承认水和卫生是基本人权时,各国作出了非常明确的承诺。 他们认识到,水和卫生设施源于适足生活水准权,正如已经提到的那样,必须无歧视地为所有人提供足够数量、可获得、安全、负担得起和文化上可接受的水和卫生设施。", "这些决议引起政治关注,帮助树立了改善世界用水和卫生设施状况所迫切需要的紧迫感。 在这方面,我赞扬玻利维亚、德国和西班牙在联合国一级在这方面发挥的领导作用。 这些决议为我们生活的世界提出了新的愿景——一个人人都能获得安全用水和卫生设施的世界;一个人们不会因喝的水而生病或由于被迫在公开场合下便而使其他人生病的世界;一个人们不必在带孩子去看医生和支付水费之间作出选择的世界。", "这一新愿景要求决策者、国家政府、地方当局、非政府组织、联合国机构、私营部门和人民本身转变思维。 这意味着最脆弱者、最贫穷者、土著、贫民窟居民和无家可归者——通常没有发言权的人——不再被抛在后头,在决策中被置于优先地位。 这一新愿景意味着,确保获得安全饮用水和卫生设施不是施舍的姿态,也不是决策者的好想法。 与人权不同,好的想法受制于不断变化的政治潮流. 良好的想法没有法律约束力。", "这是否意味着人权忽视资源限制? 国家可能面临,还是危机的影响? 当然不是。 通过承认享有水和卫生设施的权利,各国应当采取审慎步骤来逐步实现这些权利,最大限度地利用现有资源,并结束在提供水和卫生设施方面一切形式的歧视。", "即使在资源有限的环境下,如我们现在面临的情况,也可以取得很大进展。 例如,其中一些步骤是在国家立法中承认这些权利,通过实现用水和卫生设施权的国家行动计划,以及优先考虑得不到服务或服务不足的社区,以便为每个人提供最起码的获取机会。", "自从去年明确承认享有水和卫生设施的权利以来,我一再收到各国政府、非政府组织、服务提供者和联合国机构提出的帮助请求,它们希望落实这些人权,但需要援助和指导。", "过去三年来,我一直在收集良好做法。 我收到了来自五大洲的200多份呈文,我将于9月向人权理事会提交一份简编。 这些做法涉及各种各样的方面,表明没有一条单一的道路,并表明实现水和卫生设施权是可以实现的。", "让我介绍一下我遇到的一些例子。 其中之一是在包括马拉维在内的不同国家引进的农用厕所生态卫生类型,其目的是将粪便直接堆入坑中并随后在这个肥沃的土壤上种植一棵果树——通常是马拉维的一棵香蕉树。 卖出香蕉成为了arbor洗手间老板赚钱支付这种卫生设施解决方案的方法.", "同样,国家法律文书也是保护水权的重要工具。 例如,在博茨瓦纳最近的一项法院裁决中,被赶出自己的土地并看到其水井被拆除的土著社区根据该国的《水法》成功地提起诉讼。 上诉法院根据议会的决议等情况指出,水法允许任何占用土地的人在没有具体水权的情况下钻井供家庭使用,限制这一权利可能构成《宪法》所禁止的残忍或不人道的待遇。", "在全球一级,我感到高兴的是,由于我与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)的授权合作,联合国水机制卫生和饮用水全球年度评估报告明年将包含更多有关下列问题的信息:国家承认享有水和卫生设施的权利及其合理性,以及公众参与和不歧视。", "此外,儿童基金会-卫生组织联合监测方案审查了实现千年发展目标中与获得水和卫生设施有关的具体目标的进展情况,正在与我密切合作,制定考虑到人权标准的新指标。 我还领导一个工作队,负责制定指标,衡量在获得安全用水和卫生设施方面的不歧视和平等。", "在这方面,请允许我呼吁联合国所有会员国在谈判2015年后全球发展议程时,将人权适用于水和卫生设施框架。 这一点至关重要,因为目前的千年发展目标框架没有衡量歧视对获得水和卫生设施的影响。 因此,一个国家可以成为千年发展目标的英雄,同时不改变土著人民、贫民窟居民或残疾人的命运。", "此外,全球尚未对水质进行监测。 供水和卫生服务的可负担性和距离没有在全球一级进行评估。 严酷的现实是,我们根本不知道有多少人能够获得符合联合国会员国去年所支持的提供、质量、可获取、可负担和可接受等人权框架规定的标准的水和卫生设施。 现在,甚至在千年发展目标时限已过很久之后,全球发展议程必须同大会所作的人权承诺保持一致。", "过去三年来,我在执行任务和会见致力于改善获得水和卫生设施机会的社区和决策者时所汲取的教训表明,正如我早些时候所说的那样,这些权利是可以实现的。 即使在资源有限的国家和社区,即使在紧急情况下也是如此。 当然,仍然存在许多挑战,包括财政和纯粹的技术障碍。 然而,我必须强调,政治意愿和健全的管理在扩大获得优质水和卫生设施方面继续发挥最决定性的作用。", "本着这一精神,我最后要呼吁所有利益攸关方,包括各国、联合国机构、捐助方、民间社会和私营部门,在国家和全球各级的一切努力中利用人权框架,确保人人享有水和卫生设施。 大会和人权理事会承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权提供了出发点,是这一努力的一个重要工具。 通过采用这一框架,干预措施的结果将更好,结果将更成功,影响将更持久。", "主席(以法语发言): 我谨通知大会,我的名单上有35名发言者。 我请所有发言者将发言限制在五分钟以内,以便最大限度地参与,否则下星期早些时候将继续进行辩论。", "我现在请欧洲联盟常驻观察员发言。", "塞拉诺先生(欧洲联盟)(以西班牙语发言): 在我代表欧洲联盟(欧盟)发言之前,我谨欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下参加本次会议,并感谢他在这一非常重要的问题上表现出的领导才能和今天下午的发言。 我也欢迎秘书长的发言以及享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士与会。", "(以英语发言)", "我荣幸地代表欧洲联盟及其成员国发言。", "候选国克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、黑山和冰岛、稳定与结盟进程国及潜在候选国波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和塞尔维亚、欧洲经济区成员国欧洲自由贸易联盟成员国列支敦士登以及乌克兰赞同本发言。", "主席先生,欧洲联盟谨感谢你就一个极其重要的议题组织大会本次会议。 获得安全饮用水和卫生设施对于人们健康和有尊严地生活至关重要。 所有国家都有责任确保人民充分享有人权并平等获得保健、教育、安全饮用水和卫生设施以及社会和其他基本服务。 欧洲联盟承认大会和人权理事会最近承认享有饮水和卫生设施的人权,并明确指出这项权利是享有适当生活水准的人权的一部分。", "欧洲联盟还回顾,联合国会员国对有关决议有不同的立场,同时认为,国际社会必须显示解决全球水和卫生危机的统一政治意愿。", "此外,水资源管理影响到对包容性增长和可持续发展具有重要意义的所有部门,如能源生产、农业、粮食安全和环境以及和平与安全。", "因此,包括由于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作,决策者越来越认识到水和卫生设施对可持续和人类发展的重要性。 通过千年发展目标,国际社会将获得安全饮用水和卫生设施作为最高优先事项。 在此基础上,我们集体地为实现这一目标取得了重大进展。", "然而,没有自满的余地,因为获得安全饮用水和卫生设施仍然是全世界数亿人的生死攸关的问题。 约8.84亿人仍然得不到改善的水源,而超过26亿人得不到可接受的卫生设施。", "此外,世界上约有三分之一的人口生活在受水压力影响的地区,对水的需求正在增加。 在发展中国家,特别是在非洲,对水基础设施的投资远远落在后面,使它们易受到干旱和洪水的影响,对社会、环境和经济产生巨大影响。 获得水和卫生设施是城市环境中一个特别严重的问题,发展中国家城市人口的迅速增长正在给基础设施和服务带来额外压力。", "欧盟充分认识到从人权角度和作为一个关键发展问题获得水和卫生设施的根本重要性。 欧盟将在今后的发展政策中进一步优先考虑可持续的水管理。", "欧盟及其成员国在水部门对非洲国家有坚定的政治承诺并与之密切合作。 这反映在去年11月在利比亚商定的非洲联盟/欧盟联合战略中。 去年,欧盟还发起了一项千年发展目标倡议,为非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家提供10亿欧元,并侧重于水和卫生。", "总体而言,我们最近看到欧盟及其成员国加强了对水的承诺,认识到与气候变化和绿色增长需要有关的挑战。 此外,德国和法国分别将于2011年11月在波恩和2012年3月在马赛主办水-能源-粮食关系会议。", "欧盟还欣见世界卫生组织和儿基会正在牵头努力审视2015年后水和卫生发展框架,并承认全球监测水和卫生服务的质量、可负担性和可获得性的重要性。", "最后,我要指出,定于2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20会议)为世界确保重新对可持续发展作出政治承诺提供了一个独特的机会。", "欧盟及其成员国决心为里约+20会议取得成功作出贡献。 在里约+20会议及其成果中,获得安全饮用水和卫生设施以及水资源的可持续管理应占据重要位置。 这应补充和支持我们为确保全面实现千年发展目标和促进持续、包容和公平的经济增长和可持续发展而作的努力。", "维奥蒂夫人(巴西)(以西班牙语发言):巴西欢迎有此机会讨论在玻利维亚的倡议下充分实现饮水和卫生设施权所面临的挑战。 我高兴地欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下。 我们非常仔细和感兴趣地听取了他的发言,我们赞同他呼吁在这一非常重要的问题上加强合作、行动和团结。 我还要感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士,并赞扬她所做的出色工作。", "获得安全饮用水和卫生设施是消除贫穷的先决条件。 我们发展我们社会的努力同这一领域的进展密切相关。 在国家一级,巴西正努力确保普遍获得安全饮用水和卫生设施。 在国际上,我们在水资源管理方面,特别是在干旱和半干旱地区,分享了我们的经验并借鉴了其他国家的经验。", "巴西承认,获得饮用水和卫生设施的权利与尊重生命权、人身安全权、健康权、食物权和适足住房权密切相关。 如同社会和经济领域的权利一样,国家有责任保障公民充分享有这些权利。 尊重这一权利完全符合1992年《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》所载的各国使用本国水资源的主权权利原则。", "在深化我们对落实饮水和卫生设施权所带来的挑战的审议时,我们必须承认联合国人权实体的中心作用。 巴西坚决支持特别报告员努力澄清与水和卫生设施权有关的义务的性质和内容。 在这方面,我们期待着通过她向第六十六届会议提交的报告,审议与实现这一权利有关的挑战。", "明年将举行的联合国可持续发展会议将再次提供一次机会,以回到可持续发展背景下获得水和卫生设施的问题。 我们希望同所有会员国密切合作,以在这方面取得可导致实现饮水和卫生设施权的有意义的成果。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我谨代表我国代表团欢迎在通过关于承认饮水和卫生设施权的第64/292号决议一年之后,就享有饮水和卫生设施的人权及其对千年发展目标的影响举行本次辩论会。", "决议提醒我们,这项权利已经得到国际法的承认,因此具有法律约束力。 西班牙赞扬以下事实:正如人权理事会第15/9和16/2号决议所反映,我们今天的所有协同作用都集中在落实这项权利上。 后者特别重要,因为它延长了安全饮用水和卫生设施权问题特别报告员的任期。 特别报告员和前任独立专家卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士的工作为承认今天享有饮用水和卫生设施奠定了基础。 我要表示,西班牙感谢特别报告员所作的可嘉工作,他今天在这里,为我们提供了将这项权利作为一项人权加以落实的坚实工作基础。", "水权的承认必须从人权角度考虑。 虽然国际合作努力有助于缓解局势,但只有从这一角度出发,才能改善局势。 正是这种信念促使西班牙同德国一道在五年前在日内瓦的人权理事会上采取主动行动,审议享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。 我国承认所有人权的普遍性,无论是公民、政治、经济、社会还是文化。 此外,我们认为,正如特别报告员在今天的发言中指出的那样,尊重所有人权与实现千年发展目标之间有着直接的联系。", "我要强调她的建议,即各国需要理解如何通过制定必须纳入减贫战略和国家预算的国家行动计划来充分实现享有水和卫生设施的人权。 令人无法接受的是,近9亿人缺乏饮用水,25多亿人得不到基本的卫生设施。", "今天,各国和其他有关行为者完全理解其在这一领域的人权义务。 因此,目前的挑战在于有效实施和实现这些目标。 在这方面,我们同特别报告员一样,强调必须确定最佳做法。 水和卫生设施最佳做法的标准包括确定基于人权规范的标准,以及基于不歧视、参与、责任、影响、当然还有可持续性等原则的共同标准。 在确保有效落实饮水和卫生设施权时,必须考虑到这些标准。", "西班牙是整整一年前多民族玻利维亚国就该问题向大会提出的决议投赞成票的122个国家之一。 因此,我们欢迎今天的辩论和卡塔里娜·德阿尔布开克特别报告员的出席,他对这个问题作出了很大贡献。 西班牙认为,已经做了大量工作,我们可以支持这些工作,以尽可能有效地进一步充分实现这一权利。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言): 主席先生,首先,我要感谢你主动召集会员国参加这次活动,以使我们能够共同思考一个需要世界各国政府承诺确保适当实现水权的问题。 我还要以我国代表团和秘鲁国的名义,欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会。", "国际人权准则包括获得饮用水的具体义务。 它们要求各国保证所有人都能获得供个人和家庭使用的足够饮用水,包括消费、卫生设施、洗衣、准备食品以及个人和家庭卫生。 这些准则还要求各国继续逐步确保改善获得适当卫生服务的机会,以此作为人的尊严和私人生活的先决条件,并保护饮用水供应和资源的质量。", "秘鲁认为,水是一种可再生的自然资源,对生命至关重要,是可持续发展和维持维持水的系统和自然循环的战略组成部分,也是我国安全的关键。 通过我们的立法,它具有社会文化、经济和环境价值,因此必须通过平衡所有这些价值的综合管理加以利用。 我们认为水是我们生态系统的一个组成部分,是水文循环所恢复的资源。 在这方面,秘鲁认为,水资源的使用和综合管理必须考虑到以下原则。", "首先是水的估价及其综合管理。 第二,必须优先考虑获得水。 第三,公众应参与影响水的质量、数量和供应的决定,并参与任何其他与水有关的问题。 第四,必须在法律上保证对水的投资——无论是公共投资、私人投资还是两者的结合。 第五,必须尊重农民和土著社区的水权。 第六,必须可持续地使用和养护水资源。 第七,水资源管理应当下放。 最后,用水和节水的效率必须成为优先事项。", "随着一年前第64/292号决议的通过,国际社会向前迈出了重要一步,提高了对保证获得水的重要性的认识,特别是对那些缺水的人。 秘鲁在确定与饮水和卫生设施权利有关的义务的整个过程中发挥了积极作用,以期最终承认这一权利是一项人权。 我们参加了首先在日内瓦、然后在纽约举行的协商,协商的结果是通过了这项决议。 秘鲁支持这项通过,这符合我先前所列举的原则,这些原则基于我们的国内立法,并基于这样一种假设,即人权的保障必须服从当地管理、规划和适当分配充分享有这一权利所必要的资源。 换句话说,为了实现这一权利,行政当局必须采取全面办法,承认水权的多面性影响。", "各国要落实这一权利还有许多工作要做,首先是根据国家法律和优先事项充分理解这一权利的影响。 秘鲁重申,享有水和卫生设施的人权源于适足生活水准权,与可达到的最高水平的身心健康以及生命权和人的尊严权密不可分。 本着这种精神,我们坚持这些原则,并再次承诺将继续努力,确保这些原则成为日益明显的现实。", "巴顿先生(美利坚合众国): 美国坚定致力于找到解决我们世界水挑战的办法。 在2010年9月公布的《美国实现千年发展目标战略》中,我们欢迎取得的进展,认识到1990至2005年期间,超过16亿人获得了更好的饮用水来源。 与此同时,美国表示关注,在许多国家,无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例仍然高得令人无法接受。", "在人权理事会2010年9月日内瓦届会上,美国加入了关于第15/9号决议的共识,该决议申明:", "“享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权源于适足生活水准权,与享有能达到的最高标准身心健康权密不可分”(A/HRC/RES/15/9, 第16段)。 第3条:", "这两项原则均取自《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》,并呼吁各国政府采取步骤以逐步实现这项人权。 在3月人权理事会上,美国支持延长独立专家的任期。", "关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权,我们认为如下。 首先,各国政府应努力逐步实现普遍获得安全饮用水和卫生设施,并努力扩大获取服务,特别是服务不足的人口。 各国政府应视需要制订和执行国家政策和战略,并承付足够的预算资源,以便能尽快地推进这一目标。", "第二,各国政府有义务确保无歧视地提供安全饮用水和卫生服务。 各国政府还有义务向被拘留者提供或确保他们获得安全饮用水和卫生设施。", "第三,享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利可以合理地解释为包括获得烹饪用水。 也可以合理地理解,它是指足够数量和质量的水——虽然不一定是可饮用水的质量——以满足个人卫生的基本需要。", "最后,为了支持所有这些,各国政府应努力在提供水和卫生服务方面提高透明度和加强问责制,并让公众参与政府决策。 善政是实现安全饮用水和卫生设施权的根本。", "在这方面,我们赞赏并赞赏秘书长水和卫生咨询委员会所作的努力,以及该委员会通过 \" 可持续卫生——到2015年的五年动力 \" 倡议执行水和卫生倡议的承诺。", "美国希望,本次全体会议旨在提供对话,也将促使各国政府采取具体行动,减少无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人数。", "博纳先生(法国)(以法语发言): 法国赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。 我要感谢玻利维亚代表团倡议召开本次会议。 我国欢迎通过第64/292号决议,其中大会承认享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权。 在过去一年里,它使我们能够加紧动员各国政府和其他方面在这个问题上采取行动。 继这一历史性进展后,人权理事会以协商一致的方式通过了2010年9月30日第15/9号决议,将水的基本权利与适足生活水准权联系起来。", "在安全饮用水和卫生设施问题的所有利益攸关方的充分参与下,我们需要向前迈进,执行这些决议并实现人人享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。 本着这一精神,法国致力于在开放、非正式和跨区域国家集团——蓝色集团——的框架内促进饮水和卫生设施权并努力落实这一权利。 在这方面,我们赞扬享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员所作的出色分析、评估和宣传努力。 其他值得称道的倡议力求提高对这些新案文及其所产生的承诺的认识并努力加以执行。 我特别欢迎秘书长有关环境卫生的倡议。", "法国欢迎联合国欧洲经济委员会在其《水与健康议定书》范围内开展的工作,特别是目前正在编写一本关于公平用水的良好做法的手册。 我们也感谢许多国家支持我们提出世界卫生大会第64/24号决议,使该决议能够以协商一致方式通过。 该决议呼吁世界卫生组织和整个联合国的成员国以及其他利益攸关方确保水、环境卫生和公共卫生政策更好地结合起来,以充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。", "我国将于2012年3月12日至17日在马赛主办第六届世界水论坛。 享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利是法国国际活动的优先事项,论坛将是一个加强我们在这一领域动员的机会。 我们必须回顾,各国在为实现这一权利建立适当的组织框架以及监测其执行的机制方面负有主要责任。 我们特别重视界定各利益攸关方各自的作用。", "我们确信,只有在各级政治决策中采取联合行动,才能采取适应每个具体情况的重大步骤,我们呼吁进一步承认地方当局在国家法律和条例范围内提供国家服务的作用。 所有有关公共利益攸关者必须动员起来,致力于执行合作解决办法,保证人人能有效和公平地获得饮用水。", "阿卜杜拉齐兹先生(埃及)(以阿拉伯语发言): 我想表示埃及赞赏召开这次会议,讨论实现安全饮用水和卫生设施权的挑战。 我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下,并感谢他倡议召开这次辩论会,这次辩论得到了一些会员国的支持,感谢他为本次会议所做的筹备工作。", "大会第六十四届会议通过了重要的第64/292号决议,确认享有安全和清洁饮水和卫生设施的人权,并支持为充分实现所有人权而作的国际努力。 埃及重申,所有人权都是普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的,必须在平等和综合的基础上享受。 安理会强调会员国必须在国家一级采取一切必要措施,确保按照国际人道主义法和国际条约规定的义务,满足实现人人享有人权的要求。", "在这方面,埃及认为,必须努力解决我们各国人民,尤其是发展中国家人民所面临的所有挑战,确保获得清洁饮用水和卫生设施,同时考虑到国家和区域特点,同时遵守关于国际水道和跨界水资源的国际和区域条约的规定,并避免确定与国际商定的人权文书规定的不同亚类人权。", "审查实现千年发展目标进展情况的高级别全体会议成果文件(第65/1号决议)重申,我们承诺将无法获得清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人数减少50%。 虽然若干国际报告表明有可能到2015年实现这一目标,但埃及认为,若干挑战可能阻碍履行这一承诺,其中最大的挑战就是为执行相关的国家方案获得资金,估计每年需要112亿美元。", "此外,我们需要加倍努力,以应对气候变化的负面影响;实现可持续发展,特别是经济和社会发展;控制人口增长;加强技术转让、科学研究和发展领域的国际合作,特别是在饮水和卫生领域。", "在这方面,埃及政府几年前在水资源领域通过了一项支持善政的综合国家计划,以确保公平和公平地分配清洁饮用水,并在不损害环境的情况下向人民提供卫生服务。 这项计划的实施以权力下放为基础,与有关部委和国家机构充分合作,以提高用水效率,维持良好健康;应对气候变化的负面影响;支持国家水务委员会发挥作用并促使私营部门参与水务部门的管理;不断更新和交流有关国家实体之间的数据和信息;协调国家投资;合理用水,让妇女在这方面发挥更大的作用。", "要实现向全世界所有人民提供清洁饮用水和卫生设施的目标,就需要在几个主要支柱的基础上采取全面和综合的国际办法,其中最重要的是应对气候变化所带来的挑战;促进水技术领域的国际合作;提供所需的财政资源和官方发展援助,以支持提供清洁饮用水和卫生设施的国家方案和政策;支持可持续发展方案,特别是在相关国家;并发展防止污染的技术。", "在这方面,联合国和国际社会必须加紧共同努力,开展综合研究,以克服阻碍实现世界人民享有清洁饮用水和卫生设施权利的重大挑战,同时考虑到每个会员国的情况和特点所构成的不同挑战。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言): 古巴欢迎我们亲爱的同志、兄弟的多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛参加本次辩论会。 当然,我们完全支持他的发言并感谢他本人和他的国家在诸如大会今天所审议等对国际社会至关重要的问题上的领导。", "水是人类生存的核心。 正如莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统明智地申明的那样,水就是生命。 一年前根据多民族玻利维亚国的倡议通过的关于享有水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议是一个里程碑。 联合国首次承认饮水和卫生设施权是一项基本人权。", "当我们在本大会堂发言时,地球上有8.84亿人得不到饮用水,26亿人,其中近10亿为儿童,得不到基本的卫生设施。 我们不能被动地接受这样一个事实,即每年有350万人死于被污染的水所感染的疾病,而且世界上每八人中就有一人没有饮用水。 除非我们迅速而有效地采取行动,否则到2025年,将有30多亿人缺水。", "本星球上大多数人生活在主要用水用于农业的发展中国家. 因此,除其他外,气候变化造成的缺水,意味着农业、水产养殖和其他形式的粮食生产将受到严重影响,使本已脆弱的发展中国家粮食安全状况恶化。", "必须加强国际合作,必须建立不受世界银行和国际货币基金组织歧视性规定和条件制约的金融基金和机制。 这些国际基金,无论是否由联合国赞助,都必须提供切实的财政和技术资源,以扩大饮用水、卫生、农业和水产养殖、综合水生产和生态系统可持续管理的覆盖面。", "1995年,古巴实现了关于获得饮用水和卫生设施的千年发展目标,并认为获得水是一项基本人权。 在我国,国家负责管理和控制水和卫生。 我们已采取许多措施保障水权。 请允许我仅提及几个。", "我们改善了水的供应和质量,增加了水的合理使用。 我们已经将生产过程中用水量减少30%。 我们每年减少与水传播疾病有关的发病率。 我们向96%以上的人口提供了饮用水。 我们提高了饮用水的覆盖面、氯化程度和质量。 我们建立了干旱预警系统。", "尽管取得了这些进展,而且同其他发展中国家一样,古巴在气候变化、自然灾害和缺水方面面临各种挑战。", "美国政府半个多世纪以来对古巴实行的罪恶的经济、金融和贸易封锁,给获取新技术、水工业产品及其利益以及增加这些领域的专业培训带来了相当大的限制和障碍。", "古巴不支持将多国公司提倡的水或市场机制私有化的计划,认为这是解决包括水在内的自然资源短缺的所谓办法。 不受歧视地和足够数量地公平获得水和卫生设施是一项基本权利,绝不能被操纵为又一个机会来谋取利润。 联合国必须成为辩论这一问题并达成协议的主要论坛。", "阿斯卡罗夫先生(乌兹别克斯坦)(以俄语发言): 今天关于水和实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面的主要挑战及其对实现千年发展目标的影响的辩论,使我们有机会讨论这个非常重要的议题。", "7月20日,安全理事会从广义上讨论了气候变化对安全的影响(见S/PV.6587)。 当时的许多发言都直接提到,缺水是地球上许多地区面临的主要挑战之一。", "今天,没有人质疑一个无可争辩的真理,即我们这个星球每年不幸地经历越来越多的自然灾害和气候变化的影响。 在过去一年中,我们看到海地、日本、智利和新西兰发生了前所未有的破坏力地震。 我们看到巴基斯坦和澳大利亚发生水灾。 我们看到美国、中国和非洲之角出现严重干旱。", "在中亚,我们也看到这些现象令人震惊的症状。 帕米尔和天山山脉的冰川是阿姆河和达里亚爵士河的主要发源地,正在融化. 今年,我们地区遭受了极其严重的干旱,影响了该地区各国的社会经济发展,包括实现千年发展目标。 我们看到粮食生产减少、环境退化和生态危机的其他负面后果。", "请允许我仅举一个例子。 咸海曾经是世界上第四大大陆水体,现已消失并变成咸库姆——一个巨大的沙漠。 在这方面,合理合理使用水和能源是中亚面临的主要挑战之一。 应对这一挑战的有害和模棱两可的做法只会使生态灾难恶化。", "今天,在咸海地区,我们不仅面临生态问题,而且面临具有全球后果的社会经济和人口问题,正如秘书长在2010年4月访问咸海地区时亲眼所见。", "我要指出,我们乌兹别克斯坦正在执行一系列方案,使用水合理化并提高其效率。 在农业改革方面,我们建立了用水者协会。 我们减少了专门用于棉花种植的土地面积,棉花现在只占我们可耕地的25%。 尽管我国经济得到大力发展,但我们正在减少从河流取水量。 在过去几年中,我们花费了10多亿美元来恢复我们的土壤。 因此,我们现在增加了74万公顷的可耕地。", "尽管如此,必须承认,我们300万人民无法获得清洁饮用水。 乌兹别克斯坦几乎占中亚地区总人口的50%,在咸海灾难中首当其冲。 我们认为,我们有道义权利呼吁该区域各国作出协调努力,确保合理和合理地利用水资源。 此外,中亚必须全面执行联合国关于水和联合用水的公约,包括1992年3月17日《跨界水道和国际湖泊保护和利用公约》和1997年5月21日《国际水道非航行使用法公约》。 这两份文件都明确规定,所有关于使用跨界水道的决定,包括建造水电站的决定,绝不能损害环境和邻国的利益。", "乌兹别克斯坦在这些普遍接受的国际法律原则和规范的指导下,坚决反对在中亚河流高地建造大型水电站,这种工程不考虑河流下游地区国家的利益。 正如我国总统在2010年9月千年发展目标首脑会议上所指出,", "“任何试图执行30至40年前在苏联时期起草的在上游建造大型水电设施,包括大型水坝的项目——这些计划没有考虑到该地区的地震性,而拟议的建筑可能增加8至9个点——都可能对环境造成无法弥补的损害并造成非常危险的人为灾难”(A/65/PV.3, 第15页)。", "乌兹别克斯坦去年加入的国际大坝委员会在其研究中指出,在跨界水道上建造的主要大坝可能在许多方面带来巨大风险。", "2008年,联合国开始就粮食日益短缺发出警报。 气候变化和缺水正在破坏粮食生产,甚至危及生命。 没有安全的供水,我们就不能谈论安全、稳定或生命权。 正如联合国粮食及农业组织的基本案文所指出——乌兹别克斯坦完全同意——淡水应主要用于粮食生产。 这对中亚特别重要,在中亚,每个国家必须合理和负责任地使用水资源,每个国家、整个区域和每个人的生命和安全都依赖于水资源。", "贝尔赫先生(德国)(以英语发言):德国完全赞同欧洲联盟常驻观察员的发言。", "首先,请允许我感谢大会主席和玻利维亚总统召开这次关于享有水和卫生设施的人权的重要全体会议。 今天,多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会,我们感到特别荣幸。 我还要热烈欢迎享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士。 今天的辩论使我们有机会反思我们取得的成就,更重要的是思考今后的挑战。", "过去12个月中,大会和日内瓦人权理事会首先承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权,这种权利源于联合国享有适当生活水准的权利。 这一突破是有关国家政府、全球民间社会组织、国家人权机构和国际和国家两级专家多年参与的结果。", "德国感到自豪的是,从一开始就是这一进程的一部分。 2008年,德国和西班牙在人权理事会发起了一项倡议,设立当时的独立专家的任务。 我们看到我们的倡议得到越来越多的支持,该倡议导致人权理事会在2011年设立了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的任务。 如果没有来自所有区域集团的许多志同道合的会员国的关键支持,这一重要步骤就不可能向前迈出来。", "现在的巨大挑战是执行我们集体作出的决定。 谈到享有饮水和卫生设施的人权,我们不能不重申,必须进行比单纯的技术可行性问题更广泛的思考。 如果我们想建立可持续的解决办法,就必须采用人权办法。 在我们为需要帮助的人制定解决办法时,安全、质量、充足性、可得性、实际和经济上的可获取性以及水和卫生设施的可负担性等问题必须得到足够的重视。 忽视这些参数意味着无视这些人权的拥有者的真正需要。", "副主席克莱布先生(印度尼西亚)主持会议。", "我们还应考虑到,在涉及个别国家局势时,并非一刀切。 然而,共同点仍然是实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。 在这方面,我们期待着讨论特别报告员将于9月提交人权理事会的最佳做法简编。 在这方面,考虑到秘书长今天也强调的人权与千年发展目标之间的联系,我们感到特别高兴的是,世界卫生组织/儿童基金会水与卫生部门联合监测方案已经根据享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员确定的标准调整和调整了获得水和卫生设施的标准。", "在我结束发言之前,我鼓励世界各区域志同道合的会员国参与促进和落实享有水和卫生设施的人权,并确保在讨论国家解决办法和设计国家行动计划时坚持人权方针。", "加西亚·冈萨雷斯先生(萨尔瓦多)(以西班牙语发言): 我们赞扬多民族玻利维亚国的倡议以及埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和大会主席领导召开这次关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权的全会辩论。", "水是一切众生之所依. 它对人类、动物和环境至关重要。 获得饮用水和卫生设施是有尊严地生活的必要条件。 没有水就无法享有许多人权。 因此,水对福祉和社会发展非常重要。 事实上,所有伟大的文明都一直发展到接近于大量供水.", "获得饮用水是萨尔瓦多政府充分支持的一项基本人权,目前主要受到影响这一重要液体的两个主要因素的危害:短缺和污染。 根据研究,世界人口的五分之一无法获得安全水源。 每天有6 000人因被污染的水而死亡,其中大多数是儿童。", "萨尔瓦多获得水和卫生设施供应服务的程度仍然很低,特别是在农村地区。 然而,在毛里西奥·富内斯·卡塔赫纳总统现任政府的领导下,正在各领域制定一系列项目,以改善该国重要液体的供应和质量。 我国政府认为,可持续和全面的水管理是一个参与性进程,旨在实现国际商定的保护、养护、防御和预防清洁水质量和供应的目标,通过有效协调公共政策,确保全体人民和子孙后代获得水的权利。", "2010年7月28日,萨尔瓦多与一大批提案国一道,在大会全体会议上通过了题为“享有水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议。 这无疑是国际努力促进可持续人类发展的一个重要步骤。", "然而,为了有效执行将水作为一项人权的宣言,实际上它必须与一系列防止水被浪费、被污染和被经济剥削的措施相配合。 水正日益成为可能导致社会暴力的许多冲突的关键因素。", "获得饮用水和卫生设施是一项人权,必须公平、不歧视、在数量和质量上足够、在经济、社会和环境上可持续并负担得起。 因此,国家有责任保护人民免受供水服务的切断和污染,并防止个人或公司侵犯他人的权利。", "我们不能忽视森林在保护水方面的作用。 当大片森林被摧毁时,对整个供水系统产生不利影响,导致供水量和水质下降。 同样重要的是规范与采矿、石油勘探和工业农业有关的活动,因为它们是水污染的直接来源。", "我们都有责任确保每个人,特别是最有需要和最受排斥的群体,能够享受其基本需要并获得饮用水和卫生设施。 实现千年发展目标应有助于满足这些需要。 然而,在每个人都能充分行使其水和卫生设施权之前,仍有许多工作要做。 我国代表团认为,这个问题应当是2012年联合国可持续发展大会实质性内容讨论的一个重要部分。", "最后,萨尔瓦多政府也认为,各国应采取措施,更合理地利用这一资源。", "布尔格斯塔勒女士(瑞典)(以英语发言):瑞典完全赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "瑞典欢迎召开今天的全体会议讨论饮水和卫生设施权。 获得安全饮用水和适当的卫生设施对人的生命、健康和尊严绝对至关重要。 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》现在承认水和卫生设施权是一项人权,源于健康权和适足生活水准权,大会和人权理事会的决定也确认了这一权利。", "有鉴于此,瑞典欢迎人权理事会今年3月以协商一致方式通过一项决议,设立了享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员一职。 我们赞扬特别报告员的出色工作,并感谢她今天在这里的发言。", "各国现在必须确保人人都能获得个人基本使用的安全饮水,并确保以不歧视的方式安排供水。 高效、公正和可持续地管理水资源是可持续发展、包容性经济增长和实现千年发展目标的重要先决条件。 即将举行的2012年联合国可持续发展会议为我们大家提供了一个战略机会,以进一步应对改进各级水资源管理的挑战,使所有人,特别是妇女能够获得安全饮水和基本卫生设施,她们往往在地方一级确保供水和满足家庭需要方面发挥核心作用。", "迄今为止,人权理事会和联合国其他人权机构所做的工作帮助我们确定了各国在享有水和卫生设施权利方面的义务,并为今后的工作奠定了坚实的基础——尊重和在实地落实这项最近得到确认的权利,使这一权利成为每个人的现实。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言): 首先,圣文森特和格林纳丁斯热烈欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛阁下。 我们感谢他个人的参与和玻利维亚支持这一有价值的倡议。", "去年,圣文森特和格林纳丁斯是第64/292号决议的热情提案国,大会在该决议中承认享有安全和清洁的饮用水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权,对充分享受生活和所有人权至关重要。 第64/292号决议以人权理事会以往各项决议为基础,后来又得到人权理事会第15/9号决议的加强,该决议加强了围绕大会承认这项关键人权的法律框架。", "近年来,圣文森特和格林纳丁斯为实现水和卫生设施权投入了巨大的资源。 在过去十年中,我们通过谨慎的基础设施和组织投资,将自来水的利用率从70%提高到98%以上。 我们通过建立新的供水系统、现代污水处理设施并大力加强垃圾收集和处理,显著改善了环境卫生。", "我国在实现并巩固这项人权方面所取得的微薄成功告诉我们,如果具备必要的资源和政治意愿,享有水和卫生设施的权利是可显著实现的。 国际社会经常表示对实现这一权利的政治承诺,但我们却常常把这方面的许多艰苦工作留给那些缺乏能力实现所需要的多部门变革的英勇的民间社会组织和小商人。", "我们现在必须采取行动,落实去年决议的呼吁。", "“通过国际援助与合作,提供财政资源、能力建设和技术转让,特别是向发展中国家提供援助与合作,以加强努力,为所有人提供安全、清洁、可获取和负担得起的饮水和卫生设施”(第64/292号决议,第5段)。 2 (中文(简体) ).", "我们响应这一呼吁的能力将是判断我们的标准,即缺乏安全饮用水的8.84亿人和缺乏基本卫生设施的26亿人。", "本次会议还必须认识到,象圣文森特和格林纳丁斯这样的发展中国家最近取得的进展十分脆弱,而且安全饮水权面临紧迫的威胁。 气候变化和荒漠化有可能使最近在实现水权方面取得的进展化为乌有,并将进一步阻碍向数亿人提供水和卫生服务的努力,而这些人却毫无理由地生活在没有这些基本必需品的情况下。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯最近的非季节性干旱迫使政府用船将饮用水运送到我们群岛上的其他岛屿,并影响了我们的农业能力和产生水电的能力。 海平面上升正在威胁小岛屿发展中国家的地下水位,并可能很快对这些社区的饮用水、耕作和牲畜供应产生灾难性影响。", "根据联合国水机制,到2025年,被列为“缺水”的国家数目将增加50%。 这种匮乏以及它必然会造成的紧张局势,将在今后几年中产生明显的安全影响。", "在实现水权方面,发展合作和增加资源至关重要。 此外,国际社会必须开始将水问题纳入全球政治议程的主流,将气候变化同取水更紧密地联系起来,并考虑许多国家,特别是发达国家使用、过度使用和浪费的水的真正价值。", "在联合国,不乏关于水和卫生问题的重要和善意的决议和宣言。 我们有大会决议、人权理事会决议以及独立专家和特别报告员的报告。 千年发展目标确定了到2015年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的目标,不幸的是,这一目标似乎难以实现。", "三年前,潘基文秘书长宣布2008年为最底层10亿人的一年。 对于将近10亿缺乏安全饮用水的人来说,崇高情绪的时代早已过去。 当我们继续随意冲洗厕所,将我们一半消耗的进口泉水倒入垃圾中,又在又一个长长的淋浴中奢侈地放入垃圾中时,让我们下定决心,对那些冒着生命危险并仅仅为寻找口中无污染的水而消耗生命的人采取有意义的行动。", "鲁维亚莱斯·德查莫罗夫人(尼加拉瓜)(以西班牙语发言): 我转达尼加拉瓜人民和政府对埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统的热烈敬意,并承认并感谢他在承认享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利是一项对充分享受生活至关重要的人权方面发挥领导作用。 从一开始,尼加拉瓜就自豪地支持这一倡议,最终通过了第64/292号决议。", "以丹尼尔·奥尔特加·萨维德拉司令为首的和解与民族团结政府认为,必须把人视为发展的核心焦点,充分尊重尼加拉瓜人的人权,特别是落实使他们能够享受体面生活水准的经济、社会和文化权利。 在这方面,考虑到水和卫生对个人健康和尊严至关重要,我国政府已努力投资并制订国家计划来改善获得水和卫生设施的机会。 同样,我们坚决反对前几届政府发起的私有化努力。 获得水的人权、人的生命永远不能私有化。", "仍有8.84亿人缺乏饮用水,26亿人没有基本卫生设施。 饮用水供应不足和不足是全世界持续存在的健康问题。 发展中世界80%的疾病是缺乏清洁饮水和适当的卫生设施所造成,因此是疾病和死亡的主要原因之一,特别是在儿童中。", "这一严峻的局面应激励各会员国继续共同努力,争取充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。 它还应激励国际社会调动技术援助和合作,支持与提供饮用水和卫生设施有关的国家行动计划和倡议。 获得水和卫生设施对于人类发展和实现千年发展目标至关重要。 在这方面,水和卫生没有得到必要的重视,以便在实现它们密切相关的千年发展目标的一个重要部分方面取得更大和持续的进展。", "必须做的是,根据人权标准和原则,包括享有水和卫生设施的权利,以及不歧视方面的人权义务,规划和执行合作和发展援助努力,确保采取充分而有效的措施,查明并处理对人权的任何消极影响。", "如果不对水进行可持续的管理,考虑到今世后代的所有需要,我们就会面临越来越严重的被困的风险,这不仅关系到世界上许多最贫穷人民的发展和生存,而且也关系到对国际和平与安全的潜在威胁。 只有我们各国人民开始意识到不可能继续采用不可持续的消费和生产模式,我们才能拯救地球母亲,并最终拯救地球上的所有人。", "安德里亚纳里韦洛-拉扎菲先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言): 请允许我代表马达加斯加政府感谢主席组织这次重要会议,这将使联合国会员国能够讨论享有水和卫生设施的人权这一重要议题。", "在大会2010年7月通过关于享有水和卫生设施的基本权利的历史性第64/292号决议一年之后,现在应当开展真正的对话,以规划直接导致充分和有效执行这项权利的道路,这对实现千年发展目标至关重要,而且最重要的是确定我们必须找到持久解决办法的挑战和障碍。 该决议同先前的所有决定和行动一道,为努力实现我们提出的到2015年将缺乏饮用水和基本卫生设施的人数减半的目标作出了重大贡献。", "水对人的生命至关重要。 马达加斯加认为,获得饮用水和卫生设施是一项真正的基本权利,应不加例外或歧视地予以尊重。 在这种情况下,每个国家和政府都有义务和义务确保其公民充分享有这项权利。 马达加斯加政府以这一愿景作为行动的指导原则,高度重视与饮用水有关的战略挑战和问题,在发展和消除贫困方面,于1999年颁布了水法,并于2008年设立了水利部,从而将其承诺落实到最高级别。 该部的任务是以千年发展目标为基础,促进并支持马达加斯加的可持续发展,以确保经济增长和马达加斯加人民的福利,确保获得饮用水和发展卫生设施基础设施。", "同样,为了预防与低于标准的生活条件有关的疾病,卫生部的卫生服务和工程司设立了一个卫生和环境服务处。 其他各部,如土地管理和环境部,在这些领域提供支援。 我们2008年11月通过的国家卫生政策和战略加强了马达加斯加政府的立法和监管框架。 为了提高马达加斯加全国环境卫生和个人卫生工作的效力,它负责管理水资源,特别是保护水资源、保护水资源、保护环境、最佳利用水资源、为家庭废水提供饮用水和卫生设施。", "为了应对疾病的危险和缺乏饮用水供应和获得卫生设施的其他后果,我们在各国伙伴和朋友的支持下,在我国政府的努力下,加强了具体行动。 仅举几个例子,马达加斯加Diorano-WASH倡议——这是一个对话和交流经验的平台,它汇集了政府机构、国家和国际非政府组织、双边和多边技术和金融伙伴,并受到国家Dioran-WASH战略和宪章的管制——使我们能够在向人民提供饮用水和颁布良好的卫生和卫生做法方面取得巨大进展。 自2007年以来,我们还在讲卫生运动框架内设立了数百个基本诊所,采用综合用水卫生卫生方法。 我们在这一倡议中增加了卫生和安全饮用水初级保健方案,我们正为此寻求更多的伙伴关系支持。", "马达加斯加作出了相当大的努力,但我国在实现千年发展目标方面继续面临许多挑战。 每年旱灾都影响该国南部地区,对数千人,特别是儿童构成持续威胁。 2010年,43%的人口获得安全饮用水,48%的家庭获得卫生设施。 这远远没有实现政府为自己确定的目标,即到2015年使63%的人口获得安全饮用水,56%的人口获得卫生设施。", "考虑到这些挑战,包括缺乏资金、人力资源能力不足、缺乏有关环境卫生和个人卫生领域需求的现有数据、与行为变化有关的因素,特别是在农村地区,以及文化因素等诸多障碍加剧了这些挑战,我国政府正鼓励非政府组织和民间社会更多地参与与供水设施和卫生设施的组织、运作和管理有关的活动。", "马达加斯加政府呼吁进一步调动财政资源,使世界所有人民,特别是发展中国家和非洲的人民能够充分实现其享有水和卫生设施的基本权利。 我国政府还吁请所有会员国有效履行它们所作的承诺,确保这项权利成为现实,而不仅仅是理论上的权利。", "迪亚洛先生(塞内加尔)(以法语发言): 首先,我要热烈感谢本次会议的组织者玻利维亚,并对这一受欢迎的倡议深表满意。", "大会第64/292号决议指出,获得安全和清洁的饮用水和卫生设施是一项人权,对充分享受生活和所有人权至关重要。 这一重大进展,连同宣布2005-2015年“生命之水”国际行动十年,明确将水和卫生问题置于联合国议程的重要位置。", "在这方面,我国定期重申其承诺和决心,以实现千年发展目标,特别是目标7——到2015年将无法持续获得安全饮用水或卫生服务的人口比例减少一半。", "正因为如此,获得安全饮用水和适当的环境卫生服务是国际发展议程上的一项重大挑战,因此,在我们的国家发展政策中,这是高度优先事项。 同样,塞内加尔几十年来一直在执行一项供水政策,旨在以尽可能低的成本向各种用户提供足够数量和质量的水。 这项政策导致体制和立法改革,提高了该部门的效力,特别注重改善管理,使人口中最受排斥的群体获得用水。", "此外,这一机制还得到活跃的私营部门以及水资源综合管理行动计划的执行的支持。 除这些努力外,还取得了另一个积极进展:在千年水和卫生方案的框架内,建立了几个水利基础设施,特别是在城市周边地区和农村地区。 该方案的执行已经使我们能够取得相当显著的成果。 尽管取得了这些积极成果,在实现这一特定领域的千年发展目标方面是大有希望的,但在水质和供水以及环境卫生方面,特别是在农村地区,仍有许多工作要做。", "为了减少城乡之间在获得饮用水和卫生设施方面的不平等,我们开展了旨在利用地表和径流水的活动,特别是在集水区。", "如果我们不考虑到与气候有关的现象,例如干旱和洪水,这些现象会加剧对水资源的限制以及获得水和卫生设施的问题,我们就不会赢得这场斗争。 因此,我呼吁加强国际合作和援助,这是支持发展中国家执行这方面目标的活动所必不可少的。", "最后,我要向享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士重申,塞内加尔当局愿意欢迎她前来我国访问,她正计划很快访问我国。", "奥尔埃耶先生(吉布提): 首先,我要赞扬戴斯主席在玻利维亚的倡议下,与包括我国在内的20多个国家一道,促成了本次会议的举行,目的是在题为“享有水和卫生设施的人权”的第64/292号决议通过一年之后,就与实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权有关的主要挑战及其对实现千年发展目标的影响进行对话。", "多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次会议,为我们今天在此聚会增添了意义,并突出了对水和卫生问题的高级别政治承诺,将这些问题列入国际议程。", "本次会议的时间安排也相当重要,因为它是在非洲之角地区目前严重干旱的背景下举行的,该地区跨越索马里、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚和吉布提,那里有1 000多万人面临严重饥饿。 不幸的是,尽管在过去六个月中发出了预警并发出了呼吁,但世界迟迟没有认识到正在发生的人道主义灾难,那里用于清洁水、粮食、住房和保健服务的资源已严重枯竭。", "我们距离国际社会承诺全面实现到2015年将无法获得或负担不起安全饮用水或获得基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的千年发展目标的期限只有几年了。 因此,除非国际社会有足够的善意,否则,鉴于近10亿人得不到改善的水源,26多亿人得不到改善的卫生设施,无法想象这一差距能否被弥合。", "然而,相当令人鼓舞的是,许多国家正致力于承认获得水和卫生设施是人权,并本着适当的政治意愿采取短期和长期措施来实现这些目标。", "与所有其他情况一样,在充分实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面,我们无法摆脱世界被分为富人和穷人的现实。 但我们需要牢记,我们有义务。 这些差异必须让位于合理和具体的政治承诺,以确保大部分人口获得安全饮用水和卫生设施,而不论其生活地点或居住地点。", "据人权问题独立专家说,人权禁止歧视、排斥和剥夺任何群体或个人,无论是生活在农村、贫民窟还是贫困之中。 因此,人权框架将实现人权的主要责任置于国家身上,这应确保逐步实现普及,并创造一个全面的有利环境。", "我国是淡水资源最短缺的国家之一,在今后25年里,我们有可能缺水。 我们是人均供水最少的国家之一。 在受审查的186个缺水问题国家中,吉布提被列为世界上17个风险最大的国家之一,被描述为“有极大风险”。 对我们和处于类似状况的其他国家来说,气候变化不断变化的模式预计将造成更多的干旱和洪灾。 预计缺水情况将变得更加严重。", "随着世界人口的增长,饮用水消费的增加是不可避免的,再加上灌溉增加而效率低下、腐败和资源管理不良,缺水问题将更加严重。 虽然一些缺水国家可能获得其他资源,使它们能够投资于海水淡化厂、建造水库或以其他方式获得粮食,但大多数国家面临生存的真正挑战。", "在通过关于安全饮用水和卫生设施的第64/292号决议一年之后,我们高兴地参加这次会议,以评估在千年发展目标方面取得的进展。 为了充分实现饮水和卫生设施权,我们确实还有很长的路要走,但这种前景不应阻止我们努力使数百万没有饮用水或缺乏可接受的卫生条件的人享有人权。", "恩库卢先生(南非): 我国代表团谨感谢大会主席召开本次会议,讨论在千年发展目标范围内实现享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利方面的挑战。", "南非还愿赞扬多民族玻利维亚国代表团,特别是埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛总统阁下为确保享有水和卫生设施的人权而作的努力和承诺。", "南非《宪法》的《权利法案》为充分享有所有人权和基本自由,包括享有水和卫生设施的人权提供了一个法律框架。 此外,南非《宪法》规定了经济、社会和文化权利的可裁判性,这些权利源于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》的规定,特别是基于逐步实现这些权利,包括获得安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。", "在这方面,我国政府有义务创造必要的有利环境,确保所有南非人获得可接受的水和卫生设施。 我国政府制定了专门的方案、政策、标准和立法,以确保实现和享有获得安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利,并且自1994年以来致力于确保获得基本供水服务,为以前处境不利的人和种族歧视的受害者提供基本水和卫生设施。", "这项权利的全面性质还涉及其他权利,例如适足住房权和适足生活水准权,以及享有能达到的最高标准健康的权利。 南非政府在处理人类住区问题时所采取的办法不仅涉及四面墙,而且还包括提供基本的卫生服务,如基本卫生、保健和水。", "水和环境是南非经济增长和发展的催化剂。 水务部担负着享有水和卫生设施的人权的国家任务,它的作用是确保国家有足够的水,保护环境,以满足我国的发展需要,包括千年发展目标。", "南非内阁还于2003年批准了《供水服务战略框架》并致力于实现以下卫生设施目标:南非的所有人都应有机会使用功能完备的基本卫生设施;所有学校都应有充足和安全的供水和卫生服务;所有诊所均应有充足和安全的供水和卫生服务;以及应根除所有桶式厕所。", "南非在非洲部长级水事理事会的主持下,积极同非洲国家合作和管理水资源,以促进可持续的社会和经济发展并维护非洲的生态系统。 南非还利用非洲发展新伙伴关系的用水和卫生设施基础设施方案和南部非洲发展共同体的用水和卫生设施方案来进一步实现非洲人民享有用水和卫生设施的人权。 作为对千年发展目标承诺的回应,南非承诺执行一项专门的供水服务方案。 考虑到我们是一个缺水国家,南非也站在逐步水资源管理的前列。", "我们高兴地宣布,南非做得好。 在实现正式基本供水的千年发展目标方面,我们在2005年将正式积压量减半;在基本卫生设施方面,2008年实现千年发展目标。 南非政府的成就可以归功于具体的战略行动以及强烈的政治意愿和承诺。 然而,尽管我们承认,在向贫穷家庭提供水等基本服务方面取得了长足进展,但许多家庭仍然得不到水或供水不足。", "实现享有水和卫生设施的人权方面的重要挑战与气候变化有关,气候变化是影响许多人的现实,对南非的长期可持续发展、经济增长、生活质量、移徙和城市化构成威胁。", "南非仍然致力于确保获得水的权利仍然神圣不可侵犯,在这方面,我们同其他代表团一道呼吁各国和国际组织通过国际援助与合作提供财政资源、能力建设和技术转让,特别是向发展中国家提供援助与合作,以加大努力,为所有人提供安全、清洁、可获取和负担得起的饮用水和卫生设施,以实现千年发展目标7和更广泛的可持续发展目标。", "克勒西先生(匈牙利): 匈牙利完全赞同欧洲联盟的发言。", "前面的发言者已经说过很多话,显然,各会员国在广泛的问题上意见一致,这鼓励我讲得非常简短,并集中谈谈我们认为特别重要的几点和信息。", "保护水资源和包括卫生在内的综合、可持续的水资源管理是我国的关键优先事项。 我们致力于同我们的伙伴进一步分享我们在这些领域的经验。", "匈牙利认为,坚实的法律基础对于国家和国际两级成功的水管理和环境卫生至关重要。 匈牙利鼓励加强在与水有关的所有问题上的国际伙伴关系,也同明年将举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20会议)有关。", "获得清洁饮用水和卫生设施应当是普遍的,但这远远不是今天的现实,因为世界各地数亿人继续遭受苦难,被剥夺了我们认为对体面的人类生活至关重要的东西。 我们认为,这是所有需要保护的权利。 它要求在整个脆弱地区对管理机构、政策和基础设施进行投资。 如果我们现在不采取预防措施,破坏性的人道主义、经济和社会后果将付出高得多的代价。", "维尼先生(瑞士)(以法语发言): 2010年7月28日,大会第64/292号决议宣布享有安全和清洁饮水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权,是充分享受生活和所有人权的必要条件,是解决水问题的历史性步骤", "瑞士积极参加了这些谈判,并支持该决议,同时强调必须协调大会和人权理事会的工作。 这两个联合国机构所通过的决议在物质、经济和不受歧视地获得质量可接受的服务方面带来了新的道德和质量层面。 瑞士坚信,鉴于千年发展目标和我们需要为2015年后时期确定的新目标,基于人权的做法至关重要。", "有鉴于此,我们欢迎独立专家在大会第六十五届会议上就享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利对实现千年发展目标的重要性所提交的报告(A/65/254),特别是目标7.C,它力求到2015年使无法获得安全饮用水或基本卫生服务的人口比例减半。 世界卫生组织/儿童基金会供水和卫生联合监测方案为监测与水和卫生有关的千年发展目标的实现情况而制定的基准现在必须纳入这些新的方面。", "瑞士同若干其他国家一道,支持联合监测方案执行这项任务,这将使我们能够从人权角度监测在获得水和卫生设施方面取得的进展。 该方案所描述的目前情况表明,在获得水方面存在着严重的不平等,在卫生设施方面存在着巨大的短缺。 外地的需求与现有的财政资源之间差距很大。 这种情况要求低收入国家增加饮用水和环卫资金。", "人人享有水和环境卫生工作队得到包括瑞士在内的众多伙伴的支持,力求在全球一级促进关于这一问题的对话和承诺。", "今年年初,瑞士议会同意增加我们的官方发展援助。 增加的数额将主要用于水。 瑞士发展和合作署决定支持建立和联合资助一个瑞士非政府组织联合会,该联合会将侧重于水和卫生覆盖率极低的国家,特别是在脆弱国家。", "在承认水权方面取得的进展必须转化为具体的解决办法,必须加以调整以达到规模。 这将是即将于2012年举行的世界水论坛的一个关键议题,也是享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士工作的核心,我感谢她非常详细、具体和有意义的发言。", "瑞士批准和支持的《水与健康议定书》是具体解决办法的好例子。 这项国际文书涉及《保护与使用越境水道和国际湖泊公约》,载有人权、健康、环境保护和可持续发展之间的密切联系。", "在这方面,瑞士发展和合作署及其伙伴正在拟订准则,以在与安全饮用水卫生和水资源综合管理有关的项目框架内更好地考虑到水权的各个方面。", "昆兰先生(澳大利亚): 首先,我要感谢大会主席召集了这次重要对话,当然还有秘书长和特别报告员今天早些时候所作的评论。 我还要感谢埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统和多民族玻利维亚国将这一维持生命、确实创造生命的人类需要提交大会。", "澳大利亚人对水有些了解 我们是地球上最干燥的有人居住的大陆。 我们的降雨量最低,大约四分之三的土地——其中有许多——是干旱或半干旱。 在过去十年中,我们经历了科学家估计的1 000年来最严重的干旱。", "但是,澳大利亚当然是一个富裕的国家,也是一个发达国家;然而,我们的地质和气候是艰难的,由于气候变化、干旱和水道退化,我们的公民习惯于对我们所有主要城市实行水限制。 当然,作为一个富裕的发达国家,我们遭受的痛苦与吉布提常驻代表几分钟前如此雄辩地界定的问题的严重性毫不相上下。", "但是,我们确实希望,作为一个国家,我们理解水对生存和人民生计的重要性,以及水和卫生对人民健康、社区、特别是边远和土著社区的可持续性以及环境的重要性。 我们认识到,获得水和卫生设施是实现《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所载人权的根本。", "今天的其他发言者雄辩地谈到了我们所面临的数字——20多亿人没有基本卫生设施——部分原因是缺水,但也部分原因是政策和管理不善,未能确保每个人,无论他们是谁,在何处生活,都能获得安全、负担得起的水和卫生用品和服务。", "对千年发展目标的影响是明确的;不提供安全饮水和有效的卫生设施,我们根本无法实现千年发展目标。 澳大利亚感到鼓舞的是,世界正在按计划实现千年发展目标7中向数亿人提供安全饮用水的目标,但我们感到震惊的是,有可能有10亿人没有达到卫生目标。 我们必须做得更好。", "我国政府在过去两年中在发展中国家的水、环境卫生和个人卫生方面投资了3.3多亿美元,我们计划在今后四年中再花10亿美元做更多的工作。 我们的非政府组织也优先重视水。", "可变降雨模式、供水污染、供水的低效使用和漏水、基础设施差、人口高增长、快速城市化、歧视和边缘化,都是今天其他人谈到的在实现提供安全饮水和卫生设施目标方面的重大挑战。 应对这些挑战需要强化政策和管理,通过供资和能力支持增加投资,采用创新和成本效益高的卫生设施和水技术,并更加注重最弱势和最受排斥者的权利。", "我们需要改善城市供水和环境卫生规划,并缩小城市和农村人口在获得饮用水方面的差距。 我们需要将雨水集水和储存设施扩大到有需要的社区,特别是如我所说,扩大到偏远和土著社区。 我们需要赋予地方社区权力,以颁布自己的地方用水和卫生设施倡议。", "我们需要做更多的工作来支持水资源综合管理,包括安全处理废物和分享水的安排。 我们必须毫不拖延地解决水和卫生条件差对妇女、年轻女孩和残疾人的健康、教育和经济机会造成的不成比例的影响。", "最后, 澳大利亚人知道水是一种宝贵的资源——生命来源,必须加以认真管理。 我们自己将继续给予我们所能给予的优先考虑和援助,以帮助应对阻碍数亿人获得安全饮用水和卫生设施的挑战。 我们将继续参加重要的辩论,如今天的辩论,我们鼓励大会继续将这一重要议题列入其议程。", "卡凡多先生(布基纳法索)(以法语发言): 首先,我要感谢多民族玻利维亚国代表团要求举行本次会议,并感谢戴斯主席支持享有水和卫生设施的基本权利这一非常正义的事业。", "正如这里所有发言者所指出,获得饮用水和卫生设施今天是一项基本人权。 可悲的是,根据联合国儿童基金会和世界卫生组织2008年编写的一份报告,在当今世界,仍有8.84亿人得不到饮用水,25亿人仍然得不到适当的卫生设施。", "考虑到这种情况,布基纳法索政府建立了一个国有公司——国家水和卫生办公室,负责建设、管理和保护设施,以获取、转移、处理和提供饮用水,满足城市和工业需要。 它还在城市和半城市地区建造、促进、改进和管理集体、个人和自主的卫生设施,以疏散废水和固体废物。", "在过去几年中,我国在获得饮用水和卫生设施方面取得了显著进展,导致我国于2010年9月获得千年发展目标奖。 我们愿再次感谢对我国政府的支持使其得以取得这些成果的伙伴。", "然而,布基那法索管理水的努力受到全国雨量不足和非常不平等的限制。 这种情况导致我们同摩洛哥王国合作,于1998年发起了SAGA行动,其目的是利用已证实的技术创造人工降雨。 这项试验相当成功,现在是一个正在进行的方案。", "作为一个遭受干旱的萨赫勒国家,布基纳法索借此机会提醒国际社会注意沙漠的扩张及其恶劣后果。 非洲之角、特别是索马里目前令人震惊甚至悲惨的局势使人们在一定程度上了解了这些后果。", "我们希望,定于9月20日举行的以“在可持续发展和消除贫穷的背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”为主题的高级别会议将为我们提供一个机会来处理这个问题的核心,特别是获得饮用水和适当卫生设施的问题。", "缺乏用水和卫生设施对教育、住房、工作、两性均等和一般生活产生了严重后果。 因此,迫切需要找到解决这一问题的适当和可持续办法,其原因和后果是多而复杂的。 然而,我们认为,通过协调一致和包容各方的努力,会员国将在联合国系统和其他利益攸关方的协助下,为保障仍然缺乏安全饮用水和卫生设施的人口获得安全饮用水和卫生设施创造有利条件。", "侯赛因女士(马尔代夫): 马尔代夫欢迎召开这次关于水和卫生设施权的非常重要的辩论会。 我们感谢主席领导发起这次重要讨论。", "马尔代夫的政策是确保所有有人居住的岛屿获得清洁用水。 由于马尔代夫群岛的地质构造和地理状况,我们管理的水非常稀少,而且极其昂贵。 没有河流或溪流。 我们尚未管理的小湿地或淡水湖。 我们的主要淡水资源是地下水,其形式是在很浅的深处发现的薄淡水透镜. 因此,由于卫生流程和需要进行密集管理,盐水极易被盐水侵入和被污染,而这种管理往往极其昂贵,以避免过度开发。 我们的教训是,这项努力带来的健康利益和社会影响远远大于代价。", "马尔代夫深感关切的是,根据世界卫生组织和联合国儿童基金会2010年联合监测方案的报告,约有8.84亿人得不到改善的水源,超过26亿人没有卫生设施。 我们感到非常震惊的是,大约150万5岁以下儿童死亡,每天因与水和卫生有关的疾病而失去4.43亿个学习日。 现在需要采取紧急和变革行动来对付这些全球性问题。", "毫无疑问,水是全世界稀缺的商品。 马尔代夫等极易受气候变化影响的国家的情况尤其如此,这增加了对我们淡水资源可持续性的现有威胁的压力。 对马尔代夫这样的小岛屿国家来说,气候变化对我们水资源的影响不是遥远的现实,而是我们目前面临的一个严重问题。 我们对帮助解决这一最关键问题的承诺同我国人民的福祉和社会经济发展直接相关。", "马尔代夫欢迎通过第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议,其中确认享有水和卫生设施的人权,并特别重申享有水和卫生设施的人权源于适足生活水准权,与能达到的最高标准的身心健康以及生命权和人的尊严密切相关。", "我们重申,享有饮水和卫生设施的人权已载入现有人权条约,因此也负有有法律约束力的义务。 马尔代夫长期以来一直致力于采取措施保护和确保水权。 我们的国家政策是确保所有有人居住的岛屿都获得适当的水和卫生服务。", "我们承认这一权利,并制定了计划,加强我们的水资源管理,以应对气候变化和海平面上升的影响。 马尔代夫认为,必须进一步评估确保水权的现有措施,以便在海平面上升、极端天气事件频率增加和降水量变化的背景下确定其可持续性。", "我们认为,承认享有水和卫生设施的人权是一项突破,表明了国际社会解决这一重要问题的政治意愿和坚定愿望。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言): 首先,我要感谢大会主席组织召开这次重要会议,讨论饮水和卫生设施权这一重要问题,这是对国际社会的重大挑战。 摩洛哥认为,这是实现经济和社会权利的核心。 我们高兴地获悉,卡塔丽娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士被赋予倡导这一权利的任务,她正在以极大的献身精神和专业精神开展这项工作。", "我们都知道,越来越多的要求承认和实现水权的呼吁是正当的,对充分有效地行使人权至关重要。 没有水,任何生命都不可能或无法想象。 这种说法不是政治、意识形态或道义上的。 这是支持生命权的庄严呼吁。 通过将水权载入国际准则,我们是不是仅仅帮助保护生命? 难道这不是联合国系统的理由吗? 我们能否合法地接受,数百万妇女、男子和儿童,主要是发展中国家的妇女、男子和儿童,由于经济、地理或环境原因而得不到足够的水? 这就是我们对尊重人的尊严的理解吗? 在非洲和亚洲,妇女或儿童为找取水而必须走去的平均距离是6公里,这是可以接受的吗?", "我对亲身经历这一审判并生活在非常困难的环境中感到自豪。 当我谈论水权时,我知道我在说什么。", "据世界卫生组织统计,全世界所有医院病床有一半被水传播疾病的患者所占用. 联合国开发计划署认为,缺乏饮用水和卫生设施对健康权造成了严重后果。 每年有180万儿童死于由不安全的水和卫生条件差所引发的疾病;这一数字远远高于由暴力冲突所引发的死亡人数。 发展中世界每10人中就有4人受到缺水的影响。 由于人口增长、城市无序扩张、污染和气候变化的影响,这种情况正在恶化。", "国际社会是否应该接受这种令人悲痛的评估? 我们希望不会。 时机已经到来,我们应该清醒起来,唤起人们的良知,并动员起来寻求可持续的解决办法。 这次会议的组织本身就已经是承认局势严重性的一种形式和采取行动的呼吁。 我们决不能停留在言词上,而必须一起行动,并迅速行动。", "本次辩论对全世界数百万人的生活如此重要,我不得不感到遗憾的是,这次辩论正在一个几乎是空的大会堂中进行。 这并不能预示国际社会对这一基本权利的任何深入或大规模的承诺。", "摩洛哥是这种新的集体提高认识活动的主动和积极参与者。 我国支持为充分承认普遍享有水和卫生设施的权利而作的任何国际努力。 摩洛哥欢迎2010年7月通过第64/292号决议。", "我国承认水权的承诺并不新鲜。 摩洛哥自获得独立以来,一直把获得水作为优先事项。 1960年代,我们启动了一个水坝建设方案,使我们能够将储存能力提高到170亿立方米。 摩洛哥几乎所有的城市人口都能够获得饮用水;在农村地区,60%的人口能够获得饮用水。 在摩洛哥中小城镇建造了数百所净水厂,在废水处理方面取得了巨大成就.", "立法和行政框架的现代化使水资源管理得以通过需求管理和资源保护增加供应。 2009年10月,穆罕默德六世陛下宣布", "“我们目前和今后的挑战是不懈地努力掌握我们的资源,在这些资源的使用中,经济、其价值最大化、组织上的权宜之计以及保持其质量将成为我们发展方法的基础”。", "在区域和国际一级,我国始终与面临与取水有关的经济、社会和人类困难的国家站在一起。 在积极、自愿和充满活力的以交流经验为特点的南南合作背景下,摩洛哥向兄弟国家,特别是非洲国家提供了人工降雨方面的援助。 我国还非常了解受气候变化影响的国家,特别是岛屿国家和受干旱影响的国家的情况,不幸的是,非洲之角目前的情况就是这样。", "只有采取国际联合行动,才能使后代获得足够的水。 然而,如果联合国宣布,到2025年,全球三分之二的人口,即55亿人,可以生活在受中度或严重缺水影响的地区,我们怎能不感到关切? 在非洲,25%的人口已经处于极度缺水的境地。 干旱驱动的非洲之角人口外流充分证明今天的辩论是合理的。 尊重人的尊严始于庄严载入普遍水权。 现在是团结起来采取行动的时候了,因为我们在这个机构中的首要责任首先是通过确保获得地球上所有生命的来源来帮助拯救生命。 我要说,水对地球上的所有生命都至关重要。", "当我评论说这次辩论是在一个几乎空荡荡的大会堂之前举行的时,我并不是要单独挑出任何人,而只是为了对这样一个基本、根本和有重大意义的人权能够以冷漠的态度处理这一事实表示遗憾。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言): 我要感谢主席召开本次全体会议。 请允许我通过他欢迎我们的同伴和兄弟埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛参加今天下午的辩论。", "联合国各机构和机关的报告表明,全世界获得水和卫生设施的机会不平等。 它们揭示了各区域和各国在享有这些权利方面存在的两极分化。 获得水和卫生设施是一项人权,必须确保地球上所有男女都享有这项权利。 一个富有的少数民族垄断了地球母亲的礼物的利益和享受,而将近10亿人得不到饮用水,这一事实应当受到谴责。 大约26亿人缺乏可接受的卫生设施,而同样少数的人却炫耀了他们在虚构和疏远的资本主义市场所享受的淫秽奢侈。", "每天,4 000至5 000名儿童因得不到饮用水而死亡。 其根源在于贫穷、经济和社会不平等、气候变化、自然资源被破坏以及全球资本主义制度特有的不公平的权力平衡。", "人类是否能够扭转这种毁灭生命的破坏性趋势并创造一个更民主、公正和多元化的社会来维护生命? 我们认为,这是可能的。 为了确保人类能够行使基本人权,包括获得水和卫生设施,并实现其自由,我们必须根除经济竞争和市场原教旨主义的狭隘和恶劣基础,为世界团结的统治铺平道路。", "委内瑞拉确保享有水和卫生设施的人权。 我国的法律规定承认国家对水的充分主权,获得水是一项基本权利,水对生命和人类福祉至关重要,是发展的重要资源。", "今天下午,我们... 埃沃·莫拉莱斯总统阁下 艾玛说水是权利之母 我们听到了 如果不维护这项权利,任何人权都得不到尊重。 我要补充说,供水必须是公共服务,而不是财富和贸易的来源。 他呼吁我们寻求人与自然之间的平衡。 我们完全赞同这种人道主义原则。", "委内瑞拉与水有关的立法规定水是一种社会公益物。 因此,国家确保所有城市和农村社区,包括土著人民和所有弱势社会群体都能获得水。 该法还保证,在充分行使主权和国家安全的情况下,绝不允许外国公司在任何地方开采任何水源。 取水为公益. 它不能由任何自然人或法人私人拥有。", "联合国制定了千年发展目标,旨在到2015年将无法持续获得饮用水的人口比例减半。 2001年,委内瑞拉通过建立网络,将没有饮用水的人数减少到15%,实现了饮用水覆盖面的目标。 环境卫生服务覆盖的目标是:", "2005年,通过建立网络,减少没有卫生服务的人数。", "今天,委内瑞拉95%以上的人口能够获得饮用水。 我国在玻利瓦尔革命的背景下,建立了获取、利用、净化和提供饮用水的主要基础设施,从而产生了能够为生活在委内瑞拉的3 000万人民提供足够的水的总生产能力。 我国还实现了环境卫生目标,通过旨在扩大饮用水和卫生设施的国家计划,实现了92%的覆盖率。", "最后,请允许我表示,我国希望,在本次辩论中发言的各国代表团所作出的贡献将激励我们确保地球上的所有人能够享有饮水和卫生设施权。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People", "Summary record of the 334th meeting", "Held at Headquarters, New York, on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.30 a.m.", "Chair: Mr. Diallo (Senegal)", "Contents", "Adoption of the agenda", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011", "Other matters", "The meeting was called to order at 10.40 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "1. The agenda was adopted.", "Update on developments since the previous meeting of the Committee", "2. The Chair, summarizing some of the activities and development that had taken place since the Committee’s previous meeting, said that, on 23 June, Mr. Pascoe, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, had briefed the Security Council on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question. On 28 June, the United States Senate had passed a resolution threatening to suspend financial assistance to the Palestinian Authority if it went ahead with its September bid for statehood at the United Nations.", "3. On 28 and 29 June, the Committee had convened the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process in Brussels. From 28 to 30 June, the thirty-eighth session of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of the Islamic Conference had been held in Astana; Mr. Daou (Mali), who had represented the Committee at the meeting, would provide a briefing at a later date.", "4. On 5 July, the Government of Israel had published tenders for the construction of some 400 housing units in settlements in the West Bank. On 7 July, the United States House of Representatives had passed a resolution “[reiterating] its strong opposition to any attempt to establish or seek recognition of a Palestinian state outside of an agreement negotiated between Israel and the Palestinians” and “[urging] the administration to consider suspending assistance to the Palestinian Authority pending a review of the unity agreement”. On 11 July, the Quartet principals had met in Washington, D.C., but had issued no statement.", "5. On 12 and 13 July, the Department of Public Information had held the nineteenth annual International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East in Budapest; as Chair of the Committee, he had sent a message, a copy of which had been distributed to the members of the Committee.", "6. Over the past month, the Palestinian leadership had continued its efforts to gain international recognition of Palestine as a State on the basis of the 1967 borders and to ask for the international community’s support of the Palestine request for membership in the United Nations. The Syrian Arab Republic had recently recognized the State of Palestine. The Governments of Azerbaijan, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Turkey had confirmed their support for Palestine’s request for membership in the Organization. Norway and Iceland had also raised the status of the Palestinian diplomatic representation in their respective countries.", "7. On 26 July, the Security Council had held an open debate on the situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question.", "The situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and developments in the political process", "8. Mr. Mansour (Observer for Palestine) said that he had briefed the Security Council on 26 July 2011 on the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, in particular with regard to the increased settlement activity, the plight of Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons, and the immoral blockade of the Gaza Strip. He had been to the Occupied Territory twice in the last month: each time, he had enjoyed a constructive, informative discussion with the Minister for Prisoners’ Affairs and activists in that Ministry on the intensification of the Israeli repression in the Occupied Territory and the suffering of Palestinian political prisoners. He had reiterated the Committee’s continued concern at the prisoners’ plight and its efforts to advance their cause internationally. He had also drawn their attention to the Committee Bureau’s decision to hold another meeting in Geneva on the question of prisoners, possibly in 2012. The Ministry had expressed its desire to continue strengthening its relationship with the Committee and had informed him of messages of gratitude from Palestinian political prisoners in Israeli prisons to the Committee for advancing their cause.", "9. Recently, he had visited the village of Bil’in, whose residents’ non-violent protests had resulted in the re-routing of the wall being built by Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. He had met with the Popular Committee there, encouraging its members to continue their efforts to dismantle the wall, in accordance with the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice.", "10. His delegation continued its efforts towards the recognition of Palestine as an independent State beginning with the sixty-sixth session of the United Nations General Assembly. In that connection, it was important to recognize and consolidate the accomplishments made by the Palestinian people, namely, the completion of a two-year State-building programme headed by Mr. Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority. The Palestinian Authority had delivered on its end of the agreement with the international community, which provided for the building of Palestinian State institutions, the end of the Israeli occupation, and the independence of Palestine; it was now ready to govern as an independent, middle-income State. It was now time for the international community to help end occupation and to recognize Palestine as an independent State. Over 120 countries had invested in peace through the recognition of the State of Palestine. There were, clearly, major obstacles in Palestine’s path to statehood, however: if the country that constituted the greatest obstacle continued to deny Palestine the right to join the community of nations, his delegation would turn to its other options, the first of which would be to continue negotiation of the peace process.", "Report of the Chair on the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli‑Palestinian Peace Process, Brussels, 28 and 29 June 2011", "11. The Chair said that the United Nations International Meeting in Support of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process had been held in Brussels on 28 and 29 June 2011. The Meeting had been attended by representatives of Governments, Palestine, inter‑governmental organizations, United Nations entities, civil society organizations and the media, as well as a delegation from the Committee.", "12. Participants had stressed the need for the parties to resume direct negotiations. The representative of the European Union had said it was important for the Quartet to be guided by the principles outlined by United States President Obama in his statement of 19 May 2011 and for the inter-Palestinian reconciliation to lead to the formation of a transitional Government.", "13. In plenary meetings, 14 experts had given presentations on steps taken by Europe to promote peace between Israelis and Palestinians. Highlighting the urgent need to bring about a two-State solution, participants had enquired as to the outcome of negotiations in the event that Palestine was recognized and admitted as a State into the United Nations. It had been noted by some that the negotiations and the membership of Palestine as a Member State were not mutually exclusive; the right to self-determination was an inalienable right of the Palestinian people and therefore itself was not negotiable.", "14. Concern had been expressed regarding the time frame for making the two-State solution a reality. It had been noted that there was no consensus within the European Union regarding the recognition of the State of Palestine and that the decision to recognize it should be made by each member individually. Participants had stressed that Palestinians should not constitute an exception to receiving support from the European community for the legitimate democratic aspirations of the Middle East.", "15. While urging donors to continue providing humanitarian aid to the Palestinian people, many participants had said that Europe should attempt to influence Israel, including through its trade policy, to respect international law. The crucial role of national parliaments, the European Parliament and civil society in promoting the rights of the Palestinian people had been emphasized. A copy of the conclusions of the Meeting had been distributed to Committee members.", "16. In addition to participating in the Meeting, the Committee’s representatives had held consultations with civil society organizations. Those organizations had welcomed the work of the Committee and asked it to continue its efforts to help civil society strengthen its coordination internationally and with the Palestinian Authority.", "17. The Committee’s representatives had also held meetings with officials of the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and of European institutions. Those meetings had focused on the urgent need to achieve a two-State solution. The Committee’s representatives had urged the adoption of practical measures at the national and European levels with a view to restarting permanent status negotiations and promoting the establishment of the State of Palestine.", "18. The Committee took note of the report.", "Other matters", "19. Mr. Ferdous (Department of Public Information) said that the media seminar on peace in the Middle East organized by the Department of Public Information and held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011 had drawn some 100 participants, including policymakers from Israel and the Palestinian Authority, representatives of the international media, and members of academia and civil society. The media seminar had examined the sweeping political changes in the Middle East and North Africa and the growing role of new media such as Twitter and Facebook in fostering political change. In addition to opening statements by the Secretary-General and the Chair of the Committee, a total of five panels had been held on a range of topics, including the standstill in the Middle East peace process and ways to overcome it, and the role of culture and media in promoting understanding between Israelis and Palestinians. The meeting had ended with a statement by the Under-Secretary-General for Public Information. International media coverage of the seminar had been very positive. He thanked the Chair and the secretariat of the Committee, as well as the Permanent Observer for Palestine, for their support and guidance in making the seminar a success.", "20. Referring to the project of the Department of Public Information to update its permanent exhibit on the question of Palestine and the United Nations, he said that a copy of the updated text and revised design had been forwarded to the Committee secretariat for review. On the basis of the comments received, a revised version of that text would be submitted shortly. He hoped that, as in the past, the Department could count on the support of the Committee in providing seed money for local language translations of the exhibit, preferably in time for the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November 2011.", "The meeting rose at 11.25 a.m." ]

[ "巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "第334次会议简要记录", "2011年7月27日星期三上午10时30分在纽约总部举行", "主席： 迪亚洛先生 (塞内加尔)", "目录", "通过议程", "委员会上次会议以来的最新进展", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势和政治进程的事态发展", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "其他事项", "上午10时40分宣布开会。", "通过议程", "1. 议程通过。", "委员会上次会议以来的最新进展", "2. 主席总结委员会上次会议以来开展的一些活动和取得的进展时说，6月23日，主管政治事务副秘书长帕斯科先生向安全理事会简要介绍了中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。6月28日，美国参议院通过了一项决议，威胁巴勒斯坦权力机构如果9月继续在联合国为建国拉票就中止向其提供财政援助。", "3. 6月28日和29日，委员会在布鲁塞尔召开联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议。从6月28日至30日，伊斯兰会议组织外长理事会第三十八届会议在阿斯塔纳举行；Daou先生(马里)代表委员会参加了会议，他将在稍后的日期汇报情况。", "4. 7月5日，以色列政府公布了在西岸定居点建造大约400个住房单元的投标。7月7日，美国众议院通过一项决议，“[重申]其强烈反对在以色列和巴勒斯坦通过谈判达成的协定之外建立或寻求承认巴勒斯坦国的企图”，并“[敦促]行政当局考虑在审查团结协定期间，中止向巴勒斯坦权力机构提供财政援助。”7月11日，四方主要代表在华盛顿特区开会，但尚未发布任何声明。", "5. 7月12日和13日，新闻部在布达佩斯举行第十九次中东和平问题国际媒体研讨会；作为委员会主席，他发了一份函电，其副本已分发给委员会所有成员。", "6. 过去一个月，巴勒斯坦领导人继续努力，以期国际上承认巴勒斯坦为根据1967年边界建立的国家，并要求国际社会支持巴勒斯坦申请联合国会员国资格。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国近期承认了巴勒斯坦国。阿塞拜疆、冰岛、挪威、西班牙和土耳其政府已确认支持巴勒斯坦申请该组织的会员国资格。挪威和冰岛还提升了巴勒斯坦外交代表在其各自国家的地位。", "7. 7月26日，安全理事会就中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题举行公开辩论。", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势和政治进程的事态发展", "8. Mansour先生(巴勒斯坦观察员)说，他已于2011年7月26日向安全理事会简要报告了巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势，包括东耶路撒冷的局势，特别谈及增加定居点活动、巴勒斯坦政治犯在以色列监狱的困境，以及对加沙地带不道德的封锁问题。他上月去过巴勒斯坦被占领土两次：每次都与监狱事务部长和该部积极分子就以色列加剧对被占领土的压制和巴勒斯坦政治犯的痛苦进行建设性、翔实的讨论。他重申委员会依然对囚犯的困境感到忧虑，并且做出努力在国际上推进其事业。他还提请注意委员会主席团决定就囚犯问题在日内瓦再举行一次会议，可能就在2012年。监狱事务部表示希望继续加强与委员会的关系，并向其转告以色列监狱的巴勒斯坦政治犯感谢委员会推进其事业的函电。", "9. 近来，他访问了Bil’in村，该村居民的非暴力抗议活动导致以色列改变正在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建的隔离墙的路线。他与人民委员会在此地会面，鼓励其成员继续努力，依照国际法院的咨询意见拆除隔离墙。", "10. 巴勒斯坦代表团继续努力促使巴勒斯坦作为一个独立的国家在联合国大会第六十六届会议一开始便得到认可。在这方面，确认和巩固巴勒斯坦人民取得的成就，即完成由巴勒斯坦权力机构总理法耶兹先生负责的两年期建国方案，是非常重要的。巴勒斯坦权力机构方面履行了与国际社会的协定，其中规定建立巴勒斯坦国家机构，结束以色列占领，巴勒斯坦独立；如今已做好准备管理一个独立的中等收入国家。现在正是国际社会帮助结束占领和承认巴勒斯坦为一个独立国家的时候了。超过120个国家已通过承认巴勒斯坦国促进和平。然而，巴勒斯坦建国之路显然存在重大障碍：如果构成最大障碍的国家继续否认巴勒斯坦加入国际社会的权利，巴勒斯坦代表团将转向其他选择，首先是继续开展和平进程谈判。", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "11. 主席说，联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议已于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行。各国政府、巴勒斯坦、政府间组织、联合国实体、民间社会组织和媒体代表以及委员会代表团参加了会议。", "12. 与会者强调各方重新开始直接谈判的必要性。欧洲联盟代表说，四方以美国总统奥巴马在2011年5月19日声明中概述的原则为指导、促进巴勒斯坦人民内部和解、成立过渡政府，是非常重要的。", "13. 在全体会议上，14名专家介绍了欧洲为促进以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的和平所采取的措施。在强调迫切需要提出一个两国解决方案的同时，与会者就巴勒斯坦作为一个国家得到承认并为联合国所接纳的谈判成果进行了调查。一些与会者指出，谈判和巴勒斯坦成为会员国的资格并不相互排斥；自决权是巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利，因此其本身是不容讨价还价的。", "14. 与会者对将两国解决方案付诸实现的时限表示关切。要注意的是，欧洲联盟内部没有对承认巴勒斯坦国的问题达成共识，承认巴勒斯坦国的决定应当由每个会员国单独做出。与会者强调，巴勒斯坦人不应成为中东合法民主愿望得到欧洲社会支持的例外情况。", "15. 在敦促捐助者继续向巴勒斯坦人民提供人道主义援助的同时，许多与会者说，欧洲应当试图影响以色列，包括通过其贸易政策施加影响，使其尊重国际法。国民议会、欧洲议会和民间社会在促进巴勒斯坦人民权利方面所发挥的重要作用已得到强调。会议结论副本已分发给委员会各个成员。", "16. 除了参加会议之外，委员会代表与民间社会组织还举行了磋商。这些组织对委员会的工作表示欢迎，并要求它继续努力，帮助民间社会加强在国际上的协调作用，并与巴勒斯坦权力机构进行协调。", "17. 委员会代表还与比利时外交部和欧洲机构的官员举行会议。这些会议重点关注达成两国解决方案的迫切需要。委员会代表敦促在国家和欧洲层面采用切实可行的措施，着眼于重新开启永久性地位谈判，促进巴勒斯坦国的建立。", "18. 委员会注意到该报告。", "其他事项", "19. Ferdous先生(新闻部)说，由新闻部组织、2011年7月12日和13日在布达佩斯举行的中东和平问题媒体研讨会吸引了大约100名与会者，包括以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构的政策制定者、国际媒体代表、学术界成员和民间社会代表。媒体研讨会审查了中东和北非广泛的政治变化，以及Twitter和Facebook等新媒体在促进政治变革中越来越大的作用。除了秘书长和委员会主席发表公开声明之外，就各种专题举行了共五次小组讨论会，包括中东和平进程停滞及克服的办法，以及文化和媒体在促进以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的理解中所发挥的作用。会议最后由新闻部副秘书长发表了一项声明。国际媒体对研讨会的报道非常积极。他感谢委员会主席和秘书处以及巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员为研讨会的成功举行提供了支持和指导。", "20. 谈及新闻部更新有关巴勒斯坦问题和联合国的永久性展览项目时，他说，一份已更新文本和修改后的设计已转交委员会秘书处审查。根据收到的评论意见，不久将提交该文本的修订版。他希望，和过去一样，新闻部可以期待委员会的支助，为将展", "览翻译成当地语文提供原始经费，最好是在2011年11月29日举行声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日庆祝活动的时候。", "上午11时25分散会。" ]

[ "巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "第334次会议简要记录", "2011年7月27日星期三上午10时30分在纽约总部举行", "主席: 迪亚洛先生 (塞内加尔)", "目录", "通过议程", "委员会上次会议以来的最新事态发展", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土局势和政治进程的发展", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "其他事项", "上午10时40分宣布开会", "通过议程", "1. 联合国 议程通过。", "委员会上次会议以来的最新事态发展", "2. 联合国 主席总结了委员会上次会议以来的一些活动和发展,他说,6月23日,主管政治事务副秘书长帕斯科先生向安全理事会介绍了中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题。 6月28日,美国参议院通过一项决议,威胁如果巴勒斯坦权力机构继续9月份在联合国争取建国,就暂停向巴勒斯坦权力机构提供财政援助。", "3个 6月28日和29日,委员会在布鲁塞尔召开了联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议。 6月28日至30日,伊斯兰会议组织外交部长理事会第三十八届会议在阿斯塔纳举行;代表委员会出席会议的达乌先生(马里)将在晚些时候作简报。", " 4.四. 7月5日,以色列政府公布了在西岸定居点建造约400个住房单元的投标。 7月7日,美国众议院通过了一项决议,“[重申]坚决反对任何在以色列与巴勒斯坦人谈判达成的协议之外建立或寻求承认巴勒斯坦国的企图”,并“敦促行政当局在审查统一协议之前考虑暂停对巴勒斯坦权力机构的援助”。 7月11日, \" 四方 \" 负责人在华盛顿特区会晤,但没有发表声明。", "5 (韩语). 7月12日和13日,新闻部在布达佩斯举行了第十九次中东和平问题国际媒体年度研讨会;他作为委员会主席发了一封信函,其副本已分发给委员会成员。", "6. 国家 在过去一个月里,巴勒斯坦领导人继续努力争取国际社会承认巴勒斯坦是建立在1967年边界基础上的国家,并请求国际社会支持巴勒斯坦加入联合国的请求。 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国最近承认了巴勒斯坦国。 阿塞拜疆、冰岛、挪威、西班牙和土耳其政府确认支持巴勒斯坦加入联合国的请求。 挪威和冰岛还提高了巴勒斯坦外交代表在各自国家的地位。", "7. 联合国 7月26日,安全理事会就中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题举行了公开辩论。", "包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土局势和政治进程的发展", "8. Mansour先生(巴勒斯坦观察员)说,他于2011年7月26日向安全理事会通报了包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势,特别是定居点活动增加、以色列监狱中的巴勒斯坦政治犯的困境以及对加沙地带的不道德封锁。 他上个月曾两次到过被占领土:每次他都与囚犯事务部长和该部的活动分子就以色列加紧对被占领土的镇压和巴勒斯坦政治犯的痛苦进行了建设性的、内容丰富的讨论。 他重申,委员会继续关注囚犯的困境并努力促进他们的国际事业。 他还提请他们注意委员会主席团关于可能于2012年在日内瓦再就囚犯问题举行会议的决定。 该部表示希望继续加强与委员会的关系,并告知他以色列监狱中的巴勒斯坦政治犯感谢委员会推动他们的事业。", "9. 国家 最近,他访问了Bil ' in村,该村的居民非暴力抗议导致以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土上正在修建的隔离墙改道。 他在那里会见了人民委员会,鼓励其成员根据国际法院的咨询意见继续努力拆除隔离墙。", "10个 巴勒斯坦代表团继续努力争取从联合国大会第六十六届会议起承认巴勒斯坦为独立国家。 在这方面,必须承认并巩固巴勒斯坦人民所取得的成绩,即完成了由巴勒斯坦权力机构总理法耶兹先生领导的两年建国方案。 巴勒斯坦权力机构在与国际社会的协定结束时就完成了工作,该协定规定建立巴勒斯坦国家机构、结束以色列的占领并实现巴勒斯坦的独立;它现在准备作为一个独立的中等收入国家进行治理。 现在是国际社会帮助结束占领并承认巴勒斯坦为独立国家的时候了。 120多个国家通过承认巴勒斯坦国为和平投资。 然而,巴勒斯坦建国道路上显然存在重大障碍:如果构成最大障碍的国家继续否认 巴勒斯坦有权加入国际社会,巴勒斯坦代表团将转向其他选择,其中第一个选择是继续就和平进程进行谈判。", "主席关于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行的联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议的报告", "11个 主席说,联合国支持以巴和平进程国际会议于2011年6月28日和29日在布鲁塞尔举行。 各国政府、巴勒斯坦、政府间组织、联合国实体、民间社会组织和媒体的代表以及委员会的一个代表团出席了会议。", "12个 与会者强调各方需要恢复直接谈判。 欧洲联盟代表说,四方必须以美国总统奥巴马在2011年5月19日声明中概述的原则为指导,巴勒斯坦内部和解必须导致组建过渡政府。", "13个 在全体会议上,14名专家介绍了欧洲为促进以巴和平所采取的步骤。 与会者强调迫切需要实现两国解决方案,与会者询问如果巴勒斯坦被承认并被接纳为联合国国家,谈判结果如何。 一些代表指出,谈判与巴勒斯坦作为一个会员国的成员资格并非相互排斥;自决权是巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利,因此其本身是不容谈判的。", "14个 有人对实现两国解决方案的时限表示关切。 有人指出,欧洲联盟内部没有就承认巴勒斯坦国达成共识,承认巴勒斯坦国的决定应由每个成员单独作出。 与会者强调,巴勒斯坦人不应成为欧洲社会支持实现中东合法民主愿望的例外。", "15个 在敦促捐助者继续向巴勒斯坦人民提供人道主义援助的同时,许多与会者表示,欧洲应试图影响以色列,包括通过其贸易政策,以尊重国际法。 强调了各国议会、欧洲议会和民间社会在促进巴勒斯坦人民权利方面的关键作用。 会议结论的副本已分发给委员会成员。", "16号. 除了参加会议外,委员会的代表还与民间社会组织进行了协商。 这些组织对委员会的工作表示欢迎,并要求委员会继续努力帮助民间社会加强国际协调以及与巴勒斯坦权力机构的协调。", "17岁。 委员会的代表还与比利时外交部和欧洲机构的官员举行了会议。 这些会议的重点是迫切需要实现两国解决方案。 委员会代表已敦促在国家和欧洲两级采取实际措施,以重新开始永久地位谈判并促使建立巴勒斯坦国。", "18岁。 委员会注意到该报告。", "其他事项", "19. Ferdous先生(新闻部)说,新闻部于2011年7月12日和13日在布达佩斯组织的中东和平媒体研讨会吸引了大约100名与会者,包括以色列和巴勒斯坦权力机构的决策者、国际媒体的代表以及学术界和民间社会的成员。 媒体研讨会审查了中东和北非的大规模政治变革以及Twitter和Facebook等新媒体在促进政治变革方面日益重要的作用。 除了秘书长和委员会主席的开幕词外,还就一系列议题举行了五个小组会议,其中包括中东和平进程的停顿和克服它的方法,以及文化和媒体在促进以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间理解方面的作用。 会议结束时,主管新闻事务副秘书长发了言。 国际媒体对研讨会的报道非常积极。 他感谢委员会主席和秘书处以及巴勒斯坦常驻观察员在使研讨会取得成功方面的支持和指导。", "20号. 关于新闻部更新关于巴勒斯坦问题和联合国的永久展览的项目,他说,更新文本和订正设计的副本已转交委员会秘书处审查。 根据收到的评论意见,不久将提交该案文的订正本。 他希望新闻部能像过去一样得到委员会的支持,为展览的当地语文翻译提供种子资金,最好是在2011年11月29日纪念声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日时及时提供。", "上午11时25分散会。" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by the Security Council in its resolution 690 (1991) of 29 April 1991 and most recently extended in its resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of MINURSO. He replaces Major General Jingmin Zhao (China) who completed his assignment on 10 April 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Major General Zhao for his dedication and effective leadership of the MINURSO military component.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会1991年4月29日第690(1991)号决议所设、最近经安理会2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议延长任务期限的联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)担任西撒特派团部队指挥官。他接替2011年4月10日任满的赵京民少将(中国)。我愿借此机会感谢赵少将的奉献精神和他对西撒特派团军事部门的有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及由安全理事会1991年4月29日第690(1991)号决议所设立并最近一次由2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议所延长的联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。", "经例行协商,谨通知你,我打算任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)为西撒特派团部队指挥官。 他接替2011年4月10日完成任务的赵静民少将(中国)。 我谨借此机会感谢赵少将对西撒特派团军事部分的奉献和有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/459) concerning your intention to appoint Major General Abdul Hafiz (Bangladesh) as Force Commander of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/ 459)。你在信中表示拟任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)担任联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)部队指挥官。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/459)。 你在信中表示拟任命阿卜杜勒·哈菲兹少将(孟加拉国)为联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)部队指挥官。 安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 22 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the command of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), which the Security Council established under its resolution 1990 of 27 June 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I intend to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and UNISFA Force Commander.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会2011年6月27日第1990号决议所设联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的指挥权。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法耶中将(埃塞俄比亚)担任特派团团长兼联阿安全部队的部队指挥官。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此信为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月22日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会2011年6月27日第1990号决议所设立的联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)的指挥部。", "经过例行协商,我打算任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法伊中将(埃塞俄比亚)为特派团团长兼联阿安全部队部队指挥官。", "请将本函提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 22 July 2011 (S/2011/461) concerning your intention to appoint Lieutenant General Tadesse Werede Tesfay (Ethiopia) as Head of Mission and Force Commander of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/ 461)。你在信中表示拟任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法耶中将(埃塞俄比亚)担任特派团团长兼联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)部队指挥官。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月22日的信(S/2011/461)。 你在信中表示拟任命塔德塞·韦雷德·特斯法伊中将(埃塞俄比亚)为特派团团长兼联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)部队指挥官。 安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6591st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 10.45 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Côte d’Ivoire", "Twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/387)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6591次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午10时45分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6591次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午10时45分举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 科特迪瓦局势", "秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十八次报告(S/2011/387)。" ]

[ "[]United Nations DP/FPA/2011/11", "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "UNFPA – Report of the Executive Director", "United Nations Population Fund", "Midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013", "Report of the Executive Director", "Contents", "Page", "I. Introduction 4", "II. Midterm review scope and process 4", "III. Context 5", "IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges, 2008-2010 6", "A. Development results 7", "1. Progress 7", "2. Selected achievements 7", "3. Key challenges 8", "B. Management results 9", "1. Progress 9", "2. Selected achievements 10", "3. Key challenges 10", "V. Future directions, 2012-2013 12", "A. Strategic direction 12", "B. Improving accountability for results 13", "1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF 13", "2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks 14", "C. Sharpening the focus for development results 15", "1. Focusing the DRF 15", "2. DRF outcomes and outputs 15", "3. Cross-cutting issues 17", "D. Achieving operational excellence 19", "1. Focusing the MRF 19", "2. MRF outputs 19", "VI. Integrated financial resources framework 20", "A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD 20", "B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013 21", "1. Income projections 21", "2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources 21", "3. Resource requirements 22", "VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan 23", "A. Business plan 23", "B. Aligning global, regional and country levels 23", "1. Country level 23", "2. Global and regional levels 24", "3. Reorganization 24", "C. Strengthening the measurement systems 24", "D. Developing the new strategic plan 24", "VIII. Elements for a decision 25", "Annexes", "I. Revised development results framework 26", "II. Revised management results framework 32", "List of acronyms", "AWPs Annual workplans", "CARMMA Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa", "CPR Contraceptive prevalence rate", "DRF Development results framework", "EmONC Emergency obstetric and newborn care", "FGM/C Female genital mutilation/cutting", "GBV Gender-based violence", "GRP Global and regional programme", "H4+ Health 4+ partnership (WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, the World Bank and UNAIDS)", "ICPD International Conference on Population and Development", "LDCs Least developed countries", "MDGs Millennium Development Goals", "MISP Minimum Initial Service Package", "MMR Maternal mortality ratio", "MOPAN Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network", "MRF Management results framework", "MTR Midterm review", "NDPs National development plans", "NEX National execution", "NGOs Non-governmental organizations", "OFA Operating fund account", "PAD Performance appraisal and development", "PRSs Poverty reduction strategies", "PRSPs Poverty reduction strategy papers", "RBM Results-based management", "RHCS Reproductive health commodity security", "SDPs Service delivery points", "SRH Sexual and reproductive health", "STI Sexually transmitted infection", "UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted in response to Executive Board decision 2009/16, which extended the strategic plan, 2008-2011, to 2013, and decision 2011/13 (item 9), which postponed the presentation of the midterm review (MTR) of the strategic plan to the second regular session 2011. It also responds to the guidance in General Assembly resolution 63/232. The MTR report examines the changing context within which UNFPA operates, and reviews the progress, achievements and challenges in the implementation of the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 complementing the detailed analysis contained in the annual report of the Executive Director, DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I) and its annex (available separately on the UNFPA website) and DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I)/Add.1, and sets out a revised strategic direction for the organization, including the revised development results framework (DRF) and the revised management results framework (MRF) based on the lessons learned.", "2. Following the introduction, section II of the present report describes the MTR scope and process. Section III focuses on the context. Section IV provides a summary of progress, selected achievements and key challenges during 2008-2010. Section V, entitled Future directions, 2012-2013, focuses on prospective elements, including the strategic direction for the organization, the new conceptual framework and a description of the revised DRF and MRF. Section VI presents the integrated financial resources framework and describes the resources needed to attain the strategic plan results. Section VII focuses on operationalizing the revised strategic plan, including the steps needed to develop the next strategic plan, 2014-2017. Section VIII contains elements for a decision. The revised DRF and MRF are contained in annex I and annex II, respectively.", "II. Midterm review scope and process", "3. The MTR process has had both retrospective and prospective elements. The retrospective part reviewed achievements and challenges in implementing the strategic plan from 2008 to 2010 and examined implications of the changing global context. This was done through a combination of analytic work (both internal and external) and consultation (see figure 1).", "Figure 1: MTR process", "[]", "4. The forward-looking part examined how UNFPA could better fulfil its mission by sharpening the strategic focus of the organization (including revising the results frameworks) and updating the resource estimates for the remaining period of the plan. The process examined a range of “big-picture” questions that arose from internal and external stakeholders (including the Executive Board), although the exercise was intended to strengthen the strategic plan rather than to fundamentally overhaul it.", "5. Topics addressed included what issues the organization should work on (for example, whether the organization should continue to have the three focus areas of population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality, or if instead it should narrow its focus); what role the organization should play (for example, whether it can best support countries by delivering services, by generating evidence, by building capacity, or by advocating, providing policy advice and helping drive innovation); and where the organization should work (for example, whether it should continue to operate extensively across the globe or reduce its geographical coverage).", "6. As with the retrospective review, the future directions were discussed both internally and with the stakeholders listed above. Any pertinent contributions from these partners that extended beyond the scope of this revision of the strategic plan will be factored into the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017.", "III. Context", "7. The overall UNFPA mandate – based on the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) – and the guidance from General Assembly resolution 62/208, other pertinent resolutions of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, and Executive Board decisions drive the strategic plan. But the world has changed since the inception of the plan and both external and internal events and trends impact UNFPA work. Therefore, these developments have been taken into consideration in developing the future directions for the organization, so that UNFPA is best positioned to support countries in implementing the ICPD Programme of Action and achieving the MDGs.", "8. Key elements of the ICPD agenda remain incomplete, and while only a few years remain until the 2015 completion date for the MDGs, many of the goals are still far from being met. Of particular concern is the fact that the Millennium Development Goal that UNFPA most directly contributes to - MDG 5, on improving maternal health - has recently been found to be the furthest from attainment.[1] Partly as a result, maternal health, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) more broadly, has been the focus of renewed attention in recent years, both at the United Nations and at the regional and national levels, creating an opportunity for UNFPA.", "9. As the world nears the seven billion mark in 2011 and concerns about the sustainability of development grow, population dynamics and family planning are under the spotlight. World population growth has slowed but fertility is still high in many countries. At the same time, the world is seeing the largest-ever cohort of young people. Meanwhile, many countries face challenges associated with low fertility leading to ageing populations. Increased migration and urbanization are especially important today.", "10. Despite attention to these issues, a changing political climate means that while there was broad consensus on the ICPD agenda in 1994 that unanimity cannot be taken for granted today, posing a challenge for the next phase of UNFPA work.", "11. The broader geopolitical and economic environment has also shifted since the development of the strategic plan in 2007. A number of countries that traditionally received aid are now middle-income, and, given the robust growth rates in many parts of the world, many others are transitioning into middle-income status. These developments suggest new modalities for the United Nations engagement, especially as a number of these countries are potential donors and/or important providers of South-South cooperation. The global financial crisis led to fiscal challenges for many donors, but although this put pressure on development assistance budgets, official development assistance reached an all-time high in 2010, at $128.7 billion.[2]", "12. These shifts affect the role of development assistance, with commitments in Paris and Accra putting more emphasis on capacity development and on national ownership and execution. In the United Nations this has been reflected through a trend of moving more upstream, from delivering things to delivering thinking. This presents important challenges to the role and basic business model of the organization, implying a new way of working with partners and assessing performance. Simultaneously, there is also growing demand for increased accountability for results, as reflected in the emergence of performance assessment initiatives organized by donors and other stakeholders.", "13. Inside the United Nations, a number of developments also affect UNFPA. Reform efforts continue, with an emphasis on “delivering as one”. While the establishment of UN-Women may impact the role of UNFPA in gender equality, the full implications are not yet known.", "14. These developments highlight both challenges and opportunities for UNFPA, which have been factored into the development of the future directions described below.", "IV. Summary of progress, selected achievements", "and key challenges, 2008-2010", "15. The overarching conclusion of the MTR is that while UNFPA has much to be proud of, its full potential is still to be realized. As noted in section I, detailed analysis of the strategic plan implementation from 2008 to 2010 is contained in the annual report of the Executive Director. The present section provides a brief summary of progress and highlights selected achievements. It focuses primarily on the lessons learned from the MTR about the key areas in which UNFPA needs to improve to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and the MDGs and make UNFPA more efficient and effective. These areas are the particular focus of the revision of the strategic plan.", "16. The presentation of findings is based on the structure of the strategic plan’s two results frameworks:", "the ICPD agenda, setting out the areas where UNFPA is seeking to assist countries in improving high-level developmental and health outcomes.", "that are necessary for UNFPA to contribute effectively and efficiently to the broader development results.", "A. Development results", "1. Progress", "17. The DRF has three focus areas: population and development, reproductive health and rights, and gender equality. These are in turn divided into 13 outcomes, which are measured through 26 indicators. Figure 2 depicts the progress toward the 2011 targets set in the strategic plan, summarized from the annex of DP/FPA/2011/3 (Part I). Overall, only nine targets have been or are likely to be achieved by the original target date of 2011, while 10 targets are unlikely to be met. Progress has been variable in the three focus areas, with the most success being seen in gender equality.", "Figure 2: DRF progress", "[]", "2. Selected achievements", "18. There have been notable achievements in each of the three areas. In population and development, nearly 95 per cent of countries now conduct surveys that include ICPD issues. UNFPA has also provided capacity-building support to nearly 80 countries in the preparation of the 2010 round of censuses, particularly in data analysis. The youth peer education network has grown from 5,000 members in 36 countries in 2007 to currently about 20,000 members in over 45 countries.", "19. In the area of reproductive health and rights, UNFPA has worked closely with the H4+ partnership on strategies to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality. Capacity-building efforts have focused on areas such as midwifery training and reproductive health commodity security (RHCS), where UNFPA has helped improve availability of critical products such as contraceptives and maternal health medicines in more than 30 countries. The Campaign to End Fistula has helped repair more than 6,000 cases in 42 countries and helped secure attention and resources for fistula prevention, treatment and social reintegration. Efforts to develop capacity have resulted in considerable progress in implementing the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) in humanitarian settings, with the package now being implemented in more than 80 per cent of humanitarian settings. A UNFPA initiative on condoms provided support to 74 countries in 2010.", "20. In gender equality, UNFPA and UNICEF jointly implement the world’s largest programme to accelerate the abandonment of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), which utilizes a human rights-based approach to support the development and implementation of laws, policies, and programmes. Support to national capacity-building has also strengthened mechanisms to monitor and reduce gender-based violence (GBV): more than 90 per cent of countries now have such systems.", "3. Key challenges", "21. Despite these successes, the overall progress has clearly been insufficient, so the MTR focused on identifying the key challenges that would need to be addressed to improve performance. Four key lessons have been learned in this context:", "areas that are insufficiently integrated, UNFPA is perceived as not having a clear strategic focus, reducing cohesion internally and weakening the organization’s brand externally. Although resources are not split equally across the three focus areas – reproductive health and rights receives by far the largest share of programmatic resources (approximately 60 per cent per year) – the fact that the focus areas are officially coequal makes it more difficult to clearly identify the organization’s focus.", "and within countries, reducing the organization’s ability to show impact. Globally, nearly 50 offices spent $2 million or less per country in 2010. Trying to reach everywhere means that insufficient resources are available for the countries facing the largest problems: to use one indicative metric, half of all cases of maternal mortality occur in only six countries, but UNFPA allocates 16 per cent of its resources to these countries. The impact of these resources is further diluted at country level when country offices try to work in numerous outcome areas despite having very small budgets. A recent review found that the allocation of resources at country level between the three focus areas fell into very narrow ranges, which suggests that UNFPA programming is not always adequately tailored to local needs and capacities and instead attempts to address all aspects of the organization’s mandate everywhere. Compounding this is the practice of using numerous implementing partners that are administered through myriad annual workplans (AWPs): in 2010, UNFPA had more than 1,400 implementing partners and handled more than 2,300 AWPs, which generated small projects unable to reach scale and show impact; led to inefficiencies; and posed significant financial management challenges, as discussed below.", "the United Nations from delivering things to delivering thinking, UNFPA has not systematically grappled with how this influences its work at country level and the organizational requirements to be effective in this new paradigm. This issue is especially acute in middle-income countries, where the challenges often relate to issues such as inequality and marginalized populations: reaching the poorest populations in these countries will require different organizational responses than in least developed countries (LDCs) in which most of the population is underserved.", "system have made it more difficult to assess progress over the initial years of the strategic plan. For example, the outcome indicators included in the DRF were often not measurable on a regular basis. Additionally, UNFPA contributions to higher-level results were often difficult to capture accurately, since the DRF indicators were primarily the joint responsibility of countries and UNFPA, and were not complemented by other metrics that enabled assessment of the Fund’s direct contributions.", "22. In summary, although significant progress has been made in some areas of the DRF, the organization has the potential to do more and better. The review has identified a series of challenges that should be addressed over the remainder of the strategic plan.", "B. Management results", "1. Progress", "23. The MRF has 19 indicators in nine outputs, which in the original strategic plan were grouped under six themes. As with the DRF, progress has been uneven, with less than half of the indicators on track to meet the targets by 2011 (figure 3). However, two challenges with the MRF have made it difficult to draw conclusions based on this evidence.", "24. First, nearly one third of the indicators did not have data available in 2010. Secondly, indicators in the MRF were not always at the appropriate level or had too narrow a scope, making it difficult to draw conclusions about the overall performance on an output. For example, one indicator for the output “UNFPA maintains motivated and capable staff” was “Recruitment time from advertisement of post to provisional offer”. This indicator captures only one part of the process of ensuring that UNFPA is adequately staffed, missing entirely a more fundamental issue, the fact that in 2010 more than one sixth of all UNFPA posts were vacant.", "Figure 3: MRF progress", "[]", "2. Selected achievements", "25. Despite these measurement challenges, progress has clearly been made in some areas. In the area of results-based management (RBM) and evidence-based programming, activities have been occurring across the organization. Globally, for example, an optimization initiative, the launch of the evaluation policy, and the development of guidance on evidence-based programming have begun to improve the organization’s capacity (as reflected in the fact that the compliance rate for country programme evaluation jumped from 35 per cent in 2009 to 78 per cent in 2010). At the regional level, offices have developed peer learning networks to share lessons and have introduced quality assurance mechanisms. Nonetheless, more work is needed to ensure that the principles of RBM and evidence-based programming are systematically employed throughout the organization.", "26. In the area of human resources, UNFPA has maintained high levels of staff satisfaction and motivation, and ranks as one of the most recommended places to work within the United Nations system. The performance appraisal and development (PAD) system is used systematically across the organization and has high completion rates with other organizations expressing interest in adopting the tool. UNFPA has designed and deployed a face-to-face training module on supervisory accountability for ethical behaviour in the workplace, and has had full compliance for the financial disclosure programme.", "27. UNFPA also scores well in its partnership efforts, such as in contributing to policy dialogue at country level, as assessed, for example, in the 2010 Multilateral Organisations Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN) review. UNFPA has been recognized for contributing to United Nations reform efforts, at global (e.g., chairing committees and task-teams), at regional (e.g., leading strategic exercises in areas such as youth and maternal health), and at country (e.g., through joint initiatives) levels. UNFPA also now has a recognized place in responding to humanitarian crises.", "28. Despite a very challenging macroeconomic environment, UNFPA has exceeded the funding targets in the strategic plan. Finally, some important steps have been taken on strengthening the organization’s field focus: the reorganization process has recently been physically completed, and while there are regional variations, in general country offices rate the relevance and quality of support from regional offices positively.", "3. Key challenges", "29. The combination of the MRF performance review, supplemental internal analyses, the reports of the external and internal auditors, country programme evaluations, assessment reports by partners, and the MTR consultations resulted in a long list of management areas in need of improvement. Ultimately, though, there was a high degree of convergence on the most important management issues facing the organization:", "effective across the spectrum from designing programmes, to implementing them, to monitoring and evaluating them. Currently, there is limited demand for and use of evidence for decision-making across the organization. As a result, UNFPA programming is not systematically driven by evidence, either in the form of lessons learned from evaluations or through research findings generated by others (although progress has been made in basing country programmes on situation analyses and survey results). In the course of implementation a greater focus must be placed on utilizing RBM principles. Monitoring and evaluation need to be strengthened at all levels – nationally, regionally, and globally – and used systematically to guide decision-making.", "was the only output where all indicators were significantly off-track. Moreover, UNFPA was given a qualified audit by the United Nations Board of Auditors in the last biennium. According to current estimates, the level of unsupported expenditure in national execution (NEX) in 2010 does not as yet show a decline from the previous year. Although policies have been developed to address these issues, compliance with them remains a challenge. Other management decisions also unnecessarily increase risk and reduce efficiency. In particular, the proliferation of implementing partners noted above makes financial management more difficult. In country offices with 30 or more implementing partners, nearly 20 per cent of NEX audits of partners had negative findings, while in country offices with fewer than 10 implementing partners, that percentage decreased by half.", "accelerated in recent years, the organization still had a vacancy rate of 17 per cent in 2010, meaning that one in six posts is vacant. This has significant implications for the capacity of the organization to implement according to its plans. Additionally, the organization faces a wave of retirements, with nearly one third of senior staff projected to retire in the next five years. A related concern is the management of staff performance: only 30 per cent of staff feel that underperformance is handled appropriately. Considerable efforts have been made to strengthen the UNFPA PAD system with the important result that nearly all staff are currently assessed, but the way the system is used does not adequately address underperformance: in 2010, 97 per cent of staff were assessed as either fully proficient or excellent, with only 3 per cent rated as partially or not proficient.", "mobilization targets over the course of the strategic plan but this was nonetheless considered a key challenge for two reasons. First, the percentage of resources contributed as regular (core) funding is declining, having dropped from 63 per cent of income in 2007 to 58 per cent in 2010. Secondly, UNFPA relies heavily on a small number of donors: 96 per cent of regular contributions in 2010 were from the 15 largest donors, creating a considerable risk. The number of countries donating to UNFPA has dropped in recent years, from 182 in 2007 to 150 in 2010. Development assistance from emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, Russian Federation and Saudi Arabia and from the private sector (including foundations) has increased enormously in recent years, but this still amounts to only a small fraction of contributions to UNFPA.", "30. UNFPA has the potential to achieve operational excellence by addressing the four above-mentioned challenges, which together comprise the key elements of how the organization manages itself, which in turn shapes the organization’s ability to achieve development results on the ground.", "V. Future directions, 2012-2013", "31. UNFPA is at an inflection point, with a changing external environment and insufficient progress on the ICPD agenda both posing challenges and creating opportunities. Building on the key findings and analysis from the MTR, this section examines how the organization should shift course over the next two years.", "A. Strategic direction", "32. To improve the strategic focus of the organization, the MTR process re-examined the division of the DRF into three focus areas, as well as the question of the most critical target audiences for UNFPA work. As a result of this, a revised goal has been developed, which is depicted in figure 4.", "Figure 4", "[]", "33. The goal is to achieve universal access to SRH (including family planning), to promote reproductive rights, to reduce maternal mortality, and to accelerate progress on the ICPD agenda and MDG 5 (A and B), in order to empower and improve the lives of underserved populations, especially women and young people (including adolescents), enabled by an understanding of population dynamics, human rights and gender equality, and driven by country needs and tailored to the country context.", "34. To accomplish this goal, UNFPA will continue to coordinate and work in partnership with other United Nations agencies, multilateral and bilateral organizations, national governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including faith-based organizations, academic institutions, and the private sector. In working with these partners, UNFPA will focus on its comparative advantage as a thought-leader, advocate, and partnership-broker to advance the ICPD agenda and the MDGs.", "B. Improving accountability for results", "1. Conceptual framework: Linking the DRF and the MRF", "35. To deliver on the strategic direction, mechanisms that ensure accountability for results within UNFPA must be strengthened. The organization’s results frameworks, i.e., the DRF and MRF, are the key tools for this, as they both delineate UNFPA priorities and are mechanisms to assess performance regularly. Therefore, the MTR has put considerable emphasis on updating the two results frameworks.", "36. The first step in this process was to clarify the conceptual framework for UNFPA results. The DRF and the MRF are both integral parts of the overall chain of UNFPA results, but the connection between the activities UNFPA is carrying out directly and the higher-level development results has not been sufficiently clear. The Executive Board, in decision 2010/32, specifically asked UNFPA to strengthen this linkage. A simple scheme has been developed for this and is shown in figure 5.", "Figure 5: Conceptual framework", "[]", "37. The branches of the tree are the highest-level results to which UNFPA contributes, which are often measured through internationally agreed indicators such as those for the MDGs, for example, contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), maternal mortality ratio (MMR), and HIV prevalence. Many actors contribute to these outcomes[3] and accountability for progress is primarily with countries themselves, rather than with external partners such as UNFPA. Nevertheless, all UNFPA work is driving toward change at this level and the organization does influence it, so it is appropriate that UNFPA performance is in part measured by progress at this level. However, it is often not possible to set targets for and measure progress on these indicators on an annual basis. Instead, UNFPA will measure trends and assess whether progress is being made toward longer-term targets (for example, the 2015 targets for the MDGs).", "38. The intermediate level represented by the trunk of the tree has been a gap in the UNFPA measurement system to date. This level – which is also part of the DRF – reflects the fact that the heart of the organization’s direct contribution to achieving outcomes is its role in developing capacity, so countries themselves can achieve the ICPD agenda. The indicators at this level track outputs both in terms of improved country capacity (as measured by, for example, reduction in the percentage of countries that have stock-outs for contraceptives) and through the direct contributions that UNFPA makes (for example, the number of logistics managers trained). Accountability at this level is shared with countries but the direct role of UNFPA is more important here. As such, the inclusion of this level will significantly strengthen the results chain, bolstering the organization’s ability to assess its programmatic performance.", "39. The roots of the tree represent the Fund’s ability to manage itself effectively and efficiently, and so provide a solid foundation for the higher-level results described above. UNFPA is directly accountable for the outputs of this area – as reflected in the MRF – although performance on some MRF indicators does rely on the partners with which UNFPA works.", "2. Key principles for revising the results frameworks", "40. Several principles guided the revision of the results frameworks:", "activities had resulted in a proliferation of outcomes/outputs and indicators, with the consequence that it has been difficult to identify organizational priorities or to assess overall performance. Therefore, the first guiding principle was to consolidate the number of outcomes/outputs and indicators by prioritizing areas in which improvement would contribute the most to the organization’s ability to advance the ICPD agenda. As a result, some important areas are no longer singled out as separate outcomes/outputs, particularly if they have been mainstreamed in the Fund’s daily work or if they do not reflect areas in which UNFPA needs to focus on improving. For example, United Nations reform is important to UNFPA work, but the MTR findings suggest that this has been institutionalized within the organization and that partners generally rate UNFPA well in this area, and so it is no longer addressed in a stand-alone output. The implication of this principle is that the new results frameworks will not contain all of the topics considered important by some stakeholders. However, this is outweighed by the considerable benefits of having more streamlined and prioritized results frameworks.", "and capacity, it will never be able to address all aspects of the ICPD agenda everywhere, a recognition that necessitates careful choices about where to put the organization’s emphasis. These choices should be driven by a combination of the organization’s comparative advantages and the needs, capacities, and expressed interest of the countries in which UNFPA works. The principle of not doing everything everywhere will improve the Fund’s ability to provide assistance to and measure its progress in those countries that have prioritized particular aspects of the ICPD agenda in their own national strategies. Additionally, not overextending will enable UNFPA to be a more effective partner in the international efforts that identify specific sets of countries on which they focus.[4]", "frameworks was to structure them around matters of organizational importance rather than based on the existing organizational structure. “Silo” thinking has been too common in the results frameworks, leading to inefficiency from insufficient collaboration. The results frameworks now reflect corporate priorities to which multiple parts of the organization should contribute. For example, although there is an output that focuses on human resources management, this has been designed so that responsibility for this output does not rest solely with the Division for Human Resources; rather, human resources management must be a priority across the organization, to which all units must contribute.", "the measurability of the results frameworks. A strong emphasis was placed on ensuring that indicators could be measured on a regular basis, in response to the fact that no performance data were available by the end of 2010 for 10 of 45 (22 per cent) DRF and MRF indicators. For several others, only less recent data were available. Also, targets had only been established for the end of the strategic plan rather than for each year, limiting the ability to track performance and make course corrections in midstream.[5] Another key element of improving measurability has been the development of metadata sheets for each indicator. These provide detailed definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement, and act as an important mechanism to ensure the reliability of the measurement system as well as to promote transparency.[6] Finally, the MRF indicators were selected to focus on the specific organizational behaviours that need to be improved, and to create incentives to change these behaviours.", "C. Sharpening the focus for development results", "1. Focusing the DRF", "41. The new DRF strengthens UNFPA focus by consolidating and focusing on a limited set of strategic priorities, as reflected in a reduction in the number of outcomes from 13 to 7. Additionally, in line with the strategic direction, an integrated agenda of population and development, SRH and reproductive rights, and gender equality has been developed, meaning that the outcomes under the DRF are no longer compartmentalized into three areas but instead form a coherent package of core areas where the organization will focus its efforts in the remaining two years of the strategic plan.", "2. DRF outcomes and outputs", "42. The revised DRF is structured along the following lines: it starts at the higher policy level with an initial outcome on the integration of population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), reproductive health, gender equality and poverty reduction into national and sectoral plans and strategies. It then presents three outcomes that deal with issues of access to maternal health care, family planning and HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) services. Although these are presented as separate outcomes, they will be operationalized through an integrated approach to the maximum extent possible.", "43. The fifth outcome deals with gender equality and reproductive rights, and the sixth outcome focuses on young people. The circle is completed by an outcome that relates to data collection, analysis and dissemination that cuts across the previous six outcome areas and links back to the first outcome in terms of ensuring the need for quality data to influence policy development.", "44. As described in section V, capacity-building and programmatic outputs have been included in the DRF. For each outcome, UNFPA is directly contributing to national progress through several outputs that reflect changes in country capacity to achieve the ICPD agenda, resulting in a total of 18 outputs. Because the outputs are about capacity development, they reinforce each other, frequently contributing to more than one outcome. For example, capacity development on family planning will also benefit services for maternal health and contribute to reducing maternal mortality.", "45. The full set of outcomes, outputs and the indicators and targets are included in annex I.", "Outcome 1: Population dynamics and its interlinkages with the needs of young people (including adolescents), SRH (including family planning), gender equality and poverty reduction addressed in national and sectoral development plans and strategies.", "46. In the area of population, the comparative advantage of UNFPA lies in the effective utilization of population analysis for poverty diagnosis and scenario building, and the ability to provide cross-cutting thematic analysis linking population dynamics with health, gender, and adolescent and youth policies. UNFPA will work with governments and other partners to integrate SRH services (including family planning) into national health sector policies and plans. Similarly, the organization will work with its partners to include the issues of young people (including adolescents) in poverty reduction strategies (PRSs) and national development frameworks and to promote the right of young people (including adolescents) to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring.", "Outcome 2: Increased access to and utilization of quality maternal and newborn health services.", "47. UNFPA will have a strong focus on maternal health care as part of reproductive health. The organization will work closely with H4+ and other partners in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children Health, and other initiatives such as the Campaign on the Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa (CARMMA). UNFPA will support capacity development in the implementation of national human resource policies (particularly to increase midwifery skills), for the provision of basic emergency obstetric care, and for the management of the complications of unsafe abortion. Increased emphasis will be placed on addressing maternal morbidities such as obstetric fistula.", "Outcome 3: Increased access to and utilization of quality family planning services for individuals and couples according to reproductive intentions.", "48. UNFPA will strengthen its focus on family planning, including its integration within comprehensive reproductive health services and linkages with maternal health care and HIV prevention. It will continue to support governments to strengthen reproductive health commodity security, including by building national capacities to manage the delivery of reliable supplies of a variety of modern contraceptives. UNFPA will also focus on strengthening demand for family planning through interventions at the community level.", "Outcome 4: Increased access to and utilization of quality HIV- and STI-prevention services especially for young people (including adolescents) and other key populations at risk.", "49. Within the new UNAIDS division of labour, UNFPA will have a strong focus on the reduction of sexual transmission of HIV, the prevention of HIV in young people (including adolescents) and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Key interventions will include the scaling up of comprehensive condom programming, as well as addressing HIV in the context of sex work.", "Outcome 5: Gender equality and reproductive rights advanced, particularly through advocacy and implementation of laws and policy.", "50. UNFPA will continue to build national capacity to implement laws and policies that advance gender equality and reproductive rights with specific emphasis on addressing GBV, and will continue work on GBV in humanitarian settings as well as its partnership to eliminate harmful practices, including FGM/C. In addition, UNFPA will promote gender equality in the spirit of “One UN” commitments made by the entire United Nations system, coordinating with UN-Women and other agencies as needed. UNFPA will also continue to advocate for the protection and fulfilment of reproductive rights and will partner actively with civil society groups (including faith-based and community-based organizations) that engage men and boys in promoting gender equality and reproductive rights.", "Outcome 6: Improved access to SRH services and sexuality education for young people (including adolescents).", "51. UNFPA will strengthen its support for access to essential SRH services for young people, with special emphasis on reaching adolescent girls. UNFPA will support sexuality education for young people (including adolescents) and strengthen its efforts to build national capacities to design and implement age-appropriate, comprehensive sexuality education policies and curricula.", "Outcome 7: Improved data availability and analysis resulting in evidence-based decision-making and policy formulation around population dynamics, SRH (including family planning), and gender equality.", "52. UNFPA will strengthen its efforts to improve national capacities for data analysis for evidence-based planning and programming around population issues and dynamics, young people (including adolescents), gender equality and SRH. A particular area of focus is data in humanitarian settings.", "3. Cross-cutting issues", "53. A number of issues cut across the seven outcomes and are presented here collectively to avoid repetition under each outcome.", "Mainstreaming the needs of young people (including adolescents)", "54. Though focused on specifically in outcome 6, the needs of young people (including adolescents) are addressed across all outcomes. UNFPA will strengthen its work with governments and other partners to advocate for increasing health, education and livelihood investments for young people (including adolescents), and for seizing demographic windows of opportunity, while also addressing the critical issues of SRH services, HIV prevention and gender equality. Special attention will be given to promote the rights of young people (including adolescents), including their rights to participate at all levels of policy development, implementation and monitoring. UNFPA will focus on the most vulnerable and marginalized groups, in particular adolescent girls. Due to the multisectoral nature of issues related to young people, coordination with other partners is crucial.", "Human rights and gender equality", "55. Human rights and gender equality will continue to be mainstreamed across UNFPA operations using a culturally sensitive approach, with a focus on the poorest and most excluded groups. This includes using a human rights and gender-equality lens in the development of plans, policies, laws, and programmes. It also includes ensuring that women, young people and other vulnerable groups are informed of their rights and empowered to make decisions regarding their SRH and life options.", "Inclusive partnerships and national ownership", "56. UNFPA work across each of the outcome areas will remain based on principles of inclusive partnerships and support to national ownership. Governments will remain the key partners for UNFPA even as the organization builds new strategic collaborations with NGOs, including faith-based organizations, academic institutions and the private sector (balanced by the need to avoid a proliferation of partnerships, as noted above).", "Humanitarian assistance", "57. UNFPA will continue to support the integration of the ICPD Programme of Action into emergency preparedness, humanitarian response and transition and recovery processes. The UNFPA comparative advantage in humanitarian settings is in reproductive health, addressing GBV, and in the area of data. Such support is also essential during the transition period from emergency to development. The recent development of the second generation UNFPA humanitarian response strategy will help advance mainstreaming and make UNFPA activities more strategic, scalable and sustainable. UNFPA will continue to strengthen the capacity of regional offices to provide guidance and mobilize support for country offices to respond to SRH needs in emergency situations. UNFPA leadership role at the global level will be reinforced by increasing the focus on such strategic areas as partnership building and quality assurance, building on lessons learnt from recent emergencies in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Pakistan and the Sudan.", "United Nations reform", "58. UNFPA is deeply committed to United Nations reform. Joint programming at the country level and coordinated approaches at the global and regional levels will remain foundations of the organization’s efforts. UNFPA will also continue to play a leading role in championing United Nations reform and will remain a strong advocate for the “delivering as one” agenda at all levels.", "South-South cooperation", "59. Across the seven outcome areas, UNFPA will strengthen its support for South-South cooperation to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and lessons learned and to build capacity for accelerating the implementation of ICPD Programme of Action and the MDGs. This represents a promising modality for the provision of technical assistance and expands the ways in which UNFPA engages with middle-income countries.", "D. Achieving operational excellence", "1. Focusing the MRF", "60. Application of the principles described earlier in this section enabled a significant streamlining of the MRF, reducing the current nine outputs to four. The revised set of outputs addresses the key challenges outlined above, which are the managerial priorities for the next two years.", "61. Focusing the MRF required difficult decisions, as areas such as partnerships and United Nations reform remain important for the organization but were ultimately not included as separate outputs; rather they have been mainstreamed. Other areas will be addressed outside the results frameworks, such as transparency, which will be improved through approaches such as a commitment to regularly publish performance data on the results frameworks on the UNFPA website.", "62. The result is a limited set of areas in the MRF that, if addressed, will enable UNFPA to achieve operational excellence. To improve the Fund’s ability to identify problems early and make midstream course corrections, the MRF outputs will be monitored more regularly than in previous years, with the senior management assessing performance on a periodic basis over the course of each year.", "2. MRF outputs", "Output 1: Enhanced programme effectiveness through strengthened results-based and evidence-based programming.", "63. UNFPA ability to achieve impact depends on the quality of the programming that it delivers, primarily at country level. During the next two years, the emphasis will be on two aspects of this: RBM and evidence-based programming. UNFPA has developed tools in both areas and will focus on ensuring that these are utilized systematically and that the quality of programming improves as a result. One of the specific steps to accomplish this will be the introduction of a quality assurance mechanism to review all draft country programme documents for their compliance with a set of standards relating to RBM and evidence-based programming. Another step will be improving country programme evaluations, with an emphasis on ensuring that they are of high quality and that they inform programming.", "Output 2: Strengthened stewardship of resources through improved efficiency and risk management.", "64. Improving how UNFPA manages the resources entrusted to it will be a major focus over the remaining years of the strategic plan. One aspect of this is becoming more efficient by controlling costs associated with management and administration and improving implementation rates. Closely related to this is improving the efficiency with which UNFPA procurement is conducted, with a particular focus on reducing lead times for procurement.[7] A second key aspect involves responding specifically to the concerns raised by the United Nations Board of Auditors and the UNFPA Division for Oversight Services with regard to UNFPA expenditure at country level, particularly under the NEX modality. Strengthening financial management in this area will be a significant priority for the coming two years, with an emphasis on improving oversight of and building capacity of implementing partners in order to reduce negative audit findings, unsupported expenditure, and overdue advances. To address broader issues of the selection and management of implementing partners, such as the practice of some country offices of establishing partnerships with numerous implementing partners, a quality assurance system is being introduced to ensure that managers exercise their leadership roles rigorously, including by monitoring potential risk areas and enforcing adherence to risk mitigation measures.", "Output 3: Appropriately staffed UNFPA with high-performing professionals fulfilling its mission.", "65. UNFPA ability to succeed rests to a great extent on how it addresses human resources. The focus for this output is twofold: first, the organization will concentrate on ensuring that it has adequate staffing levels to carry out its mission; and secondly, it will prioritize strengthening the culture of accountability by improving how it addresses underperformance. Capacity gaps will be identified and investments made to equip staff with the necessary skills to better contribute to the organization’s ability to deliver. To complement this, safe and secure working environments must be provided to all UNFPA staff. In turn, staff must uphold the highest standards of professional integrity, continuing the progress that has been made in strengthening the organization’s ethical standards.", "Output 4: Secured broad-based and stable funding to meet the strategic plan resource requirements.", "66. The ambitious agenda described in this document cannot be achieved without resources. For the remainder of the strategic plan period, the focus is on both the quantity and the source of funding. The funding source is important because regular contributions – as opposed to those earmarked for specific purposes – enable the organization to more effectively and efficiently plan and implement activities. Additionally, UNFPA will focus on diversifying its funding base, including by pursuing increased contributions from emerging economies and the private sector. A more aggressive approach to resource mobilization will enable the organization to contribute even more to the acceleration of the ICPD agenda and the achievement of MDG 5.", "67. The MRF output indicators and targets are included in annex II.", "VI. Integrated financial resources framework", "A. Resource needs and flows for ICPD", "68. Donor assistance for the ICPD Programme of Action increased steadily until 2008, reaching $10.4 billion in 2008.[8] The trend has since stalled, with funding estimated to have remained at nearly identical levels in 2009 and 2010. It is projected to increase only slightly in 2011, to $10.8 billion. Domestic resources from developing countries have continued to increase, with a projected growth from $29.8 billion in 2009 to $34.0 billion in 2011.", "69. These figures remain well below the totals needed to achieve the objectives of the Programme of Action. That need was estimated at $49.0 billion in 2009 and is projected to increase to $68.2 billion in 2012 and $68.6 billion in 2013. UNFPA will accelerate its advocacy efforts to keep the ICPD Programme of Action high on the development agenda, consistent with the recent General Assembly resolution 65/234 on the follow-up to ICPD beyond 2014.", "B. Resource requirements for 2012-2013", "1. Income projections", "70. UNFPA income for the 2010-2011 biennium is estimated at $1.561 billion (a provisional figure as final figures for 2011 are not yet available). Of this amount $962.7 million is from regular resources and $598.6 million from other resources. Based on the historical trends and the information provided by donors to date, UNFPA forecasts a total income at $1.7 billion for 2012-2013, of which $830 million is forecast for 2012 and $870 million for 2013. Of that total, $1.039 billion would be from regular contributions and $680 million from other resource contributions.", "71. This represents a 10 per cent increase compared to the preliminary actual contributions for the current biennium. This change is modest given the need to accelerate progress on MDG 5 dramatically and is well below the historical growth rate evident in the bienniums from 2000-2001 to 2010-2011, over which period the compound growth rate was 16 per cent.", "2. Linkages between the results frameworks and resources", "72. In line with Executive Board decision 2010/32 UNFPA will “ensure comprehensive, transparent linkages to the institutional and management results frameworks of the respective strategic plans”.", "73. UNFPA will base its 2012-2013 budget on the priorities identified in the results frameworks, realigning resources to enable the attainment of the targets. This exercise is incomplete, as is the business plan, which is the vehicle that will deliver some of the changes in the MTR, so these linkages will be shown when the budget is presented to the Executive Board. At that time, an analysis will be presented on the ways resources have been reallocated based on the MTR.", "74. As described above, the revised MRF has been streamlined to focus on the most important issues facing the organization. One implication of this is that the MRF outputs cannot be the sole responsibility of individual UNFPA divisions or units, as has historically been the case.[9] The corollary to this is that UNFPA divisions and units will contribute to multiple outputs.", "3. Resource requirements", "75. A total of $1.752 billion will be used for programmes and the institutional budget during 2012-2013, which corresponds to a 20 per cent increase over the original projection for 2010-2011. However, expenditure in 2010 significantly exceeded the original projection, and using the 2010 actual figures as a base for the comparison suggests that expenditure will increase by less than 11 per cent.", "76. The proposed use of resources represents a significant shift in the proportion of resources allocated to programmes as opposed to recurrent management costs: the percentage of total income allocated to recurrent management costs would fall from 15.8 per cent in the current biennium to 13.1 per cent in the next biennium, 2012-2013.", "77. The programmes portion of the use of resources includes both country programmes and the global and regional programme (GRP). The same split of regular resources between country programmes and the GRP as originally envisioned for 2008-2011 (which was 11.1 per cent of regular resources) is maintained in the proposed use of resources.", "Proposedresourcerequirements,2012-2013[10] \n(in$millions) \n 2010-2011(originalforecast) 2012-2013 \n Regularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\tRegularresources\tOtherresources\tTotal\nResourcesavailable \nOpeningbalance 51.7\t278.4\t330.0\t55.3\t191.9\t247.2\nContributionsandotherincome 950.0\t450.0\t1,400.0\t1,038.8\t680.0\t1,718.8\nTotalavailable 1,001.7\t728.4\t1,730.0\t1,094.1\t871.9\t1,966.0\nUseofresources \nProgrammes(netofcostrecovery)[11] 689.4\t498.2\t1,187.6\t820.6\t639.2\t1,459.8\nInstitutionalbudget 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4 Development \neffectiveness \nManagement \n\tRecurringcosts\t189.0\t32.5\t221.6\t185.8\t39.5\t225.3\n\tNon-recurringcosts\t8.9\t-\t8.9\t5.9\t-\t5.9 5.9 - 5.9 - - - Special \npurpose 256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6 Total institutional \nbudget \nTotaluse 946.4\t536.5\t1,482.8\t1,065.3\t686.5\t1,751.8", "VII. Operationalizing the revised strategic plan", "78. The strategic plan changes proposed in the present report will not come about overnight, but rather will occur progressively over the remaining years of the plan. Nor will the changes happen automatically simply as a result of inclusion in the plan: instead, they will require sustained focus from the organization’s leadership and management discipline throughout UNFPA. Several processes have been designed to codify these changes, as described below.", "A. Business plan", "79. In concert with the MTR, the development of a business plan for 2012-2013 is under way. The MTR findings and conclusions have informed the business plan, and the business plan will include mechanisms to strengthen the delivery of the revised strategic plan. The business plan will improve efficiency by simplifying business processes, streamlining decision-making, and strengthening accountability.", "B. Aligning global, regional and country levels", "1. Country level", "80. Following the Executive Board approval of the revised results frameworks, tools and guidelines for country offices will be updated to facilitate linking of country programmes to the revised outcomes and outputs. Planning meetings will be held in each region to help country and regional offices to align programme documents and action plans to the revised strategic plan.", "81. Country offices will be responsible for translating the changes described in the revised strategic plan into local contexts, in conjunction with national partners. This process should be based on national ownership, needs and capacities, and should result in more focused country programmes that prioritize rigorously among the possible areas in which UNFPA can work. Importantly, country programmes are not expected to link to all outcomes and outputs: instead, they would focus only on those that are relevant for the specific contexts. Country programmes that contain activities outside the scope of the revised results frameworks will be expected to transition away from these activities (although this is expected to occur gradually to minimize programmatic disruptions).", "82. As a result of the combination of increased focus on the key areas in which UNFPA can make the most difference and better tailoring to the specificities of local contexts, country programmes are expected to become more diverse, moving away from a “one size fits all” approach in which programmes try to do everything everywhere and so are not sufficiently based on local context.", "83. Implementation will also necessarily occur in a differentiated manner that is predicated upon country ownership and that responds to country needs and capacities. For example, the shift from delivering things to delivering thinking – from implementation support to more upstream work on policy dialogue and advocacy – will be based on local contexts. This bottom-up approach will be balanced, however, by a greater emphasis on utilizing quality assurance mechanisms to ensure that country offices meet minimum standards.", "2. Global and regional levels", "84. As per decision 2009/16, the UNFPA global and regional programme (DP/FPA/2007/19) has been extended until 2013. Following the Executive Board’s approval of the revised results frameworks, the GRP will be aligned with the new outcomes and outputs, and activities and results will be developed for the period 2012-2013. UNFPA will use the lessons learned from implementation to develop a new GRP, which will be submitted to the Board with the new strategic plan for 2014-2017.", "3. Reorganization", "85. The UNFPA reorganization has only recently been physically completed, and the mechanisms to institutionalize the changes are still being rolled out. Additionally, an evaluation of the reorganization is planned for 2012. Therefore, no systematic review of the reorganization was undertaken during the MTR. As lessons are learned, they will influence how the organization approaches regionalization in real time (including through the business plan process), and will form an important input for the next strategic plan.", "C. Strengthening the measurement systems", "86. As discussed above, challenges with the measurement systems have inhibited the ability to assess UNFPA progress in recent years, and internal and external reviews highlighted the importance of improving the organization’s measurement systems. Efforts to improve these systems have been under way for some time, and in the process of revising the results frameworks considerable emphasis was placed on learning from the experience in the initial years of implementing the strategic plan, as reflected in changes such as the increased emphasis on measurability in the development of indicators. Regular reviews of performance against the targets (particularly those in the MRF) will enable challenges to be identified in real time, facilitating efforts to address problems early. Additional efforts are needed going forward, particularly to strengthen links between country, regional, and global levels, both conceptually and in terms of management information systems that enable routine reporting on performance trends.", "D. Developing the new strategic plan", "87. A detailed road map for the development of the next strategic plan, 2014-2017, will be developed and presented to the Executive Board after the conclusion of the MTR process. A cumulative report on implementation of the current plan (including the revised results framework, the reorganization, and the global and regional programme) will be presented to the Executive Board in 2013.", "88. The development of the next strategic plan will include topics that emerged during the MTR but that could not be comprehensively addressed in it, such as the full implications (which are still emerging) of the establishment of UN-Women for UNFPA work on gender and the systems for allocating and distributing resources (the modification of which was beyond the scope of the MTR). As noted above, the reform efforts launched as a result of the MTR process will occur progressively, and so they will serve as an important foundation for the next strategic plan. Finally, the MTR process has identified a number of lessons learned that will enable more robust systems to be developed (for example, to facilitate the collection of data, to document a planning and budget process in which the strategic plan is more clearly situated as the starting point for the development of the budget), and inform the process of developing the next strategic plan.", "VIII. Elements for a decision", "89. The Executive Board may wish to:", "(a) Take note of the present report on the midterm review of the UNFPA strategic plan, 2008-2013, and welcome the strategic direction in the report to strengthen UNFPA accountability for results and operational excellence;", "(b) Endorse the future directions as contained in the present report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and the focused set of outcomes and outputs as important steps towards achieving the ICPD goals and contributing to the Millennium Development Goals;", "(c) Approve the revised development and management results frameworks and the integrated financial resources framework for 2012-2013 contained in the report (DP/FPA/2011/11) and encourage all countries to assist UNFPA to reach the total figure for regular and other resources for the period 2012-2013, including through multi-year pledges;", "(d) Stress the importance of regular resources for the effective implementation of the strategic plan and encourage countries to increase their contributions to the regular resources of UNFPA;", "(e) Request submission of the cumulative report on the strategic plan, 2008-2013, at the annual session 2013, and the new strategic plan at the second regular session 2013.", "Annex I: REVISED DEVELOPMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹", "Goal: To achieveuniversal accessto sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),promotereproductiverights, reducematernalmortality, andaccelerateprogress on theICPD agenda andMDG 5 (A & B) \nOutcome 1:Populationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand povertyreductionaddressed innational andsectoraldevelopment plansand strategies \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave nationaldevelopment plans(NDPs) andpoverty reductionstrategies (PRSs)that addresspopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith themultisectoralneeds of youngpeople (includingadolescents),sexual andreproductivehealth (includingfamily planning),gender equalityand sustainabledevelopment andpoverty reduction \nBaseline: 62(2010) Number ofcountries thathave integratedsexual andreproductivehealth (SRH)services(including familyplanning) intonational healthpolicies andplans \nBaseline: 54(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n1. Strengthenednational capacityto incorporatepopulationdynamics and itsinterlinkageswith the needs ofyoung people(includingadolescents), SRH(including familyplanning), genderequality andpoverty reductionin NDPs, PRSs andother relevantnational plansand programmes\t1.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment initiativesto incorporatepopulation dynamicsissues in relevantnational plans andprogrammes(N=128)²\t31(24%)\t51(40%)\t61(48%)\n\t1.2 Number of personstrained on how toincorporate populationdynamics issues innational plans andprogrammes\t750\t1,225\t1,450\n2. Strengthenedcapacity fordevelopment ofnational healthpolicies andplans withintegrated SRHservices(including familyplanning)\t2.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported thedevelopment of nationalhealth policies andplans with integratedSRH services (includingfamily planning)(N=variable by year,based on countryplanning cycles:2010:45; 2012:26;2013:48)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%)3. Strengthenednational capacityof young people(includingadolescents) forparticipation inpolicy dialogueand programming\t3.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA that haveinstitutionalmechanisms to partnerwith young people(including adolescents)in policy dialogue andprogramming\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%) \n (N=128)", "¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)", "² _(The notation “(N=128)” reflects the fact that each indicator has a defined set of countries to which it applies: in some cases this includes all UNFPA programme countries, whereas in other instances the indicator applies to a subset of countries, such as those in which a particular activity is occurring (for example, the development of national plans) or those that have been identified as part of existing international efforts (for example, the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health).)", "Outcome 2:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality maternaland newbornhealth services \n Key indicator(s) Maternalmortality ratio \nBaseline: 290(2008) Births attendedby skilled healthpersonnel \nBaseline: 63%(2008) Number ofcountries withcaesareansections lessthan 5% of livebirths \nBaseline: 46(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t4. Strengthenednational capacityto implementcomprehensivemidwiferyprogrammes\t4.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor management ofmidwifery workforcepolicies\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) 5. Strengthenednational capacityfor emergencyobstetric andnewborn care(EmONC)\t5.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas developed capacityfor the upgrade ofEmONC in subnationalhealth plans\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%) \n\t(N=49 countries in theGlobal Strategy forWomen’s and Children’sHealth) \n6. Enhancednational capacityfor prevention,treatment andsocialreintegration forobstetric fistula\t6.1 Number of womentreated for obstetricfistula with supportfrom UNFPA\t6,000\t8,000\t10,000\t\n7. Increasedcapacity toimplement theMinimum InitialService Package(MISP) inhumanitariansettings\t7.1 Number of personneltrained on MISP throughUNFPA support\t3,900\t4,200\t4,500\t\nOutcome 3:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality familyplanning servicesfor individualsand couplesaccording toreproductiveintentions \n Key indicator(s) Contraceptiveprevalence rate(modern methods) \nBaseline: 55.2(2009) Unmet need forfamily planning \nBaseline: 11.4(2009) Percentage ofcountries withservice deliverypoints (SDPs)offering at leastthree modernmethods ofcontraception \nBaseline: 36.6(2009-2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t8. Strengthenednational systemsfor reproductivehealth commoditysecurity (RHCS)\t8.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA with SDPs thathave no stock-outs ofcontraceptives withinthe last six months\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%) \n\t(N=13 Stream Icountries in the RHCSglobal programme; thenumber has increasedfrom 11 countries atthe baseline in 2010) \n\t8.2 Number of nationalstaff trained inlogistics managementthrough UNFPA support\t225\t360\t450\t9. Strengthenednational capacityforcommunity-basedinterventions forfamily planning\t9.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported keydemand generationinterventions,especially for modernmethods ofcontraception\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%) \n\t(N=45 Stream I & IIcountries in the RHCSglobal programme) \nOutcome 4:Increased accessto andutilization ofquality HIV- andSTI-preventionservicesespecially foryoung people(includingadolescents) andother keypopulations atrisk \n Key indicator(s) HIV prevalence inyouth (15-24years) \nBaseline: 0.3%(male) and 0.6%(female) (2010) Percentage ofwomen and menaged 15-49 whohad more than onepartner in thelast 12 monthswho used a condomduring their lastsexualintercourse \nBaseline: 48% ofmales (15-49) and32% of females(15-49) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n10. Enhancednational capacityfor planning,implementationand monitoring ofpreventionprogrammes toreduce sexualtransmission ofHIV\t10.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries that havecompleted an assessmentof the linkages betweenSRH and HIV policies,systems, and servicedelivery with supportfrom UNFPA(N=31 countries in theUNAIDS Global Strategy2011-2015)\t7(23%)\t13(42%)\t20(65%) 10.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where thecomprehensive condomdemand generationframework isimplemented,specifically targeting(a) young people and(b) in the context ofsex work\t(a) 0(b) 0\t(a) 5(29%)(b) 5(16%)\t(a)10(59%)(b)10(32%) \n\t((a)N=17 UNAIDSpriority countries foryoung people;(b)N=31countries in the UNAIDSGlobal Strategy2011-2015) \n11. Enhancednational capacityfor addressingthe HIV and SRHneeds of youngpeople and sexworkers,including throughcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t11.1 Number ofcommunity-ledorganizations/networkssupported by UNFPA toengage in programmesaddressing HIV andSRH-needs of youngpeople and sex workers\t116\t141\t176\t\nOutcome 5: Genderequality andreproductiverights advancedparticularlythrough advocacyandimplementation oflaws and policy \n Key indicator(s) Percentage ofwomen aged 20-24who were marriedor in unionbefore age 18 \nBaseline: 35%total; 22% urban;45% rural(2000-2009) Percentage ofcountries thathave mechanismsin place toimplement lawsand policiesadvancing genderequality andreproductiverights \nBaseline: 61.7%(2008) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\t\n12. Strengthenednational capacityforimplementation ofinternationalagreements,nationallegislation andpolicies insupport of genderequality andreproductiverights\t12.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to implementinternationalagreements and nationallegislation for genderequality andreproductive rights(N=128)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%)\t\n13. Strengthenednational capacityfor addressinggender-basedviolence (GBV)and provision ofquality services,including inhumanitariansettings\t13.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to develop GBV(including femalegenitalmutilation/cutting)policy and programmaticresponses(N=30 joint programmingcountries and programmecountries for work onsex selection andSecurity Councilresolution 1325)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%)\t\n\t13.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in programmingfor GBV in humanitariansettings\t120\t500\t800\t\n\t13.3 Number ofcommunities supportedby UNFPA that declarethe abandonment offemale genitalmutilation/cutting\t596\t715\t858\t\n14. Enhancedpromotion ofgender equalityand reproductiverights throughengagement ofcommunity-ledorganizations andnetworks\t14.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported civil societyorganizations/networksto engage men and boysin promoting genderequality(N=35)\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%)", "Outcome 6:Improved accessto SRH servicesand sexualityeducation foryoung people(includingadolescents) \n Key indicator(s) Adolescent birthrate \nBaseline: 52(2007) Percentage ofyoung people aged15-24 who bothcorrectlyidentify ways ofpreventing thesexualtransmission ofHIV and rejectmajormisconceptionsabout HIVtransmission \nBaseline: 35% ofmales and 30% offemales(2005-2009) Number ofcountriesimplementingcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation in andout of school atnational scale \nBaseline: To bedetermined Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget15. Improvedprogramming foressential sexualand reproductivehealth servicesto marginalizedadolescents andyoung people\t15.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAsupported capacitydevelopment for theprovision of essentialSRH services to youngpeople\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) \n (N=128) 15.2 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveprogrammes to reachmarginalized adolescentgirls\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16. Strengthenednational capacityfor the designandimplementation ofcomprehensiveage-appropriatesexualityeducation inpolicies andcurricula\t16.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries supported byUNFPA to design andimplement comprehensiveage-appropriatesexuality educationprogrammes(N=128)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%)\n\t16.2 Number of expertstrained through UNFPAsupport to providetechnical assistance ondesign, implementationand evaluation ofcomprehensive sexualityeducation programmes\t70\t210\t280", "Outcome 7:Improved dataavailability andanalysis aroundpopulationdynamics, SRH(including familyplanning) andgender equality \n Key indicator(s) Number ofcountries thathave completedtheir 2010 roundof population andhousing censuses \nBaseline: 23(2010) Number ofcountries thathave conducted(in the last fiveyears) a nationalhousehold surveythat allows forthe estimation ofall MDG 5Bindicators \nBaseline: 91(2010) Output(s) Indicator(s) 2010 2012 2013 \n baseline\ttarget\ttarget\n17. Enhancednational capacityfor theproduction,utilization anddissemination ofqualitystatistical dataon populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH,including inhumanitariansettings\t17.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to produceand disseminate census,survey and otherstatistical data(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n\t17.2 Number of personstrained through UNFPAsupport in theproduction, analysis,dissemination of censussurveys and otherstatistical dataincluding inhumanitarian settings\t645\t1,290\t1,935\n18. Strengthenednational capacityfor data analysisto informdecision-makingand policyformulationaround populationdynamics, youth,gender equalityand SRH\t18.1 Number (andpercentage) ofcountries where UNFPAhas supported capacitydevelopment to producein-depth analysis ofcensus and survey data(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)", "Annex II: REVISED MANAGEMENT RESULTS FRAMEWORK¹", "Output\tIndicator\tBaseline(year)\t2012target\t2013target\nEnhanced programmeeffectivenessthroughstrengthenedresults-based andevidence-basedprogramming\tPercentage of countryprogramme documentsrated at least “good”on results-basedmanagement andevidence-basedprogramming criteria\t50%(2011)\t70%\t80%\n\tPercentage ofprogrammes with atleast 75% of theirannual workplanoutputs that achievedindicator targets\t51%(2007)86%(2010)\t90%\t95%\n\tPercentage of countryprogramme evaluationsrated at least “good”\tDatabeingcompiledandwouldbeavailableinSeptember2011\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\tTobedeterminedwhenbaselineisavailable\nStrengthenedstewardship ofresources throughimprovedefficiency andrisk management\tPercentage of totalincome used forrecurring managementcosts\t15.8%(2010-2011)\t13.1%\t<13.1%\tImplementation ratefor regular resourcesand other resources\tRegularresources:85%(2009)85%(2010)Otherresources:52%(2009)\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79%\tRegularresources:97%Otherresources:79% \n 51%(2010) \n\tPercentage of ordersof core commoditiesdelivered to thecountry within thelead time\t79%(2010)\t85%\t90%\n\tPercentage ofnational execution(NEX) audits with anegative opinion\t17%(2007)22%(2009)\t10%\t8%\n\tPercentage of totaloperating fundaccount advances thatare overdue\t9.9%(2010-2011)\t9%\t8%\n\tPercentage of UNFPAorganizational unitswith at least 90% ofthe annual workplanswith implementingpartners rated atleast “good” onquality assurancestandards\tNotavailable\t75%\t85%\nAppropriatelystaffed UNFPA withhigh-performingprofessionalsfulfilling itsmission\tVacancy rate\tNotavailable(2007)17%(2010)\t15%\t13%\n\tPercentage of staffwho perceive thatUNFPA dealseffectively withunderperformance\t33%(2008)30%(2009)\t38%\tN/A²\nSecuredbroad-based andstable funding tomeet the strategicplan resourcerequirements\tPercentage of annualstrategic planfunding targetreached\t103%(2008)109%(2010)\t100%\t100%\n\tPercentage of totalcontributions thatare regularcontributions\t63%(2007)58%(2010)\t60%\t>60%\n\tPercentage of annualregular contributionsfrom other than thetop 15 donors\t7%(2007)4%(2010)\t6%\t8%", "¹ _(For each indicator below, details on the definitions, methods of calculation, data sources, and the frequency of measurement are contained in metadata sheets that are available on the UNFPA website.)", "² _(Data for this indicator are gathered only every two years, so there is no target for 2013.)", "[1] World Bank and International Monetary Fund, Global Monitoring Report 2011.", "[2] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, “Development aid reaches an historic high in 2010”, http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1,00.html.", "[3] This level is described as the “outcomes”, but in strict monitoring and evaluation terminology it encompasses both goal-level indicators and outcome indicators. In this, UNFPA is following the approach of the Millennium Development Goals, the indicators for which also combine multiple levels.", "[4] Such as the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health and the UNAIDS Global Strategy.", "[5] In a few cases, it is not possible to have annual targets, as some important indicators – such as those for the MDGs and for the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS – cannot be measured annually.", "[6] The metadata sheets will be publicly available on the UNFPA website.", "[7] This indicator has been selected because of concerns raised about the current lead times for procurements. Another key aspect of procurement efficiency – the prices obtained – has been addressed in a structural change to the UNFPA approach to procurement: the organization now systematically coordinates with other entities that procure large quantities of reproductive health commodities to achieve economies of scale, thereby receiving prices that are already highly competitive internationally.", "[8] All figures quoted in this paragraph are from “Flow of financial resources for assisting in the implementation of the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development: Report of the Secretary-General”, E/CN.9/2011/5.", "[9] This is equally true for the outputs on human resources and on resource mobilization, which might appear to be the purview of the Division for Human Resources and of the Information and External Relations Division, respectively. One key lesson of the MTR is that these areas must be the responsibility of staff across the organization, such that, for example, supervisors in regional offices take underperformance seriously and UNFPA representatives assume responsibility for resource mobilization.", "[10] The numbers in this table are estimated and thus subject to change.", "[11] This includes an allocation of 11.1 per cent of regular resources for the global and regional programme." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目6", "人口基金——执行主任的报告", "联合国人口基金", "2008年至2013年人口基金战略计划的中期审查", "执行主任的报告", "摘要", "本次人口基金战略计划中期审查报告是根据执行局第2009/16号决定提交的，该决定将2008-2011年战略计划延长到2013年。本报告也是根据大会第63/232号决议的指导提交的。中期审查使人口基金的战略方向更加明确，以便在吸取经验教训基础上指导其2012年和2013年的工作。", "根据一系列内部和外部的审查，并通过本组织内外许多重要的利益攸关方参与的广泛协商过程，中期审查审查了人口基金运作所在的不断变化的环境，评述了2008年至2010年实施战略计划的进展、成就和挑战。因此，它补充了执行主任的年度报告DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)及其附件(附件另见人口基金网站)以及DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)/Add.1所载的详细分析。", "中期审查的首要结论是，虽然人口基金有很多值得骄傲的地方，但是该组织的潜力尚未得到充分发挥。查明了与本组织交付发展和管理成果的能力有关的一系列关键挑战。拟议中的经修订的战略方向和成果框架旨在应对这些挑战，做法包括加强本组织的重点，并确定本组织所面临问题的优先顺序，从而提出一套简化的成果和产出。另外，还包括旨在加强本组织对结果问责的明确指标。综合财政资源框架列出了实施战略计划其余部分所需资源的估计数。", "决定的若干要点载于本报告。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.中期审查的范围和过程 5\n3.背景情况 6\n4. 2008-2010年的进展、某些成果和主要挑战摘要 8\nA.发展成果 8\n1.进展情况 8\n2.某些成果 9\n3.主要挑战 9\nB.管理成果 10\n1.进展情况 10\n2.一些成就 11\n3.重大挑战 12\n5.未来方向，2012-2013年 13\nA.战略方向 13\nB.改进成果问责 14\n1.概念框架：将发展成果框架和管理成果框架联系起来 14\n2.订正成果框架方面的重要原则 15\nC.突出发展成果的重点 17\n1.使发展成果框架重点突出 17\n2.发展成果框架的成果和产出 17\n3.贯穿各领域的问题 19\nD.实现优良运作 20\n1.突出管理成果框架的重点 20\n2.管理成果框架产出 20 \n6.综合财政资源框架 21\nA.人发会议资源需求和流动情况 21\nB.2012-2013年所需资源 22\n1.收入预测 22\n2.成果框架与资源之间的关联 22\n3.所需资源 23\n7.执行经过修订的战略计划 24\nA.业务计划 24\nB.将全球、区域和国家各级统一起来 24\n1.国家一级 24\n2.全球和区域两级 24\n3.重组 25\nC.加强计量方法 25\nD.制定新的战略计划 25\n8.决定的构成要素 26 \n 附件 \n1.经修订的发展成果框架 27\n2.经修订的管理成果框架 32", "简称", "AWPs 年度工作计划", "CARMMA 加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率的宣传运动", "CPR 避孕普及率", "DRF 发展成果框架", "EmONC 急诊妇产科护理和新生儿护理", "FGM/C 切割女性生殖器", "GBV 性别暴力", "GRP 全球和区域方案", "H4+ 保健4+机构伙伴关系(世卫组织、人口基金、儿童基金会、世界银行和艾滋病规划署)", "ICPD 国际人口与发展会议", "LDCs 最不发达国家", "MDGs 千年发展目标", "MISP 最低初步成套服务", "MMR 孕产妇死亡率", "MOPAN 多边组织业绩评估网", "MRF 管理成果框架", "MTR 中期审查", "NDPs 国家发展计划", "NEX 国家执行", "NGOs 非政府组织", "OFA 业务基金账户", "PAD 考绩和发展制度", "PRSs 减贫战略", "PRSPs 减贫战略文件", "RBM 成果管理制", "RHCS 生殖健康商品保障", "SDPs 服务站点", "SRH 性健康和生殖健康", "STI 性传播感染", "UNAIDS 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据执行局第2009/16号决定(该决定将2008-2011年战略计划延长到2013年)和第2011/13号决定(第９项)(该决定将提交战略计划中期审查的时间推迟到2011年第二届常会)提交的。本报告也是根据大会第63/232号决议的指导提交的。中期审查审查了人口基金运作所在的不断变化的环境，评述了2008年至2010年实施战略计划方面的进展、成果和挑战，作为对执行主任的年度报告DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)及其附件(附件另见人口基金网站)以及DP/FPA/ 2011/3(Part I)/Add.1所载的详细分析的补充，中期审查还列出了经修订的人口基金的战略方向，包括在吸取经验教训基础上修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架。", "2. 导言部分之后，本报告第二节介绍了中期审查的范围和过程。第三节侧重于背景情况介绍。第四节概述2008-2010年期间的进展、成果和面临的主要挑战。第五节题为“2012-2013年未来发展方向”，集中讨论未来的内容，包括本组织的战略方向、新的概念框架以及经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架。第六节介绍综合财政资源框架，并说明实现战略计划成果所需的资源。第七节重点讨论如何实施经修订的战略计划，包括制定下一个战略计划(2014年至2017年)所需采取的步骤。第八节载有决定的若干要点。经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架分别载于附件一和附件二。", "二. 中期审查的范围和过程", "3. 中期审查过程包括回顾与前瞻部分。在回顾部分审查了2008年至2010年期间实施战略计划方面的成果和挑战，并研究不断变化的全球环境所产生的影响。中期审查采取了分析工作(包括内部和外部)和咨询相结合的方式(见图1)。", "图1. 中期审查的过程", "内部和外部审查： 咨询： - 年度报告(发展结果框架/管理结果框架的进展情况)- 对全球方案和5个区域方案的中期审查(外部) - 人口基金工作人员：–各司间工作组–执行委员会 - 监督事务司的报告 –内联网的博客和讨论小组 - 联合国审计委员会的报告 –全体工作人员全球会议 - 国家办事处年度报告和国家方案评估- 外部评估：全球发展中心、多边组织业绩评估网、联合王国国际发展部多边援助审查 • 执行局(正式和非正式)：–2010年6月、2010年11月、2011年2月和2011年6月- 合作伙伴和利益攸关方： \n –中期审查咨询小组 –全球和区域方案外部咨询小组 \n –咨询开发署、儿基会和妇女署", "一套综合的调查结果和建议", "4. 前瞻部分审查人口基金如何能通过进一步突显组织的战略重点(包括修订成果框架)和更新战略计划剩余期间的资源估计数，更好地完成任务。该过程研究了内部和外部利益攸关方(包括执行局)提出的一系列“全局性”的问题，不过，审查的目的是要加强战略计划，而不是从根本上修改该计划。", "5. 讨论的主题包括本组织应致力于解决什么问题(例如，本组织是否应继续有三个重点领域：人口与发展，生殖健康和权利，以及性别平等，还是应该缩小其重点所涉范围)；本组织应发挥什么作用(例如，它是否能通过提供服务、产生证据、能力建设，还是通过宣传、提供政策咨询和协助推动创新来最好地支助各国)；本组织应在哪些地方开展工作(例如，是否应该继续在全球范围内广泛运作，还是应减少其所覆盖的地域范围)。", "6. 至于回顾审查部分，在本组织内部并与上述利益攸关方讨论了未来发展方向问题。这些合作伙伴提供的任何超出这次修订战略计划范围的相关意见，将纳入制订下一个战略计划中(2014年至2017年)。", "三. 背景情况", "7. 人口基金的总体任务是基于国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)的《行动纲领》和千年发展目标。这项总体任务加上大会第62/208号决议、大会和经济及社会理事会其他相关决议，以及执行局有关决定的指导，均推动战略计划。但是，自该计划产生以来，世界已经改变，外部和内部的事件和趋势均影响人口基金的工作。因此，在制订本组织未来发展方向时，已考虑到这些动态，以便人口基金能以最佳的方式支持各国实施人发会议《行动纲领》，实现千年发展目标。", "8. 人发会议议程的关键组成部分依然没有完成，而且，离2015年实现千年发展目标的完成日期只剩下几年，但是许多目标的实现仍然遥遥无期。特别令人关切的是，最近发现，人口基金能对千年发展目标做出最直接贡献的目标——千年发展目标5(改善孕产妇保健)——离实现的距离最远。[1] 部分是由于这个原因，近几年，联合国和区域及国家各级重新关注孕产妇保健，以及更广泛的性健康和生殖健康问题，这为人口基金创造了一个机会。", "9. 随着世界人口在2011年接近70亿，而且对发展可持续性问题的担忧不断增加，人口动态和计划生育成为关注的焦点。世界人口增长速度有所放缓，但许多国家生育率仍然很高。与此同时，全世界年轻人群体人数之多，前所未有。与此同时，许多国家面临与低生育率导致人口老龄化相关的挑战。移徙和城市化现象严重是当今尤为重要的问题。", "10. 尽管这些问题得到重视，但是政治气候在不断变化，这意味着，虽然1994年对人发会议议程达成广泛共识，如今已经不能将这种共识视为理所当然，这对人口基金下一阶段工作是一个挑战。", "11. 自2007年制订战略计划以来，地缘政治和经济大环境也发生了变化。一些传统上得到援助的国家现已成为中等收入国家。世界许多地区出现高增长率，这意味着许多其他国家也正在转变成中等收入国家。这些事态发展表明，联合国需采取新的参与方式，尤其是因为这些国家可能成为潜在的捐助者和/或南南合作的重要提供者。全球金融危机导致许多捐助者面临财政挑战，但是，虽然这对发展援助预算产生压力，官方发展援助在2010年达到1 287亿美元的历史最高水平。[2]", "12. 这些变化影响到发展援助的作用，使得在巴黎和阿克拉作出的承诺将重点更多地放在能力建设和国家自主权和国家执行方面。在联合国，这种影响体现在更多地往上游移动的趋势，从提供援助转变为提供想法。这对本组织的作用和基本业务模式提出重要的挑战，意味着与合作伙伴合作及评估绩效需要采用新的方式。同时，关于加强对结果的问责要求也越来越多，这反映在出现了由捐助者和其他利益攸关方组织的绩效考核活动。", "13. 联合国内部的一些事态发展也影响到人口基金。改革的努力正在继续，重点强调“一体行动”。建立妇女署可能会影响到人口基金在性别平等方面的作用，可能造成的全面影响尚不得而知。", "14. 这些事态发展突出表明人口基金所面临的挑战和机遇，这些挑战和机遇被作为考虑因素纳入纳入下文所述未来发展方向制订过程。", "四. 2008-2010年的进展、某些成果和主要挑战摘要", "15. 中期审查的首要结论是，虽然人口基金有很多值得骄傲的地方，但是该组织的潜力尚未得到充分发挥。正如第一节所述，2008年至2010年战略计划实施情况的详细分析载于执行主任的年度报告。本节概述已取得的进展，并重点介绍某些成果。它主要侧重于通过中期审查了解到的若干关键领域的经验教训，人口基金必须改善这些领域的状况，才能加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标的进展，提高人口基金的效率和效力。修订战略计划特别以这些领域为重点。", "16. 将依照战略计划的两个成果框架的结构介绍审查结果：", "• 发展成果框架界定本组织在人发会议议程方面的工作，列出人口基金正在哪些领域努力以协助各国改善高层次的发展和保健成果。", "• 管理成果框架的重点集中在人口基金为了促进以有效率和有效力的方式对总的发展成果作出贡献而必须开展的业务活动。", "A. 发展成果", "1. 进展情况", "17. 发展成果框架有三个重点领域：人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及性别平等。这三个领域又分为13个成果，并通过26个指标来衡量。图2表明实现战略计划规定的2011年目标的进展情况，是依据DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)号文件附件所作的概括。总的来说，只有九个目标已经或很可能在2011年原定目标日期获得实现，而有10个目标很可能无法实现。这三个重点领域的进展情况各不相同，最成功的是性别平等领域。", "图2. 发展成果框架的进展情况", "[]", "2. 某些成果", "18. 这三个领域均有显着的成果。在人口与发展领域，约95%国家在开展的调查中列入人发会议问题。人口基金还向近80国家提供能力建设支助，以便筹备2010年的人口普查，特别是在数据分析方面。青年同伴教育网络已从2007年在36个国家有5 000名成员，增加到目前约在45个以上国家有20 000名成员。", "19. 在生殖健康和权利领域，人口基金与保健4+机构伙伴关系就j降低孕产妇和新生儿死亡率战略进行了密切合作。能力建设的工作重点放在助产士培训和生殖健康商品保障等方面，人口基金在这些方面协助30多个国家改善了提供诸如避孕药和孕产妇保健药品等重要用品方面的情况。消除妇科瘘运动帮助42个国家的6 000余名患者得到医治，并协助确保关注和资助瘘管病的防治，以及病患重返社会。能力建设方面的努力促进了在人道主义状况中实施最低初步成套服务的工作取得相当大的进展，目前已在80%以上的人道主义状况中实施最低初步成套服务。人口基金关于避孕套的倡议在2010年向74个国家提供支助。", "20. 在性别平等领域，人口基金和儿童基金会共同实施世界上最大的加速放弃残害/切割女性生殖器官作法的方案，该方案利用基于人权的方法来支助制订和实施各项相关的法律、政策和方案。对国家能力建设的支助也加强了各项监测和减少基于性别的暴力的机制：目前90%以上的国家有这种系统。", "3. 主要挑战", "21. 尽管取得了这些成果，整体进展仍明显不足，因此，中期审查的重点放在确定加强绩效所需应对的主要挑战。这方面的四个关键的经验教训如下：", "• 战略重点。由于采用一种各自为政“筒仓式”做法，三个重点领域未得到充分协调统一，人口基金被认为没有一个明确的战略重点，其内部凝聚力减少，并在外部削弱了本组织的品牌。尽管未将资源平均分配给三个重点领域——生殖健康和权利迄今为止得到方案资源的最大份额(每年约60%)——但是从形式上看三个重点领域同等重要，因此更难以确定哪个领域是本组织的战略重点。", "• 资源分散。无论是在全球还是国家一级，人口基金的资源都过于分散，削弱了本组织显示成效的能力。在全球范围内，2010年，近50个办事处在每个国家的开支为200万美元或更少。试图在各地都发挥作用，意味着那些面临最大问题的国家得不到足够的资源：仅以一个指标为例，产妇死亡病例总数的一半集中在六个国家，而人口基金分配给这些国家的资源只占其总资源的16%。而且这些资源在国家一级的影响力被削弱，因为国家办事处在预算极少的情况下还试图致力于许多成果领域。最近一项审查发现，在国家一级，三个重点领域分配到的资源相差无几，这表明人口基金的方案规划并不总是充分考虑到当地需求和能力，而是试图面面俱到，处理本组织任务规定的所有方面问题。更糟糕的是，本组织采用通过年度工作计划加以管理的无数实施伙伴的做法：在2010年，人口基金有1 400多个实施伙伴，处理了2 300多个年度工作计划，这些计划所产生的小项目无法形成规模，产生影响；导致效率低下，造成重大财务管理问题。具体情况详述如下。", "• 明确人口基金的作用。尽管联合国系统内正在经历从提供援助到提供想法的重大转变，人口基金尚未系统地设法处理这种转变对其在国家一级工作的影响，并确保本组织的各项要求如何能在这一新的模式中产生绩效。这个问题在中等收入国家中尤为尖锐，这些国家所面临的挑战通常与不平等和边缘化群体等问题有关。因此，若要接触到这些国家最贫困群体，则需要本组织采取不同于在最不发达国家中采用的方法，因为最不发达国家的大部分人口是得不到足够的服务的。", "• 计量。与计量方法相关的一些挑战使得评估战略计划最初几年的进展情况的工作更加困难。例如，发展成果框架所包括的结果指标往往无法定期加以衡量。此外，人口基金对更高级别成果的贡献常常难以得到准确的记录，因为发展成果框架指标主要是各国与人口基金的共同责任，而没有得到其他能评估基金直接贡献的指标的补充。", "22. 综上所述，虽然在发展成果框架的一些领域已取得重大进展，本组织仍有可能做得更多、更好。这次审查已确定在战略计划剩余时期应解决的一系列挑战。", "B. 管理成果", "1. 进展情况", "23. 管理成果框架的9项产出有19个指标，在最初的战略计划中，这些指标分列在6个主题下。像发展成果框架一样，管理成果框架的进展参差不齐，将按期至2011年达到目标的指标不到一半(图3)。然而，管理成果框架面临两项挑战，因此难以基于这一证据作出结论。", "24. 首先，近三分之一的指标在2010年没有可用的数据。其次，管理成果框架中的指标并非总是程度合适，有的指标范围太窄，因此，难以对一项产出的总体业绩作出结论。例如，产出“人口基金留住有工作动力并且有能力的工作人员”的一个指标是“从登出员额空缺广告到发出临时聘用通知的招聘时间”。这一指标仅反映确保人口基金人员充分配置过程的一个部分，完全没有反映出一个更重要的问题，即2010年人口基金所有员额有六分之一以上空缺。", "图3. 管理成果框架的进展", "[]", "2. 一些成就", "25. 尽管存在这些计量方面的挑战，在一些领域显然已取得进展。在成果管理和循证拟定方案领域，全组织已开展活动。例如，在全球范围，由于采取优化举措、启动评价政策以及制订循证拟定方案的指南，组织的能力开始提高(表现为国家方案评价的履行率从2009年的35%猛增到2010年的78%)。在区域一级，各办事处建立了分享经验教训的同行学习网络，并引入了质量保证机制。尽管如此，要确保整个组织系统地采用成果管理和循证拟定方案的原则，还需要做更多工作。", "26. 在人力资源领域，人口基金保持了高水平的工作人员满意度和动力，还被评为联合国系统内最值得推荐的工作单位之一。考绩和发展制度在全组织得到系统的采用，完成率很高，其他组织表示有兴趣采用这一工具。人口基金设计和采用了一个关于管理人员在工作场所道德行为方面问责责任的面对面培训单元，并全面遵守财务披露方案。", "27. 如2010年多边组织业绩评估网的审查评估结果所示，在伙伴关系努力方面，人口基金也获得良好评价，例如其对国家一级政策对话的贡献。在全球(如担任委员会和工作组的主席)、区域(如在青年和孕产妇保健等领域的战略活动中发挥带头作用)和国家(如通过联合举措)各级，人口基金为联合国改革努力作出的贡献已得到承认。现在，在应对人道主义危机方面，人口基金的地位也得到承认。", "28. 尽管宏观经济环境极具挑战性，但人口基金已超额完成战略计划的筹资目标。最后，在加强本组织对外地工作的侧重方面，已采取一些重要步骤：改组进程已于近期实际完成；虽然存在区域差异，但总的说来，国家办事处对区域办事处支助的相关性和质量给予积极的评价。", "3. 重大挑战", "29. 通过管理成果框架业绩审查、补充内部分析、外部审计员和内部审计员的报告、国家方案评价、伙伴的评估报告以及中期审查协商会议，查明了一长串需要改进的管理领域。不过，最终下述问题被普遍认为是本组织面临的最重要管理问题：", "• 方案实效。在从拟订方案、实施方案到监测和评价方案的全部过程中，人口基金的方案工作必须变得更具实效。目前，全组织在循证决策方面的需求和使用均有限。因此，人口基金的方案拟定并不总是由证据驱动的，证据的形式包括通过评价总结的经验教训以及其他方的研究结果(尽管在根据局势分析和调查结果拟定国家方案方面取得了进展)。在实施过程中，必须更注重利用成果管理原则。需要在国家、区域和全球各级加强监测和评价，并系统地利用监测和评价指导决策。", "• 管理资源。管理成果框架的管理资源产出是唯一一项所有指标均严重偏离轨道的产出。此外，联合国审计委员会在上一个两年期向人口基金出具了有保留的审计意见。根据目前的估计，迄今为止，2010年国家执行中的无凭证支出数额与前一年相比，没有显示出现下降。尽管为处理这些问题制订了政策，但遵守政策依然是一个挑战。还有一些管理决定也无谓地增加了风险，降低了效率。特别是，上文指出实施伙伴的数量激增，使财务管理更加困难。在实施伙伴数目达到或超过30个的国家办事处，近20%对伙伴进行的国家执行审计出具了负面结果，而在实施伙伴少于10个的国家办事处，这一百分比减少了一半。", "• 人力资源。尽管近年来征聘过程的一些方面已加快速度，但2010年组织的空缺率仍为17%，即每6个员额中，就有1个空缺。这严重影响了组织按计划实施工作的能力。此外，组织面临着一波退休潮，预计近三分之一的较年长工作人员将在今后5年退休。一个令人关切的相关问题是工作人员业绩的管理：仅有30%的工作人员感到表现不佳得到适当处理。为加强人口基金的考绩和发展制度，已作出大量努力，其重要成果是，目前几乎所有工作人员都得到评估，但使用该制度的方式没有充分解决表现不佳的问题：2010年，97%的工作人员要么被评为充分称职，要么被评为优秀，仅有3%被评为部分称职或不称职。", "• 资源调动。在战略计划期间，人口基金设法实现资源调动的目标，但这个问题仍被认为是一个重大挑战，原因有二。首先，作为经常(核心)资金捐助的资源的百分比在不断下降，2007年占收入的63%，2010年降至58%。其次，人口基金严重依赖少数捐助者：2010年，96%的经常捐助来自于15个最大的捐助者，这产生了相当大的风险。近年来，向人口基金提供捐助的国家的数量下降，2007年为182个国家，2010年降至150个国家。近年来，巴西、中国、印度、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯等新兴经济体以及私营部门(包括基金会)提供的发展援助大幅增长，但这样的发展援助仍仅占人口基金捐助的一小部分。", "30. 人口基金有潜力通过处理上述4个挑战实现出色的业务表现，这4个挑战共同构成本组织管理自己的关键要素，继而形成组织在实地实现发展成果的能力。", "五. 未来方向，2012-2013年", "31. 人口基金正处于一个转折点，外部环境不断变化，人发会议议程的进展不充分，这既带来了挑战，也创造了机会。本节在中期审查的重要结果和分析的基础上，阐述组织在今后两年应如何调整行动方向。", "A. 战略方向", "32. 为改进本组织的战略重点，中期审查进程重新审查了将发展成果框架分为3个重点领域的作法，以及人口基金工作最至关重要的目标对象这一问题。在此基础上制定出订正目标，如图4所示。", "图4", "[]", "33. 目标是：通过对人口动态、人权和性别平等的理解，以国家需要为驱动力，并针对国家的具体情况，实现人人享有性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)，促进生殖权利，降低孕产妇死亡率，加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5(A和B)的进展，以便增强得不到充分服务群体的权能，并改善这些群体的生活，特别是妇女和青年人(包括青少年)。", "34. 为完成这一目标，人口基金将继续与联合国其他机构、多边和双边组织、各国政府、包括信仰组织在内的非政府组织、学术机构以及私营部门协调并建立伙伴关系。人口基金在与这些伙伴合作时，将侧重于自己作为思想领导者、倡导者和伙伴关系建设者的相对优势，以推动实现人发会议议程和千年发展目标。", "B. 改进成果问责", "1. 概念框架：将发展成果框架和管理成果框架联系起来", "35. 要实现战略方向，必须加强人口基金内部确保成果问责的机制。本组织的成果框架，即发展成果框架和管理成果框架，是实现这一目标的重要工具，因为这两个成果框架既描述人口基金的优先事项，也是定期评估业绩的机制。因此，中期审查着力强调更新这两个成果框架。", "36. 这一过程的第一步是澄清人口基金成果的概念框架。发展成果框架和管理成果框架都是人口基金成果整体链条的固有组成部分，但人口基金直接开展的活动与更高一级发展成果之间的联系不够清楚。执行局第2010/32号决定明确要求人口基金加强这一联系。已为此拟定出一个简单的方案，如图5所示。", "图5. 概念框架", "[]", "37. 树枝代表人口基金推动实现的若干最高一级成果，经常用国际商定的指标来衡量这些成果，如避孕普及率、孕产妇死亡率和艾滋病毒流行率等千年发展目标的指标。许多行为体对这些成果[3] 作出贡献，进展方面的问责责任主要由国家自己承担，而不是人口基金等外部伙伴。人口基金所作的是推动在这一级实现变革，本组织也确实对此产生影响，因此，应该用这一级的进展来部分地衡量人口基金的业绩。然而，通常不可能按年制订这些指标的目标并衡量其进展。人口基金的作法是：衡量趋势，并评估在实现更长期目标(如千年发展目标的2015年目标)方面是否正在取得进展。", "38. 树干代表的中间一级一直是人口基金计量办法的一个缺口。这一级也是发展成果框架的一个部分，这一级表明人口基金为实现成果所作的直接贡献的核心是其在能力建设方面发挥的作用，以使各国自己能够实现人发会议议程。这一级的指标旨在跟踪以下产出：加强国家能力(计量方式包括避孕药具库存短缺的国家所占百分比降低)，以及人口基金的直接贡献(如受到培训的物流管理者的人数)。这一级的问责责任由人口基金与各国分担，但人口基金在这方面的直接作用更加重要。因此，将这一级包括在内将极大地加强成果链条，加强本组织评估方案业绩的能力。", "39. 树根代表人口基金切实有效管理自己的能力，从而为上文描述的更高级成果奠定坚实的基础。如管理成果框架所示，人口基金对这一领域的产出负有直接问责责任，尽管一些管理成果框架指标的业绩确实取决于人口基金的合作伙伴。", "2. 订正成果框架方面的重要原则", "40. 订正成果框架遵循的数项原则：", "• 通过确定轻重缓急顺序合并成果。由于希望开展各种活动，导致成果/产出和指标过多，其后果是，难以确定组织的优先事项，难以评估整体业绩。因此，第一条指导原则是，将那些其改进最有助于提高本组织推动人发会议议程方面能力的领域列为优先领域，在这个过程中将有关成果/产出和指标合并在一起。所以一些重要领域不再列为单独的成果/产出，特别是如果这些领域已纳入人口基金日常工作的主流，或并非人口基金需要重点改进的领域。例如，联合国改革对人口基金的工作很重要，但中期审查结果表明，这项工作已在本组织内形成制度，而且各伙伴普遍肯定人口基金在这一领域的努力，因此，不再将这项工作单独列成一项产出。这项原则意味着并非利益攸关方认为重要的所有专题都会被列入新的成果框架。不过，更简化、重点更突出的成果框架带来的无数好处足以抵消上述影响。", "• 避免大包大揽。考虑到组织的预算和能力，人口基金无法处理所有地方有关人发会议议程的所有方面问题，承认这一点意味着，必须谨慎选择组织的重点。驱动这些选择的综合因素应该包括：组织的相对优势以及人口基金开展工作的国家的需要、能力和明确表示的兴趣。采用避免大包大揽的原则，将改进人口基金向已在国家战略中优先安排人发会议议程某些方面问题的国家提供援助的能力，并改进衡量其在这些国家进展情况的能力。此外，不过分拉长战线，将使人口基金在确定重点关注一些具体国家的国际努力中，成为一个更具实效的伙伴。[4]", "• 避免“筒仓式”思维。订正框架遵循的另一条原则是，围绕组织的重要事项安排框架的结构，而不是基于现有的组织架构。各自为政的“筒仓式”思维在成果框架中极为普遍，由于合作不充分，造成效率低下。现在，成果框架反映本组织多个部门应为之作出贡献的机构优先事项。例如，尽管一项产出侧重于人力资源管理，但在设计该产出的时候，应使这一产出的责任不是完全由人力资源司承担，而是将人力资源管理作为全组织的一个优先事项，所有单位必须为此作出贡献。", "• 改进可计量性。最后一条指导原则是改进成果框架的可计量性。着力强调要确保可以定期衡量指标，因为至2010年底，在45个发展成果框架和管理成果框架指标中，10个指标(22%)没有可用的业绩数据。还有若干指标仅有较为陈旧的数据。此外，仅确定了战略计划结束时的目标，没有确定年度目标，因此限制了跟踪业绩和中期调整方向的能力。[5] 改进可计量性的另一个关键要素是为每一个指标编制元数据表。这些表格提供详细的定义、计算方法、数据来源和计量频率，是确保计量系统可靠性和改进透明度的一个重要机制。[6] 最后，选择这些管理成果框架指标，是为了侧重那些需要改进的具体组织行为，并为改变这样的行为营造动力。", "C. 突出发展成果的重点", "1. 使发展成果框架重点突出", "41. 新发展成果框架通过合并和重点关注数量有限的战略优先事项，强化了人口基金的重点，表现为成果的数量从13个降至 7个。此外，根据战略方向，制订出一个人口与发展、性健康和生殖健康与生殖权利以及性别平等的综合议程，这意味着，发展成果框架下的成果不再分列为3个领域，而是形成一整套将作为本组织在战略计划剩余2年内工作重点的核心领域。", "2. 发展成果框架的成果和产出", "42. 订正发展成果框架的结构如下：框架从更高的政策一级开始，第一项成果涉及将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、生殖健康、性别平等和减贫的联系融入国家和部门的计划与战略。然后，框架提出3项成果，内容涉及获得孕产妇保健、计划生育以及防治艾滋病毒/性传播感染服务的问题。尽管这些被列为单独的成果，但在业务操作时，将尽可能采用统筹的办法。", "43. 第5项成果涉及性别平等与生殖权利，第6项成果侧重于青年人。整个框架的最后一个环节是与数据的收集、分析和传播有关的一项成果，这一成果贯穿上述6个成果领域，并与第1项成果相关，因为这一成果确保满足对高质量数据的需要，以影响政策拟定。", "44. 如第五节所述，能力建设和方案产出已列入发展成果框架。对每一项成果，人口基金通过若干反映国家实现人发会议议程能力变化的产出，直接对国家的进展作出贡献，这类产出共计18项。由于这些产出事关能力发展，因此，它们彼此相互加强，并常常对不止一项成果作出贡献。例如，有关计划生育的能力发展也将惠及孕产妇保健服务，并有助于降低孕产妇死亡率。", "45. 全部的成果、产出以及指标和目标见附件一。", "成果1：人口动态及其与青年(包括少年)需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)性别平等和扶贫之间的关联被纳入国家及部门发展计划和战略。", "46. 人口基金在人口领域的相对优势在于：将人口分析有效用于鉴别贫穷和预测情况；能够进行贯穿各领域的主题分析，将人口动态与健康、性别及青少年政策挂钩。人口基金将同各国政府和其他伙伴共同努力，将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生部门政策和计划。人口基金还将与合作伙伴共同努力，将青年(包括少年)问题纳入扶贫战略和国家发展框架，促进青年(包括少年)在各级参与政策制订、执行和监督的权利。", "成果2：获得和利用优质孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加。", "47. 人口基金将重点关注作为生殖健康一部分的孕产妇保健。人口基金将与保健4+机构和其他合作伙伴密切合作，支持《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》，以及加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动等其他举措。人口基金将支持在执行国家人力资源政策(特别是提高助产技能)方面进行能力建设，以提供基本的产科急诊服务，处理不安全堕胎的并发症。此外，将更加强调处理产科瘘等孕产妇疾病。", "成果3：个人和夫妻有更多机会按照生育意向获得和利用优质计划生育服务。", "48. 人口基金将更加注重计划生育，包括将计划生育纳入综合生殖健康服务并与孕产妇保健和预防艾滋病毒挂钩。人口基金将继续支持各国政府加强生殖健康商品保障，包括建设国家能力，对提供各种可靠的现代避孕药具进行管理。人口基金还将通过在社区一级采取措施，重点增加对计划生育的需求。", "成果4：获得和利用优质的预防艾滋病毒和性传播感染服务的机会增加，特别是对青年(包括少年)和其他主要高危人群而言。", "49. 根据艾滋病署新的分工，人口基金主要工作重点是减少艾滋病毒的性传播、预防青年(包括少年)感染艾滋病毒以及预防母婴传播。主要措施包括扩大综合安全套方案规划，以及处理性工作中的艾滋病毒问题。", "成果5：以各种方式，特别是通过宣传和执行法律和政策促进了性别平等和生殖权利。", "50. 人口基金将继续建设国家能力，以执行促进性别平等和生殖权利的法律和政策，特别强调处理性别暴力，并将继续努力处理人道主义情况中的性别暴力问题，协力消除切割女性生殖器官等有害做法。此外，人口基金将本着整个联合国系统承诺“一个联合国”的精神促进性别平等，并视需要与妇女署和其他机构进行协调。人口基金还将继续倡导保护和实现生殖权利，积极与民间社会团体(包括宗教组织和社区组织)合作，让男人和男孩参与促进性别平等和生殖权利。", "成果6：青年(包括少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务及接受性教育的机会增加。", "51. 人口基金将加强对青年获得主要性健康和生殖健康服务的支持，特别强调向少女提供此类服务。人口基金将支持青年(包括少年)性教育，更加努力建设国家能力，以制订实施适龄综合性教育政策和课程。", "成果7：通过改进提供和分析数据工作，促进就人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)和性别平等作出循证决策并制定政策。", "52. 人口基金将加强努力，提高国家进行数据分析的能力，促进人口问题和动态、青年(包括少年)、两性平等及性健康和生殖健康方面的循证规划和方案拟订。特别关注领域是人道主义方面的数据。", "3. 贯穿各领域的问题", "53. 一些问题贯穿所有七个成果，在此一并提出，以避免在每项成果下重复。", "实现青年(包括少年)需求的主流化", "54. 虽然特别关注成果6，但所有成果都涉及青年(包括少年)的需求。人口基金将与各国政府和其他伙伴一道加强努力，倡导增加对青年(包括少年)健康、教育和生计的投资，并利用人口方面的机会窗口，同时处理下述关键问题：性健康和生殖健康服务、预防艾滋病毒和性别平等。此外，还将特别重视促进青年(包括少年)权利，包括他们在各级参与政策制订、执行和监督的权利。人口基金还将把重点放在最弱势和最边缘群体上，特别是少女。由于涉及青年的问题具有多部门性质，必须与其他合作伙伴进行协调。", "人权与性别平等", "55. 人权和性别平等将继续被纳入人口基金各项工作的主流。在此过程中，采取对文化有敏感认识的方法，重点是最贫穷、最受排斥的群体，包括从人权和性别平等的角度制订计划、政策、法律和方案，还包括确保妇女、青年和其他弱势群体了解自己的权利，并有权就其性健康和生殖健康及生活选择做出决定。", "包容性伙伴关系和国家自主权", "56. 人口基金在每项成果领域的工作将继续基于包容性伙伴关系和支持国家自主权的原则。各国政府仍然是人口基金的重要合作伙伴，即使人口基金与宗教组织、学术机构和私营部门等非政府组织建立了新的战略合作关系(如上所述，同时权衡避免伙伴关系泛滥的需要)。", "人道主义援助", "57. 人口基金将继续支持将人发会议行动纲领纳入应急准备、人道主义对策及过渡和复原进程。人口基金在人道主义方面的相对优势是生殖健康、处理性别暴力和数据领域。在从紧急情况向发展过渡期间，这种支持也极为重要。最近制定人口基金第二代人道主义应对战略，这将有助于促进主流化工作，使人口基金活动更具战略性、更可衡量和更可持续。人口基金将继续加强各区域办事处的能力，为国家办事处满足紧急状况下性健康和生殖健康的需要提供指导并动员支助。人口基金在全球一级的领导作用将通过以下方式得到加强：更加注重建立伙伴关系和保证质量等战略领域；借鉴从刚果民主共和国、海地、巴基斯坦和苏丹最近发生的紧急情况中吸取的经验教训。", "联合国改革", "58. 人口基金全力支持联合国改革。国家一级联合拟订方案及在全球和区域二级进行协调仍然是人口基金各项努力的根本所在。人口基金将继续在支持联合国改革方面发挥主导作用，并继续在各级坚决倡导“一体行动”议程。", "南南合作", "59. 人口基金将在所有7个成果领域加强对南南合作的支持，以促进交流知识和经验教训，进行能力建设，加速执行人发会议行动纲领和千年发展目标。这是提供技术援助和扩大人口基金与中等收入国家接触的有望成功的模式。", "D. 实现优良运作", "1. 突出管理成果框架的重点", "60. 实施上述各项原则能够大幅精简管理成果框架，将当前的9个产出减至4个。订正产出涉及上述主要挑战，是今后两年管理工作优先事项。", "61. 为了突出管理成果框架的重点，必须作出若干艰难决定，尽管合作伙伴和联合国改革等领域对本组织仍很重要，但最终没有被作为单独的产出列出，而是被纳入主流。透明度等其他领域将在成果框架外处理，将采取多种办法提高透明度，如承诺在人口基金网站上定期公布成果框架业绩数据。", "62. 因此，被列入管理成果框架的领域数目有限，这将有助人口基金在这些领域的业务活动取得卓越绩效。为提高基金及早查明问题并随时改正的能力，将比前几年更经常监测管理成果框架产出，高级管理部门将每年定期进行业绩评估。", "2. 管理成果框架产出", "产出1：通过加强注重成果的循证方案拟订提高方案效果。", "63. 人口基金发挥作用的能力取决于其方案拟订的质量，主要是在国家一级。今后两年的工作重点是成果管理制和循证方案拟订。人口基金已在这两个领域开发若干工具，并将集中精力确保系统地利用这些工具，从而改进方案拟订的质量。为此采取的具体步骤之一是实行质量保证机制，审查所有国家方案文件草案，使之符合与成果管理制和循证方案拟订有关的标准。另一步骤是改进国家方案评价工作，强调确保所作评价质量高，并为方案拟订提供信息。", "产出2：通过提高效率和改进风险管理加强资源管理。", "64. 在战略计划的剩余几年里，主要重点是改进人口基金对托付给它的资金的管理。其中一个方面是通过控制与管理和行政有关的费用及提高执行率提高效率。与此密切相关的是提高人口基金采购效率，特别注重缩短交货前置时间。[7] 第二个主要方面是，对联合国审计委员会和人口基金监督事务司就人口基金在国家一级的支出特别是在国家执行模式下的支出提出的关切作出有针对性的回应。加强这一领域的财务管理是今后两年的重要优先事项，重点是加强对实施伙伴的监督，促进实施伙伴的能力建设，以减少负面的审计结果、无凭据支出和逾期预支款。为了处理更宽泛的挑选和管理实施伙伴问题，如一些国家办事处与许多实施伙伴建立伙伴关系的做法等，目前正在实行质量保证制度，以确保管理人员切实发挥领导作用，包括监测潜在的风险领域和强制遵守减小风险措施。", "产出3：为人口基金实施任务配备足够的高绩效专业人员。", "65. 人口基金取得成功的能力在很大程度上取决于如何处理人力资源问题。这一产出有两个重点：第一，人口基金将专注于确保有足够的工作人员执行任务；第二，将优先加强问责制文化，改进处理业绩不佳问题的方式。此外，将查明能力缺口，并进行投资，让工作人员掌握必要技能，进一步增强人口基金的交付能力。为此，必须为人口基金全体工作人员提供安全和有保障的工作环境。而工作人员也必须坚持最高职业操守标准，继续在加强本组织道德标准方面取得进展。", "产出4：为满足战略计划资源需求获得基础广泛且稳定的资助。", "66. 若无资金，就不能实现本文件所述的雄心勃勃议程。在战略计划期间剩余时间里，重点是资金数额和来源。资金来源非常重要，因为定期捐款与专用捐款不同，能够使人口基金更有效和高效地规划和实施各项活动。此外，人口基金将着重实现其资金来源多样化，包括争取新兴经济体和私营部门增加捐款。采取更积极主动的办法调动资源将使人口基金能够为加速落实人发会议议程和实现千年发展目标5作出更多贡献。", "67. 管理成果框架产出指标和目标见附件二。", "六. 综合财政资源框架", "A. 人发会议资源需求和流动情况", "68. 直到2008年，《人发会议行动纲领》得到的捐助稳步增加，2008年达到了104亿美元。[8] 但此后这一趋势出现了停滞，2009年和2010年筹集的资金估计大体保持在相同的水平。预计2011年会略有增加，达到108亿美元。来自发展中国家的国内资源继续增加，预计将从2009年的298亿美元增加到2011年的340亿美元。", "69. 这些数字仍然大大低于实现《行动纲领》的各项目标所需资金总额。2009年所需资金估计为490亿美元，预计2012和2013年将分别增加到682亿美元和686亿美元。人口基金将按照大会最近关于2014年以后人发会议后续行动的第65/234号的要求，加紧宣传活动，努力使《人发会议行动纲领》持续成为发展纲领的重点内容。", "B. 2012-2013年所需资源", "1. 收入预测", "70. 2010-2011两年期人口基金收入估计为15.61亿美元(临时数字，因为2011年最终数字暂缺)，其中9.627亿美元为经常资源，5.986亿美元为其他资源。根据历史趋势和迄今为止捐助者提供的信息，人口基金预测2012-2013年总收入为17亿美元，其中2012年预计为8.30亿美元，2013年为8.70亿美元；10.39亿美元将来自经常捐助，6.80亿美元来自其他资源捐助。", "71. 这与本两年期初步实际捐助相比增加了10%。这一变化并不算大，因为需要大大加快千年发展目标5的进程，而且这一变化大大低于2000-2001两年期至2010-2011两年期的历史增长率，在这一期间复合增长率为16%。", "2. 成果框架与资源之间的关联", "72. 按照执行局第2010/32号决定的规定，人口基金将“确保与各个战略计划的体制和管理成果框架建立全面透明的联系”。", "73. 人口基金将根据成果框架中所确定的优先事项来编制2012-2013年预算，为实现各项指标统一调配资源。由于这项工作尚未完成，旨在推动实施中期审查所载变革措施的业务计划也未完成，因此将在向执行局提交预算时显示上述关联。届时，将就如何根据中期审查对资源进行再分配提出分析。", "74. 如上所述，简化了修订后的成果框架，以便集中处理本组织面临的最重要的问题。这一作法所带来的一方面影响是，成果框架产出不是由人口基金的各个司或各个股单独负责的，这与传统作法有所不同。[9] 其必然结果是，人口基金的各个司和各个股都将为多项产出做出贡献。", "3. 所需资源", "75. 2012-2013年期间将用于方案和机构预算的经费共计17.52亿美元，与2010-2011年的最初预测相比增加了20%。但是，2010年的支出明显超出最初预测，以2010年实际数字为基数进行比较表明，支出的增加幅度将低于11%。", "76. 拟议资源使用情况表明，与经常性管理费用相比，方案资源所占的比例发生了重大变化：分配给经常性管理费用的资源在总收入中的占比将从当前两年期的15.8%下降到2012-2013两年期的13.1%。", "77. 资源使用情况一栏下的方案部分既包括国家方案，也包括全球和区域方案。分配给国家方案和全球及区域方案的资源合在一起在经常资源中的占比与2008-2011年最初设想的比例(占经常资源的11.1%)相同。", "拟议所需资源，2012-2013年[10]", "(百万美元)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 (最初预测) (最初预测)\n 经常资源 其他资源 共计 经常资源 其他资源 共计", "可用资源", "期初余额 51.7 278.4 330.0 55.3 191.9 247.2", "捐助和其他收入 950.0 450.0 1 400.0 1 038.8 680.0 1 718.8", "可用资源共计 1 001.7 728.4 1 730.0 1 094.1 871.9 1 966.0", "资源使用情况", "方案(收回成本后净额)[11] 689.4 498.2 1 187.6 820.6 639.2 1 459.8", "机构预算", "发展成效 53.1 5.7 58.9 52.7 7.7 60.4", "管理", "经常性费用 189.0 32.5 221.6 185.8 39.5 225.3", "非经常性费用 8.9 — 8.9 5.99 — 5.9", "特殊用途 5.9 — 5.9 — — —", "机构预算共计 256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6", "使用共计 946.4 536.5 1 482.8 1 065.3 686.5 1 751.8", "七. 执行经过修订的战略计划", "78. 本报告所提出的战略计划变革不会在一夜之间发生，而将会在该计划剩余的几年中逐步实现。也不会由于某些变革被列入计划便会自动发生，而是需要人口基金的领导层和管理层持之以恒地给予重视。如下文所述，为筹划这些变革，设计了多个程序。", "A. 业务计划", "79. 为配合中期审查，正在制定2012-2013年业务计划。中期审查的审查结果和结论为业务计划提供了参考，业务计划将包括有关机制，以便更好地交付经修订的战略计划。业务计划将通过简化业务程序、精简决策过程和加强问责来提高效率。", "B. 将全球、区域和国家各级统一起来", "1. 国家一级", "80. 在执行局批准经修订的成果框架后，将更新国家办事处所使用的工具和导则，以便更好地将国家方案与经修订的成果和产出联系起来。在每个区域将分别召开规划会议，帮助国家和区域办事处将方案文件和行动计划与经过修订的战略计划统一起来。", "81. 国家办事处将负责与各国的合作伙伴一道，结合当地情况实施经过修订的战略计划中所述各项变革。这项工作应以国家自主、需要和能力为基础，其成果应该是国家方案重点更加突出，并务必以人口基金可能发挥作用的领域为优先领域。重要的是，不必将国家方案与所有成果和产出都挂钩，而仅仅应该注重于那些适合具体情况的成果和产出。那些包含属于经过修订的成果框架之外的活动的国家方案将逐步退出这些活动(应逐步进行，以减少对方案的干扰)。", "82. 由于更加注重人口基金可以发挥最大作用的关键领域，再加上更好地适应当地的具体情况，预计国家方案将更加多样化，摆脱“一刀切”的作法，采取这种做法使有关方案企图面面俱到，却没有充分考虑当地的具体情况。", "83. 在具体执行时还必须采取区别对待的作法，这种区别以国家自主为基础，并考虑到国家的需要和能力。例如，从交付成果到交付思维的转变——从为执行工作提供支持转变到上游的政策对话和宣传工作——将从当地的具体情况出发来进行。但是，在采取这一自下而上的作法时，还必须同时更加注重发挥质量保证机制的作用，以确保国家办事处达到最低标准。", "2. 全球和区域两级", "84. 根据第2009/16号决定的规定，人口基金全球和区域方案(DP/FPA/2007/19)延长到了2013年。在执行局批准经过修订的成果框架后，全球和区域方案将与新的成果和产出统一起来，并将为2012-2013年期间编制活动和成果。人口基金将根据在执行过程中所取得的经验教训编制新的全球和区域方案，然后连同2014-2017年新的战略计划一并提交给执行局。", "3. 重组", "85. 人口基金的重组工作最近才完成，旨在将各项变革措施制度化的机制仍在陆续推出。此外，计划在2012年对重组情况进行评价。因此，在中期审查期间没有对重组情况进行系统的审查。不断积累的经验教训将影响人口基金实时处理区域化问题的方式(包括通过业务计划进程)，并将为下一份战略计划提供重要的投入。", "C. 加强计量方法", "86. 如上所述，在计量方法方面存在的问题限制了评估人口基金近年来工作进展情况的能力，内部和外部审查都强调，必须改进人口基金的计量办法。旨在改进计量办法的工作已经进行了一段时间，而且在修订成果框架的过程中，对如何借鉴最初几年执行战略计划过程中的经验教训给予了高度重视，这反映在一些变化之中，例如在编制指标的过程中更加注重可计量性。对照具体目标定期审查绩效情况(尤其是管理成果框架中所列的各项具体目标)将有助于实时发现和尽早解决问题。以后还需要进一步努力，尤其是需要加强国家、区域和全球各级之间的联系，不论是在理念方面，还是在有助定期报告绩效趋势的管理信息系统方面。", "D. 制定新的战略计划", "87. 在中期审查进程结束后，将为拟订下一份战略计划(2014-2017年)绘制详细的路线图，并提交给执行局。关于当前计划执行情况(包括经过修订的成果框架、重组及全球和区域方案)的累积报告将在2013年提交给执行局。", "88. 下一份战略计划将列出在中期审查期间出现的但无法在中期审查中全面述及的问题，例如设立妇女署对于人口基金性别平等问题工作所带来的全面影响(仍在显现)和资源拨付和分配办法(对其进行修改不属于中期审查的范围)。如上所述，中期审查引发的改革将逐步进行，并将成为下一份战略计划的重要基础。最后，中期审查进程查明若干经验教训，这些经验教训将有助于开发更强大的系统(目的包括促进数据收集工作，将一个更明确的战略计划作为拟订预算的出发点的规划和预算过程记录下来)，并为制定下一份战略计划提供参考。", "八. 决定的构成要素", "89. 执行局不妨：", "(a) 注意关于人口基金2008-2013年战略计划的中期审查情况的本报告，欢迎本报告为加强人口基金的问责制度，以实现成果和业务优异所提供的战略指导；", "(b) 核准本报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载未来方向以及一整套重点突出的成果和产出，以此作为实现人发会议各项目标和帮助实现千年发展目标的重要步骤；", "(c) 批准本报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载经修订的2012-2013年发展和管理成果框架及综合财政资源框架，鼓励各国通过多年认捐等方式帮助人口基金达到2012-2013年期间经常资源和其他资源总额目标；", "(d) 强调经常资源对于有效执行战略计划的重要性，鼓励各国增加对人口基金经常资源的捐助；", "(e) 要求在2013年年会上提交关于2008-2013年战略计划的累积报告，在2013年第二届常会上提交新的战略计划。", "附件一", "经修订的发展成果框架¹", "产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n目标：普及性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)服务，促进生殖权利，降低产妇死亡率，并加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5(A和B)的进展 \n成果1：人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫之间的关联等问题被纳入国家及部门发展计划和战略 \n 主要指标 将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的多方面需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等、可持续发展和减贫之间的关联等问题纳入在国家发展计划和减贫战略的国家数目 \n 基线：62个(2010年) 将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目 \n 基线：54个(2010年) \n1.将人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)的需要、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫之间的关联等问题纳入国家发展计划和减贫战略及其他有关国家计划和方案方面的国家能力得到加强\t1.1在人口基金支持下将人口动态问题纳入有关国家计划和方案的能力发展倡议的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)²1.2受过将人口动态问题纳入国家计划和方案方面培训的人数\t31(24%)750\t51(40%)1225\t61(48%)1 4502.制定包括性健康和生殖健康综合服务(包括计划生育)的国家卫生政策和计划的能力得到加强\t2.1在人口基金支持下制订包括性健康和生殖健康综合服务(包括计划生育)的国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目(及百分比)\t10(22%)\t18(69%)\t33(69%) \n\t(N=按国家规划周期统计，每年数字有所不同：2010年：45个；2012年：26个；2013年：48个) 3.各国吸纳青年人(包括青少年)参与政策对话和方案编制的能力得到加强\t3.1在人口基金支持下设有与青年人(包括青少年)共同进行政策对话和方案编制机制的国家数目(及百分比)\t30(23%)\t40(31%)\t50(39%) \n (N=128)", "¹ 关于以下所列各项指标的定义、计算方法、数据源以及计量频度的详情载于人口基金网站上的元数据表。", "² 符号“(N=128)”表明，每个指标适用于一批特定的国家：在某些情况下，适用于人口基金的所有方案国，而在其他情况下，指标适用于某一组国家，例如正在开展某项特定活动的国家(例如，制订国家计划)，或者被确定为现有国际努力(例如《全球妇女和儿童卫生战略》)的一部分的国家。", "产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n产出\t指标\t2010年基线\t2012年目标\t2013年目标 \n成果2：获得和利用孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加 \n 主要指标 \n 孕产妇死亡比率 \n 基线：290例(2008年) \n由熟练保健人员接生的比例 \n 基线：63%(2008年) \n剖腹产在活产婴儿中占比不足5%的国家数目 \n 基线：46个(2010年) 4.实施综合助产方案方面的国家能力得到加强\t4.1拥有由人口基金发展的助产士政策管理能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t22(45%)\t30(61%)\t40(82%) \n\t(N=《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》所列49个国家 5.产科急诊和新生儿护理方面的国家能力得到加强\t5.1基金在国家一级以下发展了产科急诊和新生儿护理升级能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t14(29%)\t24(49%)\t30(61%) \n\t(N=《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》)所列49个国家 \n6.预防和治疗产科瘘以及使患者重返社会方面的国家能力得到加强\t6.1在人口基金的支持下产科瘘得到治疗的妇女人数\t6000\t8000\t10000\n7.在人道主义境况中实施最低初步成套服务的能力增加\t7.1在人口基金的支持下获得最低初步成套服务培训的人数\t3900\t4200\t4 500\n成果3：个人和夫妻有更多机会按照生育意向获得和利用优质的计划生育服务 \n 主要指标 \n 避孕普及率(现代方法) \n 基线：55.2(2009年) \n未得到满足的计划生育需要 \n 基线：11.4(2009年) \n拥有至少提供三种现代避孕方法的服务站点的国家的百分比 \n基线：36.6(2009-2010年) 8.国家生殖健康商品安全制度得到加强\t8.1在人口基金支持下在过去六个月内服务站点避孕药具没有缺货的国家数目(及百分比)\t3(27%)\t8(62%)\t10(77%) \n\t(N=被列为《生殖健康商品安全全球方案》第一类国家的13个国家；与2010年基线11个国家相比，数目有所增加) \n\t8.2在人口基金支持下参加物流管理培训的工作人员人数\t225\t360\t4509.社区一级计划生育干预行动方面的国家能力得到加强\t9.1在人口基金支持下采取促进需求的主要干预措施，特别是促进对现代避孕方法需求的干预的国家数目(及百分比)\t7(16%)\t20(44%)\t35(78%) \n\t(N=被列为《生殖健康商品安全全球方案》第一类和第二类国家的45个国家) \n成果4：尤其让年轻人(包括青少年)和其他面临风险的重点人群更多地获取和利用高质量的艾滋病毒和性传播疾病预防服务， \n 主要指标 \n青年(15-24岁)的艾滋病毒流行率 \n基线：0.3%(男)和0.6%(女)(2010年) \n在过去12个月中有多个性伙伴并在上一次性交中使用安全套的15-49岁男性和女性所占百分比 \n基线：48%的男性(15-49岁)和32%的女性(15-49岁) 10.规划、实施和监测预防方案以减少艾滋病毒的性传播方面的国家能力得到加强\t10.1　在人口基金的支持下完成对生殖健康与艾滋病毒政策、系统和服务交付之间的联系评估的国家数目(及百分比)\t7(23%)\t13(42%)\t20(65%) \n\t(N=《2011-2015年艾滋病规划署全球战略》所列31个国家) \n\t10.2实施专门针对青少年(a)和性工作者(b)的安全套需求生成综合框架的国家数目(及百分比)((a)N=艾滋病规划署列出的17个青年问题方面的重点国家\t(a)0\t(a)5(29%)\t(a)10(59%)\n\t(b)N=《2011-2015年艾滋病规划署全球战略》所列31个国家))\t(b)0\t(b)5(16%)\t(b)10(32%)\n11.通过社区领导的组织和网络等，增强各国满足年轻人和性工作者的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康需要的能力\t11.1　在人口基金支持下从事满足年轻人和性工作者的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康需要的方案的社区领导的组织/网络的数量\t116\t141\t176\n成果5：以各种方式，特别是通过宣传和执行法律和政策促进了性别平等和生殖权利 \n 主要指标 \n在18岁之前结婚或同居的20-24岁妇女所占的百分比 \n基线：共计35%；城市22%；农村45%(2000-2009年) \n建立了相关机制以执行各项旨在推进性别平等和生殖权利的法律和政策的国家所占的百分比 \n 基线：61.7%(2008年) \n12.执行有助于两性平等和生殖权利的国际协议、国内法律和政策方面的国家能力得到加强\t12.1　在人口基金支持下执行有助于两性平等和生殖权利的国际协议和国内法律的国家数目(及百分比)\t94(73%)\t103(80%)\t113(88%) \n (N=128) 13.处理基于性别的暴力行为和提供优质服务，包括在人道主义的背景下提供优质服务方面的国家能力得到加强\t13.1　在人口基金支持下拟订针对基于性别的暴力行为(包括女性生殖器切割/残害)的政策和方案对策的国家数目(及百分比)\t19(64%)\t22(73%)\t24(80%) \n\t(N=致力于性别选择和安理会第1325号决议工作的30个联合方案国和方案国) \n\t13.2　在人口基金支持下接受了与拟订针对人道主义背景下基于性别的暴力行为的方案有关的培训的人员数量\t120\t500\t800\n\t13.3　在人口基金支持下宣布放弃女性生殖器残害/切割做法的社区数目\t596\t715\t85814.通过推动社区领导的组织和网络参与更好地促进两性平等和生殖权利\t14.1　在人口基金的支持下社区领导的组织和网络吸纳推动男子和男孩参与促进两性平等活动的国家数目\t24(69%)\t26(74%)\t29(83%) \n (N=35) \n成果6：青年(包括少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务及接受性教育的机会增加 \n 主要指标 \n 青少年出生率 \n 基线：52(2007年) \n能够正确识别预防艾滋病毒的性传播途径并反驳关于艾滋病毒传播的主要错误看法的15-24岁的青少年所占的百分比 \n基线：35%的男性和30%的女性(2005-2009年) \n在全国学校内外进行全面的与年龄相适应的性教育的国家的数目 \n 基线：待定 15.向被边缘化的青少年和年轻人提供基本的性健康和生殖健康服务的方案制订工作得到改进\t15.1　在人口基金支持下发展向年轻人提供基本的性健康和生殖健康服务能力的国家数目(及百分比)\t45(35%)\t50(39%)\t55(43%) \n (N=128) 15.2　在人口基金支持下设计和实施针对被边缘化的少女的综合性方案的国家数目(及百分比)\t5(25%)\t10(50%)\t15(75%) \n (N=20) \n16.制定和实施适龄的综合性教育政策和课程方面的国家能力得到加强\t16.1　在人口基金支持下制定和实施适龄的综合性教育方案的国家数目(及百分比)\t44(34%)\t54(42%)\t64(50%) \n (N=128) \n\t16.2　在人口基金支持下获得为拟订、实施和评价综合性性教育课程提供技术援助方面培训的专家人数\t70\t210\t280\n成果7：人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)以及性别平等方面的数据提供及分析得到改进 \n 主要指标 \n已完成2010年人口和住房普查的国家数目 \n 基线：23(2010年) \n(在过去五年中)已进行全国性家庭调查，从而能够估计千年发展目标5B各项指标的国家数目 \n 基线：91(2010年) \n17.(包括在人道主义背景下)生成、利用和传播关于人口动态、青年、性别平等及性健康和生殖健康的优质统计数据方面的国家能力得到加强\t17.1在人口基金支持下发展人口普查、调查和其他统计数据的生成和传播能力的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)\t79(62%)\t91(71%)\t103(80%)\n\t17.2在人口基金支持下在人口普查、调查和其他统计数据，包括在人道主义背景下的数据生成、分析和传播方面接受培训的人员数量\t645\t1290\t1 935\n18.加强各国的数据分析能力，为关于人口动态、青年、性别平等及性健康和生殖健康的决策和政策制定工作提供参考\t18.1在人口基金支持下发展对人口普查和调查数据进行深入分析能力的国家数目(及百分比)(N=128)\t18(14%)\t40(31%)\t51(40%)", "附件二", "经修订的管理成果框架¹", "产出 指标 基线(年) 2012年目标 2013年目标 \n通过加强成果管理和循证方案编制工作提高方案成效\t根据成果管理和循证方案编制标准至少达到“良好”的国家方案文件所占的百分比\t50%(2011年)\t70%\t80%\n\t至少有75%的年度工作计划产出实现指标目标的方案所占百分比\t51%(2007年)86%(2010年)\t90%\t95%\n\t至少达到“良好”的国家方案评价所占的百分比\t资料正在编录，将于2011年9月提供\t在有基线可用时再确定\t在有基线可用时再确定\n通过提高效率和风险管理加强对资源的管理\t经常性管理费用在总收入中所占百分比\t15.8%(2010-2011年)\t13.1%\t<13.1%\t经常资源和其他资源的执行率\t经常资源：85%(2009年)85%(2010年)\t经常资源：97%其他资源：79%\t经常资源：97%其他资源：79% 其他资源： 52%(2009年) \n 51%(2010年) \n\t在交付周期内向国家交付的核心商品订单的百分比\t79%(2010年)\t85%\t90%\n\t出具否定意见的国家执行审计的百分比\t17%(2007年)22%(2009年)\t10%\t8%\n\t逾期未付的总营运资金账户预付款的百分比\t9.9%(2010-2011年)\t9%\t8%\n\t根据质量保证标准执行伙伴至少有90%的年度工作计划的实施伙伴被评为“良好”的人口基金组织单位的百分比\t不适用\t75%\t85%\n人口基金人员配置合理，拥有高绩效的专业人士履行其使命\t空缺率\t不可用(2007)17%(2010年)\t15%\t13%\n\t认为人口基金有效处理绩效不佳问题的工作人员的百分比\t33%(2008年)30%(2009年)\t38%\tN/A²\n保障基础广泛和稳定的资金来源，以满足战略计划所需资源\t达到筹资目标的年度战略计划的百分比\t103%(2008年)109%(2010年)\t100%\t100%\t属于定期捐款的捐款总额的百分比\t63%(2007年)\t60%\t>60% \n 58%(2010年) \n\t从排名前15位以外的捐助者收到的每年定期捐款的百分比\t7%(2007年)4%(2010年)\t6%\t8%", "¹ 关于下面的每一项指标的定义、计算方法、数据源和计量频度的详情见人口基金网站上的元数据表。", "² 这个指标的数据每两年收集一次，所以没有2013年的目标。", "[1] 世界银行和国际货币基金组织，《2011年全球监测报告》。", "[2] 经济合作与发展组织，“2010年发展援助达到历史最高水平”，http://www.oecd.org/document/ 35/0，3746，en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_1，00.html。", "[3] 这一级被称为“成果”，但在严格的监测和评价术语中，它既包括目标一级的指标，也包括成果指标。在这方面，人口基金沿用千年发展目标的办法，千年发展目标的指标也是将各级综合在一起。", "[4] 如“全球妇女和儿童健康战略”以及艾滋病署的全球战略。", "[5] 在一些情况下，无法制订年度目标，因为一些重要的指标无法进行年度计量，例如千年发展目标以及联合国大会艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题特别会议的指标。", "[6] 人口基金网站将公开提供元数据表。", "[7] 选定这一指标，是因为有人对目前采购交货前置时间表示关切。采购效率的另一个主要问题是所获价格，这个问题通过针对人口基金采购方式的结构改革得到处理：人口基金现在与其他采购大量生殖健康商品的实体有系统地进行协调，以实现规模经济，从而获得国际上已极具竞争力的价格。", "[8] 本段中所引用的数字均来源于“协助执行《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》的资金流动情况：秘书长的报告”，E/CN.9/2011/5。", "[9] 人力资源和资源调动产出的情况与此相同，这两方面似乎分别属于人力资源司及信息和对外关系司的权限。中期审查的一个主要的教训是，这些领域应属于整个组织的工作人员的责任，例如，区域办事处的主管重视绩效不佳的问题，人口基金代表负责资源调动。", "[10] 本表中所列数字均为估计数，可能会发生变化。", "[11] 包括为全球和区域方案拨付的11%的经常资源。" ]

[ "[联合国DP/FPA/2011/11]", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目6", "人口基金 -- -- 执行主任的报告", "联合国人口基金", "人口基金2008-2013年战略计划中期审查", "执行主任的报告", "目录", "页次", "一. 导言 . 4", "二. 中期审查的范围和进程. 4", "三. A. 背景情况 5", "四、结 论 2008-2010年进展、某些成就和主要挑战概述 6", "A. 发展成果 7", "1. 联合国 进展 7", "2. 部分成就 第7条", "3个 B. 主要挑战 8", "B. 管理结果 9", "1. 联合国 进展. 9", "2. 部分成就 10个", "3个 主要挑战 10个", " V. 2012-2013年未来方向", "A. 战略方向 12", "B. 改进成果问责制 13", "1. 联合国 概念框架: 将发展成果框架与管理成果框架联系起来 13", "2. 联合国 修订成果框架的关键原则 14", "C. 突出发展成果的重点 15", "1. 联合国 突出发展成果框架的重点 15", "2. 发展成果框架的成果和产出 15", "3个 共有问题 页:1", "D. 取得最佳业务成果 19", "1. 联合国 注重管理成果框架 19", "2. 管理成果框架的产出 19", "六、结 论 综合财政资源框架 21", "A类. 人发会议的资源需要和流动情况", "B. 2012-2013年所需资源 21", "1. 联合国 收入预测 21", "2. 联合国 成果框架与资源之间的联系", "3个 所需资源. 22", "页:1 执行订正战略计划", "A. 业务计划 23", "B. 全球、区域和国家各级的协调一致 23", "1. 联合国 国家一级 23", "2. 全球和区域各级 24", "3个 重组. 24", " C C. B. 加强测量系统 24", "D类. 制定新的战略计划 24", "第八编. 决定要点 25", "目 录", "一. 订正发展成果框架 26", "二. 订正管理成果框架 32", "缩略语一览表", "AWPs 年度工作计划", "CARMMA 加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动", "国家方案建议 避孕普及率", "发展成果框架 发展成果框架", "埃门克 紧急产科和新生儿护理", "切割女性生殖器官/切割女性生殖器", "基于性别的暴力", "GRP 全球和区域方案", "H4+ 保健4+伙伴关系(卫生组织、人口基金、儿童基金会、世界银行和艾滋病规划署)", "人发会议 国际人口与发展会议", "最不发达国家", "MDGs 千年发展目标", "MISP 最低初步成套服务", "产妇死亡率 产妇死亡率", "MOPAN 多边组织业绩评估网络", "管理成果框架 管理成果框架", "中期审查 中期审查", "NDPs 国家发展计划", "国家执行 国家执行", "NGOs 非政府组织", "奥法 业务基金账户", "帕达 考绩和发展", "减贫战略", "减贫战略文件", "RBM 成果管理制", "RHCS (英语). 生殖健康商品安全", "服务交付点", "SRH 性健康和生殖健康", "科学、技术和创新 性传播感染", "艾滋病规划署 联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据执行局第2009/16号决定提交的,该决定将2008-2011年战略计划延长至2013年;第2011/13号决定(项目9)将战略计划中期审查推迟到2011年第二届常会。 它还响应了大会第63/232号决议的指导。 中期审查报告审查了人口基金运作环境的变化,并审查了2008至2010年战略计划执行的进展、成就和挑战,补充了执行主任年度报告(DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I))及其附件(可在人口基金网站上单独查阅)和DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)/Add.1所载的详细分析,并列出了该组织的订正战略方向,包括订正发展成果框架和根据所吸取的经验教训订正管理成果框架。", "2. 联合国 在导言后,本报告第二节介绍了中期审查的范围和进程。 第三节侧重于背景。 第四节概述了2008-2010年期间取得的进展、某些成就和主要挑战。 题为 \" 2012-2013年未来方向 \" 的第五节侧重于未来要素,包括本组织的战略方向、新的概念框架以及对经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架的说明。 第六节介绍了综合财政资源框架并说明了实现战略计划成果所需的资源。 第七节侧重于实施经修订的战略计划,包括制定下一个2014-2017年战略计划所需要采取的步骤。 第八节载有一项决定的要素。 经修订的发展成果框架和管理成果框架分别载于附件一和附件二。", "二. 中期审查的范围和进程", "3个 中期审查进程既有回顾因素,也有预期因素。 回顾部分审查了2008至2010年执行战略计划的成就和挑战,并审查了不断变化的全球环境的影响。 这项工作是通过分析工作(内部和外部)和协商相结合进行的(见图1)。", "图1:中期审查进程", "[]", " 4.四. 前瞻性部分审查了人口基金如何通过突出本组织的战略重点(包括修订成果框架)并更新计划剩余期间的资源估计数来更好地履行其任务。 该进程审查了内部和外部利益攸关方(包括执行局)提出的一系列“大图象”问题,尽管这项工作旨在加强战略计划,而不是从根本上加以改革。", "5 (韩语). 讨论的主题包括该组织应处理哪些问题(例如,该组织是否应继续拥有人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及性别平等这三个重点领域,或者是否应当缩小其重点);该组织应起何种作用(例如,它是否能够通过提供服务、提供证据、能力建设或倡导、提供政策咨询和帮助推动创新来最好地支持各国);该组织应在何处开展工作(例如,它是否应继续在全球广泛运作或缩小其地理覆盖范围)。", "6. 国家 与回顾审查一样,在内部和与上述利益攸关方讨论了未来方向。 这些伙伴的任何相关贡献,如超出战略计划修订范围,将纳入下一个2014-2017年战略计划的制定工作。", "三. A. 背景情况", "7. 联合国 人口基金的总体任务以国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)《行动纲领》和千年发展目标为基础,并受大会第62/208号决议、大会和经济及社会理事会其他相关决议和执行局决定的指导。 但自该计划开始以来,世界发生了变化,外部和内部的事件和趋势都影响到人口基金的工作。 因此,在制定人口基金的未来方向时考虑到了这些发展,使人口基金最有能力支持各国执行人发会议行动纲领并实现千年发展目标。", "8. 联合国 人发会议议程的关键内容仍未完成,虽然距离千年发展目标2015年完成日期只剩下几年时间,但许多目标仍远未实现。 特别令人关切的是,最近发现,人口基金最直接地为千年发展目标5 -- -- 即改善产妇保健 -- -- 作出贡献的千年发展目标离实现最远。 [1] 部分由于这一原因,近年来在联合国和区域及国家各级,孕产妇保健和性与生殖健康(SRH)都成为重新关注的重点,为人口基金创造了机会。", "9. 国家 随着2011年世界接近70亿的地步,人们对发展可持续性的关切也日益严重,人口动态和计划生育受到关注。 世界人口增长减缓,但许多国家的生育率仍然很高。 与此同时,全世界正在看到有史以来最大的青年群体。 与此同时,许多国家面临着与低生育率有关并导致人口老龄化的挑战。 今天,移徙和城市化的增加特别重要。", "10个 尽管这些问题受到关注,但不断变化的政治气候意味着,虽然1994年人发会议议程已达成广泛共识,但今天不能把一致意见视为理所当然,这对人口基金下一阶段的工作构成挑战。", "11个 自2007年制定战略计划以来,更广泛的地缘政治和经济环境也发生了变化。 传统上接受援助的一些国家现在是中等收入国家,鉴于世界许多地区的强劲增长率,许多其他国家正在向中等收入国家过渡。 这些事态发展表明了联合国参与的新模式,特别是因为其中一些国家是南南合作的潜在捐助者和(或)重要提供者。 全球金融危机给许多捐助方带来了财政挑战,但尽管这给发展援助预算带来了压力,2010年官方发展援助达到历史最高水平,为1 287亿美元。 [2]", "12个 这些转变影响到发展援助的作用,在巴黎和阿克拉作出的承诺更强调能力发展以及国家自主权和执行。 在联合国,从提供东西到提供思维的更上游趋势反映了这一点。 这对本组织的作用和基本业务模式提出了重大挑战,意味着与合作伙伴合作和评估业绩的新方式。 同时,对加强成果问责制的需求也日益增加,这反映在捐助者和其他利益攸关方组织的业绩评估举措的出现上。", "13个 在联合国内部,一些事态发展也影响到人口基金。 改革努力仍在继续,重点是“一体行动”。 虽然妇女署的设立可能影响人口基金在性别平等方面的作用,但尚不清楚其全部影响。", "14个 这些事态发展突出了人口基金面临的挑战和机会,这些挑战和机会已纳入下文所述未来方向的制定工作。", "四、结 论 进展摘要、选定成就", "2008-2010年主要挑战", "15个 中期审查的总体结论是,虽然人口基金有许多值得骄傲之处,但其潜力仍有待充分发挥。 如第一节所指出,执行主任的年度报告载有对2008至2010年战略计划执行情况的详细分析。 本节简要介绍进展情况并重点介绍选定的成就。 报告主要侧重于中期审查在人口基金需要改进的关键领域方面的经验教训,以加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标的进展,使人口基金更有效率和成效。 这些领域是战略计划修订工作的特别重点。", "16号. 调查结果的列报基于战略计划的两个成果框架的结构:", "人发会议议程列出了人口基金正在设法协助各国改进高级别发展和保健成果的领域。", "对人口基金为更广泛的发展成果做出切实有效的贡献来说,这是必要的。", "A. 发展成果", "1. 联合国 进展", "17岁。 发展成果框架有三个重点领域:人口与发展、生殖健康和权利以及两性平等。 这些结果又分为13个成果,通过26个指标衡量。 图2显示实现战略计划所设定的2011年目标的进展情况,摘自DP/FPA/2011/3(Part I)附件。 总体而言,在2011年原定目标日期之前,只有9个目标已经实现或可能实现,而10个目标不大可能实现。 三个重点领域的进展参差不齐,最成功的是在两性平等方面。", "图2:发展成果框架的进展", "[]", "2. 部分成就", "18岁。 这三个领域都取得了显著成就。 在人口与发展方面,近95%的国家现在进行了包括人发会议问题在内的调查。 人口基金还为近80个国家筹备2010年人口普查提供了能力建设支助,特别是在数据分析方面。 青年同伴教育网络已从2007年36个国家的5 000名成员增加到目前45个以上国家的约20 000名成员。", " 19. 19. 在生殖健康和权利领域,人口基金同H4+伙伴关系密切合作,制定降低孕产妇和新生儿死亡率的战略。 能力建设工作侧重于助产士培训和生殖健康商品安全等领域,人口基金在30多个国家帮助改善了避孕药具和产妇保健药品等关键产品的供应。 根除瘘管病运动帮助修复了42个国家的6 000多起病例,帮助确保瘘管病预防、治疗和重新融入社会方面的关注和资源。 发展能力的努力已导致在人道主义环境中执行最低初步成套服务方面取得相当大的进展,目前80%以上的人道主义环境中执行这套服务。 2010年,人口基金关于避孕套的倡议向74个国家提供了支助。", "20号. 在两性平等方面,人口基金和儿童基金会联合执行了世界最大的方案,以加速废除切割女性生殖器官,该方案利用基于人权的办法支持法律、政策和方案的制订和执行。 对国家能力建设的支助还加强了监测和减少基于性别的暴力的机制:90%以上的国家现在已经建立了这种系统。", "3个 主要挑战", "21岁 尽管取得了这些成功,但总体进展显然不足,因此中期审查的重点是确定改进业绩需要应对的主要挑战。 在这方面吸取了四个关键的经验教训:", "据认为,人口基金没有充分整合的领域缺乏明确的战略重点,减少了内部的凝聚力并削弱了该组织对外的品牌。 虽然三个重点领域的资源分配不均 -- -- 生殖健康和权利在方案资源中占最大份额(每年约60%) -- -- 但由于各重点领域是正式对等的,因此更难以明确确定该组织的重点。", "以及国家内部,削弱了本组织显示影响的能力。 2010年,全球近50个办事处每个国家的支出为200万美元或更少。 试图到任何地方都意味着面临最大问题的国家没有足够的资源:用一个指示性指标衡量,所有孕产妇死亡病例的一半只发生在六个国家,但人口基金将其资源的16%分配给这些国家。 这些资源的影响在国家一级进一步被冲淡,因为国家办事处尽管预算很少,但仍试图在许多成果领域开展工作。 最近的一项审查发现,在三个重点领域之间国家一级的资源分配范围很窄,这表明人口基金的方案拟订并不总是充分适应当地的需要和能力,而是试图在各地处理本组织任务的所有方面。 使这种情况更为复杂的是,使用众多通过无数年度工作计划进行管理的执行伙伴:2010年,人口基金有1 400多个执行伙伴,处理了2 300多份年度工作计划,从而产生了无法达到规模和显示影响力的小型项目;导致效率低下;并提出了重大财务管理挑战,如下文所述。", "人口基金从提供东西到提供思维,没有系统地处理这如何影响其在国家一级的工作以及在这一新模式中有效发挥作用的组织要求。 这个问题在中等收入国家尤为严重,这些国家面临的挑战往往涉及不平等和被边际化人口等问题:要帮助这些国家的最贫穷人口,需要与大多数人口得不到充分服务的最不发达国家采取不同的组织对策。", "系统使评估战略计划最初几年的进展情况更加困难。 例如,发展成果框架中所包含的成果指标往往不能定期衡量。 此外,人口基金对更高一级成果的贡献往往难以准确反映,因为发展成果框架指标主要是各国和人口基金的共同责任,没有其他衡量尺度来补充这些指标,从而能够评估人口基金的直接捐款。", "22号. 总之,虽然在发展成果框架的某些领域取得了重大进展,但本组织有潜力做更多更好的工作。 审查确定了一系列挑战,应在战略计划的其余部分加以解决。", "B. 管理结果", "1. 联合国 进展", "23. 联合国 管理成果框架在9个产出中有19个指标,在最初的战略计划中,这些指标分为6个主题。 与发展成果框架一样,进展参差不齐,不到一半的指标正在实现2011年的目标(图3)。 然而,管理成果框架面临的两个挑战使得难以根据这一证据得出结论。", "24 (韩语). 首先,2010年有近三分之一的指标没有数据。 第二,管理成果框架中的指标并不总是适当水平,或者范围太窄,因此很难就产出的总体业绩作出结论。 例如,产出“人口基金保持有积极性、有能力的工作人员”的一项指标是“从员额广告到临时聘用的征聘时间”。 这一指标仅涉及确保人口基金人员配备充足进程的一部分,完全遗漏了一个更根本的问题,即2010年人口基金所有员额中有六分之一以上空缺。", "图3:管理成果框架的进展", "[]", "2. 部分成就", "25岁 尽管存在这些衡量方面的挑战,但在某些领域显然取得了进展。 在成果管理制和循证方案拟订领域,整个组织一直在开展活动。 例如,在全球范围,一项优化举措、启动评价政策并制定关于循证方案拟订的指南,已开始提高本组织的能力(这反映在国家方案评价的遵守率从2009年的35%上升到2010年的78%)。 在区域一级,各办事处已建立同行学习网络,以分享经验教训并引入质量保证机制。 然而,还需要做更多的工作,以确保整个组织系统地采用成果管理制和循证方案拟订的原则。", "26. 联合国 在人力资源领域,人口基金保持了高水平的工作人员满意度和积极性,并列为联合国系统内最受推荐的工作地点之一。 整个组织的考绩和发展系统得到系统使用,完成率很高,其他组织表示有兴趣采用这一工具。 人口基金设计并部署了关于工作场所道德操守行为监督问责制的面对面培训单元,并充分遵守财务披露方案。", "27个 人口基金在伙伴关系努力中也取得了良好成绩,例如,如2010年多边组织业绩评估网(业绩评估网)审查所评估的那样,促进国家一级的政策对话。 人口基金在全球(例如主持委员会和任务小组)、区域(例如青年和产妇保健等领域的主要战略活动)以及国家(例如通过联合倡议)各级为联合国改革努力作出贡献,已得到承认。 人口基金在应对人道主义危机方面也享有公认的地位。", "28岁 尽管宏观经济环境极具挑战性,但人口基金已超过战略计划中的供资目标。 最后,在加强本组织的外地重点方面已经采取了一些重要步骤:改组进程最近已经实际完成,虽然存在着区域差异,但总的来说,国家办事处对区域办事处支助的相关性和质量的评价是积极的。", "3个 主要挑战", "29. 国家 管理成果框架业绩审查、补充性内部分析、外部和内部审计员的报告、国家方案评价、合作伙伴的评估报告和中期审查协商的结合,产生了需要改进的众多管理领域。 然而,在本组织面临的最重要的管理问题上,最终存在着高度的共识:", "从设计方案到实施方案,到监测和评价,在各个方面都是有效的。 目前,整个组织的决策对证据的需求和使用有限。 因此,人口基金的方案拟订工作没有系统化地受到证据的驱动,无论是从评价中吸取的教训,还是其他方面产生的研究结果(虽然在根据情况分析和调查结果制定国家方案方面取得了进展)。 在执行过程中,必须更加重视利用成果管理制原则。 需要在国家、区域和全球各级加强监测和评价,并系统地用于指导决策。", "所有指标都明显偏离轨道的唯一产出。 此外,在上一个两年期,联合国审计委员会对人口基金进行了有保留的审计。 根据目前的估计,2010年国家执行(NEX)的无支持支出水平尚未显示比上一年下降。 虽然已经制定了解决这些问题的政策,但遵守这些政策仍然是一个挑战。 其他管理决定也不必要的增加了风险并降低了效率。 特别是,上述执行伙伴激增,使财务管理更加困难。 在有30个或30个以上执行伙伴的国家办事处,近20%的执行伙伴国家执行审计有负面结果,而在执行伙伴少于10个的国家办事处,这一百分比下降了一半。", "近年来,本组织的空缺率在2010年仍为17%,这意味着每六个员额中就有一个空缺。 这对本组织按照其计划执行的能力产生了重大影响。 此外,本组织面临退休浪潮,预计未来五年将有将近三分之一的高级工作人员退休。 一个相关的关切是工作人员业绩的管理:只有30%的工作人员认为业绩不佳的问题得到适当处理。 已作出很大努力加强人口基金的人口与发展司系统,其重要成果是几乎所有工作人员目前都得到评估,但该系统的使用方式不足以解决业绩不佳的问题:2010年,97%的工作人员被评为完全合格或优秀,只有3%被评为部分合格或不合格。", "战略计划过程中的动员目标,但出于两个原因,这被认为是一项重大挑战。 第一,作为经常(核心)资金提供的资源百分比正在下降,从2007年收入的63%降至2010年的58%。 第二,人口基金严重依赖少数捐助方:2010年96%的经常捐款来自15个最大的捐助方,造成了相当大的风险。 近年来,向人口基金捐款的国家数目已经从2007年的182个下降到2010年的150个。 巴西、中国、印度、俄罗斯联邦和沙特阿拉伯等新兴经济体以及私营部门(包括基金会)的发展援助近年来大幅增加,但这仍然只占对人口基金捐款的一小部分。", "30岁。 人口基金有潜力通过应对上述四个挑战实现业务上的优异,这四个挑战共同构成组织管理自己的关键因素,这反过来又决定了组织在实地取得发展成果的能力。", " V. 2012-2013年未来方向", "31岁 人口基金正处于一个不稳定的阶段,外部环境不断变化,人发会议议程进展不足,既带来了挑战,也创造了机会。 本节根据中期审查的主要结果和分析,审查本组织今后两年应如何转变方向。", "A类. 战略方向", "32. 联合国 为了改进本组织的战略重点,中期审查进程重新审查了将发展成果框架分为三个重点领域的问题,以及人口基金工作最关键的目标对象的问题。 因此,制订了一个订正目标,如图4所示。", "图4", "[]", "33. (中文(简体) ). 目标是普及性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育),促进生殖权利,降低孕产妇死亡率,并加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5(A和B)的进度,以通过了解人口动态、人权和性别平等,并根据国家需要和国情,增强和改善得不到充分服务的人口,特别是妇女和青年(包括青少年)的生活。", "34. 国家 为实现这一目标,人口基金将继续与联合国其他机构、多边和双边组织、国家政府、非政府组织(包括信仰组织)、学术机构和私营部门进行协调并合作。 人口基金同这些伙伴合作,将注重其作为思想领袖、倡导者和伙伴关系经纪人的相对优势,以推进人发会议议程和千年发展目标。", "B. 改进成果问责制", "1. 联合国 概念框架: 将发展成果框架与管理成果框架联系起来", "35. 联合国 为了实现战略方向,必须加强确保人口基金内部成果问责制的机制。 本组织的成果框架,即发展成果框架和管理框架,是这方面的关键工具,因为它们既划定了人口基金的优先事项,也是定期评估业绩的机制。 因此,中期审查相当强调更新两个成果框架。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 这一进程的第一步是澄清人口基金成果的概念框架。 发展成果框架和管理成果框架是人口基金成果整个链条的组成部分,但人口基金直接开展的活动与更高一级发展成果之间的联系不够明确。 执行局第2010/32号决定特别请人口基金加强这一联系。 为此制定了一个简单的计划,见图5。", "图5:概念框架", "[]", "37. 联合国 树枝是人口基金贡献的最高一级成果,这些成果往往通过国际商定的指标来衡量,例如千年发展目标的指标,例如避孕普及率、产妇死亡率和艾滋病毒流行率。 许多行动者为这些成果作贡献[3],对进展的问责主要是由国家自己承担,而不是人口基金等外部伙伴承担。 然而,人口基金的所有工作都正在推动这一层面的变革,而该组织确实对变革产生影响,因此人口基金的业绩部分以这一层面的进展来衡量是适当的。 然而,往往不可能每年为这些指标确定目标和衡量进展情况。 相反,人口基金将衡量趋势并评估在实现长期目标(例如千年发展目标2015年目标)方面是否正在取得进展。", "38. 国家 以树干为代表的中间一级是人口基金计量系统迄今的一个空白。 这一水平也是发展成果框架的一部分,它反映了这样一个事实,即本组织对实现成果的直接贡献的核心是它在发展能力方面的作用,因此各国自己可以实现人发会议议程。 这一级别的指标跟踪产出情况,既包括提高国家能力(衡量标准是避孕药具库存不足的国家的百分比减少),也包括人口基金提供的直接捐助(例如,受过培训的后勤管理人员人数)。 这一级别的问责制由各国共同承担,但人口基金的直接作用在此更为重要。 因此,列入这一水平将大大加强成果链,增强本组织评估其方案业绩的能力。", "39. 联合国 树根代表了基金切实有效地管理自己的能力,从而为上述更高层次的成果提供坚实的基础。 人口基金直接对这一领域的产出负责(见管理成果框架),尽管某些管理成果框架指标的业绩取决于人口基金与之合作的伙伴。", "2. 联合国 修订成果框架的主要原则", " 40. 40. 成果框架的修订遵循了几项原则:", "活动导致成果/产出和指标激增,结果难以确定组织优先事项或评估总体业绩。 因此,第一项指导原则是,将成果/产出和指标的数目合并起来,将改进最有助于本组织推动人发会议议程的领域列为优先事项。 因此,一些重要领域不再被单独列为单独的成果/产出,特别是如果它们已经纳入基金日常工作的主流,或没有反映人口基金需要注重改进的领域。 例如,联合国改革对人口基金的工作很重要,但中期审查的结果表明,人口基金内部已将其制度化,合作伙伴对人口基金在这一领域的评价一般良好,因此不再以单独产出处理。 这一原则的含义是,新的成果框架不会包含一些利益攸关方认为重要的所有专题。 然而,更精简和确定优先次序的成果框架所带来的巨大好处超过了这一点。", "它将永远无法在任何地方处理人发会议议程的所有方面,认识到这一点,必须仔细选择如何强调该组织。 这些选择应当由该组织的相对优势和需要、能力以及人口基金工作所在国表示的兴趣相结合加以推动。 不在任何地方做一切事情的原则将提高人口基金向那些在其本国战略中将人发会议议程的某些方面列为优先事项的国家提供援助和衡量其进展的能力。 此外,不过分预期将使人口基金能够更有效地参与国际努力,确定它们所关注的具体国家。 [4]", "框架是围绕具有组织重要性的事项而不是以现有组织结构为基础来构建这些框架。 “仓式”思维在成果框架中过于常见,导致协作不足导致效率低下。 成果框架现在反映了本组织多个部门应促进的整体优先事项。 例如,虽然有一个以人力资源管理为重点的产出,但这是为了使这项产出的责任不完全由人力资源司承担;相反,人力资源管理必须是整个组织的优先事项,所有单位都必须为此作出贡献。", "成果框架的可计量性。 重点强调确保能够定期衡量指标,因为到2010年底,45个(22%)发展成果框架和管理成果框架指标中有10个没有业绩数据。 对于其他几个国家,只有较近期的数据。 此外,只为战略计划的结束而不是每年制定了目标,限制了跟踪业绩和在中游进行课程矫正的能力。 [5] 提高可衡量性的另一个关键要素是为每项指标编制元数据表。 它们提供了详细的定义、计算方法、数据来源和计量频率,并成为确保计量系统可靠性和提高透明度的重要机制。 [6] 最后,选择了管理成果框架指标,以侧重于需要改进的具体组织行为,并创造激励因素来改变这些行为。", " C C. 突出发展成果的重点", "1. 联合国 注重发展成果框架", "41. 国家 新的发展成果框架强化了人口基金的工作重点,合并并侧重于有限的一套战略优先事项,结果从13个减少到7个。 此外,根据战略方向,还制定了人口与发展、性健康和生殖健康及生殖权利和性别平等的综合议程,这意味着发展成果框架下的成果不再被分割为三个领域,而是构成一个连贯的核心领域的一揽子计划,本组织将在战略计划后两年集中努力。", "2. 发展成果框架的成果和产出", "42. 国家 经修订的发展成果框架的结构如下:从更高的政策级别开始,初步成果是将人口动态及其与青年(包括青少年)需要的相互联系、生殖健康、两性平等和减贫纳入国家和部门计划和战略。 然后,它提出了三项成果,涉及获得产妇保健、计划生育和艾滋病毒/性传播感染服务的问题。 虽然这些成果是作为单独成果提出的,但将尽可能通过综合办法加以实施。", "43. 东帝汶 第五项成果涉及两性平等和生殖权利,第六项成果侧重于青年人。 完成这一循环的成果涉及数据收集、分析和传播,涉及前六个成果领域,并与第一个成果挂钩,以确保需要高质量的数据来影响政策制定。", "44. 国家 如第五节所述,能力建设和方案产出已列入发展成果框架。 就每项成果而言,人口基金正通过反映实现人发会议议程的国家能力变化的若干产出来直接为国家进展作出贡献,结果共产生18项产出。 由于产出涉及能力发展,它们相互加强,常常有助于取得不止一个成果。 例如,计划生育能力发展也将有利于产妇保健服务,并有助于降低产妇死亡率。", "45. 国家 附件一载有整套成果、产出以及指标和目标。", "成果1:人口动态及其与青年人(包括青少年)、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫的需要之间的联系,在国家和部门发展计划和战略中述及。", "46. 经常预算: 在人口领域,人口基金的相对优势在于有效利用人口分析进行贫穷诊断和设想,以及有能力提供将人口动态与健康、性别、青少年和青年政策相挂钩的交叉专题分析。 人口基金将与各国政府和其他伙伴合作,将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生部门政策和计划。 同样,本组织将与其伙伴合作,将青年(包括青少年)问题纳入减贫战略和国家发展框架,并增进青年(包括青少年)参与各级政策制定、执行和监测的权利。", "成果2:获得和利用优质孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加。", "47. 国家 人口基金将大力注重产妇保健,将其作为生殖健康的一部分。 本组织将与H4+和其他伙伴密切合作,支持全球妇女和儿童健康战略以及加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动等其他举措。 人口基金将支持执行国家人力资源政策(特别是提高助产技能)、提供基本紧急产科护理和管理不安全堕胎并发症的能力发展。 将更加重视解决产科瘘等孕产妇疾病。", "成果3:根据生殖意图,增加个人和夫妇获得和利用优质计划生育服务的机会。", " 48. 48. 人口基金将加强对计划生育的重视,包括将其纳入全面的生殖保健服务以及与产妇保健和艾滋病毒预防的联系。 它将继续支持各国政府加强生殖健康商品安全,包括建设国家能力,以管理各种现代避孕药具的可靠供应。 人口基金还将注重通过社区一级的干预措施加强对计划生育的需求。", "成果4:获得和利用高质量预防艾滋病毒和性传播感染服务的机会增加,特别是针对青年人(包括青少年)和其他面临风险的关键人群。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在艾滋病规划署新的分工范围内,人口基金将大力注重减少艾滋病毒的性传播,在年轻人(包括青少年)中预防艾滋病毒,并预防母婴传播。 关键干预措施将包括扩大综合安全套方案,以及在性工作方面处理艾滋病毒问题。", "成果5:促进两性平等和生殖权利,特别是通过宣传和执行法律和政策。", " 50. 50. 人口基金将继续建设国家能力,以实施促进两性平等和生殖权利的法律和政策,并特别强调解决性别暴力问题,还将继续就人道主义环境中的性别暴力问题开展工作并建立伙伴关系来消除包括切割女性生殖器在内的有害做法。 此外,人口基金将本着整个联合国系统作出的“一个联合国”承诺的精神促进两性平等,并视需要与妇女署和其他机构进行协调。 人口基金还将继续倡导保护和实现生殖权利,并积极与让男子和男孩参与促进两性平等和生殖权利的民间社会团体(包括信仰组织和社区组织)合作。", "成果6:改善青年(包括青少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务和性教育的机会。", "51. 联合国 人口基金将加强对青年人获得基本的性健康和生殖健康服务的支持,并特别强调向少女提供服务。 人口基金将支持年轻人(包括青少年)的性教育,并加强努力建设国家能力,以设计和执行适合年龄的全面性教育政策和课程。", "成果7:改善数据的提供和分析,从而围绕人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)和两性平等进行循证决策和政策制定。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金将加强努力,改善国家数据分析能力,以围绕人口问题和动态、青年(包括青少年)、两性平等和性健康和生殖健康进行循证规划和方案拟订。 一个特别的重点领域是人道主义环境中的数据。", "3个 共有问题", "53. 联合国 一些问题贯穿了七个成果,在此集体介绍,以避免在每项成果下重复。", "将青年(包括青少年)的需求纳入主流", "54. 联合国 虽然成果6特别侧重于青年(包括青少年)的需要,但所有成果都得到了满足。 人口基金将加强与各国政府和其他伙伴的合作,倡导增加对青年(包括青少年)的健康、教育和生计投资,并抓住人口机会之窗,同时解决性健康和生殖健康服务、艾滋病毒预防和两性平等等关键问题。 将特别注意促进青年人(包括青少年)的权利,包括他们参与各级政策制定、执行和监测的权利。 人口基金将注重最脆弱和最受排斥的群体,特别是少女。 由于与青年有关的问题具有多部门性质,与其他伙伴的协调至关重要。", "人权与两性平等", "55. 国家 人权和两性平等将继续采用对文化敏感的办法,将人权和两性平等纳入人口基金业务的主流,重点是最贫穷和最受排斥的群体。 这包括在制定计划、政策、法律和方案时利用人权和两性平等的视角。 它还包括确保妇女、青年和其他弱势群体了解自己的权利,并有权就其性健康和生殖健康和生活选择作出决定。", "包容性伙伴关系和国家自主权", "56. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金在每一个成果领域的工作将继续以包容性伙伴关系和支持国家自主权原则为基础。 各国政府仍将是人口基金的主要伙伴,即使该组织与非政府组织,包括信仰组织、学术机构和私营部门建立了新的战略协作关系(如上所指出,需要避免伙伴关系的激增,这两者之间是平衡的)。", "人道主义援助", "57. 萨尔瓦多 人口基金将继续支持将人发会议《行动纲领》纳入应急准备、人道主义应急以及过渡和复原进程。 人口基金在人道主义背景下的相对优势在于生殖健康、消除基于性别的暴力和数据领域。 在从紧急情况向发展过渡期间,这种支助也是必不可少的。 最近制定的第二代人口基金人道主义应急战略将有助于推动主流化,使人口基金的活动更具战略性、可扩展性和可持续性。 人口基金将继续加强区域办事处向国家办事处提供指导和调动支助的能力,以应对紧急情况下的性健康和生殖健康需要。 将加强人口基金在全球一级的领导作用,加强注重诸如建立伙伴关系和质量保证等战略领域,并借鉴刚果民主共和国、海地、巴基斯坦和苏丹最近紧急情况的经验教训。", "联合国改革", "58. 联合国 人口基金坚定致力于联合国改革。 在国家一级联合拟订方案以及在全球和区域两级采取协调办法将继续是本组织努力的基础。 人口基金还将继续在倡导联合国改革方面起主导作用,并将继续大力倡导各级“一体行动,履行使命”议程。", "南南合作", "59. (中文(简体) ). 在七个成果领域,人口基金将加强对南南合作的支持,以促进知识和经验教训的交流并建设加快执行人发会议行动纲领和千年发展目标的能力。 这是提供技术援助的一种有希望的方式,并扩大了人口基金与中等收入国家接触的方式。", "D. 取得最佳业务成果", "1. 联合国 注重管理成果框架", "60. 联合国 本节前文所述原则的适用使管理成果框架大大精简,将目前的9个产出减少到4个。 订正的一套产出涉及上述主要挑战,这是今后两年的管理优先事项。", "61. 国家 突出管理成果框架的重点需要作出困难的决定,因为伙伴关系和联合国改革等领域对本组织仍然很重要,但最终没有作为单独产出列入;相反,它们已纳入主流。 其他领域将在成果框架之外处理,例如透明度,将通过承诺定期在人口基金网站上公布成果框架的业绩数据等办法来改进透明度。", "62. 联合国 其结果是,管理成果框架中的一组领域有限,如果得到解决,人口基金就能取得最佳业务成果。 为了提高基金及早发现问题和进行中途课程纠正的能力,将比往年更经常地监测管理成果框架的产出,由高级管理层在每年定期评估业绩。", "2. 管理成果框架的产出", "产出1:通过加强基于成果和循证的方案拟订,提高方案效力。", "63. 国家 人口基金实现影响的能力取决于其方案的质量,主要是在国家一级。 在今后两年中,重点将放在以下两个方面:成果管理制和循证方案拟订。 人口基金在这两个领域都开发了工具,并将注重确保系统地利用这些工具,并因此提高方案拟订的质量。 实现这一目标的具体步骤之一是引入质量保证机制,审查所有国家方案文件草案是否符合一套关于成果管理制和循证方案拟订的标准。 另一个步骤是改进国家方案评价,重点是确保评价质量高并指导方案拟订。", "产出2:通过提高效率和风险管理加强资源管理。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 改进人口基金如何管理委托给它的资源,将是战略计划剩余几年的主要重点。 其中一个方面是通过控制与管理和行政有关的费用以及提高执行率来提高效率。 与此密切相关的是提高人口基金采购工作的效率,并特别注重缩短采购的准备时间。 [7] 第二个关键方面是具体回应联合国审计委员会和人口基金监督事务司就人口基金在国家一级的支出提出的关切,特别是在国家执行模式下。 加强这方面的财务管理将是今后两年的一个重要优先事项,重点是改进对执行伙伴的监督并建设其能力,以减少负面审计结果、无证明的支出和逾期预付款。 为了解决选择和管理执行伙伴的更广泛问题,例如一些国家办事处与众多执行伙伴建立伙伴关系的做法,正在采用质量保证制度,以确保管理人员严格地发挥其领导作用,包括监测潜在的风险领域并强制执行减少风险措施。", "产出3:为人口基金配备适当的工作人员,配备业绩好、完成任务的专业人员。", "65. 国家 人口基金成功的能力在很大程度上取决于它如何处理人力资源。 这一产出的重点有两个方面:第一,本组织将集中精力确保拥有足够的工作人员来执行其任务;第二,本组织将优先加强问责制文化,改进如何解决业绩不佳的问题。 将查明能力差距并进行投资,使工作人员具备必要的技能,以更好地为本组织的交付能力作出贡献。 为了补充这一点,必须向人口基金所有工作人员提供安全和有保障的工作环境。 反过来,工作人员必须坚持最高的职业操守标准,在加强本组织的道德标准方面继续取得进展。", "产出4:确保有基础广泛和稳定的供资,以满足战略计划所需资源。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 没有资源,就无法实现本文件所述的雄心勃勃的议程。 在战略计划的剩余期间,重点是资金的数量和来源。 资金来源很重要,因为与指定用于特定用途的捐款相比,经常捐款使本组织能够更有效和高效地规划和执行活动。 此外,人口基金将注重使其筹资基础多样化,包括寻求新兴经济体和私营部门增加捐款。 采取更积极的资源调动办法,将使本组织能为加快人发会议议程和实现千年发展目标5作出更大的贡献。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 管理成果框架的产出指标和目标载于附件二。", "六、结 论 综合财政资源框架", "A类. 人发会议的资源需要和流动情况", "68. (中文(简体) ). 截至2008年,捐助者对人发会议《行动纲领》的援助稳步增加,2008年达到104亿美元。 [8] 此后,这一趋势停滞不前,估计2009年和2010年的供资水平基本相同。 预计2011年仅略为增加108亿美元。 发展中国家国内资源继续增加,预计从2009年的298亿美元增至2011年的340亿美元。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 这些数字远远低于实现《行动纲领》目标所需的总数。 2009年,这一需求估计为490亿美元,预计2012年将增至682亿美元,2013年将增至686亿美元。 人口基金将加快宣传工作,使人发会议《行动纲领》在发展议程中占有重要位置,这符合大会最近关于人发会议2014年后的后续行动的第65/234号决议。", "B. 2012-2013年所需资源", "1. 联合国 收入预测", "70. 联合国 2010-2011两年期人口基金收入估计为15.61亿美元(一个暂定数字,因为2011年的最后数字尚未提供)。 其中9.627亿美元来自经常资源,5.986亿美元来自其他资源。 根据历史趋势和捐助者迄今提供的资料,人口基金预测2012-2013年总收入为17亿美元,其中预测2012年为8.3亿美元,2013年为8.7亿美元。 其中10.39亿美元来自经常捐款,6.8亿美元来自其他资源捐款。", "71. 联合国 这比本两年期的初步实际捐款增加了10%。 这一变化不大,因为需要大幅度地加快千年发展目标5的进展,远远低于2000-2001至2010-2011两年期的历史增长率,在此期间复合增长率为16%。", "2. 联合国 成果框架和资源之间的联系", "72. 联合国 根据执行局第2010/32号决定,人口基金将“确保与各战略计划的机构和管理成果框架建立全面和透明的联系”。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 人口基金将根据成果框架中确定的优先事项编制2012-2013年预算,重新调整资源,使目标得以实现。 这项工作是不完整的,业务计划也是实现中期审查部分改革的工具,因此,在向执行局提交预算时将显示这些联系。 当时将分析根据中期审查重新分配资源的方式。", "74. 国家 如上所述,已精简了订正的管理成果框架,以侧重于本组织面临的最重要的问题。 其影响之一是管理成果框架的产出不能像以往那样完全由人口基金各司或单位负责。 [9] 其必然结果是人口基金各司和股将促进多种产出。", "3个 所需资源", "75. 国家 2012-2013年期间,共计17.52亿美元将用于方案和机构预算,比2010-2011年的最初预测增加20%。 然而,2010年的支出大大超过原先的预测,将2010年的实际数字作为比较的基础,表明支出将增加不到11%。", "76. 联合国 拟议资源使用表明分配给方案的资源比例与经常性管理费用相比发生了重大变化:分配给经常性管理费用的总收入百分比将从本两年期的15.8%降至2012-2013两年期的13.1%。", "77. 国家 利用资源的方案部分包括国家方案以及全球和区域方案。 在拟议资源使用方面,维持了原先设想的2008-2011年国家方案和全球方案方案(占经常资源的11.1%)的经常资源分配。", "2012-2013年拟议所需资源[10]\n(单位:百万美元)\n2010-2011 (原始预测) 2012-2013年\n经常资源共计\n可用资源\n期初余额 51.7 278.4 330.0 55.3 191.9 247.2\n捐款和其他收入\n1 001.7 728.4 1 730.0 1 094.1 871.9 1 966.0\n资源的使用\n方案(成本回收净额)[11] 689.4 498.2 1 187.6 820.6 639.2 1 459.8\n机构预算\n有效性\n管理层\n经常性费用\n非经常性费用 8.9 - 8.9 5.9 - 5.9 5.9 - 5.9 - - - 特别费用\n256.9 38.3 295.2 244.4 47.3 291.6 共计\n预算\n总使用量 946.4 536.5 1 482.8 1 065.3 686.5 1 751.8", "页:1 执行订正战略计划", "78. 国家 本报告中提议的战略计划修改不会在一夜之间实现,而是将在计划剩下的几年中逐步实现。 这些变化也不会仅仅因为列入计划而自动发生:相反,它们将需要人口基金整个组织的领导和管理纪律给予持续关注。 如下所述,已设计出若干程序来编纂这些变化。", "A类. 业务计划", "79. 联合国 与中期审查相配合,正在制定2012-2013年业务计划。 中期审查的结果和结论为业务计划提供了依据,业务计划将包括加强执行订正战略计划的机制。 业务计划将通过简化业务流程、精简决策和加强问责制来提高效率。", "B. 全球、区域和国家各级的协调一致", "1. 联合国 国家一级", "80个 在执行局核准订正成果框架后,将更新国家办事处的工具和准则,以方便国家方案与订正成果和产出挂钩。 将在各区域举行规划会议,以帮助国家和区域办事处使方案文件和行动计划与订正战略计划保持一致。", "81个 国家办事处将与国家伙伴一道,负责将订正战略计划所描述的变革转化为地方背景。 这一进程应当以国家自主权、需要和能力为基础,并应当产生重点更加突出的国家方案,在人口基金能够开展工作的可能领域中严格确定优先次序。 重要的是,预计国家方案不会与所有成果和产出挂钩,而是只注重与具体情况相关的成果和产出。 含有订正成果框架范围外活动的国家方案预计将脱离这些活动(虽然预计会逐步进行,以尽量减少方案中断)。", "82. 由于日益重视人口基金能够发挥最大作用并更好地适应当地具体情况的关键领域,国家方案预计将更加多样化,不再采用“一刀切”的做法,即各项方案试图在任何地方都做一切事情,因此没有充分根据当地情况。", "83个 执行工作也必须以有区别的方式进行,其依据是国家自主权,并符合国家需要和能力。 例如,从提供东西到提供思维的转变——从执行支助到关于政策对话和宣传的更上游的工作——将基于当地情况。 然而,这种自下而上的办法将更加强调利用质量保证机制,确保国家办事处达到最低标准。", "2. 全球和区域各级", "第八十四会. 根据第2009/16号决定,人口基金全球和区域方案(DP/FPA/2007/19)已延长至2013年。 在执行局核准订正成果框架后,总体方案将与新的成果和产出保持一致,并将为2012-2013年期间制定活动和成果。 人口基金将利用从执行中吸取的经验教训来制定新的全球方案,并将向执行局提交2014-2017年新战略计划。", "3个 重组", "85. 人口基金的改组工作最近才完成,使改革制度化的机制仍在推出。 此外,计划于2012年对重组进行评价。 因此,在中期审查期间没有对重组进行系统审查。 随着经验教训的汲取,它们将影响本组织如何实时(包括通过业务计划进程)开展区域化工作,并将为下一个战略计划提供重要投入。", " C C. 加强测量系统", "86号. 如上所讨论,衡量系统面临的挑战阻碍了近年来评估人口基金进展情况的能力,内部和外部审查也强调了改进本组织衡量系统的重要性。 改进这些系统的努力已经进行了一段时间,在修订成果框架的过程中,相当强调学习执行战略计划最初几年的经验,这反映在诸如在制定指标时更加重视可衡量性等变化中。 对照目标(特别是管理成果框架中的目标)定期审查执行情况,将有助于实时查明挑战,为尽早解决问题提供便利。 还需要进一步努力,特别是在概念上和在管理信息系统方面加强国家、区域和全球各级之间的联系,以便能够定期报告业绩趋势。", "D类. 制定新的战略计划", "87个 将在中期审查进程结束后为制定2014-2017年下一个战略计划制定详细的路线图并提交执行局。 将于2013年向执行局提交关于当前计划执行情况的累积报告(包括订正成果框架、重组以及全球和区域方案)。", "88个 下一个战略计划的制定将包括中期审查期间出现但无法在中期审查中全面解决的专题,例如妇女署的设立对人口基金性别平等工作的全面影响(仍在出现)以及资源分配和分配制度(其修改超出了中期审查的范围)。 如上所述,由于中期审查进程而启动的改革工作将逐步进行,因此将成为下一个战略计划的重要基础。 最后,中期审查进程确定了一些经验教训,这些经验教训将有助于建立更强有力的系统(例如,为收集数据提供便利,记录规划和预算进程,使战略计划更明确地成为制定预算的起点),并为制定下一个战略计划的进程提供信息。", "第八编. 决定要点", "89. 国家 执行局不妨:", "(a) 国家 1. 注意到关于人口基金2008-2013年战略计划中期审查的本报告,并欣见报告中为加强人口基金成果问责制和业务优异程度提供的战略指导;", "(b) 认可本报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载未来方向以及重点突出的成果和产出,作为实现人发会议目标和促进千年发展目标的重要步骤;", "(c) 核准报告(DP/FPA/2011/11)所载2012-2013年订正发展和管理成果框架和综合财政资源框架,并鼓励各国协助人口基金达到2012-2013年期间经常资源和其他资源的总额,包括通过多年认捐;", "(d) 强调经常资源对有效执行战略计划的重要性并鼓励各国增加对人口基金经常资源的捐款;", "(e) 要求在2013年年度会议上提交关于2008-2013年战略计划的累积报告,并在2013年第二届常会上提交新的战略计划。", "附件一:经修订的发展成果框架1", "目标:实现普遍获得性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)、促进生殖权利、降低产妇死亡率并加快人发会议议程和千年发展目标5的进展(A和B)\n成果1:人口动力学及其与青年人(包括青少年)、性与生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等和减贫需要的相互联系\n主要指标: 有多少国家制定了国家发展计划和减贫战略,以解决人口动态及其与青年(包括青少年)、性与生殖健康(包括计划生育)、性别平等、可持续发展和减贫的多部门需要之间的联系\n基线:62(2010年) 将性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)纳入国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目\n基准:54(2010年)\n基线目标\n1. 联合国 1.1 人口基金支持将人口动态问题纳入相关国家计划和方案的国家数目(和百分比)\n1.2 接受如何将人口动态问题纳入国家计划和方案的培训的人数 750 1 225 1 450\n2. 联合国 加强制定国家卫生政策和计划的能力,提供综合性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育) 2.1 人口基金支助制定国家卫生政策和计划的国家数目(和百分比),提供综合性健康和生殖健康服务(包括计划生育)(N=可按年度变化,根据国家计划周期:2010:45;2012:26;2013:48;10(22%)18(69%)33(69%)3。 青年(包括青少年)参与政策对话和方案拟定的国家能力得到加强。 3.1 由人口基金支助的有体制机制与青年(包括青少年)合作进行政策对话和方案拟定的国家的数目(和百分比)\n(无=128个)", "1个 _(以下每项指标的定义、计算方法、数据来源和计量频率的详情载于人口基金网站上的元数据表。 )", "2 (注 \" N=128 \" )反映了以下事实,即每项指标都有一套对其适用的定义国家:在某些情况下,这包括所有人口基金方案国家,而在其他情况下,该指标适用于某一类国家,例如正在开展某项活动的国家(例如制定国家计划)或被确定为现有国际努力一部分的国家(例如,全球妇女和儿童健康战略)。", "成果2:获得和利用优质孕产妇和新生儿保健服务的机会增加\n主要指标 产妇死亡率\n基线:290(2008年) 由熟练保健人员接生\n基线:63%(2008年) 剖腹产率低于活胎5%的国家数量\n基线:46(2010年)\n基线目标 4. 加强国家能力 实施综合助产士方案 4.1 人口基金已发展管理助产士政策能力的国家的数目(和百分比)\n(N=全球妇女和儿童健康战略中的49个国家) 5. 加强急诊和新生儿护理的国家能力 5.1 人口基金在国家以下各级保健计划中发展了急诊和新生儿护理升级能力的国家的数目(和百分比)\n(N=全球妇女和儿童健康战略中的49个国家)\n6. 国家 加强国家预防、治疗和社会融合预防产科瘘的能力 6.1 在人口基金支助下接受产科瘘管病治疗的妇女人数\n7. 联合国 提高执行人道主义设定中最低初步成套服务的能力 7.1 通过人口基金的支助,在综合信息系统上接受培训的人数 3 900 400 4 500人\n成果3:根据生育意图,个人和夫妇获得和利用优质计划生育服务的机会增加\n主要指标:避孕普及率(现代方法)\n基线:55.2(2009年) 未满足的计划生育需要\n基线:11.4(2009年) 至少有三种现代受孕方法的有服务点的国家的百分比\n基准:36.6(2009-2010年)\n基线目标 8. 加强生殖健康商品安全的国家系统 8.1 由人口基金支助的、在过去六个月内没有受孕者库存的国家的数目(和百分比)3(27%) 8(62%) 10(77%)\n(N=13 生殖健康商品安全全球方案中的流国家;这一数字从2010年基线的11个国家有所增加)\n8.2 通过人口基金支助培训的本国工作人员后勤管理人数 225 360 450 9. 国家 9.1 在人口基金支持关键需求生成干预,特别是现代受孕方法7(16%) 20(44%) 35(78%)的国家数目(和百分比)\n(N=45 RHCS全球方案中的流一和流二国家)\n成果4:获得和利用高质量的艾滋病毒和性传播感染预防服务的机会增加,特别是针对年轻人(包括青少年)和其他面临风险的关键人群\n主要指标:青年(15至24岁)的艾滋病毒感染率\n基线:0.3%(男性)和0.6%(女性)(2010年) 15-49岁女性和男性在最近12个月中有一个以上伴侣在最后一次性行为过程中使用避孕套的百分比\n基线:48%的男性(15-49人)和32%的女性(15-49人)\n基线目标\n10个 10.1 在人口基金(艾滋病规划署2011-2015年全球战略中的N=31个国家)支助下完成SRH与艾滋病毒政策、系统和服务交付之间联系评估的国家数目(和百分比)\n((a) N=17个艾滋病规划署青年优先国家;(b) N=31个艾滋病规划署2011-2015年全球战略国家)\n11个 11.1 人口基金支持的社区领导组织/网络的数目,以参与解决青年和性工作者的艾滋病毒和性健康和生殖健康需要的方案\n成果5:特别通过倡导和执行法律和政策来促进两性平等和生殖权利\n主要指标:20-24岁妇女在18岁以前结婚的百分比\n基线:总数35%;城市22%;农村45%(2000-2009年) 已建立执行法律和政策机制的国家百分比a\n基准:61.7%(2008年)\n基线目标\n12个 加强各国执行支持两性平等和生殖权利的国际协定、国家立法和政策的能力 12.1 得到人口基金支持的国家的数目(和百分比)\n13个 加强处理性别暴力和提供高质量服务,包括人道主义救援的国家能力 13.1 人口基金支助制定性别暴力(包括女性生殖/减少)政策和方案对策(N=30个联合拟订方案的国家和方案国家进行性别选择和安全理事会第1325号决议)的国家数目(和百分比) 19(64%) 22(73%) 24(80%)\n13.2 在人口基金支助下,在人道主义设定中为性别暴力制定方案方面接受培训的人数\n13.3 人口基金支持宣布放弃女性生殖器切割/切割的社区数目 596 715 858\n14. 通过社区组织和网络的参与,加强促进两性平等和生殖权利 14.1 人口基金支助由男子和男孩参与促进两性平等的民间社会组织/网络的国家数目(和百分比)(N=35)", "成果6:改善青年(包括青少年)获得性健康和生殖健康服务和性教育的机会\n主要指标 青少年出生率\n基线:52(2007年) 15至24岁青年正确确定预防艾滋病毒性传播和拒绝对艾滋病毒传播的主要偏见的方法的百分比\n基线:35%的男性和30%的女性(2005-2009年) 在全国规模的学校中实施与性别相适应的全面性教育的国家数目\n基线:待定 产出指标:2010-2012-2013年\n基线目标15。 15.1 人口基金支持向青年人提供基本性健康和生殖健康服务的国家的数目(和百分比)\n(N=128) 15.2 人口基金支助制订和执行综合方案以达到边缘化少女5(25%)10(50%)15(75%)的国家数目(和百分比)\n(无=20个)\n16号. 加强国家设计和实施综合适龄性教育政策和课程的能力 16.1 由人口基金支助制定和执行与年龄相适应的全面性教育方案的国家数目(和百分比)(N=128) 44(34%) 54(42%) 64(50%)\n16.2 在人口基金支助下培训的专家人数,以提供技术援助,协助设计、执行和评价全面的性教育方案 70 210 280", "成果7:改善人口动态、性健康和生殖健康(包括计划生育)和性别平等方面的数据提供和分析\n完成2010年人口和住房普查的国家数目\n基线:23(2010年) 已(在过去五年中)进行全国住户调查,从而能够估计千年发展目标5的所有指标的国家数目\n基线:91(2010年)\n基线目标\n17. 提高国家编制、利用和传播人口动态、青年、两性平等和性健康和生殖健康(包括人道主义设定)的高质量统计数据的能力 17.1 人口基金支助能力建设以编制和传播普查、调查和其他统计数据的国家的数目(和百分比)(N=128)\n17.2 通过人口基金支助编制、分析和传播普查调查和其他统计数据,包括在人道主义环境下进行的培训的人数\n18岁。 加强国家数据分析能力,为人口动态、青年、两性平等和性健康和生殖健康方面的决策和政策制定提供信息。", "附件二:经修订的管理成果框架1", "基准(年)\n通过强化基于成果和证据的方案拟定,提高方案效力 至少有“良好”的国家方案文件被评为成果管理制和证据方案拟定标准\n至少占其年度工作计划产出75%的方案实现指标目标的百分比\n至少“良好”的国家方案评价百分比 何时确定基线 何时确定基线\n通过提高效率和风险管理加强资源配置 经常资源和其他资源的执行率:85%(2009年) 85%(2010年) 其他资源:52%(2009年) 经常资源:97% 其他资源:79% 经常资源:97%\n51%(2010年)\n79%(2010年) 85% 90%\n持有否定意见的国家执行审计的百分比 17%(2007年)22%(2009年) 10% 8%\n逾期未交的基金账户预付款总额百分比\n至少有90%年度工作计划的执行伙伴至少被评为质量保证标准“良好”的人口基金组织单位百分比 不详 75% 85%\n人口基金工作人员配备适当,专业水平高,特派团空缺率不高(2007-2010年)\n认为人口基金有效处理业绩不佳问题的工作人员百分比\n有保障和稳定的供资满足战略计划的资源需求 年度战略计划筹资目标达到的百分比\n63%(2007年)58%(2010年)60% >60%\n来自15个最大捐助方以外的年度经常捐款百分比(2007年) 7%(2010年) 6% 8%", "1个 _(以下每项指标的定义、计算方法、数据来源和计量频率的详情载于人口基金网站上的元数据表。 )", "2 _ (中文(简体) ). 该指标的数据每两年收集一次,因此没有2013年的目标。 )", "[1] 世界银行和国际货币基金组织,《2011年全球监测报告》。", "[2] 经济合作与发展组织,“发展援助在2010年达到历史最高点”,http://www.oecd.org/document/35/0,3746,en_2649_34447_47515235_1_1_1_100.html。", "[3] 这一水平被称为“成果”,但严格意义上的监测和评价术语既包括目标一级指标,也包括成果指标。 在这方面,人口基金正在遵循千年发展目标的做法,千年发展目标的指标也结合了多个层面。", "[4] 例如妇女和儿童健康全球战略和艾滋病方案全球战略。", "[5] 在少数情况下,不可能有年度指标,因为一些重要指标 -- -- 例如千年发展目标和关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的联合国大会特别会议的指标 -- -- 无法每年衡量。", "[6] 元数据表将在人口基金网站上公布。", "[7] 选择这一指标是因为对采购目前的准备时间表示关切。 采购效率的另一个关键方面 -- -- 所获价格 -- -- 已在人口基金采购办法的结构变化中得到处理:该组织现在有系统地同采购大量生殖健康商品的其他实体进行协调,以实现规模经济,从而获得已经具有高度国际竞争力的价格。", "[8] 本段所引用的所有数字取自“协助执行《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》的财政资源流量:秘书长的报告”,E/CN.9/2011/5。", "[9] 人力资源产出和资源调动产出也是如此,这似乎分别属于人力资源司及信息和对外关系司的职权范围。 中期审查的一个重要经验教训是,这些领域必须是全组织工作人员的责任,例如,区域办事处的主管认真对待业绩不佳的问题,人口基金代表负责调动资源。", "[10] 本表中的数字是估计的,因此可以改变。", "[11] 这包括为全球和区域方案拨出经常资源的11.1%。" ]

[ "France and United States of America: draft resolution", "[]", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,", "Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,", "Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorisation from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,", "Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,", "Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,", "Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,", "Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary General (S/2011/387),", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,", "Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,", "Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,", "Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,", "Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,", "Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;", "3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;", "4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisors, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;", "5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;", "6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;", "7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),", "– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,", "– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,", "(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges", "– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,", "– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,", "– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,", "– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo", "– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,", "(d) Collection of weapons", "– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,", "– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,", "– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,", "– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,", "(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions", "– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,", "– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,", "– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,", "– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,", "– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,", "(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights", "– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,", "– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,", "– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),", "(h) Support humanitarian assistance", "– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,", "– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,", "– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,", "– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,", "– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,", "– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,", "(j) Public information", "– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,", "– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,", "– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,", "– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country", "– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,", "(l) Facilitation", "– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,", "8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);", "9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;", "10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;", "11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;", "13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;", "14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;", "15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;", "16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;", "18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;", "19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;", "20. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "法国和美利坚合众国：决议草案", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议，尤其是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议及各项主席声明，以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议，", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺，并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性，", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)，注意到报告中的建议，包括2011年5月1日至14日派评估团到科特迪瓦工作，", "欢迎阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后，科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得的进展，", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺并采取举措以促进对话、公正与和解，包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会，呼吁科特迪瓦所有各方携手做出努力，实现国家的稳定和重建，", "注意到科特迪瓦按照《罗马规约》第12条第3款提交声明接受国际刑事法院管辖，法院检察官已据此请求预审分庭批准对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内发生的战争罪和危害人类罪进行调查，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统请布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府完成和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》尚未完成的事项，", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "对安全局势仍然岌岌可危和不稳定表示关切，回顾科特迪瓦政府负有在科特迪瓦保障和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统3月17日颁布命令，组建科特迪瓦共和国部队(共和国部队)，取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队，强调需要开展包容各方的进程，对安全部门进行改革，", "注意到如秘书长报告(S/2011/387)所述，武装冲突仍然很有可能重现，并注意到对平民的袭击，特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、出逃狱犯和其他非法武装人员发动的袭击，", "回顾最后一次立法选举是2000年12月10日举行的，强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对于科特迪瓦全面恢复宪法秩序、实现民族和解和进行有各方参与的治理至关重要，", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会全体民众，无论男女，都参与选举进程，在选举制度方面公平保护和尊重科特迪瓦所有利益攸关者的人权，尤其是尊重意见和言论自由，", "强烈谴责在选举后危机中发生的种种暴行、严重违反和侵犯人权以及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括法外杀害、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、(包括针对儿童的)性暴力和基于性别的暴力、据称在全国各地(特别是在阿比让和西部)发生的在冲突中招募和使用儿童的行为，", "又强烈谴责选举后危机中发生的袭击和骚扰联合国人员事件，重申这些行为违反了国际法，", "强调，必须调查被指称的所有各方的违反和侵犯人权行为，还重申，必须追究应对这些行为负责的人，不论其属于哪个党派，并欢迎瓦塔拉总统就此做出承诺，", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议设立的国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议，", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机中做出的努力，鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦实现稳定和完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国以及捐助方做出的贡献，", "回顾其以往关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议，重申妇女在消除冲突和建设和平中的重大作用和她们在刚摆脱冲突社会中重建社会构架方面的重要作用，", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动，", "1. 决定将联科行动的任期延长到2012年7月31日；", "2. 决定，联科行动军事部门的核定兵员仍为9 792人，有9 600名官兵和参谋人员，其中包括第1942(2010)号和第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 400人，以及192名军事观察员；", "3. 决定，联科行动的警察部门的核定人员仍为1 350人，并决定维持以前核定的8名海关干事；", "4. 决定批准在联科行动核定军事和警察人数范围内，通过适当调整特派团军事和警察人员人数，增派205名顾问来增加警员人数，这些顾问应有相关的技能，并是秘书长报告所述专门领域的专家；", "5. 决定，为在科特迪瓦实现稳定，包括创建一个有利于立法选举的安全环境，需要有第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 000名官兵和第1942(2010)号决议批准增派的400名官兵和100名警察；", "6. 重申，根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议，秘书长特别代表应核证，选举工作的各个阶段均按国际准则和商定标准，为举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供了一切必要保障；", "7. 决定联科行动应有以下任务：", "保护和安全", "(a) 保护平民", "根据自身能力，在部署地区内保护平民的人身安全免遭迫在眉睫的威胁，同时不妨碍科特迪瓦当局为此担负首要责任，", "订正保护平民的综合战略，并协同联合国国家工作队，与联合国保护平民战略协调一致，以便考虑到实地新情况和弱势群体的特殊需要，并根据第1960(2010)号和第1882(2009)号决议列入防止基于性别的暴力的措施，", "与人道主义机构密切合作，特别是在局势紧张地区和流离失所者返回问题上密切合作，收集关于平民面临威胁的信息，确定平民可能遭受的威胁，并收集违反人道主义法和人权法行为的可靠信息，酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意，并结合联科行动的保护战略，根据联合国全系统的保护战略采取适当行动，", "根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，监测并报告侵害和危害弱势群体(包括儿童)的行为，并协助做出努力，防止这种侵害和危害，", "(b) 应对剩余的安全威胁和边界挑战", "继续根据现有的任务规定，监测和阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体的活动，并定期向安理会通报这方面的情况，", "支持政府在边界沿线和边界地区，特别是与利比里亚接壤地区，监测和处理越界安全挑战和其他挑战，尤其注意武装分子和武器的越界流动，并为此同联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)进行密切协调，以加强特派团之间的合作，例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内，联合进行巡逻和应急规划，", "与政府协调，协助保障科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方的安全，包括在这方面顾及即将到来的立法选举的筹备和举行，", "(c) 监测军火禁运", "与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施的执行情况，包括按照第1980(2011)号决议，视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下，检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料，不论它们存放何处，", "酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施带入科特迪瓦的武器和任何有关物资，并以适当方式处置此类武器和物资，", "(d) 收缴武器", "酌情根据第1980(2011)号决议，继续协助国家当局，包括全国打击小武器和轻武器的扩散和非法贩运委员会，收缴、登记、护卫和处置武器和清除战争遗留爆炸物，", "支持政府协同其他伙伴制订和执行社区武器收缴方案，这一工作应结合减少社区暴力和实现和解的工作来进行，", "与政府协调，确保不在下文(f)段所述国家安全综合战略之外分发或重新使用收缴的武器，", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调，协助政府立即制订和执行一个新的作战人员解除武装、复员和重返社会以及解散民兵和自卫团体的全国方案，该方案应有各种明确的标准，符合新的情况，并考虑到待解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别的人、包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要，", "酌情与联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作，支持解除外国武装分子武装和遣返回国工作，", "(f) 重组和改革安全机构和法制机构", "协助政府立即与其他国际伙伴密切协调，同时也考虑到国家复员方案，对安全机构进行一次全部门审查，并制定一项国家安全综合战略和安全机构改革计划，", "在科特迪瓦政府的领导下并与国际利益攸关方密切合作，支持参与协助安全部门改革进程的各国际伙伴有效协调和统一工作并做到透明，且任务和责任有明确的分工，并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的最新情况，", "酌情就安全部门的改革和未来国家军队的组建向科特迪瓦政府提供咨询，以在其现有资源的范围内，应政府的请求，在与其他国际伙伴密切协调的情况下，帮助向安全和执法机构提供关于人权、儿童保护、免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力的培训，通过技术援助、同地办公和辅导方案支持警察、宪兵、司法人员和狱警的能力建设，帮助他们重新在科特迪瓦全境进行派驻，并支持建立一个可持续的审查机制，审查安全部门机构将采用的人员，", "在现有资源范围内，与国际伙伴协调，支持政府制定和执行一项国家司法部门战略，并制定和执行一项多年期联合国司法支助方案，以建设科特迪瓦的警察部门、司法机构、监狱和司法救助，并对有关的基础设施进行初步紧急修复和提供设备，", "在现有资源范围内，与联合国系统其他机构合作，支持和解，包括建立和运作防止、缓和或解决冲突的机制，特别是地方一级的机制，并扶持社会凝聚力，", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议任命的独立专家密切协调，帮助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权，特别注意针对妇女和儿童的严重侵犯人权行为和虐待行为，尤其是性暴力和基于性别的暴力，", "监测、帮助调查、公开报告和向安理会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的行为，以形成一个保护环境和结束有罪不罚的局面，并为此加强人权监测、调查和报告能力，", "提请安理会注意所有被指认有严重侵犯人权行为的人，并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "酌情并在现有资源范围内，根据第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，支持科特迪瓦政府打击性暴力和性别暴力的努力，包括与参加联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动的各实体合作，帮助拟订一项本国主导的多部门战略，任命保护妇女顾问，并确保有两性平等方面的专业知识和培训，", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "继续促进人道主义援助的通行无阻，并帮助加强向受冲突影响的脆弱人群提供人道主义援助的工作，特别是帮助加强有助于提供援助的安全条件，", "支持科特迪瓦当局与有关人道主义组织合作，为难民和流离失所者的自愿、安全和可持续的回返做准备，创造有利于回返的安全条件，", "和平与选举进程", "(i) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举", "促成一个包容各方的政治进程，支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境，包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力进行协调，", "支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举，提供适当的后勤和技术援助，协助政府作出有效的安全安排，", "提供技术和后勤支助，以协助独立选举委员会在举行立法选举前完成尚未完成的工作，并应请求协助所有政治利益攸关方之间的协商以及为此与独立选举委员会进行的协商，", "考虑到立法选举的具体情况，向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助，以便秘书长根据上文第6段履行认证立法选举的职责，", "(j) 新闻", "按照任务规定继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体，继续酌情向媒体和监管机构提供援助，", "继续通过联科行动的调频电台利用该行动的广播能力，协助创造和平环境、包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力，", "鼓励科特迪瓦的媒体和主要政治行为体全面遵守该国各政党在秘书长主持下签署的选举《良好行为守则》，并签署和遵守媒体《良好行为守则》，", "监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力的事件，提请安理会注意所有被指认煽动政治暴力的人，并随时向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并把国家权力扩展到科特迪瓦全境", "支持科特迪瓦当局在该国主要地区扩展和重建有效的国家行政管理，加强在国家和地方各级的公共行政管理，并开展各项瓦加杜古协议下尚未完成的与国家统一有关的工作，", "(l) 提供便利", "需要时在现有资源的范围内，与调解人和他在阿比让的特别代表协调，协助政府完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，包括酌情为特别代表办公室提供后勤支持，", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "8. 决定按照第1933(2010)号和第1962(2010)号决议，继续授权联科行动根据自身能力，在部署地区内使用一切必要手段执行任务；", "9. 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日发布法令，建立对话、真相与和解委员会，鼓励政府确保该委员会尽快全面开展工作，并呼吁联合国系统支持该委员会的工作，以确保委员会以符合科特迪瓦国际义务的方式开展工作；", "10. 呼吁政府采取必要步骤，重新建立和巩固有关机构，包括司法、警察和监狱部门，并进一步确保在科特迪瓦有效地保护人权，追究所有侵犯和违反人权的人的责任；", "11. 呼吁政府确保前总统巴博夫妇、前官员及任何其他被拘留人员的保护和拘留条件均符合国际义务，包括确保负责监测拘留中心的有关组织能够接触他们，并根据与适当程序和公正审判要求有关的国际义务来对其进行起诉和审判；", "12. 呼吁联科行动在符合其现有授权和责任的情况下，支持该国和国际社会做出努力，把在科特迪瓦严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法；", "13. 敦促所有各方为联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动提供充分合作，尤其是在科特迪瓦全境保障其安全、安保和行动自由，让其随时通行无阻，以便全面执行任务；", "14. 呼吁联合国国家工作队与政府协商，并与联合国开发计划署(开发署)及有关的国际伙伴密切合作，作为国家复员方案重返社会和经济生活构成部分的一个内容，帮助规划和执行微型项目，向前战斗人员提供可持续的替代谋生手段；", "15. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下，并酌情利用联科行动和联利特派团提供的协助，制定一项次区域战略，用以消除武装集团和武器越境流动以及非法贩运的威胁；", "16. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助安全部门改革的国际伙伴，包括私人公司，遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定，协调彼此的努力，以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴当中进行明确分工；", "17. 决定将安理会对法国部队的授权期限延长至2012年7月31日，以便它在部署和自身能力范围内支持联科行动；", "18. 请秘书长最迟在2011年12月31日向其提交一份中期报告，最迟在2012年6月30日提交最后报告，说明实地情况和本决议的执行情况，又请秘书长经常向安理会介绍情况，说明选举进程中的重大事件，包括联科行动为该进程提供的支持；", "19. 请秘书长考虑到即将举行的立法选举、当前的各项安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展，最迟在2012年3月31日通过上文第18段所述中期报告，或通过一份特别报告，提交可能对联科行动的结构和兵力所进行调整的建议；", "20. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "法国和美利坚合众国:决议草案", "[]", "* 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议和主席声明,特别是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议,以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议,", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺,并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性,", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)并表示注意到其中的建议,包括2011年5月1日至14日部署到科特迪瓦的评估团的建议,", "欣见阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉于2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后,科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得了进展,", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺和倡议促进对话、正义与和解,包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会,并吁请所有科特迪瓦行为体共同努力,为该国的稳定和重建而努力,", "注意到国际刑事法院检察官已请求预审分庭授权,根据科特迪瓦根据《罗马规约》第十二条第三款作出的接受法院管辖权的声明,开始调查自2010年11月28日以来在科特迪瓦发生的战争罪和危害人类罪,", "注意到瓦塔拉总统要求布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府执行和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》中尚未完成的部分,", "表示关切安全局势仍然岌岌可危和动荡,回顾科特迪瓦政府负有确保科特迪瓦和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任,", "注意到瓦塔拉总统于3月17日发布法令,设立了科特迪瓦共和军,以取代前科特迪瓦安全部队,并强调需要开展包容各方的安全部门改革进程,", "注意到如秘书长的报告(S/2011/387)所提及,仍然极有可能再次陷入武装冲突并袭击平民,特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、越狱囚犯和其他非法武装分子,", "回顾上次立法选举于2000年12月10日举行,强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对全面恢复科特迪瓦的宪政秩序、民族和解和包容性治理至关重要,", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会,不论男女,都参与选举进程,并确保科特迪瓦所有利益攸关方在选举制度方面享有平等保护并尊重人权,特别是尊重见解和言论自由,", "强烈谴责选举后危机期间发生的暴行、严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为,包括法外处决、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、性暴力和性别暴力,包括针对儿童的暴力行为,并谴责据称在全国各地、特别是在阿比让和西部的冲突中招募和使用儿童,", "又强烈谴责选举后危机期间对联合国人员的袭击和骚扰,重申这些行为违反国际法,", "强调必须调查据称由所有各方实施的侵犯人权行为和侵犯行为,还重申必须追究应对这些行为和侵犯行为负责者的责任,而不论其隶属何方,并欢迎瓦塔拉总统在这方面作出的承诺,", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议所设国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议,", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机期间所作的努力,鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦局势的稳定并完成和平进程的未竟任务,", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国及捐助方的贡献,", "回顾其关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议、关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议,重申妇女在解决冲突和建设和平中的重要作用及其在重建冲突后社会结构中的重要作用,", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁,", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定将联科行动的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日;", "2. 联合国 决定联科行动军事部分的核定兵力仍为9 792人,由9 600名官兵和参谋组成,包括第1942(2010)和1967(2011)号决议授权增加的2 400名官兵和192名军事观察员;", "3个 4. 决定联科行动警察部分的核定人数仍为1 350人,并再决定维持先前核定的8名海关官员;", " 4.四. 决定授权增加205名顾问,他们应具备适当技能,在联科行动军事和警察人员核定人数范围内,通过适当调整特派团军事和警察人员,成为秘书长报告所指明的专门领域专家;", "5 (韩语). 决定第1967(2011)号决议授权增加的2 000名官兵以及第1942(2010)号决议授权增加的400名官兵和100名警察是科特迪瓦实现稳定的必要条件,包括创造有利于立法选举的安全环境;", "6. 国家 重申根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议,秘书长特别代表应核证即将举行的立法选举的所有阶段都为按照国际标准和商定标准举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供所有必要保障;", "7. 联合国 2. 决定联科行动的任务如下:", "保护与安全", "(a) 保护平民", "– 说吧 – 在不妨碍科特迪瓦当局承担主要责任的情况下,在其能力范围内,在部署地区内保护平民免遭迫在眉睫的人身暴力威胁,", "– 说吧 – 与联合国国家工作队联络,修订保护平民综合战略并与联合国保护平民战略相协调,考虑到实地的新现实和弱势群体的具体需要,并纳入根据第1960(2010)号决议和第1882(2009)号决议防止性别暴力的措施,", "– 说吧 – 与人道主义机构密切合作,特别是在局势紧张和流离失所者返回的地区,收集关于平民可能面临的威胁的资料并查明这些威胁,以及关于违反国际人道主义法和人权法的可靠资料,酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意,并依照联合国系统的保护战略,同联科行动的保护战略相协调,采取适当行动,", "– 说吧 – 根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议,监测和报告侵犯和虐待包括儿童在内的弱势群体的情况,并为防止此类侵犯和虐待行为而作的努力作出贡献,", "(b) 应对仍然存在的安全威胁和与边界有关的挑战", "– 说吧 – 在现有权力、能力和部署地区内继续支持国家当局稳定该国的安全局势,", "– 说吧 – 继续监测并阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体根据其保护平民的现有任务规定开展活动,并定期向安理会通报这方面的事态发展,", "– 说吧 – 支持政府监测和应对边境沿线和边境地区的跨界安全和其他挑战,特别是与利比里亚,并特别关注武装分子和武器的跨界流动,并为此目的与联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)密切协调,以进一步开展特派团之间的合作,例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内开展联合巡逻和应急规划,", "– 说吧 – 与科特迪瓦共和军联络,以促进科特迪瓦共和军所有组成人员之间的相互信任,", "– 说吧 – 与政府协调,支持为科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方提供安全保障,包括考虑到即将举行的立法选举的筹备和举行,", "(c) 监测武器禁运", "– 说吧 – 与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作,监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段所定措施的执行情况,包括根据第1980(2011)号决议,视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下,检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料,而不论其位于何处,", "– 说吧 – 酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段所定措施运入科特迪瓦的军火和任何有关物资,并适当处置此类武器和相关材料,", "(d) 收缴武器", "– 说吧 – 根据第1980(2011)号决议,继续协助国家当局,包括打击小武器和轻武器扩散和非法贩运全国委员会,酌情收集、登记、保管和处置武器并清除战争遗留爆炸物,", "– 说吧 – 与其他伙伴协调,支持政府制定和实施社区武器收缴方案,这些方案应与减少社区暴力与和解挂钩,", "– 说吧 – 与政府协调,确保在下文(f)分段所述国家安全综合战略之外不传播或重新使用所收缴的武器,", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "– 说吧 – 与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调,协助政府毫不拖延地制订和执行新的国家方案,以解除战斗人员的武装、复员和重返社会并解散民兵和自卫团体,其中包括明确的个别标准并适合新的情况,同时考虑到将解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别人员,包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要,", "– 说吧 – 继续支持前战斗人员的登记和甄别,", "– 说吧 – 酌情同联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作,支持外国武装分子解除武装和遣返,", "(f) 重组和改革安全和法治机构", "– 说吧 – 协助政府毫不拖延地同其它国际伙伴密切协调,对安全机构进行全部门审查,并制订国家安全综合战略和改革计划,同时考虑到国家复员方案,", "– 说吧 – 在科特迪瓦政府的领导下,同国际利益攸关方密切合作,支持所有参与协助安全部门改革进程的国际伙伴有效协调、透明和统一工作,明确划分任务和责任,并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的发展情况,", "– 说吧 – 酌情就安全部门改革和今后国家军队的组织问题向科特迪瓦政府提供意见,应政府请求并与其他国际伙伴密切协调,在现有资源范围内,协助向安全和执法机构提供人权、儿童保护和免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力方面的培训,并通过对警察、宪兵、司法和惩戒人员的技术援助、合用同一地点和辅导方案,支持能力发展,协助恢复他们在科特迪瓦全境的存在,并支助为安全部门机构吸收的人员建立一个可持续审查机制,", "– 说吧 – 支持政府制定和执行国家司法部门战略,并制定和实施联合国多年联合司法支助方案,以在科特迪瓦发展警察、司法、监狱和诉诸司法,并在现有资源范围内与国际伙伴协调,初步紧急恢复有关基础设施并提供设备,", "– 说吧 – 在现有资源范围内同更广泛的联合国系统合作,支持和解,包括建立和运作预防、减轻或解决冲突的机制,特别是在地方一级,并增进社会凝聚力,", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "– 说吧 – 与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议所设独立专家密切协调,协助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权,并特别注意严重侵犯和虐待儿童和妇女的行为,特别是性暴力和基于性别的暴力行为,", "– 说吧 – 监测、帮助调查并公开并向理事会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的情况,以预防侵权行为,营造保护环境并结束有罪不罚现象,并为此目的加强其人权监测、调查和报告能力,", "– 说吧 – 提请安理会注意被确定为严重侵犯人权者的所有个人,并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的事态发展,", "– 说吧 – 按照第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议,支持科特迪瓦政府努力打击性暴力和基于性别的暴力,包括协助与联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动机构合作,制定国家自主的多部门战略,任命妇女保护顾问,并酌情在现有资源范围内确保提供性别专门知识和培训,", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "– 说吧 – 继续便利人道主义援助畅通无阻地进入,帮助加强向受冲突影响和易受伤害的人口提供人道主义援助的工作,特别是协助加强有利于运送人道主义援助的安全,", "– 说吧 – 与相关人道主义组织合作,支持科特迪瓦当局为难民和流离失所者自愿、安全和可持续地回返做好准备,并创造有利于回返的安全条件,", "和平与选举进程", "(一) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举;", "– 说吧 – 推动包容各方的政治进程,支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境,包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力相协调,", "– 说吧 – 支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举,提供适当的后勤和技术援助,协助政府作出有效的安全安排,", "– 说吧 – 提供技术和后勤支助,协助独立选举委员会在立法选举之前完成尚未完成的任务,并视需要协助所有政治利益攸关方之间以及为此与独立选举委员会进行协商,", "– 说吧 – 在其能力和部署地区范围内协调国际观察员并帮助他们的安全,", "– 说吧 – 向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助,以履行他按照上文第6段核证立法选举的职责,同时考虑到立法选举的特殊性,", "(j) 新闻", "– 说吧 – 继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体,并继续协助酌情向媒体和监管机构提供符合其任务规定的援助,", "– 说吧 – 继续利用联科行动的广播能力,通过联科行动调频台,为创造和平环境,包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力作出贡献,", "– 说吧 – 鼓励科特迪瓦大众媒体和主要政治行为体全面执行科特迪瓦各方在秘书长主持下签署的《选举良好行为守则》,并签署和遵守《媒体良好行为守则》,", "– 说吧 – 监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力事件,并提请安理会注意所有被确定为政治暴力煽动者的个人,并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的事态发展,", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并在全国扩展国家权力", "– 说吧 – 支持科特迪瓦当局在全国关键地区、国家和地方各级扩大并重建有效的国家行政管理,加强公共行政,并落实《瓦加杜古协定》中与国家统一有关的未完成部分,", "(l) 提供便利", "– 说吧 – 与调解人及其驻阿比让的特别代表协调,根据需要和在力所能及的范围内协助政府执行和平进程中尚未完成的任务,包括酌情向特别代表办公室提供后勤支助,", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "– 说吧 – 保护联合国人员、设施和设备,确保联合国人员的安全和行动自由,", "8. 联合国 决定根据第1933(2010)和1962(2010)号决议,继续授权联科行动在力所能及的范围内,在部署地区内,使用一切必要手段来执行任务; 1.", "9. 国家 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日颁布法令设立对话、真相与和解委员会,鼓励政府确保委员会尽快全面运作,还吁请联合国系统支持委员会的工作,以确保委员会的工作符合科特迪瓦的国际义务;", "10个 3. 吁请政府采取必要步骤,重建和加强有关机构,包括司法、警察和惩戒部门,并进一步确保有效保护人权并追究科特迪瓦境内所有侵犯和践踏人权者的责任;", "11个 5. 吁请政府确保前总统巴博、其妻子、前官员和其他被拘押者的保护和拘留条件符合国际义务,包括有权监督拘留中心的相关组织的进入,并依照与适当程序和公平审判要求有关的国际义务进行起诉和审判;", "12个 呼吁联科行动根据其现有权力和责任,支持国家和国际努力,将科特迪瓦境内严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法;", "13个 敦促所有各方同联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动充分合作,特别是确保联科行动和法国部队在科特迪瓦全境的安全保障和行动自由,使其能立即不受阻碍地通行,并使其能够充分执行任务;", "14个 8. 吁请联合国国家工作队同该国政府协商并同联合国开发计划署(开发署)和有关的国际伙伴密切合作,为小型项目的规划和执行作出贡献,为一些前战斗人员提供可持续的替代生计,作为国家复员方案重新融入社会经济生活的组成部分;", "15个 6. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下,酌情在联科行动和联利特派团的协助下,制定一项次区域战略,以应对武装团体和武器跨界流动以及非法贩运的威胁;", "16号. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助政府改革安全部门的国际伙伴,包括私营公司,遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定并协调努力,以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴之间进行明确的分工;", "17岁。 1. 决定将安全理事会向法国部队提供的授权延长至2012年7月31日,以在其部署和能力范围内支持联科行动;", "18岁。 请秘书长最迟于2011年12月31日就当地局势和本决议的执行情况向安理会提交一份中期报告,并最迟于2012年6月30日提交最后报告,还请秘书长定期向安理会通报并通报选举进程的重大事件,包括联科行动对这一进程的支持情况;", " 19. 19. 请秘书长通过上文第18段所述的中期报告或至迟于2012年3月31日通过特别报告,考虑到即将举行的立法选举以及当前的安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展,就联科行动结构和兵力的可能调整提出建议;", "20号. 5. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Resolution 2000 (2011)", "[]", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 April 2013.", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6591st meeting, on 27 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011), and 1992 (2011) and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, and resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 June 2011 (S/2011/387) and taking note of its recommendations, including of the assessment mission that deployed to Côte d’Ivoire from 1 to 14 May 2011,", "Welcoming the progress towards restoring stability and peace in Côte d’Ivoire following the inauguration of Alassane Dramane Ouattara as President of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire on 21 May 2011,", "Commending President Ouattara’s commitment and initiatives to promote dialogue, justice and reconciliation, including the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and calling upon all the Ivorian actors to work together in their efforts for the stabilization and reconstruction of the country,", "Taking note that the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court has requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into war crimes and crimes against Humanity in Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010, on the basis of the declaration lodged by Côte d’Ivoire accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute,", "Taking note of President Ouattara’s request that President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso (“The Facilitator”), continue to assist the Ivorian Government in implementing the unfinished aspects of the peace process and Ouagadougou Agreements,", "Expressing its concern about the continuing precarious and volatile security situation and recalling that the Ivorian Government bears primary responsibility for ensuring peace, stability and the protection of the civilian population in Côte d’Ivoire,", "Taking note of the establishment of the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 17 March, replacing the former Forces de sécurité et de défense de Côte d’Ivoire (FDSCI), ), and stressing the need for an inclusive process of security sector reform,", "Taking note of the remaining high risk of a relapse into renewed armed conflict and attacks against the civilian population, notably by ex-Republican Guards soldiers, militias, mercenaries, escaped prisoners and other illegal armed elements as referred to in the report of the Secretary-General (S/2011/387),", "Recalling that the last legislative elections were held on 10 December 2000 and emphasizing that the holding of credible, free and fair legislative elections is critical for the full restoration of constitutional order in Côte d’Ivoire, national reconciliation and inclusive governance,", "Stressing the importance of an inclusive participation of the Ivorian civil society, men and women alike, in the electoral process, and of ensuring the equal protection of and respect for human rights of all Ivorian stakeholders as they relate to the electoral system, and in particular respect for freedom of opinion and expression,", "Strongly condemning the atrocities, serious human rights abuses and violations as well as violations of international humanitarian law that occurred throughout the post-elections crisis, including extrajudicial killing, maiming, arbitrary arrest and abduction of civilians, enforced disappearances, acts of revenges, sexual and gender-based violence, including against children, and the alleged recruitment and use of children in the conflict throughout the country and particularly in Abidjan and the west,", "Strongly condemning also the attacks and harassment against United Nations Personnel that occurred during the post-electoral crisis and reiterating that these acts constitute violations of international law,", "Stressing the importance to investigate alleged human right abuses and violations committed by all parties, further reaffirming that those responsible for such abuses and violations, regardless of their affiliation, must be held accountable, and welcoming President Ouattara’s commitment in this regard,", "Taking note of the report (A/HRC/17/48) and recommendations of the International Commission of Inquiry established by resolution 16/25 (2011) of the Human Rights Council,", "Commending the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) for their efforts during the post-elections crisis and encouraging them to remain committed in support of the stabilization of the situation in Côte d’Ivoire and the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process,", "Commending the contribution of troop- and police-contributing countries and donors to United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI),", "Recalling its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009), and 1960 (2010) on women, peace and security, its resolutions 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict, and its resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflicts, and reiterating the vital role of women in conflict resolution and peacebuilding and their key role in re-establishing the fabric of societies recovering from conflict,", "Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,", "Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNOCI until 31 July 2012;", "2. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s military component shall remain at 9,792 personnel, comprising of 9,600 troops and staff officers, including 2,400 additional troops authorized by resolutions 1942 (2010) and 1967 (2011), and 192 military observers;", "3. Decides that the authorized strength of UNOCI’s police component shall remain at 1,350 personnel, and decides further to maintain the 8 customs officers previously authorized;", "4. Decides to authorize an increase of the individual police personnel by 205 advisers, with the appropriate skills, who should be experts in the specialized areas identified in the Secretary-General’s report, to be accommodated through appropriate adjustments to the military and police strength of the Mission, within the authorized strength of military and police personnel of UNOCI;", "5. Decides that the additional 2,000 troops authorized by resolution 1967 (2011) and the additional 400 troops and 100 police authorized by resolution 1942 (2010) are necessary for the stabilization of Côte d’Ivoire, including the establishment of a security environment conducive to the legislative elections;", "6. Reiterates that, pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1933 (2010) and previous resolutions, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall certify that all stages of the upcoming legislative elections provide all the necessary guarantees for open, free, fair and transparent elections, in accordance with international standards and the agreed criteria;", "7. Decides that UNOCI shall have the following mandate:", "Protection and security", "(a) Protection of civilians", "– To protect, without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Ivorian authorities, the civilian population from imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To revise the comprehensive strategy for the protection of civilians and to coordinate with the United Nations protection of civilians strategy in liaison with the United Nations country team, to take into account the new realities on the ground and the specific needs of vulnerable groups, and to include measures to prevent gender-based violence pursuant to resolution 1960 (2010) and resolution 1882 (2009),", "– To work closely with humanitarian agencies, particularly in relation to areas of tensions and of return of displaced persons, to collect information on and identify potential threats against the civilian population, as well as reliable information on violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, bring them to the attention of the Ivorian authorities as appropriate, and to take appropriate action in accordance with the United Nations system-wide protection strategy in harmonization with UNOCI’s protection strategy,", "– To monitor and report on violations and abuses against vulnerable populations, including children in line with resolution 1612 (2005), 1882 (2009) and 1998 (2011) and contribute to efforts to prevent such violations and abuses,", "(b) Address remaining security threats and border-related challenges", "– To continue to support, within its existing authorities, capabilities, and its areas of deployment, the national authorities in stabilizing the security situation in the country,", "– To continue to monitor and deter the activities of militias, mercenaries and other illegal armed groups consistent within its existing mandate to protect civilians, and to keep the Council regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the Government in monitoring and addressing cross-border security and other challenges along its borders and in border areas, notably with Liberia, with particular attention to the cross-border movement of armed elements and weapons and, to this end, to coordinate closely with the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) with a view to further inter-mission cooperation, such as undertaking joint patrols and contingency planning where appropriate and within their mandates and capabilities,", "– To liaise with the FRCI in order to promote mutual trust among all elements composing the FRCI,", "– To support, in coordination with the Government, the provision of security for members of the Government of Côte d’Ivoire and key political stakeholders, including in view of the preparation and the holding of the upcoming legislative elections,", "(c) Monitoring of the arms embargo", "– To monitor the implementation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), in cooperation with the Group of Experts established under resolution 1584 (2005), including by inspecting, as they deem it necessary and when appropriate without notice, all weapons, ammunition and related materiel regardless of location, consistent with its resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To collect, as appropriate, arms and any related materiel brought into Côte d’Ivoire in violation of the measures imposed by paragraph 7 of resolution 1572 (2004), and to dispose of such arms and related materiel as appropriate,", "(d) Collection of weapons", "– To continue to assist the national authorities, including the National Commission to fight against the Proliferation and Illicit Traffic of Small Arms and Light Weapons, in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate, in accordance with resolution 1980 (2011),", "– To support the Government in coordination with other partners to develop and implement community weapons collection programs, which should be linked to community violence reduction and reconciliation,", "– To coordinate, with the Government in ensuring that the collected weapons are not disseminated or re-utilized outside a comprehensive national security strategy, as referred to in point (f) below,", "(e) Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme (DDR)", "– To assist the Government, in close coordination with other international and bilateral partners, in developing and implementing without delay a new national programme for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of combatants and dismantling of militias and self-defence groups, that includes clear individual criteria and is tailored to the new context, taking into account the rights and needs of the different categories of persons to be disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated, including children and women,", "– To continue to support the registration and screening of former combatants,", "– To support the disarmament and repatriation of foreign armed elements, where relevant in cooperation with UNMIL and United Nations country teams in the region,", "(f) Reconstitution and reform of security and rule of law institutions", "– To assist the Government in conducting, without delay and in close coordination with other international partners, a sector-wide review of the security institutions and in developing a comprehensive national security strategy and plans for their reform, taking also into account the national DDR programme,", "– Under the leadership of the Ivorian Government and in close cooperation with international stakeholders, to support effective coordination, transparency and harmonization of efforts, as well as a clear division of tasks and responsibilities, by all international partners involved in assisting the security sector reform (SSR) process, and to report to the Council, when appropriate, on developments in the SSR process,", "– To advise the Government of Côte d’Ivoire, as appropriate, on security sector reform and the organization of the future National Army, to facilitate the provision of, within its current resources, as requested by the Government and in close coordination with other international partners, training in human rights, child protection and protection from sexual- and gender-based violence to the security and law enforcement institutions, as well as support for capacity development through technical assistance, co-location and mentoring programmes for the police, gendarmerie, justice and corrections officers and to contribute to restoring their presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire and to offer support with regard to the development of a sustainable vetting mechanism for personnel that will be absorbed in security sector institutions,", "– To support the Government’s development and implementation of a national justice sector strategy as well as the development and implementation of a multi-year joint United Nations justice support programme in order to develop the police, judiciary, prisons and access to justice in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the initial emergency rehabilitation of relevant infrastructure and the provision of equipment, within existing resources and in coordination with international partners,", "– To support, within its current resources and in collaboration with the broader United Nations system, reconciliation, including the establishment and functioning of mechanisms to prevent, mitigate or resolve conflict, in particular at the local level, as well as to foster social cohesion,", "(g) Support for efforts to promote and protect human rights", "– To contribute to the promotion and protection of human rights in Côte d’Ivoire, with special attention to grave violations and abuses committed against children and women, notably sexual and gender-based violence, in close coordination with the Independent Expert established under the Human Rights Council’s resolution A/HRC/17/27,", "– To monitor, help investigate, and report publicly and to the Council, on human rights and humanitarian law violations with a view to preventing violations, developing a protecting environment and ending impunity, and, to this end, to strengthen its human rights monitoring, investigation and reporting capacity,", "– To bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as perpetrators of serious human rights violations and to keep the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "– To support the efforts of the Ivorian Government in combating sexual and gender-based violence, including through contributing to the development of a nationally owned multisectoral strategy in cooperation with UN Action Against Sexual Violence in Conflict entities, to appoint Women Protection Advisers and to ensure gender expertise and training, as appropriate and from within existing resources, in accordance with resolutions 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010),", "(h) Support humanitarian assistance", "– To continue to facilitate unhindered humanitarian access and to help strengthening the delivery of humanitarian assistance to conflict-affected and vulnerable populations, notably by contributing to enhance security conducive to this delivery,", "– To support the Ivorian authorities in preparing for the voluntary, safe and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons in cooperation with relevant humanitarian organizations, and in creating security conditions conducive to it,", "Peace and electoral process", "(i) Support for the organization and conduct of open, timely, free, fair and transparent legislative elections,", "– To promote an inclusive political process and support the creation of a political environment conducive to the upcoming elections, including in coordination with efforts undertaken by ECOWAS and the African Union,", "– To support the organization and conduct of open, free, fair and transparent legislative elections, provide appropriate logistical and technical assistance and assist the Government to put in place effective security arrangements,", "– To provide technical and logistical support to assist the Independent Electoral Commission in completing outstanding tasks prior to the holding of the legislative elections and to facilitate, as required, consultations between all political stakeholders as well as with the Independent Electoral Commission to this end,", "– To undertake the coordination of international observers and to contribute to their security, within its capabilities and areas of deployment,", "– To provide the Special Representative of the Secretary-General the necessary assistance to fulfil his role of certifying the legislative elections consistent with paragraph 6 above, taking into account the specificity of legislative elections,", "(j) Public information", "– To continue to closely monitor the Ivorian media and continue to facilitate providing assistance, as appropriate, to media and regulatory bodies, consistent with its mandate,", "– To continue to use UNOCI’s broadcasting capacity, through ONUCI FM, to contribute to the overall effort to create a peaceful environment, including for the legislative elections,", "– To encourage the Ivorian mass media and the main political actors to fully implement the Code of Good Conduct for elections that the Ivorian parties have signed under the auspices of the Secretary-General as well as to sign up and adhere to the Code of Good Conduct for the media,", "– To monitor any public incidents of incitement to hatred, intolerance and violence, and bring to the attention of the Council all individuals identified as instigators of political violence, and to keep the Committee established under resolution 1572 (2004) regularly informed of developments in this regard,", "(k) Redeployment of State administration and the extension of State authority throughout the country", "– To support the Ivorian authorities to extend and re-establish effective State administration and strengthen public administration in key areas throughout the country, at the national and local levels, as well as the implementation of the unfinished aspects of the Ouagadougou Agreements as they relate to the reunification of the country,", "(l) Facilitation", "– To coordinate with the Facilitator and his Special Representative in Abidjan, to assist the Government in the implementation of the outstanding tasks of the peace process, as needed and within available means, including by providing logistical support to the office of the Special Representative as appropriate,", "(m) Protection of United Nations personnel", "– To protect United Nations personnel, installations and equipment, and ensure the security and freedom of movement of United Nations personnel,", "8. Decides to continue its authorization given to UNOCI to use all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment, pursuant to resolutions 1933 (2010) and 1962 (2010);", "9. Welcomes the establishment of the Dialogue, Truth and Reconciliation Commission by a decree issued by President Ouattara on 13 May 2011, encourages the Government to ensure that the Commission becomes fully operational as soon as possible, and further calls upon the United Nations system to support its work, with a view to ensuring that it will function in a manner consistent with Côte d’Ivoire’s international obligations;", "10. Calls upon the Government to take the necessary steps to re-establish and reinforce relevant institutions, including the judiciary, police and corrections services, and further to ensure the effective protection of human rights and accountability for all perpetrators of human rights violations and abuses in Côte d’Ivoire;", "11. Calls upon the Government to ensure that the conditions of protection and detention of former President Gbagbo, his wife, former officials and any other detainees are in line with international obligations, including with regard to access by relevant organizations with a mandate to monitor detention centres, and fulfil their prosecutions and trials in accordance with international obligations relating to due process and fair trial requirements;", "12. Calls upon UNOCI, where consistent with its existing authorities and responsibilities, to support national and international efforts to bring to justice perpetrators of grave violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire;", "13. Urges all parties to cooperate fully with the operations of UNOCI and of the French Forces, which support it, in particular by ensuring their safety, security and freedom of movement with unhindered and immediate access throughout the territory of Côte d’Ivoire to enable them to fully carry out their mandates;", "14. Calls upon the United Nations Country Team to contribute to the planning and the implementation of microprojects, in consultation with the Government and close collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and interested international partners, to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods for some former combatants, as part of the socio-economic reintegration component of the national DDR programme;", "15. Encourages ECOWAS to develop, with the support of the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA), a subregional strategy to address the threat of the cross-border movements of armed groups and weapons as well as illicit trafficking, with the assistance of UNOCI and UNMIL, as appropriate;", "16. Calls upon the Government and all international partners, including private companies, involved in assisting the Government in the reform of the security sector, to comply with the provisions of resolution 1980 (2011) and to coordinate their efforts with a view to promoting transparency and a clear division of labour among all international partners;", "17. Decides to extend until 31 July 2012 the authorization that the Security Council provided to the French Forces in order to support UNOCI, within the limits of their deployment and their capabilities;", "18. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a midterm report no later than 31 December 2011 and a final report no later than 30 June 2012 on the situation on the ground and the implementation of this resolution, and further requests the Secretary-General to regularly brief and inform it on the significant events of the electoral process, including on UNOCI’s support to this process;", "19. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to it, through the midterm report referred to in paragraph 18 above or through a special report no later than 31 March 2012, taking into account the holding of the upcoming legislative elections as well as the prevailing security challenges and progress in rebuilding national capacities, recommendations on possible adjustments in UNOCI’s structure and strength;", "20. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "第2000(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月27日第6591次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议，尤其是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议及各项主席声明，以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议，", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺，并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性，", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)，注意到报告中的建议，包括2011年5月1日至14日派评估团到科特迪瓦工作，", "欢迎阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后，科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得的进展，", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺并采取举措以促进对话、公正与和解，包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会，呼吁科特迪瓦所有各方携手做出努力，实现国家的稳定和重建，", "注意到科特迪瓦按照《罗马规约》第12条第3款提交声明接受国际刑事法院管辖，法院检察官已据此请求预审分庭批准对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内发生的战争罪和危害人类罪进行调查，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统请布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府完成和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》尚未完成的事项，", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "对安全局势仍然岌岌可危和不稳定表示关切，回顾科特迪瓦政府负有在科特迪瓦保障和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任，", "注意到瓦塔拉总统3月17日颁布命令，组建科特迪瓦共和国部队(共和国部队)，取代前科特迪瓦国防和安全部队，强调需要开展包容各方的进程，对安全部门进行改革，", "注意到如秘书长报告(S/2011/387)所述，武装冲突仍然很有可能重现，并注意到对平民的袭击，特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、出逃狱犯和其他非法武装人员发动的袭击，", "回顾最后一次立法选举是2000年12月10日举行的，强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对于科特迪瓦全面恢复宪法秩序、实现民族和解和进行有各方参与的治理至关重要，", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会全体民众，无论男女，都参与选举进程，在选举制度方面公平保护和尊重科特迪瓦所有利益攸关者的人权，尤其是尊重意见和言论自由，", "强烈谴责在选举后危机中发生的种种暴行、严重违反和侵犯人权以及违反国际人道主义法的行为，包括法外杀害、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、(包括针对儿童的)性暴力和基于性别的暴力、据称在全国各地(特别是在阿比让和西部)发生的在冲突中招募和使用儿童的行为，", "又强烈谴责选举后危机中发生的袭击和骚扰联合国人员事件，重申这些行为违反了国际法，", "强调，必须调查被指称的所有各方的违反和侵犯人权行为，还重申，必须追究应对这些行为负责的人，不论其属于哪个党派，并欢迎瓦塔拉总统就此做出承诺，", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议设立的国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议，", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机中做出的努力，鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦实现稳定和完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国以及捐助方做出的贡献，", "回顾其以往关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议，重申妇女在消除冲突和建设和平中的重大作用和她们在刚摆脱冲突社会中重建社会构架方面的重要作用，", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动，", "1. 决定将联科行动的任期延长到2012年7月31日；", "2. 决定，联科行动军事部门的核定兵员仍为9 792人，有9 600名官兵和参谋人员，其中包括第1942(2010)号和第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 400人，以及192名军事观察员；", "3. 决定，联科行动的警察部门的核定人员仍为1 350人，并决定维持以前核定的8名海关干事；", "4. 决定批准在联科行动核定军事和警察人数范围内，通过适当调整特派团军事和警察人员人数，增派205名顾问来增加警员人数，这些顾问应有相关的技能，并是秘书长报告所述专门领域的专家；", "5. 决定，为在科特迪瓦实现稳定，包括创建一个有利于立法选举的安全环境，需要有第1967(2011)号决议批准增派的2 000名官兵和第1942(2010)号决议批准增派的400名官兵和100名警察；", "6. 重申，根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议，秘书长特别代表应核证，选举工作的各个阶段均按国际准则和商定标准，为举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供了一切必要保障；", "7. 决定联科行动应有以下任务：", "保护和安全", "(a) 保护平民", "根据自身能力，在部署地区内保护平民的人身安全免遭迫在眉睫的威胁，同时不妨碍科特迪瓦当局为此担负首要责任，", "订正保护平民的综合战略，并协同联合国国家工作队，与联合国保护平民战略协调一致，以便考虑到实地新情况和弱势群体的特殊需要，并根据第1960(2010)号和第1882(2009)号决议列入防止基于性别的暴力的措施，", "与人道主义机构密切合作，特别是在局势紧张地区和流离失所者返回问题上密切合作，收集关于平民面临威胁的信息，确定平民可能遭受的威胁，并收集违反人道主义法和人权法行为的可靠信息，酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意，并结合联科行动的保护战略，根据联合国全系统的保护战略采取适当行动，", "根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议，监测并报告侵害和危害弱势群体(包括儿童)的行为，并协助做出努力，防止这种侵害和危害，", "(b) 应对剩余的安全威胁和边界挑战", "继续根据现有的任务规定，监测和阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体的活动，并定期向安理会通报这方面的情况，", "支持政府在边界沿线和边界地区，特别是与利比里亚接壤地区，监测和处理越界安全挑战和其他挑战，尤其注意武装分子和武器的越界流动，并为此同联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)进行密切协调，以加强特派团之间的合作，例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内，联合进行巡逻和应急规划，", "与政府协调，协助保障科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方的安全，包括在这方面顾及即将到来的立法选举的筹备和举行，", "(c) 监测军火禁运", "与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施的执行情况，包括按照第1980(2011)号决议，视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下，检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料，不论它们存放何处，", "酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段规定措施带入科特迪瓦的武器和任何有关物资，并以适当方式处置此类武器和物资，", "(d) 收缴武器", "酌情根据第1980(2011)号决议，继续协助国家当局，包括全国打击小武器和轻武器的扩散和非法贩运委员会，收缴、登记、护卫和处置武器和清除战争遗留爆炸物，", "支持政府协同其他伙伴制订和执行社区武器收缴方案，这一工作应结合减少社区暴力和实现和解的工作来进行，", "与政府协调，确保不在下文(f)段所述国家安全综合战略之外分发或重新使用收缴的武器，", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调，协助政府立即制订和执行一个新的作战人员解除武装、复员和重返社会以及解散民兵和自卫团体的全国方案，该方案应有各种明确的标准，符合新的情况，并考虑到待解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别的人、包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要，", "酌情与联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作，支持解除外国武装分子武装和遣返回国工作，", "(f) 重组和改革安全机构和法制机构", "协助政府立即与其他国际伙伴密切协调，同时也考虑到国家复员方案，对安全机构进行一次全部门审查，并制定一项国家安全综合战略和安全机构改革计划，", "在科特迪瓦政府的领导下并与国际利益攸关方密切合作，支持参与协助安全部门改革进程的各国际伙伴有效协调和统一工作并做到透明，且任务和责任有明确的分工，并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的最新情况，", "酌情就安全部门的改革和未来国家军队的组建向科特迪瓦政府提供咨询，以在其现有资源的范围内，应政府的请求，在与其他国际伙伴密切协调的情况下，帮助向安全和执法机构提供关于人权、儿童保护、免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力的培训，通过技术援助、同地办公和辅导方案支持警察、宪兵、司法人员和狱警的能力建设，帮助他们重新在科特迪瓦全境进行派驻，并支持建立一个可持续的审查机制，审查安全部门机构将采用的人员，", "在现有资源范围内，与国际伙伴协调，支持政府制定和执行一项国家司法部门战略，并制定和执行一项多年期联合国司法支助方案，以建设科特迪瓦的警察部门、司法机构、监狱和司法救助，并对有关的基础设施进行初步紧急修复和提供设备，", "在现有资源范围内，与联合国系统其他机构合作，支持和解，包括建立和运作防止、缓和或解决冲突的机制，特别是地方一级的机制，并扶持社会凝聚力，", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议任命的独立专家密切协调，帮助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权，特别注意针对妇女和儿童的严重侵犯人权行为和虐待行为，尤其是性暴力和基于性别的暴力，", "监测、帮助调查、公开报告和向安理会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的行为，以形成一个保护环境和结束有罪不罚的局面，并为此加强人权监测、调查和报告能力，", "提请安理会注意所有被指认有严重侵犯人权行为的人，并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "酌情并在现有资源范围内，根据第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2011)号决议，支持科特迪瓦政府打击性暴力和性别暴力的努力，包括与参加联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动的各实体合作，帮助拟订一项本国主导的多部门战略，任命保护妇女顾问，并确保有两性平等方面的专业知识和培训，", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "继续促进人道主义援助的通行无阻，并帮助加强向受冲突影响的脆弱人群提供人道主义援助的工作，特别是帮助加强有助于提供援助的安全条件，", "支持科特迪瓦当局与有关人道主义组织合作，为难民和流离失所者的自愿、安全和可持续的回返做准备，创造有利于回返的安全条件，", "和平与选举进程", "(i) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举", "促成一个包容各方的政治进程，支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境，包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力进行协调，", "支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举，提供适当的后勤和技术援助，协助政府作出有效的安全安排，", "提供技术和后勤支助，以协助独立选举委员会在举行立法选举前完成尚未完成的工作，并应请求协助所有政治利益攸关方之间的协商以及为此与独立选举委员会进行的协商，", "考虑到立法选举的具体情况，向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助，以便秘书长根据上文第6段履行认证立法选举的职责，", "(j) 新闻", "按照任务规定继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体，继续酌情向媒体和监管机构提供援助，", "继续通过联科行动的调频电台利用该行动的广播能力，协助创造和平环境、包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力，", "鼓励科特迪瓦的媒体和主要政治行为体全面遵守该国各政党在秘书长主持下签署的选举《良好行为守则》，并签署和遵守媒体《良好行为守则》，", "监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力的事件，提请安理会注意所有被指认煽动政治暴力的人，并随时向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的最新情况，", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并把国家权力扩展到科特迪瓦全境", "支持科特迪瓦当局在该国主要地区扩展和重建有效的国家行政管理，加强在国家和地方各级的公共行政管理，并开展各项瓦加杜古协议下尚未完成的与国家统一有关的工作，", "(l) 提供便利", "需要时在现有资源的范围内，与调解人和他在阿比让的特别代表协调，协助政府完成和平进程尚未完成的工作，包括酌情为特别代表办公室提供后勤支持，", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "8. 决定按照第1933(2010)号和第1962(2010)号决议，继续授权联科行动根据自身能力，在部署地区内使用一切必要手段执行任务；", "9. 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日发布法令，建立对话、真相与和解委员会，鼓励政府确保该委员会尽快全面开展工作，并呼吁联合国系统支持该委员会的工作，以确保委员会以符合科特迪瓦国际义务的方式开展工作；", "10. 呼吁政府采取必要步骤，重新建立和巩固有关机构，包括司法、警察和监狱部门，并进一步确保在科特迪瓦有效地保护人权，追究所有侵犯和违反人权的人的责任；", "11. 呼吁政府确保前总统巴博夫妇、前官员及任何其他被拘留人员的保护和拘留条件均符合国际义务，包括确保负责监测拘留中心的有关组织能够接触他们，并根据与适当程序和公正审判要求有关的国际义务来对其进行起诉和审判；", "12. 呼吁联科行动在符合其现有授权和责任的情况下，支持该国和国际社会做出努力，把在科特迪瓦严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法；", "13. 敦促所有各方为联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动提供充分合作，尤其是在科特迪瓦全境保障其安全、安保和行动自由，让其随时通行无阻，以便全面执行任务；", "14. 呼吁联合国国家工作队与政府协商，并与联合国开发计划署(开发署)及有关的国际伙伴密切合作，作为国家复员方案重返社会和经济生活构成部分的一个内容，帮助规划和执行微型项目，向前战斗人员提供可持续的替代谋生手段；", "15. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下，并酌情利用联科行动和联利特派团提供的协助，制定一项次区域战略，用以消除武装集团和武器越境流动以及非法贩运的威胁；", "16. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助安全部门改革的国际伙伴，包括私人公司，遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定，协调彼此的努力，以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴当中进行明确分工；", "17. 决定将安理会对法国部队的授权期限延长至2012年7月31日，以便它在部署和自身能力范围内支持联科行动；", "18. 请秘书长最迟在2011年12月31日向其提交一份中期报告，最迟在2012年6月30日提交最后报告，说明实地情况和本决议的执行情况，又请秘书长经常向安理会介绍情况，说明选举进程中的重大事件，包括联科行动为该进程提供的支持；", "19. 请秘书长考虑到即将举行的立法选举、当前的各项安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展，最迟在2012年3月31日通过上文第18段所述中期报告，或通过一份特别报告，提交可能对联科行动的结构和兵力所进行调整的建议；", "20. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "第2000(2011)号决议", "[]", "* 由于技术原因于2013年4月23日重新印发。", "2011年7月27日安全理事会第6591次会议通过", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决议和主席声明,特别是第1933(2010)号、第1942(2010)号、第1951(2010)号、第1962(2010)号、第1967(2011)号、第1968(2011)号、第1975(2011)号、第1980(2011)号、第1981(2011)号和第1992(2011)号决议,以及关于利比里亚局势的第1938(2010)号决议,", "重申对科特迪瓦主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺,并回顾睦邻、互不干涉和区域合作原则的重要性,", "欢迎秘书长2011年6月24日的报告(S/2011/387)并表示注意到其中的建议,包括2011年5月1日至14日部署到科特迪瓦的评估团的建议,", "欣见阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉于2011年5月21日就任科特迪瓦共和国总统后,科特迪瓦在恢复稳定与和平方面取得了进展,", "赞扬瓦塔拉总统承诺和倡议促进对话、正义与和解,包括设立对话、真相与和解委员会,并吁请所有科特迪瓦行为体共同努力,为该国的稳定和重建而努力,", "注意到国际刑事法院检察官已请求预审分庭授权根据科特迪瓦根据《罗马规约》第十二条第三款作出的接受法院管辖权的声明,对自2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内的战争罪和危害人类罪展开调查,", "注意到瓦塔拉总统要求布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷(“调解人”)继续协助科特迪瓦政府执行和平进程和《瓦加杜古协定》中尚未完成的部分,", "表示关切安全局势仍然岌岌可危和动荡,回顾科特迪瓦政府负有确保科特迪瓦和平、稳定和保护平民的首要责任,", "注意到瓦塔拉总统于3月17日发布法令,设立了科特迪瓦共和军,以取代前科特迪瓦安全部队,并强调需要开展包容各方的安全部门改革进程,", "表示注意到秘书长报告(S/2011/387)中提及的仍极可能重新陷入武装冲突并袭击平民,特别是前共和国卫队士兵、民兵、雇佣军、越狱囚犯和其他非法武装分子,", "回顾上次立法选举于2000年12月10日举行,强调举行可信、自由和公正的立法选举对全面恢复科特迪瓦的宪政秩序、民族和解和包容性治理至关重要,", "强调必须让科特迪瓦民间社会,不论男女,都参与选举进程,并确保科特迪瓦所有利益攸关方在选举制度方面享有平等保护并尊重人权,特别是尊重见解和言论自由,", "强烈谴责选举后危机期间发生的暴行、严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为,包括法外处决、致残、任意逮捕和绑架平民、强迫失踪、报复行为、性暴力和性别暴力,包括针对儿童的暴力行为,并谴责据称在全国各地、特别是在阿比让和西部的冲突中招募和使用儿童,", "又强烈谴责选举后危机期间对联合国人员的袭击和骚扰,重申这些行为违反国际法,", "强调必须调查据称由所有各方实施的侵犯人权行为和侵犯行为,还重申必须追究应对这些行为和侵犯行为负责者的责任,而不论其隶属何方,并欢迎瓦塔拉总统在这方面作出的承诺,", "注意到人权理事会第16/25(2011)号决议所设国际调查委员会的报告(A/HRC/17/48)和建议,", "赞扬非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)在选举后危机期间所作的努力,鼓励它们继续致力于支持科特迪瓦局势的稳定并完成和平进程的未竟任务,", "赞扬联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)的部队和警察派遣国及捐助方的贡献,", "回顾其关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议、关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议以及关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议,重申妇女在解决冲突和建设和平中的重要作用及其在重建冲突后社会结构中的重要作用,", "认定科特迪瓦局势继续对该区域的国际和平与安全构成威胁,", "根据《联合国宪章》第七章采取行动,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定将联科行动的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日;", "2. 联合国 决定联科行动军事部分的核定兵力仍为9 792人,由9 600名官兵和参谋组成,包括第1942(2010)和1967(2011)号决议授权增加的2 400名官兵和192名军事观察员;", "3个 4. 决定联科行动警察部分的核定人数仍为1 350人,并再决定维持先前核定的8名海关官员;", " 4.四. 决定授权增加205名具备适当技能的顾问,作为秘书长报告所指明的专门领域的专家,在联科行动军事和警察人员核定人数范围内,通过适当调整特派团的军事和警察人员,予以满足;", "5 (韩语). 决定第1967(2011)号决议授权增加的2 000名官兵以及第1942(2010)号决议授权增加的400名官兵和100名警察是科特迪瓦实现稳定的必要条件,包括创造有利于立法选举的安全环境;", "6. 国家 重申根据第1933(2010)号决议第4段和以往各项决议,秘书长特别代表应核证即将举行的立法选举的所有阶段都为按照国际标准和商定标准举行公开、自由、公正和透明的选举提供所有必要保障;", "7. 联合国 2. 决定联科行动的任务如下:", "保护与安全", "(a) 保护平民", "– 说吧 – 在不妨碍科特迪瓦当局承担主要责任的情况下,在其能力范围内,在部署地区内保护平民免遭迫在眉睫的人身暴力威胁,", "– 说吧 – 与联合国国家工作队联络,修订保护平民综合战略并与联合国保护平民战略相协调,考虑到实地的新现实和弱势群体的具体需要,并纳入根据第1960(2010)号决议和第1882(2009)号决议防止性别暴力的措施,", "– 说吧 – 与人道主义机构密切合作,特别是在局势紧张和流离失所者回返地区,收集有关对平民的潜在威胁的信息并查明这些威胁,以及关于违反国际人道主义法和人权法行为的可靠信息,酌情提请科特迪瓦当局注意,并依照联合国全系统保护战略并配合联科行动的保护战略采取适当行动,", "– 说吧 – 根据第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议,监测和报告侵犯和虐待包括儿童在内的弱势群体的情况,并为防止此类侵犯和虐待行为而作的努力作出贡献,", "(b) 应对仍然存在的安全威胁和与边界有关的挑战", "– 说吧 – 在现有权力、能力和部署地区内继续支持国家当局稳定该国的安全局势,", "– 说吧 – 继续监测并阻止民兵、雇佣军和其他非法武装团体根据其保护平民的现有任务规定开展活动,并定期向安理会通报这方面的事态发展,", "– 说吧 – 支持政府监测和应对边境沿线和边境地区的跨界安全和其他挑战,特别是与利比里亚,并特别关注武装分子和武器的跨界流动,并为此目的与联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)密切协调,以进一步开展特派团之间的合作,例如酌情在其任务规定和能力范围内开展联合巡逻和应急规划,", "– 说吧 – 与科特迪瓦共和军联络,以促进科特迪瓦共和军所有组成人员之间的相互信任,", "– 说吧 – 与政府协调,支持为科特迪瓦政府成员和主要政治利益攸关方提供安全保障,包括考虑到即将举行的立法选举的筹备和举行,", "(c) 监测武器禁运", "– 说吧 – 与第1584(2005)号决议所设专家组合作,监测第1572(2004)号决议第7段所定措施的执行情况,包括根据第1980(2011)号决议,视需要酌情在不事先通知的情况下,检查所有武器、弹药和相关材料,而不论其位于何处,", "– 说吧 – 酌情收缴违反第1572(2004)号决议第7段所定措施运入科特迪瓦的军火和任何有关物资,并适当处置此类武器和相关材料,", "(d) 收缴武器", "– 说吧 – 根据第1980(2011)号决议,继续协助国家当局,包括打击小武器和轻武器扩散和非法贩运全国委员会,酌情收集、登记、保管和处置武器并清除战争遗留爆炸物,", "– 说吧 – 与其他伙伴协调,支持政府制定和实施社区武器收缴方案,这些方案应与减少社区暴力与和解挂钩,", "– 说吧 – 与政府协调,确保在下文(f)分段所述国家安全综合战略之外不传播或重新使用所收缴的武器,", "(e) 解除武装、复员和重返社会方案(复员方案)", "– 说吧 – 与其他国际和双边伙伴密切协调,协助政府毫不拖延地制订和执行新的国家方案,以解除战斗人员的武装、复员和重返社会并解散民兵和自卫团体,其中包括明确的个别标准并适合新的情况,同时考虑到将解除武装、复员和重返社会的不同类别人员,包括儿童和妇女的权利和需要,", "– 说吧 – 继续支持前战斗人员的登记和甄别,", "– 说吧 – 酌情同联利特派团和该区域的联合国国家工作队合作,支持外国武装分子解除武装和遣返,", "(f) 重组和改革安全和法治机构", "– 说吧 – 协助政府毫不拖延地同其它国际伙伴密切协调,对安全机构进行全部门审查,并制订国家安全综合战略和改革计划,同时考虑到国家复员方案,", "– 说吧 – 在科特迪瓦政府的领导下,同国际利益攸关方密切合作,支持所有参与协助安全部门改革进程的国际伙伴有效协调、透明和统一工作,明确划分任务和责任,并酌情向安理会报告安全部门改革进程的发展情况,", "– 说吧 – 酌情就安全部门改革和今后国家军队的组织问题向科特迪瓦政府提供意见,应政府请求并与其他国际伙伴密切协调,在现有资源范围内,协助向安全和执法机构提供人权、儿童保护和免遭性暴力和基于性别的暴力方面的培训,并通过对警察、宪兵、司法和惩戒人员的技术援助、合用同一地点和辅导方案,支持能力发展,协助恢复他们在科特迪瓦全境的存在,并支助为安全部门机构吸收的人员建立一个可持续审查机制,", "– 说吧 – 支持政府制定和执行国家司法部门战略,并制定和实施联合国多年联合司法支助方案,以在科特迪瓦发展警察、司法、监狱和诉诸司法,并在现有资源范围内与国际伙伴协调,初步紧急恢复有关基础设施并提供设备,", "– 说吧 – 在现有资源范围内同更广泛的联合国系统合作,支持和解,包括建立和运作预防、减轻或解决冲突的机制,特别是在地方一级,并增进社会凝聚力,", "(g) 支持促进和保护人权的努力", "– 说吧 – 与人权理事会第A/HRC/17/27号决议所设独立专家密切协调,协助在科特迪瓦促进和保护人权,并特别注意严重侵犯和虐待儿童和妇女的行为,特别是性暴力和基于性别的暴力行为,", "– 说吧 – 监测、帮助调查并公开并向理事会报告侵犯人权和违反人道主义法的情况,以预防侵权行为,营造保护环境并结束有罪不罚现象,并为此目的加强其人权监测、调查和报告能力,", "– 说吧 – 提请安理会注意被确定为严重侵犯人权者的所有个人,并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的事态发展,", "– 说吧 – 按照第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议,支持科特迪瓦政府努力打击性暴力和基于性别的暴力,包括协助与联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动机构合作,制定国家自主的多部门战略,任命妇女保护顾问,并酌情在现有资源范围内确保提供性别专门知识和培训,", "(h) 支持人道主义援助", "– 说吧 – 继续便利人道主义援助畅通无阻地进入,帮助加强向受冲突影响和易受伤害的人口提供人道主义援助的工作,特别是协助加强有利于运送人道主义援助的安全,", "– 说吧 – 与相关人道主义组织合作,支持科特迪瓦当局为难民和流离失所者自愿、安全和可持续地回返做好准备,并创造有利于回返的安全条件,", "和平与选举进程", "(一) 支持组织和举行公开、及时、自由、公正和透明的立法选举;", "– 说吧 – 推动包容各方的政治进程,支持创造有利于即将举行的选举的政治环境,包括与西非经共体和非洲联盟的努力相协调,", "– 说吧 – 支持组织和举行公开、自由、公正和透明的立法选举,提供适当的后勤和技术援助,协助政府作出有效的安全安排,", "– 说吧 – 提供技术和后勤支助,协助独立选举委员会在立法选举之前完成尚未完成的任务,并视需要协助所有政治利益攸关方之间以及为此与独立选举委员会进行协商,", "– 说吧 – 在其能力和部署地区范围内协调国际观察员并帮助他们的安全,", "– 说吧 – 向秘书长特别代表提供必要协助,以履行他按照上文第6段核证立法选举的职责,同时考虑到立法选举的特殊性,", "(j) 新闻", "– 说吧 – 继续密切监测科特迪瓦媒体,并继续协助酌情向媒体和监管机构提供符合其任务规定的援助,", "– 说吧 – 继续利用联科行动的广播能力,通过联科行动调频台,为创造和平环境,包括为立法选举创造和平环境的全面努力作出贡献,", "– 说吧 – 鼓励科特迪瓦大众媒体和主要政治行为体全面执行科特迪瓦各方在秘书长主持下签署的《选举良好行为守则》,并签署和遵守《媒体良好行为守则》,", "– 说吧 – 监测任何公开煽动仇恨、不容忍和暴力事件,并提请安理会注意所有被确定为政治暴力煽动者的个人,并定期向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会通报这方面的事态发展,", "(k) 重新部署国家行政机构并在全国扩展国家权力", "– 说吧 – 支持科特迪瓦当局在全国关键地区、国家和地方各级扩大并重建有效的国家行政管理,加强公共行政,并落实《瓦加杜古协定》中与国家统一有关的未完成部分,", "(l) 提供便利", "– 说吧 – 与调解人及其驻阿比让的特别代表协调,根据需要和在力所能及的范围内协助政府执行和平进程中尚未完成的任务,包括酌情向特别代表办公室提供后勤支助,", "(m) 保护联合国人员", "– 说吧 – 保护联合国人员、设施和设备,确保联合国人员的安全和行动自由,", "8. 联合国 决定根据第1933(2010)和1962(2010)号决议,继续授权联科行动在力所能及的范围内,在部署地区内,使用一切必要手段来执行任务; 1.", "9. 国家 欢迎瓦塔拉总统于2011年5月13日颁布法令设立对话、真相与和解委员会,鼓励政府确保委员会尽快全面运作,还吁请联合国系统支持委员会的工作,以确保委员会的工作符合科特迪瓦的国际义务;", "10个 3. 吁请政府采取必要步骤,重建和加强有关机构,包括司法、警察和惩戒部门,并进一步确保有效保护人权并追究科特迪瓦境内所有侵犯和践踏人权者的责任;", "11个 5. 吁请政府确保前总统巴博、其妻子、前官员和其他被拘押者的保护和拘留条件符合国际义务,包括有权监督拘留中心的相关组织的进入,并依照与适当程序和公平审判要求有关的国际义务进行起诉和审判;", "12个 呼吁联科行动根据其现有权力和责任,支持国家和国际努力,将科特迪瓦境内严重侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的人绳之以法;", "13个 敦促所有各方同联科行动和支持联科行动的法国部队的行动充分合作,特别是确保联科行动和法国部队在科特迪瓦全境的安全保障和行动自由,使其能立即不受阻碍地通行,并使其能够充分执行任务;", "14个 8. 吁请联合国国家工作队同该国政府协商并同联合国开发计划署(开发署)和有关的国际伙伴密切合作,为小型项目的规划和执行作出贡献,为一些前战斗人员提供可持续的替代生计,作为国家复员方案重新融入社会经济生活的组成部分;", "15个 6. 鼓励西非经共体在联合国西非办事处(西非办)的支持下,酌情在联科行动和联利特派团的协助下,制定一项次区域战略,以应对武装团体和武器跨界流动以及非法贩运的威胁;", "16号. 呼吁政府和所有参与协助政府改革安全部门的国际伙伴,包括私营公司,遵守第1980(2011)号决议的规定并协调努力,以提高透明度并在所有国际伙伴之间进行明确的分工;", "17岁。 1. 决定将安全理事会向法国部队提供的授权延长至2012年7月31日,以在其部署和能力范围内支持联科行动;", "18岁。 请秘书长最迟于2011年12月31日就当地局势和本决议的执行情况向安理会提交一份中期报告,并最迟于2012年6月30日提交最后报告,还请秘书长定期向安理会通报并通报选举进程的重大事件,包括联科行动对这一进程的支持情况;", " 19. 19. 请秘书长通过上文第18段所述的中期报告或至迟于2012年3月31日通过特别报告,考虑到即将举行的立法选举以及当前的安全挑战和重建国家能力方面的进展,就联科行动结构和兵力的可能调整提出建议;", "20号. 5. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Special Meeting", "New York, 11 August 2011", "List of candidates nominated by States parties for election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Pursuant to article 2, paragraph 1, of annex II to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf shall consist of 21 members who shall be experts in the field of geology, geophysics or hydrography, elected by States parties to the Convention from among their nationals, having due regard to the need to ensure equitable geographical representation, who shall serve in their personal capacities.", "2. In a note dated 26 April 2011, the Secretary-General invited States parties to submit, from 27 April to 26 July 2011, the names of candidates whom their Governments might wish to nominate for the election of one member of the Commission, together with statements of qualifications of such candidates.", "3. Article 2, paragraph 2, of annex II to the Convention provides that the Secretary-General shall prepare a list in alphabetical order of all persons thus nominated and shall submit it to all the States parties. The nominations submitted by States parties to the Secretary-General in reply to his request are set out in the annex to the present note.", "4. The curricula vitae of the candidates will be circulated in document SPLOS/234.", "5. The election of one member of the Commission will take place at a Meeting of States Parties to be held at United Nations Headquarters on 11 August 2011. The procedures to be followed by the Meeting are set out in a note by the Secretary-General (SPLOS/232).", "Annex", "List of candidates", "Name and nationality Nominated by \n Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan) Japan" ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "缔约国为选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员提名的候选人名单", "秘书长的说明", "1. 根据《联合国海洋法公约》附件二第二条第1款，大陆架界限委员会应由21名委员组成，委员应是地质学、地球物理学或水文学方面的专家，由《公约》缔约国从其国民中选出，选举时妥为顾及确保公平地区代表制的必要，委员应以个人身份任职。", "2. 2011年4月26日，秘书长向缔约国发出照会，请各国在2011年4月27日至7月26日期间提交本国政府希望提名参选委员会一名委员的候选人姓名，并附上候选人的资历说明。", "3. 《公约》附件二第二条第2款规定，秘书长应依字母次序编制所有候选人的名单，并将名单提交所有缔约国。缔约国应秘书长请求递交的提名载于本说明附件。", "4. 候选人简历将载于SPLOS/234号文件。", "5. 委员会一名委员的选举将于2011年8月11日在联合国总部举行的一次缔约国会议上进行。会议应循程序载于秘书长的说明(SPLOS/232)。", "附件", "候选人名单", "姓名和国籍 提名国", "Urabe, Tetsuro(日本) 日本" ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日,纽约", "缔约国为选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员而提名的候选人名单", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 1. 根据《联合国海洋法公约》附件二第2条第1款,大陆架界限委员会由21名委员组成,由《公约》缔约国从其国民中选出地质、地球物理学或水文学领域的专家,并适当考虑到需要确保公平地域代表性,这些专家应以个人身份任职。", "2. 联合国 在2011年4月26日的一份说明中,秘书长请缔约国于2011年4月27日至7月26日提交本国政府希望提名参加选举委员会一名成员的候选人名单,并提交这些候选人的资格说明。", "3个 《公约》附件二第2条第2款规定,秘书长应按字母顺序编制提名的所有人员名单,并提交所有缔约国。 缔约国根据秘书长的要求向秘书长提交的提名载于本说明附件。", " 4.四. 候选人简历将在SPLOS/234号文件中分发。", "5 (韩语). 委员会一名成员的选举将在2011年8月11日在联合国总部举行的缔约国会议上进行。 会议应遵循的程序载于秘书长的说明(SPLOS/232)。", "页:1", "候选人名单", "姓名和国籍 提名者\n浦边德生(日本)" ]

[ "Special Meeting", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "Curriculum vitae of a candidate nominated by the Government of Japan", "Urabe, Tetsuro (Japan)", "Personal details", "Nationality: Japanese", "Birth date: 10 January 1949", "Telephone: (81-3) 5841 4542", "Facsimile: (81-3) 5841 2534", "E-mail: [email protected]", "Office address: 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 13-0033", "Education", "Ph.D., University of Tokyo, 1976, Geology", "M.S., University of Tokyo, 1973, Geology", "B.S., University of Tokyo, 1971, Geology and Mineralogy", "Current positions", "2008-present Vice Executive Director, Ocean Alliance, University of Tokyo", "2007-present Adjunct Professor, University of The Air", "2000-present Professor, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo", "Professional experience", "2006-2007 Chair, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of Tokyo", "1996-2000 Chief Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan[1]", "1992-1996 Chief, Experimental Mineralogy Section, Geological Survey of Japan", "1990-1991 Deputy Director, Research Planning Office, Geological Survey of Japan", "1985-1992 Senior Research Geologist, Geological Survey of Japan", "1979-1981 Visiting Researcher, Department of Geology, University of Toronto, Canada", "1976-1985 Assistant Professor, Geological Institute, University of Tokyo", "Research activities", "My current research interests are mainly focused on: (a) the seafloor hydrothermal activities both on the mid-ocean ridge and the arc-backarc systems; (b) the massive sulphide deposits related to hydrothermal activity and the ferromanganese crust deposits as deep-sea mineral resources; (c) the microbial geochemistry of the subseafloor biosphere; (d) the geochemical cycle within and from the hydrothermal systems; and (e) the “rare-metal” mineral resources on land and seafloor. I have led and continue to lead many major seagoing research projects, including the Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project (1987-1991) on the tectonics and hydrothermal activity in the North Fiji Basin; the Japan-US RidgeFlux project (1993-1998) on hydrothermal intensity on the super-fast-spreading East Pacific Rise; the Archaean Park project (2000-2006) on the deep biosphere related to seafloor hydrothermal activity; and the current TAIGA project (2008-2012; see http://www.gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~taiga/en/index.html).", "Research cruise experience (* as Principal Investigator or Co-P.I.)", "May 2011 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Okinawa Trough, Japan (TAIGA project)", "June 2010 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough (TAIGA project)", "February 2009 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin cruise to Takuyo-Daigo Seamount, north-western Pacific (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) cruise)", "June 2004 *R/V JOIDES Resolution Leg 301 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme to Juan de Fuca Ridge, north-eastern Pacific", "January 2004 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS cruise to Southern Mariana Trough, north-west Pacific (Archaean Park project)", "July 2002 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin (Archaean Park project)", "June 2001 *R/V Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (tethered marine drill) drilling cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, Japan (Japan-United States)", "September 1998 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)", "October 1995 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 cruise to Papua New Guinea (Japan-Papua New Guinea-SOPAC)", "September 1994 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States)", "November 1993 *R/V Melville cruise to southern East Pacific Rise (Japan-United States Ridge Flux project)", "December 1991 *R/V Suroit/Cyana submersible cruise to Vanuatu (Japan-France SOPAC STARMER project)", "August 1991 *R/V Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500 submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)", "June 1989 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to North Fiji Basin (Japan-France-SOPAC STARMER project)", "July 1987 R/V Atlantir II/Alvin submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (United States-Japan cruise)", "May 1986 R/V Natsushima/Shinkai 2000 submersible cruise to Izu-Bonin Arc, north-western Pacific (Geological Survey of Japan cruise)", "September 1985 R/V Atlantis II/Alvin submersible cruise to Galapagos Rift, off Ecuador (NOAA expedition)", "June 1985 R/V Nadir/Nautile submersible cruise to Nankai Trough, Japan (Japan-France KAIKO project)", "(as well as 12 more cruises to eastern and western Pacific basin)", "Professional service experiences", "2010-present Affiliated Member, Science Council of Japan", "2003-present Member, Advisory Committee for the Extension of the Continental Shelf, Cabinet Office of Japan", "2006-present Member and Chair of subcommittee, Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan", "2008-2010 President, Society of Resource Geology", "1993-1997 Member, Editorial Board, Economic Geology", "1993-1995 Member, Editorial Board, Mineralium Deposita", "1988-1990 Editor in Chief, Mining Geology (Tokyo)", "Professional associations", "The Society of Economic Geologists", "American Geophysical Union", "The Society of Resource Geology", "The Geological Society of Japan", "The Geographical Society of Japan", "The Geochemical Society of Japan", "The Society of Ocean Policy", "Selected publications", "Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T. (2011). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55-65.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (2011). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I : 10 .1080/01490451003709334).", "Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in situ biogeochemical processes of global seafloor aquifer; the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geography, 118(6), 1027-1036 (in Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.", "Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.", "Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura, H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).", "Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration; Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.", "Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).", "Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).", "Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 58, 810-816.", "Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.", "Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., Continental Scientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.", "Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.", "Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.", "Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004) Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.", "Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.", "Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.", "Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.", "Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub‑vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971.", "Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.", "Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.", "Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.", "Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.", "Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30'S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.", "Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.", "Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 183-197.", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.", "Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.", "Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.", "Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.", "Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d’accretion du centre du Bassin Nord Fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771-778.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d’un site hydrothermal actif; la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt; importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.", "Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.", "Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.", "Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.", "Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.", "Urabe, T., and Scott, S. D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.", "Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan — Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.", "Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.", "[1] Geological Survey of Japan, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and Industry of Japan: the Geological Survey of Japan was reorganized in 2001 into the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)." ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "日本政府提名的候选人简历", "卜部哲郎(Urabe,Tetsuro)", "(日本)", "个人详细资料", "国籍： 日本", "出生日期： 1949年1月10日", "电话： (81-3)58414542", "传真： (81-3)58412534", "电子邮件： [email protected]", "办公地址： 7-3-1 Hongo,Bunkyo-ku,Tokyo 13-0033", "教育", "1976年获东京大学地质学博士", "1973年获东京大学地质学硕士", "1971年获东京大学地质矿物学理学士", "现任职务", "2008年至今，任东京大学海洋联盟副执行主任", "2007年至今，放送大学兼职教授", "2000年至今，任东京大学地球与行星科学系教授", "专业经验", "2006-2007年，东京大学地球与行星科学系教授", "1996-2000年，日本地质调查所首席地质学家[1]", "1992-1996年，日本地质调查所实验矿物学科科长", "1990-1991年，日本地质调查所研究规划办公室副主任", "1985-1992年，日本地质调查所高级研究地质学家", "1979-1981年，加拿大多伦多大学地质系访问研究员", "1976-1985年，东京大学地质研究所助理教授", "研究活动", "我目前的研究兴趣主要集中在以下方面：(a) 大洋中脊和弧-弧后系统上的海底热液活动；(b) 与热液活动有关的块状硫化物矿床和作为深海矿产资源的铁锰结壳矿床；(c) 海底以下生物圈的微生物地球化学；(d) 热液系统内及其引发的地球化学循环；(e) 陆地和海底的“稀有金属”矿产资源。我曾并继续牵头进行许多重大的海洋研究项目，其中包括：日本-法国-南太地科委有关北斐济海盆的构造和热液活动的 STARMER项目(1987-1991年)；日本-美国有关东太平洋海隆超快速蔓延的热液强度的RidgeFlux项目(1993-1998年)；与海底热液活动有关的深部生物圈的太古宙园项目(2000-2006年)；目前在进行的TAIGA项目(2008-2012年；见http://www：gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp〜taiga/en /index.html)。", "巡航考察经验(*作为首席研究员或共同研究员)", "2011年5月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至日本冲绳海槽(TAIGA项目)\n 2010年6月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至南马里亚纳海槽(TAIGA项目)", "2009年2月 *“Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin号”研究船巡航至西北太平洋Takuyo-Daigo海山(日本海洋地球科学技术局巡航)", "2004年6月 *综合大洋钻探方案“JOIDES Resolution Leg 301号”研究船前往东北太平洋胡安·德富卡海脊", "2004年1月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船巡航至西北太平洋南马里亚纳海槽(太古宙园区项目)", "2002年7月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船钻探巡航至伊豆-小笠(太古宙园区项目)", "2001年6月 *“Hakureimaru No.2/BMS号”研究船(系留海洋钻探)钻探巡航至日本伊豆-小笠原弧(日本-美国)", "1998年9月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至东太平洋海隆(日本-美国)", "1995年10月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船巡航至巴布亚新几内亚(日本-巴布亚新几内亚-南太地科委)", "1994年9月 *“Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至东太平洋海隆(日本-美国)", "1993年11月 *“R/ V Melville号”研究船巡航至东太平洋海隆南部(日美海脊通量项目)", "1991年12月 *“Suroit/Cyana号”研究船潜水巡航至瓦努阿图(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1991年8月 * “Yokosuka/Shinkai 6500号”研究船潜水巡航至北斐济海盆(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1989年6月 “Nadir/Nautile号”研究船潜水巡航至北斐济海盆(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1987年7月 “VAtlantir II/Alvin号”研究船潜水巡航至西北太平洋伊豆-小笠原弧(美国-日本巡航)", "1986年5月 “Natsushima/Shinkai 2000号”研究船潜水巡航至西北太平洋伊豆-小笠原弧(日本地质调查所巡航)", "1985年9月 “VAtlantir II/Alvin号”研究船潜水巡航至厄瓜多尔沿海加拉帕戈斯裂谷(NOAA考察)", "1985年6月 “Nadir/Nautile号”研究船潜水巡航至日本南海海槽(日本-法国KAIKO项目) (还有12次巡航至东部和西部太平洋海盆)", "专业服务经验：", "2010至今 日本科学理事会联系成员\n 2003年至今 日本内阁厅大陆架延伸咨询委员会成员", "2006年至今 日本经济产业省自然资源和能源咨询委员会小组委员会成员和主席", "2008-2010年 资源地质学会会长", "1993-1997年 《经济地质学》编委会成员", "1993-1995年 《矿床》编委会成员", "1988-1990年 《采矿地质学》总编(东京)", "专业协会", "经济地质学家学会", "美国地球物理联盟", "资源地质学会", "日本地质学会", "日本地理学会", "日本地球化学学会", "海洋政策学会", "著作选目", "Kawada, Y., Seama, N., and Urabe, T.(201 1). The role of seamounts in the transport of heat and fluids: Relations among seamount size, circulation patterns, and crustal heat flow. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306, 55 65.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunarnura, M., Lever, M. A., Morono, Y., Hiruta, A., Ishizaki, O., Matsumoto, R., Urabe, T., and Inagaki, F. (201 1). Niche separation of methanotrophic Archaea (ANME-1 and -2) in methane-seep sediments of the Eastern Japan Sea offshore Joetsu. Geomicrobiology Journal, 28(2), 118-129 I: 10 .1080/01490451003709334).", "Urabe, T., Okino, K., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Takai, K., and Suzula, K. (2009). Transcrustal advections and in-situ biogeochernical processes of global seafloor aquifer； the sub-seafloor TAIGA. Journal of Geogrqhy, 118(6), 1027-1 036 (in Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Yamaguchi, K., Sakiyama, Y., Urabe, T., and Suzuki, I. (2009). Caldisercum exile gen. nov., sp nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, filamentous bacterium of a novel bacterial phylum, Caldserica phyl. nov., originally called the candidate phylum OP5, and description of Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov and Caldisericia classis nov. International Joumal of Systematic and Evolutionaty Microbiology, 59, 2894-2898.", "Kato, S., Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Takano, Y., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Utsumi, M., Yamanaka, T., Toki, T., Noguchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Moroi, A., Kimura, H., Kawarabayasi, Y., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009b). Abundance of Zetaproteobacteria within crustal fluids in back-arc hydrothermal fields of the Southern Mariana Trough. Environmental Microbiology, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009. 02031.x.", "Kato, S., Hara, K., Kasai, H., Teramura, T., Sunamura, M., Ishibashi, J., Kakegawa, T., Yamanaka, T., Kimura , H., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2009a). Spatial distribution, diversity and composition of bacterial communities in sub-seafloor fluids at a deep-sea hydrothermal field of the Suiyo Seamount. Deep-Sea Research Part I, 56(10), 1844-1855.", "Yanagawa, K., Sunamura, M., Morono, Y., Futagami, T., de Beer, D., Urabe, T., Boetius, A., and Inagaki, F. (2009). Distribution of metabolically active microbial communities in CO2-rich marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract).", "Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J. (2009). The latest frontier of earth science and its application to mineral exploration； Submarine hydrothermal deposits as modem analogy. Resource Geology, 59(1), 43-72 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., Yanagawa, K., Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K., and Urabe, T. (2008). First cultivation and ecological investigation of a bacterium affiliated with the candidate phylum OP5 from hot springs. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74, 6223-6229.", "Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Goto, A., Takano, Y., and Nakaseama, M. (2008). Mineralogy and isotope geochemistry of active submarine hydrothermal field at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, West Pacific Ocean. Resource Geology, 58, 220-248 (Best Article Award).", "Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y. (2008). IMA Kobe 2006 Special Issue: Seafloor hydrothermal deposits of arc-backarc systems in western Pacific. Resource Geology, 58, 205 (Preface).", "Mori, K., Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Suzuki, K., and Hanada, S. (2008). Archaeoglobus infectus sp. nov. a novel thermophilic, chemolithoautotrophic archaeon isolated from a deep-sea rock collected at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionay Microbiology, 58, 810-816.", "Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2007). Direct access to the sub-vent biosphere by shallow drilling. Oceanography, 20(1), 24-25.", "Behrmann, J. H., Yang, J. and CoZone Working Group (2007). Convergent Plate Boundaries and Collision Zones. In: Harms, U., Koeberl, C., and Zoback, M. D., eds., ContinentalScientific Drilling: A Decade of Progress, and Challenges for the Future. Springer, Heidelberg, pp. 289-334.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006). Recharge/discharge interface of a secondary hydrothermal circulation in the Suiyo Seamount of the Izu-Bonin Arc, identified by submersible-operated heat flow measurements. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 245, 498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (2005). Evidence of sub-vent biosphere: enzymatic activities in 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal systems at Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 229, 193-203.", "Kuwabara, T., Minaba, M., Iwayama, Y., Inoue, I., Nakashima, M., Marumo, K., Maruyama, A., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Kamekura, M. (2005). Thermococcus coalescens sp. nov., a cell-fusing hyperthermophilic archaeon from Suiyo Seamount. International Journal of Systematic and Evolultionary Microbiology, 55, 2507-2514.", "Hara, K., Kakegawa, T., Yamashiro, K., Maruyama, A., Ishibashi, J., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., and Yamagishi, A. (2005). Analysis of the Archaeal sub-seafloor community at Suiyo Seamount on the Izu-Bonin Arc. Advances in Space Research, 35(9), 1634-1642.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A., and the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists (2005). IODP Expedition 301 installs three borehole crustal observatories, prepares for three-dimensional, cross-hole experiments in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. Scientific Drilling, 1(1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2005). The Archaean Park Project: Interaction between microbiological and geological processes in deepsea hydrothermal vent and sub-vent environments. Oceanography in Japan, 14(2), 129-137 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Kubota, H., Urabe, T., Yamada, R., and Tanimura, S. (2004). Exploration indices and mineral potential map of the Kuroko deposits in northeast Japan. Resource Geology, 54, 387-397.", "Urabe, T., and Kubota, H. (2004). Kuroko deposits revisited after the discovery of their modern analogues on submarine arc volcanoes. Resource Geology, 54, 385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard scientific party (2004). Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 301 Preliminary Report: The hydrogeologic architecture of basaltic oceanic crust: compartmentalization, anisotropy, microbiology, and crustalscale properties on the eastern flank of Juan de Fuca Ridge, eastern Pacific Ocean. 121P., IODP, College Station, Texas, United States of America.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2004). Amino acids in the 308 degrees C deep-sea hydrothermal system of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 219(1-2), 147-153.", "Higashi, Y., Sunamura, M., Kitamura, K., Nakamura, K., Kurusu, Y., Ishibashi, J., Urabe, T., and Maruyama, A. (2004). Microbial diversity in hydrothermal surface to subsurface environments of Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, using a catheter-type in situ growth chamber. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 47(3), 327-336.", "Nakagawa, T., Ishibashi, J., Maruyama, A., Yamanaka, T., Morimoto, Y., Kimura, H., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2004). Analysis of dissimilatory sulfite reductase and 16S rRNA gene fragments from deep-sea hydrothermal sites of the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, western Pacific. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(1), 393-403.", "Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T. (2003). New approach to unknown biosphere under seafloor hydrothermal sites. Journal of Geography, 112(2), 300-322 (In Japanese with English abstract).", "Ishibashi, J, Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Hydrothermal interaction with volcaniclastic sediment beneath the Suiyo Seamount submarine caldera, Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.", "Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Takano, Y., Marumo, K., Nakashima, M., Yamagishi, A., Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (2003). Organics in chimneys and water samples from deepsea hydrothermal systems: Implications for sub-vent biosphere. Biological Sciences in Space, 17, 190-191.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2003). Large enantiomeric excesses of L-form amino acids in deep-sea hydrothermal sub-vent of 156 degrees C fluids at the Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, Pacific Ocean. Chemistry Letters, 32(10), 970-971", "Nakagawa, T., Hanada, S., Maruyama, A., Marumo K., Urabe, T., and Fukui, M. (2002). Distribution and diversity of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria within a Cu-Pb-Zn mine (Toyoha, Japan). FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 41, 199-209.", "Takano, .Y, Edazawa, Y., Horiuchi, T., IGneko, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T. (2002). Investigation of submarine hydrothermal sub-vent biosphere as a model of search for extraterrestrial life. Biological Sciences in Space, 16, 199-200.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (2001). Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea. Resource Geology, 51, 31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J. (2001). The Archaean Park Project Update. InterRidge News, 10 (1), 23-25.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N. Ishibashi, J., and Naganuma, T. (2000). The Archaean Park Project: Interactions between subsurface-vent biosphere and the geo-environment. InterRidge News, 9 (1), 34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D.A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., and Fujioka, K. (1998). Geological, chemical, and biological evidence for recent volcanism at 17.5º S: East Pacific Rise. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 163,131-147.", "Maruyama, A., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., and Baker, E. T. (1998). Global hydrothermal primary production rate estimated from the southern East Pacific Rise. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.", "Urabe, T., Fujioka, K., Mitsuzawa, K., Fujimoto, H., Matsubayashi, O., Mochizuki, M., Nagaya, Y., Nakamura, K., Nishimura, K., Okamura, K., Sayanagi, K., Sugawara, T., Tonnerre, T., Tsumune, D., Walker, M., Kinoshita, M., Shibata, T., Joshima, M., Cowen, J., Maruyama, A., Roe, K., Shitashima, K., Ishibashi, J., Sakamoto, I., Ytow, N., and Kodera, T. (1998). Japanese Ridge Flux Project Group has started Long-term Sea Floor Monitoring in the Southern East Pacific Rise. InterRidge News, 7(1), 41-44.", "Gena, K., Mizuta, T., Ishiyama, D., and Urabe, T. (1997). Geochemical characteristics of altered basaltic andesite by sulfuric-acid rich solution from the DESMOS Caldera, Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. JAMSTEC J. Deep-Sea Research, 13, 269-285.", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K., and Chiba, H. (1997). Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin, Papua New Guinea. Geology, 25(2) 139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T., and Okamura, K. (1996). Hydrothermal plume particles and dissolved phosphate over the superfast-spreading southern East Pacific Rise. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 2297-2323.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., and Scientific Party (1996). Cruise explores hydrothermal vents of the Manus Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 77(26), 244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Binns, R., Charlou, L. L., Gena, K., Gamo, T., Henry, K., Matsubayashi, O., Matsumoto, T., Moss, R., Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E. (1996). Tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal activity in the Manus basin (SW Pacific, Papua New Guinea): MANUSFLUX cruise, Shinkai-6500. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. Serie II. Fascicule a, Sciences de la Terre et des Planètes, 323(6), 501-508.", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T. (1996). JUDGE Project: Preliminary results of the feasibility study. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Symposium on the Observation of the Continental Crust Through Drilling, Tsukuba Japan, pp. 20-22.", "Baker, E. T., and Urabe, T. (1996). Extensive distribution of hydrothermal plumes along the superfast spreading East Pacific Rise, 13º 30’S – 18º 40'S. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K., et al. (1995). The effect of magmatic activity on hydrothermal venting along the superfast-spreading East Pacific Rise. Science, 269, 1092-1095.", "Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). Hydrothermal activity related to arc-backarc magmatism in Western Pacific. In Taylor, B., ed., Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., pp. 451-495.", "Ishbashi, J., Wakita, H., Nojiri, Y., Grimaud, D., Jean-Baptiste, P., Gamo, T., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Helium and carbon geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the North Fiji Basin spreading ridge (southwest Pacific). Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters, 128, 183-197", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T., and Joshima, M. (1994). The North Fiji Basin basalts and their magma sources: Part II. Sr-Nd isotopic and trace element constraints. Marine Geology, 116, 179-196.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A., and Urabe, T. (1994). High-Na dacite from the Jean Charcot Trough (Vanuatu), Southwest Pacific. Marine Geology, 116, 197-214.", "Ishibashi, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1994). Fluctuation of chemical compositions of the phase-separated hydrothermal fluid from the North Fiji Basin ridge. Marine Geology, 116, 215-226.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., I,agabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., and Urabe, T. (1993). The White Lady hydrothermal site in the North Fiji Basin (STARMER). Economic Geology, 88, 2237-2249.", "Urabe, T., Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y., and Soejima, T. (1992). Japanese ultra-deep drilling and geoscientific experiments (JUDGE) project: an overview. In Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., eds., Drilling Technolog-1992, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, PD 40, 89-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., et al. (1992). Bathiymetric map of the central part of the North Fiji Basin, Southwest Pacific (Scale: 1/500,000). Hydrographic Department of Japan. 2 sheets.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M., and Ruellan, E. (1992). Japanese submersible explores the North Fiji Basin. Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116-117.", "Urabe, T., and Marumo, K. (1991). A new model for Kuroko-type deposits of Japan. Episode,14, 246-251.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Matsumoto, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1991). In situ geological and geochemical study on an active hydrothermal site on the North Fiji Basin ridge. In Crook, K. A. W., ed., The Geology, Geophysics and Mineral Resources of the South Pacific. Marine Geology, 98, 259-269.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., and Urabe, T. (1991). Chemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the 17oS active site on the North Fiji Basin ridge (SW Pacific). Chemical Geology, 93, 209-218.", "Urabe, T., and Kusakabe, M. (1990). Barite silica chimneys from the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 283-290.", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., Hashimoto, J., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Iwabuchi, Y., Jarvis, P., Joshima, M., Kisimoto, K., Kuwahara, K., Lafoy, Y., Matsumoto, T., Maze, J. P., Mitsuzawa, K., Monma, H., Naganuma, T., Nojiri, Y., Ohta, S., Otsuka, K., Okuda, Y., Ondreas, H., Otsuki, A., Ruellan, E., Sibuet, M., Tanahashi, M., Tanaka, T., and Urabe, T. (1990). Active spreading and hydrothermalism in North Fiji Basin (SW Pacific). (Results of Japanese French cruise Kaiyo 87.) Marine Geophysics Research, 12, 269-283.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T. (1990). Alvin-SeaBeam studies of the Sumisu Rift, Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 100, 127-147.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990). Petrologie et geochemie de la zone d'accretion du centre du bassin nord-fidjien (SW Pacifique). Complets Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, 310, 771 -778.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., Tanaka, T., and Tanahashi, M. (1989). Le cadre géologique d'un site hydrothermal actif； la campagne STARMER 1 du submersible Nautile dans le bassin nord-fidjien. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 309, Serie II, 1787-1795.", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989). Calculated compositions of fluids released from a crystallizing granitic melt； importance of pressure on the genesis of ore forming fluid. Geochemical Journal, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T. (1987). The effect of pressure on the partition ratio of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts. Economic Geology, 82, 1049-1052.", "Urabe, T. (1987). Kuroko deposit modeling based on magmatic hydrothermal theory. Mining Geology, 37, 159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., and on-board scientists (1987). Hydrothermal sulfides from a submarine caldera in the Shichito-Iwojima Ridge, Northwestern Pacific. Marine Geology, 74, 295-299.", "Le Pichon, X., Iiyama, T., Boulegue, J., Charvet, J., Faure, M., Kano, K., Lallemant, S., Okada, H., Rangin, C., Taira, A., Urabe, T., and Uyeda, S. (1987). Nankai Through and Zenisu Ridge: a deep-sea submersible survey. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 83, 285-299.", "Urabe, T. (1985). Aluminous granite as a source magma of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Economic Geology, 80, 148-157.", "Urabe, T., Scott, S. D., and Hattori, K. (1983). A comparison of footwall alteration and geothermal systems between some Japanese and Canadian volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Economic Geology Monograph 5, pp. 345-364.", "Urabe, T., and Scott, S.D. (1983). Geology and footwall alteration of the South Bay massive sulphide deposit, northwestern Ontario, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978). Quartz simultaneously precipitated with Kuroko ores in the Uwamuki No. 4 deposit, Kosaka mine. Mining Geology, 28, 337-348.", "Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). Kuroko deposits of the Kosaka mine, Northeast Honshu, Japan – Products of submarine hot spring on Miocene sea floor. Economic Geology, 73, 161-179.", "Urabe, T. (1977). Partition of cadmium and manganese between coexisting sphalerite and galena from some Japanese epithermal deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T., Nakayama, F., and Urabe, T. (1975). Carrollite from the Sazare Mine, Ehime Prefecture, Japan. Mineralogical Journal, 7, 552-561.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Iron content of sphalerite coexisting with pyrite from some Kuroko deposits. Mining Geology, Special Issue, 6, 377-384.", "Urabe, T. (1974). Mineralogical aspects of the Kuroko deposits in Japan and their implications. Mineralium Deposita, 9, 309-324.", "[1] 日本通商产业省工业科学和技术机构日本地质调查所：日本地质调查所于2001年重组成为国家先进工业科学和技术研究所。" ]

[ "特别会议", "2011年8月11日,纽约", "选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "日本政府提名的候选人简历", "铁室浦边(日本)", "个人详情", "国籍:日本", "出生日期:1949年1月10日", "电话:(81-3) 5841 4542", "传真:(81-3)5841 2534", "电子邮件:[email protected]", "办公室地址: 东京邦京市宏高区7-3-1", "学历", "1976年获东京大学地质博士学位", "东京大学地质学硕士,1973年", "1971年,东京大学地质和矿物学学士", "现任职位", "2008年至今 东京大学海洋联盟副执行主任", "2007年至今 航空大学副教授", "2000年至今 东京大学地球和行星科学系教授", "专业经验", "2006-2007两年期 东京大学地球和行星科学系主任", "日本地质调查局首席地质学家[1]", "1992-1996年 日本地质调查局实验矿物学科科长", "1990-1991年 日本地质调查局研究规划办公室副主任", "日本地质调查局高级研究地质学家", "1979-1981年 加拿大多伦多大学地质系访问研究员", "1976-1985年 东京大学地质研究所助理教授", "研究活动", "我目前的研究兴趣主要集中于:(a) 海底热液活动,包括中洋脊和弧后弧系统;(b) 与热液活动有关的大量硫化物矿床和作为深海矿物资源的铁锰地壳矿床;(c) 海底生物圈的微生物地球化学;(d) 热液系统内和出自热液系统的地球化学循环;(e) 在陆地和海底的 \" 稀金属 \" 矿物资源。 我领导并继续领导许多重大的出海研究项目,包括日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目(1987-1991年),关于斐济北部盆地地壳和热液活性;日本-美国岭流项目(1993-1998年),关于超快扩展的东太平洋海隆热液密集度;与海底热液活性有关的深层生物圈Archaean公园项目(2000-2006年);以及目前的TAIGA项目(2008-2012年;见http://www.gbs.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~taiga/en/index.html)。", "研究巡航经验(* 担任首席调查员或共同民警)", "2011年5月 *Hakureimaru 第2/BMS号巡航至日本冲绳槽(TAIGA项目)", "2010年6月 * \" 哈库雷丸 \" 第2/BMS号巡航至南马里亚纳槽(TAIGA项目)", "2009年2月 *R/V Natshushima/RO V Hyper Dolphin巡航至西太平洋Takuyo-Daigo海山(日本海洋-地科技署巡航)", "2004年6月 *R/V 海洋钻探综合方案第301号决议", "2004年1月 *R/V Hakureimaru 第2/BMS号巡航至西北太平洋南马里亚纳槽(Archaean Park项目)", "2002年7月 * Hakureimaru 第2/BMS号钻探巡航至Izu-Bonin (Archaean Park项目)", "2001年6月 * Hakureimaru No. 2/BMS (tethered marine dress)号钻探巡航至日本伊祖-博宁角(日本-美国)", "1998年9月 * \" Yokosuka \" / \" Shinkai \" 号潜水巡航至东太平洋隆起(日本-美国)", "1995年10月 * \" Yokosuka \" / \" Shinkai \" 6500次前往巴布亚新几内亚(日本-巴布亚新几内亚-南太地科委)的巡航", "1994年9月 * \" Yokosuka \" / \" Shinkai \" 号潜水巡航至东太平洋隆起(日本-美国)", "联合国 *Melville号巡航至东太平洋南部升起(日本-美国岭流项目)", "1991年12月 *R/V Suroit/Cyana潜水航行至瓦努阿图(日本-法国南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1991年8月 * \" Yokosuka \" / \" Shinkai \" 6500次潜航至斐济北部盆地(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1989年6月 Nadir/Nautile号潜水巡航至斐济北部盆地(日本-法国-南太地科委STARMER项目)", "1987年7月 Atlantir II/Alvin号潜水巡航至太平洋西北部伊祖-博宁弧(美国-日本巡航)", "1986年5月 内岛号/神舟2000号潜水巡航至西北太平洋伊豆-波宁弧(日本地质调查巡航)", "1985年9月 亚特兰蒂斯号/阿尔文号潜水巡航至厄瓜多尔外加拉帕戈斯裂口(诺阿远征)", "1985年6月 Nadir/Nautile号潜水巡航至日本南开槽(日本-法国KAIKO项目)", "(以及另外12次前往东太平洋和西太平洋盆地的巡航)", "专业服务经历", "日本科学理事会附属成员", "日本内阁办公室大陆架扩展咨询委员会成员", "2006年至今 日本经济、贸易和工业部自然资源和能源咨询委员会小组委员会成员和主席", "2008-2010年 资源地质学会会长", "1993-1997年 经济地质学编辑委员会成员", "矿物矿藏编辑委员会成员a", "1988-1990年,纽约 矿业地质(东京)主任编辑", "专业协会", "经济地质学家协会", "美国地球物理联盟", "资源地质学会", "日本地质学会", "日本地理学会", "日本地球化学会", "海洋政策学会", "部分出版物", "川田,Y.,相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相 海山在热和流体运输中的作用: 海山大小,环流规律,地壳热流之间的关系. 地球与行星科学信条, 306, 55-65.", "柳川克,克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 东日本海近海乔慈等地甲烷-深层沉积物中甲状腺亚纲(ANME-1和2)的硝基分离. 地缘微生物学报, 第28(2), 118-129 I: 10.1080/01490451003709334.", "浦边,T.,大野克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克. 全球海底含水层的跨地对流和原地生物地球化学过程;海底下层TAIGA。 地理学报, 第118(6), 1027-1036 (日文有英文抽象).", "Mori, K., 山口克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 Caldisercum放逐基因. nov., sp nov.,一种有氧,有热体,有丝菌的细菌活体,是一款新型细菌活体,Caldserica活体. nov.),最初称候选人phylum OP5,并描述Caldisericaceae fam. nov., Caldisericales ord. nov 和 Caldisericia classicia systemis nov. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2014-12-02. 国际系统与进化微生物学杂志, 59, 2894-2898.", "加藤, S., 柳川克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 南马里亚纳槽后弧地热液中地壳液中的Zetaprotebacteria富集. 环境微生物学, doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920. 2009. 02031.x.", "(原始内容存档于2018-03-26). Kato, S. 哈罗 K.,开斋,H.,寺村活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 苏约海山深海热液场海底液中细菌群落的空间分布,多样性和组成. 深海研究一, 第56(10), 1844-1855.", "相克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 富含二氧化碳的海洋沉积物中代谢活性微生物群落分布. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, A1472-A1472 (Abstract) (英语).", "(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Urabe, T., Iizasa, K., and Ishibash, J.(2009年). 地球科学的最新前沿及其在矿物勘探中的应用; 海底热液矿床作为调制解调器类比。 资源地理学 第59(1), 第43-72页 (日文有英文抽象).", "Mori, K., Sunamura, M., 柳川克, Ishibashi, J., Miyoshi, Y., Iino, T., Suzuki K.;和浦边克, T.(2008). 对来自温泉的候选生素OP5附属细菌进行首次种植和生态调查. 应用与环境微生物,74,6223-6229.", "马鲁莫克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 西太平洋伊祖-博宁弧海山活性海底热液场矿物学和同位素地球化学. 资源地质 第58, 220-248 (最佳文章奖).", "(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Urabe, T., Chiba, H., and Kato, Y.(2008). IMA 神户2006年特刊:西太平洋弧背弧系统的海底热液矿床。 资源地理学 第58, 205 (序言).", "森克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 由西太平洋伊豆-波宁弧海口苏约海山所采集的深海岩石所分离出的一种新型热活性化学化石 -- -- 化合自生化考古。 国际系统与进化微生物学杂志, 58, 810-816.", "石桥, J., 马鲁莫, K., 马鲁山, A.; 浦边, T. (2007). 通过浅层钻探直接进入子发明生物圈. 海洋学, 第20(1), 24-25页.", "Behrmann、J.H.、Yang、J.和CoZone工作组(2007年)。 共通板块边界和碰撞区. 出自:Harms,U.,Koeberl,C.和Zoback,M.D.编著:\"大陆科学钻探:进步的十年\"和\"未来的挑战\". Springer,海德堡, 第289-334页.", "Kinoshita, M., Kawada Y., Tanaka A., and Urabe, T. (2006年). 由潜水操作热流测量确定的伊子-波宁弧的水约海隆中二级热液循环再充电/放电接口. \"地与行星科学信\",245,498-508.", "Takano, Y., Edazawa, Y., Kobayashi, K., Urabe, T., and Marumo, K.(2005年). 亚发明生物圈的证据:西太平洋伊祖-波宁弧海口苏约海山308°C深海热液系统的酶活性. 地球与行星科学函, 229, 193-203.", "久和原,T.,米纳巴,M.,岩山,Y.,井上,I.,中岛,M.,Marumo,K.,Maruyama,A.,Sugai,A.,Itoh,T.,石桥,J.,浦下,T.,和镰仓,M.(2005年). 红花花花(学名:Cermococcus conescens sp. nov.),是一门出自于i海山的细胞活化超热能考古. 国际系统与进化微生物学杂志, 55, 2507-2514.", "原克活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 I-波宁弧上水约海山下地层群落分析. 空间研究的进步,35(9),1634-1642。", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., Klaus, A.)和IODP探险301科学家(2005年). IODP Expedition 301安装了3个钻孔地壳观测站,为在东北太平洋进行三维跨孔实验做准备. 科学钻探, 1(1), 6-11.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K, Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J.(2005年). 考古公园项目:深海热液喷口和分发明环境中微生物和地质过程之间的互动。 日本的海洋学, 第14(2), 129-137 (日文有英文摘要).", "久保塔,H.,浦边,T.,山田,R.和田村,S.(2004年). 日本东北部仓子矿床勘探指数和矿产潜力图. 资源地质,54,387-397.", "Urabe, T.和Kubota, H.(2004年) Kuroko矿床在海底弧火山上发现现代类似物后再次得到研究。 资源地质,54,385-386.", "Fisher, A. T., Urabe, T., and shipboard science party (2004年). 综合海洋钻探方案301初步报告: 玄武岩洋地壳的水文地质结构:分化,同位素,微生物学,东太平洋胡安·德·富卡海脊东侧地壳尺度属性. 121P., IODP,美国德克萨斯州学院站.", "Takano, Y., Kobayashi, K., Yamanaka, T., Marumo, K., and Urabe, T.(2004年). 分布于太平洋伊津-波宁弧口苏伊约海山308°C深海热液系统中的氨基酸. 地球与行星科学信, 219 (1-2), 147–153.", "平桥,Y.,相村,M.,北村,K.,中村,K.,仓口,Y.,石桥,J.,浦边,T.和丸山,A.(2004年). 地热液表面微生物多样性到地表下环境相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相接相 FEMS 微生物生态学, 第47(3), 327-336.", "中川, T., 石桥, J., 丸山, A., Yamanaka, T., 森本, Y., 木村, H., Urabe, T.;和福井, M.(2004). 分析西太平洋伊豆-波宁弧(Izu-Bonin Arc)苏约海山深海热液点的分解硫酸还原酶和16S rRNA基因碎片. 应用与环境微生物学, 第70(1), 393-403页.", "(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Maruyama, A., and Urabe, T.(2003). 海底热液地下未知生物圈的新办法。 地理学报, 第112(2), 300-322 (日文有英文摘要).", "石桥,J,Yamanaka,T.,Marumo,K.和浦北,T.(2003年). 水热与苏伊约海山海底出海口下有火山作用的沉积物相互作用,Izu-Bonin Arc. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67(18S), A174-A174.", "(原始内容存档于2018-10-21). Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi,. K. , 说 高野活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 烟囱中的有机物和深海热液系统的水样: 对子发明生物圈的影响。 空间生物科学 第17, 190-191页.", "Takano, Y., Horiuchi, T., Kobayashi, K., Marumo, K., 和浦北, T.(2003年). 深海热液中L-成型氨基酸在太平洋伊苏-博宁弧苏伊约海山156度C流体中的大反相过量。 化学函, 32(10), 970-971.", "中川道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道道 在Cu-Pb-Zn矿井内分泌可减少硫酸盐的热菌并具有多样性(日本丰叶)。 FEMS 微生物生态学, 41, 199-209.", "高野活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 调查海底热液分发明生物圈作为寻找外星生命的模式. 16,199-200号空间生物科学.", "热那亚克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 巴布亚新几内亚马努斯后弧盆地Desmos Caldera的硫酸盐类型的改变和矿化。 资源地质 第51,31-44.", "Urabe, T., Maruyama, A., Marumo, K., Seama, N., and Ishibashi, J.(2001年). 考古公园项目最新消息. 《国际大洋新闻》,10(1),23-25。", "浦边活佛,T.,丸山活佛,A.,马鲁莫活佛,K.,海马活佛,石桥活佛,J.,和那加努马活佛,T.(2000). Archaean Park Project:地表下发明生物圈与地表环境的相互作用. 《国际大洋新闻》,9(1),34-36.", "Embley, R. W., Lupton, J. E., Massoth, G., Urabe, T., Tunnicliffe, V., Butterfield, D. A., Shibata, T., Okano, O., Kinoshita, M., 和藤冈, K.(1998). 地质、化学和生物证据,用于最近的火山作用17.5o S:东太平洋崛起. \"地球与行星科学信\",163,131-147.", "丸山活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 估计全球热液初级出产率来自东太平洋南部海隆。 (原始内容存档于2019-10-29). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 39, 249-252.", "浦上同,T.,藤冈同,K.,美津泽同,K.,藤本同,H.,松林同,O.,相和同,M.,长谷同,Y.,中村同克,下村同克,冈村同克,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和同,相和相和,相和相和,相和相和,相和相和相和,相和相和,相和相和相和相和相和相和,相和相和相和相和,相和相和相和相和相和相和相和相和相和相和相和相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相相 日本岭流项目集团在东南太平洋南起开始长期海底监测. 国际大洋网新闻,7(1),41-44.", "热那亚克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 来自巴布亚新几内亚马努斯盆地的DESMOS Caldera硫酸富集溶液改变了玄武岩和地层的地化学特性。 JAMSTEC J. 深海研究, 13, 269-285 (英语).", "Gamo, T., Okamura, K., Charlou, J. L., Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M., Ishibashi, J., Shitashima, K.,和Chiba, H.(1997年). 来自巴布亚新几内亚马努斯后弧盆地的酸和硫酸富热液。 地质学, 第25(2)139-142.", "Feely, R. A., Baker, E. T., Marumo, K., Urabe, T., Ishibashi, J., Gendron, J., Lebon, G. T.,和冈村克(1996年). 氢热羽流颗粒和溶解磷酸盐在超快扩张的东太平洋南部隆起. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 第60, 2297-2323页.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., 和科学党(1996年)。 Cruis探索了马努斯盆地的热液喷口. 欧斯 交易,美国地球物理联盟,77(26),244.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T. 宾斯 R. 夏鲁,L. L.,热那亚, K. , 说 盖莫 T.,亨利,克.,松林,O.,松本,克. (原始内容存档于2018-09-21). Moss, R. Naka, J., Nagaya, Y., Okamura, K., and Ruellan, E.(1996). 马努斯盆地(斯南太平洋,巴布亚新几内亚):MANUSFLUX巡航,Shinkai-6500. 科学学院教授。 Serie 二. fasicule a, Science de la (法语). 《地球与计划》,323(6),501-508。", "Urabe, T., Ikeda, R., Ito, H., Hamada, K., and Miyazaki, T.(1996年). 法官 项目:可行性研究的初步结果。 关于通过钻探观测大陆结壳的第八次国际研讨会会议记录,日本筑波,第20-22页。", "贝克,E.T.和浦边,T.(1996年)。 热液羽流沿着传播的上快地东太平洋隆起而广泛分布,13o 30's – 18o 40's. Journal of Geo物理研究, 101, Ser. B4, 8685-8695.", "Urabe, T., Baker, E. T., Ishibashi, J., Feely, R. A., Marumo, K.等(1995年). 岩浆活性对沿着超快扩张的东太平洋隆起地喷出热液的影响. 科学, 269, 1092-1095.", "(原始内容存档于2017-10-21). Ishibashi, J., and Urabe, T. (1995). 西太平洋与弧-后弧岩浆有关的热活性. 在Taylor, B., 编著, Backarc Basins: Tectonics and Magmatism, Plenum Press, N.Y., 第451-495页.", "Ishbashi,J.,Wakita,H.,Nojiri,Y.,Grimaud,D.,Jean-Baptiste,P.,Gamo,T.,Auzende,J.M.,以及Urabe,T.(1994年)。 北斐济盆地喷出脊(西南太平洋)热液的氦和碳地球化学。 地球与行星科学信条, 128, 183-197.", "Nohara, M., Hirose, K., Eissen, J. P., Urabe, T.和Joshima, M.(1994年). 北斐济盆地玄武岩及其岩浆源: 第二编 Sr-Nd同位素和微量元素限制. 海洋地质,116,179-196页.", "Nakada, S., Maillet, P., Monjaret, M. C., Fujinawa, A.,和浦北, T.(1994年). 西南太平洋让·查克特槽(英语:Vanuatu)出产的高纳酸盐. 海洋地质,116,197-214页.", "石桥, J., Grimaud, D., Nojiri, Y., Auzende, J. M.,和浦边, T.(1994). 相相分离热液从北斐济盆地脊的化学成分起伏. 海洋地质,116,215-226页.", "Bendel, V., Auzende, J. M., Lagabrielle, Y., Grimaud, D., Fouquet, Y., 和 Urabe, T. (1993). 北斐济盆地白夫人热液遗址(STARMER)。 经济地质,88,2237-2249.", "(原始内容存档于2018-06-26). Urabe, T.,. Tanaka, S., Kiya, Y.;和Soejima, T.(1992年). 日本超深钻探与地科学实验(JUDGE)项目:一览. 在Vikram Rao, M., and Rowley, J., 编; Drilling Technolog-1992, 美国机械工程师学会, PD 40, 89-94.", "Urabe, T., Auzende, J. M.等(1992年)。 西南太平洋北斐济盆地中部水深图(比例:1/500. 日本水文局. 2张", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Tanahashi, M.和Ruellan, E.(1992年). 日本潜水器探索北斐济盆地. Eos, Contacts, American Geophysical Union, 73, 116–117 (英语). Eos, Contacts, American Geophysical Union, 116–117 (英语).", "Urabe, T.,和Marumo, K. (1991). 日本仓子型矿床新模型. 第14集 第246-251页.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Bendel, V., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., 松本, T., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., T.,和田中生, M.(1991年). 关于斐济北部盆地山脊活性热液地块的原地地质和地球化学研究。 K.A.W.,《南太平洋地质学、地球物理学和矿物资源》编。 海洋地质,98,259-269页.", "Grimaud, D., Ishibashi, J., Lagabrielle, Y., Auzende, J. M., 和浦边, T. (1991). 斐济北部海盆脊17°S活地热液的化学。 化学地质, 第93, 209-218页.", "T. Urabe和Kusakabe, M.(1990年)。 由相生裂口出产的Barite silica烟囱 Izu-Bonin Arc. Earth and Planets Science Letters, 100, 283-290.", "Auzende, J. M., Honza, E., Boespflug, X., Deo, S., Eissen, J. P., 桥本活生生活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活活 在北斐济盆地(斯南太平洋)积极传播和热液化。 (日本法航\"开远\" 87. 海洋地球物理学 研究,12,269-283页.", "Taylor, B., Brown, G., Fryer, P., Gdl, J. B., Hochstaedter, A. G., Hotta, H., Langmuir, C. H., Leinen, M., Nishimura, A., and Urabe, T.(1990). Alvin-SeaBeam研究 苏米苏裂口,伊祖-波宁弧. Earth and Planets Science Letters, 100, 127-147.", "Eissen, J. P., Morvan, G., Lefevre, C., Maillet, P., Urabe, T., and Auzende, J. M. (1990年). Bassin Nord Fidjien(SW Pacifique)中心汽油和地球化学。 (原始内容存档于2013-10-10). Redus de l ' Académie des Science, 310, 771-778.", "Auzende, J. M., Urabe, T., Deplus, C., Eissen, J. P., Grimaud, D., Huchon, P., Ishibashi, J., Joshima, M., Lagabrielle, Y., Mevel, C., Naka, J., Ruellan, E., T.,和田中, T.,和田桥, M. (1989). (原始内容存档于2018-10-21) (英语). Le cultary géologique d'un site 热液活性; la Campagne STARMER 1 du submerable Nautile dans le Bassin Nord-Fidjien. Cormptes Rendus de l ' Académie des Science, 309, Serie II, 1787–1795 (英语).", "Nakano, T., and Urabe, T. (1989年) (英语). 由结晶化的花岗岩熔融所释放出液体的计算成分;对矿石形成液体的起源产生压力的重要性. 地球化学学报, 23, 307-319.", "Urabe, T. (1987) (英语). 气相和氢化物融化对铅和锌分化比例的压力的影响。 经济地质,82,1049-1052.", "Urabe, T. (1987) (英语). 基于岩浆热液理论的仓子储量模型. 矿业地质,37,159-175.", "Urabe, T., Yuasa, M., Nakao, S., 和机上科学家(1987年). 西北太平洋的希奇托-伊沃吉马岭的一具海底钙化氢硫化物. 海洋地质,74,295-299页.", "勒皮克昂,X.,井山,T.,布勒格,J.,Charvet,J. (原始内容存档于2017-09-21). Faure, M. 卡诺克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克 南开通与禅秀岭:深海底勘测. 地球与行星科学函, 83, 285–299.", "Urabe, T. (1985) (英语). 发光花岗岩作为热液矿床的来源岩浆:实验研究. 经济地质, 第80, 148-157.", "Urabe、T.、Scott、S.D.和Hattori、K.(1983年)。 比较了日本和加拿大一些由火山引起的大量硫化物矿床的脚壁改变和地热系统. 经济地理学专著 第5辑 第345-364页.", "Urabe, T. 和 S. D. (1983年)。 加拿大安大略省西北部南湾块状硫化物矿床的地质学和脚墙改建. 加拿大地球科学学报, 20, 1862-1879.", "Urabe, T. (1978) (英语). Quartz同时与Kuroko矿石一起在高坂矿井四号出矿地上出矿。 矿业地质,28,337-348.", "(原始内容存档于2017-10-25). Urabe, T., and Sato, T. (1978). 日本东北翁山高坂矿井的仓子矿床——海底温泉出产于三仙海底. 经济地理学, 第73, 161-179页.", "Urabe, T. (1977) (英语). 将镉和锰从日本一些地热矿床中分离出来。 (原始内容存档于2019-10-12) (英语). Mineral Protesta, 12, 319-330.", "Tatsumi, T.,中山, F.;和浦口, T. (1975). 来自日本埃希梅县萨扎雷矿的卡罗利特人. 《矿物学杂志》,7, 552-561。", "Urabe, T. (1974) (英语). 麻雀的铁含量 与一些黑子矿床的烟花并存 矿业地质专刊 第6,377-384期.", "Urabe, T. (1974) (英语). 日本仓子矿床的矿物学方面及其影响。 9,309-324. Mineral Protesta, 9, 309-324 (英语).", "[1] 日本国际贸易和工业部工业科技局日本地质调查局:2001年日本地质调查局改组为国家高级工业科学技术研究所(AIST)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 133 of the provisional agenda*", "Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "United Nations Office for Partnerships", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly decisions 52/466 and 53/475, wherein the Secretary-General was requested to inform the Assembly, on a regular basis, about the activities of the United Nations Office for Partnerships. It supplements the information contained in the previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/53/700 and Add.1, A/54/664 and Add.1-3, A/55/763 and Corr.1, A/57/133, A/58/173, A/59/170, A/60/327, A/61/189, A/62/220, A/63/257, A/64/91 and A/65/347).", "The United Nations Office for Partnerships serves as a gateway for public-private partnerships with the United Nations system in furtherance of the Millennium Development Goals. The Office oversees the following three areas:", "(a) The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established by the Secretary-General in March 1998 to serve as the interface for partnership between the United Nations system and the United Nations Foundation — the public charity responsible for administering Robert E. Turner’s $1 billion contribution in support of United Nations causes. As at 31 December 2010, the Office had programmed through UNFIP a total of over $1.17 billion, of which $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds, and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners, for 507 projects implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries;", "(b) The United Nations Democracy Fund, which was established by the Secretary-General in July 2005 to support democratization around the world, focuses on strengthening the voice of civil society, promoting human rights and ensuring the participation of all groups in democratic processes. Through the Fund, the Office has channelled approximately $95 million to more than 340 projects in 150 countries around the world, ranging from strengthening civil society leadership skills and promoting the participation of women and youth, to media programmes allowing civil society to project its voice;", "(c) Partnership Advisory Services and Outreach was established in 2006 in response to the growing demand from the United Nations system, Governments and non-State actors on how best to develop and implement public-private partnerships. The Office provides advice to entities, including academic institutions, companies, foundations, government agencies, media groups and civil society organizations. Investment in high-impact initiatives is encouraged by providing advice to potential partners regarding procedures and best practices; assisting in the design of programmes and projects; helping to establish and manage global and regional networks; and promoting the Millennium Development Goals as a framework for action.", "I. United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "1. The United Nations Fund for International Partnerships (UNFIP) was established in 1998 to serve as the interface between the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations system. In 2009, UNFIP through the United Nations Foundation focused on working in coordination with issue-based coalitions, leveraging resources from all sectors, and supporting United Nations causes through policy and advocacy.", "2. In recent years, the United Nations Foundation has evolved from primarily a project-based grant-making organization to one that builds campaigns and serves “as an advocate for the United Nations and platform for connecting people, ideas and resources to help the United Nations solve global problems”. In this way, the Foundation seeks to assist the United Nations “to take its best work and ideas to scale — through partnerships, advocacy, constituency building and fund-raising”.", "3. Nevertheless, grant-making continues to be an important aspect of the United Nations Foundation’s work. At the end of 2010, the cumulative allocations to UNFIP projects reached approximately $1.17 billion, out of which $0.4 billion came from core Turner funds and $0.7 billion was generated from other partners. More than 507 projects have been implemented by 43 United Nations entities in 124 countries. The distribution of projects by themes and implementing partners is provided in annex I. A description of a selection of these programmes and projects is provided below.", "A. Women’s and children’s health", "4. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation took on a special role to assist with outreach and advocacy in support of the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, which was launched formally at a high-level event during the United Nations Summit on the Millennium Development Goals, in September. Working with the Office of the Secretary-General, the Foundation led a process to ensure that the strategy received input from all relevant sectors and regions and also to ensure a deliverable result at the launch event that would make it a distinct moment for women’s and children’s health issues. The Foundation also developed a communications strategy to elevate the attention of the media and coordinated an advocacy strategy, working with the Office of the Secretary-General and key Governments.", "5. Public and political attention to global health has increased dramatically over the past decade through important multi-stakeholder efforts such as the Measles Initiative and The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. These investments have begun to pay off, with childhood mortality falling steadily for the last few years, maternal mortality on the decline, and more people than ever getting the health products and services they need.", "6. Nevertheless, as outlined in the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, launched in September 2010 by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon at the United Nations High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the international community will need to accelerate its momentum to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015.", "7. For 12 years, the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP have worked with the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and other United Nations system organizations, together with the ministries of health of developing countries to develop and expand major initiatives to help children to survive and thrive. Over time, United Nations Foundation investments in children’s health have proven to be one of the most promising avenues for attracting a wide variety of partner support for United Nations-led initiatives. The Foundation’s successful stewardship of campaigns on polio, measles, and malaria has helped to channel hundreds of millions of additional dollars in support of United Nations global health efforts and provided new models of collaboration between United Nations system agencies and national Governments, thus improving the efficiency and effectiveness of children’s health interventions on the ground.", "8. Polio eradication was one of the first priorities identified by the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP, and continues to be a priority as in the work with a WHO-led fund-raising team to raise the necessary resources to complete the eradication programmes of the new Global Polio Eradication Initiative Strategic Plan 2010-2012, released by WHO in May 2010.", "9. In 2010, the Measles Initiative targeted 27 countries in Africa, Asia and Europe, with plans to vaccinate approximately 200 million children.", "10. Measles Initiative partners are working very closely with India to encourage measles campaigns in several highly populated states. India’s campaign began in 2010 and is expected to continue in 2011.", "11. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP will continue to work with Member States, WHO, UNICEF, the American Red Cross, the United States Centers for Disease Control and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, among others, in support of the Measles Initiative.", "12. This has been an important year in the global effort to combat malaria as the target of universal coverage of bednets was set for 31 December 2010. The United Nations Foundation has been working with the Office of the United Nations Secretary-General’s Special Envoy for Malaria, the African Development Bank, the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom, and the Gates Foundation to accelerate the procurement and distribution of 10 million to 15 million nets needed to ensure full coverage.", "13. In addition, through its award-winning Nothing But Nets campaign, the United Nations Foundation has continued to raise the profile of malaria, engage a diverse set of partners and constituencies, and work with United Nations implementing partners to fill critical gaps by funding the purchase and distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets to protect the most vulnerable populations in Africa. In 2010, the Foundation, in collaboration with UNFIP, provided approximately $7 million of funding for the distribution of insecticide-treated bednets by United Nations implementing partners to the following countries; Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Guinea, Liberia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone.", "B. Women and population", "14. The United Nations has a vast mandate when it comes to addressing gender inequality and women’s empowerment. At the heart of this mandate is a web of international agreements and principles — including the Beijing Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women, the Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, and the Millennium Development Goals — that commit the entire global community to address the rights and needs of women and girls.", "15. The United Nations Foundation women and population programme works with the United Nations, in collaboration with UNFIP, and other partners to promote gender equality and empower women and girls, with a particular focus on reproductive and sexual health and rights. Empowering women and girls is essential to the programme mission to address the toughest global challenges today — fighting global poverty, achieving social justice and stabilizing the world’s population.", "16. 2010 marked a pivotal year for the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force, a group that UNFIP and the United Nations Foundation helped to establish in 2007 to support the United Nations and its partners in reaching marginalized adolescent girls by supporting new comprehensive policies and programmes. Co‑chaired by UNFPA and UNICEF, the Task Force also includes the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and WHO. The Task Force has provided a critical avenue for the Foundation and UNFIP to enhance support of global coordination on adolescent girl issues. In March, the Task Force issued a joint statement pledging to intensify their efforts to fulfil the rights of adolescent girls and a framework for investing in girls’ education, health, safety, empowerment and inclusion. The Task Force has initially turned its attention to projects in Ethiopia, Guatemala, Liberia, and Malawi and plans to expand to at least 20 countries over the next five years.", "17. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation formally launched Girl Up, a campaign that gives American girls the opportunity to channel their energy and compassion to raise awareness and funds for United Nations programmes that help some of the world’s hardest-to-reach adolescent girls. Funds raised through Girl Up will be channelled through UNFIP in support of adolescent girl programmes implemented by United Nations system agencies working to address a range of critical issues, including access to education and health care, freedom from violence and HIV/AIDS, and leadership development. To jumpstart this work and to highlight the work of the Organization through the Girl Up campaign, the Foundation committed $1 million to inter-agency United Nations programmes that align with the five strategic priorities of the United Nations Adolescent Girls Task Force in the four target countries. This investment will be used as a catalyst to mobilize additional resources and partners for the Girl Up campaign and the work of the United Nations on behalf of adolescent girls.", "18. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation continued to support the advocacy efforts of the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), in particular an initiative to bring faith communities into the UNFPA Campaign to End Fistula, and efforts to help to foster a strong relationship between UNFPA and the United States Government. The Foundation and UNFIP also supported the efforts of UNFPA in Haiti in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake by providing funding to rebuild reproductive health wards and provide solar street lights to keep women safe at night.", "C. Sustainable energy and climate change", "19. The United Nations Foundation and UNFIP continued to support the work of the Secretary-General’s high-level Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. This Group, convened to address the dual challenges of meeting the world’s energy needs for development while contributing to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, includes global leaders from business and civil society, including United Nations Foundation President Timothy Wirth. In April, the Group released a report in which it called upon the United Nations system and its Member States to commit themselves to two complementary goals:", "(a) Ensuring universal access to modern energy services by 2030;", "(b) Reducing global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030.", "20. The United Nations Foundation and select Member States are working with the Advisory Group and UN-Energy to carry out the Group’s leading recommendation: that a global campaign should be launched in support of energy for sustainable development. The campaign is to focus on improving access to modern energy services and enhancing energy efficiency, as well as raising awareness about the essential role of clean energy in reaching the Millennium Development Goals.", "21. Access to clean and affordable modern energy is critical to fostering lasting social and economic development and to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Worldwide, almost 3 billion people rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating, and some 2.5 billion people have unreliable or no access to electricity. The lack of modern energy services stifles income-generating activities and hampers the provision of basic services such as health care and education. In addition, smoke from polluting and inefficient cooking, lighting, and heating devices kills nearly 2 million women and young children prematurely every year and causes a range of chronic illnesses and other health impacts.", "22. The United Nations Foundation and its partners also works with a full array of United Nations system agencies, including WHO, UN-Energy, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and the World Food Programme (WFP) to encourage the development and distribution of clean cookstoves.", "D. Other programmes", "23. The United Nations Foundation and Vodafone Foundation Technology Partnership has evolved into the leading public-private partnership using wireless communications technologies to strengthen the humanitarian efforts of the United Nations. Now in the final year of an initial five-year, $30 million commitment, the Partnership has made significant inroads in leveraging mobiles to improve health outcomes and enhance communications in the aftermath of humanitarian crises.", "24. The Technology Partnership programme to support the collection of health data in Africa has taken root in over a dozen countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Funds have supported the work of WHO with national health ministries to train health workers to use mobile devices for health data collection. The most significant development in 2010 has been the transition to collecting data on mobile phones, which are widely used by health workers.", "25. The Technology Partnership programme also continues to support the WFP in the final year of a three-year grant to strengthen communications in humanitarian crises. Funding supports the WFP communications capacity-building programme, which includes training telecommunications experts in emergency preparedness and response; building a humanitarian emergency platform to standardize capabilities throughout the global community of information and communications technology (ICT) first responders; and funding rapid deployment of ICT teams following major disasters. In addition, the World of Difference programme, spearheaded by the Technology Partnership, concluded its one-year programme in May 2010. The programme placed four ICT specialists from Vodafone at WFP offices in Rome, Senegal, Thailand and Uganda to support humanitarian efforts in crisis situations.", "26. In the aftermath of the crisis in Haiti in 2010, the United Nations Foundation helped the United Nations efforts by channelling over $1 million of assistance for projects benefiting the Central Emergency Response Fund, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) cash-for-work programme and for the deployment of supplies through UNFPA.", "II. United Nations Democracy Fund", "27. The United Nations Democracy Fund (UNDEF) was established during the 2005 World Summit as a Secretary-General’s Trust Fund and launched in April 2006, with the United Nations Office for Partnerships providing administrative support. Since then, the grant-making body has become clearly defined as a fund for civil society organizations. It is the only United Nations entity that has the word “democracy” in its name and the only United Nations body with the primary purpose of supporting democracy through empowering civil society. The large majority of UNDEF project funds go to local non-governmental organizations in countries in both the transition and consolidation phases of democratization. By supporting the “demand” rather than “supply” side of democratization, UNDEF plays a new, distinct and unique role in complementing and enhancing the other work of the United Nations — the work with Governments, such as that of UNDP — to strengthen democratic governance around the world.", "28. In the short years since its creation, UNDEF has experienced considerable growth in its portfolio, its donor base, its impact and its visibility. Its projects aim to strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes. It also supports a number of major global and regional projects with a normative and policy focus. In its first four rounds of funding, UNDEF supported 340 projects in a total of 150 countries, with a total disbursement of more than $95 million. They ranged from supporting civil society efforts for accountability and transparency to building capacity for strengthening good governance and the rule of law.", "A. Fourth round of projects", "29. In 2010, UNDEF began funding its fourth round of projects. The round opened for proposals in November 2009, through an online application system that facilitated access by civil society organizations. A total of 1,966 applications from organizations in 137 countries were received, reflecting continuing strong global demand for the Fund’s services. The vast majority of proposals were submitted by local civil society organizations.", "30. The first stage of project selection was based on scoring by independent experts against set criteria. The high-scoring proposals were then subject to rigorous quality control and due diligence, including by United Nations Resident Coordinators and, where applicable, special representatives of the Secretary-General, as well as all entities of the UNDEF Programme Consultative Group. On the basis of that review, the Advisory Board of the Fund recommended a shortlist of projects, after which UNDEF advised Permanent Missions of Member States in which listed projects were to take place. The shortlist was then submitted to the Secretary-General for approval. Shortlisted applicants were asked to submit draft project documents by mid-year, which were then negotiated with UNDEF. The first tranches of project funding were disbursed by September. This timeline compares favourably with international standards.", "31. In the fourth round, 59 projects were funded at a total cost of $14,690,000. The break down of projects as defined by their key activities is as follows:", "(a) Community development (28 per cent);", "(b) Women’s empowerment (20 per cent);", "(c) Rule of law and human rights (17 per cent);", "(d) Tools for democratization (14 per cent);", "(e) Youth (8 per cent);", "(f) Media (8 per cent);", "(g) Strengthening the instrumentalities of government (5 per cent).", "32. Throughout 2010, the Fund collected the required reports on projects funded under the second, third and fourth rounds, conducted closing of completed projects from the first round and reported on its achievements to the Advisory Board.", "B. Donor base", "33. The Fund undertook a number of initiatives to strengthen its donor base, which continued to grow, despite the continuing impact of the global financial crisis, with the addition of more non-traditional contributors from low- and middle-income countries committed to democratic principles. Iraq, Madagascar and Panama contributed to UNDEF for the first time, expanding the group of donors to a total of 39 Member States. A special UNDEF donor meeting was held to mark the International Day of Democracy on 15 September 2010. The cumulative total amount of contributions received from 2005 through 2010 exceeded $120 million.", "34. On 24 September 2010, President Barack Obama of the United States singled out the United Nations Democracy Fund for support as one of only two United Nations entities mentioned by name in his address to the General Assembly. Declaring that it was time for every Member State to increase the Democracy Fund, President Obama spoke of democracy as the form of government that delivers most for citizens, and spoke of civil society — the focus of the work of UNDEF — as the shapers of human progress and the conscience of communities. During President Obama’s state visit to India in November 2010, he and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, as leaders of the world’s two largest democracies, issued a joint statement reaffirming their strong commitment to the Fund.", "C. Evaluation", "35. The United Nations Democracy Fund and its Advisory Board are committed to independent evaluation of UNDEF projects as a basis for a stronger learning process and a tool to improve UNDEF project selection and management. In June 2010, the Fund entered into a two-year agreement with a Brussels-based firm of internationally respected evaluators, Transtec, to conduct post-project evaluations of the second- and third-round projects. The first evaluations were scheduled to be completed in early 2011.", "D. Audit", "36. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) conducted an audit of the United Nations Democracy Fund in 2010 with the overall objective of assessing the effectiveness and efficiency of UNDEF governance arrangements and management of its programme of work, in compliance with United Nations Regulations and Rules and other applicable policies and procedures. The report concluded that the operations of UNDEF promote democracy as a global value; that it had successfully implemented projects that help Member States to build capacity in upholding democratic institutions; and that the UNDEF governance mechanisms — the Programme Consultative Group and Advisory Board — function effectively. It found that learning the lessons from the administration of the first-round projects (2006-2007), UNDEF had adjusted its procedures so as to make its project administration increasingly efficient, and that UNDEF had established a good monitoring system with interim and final narrative reports, which provided solid information on project activities. The audit recommended the development of a more structured fund-raising strategy to ensure the Fund’s financial sustainability; a separate report of the Secretary-General on UNDEF to the General Assembly to enhance visibility; key performance indicators to reflect strategic and operational targets; a review of the operational budget of UNDEF to ensure that the cost estimates reflect prices in the market; and a review of the Fund’s general practice of evaluating all projects for effectiveness and impact. In the opinion of OIOS, UNDEF did not need to evaluate every single project to demonstrate its effectiveness and impact.", "E. Governance", "37. The two governing mechanisms of the Board, the Advisory Board and the Programme Consultative Group, continued to play an active and guiding role during 2010. Advisory Board members were appointed by the Secretary-General under new terms of reference, to serve a two-year term from January 2010 through December 2011. They were the seven largest contributors to UNDEF — Australia, Germany, India, Japan, Qatar, Spain and the United States; six countries reflecting geographical diversity and commitment to democratic principles — Costa Rica, Ghana, Iraq, Mauritius, Poland and the Republic of Korea; and three members serving in an individual capacity — Michael Doyle of Columbia University, who served as Chair of the Board; Kwame Anthony Appiah of Princeton University; and Seyla Benhabib of Yale University. Two non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Connectas, Brazil, and the International Peace Institute, also serve on the Board.", "38. In addition to recommending funding proposals for the Secretary-General’s approval, the Advisory Board provided him with policy guidance on the development of programme frameworks and funding guidelines. The Programme Consultative Group provided input and quality control in the project selection process and implementation phase, making use of the specific expertise of each of its entities: the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Peacebuilding Support Office, UNDP, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and UN-Women.", "F. Fifth round of projects", "39. The United Nations Democracy Fund launched its fifth round for project proposals in November 2010. When applications closed on 31 December 2010, UNDEF had received 3,754 project proposals from organizations in 149 countries — a record high in the history of the Fund and almost twice as many as the average of previous years. The vast majority of applications came from local or regional civil society organizations in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Europe.", "G. Democracy in Action", "40. Following are some examples of fairly typical UNDEF projects demonstrating the range of actions in support of strengthening the voice of civil society. The projects deal with support of marginalized communities, giving voice to youth concerns and dealing with anti-corruption. There is also an example of a regional project, in this case in support of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance.", "Democracy in Action I: Training youth for leadership in Myanmar", "41. In Myanmar, UNDEF funds a project to educate youth in leadership skills, civil society engagement and organizing of self-help groups, with the overall objective of mobilizing and encouraging action to resolve community problems. Working among the minority Shan, Kachin and Kayah groups, the project also aims to reconcile differences between communities. In one case, six villages from the Shan and Kachin communities agreed after discussions organized by the project to work together to rebuild the bridge that linked them all to the market. In another case, youth leaders decided to stage a football match to bring people together and raise the money needed to repair the local school.", "Democracy in Action II: Giving young people a democratic platform in Pakistan", "42. UNDEF funds a project by the Youth Parliament of Pakistan to educate more than 25,000 young people in the fundamental nature of democracy and to give them the opportunity to express their views freely about democracy and political participation. The initiative works through round tables and other informal learning and information dissemination tools, while democracy youth teams act as local platforms to address a range of issues impacting young people. They are linked with democracy resource banks through intergenerational gatherings at the national level.", "Democracy in Action III: Empowering migrant workers in the Russian Federation", "43. As ethnic tensions flared in December 2010, an UNDEF-funded project held a session to explore ways of protecting the human rights of young migrants in the Russian Federation. With strengthening the rights of migrant workers an increasingly important challenge, the project works to empower civil society organizations and trade unions representing migrants and ethnic minorities; educates police, institutions, trade unions and social services in tools to prevent discrimination and in the human rights of child migrants; trains civil society organizations in United Nations conventions, international standards and practices, Russian law and court litigation, self-organization and self-help; and holds workshops with NGOs in countries of origin to exchange best practices. The project is implemented by the Center for Assistance to Victims of Violence and Human Trafficking, based in Perm.", "Democracy in Action IV: Engaging women and youth in Yemen", "44. A UNDEF-funded initiative in Yemen started work in 2010 to engage Yemeni women and young people in democratic processes. It seeks to mobilize women and young people in five governorates as creative social change agents to broaden political participation; foster non-partisan alliances between women and youth organizations towards more effective and inclusive solutions to the challenges facing the country; and expand opportunities for women and young people to take on leadership roles in the public arena through promoting social and cultural acceptance. Outputs include training in advocacy, electoral systems and networking; a website connecting participants throughout Yemen; small grants competitions; and media campaigns. The project is implemented by the Yemeni Women’s Union.", "Democracy in Action V: Monitoring procurement in Nigeria", "45. In Nigeria, UNDEF funds a project to evaluate levels of implementation of the Public Procurement Act of 2007, enable civil society to observe and monitor public procurement effectively, help legislative committees to carry out their procurement oversight functions, and educate procuring entities and selected business organizations on the basic provisions of the Public Procurement Act. The project has launched an Internet portal for collating, analysing and disseminating information on procurement observation, and a report that reveals the most common abuses in Nigerian public procurement, and the challenges of implementing the Public Procurement Act. The project is implemented by the Public and Private Development Centre, based in Aba and Abuja.", "Democracy in Action VI: Advancing a charter on democracy in Africa", "46. The United Nations Democracy Fund funds an Africa regional project to build constituencies of support for the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance. Member States of the African Union adopted the Charter in 2007, marking a significant step forward for the Union as an actor promoting good governance in the region. To take effect, the Charter requires at least 15 member States to sign and ratify it, and only 8 had done so by end of 2010. The project, implemented by the African Democracy Coalition with its secretariat provided by the Institute for Democracy in Africa in South Africa, will support the entry into force of the charter and thereafter its effective implementation.", "III. Partnership advisory services and outreach", "47. Throughout its history, the United Nations system has worked with the private sector and civil society. Building on the 2005 World Summit Outcome document (see resolution 60/1), Member States have recognized the importance of, and expressed strong support for, active engagement of non-State actors in promoting the development agenda of the United Nations system. The Millennium Development Goals represent a watershed in transforming this partnership, with the United Nations actively reaching out to private sector and civil society entities throughout the past decade, and both have responded with equal enthusiasm. The attractiveness of the United Nations emanates from its political legitimacy, value-based mission, knowledge and experience in the development field, historic relationship with developing countries and its global reach and voice. On the other hand, the private sector has emerged as the dominant player in promoting economic development.", "48. The United Nations Office for Partnerships works in collaboration with the United Nations Foundation to further promote and implement partnership advisory services and outreach initiatives, as well as fosters innovative strategies for engaging non-State actors with the United Nations system. The Office leverages its expertise and capacity to engage global corporations, foundations, and leading philanthropists in United Nations causes while supporting the United Nations system in its advocacy and outreach efforts through partnership-building.", "A. Partnership services", "49. In the last decade, the number of private sector entities who approached the United Nations seeking advice on how to engage and provide assistance has increased significantly. Different sized companies, producing a wide spectrum of goods and services, have approached the United Nations Office for Partnerships to offer assistance and seek advice on how to join the United Nations in finding sustainable solutions to some of the world’s most challenging problems.", "50. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships served on several task forces, ranging from regionally focused groups (Caribbean Community task force), through issues-based groups (Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force), to coordination mechanisms (Department of Economic and Social Affairs inter-agency coordination, United Nations Communication Group, United Nations Development Group). The primary role of the Office is to provide partnership services and encourage private sector and civil society to participate and contribute to the United Nations system.", "51. In 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships provided advisory services to private sector companies, foundations, civil society organizations, academic institutions and philanthropists. The majority of requests from non-State actors offered assistance in programmes focused on poverty reduction, education, health, disaster relief, and humanitarian assistance in the least developed countries. Several agreements and memorandums of understanding were established with external actors to formalize some of these partnerships in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "52. Partnership advisory services provided by the United Nations Office for Partnerships cover a range of areas and can be grouped into four broad categories:", "(a) Operational partnerships. The Office continues to encourage corporate partners to support United Nations programmes and advocacy campaigns;", "(b) Policy and advocacy partnerships. The Office has seen an increased interest from the private sector and civil society to raise awareness and wider understanding of the Millennium Development Goals. In 2010, the Office continued to engage global associations, including the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, the Business Civic Leadership Center, the International Olympic Committee, the International Business Leaders’ Forum, the Resource Foundation and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists;", "(c) Sharing resources and expertise. The Office continues to engage businesses and foundations not only to provide financial support, but also to share expertise with stakeholders;", "(d) Networks and alliances. In 2010, the Office worked with multiple stakeholders in support of the Millennium Development Goals. The United Nations Office for Partnerships was instrumental in launching the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at encouraging corporations of the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council to work with the United Nations system at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices.", "B. Key innovative projects and initiatives", "53. The following list, in chronological order, is divided in the following three categories reflecting the key initiating partner of the project/programme: Member States; United Nations system and other international organizations; and the private sector and civil society.", "1. Member States", "“The Reflective Mirror” Exhibition", "54. Related to the Economic and Social Council special event on engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment, “The Reflective Mirror” exhibition, featuring artwork by women artists from around the world, was held at United Nations Headquarters on 22 February 2011. This initiative of Her Highness Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, President of the Dubai Women Establishment and wife of His Highness Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Presidential Affairs of the United Arab Emirates, was an outstanding contribution to the women’s empowerment agenda and a positive message of cultural understanding and peace.", "Development Cooperation Forum in Helsinki", "55. In June 2010, the High-level Symposium was held in Helsinki, in preparation for the 2010 Development Cooperation Forum. Organized by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat and the Foreign Ministry of Finland and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Forum’s objectives were to identify solutions that would make development policies more coherent and effective and improve the impact of development cooperation on an international level.", "Millennium Development Goal Awards ceremony and gala", "56. The 2010 Millennium Development Goal Awards were held in New York in September. The awards are intended to support and raise awareness of the Millennium Development Goals by providing a high-profile platform to honour and celebrate exemplary efforts by national Governments and civil society stakeholders in advancing these international development goals. The role of the United Nations Office for Partnerships was to assist the Millennium Development Goal Awards Committee — a non-profit entity — in facilitating the nomination of Member States to receive the award.", "Permanent Memorial at the United Nations to the Victims of Slavery and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade", "57. The United Nations Office for Partnerships continued to assist the Permanent Memorial Committee in implementing a comprehensive media, outreach and resource mobilization strategy, aimed at erecting a permanent memorial monument at the United Nations Headquarters complex. The Permanent Memorial Committee is chaired by Permanent Representative of Jamaica to the United Nations. The Office administers the Trust Fund in terms of receipts, allocations and disbursements of funds.", "2. United Nations system and other international organizations", "Engaging philanthropy to promote women’s empowerment and gender equality", "58. On 22 February 2010, the Economic and Social Council, in collaboration with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the United Nations Development Fund for Women, and the Committee Encouraging Corporate Philanthropy, held a special event on the theme “Engaging philanthropy to promote gender equality and women’s empowerment” at United Nations Headquarters. Focused on commitments to advance the gender-related Millennium Development Goals and how partnerships can contribute to “ending violence against women and girls” and “promoting women’s economic empowerment” issues, the event was chaired by the President of the Economic and Social Council, Hamidon Ali and the opening session was addressed by Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon.", "High-level discussion on the topic “Women’s empowerment through sport”", "59. On 29 June 2010, the International Olympic Committee and the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace, hosted a high-level meeting to exchange views and share lessons on the linkages between sport and the Millennium Development Goals with a focus on gender equality. Over 40 participants, including senior representatives of Governments and the United Nations system, eminent personalities from the world of sport, and leaders from the private sector, civil society and academia, shared their ideas on sports and gender equality.", "Symposium on the International Literacy Day: An Essential Foundation for Development", "60. On the occasion of the 2010 International Literacy Day, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, UNESCO and UNDP, in association with Global Wheel Houz, co-hosted a symposium to discuss the importance of literacy for sustainable development, empowering the poor and accelerating progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals through creative partnerships. Laura Bush, the Honorary Ambassador for the United Nations Literacy Decade, spoke on the impact of women’s empowerment through education and Irina Bokova, the Director-General of UNESCO, acknowledged the multiple benefits of literacy to empowerment of women, improve maternal health, and eradicate child mortality. The event marked the Five Years & Counting Youth Engagement & Fundraising Campaign intended to spur collaboration amongst the youth, the private sector, and high-profile individuals in support of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Africa Investor Index Series Summit", "61. On 17 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in cooperation with the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, Africa Investor, the New York Stock Exchange Euronext the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the NEPAD Business Group, co-hosted the third annual Africa Investor Index Series Summit. The Summit engaged business leaders, investors, and philanthropists on practical investment partnerships that support the pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa.", "3. Private sector and civil society", "Investor Summit on Climate Risk", "62. On 14 January 2010, Ceres, the United Nations Foundation and the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the fourth Investor Summit on Climate Risk, at United Nations Headquarters. The event, which took place on the heels of international climate treaty talks in Copenhagen, gathered a leading number of institutional investors, fund managers, financial advisers and others from around the globe, representing trillions of dollars in assets. The Summit explored how the rapid global shift to clean technologies and energy efficiency could stimulate economic growth, and highlighted how investors could participate in the low-carbon transition. Speakers included the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, former United States Vice-President Al Gore, United States climate envoy Todd Stern and media executive/philanthropist Ted Turner. The Summit also saw the announcement of the Investor Statement on Catalysing Investment in a Low-Carbon Economy, in which investors called upon the United States and other Governments to move quickly to adopt strong national climate policies that would spur low-carbon investments to reduce emissions causing climate change.", "Third World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists", "63. On 21 and 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists co-hosted the third annual World Congress, in Doha. The Congress gathered international leaders from philanthropy, government, business and civil society to discuss some of the key current challenges on the international agenda. The World Congress of Muslim Philanthropists encourages innovative partnerships between the Muslim community and others in addressing the Millennium Development Goals.", "Haiti Hope Project", "64. On 22 March 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships hosted the launch of the Haiti Hope Project at United Nations Headquarters. During the launch, Jean-Max Bellerive, the Prime Minister of Haiti, and Bill Clinton, the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti and co-chair of the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, along with Luis Alberto Moreno, the President of the Inter-American Development Bank, and Muhtar Kent, the Chief Executive Officer of the Coca-Cola Company, expressed their support for this public-private partnership, which will benefit Haitian mango farmers. The five-year project, estimated at $7.5 million, aims to double the income of more than 25,000 mango farmers in Haiti by developing a sustainable mango industry. The initiative will raise the farmers’ standard of living by giving them access to an international market and contribute to the long-term development and revitalization of Haiti.", "Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development", "65. On 7 and 8 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, together with the Business Civic Leadership Center, hosted a two-day High-level Forum on the topic “Investing in the Millennium Development Goals: how the business community can contribute to sustainable development”. The Forum discussed areas of collaboration between the private sector, foundations, and the United Nations system that contribute to achieving the Goals. Some of the distinguished speakers included Jeffrey Sachs, the Director of the United Nations Millennium Project; Salil Shetty, the Director of the Millennium Campaign; Michael Hastings of KPMG; and Talya Bosch of the Western Union Foundation.", "Forum on evaluating the dynamics of partnerships in Latin America and the Caribbean", "66. On 28 April 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships, in collaboration with the Resource Foundation, co-hosted a forum on the topic “Evaluating the dynamics of partnerships” at United Nations Headquarters. The Forum reflected upon the importance of partnerships and their impacts on the ability of the international development assistance community to generate desired results and benefits for those who need it most. Leaders from the public and private sector were brought together to discuss the potential, challenges, intricacies and importance of partnerships, particularly as they relate to promoting development activity in Latin America and the Caribbean.", "Creating Shared Value Forum", "67. On 27 May 2010, Nestlé and the International Business Leaders’ Forum, with the support of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, held the second annual Creating Shared Value Forum, in London. The Forum brought together international leaders to discuss current global challenges in sustainable investment and partnership opportunities in the areas of nutrition, water, and rural development. The Forum also awarded the inaugural Nestlé Prize in Creating Shared Value to the International Development Enterprises Cambodia, a local non-profit organization that uses market-based approaches to increase the income of the rural population in Cambodia.", "Launch of the Pearl Initiative", "68. On 20 September 2010, over 100 business leaders and policymakers convened at United Nations Headquarters to launch the Pearl Initiative, a private sector-led programme aimed at improving corporate governance, accountability, and smart corporate social responsibility practices of business activities across the six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. Co-organized by the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the American University of Sharjah, and the Crescent Group of the United Arab Emirates, the event allowed participants exchanged views on the linkages between a transparent business environment and sustainable economic growth. The objective of the Pearl Initiative is to enable and encourage private sector companies of the Gulf region to work with the United Nations system and other global strategic partners, in achieving greater awareness with regard to accountability and transparency with their respective stakeholders; as well as converting their commitments on corporate social responsibility into action through these innovative partnerships.", "Blouin Creative Leadership Summit", "69. From 22 to 24 September 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and the Louise Blouin Foundation co-hosted the fifth annual Blouin Creative Leadership Summit at the Metropolitan Club in New York City. The annual Summit provides a valuable platform for Heads of State, Nobel Prize recipients, and private sector leaders to address the challenges and opportunities of globalization, including education, health and poverty.", "TED talk 2010 “Charter for Compassion”", "70. On 18 November 2010, the United Nations Office for Partnerships and TEDPrize co-hosted a discussion at United Nations Headquarters to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the Charter for Compassion, the 2008 TEDPrize wish awarded to Karen Armstrong. The Charter for Compassion, a set of principles aimed at restoring compassionate thinking and compassionate action to the centre of religious, moral and political life, is a document that urges all people and all religions of the world to embrace the value of compassion.", "IV. Conclusions", "71. Mr. Turner’s historic philanthropic contribution through the United Nations Foundation and UNFIP has resulted in an exponential increase in interest from non‑State actors, including foundations and private companies, in pursuit of engagement and collaboration with the United Nations.", "72. The evolution of the United Nations Foundation beyond its grant-making role has had important impacts throughout the United Nations system. The Foundation has been able to conceive and launch campaigns in furtherance of the objectives of the Organization and to work with United Nations system agencies in developing sharper communications strategies and enhanced partnership opportunities.", "73. This evolved United Nations Foundation mission and approach was demonstrated by the Foundation’s leadership initiatives and campaigns for United Nations causes in a number of ways during 2010, as reflected in the earlier sections of the present report. In addition, the Foundation has merged with the United Nations Association of the United States of America to mobilize Americans in support of United Nations causes.", "74. The existing Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the United Nations Foundation, as originally established in 1998 and subsequently renewed in 2007, will be reviewed to ensure that it is updated to reflect the evolution of the Foundation’s collaboration with the United Nations.", "75. The United Nations Democracy Fund is now five years old and has proven to be an excellent initiative by the General Assembly. It has successfully complemented the work of many United Nations system agencies that concentrate on the “supply” side of democratic institutions by focusing on the “demand” side through grants to local civil society organizations. This allows the United Nations to pursue a more rounded approach and draws into the work of the Organization thousands of civil society activists from every corner of the world.", "76. The impact of the United Nations Democracy Fund is being assessed by independent evaluations of its projects but it is already clear that one key impact is the broadening of its constituency. With some 3,700 applications in 2010, UNDEF has doubled the demand for its grants and can now be seen as a critically important resource for civil society, particularly in the Global South.", "77. While the operations of UNFIP and UNDEF remain the core work of the United Nations Office for Partnerships, the Office has continued to provide advisory services to a wide range of non-State actors who seek to partner with the United Nations system. At the end of September 2010, the Executive Director of the United Nations Office for Partnerships retired from the Organization and the Executive Head of the Democracy Fund serves as the Officer in Charge of the United Nations Office for Partnerships.", "Annex I", "United Nations Fund for International Partnerships distribution of funds and projects", "A. Funds received from the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010 distributed by implementing partners", "Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685", "[](In United States dollars)", "Note: Others include 33 implementing partners which received funds less than $10 million.", "B. Thematic distribution of projects funded by the United Nations Foundation 1998-2010", "Total United Nations Foundation approved grant: $1,168,905,685", "[]", "Abbreviations: DESA, Department of Economic and Social Affairs; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; UNDP, United Nations Development Programme; UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme; UNESCO, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; UNFPA, United Nations Population Fund; UNHCR, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNICEF, United Nations Children’s Fund; UNIFEM, United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN‑Women); WHO, World Health Organization.", "Annex II", "Projects funded through the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships by programme area", "(In United States dollars)", "Programme area As at 31 Approvals Total December in 2010 2009\n Number of Value Number of Value Number of Value projects projects projects", "Children’s 103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 health 000", "Population and 108 136 879 584 9 3 421 117 140 300 694 women 110", "Environment 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 150 163 943 553 294", "Peace, security 61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730 and human rights", "Other 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 70 65 778 571 434", "Total 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685", "Of the $1.17 billion approved grant amount, $0.4 billion represents core Turner funds and $0.7 billion (62 per cent) was generated from other partners.", "Annex III", "Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Fund for International Partnerships", "Asha-Rose Migiro, Deputy Secretary-General (Chair)", "Hamidon Ali, President of the Economic and Social Council (Permanent Representative of Malaysia to the United Nations)", "Lincoln C. Chen, M.D., President, China Medical Board of New York, Director, Global Equity Initiative", "Angela Kane, Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Enkhtsetseg Ochir, Chair of the Second Committee, General Assembly (Permanent Representative of Mongolia to the United Nations)", "Mary Oakes Smith, Fellow, Information Technology for Education and Health, World Bank", "Franklin A. Thomas, Head, The Ford Foundation Study Group", "Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs", "Roland Rich (member, ex officio), Officer-in-Charge, United Nations Office for Partnerships", "Annex IV", "Financial contributions to the United Nations Democracy Fund, by donor, as at 1 December 2010", "(In United States dollars)", "Donor Cumulative contribution", "Argentina 5 000", "Australia 8 243 574", "Bulgaria 10 000", "Chile 220 000", "Croatia 71 000", "Cyprus 5 000", "Czech Republic 195 780", "Denmark 265 018", "Ecuador 5 000", "Estonia 10 395", "France 4 793 716", "Georgia 24 943", "Germany 10 006 348", "Hungary 75 000", "India 25 000 000", "Iraq 5 000", "Ireland 709 220", "Israel 52 500", "Italy 2 947 800", "Japan 10 000 000", "Latvia 5 000", "Lithuania 28 920", "Madagascar 5 000", "Mongolia 10 000", "Morocco 5 000", "Panama 7 000", "Peru 25 000", "Poland 200 000", "Portugal 150 000", "Qatar 10 000 000", "Republic of Korea 1 000 000", "Romania 422 860", "Senegal 100 000", "Slovenia 127 924", "Spain 4 998 370", "Sri Lanka 5 000", "Sweden 7 166 325", "Turkey 125 000", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern 609 350 Ireland", "United States of America 33 340 000", "Total 120 976 042", "Annex V", "Composition of the 2010 Advisory Board of the United Nations Democracy Fund", "Member States", "Australia", "Costa Rica", "Germany", "Ghana", "India", "Iraq", "Japan", "Mauritius", "Poland", "Qatar", "Republic of Korea", "Spain", "United States of America", "Non-governmental organizations", "Conectas Human Rights", "International Peace Institute", "Individuals", "Michael Doyle", "Kwame Anthony Appiah", "Seyla Benhabib", "Annex VI", "Organizational chart of the United Nations Office for Partnerships", "[]" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目133", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "联合国伙伴关系办公室", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告系根据大会第52/466号和第53/475号决定递交；这两项决定均请秘书长定期向大会通报联合国伙伴关系办公室的活动情况。本报告补充了秘书长先前一些报告(A/53/700和Add.1、A/54/664和Add.1-3、A/55/763和Corr.1、A/57/133、A/58/173、A/59/170、A/60/327、A/61/189、A/62/220、A/63/257、A/64/91和A/65/347)所载的资料。", "联合国伙伴关系办公室是与联合国系统建立公私伙伴关系以推进千年发展目标的渠道。该办公室负责以下三个领域的工作：", "(a) 联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金)由秘书长于1998年3月设立，作为联合国系统与联合国基金会之间伙伴关系的接口单位，后者是一个公共慈善机构，负责管理罗伯特·特纳为支持联合国事业而捐赠的10亿美元。截至2010年12月31日，伙伴关系办公室已通过伙伴基金为43个联合国实体在124个国家实施的507个项目规划了总额超过11.7亿美元的资金，其中4亿美元是特纳核心资金，7亿美元(62%)来自其他合作伙伴；", "(b) 联合国民主基金是秘书长2005年7月成立的，旨在支持世界各地的民主化，侧重加强民间社会的声音，推动人权，确保所有群体参与民主进程。伙伴关系办公室通过该基金，为世界各地150个国家的340多个项目引入了约9 500万美元，这些方案涉及广泛领域，从加强民间社会的领导能力和推动妇女和青年参与，到允许民间社会发表意见的媒体方案等；", "(c) 伙伴关系咨询服务和外联成立于2006年，为的是满足联合国系统、各国政府和非国家行为者关于如何最好地制定和实施公私合作伙伴关系的不断增长的需求。伙伴关系办公室向各实体提供咨询意见，包括学术机构、公司、基金会、政府机构、媒体集团和民间社会组织。伙伴关系办公室鼓励投资于影响力大的举措，向潜在伙伴提供有关程序和最佳做法的咨询意见；协助设计方案和项目；帮助建立和管理全球和区域网络；作为一个行动框架，促进实现千年发展目标。", "一. 联合国国际伙伴关系基金", "1. 联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金)成立于1998年，作为联合国基金会与联合国系统间的接口单位。2009年伙伴基金通过联合国基金会，着重致力于与基于具体问题的联盟进行协调，充分利用所有部门的资源，并通过政策和宣传支助联合国的事业。", "2. 近年来，联合国基金会从一个主要基于项目的赠款组织，发展为一个建立运动，“倡导联合国事业，成为连接人员、想法和资源的平台，帮助联合国解决全球性问题”的组织。这样，联合国基金会力求协助联合国，“通过伙伴关系、宣传、争取民众支持和筹款，推广其最佳工作和思想”。", "3. 不过，赠款继续是联合国基金会工作的重要方面。2010年年底，给伙伴基金项目的拨款累计约达11.7亿美元，其中4亿美元来自特纳核心资金，7亿美元来自其他合作伙伴。43个联合国实体在124个国家实施了超过507个项目。附件一按主题和执行伙伴介绍了项目分布情况。下面介绍经挑选的部分方案和项目。", "A. 妇女和儿童健康", "4. 2010年，联合国基金会发挥特殊作用，协助外联和宣传工作，支持妇女和儿童健康全球战略，这是9月份联合国千年发展目标首脑会议期间一个高级别活动上正式启动的项目。联合国基金会与秘书长办公室一道领导一个进程，确保战略收到来自所有相关部门和地区的投入，并确保在启动活动上获得切实可行的成果，使其成为妇女和儿童健康问题的重大时刻。联合国基金会还与秘书长办公室和关键政府一道制定了传播战略，提升媒体的关注，并协调了宣传战略。", "5. 过去十年，公众和政界对全球健康的关注大幅度增加，重要的多方利益攸关方做出努力，如麻疹倡议和全球抗击艾滋病、结核和疟疾基金。这些投资已经开始出现成效，过去几年，儿童死亡率稳步降低，产妇死亡率下降，获得所需健康产品和服务的人比以往任何时候都多。", "6. 不过，如秘书长潘基文在2010年9月联合国千年发展目标高级别全体会议上启动的妇女和儿童健康全球战略所概述，国际社会将需要加速发展势头，以便在2015年实现千年发展目标。", "7. 12年来，联合国基金会和伙伴基金一直与世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)和联合国系统其他组织一道，与发展中国家卫生部协作制订和扩大帮助儿童生存和发展的重大举措。随着时间的推移，联合国基金会的儿童健康投资已证明是吸引各种各样合作伙伴支持联合国主导的倡议的最有前途的途径之一。基金会成功指导脊灰炎、麻疹和疟疾工作，协助引入数以百万计的美元支助联合国的全球保健工作，提供了联合国系统各机构和各国政府之间新的合作模式，从而提高了儿童保健实地措施的效率和效益。", "8. 根除脊灰炎是联合国基金会和伙伴基金确定的优先事项之一，它仍然是世卫组织领导的筹款团队的优先工作，以筹集必要的资源，完成世卫组织2010年5月发布的全球根除脊灰炎新倡议2010年至2012年战略计划。", "9. 2010年，麻疹倡议锁定了非洲、亚洲和欧洲27个国家，计划为约2亿儿童接种疫苗。", "10. 麻疹倡议的合作伙伴正在与印度紧密合作，鼓励在人口高度密集的几个邦开展麻疹免疫工作。印度的此项工作在2010年开始，预计2011年将继续进行。", "11. 联合国基金会和伙伴基金将继续与各会员国、世卫组织、儿基会、美国红十字会、美国疾病控制中心及比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会及其他方面一道支助麻疹倡议。", "12. 这是全球努力防治疟疾的重要一年，因为目标是到2010年12月31日实现蚊帐全民普及。联合国基金会一直与联合国秘书长疟疾问题特使办公室、非洲开发银行、联合王国国际发展部和盖茨基金会一道加快采购和分配所需的1 000万至1 500万顶蚊帐，以确保全民覆盖。", "13. 此外，联合国基金会通过其获奖的“只要蚊帐”运动，继续宣讲疟疾的危害，调动各方面的合作伙伴和支持者，并与联合国执行伙伴协作，填补漏洞，资助购买和分配经杀虫剂处理的长寿命蚊帐，保护非洲最弱势群体。2010年期间，联合国基金会与伙伴基金合作，提供大约700万美元，由联合国执行伙伴把经杀虫剂处理的蚊帐分发给下列国家：布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚、利比里亚、卢旺达和塞拉利昂。", "B. 妇女与人口", "14. 联合国在处理两性不平等和增强妇女力量的问题时，面临巨大的任务。这个任务的核心是一套国际协议和原则，包括第四次妇女问题世界会议通过的《北京行动纲要》、《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》和千年发展目标，它们促使整个国际社会致力于解决妇女和女童的权利和需求问题。", "15. 联合国基金会妇女与人口方案和联合国一起，并与伙伴基金及其他伙伴协作，促进两性平等和增强妇女和女童的力量，其中特别注重生殖和性的健康和权利。增强妇女和女童的力量对于联合国基金会完成应对当今全球最棘手挑战的使命必不可少，即消除全球贫穷、实现社会公正和稳定世界人口。", "16. 2010年对于联合国少女工作队是关键的一年。工作队于2007年在伙伴基金和联合国基金会的帮助下成立，以支持联合国及其合作伙伴通过支助新的全面政策和方案，帮助边缘化的少女。工作队由人口基金和儿基会共同领导，包括联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和世卫组织。工作队是基金会和伙伴基金更多支助有关少女问题的全球协调工作的关键渠道。3月，工作队发布联合声明，保证加紧努力，实现少女权利，并拟订框架，为女童的教育、保健、安全、赋权和包容进行投资。工作队起初关注埃塞俄比亚、危地马拉、利比里亚和马拉维的项目，计划在未来五年扩大到至少20个国家。", "17. 2010年，联合国基金会正式推出“女孩向上”运动，让美国女孩有机会发挥精力和同情心，宣传联合国方案，并为之筹款，帮助世界上最难接触到的少女。“女孩向上”筹得的善款将经由伙伴基金，用于支助联合国系统各机构执行的少女方案，以解决一系列关键问题，包括上学和医疗保健、免于暴力和艾滋病毒/艾滋病和领导才能发展等。为启动这项工作，突出联合国通过“女孩向上”运动开展的工作，基金会承诺100万美元，用于联合国机构间方案，这些方案与联合国少女工作队在四个目标国家中的5个战略重点相一致。这项投资将被用来促进调动更多资源和合作伙伴，协助“少女向上”运动和联合国的少女工作。", "18. 2010年，联合国基金会继续支持联合国人口基金(人口基金)的宣传努力，特别是让宗教团体加入人口基金的消除妇科瘘运动的倡议，并努力帮助人口基金和美国政府之间建立牢固的合作关系。基金会和伙伴基金还支持人口基金在海地大地震后的努力，提供资金，重建生殖健康病房，修建太阳能路灯，使妇女在夜间得到安全。", "C. 可持续能源和气候变化", "19. 联合国基金会和伙伴基金继续支持秘书长能源和气候变化问题高级别咨询小组的工作。小组既要考虑满足世界发展的能源需求，又要协助减少温室气体排放，其成员有全球商界和民间社会的领导人，包括联合国基金会主席蒂莫西·沃思。4月，小组发布一份报告，呼吁联合国系统和会员国承诺实现两项相辅相成的目标：", "(a) 确保到2030年普及现代能源服务；", "(b) 到2030年，全球能源强度降低40%。", "20. 联合国基金会和一些会员国与咨询小组和联合国能源机制一道落实小组的主要建议：开展全球活动，支持能源用于可持续发展。活动的重点是改善现代能源服务和提高能源效率，以及宣传清洁能源对于实现千年发展目标的重要作用。", "21. 获得清洁廉价的现代能源，是促进社会和经济持久发展，实现千年发展目标的关键。在世界范围内，近30亿人依靠传统生物质能做饭取暖，约25亿人没有可靠的电力或没有电。现代能源服务的缺乏扼杀创收活动，阻碍提供基本服务，如医疗保健和教育。此外，低效做饭、照明和取暖设备产生的烟雾污染致使近200万妇女和少儿每年过早死亡，并导致各种慢性疾病和其它健康问题。", "22. 联合国基金会及其合作伙伴还与联合国系统各机构，包括世卫组织、联合国能源机制、环境署、难民署、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)一道，鼓励研制和分发清洁炉灶。", "D. 其他方案", "23. 联合国基金会和沃达丰基金会的技术伙伴关系已演化为使用无线技术加强联合国人道主义工作的领军公私伙伴关系。该伙伴关系最初承诺期限为5年，承付捐款为3 000万美元。现在，在该5年承诺期的最后一年，伙伴关系已取得重大进展，利用手机改善健康，加强人道主义危机后的通信。", "24. 该技术伙伴关系支持在非洲收集健康数据的方案，已在撒哈拉以南十多个国家和地区生根。基金支持世卫组织与各国卫生部一道培训卫生工作者使用移动装置收集保健数据。2010年最显著的发展是，已经过渡到卫生工作者广泛利用手机收集数据。", "25. 该技术伙伴方案还在为期三年的赠款项目的最后一年继续支持粮食署，加强人道主义危机中的通信。资金支持粮食署的通信能力建设方案，其中包括：培训紧急情况防备和反应方面的电信专家；建设人道主义紧急情况平台，规范全球信息和通信技术行业第一反应者的能力；资助重大灾害后迅速部署信息和通信技术工作队。此外，技术合作伙伴关系发起的“改变世界方案”，于2010年5月结束了为期一年的方案。方案部署了沃达丰4个信息通信技术专家，到粮食署在罗马、塞内加尔、泰国和乌干达的办事处工作，支持危机局势中的人道主义努力。", "26. 2010年海地危机发生后，联合国基金会帮助联合国开展工作送去100万美元，援助中央应急反应基金的项目、联合国开发计划署(开发署)的现金换工作方案和通过人口基金部署供应品。", "二. 联合国民主基金", "27. 联合国民主基金(民主基金)在2005年世界首脑会议期间作为秘书长信托基金设立，2006年4月启用，联合国伙伴关系办公室负责行政支助。自那时起，该赠款机构显然成为民间社会组织的一个基金。该基金是联合国唯一一个名称中有“民主”一词的实体，唯一一个主要宗旨是通过增强民间社会推动民主的联合国机构。民主基金的项目资金大部分提供给处于民主化过渡阶段和巩固阶段的国家的地方非政府组织。借助这些方式支持民主化的“需求方”而不是“供应方”，民主基金在补充和加强联合国的其他工作(如开发署与各国政府一起开展的工作)方面，发挥了明显和独特的崭新作用，加强世界各地的民主治理。", "28. 自其成立以来的短短几年，民主基金的项目组合、捐助基础、影响和知名度都有相当大的增长。其项目的宗旨是加强民间社会的声音、促进人权并鼓励所有群体参与民主进程。基金还支持许多侧重规范和政策问题的全球和区域重大项目。在头4轮供资活动中，民主基金支持了总共150个国家的340个项目，支付资金共9 500多万美元。活动包括支持民间社会的问责和透明度诉求以及建立旨在加强善治和法治的能力。", "A. 第四轮项目", "29. 2010年，民主基金开始向第四轮项目提供资金。2009年11月，通过便利民间社会组织访问的在线申请系统，第四轮项目开放供征集提案。共收到137个国家的组织提交的1 966份申请，反映了全球依然非常需要民主基金的服务。绝大多数提案都是地方民间社会组织提交的。", "30. 项目选择的第一阶段是独立专家根据既定标准评分。然后得分高的提案再经过联合国驻地协调员等的严格的质量控制审查和尽责评估，有时需要接受秘书长特别代表以及民主基金方案协商小组所有实体的质量控制审查和尽责评估。民主基金咨询委员会在审查的基础上，推荐一个项目短名单，然后，民主基金通知该名单上所列项目实施地点所在的会员国的常驻代表团。然后将该短名单提交给秘书长批准。要求入围的申请人在年中前提交项目文件草案，然后就其与民主基金谈判。项目资金的第一批在9月底之前发放。与国际标准相比，这一时间线更好一些。", "31. 在第四轮，59个项目获得的资金总额为14 690 000美元。这些项目按主要活动划分列举如下：", "(a) 社区发展(28%)；", "(b) 增强妇女权能(20%)；", "(c) 法治与人权(17%)；", "(d) 民主化工具(14%)；", "(e) 青年(8%)；", "(f) 媒体(8%)；", "(g) 加强政府部门(5%)。", "32. 2010年，民主基金收集了第二、第三和第四轮资助项目所需的报告，结束了第一轮已完成的项目，向咨询委员会报告了成果。", "B. 捐助群体", "33. 民主基金采取了多项措施，以加强其捐助群体。尽管全球金融危机的影响仍在持续，但这一群体持续增长，更多的致力于民主原则的低收入和中等收入国家的非传统捐助方也加入了这一群体。伊拉克、马达加斯加和巴拿马首次向民主基金捐款，从而把捐助国队伍扩大至39个会员国。2010年9月15日，为纪念国际民主日，举行了一次民主基金捐助者特别会议。从2005年到2010年，收到的捐款总额累计超过1.2亿美元。", "34. 2010年9月24日，美国总统奥巴马对大会致辞，提到了两个联合国实体的名字，其中之一就是联合国民主基金。奥巴马总统指出，现在，每一个会员国都应当增加民主基金，他还指出，民主是为公民服务的最有效的政府形式，民间社会是人类进步的塑造者和社区的良心所在，而民间社会正是民主基金的工作重点。奥巴马总统在2010年11月对印度进行国事访问期间，他与印度总理曼莫汉·辛格，作为世界上两个最大的民主国家的领导人，发表了联合声明，重申他们对该基金的坚定承诺。", "C. 评价", "35. 联合国民主基金及其咨询委员会坚信，对民主基金项目进行独立评估，是构建更强有力的学习过程的基础，也是改善民主基金的项目选择和管理的工具。2010年6月，民主基金与布鲁塞尔的一家国际知名评价公司Transtec达成为期两年的协议，以对第二和第三轮项目进行项目后评价。预定在2011年初完成第一次评价。", "D. 审计", "36. 2010年内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对联合国民主基金进行了审计，总体目标是依照联合国条例和细则以及其他适用政策和程序，评估民主基金的治理安排和管理其工作方案的实效和效率。该报告的结论是，民主基金的运作促进民主成为一项全球价值；民主基金成功实施了项目，帮助会员国建立维护民主体制的能力；民主基金的治理机制——方案协商小组和咨询委员会——有效地发挥了作用。报告认为，民主基金从第一轮项目(2006-2007年)的管理中学习了经验教训，调整了其工作程序，使项目管理效率越来越高，此外，民主基金通过中期及末期陈述报告建立了良好的监测系统，这些报告提供了可靠的关于项目活动的信息。审计建议，应制定一个更有条理的筹款策略，确保民主基金的财务可持续性； 民主基金向大会提交一份单独的秘书长报告，提升能见度；设立关键绩效指标，反映战略和运作目标；审查民主基金的运作预算，确保成本估算反映市价；审查民主基金用于评估所有项目的成效和影响的一般做法。监督厅认为，民主基金并不需要评估每一个项目，以证明其有效性和影响。", "E. 治理", "37. 2010年，基金两个理事机制咨询委员会和方案协商小组继续发挥积极的指导作用。咨询委员会的成员由秘书长根据新的职权范围任命，任期两年，从2010年1月至2011年12月。他们是：民主基金七个最大的捐助国——澳大利亚、德国、印度、日本、卡塔尔、西班牙和美国；反映地域多样性和对民主原则的承诺的六个国家——哥斯达黎加、加纳、伊拉克、毛里求斯、波兰和大韩民国；以个人身份任职的三名成员——哥伦比亚大学教授Michael Doyle(担任委员会主席)、普林斯顿大学的Kwame Anthony Appiah 以及耶鲁大学的Seyla Benhabib。委员会还包括两个非政府组织，即来自巴西的Connectas和国际和平研究所。", "38. 咨询委员会除了建议供资提案供秘书长批准外，还向秘书长提供编制方案框架和供资准则的政策指导。方案协商小组对项目选择过程和实施阶段提供了帮助和质量管理，同时利用了下列每个实体的具体专长：政治事务部、维持和平行动部、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、建设和平支助办公室、开发署、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室以及妇女署。", "F. 第五轮项目", "39. 2010年11月，联合国民主基金发起第五轮项目提案征集活动。2010年12月31日申请截止时，共收到149个国家的组织提交的3 754份申请，创民主基金的历史新高，几乎是前几年平均数量的两倍。其中绝大多数申请来自非洲、亚洲、美洲和欧洲的地方或区域民间社会组织。", "G. 民主实践", "40. 以下是民主基金一些相当典型的项目范例，展示了一系列用于帮助加强民间社会声音的行动。这些项目支持边缘化群体，表达青年关切，并打击腐败行为。例子中还有一个用于支持《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》的区域项目。", "民主实践一：缅甸的青年领导力培训", "41. 在缅甸，民主基金资助的一个项目旨在培养青年的领导技能、民间社会的参与和组织自助团体，总体目标是动员和鼓励采取行动，解决社区问题。该项目还在掸邦、克钦邦和克耶邦这些少数民族群体之间开展工作，旨在调和部族之间的差异。在一个案例中，掸邦和克钦邦的六个村庄在经过由项目组织的讨论之后，同意共同努力，重建让他们通向市场的桥梁。在另一个案例中，青年领袖决定举办一场足球比赛，聚集民众，并募集资金，修复当地学校。", "民主实践二：向巴基斯坦年轻人提供民主平台", "42. 在民主基金的资助下，巴基斯坦青年议会开展了一个项目，旨在让25 000多名年轻人了解民主的根本性质，并让他们有机会自由表达关于民主和政治参与的意见。该倡议通过圆桌会议和其他非正式的学习和信息传播工具开展工作，而民主青年队作为当地平台，讨论一系列影响青少年的问题。它们通过在国家一级的代间集会，与民主资源库相连接。", "民主实践三：俄罗斯联邦的移徙工人赋权", "43. 在2010年12月出现种族关系紧张局面时，民主基金资助的一个项目举行了会议，探讨如何保护俄罗斯联邦的年轻移民的人权。加强移徙工人的权利是一项日益重要的挑战，该项目努力让代表移民和少数民族的民间社会组织和工会获取权能；教育警察、机构、工会和社会服务部门了解防止歧视的工具和儿童移民的人权；为民间社会组织提供关于联合国公约、国际标准和做法、俄罗斯法律和法院诉讼、自我组织和自我帮助的培训；召开研讨会，与原籍国的非政府组织交流最佳做法。该项目的执行方是位于彼尔姆的暴力和贩卖人口受害者援助中心。", "民主实践四：争取也门妇女和青年参与", "44. 民主基金在也门资助的倡议始于2010年，目的是让也门妇女和青年人参与民主进程。项目旨在动员五个省份的妇女和年轻人成为有创造力的社会变革推动者，扩大政治参与；促进妇女和青年组织之间形成非党派联盟，为国家所面临的挑战寻找更有效、更包容的解决方案；通过促进社会和文化认可，增加妇女和年轻人担任公共领域中的领导角色的机会。成果包括开展关于宣传、选举制度和建立网络的培训；建立连接也门各地的参与者网站；开展小额赠款竞赛；媒体宣传。该项目由也门妇女联盟执行。", "民主实践五：在尼日利亚的采购监控", "45. 在尼日利亚，民主基金资助了一个项目，目的是评估2007年《公共采购法》的实施水平，让民间社会有效地观察和监测公共采购，帮助立法委员会履行其采购监督职能，并让采购实体和有关企业组织了解《公共采购法》的基本规定。该项目启动了一个用于整理、分析和传播采购监测资料的互联网门户网站，并出台了一份报告，其中揭示了尼日利亚公共采购中最常见的不当行为以及实施《公共采购法》的挑战。该项目的执行方是位于在阿坝和阿布贾的公共和私人发展中心。", "民主实践六：推进非洲的民主宪章", "46. 联合国民主基金资助了非洲一个区域项目，宣传和倡导《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》。非洲联盟的成员国在2007年通过了《宪章》，这标志着作为促进本地区善治的行为体的非盟迈出的重要一步。《宪章》要生效，需要至少15个成员国签署和批准，截至2010年年底，只有8个成员国签署和批准。该项目由非洲民主联盟和南非民主改革研究所提供的秘书处实施，将支持该宪章生效及其后的有效实施。", "三. 伙伴关系咨询服务和外联工作", "47. 联合国系统历来一直与私营部门和民间社会协作。联合国会员国以《2005年世界首脑会议成果文件》(见第60/1号决议)为基础，肯定了非国家行为体积极参与促进联合国系统发展纲领的重要性，并明确表示对此予以大力支持。千年发展目标是转变这一伙伴关系的分水岭，在过去十年中，联合国积极与私营部门和民间社会实体接触，而后者同样作出积极回应。联合国的吸引力源自其政治合法性、基于价值观的使命、在发展领域的知识和经验、与发展中国家的历史关系及其全球影响力和发言权。另一方面，私营部门已成为促进经济发展的主力军。", "48. 联合国伙伴关系办公室与联合国基金会合作，进一步促进和落实伙伴关系咨询服务和外联工作举措，并建立促进非国家行为体与联合国系统合作的创新战略。联合国伙伴关系办公室还发挥专长和能力，促使全球公司、基金会和主要慈善家参与联合国事业，并通过建设伙伴关系支持联合国系统的宣传和外联工作。", "A. 伙伴关系服务", "49. 在过去十年中，向联合国寻求如何进行和提供援助的咨询的私营部门实体数量大幅增加。规模各异、提供形形色色商品和服务的公司，均曾与联合国伙伴关系办公室联系，要求在如何与联合国一起寻找一些世界上最具挑战性问题的可持续解决方案方面提供协助并寻求咨询意见。", "50. 2010年，联合国伙伴关系办公室为若干工作队提供了服务，包括以区域为重点的团组(加勒比共同体工作队)、以议题为基础的团组(千年发展目标差距问题工作队)、协调机制(经济和社会事务部机构间协调、联合国宣传小组、联合国发展集团)。该办公室的主要作用是提供伙伴关系服务，并鼓励私营部门和民间社会参与联合国系统并作出贡献。", "51. 2010年，联合国伙伴关系办公室向私营部门公司、基金会、民间社会组织、学术机构和慈善家提供了咨询服务。来自非国家行为体的请求大多要向以最不发达国家的减贫、教育、卫生、救灾以及人道主义援助为重点的方案提供援助。该办公室与外部行为体订立了若干协议和谅解备忘录，以便正式确定支持千年发展目标的一些伙伴关系。", "52. 联合国伙伴关系办公室提供的伙伴关系咨询服务涵盖一系列领域，可以被归纳为四大类别：", "(a) 业务伙伴关系。该办公室继续鼓励公司伙伴支持联合国的方案和宣传活动；", "(b) 政策和倡导型伙伴关系。该办公室注意到私营部门和民间社会更多地关注提高对千年发展目标的认识和广泛了解。2010年，该办公室继续与一些全球协会交往，包括鼓励企业慈善委员会、企业公民领袖中心、国际奥林匹克委员会、国际商业领袖论坛、资源基金会和世界穆斯林慈善家大会；", "(c) 分享资源和专门知识。该办公室继续促使企业和基金会提供财务支助并与利益攸关方分享专门知识；", "(d) 网络和联盟。2010年，该办公室与支持千年发展目标的多方利益攸关方协作。联合国伙伴关系办公室帮助启动了珍珠倡议，这是一个由私营部门主导的方案，旨在鼓励海湾合作委员会六国的公司与联合国系统合作，改善企业治理、问责制以及富有智慧的企业社会责任实践。", "B. 主要创新项目和举措", "53. 下列名单按日期顺序排列，并分为以下三类，以反映项目或倡议的主要发起伙伴：会员国；联合国系统和其他国际组织；私营部门和民间社会。", "1. 会员国", "“反射镜”展览", "54. 2011年2月22日，在联合国总部举行了“反射镜”展览，该展览涉及经济及社会理事会推动慈善事业促进性别平等和妇女赋权的特别活动，展出了由来自世界各地的妇女艺术家的艺术作品。这一倡议的发起者是Sheikha Manal bint Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum殿下，她是迪拜妇女组织的主席和阿联酋副总理兼总统事务部长Sheikh Mansourbin Zayed Al Nahyan殿下的妻子，这一倡议是对妇女赋权议程的杰出贡献，是宣扬文化理解与和平的正面讯息。", "在赫尔辛基举行的发展合作论坛", "55. 2010年6月，在赫尔辛基举行了高级别研讨会，以筹备2010年发展合作论坛。论坛由联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、芬兰外交部和联合国伙伴关系办公室主办，目标是，以确定让发展政策更加协调有效的对策，并加强发展合作在国际上的影响。", "千年发展目标颁奖典礼及庆祝活动", "56. 9月在纽约举行了2010年千年发展目标奖颁奖典礼。该奖项的目的是通过高调表彰在推进千年发展目标方面作出了表率的各国政府和民间社会的利益攸关方，并举办庆祝活动，从而支持千年发展目标并提高各方对这些目标的认识。联合国伙伴关系办公室的作用是协助千年发展目标奖委员会这一非盈利实体促进获得该奖项的会员国的提名工作。", "联合国关于奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者的永久纪念碑", "57. 联合国伙伴关系办公室继续协助永久纪念碑委员会实施全面的媒体、宣传和资源调动战略，目的是在联合国总部大楼树立一个永久纪念碑。永久纪念碑委员会主席是牙买加常驻联合国代表。联合国伙伴关系办公室管理该信托基金的资金接收、分配和支出。", "2. 联合国系统和其他国际组织", "让慈善事业促进妇女赋权和性别平等", "58. 2010年2月22日，经济及社会理事会协同经济和社会事务部、联合国伙伴关系办公室、联合国妇女发展基金以及鼓励企业慈善委员会，在联合国总部举行了一次主题为“让慈善事业促进妇女赋权和性别平等”的特别活动。活动重点是承诺推进与性别有关的千年发展目标和合作伙伴关系如何帮助“结束暴力侵害妇女和女童行为”并“促进妇女经济赋权”，活动由经社理事会主席哈米顿·阿里主持，联合国秘书长潘基文在开幕式上致辞。", "关于“通过体育赋予妇女权能”主题的高级别讨论会", "59. 2010年6月29日，国际奥林匹克委员会和联合国伙伴关系办公室协同联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室，主办了一次高级别会议，旨在交流意见和分享经验教训，讨论运动与千年发展目标之间的联系，重点在性别平等。40多名与会者，包括各国政府和联合国系统的高级代表、来自体育界的知名人士、以及来自私营部门、民间社会和学术界的领袖交流了关于运动和性别平等的想法。", "国际扫盲日研讨会：发展的重要基础", "60. 在2010年国际扫盲日，联合国伙伴关系办公室、教科文组织、开发署协同Global Wheel Houz，共同举办研讨会，讨论扫盲对于可持续发展、赋予穷人权能、加快通过创造性伙伴关系实现千年发展目标的进展的重要性。联合国扫盲十年荣誉大使劳拉·布什谈到通过教育赋予妇女权能的影响，联合国教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃肯定了扫盲对于赋予妇女权能、改善孕产妇保健和消除儿童死亡的多重益处。这一活动纪念了五年多来的青年参与以及筹款活动，旨在激励青年、私营部门和名人在支持千年发展目标方面开展协作。", "非洲投资者指数序列峰会", "61. 2010年9月17日，联合国伙伴关系办公室协同非洲问题特别顾问办公室、非洲投资者公司、纽约-泛欧证券交易所、非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)和新伙伴关系企业集团，共同主办了第三届年度非洲投资者指数序列峰会。峰会促使商界领袖、投资者和慈善家建立切实的投资合作伙伴关系，支持在非洲实现千年发展目标。", "3. 私营部门和民间社会", "关于气候风险的投资人峰会", "62. 2010年1月14日，对环境负责的经济体联盟、联合国基金会和联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部举办了第四届关于气候风险的投资人峰会。该峰会是在哥本哈根国际气候条约谈判之后召开的，汇集了来自世界各地代理数万亿美元资产的众多机构投资者、基金经理和财务顾问。峰会探讨了全球迅速转向清洁技术并提高能源效率可能刺激经济增长的方式，并强调了投资人可参与低碳过渡的方式。演讲者包括秘书长潘基文、美国前副总统戈尔、美国气候变化问题特使托德·斯特恩以及媒体执行官和慈善家特德·特纳。峰会还发表了《投资者催化低碳经济投资声明》，投资者在声明中呼吁美国和其他各国政府迅速采取行动，通过强有力的国家气候变化政策，推动低碳投资，减少造成气候变化的温室气体排放。", "第三届世界穆斯林慈善家大会", "63. 2010年3月21和22日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和世界穆斯林慈善家大会在多哈共同主办了第三届年度世界大会。大会聚集了来自慈善事业、政府、企业和民间社会的国际领导人，共同讨论当前面临的国际议程上的一些关键挑战。世界穆斯林慈善家大会鼓励穆斯林社会和其他各方建立创新合作伙伴关系，努力实现千年发展目标。", "海地希望工程", "64. 2010年3月22日，联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部主办了海地希望工程启动仪式。在启动仪式上，海地总理让-马科斯·贝勒里维、联合国海地问题特使和克林顿布什海地基金联合主席克林顿、美洲开发银行行长路易斯·阿尔贝托·莫雷诺以及可口可乐公司首席执行官穆泰康都表示支持这一公私伙伴关系，该伙伴关系将造福海地种植芒果的农民。这一估值为750万美元的五年期项目旨在通过发展可持续的芒果行业，让海地25 000多名芒果果农的收入增加一倍。该举措将让农民进入国际市场，提高其生活水平，并促进海地的长远发展和振兴。", "投资于千年发展目标：企业界如何推动可持续发展", "65. 2010年4月7和8日，联合国伙伴关系办公室与企业公民领导力中心主办了一次为期两天的高级别论坛，主题为“投资于千年发展目标：企业界如何推动可持续发展”。该论坛讨论了私营部门、基金会以及联合国系统之间有助于实现千年发展目标的合作领域。著名演讲者包括联合国千年项目主任杰弗里·萨克斯、千年运动主任萨利·谢迪、毕马威会计师事务所的迈克尔·黑斯廷斯和西联汇款基金会的塔亚·博世。", "关于评估拉丁美洲和加勒比地区伙伴关系动态的论坛", "66. 2010年4月28日，联合国伙伴关系办公室与资源基金会在联合国总部共同主办了关于“伙伴关系动态评估”主题的论坛。论坛探讨了伙伴关系的重要性及其对国际发展援助群体疏危解困、实现预期效果和收益的能力的影响。来自公共和私营部门的领导人汇聚一堂，讨论伙伴关系的潜力、挑战、复杂性和重要性，特别讨论了涉及促进拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的发展活动的伙伴关系。", "创造共享价值论坛", "67. 2010年5月27日，雀巢公司和国际商业领袖论坛在联合国伙伴关系办公室的支持下，在伦敦举行了第二届创造共享价值年度论坛。本次论坛汇聚了国际领导人，共同讨论当前在营养、水和农村发展等领域的全球可持续投资挑战与合作机会。论坛还向一个名为柬埔寨国际发展企业组织的地方非营利组织颁发了首届雀巢创造共享价值奖，该组织使用基于市场的方法，增加了柬埔寨乡村居民的收入。", "启动珍珠倡议", "68. 2010年9月20日，100多名商界领袖和政策制定者齐聚联合国总部，启动珍珠倡议，该倡议是一个由私营部门主导的行动方案，旨在改善海湾合作委员会六国的商业活动的企业治理、问责制以及富有智慧的企业社会责任实践。该活动由联合国伙伴关系办公室、沙迦美国大学和阿拉伯联合酋长国新月集团联合组织，让与会者讨论透明经营环境和可持续经济增长之间的联系。珍珠倡议的目的是为了帮助和鼓励海湾地区的私营公司与联合国系统和其他全球战略伙伴合作，提高各自利益攸关方对问责制和透明度的认识；并通过这些创新伙伴关系，将其企业社会责任承诺变为行动。", "布劳因创意领袖峰会", "69. 2010年9月22日至24日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和露易丝·布劳因基金会在纽约市的大都会俱乐部联合主办了第五次布劳因创意领袖年度峰会。该年度峰会提供了一个宝贵平台，让国家元首、诺贝尔奖获得者以及私营部门领袖探讨如何应对全球化的挑战和机遇，包括教育、卫生和贫困。", "2010年《慈悲宪章》TED(科技、娱乐和设计会议)讨论会", "70. 2010年11月18日，联合国伙伴关系办公室和TEDPrize组织在联合国总部共同主持了一次讨论会，以庆祝《慈悲宪章》一周年，凯伦·阿姆斯特朗获得了2008年TEDPrize奖。《慈悲宪章》是一份敦促世界所有人民和所有宗教推崇慈悲价值的文件，所载的一组原则旨在将慈悲思想和慈悲行动重新作为宗教、道德和政治生活的核心。", "四. 结论", "71. 特纳先生通过联合国基金会和伙伴基金作出了历史性的慈善捐款，这使得包括基金会和私营公司在内的非国家行为者对于寻求与联合国接触和协作的兴趣呈指数增长。", "72. 联合国基金会超越赠款作用的演变对整个联合国系统产生了重要影响。该基金会已能构思和启动各项活动，以推进联合国的目标，并与联合国系统各机构合作制定更清晰的宣传战略并加强合作机会。", "73. 本报告前面的章节显示，2010年，联合国基金会通过多种途径为联合国各项事业开展了领导倡议和运动，证明了该基金会的使命和方法的变化。此外，该基金会已与美利坚合众国联合国协会合并，以动员美国人支持联合国的事业。", "74. 联合国和联合国基金会之间现有的关系协定最初制定于1998年，其后在2007年更新，将审查该关系协定，以确保其与时俱进，反映联合国基金会与联合国合作的演变。", "75. 联合国民主基金已经成立5年了，已被证明是大会的一个极好的倡议。该基金向地方民间社会组织提供资助，以“需求”方为重点，成功补充了联合国系统以民主体制“供应”方为重点的许多机构的工作，使得联合国的工作方法更加全面，并让世界各地数千名民间社会活动家参与联合国的工作。", "76. 正在对联合国民主基金项目进行独立评估，以评估民主基金的影响，但显而易见，一个关键影响是扩大了支持队伍。2010年，民主基金收到约3 700份申请，对赠款的需求增加了一倍，民主基金已可被视为民间社会、特别是全球南部的民间社会的极为重要的资源。", "77. 联合国伙伴关系办公室的核心工作依然是运作伙伴基金和民主基金，不过，该办公室继续向寻求与联合国系统合作的各类非国家行为者提供咨询服务。2010年9月底，联合国伙伴关系办公室执行主任退休，民主基金的行政首长担任伙伴关系办公室的代理主管。", "附件一", "联合国国际伙伴关系基金的资金和项目分配情况", "A. 实施伙伴分配的1998-2010年联合国基金会所供资金", "(美元)", "[]", "注：“其他”包括33个所获资金不足1 000万美元的实施伙伴。", "B. 1998-2010年联合国基金会资助的项目在各个领域的分配", "[]", "简称：经社部，经济和社会事务部：粮农组织，联合国粮食及农业组织；开发署，联合国开发计划署；环境署，联合国环境规划署；教科文组织，联合国教育、科学及文化组织；人口基金，联合国人口基金；难民署，联合国难民事务高级专员办事处；儿基会，联合国儿童基金会；妇发基金，联合国妇女发展基金(现在的妇女署)；世卫组织，世界卫生组织。", "附件二", "联合国国际伙伴关系基金资助的按方案领域分列的项目", "(美元)", "截至2009年12月31日 2010年批准情况 共计\n 方案领域 项目数 价值 项目数 价值 项目数 价值", "儿童保健 103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 000", "人口与妇女 108 136 879 584 9 3 421 110 117 140 300 694", "环境 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 294 150 163 943 553", "和平、安全与人权 61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730", "其他 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 434 70 65 778 571", "共计 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685", "在11.7亿美元核定赠款中，4亿是特纳核心资金，7亿(62%)来自于其他伙伴。", "附件三", "2010年联合国国际伙伴关系基金咨询委员会的组成", "常务副秘书长阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗(主席)", "经济及社会理事会主席哈米顿·阿里(马来西亚常驻联合国代表)", "纽约中华医学基金会主席、全球公平倡议主任陈致和医学博士", "主管管理事务副秘书长安格拉·凯恩", "大会第二委员会主席恩赫策策格·奥其尔(蒙古常驻联合国代表)", "世界银行信息技术促进教育与卫生问题研究员玛丽·欧珂丝·史密斯", "福特基金会研究小组组长富兰克林·A·托马斯", "主管经济和社会事务副秘书长沙祖康", "联合国伙伴关系办公室代理主管罗兰·里奇(当然成员)", "附件四", "截至2010年12月1日各捐赠国向联合国民主基金提供的财政捐款", "(美元)", "捐赠国 累计捐助", "阿根廷 5 000", "澳大利亚 8 243 574", "保加利亚 10 000", "智利 220 000", "克罗地亚 71 000", "塞浦路斯 5 000", "捷克共和国 195 780", "丹麦 265 018", "厄瓜多尔 5 000", "爱沙尼亚 10 395", "法国 4 793 716", "格鲁吉亚 24 943", "德国 10 006 348", "匈牙利 75 000", "印度 25 000 000", "伊拉克 5 000", "爱尔兰 709 220", "以色列 52 500", "意大利 2 947 800", "日本 10 000 000", "拉脱维亚 5 000", "立陶宛 28 920", "马达加斯加 5 000", "蒙古 10 000", "摩洛哥 5 000", "巴拿马 7 000", "秘鲁 25 000", "波兰 200 000", "葡萄牙 150 000", "卡塔尔 10 000 000", "大韩民国 1 000 000", "罗马尼亚 422 860", "塞内加尔 100 000", "斯洛文尼亚 127 924", "西班牙 4 998 370", "斯里兰卡 5 000", "瑞典 7 166 325", "土耳其 125 000", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 609 350", "美利坚合众国 33 340 000", "共计 120 976 042", "附件五", "2010年联合国民主基金咨询委员会的组成", "会员国", "澳大利亚", "哥斯达黎加", "德国", "加纳", "印度", "伊拉克", "日本", "毛里求斯", "波兰", "卡塔尔", "大韩民国", "西班牙", "美利坚合众国", "非政府组织", "人权联系会", "国际和平研究所", "个人", "迈克尔·多伊尔", "夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚", "塞拉·本哈比", "附件六", "联合国伙伴关系办公室组织结构图" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目133", "2010-2011两年期方案预算", "联合国伙伴关系办公室", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第52/466和53/475号决定提出的,其中请秘书长定期向大会通报联合国伙伴关系办公室的活动。 本报告补充了秘书长前几份报告所载的资料(A/53/700和Add.1、A/54/664和Add.1-3、A/55/763和Corr.1、A/57/133、A/58/173、A/59/170、A/60/327、A/61/189、A/62/220、A/63/257、A/64/91和A/65/347)。", "联合国伙伴关系办公室是与联合国系统建立公私伙伴关系以推动实现千年发展目标的门户。 该办公室监督以下三个领域:", "(a) 秘书长于1998年3月设立了联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金),作为联合国系统与联合国基金会——负责管理罗伯特·特纳10亿美元捐款以支持联合国事业的公共慈善机构——之间伙伴关系的接口。 截至2010年12月31日,该办公室通过伙伴基金为43个联合国实体在124个国家执行的507个项目编列了方案,总额超过11.7亿美元,其中4亿美元是特纳核心资金,7亿美元(62%)来自其他伙伴;", "(b) 联合国民主基金由2005年7月秘书长设立,目的是支持世界各地的民主化,其重点是加强民间社会的声音、促进人权和确保所有团体参与民主进程。 该办公室通过该基金向世界各地150个国家的340多个项目提供了大约9 500万美元,这些项目包括加强民间社会领导技能和促进妇女和青年的参与,以及让民间社会发表意见的媒体方案;", "(c) 2006年建立了伙伴关系咨询服务和外联服务,以应对联合国系统、各国政府和非国家行为体对如何最好地发展和实施公私伙伴关系的日益增加的需求。 该办公室向包括学术机构、公司、基金会、政府机构、媒体团体和民间社会组织在内的实体提供咨询。 通过以下方式鼓励对高影响举措进行投资:就程序和最佳做法向潜在伙伴提供建议;协助制定方案和项目;帮助建立和管理全球和区域网络;将千年发展目标作为行动框架来加以推广。", "I. 联合国国际伙伴关系基金", "1. 联合国 联合国国际伙伴关系基金(伙伴基金)于1998年设立,作为联合国基金会与联合国系统之间的接口。 2009年,伙伴基金通过联合国基金会侧重于与基于问题的联盟相协调,利用所有部门的资源,并通过政策和宣传支持联合国的事业。", "2. 联合国 近年来,联合国基金会从一个主要以项目为基础的赠款组织发展成为一个建立运动并“充当联合国倡导者和将人、思想和资源联系起来以帮助联合国解决全球问题的平台”的组织。 通过这种方式,基金会力求协助联合国“通过伙伴关系、宣传、选区建设和筹资,将最佳工作和想法扩大规模”。", "3个 尽管如此,提供赠款仍然是联合国基金会工作的一个重要方面。 2010年底,对伙伴基金项目的累计拨款达到约11.7亿美元,其中4亿美元来自特纳核心基金,7亿美元来自其他伙伴。 43个联合国实体在124个国家执行了507多个项目。 按主题和执行伙伴分列的项目分布情况见附件一。 下文介绍了这些方案和项目的选取情况。", "A类. 妇女和儿童的健康", " 4.四. 2010年,联合国基金会发挥特殊作用,协助开展外联和宣传活动,支持9月联合国千年发展目标首脑会议期间在一次高级别活动中正式发起的全球妇女和儿童健康战略。 基金会同秘书长办公室合作,领导了一个进程,以确保战略得到所有有关部门和区域的投入,并确保在启动活动中取得可交付的成果,使该战略成为妇女和儿童健康问题的一个独特时刻。 基金会还同秘书长办公厅和主要政府合作,制定了一项宣传战略来提高媒体的注意力并协调一项宣传战略。", "5 (韩语). 过去十年来,通过麻疹倡议和全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金等重要多方利益有关者的努力,公众和政治对全球卫生的关注急剧增加。 这些投资已经开始有所回报,儿童死亡率在过去几年中稳步下降,产妇死亡率正在下降,获得所需保健产品和服务的人数比以往任何时候都多。", "6. 国家 然而,正如潘基文秘书长在2010年9月关于千年发展目标的联合国高级别全体会议上发起的《全球妇女和儿童健康战略》所概述,国际社会需要加快其到2015年实现千年发展目标的势头。", "7. 联合国 12年来,联合国基金会和伙伴基金同世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)和联合国系统其他组织以及发展中国家卫生部合作,制定和扩大重大倡议,帮助儿童生存和繁荣。 长期以来,联合国基金会在儿童保健方面的投资已证明是吸引各种伙伴支持联合国所领导倡议的最有希望的途径之一。 基金会成功地领导了小儿麻痹症、麻疹和疟疾方面的运动,帮助增加了数亿美元,用于支助联合国的全球保健工作,并提供了联合国系统各机构同各国政府之间合作的新模式,从而提高了当地儿童保健措施的效率和效果。", "8. 联合国 消除小儿麻痹症是联合国基金会和伙伴基金确定的首批优先事项之一,仍然是优先事项,正如与世卫组织领导的筹资小组合作,为完成世卫组织2010年5月公布的新的《2010-2012年全球消除小儿麻痹症倡议战略计划》的根除方案筹集必要资源。", "9. 国家 2010年,麻疹倡议针对非洲、亚洲和欧洲的27个国家,计划为大约2亿儿童接种疫苗。", "10个 麻疹倡议伙伴正同印度密切合作,鼓励在若干人口稠密的邦开展麻疹运动。 印度的竞选活动从2010年开始,预计将于2011年继续进行.", "11个 联合国基金会和伙伴基金将继续同会员国、卫生组织、儿童基金会、美国红十字会、美国疾病控制中心和比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会等合作,支持麻疹倡议。", "12个 今年是全球防治疟疾努力的一个重要年头,因为2010年12月31日确定了普及蚊帐的目标。 联合国基金会一直同联合国秘书长疟疾问题特使办公室、非洲开发银行、联合王国国际开发部和盖茨基金会合作,以加快采购和分发确保全面覆盖所需的1 000万至1 500万顶蚊帐。", "13个 此外,联合国基金会通过其获奖的 \" 除了蚊帐之外的一切 \" 运动,继续提高疟疾的能见度,与各种伙伴和支持者进行接触,并与联合国执行伙伴合作,为购买和分发长效驱虫蚊帐提供资金来填补重大空白,以保护非洲最脆弱的人口。 2010年,基金会与伙伴基金合作,提供了约700万美元的资金,由联合国执行伙伴向下列国家分发驱虫蚊帐:布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚、利比里亚、卢旺达和塞拉利昂。", "B. 妇女与人口", "14个 联合国在解决两性不平等和赋予妇女权力方面担负着广泛的任务。 这项任务的核心是一系列国际协定和原则,包括第四次妇女问题世界会议通过的《北京行动纲要》、国际人口与发展会议的《行动纲领》和千年发展目标,它们使整个国际社会都致力于解决妇女和女童的权利和需要。", "15个 联合国基金会的妇女和人口方案与联合国合作,同伙伴基金和其他伙伴合作,以促进两性平等并赋予妇女和女孩权力,特别着重于生殖健康和性健康及权利。 增强妇女和女孩的权能,对于解决当今最严峻的全球挑战——同全球贫穷作斗争、实现社会正义和稳定世界人口——的方案任务至关重要。", "16. 2010年是联合国少女工作队的关键一年,伙伴基金和联合国基金会于2007年帮助建立了一个小组,通过支持新的全面政策和方案,支持联合国及其伙伴帮助处于社会边缘地位的少女。 工作队由人口基金和儿基会共同主持,成员还包括联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和世卫组织。 工作队为基金会和伙伴基金提供了重要途径,以加强对少女问题全球协调的支持。 3月,工作队发表了一项联合声明,承诺加紧努力实现少女的权利,并建立一个投资于女童教育、保健、安全、赋权和包容的框架。 工作队最初把注意力转向埃塞俄比亚、危地马拉、利比里亚和马拉维的项目,并计划在今后五年内扩大到至少20个国家。", "17岁。 2010年,联合国基金会正式发起了 \" 女孩起来 \" 运动,使美国女孩有机会将精力和同情心用于提高认识和为联合国帮助世界上一些最难以接触到的少女的方案提供资金。 通过女孩筹集的资金 将通过伙伴基金提供资金,支持联合国系统机构执行的少女方案,这些方案旨在解决一系列关键问题,包括获得教育和保健、免于暴力和艾滋病毒/艾滋病以及培养领导能力。 为了启动这项工作并突出本组织通过 \" 女孩起来 \" 运动开展的工作,基金会承诺向机构间联合国方案提供100万美元,以配合联合国少女工作队在四个目标国家的五个战略优先事项。 这项投资将用作催化剂,为 \" 女孩起来 \" 运动和联合国为少女而作的工作调动更多资源和合作伙伴。", "18岁。 2010年,联合国基金会继续支持联合国人口基金(人口基金)的宣传努力,特别是将信仰社区纳入人口基金根除瘘管病运动的倡议,并努力帮助促进人口基金同美国政府之间的牢固关系。 基金会和伙伴基金还支持人口基金在海地发生破坏性地震后所作的努力,提供资金重建生殖保健病房,提供太阳能路灯,使妇女夜间安全。", "C. 可持续能源与气候变化", " 19. 19. 联合国基金会和伙伴基金继续支持秘书长能源和气候变化问题高级别咨询小组的工作。 这个小组是为了应对双重挑战,即满足世界的能源需要以促进发展,同时为减少温室气体排放作出贡献,包括来自工商界和民间社会的全球领导人,包括联合国基金会主席蒂莫西·维尔斯。 4月,专家组发表了一份报告,其中呼吁联合国系统及其会员国致力于实现两个相辅相成的目标:", "(a) 确保到2030年普及现代能源服务;", "(b) 到2030年将全球能源密度降低40%。", "20号. 联合国基金会和选定的会员国正同咨询小组和联合国能源机制合作执行该小组的主要建议:应发起全球运动,支持能源促进可持续发展。 该运动的重点是改善获得现代能源服务的机会和提高能源效率,并提高对清洁能源在实现千年发展目标方面所起关键作用的认识。", "21岁 获得清洁和负担得起的现代能源对于促进持久的社会和经济发展并实现千年发展目标至关重要。 在全世界,近30亿人依靠传统的生物质来做饭取暖,约25亿人不可靠或得不到电力。 现代能源服务的缺乏扼杀了创收活动,并阻碍了保健和教育等基本服务的提供。 此外,来自污染和低效烹饪、照明和取暖装置的烟雾每年过早地使近200万妇女和幼儿死亡,并造成一系列慢性病和其他健康影响。", "22号. 联合国基金会及其伙伴还同包括卫生组织、联合国能源机制、联合国环境规划署、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处和世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)在内的联合国系统各机构合作,鼓励开发和分发清洁炉灶。", "D类. 其他方案", "23. 联合国 联合国基金会和沃达丰基金会技术伙伴关系已发展成为主要的公私伙伴关系,利用无线通信技术来加强联合国的人道主义努力。 现在,在最初五年承诺3 000万美元的最后一年,伙伴关系在利用移动工具改善人道主义危机后的健康成果和增进通信方面取得了重大进展。", "24 (韩语). 支持收集非洲卫生数据的技术伙伴关系方案已扎根于撒哈拉以南非洲十几个国家。 基金支助了卫生组织同各国卫生部一起培训卫生工作者使用移动设备收集卫生数据的工作。 2010年最重要的发展是向移动电话数据收集过渡,这些移动电话被卫生工作者广泛使用。", "25岁 在为期三年的赠款最后一年,技术伙伴关系方案还继续支持粮食计划署加强人道主义危机中的通信。 资金支持粮食计划署的通信能力建设方案,包括培训电信专家进行应急准备和反应;建立一个人道主义紧急情况平台,使全球信息和通信技术第一反应人员的能力标准化;为在重大灾害后快速部署信息和通信技术小组提供资金。 此外,由技术伙伴关系牵头的 \" 差异世界 \" 方案于2010年5月结束为期一年的方案。 该方案将沃达丰的四名信通技术专家安置在罗马、塞内加尔、泰国和乌干达的粮食计划署办事处,以支持危机局势中的人道主义努力。", "26. 联合国 在2010年海地危机后,联合国基金会帮助了联合国的努力,为受益于中央应急基金、联合国开发计划署(开发署)以工换现金方案和通过人口基金部署用品的项目输送了100多万美元的援助。", "二. 联合国民主基金", "27个 联合国民主基金(民主基金)成立于2005年世界首脑会议期间,是秘书长的一个信托基金,于2006年4月启动,联合国伙伴关系办公室提供行政支助。 从那时起,赠款机构被明确界定为民间社会组织基金。 它是联合国唯一一个以“民主”为名的实体,也是主要目的是通过赋予民间社会权力来支持民主的唯一联合国机构。 民主基金的大部分项目资金都提供给处于民主化过渡和巩固阶段的国家的地方非政府组织。 民主基金通过支持民主化的“需求”而不是“供应”方面,在补充和加强联合国的其他工作——例如开发计划署同各国政府的合作——以加强世界各地的民主治理方面发挥新的、独特的和独特的作用。", "28岁 民主基金自成立以来的短短几年里,其投资组合、捐助者基础、影响力和能见度都有了相当大的增长。 其项目旨在加强民间社会的声音、促进人权和鼓励所有团体参与民主进程。 它还支持一些具有规范和政策重点的全球和区域重大项目。 在头四轮资金中,民主基金共支助了150个国家的340个项目,总付款额超过9 500万美元。 它们从支持民间社会的问责制和透明度努力到加强善政和法治的能力建设。", "A类. 第四轮项目", "29. 国家 2010年,民主基金开始资助第四轮项目。 该回合于2009年11月通过一个在线申请系统开始征求建议书,为民间社会组织的访问提供便利。 共收到137个国家的组织提出的1 966份申请,反映出全球对基金服务的持续强烈需求。 绝大多数建议是由当地民间社会组织提出的。", "30岁。 项目选择的第一阶段是根据独立专家按照既定标准评分的结果。 随后,包括联合国驻地协调员、酌情包括秘书长特别代表以及民主基金方案协商小组所有实体在内的高分建议都受到严格的质量控制和尽职调查。 根据这项审查,基金咨询委员会推荐了一份项目短名单,此后,民主基金通知将进行所列项目的会员国常驻代表团。 随后将短名单提交秘书长批准。 短名单申请人被要求在年中前提交项目文件草案,然后同民主基金谈判。 第一批项目资金已于9月拨付。 这一时限比国际标准好。", "31岁 第四轮,59个项目获得资助,总费用为14,690,000美元. 项目按主要活动划分如下:", "(a) 社区发展(28%);", "(b) 赋予妇女权力(20%);", "(c) 法治和人权(17%);", "(d) 民主化工具(14%);", "(e) 青年(8%);", "(f) 媒体(8%);", "(g) 加强政府机构(5%)。", "32. 联合国 2010年全年,基金收集了第二轮、第三轮和第四轮供资项目的必要报告,完成了第一轮项目,并向咨询委员会报告了其成就。", "B类. 捐助方基础", "33. (中文(简体) ). 基金采取了若干举措,加强其捐助者基础,尽管全球金融危机继续产生影响,但捐助者基础继续扩大,增加了中低收入国家致力于民主原则的非传统捐助者。 伊拉克、马达加斯加和巴拿马首次向民主基金捐款,将捐助群体扩大到总共39个会员国。 2010年9月15日举行了民主基金捐助者特别会议,以纪念国际民主日。 2005年至2010年累计收到的捐款总额超过1.2亿美元。", "34. 2010年9月24日,美国总统巴拉克·奥巴马将联合国民主基金列为他在大会上的讲话中提及的仅有的两个联合国实体之一,要求提供支助。 奥巴马总统宣布,现在每个会员国都应增加民主基金,他说民主是向公民提供最大服务的政府形式,并说民间社会——民主基金工作的重点——是人类进步和社区良知的形成者。 2010年11月奥巴马总统对印度进行国事访问期间,他和总理曼莫汉·辛格作为世界两大民主国家的领导人发表了一份联合声明,重申他们对该基金的坚定承诺。", "C. 评价", "35. 联合国 联合国民主基金及其咨询委员会致力于对民主基金项目进行独立评价,以此作为加强学习进程的基础,并以此作为改进民主基金项目选择和管理的工具。 2010年6月,基金与一家设在布鲁塞尔的国际知名评价员公司Transtec签订了一项为期两年的协议,对第二和第三轮项目进行项目后评价。 第一次评价定于2011年初完成。", "D. 审计", "36. (中文(简体) ). 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)于2010年对联合国民主基金进行了一次审计,总体目标是按照联合国条例和细则以及其他适用的政策和程序,评估民主基金治理安排和工作方案管理的成效和效率。 报告的结论是,民主基金的业务促进民主,将其作为全球价值;它成功地执行了帮助会员国建立维护民主体制能力的项目;民主基金治理机制——方案协商小组和咨询委员会——有效运作。 委员会发现,从第一轮项目(2006-2007年)的管理中吸取了经验教训,民主基金调整了程序,使其项目管理效率得到提高,民主基金建立了良好的监测系统,并编写了临时和最后叙述报告,为项目活动提供了可靠信息。 审计建议制定结构更严谨的筹资战略,以确保基金的财务可持续性;秘书长单独向大会提交关于民主基金的报告,以提高能见度;主要业绩指标反映战略和业务目标;审查民主基金的业务预算,以确保费用估计数反映市场价格;审查基金评价所有项目的效力和影响的一般做法。 监督厅认为,民主基金不需要评价每一个项目,以显示其效力和影响。", "页:1 施政", "37. 联合国 2010年,理事会的两个管理机制,即咨询委员会和方案协商小组继续发挥积极和指导作用。 秘书长根据新的职权范围任命了咨询委员会成员,任期两年,从2010年1月到2011年12月。 它们是向民主基金提供捐款最多的七个国家——澳大利亚、德国、印度、日本、卡塔尔、西班牙和美国;六个反映地域多样性并致力于民主原则的国家——哥斯达黎加、加纳、伊拉克、毛里求斯、波兰和大韩民国;三名以个人身份任职的成员——担任理事会主席的哥伦比亚大学的迈克尔·多尔;普林斯顿大学的克瓦米·安东尼·阿皮亚;耶鲁大学的塞拉·本哈比卜。 两个非政府组织(巴西康涅斯和国际和平研究所)也担任理事会成员。", "38. 国家 除了建议秘书长核准筹资提案外,咨询委员会还就拟订方案框架和筹资准则向他提供政策指导。 方案协商小组利用政治事务部、维持和平行动部、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、建设和平支助办公室、开发署、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室和妇女署等各实体的具体专门知识,在项目选择过程和执行阶段提供投入并进行质量控制。", "费. 第五轮项目", "39. 联合国 联合国民主基金于2010年11月启动了第五轮项目提案。 2010年12月31日,当申请结束时,民主基金收到了149个国家的组织提出的3 754个项目提案,这是基金历史上创纪录的,几乎是往年平均数的两倍。 绝大多数申请来自非洲、亚洲、美洲和欧洲的地方或区域民间社会组织。", "G. 民主在行动", " 40. 40. 以下是一些相当典型的民主基金项目的例子,这些项目显示了支持加强民间社会发言权的各种行动。 这些项目涉及支持边缘化社区、让青年表达关切并处理反腐败问题。 还有一个区域项目的例子,即支持《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》。", "民主在行动一:培训缅甸青年领导才能", "41. 国家 在缅甸,民主基金资助了一个教育青年掌握领导技能、民间社会参与和组织自助团体的项目,总体目标是动员和鼓励采取行动解决社区问题。 该项目还在掸族、克钦族和克耶族少数群体中开展工作,还旨在调和社区之间的分歧。 在一个项目中,来自掸族和克钦族的6个村庄在项目组织的讨论后同意共同努力重建连接他们全部市场的桥梁。 在另一个案例中,青年领袖们决定举办一场足球比赛来将人们聚集在一起并筹集修复当地学校所需的资金.", "民主在行动 二:在巴基斯坦为青年人提供一个民主平台", "42. 国家 民主基金资助巴基斯坦青年议会的一个项目,对25 000多名青年进行民主基本性质的教育,让他们有机会自由表达对民主和政治参与的看法。 该倡议通过圆桌会议和其他非正式学习和信息传播工具开展工作,而民主青年小组则充当地方平台,处理影响青年的一系列问题。 它们通过国家一级的代际集会与民主资源库相联。", "民主在行动 三:赋予俄罗斯联邦移徙工人权力", "43. 东帝汶 随着2010年12月族裔紧张局势的爆发,由民主基金资助的一个项目举行了一次会议,以探讨如何保护俄罗斯联邦境内青年移民的人权。 由于加强移徙工人的权利日益成为一项重大挑战,该项目努力增强代表移徙者和少数民族的民间社会组织和工会的能力;教育警察、机构、工会和社会服务机构掌握防止歧视和儿童移民人权的工具;培训民间社会组织了解联合国公约、国际标准和做法、俄罗斯法律和法院诉讼、自我组织和自助;并与原籍国的非政府组织举办讲习班以交流最佳做法。 该项目由设在彼尔姆的暴力和人口贩运受害者援助中心执行。", "民主在行动 四:也门妇女和青年的参与", "44. 国家 2010年,由民主基金资助的也门倡议开始使也门妇女和青年参与民主进程。 它力求动员五个省份的妇女和青年作为创造性的社会变革推动者,以扩大政治参与;促进妇女和青年组织之间的无党派联盟,以更有效和更具包容性地解决国家面临的挑战;通过促进社会和文化的接受,扩大妇女和青年在公共领域发挥领导作用的机会。 产出包括:宣传、选举制度和网络培训;连接也门各地参与者的网站;小额赠款竞赛;媒体宣传活动。 该项目由也门妇女联合会执行。", "民主在行动五:监测尼日利亚的采购", "45. 国家 在尼日利亚,民主基金资助一个项目,评价2007年《公共采购法》的执行情况,使民间社会能够有效地观察和监测公共采购,帮助立法委员会履行其采购监督职能,并教育采购实体和选定的商业组织了解《公共采购法》的基本规定。 该项目启动了一个因特网门户,以整理、分析和传播关于采购观察的信息,并推出了一份报告,其中揭示了尼日利亚公共采购中最常见的弊端以及在执行《公共采购法》方面的挑战。 该项目由设在阿巴和阿布贾的公私发展中心执行。", "民主在行动 六:推动非洲民主宪章", "46. 经常预算: 联合国民主基金资助了一个非洲区域项目,以建立支持《非洲民主、选举和治理宪章》的支持者。 非洲联盟成员国于2007年通过了《宪章》,标志着非洲联盟作为促进该区域善政的行动者向前迈出了重要一步。 为了生效,《宪章》要求至少15个成员国签署和批准《宪章》,到2010年底只有8个成员国签署和批准了《宪章》。 该项目由非洲民主联盟执行,其秘书处由南非民主研究所提供,将支持该宪章生效并随后得到有效执行。", "三. 伙伴关系咨询服务和外联", "47. 国家 联合国系统自始至终都同私营部门和民间社会合作。 在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件(见第60/1号决议)的基础上,会员国已认识到非国家行为体积极参与促进联合国系统发展议程的重要性并对此表示大力支持。 千年发展目标是转变这一伙伴关系的分水岭,过去十年来,联合国积极接触私营部门和民间社会实体,而且两者都以同样的热情作出反应。 联合国的吸引力来自其政治合法性、基于价值的使命、发展领域的知识和经验、同发展中国家的历史关系及其全球影响和发言权。 另一方面,私营部门已成为促进经济发展的主导力量。", " 48. 48. 联合国伙伴关系办公室与联合国基金会合作,以进一步促进和执行伙伴关系咨询服务和外联举措,并制订创新战略,使非国家行为体参与联合国系统。 该办公室利用其专门知识和能力,促使全球公司、基金会和主要慈善家参与联合国事业,同时通过建立伙伴关系支持联合国系统的宣传和外联工作。", "A. 伙伴关系服务", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在过去十年中,寻求联合国就如何参与和提供援助提供咨询意见的私营部门实体数目大幅增加。 生产各种货物和服务的不同规模的公司已与联合国伙伴关系办公室联系,就如何与联合国一道为世界上一些最有挑战性的问题找到可持续的解决办法提供援助并寻求咨询意见。", " 50. 50. 2010年,联合国伙伴关系办公室为若干工作队服务,包括区域重点小组(加勒比共同体工作队)、基于问题的小组(千年发展目标差距工作队)和协调机制(经济和社会事务部机构间协调、联合国传播小组、联合国发展集团)。 该办公室的主要作用是提供伙伴关系服务并鼓励私营部门和民间社会参与联合国系统并作出贡献。", "51. 联合国 2010年,联合国伙伴关系办公室向私营公司、基金会、民间社会组织、学术机构和慈善家提供咨询服务。 非国家行为体提出的大多数请求都为侧重于最不发达国家减贫、教育、卫生、救灾和人道主义援助的方案提供援助。 与外部行为者签订了若干协定和谅解备忘录,使其中一些伙伴关系正式化,以支持千年发展目标。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 联合国伙伴关系办公室提供的伙伴关系咨询服务涵盖一系列领域,可分为四大类:", "(a) 业务伙伴关系。 办事处继续鼓励公司伙伴支持联合国的方案和宣传活动;", "(b) 政策和宣传伙伴关系。 该办公室看到私营部门和民间社会对提高对千年发展目标的认识和更广泛的了解的兴趣增加。 2010年,该办公室继续与全球协会接触,包括鼓励企业慈善事业委员会、商业公民领导中心、国际奥林匹克委员会、国际商业领袖论坛、资源基金会和穆斯林慈善家世界大会;", "(c) 分享资源和专门知识。 办事处继续让企业和基金会不仅提供财政支持,而且与利益攸关方分享专门知识;", "(d) 网络和联盟。 2010年,该办公室与多个利益攸关方合作支持千年发展目标。 联合国伙伴关系办公室在发起 \" 珍珠倡议 \" 方面发挥了作用,这是一个由私营部门主导的方案,旨在鼓励海湾合作委员会六个国家的公司同联合国系统合作,改进公司治理、问责制和明智的公司社会责任做法。", "B. 主要的创新项目和举措", "53. 联合国 以下清单按时间顺序分为以下三类,反映了项目/方案的主要发起伙伴:会员国;联合国系统和其他国际组织;私营部门和民间社会。", "1. 联合国 会员国", "“反射镜”展览", "54. 联合国 2011年2月22日,在联合国总部举行了经济及社会理事会关于开展慈善事业以促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力的特别活动,题为 \" 反射镜 \" 的展览,展出世界各地妇女艺术家的艺术品。 迪拜妇女机构主席兼阿拉伯联合酋长国副总理兼总统事务部长谢赫曼苏尔·扎耶德·阿勒纳哈扬殿下的妻子谢哈·马纳尔·宾特·穆罕默德·本·拉希德·阿勒马克图姆殿下的倡议是对赋予妇女权力议程的杰出贡献,也是文化谅解与和平的积极信息。", "赫尔辛基发展合作论坛", "55. 国家 2010年6月,为筹备2010年发展合作论坛,在赫尔辛基举行了高级别专题讨论会。 由联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、芬兰外交部和联合国伙伴关系办公室组织,论坛的目标是确定解决办法,使发展政策更加协调一致和有效,并增强发展合作在国际一级的影响。", "千年发展 获奖仪式和庆祝活动", "56. 2010年千年发展目标奖于9月在纽约举行。 这些奖项旨在支持和提高对千年发展目标的认识,为此提供一个引人注目的平台,以纪念并庆祝各国政府和民间社会利益攸关方为推进这些国际发展目标而做出的堪称楷模的努力。 联合国伙伴关系办公室的作用是协助千年发展目标颁奖委员会——一个非营利实体——为会员国获得该奖项的提名提供便利。", "联合国奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者永久纪念碑", "57. 萨尔瓦多 联合国伙伴关系办公室继续协助永久纪念碑委员会执行一项全面的媒体、外联和资源调动战略,目的是在联合国总部建筑群竖立永久纪念碑。 永久纪念碑由牙买加常驻联合国代表担任主席。 该办公室管理信托基金的资金接收、分配和支付。", "2. 联合国系统和其他国际组织", "开展慈善活动以促进赋予妇女权力和两性平等", "58. 联合国 2010年2月22日,经济及社会理事会同经济和社会事务部、联合国伙伴关系办公室、联合国妇女发展基金和鼓励企业慈善委员会合作,在联合国总部举行了一次特别活动,主题是 \" 激励慈善事业以促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力 \" 。 这次活动的重点是承诺推进与性别有关的千年发展目标,以及伙伴关系如何能为 \" 结束暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为 \" 和 \" 促进妇女经济赋权 \" 问题出力,由经济及社会理事会主席哈米顿·阿里主持,潘基文秘书长在开幕式上讲话。", "关于 \" 通过体育赋予妇女权力 \" 专题的高级别讨论", "59. 2010年6月29日,国际奥林匹克委员会和联合国伙伴关系办公室与联合国体育促进发展与和平办公室合作,主办了一次高级别会议,就体育与以性别平等为重点的千年发展目标之间的联系交换意见并交流经验教训。 40多名与会者,包括各国政府和联合国系统的高级代表、体育界知名人士以及私营部门、民间社会和学术界的领导人,交流了他们对体育和两性平等的看法。", "国际妇女教育协会 扫盲日:发展的基本基础", "60. 联合国 在2010年国际扫盲日之际,联合国伙伴关系办公室、教科文组织和开发署与 \" 全球轮浩兹 \" 联合主办了一次专题讨论会,讨论扫盲对可持续发展的重要性,增强穷人的能力并加快通过创造性伙伴关系实现千年发展目标的进展。 联合国扫盲十年名誉大使劳拉·布什就通过教育赋予妇女权力的影响发了言,教科文组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃承认识字对赋予妇女权力、改善产妇保健和消除儿童死亡率的多种好处。 这次活动标志着五年和计数青年参与和筹资运动,旨在鼓励青年、私营部门和知名人士合作,支持千年发展目标。", "非洲投资者指数系列首脑会议", "61. 国家 2010年9月17日,联合国伙伴关系办公室与非洲问题特别顾问办公室、非洲投资者、纽约证券交易所、非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)和新伙伴关系商业集团合作,共同主办了第三届年度非洲投资者指数系列峰会。 首脑会议使商界领袖、投资者和慈善家参与支持非洲实现千年发展目标的实际投资伙伴关系。", "3个 私营部门和民间社会", "气候风险投资者峰会", "62. 2010年1月14日,切雷斯、联合国基金会和联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部主办了第四次气候风险投资者峰会。 这次活动是在哥本哈根国际气候条约会谈之后举行的,聚集了来自世界各地的一些主要机构投资者、基金经理、财务顾问等,代表着数以万亿计的资产。 首脑会议探讨了全球迅速转向清洁技术和能源效率如何能刺激经济增长,并着重指出投资者如何参与低碳过渡。 发言者包括秘书长潘基文、美国前副总统戈尔、美国气候特使托德·斯特恩和媒体执行/慈善家特德·特纳。 峰会还宣布了《关于推动低碳经济投资的投资者声明》,其中投资者呼吁美国和其他政府迅速采取行动,采取强有力的国家气候政策,以刺激低碳投资来减少造成气候变化的排放。", "第三届穆斯林慈善家世界大会", "63. 2010年3月21日和22日,联合国伙伴关系办公室和穆斯林慈善家世界大会在多哈共同主办了第三届年度世界大会。 大会聚集了来自慈善机构、政府、企业和民间社会的国际领导人,讨论国际议程上目前的一些关键挑战。 穆斯林慈善家世界大会鼓励穆斯林社区与其他各方在实现千年发展目标方面建立创新的伙伴关系。", "海地希望项目", "64. 2010年3月22日,联合国伙伴关系办公室在联合国总部主办了海地希望项目的启动会。 在启动期间,海地总理让-马克斯·贝勒里夫和联合国海地问题特使兼克林顿·布什·海地基金共同主席比尔·克林顿以及美洲开发银行行长路易斯·阿尔韦托·莫雷诺和可口可乐公司首席执行官穆赫塔尔·肯特表示支持这种公私合作伙伴关系,这将惠及海地芒果农民。 为期五年的项目估计为750万美元,旨在通过发展可持续的芒果工业,使海地超过25 000名芒果农民的收入增加一倍。 该倡议将提高农民的生活水平,让他们进入国际市场,并有利于海地的长期发展和振兴。", "投资于千年发展目标:工商界如何能为可持续发展作贡献", "65. 国家 2010年4月7日和8日,联合国伙伴关系办公室同企业公民领导中心一起主办了为期两天的高级别论坛,主题是“投资于千年发展目标:企业界如何能为可持续发展作贡献”。 论坛讨论了私营部门、基金会和联合国系统之间促进实现千年发展目标的协作领域。 一些杰出的发言者包括:联合国千年项目主任杰弗里·萨夏;千年运动主任萨利尔·谢蒂;毕马威的迈克尔·黑斯廷斯;以及西方联合基金会的塔利亚·博施。", "评价拉丁美洲和加勒比伙伴关系动态的论坛", "66. 2010年4月28日,联合国伙伴关系办公室与资源基金会合作,在联合国总部共同主办了一个题为“评估伙伴关系动态”的论坛。 论坛回顾了伙伴关系的重要性及其对国际发展援助界为最需要者带来所希望的成果和利益的能力的影响。 公共部门和私营部门的领导人聚集一堂,讨论伙伴关系的潜力、挑战、复杂性和重要性,特别是在促进拉丁美洲和加勒比发展活动方面。", "创建共享 价值论坛", "67. 2010年5月27日,雀巢公司和国际商业领袖论坛在联合国伙伴关系办公室的支持下,在伦敦举行了第二届创造共同价值年度论坛。 该论坛使国际领导人聚集一堂,讨论营养、水和农村发展领域的可持续投资和伙伴关系机会方面的当前全球挑战。 论坛还向柬埔寨国际发展企业颁发了首个创造共同价值雀巢奖,这是一个利用市场办法增加柬埔寨农村人口收入的地方非营利组织。", "启动珍珠倡议", "68. (中文(简体) ). 2010年9月20日,100多位企业领袖和决策者在联合国总部召开会议,启动 \" 珍珠倡议 \" ,这是一个由私营部门主导的方案,旨在改善海湾合作委员会6个国家企业活动的公司治理、问责制和智能企业社会责任做法。 这次活动由联合国伙伴关系办公室、美国沙迦大学和阿拉伯联合酋长国新月集团共同举办,与会者就透明的商业环境与可持续经济增长之间的联系交换了意见。 《珍珠倡议》的目标是使海湾区域的私营部门公司能够并鼓励它们同联合国系统和其他全球战略伙伴合作,同各自的利益攸关方一起提高对问责制和透明度的认识;并通过这些创新的伙伴关系,将其关于公司社会责任的承诺转化为行动。", "Blouin创意领导峰会", "69. 2010年9月22日至24日,联合国伙伴关系办公室和Louise Blouin基金会在纽约市的都市俱乐部共同主办了第五届年度Blouin创意领导峰会。 年度首脑会议为国家元首、诺贝尔奖获得者和私营部门领导人提供了一个宝贵的平台,以应对全球化的挑战和机会,包括教育、卫生和贫穷。", "2010年TED演讲“同情宪章”", "70. 联合国 2010年11月18日,联合国伙伴关系办公室和TEDPrize在联合国总部共同主办了一次讨论会,以庆祝2008年TEDPrize向凯伦·阿姆斯特朗颁发的《同情宪章》一周年。 《同情宪章》是一套原则,旨在将同情的思维和同情行动恢复到宗教、道德和政治生活的中心,是一份敦促全世界所有人民和所有宗教接受同情价值的文件。", "四、结 论 结论", "71. 联合国 Turner先生通过联合国基金会和伙伴基金作出的历史性慈善贡献,使包括基金会和私营公司在内的非国家行为体对寻求与联合国接触和合作的兴趣急剧增加。", "72. 联合国 联合国基金会除了发挥赠款作用外,还在整个联合国系统产生了重要影响。 基金会得以设想和发起运动来推进本组织的目标,并与联合国系统机构合作,制定更尖锐的传播战略并增加伙伴关系的机会。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 如本报告前几节所反映,2010年期间,基金会以多种方式为联合国事业采取的领导举措和运动,表明了联合国基金会不断演变的使命和办法。 此外,基金会还同美利坚合众国联合国协会合并,动员美国人支持联合国的事业.", "74. 国家 将审查最初于1998年建立、后来于2007年续延的《联合国与基金会间关系协定》,以确保更新该协定,以反映基金会与联合国合作的演变。", "75. 国家 联合国民主基金现在已有五年历史,已证明是大会的一项出色倡议。 它成功地补充了联合国系统许多机构的工作,这些机构通过向当地民间社会组织提供赠款,注重“需求”。 这使联合国能够采取更四舍五入的做法并吸收来自世界每个角落的成千上万民间社会活动家参与联合国的工作。", "76. 联合国 联合国民主基金的影响正在通过对其项目的独立评价加以评估,但显然,一个关键的影响是扩大了其服务对象。 民主基金2010年的申请约3 700份,使对其赠款的需求翻了一番,现在可被视为民间社会,特别是全球南方民间社会的至关重要资源。", "77. 国家 虽然伙伴基金和民主基金的业务仍然是联合国伙伴关系办公室的核心工作,但伙伴关系办公室继续向寻求同联合国系统建立伙伴关系的各种非国家行动者提供咨询服务。 2010年9月底,联合国伙伴关系办公室执行主任从本组织退休,民主基金执行主任出任联合国伙伴关系办公室主管干事。", "页:1", "联合国国际伙伴关系基金资金和项目的分配情况", "A类. 1998-2010年从联合国基金会收到的执行伙伴分配的资金", "联合国基金会核定赠款总额:1 168 905 685美元", "[(以美元计)", "注:其他包括33个收到不到1 000万美元资金的执行伙伴。", "B. 1998-2010年联合国基金会资助项目的专题分配情况", "联合国基金会核定赠款总额:1 168 905 685美元", "[]", "简称:经社部:经济和社会事务部;粮农组织:联合国粮食及农业组织;开发署:联合国开发计划署;环境署:联合国环境规划署;教科文组织:联合国教育、科学及文化组织;人口基金:联合国人口基金;难民署:联合国难民事务高级专员办事处;儿基会:联合国儿童基金会;妇发基金:联合国妇女发展基金(现为妇女署);世卫组织:世界卫生组织。", "页:1", "按方案领域分列的通过联合国国际伙伴关系基金供资的项目", "(单位:美元)", "2010年12月共计\n价值项目数量", "儿童103 672 558 135 6 72 216 109 744 774 135 健康", "人口和108 136 879 584 9 3 421 117 140 300 694 妇女 110", "环境 144 161 517 259 6 2 426 150 163 943 553 294", "和平、安全、61 54 108 730 — — 61 54 108 730 和人权", "其他 63 64 756 137 7 1 022 70 65 778 571 434", "共计 479 1 089 819 28 79 085 507 1 168 905 846 838 685", "在11.7亿美元的核定赠款数额中,4亿美元为特纳核心资金,7亿美元(62%)来自其他伙伴。", "联合国", "2010年联合国国际伙伴关系基金咨询委员会的组成", "常务副秘书长(主席)阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗", "Hamidon Ali,经济及社会理事会主席(马来西亚常驻联合国代表)", "Lincoln C. Chen,医学博士,纽约中医药委员会主席,全球公平倡议主任", "安格拉·凯恩,主管管理事务副秘书长", "Enkhtsetseg Ochir,第二委员会主席,大会(蒙古常驻联合国代表)", "Mary Oakes Smith,世界银行促进教育和卫生信息技术研究员", "富兰克林·A·托马斯,福特基金会研究组组长", "主管经济和社会事务副秘书长沙祖康", "Roland Rich(当然成员),联合国伙伴关系办公室代理主管", "联合国", "截至2010年12月1日按捐助者开列的对联合国民主基金的财政捐助", "(单位:美元)", "捐助者累计捐款", "阿根廷 5,000", "澳大利亚 8 243 574", "保加利亚", "智利", "克罗地亚 71 000", "塞浦路斯", "捷克共和国 195 780", "丹麦 265 018", "厄瓜多尔", "爱沙尼亚 10 395", "法国 4 793 716", "格鲁吉亚 24 943", "德国 10 006 348", "匈牙利 75 000", "印度", "伊拉克", "爱尔兰 709 220", "以色列 52 500", "意大利 2 947 800", "日本", "拉脱维亚", "立陶宛 28 920", "马达加斯加", "蒙古", "摩洛哥", "巴拿马", "秘鲁", "波兰", "葡萄牙", "卡塔尔", "大韩民国", "罗马尼亚 422 860", "塞内加尔 100 000", "斯洛文尼亚 127 924", "西班牙 4 998 370", "斯里兰卡", "瑞典 7 166 325", "土耳其", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 609 350 爱尔兰", "美利坚合众国", "共计", "页:1", "联合国民主基金2010年咨询委员会的组成", "会员国", "澳大利亚", "哥斯达黎加", "德国", "加纳", "印度", "伊拉克", "日本", "毛里求斯", "波兰", "卡塔尔", "大韩民国", "页:1", "美利坚合众国", "非政府组织", "人权联系组织", "国际和平研究所", "个人", "迈克尔道尔", "夸梅·安东尼·阿皮亚", "塞拉·本哈比布", "联合国", "联合国伙伴关系办公室组织结构图", "[]" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.613 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Declaration", "on the occasion of entry into force", "of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V)", "DRAFT DECLARATION", "on the occasion of entry into force", "of ccw protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol v)", "The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW),", "Recalling the general principle of the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities,", "Deeply concerned at the fact that after the end of hostilities, people continue to be killed or injured by unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance, and that such explosive remnants of war can remain for decades a cause of humanitarian suffering, a daily threat to civilians and military alike, an obstacle to the return of refugees and other displaced persons, a serious impediment to humanitarian assistance, peace-keeping, post-conflict reconstruction and economic development, as well as to the restoration of normal social conditions,", "Recalling that the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) was negotiated by the CCW Group of Governmental Experts in 2003 and was adopted by consensus on 28 November 2003 at the Meeting of the States parties to the CCW held in Geneva on 27 and 28 November 2003,", "Recognizing that Protocol V provides for post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature in order to minimize the risks and the effects of explosive remnants of war and for encouraging States Parties to take such post-conflict remedial measures and generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of explosive remnants of war,", "Emphasizing the importance that they attach to the universalization of Protocol V, and expressing their determination to take all appropriate measures so that Protocol V attains universal adherence,", "Welcome the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 and the fact that, […] States have notified the Depositary of their consent to be bound by Protocol V by that date,", "Reaffirm their conviction that Protocol V aims to significantly reduce the suffering and contribute to the protection of civilian population and humanitarian personnel from the effects of explosive remnants of war,", "Reiterate their determination to address the humanitarian, developmental and environmental impact of explosive remnants of war, including existing explosive remnants of war, and welcome the efforts already undertaken in this regard,", "Emphasize their determination to reinforce international cooperation and assistance on the issues related to the implementation of Protocol V, and in particular in clearance, removal or destruction of explosive remnants of war, transmission of information, protection of humanitarian missions and organizations, risk education, victims assistance, and to dedicate greater efforts and resources, as appropriate, towards that end,", "Encourage High Contracting Parties to Protocol V in accordance with Article 10 of the Protocol to commence preparations for a Conference,", "Urge all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Protocol, as soon as possible." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》 (第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案", "关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》 (第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)各缔约国，", "回顾保护平民群体免遭敌对行为影响的一般原则，", "深为关切在敌对行动结束后，未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药仍继续夺去人们的性命或造成伤害，这些战争遗留爆炸物在几十年内依然能够造成人类痛苦，日复一日对平民和军事人员均构成威胁，成为难民及其他流离失所者返回家园的障碍，严重妨碍着人道主义援助、维持和平、冲突后重建和经济发展以及恢复正常的社会状况，", "回顾《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组于2003年通过谈判制定了《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)，而且2003年11月27日至28日于日内瓦举行的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议于2003年11月28日以协商一致方式通过了该议定书，", "认识到第五号议定书对冲突后的一般性补救措施作出了规定，以尽可能减小战争遗留爆炸物的危险和影响，并鼓励各缔约国采取这样的冲突后补救措施以及旨在尽可能减小产生战争遗留爆炸物可能性的一般性预防措施，", "强调各国普遍加入第五号议定书的重要性，并表示决心采取一切适当措施，使第五号议定书实现普遍加入，", "欢迎第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效，而且到该日为止已有[......]个国家通知保存人愿受第五号议定书的约束，", "重申确信第五号议定书旨在大量减少伤亡，促进对平民群体和人道主义救援人员的保护，使其不受战争遗留爆炸物的影响，", "重申决心解决战争遗留爆炸物包括现有的战争遗留爆炸物对人道主义、发展和环境的影响，并欢迎在这方面已经作出的努力，", "强调决心加强围绕与执行第五号议定书有关的问题进行的国际合作与援助，特别是在清除、排除或销毁战争遗留爆炸物、提供资料、保护人道主义特派团和组织、危险性教育、援助受害者等领域，并为此酌情作出更大的努力和贡献更多的资源，", "鼓励第五号议定书缔约国按照该议定书第10条开始为举行会议进行筹备，", "敦促所有尚未加入该议定书的国家尽快加入该议定书。" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "宣言草案", "一、导 言", "《特定常规武器公约关于战争遗留爆炸物的议定书》(第五议定书)", "宣言草案", "一、导 言", "战争遗留爆炸物议定书(protocol诉德国)", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)缔约国,", "回顾保护平民不受敌对行动影响的一般原则,", "深切关注在敌对行动结束后,人们继续被未爆弹药和遗弃爆炸物炸死或炸伤,这些战争遗留爆炸物可持续数十年造成人道主义痛苦,对平民和军方每天构成威胁,妨碍难民和其他流离失所者返回,严重阻碍人道主义援助、维持和平、冲突后重建和经济发展,以及恢复正常社会条件,", "回顾《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)是2003年由《特定常规武器公约》政府专家组谈判达成的,并在2003年11月27日和28日在日内瓦举行的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议上以协商一致方式通过,", "确认《议定书》 五) 规定冲突后一般性的补救措施,以尽量减少战争遗留爆炸物的风险和影响,并鼓励缔约国采取这种冲突后的补救措施和一般性预防措施,以尽量减少战争遗留爆炸物的发生,", "强调它们重视《第五号议定书》的普遍化,并表示决心采取一切适当措施,使《第五号议定书》得到普遍遵守,", "1. 欢迎第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效,并欢迎[......] 各国已通知保存人它们同意在该日期之前接受第五号议定书的约束,", "重申坚信《第五号议定书》旨在大幅减轻平民和人道主义人员的痛苦,帮助保护他们免受战争遗留爆炸物的影响,", "重申决心处理战争遗留爆炸物,包括现有战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义、发展和环境影响,并欢迎在这方面已经作出的努力,", "强调决心加强国际合作和援助,解决与执行第五号议定书有关的问题,特别是清除、排除或销毁战争遗留爆炸物、传播信息、保护人道主义特派团和组织、风险教育、受害者援助等问题,并为此目的酌情作出更大努力和资源,", "鼓励《议定书》缔约方 五、根据《议定书》第10条开始筹备会议", "敦促尚未加入《议定书》的所有国家尽快加入《议定书》。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.713 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Final Document", "of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "PART I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE", "I. Introduction", "II. Organization of the Third Review Conference", "III. Work of the Third Review Conference", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "PART II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "The High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, which met in Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006, to review the scope and operation of the Convention and the Protocols annexed thereto and to consider any proposal for amendments of the Convention or of the existing Protocols, as well as proposals for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by the existing annexed Protocols,", "Preambular paragraph 1", "Recalling the precedent Declarations adopted by the First Review Conference in 1996 and the Second Review Conference in 2001, in particular preambular paragraphs 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12 and 14, as well as operative paragraphs 2, 3, 8, 12, 14 and 16 of the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference.", "Preambular paragraph 2", "Reaffirming their conviction that the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects is significantly reducing the suffering of civilians and combatants, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 1, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 3", "Recognising that most major armed conflicts are non-international in character, and that such conflicts are also being brought within the scope of the Convention by amendment, [CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph.4, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 4", "Emphasizing the importance of achieving universal adherence to the Convention and their determination to call upon all States that have not done so to become parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 3, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 2, modified]", "Preambular paragraph 5", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Amendment to Article 1 of the Convention on 18 May 2004, by which the scope of application of the Convention was extended to also cover conflicts of non-international character, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 6", "Emphasizing the importance of compliance with the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols by all State Parties, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 7", "Welcoming the entry into force of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) on 12 November 2006, [new]", "Preambular paragraph 8", "[MOTAPM]", "Preambular paragraph 9", "[ERW]", "Preambular paragraph 10", "Acknowledging the invaluable humanitarian efforts of non-governmental organisations in mitigating the humanitarian impact of armed conflicts and welcoming the expertise they have brought to the work of the Group of Governmental Experts and to the Review Conference itself, [CCW/CONF.I/16, preambular paragraph 17, CCW/CONF.II/2, preambular paragraph 15, modified]", "Solemnly Declare:", "Operative paragraph 1", "Their commitment to respect and comply with the objectives and provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party as an authoritative international instrument governing the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects, [CCW/CONF.I/16, operative paragraph 1, CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 1]", "Operative paragraph 2", "Their commitment to the full implementation of, and compliance with, the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, and to keep the provisions of the Convention and its annexed Protocols under review in order to ensure their provisions remain relevant to modern conflicts, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 6]", "Operative paragraph 3", "Their determination to consult and cooperate with each other in order to facilitate the full implementation of the obligations contained in the Convention and its annexed Protocols to which they are party, thereby promoting compliance, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 7, modified]", "Operative paragraph 4", "[COMPLIANCE]", "Operative paragraph 5", "[SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME]", "Operative paragraph 6", "Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the amendment to Article 1 of the Convention extending the application of the Convention and its annexed Protocols to armed conflicts of a non-international character, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 4, modified]", "Operative paragraph 7", "Their desire that all States respect and ensure respect for the revised scope of application of the Convention to the fullest extent possible, and their determination to encourage all States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1 as soon as possible, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 5, modified]", "Operative paragraph 8", "Their determination to encourage all States to become parties, as soon as possible, to the Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II), the Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III), and the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of these Protocols, [new]", "Operative paragraph 9", "Their satisfaction at the entry into force of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V), as well as their determination to encourage all States to become parties to Protocol V as soon as possible, and that all States respect and ensure respect for the substantive provisions of Protocol V [new]", "Operative paragraph 10", "Their continuing commitment to address as a matter of urgency the deleterious humanitarian effects of explosive remnants of war, through the effective and efficient implementation of Protocol V and reinforced international cooperation aimed at minimizing the risks and effects of unexploded and abandoned explosive ordnance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 9, modified]", "Operative paragraph 11", "[MOTAPM]", "Operative paragraph 12", "[ERW]", "Operative paragraph 13", "Their continuing commitment to assist, to the extent feasible, impartial humanitarian demining missions, operating with the consent of the host State and/or the relevant States Parties to the conflict, in particular by providing all necessary information in their possession covering the location of all known minefields, mined areas, mines, explosive remnants of war, booby-traps and other devices in the area in which the mission is performing its functions, [CCW/CONF.II/2, operative paragraph 13, modified]", "Recognise that the important principles and provisions contained in this Final Declaration can also serve as a basis for further strengthening the Convention and its annexed Protocols and express their determination to implement them,", "and take the following decisions:", "Decision 1", "Decide", "[ON ERW]", "Decision 2", "Decide", "[ON MOTAPM]", "Decision 3", "Decide", "[ON COMPLIANCE]", "Decision 4", "Decide", "To adopt a Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention, as contained in Part III D of the Final Document.", "Decision 5", "Decide", "[ON SPONSORSHIP]", "Decision 6", "Decide", "[ON FURTHER WORK]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "REVIEW", "Preambular paragraph 3", "The Conference recalls the obligation to determine in the study, development, acquisition or adoption of a new weapon, means and method of warfare, whether its employment would, in some or all circumstances, be prohibited under any rule of international law applicable to the High Contracting Parties. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 3]", "Preambular paragraph 8", "The Conference reaffirms the need to continue, as appropriate, the codification and progressive development of the rules of international law applicable to certain conventional weapons which may be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 8]", "Preambular paragraph 10", "The Conference underlines the need to achieve wider adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. The Conference welcomes recent ratifications and accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and urges the High Contracting Parties to accord high priority to their diplomatic efforts to encourage further adherence with a view to achieving universal adherence as soon as possible. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of preambular paragraph 10]", "Article 1", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 1, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "The Conference calls upon States which have not yet done so to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the amendment to Article 1. [new]", "Article 2", "The Conference reaffirms that nothing in the Convention or its annexed Protocols shall be interpreted as detracting from other obligations imposed upon the High Contracting Parties by international humanitarian law. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.2]", "Article 3", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 3. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.3]", "Article 4", "The Conference notes that [100] States have ratified, accepted, acceded or succeeded to the Convention.", "The Conference calls upon States which are not parties to this Convention to ratify, accept, approve or accede, as appropriate, to the Convention, thus contributing to the achievement of universal adherence to the Convention.", "The Conference invites the High Contracting Parties to encourage further accessions to the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "The Conference, in this context, welcomes the adoption of the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the Convention. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.4, modified and updated]", "Article 5", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 5.", "The Conference recalls in particular the provisions of paragraph 3 of this Article which stipulates that each of the Protocols annexed to the Convention shall enter into force six months after the date by which twenty States have notified their consent to be bound by it. The Conference welcomes the entry into force on 13 November 2006 of the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.5, modified]", "Article 6", "The Conference encourages international cooperation in the field of dissemination of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and recognizes the importance of multilateral collaboration relating to instruction, the exchange of experience at all levels, the exchange of instructors and the organization of joint seminars. The Conference underlines the importance of the High Contracting Parties’ obligation to disseminate this Convention and its annexed Protocols, and, in particular to include the content in their programmes of military instruction at all levels.", "[SPONSORSHIP]", "The Conference welcomes the establishment of a web page of the Convention and its annexed Protocols on the website of the United Nations and on the website of the Presidency and requests the United Nations Secretary-General to continue to make all documents relating to the Convention, available on the UN website. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.6, modified]", "Article 7", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 7.", "[COMPLIANCE]", "Article 8", "[MOTAPM]", "[FURTHER WORK]", "The Conference decides, consistent with Article 8.3 (c) to convene a Meeting of the States Parties to be held on […] in conjunction with the next Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "The States Parties recall their agreement reached by the Second Review Conference in 2001 in reviewing Article 8 of the Convention.", "Article 9", "The Conference notes with satisfaction that the provisions of this Article have not been invoked. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.9]", "Article 10", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 10. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.10]", "Article 11", "The Conference notes the provisions of Article 11.", "The Conference notes the corrections to the original text of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War (French, Russian and Spanish versions) and to the certified true copies effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting in his capacity as depositary. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.11, modified]", "Protocol on Non-Detectable Fragments (Protocol I)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol I]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol II]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference acknowledges that the High Contracting Parties strengthened Protocol II in a number of areas at the First Review Conference.", "The Conference also notes with satisfaction that in accordance with Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, eight Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties were held for the purpose of consultations and cooperation on all issues related to Amended Protocol II.", "The Conference recommends that future Annual Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Amended Protocol II coincide with any meetings of High Contracting Parties to the Convention and Conferences of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V.", "The Conference takes note of the reporting obligations of High Contracting Parties under Amended Protocol II, and calls on High Contracting Parties to fulfil these obligations in a timely, consistent and complete manner.", "The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims; of the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular the care and rehabilitation of mine victims, implementation of mine‑awareness programmes and mine clearance. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Amended Protocol II, updated and modified]", "Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons (Protocol III)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol III]", "Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV)", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) and Technical Annex to the Protocol", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol and welcomes with satisfaction its entry into force.", "The Conference encourages the High Contracting Parties to make all best endeavours to comply with suggested best practices, as specified in the Technical Annex, for achieving the objectives contained in Articles 4, 5 and 9 of the Protocol.", "The Conference looks forward to the Conference of High Contracting Parties which will be convened pursuant to Article 10 of the Protocol on [TO BE COMPLETED]", "The Conference acknowledges the valuable work of relevant agencies and bodies of the United Nations; of the International Committee of the Red Cross pursuant to its mandate to assist war victims, of the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining as well as of NGOs in a number of fields, in particular care and rehabilitation of explosive remnants of war victims, risk education, and clearance, removal or destruction of unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. [new]", "PART III", "A. [MOTAPM]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "B. [ERW]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "C. [COMPLIANCE]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "D. PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION", "1. The High Contracting Parties should:", "Action # 1: Review thoroughly their participation in the Convention and its annexed Protocols with the view to consider acceptance, at their earliest convenience, of those Protocols and of the Amendment of Article 1 of the Convention, which they have not yet ratified or otherwise acceded to.", "Action # 2: Accord particular importance to encouraging the States signatories of the Convention, to ratify it as soon as possible. These include: Afghanistan, Egypt, Iceland, Nigeria, Sudan and Viet Nam.", "Action # 3: Strengthen their efforts in promoting the universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by actively pursuing this objective, as appropriate, in their contacts with States not parties, and seeking the cooperation of relevant international and regional organisations.", "Action # 4: Accord priority attention to encouraging adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols by States in regions of conflict which could serve as a significant confidence-building measure thus promoting reestablishment of understanding and trust among Parties to an active conflict.", "Action # 5: Direct specific efforts towards promoting adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols in regions where the level of acceptance of the Convention remains low.", "Action # 6: Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control.", "Action # 7: Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross, non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and interested citizens.", "2. For achieving the above actions the High Contracting Parties should undertake all appropriate measures which should include, inter alia:", "(i) seizing the opportunity of bilateral contacts and making use of diplomatic channels available to promote adherence to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(ii) enhancing the knowledge of the Convention and its annexed Protocols through the organization of workshops and regional and sub-regional seminars and workshops, measures to increase awareness of the Convention and its Protocols, including publications in UN official languages, as well as measures to reach the appropriate audience in States not parties, and in cooperation with all relevant actors, be it governmental, intergovernmental or non-governmental;", "(iii) coordinating regional actions in accordance with the characteristics of each region, mostly in those where acceptance of the Convention remains low. UN regional centres for peace and disarmament, as well as regional organizations as appropriate, may play an important role in this regard;", "(iv) review this issue during meetings of the High Contracting Parties of the Convention.", "3. The Secretariat shall report on the implementation of this Plan of Action, and keep the High Contracting Parties regularly informed, so that they may review progress and monitor its implementation effectively.", "4. The implementation of this Plan of Action will be reviewed by the next Review Conference which will take any decisions deemed necessary.", "E. [SPONSORSHIP]", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "DOCUMENTS", "A. Agenda", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "B. Programme of Work", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "C. Agenda of Main Committee I", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "D. Report of Main Committee I", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "E. Agenda of Main Committee II", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "F. Report of Main Committee II", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "G. Report of the Credentials Committee", "[TO BE COMPLETED]", "H. [TO BE COMPLETED]", "I. List of Documents", "[TO BE COMPLETED]" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国 第三次审查会议最后文件草案", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国 第三次审查会议最后文件草案", "第 一 部 分", "第三次审查会议的报告", "一、导 言", "二、第三次审查会议的组织", "三、第三次审查会议的工作", "[待 补]", "第 二 部 分", "最 后 宣 言", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约方于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦召开会议，以审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况，并审议对《公约》或现有议定书提出的任何修正案以及与现有所附议定书未涵盖的其他类别常规武器有关的附加议定书提案，各缔约方", "序言部分第1段", "回顾1996年第一次审查会议和2001年第二次审查会议先前通过的宣言，特别是第二次审查会议最后宣言序言部分第3、第5、第6、第7、第8、第12和第14段以及执行部分第2、第3、第8、第12、第14和第16段，", "序言部分第2段", "重申确信《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》使平民和战斗人员的苦难大为减少，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第1段，有修改]", "序言部分第3段", "认识到大多数重大武装冲突属于非国际性冲突，而此种冲突也通过修正而纳入《公约》的范围，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第4段，有修改]", "序言部分第4段", "强调实现普遍加入《公约》的重要性，并决心吁请所有尚未成为《公约》及其所附议定书缔约方的国家尽快成为缔约方，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第3段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第2段，有修改]", "序言部分第5段", "欢迎对《公约》第一条的修正已于2004年5月18日生效，使《公约》的适用范围有所扩大，将非国际性冲突也包括在内，[新]", "序言部分第6段", "强调所有缔约国均须遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的各项条款，[新]", "序言部分第7段", "欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)于2006年11月13日生效，[新]", "序言部分第8段", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "序言部分第9段", "[战争遗留爆炸物]", "序言部分第10段", "感谢非政府组织为减轻武装冲突的人道主义影响而作出的宝贵的人道主义努力，并欢迎它们为政府专家小组的工作和审查会议本身所带来的各种专门知识，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第17段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第15段，有修改]", "庄严宣告：", "执行部分第1段", "承诺遵行《公约》及其加入的所附议定书的目标和规定，将其作为管制某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器的使用方面具有权威性的国际文书，[CCW/CONF.I/16, 执行部分第1段，CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第1段]", "执行部分第2段", "承诺充分执行和遵守《公约》及其加入的所附议定书，并经常审查《公约》及其所附议定书的规定，以确保这些规定一直可切实适用于现代冲突，[CCW/ CONF.II/2, 执行部分第6段]", "执行部分第3段", "决心相互磋商与合作，以促进《公约》及其加入的所附议定书中载明的各项义务得到充分履行，从而促进遵守，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第7段，有修改]", "执行部分第4段", "[遵守]", "执行部分第5段", "[赞助方案]", "执行部分第6段", "欣慰地注意到对《公约》第一条的修正已经生效，使《公约》及所附议定书的适用范围有所扩大，将非国际性武装冲突也包括在内，[CCW/ CONF.II/2, 执行部分第4段，有修改]", "执行部分第7段", "希望所有国家尽可能充分遵守和确保遵守经修正后的《公约》适用范围，并决心鼓励所有尚未批准、接受、核准或加入对第一条的修正的国家尽快酌情批准、接受、核准或加入，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第5段，有修改]", "执行部分第8段", "决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为《关于无法检测的碎片的议定书》(第一号议定书)、《经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的第二号议定书)、《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器的议定书》(第三号议定书)和《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)的缔约国，并鼓励所有国家遵守和确保遵守这些议定书的实质性规定，[新]", "执行部分第9段", "对《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的生效感到欣慰，决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为第五号议定书的缔约国，并鼓励所有国家遵守和确保遵守第五号议定书的实质性规定，[新]", "执行部分第10段", "继续承诺紧急致力于消除战争遗留爆炸物所造成的有悖于人道主义的影响，通过切实和有效执行第五号议定书以及加强国际合作，尽可能减小未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药的危险和影响，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第9段，有修改]", "执行部分第11段", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "执行部分第12段", "[战争遗留爆炸物]", "执行部分第13段", "继续承诺在可行的范围内为征得所在国和/或冲突各当事缔约国的同意执行扫雷任务的公正的人道主义特派团提供协助，尤其是提供己方掌握的、关于特派团执行任务地区一切已知雷场、雷区、地雷、战争遗留爆炸物、诱杀装置和其他装置位置的所有必要资料，[CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第13段，有修改]", "认识到还可依据本最后宣言所载的重要原则和规定进一步加强《公约》及其所附议定书，并表示决心加以实施。", "并作出下列决定：", "决 定 1", "决 定", "[关于战争遗留爆炸物]", "决 定 2", "决 定", "[关于非杀伤人员地雷]", "决 定 3", "决 定", "[关于遵守]", "决 定 4", "决 定", "通过最后文件第三部分D节所载的促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划。", "决 定 5", "决 定", "[关于赞助方案]", "决 定 6", "决 定", "[关于进一步的工作]", "[待 补]", "审 查", "序言第3段", "会议再次提及，在研究、发展、获取或采用新的武器、作战手段和方法时，有义务确定其使用是否在某些或所有情况下为适用于缔约方的国际法任何规则所禁止。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第3段的审查]", "序言第8段", "会议重申有必要酌情继续编纂和逐渐发展对某些可能具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器适用的国际法规则。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第8段的审查]", "序言第10段", "会议强调有必要争取更广泛地加入《公约》及其所附议定书。会议欢迎最近对《公约》及其所附议定书的批准和加入，敦促缔约方作为高度优先事项在外交上努力鼓励更多的国家加入，以争取尽快实现普遍加入。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对序言第10段的审查]", "第 一 条", "会议注意到经2001年12月21日修正后的第一条的规定。", "会议呼吁尚未批准、接受、核准或加入对第一条的修正的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入。[新]", "第 二 条", "会议重申不得将《公约》或其所附议定书中的任何规定解释为减损缔约方根据国际人道主义法所承担的其他义务。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第二条的审查]", "第 三 条", "会议注意到第三条的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第三条的审查]", "第 四 条", "会议注意到，[100]个国家已批准、接受、加入或继承了《公约》。", "会议呼吁尚未成为《公约》缔约方的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入《公约》，从而促进实现普遍加入《公约》。", "会议请各缔约方鼓励更多的国家加入《公约》及其所附议定书。", "在这方面，会议欢迎促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划的通过。[CCW/ CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四条的审查，有修改和更新]", "第 五 条", "会议注意到第五条的规定。", "会议特别回顾，该条第3款规定，《公约》所附每项议定书应在20个国家通知愿受该议定书约束之日后6个月开始生效。会议欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)已于2006年11月13日生效。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/ CONF.II/2, 对第五条的审查，有修改]", "第 六 条", "会议鼓励在传播《公约》及其所附议定书方面开展国际合作，并确认开展多边合作传授知识、在各级进行经验交流、互派教员和举办联合研讨会的重要性。会议强调，缔约方有义务传播《公约》及其所附议定书，特别是应将其内容纳入各级军事课程。", "[赞助方案]", "会议欢迎在联合国网站上和在主席网站上设有《公约》及其所附议定书网页，并请联合国秘书长继续在联合国网站上提供与《公约》有关的所有文件。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第六条的审查，有修改]", "第 七 条", "会议注意到第七条的规定。", "[遵 守]", "第 八 条", "[非杀伤人员地雷]", "[进一步的工作]", "会议决定，根据第八条第3款(c)项，于《……》举行一次缔约国会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国下一届年度会议同时举行。", "缔约国回顾2001年第二次审查会议就审查《公约》第八条达成的协议。", "第 九 条", "会议满意地注意到未出现援引本条规定的情事。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/ CONF.II/2, 对第九条的审查]", "第 十 条", "会议注意到第十条的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第十条的审查]", "第 十一 条", "会议注意到第十一条的规定。", "会议注意到对《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)的原文(法文本、俄文本和西班牙文本)所作的订正以及联合国秘书长以保存人身份对经核证无误的副本所作的订正。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第十一条的审查，有修改]", "《关于无法检测的碎片的议定书》(第一号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第一号议定书的审查]", "《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第二号议定书的审查]", "经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的第二号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议认识到缔约方第一次审查会议在若干方面加强了第二号议定书。", "会议还满意地注意到，按照经修正后的第二号议定书第13条的规定，已经为了在与经修正后的第二号议定书有关的一切问题上进行协商与合作而举行了八届缔约方年度会议。", "会议建议经修正后的第二号议定书缔约方的未来年度会议与《公约》缔约方的任何会议和第五号议定书缔约方会议同时举行。", "会议注意到各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书承担的报告义务，吁请各缔约方及时地、一贯地、完整地履行这一义务。", "会议感谢联合国有关机构和机关所做的宝贵工作；感谢红十字国际委员会依照其职能为救助战争受难者所做的宝贵工作；并感谢日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作，特别是在地雷受害者的护理和康复方面、实施防雷宣传方案方面和清除地雷方面所做的宝贵工作。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对经修正后的第二号议定书的审查，有更新和修改]", "《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器的议定书》(第三号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第三号议定书的审查]", "《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四号议定书的审查]", "《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)及议定书的技术附件", "会议注意到该议定书的规定并满意地欢迎其生效。", "会议鼓励各缔约方尽最大努力遵守技术附件中载明的建议的最佳做法，以实现该议定书第4、第5和第9条所载的目标。", "会议期待着缔约方根据该议定书第10条于[待补]召开其第一届会议。", "会议感谢联合国有关机构和机关所做的宝贵工作；感谢红十字国际委员会依照其职能为救助战争受难者所做的宝贵工作，并感谢日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作，特别是在战争遗留爆炸物受害者的护理和康复方面、危险性教育方面和清除、排除或销毁未爆炸弹药和被遗弃的爆炸性弹药方面所做的宝贵工作。[新]", "第 三 部 分", "A. [非杀伤人员地雷]", "[待 补]", "B. [战争遗留爆炸物]", "[待 补]", "C. [遵守]", "[待 补]", "D. 促进普遍加入《公约》的行动计划", "1. 缔约方应：", "行动1：透彻审查其在加入《公约》及其所附议定书方面的情况，以便在方便时尽早考虑接受它们尚未批准或加入的这些议定书和对《公约》第一条的修正。", "行动2：格外重视鼓励《公约》签署国尽快批准《公约》。这些国家包括：阿富汗、埃及、冰岛、尼日利亚、苏丹和越南。", "行动3：加强努力，促进普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书，方法是在其与非缔约国的接触中酌情积极推动这一目标，并寻求相关国际组织和区域组织的合作。", "行动4： 优先重视鼓励冲突地区各国加入《公约》及其所附议定书，此举可作为一项重要的建立信任措施，从而促进在现行冲突各方之间重建谅解和信任。", "行动5： 特别努力在《公约》接受程度依然很低的区域促进加入《公约》及其所附议定书。", "行动6：采取一切适当步骤，防止和制止受其管辖或控制的个人或在其管辖或控制的领土上发生违反《公约》及其所附议定书的行为。", "行动7：鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴，包括联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织、红十字国际委员会、非政府组织、议员和感兴趣的公民，参与这些促进普遍加入的努力并开展积极的合作。", "2. 为了开展上述行动，缔约方应采取所有适当措施，其中应包括：", "(1) 利用双边接触的机会及各种现有外交渠道，促进加入《公约》及其所附议定书；", "(2) 通过安排讲习会及区域和次区域的研讨会和讲习会，通过采取措施提高对《公约》及其议定书的意识，包括联合国各正式语文的出版物、采取措施接触非缔约国的适当受众，和与所有相关行为者合作――无论是政府、政府间或非政府行为者，增加对《公约》及其所附议定书的了解；", "(3) 根据每个区域的特点，协调区域行动，主要是在《公约》接受程度仍然很低的区域。联合国和平与裁军区域中心以及有关区域组织可在这方面发挥重要作用；", "(4) 在《公约》缔约方会议上审查这一问题。", "3. 秘书处应报告该行动计划的执行情况，并定期向缔约方通报，使其能够有效地审查进展情况和监测其执行情况。", "4. 下一次审查会议将审查该行动计划的执行情况，并作出认为需要的任何决定。", "E. [赞助方案]", "[待 补]", "文 件", "A. 议程", "[待 补]", "B. 工作计划", "[待 补]", "C. 第一主要委员会议程", "[待 补]", "D. 第一主要委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "E. 第二主要委员会议程", "[待 补]", "F. 第二主要委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "G. 全权证书委员会的报告", "[待 补]", "H. [待补]", "I. 文件清单", "[待 补]" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "最后文件草案", "禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审议大会", "DRAFT 最后文件", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国第三次审查会议", "第一部分", "第三次审查会议的报告", "一. 导言", "II. 第三次审查会议的组织", "页: 1 第三次审查会议的工作", "[待补]", "第二部分", "定 义", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行会议,审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况,审议任何关于修正《公约》或现有议定书的提案,以及关于现有所附议定书未涵盖的其他类别常规武器的补充议定书的建议,", "序言段 页: 1", "回顾1996年第一次审查会议和2001年第二次审议大会通过的先例宣言,特别是序言部分第3、5、6、7、8、12和14段,以及第二次审查会议《最后宣言》执行部分第2、3、8、12、14和16段。", "序言第2段", "重申深信《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》正在大大减少平民和战斗人员的痛苦,[CCW/CONF.12] II/2,序言部分第1段,经修改)", "序言第3段", "承认大多数主要武装冲突是非国际性的,而且这种冲突也正在通过修正纳入《公约》的范围,[CCW/CONF.12] II/2,序言部分第4段,经修改)", "序言第4段", "强调实现普遍加入《公约》的重要性,并决心呼吁所有尚未成为《公约》及其所附议定书缔约方的国家尽快加入[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第3段,CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第2段,经修改]", "序言第5段", "欢迎《公约》第一条修正案于2004年5月18日生效,其中扩大了《公约》的适用范围,以涵盖非国际性冲突,[新]", "序言第6段", "强调所有缔约国遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的规定的重要性,[新]", "序言第7段", "欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物第五号议定书》(第五议定书)于2006年11月12日生效,[新]", "序言第8段", "[MOTAPM]", "序言第9段", "[ERW]", "序言段 10", "确认非政府组织在减轻武装冲突的人道主义影响方面所作的宝贵的人道主义努力,欢迎它们为政府专家小组的工作和审查会议本身提供的专门知识,[CCW/CONF.I/16, 序言部分第17段,CCW/CONF.II/2, 序言部分第15段,经修改]", "庄严宣誓:", "执行部分第2段 页: 1", "承诺尊重和遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的目标和规定,作为管辖使用某些可能被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器的权威性国际文书,[CCW/CONF.I/16, 执行部分第1段,CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第1段] 页: 1", "执行部分第2段 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 FS, 2 NS", "他们承诺全面执行和遵守《公约》及其所附议定书,并不断审查《公约》及其所附议定书的规定,以确保其条款与现代冲突有关。 II/2, 执行部分第2段 6)", "执行部分第3段", "他们决心相互协商和合作,以促进全面执行《公约》及其所附议定书所载义务,从而促进遵守[CCW/CONF.12]。 II/2,执行部分第7段,经修改)", "执行部分第4段", "[没收]", "执行部分第2段 5月", "[SPONORSHIP Program]", "执行部分第6段", "他们对《公约》第一条修正案的生效表示满意,该修正案将《公约》及其所附议定书的适用范围扩大到非国际性武装冲突,[CCW/CONF.12]。 II/2,执行部分第4段,经修改)", "执行部分第2段 7月", "它们希望所有国家尽可能尊重和确保尊重《公约》订正适用范围,并决心鼓励尚未批准、接受、核准或加入对《公约》第一条的修正的国家尽快批准或加入[CCW/CONF.12]。 II/2,执行部分第5段,经修改)", "执行部分第2段 8 August 2007", "决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为《关于无法检测的碎片的议定书》(第一议定书)、1996年5月3日修订的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二修正议定书)、《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器议定书》(第三议定书)和《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四议定书)的缔约国,所有国家尊重和确保遵守这些议定书的实质性条款,[新的]", "执行部分第2段 9", "他们对《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)生效的满意程度,以及它们决心鼓励所有国家尽快成为第五号议定书缔约方,所有国家尊重和确保遵守第五号议定书的实质性条款[新的]", "执行部分第2段 10", "它们继续承诺通过有效和高效地执行第五号议定书,紧急处理战争遗留爆炸物的有害影响,并加强国际合作,以尽量减少未爆炸和遗弃爆炸弹药的风险和影响。 [CCW/CONF.II/2, 执行部分第9段,经修改]", "执行部分第11段", "[MOTAPM]", "执行部分第2段 12", "[ERW]", "执行部分第13段", "他们继续承诺在可行的情况下,在征得东道国和(或)冲突有关缔约国同意的情况下,协助进行公正的人道主义排雷任务,特别是提供他们掌握的所有必要信息,涵盖特派团在执行任务地区的所有已知雷区、雷区、地雷、战争遗留爆炸物、诱杀装置和其他装置的地点。 II/2,执行部分第13段,经修改)", "认识到本《最后宣言》所载重要原则和规定也可作为进一步加强《公约》及其所附议定书的基础,并表示决心予以执行,", "作出以下决定:", "决定1", "决定", "[本国战争遗留爆炸物]", "第2条", "决定", "[杀伤人员地雷]", "第3条", "决定", "[国家竞争主管机构]", "第4条", "决定", "通过最后文件第三部分D所载的《促进公约普遍性行动计划》。", "第5条", "决定", "[ON SPONSORSHIP]", "第6条", "决定", "[工作组]", "[待补]", "审评", "序言第3段", "会议回顾,有义务在研究、发展、获取或采用新的武器、手段和方法时,确定在某种或所有情况下,其就业是否受到适用于缔约方的任何国际法规则的禁止。 [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 审查序言部分第3段]", "序言第8段", "会议重申,有必要继续酌情编纂和逐步发展适用于某些可能具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器的国际法规则。 [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2,对序言部分第8段的审查]", "序言段 10", "会议强调必须更广泛地遵守《公约》及其所附议定书。 缔约方会议欢迎最近批准和加入《公约》及其所附议定书,并敦促各缔约方高度重视其外交努力,鼓励进一步加入,以期尽快实现普遍加入。 [CCW/CONF.I/16, CCW/CONF.II/2, 审查序言部分第10段]", "第1条", "会议注意到2001年12月21日修订的第1条的规定。", "会议呼吁尚未批准、接受、核准或加入第1条修正案的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入。 [新]", "第2条", "会议重申,《公约》或其所附议定书的任何规定均不得解释为减损国际人道主义法对缔约方规定的其他义务。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.2]", "第3条", "会议注意到第3条的规定[CCW/CONF.I/16、CCW/CONF.II/2、对第3条的审查]", "第4条", "会议注意到,[100]个国家已经批准、接受、加入或继承《公约》。", "会议呼吁尚未成为本公约缔约方的国家酌情批准、接受、核准或加入《公约》,从而有助于实现普遍加入《公约》。", "缔约方会议请缔约方鼓励进一步加入《公约》及其所附议定书。", "在这方面,会议欢迎通过《促进公约普遍性行动计划》。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.4, amended and updated]", "第5条", "会议注意到第5条的规定。", "会议特别回顾本条第3款的规定,其中规定《公约》所附各项议定书在二十个国家通知其同意受其约束之日后六个月生效。 会议欢迎《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)于2006年11月13日生效。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.5, amended]", "第6条", "会议鼓励在传播《公约》及其所附议定书方面开展国际合作,并确认在教学、在各级交流经验、交流教员和组织联合研讨会方面开展多边合作的重要性。 缔约方会议强调,缔约方有义务传播本公约及其所附议定书,特别是将其内容纳入各级军事教学方案,十分重要。", "[SPONSORSHIP]", "会议欢迎在联合国网站上和主席团网站上设立《公约》及其所附议定书网页,并请联合国秘书长继续在联合国网站上提供与《公约》有关的所有文件。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.6, amended]", "第7条", "会议注意到第7条的规定。", "[没收]", "第8条", "[MOTAPM]", "[工作组]", "缔约国会议决定,根据第8.3(c)条,结合经修正的第二议定书缔约国下一届年度会议,于[...]月召开一次缔约国会议。", "缔约国回顾2001年第二次审议会议在审查《公约》第八条方面达成的协议。", "第9条", "会议满意地注意到,该条的条款没有被援引。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.9]", "第10条", "会议注意到第10条的规定[CCW/CONF.I/16、CCW/CONF.II/2、对第10条的审查]", "第11条", "会议注意到第十一条的规定。", "会议注意到对关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书原案文(法文、俄文和西班牙文文本)和联合国秘书长以保存人的身份签发的经核证无误的副本所作的更正。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Art.11, amended]", "《不可检测的碎片议定书》(第一议定书)", "会议注意到本议定书的规定。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol 页: 1", "《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二号议定书)和《议定书》技术附件", "会议注意到本议定书的规定。 [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol II]", "《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》,1996年5月3日修正(第二修正议定书)和《议定书》技术附件", "缔约方会议承认,缔约方在第一次审查会议的若干领域加强了《第二议定书》。", "缔约方会议还满意地注意到,根据经修正的第二议定书第13条,举行了8次缔约国年度会议,以便就与经修正的第二议定书有关的所有问题进行协商和合作。", "缔约方会议建议,今后经修正的第二议定书缔约方年度会议与公约缔约方和第五号议定书缔约方会议的任何会议同时举行。", "缔约方会议注意到缔约方根据经修正的第二议定书所承担的报告义务,并呼吁各缔约方及时、一致和全面地履行这些义务。", "会议承认联合国相关机构和机关、红十字国际委员会根据其协助战争受害者的任务、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心以及非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作,特别是地雷受害者的照料和康复、防雷宣传方案的实施和排雷。 [CCW/CONF.II/2, 审查经修正的议定书 二、更新和修改", "《禁止或限制使用燃烧武器议定书》(第三议定书)", "会议注意到本议定书的规定。 [CCW/CONF.I/16,CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol III]", "《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四议定书)", "会议注意到本议定书的规定。 [CCW/CONF.II/2,审查《第四议定书》]", "《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)和《议定书》技术附件", "会议注意到本议定书的规定,并满意地欢迎其生效。", "缔约方会议鼓励缔约方尽最大努力,按照技术附件的规定,遵守为实现《议定书》第4、第5和第9条所载目标而建议的最佳做法。", "缔约方会议期待根据《议定书》第10条[待补]召集的缔约方会议。", "会议承认联合国相关机构和机关、红十字国际委员会根据其协助战争受害者的任务、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心以及非政府组织在一些领域所做的宝贵工作,特别是战争遗留爆炸物受害者的照料和康复、风险教育和清除、排除或销毁未爆弹药和遗弃爆炸物。 [新]", "第三部分", "A. [MOTAPM]", "[待补]", "B. [ERW]", "[待补]", "C. [没收]", "[待补]", "D. 《公约》行动计划", "页: 1 各缔约方应当:", "行动1:彻底审查它们参加《公约》及其所附议定书的情况,以便考虑尽早接受这些议定书和它们尚未批准或加入的《公约》第一条修正案。", "行动2:特别重视鼓励《公约》签署国尽快批准《公约》。 其中包括:阿富汗、埃及、冰岛、尼日利亚、苏丹和越南。", "行动3:加强努力,促进《公约》及其所附议定书的普遍性,在与非缔约国接触时酌情积极实现这一目标,并寻求相关国际和区域组织的合作。", "行动4:优先注意鼓励冲突地区各国遵守《公约》及其所附议定书,以此作为重要的建立信任措施,从而促进积极冲突各方重新建立谅解和信任。", "行动5:在《公约》接受程度仍然很低的区域,直接作出具体努力,促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书。", "行动6:采取一切适当步骤,防止和制止其管辖或控制下的人员或领土内违反《公约》及其所附议定书的行为。", "行动7:鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴,包括联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织、红十字国际委员会、非政府组织、议员和有关公民,参与和积极合作,促进普遍加入这些文书。", "2. 结 论 为实现上述行动,缔约方应采取一切适当措施,除其他外,包括:", "(一) 抓住双边接触的机会,利用外交渠道促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书;", "(二) 通过举办讲习班、区域和次区域研讨会和讲习班、采取措施提高对《公约》及其各项议定书的认识,包括以联合国正式语文出版的出版物,以及采取措施向非缔约国的适当受众进行宣传,并与政府、政府间或非政府组织合作;", "(三) 根据每个区域的特点协调区域行动,主要是在接受《公约》的程度仍然很低的地区。 联合国和平与裁军区域中心以及区域组织可在这方面发挥重要作用;", "(四) 在《公约》缔约方会议期间审查这一问题。", "3. 。 秘书处应报告本《行动计划》的执行情况,并定期向缔约方通报情况,以便缔约方能够审查进展情况并有效地监测其执行情况。", "4. 第四届会议 下一次审查会议将审查本《行动计划》的执行情况,并做出任何必要的决定。", "E. 出席情况 [SPONSORSHIP]", "[待补]", "文件", "A. 议程", "[待补]", "B. 工作方案", "[待补]", "C. 主要委员会议程 页: 1", "[待补]", "D. 主要委员会的报告 页: 1", "[待补]", "E. 第二主要委员会议程", "[待补]", "F. 第二主要委员会的报告", "[待补]", "G. Credentials", "[待补]", "H. [待补]", "一、文件清单", "[待补]" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.813 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "Draft Decision", "on the establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW)", "DRAFT DECISION", "ON THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPONSORSHIP PROGRAMME UNDER THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS (CCW)", "The Conference of States Parties:", "1. Decides to establish a sponsorship programme under/within the framework of the Convention on prohibitions or restrictions on the use of certain conventional weapons which may be deemed to be excessively injurious or to have indiscriminate effects (CCW);", "2. Agrees on the following general principles:", "(i) contributions to the programme will be made on a voluntary basis;", "(ii) this programme will be conducted in an informal and flexible way with full respect to the specific ad hoc nature of the CCW forum;", "3. Sets the following basic goals to the Sponsorship programme:", "(i) to strengthen the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(ii) to promote universal observance of the norms and principles enshrined in the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(iii) to support the universalization of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(iv) to enhance the cooperation, the exchange of information and the consultations among the States Parties on issues related to the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "4. Sets the following basic operational purposes to the Sponsorship programme:", "(i) to support the participation of the representatives of States Parties, especially from ERW- and mine-affected States that have limited resources, to participate in the CCW activities. Priority should be given to States Parties which, according to the United Nations, have the world's least developed economies;", "(ii) to provide Signatory States and States not yet parties to the Convention and its Protocols with an opportunity to participate in the CCW activities and to acquire an acquaintance with the work related to the Convention. Preference should be given to States which, according to the United Nations, have the least developed economies, States which are on the path towards accession to the Convention and its annexed Protocols and States which are engaged in activities related to their own implementation of the Convention and its Protocols;", "(iii) to support the attendance of appropriate qualified experts with field experience or of scholars, particularly from the States referred to in paragraph 4(i), to prepare studies and/or presentations on certain topics of interest at relevant meetings or seminars;", "(iv) to provide other related forms of assistance, that might be deemed appropriate by the States Parties;", "5. Decides that the Sponsorship programme will operate according to the following basic operational modalities:", "(i) States Parties entrust the technical management of the programme to the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining;", "(ii) An informal Steering Committee (hereinafter “the committee”) will set operational modalities which have not been specified in this decision and ensure the guidance of the day-to-day implementation of the CCW Sponsorship programme; it will be constituted by representatives of donor States to this programme and the UNDDA;", "(iii) The Committee will operate in a transparent way; for this purpose, representatives of the three Regional Groups, and China, the President-designate of the CCW and representatives of UNMAS will be invited to participate to its meetings as observers and advisors. It is understood that every State Party could ask to be heard by the Committee.", "(iv) The Committee will take all decisions related to the operation of the Sponsorship programme, including the granting of travel and daily subsistence allowances for participation in the CCW activities or to other expenditures, in accordance with the basic goals and the operational purposes of the programme as spelt out above;", "(v) The Committee will report annually on its activities, including on the beneficiaries of the programme, to the CCW States Parties. The programme will be reviewed and assessed by States Parties at the next Review Conference, as well as the modus operandi of the programme;", "(vi) The funds allocated to the Sponsorship programme will be subject to an audit by an external auditor and audit reports will be sent to all members of the Committee, and made available upon request to any State Party by the United Nations." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分 伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》) 之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案", "关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》) 之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案", "缔约国会议：", "1. 决定在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》(《公约》)之下/框架内建立一项赞助方案；", "2. 同意下列一般原则：", "(1) 对该方案的捐助将以自愿为基础；", "(2) 将以非正式和灵活的方式开展这一方案，并充分尊重《公约》论坛的明确特设性质；", "3. 订立赞助方案的下列基本目标：", "(1) 加强《公约》及其所附议定书的执行；", "(2) 促进普遍遵守《公约》及其所附议定书中载明的规范和原则；", "(3) 支持普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书；", "(4) 增强各缔约国之间在有关《公约》及其所附议定书的问题上进行合作、信息交流和磋商；", "4. 订立赞助方案的下列基本运作目标：", "(1) 支助各缔约国代表的参与，特别是受战争遗留爆炸物和地雷影响并且资源有限的国家参与《公约》的活动。应当优先照顾那些按照联合国标准是世界上经济最不发达的缔约国；", "(2) 向签署国和尚未加入《公约》及其议定书的国家提供机会来参与《公约》活动并了解与《公约》有关的工作。应优先考虑那些按照联合国标准是经济最不发达的国家、那些正处在加入《公约》及其所附议定书过程中的国家和正在从事与它们本国执行《公约》及其议定书有关的活动的国家；", "(3) 支助具有实地经验的适当合格专家或学者特别是第4(一)段所述国家的专家或学者开展研究和/或在有关会议或研讨会上介绍某些人们感兴趣的专题；", "(4) 提供各缔约国可能认为恰当的其他有关形式的帮助；", "5. 决定赞助方案将根据下列基本运作模式运作：", "(1) 缔约国将委托日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心负责方案的技术管理；", "(2) 一个非正式的指导委员会(下称“委员会”)将订立本决定未明确说明的运作模式，确保对《公约》赞助方案的每日执行工作给予指导；该指导委员会将由该方案捐助国和联合国裁军部的代表组成；", "(3) 委员会将以透明的方式运作；为此，三个区域集团的代表和中国、《公约》候任主席和联合国排雷行动处的代表将被邀请作为观察员和顾问参加其会议。有一项理解是，每个缔约国均可要求委员会听取其意见；", "(4) 委员会将按照上文详细说明的方案基本目标和运作目标作出所有与包括批准参与《公约》活动的旅费和每日生活津贴或其他支出在内的赞助方案运作有关的决定；", "(5) 委员会将每年向《公约》缔约国报告其活动情况，包括方案受益人的情况；缔约国将在其下次审查会议上审查和评价方案及方案的运作模式；", "(6) 分配给赞助方案的资金将由外部审计员审计，审计报告将提供给委员会所有成员，还可根据请求而由联合国提供给任何缔约国。" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "决定草案", "根据《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》设立赞助方案", "决定草案", "根据《残疾人权利公约》执行的方案", "缔约国会议:", "页: 1 1. 决定在《公约》框架内设立一个禁止或限制使用某些可能被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器的赞助方案(CCW);", "2. 结 论 1. 同意下列一般原则:", "(一) 对方案的捐助将自愿提供;", "(二) 本方案将以非正式和灵活的方式开展,同时充分尊重《特定常规武器公约》论坛的具体特设性质;", "3. 。 3. 向赞助方案提出以下基本目标:", "(一) 加强执行《公约》及其所附议定书;", "(二) 促进普遍遵守《公约》及其所附议定书所载的规范和原则;", "(三) 支持《公约》及其所附议定书的普遍化;", "(四) 加强缔约国之间的合作、信息交流和磋商,讨论与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的问题;", "4. 第四届会议 3. 为赞助方案设定以下基本业务目的:", "(i) 支持缔约国代表,特别是资源有限的战争遗留爆炸物和受地雷影响的国家代表参加《特定常规武器公约》的活动。 应优先考虑根据联合国规定拥有世界最不发达经济体的缔约国;", "(二) 向签署国和尚未成为《公约》及其各项议定书缔约方的国家提供参加《特定常规武器公约》活动的机会,并了解与《公约》有关的工作。 应参照那些根据联合国拥有最不发达经济体的国家、正在加入《公约》及其所附议定书的国家以及从事与本国执行《公约》及其各项议定书有关的活动的国家;", "(三) 支持具有外地经验的适当合格专家或学者,特别是来自第4(i)段所述国家的学者,在相关会议或研讨会上编写关于某些感兴趣的专题的研究报告和(或)介绍;", "(四) 提供缔约国认为适当的其他相关援助形式;", "5. 2. 决定赞助方案将根据以下基本业务模式运作:", "(一) 缔约国委托日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心对该方案进行技术管理;", "(二) 非正式指导委员会(以下简称“委员会”)将制定本决定未具体规定的业务模式,确保指导《特定常规武器公约》赞助方案的日常执行;由该方案的捐助国代表和联合国裁军事务部组成;", "(三) 委员会将以透明的方式开展工作;为此,将邀请三个区域集团的代表以及中国、《特定常规武器公约》候任主席和联合国地雷行动处的代表作为观察员和顾问参加委员会的会议。 有一项理解是,每个缔约国都可以要求委员会听取意见。", "(四) 委员会将根据上述方案的基本目标和业务目的,作出与赞助方案的运作有关的所有决定,包括给予参加《特定常规武器公约》活动或其他支出的差旅费和每日生活津贴;", "(五) 委员会每年向《特定常规武器公约》缔约国报告其活动,包括方案的受益人。 下一次审查会议将审查和评估该方案以及方案的工作方式;", "(六) 分配给赞助方案的资金将接受外部审计员的审计,审计报告将送交委员会所有成员,并应联合国请求提供给任何缔约国。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.1CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.113 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "REPORT OF THE WORK ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "Prepared by the Coordinator on ERW and", "the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military and Technical Experts[1]", "I. mandateS OF the GGE ON ERW", "A. Initial mandate ADOPTED by the SECOND review Conference in 2001", "1. At the Second Review Conference the States Parties to the CCW decided to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) with two separate Coordinators on Mines Other Than Anti-Personal Mines (MOTAPM) and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). The GGE on ERW was mandated to:", "“(a) discuss ways and means to address the issue of Explosive Remnants of War (ERW). In this context the Group shall consider all factors, appropriate measures and proposals, in particular:", "1. factors and types of munitions that could cause humanitarian problems after a conflict;", "2. technical improvements and other measures for relevant types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which could reduce the risk of such munitions becoming ERW;", "3. the adequacy of existing International Humanitarian Law in minimizing post-conflict risks of ERW, both to civilians and to the military;", "4. warning to the civilian population, in or close to, ERW-affected areas, clearance of ERW, the rapid provision of information to facilitate early and safe clearance of ERW, and associated issues and responsibilities;", "5. assistance and co-operation. ”[2]", "2. Under the same decision the Coordinator on ERW had to “undertake work in an efficient manner so as to submit recommendations, adopted by consensus, at an early date for consideration by the States Parties, including whether to proceed with negotiating a legally-binding instrument or instruments on ERW and/or other approaches”.", "3. The 2002 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided that:", "“the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2003 with the following mandate:", "(a) (i) To negotiate an instrument on post-conflict remedial measures of a generic nature which would reduce the risks of ERW. These measures would be based on a broad definition covering most types of explosive munitions, with the exception of mines. Abandoned munitions would have to be included. In these negotiations, questions need to be considered regarding, inter alia, responsibility for clearance, existing ERW, the provision of information to facilitate clearance and risk education, warnings to civilian populations, assistance & co-operation, and a framework for regular consultations of High Contracting Parties. These negotiations would have to establish the scope of this instrument consistent with Article I of the Convention as amended at its Second Review Conference.", "(a) (ii) To explore and determine whether these negotiations could successfully address preventive generic measures for improving the reliability of munitions that fall within the agreed broad definition, through voluntary best practices concerning the management of manufacturing, quality control, handling and storage of munitions. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be important elements of such best practices.", "(b) Separate from the negotiations under (a): to continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open ended basis, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.", "(c) In the context of the activities described above, meetings of military experts can be conducted to provide advice in support of these activities.”[3]", "B. Mandate after the adoption OF Protocol V", "4. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2003 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[4] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2004 with the following mandate[5]:", "“To continue to consider the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, and initially with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work.”", "5. Following recommendations of the GGE, the 2004 Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW decided[6] that the GGE would continue its work on ERW in 2005 with the following mandate[7]:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”", "6. The mandate of 2005 was also adopted by the States Parties for the year 2006[8].", "II. Protocol on explosive remnants of war (protocol V). adoption, ratification, universalization and implementation efforts", "7. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was negotiated by the GGE under the mandate established by the 2002 Meeting of the States Parties as a result of the considerable advancement of the work of the Group on ERW in 2001-2002.", "8. The Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War was adopted as the Fifth CCW protocol by the Meeting of the States Parties to the CCW in 2003:", "“Following the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to adopt the Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War, which is contained in Appendix II attached to the Procedural Report of the Sixth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/GGE/VI/2), annexed to this Report as Annex V.”[9]", "9. Protocol V was adopted by the States Parties on 28 November 2003. The Protocol was adopted on the understanding that it was subject to checking of the official translation into United Nations language versions by States whose working language was not English. Accordingly, proposed corrections from different delegations on the Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the Protocol had been received, considered and approved by the CCW States parties, and effected by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, acting as depositary of the Convention.", "10. For their national ratification procedures, some States Parties needed the consolidated corrected versions of the certified true copies of the original Protocol (in all 6 United Nations language versions). The Treaty Section of the UN Office of Legal Affairs has been approached accordingly by the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, States Parties, the Presidency of the European Union and others. In this regard, the following depository notifications in relation to the authentic texts of Protocol V were issued:", "the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”;", "authentic text) of the Protocol”.", "11. In order to promote the early entry into force of the Protocol the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW and the Presidency of the European Union on behalf of its Member States carried out demarches in a number of the States Parties to the CCW that have not yet ratified Protocol V.", "12. On 12 May 2006 – the date by which 20 States Parties to the CCW notified their consent to be bound by Protocol V, the conditions for the entry into force of the Protocol were met. In accordance with Article 5 (3) of the CCW, Protocol V will enter into force on 12 November 2006[10], six months after the submission of the 20th instrument of ratification, during the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW.", "13. For the present, the following 23 States are party to Protocol V (as listed in alphabetical order): Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, Denmark, El Salvador, Finland, Germany, Holy See, India, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, and Ukraine.", "14. The Protocol provides for the Contracting Parties to undertake consultations and cooperate with each other on all issues related to the operation of the Protocol. In accordance with Article 10, paragraph 1: “For this purpose, a Conference of High Contracting Parties shall be held as agreed to by a majority, but not less than eighteen High Contracting Parties”.", "15. There is no decision yet concerning the timing of the First Conference of the High Contracting Parties. The High Contracting Parties to the Protocol noted it might be possible to hold a meeting in preparation for the First Conference in 2007 taking into consideration other CCW-related meetings and, inter alia, address procedural matters, discuss substantive issues with the aim to make the Protocol operational as soon as feasible. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, issues related to the implementation of Protocol V could be also considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.", "16. In recognition of the importance that the Protocol should become operational after its entry into force without delay, certain efforts have already been undertaken with this regard.", "17. In 2006, a series of formal GGE meetings and consultations of different settings took place at the initiative of, and in cooperation with, the President-designate of the Third Review Conference, the Coordinator on ERW, the Netherlands, UNDDA, UNMAS, ICRC, GICHD and others.", "18. At the request of the Coordinator on ERW, UNMAS, on behalf of the Inter Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA), prepared and submitted to the GGE a document titled “The United Nations and the Implementation of Protocol V”[11]. The GICHD presented some practical ideas on the same issue and, in particular, on existing mine action tools that have the potential to equally support the implementation of Protocol V as well as to establish synergies between Protocol V and the implementation of the 1997 Convention on Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (Ottawa Convention).", "19. Consultations and practical steps taken at the national level have also been reported by some States Parties that have ratified Protocol V.", "20. The States Parties have agreed that the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the CCW should hold a Special (High Level) Segment to mark the entry into force of Protocol V on 13 November 2006. In this regard, the States Parties drafted and recommended for adoption to the Third Review Conference a special Declaration on the Entry into Force of Protocol V.", "III. discussions on implementation of international humanitarian law", "A. The Coordinator’s three-step approach", "21. During the Sixth session of the GGE in March 2004 the Coordinator on ERW suggested a “three-step” approach[12] (hereinafter – the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach) in considering the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Step one would seek to deliberate and agree upon which of the existing principles of IHL could be considered as applicable to ERW, step two – to consider the status of implementation of these principles by the States Parties, taking into account the obligations of the States Parties under the Conventions and/or Protocols from which they are derived, and, step three would include consideration of the adequacy of the mechanisms provided for in these Conventions and/or Protocols for promoting implementation of these principles and whether any further measures are required in this regard.", "B. IHL-8 INITIATIVE: IHL Questionnaire. MCCormack report, its conclusions and recommendations", "22. In pursuance of the goal outlined in the Coordinator’s Three-Step Approach in March 2005, eight States Parties – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States of America (hereinafter – IHL-8) in consultation with the ICRC submitted a proposal[13] to facilitate the work of the GGE on step one and step two of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach. States Parties were invited to consider responding to the questionnaire (IHL Questionnaire) introduced by IHL-8. The proposal enjoyed a broad support. This encouraged a follow-up action, and during the GGE Twelfth session of in November 2005 Canada presented a working paper titled “A Way Ahead for IHL Questionnaire Response Analysis”[14]. It was suggested by IHL-8 that written responses to the IHL Questionnaire and compiled oral intervention transcripts will be analyzed on a “without prejudice” basis for the purpose of identifying general trends with the overall aim of establishing a baseline or baselines from which further discussion can proceed in accordance with step three of the Coordinator’s Three Step Approach.", "23. Professor Tim McCormack of the Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne, Australia, has offered to undertake the required analysis. By 26 January 2006, 33 States Parties had submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire. In accordance with the proposed course of action, the findings and analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team were presented to the Coordinator in the form of a report (McCormack Report[15]) and later released to States Parties. The Coordinator also invited ICRC and GICHD to provide their critical analysis of the McCormack Report, which they did accordingly[16].", "24. The McCormack Report concluded that “Protocol V to the CCW and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW provided that those rules are effectively implemented.”[17]", "25. The following recommendations for practical steps that the GGE might consider in order to advance their work on IHL and ERW were offered in McCormack Report:", "“Recommendation 1: All States Parties to the CCW should be encouraged to ratify Protocol V on ERW as expeditiously as possible. …", "Recommendation 2: The GGE should continue to stress to all CCW States Parties the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and to the specific problem of ERW. …", "Recommendation 3: The GGE should consider the development of a set of non-legally binding Guidelines on ‘best practice’ application of relevant rules of International Humanitarian Law to the problem of ERW. …", "Recommendation 4: The GGE should encourage all States Parties to the CCW which do not already do so to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems. …", "Recommendation 5: The GGE should consider introducing a system of written confidence building reports by States as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW.”[18]", "26. During the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth sessions of the GGE, the discussion on the implementation of existing principles of IHL that are applicable to ERW took place mainly on the basis of the IHL Questionnaire, the McCormack Report, in particular its conclusions and recommendations, “A Critical Analysis by the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining”[19], the “Comments by the International Committee of Red Cross”[20], and the remarks[21] prepared by the Asia Pacific Centre for Military Law, University of Melbourne, which were meant to form a constituent part of the analysis by Prof. McCormack and his team and be essential in interpreting its findings.", "27. In order to narrow down the persisting divergence of views, particularly on Recommendation  3, a new document titled “Preliminary Thoughts on a Possible Approach to Recommendation 3”[22] was prepared by Prof. Tim McCormack, presented and discusased at the Fourteenth session of GGE and debated.", "28. After the presentation of McCormack Report for the consideration by the GGE and by the end of the Fifteenth session of GGE, 9 (nine) more States Parties submitted their responses to the IHL Questionnaire.", "IV. Meetings of the military and technical experts on THE assessment of THE humanitarian threat and on technical preventive measures", "29. After the adoption of Protocol V, subsequent meetings of the Military and Technical Expert Group focussed on the following points:", "(i) Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective", "(ii) Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing humanitarian risk", "(iii) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of these measures", "(iv) Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing these measures.", "30. These points were reflected in the agendas of the meetings (see Annex “List of Documents of the GGE on the Issue of ERW”).", "31. The following substantive proposals and achievements were made:", "a. Specific types of munitions and threat assessment from an ERW perspective", "Classification of munitions and common understanding", "32. As a first step to come to a common understanding of “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions”, as per mandate, it was necessary to get a consistent overview of explosive ordnance. For this, a “Draft Table of Explosive Ordnance Types and Systems”[23] was produced, continuously updated and improved. A workable version has been achieved, but finalisation will be required.", "33. Germany has initiated a common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”[24], and has collected on request of the Coordinator other delegation’s input. Common positions have been identified as well as controversial points. Further work on a common understanding would be required. The common understanding forms part of a German 8-Point-Position on Cluster Munitions, which has been presented for discussion during the sessions, and which aims at replacing Cluster Munitions by alternative munitions in the long term.", "Assessment of humanitarian threat", "34. The Coordinator on Explosive Remnants of War noted on 8 March 2004: “As the Group is mandated to study preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific munitions, the first task for the Group, therefore, is to specify which type of munitions, including sub-munitions, need to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures,”[25]. Generic preventive measures are already dealt with in Article 9 and part 3 of the Technical Annex of Protocol V.", "35. The aim of the Military and Technical Expert’s sessions was to define ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk, having in mind that all ERW in large quantities present a humanitarian problem, but some munitions may by design have a greater potential to present a specific humanitarian threat as ERW. The definition of ERW that present a specific humanitarian risk has been a difficult task, because there is no existing methodology and there is a significant lack of detailed data for many ammunition types. The approaches taken were the following:", "36. The former Swiss chair of the Meeting of Military an Technical Experts had prepared a Matrix which considered humanitarian risk of ERW (latest version: CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, referred to as “Swiss Matrix”), but this matrix was not meant to provide a methodology to define it. It was meant to provide a structure for the collection of information on possible technical preventive measures. In this regard, the Swiss Matrix is open for further development.", "37. The United Kingdom had prepared a Humanitarian Threat Matrix[26], which was considered to be too subjective. Consequently, the United Kingdom developed a methodology[27] with the aim to assess the relative risk of categories of explosive ordnance becoming Explosive Remnants of War more objectively. However, in the given framework it has not been possible to achieve results through the application of the methodology. Hence this approach has been discontinued and essential elements are available for incorporation into the French Matrix (see below).", "38. UNMAS presented preliminary findings of a survey undertaken in 2005 together with UNDP[28]. UNMAS and UNDP had requested UN programme managers and technical experts from a number of mine action programmes to give their assessment on the risks posed by specific ERW from a clearance perspective. The main preliminary finding was that Cluster Munitions and their associated sub-munitions present a specific humanitarian threat and a particular challenge to clearance operations.", "39. Several Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have published numerous studies and gave presentations in side meetings indicating that from a humanitarian point of view Cluster Munitions remain the key explosive remnants of war to be addressed.", "40. General thoughts or presentations on how to define more precisely “certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions” were encouraged and presented. Furthermore, the GICHD conducted a review of publications, presentations and statements in the context of the CCW on the issue.", "41. The munitions mentioned so far presenting a specific humanitarian risk have been Cluster Munitions. Some delegations argued that all munitions present a risk as ERW and no distinction should be made.", "b. Technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk", "42. There have been numerous presentations on this issue during the GGE sessions. Some of the presentations focussed on generic preventive measures and national practices, some of them on preventive measures for specific ammunition types, namely Cluster Munitions. Other delegations presented detailed statements on these issues.", "43. France addressed steps to prevent munitions from becoming ERW in their working paper “Munitions – A Method to reduce the Risks associated with Explosive Remnants of War (ERW)”[29] (called “French Matrix”). The Matrix has been continuously improved and is evolving into a common document for the Group of Military and Technical Experts by including elements of the explosive ordnance table, of the methodology of the United Kingdom, of the Swiss Matrix, of national practices on how to prevent munitions from becoming ERW, and of experts, for example in the fields of munitions design, production and training. The Matrix at this stage is meant to provide a catalogue of questions and proposals, allowing countries to assess technical preventive measures for all ERW, and thus facilitating the implementation of Protocol V. The development of the Matrix has not been completed yet.", "C. Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the measures", "44. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far, because no suitable technical measures had been identified yet. Once these measures are identified, their relevance for the reduction of the humanitarian threat of ERW and their feasibility would need to be discussed.", "D. Possible assistance and cooperation with regard to implementing the measures", "45. There have been only preliminary discussions on this issue so far. Once concrete results have been achieved on technical preventive measures, their relevance and feasibility, ideas on exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be addressed.", "E. Way ahead options for the work of the Group of Military and Technical Experts ON ERW:", "46. Continuation of the Threat Assessment process:", "(i) Completion of the ammunition table to form a technical base for further discussions", "(ii) Further development of the common understanding of the term “Cluster Munitions”, with Germany continuing to compile input from other delegations and reporting to the Group", "(iii) Agreement on munitions that present a specific humanitarian threat.", "47. Continuation of the research for Technical Preventive Measures:", "(i) Further work on the French Matrix, which would then become a common document of the group and incorporate other delegation’s working papers and presentations", "(ii) Focus on munitions, including Cluster Munitions, deemed to present a specific humanitarian threat", "(iii) Extension of the mandate from design issues to the consideration of the whole life cycle of munitions", "(iv) Consideration of the relevance and feasibility of the identified measures", "(v) Consideration of technical cooperation and assistance.", "48. Shifting of the non-technical aspects of Cluster Munitions to the meetings on ERW of the GGE.", "v. assessment of the outcome of the work of the group on explosive remnants of war", "49. There is an agreement that the major achievement of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War since the 2001 Review Conference is the adoption and entry into force of Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V). Its universalization and effective implementation is the most important goal in addressing the humanitarian problems related to ERW.", "50. There is a common understanding that all States Parties to the CCW shall be encouraged to ratify Protocol V as expeditiously as possible. Protocol V does impose basic obligations upon States that are parties to armed conflicts to minimize the risks and effects of ERW as well as encourages them to take generic preventive measures aimed at minimizing the occurrence of ERW.[30]", "51. In preparations for the First Conference of High Contracting Parties to Protocol V, its implementation issues have already been addressed, and could be also further considered in informal meetings within various existing venues.", "52. It was commonly recognized by the States Parties that the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW should be pursued.", "53. The Group agreed on the value that all States Parties recognize the significance of legally binding rules of International Humanitarian Law applicable to all weapons types and in particular to the specific problem of ERW. The State Parties should acknowledge the serious consequences of violation of customary and/or treaty-based legal obligations applicable to the problem of ERW.[31]", "54. The Group also concluded that the States Parties to the CCW which are the parties to the Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions and which do not already do so should be encouraged to establish a process for legal review of all new and modified weapons systems falling under the scope of CCW as a way to increase the likelihood of compliance with international legal obligations relating to the means and methods of warfare in military operations and thus preventing the occurrence of ERW.[32]", "55. Divergence of views remained concerning an introduction of a system of voluntary confidence building reports by the States Parties as to their unilateral destruction of old or outmoded weapons to reduce potential sources of ERW. [33]", "56. At the same time the common understanding on whether Protocol V and the existing rules of IHL are specific and comprehensive enough to deal adequately with the problem of ERW was not reached. Some States Parties agreed to the conclusions of the McCormack Report that the existing rules of IHL are sufficient, provided that those rules are faithfully and effectively implemented. Other States Parties felt that there was a need of specific regulations for certain types of munitions, including cluster munitions. Some States Parties noted a need to concentrate particularly on cluster munitions.", "57. In this context, a number of States Parties have supported the idea proposed in Recommendation 3 of McCormack Report that one of the feasible means to reinforce the effective implementation of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW could be the development of a set of non-legally binding guidelines on the best practice of application of relevant rules of IHL to the problem of ERW. Prof. McCormack has proposed preliminary thoughts on the possible structure of such guidelines[34].", "58. At the same time, during the discussions on this subject, some concerns were expressed that the interpretation of legally binding obligations of IHL within the CCW might encounter certain ambiguity or that legally binding regulations rather than non-legally binding guidelines should be general practice of the CCW regime. A number of States Parties indicated that further clarification of this idea or consideration of other means to reinforce the effective implementation and application of IHL principles and rules pertinent to ERW would be possible. Some States Parties, in particular those of the opinion that existing rules of IHL were sufficient, believed that those rules did not need to be supplemented, but rather faithfully implemented.", "59. According to the mandate to further study possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific type of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimize the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming ERW, the Group put its particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts.", "60. In the period 2004-2006, the Group of Military and Technical Experts identified types of munitions, including sub-munitions, which needed to be considered for improving the design through possible preventive measures. While considering such measures, the Group of Military and Technical Experts needed to determine whether these preventive measures were essential, effective in substantially enhancing reliability of munitions, including sub-munitions, technologically and economically feasible. Given the disparity in military, technological and economic capabilities among States Parties to the CCW, the Group has agreed to the necessity to take into account the financial and technological implications for the States Parties, particularly for the developing countries, of producing or stockpiling the new munitions with improved design and for decommissioning/retro-fitting or destruction of the existing stockpiles[35].", "61. Divergence of views remained on what type of munitions posed the greatest humanitarian threat and thus should be further considered with the view to improving their technical characteristics and design in accordance with the mandate of the Group.", "62. In the opinion of some States Parties most of the problems caused by ERW could be attributed to the use of cluster munitions. Other States Parties continue to consider cluster munitions as one in a number of types of munitions, which could possibly contribute to the problems caused by ERW.", "63. There is an understanding that the Group of Military and Technical Experts was able to deepen discussion and should continue the work in progress until its completion, in particular on classification of munitions and common understanding and technical preventive measures with a view to reducing the humanitarian risk, as presented in chapter 4 of this report.", "64. Cooperation and assistance, in particular of technical nature, forms an important aspect in addressing the problems caused by ERW and therefore merits attention by the States Parties.", "Having taken into account the broad scope of positions of the States Parties with regard to the work accomplished by the Group of Governmental Experts on ERW since the last Review Conference, few options could be considered as a follow-up on ERW.", "65. A large number of States Parties recognize the value of the work accomplished by the Group at this stage and favor continuation of the work in the CCW beyond the Third Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW in order to fulfill the tasks outlined in the present mandate. As proposed by some States Parties, without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V, the work on ERW could be continued on the basis of the present mandate to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on participation of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimizing the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war and to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation should be part of this work.", "66. A number of States Parties have indicated the need to establish preferably legally binding regulations, within the CCW, aimed to reduce the risks of certain specific munitions, including cluster munitions, or specifically cluster munitions. It was repeatedly mentioned by some States Parties that, the work on ERW could focus without prejudice to the issues under the jurisdiction of Protocol V on requirements for such specific munitions, including their reliability and accuracy, training, transfers, use, management, destruction of stockpiles, etc.", "67. Some States Parties expressed an opinion that upon the entry into force of Protocol V on 12 November 2006 the basic mandate of the GGE on ERW would be considered to be completed. One state however recognized that the ongoing work of the Military and Technical Expert Group with regard to possible preventive measures should be encouraged to continue until the completion of its respective mandate.", "68. In any case, the States Parties to the CCW should be called upon to make their every best effort to promote universalization and implementation of Protocol V in its full scope, including voluntary provisions of its Annexes. At the same time, the implementation of IHL principles and rules applicable to ERW should stay under review of the States Parties to the CCW, as appropriate.", "VI. recommendations", "69. It would be recommended:", "(i) To continue consideration and consultations on ERW-related issues, in preparation of the Third Review Conference, within the scope of the mandate of the GGE on ERW for 2006, including the work of the military and technical experts.", "(ii) To endorse the draft declaration on the occasion of the entry into force of CCW Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War (Protocol V) as contained in Annex VI of this Procedural Report, and transmit it to the Third Review Conference for adoption.", "(iii) To consider continuation of the work on ERW beyond the Third Review Conference, including the work of the military and technical experts, and in particular taking into account the formal proposals submitted by the States Parties.", "Annex", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS ON THE ISSUE OF EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR", "Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2 Discussion Paperon Clearance ofExplosiveRemnants of War Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Assistance andCooperation Brazil, Japan andPeru \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4 Technicalimprovements andother measuresfor relevanttypes ofmunitions,includingsub-munitions,which couldreduce the riskof suchmunitionsbecoming ERW Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5 The types ofmunitions whichbecome explosiveremnants of war– Factors whichcontribute tothe occurrenceof explosiveremnants of war GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 Information onExplosiveRemnants of WarUseful toMine/UXO ActionOrganizations GICHD and ICRC \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6 Discussion paperon “Warning tocivilians” Norway and LandmineAction (UK) \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7 European UnionPosition on theIssue ofExplosiveRemnants of War European Union \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8 InformationSharing as aTool to ProtectCivilians fromthe Effects ofUXO/ ERW United States ofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9 The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(Englishonly) The adequacy ofexistinginternationallaw inminimizing thepost –conflictrisks ofExplosiveRemnants of War Sweden \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.10 Legal IssuesRegardingExplosiveRemnants of War United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11 Discussion paperon the issue ofexplosiveremnants of war Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1 Core questionson ERW by theCoordinator Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3 Elements for anEU paper on AVM European Union Symbol Title Submitted by \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4 A Survey ofQuestions andIssues for theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War Canada \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.6 TechnicalImprovements toSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.8 Explosiveremnants of war– An examinationof legal issuesraised in theERW discussions ICRC \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.10 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– ExplosiveOrdnanceDisposal from afield and donorperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.11 Group ofGovernmentalExperts onExplosiveRemnants of War– Informationneeds from afieldperspective Landmine Action(UK) \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnants of War– Experiencefrom FieldOperations UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15 ExplosiveRemnants of War Russian Federation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19 ERW InformationRequirements –Render SafeProcedures(RSPs) duringHumanitarianClearanceOperations GICHD \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20 Joint DiscussionPaper onTechnicalImprovements ofAmmunitions toPrevent andReduce ERW China and RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22 The relevance ofthe principle ofprecautions inattack in theERW context Sweden \nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2 Letter tomilitaryparticipants ofthe Group ofGovernmentalExperts ofStates Partiesto the CCWconcerning themeetings ofmilitary expertson ERW –ProposedProgramme ofWork andprovisionalAgenda Chairperson of theMeetings ofMilitary andTechnical Experts \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.1 ExplosiveRemnants of War:The way forward– Note by theCoordinator onERW – DraftProposal Coordinator on ERW \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3 Measures toPrevent ERW:Good Practice inMunitionManagement United Kingdom ofGreat Britain andNorthern Ireland \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarian Lawand Targeting:An AustralianApproach Australia \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.8 Report on theMeeting ofMilitary Expertsat the ThirdSession of theGroup ofGovernmentalExperts of theStates Partiesto the CCW,Geneva, 4^(th)December 2002 Switzerland \nSymbol Title Submittedby\t\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1 ERWFrameworkPaper:PossibleStructureforanERWInstrument CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:VictimAssistance SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar:AssistanceandCooperation Pakistan \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4 AmendmentsontheProtectionoftheCivilianPopulationfromtheEffectsofERW(Article6 oftheERWFrameworkPaper) ICRC \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 ERWFrameworkPaper:Article7 Australia \nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 DefinitionofExplosiveRemnantsofWar RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 TheProvisionofWarningsandRiskEducationforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4 InformationRequirementsforExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5 EnsuringtheReliabilityofMunitionsThroughTheirProperHandling RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1 DraftProposalforanInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2 CommentsoftheInter-AgencyCoordinationGrouponMineActiononthedraftproposedInstrumentonExplosiveRemnantsofWar UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3 NationalinterpretationandimplementationofInternationalHumanitarianLawwithregardtotheriskofExplosiveRemnantsofWar Norway \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 NotebytheCoordinator CoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 ProposalfortheStructuringofIHL/ERWDiscussionsduringCCWExperts’Meetingsin2004 Sweden \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3andCorr.1(Englishonly) QuestionsandIssueswithregardtoPreventiveTechnicalMeasuresforCertainSpecificTypesofExplosiveOrdnance Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 ExchangeofInformationon aVoluntaryBasisonProtocolV Netherlands \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendaoftheMeetingsoftheMilitaryExpertsonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1 Methodologicalapproachtoevaluationinthecontextofimprovementofthedesignofcertainspecifictypesofmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 Meetingsofmilitaryandtechnicalexperts ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryExpertsonMOTAPM \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) DealingwiththeImpactofClusterMunitions ClusterMunitionCoalition \nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.2 Reliability,Safety,andPerformanceofConventionalMunitionsandSubmunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingofMilitaryExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 MilitaryUtilityofClusterMunitions UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmericainconsultationwiththeICRC \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3 Proposeddefinitionsforclustermunitionsandsub-munitions UNMAS,UNDPandUNICEF \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 ReliabilityandUseofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5 Review2004 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6 Perspectives2005 ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(Englishonly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Canada \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Poland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 UnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Norway \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7 ExistingPrinciplesandRulesofInternationalHumanitarianLawApplicabletoMunitionsthatMayBecomeExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Germany \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 RepliestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,Entitled“InternationalHumanitarianLawandERW”,Dated8March2005 Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11 PreventiveTechnicalMeasuresinMunitionsManagement Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Japan \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Switzerland \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Austria \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 DiscussionsonImprovingMunitionReliability Australia \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16andCorr.1(Arabic,EnglishandFrenchOnly) ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 NewZealand \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 ExplosiveRemnantsofWarandInternationalHumanitarianLaw France \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 ResponsestoDocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,EntitledIHLandERWDated8March2005 Denmark \nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19 InternationalHumanitarianLawPrinciplesandExplosiveRemnantsofWar(WorkingPaperbasedonthePresentationbyProf.TimMcCormack,UniversityofMelbourne,Australia) PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronExplosiveRemnantsofWar \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(English,French,RussianandSpanishonly) ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Brazil \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Belarus \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Netherlands \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Estonia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,of8 March2005,entitledInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantofWar Belgium \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Croatia \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Finland \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 WorkingPaperonSubmunitions France \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Lithuania \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 SurveyontheHumanitarianThreatPosedbyMunitionsandSub-munitionsthatHaveBecomeERW-PreliminaryAssessmentBasedonResponsesandFindings UNMASandUNDP \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 AWayAheadforIHLQuestionnaireResponseAnalysis PresentedbyCanada.PreparedbyIHLQuestionnaireCo-AuthoringDelegations:Australia,Canada,NewZealand,Norway,Sweden,Switzerland,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandandUnitedStatesofAmerica \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 ExplosiveRemnantsofWar-AViewfromanOperationalTheatre Australia \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 RepublicofKorea \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 HowDoesExistingInternationalLawAddresstheIssueofExplosiveRemnantsofWar? PreparedattherequestoftheCoordinatoronERW \nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16 GeneralRequirementsforSafetyandSuitabilityforServiceofClusterMunition Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Italy \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 CzechRepublic \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Ireland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 SouthAfrica \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Mexico \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Portugal \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7 AssessmentoftherelativeriskofcategoriesofexplosiveordnancebecomingExplosiveRemnantsofWar:Methodology UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 DraftTableofConventionalAmmunitionTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingsofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 China \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 GermanUnderstandingofClusterMunitions Germany \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 ClusterWeapons- aRealHumanitarianThreat,oranImaginaryOne? RussianFederation \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12andCorr.1(Englishonly) ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2 ReportonStatesParties’ResponsestotheQuestionnaireonInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsOfWar,CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,dated8March2005.IntroductiontotheReport AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13 ACriticalAnalysisonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar GICHD \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 Munitions- AMethodtoReducetheRisksAssociatedwithExplosiveRemnantsofWar France \nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 Commentsonthe\"ReportOnStatesParties'ResponsestotheQuestionnaire\"onInternationalHumanitarianLawandExplosiveRemnantsofWar ICRC CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16 ResponsestotheSurveyonthehumanitarianthreatposedbymunitionsandsub-munitionsthathavebecomeERW-preliminaryassessmentbasedonresponsesandfindings,documentCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11, Belarus \n Dated12December2005 \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2andCorr.1(EnglishandRussianonly) ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 RemarksondocumentsCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1andCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add/2 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Hungary \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 TechnicalCommentsondocumentCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8, Argentina \nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 PreliminaryThoughtson aPossibleApproachtoRecommendation3 AsiaPacificCentreforMilitaryLaw,UniversityofMelbourne \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 ProposalforaMandatetoNegotiateaLegally-BindingInstrumentthatAddressestheHumanitarianConcernsPosedbyClusterMunitions Austria,HolySee,Ireland,Mexico,NewZealand,Sweden \nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3 ProposalforaMandateonExplosiveRemnantsofWar(ERW) EuropeanUnion \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-AnnotatedProvisionalAgenda ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 ProvisionalAgendafortheMeetingoftheMilitaryandTechnicalExpertsonERW-DraftTableofExplosiveOrdnanceTypesandSystems ChairpersonoftheMeetingofMilitaryandTechnicalExperts \nSymbol Title Submittedby \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 ResponsestodocumentCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2,entitledIHLandERW,dated8 March2005 Spain \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 TheUnitedNationsandtheImplementationofProtocolV UNMASonbehalfofIACG-MA \nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3 Initiativeon aCommonUnderstandingofClusterMunitionswithintheMilitaryExpertsGroupoftheCCW Germany", "[1] In cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD).", "[2] CCW/CONF.II/2.", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2.", "[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3.", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2.", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2.", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2.", "[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3.", "[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6 (Depositary Notification).", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2.", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2.", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2.", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 and CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12.", "[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13.", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15.", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1.", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2.", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3.", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1.", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1.", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7.", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11.", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14.", "[30] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 1.", "[31] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 2.", "[32] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 4.", "[33] As recommended in McCormack Report, Recommendation 5.", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4.", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告", "战争遗留爆炸物问题工作报告", "战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和军事和 技术专家会议主席编写 [1]", "一、战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组的任务授权", "A. 2001年第二次审查会议通过的最初授权", "1. 在第二次审查会议上，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国决定设立一个不限成员名额政府专家小组，由两位协调员分别负责非杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题。授权战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组：", "“(a) 讨论如何处理战争遗留爆炸物问题。在这方面，小组应审议所有因素、适当措施和提案，尤其是：", "1. 有可能在冲突结束后造成人道主义问题的因素和弹药类型；", "2. 可否对相关类型的弹药包括子弹药作出技术改进或采取其他措施，以减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的可能性；", "3. 现有的国际人道主义法是否足以将冲突后战争遗留爆炸物对平民和对军人造成的危险减至最低；", "4. 向受战争遗留爆炸物影响的地区内或附近的平民群体示警；清除战争遗留爆炸物；迅速提供信息，以便及早安全清除战争遗留爆炸物；及有关问题和责任；", "5. 援助与合作。” [2]", "2. 根据同一决定，战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员必须“以高效率方式开展工作，早日将协商一致通过的建议提交缔约国，其中包括是否应着手谈判一项或数项关于战争遗留爆炸物的具有法律约束力的文书和/或采取其他办法。”", "3. 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2002年会议决定：", "“战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组在2003年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "(a)(一) 谈判一项旨在减小战争遗留爆炸物危险的关于冲突结束后的一般性补救措施的文书。这些措施应从宽泛的定义出发，其中涵盖绝大多数类型的爆炸性弹药，但地雷除外。被弃置的弹药须包括在内。除其他外，谈判中需要审议下列方面的问题：清除责任；现有的战争遗留爆炸物；提供信息，以协助清除此种遗留物和开展遗留物危险性教育；向平民群体示警；援助与合作；缔约方定期磋商体制。谈判须确定该文书的范围，这一范围应与经《公约》第二次审查会议修正后的《公约》第一条相符。", "(a)(二) 探讨并确定是否可在谈判中圆满地处理旨在改进议定的宽泛定义所涵盖的各类弹药的可靠性的一般性预防措施，改进的办法是在弹药制造、质量控制、处理和储存的管理方面自愿采用最佳做法。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这类最佳做法的重要组成部分。", "(b) 除了进行(a)分段所指的谈判，另外继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减小此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。", "(c) 在进行上述活动的过程中，可举行军事专家会议为活动的进行提供咨询意见。” [3]", "B. 第五号议定书通过之后的任务授权", "4. 根据政府专家小组的建议，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2003年会议决定，[4] 在2004年期间，工作组应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：[5]", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减小此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。在最初阶段，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。”", "5. 根据政府专家小组的建议，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国2004年会议决定，[6] 在2005年期间，工作组应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：[7]", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向下一次缔约国会议报告所做的工作。”", "6. 缔约国还将2005年的职权范围通过为2006年的职权范围。[8]", "二、战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)。 通过、批准、普遍加入和执行努力", "7. 战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组2001-2002年的工作取得了很大进展，政府专家小组根据缔约国2002年会议确立的职权范围，谈判了战争遗留爆炸物议定书。", "8. 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议2003年通过了战争遗留爆炸物议定书，作为《特定常规武器公约》的第五号议定书：", "“根据政府专家小组的建议，缔约国会议决定通过政府专家小组第六届会议的程序性报告(CCW/GGE/VI/2)附录三中所载的战争遗留爆炸物议定书，该报告作为附件五附于本报告之后。” [9]", "9. 缔约国于2003年11月28日通过了第五号议定书。通过议定书时有一项谅解，即工作语文为非英语的国家须核对联合国所用语文的正式译文。因此，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国收到、审议并核可了各代表团就议定书中文、法文、俄文和西班牙文本提议的更正，并由联合国秘书长以《公约》保存人的身份予以落实。", "10. 有些缔约国需要核证的原议定书正本的合并更正本(联合国所有六种语文本)，以进行其国家批准程序。因此，第三次审查会议候任主席、缔约国、欧盟主席和其他人找过联合国法律事务厅条约科。在这方面，就第五号议定书作准文本发出了下列交存通知：", "the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "authentic text) of the Protocol”；", "11. 为了促进议定书早日生效，第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和欧洲联盟主席代表其成员国在尚未批准第五号议定书的《特定常规武器公约》许多缔约国中开展了活动。", "12. 2006年5月12日，《特定常规武器公约》20个缔约国通知同意受第五号议定书约束，议定书生效的条件得到满足。根据《特定常规武器公约》第五条第3款，第五号议定书将在《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审议会议期间，在提交第20份批准书后六个月，于2006年11月12日 [10] 生效。", "13. 目前，下列23个国家为第五号议定书的缔约国(按字母顺序排列)：阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、捷克共和国、克罗地亚、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、德国、教廷、印度、利比里亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和乌克兰。", "14. 议定书规定，各缔约方承诺在有关本议定书实施的一切问题上彼此进行协商与合作。根据第10条第1款，“为此目的，如果有过半数而且不少于18个缔约方如此议定，则应召开缔约方会议”。", "15. 关于第一次缔约国会议的时间，尚未作出任何决定。议定书缔约国指出，考虑到与《特定常规武器公约》相关的会议，有可能在2007年举行一次会议，筹备第一次缔约国会议，并除其他外处理程序事项，讨论实质性问题，以便在可行的情况下使议定书尽快运作。在第五号议定书第一次缔约国会议的筹备工作中，还可在各个现有地点的非正式会议上审议与执行第五号议定书相关的问题。", "16. 认识到议定书在生效后不加延迟地投入运作的重要性，已经在这方面作出了一些努力。", "17. 在第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员、荷兰、裁军部、联合国排雷行动处、红十字委员会、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的倡议与合作下，2006年在不同场合举行了一系列政府专家小组正式会议和磋商。", "18. 应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的要求，联合国排雷行动处以地雷行动机构间协调组的名义编写并向政府专家小组提交了一份文件，题为“联合国与第五号议定书的执行”。[11] 日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心就同一问题提出了一些实际的想法，特别是关于那些具有潜力、同样支持执行第五号议定书的现有排雷行动工具，以及协同执行第五号议定书与1997年《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》问题。", "19. 一些业已批准第五号公约的缔约国还报告了在国家一级进行的磋商和采取的实际步骤。", "20. 缔约国商定，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议应举行一次特别(高级别)部分会议，纪念第五号公约于2006年11月13日生效。在这方面，缔约国起草了一份关于第五号公约生效的特别声明，建议第三次审查会议通过。", "三、关于执行国际人道主义法问题的讨论", "A. 协调员分三步走的办法", "21. 在政府专家小组2004年3月第六届会议期间，在审议执行现行国际人道主义法原则方面，战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员提出了一种“分三步走”的办法[12] (下称协调员分三步走的办法)。第一步是要设法审议并商定哪些现行国际人道主义法原则可被视为适用于战争遗留爆炸物的原则，第二步是要审议各缔约国实施这些原则的情况，要考虑到缔约国在相关公约和/或议定书之下所负的义务，第三步要包括审查这些公约和/或议定书规定来促进执行这些原则的机制是否充分，以及在这方面是否需要采取任何进一步的措施。", "B. 国际人道主义法八国倡议：国际人道主义法调查表。 麦科马克报告，其结论和建议", "22. 为了争取实现协调员分三步走办法所列的目标，2005年3月，八个国家―― 奥地利、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美利坚合众国在与红十字国际委员会磋商后提出了一项提议 [13] (下称国际人道主义法八国倡议)，旨在便利协调员分三步走办法的第一步和第二步工作。请各缔约国考虑对八国倡议提出的调查表(国际人道主义法调查表)作出答复。该提议得到广泛支持。从而鼓舞人们采取后续行动，在2005年11月政府专家小组第十二届会议上，加拿大提出了一份工作文件，题为“国际人道主义法调查表答复分析工作的行动方针”。[14] 八国倡议提出，对国际人道主义法调查表的书面答复和所汇集的口头发言记录将在“无偏见”的基础上加以分析，分析的目的在于确定一般的趋势，总的目标是根据战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员“分三步走办法”中的“第三步”的安排确定今后开展讨论的基本共识。", "23. 澳大利亚墨尔本大学法学院蒂姆·麦科马克教授主动提出进行所需的分析。截至2006年1月26日，33个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。根据提议的行动方针，麦科马克教授及其小组的结论和分析以报告的形式提交协调员 (麦科马克报告 [15] ) ，并随后向缔约国分发。协调员还邀请红十字委员会和日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心对麦科马克报告进行批判分析，上述机构提出了其分析意见。[16]", "24. 麦科马克报告的结论是，“《特定常规武器公约》的第五号议定书及国际人道主义法的现有规则相当具体，也足够全面，只要切实付诸实施，应可充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题”。[17]", "25. 麦科马克报告提出了下列关于具体步骤的建议，政府专家小组不妨加以考虑，推动其关于国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作：", "“建议1：应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》的所有缔约国尽快批准关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书。", "建议2：政府专家小组应继续向《特定常规武器公约》的所有缔约国强调对所有各类武器及特定的战争遗留爆炸物问题都适用的具有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要意义。", "建议3：政府专家小组应考虑制定一组不具有法律约束力的准则，就实施与战争遗留爆炸物问题相关的国际人道主义法规则提出“最佳做法”。", "建议4：政府专家小组应鼓励那些尚未对所有新式武器系统和改装的武器系统实行法律审查程序的《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国制定这样的程序。", "建议5：政府专家小组应考虑实行一种旨在建立信任的由各国提出书面报告的制度，说明它们为减小产生战争遗留爆炸物的可能性而单方面销毁旧式或过时武器的情况。” [18]", "26. 在政府专家小组第十三、第十四、和第十五届会议期间，关于执行适用于战争遗留爆炸物的现行国际人道主义法原则问题的讨论主要基于国际人道主义法调查表、麦科马克报告—特别是其结论和建议、“日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的批判性分析”、[19] “红十字国际委员会的评论”、[20] 以及墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法律中心的意见，[21] 这些都旨在成为麦科马克教授及其小组分析的一部分，对解释其结论至关重要。", "27. 为了缩小一直存在的意见分歧，特别是关于建议3的意见分歧，蒂姆·麦科马克教授编写了一份新的文件，题为“关于处理建议3的可能办法的初步想法”，[22] 并向政府专家小组第十四届会议提出，会议就其进行了讨论和辩论。", "28. 在提出麦科马克报告供政府专家小组审议之后，至政府专家小组第十五届会议结束之时，又有九个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。", "四、关于人道主义威胁评估和技术预防措施的 军事和技术专家会议", "29. 在第五号议定书通过之后，军事和技术专家组随后的会议侧重于下列要点：", "(1) 具体弹药类型和从战争遗留爆炸物角度的威胁评估", "(2) 技术预防措施，以减少人道主义风险", "(3) 考虑这些措施的相关性和可行性", "(4) 在采取这些措施方面可能的援助与合作", "30. 这些要点反映在会议议程上(见附件“战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组文件清单”)。", "31. 提出了下列实质性提议并取得了下列成就：", "A. 具体弹药类型和从战争遗留爆炸物角度的威胁评估", "(a) 弹药分类和共同理解", "32. 按照任务授权，作为就“特定类型的弹药、包括子弹药”达成共识的第一步，必须对爆炸性弹药有一个一致的总体看法。为此，编制了一个“常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)”，[23] 并持续更新和改进。得出了一个可用的表格，但还需最后定稿。", "33. 德国就“集束弹药”这一术语提出了一种共同理解，[24] 并应协调员的要求收集了其他代表团的投入。查明了共同立场和有争议的问题。还需要就共同理解进一步开展工作。有关共同理解构成德国关于集束弹药8点立场的一部分，该立场文件在届会期间提出供讨论，目的是最后用替代弹药取代集束弹药。", "(b) 评估人道主义威胁", "34. 战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员在2004年3月8日说：“由于工作组的任务是研究预防措施以求改进特定类型弹药的设计，那么工作组面临的第一项任务便是详细确定哪些类型的弹药包括子弹药需要考虑通过可能的预防措施来改进其设计。” [25] 第五号议定书第9条和技术附件第三部分已经涉及到一般性预防措施。", "35. 军事和技术专家组届会的目的是界定构成具体人道主义风险的战争遗留爆炸物，大量的各种战争遗留爆炸物都引起人道主义问题，但有些弹药由于其设计更有可能作为战争遗留爆炸物造成具体的人道主义威胁。界定具有具体人道主义风险的战争遗留爆炸物是一项困难的任务，因为没有现成的方法，而且十分缺乏各类弹药的详细数据。所采取的办法如下：", "36. 军事和技术专家组会议前主席瑞士编制了一份表格，其中考虑了战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险(最近版本：CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, 称为“瑞士表格”)，但这一表格并未打算提供一种方法，界定战争遗留爆炸物。该表格旨在提供一个结构，收集关于可能的技术预防措施的信息。在这方面，瑞士表格有待进一步发展。", "37. 联合王国编制了一份人道主义威胁表，[26] 该表格被认为过于主观。因此，联合王国制定了一种方法，[27] 目的是更客观地评估各类爆炸性弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的相对风险。然而，在既定框架内，尚没有可能通过应用这一方法得出结果。因此，已停止使用这一办法，有关基本内容可供列入法国表格(见下文)。", "38. 2005年，联合国排雷行动处与开发署提出了有关调查的初步结论。[28] 排雷行动处和开发署请联合国方案管理人员和许多地雷行动方案的技术专家从排雷的角度对具体战争遗留爆炸物所构成风险提出其评诂意见。主要的初步结论是，集束弹药及相关子弹药构成具体的人道主义威胁，对排雷行动构成特别挑战。", "39. 一些非政府组织发表的许多研究报告和在一些附带会议上所作的介绍表明，从人道主义观点来看，集束弹药仍然是有待解决的关键的战争遗留爆炸物。", "40. 鼓励就如何更确切地界定“特定类型弹药，包括子弹药”提出一般想法或介绍。而且，日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心还在《特定常规武器公约》范围内就这一问题的出版物、介绍和发言进行了一项审查。", "41. 到此为止所提到的构成具体人道主义风险的弹药为集束弹药。有些代表团争辩说，作为战争遗留爆炸物，所有弹药都构成风险，不应当加以区分。", "B. 技术预防措施，以降低人道主义风险", "42. 在政府专家小组届会期间，就这一问题做了许多介绍。有些介绍侧重于一般性预防措施和国家做法，有些则侧重于具体弹药类型、即集束弹药的预防措施。还有一些代表团就这些问题做了详细发言。", "43. 法国在其工作文件“弹药—减低与战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法”(称为“法国表格”) [29] 中谈到防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的措施。该表格持续得到改进，并通过纳入爆炸性弹药表格的内容、联合王国的方法、瑞士表格、关于如何防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的国家做法、以及有关专家—例如弹药设计、生产和培训领域专家的意见，正在演变为军事和技术专家组的一份共同文件。在目前阶段，该表格旨在提供一个有关问题和提议的目录，让各国能够评估关于所有战争遗留爆炸物的技术预防措施，从而便利第五号议定书的执行。该表格的发展尚未完成。", "C. 考虑这些措施的相关性和可行性", "44. 至今为止，关于这一问题仅进行了初步讨论，因为尚未查明任何适合的技术措施。一旦查明这些措施，就将讨论其在减少战争遗留爆炸物人道主义威胁方面的相关性和可行性。", "D. 在采取这些措施方面可能的援助与合作", "45. 至今为止，关于这一问题仅进行了初步讨论。一旦在技术预防措施方面取得具体成果，就将处理这些措施的相关性和可行性问题，以及关于信息交流、援助合作的意见问题。", "E. 战争遗留爆炸物问题军事和技术 专家组工作未来的备选办法：", "46. 继续威胁评估进程：", "(1) 完成弹药表格，作为进一步讨论的技术基础", "(2) 进一步发展对“集束弹药”这一术语的共同理解，由德国继续汇编其他各代表团的投入，并向小组报告", "(3) 商定构成具体人道主义风险的弹药。", "47. 继续研究技术预防措施：", "(1) 进一步就法国表格开展工作，该表格届时将成为小组的一份共同文件，将纳入其他各代表团的工作文件和介绍", "(2) 侧重于被认为构成具体人道主义威胁的弹药，包括集束弹药", "(3) 将任务授权从设计问题扩大到考虑弹药整个寿命周期", "(4) 审议所查明措施的相关性和可行性", "(5) 审议技术合作与援助问题。", "48. 将集束弹药的非技术方面转给政府专家小组关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的会议。", "五、评估战争遗留爆炸物问题小组工作的结果", "49. 人们同意，自2001年审查会议以来，战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的主要成就是，战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)得到通过并生效。其普遍加入和有效执行是处理与战争遗留爆炸物相关的人道主义问题方面最重要的目标。", "50. 应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国尽快批准第五号议定书，对此已有共识。第五号议定书确实赋予作为武装冲突当事方的国家一些基本义务，最大限度地减少战争遗留爆炸物的风险和影响，并鼓励各国采取一般性预防措施，旨在最大限度地防止出现战争遗留爆炸物。[30]", "51. 在筹备第五号议定书第一次缔约国会议期间，已经涉及到议定书的执行问题，这一问题还可在现有各地点在非正式会议上进一步审议。", "52. 缔约国普遍承认，应当继续有效执行与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则。", "53. 小组一致认为，所有缔约国应当认识到适用于所有类别武器、特别是适用于战争遗留爆炸物具体问题的有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要意义，这一点很有价值。缔约国应当认识到违反适用于战争遗留爆炸物问题的基于习惯和/或条约的法律义务的严重后果。[31]", "54. 小组还得出结论认为，应当鼓励尚未这样做的作为日内瓦四公约第一附加议定书缔约国的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国制定程序，对属于《特定常规武器公约》范围内的所有新型和改型武器系统进行法律审查，以此为手段提高遵守与军事行动中作战手段和方法相关的国际法律义务的概率，从而防止出现战争遗留爆炸物。[32]", "55. 关于实行一种旨在建立信任的由各缔约国提出报告的制度，说明它们为减少产生战争遗留爆炸物的可能性而单方面销毁旧式或过时武器的情况 [33] 这一问题，仍然存在意见分歧。", "56. 同时，关于第五号议定书和国际人道主义法现有规则是否足够具体和全面，以充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题，人们未能达成共识。有些缔约国同意麦科马克报告的结论，即国际人道主义法现有规则足够充分，只要这些规则得到忠实和有效的执行。另一些缔约国认为，需要有关于特定类型弹药、包括集束弹药的具体规则。有些缔约国指出，特别需要侧重于集束弹药。", "57. 在这方面，许多缔约国支持麦科马克报告建议3中提出的想法，即加强和有效执行与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则的一种可行办法是，制定一组不具有法律约束力的准则，就实施与战争遗留爆炸物问题相关的国际人道主义法规则提出“最佳做法”。麦科马克教授就此种准则可能的结构提出了一些初步想法。[34]", "58. 同时，在关于这一问题的讨论期间，人们表示了一些关注，担心在《特定常规武器公约》范围内，对国际人道主义法具有法律约束力的义务的解释可能会有一些模糊之处，或认为，《特定常规武器公约》制度的一般做法应当是具有法律约束力的规则，而非没有法律约束力的准则。许多国家表示，将有可能进一步澄清这一想法，或考虑其他手段，加强有效执行和适用与战争遗留爆炸物相关的国际人道主义法原则和规则。有些缔约国、特别是那些认为现行国际人道主义法规则足够充分的缔约国相信，这些规则不需要加以补充，而需要忠实地加以执行。", "59. 根据任务授权，进一步研究可能的预防措施，旨在改进特定类型弹药、包括子弹药的设计，以便最大限度地减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险，小组特别重视军事和技术专家会议。", "60. 在2004至2006年期间，军事和技术专家组查明了需要加以考虑，以通过可能的预防措施改进其设计的弹药类型，包括子弹药。在审议这些措施中，军事和技术专家组需要确定这些预防措施是否重要，在明显提高弹药、包括子弹药可靠性方面是否有效，技术上和经济上是否可行。鉴于《特定常规武器公约》缔约国在军事、技术和经济能力方面的差异，小组同意，必须考虑到生产或储存改进设计的新弹药、以及现有储存的退役/改装或销毁对缔约国、特别是发展中国家的财政和技术方面影响。[35]", "61. 关于哪些类型的弹药构成最大的人道主义危险，从而应当进一步审议，以便根据小组的任务授权改进其技术特性和设计问题，仍然存在意见分歧。", "62. 有些缔约国认为，战争遗留爆炸物引起的问题大多可归因于集束弹药的使用。而另一些缔约国继续将集束弹药视为许多种弹药类型中的一种，这种弹药可能助长战争遗留爆炸物引起的问题。", "63. 人们理解，军事和技术专家组能够深化讨论，应当继续推进直至完成工作，特别是关于弹药分类、共同理解和技术预防措施的工作，以降低人道主义风险，正如本报告第四章所述。", "64. 合作与援助、特别是技术性质的合作与援助是处理战争遗留爆炸物所引起问题的一个重要方面，因此值得缔约国重视。考虑到自上一次审查会议以来，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组所做的工作，缔约国的立场各种各样，因此，没有什么备选办法可以考虑作为关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的后续工作。", "65. 许多缔约国承认小组在这一阶段所完成工作的价值，主张在《特定常规武器公约》范围内，在第三次审查会议之后继续就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药开展工作，以履行目前授权所列的各项任务。正如有些缔约国所提议，在不影响第五号议定书管辖之下问题的情况下，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作可以在目前任务授权的基础上继续进行，在可自由参加――特别强调军事和技术专家参加――的基础上，进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，并继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。", "66. 许多缔约国表示，最好在《特定常规武器公约》范围内制定有法律约束力的规则，旨在减少特定类型弹药、包括子弹药――尤其是集束弹药――的风险。有些缔约国反复提到，关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的工作，可以在不影响第五号议定书管辖之下问题的情况下，侧重于对此种具体弹药的要求，包括其可靠性和准确性、培训、转让、使用、管理、销毁储存等问题。", "67. 有些缔约国认为，随着2006年11月12日第五号议定书生效，战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组的基本任务授权就将被视为已经完成。但有一个国家承认，在有关任务授权完成之前，应当鼓励军事和技术专家组继续开展关于可能的预防措施的工作。", "68. 无论如何，应当请《特定常规武器公约》缔约国尽最大努力促进普遍加入和全面执行第五号议定书，包括其附件中的自愿条款。与此同时，适用于战争遗留爆炸物的国际人道主义法原则和规则的执行问题应当酌情继续由《特定常规武器公约》缔约国审查。", "六、建 议", "69. 建议：", "(1) 在战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组2006年任务授权范围内，在筹备第三次审查会议的工作中，继续就与战争遗留爆炸物相关的问题进行审议和磋商，包括军事和技术专家的工作。", "(2) 核可程序性报告CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6所载关于《特定常规武器公约》战争遗留爆炸物议定书(第五号议定书)生效的声明草案，并转交第三次审查会议通过。", "(3) 考虑在第三次审查会议之后继续就战争遗留爆炸物开展工作，包括军事和技术专家的工作，特别要考虑到缔约国的正式提议。", "附 件", "战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提交者 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2\t关于清除战争遗留爆炸物问题的讨论文件\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物―― 援助与合作\t巴西、日本和秘鲁\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4\t对相关类型的弹药包括子弹药作出技术改进或采取其他措施，以减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的可能性\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5\t成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药类型\t排雷中心/红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5/Add.1\t对地雷/未爆炸弹药行动组织有用的关于战争遗留爆炸物的信息\t排雷中心/红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6\t关于“向平民示警”问题的讨论文件\t挪威、地雷行动(联合王国)\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7\t欧洲联盟关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的立场\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8\t交换信息作为保护平民不受未爆炸弹药/战争遗留爆炸物影响的一项手段\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9\t现有的国际法是否足以将战争遗留爆炸物在冲突后造成的危险减至最小\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t现有的国际法是否足以将战争遗留爆炸物在冲突后造成的危险减至最小\t瑞 典\n CCW/GGE/I/WP.10 关于战争遗留爆炸物的法律问题 联合王国 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11\t关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的讨论文件\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1\t协调员就战争遗留爆炸物提出的核心问题\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\t欧盟提出的反车辆地雷文件的要点\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4\t有待战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组研究的问题概述\t加拿大\n CCW/GGE/II/WP.6 子弹药的技术改进 法 国 \n CCW/GGE/II/WP.8 战争遗留爆炸物 红十字委员会CCW/GGE/II/WP.10\t战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组\t“地雷行动”组织(联合王国) \n\t从实地和捐助方角度看爆炸性弹药的处理\tCCW/GGE/II/WP.11\t战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组\t“地雷行动”组织(联合王国) \n 从实地角度看信息需要 \nCCW/GGE/II/WP.13\t战争遗留爆炸物――实地作业经验\t排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15\t战争遗留爆炸物\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19\t战争遗留爆炸物信息要求人道主义排雷活动中的排除危险程序\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20\t关于为减少“战争遗留爆炸物”进行弹药技术改进的讨论文件\t中国和俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22\t在攻击行动中采取预防措施的原则与战争遗留爆炸物问题的相关性\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2\t就战争遗留爆炸物问题军事专家会议的有关事宜致《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组与会军事专家的信：拟议的工作计划和临时议程\t军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.1\t战争遗留爆炸物：如何开展工作――战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的说明――提案草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物预防措施：弹药管理方面的良好做法\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6\t国际人道主义法与目标确定：澳大利亚的做法\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.8\t2002年12月4日于《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组第三届会议期间举行的军事专家会议的报告\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.1\t战争遗留爆炸物框架文件：战争遗留爆炸物文书的可能结构\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2\t战争遗留爆炸物：援助受害者\t南 非\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物：援助与合作\t巴基斯坦\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.4\t修改关于保护平民群体以免其受战争遗留爆炸物影响的规定(战争遗留爆炸物框架文件第6条)\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5\t战争遗留爆炸物框架文件：第7条\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6\t战争遗留爆炸物定义\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1\t建议的战争遗留爆炸物文书草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2\t联合国和战争遗留爆炸物\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3\t就战争遗留爆炸物提供示警和开展危险性教育\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.4\t战争遗留爆炸物信息要求：从事清除工作者的意见\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5\t通过适当处理而确保弹药的可靠性\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6\t国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1\t建议的战争遗留爆炸物文书草案\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2\t排雷行动机构间协调小组对战争遗留爆炸物建议文书草案的评论\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.3\t在战争遗留爆炸物危险的问题上，各国对国际人道主义法的解释和执行\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1\t协调员的说明\t战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2\t关于为2004年政府专家小组的专家会议讨论国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物问题作好准备的建议\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3和Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t关于特定类型爆炸性弹药的预防性技术措施问题\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4\t就第五号议定书自愿交换资料\t荷 兰\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.1/WP.1\t在改进某些特定类型弹药的设计方面的评价方法问题\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1\t军事和技术专家会议\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t处理集束弹药的影响\t集束弹药联盟\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/.WP.2\t常规弹药和子弹药的可靠性、安全性和性能\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1\t集束弹药的军事用途\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2\t国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物\t澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国在与红十字国际委员会磋商后编写\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3\t建议的集束弹药和子弹药定义\t联合国排雷行动处、开发计划署和儿童基金会\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4\t集束弹药的可靠性和使用问题\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.5\t2004年的回顾\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.6\t2005年可讨论哪些议题\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文和俄文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t波 兰\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t挪 威\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7\t适用于可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药的现行国际人道主义法原则和规则\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.8\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t瑞 典\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11\t弹药管理中的预防性技术措施\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t日 本\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t瑞 士\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.14\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t奥地利\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15\t关于提高弹药可靠性问题的讨论\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16和Corr.1(仅有阿拉伯文、英文和法文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t新西兰\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17\t战争遗留爆炸物与国际人道主义法\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t丹 麦\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.19\t国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物(根据澳大利亚墨尔本大学蒂姆·麦科马克教授演讲编写的工作文件)\t应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求编写\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文/法文/俄文/西班牙文本)\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t巴 西\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t荷 兰\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t爱沙尼亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t比利时\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t克罗地亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t芬 兰\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9\t关于子弹药的工作文件\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t立陶宛\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11\t已成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药和子弹药造成的人道主义威胁的情况调查――基于答复和调查结论的初步评估\t联合国排雷行动处和开发计划署\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12\t国际人道主义法调查表答复分析工作的行动方针\t共同设计国际人道主义法调查表的各国代表团(澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美利坚合众国)编写加拿大提交\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13\t从战区的视角看战争遗留爆炸物\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t大韩民国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15\t现行国际法如何处理战争遗留爆炸物问题？\t应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求编写\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.16\t对集束弹药安全性和适役性的一般要求\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t意大利\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/ WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t捷克共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”CW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t南 非\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t墨西哥\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/ WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t葡萄牙\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7\t评估各类爆炸性弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的相对风险：方法\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8\t常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t中 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10\t德国对集束弹药的理解\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11\t集束武器――真实的抑或想象的人道主义威胁？\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12和Corr.1(仅有英文本)和Corr.2(仅有中文、英文和西班牙文本)\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心 \n\t增编国际人道主义法适用原则经验数据分析\tCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2\t关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心 \n\t增编国际人道主义法适用原则经验数据分析\t\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13\t对澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写、应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员请求提交的关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)答复报告(CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12和增编)的批判性分析\t排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14\t弹药――减少与战争遗留爆炸物相关风险的方法\t法 国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15\t评论“关于缔约国对2005年3月8日国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物问题单(CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件)的答复的报告”(该报告由澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心编写，应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求提交，作为CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12号文件及其增编分发)\t红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.16\t对已成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药和子弹药造成的人道主义威胁的情况调查的答复――调查表见“基于答复和调查结论的初步评估”(2005年12月12日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11号文件)\t白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程―附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2和Corr.1(仅有英文和俄文本)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程―常规弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12,CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2号文件的说明\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t匈牙利\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3\t关于CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8号文件的技术评论\t阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4\t关于处理建议3的可能办法的初步想法\t澳大利亚墨尔本大学亚洲太平洋军事法中心\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1\t关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议\t奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3\t关于战争遗留爆炸物的任务授权建议\t欧 盟\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――附加说明的临时议程\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议临时议程――爆炸性弹药类型和系统表(草案)\t战争遗留爆炸物军事和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1\t对2005年3月8日题为“国际人道主义法与战争遗留爆炸物”的CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\t西班牙\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2\t联合国与第五号议定书的执行\t联合国排雷行动处代表地雷行动机构间协调组\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3\t战争遗留爆炸物军事专家小组内关于集束弹药问题的共同理解初议\t德 国", "[1] 与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作编写。", "[2] CCW/CONF.II/2。", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2。", "[4] CCW/MSP/2002/3。", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2。", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2。", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2。", "[8] CCW/MSP/2005/2。", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3。", "[10] C.N.382.2006.TREATIES-6(Deposiotary Notification)。", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2。", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2。", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/ WP.12/Add.2, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1, CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2。", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15。", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1。", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.4。", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2。", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3。", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1。", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7。", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11。", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14。", "[30] 麦科马克报告建议，建议1。", "[31] 麦科马克报告建议，建议2。", "[32] 麦科马克报告建议，建议4。", "[33] 麦科马克报告建议，建议5。", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4。", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "缔约国会议", "缔约国会议", "战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员编写", "军事和技术专家会议主席***", "一、战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家小组的任务", "A. 2001年国家空间活动委员会审查会议通过的初步任务", "页: 1 1. 在第二次审议会议上,《特定常规武器公约》缔约国决定设立一个不限成员名额政府专家组,由两名分别负责非杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题的协调员组成。 政府专家小组的任务是:", "“(a) 讨论处理战争遗留爆炸物问题的方式和方法。 在这方面,专家组应考虑所有因素、适当措施和提议,特别是:", "1. 冲突之后可能引发人道主义问题的弹药的因素和类型;", "2. 对包括子弹药在内的相关类型的弹药的技术改进和其他措施,可减少此类弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的风险;", "3. 现有国际人道主义法在尽量减少战争遗留爆炸物对平民和军方造成的冲突后风险方面是否充分;", "4. 向受战争遗留爆炸物影响地区或附近地区的平民发出警告,清除战争遗留爆炸物,迅速提供信息,便利早日安全清除战争遗留爆炸物,以及相关问题和责任;", "5. 援助与合作。 ......", "2. 结 论 根据同一决定,战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员必须“以高效的方式开展工作,以便尽早提出建议,供缔约国审议,包括是否着手谈判一项具有法律约束力的战争遗留爆炸物文书或文书和(或)其他办法”。", "3. 。 2002年《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议决定:", "“战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组将在2003年继续开展工作,任务如下:", "(a)(一) 谈判一项一般性的冲突后补救措施文书,以减少战争遗留爆炸物的风险。 这些措施将以涵盖除地雷以外的大多数类型爆炸性弹药的广泛定义为基础。 废弃弹药必须包括在内。 在这些谈判中,除其他外,需要考虑以下问题:清除责任、现有战争遗留爆炸物、提供信息便利排雷和风险教育、向平民发出警告、援助和合作以及缔约方定期磋商的框架。 这些谈判必须确定该文书的范围,使之符合第二次审查会议修正的《公约》第一条。", "(a)(二) 探讨和确定这些谈判是否能够通过有关制造、质量控制、处理和储存弹药的自愿最佳做法,成功处理旨在改进属于商定广泛定义范围内的弹药可靠性的预防性通用措施。 交流信息、援助和合作将是此类最佳做法的重要内容。", "(b) 与(a)项下的谈判分开:继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的执行情况,并在公开基础上进一步研究可能的预防措施,以改进某些特定类型的弹药,包括子弹药的设计,以尽量减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险。 交流信息、援助和合作将是这项工作的一部分。", "(c) 在上述活动中,可以举行军事专家会议,为这些活动提供支持。 ......[3]", "B. 第五号议定书通过后的任务", "4. 第四届会议 根据政府专家小组的建议,2003年《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议决定,政府专家小组将在2004年继续开展关于战争遗留爆炸物的工作,任务如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的执行情况,并在不限成员名额的基础上进一步研究是否可能采取预防措施,改进某些特定类型的弹药,包括子弹药的设计,以尽量减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险。 交流信息、援助和合作将是这项工作的一部分。 ......", "5. 根据政府专家小组的建议,2004年《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议决定,政府专家小组将在2005年继续开展关于战争遗留爆炸物的工作,任务如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的执行情况,包括通过法律专家的参与,并在不限成员的基础上进一步研究可否采取哪些预防措施,改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型的弹药的设计,以尽量减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险。 交流信息、援助和合作将是这项工作的一部分。 专家组将向下一次缔约国会议报告所做的工作。 ......", "6. 任务 各缔约国还通过了2006年的任务。", "II. 《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)。", "7. 基本考虑 《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》是政府专家小组在2002年缔约国会议确定的任务下谈判的,因为战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的工作在2001-2002年取得了相当大的进展。", "8.8 2003年,《特定常规武器公约》缔约国会议通过了《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》作为《特定常规武器公约》第五议定书:", "“根据政府专家组的建议,缔约国会议决定通过《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》,该《议定书》载于作为附件五附于政府专家小组第六届会议程序性报告(CCW/GGE/VI/2)的附录二。”", "9. 议定书 缔约国于2003年11月28日通过了第五章。 《议定书》的通过,但有一项谅解,即《议定书》须由工作语文不是英文的国家核对译成联合国语文文本。 因此,收到、审议和批准《特定常规武器公约》缔约国提交的、由担任《公约》保存人的联合国秘书长对《议定书》中中文、法文、俄文和西班牙文文本的拟议更正。", "10.10 对于本国批准程序,一些缔约国需要经核证无误的副本(所有6种联合国语文版本)的综合更正文本。 第三次审查会议候任主席、缔约国、欧洲联盟主席和其他方面已就此与联合国法律事务厅条约科接洽。 在这方面,印发了与《第五号议定书》真实文本有关的下列交存通知:", "《议定书》;", "《议定书》的真实文本;", "《议定书》的真实文本;", "《议定书》的真实文本”。", "注 为了促进《议定书》早日生效,第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员和欧洲联盟主席代表其成员国,在尚未批准《第五号议定书》的《特定常规武器公约》若干缔约国进行了交涉。", "12. 2006年5月12日,《特定常规武器公约》20个缔约国通知它们同意接受第五号议定书约束的日期,《议定书》生效的条件得到满足。 根据《特定常规武器公约》第5条第3款,《第五号议定书》将在《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议提交第20份批准书后六个月于2006年11月12日生效。", "13 August 2001 目前,以下23个国家加入了第五号议定书(按字母顺序排列):阿尔巴尼亚、保加利亚、捷克共和国、克罗地亚、丹麦、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、德国、罗马教廷、印度、利比里亚、列支敦士登、立陶宛、卢森堡、荷兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、瑞典、瑞士、塔吉克斯坦和乌克兰。", "十四、任 务 《议定书》规定,各缔约方应在与《议定书》运作有关的所有问题上进行协商和合作。 根据第10条第1款:“为此目的,缔约方会议应按多数商定,但不少于十八个缔约方”。", "15 尚未就缔约方第一次会议的时间安排作出决定。 《议定书》缔约方指出,考虑到与《特定常规武器公约》有关的其它会议,并除其他外,讨论实质性问题,以期尽快使《议定书》生效,因此有可能在2007年举行第一次会议筹备工作。 在筹备第五议定书缔约国第一次会议时,可在各种现有地点举行的非正式会议上审议与执行第五号议定书有关的问题。", "161 认识到《议定书》在生效之后立即生效的重要性,在这方面已经作出了某些努力。", "17. 第17条。 2006年,政府专家小组在第三次审查会议候任主席、战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员、荷兰、联合国DDA、联合国地雷行动处、红十字委员会、日内瓦排雷中心和其他各方的倡议和合作下,举行了一系列关于不同环境的正式会议和磋商。", "第18条 应战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员的请求,地雷行动处代表机构间地雷行动协调小组(IACG-MA)编写并向政府专家小组提交了题为“联合国和第五号议定书的执行情况”的文件[11]。 日内瓦排雷中心就同一问题,特别是现有排雷行动工具提出了一些实际想法,这些工具有可能平等支持第五号议定书的执行,并在第五号议定书与1997年《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》(《渥太华公约》)的执行之间建立协同作用。", "191 一些批准《第五号议定书》的缔约国也报告了国家一级的磋商和实际步骤。", "20.20 缔约国商定,《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审议大会应举行特别(高级别)会议,以纪念《第五号议定书》于2006年11月13日生效。 在这方面,缔约国起草并建议第三次审查会议通过一项关于《第五号议定书》生效的特别宣言。", "三. 关于国际人道主义法执行情况的讨论", "A. 导 言 协调员的三步办法", "21.21。 在2004年3月政府专家小组第六届会议期间,战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员建议采取“三步”办法(以下简称“协调员的三步办法”)审议国际人道主义法现有原则的执行情况。 步骤一将力求审议和商定国际人道主义法中哪些现有原则可被视为适用于战争遗留爆炸物,步骤二——审议缔约国执行这些原则的情况,同时考虑到缔约国根据这些公约和(或)议定书承担的义务,步骤三将包括审议这些公约和(或)议定书规定的促进执行这些原则的机制是否充分,以及在这方面是否需要采取任何进一步的措施。", "B. 国际人道主义法-8倡议:国际人道主义法调查表。 MCCormack报告、结论和建议", "第22章 根据协调员2005年3月的“三步办法”概述的目标,8个缔约国——澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、挪威、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美利坚合众国(以下简称“国际人道主义法八”)与红十字国际委员会协商,提交了一份建议[13],以促进政府专家小组关于协调员“三步办法”步骤一和步骤二的工作。 请各缔约国考虑对国际人道主义法八国提出的调查表(IHL调查表)作出答复。 该建议得到广泛支持。 这鼓励了后续行动,在2005年11月政府专家小组第十二届会议期间,加拿大提交了一份工作文件,题为“国际人道主义法调查表答复分析的用词”。 国际人道主义法第8条建议,将在“不妨碍”的基础上分析对国际人道主义法调查表的书面答复和经汇编的口头发言记录,以便查明总体趋势,总体目标是确定基线或基线,根据协调员的“三步办法”第三步进行进一步讨论。", "23. 澳大利亚墨尔本大学法律系Tim McCormack教授提出进行必要的分析。 截至2006年1月26日,33个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。 根据拟议行动方针,由教授的调查结果和分析。 McCormack及其团队以报告形式提交给协调员(McCormack Report [15]),随后向缔约国分发。 协调员还请红十字委员会和日内瓦排雷中心对麦赫马尔卡报告进行批判性分析,他们这样做了。", "24. 第24段。 《麦加报告》认为,“《特定常规武器公约》第五议定书和现行国际人道主义法规则是足够具体和全面的,足以充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题,条件是这些规则得到有效执行。 [17]", "258. 政府专家小组为推进其有关国际人道主义法和战争遗留爆炸物的工作而可能考虑的以下实际步骤的建议载于麦加报告中:", "“建议1:应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国尽快批准关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书。 ......", "建议 2. 政府专家小组应继续向《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国强调适用于所有类型武器和战争遗留爆炸物特定问题的具有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要性。 ......", "建议3:政府专家小组应考虑制定一套关于“最佳做法”的无法律约束力准则,适用于战争遗留爆炸物问题。 ......", "建议 4: 政府专家小组应鼓励所有尚未这样做的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国建立一个程序,对所有新的和改装的武器系统进行法律审查。 ......", "建议5:政府专家小组应考虑采用各国关于单方面销毁旧或过时武器的书面建立信任报告制度,以减少战争遗留爆炸物的潜在来源。”", "262. 报 告 在政府专家小组第十三届、第十四届和第十五届会议期间,主要根据《国际人道主义法调查表》、麦卡马克报告,特别是其结论和建议“日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心的关键分析”[19]、“红十字国际委员会的评论”[20]以及墨尔本大学亚太军事法中心编写的[21]意见,这些评论意在构成教授分析的一部分。 McCormack及其团队对于解释其调查结果至关重要。", "。 为了缩小长期存在的意见分歧,特别是在建议3方面,由教授编写了一份新的文件,题为“对建议3的可能办法的初步想法”。 Tim McCormack,在政府专家小组第十四届会议上介绍和讨论,并进行了辩论。", "第28次会议 在将麦卡马克报告提交政府专家小组审议之后,到政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时,又有9个缔约国提交了对国际人道主义法调查表的答复。", "四、结 论 军事和技术专家会议评估人道主义威胁和技术预防措施", "29. 。 在《第五号议定书》通过后,军事和技术专家组随后的会议侧重于以下几点:", "(一) 从战争遗留爆炸物角度进行特定类型的弹药和威胁评估", "(二) 旨在降低人道主义风险的技术预防措施", "(三) 审议这些措施的相关性和可行性", "(四) 在执行这些措施方面可能提供的援助和合作。", "30. 。 这些要点反映在会议议程中(见《政府专家小组关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的文件一览表》附件)。", "313. 提出了以下实质性建议和成就:", "a 。 从战争遗留爆炸物的角度进行特定类型的弹药和威胁评估", "弹药的分类和共同理解", "323 作为根据任务规定共同理解“某些特定类型的弹药,包括子弹药”的第一步,有必要对爆炸性弹药进行连贯一致的概述。 为此,编制了“爆炸物类型和系统表草案”,不断更新和改进。 已经取得了可操作的文本,但还需要定稿。", "336. 德国已经就“集束弹药”这一术语提出了共同谅解,并且应协调员的请求收集了其他代表团的意见。 已经确定了共同立场和有争议的观点。 还需要就共同谅解开展进一步工作。 共同谅解是德国关于集束弹药的8点-Position的一部分,这在届会期间提出供讨论,目的是从长远来看用替代性弹药取代集束弹药。", "评估人道主义威胁", "343. 事实和争论 战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员于2004年3月8日指出: “由于专家组的任务是研究旨在改进某些特定弹药设计的预防措施,因此,专家组的首要任务是确定需要考虑哪些类型的弹药,包括子弹药,以便通过可能的预防措施改进设计。” 《第五号议定书》技术附件第9条和第3部分已经述及一般性预防措施。", "353. 军事和技术专家会议的目的是界定具有特定人道主义危险的战争遗留爆炸物,同时铭记,大量战争遗留爆炸物都是一个人道主义问题,但某些弹药可能通过设计具有作为战争遗留爆炸物提出具体人道主义威胁的更大潜力。 造成具体人道主义危险的战争遗留爆炸物的定义是一项艰巨的任务,因为没有现行方法,而且大量缺乏关于许多弹药类型的详细数据。 所采取的做法如下:", "363. 。 前瑞士军事技术专家会议主席编制了一个清单,其中考虑了战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险(最新版本:CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1, 称为“瑞士信息总库”),但这一矩阵并不是要提供界定该清单的方法。 其目的是提供一个收集可能的技术预防措施信息的结构。 在这方面,瑞士信息总库对进一步发展开放。", "378 联合王国编制了人道主义威胁矩阵[26],被认为过于主观。 因此,联合王国制定了一套方法[27],目的是更客观地评估成为战争遗留爆炸物的各类爆炸物的相对风险。 然而,在既定框架内,无法通过应用方法取得成果。 因此,这一办法已经停止,并具备纳入法国信息总库的基本要素(见下文)。", "页: 1 联合国地雷行动处介绍了2005年与开发署共同开展的一项调查的初步结果[28]。 联合国地雷行动处和开发署要求联合国方案管理员和一些排雷行动方案的技术专家从清除角度评估具体战争遗留爆炸物构成的风险。 初步的主要结论是,集束弹药及其相关的子弹药对清除作业构成了具体的人道主义威胁和特别挑战。", "39 一些非政府组织发表了许多研究报告,并在会外活动中作了陈述,指出从人道主义角度来说,集束弹药仍然是有待处理的主要战争遗留爆炸物。", "404 鼓励并介绍如何更准确地界定“某些特定类型的弹药,包括子弹药”的一般想法或陈述。 此外,日内瓦排雷中心在《特定常规武器公约》范围内审查了关于这一问题的出版物、专题介绍和声明。", "41 迄今提到的具有特定人道主义危险的弹药是集束弹药。 一些代表团认为,所有弹药都构成战争遗留爆炸物的危险,不应加以区别。", "b) 旨在减少人道主义风险的技术预防措施", "42 在政府专家小组届会期间就这一问题作了多次发言。 其中一些专题介绍侧重于一般性预防措施和国家做法,其中一些侧重于针对特定弹药类型,即集束弹药的预防措施。 其他代表团就这些问题作了详细发言。", "434 法国在其工作文件“Munitions - Ameth to reduce the Risks associated with Pesticides Remnants of War (ERW)”中阐述了防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的步骤。 该信息库不断改进,并发展成为军事和技术专家组的核心文件,包括爆炸性弹药表的内容、联合王国的方法、瑞士信息库、关于如何防止弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的国家做法以及专家,例如弹药设计、生产和培训领域的专家。 本阶段的信息总库旨在提供一系列的问题和建议,使各国能够评估所有战争遗留爆炸物的技术预防措施,从而促进第五号议定书的执行。 矩阵的开发尚未完成。", "C. 审议这些措施的相关性和可行性", "444 迄今仅就这一问题进行了初步讨论,因为尚未确定适当的技术措施。 一旦确定这些措施,就需要讨论这些措施对减少战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义威胁的相关性及其可行性。", "D. 在执行措施方面可能的协助与合作", "454 迄今为止,仅就此问题进行了初步讨论。 一旦在技术预防措施、其相关性和可行性方面取得了具体成果,就应当处理关于信息交流、援助和合作的想法。", "E. 出席情况 战争遗留爆炸物问题军事和技术专家组的工作前景:", "46 继续威胁评估进程:", "(一) 完成弹药表,作为进一步讨论的技术基础", "(二) 进一步发展对“集束弹药”这一术语的共同理解,德国继续汇编其他代表团的意见并向专家组报告", "(三) 关于造成具体人道主义威胁的弹药的协定。", "474. 147 继续技术预防措施研究:", "(一) 关于法国信息总库的进一步工作,随后将成为该小组的核心文件,并纳入其他代表团的工作文件和陈述。", "(二) 注重被认为构成特定人道主义威胁的弹药,包括集束弹药", "(三) 将任务从设计问题扩大到审议整个弹药寿命周期", "(四) 审议已查明措施的相关性和可行性", "(五) 审议技术合作和援助。", "488. 住房 将集束弹药的非技术方面移至政府专家小组关于战争遗留爆炸物的会议。", "五. 对战争遗留爆炸物问题小组工作结果的评估", "494. 人口 与会者一致认为,战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组自2001年审议大会以来取得的主要成就是通过了《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五议定书)。 该公约的普遍性和有效执行是解决与战争遗留爆炸物有关的人道主义问题的最重要目标。", "50 。 有一项共同谅解是,应鼓励《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国尽快批准第五号议定书。 议定书 五确实将基本义务强加于武装冲突当事国,以尽量减少战争遗留爆炸物的风险和影响,并鼓励它们采取一般性预防措施,尽量减少战争遗留爆炸物的发生。", "51 在筹备第五号议定书缔约方第一次会议时,其执行问题已经解决,也可在各种现有地点举行的非正式会议上进一步审议。", "52 缔约国普遍承认,应当切实执行与战争遗留爆炸物有关的国际人道主义法原则和规则。", "532. 移民 77国集团一致认为,所有缔约国都认识到适用于所有类型武器,特别是战争遗留爆炸物特定问题的具有法律约束力的国际人道主义法规则的重要性。 缔约国应承认违反适用于战争遗留爆炸物问题的习惯和/或条约法律义务的严重后果。 [31]", "542. 专家组还得出结论,应当鼓励尚未成为《日内瓦公约》第一附加议定书缔约方的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国建立一个程序,对属于《特定常规武器公约》范围的所有新的和经修改的武器系统进行法律审查,以此提高在军事行动中遵守与战争手段和方法有关的国际法律义务的可能性,从而防止战争遗留爆炸物的发生。 [32]", "555. 255 缔约国采用自愿建立信任报告制度,单方面销毁旧或过时的武器,以减少战争遗留爆炸物的潜在来源,这种制度仍有意见分歧。 [33]", "565. 妇 女 同时,尚未就《第五号议定书》和现行国际人道主义法规则是否充分处理战争遗留爆炸物问题达成共同谅解。 一些缔约国同意麦卡马克报告的结论,即现行国际人道主义法规则是充分的,只要这些规则得到忠实和有效的执行。 其他缔约国则认为,需要对包括集束弹药在内的某些类型的弹药制定具体条例。 一些缔约国指出,需要特别侧重于集束弹药。", "57 在这方面,一些缔约国支持麦加报告建议3中提出的想法,即加强有效执行与战争遗留爆炸物有关的国际人道主义法原则和规则的可行手段之一,可以是制定一套关于将国际人道主义法相关规则适用于战争遗留爆炸物问题的最佳做法的无法律约束力准则。 Prof. McCormack就此类准则的可能结构提出了初步想法[34]。", "58 与此同时,在讨论这一主题期间,有与会者表示关切,认为《特定常规武器公约》对国际人道主义法的具有法律约束力的义务的解释可能会遇到某些模糊之处,或者具有法律约束力的条例而不是无法律约束力的准则应当成为《特定常规武器公约》制度的一般做法。 一些缔约国表示,有可能进一步阐明这一想法或考虑其他手段,以加强与战争遗留爆炸物有关的国际人道主义法原则和规则的有效实施和适用。 一些缔约国,特别是认为现行国际人道主义法规则是充分的缔约国,认为这些规则无需补充,而是忠实执行。", "59 根据进一步研究改进某些特定类型弹药,包括子弹药的设计,以尽量减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险的任务,专家组特别强调军事和技术专家会议。", "60 。 在2004-2006年期间,军事和技术专家组确定了需要考虑的各类弹药,包括子弹药,以便通过可能的预防措施改进设计。 在考虑这些措施的同时,军事和技术专家组需要确定这些预防措施是否必要,在技术上和经济上能够切实提高包括子弹药在内的弹药的可靠性。 鉴于《特定常规武器公约》缔约国之间的军事、技术和经济能力差异,专家组一致认为,必须考虑到对各缔约国,特别是发展中国家产生或储存新弹药、改进设计、退役/改装或销毁现有储存所涉财政和技术问题[35]。", "61 对于何种类型的弹药构成最大的人道主义威胁,仍然存在着意见分歧,因此,应当进一步审议,以期根据专家组的任务,改进其技术特点和设计。", "62 。 一些缔约国认为,战争遗留爆炸物造成的大多数问题可归因于集束弹药的使用。 其他缔约国继续将集束弹药视为一些类型的弹药中的一种,可能助长战争遗留爆炸物造成的问题。", "63/63。 有一项谅解是,军事和技术专家组能够加深讨论,应继续工作,直到完成,特别是在弹药分类、共同理解和技术预防措施方面,以便如本报告第四章所述,降低人道主义风险。", "644. 合作与援助,特别是技术性合作与援助,是解决战争遗留爆炸物问题的一个重要方面,因此值得各缔约国注意。", "考虑到自上一次审议大会以来缔约国就战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家组所完成的工作所持立场的广泛范围,很少有备选办法可视为战争遗留爆炸物问题的后续行动。", "656.65 许多缔约国认识到专家组在现阶段完成的工作的价值,赞成在第三次审议会议之后继续《特定常规武器公约》的工作,以便完成本任务概述的任务。 根据一些缔约国的提议,在不影响《第五号议定书》管辖问题的情况下,根据目前的任务规定,可继续开展关于战争遗留爆炸物的工作,在不限成员的基础上,特别侧重于军事和技术专家的参与,进一步研究旨在改进某些特定类型的弹药,包括子弹药的设计的可能预防措施,以期尽可能减少这些弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义风险,并考虑,包括通过法律专家的参与,执行现有的国际人道主义法原则。 交流信息、援助和合作应是这项工作的一部分。", "66 一些缔约国表示,最好在《特定常规武器公约》范围内制定具有法律约束力的条例,以减少某些特定弹药,包括集束弹药或具体集束弹药的风险。 一些缔约国一再提到,关于战争遗留爆炸物的工作可以在不影响《第五号议定书》管辖下关于此类具体弹药的要求,包括其可靠性和准确性、培训、转让、使用、管理、销毁储存等问题的情况下,侧重于战争遗留爆炸物问题。", "67 一些缔约国表示,在《第五号议定书》于2006年11月12日生效之后,政府专家小组关于战争遗留爆炸物的基本任务将被视为已经完成。 但有一个国家承认,应当鼓励军事和技术专家组在可能的预防措施方面继续工作,直至完成各自的任务。", "686.68 无论如何,应当呼吁《特定常规武器公约》缔约国竭尽全力促进《第五号议定书》的全面普及和执行,包括附件的自愿规定。 与此同时,《特定常规武器公约》缔约国应酌情继续审查适用于战争遗留爆炸物的国际人道主义法原则和规则的执行情况。", "六. 建议", "69 建议:", "(i) 在政府专家小组2006年战争遗留爆炸物任务范围内,包括在军事和技术专家的工作范围内,在筹备第三次审查会议时,继续审议与战争遗留爆炸物有关的问题并进行协商。", "(二) 核可本程序报告附件六所载《特定常规武器公约关于战争遗留爆炸物的议定书》(第五议定书)生效时的宣言草案,并将其转交第三次审查会议通过。", "(三) 考虑在第三次审查会议之后继续进行关于战争遗留爆炸物的工作,包括军事和技术专家的工作,特别是考虑到缔约国提出的正式提议。", "附件", "政府专家小组关于小武器解决办法的文件一览表", "纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.2 讨论文件\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.3 战争遗留爆炸物——援助与合作 巴西、日本和秘鲁\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.4 3. 针对相关类型的弹药,包括子弹药的技术改进和其他措施,这些弹药可能减少此类弹药产生战争遗留爆炸物的风险\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.5 可能战争遗留爆炸物的弹药类型——助长战争遗留爆炸物的发生的因素\nCCW/GGE/WP.5/Add.1 日内瓦排雷中心和红十字委员会行动组织\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.6 讨论文件“向平民宣战”挪威和地雷行动(联合王国)\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.7 欧洲联盟关于战争遗留爆炸物问题的立场\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.8 作为Tool,美国America\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9 现有国际法规是否适当调和后撤——瑞典战争的爆炸者的冲突风险\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.9/Corr.1(仅英文) 现有国际法规是否适当调和后撤——瑞典战争的爆炸者的冲突风险\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.10 法律问题 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.11 讨论文件:俄罗斯联邦战争遗留爆炸物问题\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.1 战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员关于战争遗留爆炸物的核心问题\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.4 加拿大战争遗留爆炸物问题政府专家组的问答\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.6 对子弹药的技术改进 法国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.8 战争遗留爆炸物 红十字委员会讨论中提到的法律问题\n政府专家小组 战地和捐助方地雷行动(联合王国)\n政府专家小组 战地爆炸弹药专家(联合王国)\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.15 俄罗斯联邦战争遗留爆炸物\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.19 战争遗留爆炸物信息要求——排雷期间的安全程序\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.20 联合讨论 关于将弹药用于中国和俄罗斯战争遗留爆炸物的准备工作的文件\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.22 瑞典\nCCW/GGE/II/INF.2 致政府集团军事参与者的信 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国军事专家会议——军事和技术专家会议拟议工作方案和临时议程主席\n政府专家小组 今后的道路 战争遗留爆炸物问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.3 防止战争遗留爆炸物的措施: 管理 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.6 InternationalHumanitarian Lawand Targeting:An AustralianApproach Australia\n政府专家小组第三届会议 《特定常规武器公约》缔约国专家,2002年12月4日,瑞士日内瓦\n纽约总部\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.2 南非\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.3 战争遗留爆炸物:援助与合作 巴基斯坦\n红十字委员会\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.5 战争遗留爆炸物 澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.1/WP.6 War RussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.1/Rev.1\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.2 联合国地雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.3 日内瓦排雷中心\n日内瓦排雷中心\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.5\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.1/WP.6 War Norway\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.1\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.1/WP.2\n政府专家小组 战争 挪威\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1 协调员\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.2 瑞典\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.3和Corr.1(仅英文) 瑞士\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.4 信息交流 a 《自愿基本议定书》 荷兰\n政府专家小组 科学和技术专家会议主席\n政府专家小组 法国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1 军事和技术专家会议 主席\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅有英文本) 分组\n政府专家小组 德国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.1 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand Northern Ireland\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2 澳大利亚、加拿大、纽兹兰 挪威、瑞典、瑞士 UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand Northern Irelandand United StatessofAmericainconsultation with theICRC\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.3\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.4 德国\n政府专家小组\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.1和Corr.1(仅英文)对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.2 加拿大\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.3 波兰\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.4 United StatesofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.5 挪威\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.6 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.7\n政府专家小组 瑞典\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.9 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 德国\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.10 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.11\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.12 日本\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.13 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 瑞士\n政府专家小组 奥地利\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.15 讨论 澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.16和Corr.1(阿拉伯文、英文和法文)\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.17 战争遗留爆炸物问题\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.1/WP.18 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 丹麦\n政府专家小组 研究员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.1andCorr.1(只有英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文) 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 巴西\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.2 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 白俄罗斯\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.3 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.4 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 荷兰\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.5 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.6 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复 比利时\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.7 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 克罗地亚\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.8 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.9 法国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.10 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 立陶宛\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11 1. 调查 UNMASand UNDP\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12 AWayAheadforIHL QuestionnaireResponseAnalysis Presentedby Canada. PreparedbyIHL questionnairenaireCo-AuthoringDelegations: Australia, Canada, NewZealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainand Northern Irelandand United StatessofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.13 战争遗留爆炸物 澳大利亚\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.14 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.15 • 如何通过国际法律解决战争的剥削问题? 协调员编写\n政府专家小组 德国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.1 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 意大利\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.2 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 捷克共和国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.3 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.4 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 南非\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.5 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.6 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 葡萄牙\n政府专家小组 联合王国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.9 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 中国\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.10 德国 德国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.11 威胁, 一项? 俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12andCorr.1(仅英文) 亚太军事中心\n政府专家小组 亚太军事中心\n政府专家小组 亚太军事中心\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14 法国\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15 评论“关于缔约国的答复”\n2005年12月12日\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2andCorr.1(仅英文和俄文本) 临时工作计划 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1 亚洲太平洋区域法律中心\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.2 对第CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 匈牙利\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.3 技术文件CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.8,阿根廷\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4 aPossiableApproachto Recommendations3 亚洲太平洋区域法律中心\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.1 奥地利、洪都拉斯、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰、瑞典\nCCW/GGE/XV/WP.3\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.1 科学和技术专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/1/Add.2 科学和技术专家会议主席\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.1 对CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2号文件的答复,2005年3月8日 西班牙\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2 《联合宣言》和《议定书》的执行情况 UNMASonbehalfofIACG-MA\n政府专家小组 德国", "*** 与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作。", "《特定常规武器公约》/CONF.II/2。", "[3] CCW/MSP/2002/2。", "[4] CCW/MSP/2003/3。", "[5] CCW/GGE/VI/2。", "[6] CCW/MSP/2004/2。", "[7] CCW/GGE/IX/2。", "*** CCW/MSP/2005/2。", "[9] CCW/MSP/2003/3。", "[10] C.N.382.2006。 TREATIES-6(意向通知)。", "[11] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.2。", "[12] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[13] CCW/GGE/X/WG.1/WP.2。", "[14] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[15] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.1、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Add.2、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.1、CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12/Corr.2。", "[16] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15和CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[17] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[18] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.12。", "[19] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.13。", "[20] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.15。", "[21] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.1。", "[22] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4。", "[23] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/1/Add.2。", "[24] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.1/WP.3。", "[25] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。", "[26] CCW/GGE/IX/WG.1/1。", "[27] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.7。", "[28] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.1/WP.11。", "[29] CCW/GGE/XIII/WG.1/WP.14。", "[30] 根据麦卡马克报告的建议,建议1。", "[31] 根据麦卡马克报告的建议,建议2。", "[32] 根据麦卡马克报告的建议,建议4。", "[33] 根据麦卡马克报告的建议,建议5。", "[34] CCW/GGE/XIV/WG.1/WP.4。", "[35] CCW/GGE/VII/WG.1/WP.1。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.2CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.213 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "REPORT ON THE WORK IN 2006 ON MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Prepared by the Coordinator on MOTAPM", "and the Chairperson of the Meetings of Military Experts", "1. The present report on the results of the work carried out by the Coordinator on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM) during the three Sessions of the CCW Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) of the CCW held throughout 2006, is presented to the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to CCW", "2. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties appointed a Coordinator of the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines, and decided that the Group should continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”[1]", "3. In discharging his duties, the Coordinator on MOTAPM relied on the invaluable contributions of Brig.-Gen. Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, who acted as an advisor to the Coordinator and chaired the Meetings of Military Experts on MOTAPM held during the 2006 GGE Sessions, and whose report is enclose to this document.", "4. In the Thirteenth Session, held between March 6^(th) and 10^(th), the Coordinator indicated to delegations that, despite the strenuous efforts by the GGE on MOTAPM throughout the last four years, it was yet not possible to eliminate a number of divergences, in particular as regards the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM. In light of this, the Coordinator asked delegations to present a frank assessment of the current status of debates, and requested indications of alternatives for future work of the GGE on the issue. The Coordinator also announced his intention to conduct informal consultations with all interested delegations, with a view to identify room for manoeuvre in the discussions throughout 2006.", "5. Prior to the Fourteenth Session, the Coordinator has circulated a “Questionnaire on issues that might enhance the level of understanding on the question of responsible use of Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines (MOTAPM)”. The Questionnaire was presented in the format of new language that might be considered for addressing the topics identified as most contentious, as follows: “perimeter marked areas” (PMA); “active life of MOTAPM”; “production and transfer of MOTAPM”; and “detectability of MOTAPM”. It also provided for the submission of additional comments on other issues that may be deemed relevant. Delegations were requested to comment the proposed language (and ideas and/or concepts related to), on the basis of relevance, acceptance, possibility of being incorporated to or of replacing the conceptual framework under discussion.", "6. During the Fourteenth Session, held between June 19^(th) and 23^(rd), discussions were based on the possibilities identified by the abovementioned questionnaire. A new round of informal consultations in various settings also took place.", "7. In the intersessional period prior to the Fifteenth Session of the GGE, the Coordinator has decided to circulate a document entitled “Set Of Provisions On The Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions that could Command Consensus In The Group Of Governmental Expert (GGE)”[2], which in his opinion encompasses all the areas that command consensus in the discussions held on MOTAPM. The text builds upon all previous papers, including the Set of Recommendations prepared by the previous Coordinator on MOTAPM, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland (CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2, dated 22 November 2005), and was presented as a basis for a possible consensus during discussions that were to be held in the first days of the Fifteenth Session.", "8. In addition to the most controversial issues of “detectability” and “active life”, some other questions have also been identified as inspiring divergences among delegations, and were modified in relation to the previous Coordinator´s text, in an attempt to identify consensus language: among the modifications, the expression “Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines/Anti-Vehicle Mines” (MOTAPM/AVM) was introduced as a means to address concerns raised by some delegations in relation to what they perceive as “excessive breadth” and “subjective character” of the previous definition of MOTAPM. A general reorganization of articles and paragraphs was also performed, in order to bring together provisions on a single subject and to arrange them in a coherent, logical manner.", "9. As regards the most contentious issues of “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM, once no possible consensus solution had yet been identified, they were not included in the first version of my Set of Provisions. In its introduction, the Coordinator has outlined three possibilities as to the inclusion of those two pending issues on a possible future protocol on MOTAPM, namely: a) the insertion of legally binding language on the two issues in the main text; b) dealing with the issues of “detectability” and “active life” in a way which would allow States-Parties the option to accept or reject obligations on those two issues; c) place those two issues as non-binding best practices in a technical annex.", "10. In the Fifteenth and final Session of the GGE prior to the Third Review Conference, held between August 28^(th) and September 6^(th), discussions on MOTAPM were based on the abovementioned Set of Provisions. Many comments have been presented during plenary sessions, and a number of informal consultations have taken place, with a view to allowing delegations to present comments and proposals, and hence explore all possibilities of language that could lead to a consensus on how to move forward towards the Third Review Conference.", "11. As regards to the issues of “detectability” and “active life”, many delegations indicated that they continue to support the adoption of legally-binding provisions on both pending issues, along the lines of chapters III and IV of the Set of Recommendations[3] by the previous Coordinator, Ambassador Markku Reimaa of Finland.", "12. One delegation, after consultations with a wide spectrum of other delegations, has prepared a proposal of language on “detectability” and “active life” that follows the second approach suggested in the introduction of the first version of the Set of Provisions, i.e., the inclusion of both issues as optional legally-binding commitments. According to the proposal, a State that adheres to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM may indicate, at the time of the submission of the instrument of ratification, that it agrees to be bound by one or both of such provisions, by means of a written declaration to the Depositary. At any time after the entry into force of the future Protocol for a given State, the State concerned may submit written declarations to the Depositary expressing consent to be bound by one or both of such provisions. While some delegations expressed discomfort with the idea of introducing optional provisions in an optional Protocol, as well as with the possibility of creating obligations that would bind some States Parties while not binding others, a number of delegations have indicated this approach as a promising possible way of reconciling humanitarian concerns with the requirements related to national security and defence doctrines and needs.", "13. Other delegations retained their reservations as to the adoption of legally-binding commitments on “detectability” and “active life”, on the grounds that such commitments may impinge upon essential capabilities related to national defence, in exchange of what they perceived as merely marginal returns in terms of minimisation of an already limited humanitarian impact of MOTAPM. Against such background, those delegations expressed their preference for the inclusion of both pending issues on a non-binding “best-practices” annex to a possible future Protocol on MOTAPM.", "14. Some delegations have also indicated that, in considering any restrictions on “detectability” and “active life” of MOTAPM (both under the legally-binding and the optional approach), a transitional period was needed in order to allow for adaptation of existing stocks and/or military procedures.", "15. In addition to the debate on the pending issues, substantive discussions were held on other subjects such as the definition of “MOTAPM/AVM” and “perimeter-marked areas”, the “scope of application”, restrictions on “transfers”, as well as on “fuse design and sensors”.", "16. In particular, it became clear that, for a considerable number of delegations, the issues of “transfers” and the definition of “PMA” were intrinsically connected to the pending issues of detectability and active life, and consequently could not be analyzed separately. Additionally, while some delegations insisted upon the prohibition of transfers of non-detectable, persistent MOTAPM (except for the purposes of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, mine clearance, or mine destruction techniques), other delegations have questioned such prohibition, on the grounds that the Set of Provisions allowed the operational use of such persistent, non-detectable mines inside PMA.", "17. One delegation has re-introduced a proposal on MOTAPM, according to which all the provisions being discussed would be substituted by a prohibition of the use of MOTAPM by a State outside its national territory. Another delegation has introduced a new proposal containing what it regards as the “main features that could form the basis of future deliberations in the GGE on the issue of anti-vehicle mines”.", "18. After the extensive debate on all three approaches on “detectability” and “active life”, as well as on other yet controversial issues mentioned above, the Coordinator has decided to revise his Set of Provisions so as to include all alternative languages pertaining to each of the three approaches, which may help to command consensus during discussions at the Third Review Conference, if States Parties agree to demonstrate political will and flexibility to cope with all sensitive issues.", "19. The Coordinator has enclosed the last version of the document to the present report. Alternative texts on controversial issues other than “detectability” and “active life” were also included. All modifications in relation to the previous version are displayed in the text in italics. Alternative language is displayed between brackets.", "20. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that, upon discretion of delegations that have introduced proposals during the Fifteenth Session, in case such proposals are timely handed to the Secretariat, they will be circulated as official documents of the Third Review Conference.", "Conclusions", "21. In light of the above, the Coordinator has the honour to submit to the consideration of the Third Review Conference of the CCW, to be held between November 7^(th) and 17^(th), 2006, the revised version of his “Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM – A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts”, as contained in the annex II to this report.", "22. It is the understanding of the Coordinator that all other formal proposals put forward to the consideration of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment – a list of which shall also be enclosed to this report as annex III - will be considered by the Third Review Conference, in accordance with the mandate bestowed upon the Group by the 2005 Meeting of States Parties.", "Annex I", "REPORT OF THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE MEETINGS OF MILITARY EXPERTS ON MOTAPM IN 2006", "1. In the light of the three sessions held in 2006, this appraisal of the situation provides an overview on the work performed by the Military Experts on MOTAPM. As a reminder, the overall mandate of the GGE on MOTAPM states:” … Meeting of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "2. At the opening meeting of the XIII Session, was realized that the persisting divergences in views - which had undermined any possible progress on this issue – were still strong.", "3. The Coordination was also aware that CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2 was presented but not thoroughly discussed at the XII Session of GGE in November 2005. Although not a consensual text, it was officially submitted by the former coordinator and reflected positions expressed by many State Parties on a wide range of subjects.", "4. It was therefore necessary, before moving forward in a search of common grounds, to assess the positions of States Parties on the issues contained in that specific paper and, as contained in our mandate, in all proposals put forward since the establishment of this Group.", "5. During the Thirteenth Session, one formal Meeting of Military Experts was held. This group also participated in two plenary meetings conducted by the Coordinator on MOTAPM. However, the most useful and productive events were the seven informal meetings, in both formats: bilateral and plurilateral. In those sessions the Coordinator had direct contact with 16 State Parties and International Organizations. As preliminary results, were improved the conditions to a frank and constructive dialogue, mandatory step towards a mutual understanding.", "6. As some discussions have clearly highlighted key controversial issues, under the guidance of the Coordinator a questionnaire was circulated, focusing on the following topics: Perimeter Marked-Areas (PMA) to emplace MOTAPM; Active Life; Transfer; and Detectability of MOTAPM. In addition, the delegations were requested to make further comments or suggestions on possible ways to address the mentioned items.", "7. The responses to the questionnaire were helpful and oriented the organization of the Fourteenth Session, which was intended to deepen the examination of the issues raised in that document.", "8. In the Fourteenth Session another Meeting of the Military Experts took place, along with the two formal sessions conducted by Coordinator on MOTAPM. Eleven informal consultations were conducted, in different settings, in search of possibilities for mutual understanding and a concrete breakthrough.", "9. Although it was clear that significant divergences still remained, the informal and formal works during that Session have provided the coordination on MOTAPM valuable tools for building confidence and orienting new possibilities to broker consensus in the elaboration of recommendations on MOTAPM.", "10. At that time, during the intersessional period, the Coordination team on MOTAPM has decided to submit a comprehensive text, encompassing all the areas that command consensus and which required an analysis in its entirety.", "11. This paper, entitled “Set of Provisions”, was aimed to facilitate more focused discussions, to help in assessing the level of acceptance of some key issues and, hopefully, to pave the way for successful outcome of the Group`s work.", "12. The Last Preparatory Session for the 3^(rd) Review Conference hosted intensive formal consultations among military experts, in three plenary meetings and one specific technical-military meeting. In the same session eighteen informal meetings were held in different settings, leading to more focused and fruitful discussions. It should be mentioned that nine delegations presented proposals and comments, which greatly helped the Coordinator in his efforts towards the refinement of the Set of Provisions. In terms of tangible and recent outcomes, such consultations and exchanges of views led to the elaboration of two revised versions of CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, both introduced during the Fifteenth Session.", "13. The last version of the abovementioned document incorporates new approaches, from different perspectives, on issues that proved to remain controversial, such as the definition of MOTAPM/AVM, transfers, detectability, active life, and fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM. It was also consolidated a consensual definition and additional remarks on perimeter marked-area. Moreover, innovative language was introduced on the humanitarian aspects related to responsible use of mines.", "Annex II", "SET OF PROVISIONS ON THE USE OF MOTAPM/AVM –", "A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus[4]", "Presented by the Coordinator", "Article 1", "General provision and scope of application", "1. This set of provisions applies to the use on land or the transfer of MOTAPM/AVM, including mines laid to interdict beaches, waterway crossings or river crossings, but does not apply to the use of anti-ship mines at sea or in inland waterways.", "2. This set of provisions shall apply to situations referred to in Article 1 of this Convention, as amended on 21 December 2001.", "3. This document is without prejudice to the existing international humanitarian law, provisions of the Convention of 1980 on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which my be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions by the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for more strict obligations or have wider application.", "Article 2", "Definitions", "1. For the purpose of this set of provisions:", "(a) \"Mine\" means a munition placed under, on or near the ground or other surface area and designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person or vehicle.", "(b) \"MOTAPM/AVM” means a mine which cannot be defined as an anti-personnel mine. An anti-personnel mine is a mine primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a person and that will incapacitate, injure or kill one or more persons. A MOTAPM/AVM is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of armored or transportation vehicles and that will damage, incapacitate or destroy one or more of such vehicles.", "(c) \"Anti-handling device\" means a device intended to protect a mine and which is part of, linked to, attached to or placed under the MOTAPM/AVM and which activates when an attempt is made to tamper with the MOTAPM/AVM.", "(d) \"Minefield\" is a defined area in which mines have been emplaced and \"mined area\" is an area which is dangerous due to the presence of mines. \"Phoney minefield\" means an area free of mines that simulates a minefield. The term \"minefield\" includes phoney minefields.", "(e) \"Perimeter-marked area\" is an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means.", "(f) \"Recording\" means a physical, administrative and technical operation designed to obtain, for the purpose of registration in official records, all available information facilitating the location of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas.", "(g) \"Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM means those not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, missile, rocket, mortar, or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. MOTAPM/AVM delivered from a land-based system from less than 500 meters are not considered to be \"remotely delivered\".", "(h) \"Self-deactivation\" means automatically rendering a munition inoperable by means of the irreversible exhaustion of a component, for example a battery, that is essential to the operation of the munition.", "(i) \"Self-destruction mechanism\" means an incorporated or externally attached automatically-functioning mechanism which secures the destruction of the munition into which it is incorporated or to which it is attached.", "(j) \"Self-neutralization mechanism\" means an incorporated automatically-functioning mechanism which renders inoperable the munition into which it is incorporated.", "(k) \"Transfer\" involves, in addition to the physical movement of MOTAPM/AVM into or from national territory, the transfer of title to and control over the MOTAPM/AVM, but does not involve the transfer of territory containing emplaced MOTAPM/AVM.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM[5]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM[6]", "Article 5", "Measures on the Restriction of Irresponsible Use of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. Each State or party to a conflict is, in accordance with this set of provisions, responsible for all MOTAPM/AVM employed by it and undertakes to clear, remove, destroy or maintain them as specified in the relevant articles of this document.", "2. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM/AVM, which may include:", "(a) establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;", "(b) effective export and import control measures relating to MOTAPM/AVM;", "(c) effective management and security of stockpiles and transport of MOTAPM/AVM;", "(d) adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by this set of provisions;", "(e) suppression of activities related to the production of MOTAPM/AVM under invalid or expired licenses; and", "(f) strengthening cooperation with the purpose of implementation of this set of provisions.", "3. It is prohibited in all circumstances to use any MOTAPM/AVM which is designed or of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering.", "4. It is prohibited to use a MOTAPM/AVM which employs a mechanism or device specifically designed to detonate the munition by the presence of commonly available mine detectors as a result of their magnetic or other non-contact influence during normal use in detection operations.", "5. It is prohibited to use a self-deactivating MOTAPM/AVM equipped with an anti-handling device that is designed in such a manner that the anti-handling device is capable of functioning after the MOTAPM/AVM has ceased to be capable of functioning.", "6. It is prohibited in all circumstances to direct any MOTAPM/AVM, either in offence or", "defense, or by way of reprisals, against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians or civilian objects, as defined by paragraph 7 of article 2 of Amended Protocol II.", "7. The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM/AVM is prohibited. Indiscriminate use is any placement of MOTAPM/AVM:", "(a) which is not on, or directed against, a military objective, as defined in the Protocol on Prohibition or Restriction on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996 (Amended Protocol II). In case of doubt as to whether an object which is normally dedicated to civilian purposes, such as a place of worship, a house or other dwelling or a school, is being used to make an effective contribution to military action, it shall be presumed not to be so used; or", "(b) which employs a method or means of delivery which cannot be directed at a specific military objective; or", "(c) which may be expected to cause incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians, damage to civilian objects, or a combination thereof, which would be excessive in relation to the concrete and direct military advantage anticipated.", "8. Several clearly separated and distinct military objectives located in a city, town, village or other area containing a similar concentration of civilians or civilian objects are not to be treated as a single military objective.", "9. All feasible precautions shall be taken to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM. Feasible precautions are those precautions which are practicable or practically possible taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations. These circumstances include, but are not limited to:", "(a) the short- and long-term effect of MOTAPM/AVM upon the local civilian population for the duration of the minefield;", "(b) possible measures to protect civilians (for example, fencing, signs, warning and monitoring);", "(c) the availability and feasibility of using alternatives; and", "(d) the short- and long-term military requirements for a minefield.", "10. Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of a MOTAPM/AVM which may affect the civilian population, unless circumstances do not permit.", "11. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws and regulations in order to prohibit and sanction the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM/AVM by any unauthorized individual or entity, as well as participating in any of the abovementioned actions as an accomplice, or providing them with assistance or finance.", "12. States shall adopt and enforce effective national measures with a view to preventing illicit circulation and trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, including the following:", "(a) oversight and control over the production, storage or transportation of MOTAPM/AVM; and", "(b) physical protection of stockpiles.", "13. States shall cooperate among themselves in order to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, in accordance with national legislation and pursuant to international law.", "Article 6", "Recording of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas", "1. It is prohibited to use any MOTAPM/AVM unless all information concerning MOTAPM/AVM minefields and mined areas is recorded in accordance with paragraph 1 of Technical Annex A. All such records shall be retained by the parties to a conflict, who shall, without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, take all necessary and appropriate measures, including the use of such information, to protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.", "2. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, the parties to a conflict shall also make available to the other party or parties to the conflict and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations all such information in their possession concerning MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, laid by them in areas no longer under their control.", "3. However, subject to reciprocity, where the forces of a party to a conflict are in the territory of an adverse party, either party may withhold such information from the Secretary-General and the other party, to the extent that security interests require such withholding, until neither party is in the territory of the other. Any information so withheld shall be disclosed as soon as those security interests permit.", "4. Wherever possible, the parties to the conflict shall seek, by mutual agreement, to provide for the release of such information at the earliest possible time in a manner consistent with the security interests of each party.", "Article 7", "Removal of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas", "1. Without delay after the cessation of active hostilities, all MOTAPM/AVM, and minefields and mined areas shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in accordance with the provisions of this set of provisions.", "2. States and parties to a conflict bear such responsibility with respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas, in areas under their control.", "3. With respect to MOTAPM/AVM, minefields and mined areas laid by a party in areas over which it no longer exercises control, such party shall provide to the party in control of the area, pursuant to paragraph 2 of this article, to the extent agreed by the parties concerned, technical and material assistance necessary to fulfill such responsibility, without prejudice to the obligations set by paragraph 1 Article 5.", "4. At all times necessary, the parties to a conflict shall endeavour to reach agreement, both among themselves and, where appropriate, with other States and with international organizations, on the provisions of technical and material assistance, including, in appropriate circumstances, the undertaking of joint operations necessary to fulfill such responsibilities.", "Article 8", "Protection from the effects of MOTAPM/AVM, minefields, and mined areas", "1. Each Party to this set of provisions shall be bound by the provisions in Article 12 of Amended Protocol II, regardless of whether that State is a Party to Amended Protocol II. Such provisions include the Scope of application; Peace-keeping and certain other forces and missions; Humanitarian and fact-finding missions of the UN system; Missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross; Other humanitarian missions and missions of enquiry; Confidentiality; and Respect for laws and regulations.", "Article 9", "Transfers", "1. Each State shall not transfer any MOTAPM/AVM:", "(a) to any recipient other than a State or State agency authorized to receive it;", "(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the use in perimeter marked area, or for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques;[7]", "[alternative language for subparagraph “b”:", "(b) which does not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life of MOTAPM/AVM, except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining , or mine destruction techniques; [8] ]", "(c) without an end-user certificate, which, in the case of mines that do not meet the standards set out for detectability and active life, shall include an explicit commitment to abide by the restrictions mentioned in subparagraph “b” above; and", "(d) to States that are not bound by this set of provisions, unless the recipient formally agrees to apply its provisions.", "2. In order to prevent illicit trafficking of MOTAPM/AVM, States shall establish or improve effective national controls.", "3. Each State undertakes to exercise restraint in the transfer of any MOTAPM/AVM with a Category One fusing system, as described in Technical Annex B, paragraph 5 (b), except for the purpose of destruction or for development of and training in mine detection, demining, or mine destruction techniques.", "4. Pending the entry into force of this set of provisions, all States will refrain from any actions which would be inconsistent with this Article.", "Article 10", "Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "1. Each State shall provide to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions. This information should include the following elements:", "(a) an initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of provisions for each State ; and", "(b) periodic updating of the report.", "2. The report referred to in paragraph 1 may include, information on:", "(a) dissemination of the provisions of this set of provisions to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(b) demining and rehabilitation programmes;", "(c) steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of provisions and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;", "(d) legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions;", "(e) measures taken on cooperation and assistance provided under Article 11 of this set of provisions; and", "(f) general information on the national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPM/AVM, and information on these transfers.", "Article 11", "Cooperation and assistance", "1. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfillment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM/AVM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(a) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate the implementation of necessary modifications to improve the reliability of, and minimize the humanitarian risks posed by, existing and future MOTAPM/AVM. Provision of such assistance may be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available.", "(b) Cooperation and assistance in the destruction of stockpiles of MOTAPM/AVM that do not meet and cannot be modified to meet the requirements of this set of provisions.", "(c) Cooperation and technical, material and human assistance for the rapid and effective demining, removal or destruction of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(d) The timely provision of geographic and technical information on MOTAPM/AVM to relevant humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations System.", "(e) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations.", "(f) Cooperation and assistance for the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM/AVM.", "(g) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of the provisions of this set of provisions.", "Article 12", "Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. The States should, to the extent feasible, follow the best practices on fuse design stipulated in paragraph 5 of Technical Annex B.", "[alternative approach:", "1. The States, to the extent feasible, in the future production of MOTAPM/AVM, shall follow the best practices in relation to the fuse and sensors production to design them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.", "2. In the future production of fuses the States, to the extent feasible, shall strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology to develop them based on technology factors, life environment factors.][9]", "[Article 13[10]", "Transition Period", "1. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of [articles 3 and 4] of this Set of Provisions, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of Provisions that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed [XX] years from the entry into force of this Set of Provisions for that State. ]", "Technical Annex A", "1. Minefield Recording", "(a) Recording of the location of MOTAPM/AVM other than remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be carried out in accordance with the following provisions:", "(i) the location of the minefields and mined areas shall be specified accurately by relation to the coordinates of at least two reference points and the estimated dimensions of the area containing these weapons in relation to those reference points;", "(ii) maps, diagrams or other records shall be made in such a way as to indicate the location of minefields and mined areas in relation to reference points, and these records shall also indicate their perimeters and extent; and", "(iii) for the purposes of detection and clearance of MOTAPM/AVM, maps, diagrams or other records shall contain complete information on the type, number, emplacing method, type of fuse and life time, date and time of laying, anti-handling devices (if any) and any other relevant information on all of these weapons laid. Whenever feasible the minefield record shall show the exact location of every MOTAPM/AVM, except in row minefields where the row location is sufficient.", "(b) The estimated location and area of remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM shall be specified by coordinates of reference points (normally corner points) and shall be ascertained and when feasible marked on the ground at the earliest opportunity. The total number and types of MOTAPM/AVM laid, the date and time of laying and the self-destruction time periods shall also be recorded.", "(c) Copies of records shall be held at a level of command sufficient to guarantee their safety as far as possible.", "(d) All MOTAPM/AVM produced after entry into force of this set of provisions shall be marked in English or in the respective national language or languages with the following information:", "(i) Name of the country of origin; and", "(ii) Month and year of production; and", "(iii) Serial number or lot number.", "2. Marking of Perimeter-marked area", "(a) a perimeter-marked area shall be marked by appropriate signage in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Technical Annex, except during periods of active hostilities. The marking shall be of a distinct and durable character and shall at least be visible to a person who is about to enter the perimeter-marked area;", "(b) the marking shall be visible, legible, durable and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible; and", "(c) during periods of active hostilities, a perimeter-marked area should, to the extent feasible, be appropriately marked. After the cessation of active hostilities and as soon as feasible, the area shall be marked in accordance with sub-paragraph (a) above.", "3. International signs for Minefields and Mined Areas", "(a) Signs similar to those specified within Amended Protocol II and detailed below shall be utilized in the marking of minefields and mined areas to ensure their visibility and recognition by the civilian populations:", "(i) Size and shape: a triangle or square no smaller than 28 centimetres (11 inches) by 20 centimetres (7.9 inches) for a triangle, and 15 centimetres (6 inches) per side for a square;", "(ii) Colour: red or orange with a yellow reflecting border;", "(iii) Symbol: the symbol illustrated in the attachment, or an alternative readily recognizable in the area in which the sign is to be displayed as identifying a dangerous area;", "(iv) Language: the sign shall contain the word “mines” in one of the six official languages of the convention (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish) and the language or languages prevalent in the area;", "(v) Spacing: signs shall be placed around the minefield at a distance to ensure their visibility at any point by a civilian approaching the area.", "Technical Annex B", "This Annex contains best practices for achieving the objectives of this set of provisions. This Annex will be implemented by States on a voluntary basis.", "1. Control Measures", "(a) Prior to Commencement of Active Hostilities", "All minefields, within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(b) During Active Hostilities", "Parties to a conflict should ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields known to them at the time and within territory under their control are either monitored by military or other authorized personnel or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. Remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM and nuisance minefields may be emplaced as required during active hostilities noting the recording requirements detailed in Technical Annex A.", "(c) After the Cessation of Active Hostilities", "(i) All parties to a conflict should be encouraged to cooperate in order to facilitate, to the extent feasible, the exchange to the other parties concerned of all information in their possession concerning minefields, mined areas, and MOTAPM/AVM laid by them in areas no longer under their control.", "(ii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned, are to be secured and monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected by fencing or other means to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area. If fencing or other marking means have been removed from minefields during the conflict they should be restored at the earliest opportunity in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "(iii) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all remotely-delivered and nuisance minefields emplaced during active hostilities, and within the territory controlled by the party concerned, should be appropriately recorded in accordance with Technical Annex A. In addition and to the extent feasible, they should be secured and monitored by military or other qualified personnel, or protected by fencing or other means, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area.", "2. Common Warning Measures Required At All Times", "To the extent feasible, and as soon as practicable after MOTAPM/AVM are laid, signposted or other warning measures should be provided on all primary traffic routes into the mined area to ensure the effective warning of civilians. A primary traffic route is one over which most population movement occurs between population centres. When providing these warning measures parties should be mindful of prevailing local environmental factors, such as regular flooding, which could contribute to the natural but unintended movement of MOTAPM/AVM over time.", "3. Marking Systems", "Marking systems are utilized to effectively and efficiently identify the perimeter or boundary between mined and unmined areas. They can include natural or artificial features or a combination thereof but to the extent feasible they will be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A. Notwithstanding the potential removal of these measures (fencing or other means) at the onset of active hostilities and the ongoing requirement in these circumstances for parties to ensure, to the extent feasible, that all minefields are monitored by military or other qualified personnel, to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians from the area, the following guidelines are provided for marking at all other times:", "(a) Immediate Warning Markers. Immediate warning markers are used to expediently mark hazards encountered by military or civilian personnel until a long-term or more permanent marker can be established. The basic pre-requisites for these markers are:", "(i) any marking means capable of identifying the hazardous areas as quickly as possible;", "(ii) visibility at not less than 50 m indicating the location, direction and type of hazard;", "(iii) the marking material(s) have a lifespan of at least 180 days; and", "(iv) the marking means used should be readily recognizable in the area in which they are displayed as identifying a hazardous area.", "Immediate markers could include but should not be limited to:", "(i) mine marking tape; or", "(ii) wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage; or", "(iii) painting of natural features such as trees and rocks in hazard recognition colours; or", "(iv) any other locally or otherwise available and accepted hazard recognition materials;", "(v) sign should be robustly emplaced and difficult to remove.", "To the extent feasible, the location of the hazard and its marking details such as the marking systems employed should be promulgated in general terms to the civil population as soon as is practicable to ensure their effective exclusion from the area. To the extent feasible they should be enhanced through the inclusion of warning signs, as described in Technical Annex A.", "(b) Long-Term Warning Markers. Long-term warning markers are to be used if the hazard is likely to remain in location for a protracted duration or when immediate hazard markers need to be replaced and upgraded. Long-term markers represent an improvement on an immediate warning system and the minimum standard of a long term warning sign could include but should not be limited to:", "(i) A fence (minimum single strand of barb wire) to waist height with appropriate military mine hazard recognition markers as detailed in Technical Annex A at intervals appropriate to the terrain and vegetation;", "(ii) Permanent signage, visible to the extent feasible by day and by night, both proximate to the hazard itself and on all identifiable primary traffic routes into the area in which the hazard is contained;", "(iii) A permanent cyclone wire type fence reinforced with barbed wire and anti-climbing measures inclusive with mine hazard markers at specified minimum intervals and type;", "(iv) Concertina wire and pickets;", "(v) Concrete barricades; or", "(vi) Other locally or otherwise available material enhancements.", "4. Specifications on Self-destruction, Self-neutralization and Self-deactivation[11]", "(a) MOTAPM/AVM that are designed to self-destruct or self-neutralize should do so within 45 days after arming. Self-deactivation of MOTAPM/AVM that fail to self-destruct or self-neutralize should take place within 120 days after arming.", "(b) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that no more than 10 percent (with a 90 percent confidence level) of activated MOTAPM/AVM will fail to self-destruct or self neutralize after 45 days.", "(c) Each State should take the measures necessary to ensure that in combination with self-destruction or self-neutralization mechanisms, no more than one in a thousand of activated MOTAPM/AVM will function as a mine after 120 days.", "5. Fuse design and sensors of MOTAPM/AVM[12]", "(a) Based on information and data provided by States the following broadly available fuses and sensors should be considered as relevant: acoustic sensors; break wires; fiber-optic wires; infra-red-sensors; magnetic sensors; pressure sensors; roller arms; scratch wire sensors; seismic/vibration sensors; tilt rods; trip wires.[13]", "(b) The broadly available fuses and sensors referred to in the previous paragraph should be graded into the following categories:", "Category One: Fusing systems that cannot be designed not to be excessively sensitive.", "(i) Break wires and trip wires do not appear to be a recommended method of activation, as it does not seem possible to design them in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.", "(ii) Tilt rods do not appear to be recommended method of activation, if they cannot be designed in such a way that an individual cannot, within reason, initiate the mine.", "Category Two: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, but are best used in conjunction with other sensors.", "(i) Acoustically activated fuses use electronic sensors to react to acoustic pressure and recognize the acoustic signature. Use in conjunction with other sensors is preferable.", "(ii) Infrared activated fuses should be designed so as not to be activated in the presence of a person. The sensor should be able to match detected heat signatures to the intended target preferably in conjunction with other sensors.", "(iii) Seismic/Vibration sensors cannot currently locate their targets precisely; their use in conjunction with other sensors appears therefore to be indispensable. The sensor should be capable to match a seismic signature to the intended target.", "Category Three: Fusing systems that can be designed not to be excessively sensitive, that can be designed to operate satisfactorily without other sensors and which fulfill the best practice safety guidelines of this Technical Annex.", "(i) The pressure required to break the fiber-optic signal should be appropriate for the intended target.", "(ii) To enhance military utility, magnetically activated mines should be capable of matching a magnetic signature to the intended target.", "(iii) Pressure sensors, pressure activated mechanisms, should, where possible, be subject to a minimum pressure force appropriate for the intended target. Pressure should preferably be exerted over a significant area (equal to that of a vehicle) rather than a single point.", "(iv) The number of turns required to initiate the roller arm fuse should be matched to the intended target.", "(v) The scratch wire sensor should be designed for specific targets by optimizing the scratch time, frequency and amplitude required to initiate the sensor by the intended target.", "(c) All MOTAPM/AVM, with the exception of those fitted with Category Three fuses, should incorporate in future production, to the extent feasible, multi-sensor fuses technology in order to reduce the possibility of inadvertent or accidental activation by a person taking into account operational, life cycle, environmental and climate factors.", "(d) The influence of environmental factors, particularly:", "(i) of weather and climate;", "(ii) of storage, handling and other external conditions should be taken into account when selecting the types of fuses and determining the sensitivity of fuses; and", "e. Considerations and proposals of technical measures should take into account operational, procurement as well as life cycle factors; they should address clearly identified humanitarian issues.", "Appendix", "Three possible options on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life” are envisaged:", "I. First option – Insertion of legally-binding language on “detectability” and “active life”.", "Article 3", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use a non-detectable MOTAPM/AVM, subject to the exclusions specified below.", "2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement:", "(a) it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimetres beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly available mine detection equipment; or", "(b) it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of alternative methods and equipment that reflect developments in detection methodologies, and if the States, taking into account testing and evaluation by relevant institutions, have decided by a four-fifths majority of the States present and voting that such alternative methods and equipment are effective and commonly available.", "3. A MOTAPM/AVM is also detectable if it can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of methods and equipment that are not commonly available but are readily available to a State, provided that:", "(a) the State in question has, before the use of such MOTAPM/AVM, demonstrated to the other States that the MOTAPM/AVM can be reliably and effectively detected through the use of such readily available methods or equipment; and", "(b) it is not used outside perimeter-marked areas located on the territory of the State in question.", "4. A MOTAPM/AVM emplaced in a perimeter-marked area is excluded from the detectability requirement of this chapter.", "5. It is prohibited to produce, after the entry into force of this set of recommendations, any MOTAPM that is not detectable.", "6. All MOTAPM/AVM from existing stocks shall meet the detectability requirement of this chapter prior to their emplacement, except in the case referred to in paragraph 4.", "7. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with the requirements of this chapter, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not meet the detectability requirement of this chapter.[14]", "Article 4", "Active life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use a remotely-delivered MOTAPM/AVM which does not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a self-neutralization mechanism with, in either case, a back-up self-deactivation feature (hereinafter referred to as \"SD/SDA or SN/SDA\"), whereby the MOTAPM/AVM will no longer function as a mine when it no longer serves the military purpose for which it was emplaced.", "2. States shall not deliver a MOTAPM/AVM from a land-based system from less than 500 meters, nor shall they hand-emplace a MOTAPM/AVM, which does not incorporate a SD/SDA or SN/SDA, outside a perimeter marked area.", "3. When implementing the recommendations of this chapter the States shall take all measures stipulated in Technical Annex A and should follow the best practices stipulated in Technical Annex B.", "4. In the event that a State determines it cannot immediately comply with paragraphs 1 and 2, it may declare at the time of its notification of consent to be bound by this set of recommendations that it will defer compliance for a period not to exceed 12 years from the entry into force of this set of recommendations. In the meantime that State shall, to the extent feasible, minimize the use of any MOTAPM/AVM that does not so comply.[15]", "II. Second option – Inclusion of Provisions on Detectability and Active Life as two optional, legally-binding Annexes.", "In this case, provisions on detectability and active life would be incorporated into the text as two separate optional annexes, and an article disciplining the entry into force of such annexes for States Parties would be inserted on the main text.", "Article 3", "Detectability and Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. At the time of submittal to the Depositary of its instrument expressing its consent to be bound to this set of provisions, a State may submit a written declaration agreeing to be bound by Optional Annex A on detectability or Optional Annex B on active life, or agreeing to be bound by both.", "2. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 may also be submitted to the Depositary by a State that has previously expressed consent to be bound by this set of provisions at any time after the entry into force of this set of provisions for that State.", "3. A declaration referred to in paragraph 1 or 2 may stipulate that it is effective immediately or may stipulate a specific date upon which it shall be effective.", "Optional Annex A", "Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM which are not detectable.", "2. A MOTAPM/AVM is detectable if, upon emplacement, it provides a response signal equivalent to a signal from eight grammes or more of iron in a single coherent mass buried five centimeters beneath the ground and can be detected by commonly-available technical mine detection equipment.", "3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the detectability requirement of this Annex.", "Optional Annex B", "Active Life of MOTAPM/AVM", "1. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a self-destruction mechanism or a mechanism for self-neutralization designed and constructed so that no more than ten percent of activated mines will fail to self-destruct within forty-five days after arming.", "2. It is prohibited to use MOTAPM/AVM that do not incorporate a back-up self-deactivation feature that is designed and constructed so that, in combination with the mechanism referred to in paragraph 1, no more than one in one thousand activated mines will function as a mine one hundred twenty days after arming.", "3. MOTAPM/AVM used in a perimeter-marked area are excluded from the requirements of this Annex.", "III. Third option – Inclusion of detectability and active life in the form of “best practices” in a technical annex.", "Some general ideas and proposals have been discussed as regards the inclusion of provisions on detectability and active life as best practices in a technical, non-binding annex.", "The adoption of a “best practices” approach to theses issues would necessarily imply changes both in the main text of a possible understanding on MOTAPM/AVM and in the provisions of a new binding technical annex.", "Annex III", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "ON THE ISSUE OF MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Symbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\tDraft EU Food-for-ThoughtPaper on Mines Other ThanAntipersonnel Mines\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\tDiscussion paper on theissue of restrictions on theuse of anti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(No electronic versionavailable)\tElements for discussionduring the Second meeting ofGGE (Geneva, 15-26 July2002) on the issue of MinesOther Than AntipersonnelMines (MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\tElements for an EU paper onAVM\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\t“Food for Thought” on Minesother than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM) for thesecond meeting of experts inJuly 2002 – Sensitive fuzes\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\tAddendum: Sensitive Fusesfor Anti Vehicle Mines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\tAnti-vehicle mines: effectson humanitarian assistanceand civilian populations\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\tList of Areas for PossibleDiscussion in the CCW Groupof Governmental Experts,Military Experts Meeting onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\tAnti-Vehicle Mines –Experience from FieldOperations\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\tReflection Paper onSensitive Fuses of LandMines Other thanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRomania\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17 andCorr.1\tCertain technical aspects ofanti-vehicle landmines\tChina\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\tCurrent AV Mine SpecificRestrictions underInternational Law\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\tInformation on TechnicalMeasures Related to AVMines: Detectability andSD/SN/SDA\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Draft Proposal bythe Coordinator on MOTAPM\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outside fencedand marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) – Sensitive Fuzesfor Anti-Vehicle Mines(Overview of Fuzes andRecommendations for BestPractice) - Synopsis\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\tCore Questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\tIrresponsible Use of MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines by Non-State Actors\tIndia\n CCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3 Field Report Afghanistan UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\tCore questions on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines: Overviewof Fuses, Sensors andRecommendations for BestPractice (Synopsis)\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\t‘Food for Thought’ Paper onInternational Cooperationand Assistance for MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines:Canadian Overview of Fuses,Sensors and Recommendationsfor Best Practice\tCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\tMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines – DraftProposal by the Coordinator\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\tNon-State Actors and thehumanitarian dangers ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tMinesActionCanada\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses forAnti-Vehicle Mines –Overview of Fuses, Sensorsand Recommendations for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\tLandmines Other ThanAnti-Personnel MinesEmplaced Outside Fenced andMarked Areas\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\tDetectability of Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\tImprovised Explosive Devices\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\tConsideration Relating tothe Sensitivity of the Fusesof Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\tConsideration Relating tothe Blowing Up of MotorVehicles Belonging toHumanitarian Missions\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tDenmark,UnitedStates ofAmericaand otherStates\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\tProposals by the RussianFederation for further workby the Group of GovernmentalExperts on the issue ofMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tRussianFederation\n CCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11 Field Report on Angola UNMAS \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\tMilitary Experts Meeting:Tentative List of Areas forDiscussion\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\tLandmine DetectionTechnology\tAustraliaCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tLandmine DetectionTechnology - Corrigendum\tAustralia \n (English only) \nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(English only)\tA Common Inter-AgencyCoordination Group on MineAction (IACG-MA) on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUNMAS onbehalf oftheIACG-MA\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\tCurrent and FutureTechnology for MOTAPMDetection and Clearance\tUNMAS\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\tTwo New Articles onInternational Cooperationand Assistance and onTransparency Measures\tLithuania\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\tProtocol on Prohibitions orRestrictions on the Use andTransfer of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines\tSecretariat\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\tDetectability ofAnti-Vehicle Mines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\tMines other thanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) laid outsideperimeter-marked areas\tIreland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\tSensitive Fuses and Sensorsfor Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM), Proposal for BestPractice\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\tThe current detectabilitystatus of Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Minescurrently available toStates Parties to theConvention on CertainConventional Weapons\tGICHD attherequestof theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\tResponses to CertainConcerns Regarding a MOTAPMProtocol\tUnitedStates ofAmerica\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda of theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\tSensitive Fuzes in MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tUnitedKingdomof GreatBritainandNorthernIreland\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\tMinefield MarkingMethodologies\tAustralia\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeeting of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\tVisualising OperationalImpacts of proposedDetectability and FusingStandards\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\tObservations on PertinentIssues Related to MinesOther than Anti-PersonnelMines\tGermany\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\tWrap-up of the Meeting ofthe Military Experts onMOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingsof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\tSelected Rules on MOTAPM andAnti-Personnel Mines inAmended Protocol II to theCCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\tPackage Solution to theIssue of MOTAPM\tPeople’sRepublicof China\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(English only)\tProposals and ideas onMOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\tRevised Proposals and ideason MOTAPM in the Group ofGovernmental Experts (GGE)with the purpose to providea basis for further work –Set of recommendations onMines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCoordinatoron MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\tProvisional Agenda for theMeetings of the MilitaryExperts on MOTAPM\tChairpersonof theMeetingof theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\tProposal on Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM)\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(Español solamente)\tPropuesta sobre el tema delas minas diferentes a lasminas antipersonal (MDMA) –Corrección\tCuba\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\tComments on the paperprepared by the Coordinatoron Mines Other ThanAnti-Personnel Mines(MOTAPM) for the 12^(th)Meeting of GovernmentalExperts to the CCW\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\tComments on the paperprepared for the twelfthsession of the Group ofGovernmental Experts of theStates Parties to the CCW bythe Coordinator on MinesOther Than Anti-PersonnelMines (MOTAPM), as containedin CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1, dated17 October 2005\tICRC\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\tProvisional Agenda for the Meetings of the Military Experts on MOTAPM\tChairperson ofthe Meeting of theMilitaryExpertson MOTAPM\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\tPractical experience in theRussian Federation in thedetection and deactivationof improvised explosivedevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\tPromising technologies forthe detection of explosiveobjects\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\tAnti-vehicle mines\tRussianFederation\nSymbol\tTitle\tSubmitted by\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\tPrincipal approaches to thedevelopment of methods forchecking the reliability ofanti-personnel mineself-destruction mechanismsand self-deactivationdevices\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\tMapping, fencing and markingof minefields: practice inthe Russian Federation\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\tCurrent restrictions on theuse of anti-personnel mines\tRussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\tSet of provisions on the useof MOTAPM/AVM - Acompilation of provisionsthat could command consensusin the group of governmentalexpert (GGE)\tRevisedproposalby theCoordinator\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\tComments on the set ofprovisions on the use ofMOTAPM/AVM. A compilation ofprovisions that couldcommand consensus in theGroup of GovernmentalExperts (GGE), contained inCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1 and Corr.1\tEuropeanUnion\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\tProposal on Anti-VehicleMines (AVM)\tPakistan", "[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2.", "[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1.", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2.", "[4] This version of the Set of Provisions outlines alternative options pertaining to each of the three approaches on the issues of “detectability” and “active life” suggested in the introduction to CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1, which are included in an annex. All other modifications in relation to the previous version (Rev.1) are displayed in italics. Alternative texts are displayed [between brackets].", "[5] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.", "[6] Three possible courses of action are envisaged for this article, as described in the appendix that follows this set of provisions.", "[7] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[8] Language retained pending an agreement on Article 3 “Detectability of MOTAPM/AVM” and Article 4 “Active life of MOTAPM/AVM”.", "[9] This alternative language is based in a generic approach to fuse design, as opposed to the specific approach of the current text, which makes reference to a list of fuses and sensors categorized according to sensitivity (in terms of the risk of involuntary activation by a person), as included in Technical Annex B. In case the generic approach prevails, subsection 5 of Technical Annex B should be deleted.", "[10] The inclusion of this article will depend on the decision on how to address the issues of “detectability” and “active life”. See also Appendix I ( I. First Option: Article 3 paragraph 7 and Article 4 paragraph 4).", "[11] The assessment of the reliability rate of the SD/SDA or SN/SDA is left to the discretion of each State.", "[12] As mentioned in the footnote to article 12, this subsection of Technical Annex B should not be included in case the generic approach to fuze and sensor design is chosen.", "[13] The sequence of the fuses and sensors is strictly alphabetical and does not entail an assessment of their availability, distribution or use.", "[14] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions.", "[15] See also Article 13 / Set of Provisions." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告 非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告", "非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员和军事专家会议主席编写", "1. 本报告叙述的是非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员在2006年的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组三届会议期间取得的工作成果，现在提交给《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席。", "2. 2005年缔约国会议任命了非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组的协调员，并决定该工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的所有提案，目的是就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议，以提交2006年的第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”[1]", "3. 非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员在履行其职责时，获得了格尔森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗雷塔斯准将的宝贵协助，他担任了协调员的顾问并主持了2006年政府专家小组会议期间举行的非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议。他的报告附在本文件之后。", "4. 在3月6日至10日举行的第十三届会议上，协调员对各代表团表示，尽管政府专家小组过去四年来在非杀伤人员地雷问题上作了很大的努力，仍然无法消除若干分歧，尤其是在非杀伤人员地雷的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”这两个最具争议性的问题上的意见分歧。有鉴于此，协调员请各代表团坦率地评估一下辩论的当时状况并就政府专家小组在这个问题上如何开展下一步的工作提出看法。协调员还宣布他打算与所有感兴趣的代表团进行非正式磋商，以找出在2006年开展讨论时还有哪些可供回旋的余地。", "5. 在第十四届会议之前，协调员分发了一份“有助于加强对负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷问题的理解程度的问题单”。问题单中列出了在处理被认为最具争议性的下列问题时可考虑采用的新措词：“标界区”；“非杀伤人员地雷的有效寿命”；“非杀伤人员地雷的生产和转让”；和“非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性”。问题单中还可填写对其他一些也许被认为相关的问题的进一步看法。此外，还请各代表团根据相关性、可接受性、被纳入的可能性或取代所讨论的概念框架的可能性，对拟议的措词作出评论。", "6. 在6月19日至23日举行的第十四届会议上，根据收到的对上述问题单的答复中体现出来的可能性进行了讨论。此外，还在不同场合开展了新一轮的非正式磋商。", "7. 在政府专家小组第十五届会议召开之前的闭会期间内，协调员决定分发一份文件，题为“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”[2] 。协调员认为该文件涵盖了在非杀伤人员地雷问题的讨论中达成了共识的所有领域。文件的内容立足于所有先前的文件，包括前任非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员芬兰大使马尔库·雷马编写的“一组建议”(2005年11月22日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件)，作为第十五届会议一开始进行讨论时达成协商一致的基础。", "8. 除了最具有争议性的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题外，还发现各代表团在另一些问题上也有分歧，因而对前任协调员建议的案文作了修改，以拟订出能达成共识的案文：除其他修改外，提出了“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”这一用语，以解决某些代表团的关注，因为它们认为先前的非杀伤人员地雷定义“过于广泛”和“具有主观性”。此外，对条款进行了全面改编，把关于同一问题的规定组合在一起，并以有条理的、合乎逻辑的方式予以编排。", "9. 至于最具争议性的非杀伤人员地雷“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题，由于未能找到可达成共识的解决办法，我所提出的“一组规定”的第一版没有纳入这两个问题。在第一版的导言中，对于这两个悬而未决的问题如何纳入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书，协调员列出了以下三种可能性：(a) 在议定书正文内纳入关于这两个问题的具有法律约束力的案文；(b) 在这两个问题上，允许各缔约国选择接受或拒绝有关这两个问题的义务；(c) 将这两个问题纳入技术附件，作为不具约束力的最佳做法。", "10. 在8月28日至9月6日举行的第十五届会议也是政府专家小组在第三次审查会议之前召开的最后一届会议上，在上述“一组规定”的基础上讨论了非杀伤人员地雷问题。各方在全体会议上提出了许多意见，另外还进行了若干次非正式磋商，让各代表团有机会提出看法和建议，从而探讨所有可能的措词，以便在如何为第三次审查会议的召开取得进展上达成共识。", "11. 关于“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题，许多代表团表示，它们仍然赞成沿着前任协调员芬兰大使马尔库·雷马提出的“一组建议”[3] 第三和第四章的思路，就这两个悬而未决的问题通过具有法律约束力的规定。", "12. 有一个代表团在同其他许多代表团广泛磋商之后，就“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题提出了案文建议，采用的是“一组规定”第一版的导言中建议的第二种办法：在这两个问题上，可以选择作出具有法律约束力的承诺。根据该建议，一个国家加入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书，可以在提交批准书之时，通过向保存人提出书面声明的方式表示它同意受这两项规定或其中一项规定的约束。在未来的议定书对特定国家生效之后的任何时间，该国均可通过向保存人提出书面声明的方式表示它同意受这两项规定或其中一项规定的约束。对于这种在一项任择议定书中纳入任择条款的想法以及对于所产生的义务只对某些缔约国具有约束力而对其他缔约国不具约束力的可能性，有一些缔约国表示不安。但是，另一些代表团则认为，这样做有可能在人道主义关切与国家安全要求及防御理论和需要之间取得协调。", "13. 其他代表团对于在“可探测性”和“有效寿命”方面作出具有法律约束力的承诺继续持保留态度，理由是这样的承诺可能会损害与国防有关的基本能力，而换来的使得非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义影响减至最低的好处是微不足道的，因为这种影响已经很有限了。在此背景下，这些代表团主张将这两个悬而未决的问题都纳入未来的一项可能的非杀伤人员地雷议定书的不具约束力的“最佳做法”附件。", "14. 一些代表团还表示，在考虑对非杀伤人员地雷的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”作任何限制之时(无论采用的是具法律约束力的方案还是任择方案)，都需要一个过渡期，以便对现有的储存和/或军事程序作出调整。", "15. 除了辩论悬而未决的问题外，还就下列其他问题进行了实质性讨论：“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”的定义；“标界区”的定义；“适用范围”；对“转让”的限制；以及“引信设计和传感器”。", "16. 特别是，相当多的代表团认为，“转让”问题和“标界区”定义问题显然与悬而未决的“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题息息相关，因而不能割裂开来处理。此外，一些代表团坚持要禁止转让无法探测、长期有效的非杀伤人员地雷(除非是为了销毁目的或为了探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训而转让此种地雷)，但另一些代表团则对这样的禁止规定表示怀疑，因为“一组规定”允许在标界区内实际使用此种长期有效、无法探测的地雷。", "17. 有一个代表团重新提出了一项关于非杀伤人员地雷的建议，认为应禁止一国在其国境之外使用非杀伤人员地雷，并以这项规定来替代目前所讨论的所有规定。另一个代表团提出了一项新建议，并认为该建议包含了“可作为政府专家小组今后审议反车辆地雷问题的基础的主要特性”。", "18. 在对处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题的所有三种办法及上述仍具争议性的其他问题进行了广泛辩论之后，协调员决定修订他所提出的“一组规定”，纳入了与这三种办法中的每一种相关的所有备选案文，以有助于第三次审查会议的讨论达成协商一致意见，但前提是各缔约国同意表现出愿意处理所有敏感问题的政治决心和灵活性。", "19. 协调员将“一组规定”的最新一版附于本报告之后。其中，除“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题以外，还载有关于其他争议性问题的备选案文。对前一版所作的所有修改均以楷体字表示。备选案文则置于方括号内。", "20. 协调员的理解是，如果在第十五届会议期间提出建议的各代表团愿意，只要这些建议能及时送交秘书处，它们就将作为第三次审查会议的正式文件分发。", "结 论", "21. 鉴于以上所述，协调员谨将本报告附件二所载的经过修订的“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”提交2006年11月7日至17日举行的《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议审议。", "22. 协调员的理解是，根据2005年缔约国会议授予政府专家小组的任务，第三次审查会议还将审议自小组设立以来提交小组审议的所有其他正式提案，这些提案的清单作为附件三也附于本报告之后。", "附 件 一", "2006年非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席的报告", "1. 本报告对2006年举行的三届会议的情况作了评估，综述了非杀伤人员地雷军事专家所开展的工作。要回顾的是，政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的总的任务授权中规定，“……还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”", "2. 在第十三届会议的开幕会议上，人们认识到，一直存在的意见分歧仍然很严重，这使得有关这个问题的工作不可能取得任何进展。", "3. 协调员还认识到，在2005年11月举行的政府专家小组第十二届会议上，尽管提出了CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件，但并未对该文件进行深入讨论。该文件的案文并没有达成协商一致，然而它是前任协调员正式提交的，其中反映了许多缔约国对范围广泛的一系列问题所表明的立场。", "4. 因此，为了促进共识，有必要探讨各缔约国对该文件所包含的各项问题的立场以及――如任务授权中载明的――对小组设立以来提出的所有提案的立场。", "5. 在第十三届会议期间，举行了一次正式的军事专家会议。专家们还参加了非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员所主持的两次全体会议。但是，最有助益和最富成果的就是以双边方式和多边方式举行的七次非正式会议。在这些会议上，协调员与16个缔约国和国际组织进行了直接接触。一个初步成果是为进行坦率和建设性的对话改善了条件，而这是达成相互之间的理解所不可或缺的。", "6. 通过讨论，可明显看出哪些主要问题具有争议性。在协调员的指导下，分发了一份问题单，其中主要涉及下列问题：可布设非杀伤人员地雷的标界区；有效寿命；转让；和非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性。此外，还请各代表团就处理上述问题的可能方式提出进一步的意见或建议。", "7. 所收到的对问题单的答复很有帮助，并根据这些答复安排了第十四届会议的工作，以求深入审议该文件中提出的各项问题。", "8. 在第十四届会议期间，又举行了一次军事专家会议，而非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员也主持了两次正式会议。此外，在不同场合举行了11次非正式磋商，以求达成共同理解和实质性突破。", "9. 尽管显然仍存在重大的分歧，但该届会议进行的非正式工作和正式工作极有助于非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员建立相互之间的信任和探讨新的可能性，以求达成共识，拟订出有关非杀伤人员地雷的建议。", "10. 在闭会期间，非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员决定提交一份综合案文，其中涵盖达成了共识的所有领域，需要将这些领域综合起来加以分析。", "11. 该文件题为“一组规定”，旨在帮助开展更有重点的讨论，评估某些关键问题的接受程度，以期为小组取得圆满的工作结果铺平道路。", "12. 在第三次审查会议的最后一届筹备会议期间，军事专家在三次全体会议和一次技术－军事会议上进行了深入的正式磋商。同一届会议期间，在不同场合举行了18次非正式会议，开展了更有重点和更富成效的讨论。应提到的是，有9个代表团提出了建议和意见，这对协调员改进“一组规定”的工作大有帮助。这些磋商和意见交流近来有了具体成果，使协调员能够在第十五届会议期间对CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件修订了两次。", "13. 该文件的最后修订本纳入了从不同的角度处理仍具争议性的一些问题的新办法，这些问题包括：非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的定义；转让；可探测性；有效寿命；以及非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器。它还纳入了已达成共识的标界区定义及关于标界区的其他案文。此外，在与负责任地使用地雷有关的人道主义方面，采用了富有新意的措词。", "附 件 二", "关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定―― 会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编[4]", "协调员提交", "第 1 条", "一般规定和适用范围", "1. 这一组规定适用于非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷(包括为封锁海滩、水道渡口或河道渡口而布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷)的路上使用或转让，但不适用于海上或内陆水道中反舰船雷的使用。", "2. 这一组规定适用于本《公约》经2001年12月21日修正后的第1条所述情况。", "3. 本文件不妨害现有国际人道主义法、1980年《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》各项规定或规定了更严格义务或适用范围更广泛的其他国际文书和联合国安全理事会决定。", "第 2 条", "定 义", "1. 为了这一组规定的目的：", "(a) “地雷”是指布设在地下、地面或接近地面或其他表面并设计成在人员或车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸的一种弹药。", "(b) “非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”是指无法界定为杀伤人员地雷的地雷。杀伤人员地雷是主要设计成在人员出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使一名或一名以上人员丧失能力、受伤或死亡的一种地雷。非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷是主要设计成在装甲或运输车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使一辆或一辆以上这种车辆受损、丧失能力或毁坏的一种地雷。", "(c) “防排装置”是指一种旨在保护地雷、构成非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一部分、连接、附着或置于此种地雷之下而且一旦企图触动此种地雷时会引爆这种地雷的装置。", "(d) “雷场”是指范围明确的布设了地雷的区域，“雷区”是指因为有地雷而具有危险性的区域。“假雷场”是指像雷场却没有地雷的区域。“雷场”的含义包括假雷场。", "(e) “标界区”是指为了确保将平民有效地排除在外而由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护的区域。", "(f) “记录”是指一种有形的、行政的和技术的工作，旨在将有助于查明非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的位置以及非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷雷场和雷区位置的一切可获得的资料记载于正式记录中。", "(g) “遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”是指非直接布设而是以火炮、导弹、火箭、迫击炮或类似手段布设或由飞机投布的一种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。由一种陆基系统在不到500米范围布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不作为“遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”看待。", "(h) “自失能”是指因一个使弹药起作用的关键部件(例如电池)不可逆转地耗竭而自动使弹药无法起作用。", "(i) “自毁装置”是指保证内装有或外附有此种装置的弹药能够销毁的一种内装或外附自动装置。", "(j) “自失效装置”是指使内装有此种装置的弹药无法起作用的一种内装自动装置。", "(k) “转让”除了包括将非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷实际运入或运出国家领土外，还包括非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷所有权和控制权的转让，但不包括布设了非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的领土的转让。", "第 3 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性[5]", "第 4 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命[6]", "第 5 条", "限制不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的措施", "1. 按照这一组规定，每一国或冲突当事方对其布设的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷负有责任，并承诺按照本文件相关条款的规定对其进行清除、排除、销毁或维持。", "2. 每一国应采取行动限制不负责任地使用反车辆地雷，包括采取下列行动：", "(a) 建立适当的国家制度和相关文件；", "(b) 采取有效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷进出口控制措施；", "(c) 确保非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷储存和运输的有效管理和安全；", "(d) 采取一切必要的措施，包括酌情进行刑事处罚，以防止和打击受到这一组规定禁止的活动；", "(e) 制止与依据无效或过期的许可生产非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷有关的活动；并", "(f) 就落实这一组规定加强合作。", "3. 禁止在任何情况下使用设计成或性质为造成过分伤害或不必要痛苦的任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "4. 禁止使用装有以现有普通探雷器正常用于探雷作业时因其磁力或其他非接触影响引爆弹药而专门设计的机制或装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "5. 禁止使用装有一种按其设计在地雷不再能起作用后仍能起作用的防排装置的自失能非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "6. 禁止在任何情况下―― 无论是为了进攻、防卫或报复―― 针对平民群体或个别平民或经修正后的《第二号议定书》第2条第7款所界定的民用物体使用任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "7. 禁止滥用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。滥用是指在下列情况下布设非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷：", "(a) 并非布设在经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(经修正后的《第二号议定书》)所界定的军事目标上，也不直接对准这种军事目标。在对某一通常专用于民用目的的物体如礼拜场所、房屋或其他住所或学校是否正被用于为军事行动作出有效贡献存有怀疑时，应将其视为并非用于这一目的；或", "(b) 使用一种不可能对准特定军事目标的投送方法或手段；或", "(c) 预计可能附带造成平民死亡、平民受伤、民用物体受损坏，或同时造成这三种情况，而其损害的程度超过预期的具体和直接的军事益处。", "8. 位于城市、城镇、村庄或含有类似平民集聚点或民用物体的其他区域内的若干个明显分开的、有别于其他物体的军事目标，不得作为单一军事目标看待。", "9. 应采取一切可行的预防措施，使平民不受非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的影响。可行的预防措施是指考虑到当时存在的一切情况、包括从人道和军事角度考虑后所采取的实际可行的或实际可能的预防措施。这些情况包括但不仅限于：", "(a) 雷场存在期间非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷对当地平民群体的短期和长期影响；", "(b) 可能的保护平民措施(例如竖立栅栏、标志、发出警告和进行监视)；", "(c) 采用替代手段的可能性和可行性；", "(d) 雷场的短期和长期军事需要。", "10. 可能影响平民群体的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的任何布设均应事先发出有效的警告，除非情况不允许。", "11. 各国应依照其本国程序，制定并执行适当的法律和条例，以禁止和处罚任何未经授权的个人或实体生产、获取、拥有、研制、运输、转让或使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，或作为共犯参与上述任何活动，或向其提供援助或资金。", "12. 各国应制定并采取有效的国家措施，以防止非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法流通和贩运，包括：", "(a) 监督和控制非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的生产、储存或运输；", "(b) 对储存给予实物保护。", "13. 各国应相互合作，依照本国法律和国际法，防止 、打击和消除非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法贩运。", "第 6 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区资料的记录", "1. 除非已根据技术附件A第1段的规定对非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷雷场和雷区的一切有关情况作了记录，否则禁止使用任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。冲突各方应保存所有此种记录，并且应在现行敌对行动停止之后立即采取一切必要和适当的措施，包括利用此种记录，保护平民不受它们所控制的区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的影响。", "2. 冲突各方应在现行敌对行动停止之后毫不拖延地向冲突的对方或各方和联合国秘书长提供它们所掌握的关于不再为它们所控制的区域内由它们布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的所有资料。", "3. 但是，在对等的前提下，如冲突一方的部队在敌方领土内，任何一方均可在安全利益需要暂时扣发的限度内不向秘书长和对方提供此种资料，直到双方均撤出对方领土为止。", "4. 一俟安全利益许可，即应提供任何暂时扣发的资料。在可能的情况下，冲突各方应设法经由相互协议争取尽早以符合每方安全利益的方式发放此种资料。", "第 7 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的排除", "1. 在现行敌对行动停止之后，应按照这一组规定中的有关规定立即清除、排除、销毁或维持所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷及其雷场和雷区。", "2. 各国和冲突各方对其控制区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷及其雷场和雷区负有此种责任。", "3. 对于一当事方布设在已不再由其控制的区域内的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区，该当事方应在各当事方商定的限度内向本条第2款所指的控制该区域的一方提供履行此一责任所必需的技术和物资援助，但这不妨害第5条第1款中规定的义务。", "4. 在一切必要情况下，各当事方应努力在相互之间以及酌情与其他国家和国际组织就技术和物资援助、包括在适当时采取履行此项责任所必要的联合行动达成协议。", "第 8 条", "提供保护以免受非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷、雷场和雷区的影响", "1. 加入这一组规定的每一方应受经修正后的《第二号议定书》第12条规定的约束，而无论该国是否加入了经修正后的《第二号议定书》。这些规定包括：适用范围；维持和平及某些其他部队和特派团；联合国系统人道主义特派团和实情调查特派团；红十字国际委员会特派团；其他人道主义特派团和调查特派团；保密；和遵守法律和规章。", "第 9 条", "转 让", "1. 每一国不得：", "(a) 向除国家或经授权可接受此种转让的国家机构以外的任何接受者转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷；", "(b) 转让任何不符合所规定的可探测性和有效寿命标准的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但为了在标界区内使用或为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外；[7]", "[b项备选案文：", "(b) 转让任何不符合可探测性和有效寿命要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外；] [8]", "(c) 在无最终用户证明的情况下转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，而在地雷不符合可探测性和有效寿命要求的情况下，最终用户证明应列入对遵守以上“b”项所述限制的明确承诺；和", "(d) 向不受这一组规定约束的国家转让任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，除非接受国正式同意遵守有关规定。", "2. 为防止非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的非法贩运，各国应建立或改进有效的国家控制。", "3. 各国承诺在转让任何装有技术附件B第5(b)段所述第一类引信系统的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷方面实行克制，但为销毁目的或为探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的技术开发和培训进行的转让除外。", "4. 在这一组规定生效之前，所有国家不得采取任何与本条不符的行动。", "第 10 条", "透明度和其他建立信任措施", "1. 每一国应向联合国秘书长提供与这一组规定的执行情况有关的资料，而秘书长应将此种资料转交其他国家。此种资料应包括下列内容：", "(a) 在这一组规定对该国生效后提交的初始报告；以及", "(b) 对该报告所作的定期更新。", "2. 第1款所指的报告还可包括：", "(a) 向武装部队和平民群体传播有关这一组规定的内容的资料；", "(b) 清除地雷和善后重建方案；", "(c) 除有关武器技术外，为满足这一组规定的技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(d) 为落实这一组规定而采取的立法措施和其他措施；", "(e) 根据这一组规定第11条就合作采取的措施和所提供的援助；和", "(f) 关于非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷转让的国家规则和要求的一般资料和有关此种转让的资料。", "第 11 条", "合作与援助", "1. 有能力这样做的每一国应加强双边一级、区域一级和国际一级的合作与援助，协助其他国家履行其有关非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的义务。可通过人道主义组织提供合作与援助。此种合作与援助可包括以下内容：", "(a) 技术援助和财政援助，包括交流经验、除武器技术以外的技术和信息，以便利进行必要的改装，从而提高现有和未来的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可靠性并将其人道主义危险减至最低，同时在可行的情况下协助先进的探雷设备的开发，并使此种设备很容易获得。", "(b) 在销毁不符合也无法加以改装以使其符合这一组规定的要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的储存方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(c) 为了迅速和有效地清除、排除或销毁非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷而进行合作及提供技术、物资和人力援助。", "(d) 向相关人道主义特派团和联合国系统内拥有的排雷行动数据库及时提供非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的地理信息和技术信息。", "(e) 在对平民群体开展危险性教育方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(f) 在非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷受害者的照料、康复及重新融入社会和经济生活方面进行合作和提供援助。", "(g) 在实施这一组规定方面进行合作和提供援助。", "第 12 条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器", "1. 各国应在可行的情况下遵循技术附件B第5段中关于引信设计的最佳做法。", "[备选案文：", "1. 各国今后在生产非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷时，应在可行的情况下遵循与引信和传感器生产有关的最佳做法，其设计应将个人非自愿或意外引爆地雷的可能性减至最低。", "2. 各国今后在生产引信时，应在可行的情况下尽力采用现代技术，包括多传感器技术，根据技术因素及寿命和环境因素研制引信。] [9]", "[第13条[10]", "过渡期", "1. 如果一国判定它无法立即遵守这一组规定[第3和第4条]的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组规定约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组规定对该国生效算起的[XX]年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。]", "技术附件A", "1. 雷场的记录", "(a) 应按下列规定对除遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷以外的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的位置进行记录：", "(1) 应准确说明雷场和雷区的布设区相对于至少两个参考点座标的位置，并说明此种武器的布设区相对于这些参考点的估计范围；", "(2) 制作地图、图表或其他记录时，应标明雷场和雷区相对于参考点的位置，这些记录也应标明它们的周界线和范围；并且", "(3) 为了探测和清除非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，地图、图表或其他记录应载有关于所布设的所有此种武器的类型、数量、布设方法、引信类型和有效期、布设的日期和时间以及(可能有的)防排装置的完整资料及其他有关资料。凡可行时，雷场记录应标示出每枚非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的确切位置，但对于行列雷场，标示出每行的位置即可。", "(b) 应以参考点(通常以区角点)座标具体说明遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的估计位置和区域，并应尽早作出实地勘察，在可行的情况下在地面上留下标记。所布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的总数和类型、布设日期和时间以及自毁期限也应记录下来。", "(c) 应尽可能由足以保证记录安全的指挥级别保存记录的副本。", "(d) 在这一组规定生效之后生产的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应以英文或有关国家语文标出如下信息：", "(1) 原造国名称；和", "(2) 生产年月；和", "(3) 序列号或批号。", "2. 标界区的标示", "(a) 标界区应按照本技术附件第3段以适当标记标示，但现行敌对行动期间除外。标记应醒目并具有耐久性，并应至少可被准备进入标界区的人所看见；", "(b) 标记应尽可能可看见、可判读、耐久和耐受环境作用的影响；而且", "(c) 在现行敌对行动期间，标界区应在可行的情况下尽可能适当标示。在现行敌对行动结束之后，标界区应在可行的情况下尽快按照以上(a)项加以标示。", "3. 雷场和雷区的国际标志", "(a) 应使用类似于修正后的第二号议定书内所规定的以及在以下详作说明的标志标出雷场和雷区，以确保平民能看到和认出这些标志：", "(1) 尺寸和形状：三角形或正方形，三角形的底边不应小于28厘米(11英寸)，斜边不应小于20厘米(7.9英寸)；正方形的边长不应小于15厘米(6英寸)；", "(2) 颜色：红色或橙色，框以黄色反光周边；", "(3) 符号：附件中所绘出的符号，或其他类型的符号，但须在竖立标志的地区很容易辨认出此一符号标明了危险区；", "(4) 文字：标志中应含有《公约》六种正式语文(阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文)之一及当地所用语文中的“地雷”一词；以及", "(5) 间隔：竖在雷场或雷区周围标志的间隔应足以确保平民从任何一点靠近该区域时都能看到。", "技术附件B", "本附件载述了为实现这一组规定所载的各项目标而可采用的最佳做法。本附件将由各国自愿执行。", "1. 控制措施", "(a) 现行敌对行动开始前", "在有关缔约国控制的领土内，所有雷场均应由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "(b) 现行敌对行动期间", "冲突各方应确保在可行的情况下，他们当时已知的、在其控制的领土之内的所有雷场要么由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视，要么用栅栏或以其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。在现行敌对行动期间，可以布设遥布的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷和骚扰性雷场，同时应注意技术附件A所列的记录要求。", "(c) 现行敌对行动停止后", "(1) 应鼓励冲突的所有当事方相互合作，以便在可行的情况下，与其他有关当事方交换它们所掌握的关于在其不再控制的区域内所布设的雷场、雷区和非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一切资料。", "(2) 有关当事方所控制领土内的所有雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以看护和监视，或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。如果在冲突期间栅栏或其他标记手段被从雷场移走，则应尽早恢复，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "(3) 在现行敌对行动期间布设的、位于有关当事方控制领土内的所有遥布雷场和骚扰性雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下按照技术附件A的规定加以适当记录。此外，在可行的情况下，应由军人或其他得到授权的人员加以看护和监视，或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外。", "2. 在所有时候都须采取的共同示警措施", "在杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷布设之后，在可行的情况下应尽快在通往雷区的所有主要交通线上竖起标志牌或采取其他示警措施，向平民有效地发出警告，以免他们进入雷区。主要交通线是两个居民点之间大多数居民所使用的路线。在采用这些示警措施时，各方应意识到当地的环境因素，例如是否经常发生水灾，因为一旦发生水灾，非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可能会随着时间推移发生自然的非有意的移动。", "3. 标记系统", "使用标记系统是为了有效地标出雷区和非雷区之间的界线。标记系统可包括天然或人工特征，或两者结合，但只要有可能，应通过加上示警标记，例如技术附件A所描述的标记，来提高标记系统的作用。尽管这些措施(栅栏或其他手段)在现行敌对行动开始时有可能被移走，尽管在这样的情况下一直有这样的要求，即各方须在可行的情况下确保所有雷场由军人或其他得到授权的人员加以监视，以确保有效地将平民排除在该区域之外，但下列指南是在所有其他时间均应遵守的标记指南。", "(a) 即时示警标记。即时示警标记是在找到长期的或更永久性的标记之前用来迅速标出军人或平民遇到的危险的标记。这些标记的基本要求是：", "(1) 能够尽快标出危险区域的任何可能的标记手段；", "(2) 应至少在50米以外能看到，并能标出危险的位置、方向和类型；", "(3) 标记材料的寿命应至少有180天；", "(4) 使用的标记手段应该在使用标记的区域内很容易认出，并能表明有关区域是危险区域。", "即时示警标记可包括但不应限于：", "(1) 标记地雷用的条形材料；或", "(2) 线、桩子(由铁、木头、水泥、塑料或其他材料制成)以及标志；或", "(3) 用表示危险的颜色涂抹天然物体，例如树和石头；或", "(4) 任何其他当地能找到或接受的表示危险的材料；", "(5) 标记应布设牢固，难以移动。在可行的情况下，应尽快地使用通俗的语言向平民群体公布危险的位置及其标记细节诸如所用的标记系统，以确保有效地将他们排除在这些区域之外。在可行的情况下，这些标记系统应该通过加上如技术附件A所述的示警标志而予以加强。", "(b) 长期示警标记。如果危险可能长时期存在，或者当需要更换或更新即时使用的危险标记时，应使用长期的标记。长期的标记应该是对即时示警系统的改进，长期示警标志的最低标准可包括但不应仅限于：", "(1) 高度达到腰部的栅栏(最低限度应是单股铁丝网)，并应加上技术附件A所述的、适当的军用地雷危险辨认标记，标记的间隔应视地形和植被情况而定；", "(2) 永久性标志，在可行的情况下，应白天和晚上都能看到，既安设在危险地点附近，又安设在进入危险区域的所有能够辨认的主要交通路线上；", "(3) 使用永久性的旋风式铁丝网，并配有铁刺和防攀爬措施，同时在最低限度的间隔上安装具体类型的地雷危险标记；", "(4) 蛇腹形铁丝网和铁桩；", "(5) 水泥隔板；或", "(6) 其他在当地或通过其他方式能找到的加固材料。", "4. 自毁、自失效和自失能装置的规格 [11]", "(a) 设计成能够自毁或自失效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应在布设后45天内能够自毁或自失效。未能自毁或自失效的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应在布设后120天内能够自失能。", "(b) 各国应采取一切必要的措施，以确保45天后未自毁或自失效的有效非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的比率不超过10%(置信度90%)。", "(c) 各国应采取必要的措施，以确保在结合自毁或自失效装置的情况下在120天之后仍有地雷作用的有效非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不超过千分之一。", "5. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的引信设计和传感器 [12]", "(a) 根据各国提供的资料和数据，以下容易获取的引信和传感器应当被认为与此相关：音响传感器；断线引信；光纤引信；红外传感器；磁传感器；压力传感器；滚臂传感器；刮线传感器；地震/振动传感器；斜杆引信；绊线引信。[13]", "(b) 上述易于获取的引信和传感器的等级应划分为以下类别：", "第一类：无法在设计上达到不过分敏感程度的引信系统。", "(1) 断线引信、斜杆引信和绊线引信看来不是一种可推荐的引爆方法，因为现在看来这些引信不可能在设计上做到使个人在合理情况下无法引爆地雷。", "(2) 斜杆引信看来不是一种可推荐的引爆方法，因为这些引信不可能在设计上做到使个人在合理情况下无法引爆地雷。", "第二类：能够在设计上达到不过分敏感程度的引信，但这些系统最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(1) 声发引信采用电子传感器对声压作出反应，并辨认声信号。最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(2) 红外引信应当在设计上做到不因人的出现而引发。该传感器应当最好在与其他传感器结合使用的情况下，能够将检测到的热信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "(3) 地震/振动传感器目前不能对目标加以精确定位，因而看来必须与其他传感器结合使用。此种传感器应当能够将地震信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "第三类：能够在设计上达到不过分敏感的程度并且经设计能够在没有其他传感器的情况下能够令人满意地自行运行，并符合本技术附件的最佳做法安全指南。", "(1) 所需中断光纤信号的压力应当与预期目标相应。", "(2) 为了提高军事效用，磁发地雷应当能够将磁信号与预定目标信号相匹配。", "(3) 如果有可能，应当为压力传感器设定与预定目标相应的最低压力。压力最好施加于一个相当大的面积(相当于车辆的面积)，而非施加于某一点。", "(4) 引发滚臂引信所需翻转次数应当与预定目标相符。", "(5) 刮线传感器应当针对具体目标设计，使预定目标引发传感器所需的刮过时间、频率和振幅实现最优化。", "(c) 在可行的情况下，除装有第三类引信的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷外，所有未来生产的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷应当采用多传感器引信技术，以降低无意中或意外引爆的可能性，并要考虑到操作、寿命周期、环境和气候因素。", "(d) 环境因素的影响，尤其是", "(1) 天气和气候；", "(2) 储存、搬运和其他外部条件的影响。", "(e) 对技术措施的考虑和建议应当考虑到操作、采购以及寿命周期因素，并应当顾及已经明确指出的人道主义问题。", "附 录", "在如何处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”的问题上，有三种可能的选择：", "一、第一种选择――纳入关于“可探测性”和“有效寿命”的具有法律约束力的案文。", "第3条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性", "1. 禁止使用无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，但以下所列的情况除外。", "2. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷如果在布设后达到下列要求就属于可探测的：", "(a) 其产生的响应信号相当于8克或8克以上的一整块铁埋在地下5厘米处所产生的信号，并可用现有普通地雷探测设备探测出来；或", "(b) 可用代表探测手段发展水平的其他方法和设备可靠而有效地探测出来，并且各国考虑到相关机构的测试和评价结果，以出席并参加投票的国家的五分之四多数认定此种其他方法和设备是有效和普通的方法和设备。", "3. 如果可使用虽非普通但对某个国家来说很容易获得的方法和设备可靠而有效地探测出来，则此种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷也属于可探测的，但条件是：", "(a) 该国在使用此种非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷之前已经向其他国家证明，可使用此种很容易获得的方法或设备将非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可靠而有效地探测出来；并且", "(b) 不在位于该国领土上的标界区之外使用。", "4. 在标界区内布设的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本章规定的可探测性要求。", "5. 这一组建议生效后，禁止生产任何无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷。", "6. 目前储存的所有非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷在布设之前均应达到本章规定的可探测性要求，但第4款所指的情况例外。", "7. 如果一国判定它无法立即符合本章规定的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组建议约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组建议生效算起的12年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。与此同时，该国应在可行的情况下尽可能少使用不符合本章规定的可探测性要求的任何非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。[14]", "第4条", "非杀伤人员地雷的有效寿命", "1. 禁止使用未装有使其在不再服务于布设它的军事目的的情况下不再作为地雷发挥作用的自毁装置或自失效装置并在两种情况下均未装有后备自失能装置(下称“自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置”)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 各国不得用陆基系统从不到500米处投布非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷，也不得在标界区外人工布设未装有自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "3. 在执行本章的建议时，各国应采取技术附件A所规定的一切措施并遵循技术附件B所规定的最佳做法。", "4. 如果一国判定它无法立即遵守第1和第2款的要求，它可在通知同意受这一组建议约束之时宣布它将在不超过自这一组建议生效算起的12年期间内暂缓遵守这一要求。与此同时，该国应在可行的情况下尽可能少使用不符合要求的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。[15]", "二、第二种选择――将关于可探测性和有效寿命的规定作为两个具有法律约束力的任择附件纳入。", "在此情况下，关于可探测性和有效寿命的规定作为两个单独的任择附件纳入案文，正文中则列入一条，其中对这两个附件对缔约国生效的问题作出规定。", "第3条", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性和有效寿命", "1. 一国在向保存人提交其表示同意受这一组规定的约束的文书之时，可提交一份书面声明，其中表示同意受关于可探测性的任择附件A或关于有效寿命的任择附件B的约束或同意受这两个附件的约束。", "2. 一国若先前已表示同意受这一组规定的约束，则在这一组规定对该国生效之后的任何时间也可向保存人提交第1款所指的声明。", "3. 第1或第2款所指的声明中可表明该声明立即生效，或表明该声明自某一特定日期起生效。", "任择附件A", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性", "1. 禁止使用无法探测的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷如果在布设后产生的响应信号相当于8克或8克以上的一整块铁埋在地下5厘米处所产生的信号，并可用现有普通地雷探测设备探测出来，就属于可探测的。", "3. 在标界区内使用的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本附件规定的可探测性要求。", "任择附件B", "非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命", "1. 禁止使用未装有设计并构造成在解除保险后45天内未能自毁的有效雷不超过所有有效雷的10%的自毁装置或自失效装置的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "2. 禁止使用不具有设计并构造成与第1款所指的装置相结合在解除保险后120天仍有地雷作用的有效雷不超过所有有效雷的1‰的后备自失能特征的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷。", "3. 在标界区内使用的非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷不适用本附件所规定的要求。", "三、第三种选择――将可探测性和有效寿命作为“最佳做法”纳入技术附件。", "对于将可探测性和有效寿命方面的规定作为最佳做法纳入不具约束力的技术附件，曾讨论过一些一般性的想法和建议。", "如果以“最佳做法”的方式来处理这两个问题，就必须修改正文中对非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷可能达成的理解，也必须修改具有约束力的新的技术附件中的规定。", "附 件 三", "政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提交者 \nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1\t欧盟就非杀伤人员地雷提出的旨在启发思考的文件草案\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12\t关于限制使用反车辆地雷问题的讨论文件\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(没有电子本)\t政府专家小组第二届会议(2002年7月15日至26日，日内瓦)非杀伤人员地雷问题的讨论要点\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\t欧盟提出的反车辆地雷文件的要点\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5\t2002年7月专家小组第二届会议有关非杀伤人员地雷的讨论要点――敏感引信\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\t增编：反车辆地雷的敏感引信\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9\t反车辆地雷：对人道主义援助和平民群体的影响\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.12\t《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组非杀伤人员地雷问题军事专家会议可能的讨论范围\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.14\t反车辆地雷――实地作业经验\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16\t关于非杀伤人员地雷敏感引信问题的反思文件\t罗马尼亚\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17和Corr.1\t反车辆地雷技术层面几个问题\t中 国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18\t国际法目前对反车辆地雷的具体限制\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.21\t与反车辆地雷有关的技术措施资料：可探测性与自毁/自失效/自失能\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\t非杀伤人员地雷――非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的提案草案\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.4\t在有栅栏和标志的区域之外布设的非杀伤人员地雷\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.5\t非杀伤人员地雷――反车辆地雷的敏感引信(引信一览表及最佳做法建议)――概览\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的核心问题\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\t非国家行为者不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷的问题\t印 度\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3\t阿富汗实地情况报告\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的核心问题\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2\t反车辆地雷的敏感引信：引信、传感器及最佳做法建议一览表\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3\t关于在非杀伤人员地雷领域开展国际合作与援助问题的旨在启发思考的文件\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.4\t非杀伤人员地雷：加拿大对引信、传感器及最佳做法建议的看法\t加拿大\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.1\t非杀伤人员地雷――协调员的提案草案\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2\t非国家行为者与非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义危险\t地雷行动(加拿大)\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.3\t反车辆地雷的敏感引信――引信、传感器一览表及最佳做法建议\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4\t埋设在竖有栅栏和标志的区域之外的非杀伤人员地雷\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\t地雷的可探测性\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.6\t简易爆炸装置\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.7\t与非杀伤人员地雷引信的敏感性有关的考虑\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.8\t关于炸毁属于人道主义工作团的机动车辆问题的几点考虑\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷的议定书\t丹麦、美利坚合众国和其他国家\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷的议定书，更正\t丹麦、美利坚合众国和其他国家\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.10\t俄罗斯联邦关于政府专家小组就非杀伤人员地雷问题开展进一步工作的建议\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11\t安哥拉实地报告\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.1\t军事专家会议：拟讨论的问题暂定清单\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2\t地雷探测技术\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t地雷探测技术――更正\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3\t关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的地雷行动合设机构间协调组\t联合国排雷行动处代表协调组\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(仅有英文本)\t关于非杀伤人员地雷问题的地雷行动合设机构间协调组\t联合国排雷行动处代表协调组\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.4\t目前和未来探测和清除非杀伤人员地雷的技术\t联合国排雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\t关于国际合作与援助的新的一条和关于透明度措施的新的一条\t立陶宛\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.6\t禁止或限制使用和转让非杀伤人员地雷议定书\t秘书处\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t协调员\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1\t反车辆地雷的可探测性\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2\t在标界区之外布设的非杀伤人员地雷\t爱尔兰\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.3\t非杀伤人员地雷的敏感引信和传感器\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4\t目前可供《特定常规武器公约》缔约国使用的非杀伤人员地雷可探测性的现况\t日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心应非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的要求编写\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5\t对有关非杀伤人员地雷议定书某些关注的答复\t美 国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1\t非杀伤人员地雷的敏感引信问题\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.2\t雷场标记方法\t澳大利亚\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1\t设想提议的可探测性和引信标准的作战影响\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2\t关于非杀伤人员地雷相关问题的意见\t德 国\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.3\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议总结\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1\t《特定常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号附加议定书关于非杀伤人员地雷和杀伤人员地雷的若干规则\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2*\t关于解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的一揽子方案\t中华人民共和国\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(仅有英文本)\t政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\t经过修订后的政府专家小组关于非杀伤人员地雷的提议和想法，目的是为未来工作提供基础：关于非杀伤人员地雷的一组建议\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/2\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的提案\t古 巴\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(仅有西班牙文本)\t关于非杀伤人员地雷的提案，更正\t古 巴\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2\t对非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员为《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组第十二届会议所编写文件的评论\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1\t对2005年10月17日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1号文件所载非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员为《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组第十二届会议编写的文件的评论\t红十字会\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/1\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议临时议程\t非杀伤人员地雷军事专家会议主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2\t俄罗斯联邦在探测和排除简易爆炸装置方面的实际经验\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3\t有前景的爆炸物探测技术\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4\t反车辆地雷\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.5\t制定程序检查杀伤人员地雷自毁机构和自失能装置可靠性的主要办法\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6\t雷场绘图、设置栅栏和标记：俄罗斯联邦的做法\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7\t目前对使用杀伤人员地雷的限制\t俄罗斯联邦\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1\t关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编\t非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1\t评论CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1和Corr.1号文件所载的“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定――政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的规定汇编”\t欧洲联盟\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2\t关于反车辆地雷的建议\t巴基斯坦", "[1] CCW/MSP/2005/2。", "[2] CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1。", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2。", "[4] “一组规定”的这一版在附录中纳入了与CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1号文件导言中提议的处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题的三种办法中的每一种相关的备选案文。对前一版(Rev.1)所作的所有其他修改均以楷体字表示。备选案文则置于方括号内。", "[5] 这一条有三种可能的处理办法，见这一组规定后面的附录。", "[6] 这一条有三种可能的处理办法，见这一组规定后面的附录。", "[7] 在就第3条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性”和第4条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命”达成协议之前予以保留。", "[8] 在就第3条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的可探测性”和第4条“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的有效寿命”达成协议之前予以保留。", "[9] 这一备选案文是基于引信设计的一般方针，而不是目前案文中的特定方针，后者涉及技术附件B所列的按照敏感度(就个人非自愿引爆的危险而言)分类的引信和传感器。如采纳一般方针，则应删去技术附件B第5小节。", "[10] 是否列入这一条，将取决于决定如何处理“可探测性”和“有效寿命”问题。另见附录(一、第一种选择：第3条第7款和第4条第4款)。", "[11] 对自毁/自失能装置或自失效/自失能装置的可靠率进行评价的工作有待各国酌定。", "[12] 如第12条的脚注所提到的，在采纳关于引信和传感器的一般性方针时不列入技术附件B本小节。", "[13] 引信和传感器的顺序严格按照英文字母顺序排列，并不意味着对其供应、销售或使用情况的评估。", "[14] 另见“一组规定”的第13条。", "[15] 另见“一组规定”的第13条。" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "2006年关于其他机制的报告", "2006年关于其他机制的工作报告", "地雷问题协调员编写", "以及军事专家会议主席", "页: 1 1. 关于地雷问题协调员在2006年全年举行的《特定常规武器公约》政府专家小组三届会议期间所做工作成果的本报告已提交《特定常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席。", "2. 2005年缔约国会议任命了一名杀伤人员地雷问题工作组协调员,并决定该工作组应在2006年继续开展工作,其任务如下:", "“a) 3. 继续审议自政府专家组设立以来提出的所有关于非杀伤人员地雷的建议,以便拟订关于非杀伤人员地雷的适当建议,提交2006年第三次审查会议。", "b) 还应举行军事专家会议,就这些活动提供咨询意见。 ......", "3. 。 在履行职务时,地雷问题协调员依靠Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas准将的宝贵贡献,他作为协调员的顾问,主持了2006年政府专家小组会议期间举行的地雷问题军事专家会议,其报告将随附本文件。", "4. 第四届会议 在3月6日至10日举行的第十三届会议上,协调员向各代表团表示,尽管政府专家小组在过去四年中就地雷问题作出了艰苦努力,但还是未能消除一些分歧,特别是在最有争议的“可排除性”和“有效寿命”问题上。 有鉴于此,协调员请各代表团坦率地评估目前的辩论状况,并要求说明政府专家小组今后就此问题开展工作的备选办法。 协调员还宣布,他打算与所有有关代表团进行非正式磋商,以确定2006年全年讨论的余地。", "5. 在第十四届会议之前,协调员散发了一份“关于可能提高关于负责任使用非杀伤人员地雷问题的了解程度的问题的调查表”。 调查表以新语言的形式提出,这些新语言可能被视为用来处理被确认为最有争议的议题,具体如下:“标明的雷区”(PMA);“杀伤人员地雷的活性寿命”;“杀伤人员地雷的生产和转让”;以及“排除杀伤人员地雷”。 它还规定就可能被认为相关的其他问题提交补充意见。 请各代表团根据相关性、接受性、融入或取代所讨论的概念框架的可能性,对拟议措辞(以及与这些概念和/或概念有关)发表意见。", "6. 任务 在6月19日至23日(d)举行的第十四届会议期间,根据上述调查表确定的可能性进行了讨论。 还在不同场合举行了新一轮非正式协商。", "7. 基本考虑 在政府专家小组第十五届会议之前的闭会期间,协调员决定分发一份题为“关于使用地雷/杀伤人员地雷的规定——可以指挥协商一致的条款汇编”的文件。 案文以以往所有文件为基础,包括先前的杀伤人员地雷问题协调员芬兰的马尔库·雷马大使编写的一套建议(2005年11月22日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2,),并作为在第十五届会议第一天的讨论中可能达成共识的基础。", "8.8 除了最具争议的“可采性”和“活性生活”问题外,还发现其他一些问题引起各代表团之间的分歧,并对先前协调员的案文作了修改,试图确定协商一致的措辞:在修改中,“非杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷”(MOTAPM/ALT)的表述被引入作为处理一些代表团就它们认为是“可变的广度”和先前定义的“主观性”提出的关切的手段。 还对条款和段落进行了一般性重组,以便汇集关于单一主题的规定,并以一致、合乎逻辑的方式加以安排。", "9 September 2005 关于最有争议的地雷“可排除性”和“活性寿命”问题,一旦尚未找到可能的协商一致解决办法,这些问题就没有列入我的一套规定的第一稿。 在导言中,协调员概述了将这两个未决问题纳入今后可能制定的关于杀伤人员地雷的议定书的三个可能性,即:(a) 在主要案文中添加关于这两个问题的具有法律约束力的措辞;(b) 处理“可反对性”和“积极生活”的问题,使缔约国能够选择接受或拒绝这两个问题的义务;(c) 将这两个问题作为不具约束力的最佳做法列入技术附件。", "10.10 在8月28日至9月6日举行的第三届审查会议之前举行的政府专家小组第十五届和最后一届会议上,关于杀伤人员地雷的讨论以上述一套规定为基础。 在全体会议期间提出了许多意见,并进行了一些非正式协商,以便各代表团能够提出意见和建议,从而探讨各种可能的措辞,从而就如何向第三次审查会议迈进达成共识。", "注 关于“可反对”和“积极生活”的问题,许多代表团表示,它们继续支持前任协调员芬兰的马克库·雷马大使按照《一套建议》第三章和第四章的规定,通过关于两个未决问题的具有法律约束力的规定。", "12. 第12段。 有一个代表团在与其他许多代表团协商后,编写了一份关于“可反对”和“有效生活”的用语提案,采用《一套条款》第一版,即将这两个问题列为具有法律约束力的任择承诺。 根据该提议,凡遵守未来可能的《关于杀伤人员地雷的议定书》的国家,可在提交批准书时,通过向保存人提交书面声明,表明该国同意接受其中一项或两项规定的约束。 1. 在未来的《议定书》对某一特定国家生效后的任何时候,有关国家均可向保存人提交书面声明,表示同意接受其中一项或两项条款的约束。 一些代表团表示不满意在任择议定书中引入任择条款的想法,以及可能规定对一些缔约国具有约束力的义务,同时又不对其他缔约国具有约束力,但一些代表团表示,这种做法是将人道主义关切与国家安全和国防理论及需要相关要求相协调的可行办法。", "13 August 2001 其他代表团仍然保留对通过关于“可反对性”和“有效生活”的具有法律约束力的承诺的保留,理由是这种承诺可能影响到与国防有关的基本能力,而就最大限度地减少已经有限的杀伤人员地雷的人道主义影响而言,它们认为这种承诺只是微不足道的回报。 在这种背景下,这些代表团表示倾向于将两个未决问题列入未来可能的《关于杀伤人员地雷的议定书》的无约束力“最佳做法”附件。", "十四、任 务 一些代表团还指出,在考虑对杀伤人员地雷的“可视性”和“有效寿命”的任何限制(根据具有法律约束力的办法和任择办法),需要一个过渡期,以便适应现有的储存和(或)军事程序。", "15 除了关于未决问题的辩论之外,还就其他议题进行了实质性讨论,例如“MOTAPM/AVER”和“仪表标记区”的定义、“适用范围”、“转让”的限制以及“使用设计和传感器”。", "161 尤其是,许多代表团显然认为,“转让”问题和“PMA”的定义与可探测性和积极生活等悬而未决的问题有着内在的联系,因此无法单独分析。 此外,尽管有些代表团坚持禁止转让不可检测的、持久性的杀伤人员地雷(除销毁或开发地雷探测、排雷或销毁地雷的技术之外),但其他代表团则质疑这种禁止,理由是《一套条款》允许在排雷方案内实际使用这种持久性、不可检测的地雷。", "17. 第17条。 一个代表团重新提出了关于杀伤人员地雷的提案,根据该提案,正在讨论的所有条款都将被禁止本国领土以外的国家使用地雷所取代。 另一个代表团提出了一项新提案,其中提出了它认为“可作为政府专家小组今后审议反车辆地雷问题的基础的主要特点”。", "第18条 在就关于“可反对性”和“积极生活”的所有三种办法以及上述其他但有争议的问题进行了广泛辩论之后,协调员决定修订其《一套条款》,以便列入与三种办法中每一种办法有关的所有其他语文,如果缔约国同意表现出处理所有敏感问题的政治意愿和灵活性,这可能有助于在第三次审查会议的讨论中达成共识。", "191 协调员将该文件的最后版本附于本报告。 还列入了关于非“可反对”和“积极生活”的争议问题的其他案文。 与前一版本有关的所有修改均以斜体表示。 替代措辞在括号之间。", "20.20 协调员的理解是,如果在第十五届会议期间提出提案的代表团酌情及时向秘书处提交这些提案,这些提案将作为第三次审查会议的正式文件分发。", "五. 结论", "21.21。 3. 鉴于上述情况,协调员谨提交本报告附件二所载2006年11月7日至9月17日举行的《特定常规武器公约》第三次审查会议审议其“关于使用地雷/反车辆地雷的规定汇编”的修订本。", "第22章 协调员的理解是,自政府专家组设立以来提出的所有其他正式提案——其中一份清单也应作为附件三附于本报告——将由第三次审查会议根据2005年缔约国会议赋予专家组的任务加以审议。", "附件一", "主席关于2006年杀伤人员地雷问题会议的报告", "页: 1 根据2006年举行的三次会议,对情况的评估概述了军事专家对地雷问题所做的工作。 政府专家小组关于地雷问题的总体任务如下:” 还应举行军事专家会议,就这些活动提供咨询意见。 ......", "2. 结 论 在第十三届会议开幕会议上,人们认识到,意见上持续存在的分歧——这破坏了在这个问题上可能取得的任何进展——仍然很强烈。", "3. 。 协调司还认识到,CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2是2005年11月政府专家小组第十二届会议上提出的,但并未彻底讨论。 虽然这不是一份协商一致的案文,但是由前协调员正式提交的,反映了许多缔约国就广泛主题表达的立场。", "4. 第四届会议 因此,在寻找共同理由之前,有必要评估缔约国对自设立本小组以来提出的所有提案中具体文件所载问题的立场。", "5. 在第十三届会议期间,举行了一次正式军事专家会议。 该小组还参加了由地雷问题协调员举行的两次全体会议。 然而,最有益和最有成效的活动是以双边和多边形式举行的七次非正式会议。 在这些会议上,协调员与16个缔约国和国际组织直接联系。 初步结果改善了坦率和建设性对话的条件,这是朝着相互理解方向迈出的强制性步骤。", "6. 任务 由于一些讨论明确强调了主要有争议的问题,在协调员的指导下散发了一份调查问卷,重点是以下专题: 用于布设地雷的仪表标识-Areas(PMA); 活性寿命; 转让; 以及 杀伤人员地雷的可探测性。 此外,还请各代表团就处理上述项目的可能方式提出进一步的评论意见或建议。", "7. 基本考虑 对调查表的答复有助于和指导第十四届会议的组织工作,目的是深入审查该文件提出的问题。", "8.8 在第十四届会议上,举行了另一次军事专家会议,同时举行了由地雷问题协调员主持的两次正式会议。 在不同情况下进行了11次非正式协商,以寻求相互理解的可能性和具体的突破。", "9 September 2005 虽然显然仍然存在重大分歧,但该届会议期间的非正式和正式工作为建立信心提供了宝贵的工具的协调,并引导新的可能性,促成就拟订关于杀伤人员地雷的建议达成共识。", "10.10 当时,在闭会期间,地雷问题协调小组决定提交一份综合案文,涵盖所有需要整体分析的领域。", "注 这份题为“条款清单”的文件旨在便利更集中的讨论,帮助评估某些关键问题的接受程度,并希望为专家组工作的成功结果铺平道路。", "12. 在3次全体会议和1次技术-军事特别会议上,3次军事专家进行了密集的正式协商。 在同一届会议上,在不同的背景下举行了18次非正式会议,从而进行了重点更突出和富有成效的讨论。 应当提及的是,9个代表团提出了建议和意见,大大帮助协调员努力完善《一套条款》。 就具体和近期的成果而言,这种协商和意见交流导致拟订了在第十五届会议期间提出的两个订正版本的CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1。", "13 August 2001 上述文件的最后版本从不同角度纳入了关于经证明仍然具有争议性的问题的新办法,例如对杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的定义、转让、可探测性、活性寿命、以及杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的引信设计和传感器。 还将商定一个定义和关于周边标示区的补充说明合并起来。 此外,还介绍了与负责任地使用地雷有关的人道主义方面的创新措辞。", "附件二", "关于杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷-", "一项可据以达成共识的规定汇编[4]", "协调员提交", "第1条", "一般规定和适用范围", "页: 1 这套条款适用于陆上使用或转让杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,包括用于拦截海滩、水道过境点或河流过境点的地雷,但不适用于海上或内陆水道使用反舰地雷。", "2. 结 论 2. 本规定适用于2001年12月21日修订的本公约第一条所述情况。", "3. 。 1. 本文件不妨碍现有的国际人道主义法、1980年《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的规定、或联合国安全理事会规定更严格的义务或广泛适用的其他国际文书和决定。", "第2条", "定义", "页: 1 为本规定的目的:", "(a) “Mine”是指被放置在、位于或靠近地面或其他表层的弹药,设计成因人员或车辆的存在、接近或接触而爆炸的弹药。", "(b) “MOTAPM/AVER”是指不能界定为杀伤人员地雷的地雷。 杀伤人员地雷主要是由某人的存在、近距离或接触而设计的地雷,将造成一人或多人的伤亡。 杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷主要设计成因是武装或运输车辆的存在、接近或接触而爆炸,并将损坏、 incapacitat或销毁其中一辆或多辆此种车辆。", "(c) “处理装置”是指旨在保护地雷的装置,该装置是杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的一部分、与之相关联、附属或置于其之下,并在试图篡改杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷时引爆装置。", "(d) “雷场”是一个已布设地雷的明确区域,“雷区”由于地雷的存在而是一个危险地区。 “蜂蜜雷场”是指无地雷区,对雷场进行模拟。 “雷区”一词包括电话雷场。", "(e) “标界区”是一个地区,为确保有效地排除平民,由军事或其他核定人员监测,或以围栏或其他手段加以保护。", "(f) “记录”是指为了在官方记录中登记的目的,为获取所有便利地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区位置的现有信息而设计的物理、行政和技术行动。", "(g) “机动交付的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷是指不是直接布设而是用火炮、导弹、火箭、迫击炮或类似手段交付或从飞机上投放的人。 由不到500米的陆上系统交付的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷不被视为“再交付”。", "(h) “自失能”是指通过不可逆转地用尽对弹药操作至关重要的部件,例如电池,自动使弹药无法使用。", "(一) “自毁装置”是指确保所装弹药或所附弹药的销毁的内装或外附自动装置。", "(j) “自失效装置”是指使装有此种装置的弹药无法使用的自动装置。", "(k) “转让”除涉及从本国领土或从本国领土实际转移外,还涉及转让对杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的所有权和控制权,但不涉及转让含有布设的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的领土。", "第3条", "1. 探雷地雷/反车辆地雷[5]", "第4条", "杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的活跃寿命[6]", "第5条", "限制不负责任地使用杀伤人员地雷的措施", "页: 1 1. 每一冲突当事国根据本规定,对本国雇用的所有杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷负责,并承诺按照本文件相关条款的规定,清除、排除、销毁或保持这些地雷。", "2. 每个国家应采取行动,限制不负责任地使用杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,其中可包括:", "(a) 建立适当的国家系统和相应的文件;", "(b) 与杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷有关的有效进出口控制措施;", "(c) 有效管理和保障杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的储存和运输;", "(d) 采取必要措施,包括酌情实行刑事制裁,以防止和制止本规定禁止的活动;", "(e) 禁止在无效或过期许可下生产杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的活动;", "(f) 加强合作,以执行这套规定。", "3. 。 在任何情况下,都禁止使用任何设计的或性质造成过度伤害或不必要的痛苦的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。", "4. 第四届会议 禁止使用一种专门设计用于引爆弹药的机制或装置的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,其方法是在探测行动中正常使用时由于磁性或其他非接触性影响而出现通常可用的地雷探测器。", "5. 禁止使用装有防排装置的自失能的杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷,其设计方式是杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷不再能够运行之后,防排装置能够运行。", "6. 任务 在任何情况下,禁止将任何杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷用于犯罪或犯罪。", "根据《第二修正议定书》第2条第7款的定义,针对平民本身或针对平民或民用物体进行辩护或报复。", "7. 基本考虑 禁止滥用杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。 1. 不加区别的使用是指任何放置杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷:", "(a) 根据1996年5月3日修订的《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的议定书》(第二修正议定书)的规定,军事目标未达到或针对军事目标。 如果怀疑通常用于民用目的的物体,例如礼拜场所、房屋或其他住所或学校,是否被用于对军事行动作出有效贡献,则该物体应推定为不使用;或", "(b) 使用不能针对特定军事目标的交付方法或手段;或", "(c) 可能附带造成平民生命损失、平民受伤、民用物体受损或两者结合,与预期的具体和直接军事优势相比,这种损失将过分。", "8.8 位于一个城市、城镇、村庄或含有类似平民或民用物体集中的其他地区的若干明显分离和独特的军事目标,不应视为单一军事目标。", "9 September 2005 应采取一切可行的预防措施,保护平民不受地雷/杀伤人员地雷的影响。 可行的预防措施是指考虑到当时所有情况,包括人道主义和军事方面的考虑,实际可行的或实际可行的预防措施。 这些情况包括但不限于:", "(a) 杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷在雷场期间对当地平民的短期和长期影响;", "(b) 保护平民的可能措施(例如围栏、标志、警告和监测);", "(c) 使用替代品的可用性和可行性;", "(d) 雷场的短期和长期军事需要。", "10.10 除非情况不允许,否则应有效预先警告任何可能影响到平民的布设地雷/杀伤人员地雷。", "注 各国应根据本国程序,通过和执行适当的法律和条例,禁止和制裁任何未经授权的个人或实体生产、获取、拥有、开发、运输、转让或使用杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,并作为共犯参与上述任何行动,或向其提供援助或资金。", "12. 第12段。 各国应采取和实施有效的国家措施,以防止非法流通和贩运杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,包括:", "(a) 监督和控制杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的生产、储存或运输;", "(b) 对储存的实物保护。", "13 August 2001 各国应相互合作,根据本国立法并依照国际法,防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易。", "第6条", "记录非杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区", "页: 1 除非按照技术附件A第1段记录有关杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷雷区和雷区的所有信息,否则不得使用任何杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。 冲突各方应保留所有这些记录,在现行敌对行动停止后,冲突各方应毫不拖延地采取一切必要和适当措施,包括利用这种信息,在它们控制的地区保护平民不受地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷区和雷区的影响。", "2. 结 论 在现行敌对行动停止后,冲突各方也应向其他冲突方或冲突方以及联合国秘书长提供它们掌握的关于在其不再控制的地区布设的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区的所有此类信息。", "3. 。 然而,在对等的情况下,如果冲突一方的部队处于敌对一方的领土内,任何一方均可在安全利益要求的情况下从秘书长和另一方那里扣留这种情报,直到双方都不在对方领土内。 所披露的任何信息,一经这些担保权益许可即予以披露。", "4. 第四届会议 冲突各方应尽可能以符合各方安全利益的方式,通过相互协议,尽早提供此类信息。", "第7条", "5. 排除杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区", "页: 1 在现行敌对行动停止后,所有杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷以及雷区和雷区应按照本规定予以清除、清除、销毁或保持。", "2. 冲突当事国和当事方对在其控制区内的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区负有这种责任。", "3. 。 对于缔约方在其不再控制的地区布设的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区,该方应按照本条第2款,在有关各方同意的范围内,向控制该雷区的当事方提供必要的技术和物质援助,以履行这一责任,但不妨碍第5条第1款规定的义务。", "4. 第四届会议 冲突各方应在任何时候努力就技术和物质援助的规定,包括在适当的情况下开展履行这种责任所需的联合行动,彼此之间以及酌情与其他国家和国际组织达成协议。", "第8条", "B. 保护不受地雷/杀伤人员地雷、雷区和雷区影响", "页: 1 每一条款的缔约方均应遵守经修正的第二议定书第12条的规定,不论该国是否是经修正的第二议定书的缔约国。 这些规定包括适用范围;维持和平和其他某些部队和特派团;联合国系统的人道主义和实况调查团;红十字国际委员会特派团;其他人道主义特派团和调查团;保密;以及尊重法律和条例。", "第9条", "转让", "页: 1 1. 每个国家不得转让任何杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷:", "(a) 获准接收的国家或国家机构以外的任何受援国;", "(b) 不符合为探测和活性杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷制定的标准,但用于周边标示区域或用于销毁或用于开发地雷探测、排雷或地雷销毁技术和培训的标准;[7]", "“b”项的备选案文:", "(b) 不符合为探测和积极使用杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷规定的标准,但为销毁或为探雷、排雷或销毁地雷技术的开发和培训除外;", "(c) 没有最终用户证书,如果地雷不符合关于可探测性和活性寿命的标准,则应明确承诺遵守上文“b”项所述限制;", "(d) 不受本套规定约束的国家,除非接受国正式同意适用本规定。", "2. 结 论 为了防止非法贩运地雷/杀伤人员地雷,各国应建立或加强有效的国家管制。", "3. 。 如技术附件B第5段(b)所述,每个国家承诺在转让任何装有一类引信系统的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷方面力行克制,但销毁或开发或训练探雷、排雷或销毁地雷的技术除外。", "4. 第四届会议 在这套条款生效之前,所有国家将不采取任何不符合本条的行动。", "第10条", "透明度和其他建立信任措施", "页: 1 每个国家应向联合国秘书长提供资料,由秘书长向其他国家分发,说明这套规定的执行情况。 这一信息应包括以下内容:", "(a) 初次报告,将在这套条款对每个国家生效后提交;", "(b) 定期更新报告。", "2. 结 论 2. 第1款所述报告可包括:", "(a) 向武装部队和平民宣传这套条款;", "(b) 排雷和复原方案;", "(c) 除与武器技术有关的资料外,为满足本套条款及其任何其他相关信息的技术要求而采取的步骤;", "(d) 为执行本规定而采取的立法和其他措施;", "(e) 根据本规定第11条采取的合作和援助措施;", "(f) 关于转让杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的国家规则和要求的一般信息,以及关于这些转让的信息。", "第11条", "合作与援助", "页: 1 有能力这样做的每个国家应在双边、区域和国际各级加强合作与援助,以协助其他国家履行其在杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷方面的义务。 可以通过人道主义组织提供合作和援助。 此类合作与援助可包括:", "(a) 提供技术和资金援助,包括交流经验、武器技术以外的技术和信息,以便推动进行必要的修改,提高现有和未来杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的可靠性,并尽量减少其人道主义风险。 提供此类援助可被用于便利在可行的情况下开发先进的探雷设备,并随时提供此种设备。", "(b) 合作和援助销毁不符合且无法加以修改的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷储存,以满足这套规定的要求。", "(c) 为迅速有效排雷、排除或销毁杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷而开展合作及提供技术、物质和人力援助。", "(d) 向相关人道主义特派团和联合国系统内维持的排雷行动数据库及时提供有关杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的地理和技术信息。", "(e) 在为平民人口提供风险教育方面开展合作和援助。", "(f) 合作与援助,以照顾、康复以及地雷/杀伤人员地雷受害者重新融入社会和经济生活。", "(g) 在执行本规定方面给予合作和协助。", "第12条", "地雷/杀伤人员地雷的用途设计和传感器", "页: 1 各国应当尽可能遵循技术附件B第5段规定的关于引信设计的最佳做法。", "[备选案文:", "页: 1 在可行的情况下,各国在将来生产杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷时,应遵守有关引信和传感器生产的最佳做法,以便设计这些方法,以尽量减少人员非自愿或意外引爆地雷的可能性。", "2. 结 论 在未来的引信生产中,各国应尽量利用现代技术,包括多传感器技术,根据技术因素、生活环境因素加以开发。] [9]", "[第13[10]条", "过渡阶段", "页: 1 如果一国认定该国不能立即遵守本《条款》[第3条和第4条]的要求,该国可在通知同意受本《条款》约束时声明,该国将推迟遵守本《条款》对其生效后不超过[XX]年。]", "技术附件A", "页: 1 雷场记录", "(a) 应按照下列规定记录除遥布的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷以外的地雷/反车辆地雷的位置:", "(一) 应根据至少两个参照点的坐标和含有这些武器的区域与这些参照点有关的估计范围,准确标明雷区和雷区的位置;", "(二) 地图、图表或其他记录应按照参照点标明雷区和雷区的位置,这些记录还应标明其周边及范围;", "(三) 为探测和清除杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,地图、图表或其他记录应载列关于所布所有这些武器的类型、数量、放置方法、引信类型和生命时间、布设日期和时间、反处理装置(如果有)和任何其他相关资料的完整资料。 在可行的情况下,雷场记录应显示每一枚地雷/杀伤人员地雷的确切位置,但排位已满的雷区除外。", "(b) 遥布的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的估计位置和面积应通过参照点(通常为角点)的坐标加以确定,并在可行的情况下尽早在实地标示。 还应记录所布设的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的总数和类型、布设日期和时间以及自毁时间。", "(c) 记录副本应在指挥一级保存,足以保证尽可能安全。", "(d) 本规定生效后生产的所有杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,应以英文或本国语文标有以下信息:", "(一) 原籍国名称;", "(二) 生产年份;", "(三) 序号或批号。", "2. 标示公墓区", "(a) 除在敌对行动期间外,应按照本技术附件第3段的规定,用适当的标识标示周边区域。 2. 标识应具有独特和持久的性质,至少应可见于即将进入周边标识区的人;", "(b) 标识应尽可能可见、可行、持久和抗拒环境影响;", "(c) 在现行敌对行动期间,在可行的情况下,应适当标示周边区域。 在现行敌对行动停止后,如有可能,应按照上文(a)分段标示该地区。", "3. 。 雷场和雷区的国际标志", "(a) 在标示雷区和雷区时,应使用类似于经修正的第二议定书中具体规定和以下详细内容的标志,以确保其可见度和平民的承认:", "(一) 大小和形状:三角或平方不超过28厘米(11英寸),三角不超过20厘米(7.9英寸),一平方不超过15厘米(6英寸);", "(二) 颜色:与黄色反映边界的红色或range;", "(三) 联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号;", "(四) 语文:标识应包含公约六种正式语文之一(阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文)和该领域内流行的语文的“地雷”;", "(五) 断层:标志应放在雷场周围,距离遥远,以确保通过接近雷区的文职人员在任何地方看到。", "技术附件B", "本附件载有实现本条款目标的最佳做法。 本附件将由各国自愿执行。", "页: 1 控制措施", "(a) 在主动敌对行动开始之前", "有关各方控制领土内的所有雷场,均应由军事或其他授权人员监测,或以围栏或其他手段加以保护,以确保平民切实被排除在该地区之外。", "(b) 积极敌对行动期间", "冲突各方应在可行的情况下,确保在其控制下的领土内已知的所有雷场,由军事人员或其他授权人员监测,或以围栏或其他手段加以保护,以确保有效地将平民排除在该地区之外。 在现行敌对行动期间,可以按照要求布置遥布的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷和核雷场,同时注意到技术附件A所详述的记录要求。", "(c) 停止积极敌对行动后", "(一) 应当鼓励冲突各方进行合作,以便在可行的情况下,协助其他有关方面交流它们掌握的关于雷区、雷区和在它们不再控制的地区布设的地雷/杀伤人员地雷的所有信息。", "(二) 尽早并在可行的情况下,由相关方控制领土内的所有雷场由军事或其他授权人员加以保护和监测,或以围栏或其他手段加以保护,以确保有效地将平民排除在该地区之外。 如果在冲突期间将围栏或其他标识手段从雷场拆除,应尽早恢复,以确保有效地将平民排除在雷区之外。", "(三) 尽早并在可行的情况下,按照技术附件A适当记录在现行敌对行动期间以及在有关各方控制领土内布设的所有遥布和金星雷场。 此外,在可行的情况下,他们应当得到军事或其他合格人员的保护和监督,或以围栏或其他手段加以保护,以确保平民切实被排除在该地区之外。", "2. 《全时报》要求采取的共同预警措施", "在可行的情况下,并在布设了杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷之后尽快在进入雷区的所有主要交通路线上发出信号或其他预警措施,以确保对平民的有效警告。 主要的交通路线是大多数人口流动的路线。 在提供这些警告措施时,缔约方应当注意当地普遍存在的环境因素,例如经常发生的洪水,这些因素可能助长杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷在一段时间内自然而意外的移动。", "3. 。 标记系统", "利用标记系统有效、高效地确定雷区和雷区之间的周边或边界。 它们可以包括自然或人为特征或结合,但如技术附件A所述,只要可行,将通过列入警告标志予以加强。", "(a) 即时警报标记。 在建立长期或更永久的标志之前,即刻警示标志被用来迅速标示军事人员或文职人员面临的危险。 这些标识的基本先决条件是:", "(一) 能够尽快识别危险地区的任何标识手段;", "(二) 可见度不超过50米,表明危险的地点、方向和类型;", "(三) 标识材料寿命至少为180天;", "(四) 使用的标识方法应易于在显示为识别危险区域的地区识别。", "直接标识可包括但不应局限于:", "(一) 地雷标识带;或", "(二) 电话、 pick(龙头、木材、混凝土、塑料或其他)和信号;或", "(三) 在危险识别颜色中油漆树木和岩石等自然特征;或", "(四) 任何其他当地或其他地方现有的和公认的危险识别材料;", "(五) 签字应强有力地安置,难以拆除。", "在可行的情况下,应当尽快向平民公布危险地点及其标识细节,例如所使用的标识系统,以确保他们有效地被排除在该地区之外。 如技术附件A所述,应在可行范围内通过列入警告信号予以加强。", "(b) 长期警报标记。 如果危险可能长期留在地点,或当需要替换和升级直接危险标记时,则使用长期警告标记。 长期标记是改进预警系统,长期警告信号最低标准可包括但不应局限于:", "(一) 装有适当军事地雷危险识别标志的栅栏(最低限度的单层铁丝网),在适合地形和植被的间隔中加以详细说明;", "(二) 永久标志,在可行的情况下,在白天和夜间,与危险本身和所有可识别的进入危险区的主要交通路线相对应;", "(三) 装有有刺铁丝网和防气候措施的永久旋风式栅栏,在规定的最低限度间隔和类型上配有地雷危险标识;", "(四) 男女合用电话;", "(五) 混凝土;或", "(六) 其他当地或其他地方现有的材料改进。", "4. 关于自毁、自失效和自失能的具体规定[11]", "(a) 旨在自毁或自失效的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷应在武装后45天内完成。 不能自毁或自失效的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的自我销毁应在武装后120天内进行。", "(b) 每个国家应采取必要措施,确保在45天后,不超过10%(90%的置信水平)的已引爆的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷不能自毁或自失效。", "(c) 每个国家应采取必要措施,确保结合自毁或自失效装置,在120天后,不超过1 000枚已引爆的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷将作为地雷运行。", "5. 地雷/反车辆地雷的用途设计和传感器[12]", "(a) 根据各国提供的资料和数据,应当将以下广泛存在的引信和传感器视为相关:音响传感器;断线杆;光纤电缆;红外传感器;磁传感器;压力传感器;滚动武器;自动线传感器;地震/振动传感器;斜线杆;行道线。", "(b) 上一段提及的可广泛使用的引信和传感器应分为以下几类:", "类别 一:设计不过分敏感的挖掘系统。", "(一) 断线线和行距线似乎不是所建议的启动方法,因为似乎不可能以个人无法在合理范围内启动地雷的方式设计。", "(二) 斜杆似乎并不建议采用引爆方法,如果设计不能够使个人在合理的情况下无法开矿。", "第二类: 可以设计的防弹系统不过分敏感,但最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(一) 声感引爆引信使用电子传感器对声波压力作出反应,并识别声波信号。 最好与其他传感器结合使用。", "(二) 应当设计红外引爆引信,以避免在有人在场的情况下引爆。 传感器应当能够将所探测的热信号与预定目标相匹配,最好是与其他传感器结合。", "(三) 地震/碎片传感器目前无法准确确定其目标;因此,与其他传感器一道使用这些装置似乎是必不可少的。 传感器应当能够将地震签字与预期目标相匹配。", "第三类:设计不过分敏感的引信系统,在没有其他传感器的情况下能够令人满意地运行,并符合本技术附件的最佳做法安全准则。", "(一) 打破光纤信号所需的压力应当适合预期目标。", "(二) 为加强军事用途,磁力引爆的地雷应能将磁签名与预定目标相匹配。", "(三) 压力传感器,压力启动机制,应尽可能使用适合预定目标的最低压力力。 压力最好在一个重要领域(相当于车辆)而不是一个单一点。", "(四) 发射滚动式武装引信所需周转次数应与预期目标相匹配。", "(五) s线传感器应当针对特定目标设计,优化按预期目标发射传感器所需的时间、频率和振幅。", "(c) 除三类引信外,所有杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷均应在可行的情况下将多传感器引信技术纳入未来生产,以减少人为无意或意外引爆的可能性,同时考虑到操作、生命周期、环境和气候因素。", "(d) 环境因素的影响,特别是:", "(一) 天气和气候;", "(二) 在选择引信类型并确定引信的敏感性时,应考虑到储存、处理和其他外部条件;", "e) 技术措施的考虑和建议应当考虑到业务、采购和生命周期因素;这些考虑和建议应当处理明确确定的人道主义问题。", "附录", "设想了处理“可视性”和“积极生活”问题的三种可能选择:", "一. 第一选择——加入关于“可反对性”和“有效生活”的具有法律约束力的语言。", "第3条", "1. 探明杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷", "页: 1 禁止使用不可探测的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,但须遵守下文所述除外规定。", "2. 结 论 如果在布置时可以发现杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷:", "(a) 提供相当于8克或8克以上的铁质的对应信号,这种信号被埋在地下5厘米的单体内,并可通过通用的探雷设备探测;或", "(b) 可以通过使用反映探测方法发展的替代方法和设备,可靠和有效地检测该方法,如果各国考虑到相关机构的测试和评价,以出席并参加表决的国家的五分之一决定,这种替代方法和设备是有效而且通用的。", "3. 。 如果能够通过使用并非通用但可供一国随时使用的方法和设备,可靠和有效地检测到这种地雷/杀伤人员地雷,也可予以探测:", "(a) 有关国家在使用此类地雷/杀伤人员地雷之前向其他国家表明,可通过使用这种现成的方法或设备,可靠和有效地探测到这些地雷/杀伤人员地雷;", "(b) 不在有关国家领土内的周边专用区外使用。", "4. 第四届会议 在周边专用区域布设的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷被排除在本章可探测性要求之外。", "5. 禁止在本套建议生效后生产任何无法探测的地雷。", "6. 任务 除第4款所述情况外,现有库存中的所有杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷应符合本章在布署前的可探测性要求。", "7. 基本考虑 如果一国认定它不能立即遵守本章的要求,它可在通知同意接受本套建议约束时声明,它将推迟遵守本套建议生效不超过12年的期限。 同时,该国应在可行范围内尽可能减少使用不符合本章可探测性要求的任何杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。 [14]", "第4条", "杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的活跃寿命", "页: 1 禁止使用遥布的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,这种装置不包括自毁装置或自失效装置,在这两种情况下都带有后备自失效装置(以下称“SD/SDA或SN/SDA”),根据该特性,一旦不再为所布设的军事用途服务,则不再作为地雷发挥作用。", "2. 结 论 国家不得从少于500米的陆上系统发射一枚地雷/杀伤人员地雷,也不得在周边标示区外放置未包含SD/SDA或SN/SDA的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。", "3. 。 在执行本章的建议时,各国应采取一切技术附件A规定的措施,并遵循技术附件B规定的最佳做法。", "4. 第四届会议 如果一国认定它不能立即遵守第1和第2款,该国可在通知同意接受这套建议约束时声明,该国将推迟遵守本套建议生效不超过12年的期限。 同时,该国应在可行的情况下,尽可能减少使用任何不符合要求的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。 [15]", "II. 第二项选择——将《可检测和积极生活条款》作为两项具有法律约束力的任择附件列入。", "在这种情况下,关于可检测性和活性生活的规定将作为两个单独的任择附件列入案文,并将在主要案文中插入一条排除这些附件对缔约国生效的条款。", "第3条", "1. 探测和积极寿命", "页: 1 在向保存人提交表示同意接受这套规定约束的文书时,一国可提交一份书面声明,同意接受关于可探测性或关于有效生活的任择附件B的约束,或同意受两者的约束。", "2. 结 论 第1款所述声明也可由先前表示同意接受本套条款约束的国家在本套条款对该国生效之后的任何时间提交保存人。", "3. 。 第1款或第2款所指的声明可规定其立即生效或规定其生效的具体日期。", "附 件 A", "1. 探明杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷", "页: 1 禁止使用无法探测的地雷/杀伤人员地雷。", "2. 结 论 如果在布局时提供相当于8克或8克以上的铁质的对应信号,在地面上埋有5个ime泥的单一体内,并且可以通过通用的技术地雷探测设备探测到这种信号,则可以探测到一枚地雷/反车辆地雷。", "3. 本附件关于可探测性的要求不包括在标界区使用的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷。", "附 件 B", "杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的活跃寿命", "页: 1 禁止使用不包含自毁装置或设计及制造自失效装置的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,使不超过10%的已引爆地雷在武装后45天内无法自毁。", "2. 结 论 禁止使用不包含设计并构造的后备自失能特征的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷,以便结合第1段所述机制,在1 000枚已引爆地雷中,不超过1 000枚在武装后120天作为地雷运行。", "3. 用于标界区的杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷被排除在本附件的要求之外。", "页: 1 第三种选择——在技术附件中以“最佳做法”的形式列入可探测性和活性生活。", "在技术、无约束力的附件中列入关于可检测和积极生活的规定作为最佳做法方面,已经讨论了一些一般性的想法和建议。", "对这些问题采取“最佳做法”的做法必然意味着对关于杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的可能理解的主要案文以及新的具有约束力的技术附件的规定作出改动。", "附件三", "政府专家小组文件清单", "政府专家小组主席", "纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.1 欧盟关于非杀伤人员地雷的供思考的巴佩尔草案 欧洲矿业联合会\nCCW/GGE/I/WP.12 关于限制使用反车辆地雷问题的讨论文件\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.2(无电子版) 政府专家小组第二次会议(2002年7月15日至26日,日内瓦)关于非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的讨论要点\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.3\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5 杀伤人员地雷以外其他矿物的食物(MOTAPM) 2002年7月第二次专家会议——德国敏感引信\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.5/Add.1\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.9 反车辆地雷:对人道主义援助和平民的影响\n政府专家小组可能讨论的领域清单\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.16 罗马尼亚关于非杀伤人员地雷的敏感用途的反思文件\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.17和Corr.1 反车辆地雷的某些技术方面 中国\nCCW/GGE/II/WP.18 Current AV 国际法协调员规定的地雷限制 杀伤人员地雷\n政府专家小组 Related to ARVines: Researchability andSD/SN/SDA United Statess of America\nCCW/GGE/III/WP.2\n纽约总部\n政府专家小组\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.1 非杀伤人员地雷问题核心问题\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.2\nCCW/GGE/IV/WG.2/WP.3\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.1 关于非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员的核心问题\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.2 地雷:德国最佳用途、传感器和建议概览\nCCW/GGE/V/WG.2/WP.3 加拿大关于国际合作与援助的论文\n政府专家小组 Best Practice Canada\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.2 非国家行为体和Mines Other Thanti-rmed MinesAction Canada\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.4 非杀伤人员地雷 Emplace Outside Fenced andMarked Area RussianFederation\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.5\n政府专家小组\n纽约总部\n政府专家小组\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9 《禁止或限制使用和转移其他杀伤人员地雷的丹麦、美洲及其他国家议定书》\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.9/Corr.1\n政府专家小组 俄罗斯联邦关于由俄罗斯排雷问题政府专家组进一步开展工作的提案\nCCW/GGE/VI/WG.2/WP.11\n政府专家小组主席\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.2 地雷探测技术 - 更 正\n(只有英文)\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3 地雷行动小组(IACG-MA) 联合国地雷行动处\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.3/Corr.1(仅有英文本) 地雷行动小组(IACG-MA) 联合国地雷行动处\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VII/WG.2/WP.5\n政府专家小组\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/1 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的提议和意见,目的是为进一步的工作协调员奠定基础\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.1 GreatBritainand Northern Ireland\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.2 1. 杀伤人员地雷以外的地雷在爱尔兰境外划定。\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.4 《某些常规武器公约》缔约国目前可在协调员提出请求时查阅的非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性状况\nCCW/GGE/VIII/WG.2/WP.5 对某些缔约方的答复 关于杀伤人员地雷议定书\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/1 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的提议和意见,目的是为进一步开展工作的地雷问题协调员奠定基础\n政府专家小组 专家 杀伤人员地雷\nCCW/GGE/IX/WG.2/WP.1 对非杀伤人员地雷的敏感引信 GreatBritainand Northern Ireland\n政府专家小组 澳大利亚\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/1 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的提议和意见,目的是为进一步开展工作的地雷问题协调员奠定基础\n政府专家小组 专家 杀伤人员地雷\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.1 探雷能力和地雷危险协调员\nCCW/GGE/X/WG.2/WP.2 对与杀伤人员地雷无关的地雷问题的意见\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/1 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的提议和意见,目的是为进一步开展工作的地雷问题协调员提供依据\n政府专家小组 专家 杀伤人员地雷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.1 红十字委员会经修正的第二议定书中的地雷\nCCW/GGE/XI/WG.2/WP.2* 杀伤人员地雷问题一揽子解决办法\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的提议和意见,目的是为进一步开展工作的地雷问题协调员奠定基础\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.1(仅有英文本) 政府专家小组关于MOTAPM的建议和意见,目的是为进一步开展工作的地雷问题协调员奠定基础\n纽约总部\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2\n政府专家小组 专家 杀伤人员地雷\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.1/Corr.1(Español solamente) Propuesta sobre el tema delas minas diferentes a lasminas anti Person (MDMA) - Corrección Cuba\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/WP.2/Corr.1 对2005年10月17日CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1号文件所载《特定常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组第十二届会议的文件的意见\n政府专家小组主席\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.2 俄罗斯联邦在简易爆炸装置探测和销毁方面的实用经验\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.3 用于探测爆炸性物体的技术\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.4 反车辆地雷\n纽约总部\n政府专家小组\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.6 雷场的测绘、围栏和标识:俄罗斯联邦的做法\nCCW/GGE/XIII/WG.2/WP.7 目前对使用杀伤人员地雷的限制\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.1 关于使用杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的一套规定——政府专家组(政府专家小组)能够达成共识的条款汇编 协调员的订正提案\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.1 对关于使用MOTAPM/AVM的一套规定的评论。 载于CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1和Corr.1的政府专家组中可以商定共识的建议汇编\nCCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/WP.2", "页: 1", "页: 1", "[3] CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2。", "[4] 《一套条款》的本版本概述了与《特定常规武器公约》/政府专家小组/XV/WG.2/1的导言中建议的关于“可反对性”和“有效生活”问题的三种做法相关的各种备选方法,这些备选办法载于附件。 与前一版本(Rev.1)有关的所有其他修改均以斜体表示。 替代案文载于[括号内]。", "[5] 本条设想了三种可能的行动方针,这套条款的附录对此作了说明。", "[6] 本条设想了三种可能的行动方针,见本套条款的附录。", "[7] 在就第3条“杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的可排除性”和第4条“杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的活性寿命”达成协议之前保留的措辞。", "*** 在就第3条“杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的可排除性”和第4条“杀伤人员地雷/杀伤人员地雷的有效寿命”达成协议之前保留了语言。", "[9] 这一替代措辞是基于通用的引信设计方法,而不是现行案文的具体做法,该办法提及根据敏感度(从个人非自愿引爆的风险的角度)分类的引信和传感器清单,这些清单载于技术附件B。 如果采用通用办法,则应删除技术附件B第5节。", "[10] 本条的列入将取决于如何解决“可反对”和“有效生活”问题的决定。 另见附录一(第一备选案文:第三条第7款和第4条第4款)。", "[11] 对SD/SDA或SN/SDA的可靠性评估由每个国家自行决定。", "[12] 如第12条脚注所述,如果选择了烟雾和传感器设计的通用方法,则不应将技术附件B的这一小节包括在内。", "[13] 引信和传感器的顺序严格按字母顺序排列,无须评估其有无、分布或使用。", "[14] 另见第13条/条款。", "[15] 另见第13条/条款。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.3CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.313 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Submission of the report of the", "Group of Governmental Experts", "PROCEDURAL REPORT", "GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Fifteenth Session", "Geneva, 28 August – 6 September 2006", "Addendum", "REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "Mandate", "1. Paragraph 32 of the Report of the Meeting of the States Parties in 2005 (CCW/MSP/2005/2) stipulates that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "Friend of the President", "2. The President-designate has requested Ambassador Markotić to continue his efforts in order to achieve an agreement on the issue of Compliance as Friend of the Chair. The President-designate thanks him for his agreement and his tireless efforts. With the consent of the States parties, the President-designate is requesting him to continue this work until the Review Conference.", "Status Report", "3. On the basis of our consultations a revised document, “Proposal of amendment to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may Be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” was presented[1]. It will constitute the basis of the work for the Review Conference.", "4. However, this document is not yet ready to be endorsed. To achieve a consensus the States parties still need to resolve four pending issues:", "(i) The question of the procedure on how to adopt the text: by a Decision or by an Amendment to the Convention;", "(ii) The content of paragraphs 6, 7 and 9 of Part II of the proposal as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1.", "Way forward", "5. The President-designate and the Friend of the President consider that an agreement can be reached on a Decision more easily than on an Amendment. Their advice is also that it will not be possible to broaden the mandate of the pool of experts provided for in paragraph 6, nor to restrict further the possibility to transmit the report as provided in paragraph 9.", "6. Concerning paragraph 7, it would be advisable to explain in the appropriate form the concrete manner in which the President-designate envisages the selection process of the members of the pool of experts in consultation between the UNSG and the requesting State party.", "7. In conclusion, it is the view of the President-designate that with a few last modifications, that could be made to paragraphs 6 to 10, the States Parties should be prepared to arrive at the Review Conference, ready to take a final decision on the basis of CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1, and in particular on the basis of the option of the Decision.", "Annex", "LIST OF DOCUMENTS OF THE GROUP OF GOVERNMENTAL EXPERTS", "ON THE ISSUE OF COMPLIANCE", "Symbol Title Submitted by\n CCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8 Compliance Annex United States of America", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7 Additional Articles on South Africa Consultations and Compliance", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8 Compliance Belgium on behalf of the European Union", "CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 Working Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance", "CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 Compliance in the CCW Sweden Context", "CCW/GGE/V/2 Compliance in the CCW Greece on behalf of the Context European Union", "CCW/GGE/VIII/2 Discussion Paper on Chairperson-designate Compliance", "CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 CCW Framework South Africa Convention: Additional Articles on Consultations and Compliance", "CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1 Ideas and Suggestions European Union regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons", "CCW/GGE/X/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "CCW/GGE/X/WP.1 Responses to Certain European Union Concerns regarding a Possible Compliance Mechanism under CCW. Elaborative Memorandum on CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1", "CCW/GGE/XI/2 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "CCW/GGE/XII/3 Compliance Chairperson-designate", "Symbol Title Submitted by", "CCW/GGE/XIV/2 Amendment to the President-designate Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects", "CCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2 Alternative Approach to United States of Promoting Compliance America with the Convention and its Annexed Protocols", "CCW/GGE/XV/2 Proposal of Amendment President-designate to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects", "CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1 and Revised draft proposal President-designate CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2 on Compliance (English only)", "[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交政府专家小组的报告", "程序性报告", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议 2006年8月28日至9月6日，日内瓦", "增 编", "候任主席关于遵约问题的报告", "候任主席关于遵约问题的报告", "任务授权", "1. 2005年缔约国会议的报告(CCW/MSP/2005/2)第32段载明，“候任主席应在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附各议定书的遵守。他应考虑到所提出的各项建议，并应向缔约国提交一份以协商一致方式通过的报告。”", "主席之友", "2. 候任主席请马尔科蒂奇大使以主席之友的身份继续努力，力求就遵约问题达成协议。候任主席感谢他允诺协助并作出了不懈的努力。经缔约国同意，候任主席又请他在审查会议召开之前继续在这方面开展工作。", "现况报告", "3. 根据磋商结果，提出了一份经过修订的文件：“修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案”[1]。该文件将作为审查会议开展工作的基础。", "4. 但是，该文件尚未到可以核准的地步。要达成一致，缔约国还需解决四个悬而未决的问题：", "(1) 以何种方式通过案文的程序问题：作出一项决定，还是对《公约》作出修正；", "(2) CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1所载提案第二部分第6、第7和第9款(段)的内容。", "如何开展工作", "5. 候任主席和主席之友认为，就一项决定达成协议比就一项修正案达成协议更加容易。他们的另一个看法是，不可能将第6款(段)中规定的专家人才库的任务予以扩大，也不可能对第9款(段)中规定的提供报告的可能性作进一步限制。", "6. 关于第7款(段)，最好以适当的方式说明候任主席所设想的联合国秘书长与提出请求的缔约国协商确定专家人才库人选的程序具体应如何进行。", "7. 最后，候任主席认为，第6至第10款(段)最后可能会作一些修改，然后缔约国即应当可以在审查会议上就CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1作出最后决定了，特别是在选择以作决定的方式通过案文的情况下。", "附 件", "关于遵约问题的政府专家小组文件清单", "文 号 标 题 提 交 者 \nCCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8\t遵约附件\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7\t关于磋商和遵约问题的附加条款\t南非\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8\t遵约问题\t比利时代表欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/II/WP.7 关于遵约的工作文件 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/III/WP.7\t《特定常规武器公约》框架内的遵约问题\t瑞典\nCCW/GGE/V/2\t《特定常规武器公约》框架内的遵约问题\t希腊代表欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/VIII/2 关于遵约的讨论文件 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1\t《特定常规武器公约》的框架公约：关于磋商和遵约问题的附加条款\t南非\nCCW/GGE/IX/WP.1\t关于《特定常规武器公约》下可能的遵约机制的设想和建议\t欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/X/3 遵约 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/X/WP.1\t答复对《特定常规武器公约》下可能的遵约机制的某些关注――关于CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1号文件的详细备忘录\t欧洲联盟\n CCW/GGE/XI/2 遵约 候任主席 \n CCW/GGE/XII/3 遵约 候任主席 \nCCW/GGE/XIV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》\t候任主席\nCCW/GGE/XIV/WP.2\t促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的备选办法\t美利坚合众国\nCCW/GGE/XV/2\t修正《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的提案\t候任主席CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1和CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2\t遵约提案的修正草案\t候任主席 \n (仅有英文本)", "[1] CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1。" ]

[ "《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "提交报告", "政府专家小组", "程序性报告", "《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》缔约国政府专家小组", "第十五届会议", "2006年8月28日至9月6日,日内瓦", "增编", "商品和服务贸易及初级商品委员会", "商品和服务贸易及初级商品委员会", "A. 任务", "页: 1 2005年缔约国会议报告(CCW/MSP/2005/2)第32段规定,“候任主席应在闭会期间就促进遵守《公约》及其所附议定书的可能备选办法进行磋商,同时考虑到提出的建议,并应向缔约国提交以协商一致方式通过的报告。 ......", "主席之友", "2. 结 论 候任主席请马尔科蒂奇大使继续努力,以便就主席之友遵约问题达成协议。 候任主席感谢他的同意和不懈努力。 经缔约国同意,候任主席请他继续这项工作,直至审查会议。", "现况报告", "3. 。 根据我们的协商,提出了一份订正文件,题为“《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》修正案提案”。 它将构成审查会议工作的基础。", "4. 第四届会议 然而,该文件尚未准备好得到认可。 3. 为使缔约国达成共识,仍需要解决四个未决问题:", "(一) 如何通过案文的程序问题:通过决定或修正《公约》;", "(二) 载于CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1的提案第二部分第6、7和9段的内容。", "前进的道路", "5. 候任主席和主席之友认为,就决定达成协议比就修正案达成协议更容易。 他们还认为,不可能扩大第6段所规定的专家库的任务范围,也不可能进一步限制根据第9段的规定转交报告的可能性。", "6. 任务 关于第7段,最好以适当形式解释候任主席在秘书长特别代表和提出请求的缔约国磋商下设想专家库成员的甄选过程的具体方式。", "7. 基本考虑 最后,候任主席认为,在对第6至10段进行最后几次修改之后,缔约国应准备召开审查会议,并准备根据CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.1,特别是根据该决定的备选办法作出最后决定。", "附件", "政府专家小组文件清单", "目 录", "纽约总部\nCCW/CONF.II/PC.1/WP.8", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.7", "CCW/CONF.II/PC.3/WP.8 比利时代表欧洲联盟", "CCW/GGE/II/WP.7", "CCW/GGE/III/WP.7 《特定常规武器公约》在瑞典的遵约情况", "CCW/GGE/V/2 《特定常规武器公约》的遵守情况 希腊代表欧洲联盟", "CCW/GGE/VIII/2 关于候任主席遵约的讨论文件", "CCW/GGE/VIII/WP.1 《南非框架公约》:关于磋商和遵守的补充条款", "CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1 欧洲联盟关于《特定常规武器公约》之下可能的遵约机制的意见和建议", "政府专家小组", "CCW/GGE/X/WP.1 对欧洲联盟对《特定常规武器公约》之下可能的遵约机制的某些关切的答复。 关于CCW/GGE/IX/WP.1的堕胎备忘录", "政府专家小组", "政府专家小组", "纽约总部", "政府专家小组", "政府专家小组", "CCW/GGE/XV/2 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》候任主席提出的修正案", "政府专家小组主席", "页: 1" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/SBI/2006/24 \n 18 October 2006 \n Original: English \n \nSUBSIDIARYBODYFORIMPLEMENTATION \nTwenty-fifthsession \nNairobi,6–14November2006 \nItem4 (b)oftheprovisionalagenda \nNationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexI totheConvention \nProvisionoffinancialandtechnicalsupport", "Report by the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention on ways to improve access to financial and technical support to prepare second and subsequent national communications", "Note by the Chair of the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention[1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction ‎1–‎2 3", "A. Mandate ‎1 3", "B. Scope ‎2 3", "II. Background ‎3 3", "III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications ‎4–‎5 3", "IV. Delivery of financial and technical support ‎6–‎17 4", "A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance ‎6–‎13 4", "B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention ‎14–‎16 7", "C. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance ‎17 8", "V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support ‎18–‎19 9", "VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications ‎20 11", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI), at its twenty-third session, invited Parties to provide information to the secretariat on existing activities and programmes, including those of bilateral and multilateral funding sources, to enable the Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (CGE) to report to the SBI at its twenty-fifth session on ways to improve access to financial and technical support provided for the preparation of national communications (FCCC/SBI/2005/23, para. 30). The SBI, at its twenty-fourth session, reiterated its request to Parties and relevant international organizations to submit to the secretariat, by 4 August 2006, information on their activities relating to the preparation of national communications, for compilation into a miscellaneous document for consideration by the SBI at its twenty-fifth session (FCCC/SBI/2006/11, para. 41).", "B. Scope", "1. This document assesses multilateral and bilateral sources of and processes for the delivery of financial and technical support for second and subsequent national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Parties) including the related studies and activities, such as research and systematic observation.", "II. Background", "1. This assessment by the CGE is intended to formulate and present practical recommendations on ways to facilitate improved access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications, bearing in mind that most countries are embarking on the preparation of their second national communication. As at 2 October 2006, 132 initial national communications and three second national communications have been submitted to the secretariat. Information received from the National Communications Support Programme (NCSP), a project of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)[2], indicates that 130 non-Annex I countries are currently involved in the different stages of the preparation of their initial national communications and third national communications, as appropriate. Out of this number, 87 are preparing or initiating the second national communications and 12 have submitted their proposals for second national communications to the implementing agencies of the GEF for approval. In addition, 31 countries are involved in the self-assessment exercise.", "III. Framework for the provision of support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications", "1. Article 12, paragraph 7, of the Convention provides the basis for technical and financial support of non-Annex I countries in developing their national communications. This article addresses the communication of information relating to implementation of the Convention and states that “From its first session, the Conference of the Parties shall arrange for the provision to developing country Parties of technical and financial support, on request, in compiling and communicating information under this", "Article, as well as in identifying the technical and financial needs associated with proposed projects and response measures under Article 4. Such support may be provided by other Parties, by competent international organizations and by the secretariat, as appropriate.”", "2. Pursuant to Article 12, paragraph 7, the Conference of the Parties (COP) adopted a number of decisions to address the availability and distribution of and access to financial and technical assistance, as well as guidance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of national communications (see box 1). In particular, decision 17/CP.8 provides the guidelines for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties.", "IV. Delivery of financial and technical support", "A. Mechanisms in place to deliver financial and technical assistance", "1. There are three major institutions, organizations or projects that represent the basis for the provision of financial and technical support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of their national communications. The GEF serves as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the COP for the disbursement of financial assistance. The NCSP provides non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. Implementing agencies – i.e., UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank have an implementation role in the coordination of financial and technical assistance. The CGE has the objective of improving the process of preparation of the second and subsequent national communications by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties.", "1. The Global Environment Facility and its implementing agencies", "1. Article 21 of the Convention states that the operation of the financial mechanism referred to in Article 11 will be entrusted to the GEF. Decisions taken by the COP in several sessions have provided guidance to the GEF on funding modalities, and have directed that priority be given to the support of national communications. In response to guidance from the COP, the GEF has developed the following guidelines for the delivery of financial and technical assistance.", "a. Operational criteria for enabling activities: this document was developed during 1995–96 and proposed four criteria for expediting access to GEF funding (i.e., coverage without duplication, appropriate overall sequencing, good practice and cost-effectiveness) for the preparation of initial national communications of non-Annex I Parties. Funding under “expedited procedures” was USD 350,000 maximum per country. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures was also made available for the preparation of initial national communications.", "b. Operational Guidelines for Expedited Procedures – Part II: this document was developed in 1999 and supported interim measures for capacity-building in priority areas in non-Annex I Parties (add-ons or top-ups), typically about USD 100,000 per country.", "c. Funding for the national adaptation programme of action (NAPA): Funding based on the guidelines for the preparation of NAPAs (decision 28/CP.7) is typically about USD 220,000. The COP, by its decision 5/CP.7, decided that support should be provided for the development, by the least developed countries, of NAPAs which will serve as a simplified and direct channel of communication of information relating to the vulnerabilities and adaptation needs of the least developed countries.", "d. Financing for national communications (second or subsequent): Under GEF expedited procedures, USD 420,000 per country is currently available. This funding includes USD 15,000 for self-assessment exercises to prepare second national communications project proposals. The self-assessment exercises seek to enhance country ownership of the national communication process, which involves stocktaking of previous relevant activities (e.g. analysis of the initial national communication, NAPAs, related studies, ongoing relevant initiatives) and extensive consultations with stakeholders. GEF funding following full project cycle procedures is also available for the preparation of national communications.", "2. UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank are the key implementing agencies for the preparation of national communications through the administration of most enabling activities. Of these organizations, UNDP is responsible for the implementation of most enabling activities. The implementing agencies, together with the other institutions described in this section, play important roles in the development and approval of enabling activity proposals relating to climate change.", "2. The National Communication Support Programme", "1. The first phase of the NCSP was launched by GEF in 1998 to provide non-Annex I Parties with technical and policy support to enhance their capacity with regard to climate change. It was established with the objective of improving the quality, comprehensiveness and timely delivery of initial communications from non-Annex I Parties. Following the positive evaluation of the first phase of the NCSP, a second phase was funded by the GEF and launched in June 2005 to provide technical and policy relevant support to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second, third, or initial, as appropriate,", "national communications. Major support activities undertaken by the current phase of the NCSP include:", "a. Guidance on the planning and management of the second national communications process;", "b. Preparation and dissemination of technical and policy-relevant guidance documents;", "c. Provision of distance and on-site technical backstopping;", "d. Identification and dissemination of best practices from country experiences;", "e. Facilitation of online discussions and learning;", "f. Technical review of draft national communications and sectoral technical reports;", "g. Workshops on the initiation of the second national communications process and on thematic areas;", "h. Targeted hands-on training for specific components of the national communication, on the basis from countries requests.", "3. The Consultative Group of Experts on National Communications from non-Annex I Parties", "1. The CGE was established by the COP at its fifth session (decision 8/CP.5). At its eighth session, the COP reviewed the terms of reference of the CGE.  In recognition of the helpful role that the CGE has played in assisting non-Annex I Parties to improve the process of the preparation of their national communications, the COP decided to continue the mandate of the CGE and revised its terms of reference (decision 3/CP.8). Under its new mandate, the objective of the CGE is to improve the process of the preparation of the second and subsequent national communications, by providing technical advice and support to non-Annex I Parties. Specific activities include the following:", "a. Identify and assess technical problems and constraints that have affected the preparation of initial national communications by non-Annex I Parties that have yet to complete them;", "b. Identify and assess, as appropriate, the difficulties encountered by non-Annex I Parties in the use of the guidelines and methodologies for the preparation of national communications and make recommendations for their improvement;", "c. Examine national communications submitted to the secretariat, in particular the description of analytical and methodological issues, including technical problems and constraints in the preparation and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories, mitigation activities, vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments and other information, with a view to improving the consistency of the information provided, data collection, the use of local and regional emission factors and activity data and the development of methodologies;", "d. Provide technical advice and support, by organizing and conducting workshops, including hands-on training workshops at the regional or subregional level, on national GHG inventories, V&A and mitigation, as well as training on the use of the guidelines for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;", "e. Review existing activities and programmes, including those of multilateral and bilateral funding sources, to facilitate and support the preparation of second and subsequent national communications by non-Annex I Parties;", "f. Provide technical advice to the SBI on matters relating to the implementation of the Convention by non-Annex I Parties;", "g. Develop the agenda for workshops and meetings with the assistance of the secretariat, to ensure adequate coverage of issues identified in the mandate. Experts and resource persons at these workshops will be drawn from the roster of experts. If deemed necessary, other experts of international standing may be invited.", "2. The CGE is composed of 24 members representing the following: five members each from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; six members from Annex I Parties; one member each from three international organizations. To facilitate its work, the CGE set up the following four thematic groups: national GHG inventories; V&A assessments; mitigation; and cross-cutting issues, which include research and systematic observation, technology transfer, capacity-building, education, training and public awareness, information and networking, and financial and technical support.", "3. The activities of the CGE have included examining national communications of non-Annex I Parties; conducting regional hands-on training workshops on GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments in the context of the preparation of national communications; and preparing technical reports to the SBI on, for example, improving access to financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications. The CGE is presently implementing its work programme for the period 2003–2007.", "4. In providing technical support to non-Annex I Parties, the CGE has conducted one global (mitigation) and six regional (V&A and national GHG inventories) hands-on training workshops since its establishment. This represents a total of 325 experts from 125 non-Annex I Parties that have been trained.", "B. Support provided directly by Parties included in Annex II to the Convention", "1. Article 4 of the Convention covers the assistance that Parties included in Annex II to the Convention (Annex II Parties) should provide for completing activities reported in national communications and to countries particularly vulnerable to climate change. It also includes technical assistance in areas such as capacity strengthening and technology transfer of environmentally sound technologies.", "2. Annex II Parties consider national communications as the key source of information on climate change in developing countries since they provide important information on activities and programmes addressing climate change and strategies to reduce climate change risks, as well as information on capacity-building efforts and needs.", "3. There are several examples (the number continues to grow) in which Annex II Parties are directly providing technical support in addition to other avenues of funding. Technical support from Annex I Parties is provided in a number of forms, as outlined in table 1. In almost all cases, this support is technical in nature and provided with the objective of promoting a greater awareness of and stronger research capability in the various areas of climate change study (i.e., GHG inventories, GHG mitigation analysis and V&A assessments). It is also relevant to the preparation of national communications and for strengthening institutional and human capacity.", "Table 1. Support provided by Annex II Parties for the national communications process of          non-Annex I Parties", "Type of technicalassistance\tExamples of projects\nInstitutionalcapacity-building ofagencies/organizations\t- Help in drafting applications for GEFfunding- Establishing institutional infrastructurefor preparation of second nationalcommunicationsHuman resourcedevelopment ofnational experts\t- Supporting experts to examine nationalcommunications from non-Annex I Parties- Supporting climate change studiestargeting national experts/institutions \n\t- Funding training courses on climatechange strategies\nDatabase development(GHG inventory, V&A,mitigation)\t- Helping Parties to rescue climate records\nGreenhouse gasinventory\t- Helping Parties develop capacity tomeasure carbon emissions andsequestration from land-based systemsAssessment of V&Ameasures\t- Contributing to climate change monitoringprojects \n\t- Establishing pilot projects todemonstrate practical adaptationinitiativesAssessment ofmitigation options\t- Contributing to CGE mitigation trainingworkshops \n\t- Encouraging and organizing participationof experts\nResearch andsystematicobservation,includingmeteorological,hydrological andclimatologicalservices\t- Setting up a regional climate informationsystem- Strengthen regional capacity to monitorand analyse land cover/land-use changeEducation, trainingand public awareness\t- Contributing to Article 6 of theConvention regional workshops - Contributing to the development andimplementation of the information networkclearing house CC:iNet - Hosting side events at COPs highlightingassistance from Annex I Parties,co-benefits of climate observations fordecision-making and examples of localcapacity-building \n - Stakeholder mobilization Technology needsassessments;implementation plan\t- Identification of policies andtechnologies that reduce both local airpollution and the emissions of greenhousegases - New technologies through promotion ofenvironmentally sustainable trade \n\t- Renewable energy and energy efficiencypartnershipsInformationnetworking\t- Regional networking on improvement ofquality of GHG inventories - Establishing region-focused adaptationresearch - Convening of workshops to exchange ofinformation and build regional networks \n\t- Advance of knowledge, capacity andnetworking in Africa\nDevelopment ofnational climatechange programmes\t- Examination of international experienceand development of best practicesrelevant to non-Annex I Parties, help indeveloping national climate changeprogrammes\nExchange ofinformation amongagencies\t- Holding joint discussions on climatechange (non-Annex I and Annex I Parties)", "A. Other entities providing financial and technical assistance", "1. There are several other multilateral organizations that provide relevant technical and financial support relating to the development of national communications. The Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research provide primarily technical support such as the provision of databases and/or training, as well as other forms of information and tools for preparing GHG inventories, V&A assessments and mitigation assessments as input to the national communications. Examples of programmes and initiatives conducted by these entities are presented in table 2.", "Table 2. Details of financial and technical assistance by various multilateral organizations", "Multilateralorganizations\tFinancialassistance\tTechnicalassistance\tExamples of programmesUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- Country case studies of sourcesand sinks of greenhouse gases- Economics of greenhouse gaslimitations - Country studies on climate changeimpacts and adaptationassessments \n - Risoe Centre on Energy Climateand Sustainable DevelopmentUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme\t√\t√\t- NCSP- Asia Least-cost Greenhouse GasAbatement Strategy- Building Capacity inMahgreb/Sub-Saharan Africa - China: greenhouse gas EmissionsControl Study \n - India: cost-effective options forlimiting greenhouse gas EmissionsUnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearch\t√\t√\t- Climate Change CapacityDevelopment–CollaborativePlatform (C3D)- Advancing Capacity to SupportClimate Change Adaptation- CC: Train - Certificate training courses forvulnerability and adaptation - Policy development workshops \n - Technical workshops \nWorldMeteorologicalOrganization √\t- Global Climate Observing Systemin cooperation with UnitedNations Environment Programme,United Nations Educational,Scientific and CulturalOrganization and InternationalCouncil for Science\nFood andAgricultureOrganizationof theUnitedNations √\t- Capacity-building workshops andseminars on afforestation andreforestation and cleandevelopment mechanismsWorldBank √\t- Training programmes for climatechange specialists \n - World Development Indicatorsonline database\nWorldHealthOrganization √\t- Environmental Burden of Diseasetools", "V. Issues identified as important for the delivery of support", "1. Based on information provided in the compilation and synthesis reports of national communications and CGE reports to the SBI, the following issues were addressed by non-Annex I Parties as areas requiring financial and technical support:[3]", "a. Institutional capacity-building: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national agencies and organizations that are expected to be involved in the preparation of subsequent national communications;", "b. Human resources and development of national experts: financial and technical assistance relative to the needs for capacity strengthening of national consultants, experts and specialists that are expected to be involved in preparation of national communications;", "c. Databases: the establishment and management of technical and administrative databases that could be used during the preparation of second and subsequent national communications;", "d. GHG inventories: financial and technical assistance for the development of the GHG inventories of sources and sinks of GHG emissions, including emission factors;", "e. V&A assessments: financial and technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for V&A assessments;", "f. Assessment of mitigation options: technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and tools for assessing the GHG reduction and cost aspects of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;", "g. Implementation of mitigation: technical assistance in the formulation of projects and the identification of technologies for reducing GHG emissions;", "h. Research and systematic observation: financial and technical assistance for developing and maintaining the capacity necessary for conducting ongoing research and systematic observation regarding climate change;", "i. Education, training, and public awareness: technical assistance for developing strategies to raise national awareness of climate change issues and challenges;", "j. Technology needs assessments and development of implementation plan: financial and technical assistance for scoping out the potential technologies that may be most appropriate for meeting GHG mitigation and climate change adaptation objectives;", "k. Information networking: support for maintaining central and readily accessible repositories of information needed to carry out climate change related studies and assessments;", "l. Development of national climate change programmes: support for developing national climate change programmes and initiatives that are coordinated across ministries and agencies;", "m. Exchange of information: support for ensuring that national specialists are able to have the opportunity to participate in information exchange networks.", "Other key issues/problems faced in providing assistance", "2. In order to understand the full range of issues that affect the delivery of financial and technical support for the preparation of national communications from non-Annex I Parties, representatives from the NCSP and from some Annex II Parties were consulted. In addition, the UNFCCC secretariat conducted a survey using questionnaires targeting non-Annex I Parties, Annex II Parties and multilateral agencies. There are a number of policy-relevant messages that emerge from these consultative processes as summarized below.", "a. Communication: the NCSP noted that it continues to encounter difficulties in assessing and understanding the specific needs relating to technical assistance, due in large part to country responses that are sometimes vague or not sufficiently detailed;", "b. Response time: the NCSP identified two types of delay which constrain the effectiveness of delivering technical assistance: delay in the preparation of project proposals after funds for self-assessments have been provided to countries; and delay at the national level to initiate the preparation of the national communications after the implementing agency has approved the proposal;", "c. Capacity: the NCSP indicated that technical capacity in many countries to submit second national communications of good quality still needs to be strengthened.", "This suggests a need to move toward a critical examination and identification of strategies to address specific problem areas such as the inefficiency of national agency coordination, difficulties in self-assessment, and a strengthening of institutional commitment. This would help to harmonize the funding expectations of non-Annex I Parties with the project funding criteria used by donors.", "VI. Ways of improving access to financial and technical support for preparing national communications", "1. The CGE identified the following issues as important for improving access to financial and technical support for the national communication process.", "a. Pursue linkages to poverty reduction and sustainable development: work on national communications should support environmental initiatives that strengthen the implementation of poverty reduction strategies and sustainable development in gaining greater acceptance. Hence, components of national communications should explicitly explore linkages between poverty, environment and climate change. Once development goals are properly taken into account, synergies between climate oriented and development oriented actions may be achieved. In particular issues related to livelihood strategies and food security assume paramount importance. In this regard, and recognizing that institutional arrangements vary from country to country, strong ties between the focal point for climate change and ministries and institutions charged with setting policies and plans, as well as sectoral goals including implementing agencies, are a necessary condition for mainstreaming climate change concerns into policy dialogues and can be viewed as leverage for attracting bilateral support for national communications activities.", "b. Emphasize in-county continuity: recognizing that non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that maintaining continuity in climate change activities is very important and that gaps that can emerge between the completion of one communication and the start of the next set of climate change related activities, steps should be taken to institutionalize the national communication process in non-Annex I Parties, to ensure, among other things, continuity in the preparation of the various elements of the national communication. Permanent national institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation should be established for the preparation of national communications, which are “kept alive” after completion of the second national communications. In some cases, enhancing the technical capacity, continuity and profile of national focal points may be required.", "c. Continuity of funding: institutional structures and cross-sectoral cooperation established during the preparation process of the national communication can be maintained only if the supporting financial infrastructure is continuously in place. It will therefore be important for the COP to take up funding decisions early on in the national communications process so that funding is firmly in place well before the subsequent communication process actually begins.", "d. Reduce the time required for the various steps to access GEF funding for preparing national communications: A number of Parties consulted emphasized the importance of addressing the length of time it has taken for non-Annex I Parties to complete their initial national communications. It would be desirable to shorten the process from self-assessment to submission, with subsequent communications commencing shortly thereafter. This would serve to both sustain the momentum achieved for climate change activities and help to keep the technical and management team intact.", "e. Reduce response time: a number of countries indicated the dimensions of enhanced continuity, strong focal points and national engagement would be better served if the response time between proposal submission and release of funding to commence activities were shortened. There needs to be an expedited process for revisions of project proposals, while keeping the process of formulating and executing project proposals flexible and simple.", "f. Maximize synergy: many Annex II Parties are already engaged in a variety of training programmes and courses that are linked with components of national communications. The training activities involved in the communications process could be coordinated among the providers of training to take advantage of these offerings.", "g. Emphasize training of trainers: non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that training of national experts is a high priority and one that needs to be emphasized in future strategic direction for financial and technical support. Reliance on international experts should be avoided where possible. The role of training local trainers should both continue and receive greater attention in the future.", "h. Enhance multilateral agency coordination: some countries have proposed that a multilateral forum should be established to improve the coordination of technical assistance to non-Annex I Parties for the preparation of second and subsequent national communications.", "i. Address recruitment shortfalls: there is a perceived inability to recruit experts on a full time basis for the preparation of the national communication. The expertise required is typically available only from academic and technical institutions. But, being full time staff members of these institutions, they are able to contribute limited time for national communication activities. Shortening the project cycle and ensuring continuity would help to address this issue.", "j. Facilitate information sharing: develop and maintain an international database of climate change related training initiatives available in donor countries. A well-developed database would help donors to plan assistance programmes more effectively and recipients to take greater advantage of synergies between the opportunities of support to national communications process, such as Annex II Party training initiatives. To this end, the CGE intends to develop,[4] in consultation with the secretariat, and subject to the availability of financial resources, a dedicated site within the existing secretariat website that would provide for the dissemination of information on assistance provided by bilateral and multilateral support programmes for the preparation of national communications.", "k. Make translated technical documents available: some non-Annex I Parties highlighted the fact that too much of the technical material (e.g., methods, tools, handbooks, software, manuals, etc) that is essential for undertaking technical analyses is available only in English. Additional funds should be made available for translating key technical guidance documents into all six United Nations languages.", "l. Emphasize quality: strengthened support could be provided to assist non-Annex I Parties in the preparation of the national communication if there was a relatively clear set of criteria for what constitutes a high quality product. At present, the quality of national communication vary considerably, even allowing for the fact that vulnerability, adaptation and other assessments may vary from country to country. A clearer understanding of the quality requirements would boost the confidence that the provision of assistance will translate directly into a measurable achievement.", "[1] ^(∗) This document was submitted after the due date as a result of the timing of the meeting of the Consultative Group of Experts.", "[2] Based on the paper entitled Technical Support Activities undertaken by the National Communication Support", "Programme (NCSP) prepared as input to the seventh meeting of the CGE held in Pretoria, South Africa, from", "25 to 26 September 2006.", "[3] See the Sixth compilation and synthesis of initial national communications from Parties not included in Annex I to", "the Convention (FCCC/SBI/2005/18 and Adds.1–6).", "[4] See FCCC/SBI/2003/8, paragraph 57(f)." ]

[ "附属履行机构", "第二十五届会议", "2006年11月6日至14日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目4 (b)", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的国家信息通报", "提供资金和技术支持", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家 咨询小组关于编写第二次和以后各次国家信息通报 如何更好地获得资金和技术支持的报告", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报 问题专家咨询小组主席的说明[1]", "概 要", "附属履行机构(履行机构)第二十三届会议请各缔约方向秘书处通报现有活动和方案，其中包括双边和多边资金资助的活动和方案，使非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组能够在履行机构第二十五届会议上报告国家信息通报编写工作如何更好地获得资金和技术支持。", "履行机构在就非《公约》附件一所列缔约方编写国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持的问题编写指导意见时，不妨考虑专家咨询小组的建议。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言.............................. 1 - 2 3", "A．任 务................................ 1 3", "B．范 围................................ 2 3", "二、背 景........................... 3 3", "三、对非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报提供支持的框架............................... 4 - 5 4", "四、提供资金和技术支持.................................. 6 - 17 5", "A．提供资金和技术支持的现有机制................... 6 - 13 5", "B．《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支持..... 14 - 16 8", "C．提供资金和技术援助的其他实体........ ............. 17 10", "五、已查明的与提供支持有关的重要问题. ............... 18 - 19 11", "六、在编制国家信息通报方面如何更好地获得资金和技术支持.................... 20 12", "一、导 言", "A． 任 务", "1. 附属履行机构(履行机构)第二十三届会议请各缔约方向秘书处通报现有活动和方案，其中包括双边和多边资金资助的活动和方案，使非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组能够在履行机构第二十五届会议上报告国家信息通报编写工作如何更好地获得资金和技术支持(FCCC/SBI/2005/23, 第30段)。履行机构第二十四届会议再次请缔约方和有关国际组织在2006年8月4日之前向秘书处提交关于编制国家信息通报活动的信息，以便汇编成一份杂项文件，供履行机构第二十五届会议审议(FCCC/SBI/2006/11, 第41段)。", "B． 范 围", "2. 本文件评估了为支持非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)的第二次和以后各次国家信息通报，包括诸如研究和系统观测等有关研究和活动而提供资金和技术支持的多边或双边资金来源以及程序。", "二、背 景", "3. 专家咨询小组进行的这项评估意在就编写国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持这一问题拟订并提出一些实际建议，同时铭记大多数国家正在开始编写第二次国家信息通报。截至2006年10月2日，132份初次国家信息通报和3份第二次国家信息通报已经提交给秘书处。根据全球环境基金、联合国开发计划署以及联合国环境规划署合作执行的项目“国家信息通报支持方案”提供的信息，[2] 130个非附件一国家目前处在编写初次国家信息通报或者第三次国家信息通报的不同阶段。在这一数字中，87个国家正在编写或刚开始编写第二次国家信息通报，12个国家已经向全球环境基金执行机构提交了第二次国家信息通报的项目提案，以求批准。此外，有31个国家正在进行自我评估活动。", "三、对非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报 提供支持的框架", "4. 《公约》第12条第7款提供了为非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报提供技术和资金支持的根据。这一条处理了提交《公约》执行情况信息的问题，规定“缔约方会议从第一届会议起，应安排向有此要求的发展中国家缔约方提供技术和资金支持，以汇编和提供本条所规定的信息和确定与第4条规定的所拟议的项目和应对措施相联系的技术和资金需要。这些支持可酌情由其他缔约方、主管国际组织和秘书处提供。”", "5. 按照第12条第7款，缔约方通过了若干项决定，处理了与资金和技术援助的提供、分配和获得有关的问题，并通过了发给非附件一缔约方的关于编写国家信息通报的指导意见(见方框1)。第17/CP.8号决定具体地规定了非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报的指南。", "四、提供资金和技术支持", "A． 提供资金和技术支持的现有机制", "6. 在支持非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报方面，现有三个主要机构、组织和项目是提供资金和技术支持的基本力量。全球环境基金是缔约方会议资金机制的经营实体，负责发放资金援助。国家信息通报支助方案向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，提高它们与气候变化问题有关的能力。执行机构，即开发计划署、环境署和世界银行在协调资金和技术援助方面负有执行的职责。全球环境基金通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询意见和支持，力求改进第二次以及以后各次国家信息通报的编写工作。", "1. 全球环境基金及其执行机构", "7. 《公约》第21条规定，第11条所指的资金机制的运作将交给全球环境基金负责。几届缔约方会议作出的决定就资助模式问题向全球环境基金提供了指导意见，并指示优先支持国家信息通报工作。按照缔约方会议的指导意见，全球环境基金拟订了关于提供资金和技术援助的下列指南。", "a. 扶持活动的业务标准：这一文件是在1995-1996年期间拟订的，提出了非附件一缔约方编写初次国家信息通报可以快速获得全球环境基金资助的四项标准(即内容无重叠，确定适当的总体顺序，实行良好做法和具有良好的效费比)。按照“快速程序”提供的资助数额为每个国家35万美元。全球环境基金还为编写初次国家信息通报提供完全与项目周期一致的资助。", "b. 快速程序的业务指南――第二部分：这一文件是在1999年拟订的，它针对非附件一缔约方优先领域的能力建设提供对临时措施的支持(加载或充值)，通常每个国家资助10万美元。", "c. 资助国家适应行动方案：依照关于编写国家适应行动方案的指南(第28/CP.7)提供资助，数额通常约为22万美元。缔约方会议在其第5/CP.7号决定里决定，应支持最不发达国家编写国家适应行动方案，这将是提供最不发达国家脆弱性和适应需要方面信息的简化和直接的信息渠道。", "d. 资助国家信息通报(第二次或以后各次)：按照全球环境基金快速程序，目前对每个国家的资助额是42万美元。其中15,000美元专门用于为编写第二次国家信息通报项目提案而进行的自我评估活动。自我评估活动目的是强化国家信息通报工作的国家所有权意识，其中包括检查原先进行的有关活动(例如分析初次国家信息通报、国家适应行动方案、有关研究、以及正在进行的有关活动)并与利益相关者进行广泛的磋商。为编写国家信息通报，全球环境基金也提供与项目周期完全一致的资助。", "8. 开发计划署、环境规划署和世界银行经手着大部分扶持活动，因而是在编制国家信息通报方面的重要执行机构。在这些组织中，开发计划署负责执行大部分扶持活动。这些执行机构连同本节所述的其他机构，在编制和批准与气候变化有关的扶持活动建议方面起着重要作用。", "2. 国家信息通报支助方案", "9. 全球环境基金在1998年发起了国家信息通报支助方案的第一阶段，这是为了向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，强化它们在气候变化问题方面的能力。建立此支助方案的目的是改善非附件一缔约方国家初次国家信息通报的质量、全面性及时性。在对国家信息通报支助方案第一阶段进行了积极的评价之后，全球环境基金又资助了第二阶段，第二阶段于2005年6月开始，再向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持，以便编写第二次、第三次或有时是初次国家信息通报。国家信息通报支助方案目前阶段所进行的主要支助活动包括：", "(a) 为第二次国家信息通报工作的规划和管理提供指导；", "(b) 编写并散发与技术和政策有关的指导文件；", "(c) 提供远距离和现场技术支助；", "(d) 从国别经验中找出最佳做法，并进行推广；", "(e) 为网上讨论和学习提供便利；", "(f) 对国家信息通报项目提案和部门技术报告进行技术审查；", "(g) 就第二次国家信息通报工作的发起以及就特定专题领域举行研讨会；", "(h) 针对具体国家的要求，就国家信息通报的特定组成部分，进行有针对性的实地培训。", "3. 非附件一缔约方国家信息通报专家咨询小组", "10. 专家咨询小组是由缔约方会议第五届会议设立的(第8/CP5号决定)。缔约方会议第八届会议审查了专家咨询小组的职责范围。缔约方会议承认专家咨询小组在协助非附件一缔约方改进国家信息通报的编写工作方面所起的有益的作用，决定延长专家咨询小组的任务，并修改了其职责范围(第3/CP.8号决定)。按照新的任务，专家咨询小组的目标是通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询意见和支持，改进第二次以及以后各次国家信息通报的编制工作。具体的活动包括下列几种：", "(a) 查明和评估妨碍尚未完成初次国家信息通报的非附件一缔约方编制通报的技术问题和制约；", "(b) 酌情查明和评估非附件一缔约方使用国家信息通报指南和方法时遇到的困难，并提出加以改进的建议；", "(c) 研究向秘书处提交的国家信息通报，尤其是关于分析和方法学问题的说明，包括编拟和报告温室气体清单、减轻影响活动、脆弱性和适应方法评估及其他资料时遇到的技术问题和制约，以期改进提供资料的一致性、数据收集、本地和区域排放因素和活动数据的使用及方法的研发；", "(d) 通过举办关于国家温室气体清单、脆弱性与适应、减轻影响方法的研讨会，包括区域或分区域级的实际操作培训班，以及关于非附件一缔约方使用第二次及以后各次国家信息通报编制指南使用的培训，提供技术咨询和支持", "(e) 审查现有的活动和方案，包括多边和双边供资来源的活动和方案，以求便利和支持非附件一缔约方编制第二次和以后的国家信息通报；", "(f) 酌情就与非附件一缔约方执行《公约》的情况有关的事项为履行机构提供技术咨询；", "(g) 在秘书处的协助下拟订讨论会和会议的议程，确保适当覆盖职权中提到的各项问题。应从专家名册中挑选出席此类研讨会的专家和顾问。如有必要，可邀请有国际地位的其他专家出席。", "11. 专家咨询小组由24名成员组成，分别代表下列地区：非洲、亚洲和太平洋、拉丁美洲和加勒比分别有5名成员；附件一缔约方有6名成员；三个国际组织各有1名成员。为方便工作，专家咨询小组设立了下列四个专题小组：国家温室气体清单；脆弱性和适应评估；减轻；综合问题，包括研究和系统观测、技术转让、能力建设、教育、培训和公共意识、信息和网络、资金和技术支持等。", "12. 专家咨询小组的活动包括审查非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报；围绕编写国家信息通报，就温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估以及减轻评估等问题开展区域性实际培训；编写技术报告提交给履行机构，例如就编制国家信息通报如何更好地获得资金和技术支持问题编写报告。专家咨询小组目前正在执行2003-2007年期工作方案。", "13. 在向非附件一缔约方提供技术支持方面，专家咨询小组举行了一次全球(减轻问题)和六次区域(脆弱性和适应以及国家温室气体清单)实地培训研讨会。受到培训的一共有325名专家，来自125个非附件一缔约方。", "B. 《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支持", "14. 《公约》第4条涉及《公约》附件二所列缔约方(附件二缔约方)应为完成国家信息通报中所报告的活动以及向特别易受气候变化影响的国家提供的援助。第4条也涉及在诸如加强能力以及转让对环境友好技术等领域提供技术援助的问题。", "15. 附件二缔约方将国家信息通报视为发展中国家气候变化信息的主要来源，因为这些信息通报提供了处理气候变化的活动和方案以及减少气候变化危险的战略的重要信息，也提供了能力建设的努力和需要方面的信息。", "16. 现在有好几个附件二缔约方除了其他资助渠道之外还直接提供技术支持，这样的事例还在增加。附件一缔约方提供的技术支持采取了多种形式，见表1所述。在几乎所有情况下，这种支持是技术性的，其目标是推动更多地意识到气候变化研究的各个领域并推动这些领域的研究能力的加强(例如温室气体清单、温室气体减轻分析以及脆弱性和适应评估)。这种支持对编制国家信息通报以及加强体制能力和人力建设都有关系。", "表 1：附件二缔约方为非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报工作提供的支持", "技术援助类型 项 目 实 例 \n机构/组织的体制能力建设\t- 帮助起草全球环境基金资助申请书- 为编制第二次国家信息通报而建设体制基础设施各国专家的人力资源开发\t-支持专家对非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报进行审阅 - 面向各国专家/机构，支持气候变化研究 \n - 资助关于气候变化战略的培训课程 \n数据库开发(温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应、减轻)\t- 帮助缔约方拯救气候方面的档\n温室气体清单\t- 帮助缔约方发展能力，测量陆地系统对碳的排放和吸收\n脆弱性和适应措施的评估\t- 为气候变化监测项目作出贡献- 建立试验项目，以演示实际的适应措施 评估各种减轻方案 - 为专家咨询小组的减轻培训班作出贡献 \n - 鼓励并组织专家参与 \n研究与系统观测，包括气象、水文和气候方面的服务\t- 建立区域气候信息系统-加强区域能力，监测并分析土地表面/土地使用变化教育、培训和公众意识\t- 为《公约》第6条所指的区域研讨会作出贡献- 为开发并实施系统网络交换所CC：iNet作出贡献 - 在缔约方会议期间举办一些活动，介绍附件一缔约方的援助、气候观测对于决策所具有的帮助作用以及地方能力建设的实例 \n - 发动利益相关者 技术需要评估；执行计划\t- 找出有助于减少当地空气污染和温室气体排放的政策和技术 - 通过促进环境可持续贸易而推动新技术 \n - 可再生能源和节能伙伴关系 信息网络 - 为改进温室气体清单的质量而建立区域网络 - 建立侧重于区域的适应研究 - 举行研讨会，以交换信息并建立区域网络 \n - 在非洲推动知识、能力和网络的发展 \n国家气候变化方案的拟订\t- 审查国际经验，并制订与非附件一缔约方有关的最佳做法，帮助制订国家气候变化方案\n在各机构间交换信息\t- 就气候变化问题举行联合讨论(非附件一缔约方和附件一缔约方)", "C. 提供资金和技术援助的其他实体", "17. 另有好几个多边组织也为编制国家信息通报提供有关的技术和资金支持。联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织以及联合国训练研究所基本上提供技术支持，例如提供数据库和/或培训，以及其他形式的信息和工具，用于编制温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估以及减轻评估，作为对国家信息通报的投入。表2列出了这些实体开展的方案和活动的实例。", "表 2. 各种多边组织提供资金和技术援助的详细情况", "多边组织\t资金援助\t技术能力\t方案实例联合国环境规划署\t√\t√\t-对温室气体源和汇的国别案例研究 - 限制温室气体排放的经济学研究 - 关于气候变化影响和适应评估的国别研究 \n - 气候变化和可持续发展里索中心联合国开发计划署\t√\t√\t- 国家信息通报支助方案- 亚洲最低成本温室气体减少战略 -马格里布/撒哈拉以南非洲能力建设 - 中国：温室气体排放控制研究 \n - 印度：限制温室气体排放的经济有效方案联合国训练研究所\t√\t√\t-气候变化能力发展――协作平台(C3D) - 推动支持气候变化适应的能力 - CC：Train - 脆弱性和适应证书培训班 - 政策制订研讨会 \n - 技术研讨会 \n世界气象组织 √\t- 与联合国环境规划署、联合国教育、科学及文化组织以及国际科学理事会联合开展的全球气候观测系统\n联合国粮食及农业组织 √\t- 关于造林和再造林以及清洁发展机制的能力建设研讨会 世界银行 √ - 为气候变化专家举行的培训方案 \n - 世界发展指数在线数据库 \n世界卫生组织 √\t- 与疾病对环境的负担有关的工具", "五、已查明的与提供支持有关的重要问题", "18. 根据国家信息通报汇编和综合报告中提供的信息以及专家咨询小组提交履行机构的报告，非附件一缔约方认为下列领域是需要给予资金和技术支持的领域：[3]", "(a) 体制能力建设：需要针对将参与以后各次国家信息通报的编制的各国机构和组织能力建设需要提供资金和技术援助；", "(b) 各国专家的人力资源开发：需要针对将会参加国家信息通报的编制工作的各国顾问和专家的能力建设需要提供资金和技术援助；", "(c) 数据库：建立并管理有可能在编制第二次和以后各次国家信息通报中使用的技术和行政数据库；", "(d) 温室气体清单：为拟订包括排放因素在内的温室气体排放源和汇的清单提供资金和技术援助；", "(e) 脆弱性和适应评估：为采用并分析脆弱性和适应评估的方法和工具而提供资金和技术援助；", "(f) 评估减轻方案：为采用并分析用于评估温室气体的减少和减排技术的成本方面的方法和工具而提供技术援助；", "(g) 实施减轻措施：在拟订项目和找出减少温室气体排放技术方面提供技术援助；", "(h) 研究和系统观测：为发展并维持必要的能力提供资金和技术援助，用于进行现有的关于气候变化的研究和系统观测；", "(i) 教育、培训以及公众意识：为制订提高国民对气候变化问题和挑战的认识的战略而提供技术援助；", "(j) 技术需要评估和制定执行计划：为找出最适当的潜在技术而提供资金和技术支持，以完成减轻温室气体排放和适应气候变化方面的目标；", "(k) 信息网络：支持维护集中的并容易使用的信息库，以方便开展气候变化方面的研究和评估；", "(l) 制订国家气候变化方案：支持制订经过各部门协调的国家气候变化方案和倡议；", "(m) 交换信息：提供支持，确保各国的专家能够有机会参与信息交换网络。", "在提供援助时面对的其他主要问题", "19. 为了全面了解影响为非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供资金和技术支持的各种问题，先后与国家信息通报支助方案和一些附件二缔约方的代表进行了磋商。此外，《公约》秘书处向非附件一缔约方、附件二缔约方以及多边机构发放了调查表。从这些磋商过程中可以得出若干与政策有关的信息，归纳如下。", "(a) 沟通：国家信息通报支助方案指出，该方案继续遇到一些困难，难以评估并了解与技术援助有关的具体需要，这很大程度是由于各国的答复有时含混、或缺乏足够的细节；", "(b) 反应时间：国家信息通报支助方案发现有两种拖延情况，妨碍了提供技术援助的有效性：一是在向有关国家提供了自我评估所需的资金之后，迟迟不见项目提案编写出来；二是在执行机构核准了项目提案之后，在国家一级没有及时地开始国家信息通报的编制工作；", "(c) 能力：国家信息通报支助方案指出，许多国家提交高质量的第二次国家信息通报的技术能力依然有待加强。", "这说明需要开展批评性的审查工作，并找出适当的战略，解决一些具体的问题领域，诸如国家机构不能有效地协调，自我评估方面存在的困难，体制承诺需要加强等。这将有助于使非附件一缔约方对资金的期望与捐助者提供项目资助的标准统一起来。", "六、在编制国家信息通报方面如何更好地 获得资金和技术支持", "20. 专家咨询小组认为下列问题对于国家信息通报工作更好地获得资金和技术支持来说是重要的问题。", "(a) 与减贫和可持续发展建立联系：国家信息通报的工作应该支持环境方面的倡议，加强减贫战略和可持续发展的实施，从而获得更广泛的接受。因此，国家信息通报的各个部分应该明确探讨减贫、环境与气候变化之间的联系。一旦恰当地考虑到发展目标，针对气候采取的行动与针对发展采取的行动两者之间便可能实现相辅相成。具体地说，与生计战略与粮食安全有关的问题具有最高的重要性。在这方面，在承认各国体制安排各有不同的同时，负责气候变化问题的部门以及负责制定政策和计划的各部和机构以及包括各执行机构在内的部门目标，相互之间必须建立强有力的联系，这种联系是必要的条件，能够将气候变化的关切纳入到政策对话的主流中，应能更有力地吸引双边捐助者对国家信息通报活动的支持。", "(b) 强调国内的连续性：认识到非附件一缔约方突出了这样的事实：即维护气候变化活动方面的连续性是非常重要的。完成一次国家信息通报与开始下一轮气候变化活动之间可能会发生脱节，因此需要采取措施使非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报工作制度化，以便除其他以外，确保国家信息通报各个组成部分的编制能够保持连续性。为编制国家信息通报应该建立永久的国家体制结构和跨部门合作，这些结构和合作在完成第二次国家信息通报之后应继续存在下去。在有些情况下，需要加强各国负责气候变化部门的技术能力、连续性和重要性。", "(c) 资助的连续性：只有起支持作用的资金基础设施持续存在，那么在编写国家信息通报中建立的体制结构和跨部门合作才能维持。因此，缔约方会议需要在国家信息通报工作上及早作出资助决定，以便在以后的信息通报工作实际开始前就能落实资金。", "(d) 在获得全球环境基金用于资助编写国家信息通报的资金时，减少各个步骤所需要的时间：接触过的一些缔约方强调，需要解决非附件一缔约方完成初次国家信息通报所需时间过长的问题。尤其有必要缩短自我评估到提交的程序，以后各次信息通报也可以在此之后迅速开始。这有助于维持气候变化活动所具有的势头并有助于维持技术和管理团队不受影响。", "(e) 减少反应时间：一些国家指出，如果能缩短从提交项目提案到发放活动所需资金之间的时间间隔，那么便有可能加强连续性，强化负责气候变化的主管部门以及有关国家的承诺。对修订项目提案，需要有快速程序，同时需要使拟订和执行项目建议保持灵活性和简单性。", "(f) 最大限度发挥协同增效作用：许多附件二缔约方已经在开展各种与国家信息通报各组成部分相关的方案和课程。提供培训的各个国家可以对信息通报工作的这些培训活动进行协调，以便充分地利用这些培训机制。", "(g) 重视教员的培训：非附件一缔约方突出表明了这样的事实：各国专家的培训是一高度优先事项，需要在确定今后的资金和技术支持的战略方向时加以重视。只要有可能，应避免依赖国际专家。培训当地教员的工作应继续下去，今后应得到更多的重视。", "(h) 加强多边机构的协调：一些国家建议建立一个多边论坛，以改善为非附件一缔约方编制第二次及以后各次国家信息通报提供的技术援助的协调。", "(i) 解决人员招聘的不足：人们明显看到难以招聘到全职的专家来编写国家信息通报。所需要的专家人才通常只能从学术和技术机构中得到。但由于这些人才通常是这些机构的全职工作人员，他们只能为国家信息通报的活动提供有限的时间。缩短项目周期并确保连续性将有助于解决这一问题。", "(j) 便利信息的分享：拟订并维护一个国际数据库，将捐助国与气候变化有关的培训活动都收进数据库。一个良好的数据库将有助于捐助者更有效地规划援助方案，有助于受援国更好地利用支持国家信息通报工作的各方面机会，例如附件二缔约方的培训活动。为此，专家咨询小组打算经与秘书处协商之后，并视现有的财政资源，在现有秘书处网站之内设立一个专用网站，[4] 介绍双边和多边捐助者为支持国家信息通报的编写而提供的各种援助的信息。", "(k) 提供技术文件的译本：一些非附件一缔约方突出了下列事实，很多技术资料(例如方法、工具、手册、软件等)对于进行技术分析必不可少，但却只有英文本。需要提供额外的资金，将主要的技术指南文件翻译成联合国六种语文。", "(l) 强调质量：如果能够有较明确的标准，说明什么是较高质量的产品，那么便有可能在非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报时提供较有力的支持。目前，国家信息通报的质量差异很大，即使考虑到各国在脆弱性、适应以及其他评估方面很不相同。如果能对质量要求有更明确的认识，这将有助于人们提高信心，使人们相信提供的援助会直接变成可以测量的成就。", "[1] ∗ 因专家咨询小组会议时间的安排，本文件在截止日期之后提交。", "[2] 信息源于题为“国家信息通报支持方案所开展的技术支持活动”的文件，这是向2006年9月25日至26日在南非比勒陀利亚举行的专家咨询小组第7次会议提供的文件。", "[3] 见非《公约》附件一所列缔约方初次国家信息通报的第六次汇编和综合报告(FCCC/SBI/2005/18和Add.1-6)。", "[4] 见FCCC/SBI/2003/8, 第57 (f) 段。" ]

[ "[ ] 联合国\n联合国\n页: 1\n概述\nFCCC/SBI/2006/24。\n2006年10月18日\n原件:英文\n\n当代形式的奴役\n第二十五届会议\n2006年11月6日至14日,内罗毕\n临时议程项目4(b)\n来自缔约方的国家信息通报 I to the Convention\n提供财政和技术支助", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组关于改进获得资金和技术支持以编写第二次及以后国家信息通报的途径的报告", "非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组主席的说明 ∗", "目录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言1 - 2 3", "A. 任务1 3", "B. 范围 2 3", "II. 一、背景3 3", "页: 1 B. 为非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供支助的框架 4 - 5 3", "四、结 论 A. 提供资金和技术支持 6 - 17 4", "A. 导 言 B. 提供财政和技术援助的机制 6 - 13 4", "B. 《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支助 14 - 16 7", "C. 出席情况 B. 提供财政和技术援助的其他实体 17 8", "页: 1 A. 确定对提供支助十分重要的问题 18 - 19 9", "六、结 论 B. 如何更好地获得编制国家信息通报所需的财政和技术支助 20 11", "一. 导言", "A. 任务", "页: 1 1. 附属履行机构(履行机构)第二十三届会议请缔约方向秘书处提供关于现有活动和方案的信息,包括双边和多边供资来源的活动和方案,以便使非《公约》附件一所列缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组(专家咨询小组)能够向履行机构第二十五届会议报告如何更好地获得为编写国家信息通报提供的财务和技术支助(FCCC/SBI/2005/23,第30段)。 履行机构第二十四届会议再次请缔约方和有关国际组织在2006年8月4日之前向秘书处提交关于其编制国家信息通报的活动的资料,以便汇编成一份杂项文件,供履行机构第二十五届会议审议(FCCC/SBI/2006/11, 第41段)。", "B. 范围", "页: 1 本文件评估了非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)为第二次及以后的国家信息通报提供财政和技术支持的多边和双边来源及进程,包括相关的研究和系统观测等研究和活动。", "II. 背景", "页: 1 专家咨询小组的这项评估旨在拟订和提出切实可行的建议,说明如何便利更好地获得编制国家信息通报所需的财政和技术支助,同时铭记大多数国家正在着手编写第二次国家信息通报。 截至2006年10月2日,共向秘书处提交了132份初次国家信息通报和3份第二次国家信息通报。 全球环境基金(环境基金)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国环境规划署(环境署)(2)的一个项目——国家通信支助方案(NCSP)收到的资料表明,130个非附件一缔约方目前正在参与编写初次国家信息通报和第三次国家信息通报的不同阶段。 其中87个国家正在编写或发起第二次国家信息通报,12个国家向环境基金执行机构提交了第二次国家信息通报提案,供其核准。 此外,有31个国家参与了自我评估工作。", "页: 1 为非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供支助的框架", "页: 1 《公约》第十二条第7款为非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供技术和财政支持奠定了基础。 该条述及与执行《公约》有关的信息的通报,并指出,“自第一届会议起,缔约方会议应安排应要求向发展中国家缔约方提供技术和财政支持,以汇编和通报本条所规定的信息。", "本条以及确定与第4条下的拟议项目和应对措施有关的技术和资金需要。 其他缔约方、主管国际组织和秘书处可酌情提供此种支持。 ......", "2. 根据第12条第7款,缔约方会议通过了若干决定,处理资金和技术援助的提供、分配和获取问题,以及指导非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报问题(见方框1)。 第17/CP.8号决定特别规定了非附件一缔约方国家信息通报编制指南。", "四、结 论 提供财务和技术支助", "A. 导 言 B. 提供财政和技术援助的机制", "页: 1 有三个主要机构、组织或项目是向非附件一缔约方编制国家信息通报提供财政和技术支持的基础。 环境基金是缔约方会议资金机制的经营实体,负责支付财政援助。 国家信息通报支助方案向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持,以加强其在气候变化方面的能力。 执行机构——即开发署、环境署和世界银行在协调财政和技术援助方面发挥执行作用。 专家咨询小组的目标是通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询和支助,改进第二次及以后的国家信息通报的编制工作。", "页: 1 全球环境基金及其执行机构", "页: 1 《公约》第21条规定,第11条所述财务机制的运作将委托环境基金负责。 缔约方会议在几届会议上作出的决定就供资方式向环境基金提供了指导,并指示优先支持国家信息通报。 根据缔约方会议的指导,环境基金为提供财政和技术援助制定了以下准则。", "a 。 扶持活动的业务标准:这份文件是在1995-96年期间制定的,并提出了加快获得环境基金供资的四项标准(即,涵盖范围不重复、适当的总体排序、良好做法和成本效益),用于编制非附件一缔约方初次国家信息通报。 根据“快速程序”提供的资金为每个国家350 000美元。 环境基金还根据整个项目周期程序提供资金,用于编写初次国家信息通报。", "b) 《加速程序业务准则——第二部分:这份文件是1999年制定的,支持了非附件一缔约方优先领域(补充或顶级)能力建设的临时措施,通常每个国家约为10万美元。", "c) 国家适应行动方案的供资: 根据国家适应行动方案编制指南(第28/CP.7号决定)提供的资金通常约为220,000美元。 缔约方会议在第5/CP.7号决定中决定,应当支持最不发达国家制定国家适应行动方案,作为最不发达国家脆弱性和适应需要信息的简化和直接沟通渠道。", "d) 国家信息通报的资金筹措(第二次或以后): 根据环境基金的快速程序,目前每个国家有420,000美元。 这项资金包括15 000美元,用于编写第二次国家信息通报项目提案的自我评估活动。 自我评估工作力求加强国家对国家信息通报进程的所有权,其中包括总结以往相关活动(例如分析初次国家信息通报、国家适应行动方案、相关研究、正在进行的相关举措)以及与利益攸关方进行广泛协商。 环境基金根据整个项目周期程序提供的资金也可用于编制国家信息通报。", "2. 开发署、环境署和世界银行是通过管理最有利的活动编制国家信息通报的主要执行机构。 在这些组织中,开发署负责开展最有利的活动。 执行机构与本节所述其他机构一道,在拟定和批准与气候变化有关的扶持活动提案方面发挥了重要作用。", "2. 国家通信支助方案", "页: 1 环境基金于1998年启动了国家清洁生产方案的第一阶段,向非附件一缔约方提供技术和政策支持,以加强其在气候变化方面的能力。 设立这一机制的目的是提高非附件一缔约方初次来文的质量、全面性和及时提交。 在对国家战略计划第一阶段进行积极评价之后,环境基金资助了一个第二阶段,并于2005年6月启动,为非附件一缔约方酌情筹备第二次、第三次或初步审评提供技术和政策方面的支持,", "国家信息通报。 国家扫盲委员会目前阶段开展的主要支助活动包括:", "a 。 第二次国家信息通报进程规划和管理指南;", "b) 编写和分发与技术和政策有关的指导文件;", "c) 提供远程和现场技术支助;", "d) 查明和传播各国经验中的最佳做法;", "e) 促进在线讨论和学习;", "f 对国家信息通报和部门技术报告草案的技术审查;", "g 。 关于启动第二次国家信息通报进程和专题领域的讲习班;", "h) 根据各国的请求,为国家信息通报的具体组成部分提供有针对性的实际培训。", "3. 。 非附件一缔约方国家信息通报问题专家咨询小组", "页: 1 专家咨询小组由缔约方会议第五届会议设立(第8/CP.5号决定)。 缔约方会议第八届会议审查了专家咨询小组的职权范围。 鉴于专家咨询小组在协助非附件一缔约方改进国家信息通报编制进程方面发挥了有益作用,缔约方会议决定继续专家咨询小组的任务并修订其职权范围(第3/CP.8号决定)。 根据新的任务,专家咨询小组的目标是通过向非附件一缔约方提供技术咨询和支助,改进第二次及以后的国家信息通报的编制工作。 具体活动包括:", "a 。 查明和评估影响尚未完成初次国家信息通报的非附件一缔约方编制初次国家信息通报的技术问题和制约因素;", "b) 2. 酌情确定和评估非附件一缔约方在利用国家信息通报编制指南和方法方面遇到的困难,并提出改进建议;", "c) 3. 审查提交给秘书处的国家信息通报,特别是分析和方法问题的说明,包括温室气体清单编制和报告方面的技术问题和制约因素、缓解活动、脆弱性和适应评估及其他信息,以期提高所提供信息的一致性、数据收集、当地和区域排放因素和活动数据的使用以及方法的制定;", "d) 提供技术咨询和支持,组织并举办讲习班,包括在区域或次区域一级举办关于国家温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应及缓解的实践培训,以及培训非附件一缔约方使用编制第二次及以后国家信息通报的准则;", "e) 2. 审查现有活动和方案,包括多边和双边供资来源的活动和方案,以便利和支持非附件一缔约方编写第二次及以后的国家信息通报;", "f 向履行机构提供与非附件一缔约方执行《公约》有关的事项方面的技术咨询;", "g 。 在秘书处的协助下制定讲习班和会议议程,以确保充分涵盖任务中确定的问题。 这些讲习班的专家和顾问将从专家名册中挑选。 如认为有必要,可邀请其他具有国际地位的专家。", "2. 结 论 专家咨询小组由24名成员组成,分别来自非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比;来自附件一缔约方的6名成员;来自三个国际组织的1名成员。 为便利其工作,专家咨询小组设立了以下四个专题小组:国家温室气体清单;V&A评估;缓解;交叉问题,包括研究和系统观测、技术转让、能力建设、教育、培训和公众认识、信息和联网以及财政和技术支助。", "3. 。 专家咨询小组的活动包括:审查非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报;在国家信息通报编制过程中举办关于温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估以及缓解评估的区域实践培训研讨会;编写提交履行机构的技术报告,例如,改进国家信息通报编制工作获得财政和技术支助的机会。 专家咨询小组目前正在执行其2003-2007年期间的工作方案。", "4. 第四届会议 在向非附件一缔约方提供技术支持方面,专家咨询小组自设立以来举办了一个全球(减员)和六个区域(V&A和国家温室气体清单)实践培训研讨会。 共有125个非附件一缔约方的325名专家接受了培训。", "B. 《公约》附件二所列缔约方直接提供的支助", "页: 1 《公约》第4条涵盖《公约》附件二所列缔约方(附件二缔约方)为完成国家信息通报中报告的活动和向特别易受气候变化影响的国家提供的援助。 还包括在增强能力和技术转让等领域提供技术援助。", "2. 附件二缔约方认为,国家信息通报是发展中国家气候变化信息的主要来源,因为它们提供了有关应对气候变化的活动和方案以及减少气候变化风险的战略的重要信息,以及关于能力建设努力和需求的信息。", "3. 。 有几个例子(数目继续增加),附件二缔约方除了其他供资渠道外,还直接提供技术支持。 如表所示,附件一缔约方以多种形式提供技术支持。 页: 1 在几乎所有情况下,这种支持都是技术性的,其目的在于促进在气候变化研究的不同领域(即温室气体清单、温室气体缓解分析以及脆弱性和适应评估)提高研究能力。 它还与编写国家信息通报以及加强体制和人的能力有关。", "表1 1. 附件二缔约方为非附件一缔约方国家信息通报进程提供的支助", "技术援助类型 项目实例\n机构能力建设/组织——帮助起草环境基金供资申请——建立机构基础设施以筹备第二次国家通信; 国家专家人力资源开发——支持专家审查非附件一缔约方的国家通信; 支持针对国家专家/机构开展气候变化研究\n- 资助气候变化战略培训课程\n数据库开发(GHG清单、V&A、缓解)——帮助缔约方拯救气候记录\n温室气体-帮助缔约方开发能力,以测量陆地系统产生的碳排放和污染 五、评估脆弱性和适应措施——促进气候变化监测项目\n- 建立试点项目,对实际适应行动做出评价 评估缓解选择方案——协助专家咨询小组缓解培训研讨会\n- 鼓励和组织专家的参与\n研究与系统观测,包括气象、水文和气候学服务——建立区域气候信息系统——加强区域监测和分析土地覆盖/土地使用变化教育、培训和公众认识的能力——促进《公约》区域讲习班第6条——促进信息网络的开发和实施:i 净额 - 在缔约方会议上主办强调附件一缔约方援助的会外活动,气候观测对决策的共同惠益,以及当地能力建设的实例\n- 利益攸关方动员技术需求评估;执行计划——确定减少当地空气污染和温室气体排放的政策和技术——通过促进环境上可持续的贸易实现新技术\n- 可再生能源和能源效率伙伴关系信息网络——关于改进温室气体清单质量的区域网络——建立以区域为重点的适应研究——召集讲习班以交流信息并建立区域网络\n- 提高非洲的知识、能力和网络\n制定国家气候变化方案——审查国际经验以及制定与非附件一缔约方相关的最佳做法,帮助制定国家气候变化方案\n信息交流——就气候变化举行联合讨论(非附件一缔约方和附件一缔约方)", "A. 导 言 提供财政和技术援助的其他实体", "页: 1 还有一些其他多边组织提供与编制国家信息通报有关的技术和财政支持。 联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织和联合国训练研究所主要提供技术支持,例如提供数据库和(或)培训,以及其他形式的信息及工具,用以编制温室气体清单、脆弱性和适应评估和缓解评估,作为对国家信息通报的投入。 这些实体开展的方案和举措的实例见表2。", "表2. 各多边组织提供财政和技术援助的详细情况", "多边组织 财政援助 方案实例 联合国 环境 方案√——温室气体温室气体源和汇的国家案例研究——关于气候变化影响和适应评估的国家研究\n- Risoe能源气候和可持续发展中心 发展 方案√ - NCSP-亚洲温室气体减排战略-Mahgreb/Sub-Saharan Africa的能力建设——中国:温室气体排放研究\n- 印度:限制温室气体排放的成本效益高的备选办法 Institute forTrainingandResearch √ - Climate Change Capacity Development -CollaborativePlatform (C3D)- Advancing Capacity to SupportClimate Change Adaptation- CC: 培训方案――关于脆弱性和适应的证书培训课程――政策发展讲习班\n- 技术讲习班\n世界气象组织——全球气候观测系统与联合国环境规划署、联合国教育、科学及文化组织和国际科学理事会合作\n粮食和农业联合组织——关于造林和再造林及清洁发展机制的能力建设讲习班和研讨会 世界银行——气候变化专家培训方案\n- 世界发展指标数据库\n世界卫生组织 √ - 环境抗病", "页: 1 确定对提供支助十分重要的问题", "页: 1 根据国家信息通报汇编和综合报告中提供的信息和向履行机构提交的专家咨询小组报告,非附件一缔约方在需要财政和技术支持的领域处理了下列问题:", "a 。 机构能力建设:与加强国家机构和组织能力的需要有关的财政和技术援助,这些机构和组织预计将参与编写以后的国家信息通报;", "b) 人力资源和国家专家的发展:与加强国家顾问、专家和预计将参与编写国家信息通报的专家的能力需求有关的财政和技术援助;", "c) 数据库:建立和管理技术和行政数据库,用于编写第二次及以后的国家信息通报;", "d) 温室气体清单:为编制温室气体源和汇温室气体清单提供财政和技术援助,包括排放因素;", "e) V&A Assessment: financial and technical assistance for the application and analysis of methods and instruments for V&A assessment;", "f 评估缓解备选办法:为应用和分析用于评估减少温室气体排放的技术的温室气体减少和成本方面的方法和工具提供技术援助;", "g 。 执行缓解:在制定项目和确定减少温室气体排放的技术方面提供技术援助;", "h) 研究与系统观测:为发展和维持必要的能力提供财政和技术援助,以便就气候变化进行持续研究和系统观测;", "一、导 言 教育、培训和公众认识:为制定战略提供技术援助,以提高各国对气候变化问题和挑战的认识;", "j) 3. 技术需要评估和执行计划:提供财政和技术援助,以阐明可能最适于实现温室气体缓解和气候变化适应目标的潜在技术;", "k) 信息网络:支持维持中央和易于获取的信息库,以开展与气候变化有关的研究与评估;", "页: 1 制定国家气候变化方案:支持制定国家气候变化方案和倡议,并在各部和机构之间进行协调;", "页: 1 交流信息:支持确保国家专家有机会参与信息交流网络。", "B. 在提供援助方面的其他关键问题/问题", "2. 结 论 为了了解影响非附件一缔约方为编制国家信息通报提供财政和技术支助的所有问题,征求了国家信息通报支助方案和一些附件二缔约方的代表的意见。 此外,《气候公约》秘书处利用针对非附件一缔约方、附件二缔约方和多边机构的调查问卷进行了一次调查。 这些协商进程提出了若干与政策相关的信息,概述如下。", "a 。 来文:NCSP指出,它在评估和了解技术援助方面的具体需要方面继续遇到困难,这在很大程度上是由于国家的反应有时含糊或不够详细;", "b) 答复时间:NCSP确定了限制提供技术援助有效性的两类拖延:在向各国提供自评资金后,项目提案的编写工作出现拖延;在国家一级,在执行机构核准提案后,推迟着手编写国家信息通报;", "c) 能力:NCSP表示,许多国家提交第二次高质量国家信息通报的技术能力仍需得到加强。", "这表明需要着手进行批判性审查和确定战略,以解决具体问题领域,例如国家机构协调效率低下、自我评估困难以及加强机构承诺。 这将有助于使非附件一缔约方的供资期望与捐助方使用的项目供资标准保持一致。", "六、结 论 B. 如何更好地获得编制国家信息通报所需的财政和技术支助", "页: 1 专家咨询小组认为,下列问题对于改善获取国家信息通报进程的资金和技术支持十分重要。", "a 。 争取与减贫和可持续发展的联系:关于国家信息通报的工作应支持加强执行减贫战略和可持续发展的环境举措,以获得更多的接受。 因此,国家信息通报的组成部分应明确探讨贫穷、环境和气候变化之间的联系。 一旦适当顾及发展目标,就可实现注重气候的行动与发展行动之间的协同效应。 尤其是与生计战略和粮食保障有关的问题至关重要。 在这方面,认识到体制安排因国家而异,气候变化协调中心与负责制定政策和计划的部委和机构以及包括执行机构在内的部门目标之间的密切关系,是将气候变化关切纳入政策对话的必要条件,可以视为吸引双边支持国家通信活动的手段。", "b) 强调实际连续性:认识到非附件一缔约方强调,保持气候变化活动的连续性非常重要,在完成一项通报和开始下一套与气候变化有关的活动之间可能出现差距,因此应采取步骤,使非附件一缔约方的国家信息通报进程制度化,以确保除其他外,在编制国家信息通报各要素方面的连续性。 应建立常设国家机构和跨部门合作,以编制第二次国家信息通报后“保持活力”的国家信息通报。 在某些情况下,可能需要提高国家联络点的技术能力、连续性和知名度。", "c) 资金的继续:只有在持续建立支持性金融基础设施的情况下,才能维持在国家信息通报编制过程中建立的体制结构和跨部门合作。 因此,缔约方会议必须在国家信息通报进程中尽早作出供资决定,以便在随后的通信进程实际启动之前,资金能够牢固到位。", "d) 减少为编制国家信息通报而利用环境基金资金的各种步骤所需的时间: 一些获得咨询的缔约方强调了处理非附件一缔约方完成初次国家信息通报所需时间问题的重要性。 最好将程序从自我评估缩短到提交,随后的通信从此后不久开始。 这将有助于保持气候变化活动的势头,并有助于保持技术和管理团队的活力。", "e) 减少答复时间:一些国家表示,如果缩短提交提案和发放启动活动资金之间的回应时间,加强连续性、强有力的协调中心和各国的参与将更好地发挥作用。 需要加快项目提案的修订进程,同时保持项目提案的制定和执行过程的灵活性和简单性。", "f 最大限度地发挥协同作用:许多附件二缔约方已经参加了与国家信息通报组成部分相关的各种培训方案和课程。 参与通信进程的培训活动可以在培训提供者之间进行协调,以利用这些机会。", "g 。 强调培训教员:非附件一缔约方 附件一缔约方强调,培训国家专家是一个高度优先事项,需要在未来的财政和技术支助战略方向中加以强调。 应尽可能避免对国际专家的依赖。 培训当地培训员的作用今后应该继续得到更多的重视。", "h) 加强多边机构的协调:一些国家提议设立一个多边论坛,以改进对非附件一缔约方编写第二次及以后的国家信息通报的技术援助的协调。", "一、导 言 解决征聘不足问题:据认为,无法全时征聘专家编写国家信息通报。 所需要的专门知识通常只能从学术和技术机构获得。 但是,作为这些机构的全职工作人员,他们能够为国家宣传活动贡献有限的时间。 缩短项目周期并确保连续性将有助于解决这一问题。", "j) 促进信息共享:建立并维持一个捐助国现有的气候变化相关培训举措国际数据库。 一个开发良好的数据库将有助于捐助方更有效地规划援助方案,使受援国能够更好地利用附件二缔约方培训倡议等支持国家信息通报进程的机会之间的协同作用。 为此,专家咨询小组打算与秘书处协商,在有财政资源的情况下,在现有秘书处网站上建立一个专门网站,以传播双边和多边支助方案为编制国家信息通报提供的援助信息。", "k) 提供翻译的技术文件:一些非附件一缔约方强调,技术材料(如方法、工具、手册、软件、手册等)太多,对进行技术分析至关重要,只有英文本。 应提供更多资金,将关键技术指导文件翻译成联合国所有六种语文。", "页: 1 强调质量:如果对质量高的产品有一套相对明确的标准,就可以加强支持,协助非附件一缔约方编写国家信息通报。 目前,国家信息通报的质量差别很大,即使各国脆弱性、适应和其他评估可能有所不同。 更清楚了解质量要求将增强信心,即提供援助将直接转化为可衡量的成就。", "页: 1 这份文件是在专家协商小组会议的时间安排之后提交的。", "*** 根据题为“国家通信支助处开展的技术支助活动”的文件。", "为专家咨询小组在南非比勒陀利亚举行的第七次会议编写的方案(NCSP)", "2006年9月25日至26日。", "[3] 见非附件一所列缔约方初次国家信息通报的第六次汇编和综合报告", "FCCC/SBI/2005/18和Add.1至6。", "[4] 见FCCC/SBI/2003/8, 第57(f)段。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.120 October 2006ENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISHand FRENCH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ACCOUNTABILITY FRAMEWORK", "Submitted by Canada", "I. Introduction", "1. Feedback on the 2005 Canadian Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) Review Conference non-paper, as well as views expressed in numerous consultations, seminars and conferences, suggest a general recognition that States Parties should focus on the full implementation and continued strengthening of the Convention. The BTWC Sixth Review Conference can help achieve this goal by making States Parties more accountable to one another in how they implement the provisions of the Convention. A comprehensive approach to this objective is elaborated in the following accountability framework, focussing on national implementation, confidence building measures, implementation support and annual meetings.", "II. National implementation", "2. Article IV of the BTWC contains an obligation to enact national legislation. Unfortunately, not all States Parties have yet done so. At the Review Conference, States Parties should agree to:", "(i) promote action on National Implementation, including at the regional level, and encourage, in particular, the development of specific goals, time lines and methodologies to facilitate effective implementation;", "(ii) encourage States Parties to report on their progress in passing national implementing legislation on a regular basis, such as at annual meetings and in their Confidence Building Measure (CBM) submissions;", "(iii) encourage those in a position to do so to provide implementation support.", "III. Confidence building measures", "3. Annual submissions of CBMs foster increased transparency and help demonstrate States Parties’ compliance with the BTWC process. To enhance accountability, and ensure we are getting the right information to demonstrate compliance we need both better CBMs and better performance and participation from States Parties on completing them. Accordingly, the States Parties should agree at the Review Conference to:", "(i) encourage all BTWC States Parties to submit CBMs on an annual basis, completed accurately and in a timely manner, and encourage individual States Parties to offer support to states requiring assistance to complete their CBMs;", "(ii) submit information for every CBM on an annual basis, even when there have been no new developments since the previous year, to enhance transparency and ensure that all States Parties have access to complete CBMs;", "(iii) develop a more user-friendly CBM form that allows, to the extent possible, use of specific check-boxes rather than requiring written entries (such standardized forms would help overcome the hurdle posed by the lack of translation);", "(iv) mandate DDA to prepare a summary of major elements, trends and considerations presented in CBM reporting;", "(v) more efficiently distribute CBMs (electronically through a CD-ROM or on a secure website);", "(vi) consider proposals to modify and expand existing CBMs, including those that were made at previous Review Conferences, as well as proposals to create new CBMs.", "IV. Implementation support", "4. Another element of an “accountability package” would be a strengthened institutional capacity, such as a BTWC secretariat or implementation support unit. This would allow for better implementation and follow-up on BTWC obligations. States Parties could mandate such an entity to carry out specific activities, including:", "(i) tracking implementation and preparing an annual overview of the status of national implementation;", "(ii) working with States Parties to improve performance in implementation, including by providing assistance for the drafting of relevant legislation and regulations as well as by providing enhanced support for CBMs (reminders, assistance, annual summaries);", "(iii) facilitating and supporting States Parties’ efforts to achieve universal adherence to the Convention, including those at the regional level.", "(iv) serving as a clearing house in conveying requests for implementation assistance to States Parties that have expressed a willingness to provide such assistance;", "(v) providing preparation, substantive service and institutional memory for BTWC meetings, including preparing background documentation related to topics of annual meetings and summaries of developments between meetings (including developments those in related fora such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO));", "(vi) coordinating with other fora and International Organizations (IOs) whose mandates and work are of relevance to that of the BTWC.", "V. Annual meetings", "5. Annual meetings provide an important opportunity for States Parties to consider the state of implementation of the Convention and new developments relevant to its purpose. The 2006 Review Conference should mandate annual meetings that could combine the consideration of set topics with the possibility to discuss matters of contemporary concern for the Convention. For example, a portion of such meetings, or “accountability sessions”, could be dedicated to such themes as National Implementation, Cooperation and Assistance, CBMs and Science and Technology. These recurrent themes could be considered during a portion of all annual meetings and be complemented as required by consideration of other themes such as universalization. Cross-cutting topics such as bio-safety and bio-security, as well as disease mitigation and surveillance, could be considered within the context of these themes. The current meeting format of two weeks for experts and one week for States Parties could reasonably be combined into a single meeting of two weeks duration. In this way, expert-level working groups might consider designated issues in the first week of the annual meeting and feed into the decision making deliberations of the second week. Such an approach would ensure that each annual session covered the range of issues facing the Convention at any given period of time." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "问 责 框 架", "加拿大提交", "一、导 言", "1. 各方对2005年加拿大关于《生物及毒素武器公约》审查会议的非文件的反应以及在许多磋商中和研讨会及会议上表示的看法均表明，普遍认为缔约国应集中致力于《公约》的充分实施和继续加强。《公约》第六次审查会议若能在《公约》条款的落实上提高缔约国相互之间的问责程度，当有助于实现这个目标。以下的问责框架阐明了如何从各个方面来努力做到这一点，并且举出了四个重点：国家执行、建立信任措施、执行支助和年度会议。", "二、国家执行", "2. 《公约》第四条规定了颁布国家立法的义务。令人遗憾的是，并非所有缔约国都已颁布了国家立法。在审查会议上，缔约国应同意：", "(1) 促进国家执行行动，包括在区域一级促进这样的行动，特别是鼓励制定具体的目标、时限和方法，以推动有效执行；", "(2) 鼓励缔约国定期报告其在制定国家执行立法方面的进展情况，诸如在年度会议上提出报告和作为建立信任措施而提交这样的报告；", "(3) 鼓励有能力提供支助的缔约国提供执行支助。", "三、建立信任措施", "3. 每年提交旨在建立信任的报告，可以提高透明度，有助于说明缔约国遵守了《公约》进程。为了加大问责的程度和确保可以获得适当的信息来证明遵约，既需要更好的报告表格，也需要各缔约国踊跃提交和更好地填写报告表格。因此，在审查会议上，缔约国应同意：", "(1) 鼓励《公约》所有缔约国每年提交旨在建立信任的报告，准确和及时地填写表格，并鼓励个别缔约国协助那些有此需要的国家填写表格；", "(2) 每年填写每一种报告表格，即使自上一年以来没有出现新的情况，也应填写表格，以提高透明度，并确保所有缔约国都能获得完整的报告；", "(3) 拟订出更便于使用的报告表格，尽可能用打勾的方式而无需用文字来表达(这种标准化的表格有助于克服因缺乏翻译服务而造成的障碍)；", "(4) 授权裁军事务部对提交的报告的主要内容、趋势和其中的看法加以总结；", "(5) 更有效率地分发报告(通过只读存储光盘(CD-ROM)或安全可靠的网站而以电子方式分发)；", "(6) 审议各项修改和扩大现有建立信任措施的建议，包括前几次审查会议上提出的建议，以及制定新的建立信任措施的建议。", "四、执行支助", "4. “一揽子问责方案”的另一个要素就是加强体制能力，诸如设立一个《公约》秘书处或执行支助股。这样做，可以改进《公约》的执行，有助于监测《公约》义务的履行情况。缔约国可授权此一实体开展特定的活动，包括：", "(1) 跟踪执行情况，每年编写一份国家执行情况综述；", "(2) 与各缔约国一道努力改进《公约》的执行情况，包括协助拟订相关的立法和条例以及为旨在建立信任的报告提供进一步的支助(提醒、协助、编写年度总结)；", "(3) 促进和支持缔约国为实现普遍加入《公约》而作的努力，包括区域一级的努力；", "(4) 发挥信息交换中心的作用，将收到的执行支助请求转交给曾表示愿意提供这种支助的缔约国；", "(5) 为《公约》会议进行准备，提供实质性服务和经验咨询服务，包括编写与年度会议的专题相关的背景文件并总结两届年会之间发生的情况(包括世界卫生组织和联合国粮食及农业组织等有关论坛的事态发展)；", "(6) 同其他各个任务和工作与《公约》相关的论坛和国际组织进行协调。", "五、年度会议", "5. 年度会议为缔约国审议《公约》的执行情况和与《公约》宗旨相关的新发展提供了重要的机会。2006年的审查会议应要求年度会议除了审议已确定的专题之外，也应讨论与《公约》相关的最新情况。例如，可在其中一部分会议或“问责会议”上专门讨论国家执行、合作与援助、建立信任措施及科学和技术等主题。这些经常性的主题可以在各届年会的一部分会议上审议，另外视需要审议其他一些主题，例如普遍加入的问题。交叉性的专题，诸如生物安全和生物安保以及减轻和监测疾病等问题，可在审议上述主题时一并审议。目前的会议安排是，专家会议两星期，缔约国会议一星期，这大可以合并成为期两周的一个会议。这样，专家一级的工作组可在年会的第一周审议指定的专题，第二周则由缔约国在此基础上进行审议并作出决定。采用这种方式，应可确保每届年会都能审议《公约》在任何时期所面对的种种问题。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》 外交部", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "第十二条规定的《公约》实施情况审查", "简称表", "加拿大提交", "一. 导言", "页: 1 2005年《加拿大生物和毒素武器公约》的反馈 审议大会的非文件,以及许多磋商、研讨会和会议表达的意见,都表明普遍承认缔约国应当侧重于全面执行和继续加强《公约》。 《化学武器公约》第六次审查会议能够帮助实现这一目标,使各缔约国在如何执行《公约》条款方面相互承担更多的责任。 在以下问责框架中详细阐述了实现这一目标的全面办法,重点是国家执行、建立信任措施、执行支助和年度会议。", "II. A. 国家执行情况", "2. 《化学武器公约》第四条载有颁布国家立法的义务。 不幸的是,并非所有缔约国都这样做。 2. 在审查会议上,缔约国应商定:", "(一) 促进就国家执行情况采取行动,包括在区域一级采取行动,尤其鼓励制定具体目标、时限和方法,以促进有效执行;", "(二) 鼓励各缔约国在定期通过国家执行立法方面取得进展,例如在年度会议和建立信任措施(建立信任措施)提交的材料中;", "(三) 鼓励有能力的国家提供执行支助。", "页: 1 建立信任措施", "3. 。 建立信任措施的年度提交文件有助于提高透明度,有助于表明缔约国遵守《化学武器公约》进程。 为了加强问责制,并确保我们获得正确信息,以表明我们既需要更好的建立信任措施,也需要各缔约国在完成这些措施方面更好地表现和参与。 因此,缔约国应在审议大会上商定:", "(一) 鼓励《化学武器公约》所有缔约国每年提交准确及时完成的建立信任措施,并鼓励个别缔约国向需要援助的国家提供支持,以完成建立信任措施;", "(二) 每年提交每个建立信任措施的资料,即使自前一年以来没有任何新的进展,以提高透明度并确保所有缔约国都能获得完整的建立信任措施;", "(三) 开发一个更方便用户的建立信任措施表格,尽可能利用具体的检查箱,而不是要求书面条目(这些标准化表格将有助于克服缺乏翻译所造成的障碍);", "(四) 授权DA编写建立信任措施报告提出的主要内容、趋势和考虑因素摘要;", "(五) 更有效地分发建立信任措施(通过光盘或安全网站以电子方式分发);", "(六) 审议修改和扩大现有建立信任措施的建议,包括在前几次审议大会上提出的建议,以及建立新的建立信任措施的建议。", "四、结 论 执行支助", "4. 第四届会议 “问责制一揽子计划”的另一个内容是加强机构能力,如《生物和毒素武器公约》秘书处或执行支助单位。 这将使《化学武器公约》义务得到更好的执行和跟踪。 缔约国可授权该实体开展具体活动,包括:", "(一) 跟踪执行情况并编写国家执行情况年度概览;", "(二) 与缔约国合作,改进执行业绩,包括协助起草相关立法和条例,以及加强对建立信任措施的支持(摘要、援助、年度摘要);", "(三) 促进和支持缔约国实现普遍加入《公约》的努力,包括在区域一级的努力。", "(四) 作为信息交换所,向表示愿意提供此种援助的缔约国转达履约援助请求;", "(五) 为《化学武器公约》会议提供筹备、实质性服务和机构记忆,包括编写与年度会议专题有关的背景文件以及各次会议之间事态发展摘要(包括世界卫生组织(世卫组织)和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)等相关论坛的发展情况);", "(六) 与其任务和工作与《化学武器公约》的任务和工作相关的其他论坛和国际组织进行协调。", "页: 1 年度会议", "5. 年度会议为缔约国提供了一个重要机会,使其能够审议《公约》的执行情况以及与《公约》宗旨有关的新的事态发展。 2006年审议大会应授权举行年度会议,把对既定专题的审议与讨论《公约》当代关切问题的可能性结合起来。 例如,这类会议或“问责会议”的一部分可以专门讨论国家实施、合作与援助、建立信任措施以及科学和技术等主题。 这些经常性主题可在所有年度会议的某一部分审议,并视其他主题如普遍性的需要加以补充。 可在这些主题范围内审议生物安全、生物安保以及疾病减缓和监视等贯穿各领域的专题。 目前的专家会议形式为两周,缔约国为一周,可以合理地合并为一个为期两周的会议。 这样,高级别工作组就可以在年度会议第一周审议指定问题,并为第二周的决策审议工作提供投入。 这种做法将确保每届年度会议都涵盖《公约》在任何特定时期内面临的一系列问题。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.220 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. An obligation to prevent prohibited activities", "1. Article IV of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation of the Convention. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes several key obligations:", "2. Firstly, it covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of biological weapons based on the general-purpose criterion.", "3. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such activities.", "4. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take “measures to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt “necessary measures”, which can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.", "5. In the light of new risks generated by scientific developments in the field of biotechnology and terrorist threats with biological weapons, the prevention of unimpeded access to microorganisms and toxins that can be used as biological weapons has also gained increasing political importance.", "II. Measures to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous materials", "6. Article IV of the Convention refers to “necessary measures”. But what does “necessary” mean, or to put it another way, how does a State Party know if it is necessary at all to take measures? The simple answer is risk assessment; but does this alone solve the problem? Surely not, as long as a State Party has no knowledge of whether and where it possesses materials of concern within its territory, who is handling these materials, for what purpose, and under what safety/security conditions.", "7. The approach to solving the problem is twofold: knowledge of possession of potential biological weapons materials within a territory and risk assessment.", "8. The working papers and statements at the BTWC Meeting of Experts in August 2003 showed that States Parties are very well aware of the need to restrict access to dangerous micro-organisms and toxins to personnel and facilities that legitimately handle such materials in science, commerce and for diagnostic purposes. Additional information on how States Parties take care to prevent unauthorised access to such materials is available from the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, which includes national legislation describing regulations for handling and physical protection of biological weapons-related materials. However, the reasoning behind restricting access to such types of material is based on different types of approaches.", "9. In any case, knowledge of possession of microorganisms and toxins with a potential of biological weapons misuse is a prerequisite for any further State action. Some States follow a procedure that requires the registration of possession or handling of such materials only. The majority of States that have implemented legislation on microorganisms and toxins allow individuals or facilities to possess and to handle such materials only if they have successfully passed a licensing process. Such a process allows States to bind licensing to different sets of conditions that have to be fulfilled as a prerequisite by the licence applicant. It usually also subjects the licensee to oversight measures by the authority issuing a licence.", "10. The licensing or registration process provides a State with knowledge of where biological materials of concern are available within its territory and who has access to them. Such knowledge provides a basis for any decision on necessary measures to prevent risks related to such materials within a national territory.", "III. Biosafety and biosecurity", "11. The necessary measures implemented by States Parties to prevent unimpeded access to hazardous biological materials and to minimise risks might differ in their starting points, but provide mutually complementary concepts. They usually consist of a mixture of laws, regulations and standards for safety and security. These concepts are based on the inherent risks of specific microorganisms and toxins.", "12. A majority of States which have already implemented measures to minimise risks focus their national legislation, regulations and standards on safeguarding the workforce handling biological materials and on the protection of the environment, including the population, against accidental release or loss of hazardous materials. Some States, especially those implementing legislation after 11 September 2001, focus their approaches on the physical protection of biological weapons-related biological materials to prevent unauthorised access by theft or diversion by non-State actors, including terrorists.", "13. In general the two concepts are labelled as Biosafety and Biosecurity; names which pose some problems for countries where the words “safety” and “security” translate into the same term in their national languages.", "14. An in-depth comparison of laws, regulations and standards already enacted by States Parties demonstrates that the measures implemented under both concepts are very similar, including inter alia:", "(i) Licensing of possession and handling,", "(ii) Requirement of professional knowledge,", "(iii) Reliability checks of personnel,", "(iv) Listing of workforce with access to biological materials,", "(v) Classification of biological materials according to inherent risks,", "(vi) Physical requirements for infrastructure based on risk classification systems for biological materials,", "(vii) Organisational measures for safe handling of micro-organisms according to different risk groups, including limited access to sensitive materials on a ‘need-to-work’ basis,", "(viii) Secure storage of micro-organisms and toxins according to risk group classifications,", "(ix) Documentation of work (laboratory journals),", "(x) Authorisation of transfer of biological materials between licensed facilities only,", "(xi) Measures to ensure safe/secure transport of sensitive biological materials,", "(xii) Oversight by licensing or other competent agencies, etc.", "15. The difference between the two concepts is primarily based on two issues. Firstly, as already mentioned, both are based on the inherent risks of certain microorganisms and toxins. While a biosafety risk classification system is based on the inherent capability of micro-organisms to cause disease, of lesser or greater severity, in humans, animals and plants, a biosecurity risk classification system is founded on the potential of a micro-organism or toxin to be used as a weapon. In practice, with respect to safety/security of sensitive biological materials, there is little difference between the risk classes; however the biosafety concept covers a far wider number of biological materials than the biosecurity concept. Secondly, while the majority of measures under both concepts are more or less the same, the biosecurity concept focuses primarily on the prevention of access to sensitive materials by theft, diversion or intentional release. For this reason biosecurity concepts usually include additional measures to harden and safeguard facilities containing sensitive biological materials with a biological weapons potential.", "IV. How to improve the implementation of biosafety/biosecurity measures", "16. Based on national statements, the report of the 1540 Committee to the UN Security Council of April 2006 on the status of implementation of national legislative and other measures for the physical protection of biological weapons-related materials counts 48 States having legislation in place that provides for licensing or registration requirements for hazardous biological materials and indicating that they have specific laws and regulations addressing different safety and security concerns. With regard to enforcement measures, most of these States have indicated that their penal codes or specific laws contain criminal or administrative penalties against violations of safety and security requirements. Compared with the global occurrence of a wide range of micro-organisms of concern and the need for medical, veterinary or phytosanitary diagnosis relating to diseases caused by these agents, the number of States that have implemented respective legislative and other measures seems surprisingly small.", "17. The 2003 Meeting of Experts discussed biosafety/biosecurity problems extensively under the topic “national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins”. However, the discussion resulted in only a collation of papers which cannot alone provide a systematic catalogue identifying problems and offering possible solutions to assist States Parties without national biosafety/biosecurity legislative or other measures in filling their gaps. The 2003 Meeting, as well as the legislative database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee, clearly demonstrates that abundant information is available from measures that have already been nationally implemented and approved. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date a systematic catalogue of biosafety/biosecurity measures based on these data in an intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010, which would be a worthwhile activity to improve national awareness about biosafety/biosecurity issues as well as assisting States Parties to enact and implement appropriate legislative and other measures to control and secure domestically sensitive biological materials.", "18. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national biosafety/biosecurity measures should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect, reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the BTWC that aims inter alia at assistance to States Parties in national implementation. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national biosafety/biosecurity measures would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider recipient side.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定审查 《公约》的实施情况", "生物安全和生物安保", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、防止所禁止活动的义务", "1. 《生物及毒素武器公约》(《公约》)第四条可被视为与国家执行《公约》问题相关的核心规定。该条规定，各缔约国应“采取任何必要措施” 以便在该国领土境内，在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方，“禁止并防止”所禁止的活动。仔细阅第四条，可以看出，其中包括一些关键义务：", "2. 第一，它涵盖前面第一、第二和第三条之下所有禁止的活动，并提到基于通用目的标准的生物武器的全面定义。", "3. 第二，由于该条未指明任何所禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益者，国家立法必须以能够包括这种活动所有可能的行为者的方式制定。", "4. 第三，第四条并非单纯为行为的义务，而且相当于结果的义务。仅在国家立法中实施禁止还不足以履行第四条所列的义务，因为缔约国必须采取“措施，以禁止和防止”有关活动。也许还可提到必须采取“必要措施”，这也可解读为努力不使缔约国负担过重，在国家执行方面引入成比例的要素。", "5. 鉴于生物领域科学发展带来的新的风险和动用生物武器的恐怖主义威胁，防止不受阻碍地获得可被用作生物武器的微生物和毒素在政治上也越来越重要。", "二、防止不受阻碍地获得危险材料的措施", "6. 《公约》第四条提到“必要措施”。但“必要”指的是什么，换句话说，一个缔约国如何知道究竟是否有必要采取措施？简单的答复是风险评估；但单靠风险评估能否解决问题？当然不能，如果缔约国不知道在其领土内是否以及在何处拥有关注的材料，不知道何人为了何种目的、以及在何种安全/安保条件下持有这些材料。", "7. 这一问题的解决办法有两个方面：关于一国领土内拥有可能的生物武器材料的知识和风险评估。", "8. 2003年8月《公约》专家会议的工作文件和发言表明，缔约国完全意识到，必须将获得危险的微生物和毒素的手段限于在科学、商业方面以及为了诊断目的合法操作此种材料的人员和设施。关于缔约国如何当心，防止未经授权获得此种材料的额外信息，可见安理会第1540号决议委员会的立法数据库，其中载有关于与生物武器相关材料的处置和实物保护的国家立法。然而，限制获得此类材料背后的理由却是基于不同类型的办法。", "9. 无论如何，关于拥有微生物和毒素――并可能滥用生物武器――的知识是任何进一步国家行动的前提条件。有些国家采取一种程序，仅要求登记拥有或处置此种材料。大多数国家实施的关于微生物和毒素的立法，仅在个人或设施成功地通过一项许可证程序的情况下，才允许其拥有和处置此种材料。这种程序允许各国将许可证发放与各种不同的系列条件相结合，许可证申请人必须首先符合这些条件。这种程序还将执证人置于发证机关监督措施之下。", "10. 许可证发放或登记程序为国家提供了关于在其领土内何处有关注的生物材料、以及何人有手段获得这些材料的知识。这种知识为在一国领土内就防止与此种材料相关的风险的任何必要措施作出任何决定提供了一个基础。", "三、生物安全和生物安保", "11. 缔约国为防止不受阻碍地获得危险生物材料、并最大限度地减少有关风险而采取的必要措施从一开始可能就不同，但却提供了一些相互补充的概念。这些措施通常为有关安全和安保的法律、法规和标准的组合。这些概念基于具体微生物和毒素的固有风险。", "12. 大多数已经采取措施以最大限度地减少有关风险的国家侧重于关于保障操作生物材料的工作人员的国家立法、法规和标准，侧重于保护环境，包括人口，防止危险材料的意外释放或丢失。有些国家――特别是那些在2001年9月11日之后实施立法的国家――侧重于与生物武器相关的生物材料的实物保护办法，以防止偷盗等未经授权的获取，或被非国家行为者包括恐怖主义分子转用。", "13. 总的来说，这两种概念被称为生物安全和生物安保；这些名称给那些在其国家语文中将“safety”和“security”翻译为一个词的国家造成了一些问题。", "14. 深入比较各国业已颁布的有关法律、法规和标准表明，在两个概念之下采取的措施十分相似，其中包括：", "(1) 发放拥有和操作许可证，", "(2) 专业知识要求；", "(3) 人员可靠性检查，", "(4) 将接触生物材料的工作人员列入名单，", "(5) 按照其固有风险将生物材料分级，", "(6) 根据生物材料风险分级制度，对基础设施的实体要求，", "(7) 按照不同的风险组类，关于安全操作微生物的组织措施，包括根据“工作需要”限制获取敏感材料，", "(8) 按照风险组类分级，确保安全储存微生物和毒素，", "(9) 有关工作的文件记录(试验室日志)，", "(10) 仅授权在持证的设施之间转让生物材料，", "(11) 确保安全/可靠地运输敏感的生物材料的措施，", "(12) 发证或其他主管机构的监督等。", "15. 两种概念之间的不同主要基于两个问题。第一，如前所述，两者都基于某些微生物和毒素的固有风险。生物安全风险分级制度基于微生物在人、动物和植物中引起程度不同的疾病的固有能力，而生物安保风险分级制度则基于微生物或毒素被用作武器的潜能。实际上，敏感的生物材料安全/安保在风险级别方面没有什么不同；但是，生物安全概念比生物安保概念所涵盖的生物材料数目要多得多。第二，尽管两种概念之下的大多数措施都多少相同，但生物安保概念主要侧重于防止通过偷盗、转用或故意释放而获得敏感材料。因此，生物安保概念通常包括一些额外的措施，强化和保障含有具有生物武器潜能的敏感生物材料的设施。", "四、如何更好地执行生物安全/生物安保措施", "16. 根据国家的声明，2006年4月联合国安全理事会第1540号决议委员会关于与生物武器相关材料实物保护的国家立法和其他措施执行情况的报告计算出，现已有关于危险生物材料许可证或登记要求的立法、以及表示有涉及不同安全和安保关注的具体法律和法规的国家有48个。关于执行措施，这些国家大多表示，其刑法或具体法律载有针对违反安全和安保要求的刑事或行政处罚规定。全球出现了一系列广泛的令人关注的微生物，需要对由这些物剂引起的疾病进行医学、兽医学和植物检疫诊断，与此相比，已经采取相关立法和其他措施的国家数目看来少得令人吃惊。", "17. 在“确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制”的专题下，2003年专家会议广泛讨论了生物安全/生物安保问题。然而，讨论仅仅导致了整理各种文件，而若没有国家生物安全/生物安保立法或其他措施填补有关空缺，这些文件本身不能提供一个系统的目录，查明有关问题，并提出可能的解决办法，以帮助缔约国。2003年的会议，以及安理会第1540号决议委员会的立法数据库清楚地表明，从各国业已执行和核准的措施中，已有大量的信息。欧洲联盟提议，缔约国根据这些数据，在2007至2010年期间，在一个会期间《生物及毒素武器公约》进程中，制定并不断更新生物安全/生物安保措施的一个系统目录，这将是一项值得开展活动，以便提高各国对生物安全/生物安保问题的意识，并帮助缔约国颁布和执行适当的立法和其他措施，以控制和确保国内敏感的生物材料。", "18. 能够帮助其他国家制定此种国家生物安全/生物安保措施的缔约国应当根据要求提议并提供援助。在这方面，还提到2006年2月27日欧洲联盟理事会支持《生物及毒素武器公约》的联合行动，其目的包括在国家执行方面帮助缔约国。在现行国家生物安全/生物安保措施基础上拟订一份关于缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录将有利于提供者和接受者两方面开展任何援助活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程及可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原件: 目录", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "第十二条规定的《公约》实施情况审查", "BIOSAFETY and BIOSECUR", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交", "页: 1 防止违禁活动的义务", "页: 1 《生物和毒素武器公约》第四条可被视为各国执行《公约》的核心条款。 它规定,每一缔约国应“采取一切必要措施,禁止和防止”在其领土内、在其管辖范围内或在其控制下的任何地方进行的禁止活动。 第四条的仔细阅读表明,它包括几项关键义务:", "2. 首先,它涵盖前一、二和三条禁止的所有活动,并提及根据普通用途标准对生物武器的全面定义。", "3. 。 其次,由于它没有具体指明任何被禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益人,因此,国家立法的制定必须有效地涵盖参与这些活动的所有潜在行为者。", "4. 第四届会议 第三, 第四条不仅仅是一项行为义务,而是相当于一项结果义务。 仅仅将禁止规定引入国内法以履行第四条规定的义务是不够的,因为缔约国必须“采取措施禁止和预防”。 人们还可能提到需要采取“必要措施”,这也可以理解为试图避免缔约国负担过重,将相称因素引入国家执行。", "5. 鉴于生物技术领域的科学发展以及使用生物武器的恐怖主义威胁带来了新的风险,防止可被用作生物武器的微生物和毒素不受阻碍地进入,也越来越具有政治重要性。", "II. 防止不受阻碍地接触危险材料的措施", "6. 任务 《公约》第四条提到“必要措施”。 但是,“必要”是指或以另一种方式表明缔约国如何知道是否有必要采取措施? 简单答案是风险评估;但仅靠风险评估并不能解决问题? 只要缔约国不了解它是否和在何处拥有其境内所关切的材料,而后者则出于什么目的,在什么安全/安全条件下处理这些材料。", "7. 基本考虑 解决这一问题的方法有两个方面:在领土内掌握潜在生物武器材料的知识和风险评估。", "8.8 2003年8月《生物和毒素武器公约》专家会议的工作文件和声明表明,缔约国非常清楚,必须限制在科学、商业和诊断方面合法处置此类材料的人员和设施使用危险的微生物和毒素。 关于缔约国如何注意防止未经许可获取此类材料的其他资料,可从安全理事会第1540号决议所设委员会的立法数据库中获取,其中包括介绍处理和实物保护生物武器相关材料条例的国家立法。 然而,限制获取此类材料的理由是基于不同类型的方法。", "9 September 2005 无论如何,了解拥有可能滥用生物武器的微生物和毒素是国家进一步采取行动的先决条件。 有些国家采用只登记持有或处理此类材料的程序。 多数实施微生物和毒素立法的国家,只有成功地通过许可证程序,才能允许个人或设施拥有和处理此类材料。 这种程序允许各国对许可证发放进行约束,使其符合作为许可证申请人必须满足的一整套条件。 通常还使被许可人受到颁发许可证当局的监督措施。", "10.10 许可证颁发或登记程序使一国了解其境内是否有生物材料,并能够查阅这些材料。 这种知识为任何关于在一国领土内防止此类材料相关风险的必要措施作出决定提供了依据。", "页: 1 生物安全和生物安保", "注 缔约国为防止不受阻碍地获取危险生物材料和尽量减少风险而采取的必要措施,在起点上可能有所不同,但提供了相互补充的概念。 它们通常包括安全和安保的法律、条例和标准。 这些概念基于特定微生物和毒素的固有风险。", "12. 第12段。 大部分已经采取措施尽量减少风险的国家将国家立法、规章和标准重点放在保护处理生物材料的工作人员以及保护环境,包括保护民众免遭意外排放或危险材料损失。 一些国家,特别是那些在2001年9月11日之后执行立法的国家,将重点放在实际保护与生物武器有关的生物材料上,以防止非国家行为体,包括恐怖分子,通过偷窃或转移非法获取。", "13 August 2001 总的来说,这两个概念被贴上生物安全和生物安保的标签;对以本国语文将“安全”和“安全”一词译成同一术语的国家来说,这些名称构成一些问题。", "十四、任 务 深入比较缔约国已经颁布的法律、条例和标准,表明根据这两个概念实施的措施非常相似,除其他外包括:", "(一) 许可占有和处理,", "(二) 需要专业知识,", "(三) 人员可靠性检查,", "(四) 配备生物材料的工作人员名单,", "(五) 根据内在风险分类生物材料,", "(六) 根据生物材料风险分类系统对基础设施的实际要求,", "(七) 采取组织措施,根据不同的风险群体,安全处理微生物,包括以“从到工作”为基础的敏感材料有限,", "(八) 根据风险组分类安全储存微生物和毒素;", "(九) 工作文件(实验室期刊),", "(x) 只批准在特许设施之间转让生物材料,", "(十一) 确保敏感生物材料的安全/安全运输的措施,", "(十二) 颁发许可证或其他主管机构的监督等。", "15 这两个概念之间的区别主要基于两个问题。 首先,正如已经提到的那样,两者都基于某些微生物和毒素的固有风险。 生物安全风险分类制度基于微生物在人类、动物和植物中造成较低或更严重疾病的内在能力,而生物安保风险分类制度则基于微生物或毒素作为武器的潜力。 在实践中,关于敏感生物材料的安全/保障,风险类别之间几乎没有差别;然而,生物安全概念涵盖的生物材料数量远远超过生物安保概念。 其次,虽然这两个概念下的多数措施大致相同,但生物安保概念主要侧重于防止通过偷窃、转移或故意释放敏感材料。 因此,生物安保概念通常包括采取额外措施,加强和维护含有具有生物武器潜力的敏感生物材料的设施。", "四、结 论 如何改进生物安全/生物安保措施的实施", "161 根据各国的发言,1540委员会2006年4月提交联合国安全理事会的关于实际保护生物武器相关材料的国家立法和其他措施的执行情况的报告,有48个国家制定了立法,规定危险生物材料的许可或登记要求,并指出它们有处理不同安全和安保问题的具体法律和条例。 关于强制执行措施,这些国家大多表示其刑法或具体法律对违反安全和安保要求的行为规定了刑事或行政处罚。 与全球广泛发生各种令人关切的微生物以及与这些媒介造成的疾病有关的医疗、兽医或植物诊断的需要相比,执行各自立法和其他措施的国家似乎很少。", "17. 第17条。 2003年专家会议在“建立和维持病源微生物和毒素安全及监督的国家机制”专题下广泛讨论了生物安全/生物安保问题。 然而,讨论的结果只是汇编了无法单独提供系统目录的文件,其中查明问题并提供可能的解决办法,协助没有国家生物安全/生物安全立法或其他措施的缔约国填补空白。 2003年会议以及安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会的立法数据库清楚表明,已经由国家执行和批准的措施提供了大量信息。 欧洲联盟建议,缔约国根据2007年至2010年《生物和毒素武器公约》闭会期间进程的数据编制并不断更新生物安全/生物安保措施的系统目录,这将是提高各国对生物安全/生物安保问题的认识以及协助缔约国颁布和实施适当的立法和其他措施,以控制和保障国内敏感的生物材料。", "第18条 有能力协助其他国家制定此类国家生物安全/生物安保措施的缔约国,如接到邀请,应提供和提供援助。 在这方面,还提到了2006年2月27日欧洲联盟理事会支持《化学武器公约》的联合行动,该行动的目的除其他外是协助缔约国国家执行。 缔约国在现有的国家生物安全/生物安保措施基础上制定的业已实施和经证实的做法目录将有助于提供方开展任何援助活动。", "*** 这是欧盟成员国提交供各缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、参与稳定与结盟进程的国家和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同这份文件。" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/WP.320 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 10 of the provisional agenda", "Review of the operation of the Convention as provided for in its Article XII", "ASSESSMENT OF NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION (BTWC)", "Submitted by Germany on behalf of the European Union[1]", "I. Obligations of the BTWC relevant for national implementation", "1. According to Article I of the BTWC, each State Party “undertakes never in any circumstances to develop, produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or retain: (1) Microbial or other biological agents, or toxins whatever their origin or method of production, of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective or other peaceful purposes; (2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery designed to use such agents or toxins for hostile purposes or in armed conflict”. Article I thus establishes a broad definition of biological weapons (BW) on the basis of the general purpose criterion and – in prohibiting development, production, stockpiling and acquisition – seeks to prevent States Parties from getting hold of BW. It outlaws vertical proliferation.", "2. Article III expands the ban on BW in addressing any active role that States Parties may take in the horizontal proliferation of BW: Firstly, it proscribes assistance, encouragement and inducement of other States, groups of States and international organisations in activities prohibited under Article I. Secondly, it bans direct and indirect transfers of prohibited items “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers of substances and includes non-State recipients.", "3. Finally, Article IV may be considered as the core provision relating to national implementation. It stipulates that each State Party shall “take any necessary measures to prohibit and prevent” prohibited activities within its territory, “under its jurisdiction or under its control anywhere”. A close reading of Article IV demonstrates that it includes a significant obligation on States Parties:", "4. Firstly, the obligation is comprehensive in scope. It covers all activities prohibited under the preceding Articles I, II and III and it refers to the comprehensive definition of BW based on the general-purpose criterion.", "5. Secondly, since it does not specify the actor, the recipient or the beneficiary of any of the prohibited activities, national legislation must be constructed in such a way as to effectively cover all potential actors involved in such BW activities.", "6. Thirdly, Article IV is not simply an obligation of conduct but amounts to an obligation of result. It will not be sufficient to introduce mere prohibitions into national law to meet the obligations included in Article IV since States Parties have to take measures “to prohibit and prevent”. One may also refer to the need to adopt the “necessary measures”.", "7. Fourthly, Article IV introduces a broad concept of jurisdiction and control. It is not limited to the territory of States Parties but includes de jure jurisdiction and de facto control relying upon genuine links other than territorial sovereignty.", "8. Apart from these elements illustrating the strictness of the obligation, two other elements included in Article IV give some leeway to States Parties when implementing the Convention. Firstly, Article IV pays respect to the national legal order (“in accordance with its constitutional processes”) of each State Party. Secondly, “necessary measures” can also be read as an attempt not to over-burden States Parties, introducing an element of proportionality into national implementation.", "II. Legislation – obligatory in substance, but flexible in format", "9. National implementation first and foremost means national legislation. However, the Convention itself does not explicitly specify whether the prohibitions included therein have to be implemented by legislation, regulation, administrative measures, or a combination of these. Article IV only requires States Parties to “take ... necessary measures”. States Parties could thus argue that any form of national implementation is in line with Article IV. However, this would miss the point. As explained, Article IV includes an obligation of result insofar as States Parties have to prevent the “development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment and means of delivery specified in Article I of the Convention”. In order to take the “necessary measures” required States Parties must adopt measures which are legally binding. This generally means making use of legislation.", "10. State practice as of today – and this is relevant when interpreting the provisions of the BTWC – demonstrates that legislation exists covering a broad field of topics as well as various levels. At the 2003 BTWC Meeting of Experts 23 States Parties presented working papers explaining the scope of national BTWC implementation legislation and measures to prevent unimpeded access to dangerous biological materials. The Secretariat of the 2003 meetings distributed background information on legislative and other measures taken by 84 States Parties to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. A limited number of States Parties participating in the annual exchange of BTWC Confidence-Building Measures provided updated information on national legislative measures under CBM Measure E: Declaration of legislation, regulations and other measures including exports and/or imports of pathogenic microorganisms in accordance with the Convention.", "11. Comprehensive data on legislative and other measures to implement the prohibitions set forth in the Convention, including enactment of penal legislation as well as national mechanisms to establish and maintain the security and oversight of pathogenic micro-organisms and toxins are provided by the Legislative Database of the UNSCR 1540 Committee. This database is now openly accessible on the 1540 Committee website and contains information provided by States (BTWC States Parties, BTWC Signatories and other States) relating to national legislative and other implementation measures to prevent the proliferation of BW, their means of delivery and related materials.", "12. Since 2004 only a few countries have enacted and implemented new legislation or measures to adjust national laws and regulations to obligations under UNSCR 1540 (2004). Thus the 1540 database provides an up-to-date status of national implementation of the BTWC. The database at present contains a list of legislative documents submitted by 124 UN Member States, including 112 BTWC States Parties and 7 BTWC Signatories. Most of the documents contained in the database are accessible in their original language or as English versions by web-links. The inclusion of the documents in the database is authorised by the States.", "III. What can be taken from this in respect of implementing legislation?", "13. Notwithstanding the fact that Article IV of the BTWC does not explicitly refer to implementing legislation, the database documents show that most of the States Parties follow the bona fide interpretation of the Convention that necessitates legally binding implementing measures. Use is made of a variety of national legislative approaches, which lead to different results in the number of regulated areas. This variety also becomes apparent in the different sanctions to enforce legislative measures in order to “prohibit and prevent” activities outlawed by the BTWC.", "14. With regard to prohibited activities under Article I, according to the 1540 database documents, five general patterns can be identified in national implementation legislation:", "(i) Constitutional processes that directly enact international treaties as national law, often without any enforcement measures in national penal codes for breaching treaty obligations;", "(ii) Legislation that covers nuclear, chemical and biological prohibited activities jointly or separately combining framework legislation with penal sanction measures;", "(iii) Legislation that commonly regulates and controls peaceful use of BW-related materials by licensing permitted activities. The underlying reasoning presumably is that since the activities relating to BW and their means of delivery will not be licensed, the obligations under the BTWC will be met. In-depth examination of such legislation reveals that enforcement measures are usually based on administrative penalties for breaching licensing requirements only.", "(iv) Addressing the prohibited activities under Article I of the BTWC only in the context of their national criminal codes by including penalties for violation of the prohibitions; and", "(v) National anti-terrorism legislation that covers sets of prohibited activities associated with WMD, their means of delivery and related materials, including the penalisation of violations by terrorists. States with such legislation may miss the fact that non-State actors may not always be motivated by terrorist purposes only.", "15. The BTWC does not include an explicit obligation to adopt penal legislation. However, the previously discussed interpretation of Article IV BTWC at least suggests that penal provisions form part of BTWC obligations. Taking into account State practice under the BTWC, as demonstrated by the 1540 database documents, the adoption of penal provisions in order to effectively prevent prohibited activities seems to be generally accepted. Despite this lack of explicit provisions on penal legislation, the Convention does impose an obligation to enact criminal law or rely upon existing criminal law in implementing its obligations.", "16. There is no need to adopt a single piece of comprehensive implementing legislation to cover the prohibitions of Article I as well as enforcement measures for violations of the prohibited activities. Rather, it seems to make sense to introduce the obligations where those affected will best become aware of them, as long as the national legislation in total covers treaty obligations, adequate penal enforcement measures and all types of constituencies, i.e. States and non-State actors.", "IV. Administrative enforcement – relevant authorities, discretionary powers", "17. With regard to Article III the situation of national implementation becomes even more complex. Article III bans direct and indirect transfers of “any of the agents, toxins, weapons, equipment or means of delivery specified in Article I of this Convention” “to any recipient whatsoever”. This covers international and domestic transfers and includes non-State recipients.", "18. Article III confronts States with several issues of which three seem to be of major importance. Firstly, the use of biological agents and toxins is justified for prophylactic, protective and other peaceful purposes. Handling and transfer of agents and toxins is day-to-day business for scientific, diagnostic and commercial purposes. The obligation under Article III in combination with Article I requires States to execute some type of control to ensure that transfers of material fulfil the criterion of justified use. Secondly, Article I does not specify distinctive agents, toxins, weapons or means of delivery, but instead prohibits activities relating to such materials. For this reason it is at the discretion of States Parties to specify relevant items. Thirdly, in the context of international transfers, even without possessing any agents and toxins of concern within a State’s territory, a State may need to implement legislation and measures in order to meet the obligations under Article III not to transfer “indirectly”, and “not in any way to assist” illegal transport or trans-shipment through its national territory as well as illegal brokering.", "19. According to the information provided by 1540 database documents, States try to solve the problems mentioned by both legislative regulations and administrative enforcement.", "20. The discussion of administrative enforcement in the context of national implementation opens a practical dimension. It leads to a debate about how to carry out measures “on the ground”. Two issues are of concern in this respect: the determination of relevant authorities and the extent of political and administrative discretion. Firstly the BTWC does not include a provision on national authorities. Without any explicit provision on either a national authority or other authorities in charge of the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations, the only relevant point of reference is Article IV. When read as an obligation of result and bearing in mind the need to take “necessary measures”, it is quite clear that legislation alone is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the Convention. Effective implementation necessitates competent administrative enforcement.", "21. Ideally legislation should name empowered authorities, which must be equipped with sufficient capacities and resources. Further, there must be a degree of specialisation ensuring the proper application of the law. This amounts to good governance in the administration of any legislation that serves the handling, including transfers, and control of agents and toxins of concern. Turning to the second aspect of administrative enforcement, namely the extent of discretion in applying pertinent laws and regulations, this depends upon the nature of obligations included in the BTWC. The very fact that the definition of BW is based upon the general-purpose criterion necessitates a degree of flexibility.", "22. In the national legislation included in the UNSCR 1540 database, administrative responsibility for international transfers (export controls) is usually split between ministries which are in charge of the general policy, and governmental agencies, which handle licensing and have directive responsibility. In cases where no governmental agencies exist, the responsibility for policy-making and licensing is usually split between different ministries. As far as the handling of and work with biological agents is concerned, this lies within the responsibility of the respective ministries and governmental agencies – which means that it is handled in a decentralised way according to the types of agents, whether they are human, animal or plant pathogens, naturally occurring or genetically modified. The reason for separate responsibilities is linked to long-standing national practices of public health, animal health and phytosanitary licence and control mechanisms. While these organisational structures are far from comprehensive, they illustrate the fact that the administrative enforcement of implementing laws and regulations is handled according to the country’s legal and constitutional arrangements, as Article IV stipulates: “in accordance with its constitutional processes”. Any national arrangement as such is adequate as long as it is governed by considerations of effectiveness, which usually include regulations to control domestic transfers of agents that only permit transfers between licensed facilities.", "23. As far as the regulatory techniques are concerned, States’ legislation builds upon licensing systems leaving an amount of discretion to the authorities in charge. Licensing procedures for international transfers rely on lists of agents and toxins and related technologies with an inherent BW proliferation risk. These lists, as for instance developed by the Australia Group, are widely used as a basis for enacting States’ national licensing systems. However, there has to be a balance between the prohibitions included in any national legislation and the constitutional requirement of freedom of foreign trade. In many other areas of the law, similar considerations of fundamental rights have to be respected which means that administrative authorities play a decisive role in implementing the obligations of the BTWC.", "24. In conclusion, one might argue that the BTWC gives a fair degree of leeway to States Parties in organising administrative enforcement as long as effective implementation is guaranteed. The establishment of licensing systems as part of the implementation process is fully in line with the Convention, potentially fulfilling the obligation to take measures to both prohibit and prevent the proliferation of biological weapons.", "V. Beyond national jurisdiction", "25. Finally, we should address the issue of jurisdiction explicitly referred to in Article IV which speaks of “the territory of such State, ... its jurisdiction or ... its control anywhere”. This formula has been introduced in various other arms control and disarmament agreements and can be considered a standard formula today. While this seems to be promising, there still is no consensus as to the interpretation of such a clause. This lack of consensus is due to the fact that there is no agreement in international law on the extent to which any particular State may adopt extraterritorial legislation. However, in extending the responsibility of States Parties beyond their territory, Article IV not only provides a basis for extraterritorial jurisdiction but even obliges States Parties to extend their implementing legislation to the extent of their “jurisdiction ... (and) control”. Notwithstanding the lack of international consensus on extraterritorial legislation, an increasing number of States Parties follow the interpretation that Article IV provides a basis for extraterritorial legislation.", "26. Taking into account the 1540 database documents, pertinent provisions of criminal law are included in national legislation relating to Article I prohibitions, penal codes and national export control legislation. They rely upon both the territoriality principle and the active personality principle – which means that nationals of a State abroad are subject to criminal sanctions should they violate pertinent domestic provisions of that State.", "VI. Conclusions: the need for coherence: horizontal and vertical", "27. This statement cannot be more than an introduction into discussions. However, the following can be taken from the above analysis:", "(i) Firstly, national implementing legislation is obligatory, but flexible in format;", "(ii) Secondly, administrative enforcement must be effective, but can be set up according to each States Parties’ individual legal system;", "(iii) Thirdly, national implementation legislation of the BTWC necessitates the inclusion of penal sanctions; and", "(iv) Fourthly, the formula “jurisdiction ... (and) control” does not only permit extraterritorial application of implementing legislation but establishes an obligation to extend such implementing laws beyond the territory of a State Party, in particular in the light of terrorist and proliferation threats.", "28. An additional aspect must be underlined: the need for coherence, both as far as the levels of legislation and enforcement are concerned (from supranational to sub-national) and with respect to the broad range of topics concerned. While a single implementing statute might not necessarily be useful, a catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties could be worked out on the basis of existing national legislation available from the 1540 database and other source documents. This catalogue could serve as a useful tool for all States Parties. States which need to develop their laws, regulations and measures to implement the obligations under the BTWC would find it a useful source document and States Parties which have already implemented national legislation can use it to check if gaps exist and as a guideline to fill possible lacunae. The European Union proposes that States Parties develop and keep up to date such a catalogue as part of the intersessional BTWC process from 2007 to 2010.", "29. As mentioned, national implementation of all BTWC obligations touches on a broad range of topics. Some States Parties might have considered in the past that they do not need to enact specific BTWC implementation legislation since they do not have - or they believe that they do not have - relevant materials within their territory. But, in as much as the BTWC contains binding obligations, all BTWC States Parties must enact and enforce appropriate national legislative measures. Although some States Parties may not possess relevant materials, their territories may be used as a safe haven by non-State actors and become a part of proliferation pathways. This does not mean that at any given time all States Parties will have the same degree of national implementation requirements. However, each State Party should develop a national action plan, to identify its gaps and to enact and implement adequate laws, regulations and measures that cover its obligations under the BTWC.", "30. States Parties that are in a situation to assist other States in developing such national action plans should offer and provide assistance, if invited to do so. In this respect reference is also made to the European Union Council Joint Action of 27 February 2006 in support of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, in the framework of the EU Strategy against the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction, that aims inter alia at “assistance to States Parties for the national implementation of the BTWC, in order to ensure that States Parties transpose the international obligations of the BTWC into their national legislation and administrative measures”. A catalogue of already implemented and proven practices by States Parties worked out on the basis of existing national legislation would facilitate any assistance activity on both the provider and recipient side.", "[1] This is one of a series of complementary papers submitted by the EU Member States for the consideration of States Parties. The Acceding Countries Bulgaria and Romania, the Candidate Countries Turkey, Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Countries of the Stabilisation and Association Process and potential candidates Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, as well as Ukraine and Republic of Moldova align themselves with this paper." ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "按照第十二条的规定 审查《公约》的实施情况", "评估《生物和毒素武器公约》的国家执行情况", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交 [1]", "一、国家执行《生物和毒素武器公约》的义务", "1. 根据《生物和毒素武器公约》第一条，各缔约国“承诺在任何情况下决不发展、生产、储存或以其他方法取得或保有：一、凡类型和数量不属于预防、保护或其他和平用途所正当需要的微生物剂或其他生物剂或毒素，不论其来源或生产方法如何；二、凡为了将这类物剂或毒素使用于敌对目的或武装冲突而设计的武器、设备或运载工具。”因此，第一条在通用标准基础上确定了生物武器的广泛定义，并通过禁止发展、生产、储存和获取而谋求防止缔约国取得生物武器。该条将纵向扩散定为不法。", "2. 第三条扩大了对生物武器的禁止范围，谈到缔约国可在防止生物武器的横向扩散方面发挥积极的作用：第一，该条禁止协助、鼓励或引导任何国家、国家集团或国际组织从事第一条所禁止的活动。第二，该条禁止将所禁物项直接或间接转让给“任何接受者”。其中包括有关物品的国际和国内转让，也包括非政府接受者。", "3. 最后，《生物和毒素武器公约》(《公约》)第四条可被视为与国家执行《公约》问题相关的核心规定。该条规定，各缔约国应“采取任何必要措施”以便在该国领土境内，“在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方”，“禁止并防止”所禁止的活动。仔细阅第四条，可以看出，其中包括缔约国的一项重要义务：", "4. 第一，该义务在范围上是全面的。它涵盖前面第一、第二和第三条之下所有禁止的活动，并提到基于通用标准的生物武器的全面定义。", "5. 第二，由于该条未指明任何所禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益者，国家立法必须以能够有效涵盖这种活动所有可能行为者的方式制定。", "6. 第三，第四条并非单纯为行为的义务，而且相当于结果的义务。仅在国家立法中实施禁止还不足以履行第四条所列的义务，因为缔约国必须采取“措施，以禁止和防止”有关活动。也许还可提到必须采取“必要措施”。", "7. 第四，第四条引入了管辖和控制的一项广泛概念。它并不限于缔约国领土，而是根据除领土主权外的各种真正的联系，包括法律上的管辖和事实上的控制。", "8. 除了表明有关义务严格性的这些要素之外，第四条中所列的另外两个要素给了缔约国在执行《公约》之时一些回旋余地。第一，第四条尊重每个缔约国的国家法律秩序(“按照其宪法程序”)。第二，“必要措施”也可被视为努力不使缔约国负担过重，在国家执行方面引入成比例的要素。", "二、立法――实质上具有强制性，但形式上是灵活的", "9. 国家执法首先意味着国家立法。但是，《公约》本身并未明确具体规定，其中所列禁止必须通过立法、规章、行政措施或有关组合来执行。第四条仅要求缔约国“采取……必要措施”。因此，缔约国可以争辩说，任何形式的国家执行都符合第四条。但这是不得要领。如前所述，就缔约国必须防止“发展、生产、储存、取得或保有本公约第一条所规定的物剂、毒素、武器、设备和运载工具”而言，第四条列有一项结果的义务。为了采取“必要措施”，要求缔约国必须采取有法律约束力的措施。这一般意味着运用立法。", "10. 迄今为止的国家实践――国家实践在解释《生物和毒素武器公约》的条款方面很重要――表明，在各个不同的级别存在涵盖广泛专题领域的立法。在2003年《生物和毒素武器公约》专家会议上，23个缔约国提交了工作文件，其中解释了国家执行《生物和毒素武器公约》立法的范围和防止不受阻碍地获取危险生物材料的措施。2003年会议秘书处分发了84个缔约国为落实《公约》所列禁止而采取的立法和其他措施的背景资料，其中包括颁布刑事立法以及确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制。根据《公约》，参与其建立信任措施年度资料交换的为数有限的缔约国在建立信任措施表格E：宣布立法、规章和其他措施之下提供了关于国家立法措施的最新资料，包括病原微生物的出口和/或进口。", "11. 安理会第1540号决议委员会立法数据库提供了关于为落实《公约》所列禁止而采取的立法和其他措施的全面资料，其中包括颁布刑事立法以及确保和维护微生物和毒素病原体的安全并进行监督的国家机制。该数据库现在可通过1540委员会网站公开进入，其中载有各国(《公约》缔约国、《公约》签署国和其他国家)提供的关于防止生物武器、其运载工具和相关材料扩散的国家立法和其他执行措施的信息。", "12. 自2004年以来，只有少数几个国家颁布并实施了新的立法或措施，调整国家立法和规章，使其适应安理会第1540(2004)号决议之下的义务。因此，1540数据库提供了国家执行《公约》的最新现况。目前的数据库中有一份联合国124个会员国提交的立法文件清单，包括112个《公约》缔约国和7个《公约》签署国。数据库中的大多数文件都可原文调阅，或通过链接调阅英文版。将有关文件列入数据库经过了有关国家的许可。", "三、在执法方面可从中汲取些什么？", "13. 尽管《生物和毒素武器公约》第四条并未明确提到执法，但数据库的文献表明，大多数缔约国都对《公约》作出诚意解释，因而需要有法律约束力的执法措施。采用了多种多样的国家立法办法，因此，所规范领域的数目有所不同。在采取不同的制裁办法，执行立法措施以便“禁止和防止”《公约》定为不法的活动方面，这种多样性也很明显。", "14. 关于第一条所禁止的活动，根据1540数据库文件，可以查明国家执法中的五种一般类型：", "(1) 直接将国际条约颁布为国家法律的宪法程序，通常在国家刑法中没有关于违反条约义务的任何执法措施；", "(2) 共同或单独涉及所禁止的核、化学和生物活动的立法，结合框架立法和刑事制裁措施；", "(3) 通常通过对允许的活动颁发许可证规范和控制与生物武器相关材料和平使用问题的立法。其基本理由大概是，由于不会发给与生物武器及其运载工具相关的活动以许可证，《公约》之下的义务将得到履行。对此种立法的深入审查表明，执法措施通常仅仅基于对违反许可证要求的行政处罚；", "(4) 仅在国家刑法的范围内处理《公约》第一条所禁止的活动，列入对违反有关禁止的处罚；和", "(5) 涵盖一系列与大规模毁灭性武器、其运载工具和有关材料相关的所禁止的活动的国家反恐立法，包括将恐怖主义违反事项定为刑事罪。拥有此种立法的国家可能没有看到非国家行为者也许并非总是仅仅由恐怖主义目的驱动这一事实。", "15. 《公约》并未列入通过刑事立法的明确义务。但是，先前讨论的关于《公约》第四条的解释至少表明，刑法规定构成《公约》义务的一部分。考虑到缔约国在《公约》之下的做法，如1540号决议数据库文件所表明，通过刑法规定，以便有效地防止所禁止的活动，这一做法看来得到普遍接受。尽管没有关于刑事立法的明确规定，但《公约》确实赋予了一项义务，颁布刑法或依靠现有刑法来履行《公约》的义务。", "16. 没有必要通过一部单独的全面执行立法，以涵盖第一条所列的禁止以及关于违反所禁止活动的执法措施。看来有意义的是，要在受影响者最能够意识到的地方引入这些义务，只要国家立法总体上涵盖条约义务、充分的刑事执法措施和所有各个组成部分――即国家和非国家行为者。", "四、行政执法――相关主管部门，酌处权", "17. 关于第三条，国家执行的情况甚至更为复杂。第三条禁止“将本公约第一条所规定的任何物剂、毒素、武器、设备或运载工具”直接或间接转让给“任何接受者”。其中包括国际和国内转让，也包括非国家接受者。", "18. 第三条对各国提出了一些问题，其中三个看来相当重要。第一，为了预防、防护和其他和平目的，可以正当使用生物剂和毒素。为了科学、诊断和商业目的，经管和转让物剂和毒素是日常的工作。与第一条相结合，第三条之下的义务要求各国实施某种类别的控制，以确保材料的转让符合正当使用的标准。第二，第一条并未具体区分物剂、毒素、武器或运载工具，而是禁止与此种材料相关的活动。因此，缔约国有具体确定相关物项的酌处权。第三，在国际转让的情况下，既使一国领土内不拥有关注的任何物剂和毒素，也可能需要实施立法和有关措施，以履行第三条之下的义务：不“间接”转让，“不以任何方式协助”通过其领土的非法运输或转运，以及非法经纪。", "19. 根据1540号决议数据库文件提供的数据，各国努力通过立法规章和行政执法来解决所提到的问题。", "20. 对国家执行中行政执法问题的讨论开辟了一个实际的方面。讨论导致了关于如何“在实地”采取有关措施的辩论。在这方面，有两个关注的问题：决定相关主管机构及政治和行政自由处置的程度。首先，《公约》并未列入一项关于国家主管机构的规定。在没有关于国家主管机构，又没有关于负责执行有关法律和规章的其他行政执法机关的任何明确规定情况下，唯一的相关参照点是第四条。若作为结果的义务来解读，并牢记必须采取“必要措施”，则相当清楚，单靠立法不足以满足《公约》的要求。有效执行必然要有主管的行政执法部门。", "21. 理想的立法应当指明授权的机关，必须给予该机关以充分的能力和资源。而且，必须有一定程度的专业化，以确保法律的正当适用。这就相当于任何规范所关注物剂和毒素的经管――包括转让――和控制的立法管理中的善治。关于行政执法的第二个方面，即在适用相关法律和规章方面自由处置的程度问题，则取决于《公约》所列义务的性质。化学武器的定义基于通用标准这一事实本身就必然要求有一定程度的灵活性。", "22. 在安理会第1540号决议数据库所包含的国家立法中，有关国际转让(出口控制)的行政责任通常由负责一般政策的各部、以及处理许可证发放问题并负有指导责任的政府机构分担。在不存在有关政府机构的情况下，决策和发放许可证的责任通常由各部分担。就生物剂的经管和有关工作而言，这属于相关各部和各政府机构的责任范围，就是说，这一问题以权力下放的方式处理，根据有关物剂的类型而定，无论其为人、动物还是植物病原体，无论其是自然出现还是经过基因修饰。分别负责的原因与国家在公共卫生、动物健康和植物检疫许可及其控制机制方面的长期做法相关。尽管这些组织结构还很不全面，但这些结构表明，有关法律和规章的行政执法问题是按照有关国家的法律和宪法安排处理的，正如第四条所规定：“按照其宪法程序”。只要以效力考虑为指导，任何此种国家安排都是充分的，这种安排通常包括控制有关物剂国内转让的规章，仅允许在持证的设施之间转让。", "23. 就监管技术而言，建立在许可证制度之上的国家立法留给了主管机构相当程度的自由处置的余地。国际转让的许可证发放程序依靠关于具有生物武器扩散风险的物剂和毒素以及相关技术的清单。这些清单――如澳大利亚小组拟订的清单――被广泛用作制定国家许可证制度的依据。然而，在任何国家立法中规定的禁止与对外贸易自由的宪法要求之间必须求得平衡。在法律的许多其他方面，有关基本权利的各种类似考虑必须得到尊重，这就意味着行政主管部门在履行《公约》义务方面发挥着决定性的作用。", "24. 最后，人们可以争辩说，《公约》在安排行政执法方面给缔约国留出了相当程度的回旋余地，只要有效执行得到保证。建立许可证发放制度，作为执行进程的一部分，这完全符合《公约》，有可能履行采取措施禁止和防止生物武器扩散的义务。", "五、国家管辖以外", "25. 最后，我们应当谈到第四条明确提到的管辖问题，该条提到“该国领土境内，在属其管辖或受其控制的任何地方”。这种提法在其他多项军备控制和裁军协定中得到采用，可被视为今天的一种标准提法。尽管其看来有希望，但在这一措辞的解释方面却仍然没有协商一致意见。缺少协商一致意见是由于国际法在关于任何特定国家可在多大程度上通过治外立法没有达成一致。然而，在将缔约国的责任扩大到其领土之外方面，第四条不仅为域外管辖提供了根据，甚至还使缔约国有义务将其有关执行立法扩大到其“管辖……(和)控制”的范围。尽管在治外立法问题上缺乏国际协商一致意见，但越来越多的缔约国都接受这种解释：第四条为治外立法提供了依据。", "26. 考虑到1540号决议数据库文件，刑法相关规定列入了有关第一条禁止的国家立法、刑法典和国家出口管制立法。这些规定既依据属地管辖原则，又依据主动属人管辖原则――就是说，一国在境外的国民，如果违反该国相关的国内规定，也应受刑事处罚。", "六、结论：需要有一致性：横向和纵向", "27. 这一说明不过是讨论的一个引子。但是，从上述分析中可以得出以下结论：", "(1) 第一，国家执行立法是强制性的，但在形式上是灵活的；", "(2) 第二，行政执法必须有效，但可根据每个缔约国独自的法律制度安排；", "(3) 第三，《公约》的国家执行立法必须包括刑事处罚；和", "(4) 第四，“管辖……(和)控制”的提法不仅允许执行立法的域外适用，而且确立了一项义务，将此种执行立法扩大到缔约国领土以外，特别是鉴于恐怖主义和扩散的威胁。", "28. 必须强调一个额外的方面：需要有一致性――在有关立法和执法的级别方面(从超国家到次国家)、以及在一系列广泛的专题方面都要有一致性。尽管一个单一的执行法规可能不一定有用，但可在1540号决议数据库和其他源文件中可得的现有国家立法的基础上，拟出一个缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录。这一目录可以成为所有缔约国的一个有用的工具。那些需要制定法律、规章和措施以履行其《公约》义务的国家将发现其为一个有用的源文件；那些业已实施国家立法的缔约国可将其用来检查是否有任何差距，可将其用作填补可能的空白的准则。欧洲联盟提议，缔约国拟订并不断更新这样一个目录，作为2007至2010年《公约》闭会期间进程的一部分。", "29. 如前所述，《公约》所有各项义务的国家执行涉及一系列广泛的专题。有些缔约国过去可能曾认为，它们不需要颁布具体的《公约》执行立法，因为其领土内没有――或自认为没有――相关材料。但是，就《公约》所载有约束力的义务而言，《公约》所有缔约国都必须颁布并执行适当的国家立法措施。尽管有些缔约国可能并不拥有相关材料，但其领土却有可能被非国家行为者用作安全港，有可能成为扩散途径的一部分。这并不是说所有缔约国在任何特定时刻都有相同程度的国家执行要求。但是，每个缔约国都应当制定一项国家行动计划，查明其差距，颁布并执行涵盖其《公约》义务的充分的法律、规章和措施。", "30. 能够帮助其他国家制定此种国家生物安全/生物安保措施的缔约国应当根据要求提议并提供援助。在这方面，还要提到2006年2月27日欧洲联盟理事会在欧盟防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散战略框架内支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的联合行动，其目的包括“在《公约》的国家执行方面帮助缔约国，以确保缔约国将《公约》的国际义务转换为其国家立法和行政措施”。在现行国家立法基础上拟订一份关于缔约国业已执行和核准的做法目录将有利于提供者和接受者两方面开展任何援助活动。", "[1] 这是欧盟成员国提交缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、稳定与结盟进程及可能的候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国也赞同本文件。" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原件: 目录", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目10", "第十二条规定的《公约》实施情况审查", "二、《公约》及其《任择议定书》的 执行情况", "德国代表欧洲联盟提交", "页: 1 《化学武器公约》与国家执行有关的义务", "页: 1 根据《生物和毒素武器公约》第一条,每一缔约国“在任何情况下均不得开发、生产、储存或以其他方式取得或保留: (1) 微生物剂或其他生物制剂,或任何来源或生产方法的毒素,其类型和数量不得用于预防、保护或其他和平目的;(2) 为敌对目的或在武装冲突中使用此类制剂或毒素的武器、设备或运载工具”。 因此,第一条在一般目的标准的基础上对生物武器(BW)作了广义定义,并且——在禁止发展、生产、储存和获取方面——力求防止缔约国持有生物武器。 它禁止纵向扩散。", "2. 结 论 第三条扩大了禁止生物武器条约处理缔约国在横向扩散方面可能发挥的任何积极作用的规定:首先,它禁止其他国家、国家集团和国际组织在第一条所禁止的活动中给予援助、鼓励和诱导。 第二,它禁止“向任何接受国”直接或间接转让违禁物品。 这包括药物的国际和国内转移,包括非国家接收者。", "3. 。 最后,第四条可被视为与国家执行有关的核心条款。 它规定,每一缔约国应“采取一切必要措施,禁止和防止”在其领土内“在其管辖范围内或在其控制下的任何地方”禁止的活动。 第四条的近读表明,它包含了缔约国的一项重大义务:", "4. 第四届会议 首先,该义务的范围是全面的。 它涵盖前一、二和三条禁止的所有活动,并提及根据普通用途标准对生物武器的全面定义。", "5. 其次,由于它没有具体指明任何被禁止活动的行为者、接受者或受益人,因此,国家立法的制定必须有效地涵盖参与此类生物武器活动的所有潜在行为者。", "6. 任务 第三, 第四条不仅仅是一项行为义务,而是相当于一项结果义务。 仅仅将禁止规定引入国内法以履行第四条规定的义务是不够的,因为缔约国必须采取措施“禁止和预防”。 人们还可以提到需要采取“必要措施”。", "7. 基本考虑 第四,第四条提出了广泛的管辖权和控制概念。 它不仅限于缔约国的领土,还包括法律管辖和事实上的控制,依赖领土主权以外的真正联系。", "8.8 除了表明义务严格性的这些要素外,第四条中的其他两个要素在缔约国执行《公约》时有一定的余地。 第一,第四条尊重每一缔约国的国家法律秩序(“根据其宪法程序”)。 第二,“必要措施”也可以理解为试图避免缔约国负担过重,将相称因素引入国家执行。", "II. 立法——在实质上是强制性的,但在形式上是灵活的", "9 September 2005 国家执行首先是指国家立法。 然而,《公约》本身并未明确规定,《公约》所载的禁止措施是否必须通过立法、条例、行政措施或结合实施。 第四条只要求缔约国“采取必要措施”。 因此,缔约国可以认为,任何形式的国家执行都符合第四条。 然而,这是错误的。 正如所解释,第四条包括一项结果义务,只要缔约国必须防止“《公约》第一条具体规定的制剂、毒素、武器、设备和运载工具的发展、生产、储存、获取或保留”。 为了采取“必要措施”,缔约国必须采取具有法律约束力的措施。 这通常意味着利用立法。", "10.10 如今的国家实践——这一点在解释《生物和毒素武器公约》条款时具有相关性——表明,立法涵盖广泛的专题领域和各种层面。 在2003年《生物和毒素武器公约》专家会议上,23个缔约国提交了工作文件,解释了国家《化学武器公约》执行立法的范围以及防止不受阻碍地获取危险生物材料的措施。 2003年会议秘书处分发了关于84个缔约国为执行《公约》规定的禁令而采取的立法和其他措施的背景资料,包括颁布刑事立法以及国家机制,以建立和维持病源微生物和毒素的安全和监督。 参与每年交换《生物和毒素武器公约》建立信任措施的缔约国为数不多,它们提供了关于根据《公约》采取的国家立法措施的最新信息:宣布立法、条例和其他措施,包括出口和/或进口低温微生物。", "注 安理会第1540委员会的立法数据库提供了执行《公约》规定的禁令的立法和其他措施的全面数据,包括颁布刑法以及建立和维持病源微生物和毒素安全和监督的国家机制。 这一数据库现在可在1540委员会网站上公开查阅,并载有各国(《化学武器公约》缔约国、《化学武器公约》签署国和其他国家)提供的关于防止生物武器及其运载工具和相关材料扩散的国家立法和其他执行措施的资料。", "12. 第12段。 自2004年以来,只有少数国家颁布并实施新的立法或措施,以调整国家法律和条例,使其符合安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议规定的义务。 因此,1540数据库提供了国家执行《化学武器公约》的最新状况。 该数据库目前载有124个联合国会员国提交的立法文件清单,其中包括112个《化学武器公约》缔约国和7个《生物和毒素武器公约》签署国。 数据库中的大部分文件以原始语文或网络链接以英文版查阅。 各国授权将这些文件列入数据库。", "页: 1 在执行立法方面可以采取什么措施?", "13 August 2001 尽管《化学武器公约》第四条没有明确提及执行立法,但数据库文件显示,大多数缔约国都遵循对《公约》的真正解释,即必须采取具有法律约束力的执行措施。 使用了各种国家立法方法,导致管制领域的数量产生不同结果。 在执行立法措施以“禁止和防止”《化学武器公约》所宣布的活动方面,不同的制裁措施也体现了这种多样性。", "十四、任 务 关于第一条所禁止的活动,根据1540数据库文件,国家执行立法可以确定五种一般模式:", "(一) 直接颁布国际条约作为国内法的宪法程序,经常没有国家刑法中任何违反条约义务的执行措施;", "(二) 共同或单独将框架立法与刑事制裁措施结合起来,涵盖禁止核、化学和生物活动的立法;", "(三) 通常通过许可活动管制和控制和平使用与生物武器有关的材料的立法。 基本推理是,由于与生物武器及其运载手段有关的活动将得不到许可,因此将履行《生物和毒素武器公约》规定的义务。 对此类立法的深入审查表明,执法措施通常基于对违反许可要求的行政处罚。", "(四) 只有在国家刑法中规定对违反禁令行为的惩罚,才能处理《化学武器公约》第一条所禁止的活动;", "(五) 国家反恐立法,涵盖与大规模毁灭性武器、其运载工具和相关材料有关的一系列禁止活动,包括惩罚恐怖分子的违法行为。 订有此类立法的国家可能错误地认为,非国家行为者可能并不总是出于恐怖主义目的。", "15 《化学武器公约》没有包含通过刑法的明确义务。 然而,先前讨论的对《化学武器公约》第四条的解释至少表明,刑法条款是《化学武器公约》义务的一部分。 考虑到1540数据库文件显示的《化学武器公约》国家惯例,似乎普遍接受通过刑法条款以有效预防被禁止的活动。 尽管没有关于刑法的明确条款,但《公约》确实规定缔约国有义务颁布刑法,或在履行义务时依靠现行刑法。", "161 没有必要通过一项单一的综合执行立法,以涵盖对第一条的禁止以及对违反禁止的活动的执行措施。 相反,只要国家立法涵盖条约义务、适当的刑事执行措施和各类支持者,即国家和非国家行为体,就应当引入受影响者最了解这些义务的义务。", "四、结 论 行政执行——有关当局,酌处权", "17. 第17条。 关于第三条,国家执行情况变得更加复杂。 第三条禁止“本公约第一条具体规定的任何制剂、毒素、武器、装备或运载工具”“向任何接受国直接或间接转让”。 这包括国际和国内的转让,包括非国家的接受者。", "第18条 第三条涉及若干问题,其中三个问题似乎具有重大意义。 首先,使用生物制剂和毒素是为了预防、保护和其他和平目的。 为科学、诊断和商业目的处理和转移制剂和毒素是日常业务。 第三条规定的义务与第一条一起要求各国实施某种控制,以确保材料转让符合合理使用的标准。 第二, 第一条没有具体指明特定制剂、毒素、武器或运载工具,而是禁止与这些材料有关的活动。 为此,缔约国可自行确定相关项目。 第三,在国际转让方面,即使一国境内没有拥有任何关切的物剂和毒素,一国可能需要实施立法和措施,以履行第三条规定的义务,不“间接”转让,“不以任何方式协助”通过本国领土非法运输或转运以及非法中介活动。", "191 根据1540数据库文件提供的资料,各国努力解决立法条例和行政执行中提及的问题。", "20.20 在国家执行范围内讨论行政执行问题是一个实际问题。 它导致就如何“在实地”采取措施展开辩论。 在这方面有两个问题令人关切:有关当局的确定以及政治和行政酌处权的范围。 首先,《化学武器公约》没有列入关于国家当局的规定。 没有明确规定负责执行法律和条例的国家当局或其他当局,唯一的相关参照点是第四条。 如果将立法视为一项结果义务,并铭记需要采取“必要措施”,那么很显然,仅靠立法不足以满足《公约》的要求。 有效执行需要主管的行政执行。", "21.21。 理想的做法是,立法应当赋予当局权力,而当局必须配备足够的能力和资源。 此外,还必须有一定程度的专业化,确保适当适用法律。 这相当于在管理任何有助于处理(包括转移)和管制有关制剂和毒素的立法方面实行善政。 谈到行政执行的第二个方面,即适用相关法律和条例时的酌处权的程度,这取决于《生物和毒素武器公约》所列义务的性质。 生物武器的定义是以普通用途标准为依据的,这就需要一定程度的灵活性。", "第22章 在安全理事会第1540号决议数据库所列的国家立法中,国际转让(出口控制)的行政责任通常由负责一般政策的部委和负责发放许可证并负有指令责任的政府机构分担。 在没有政府机构的情况下,制定政策和颁发许可证的责任通常由不同部委分担。 就生物制剂的操作和工作而言,这属于相关部委和政府机构的责任范围——这意味着,根据人类、动物或植物检疫、自然发生或转基因处理这些生物制剂的类型进行分散处理。 单独责任的原因与长期的国家公共卫生、动物健康和植物检疫和管制机制有关。 虽然这些组织结构远远不够全面,但它们表明,根据该国的法律和宪法安排,对执行法律和条例的行政执行进行了处理,因为第四条规定:“根据其宪法程序”。 任何这样的国家安排只要以效力考虑为指导,就足够了,这些安排通常包括管制只允许在许可设施之间转让的代理人的国内转让的条例。", "23. 会议报告。 就监管技术而言,各国的立法以许可证制度为基础,由负责的当局自行决定。 国际转让许可程序依据的是具有生物浓缩风险的制剂和毒素及相关技术清单。 这些清单,例如澳大利亚集团编制的清单,被广泛用作颁布国国家许可证制度的基础。 然而,在任何国家立法中列入的禁令与宪法规定的外贸自由之间必须保持平衡。 在法律的许多其他领域,对基本权利的类似考虑必须得到尊重,这意味着行政当局在执行《化学武器公约》义务方面发挥决定性作用。", "24. 第24段。 最后,人们可能认为,只要保证有效执行,《生物和毒素武器公约》就为缔约国组织行政执法工作提供了公平的余地。 作为执行进程的一部分建立许可证制度完全符合《公约》,有可能履行采取措施禁止和防止生物武器扩散的义务。", "页: 1 国家管辖范围以外", "258. 最后,我们应当处理第四条明确提及的管辖权问题,即“该国领土,......其管辖权或......在任何地方的控制”。 这一公式已在其他各种军备控制和裁军协定中采用,今天可以视为一种标准公式。 虽然这似乎很有希望,但在解释这一条款方面仍然没有共识。 缺乏共识的原因是,国际法没有就任何特定国家通过域外立法的程度达成一致。 然而,在将缔约国的责任延伸到其领土以外时,第四条不仅为域外管辖权提供了依据,而且甚至要求缔约国在其“管辖权......(和)控制”的范围内扩大其执行立法。 尽管国际上对域外立法缺乏共识,但越来越多的缔约国遵循第四条为域外立法提供依据的解释。", "262. 报 告 考虑到1540数据库文件,刑法的相关规定已纳入与第一条禁止、刑法和国家出口管制立法有关的国家立法。 它们既依赖属地原则,又依赖积极的属人原则,这意味着如果一国国民违反该国国内相关规定,他们就会受到刑事制裁。", "六、结 论 结论:需要一致性:横向和纵向", "。 这份发言不能仅仅介绍讨论。 然而,可从上述分析中得出以下结论:", "(一) 首先,国家执行立法是强制性的,但形式上是灵活的;", "(二) 其次,行政执行必须有效,但可根据各缔约国各自的法律制度设立;", "(三) 第三,《化学武器公约》的国家执行立法必须纳入刑事制裁;", "(四) 第四,“管辖......(和)控制”方案不仅允许域外适用执行立法,而且规定有义务将此类执行法律扩展到缔约国领土以外,特别是考虑到恐怖主义和扩散威胁。", "第28次会议 还必须强调另一个方面:在立法和执法水平方面(从超国家到次国家),以及在所涉广泛专题方面,需要一致性。 虽然单一执行法规可能不一定有用,但可以根据从1540数据库和其他来源文件获得的现有国家立法,编制缔约国已经实施和证明的做法目录。 该目录可作为所有缔约国的有用工具。 那些需要制定法律、规章和措施以履行《化学武器公约》规定的义务的国家将把它视为一份有用的资料来源文件,已经执行国家立法的缔约国可使用这一文件来检查是否存在差距,并作为填补可能空白的准则。 欧洲联盟建议各缔约国在2007年至2010年期间编制并更新这种目录,作为《化学武器公约》闭会期间进程的一部分。", "29. 。 如上所述,各国履行《化学武器公约》的所有义务涉及广泛的专题。 一些缔约国过去可能曾认为,它们不需要颁布《化学武器公约》的具体执行立法,因为它们在其领土内没有或认为没有相关材料。 但是,只要《生物和毒素武器公约》包含具有约束力的义务,所有《化学武器公约》缔约国都必须颁布和执行适当的国家立法措施。 虽然有些缔约国可能不拥有相关材料,但其领土可能被非国家行为者用作安全避难所,并成为扩散途径的一部分。 这并不意味着在任何特定时间,所有缔约国将拥有同样程度的国家执行要求。 然而,每一缔约国应制定一项国家行动计划,查明其差距,颁布和执行适当法律、条例和措施,以履行《化学武器公约》规定的义务。", "30. 。 有能力协助其他国家制定此类国家行动计划的缔约国,如获邀请,应提供和提供援助。 在这方面,还提到了欧洲联盟理事会2006年2月27日支持《生物和毒素武器公约》的联合行动,该行动是在欧盟防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散战略的框架内进行的,其目的是“协助缔约国国家执行《生物和毒素武器公约》,以确保各缔约国将《生物和毒素武器公约》的国际义务纳入其国家立法和行政措施”。 缔约国在现有国家立法基础上制定的业已实施和经证实的做法目录将有助于在提供方和接受方开展任何援助活动。", "*** 这是欧盟成员国提交供各缔约国审议的一系列补充文件之一。 加入国保加利亚和罗马尼亚、候选国土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、参与稳定与结盟进程的国家和潜在候选国阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦共和国赞同这份文件。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6592nd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 11.15 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. United Nations peacekeeping operations." ]

[ "安全理事会第6592次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午11时15分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国维持和平行动。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6592次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三上午11时15分举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国维持和平行动。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Agenda item 76 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Oceans and the law of the sea", "Report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "We have the honour to transmit to you the attached report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, which sets out in section II the agreed recommendations to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole met at United Nations Headquarters on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "We kindly request that the present letter and the report be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under the agenda item entitled “Oceans and the law of the sea”.", "(Signed) Donatus Keith St. Aimee", "(Signed) Renée Sauvé", "Co-Chairs", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects", "I. Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole", "1. The second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, was convened pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B of 4 April 2011. The meeting was held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "2. The meeting was presided over by Donatus Keith St. Aimee (Saint Lucia) and Renée Sauvé (Canada), the Co-Chairs of the first meeting of the Working Group, who had been reappointed by the President of the General Assembly. The Friends of the Co-Chairs nominated by the regional groups at the first meeting continued to serve in that capacity: Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti (Kenya) for the African States; Abdul Hameed (Pakistan) for the Asian States; Walter Schuldt (Ecuador) for the Latin American and Caribbean States; and Kent Blom (Sweden) for the Western European and Other States.", "3. Representatives of 55 Member States, 15 intergovernmental organizations and other bodies and 4 non-governmental organizations attended the meeting. A complete list of participants, dated 28 June 2011, is available on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat (see www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_ June_2011.pdf).", "4. The following members of the Group of Experts established pursuant to paragraph 209 of resolution 65/37 A also attended the meeting:[1] Patricio Bernal (Chile); Peter Harris (Australia); Lorna Inniss (Barbados); George Martin (Estonia); Enrique Marschoff (Argentina); Sean O. Green (Jamaica); Jake Rice (Canada); Andrew Rosenberg (United States of America); Alan Simcock (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland); and Juying Wang (China).", "5. The following supporting documentation was available to the meeting: (a) provisional agenda, annotated provisional agenda and format, including proposed organization of work; (b) draft guidelines for workshops, draft criteria for the appointment of experts and possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, prepared by the Group of Experts, together with a covering document; (c) draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts and provisions for communication with States; (d) report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts; and (e) report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts. At the request of delegates, the Group of Experts provided additional information material entitled, “Suggestions by the Group of Experts of possible functions for the bureau of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole”.", "6. On 27 June 2011, the Working Group adopted the agenda and agreed on the organization of work as proposed by the Co-Chairs. In its substantive discussions, and following informal consultations, the Working Group considered and adopted, on 28 June 2011, the documents entitled “Criteria for the appointment of experts” and “Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process”. On the same date, the Working Group took note of the documents entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects” and “Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts” and agreed on the need for these documents to be considered further at its next meeting.", "7. The Working Group requested the Group of Experts to revise the document entitled “Possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment”, taking into account the comments made by delegations. To that end, the Co-Chairs were requested to send invitations to States and groups, following the invitation made pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/37 B, to provide further comments on the document by 23 July 2011 at the latest. The Working Group agreed on the usefulness of having those comments posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, subject to the approval of the State or group concerned.", "8. On 28 June 2011, following a statement by the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat, the Working Group took note of the report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process. The Working Group also took note of the report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops and agreed on the need to invite States, specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations, as well as funding institutions, to contribute information on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments. Delegations also suggested that the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments be circulated at workshops for the information of participants.", "9. The Working Group considered the establishment of a bureau to implement its decisions and guidance during intersessional periods. The meeting decided to establish the bureau and agreed on its composition.", "10. With regard to workshops, the Working Group agreed, on 28 June 2011, to recommend that they be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Working Group accepted with deep appreciation the declaration of the member States of the Permanent Commission for the South Pacific and of the Action Plan for the Protection of the Marine Environment and the Coastal Area of the South-East Pacific and the generous offer of the Government of Chile to act as host for a workshop for the South-East Pacific in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea noted possible difficulties of the Division in participating in all workshops owing to the exigencies of work at Headquarters.", "11. The Working Group considered the status of the trust fund established for the purpose of supporting the operations of the first five-year cycle of the Regular Process. It agreed to recommend that the General Assembly encourage financial contributions to the trust fund and other contributions to the Regular Process. In that regard, some delegations noted the importance of exploring ways for the Global Environment Facility to support the Regular Process. Several delegations emphasized the need to consider all sources of support for the Regular Process, including financial contributions and contributions in kind. The view was expressed that financial contributions to the Regular Process should be made through the trust fund established for that purpose.", "12. The Director of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea reported on the status of the trust fund and thanked the Governments of Iceland, Jamaica, the Republic of Korea and New Zealand for their generous contributions in 2011, which had made it possible for experts to attend the meeting. Delegates were reminded that, without additional funding, it would not be possible to provide financial assistance to experts to attend future meetings of the Regular Process.", "13. Based on the discussions, the Working Group adopted recommendations which are presented in section II of present report. The Working Group recommended that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.", "14. On 13 July 2011, the Co-Chairs transmitted the present report, with the recommendations, to the President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "II. Recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "15. The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole submits the following recommendations to the General Assembly.", "(1) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly adopt:", "(a) The criteria for the appointment of Experts, attached as annex I to the present report;", "(b) The guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio‑economic Aspects, attached as annex II.", "(2) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the General Assembly take note of:", "(a) The draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects, attached as annex III;", "(b) The report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process, attached as annex IV;", "(c) The report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops, attached as annex V.", "(3) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole takes note of the possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, attached as annex VI, and agrees on the need for it to be considered further with a view to its possible adoption at the next meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.", "(4) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the Secretary-General bring the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments to the attention of Member States and heads of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations and other relevant intergovernmental organizations engaged in activities relating to capacity-building for assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, as well as funding institutions, and invite them to contribute information to the preliminary inventory on existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments.", "(5) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that, pursuant to paragraph 216 of resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly urge Member States, international financial institutions, donor agencies, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and natural and juridical persons to make financial contributions to the trust funds established pursuant to paragraph 183 of resolution 64/71 and to make other contributions to the Regular Process.", "(6) Pursuant to paragraph 208 of resolution 65/37 A, the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole agrees to establish a bureau to put in practice the decisions and guidance of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole during the intersessional period, for example by approving the assignment of members of the pool of experts to work on drafting or to review drafts, and approving arrangements proposed by the Group of Experts for peer review.", "(7) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends to the General Assembly (a) that the bureau be composed of 15 Member States (3 Member States from each regional group) and (b) that at least one Co-Chair and a quorum of five Member States, one per regional group, be considered as the minimum requirement for the bureau to perform its functions.", "(8) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that the President of the General Assembly reappoint the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole so that they may attend meetings of the bureau during the intersessional period.", "(9) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that workshops be organized at the earliest possible opportunity in order to inform the first cycle of the Regular Process.", "(10) The Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole recommends that its next meeting be convened in the first half of 2012.", "Annex I", "Criteria for the appointment of experts", "1. A pool of experts will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to support the work of the Group of Experts in the preparation of the first global integrated marine assessment.", "2. Where the Group of Experts does not designate one of its own members to draft a working paper or draft chapter for the assessment, it will invite selected members of the pool of experts to contribute to drafting working papers and draft chapters. Other members of the pool of experts with relevant expertise will be invited to comment on the drafts and may be invited to participate in the drafting.", "3. When the draft of the first global integrated marine assessment is submitted for review, a panel of peer reviewers will be appointed by States, through the regional groups, to review and comment on the draft. The members of the panel of peer reviewers should not previously have been involved in the preparation of working papers or draft chapters. The panel of peer reviewers will work in parallel with the review of the draft by States and intergovernmental organizations.", "4. The following criteria should apply to all individuals nominated by States to the Group of Experts, the pool of experts or the panel of peer reviewers:", "(a) Internationally recognized expertise, to be demonstrated by one or more of the following:", "(i) A record of scientific publications on the relevant issues, preferably in peer-reviewed publications;", "(ii) Experience at a high level in global, regional or national assessments relating to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;", "(iii) Experience at a high level in the design and management of other major global, regional or national initiatives in marine science, assessment, environmental protection, maritime transport, coastal management, fisheries management, or other similar functions related to the marine environment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects;", "(iv) For experts from regions where there is as yet a relative paucity of scientific observation and monitoring data, a recognized status in traditional knowledge of, or in observing, the marine environment of their area;", "(b) Demonstrated effective participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment or integrated assessment and other relevant areas, including socio-economic aspects; and", "(c) The ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.", "5. In the allocation of members of the pool of experts to the various tasks, the following will be considered:", "(a) Those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should have a demonstrated ability to write clearly and concisely on their subject;", "(b) Material from those invited to contribute to drafting a working paper or draft chapter should be submitted in one of the official languages of the United Nations.", "In addition, members of the panel of peer reviewers will be responsible for working according to the needs of the Group of Experts.", "6. The appointments to the pool of experts and the panel of peer reviewers and the allocation of tasks to members of the pool of experts should reflect the principle of adherence to equitable geographical representation in all activities of the Regular Process, and have due regard to a desirable balance between the genders.", "7. The selection of members of the pool of experts to draft, or to comment on, an issue should ensure that all disciplines relevant to an integrated assessment of that issue are included.", "8. Experts should be given sufficient time to make the contributions to the Regular Process that their roles will require.", "Annex II", "Guidelines for workshops to assist the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "Purpose and objectives", "1. As recognized by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in February 2011 (see A/65/759, annex), workshops are a key mechanism by which the first global integrated marine assessment will be accomplished and States can enhance their assessment capacity. Workshops will facilitate dialogue between the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and representatives and experts from States and competent intergovernmental organizations. The present guidelines are intended to make clear how a set of workshops should be organized in support of the first phase of the first cycle of the Regular Process. They will help ensure the credibility and legitimacy of the output of each workshop, and thus of the Regular Process in general.", "2. The objectives of each of the set of workshops should be to:", "(a) Review and evaluate all assessments considered by the participants to be relevant to the sea area under consideration and, on the basis of those evaluations, compile an inventory of assessments likely to be useful for the Regular Process. The assessments to be considered should be both those related to environmental issues and those related to socio-economic issues. If necessary, arrangements should be initiated for access to those assessments by the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(b) Start building a network composed of experts and organizations taking part in each workshop, the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(c) Identify the capacity-building needs of States taking part in the workshop to allow them to contribute more fully to, and benefit more fully from, the Regular Process, including identification of priorities, and identify steps that those States could usefully take to build the capacities of competent intergovernmental organizations (if any) through which the States collaborate;", "(d) Start building capacity for integrated assessment, which could include discussing and developing:", "(i) Common information content for assessments at various scales and common approaches to assessment methodologies;", "(ii) Approaches for scaling up assessments, that is, establishing the extent to which assessments at one level (national, subregional, regional or global) can be used at other levels;", "(iii) Reporting forms to assist the integration process, with the aim of securing coherence, consistency and comparability as far as possible;", "(e) Consider the linkages between driving factors and the state of the marine environment as reflected in assessment.", "3. This list of objectives, the preparatory work set out in appendix I below and the outline agenda in appendix II will constitute the terms of reference of the workshops.", "Number and locations", "4. States are invited to offer to host workshops for the following:", "(a) The North Pacific;", "(b) The South Pacific (south-east Pacific and south-west Pacific);", "(c) The eastern and south-eastern Asian Seas;", "(d) The northern Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden and the Regional Organization for the Protection of the Marine Environment/Regional Commission for Fisheries area;", "(e) The southern and western Indian Ocean;", "(f) The North Atlantic, the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea;", "(g) The South Atlantic (between the African and American coasts) and the wider Caribbean.", "5. Separate workshops may not be needed for the Arctic and Antarctic. However, the relevant international bodies and forums with regard to those areas (in particular, the Antarctic Treaty System and the Arctic Council) could be invited to consider, and to contribute to, the issues proposed for the workshops. If requested, members of the Group of Experts could be available for consultation.", "6. Offers to host workshops should be made to the secretariat of the Regular Process, which, with the help of the Group of Experts, will seek to negotiate arrangements which will avoid overlap of coverage or clash of dates. The secretariat of the Regular Process will notify all States of workshops to be held, as soon as arrangements have been agreed.", "Timing", "7. The Group of Experts will need to reach conclusions in April 2012 on some of the issues suggested for consideration by the workshops. It will therefore be best if workshops are held in time for their output to reach the Group of Experts by the end of March 2012.", "Hosts", "8. Workshops are to be hosted by Member States and organized under the auspices of the United Nations,[2] in coordination with the secretariat of the Regular Process and with the assistance of members of the Group of Experts. Member States may request the cooperation of competent intergovernmental organizations and/or relevant national scientific institutions for the organization of workshops.", "Participation", "9. States Members of the United Nations, observers and competent intergovernmental organizations shall be entitled to participate in any workshop that they consider relevant to them, up to the number of available places. Competent intergovernmental organizations in the region are encouraged to participate. For practical reasons, the logistics and the size and number of delegations will need to be managed by the host in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process.", "10. Non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council, relevant scientific institutions and organizations representing major groups as defined in Agenda 21 may request invitations to participate. Hosts may reserve a number of places in the workshop to be filled by such invitations.", "11. Each workshop should include at least one member of the Group of Experts and one member of the secretariat of the Regular Process, whose participation will be coordinated with the secretariat of the Regular Process, taking into account the exigencies of work at Headquarters. If possible, all members of the Group of Experts from States in the area covered by the workshop should participate. Members of the Group of Experts from outside that area could be invited by the secretariat of the Regular Process to participate, and it would be desirable if at least one such member participates. Where necessary, such participation of the members of the Group of Experts may be supported by the trust fund for the Regular Process as referenced in paragraph 183 of General Assembly resolution 64/71.", "Chair and secretariat", "12. Hosts should designate a chair (or co-chairs) of the workshop, who will be expected to take responsibility for summarizing the outcomes of the workshop with the aid of the workshop support staff and members of the Group of Experts. Hosts may consider inviting a member of the Group of Experts to be the chair, or a co‑chair, of the workshop.", "13. Hosts should provide support staff to organize proceedings in consultation with the secretariat of the Regular Process and the members of the Group of Experts who are taking part, and to help the chair(s) and the member(s) of the Group of Experts provide a summary of the outcome.", "Preliminary information", "14. Participants in the workshop should be asked to provide, in advance of the workshop, contributions containing the information listed in appendix I to the present guidelines. Members of the Group of Experts should be prepared to help this process with advice and, as appropriate, relevant documentation.", "15. The workshop support staff should compile that information into summaries, which should be available, and distributed to participants, in advance of the workshop.", "Activities of workshops", "16. The agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process should, as far as possible, include the elements set out in appendix II to these guidelines. The activities of a workshop should take full account of the principles for the Regular Process recommended by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole and endorsed by the General Assembly in 2009 (resolution 64/71, paras. 123-183), and the recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole in 2010 (A/65/358) and 2011 (A/65/259).", "17. An important part of each workshop will be to make a start on capacity-building in carrying out integrated assessments, so that the workshop participants can better understand, and contribute to, the work of the Regular Process.", "Output of workshops", "18. The output of the workshop should take the form of a summary of the discussions prepared by the chair or co-chairs, with the help of the member(s) of the Group of Experts. Provision should be made for the participants to comment on a draft of the summary and for the final version to be revised by the chair(s) and representative(s) of the Group of Experts in the light of such comments. Where a State or intergovernmental organization not participating in the workshop conducted or was responsible for assessments, institutions, networks or other arrangements which have been identified as relevant, that State or intergovernmental organization should be invited and/or requested to review and comment on what is said about any such matter.", "19. An electronic copy of the final version of the summary should be sent to the secretariat of the Regular Process, to be posted on the website of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea as a United Nations document and/or on the Regular Process website.", "Appendix I", "Information to be provided by participants in advance of the workshop", "States or intergovernmental organizations attending the workshop are to provide:", "(1) Details of assessments carried out under their auspices relevant to issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects. A starting point for assembling this information should be the assessments listed in the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database, where much of the information is already to be found. Assessments not carried out by States or intergovernmental organizations but which they use or consider to be relevant, should also be included. The details to be provided should include, as far as possible:", "(a) Agency conducting the specific assessment;", "(b) Major intended users of the assessment, and the uses for which it was intended;", "(c) Spatial and temporal scale of the assessment, and frequency of assessment cycle;", "(d) Issues covered by the assessment;", "(e) Types of data, experiential knowledge, indicators and the reasons for their selection, and other information sources contributing to the assessment;", "(f) Where trends of component information sets have been deduced, the methods employed;", "(g) Where an effort has been made to integrate different types of information, particularly social, economic and ecological information, the extent of, and methods for, such integration;", "(h) Sources of any evaluation benchmarks, reference levels or ecotoxicological assessment criteria used in the assessment;", "(i) Extent and sources of any forecasts, projections and scenarios used in the assessment;", "(j) If data assessment limitations (such as data extrapolation errors, uncertainties and/or information gaps) were addressed in the assessment, a description of how this was done;", "(2) For issues in the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, for which no assessment has been carried out by a State or intergovernmental organization attending the workshop, but for which a participant holds relevant data or information:", "(a) What types of relevant data or information are known to be collected and managed, and by what State(s) and agencies (this is expected to be the case for some key social and economic data)? What information can be provided about the spatial and temporal coverage and technical content of such data or information?", "(b) Where key types of information are not known to exist, can expert knowledge be mobilized to fill the gap and, if so, how can the experts be accessed?", "(3) Contact details of focal points for the States and intergovernmental organizations to be represented at the workshop;", "(4) Advance notice of identified capacity-building needs.", "Appendix II", "Elements for the agenda of a workshop to support the Regular Process", "1. Presentation by a representative of the Group of Experts of the Regular Process on the objective, scope and framework of the Regular Process and the intended function of the workshop.", "2. Consideration by the workshop of whether the draft possible outline for the first global integrated assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects, will meet the needs of the States and intergovernmental organizations represented in the workshop. Identification of priority issues for integrated assessment and of any additional questions that should be considered in the first global integrated marine assessment.", "3. Evaluation by the workshop of the assessments in the summary prepared on the basis of the information submitted under item (1) of appendix I above and compilation of an inventory of those considered useful for the Regular Process.", "4. Consideration of existing regional approaches and methodologies on integrated assessment.", "5. Consideration by the workshop of what might be done in relation to issues on which data and/or information is known to be available but no assessment has been carried out.", "6. Identification of issues which are important but for which no data/information is available for the sea area under consideration, and discussion of how information can be mobilized or the necessary research into such issues can be organized.", "7. Consideration by the workshop of whether any changes are needed in the draft guidance to authors.[3]", "8. Stock-taking by the workshop of the existing capacities of national and regional ocean and marine research and training institutions relevant to the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, for marine monitoring and assessment and integrated assessments.", "9. Stock-taking of existing expert networks in and among the States and intergovernmental organizations concerned with the sea area under consideration, and of their suitability for playing major roles in strengthening capacity.", "10. Identification by the workshop of needs for capacity-building (including the acquisition of necessary technology) for marine monitoring and assessment (including making integrated assessments).", "11. Development by the workshop of a short-term capacity-building plan to mobilize the information and knowledge that is known to exist in relation to the sea area under consideration, but has not yet been systematically organized in a way that would allow its use for the Regular Process.", "12. A session to start building capacity for integrated assessments.", "13. Consideration by the workshop of how users of the existing assessments in the summary can be kept informed of activities of the Regular Process, and how the Group of Experts of the Regular Process can be kept aware of, and responsive to, their needs.", "Annex III", "Draft terms of reference and working methods for the Group of Experts of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects", "I. Introduction", "1. In paragraph 180 of its resolution 64/71, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to invite the Chairs of the regional groups to constitute a group of experts, ensuring adequate expertise and geographical distribution, comprised of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group, for a period up to and including the informal meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole to be held from 30 August to 3 September 2010.", "2. In its paragraph 209 of its resolution 65/37 A, the General Assembly decided to establish a group of experts to be an integral part of the Regular Process and requested the members of the Group of Experts, who had been appointed by Member States pursuant to paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71, to continue serving on the Group of Experts for the duration of the first phase of the first assessment cycle, and encouraged regional groups that had not yet done so to appoint experts to the Group of Experts in accordance with paragraph 180 of resolution 64/71.", "3. The present document, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process in consultation with the Group of Experts, defines the terms of reference for the experts appointed to, or to be appointed to, the Group of Experts.", "II. Terms of reference", "4. The general task of the Group of Experts shall be to carry out assessments within the framework of the Regular Process, under the supervision of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [and its bureau]. In particular, the tasks of the Group of Experts shall be:", "(a) To draft an outline of questions to be considered in the main assessment to be undertaken in each cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(b) At the request of the General Assembly or the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole [or its bureau], to draft an outline of any supplementary assessment to be undertaken during a cycle of the Regular Process, for approval by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(c) To provide specifications of the types of additional expertise that the Group of Experts will need to carry out any assessment, as a basis for appointments, through the regional groups, of members of the pool of experts;", "(d) To designate from among its members a lead member and, as appropriate, other members to take responsibility, under the overall responsibility of the Group of Experts, for each part, section or chapter of any assessment;", "(e) To propose assignments for approval by the bureau of members of the pool of experts:", "(i) To work with the designated lead member of the Group of Experts in drafting working papers and/or draft chapters of any assessment;", "(ii) To review and comment on material produced for any assignment;", "(f) To draft an implementation plan and timetable for every assessment, for approval by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and, if necessary, to propose amendments to that plan and timetable for approval in the same way;", "(g) To agree on general guidance to all those involved in carrying out any assessment;", "(h) To carry out the implementation plan in accordance with the timetable and any such general guidance;", "(i) To review all material produced for any assessment, to take such steps as it considers necessary to assure the quality of data and information used in such material, and to take any further steps necessary to bring the assessment to a satisfactory conclusion, subject to the approval of the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole if any such action would require expenditure from the trust fund for the Regular Process;", "(j) To propose arrangements for approval by the bureau for the peer review of the draft output of any assessment;", "(k) In the light of the comments from the peer review, to agree on a final text of any assessment for submission [through its bureau] to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, and to present that text to the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(l) To promote networking among marine assessment processes and individual experts;", "(m) To perform any other tasks assigned to it by the [bureau of the] Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole.", "Composition", "5. The Group of Experts shall be composed as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts shall be composed of a maximum of 25 experts and no more than 5 experts per regional group. Its composition shall reflect geographic and gender balance;", "(b) The composition shall ensure a mix of disciplinary expertise and involve participants from all regions in order to take into account different regional circumstances and experience. All of the main disciplines in the natural and social sciences, including their policy aspects, and law and traditional knowledge should be considered for inclusion;", "(c) The experts may be drawn from any type of affiliation (e.g. Government, non-governmental organization, intergovernmental organization, private sector, academic and research institutions, holders of traditional knowledge);", "(d) The experts shall have experience and expertise in one or several of the categories described in the collective profile of the Group of Experts;", "(e) The experts shall have internationally recognized excellence in their field or fields of expertise;", "(f) The experts shall have demonstrated high-level participation in international processes relevant to the marine environment;", "(g) The experts shall have the ability to serve in an independent, individual capacity.", "Appointments", "6. Members of the Group of Experts shall be appointed in accordance with resolution 65/37 A as follows:", "(a) Members shall be nominated by the Member States of the United Nations, through the five regional groups (African States Group, Asian States, Eastern European States, Latin American and Caribbean States and Western European and other States), with each regional group nominating up to five experts;", "(b) Nominations shall take account of the criteria for the appointment of experts;", "(c) Members shall be in a position to devote substantial amounts of time solely to the work of the Regular Process;", "(d) Membership shall be renewed completely at the start of each cycle of the Regular Process. Existing members of the Group of Experts may be renominated, but no member shall serve for more than two consecutive complete cycles;", "(e) An appointment to fill a vacancy occurring during a cycle may be made at any time, but the appointment shall come to an end at the end of the cycle during which it is made;", "(f) When the chair of a regional group informs the secretariat of the Regular Process that the regional group has made an appointment to the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process shall seek confirmation from the expert that s/he is willing to serve under the present terms of reference and methods of work and, upon receipt of that confirmation, shall issue a letter of confirmation of the appointment to the expert, publish the appointment on the websites of the Regular Process and the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, and inform the other members of the Group of Experts;", "(g) Members may resign at any time by writing to the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(h) Members shall participate in the Group of Experts as participants in advisory meetings and shall serve in their personal capacity and not as a representative of a Government or of any authority external to the United Nations;", "(i) The services of the members of the Group of Experts shall be obtained pursuant to a letter of invitation issued by the Secretariat.", "Proprietary rights", "7. The United Nations shall be entitled to all property rights, including but not limited to patents, copyrights and trademarks, with regard to material which bears a direct relation to, or is made in consequence of, the services provided to the Organization.", "Compensation", "8. Members of the Group of Experts shall not receive any honorarium, fee or other remuneration from the United Nations for their participation in the Group of Experts. Members from developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing States and landlocked developing States, will, subject to the availability of resources, receive travel assistance to participate in the meetings to be convened by the United Nations in conjunction with the work of the Group of Experts.", "Working methods", "9. The working methods of the Group of Experts shall be as follows:", "(a) The Group of Experts may operate even if there are vacancies in its composition;", "(b) The Group of Experts shall designate two coordinators from among its members, one from a developed country and one from a developing country. The task of the coordinators shall be to take such actions as they jointly consider will facilitate the discharge by the Group of Experts of the tasks which it has been given. The Group of Experts may change the designation of the coordinators at any time;", "(c) Communications between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and States shall be made through a secure website to be provided for by the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(d) The Group of Experts shall communicate with the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole through the secretariat of the Regular Process and through meetings convened by the secretariat of the Regular Process;", "(e) When needed and within the available resources, the Group of Experts may meet to discuss areas of work which cannot be dealt with through electronic meetings or other forms of electronic communication;", "(f) The Group of Experts shall aim to work by consensus. Where consensus cannot be achieved, the Group of Experts shall ensure that all divergent opinions are appropriately reported in any draft, any proposal or any final text of any assessment.", "Secretariat", "10. The Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, as part of its functions as secretariat of the Regular Process, shall serve as the secretariat of the Group of Experts.", "Annex IV", "Report on communication requirements and data and information management for the Regular Process", "1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, responds to the related requests in paragraphs 2, 4 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37. It has been prepared in consultation with the Office of Information and Communications Technology of the Secretariat.", "Paragraphs 2 and 6 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B", "2. Most of the various needs for communication, data handling and information management can best be met within a single website covering all aspects of the Regular Process. A revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website has, therefore, been appended to the present report.", "3. As indicated in the appendix (para. 8 (a)-(c)), there may be benefits to hosting the virtual office on a separate system. Further discussion between the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Office of Information and Communications Technology has helped to substantiate that the virtual office would indeed be better managed on a separate system.", "4. The Office of Information and Communications Technology is in the process of updating the facilities that could be made available for a virtual office. Urgent steps were taken to make the Quickr system, which is the currently available format, more responsive to the needs of the Group of Experts. This system is currently providing adequate support for the Group of Experts. The updated system, which should be available in the late summer of 2011, is expected to be more responsive to the requirements of the Group of Experts.", "5. A proposal has been prepared by the Division of Early Warning and Assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization that could meet the requirements of the Regular Process. UNEP and IOC have offered to create and host a dedicated information portal that allows Member States to access key resources related to the Regular Process, including the Global and Regional Assessments of the Marine Environment Database. UNEP and IOC have developed a prototype of such a portal as part of the follow-up to the “assessment of assessments” (see A/64/88). The Office of Information and Communications Technology is assessing the specification prepared by UNEP and IOC and will report on its assessment at the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole, to be held on 27 and 28 June 2011.", "6. In regard to provisions for communications between States and the secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts, it is suggested that such communications be made through the proposed “restricted” section of the website. To this end, it will be important for States to nominate a focal point, as recommended in the “assessment of assessments”.[4] Parallel arrangements for focal points could also be made for intergovernmental organizations and non‑governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council which are involved in the Regular Process. Arrangements for focal points could be made as soon as the proposed website is in operation.", "Paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B", "7. Paragraph 4 of resolution 65/37 B was apparently aimed at giving the Group of Experts the ability to initiate requests for support in managing data and information. However, the Group of Experts has seen no need to make any such formal request. The efforts being made by the secretariat of the Regular Process, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and UNEP and IOC seem to be meeting current needs.", "Appendix", "Revised possible specification of functionalities for a Regular Process website", "1. This note is organized in descending order of access, starting with the section open to everyone with Internet access.", "2. The public website and the restricted website, on the one hand, and the virtual office, on the other hand, could be located on different servers and use different systems, or be integrated on a single server.", "3. All parts of the website (public website, restricted website and virtual office), whatever server they are carried on, will need to be provided with adequate security to prevent unauthorized access or interference and with adequate, regular backup.", "4. It will be important that the integrity of the website be safeguarded so that it provides a permanent and complete record of how the Regular Process is being carried out.", "Public website (open to everyone)", "5. The public website will contain:", "(a) An introduction to the Regular Process and its working methods (Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents only);", "(b) Details of the Group of Experts and the secretariat of the Regular Process and methods of contact (HTML documents only);", "(c) A calendar of events forming part of the Regular Process (HTML document and downloadable (portable document format) (PDF) document);", "(d) A library section giving access to all the documents relating to the Regular Process, including:", "(i) Relevant section of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation;", "(ii) Relevant extracts from General Assembly resolutions;", "(iii) Reports (or extracts of reports) of the Secretary-General;", "(iv) Reports of the 2004 Group of Experts and the international workshops;", "(v) Reports of the Ad Hoc Steering Group for the “assessment of assessments”;", "(vi) The “assessment of assessments” report;", "(vii) Documents and reports relating to meetings of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole;", "(viii) Other background material.", "All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(e) A section giving the financial details of the Regular Process trust funds, including contributions and expenditures (HTML documents only);", "(f) A section giving the approved documents setting out the outline of the first global integrated marine assessment and the guidance to authors and similar documents. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(g) A section giving working papers and draft chapters for the first global integrated marine assessment which have been approved for public release. All the material in this section should be viewable as HTML documents and downloadable as PDF files and word-processor documents;", "(h) In due course, a section giving:", "(i) The draft first global integrated marine assessment report;", "(ii) A document showing comments on the draft first global integrated marine assessment report by peer reviewers, and responses by drafters/editors;", "(iii) The final first global integrated marine assessment report;", "The material in this section should be viewable as an HTML document and downloadable as a PDF file, but does not need to be downloadable as a word-processor document;", "(i) A section giving access to data and information on which the working papers and draft chapters are based. This section will need to be able to include:", "(i) Reports of workshops held for the purposes of the Regular Process;", "(ii) A database of basic information (metadata) about assessments which have been considered or used;", "(iii) A bibliography of books, articles and other material (such as databases) which have been used in preparing working papers or draft chapters. This bibliography should be able to provide access details for sites (such as Journal Storage (JSTOR)) where scientific journals are stored permanently in electronic form;", "(iv) Hyperlinks to websites where the assessments, books, articles or other material can be found;", "(v) Files (in a variety of formats) containing information not elsewhere available.", "Restricted website (open only to members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process, collaborators, focal points in national Governments and intergovernmental organizations and correspondents in non-governmental organizations with consultative status with the Economic and Social Council)", "6. The restricted website will contain:", "(a) A section for organizing workshops forming part of the Regular Process. This section should be able to include HTML documents as well as documents in PDF format and word-processor format that can be downloaded. Each workshop will need to be able to have a separate subsection;", "(b) An interactive section where focal points and correspondents can post questions or comments and members of the Group of Experts or the secretariat of the Regular Process can post answers to the questions or responses to the comments. This should, in effect, be an internal “blog” for the Regular Process;", "(c) A section to support the drafting process of working papers and draft chapters. This section needs to allow lead drafters and their collaborators to create, access and amend working papers and draft chapters. Others with access to the restricted website should be able to see what is being done, but only those responsible for each working paper or draft chapter should be able to create or amend text. It is essential that this section have the capacity to clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents, keep a record of the dates of creation and amendment of the texts and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;", "(d) In due course, a section to provide for peer review of draft chapters (probably during 2013), in two subsections:", "(i) A section for review by States and intergovernmental organizations. In addition to the functionalities required for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above), this section should provide for reviewers (authorized by States or intergovernmental organizations) to add comments to the text of the draft chapters, but not to change the text. The system should display all the comments on any paragraph or subparagraph together and identify the source of each comment. Restricting reviewers from changing the text will help to prevent confusion and facilitate later editing;", "(ii) A section for review by the selected peer reviewers. Since there will only be a comparatively small number of peer reviewers for each chapter, it should be possible for them to amend the text of their chapter and to add comments. Otherwise, the requirements will be the same as for the section on working papers and draft chapters (see para. (c) above).", "7. In addition, the section for peer review will need to be able to:", "(a) Keep a record of:", "(i) The titles, names and contact details of commentators from States and intergovernmental organizations;", "(ii) The assignments for the selected peer reviewers and their titles, names and contact details;", "(b) Record automatically the dates when reviewers make each comment and chapter editors take action in response;", "(c) Permit commentators and peer reviewers to exchange messages with the chapter editors and provide for such messages to be kept and linked to the relevant paragraph;", "(d) Keep copies of all comments and proposed changes;", "(e) Automatically notify chapter editors of newly posted material and of deadlines that have not been met;", "(f) Permit authors and reviewers to upload and download documents related to the review work, as required.", "Virtual office (open only to the members of the Group of Experts, the secretariat of the Regular Process and representatives of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Maritime Organization, the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, etc.)", "8. The virtual office will contain:", "(a) A section which allows those with access to the virtual office to create, access and amend documents on which work is being carried out. It is essential that this section clearly and automatically identify the authors of documents and amendments made to documents and keep a backup of earlier versions of each document. It is also highly desirable that, while one person is working on a document, other individuals cannot access it, at least for a reasonable period of time;", "(b) A section which allows a number of “conversations” to take place in which all individuals with access to the virtual office can add their comments and see the comments of all others, without having to open each message separately. The system should, if possible, have an overview that enables individuals with access to the virtual office to see new contributions to “conversations” without having to open each “conversation” separately;", "(c) A system of notification which shows when new documents have been created and, if requested, when amendments have been made to existing documents.", "Annex V", "Report on the preliminary inventory of capacity-building for assessments and types of experts for workshops", "1. The present report, prepared by the secretariat of the Regular Process with the assistance of the Group of Experts, responds to the request in paragraph 3 of General Assembly resolution 65/37 B.", "2. As requested, a preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments is attached as appendix I and a preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops is attached as appendix II.", "3. No comprehensive inventory of opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments currently exists and the information is not readily available. The information in Appendix I was prepared on the basis of the following sources:", "(a) Study on the assistance available to, and measures that may be taken by, developing States to realize the benefits of sustainable and effective development of marine resources and uses of the oceans within the limits of national jurisdiction (A/63/342);", "(b) Compilation of sources of available assistance for developing States and the needs of developing States for capacity-building and assistance in the conservation and management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks (ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);", "(c) Report of the Secretary-General on oceans and the law of the sea (A/65/69);", "(d) Report on the work of the United Nations Open-Ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea at its eleventh meeting (A/65/164).", "Appendix I", "Preliminary inventory of existing opportunities and arrangements for capacity-building for assessments", "A. International financial institutions and global organizations, programmes and funds", "Secretariat of theConvention onBiological Diversity \nClearing-housemechanism \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe clearing-house mechanism of the Convention on Biological Diversity was established pursuant to article 18.3 of the Convention. Further to decision X/15 of the Conference of the Parties, the clearing-house mechanism is to contribute significantly to the implementation of the Convention and its Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, through effective information services and other appropriate means in order to promote and facilitate scientific and technical cooperation, knowledge sharing and information exchange, and to establish a fully operational network of parties and partners. A list of priority activities has been defined, and a description of the information services to be provided by the clearing-house mechanism is available in document UNEP/CBD/CHM/ \n\tIAC/2010/1/3.\t\nCommission for theConservation ofAntarctic MarineLiving Resources \nGeneral ScienceCapacity Special Fund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe purpose of the Fund is to secure wider participation in the work of the Commission’s Scientific Committee, to promote burden-sharing and build capacity within the Committee, and to assist with the collection, study and exchange of information relating to the marine living resources to which the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies. The Fund also serves to encourage and promote the conduct of cooperative and collaborative research in order to extend knowledge of the marine living resources of the Antarctic marine \n\tecosystem.\t\nFood and AgricultureOrganization of theUnited Nations (FAO) \nAssistance Fund underPart VII of theAgreement for theImplementation ofPart XI of the UnitedNations Convention onthe Law of the Sea of10 December 1982 Recipient developingStates\tAll developing States parties to the \n\tAgreement\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tFacilitating the participation of developing States parties in meetings of regional fisheries management organizations and agreements, global meetings and meetings for new regional fisheries management organizations and agreements; capacity-building and the development of human resources; facilitating exchange of information and experience on the implementation of the Agreement among States parties; technical assistance and \n\ttraining.\t\nSwedish InternationalDevelopmentCooperation Agency(SIDA) contributionto the FishCode Trust \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal/regional/national\tArea of assistance\tThe FishCode Trust finances activities to promote improved understanding and application of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, under the framework of the FishCode programme. In this context, SIDA provides (a) expert working groups and consultations (global level); (b) special studies (global, regional and national); (c) regional capacity-building workshops; and (d) national technical assistance missions to promote, inter alia, the effective generation and use of fishery statistics and information and more appropriate assessments of small-scale \n\tfisheries.\t\nAssessment andMonitoring of theFishery Resources andthe Ecosystems in theStraits of Sicily(MedSudMed) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe beneficiaries include the national scientific institutions in the four participating countries (Italy, Libya, Malta and Tunisia) involved in research activities at a regional level as well as the fisheries administrations of the participating Governments. The General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean also benefits from the improved information and monitoring \n\tsystem.\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tThe project’s main objective is to improve knowledge of fishery resources and their ecosystems — as a contribution to the development of responsible fisheries management — by supporting research activities related to the interactions between demersal and small pelagic fishery resources and biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Activities include: (a)review of knowledge and collection of scientific evidence on shared stocks (demersal and small pelagic fish) in the Strait of Sicily and standardization of data collection and data analysis methods; (b) joint cooperative surveys at sea at subregional scale (eggs and larvae, echo-surveys, trawl surveys) for assessment of shared stocks; (c) collection of information on impacts of environmental factors on target stocks; (d) identification and location of nursery areas of target stocks; (e) national capacity-building through regional workshops; (f) issue of technical manuals and creation of databases; (g) training courses (data processing for stock assessment, fisheries resources age determination, identification of maturity stages of fisheries \n\tresources).\t\nCoordination toSupport FisheriesManagement in theWestern and CentralMediterranean(CopeMed II) (trustfund) Recipient States\tThe fishery research institutions of the region and the national management bodies of Algeria, France, Italy, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Spain and \n\tTunisia\t\nForms of assistance\tRegional\tArea of assistance\tSupporting fisheries administrations in the collection of data and information at national and subregional level (fleet, catches, efforts, socio-economic data); providing technical assistance and training to countries to meet their needs and priorities and to strengthen their national capacity in fisheries sciences (organize meetings and workshops, prepare scientific papers, support annual research activities, \n\tetc.).\t\nEcosystem approach tofisheries — Nansenproject“Strengthening theknowledge base forand implementing anecosystem approach tomarine fisheries indeveloping countries”(trust fund) Recipient developingStates\tAll, with an early emphasis on sub-Saharan \n\tAfrica\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tTo apprise partners of procedures and methods for assessment and monitoring of key ecosystem properties, including the development of standardized data collection, sampling methods and appropriate set of scientific indicators; increased capacity at scientific and management level for the ecosystem approach to marine fisheries; advice on the use of national or regional research vessels, including coordinated coverage by local or other vessels; project planning and dissemination of \n\tinformation.\t\nGlobal EnvironmentFacility (GEF)/UnitedNations EnvironmentProgramme (UNEP)/United NationsDevelopment Programme(UNDP)/United NationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)/WorldBank/regionaldevelopment banks \nMultilateralfinancial mechanismfor the internationalwaters focal area ofGEF \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe international waters focal area of GEF provides funding to help States address shared, transboundary water systems such as coasts and oceans, river basins and aquifer systems. GEF assistance has been provided for collaborative work to States sharing 19 large marine ecosystems, which constitute over one half of the large marine ecosystems shared by developing countries. The GEF multi-billion-dollar trust fund is open to universal participation, with 176 countries currently as members, and builds on a partnership of UNDP, UNEP, the World Bank, four regional development banks, FAO and UNIDO. These agencies can access funding on behalf of developing countries and those in economic transition for activities consistent with the GEF operational strategy. At present, 127 GEF recipient States and 21 industrial countries are collaborating on GEF Council-approved projects related to large marine ecosystems and their coasts. Information on these projects can be found on the GEF international waters knowledge management website at \n\twww.iwlearn.net.\t\nInternationalHydrographicOrganization (IHO) \nIHO capacity-buildingfund \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tProvision of the necessary assistance to States where the lack of hydrographic capabilities undermines, inter alia, the protection of the marine environment. The capacity-building fund provides support for the main categories of capacity-building activity, namely (a) technical assistance: support for technical visits to member States to assess hydrographic surveying, nautical charting and nautical information status; provision of guidelines for the development of local hydrographic capabilities and/or advice on technical matters pertaining to hydrographic projects; (b) training and education: support for the implementation of hydrographic, nautical cartography and other related training and education initiatives consistent with the IHO work programme; (c) financial assistance for participation in IHO events: support for member States’ representatives to attend courses and/or technical meetings, consistent with the IHO work programme; and (d)start-up funding for hydrographic elements of projects: support for the very first steps of the implementation of high priority hydrocartographic projects consistent with the IHO \n\tobjectives.\t\nInternationalOceanographicCommission (IOC) \nIOC Criteria andGuidelines on theTransfer of MarineTechnology \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThrough its education and mutual assistance and training through research programmes, the Commission provides in‑country training for developing countries seeking capacity-building in addressing national priorities. The Commission’s Advisory Body of Experts in the Law of the Sea agreed to offer assistance to member States and to develop cooperation among member States for marine scientific research projects, with particular attention to capacity-building. The Commission has also developed a clearing-house mechanism to assist interested developing and developed countries that are seeking appropriate partnerships for technology transfer. The Commission’s International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange facilitates the exchange of oceanographic data and information between participating member States and meets the needs of users for data and information products. Online Access to Research in the Environment, an international public-private consortium coordinated by UNEP, Yale University and leading science and technology publishers, also enables developing countries to gain access to research on environmental \n\tscience.\t\nInternational SeabedAuthority \nEndowment Fund forMarine ScientificResearch in the Area Recipient developingStates\tAll States parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the \n\tSea\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tWith regard to marine scientific research in the Area, the Authority has addressed capacity-building primarily through the establishment of the Endowment Fund for Marine Scientific Research in the Area, which supports the participation of qualified scientists and technical personnel from developing countries in international cooperative marine scientific research programmes. The Fund has facilitated the development of capacity through training and technical \n\tassistance.\t\nOrganization forEconomic Cooperationand Development(OECD) \nDevelopmentAssistance Committeeannual aggregatesdatabase and creditorreporting system \nRecipient developingStates\tAll\t\nForms of assistance\tGlobal\tArea of assistance\tThe Committee tracks bilateral and multilateral donors’ aid and other resource flows to developing countries in two separate databases: the annual aggregates database, which provides comprehensive data on the volume, origin and types of aid and other resource flows; and the creditor reporting system, which provides detailed information on individual aid activities, such as sectors, countries, project descriptions, \n\tetc.", "Appendix II", "Preliminary inventory of types of experts for workshops", "1. The secretariat of the Regular Process and the Group of Experts have considered what types of experts would be able to make important contributions to the workshops to be held to support the Regular Process and accomplish the first global integrated marine assessment.", "2. It has been recognized that all experts in any of the fields to be covered by the outline of the assessment would be able to make a useful contribution to the output of a workshop. It would also be important to ensure that experts from both the environmental sciences and the economic and social sciences take part.", "3. Significant contributions can be expected, in particular, from experts who have taken a leading part in the most comprehensive recent assessments carried out for the area of sea covered by a workshop.", "4. Furthermore, it would be particularly helpful if the expertise represented in a workshop can cover as many as possible of the following fields:", "(a) Oceanography, meteorology (including climate change as it affects the oceans), ocean chemistry and marine geology;", "(b) Marine biology and biological oceanography (primary production);", "(c) Assessment and management of fish and shellfish stocks;", "(d) Planning, management and development of fishing and aquaculture industries and communities dependent on them;", "(e) Planning and development of maritime transport, management of ports and installation of submarine cables and pipelines;", "(f) Maritime safety;", "(g) Monitoring and assessment of coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs to the seas and dumping at sea;", "(h) Exploration and development of offshore petroleum and mineral resources (including aggregates);", "(i) Planning and development of wind, wave and tidal power;", "(j) Planning and development of the coastal zone (including urbanization, town and country planning and zoning);", "(k) Monitoring and assessment of marine species, habitats, ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems (including ecological economics);", "(l) Designation and management of marine protected areas;", "(m) Expertise in introduced marine pests;", "(n) Expertise in marine genetic resources;", "(o) Economics of marine resources;", "(p) Economics and social aspects of marine industries, including tourism and recreational uses of the oceans.", "Annex VI", "Possible outline for the first global integrated[5] assessment of the state of the marine environment, including socio-economic aspects", "Note: The present document is for information only. It contains revisions suggested by the Group of Experts of the Regular Process and requires further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its next meeting.", "Part I Summary for decision makers", "This part would not follow the pattern of the main report, but highlight the most significant conclusions. It would aim to bring out:", "(a) The way in which the assessment has been carried out;", "(b) Overall assessment of the scale of human impact on the oceans;", "(c) The main threats to the marine environment and human economic and social well-being;", "(d) The needs for capacity-building and effective approaches to meeting such needs;", "(e) The most serious gaps in knowledge and possible ways of filling them.", "Part II The context of the assessment", "Chapter 1 Planet, oceans and life", "This chapter would be a broad, introductory survey of the role played by the oceans and seas in the life of the planet, the way in which they function, and humans’ relationships to them. It should be supported by at least two Working Papers summarizing:", "1.A. Human population in coastal areas, including major cities in coastal areas and forecast changes.", "The material under this heading would aim to draw on the work done for the United Nations World Population Prospects", "1.B. Human impact on coastal areas: the extent to which human activities on land create pressures on coastal and marine ecosystems.", "Material that could be relevant could include the proportion of land in coastal catchments that is used for intensive agriculture in different parts of the world, the intensity of industrial and urban development in coastal catchments, and the proportion of coastline which is given over to urban development.", "Chapter 4 Mandate, information sources and method of work", "4.A. Objectives, scope and mandate of the Regular Process, as agreed by the General Assembly.", "4.B. General issues relating to the collection of environmental, economic and social data relating to the oceans and seas and human uses of them, including national, regional and global aggregation and analysis of information and data, quality assurance of data and access to information.", "4.C. Description of the procedures agreed for carrying out the first global integrated marine assessment, and the way in which these procedures have been implemented, including the approach to the science/policy interface, the selection of contributors, the choices made on the establishment of baselines, the description and categorizing of uncertainties and the quality assurance of data.", "Part III Assessment of major ecosystem services from the marine environment (other than provisioning services)[6]", "Several chapters in this part would draw heavily on the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The aim would be to use the work of the Panel, not to duplicate it or challenge it.", "Chapter 5 The oceans’ role in the hydrological cycle", "5.A. The interactions between the seawater and freshwater segments of the hydrological cycle: the rate of turnover and changes in it — freshwater fluxes into the sea and their interaction with it, including the effects on the marine environment of changes in those fluxes as a result of changes in continental ice sheets and glaciers, and of anthropogenic changes in those fluxes (for example, from dam-building or increased abstraction) — reduction in ice coverage — sea level changes.", "5.B. Environmental, economic and social implications of ocean warming, sea level change, including the implications of rises in sea level for the security and implications for low-lying countries, and anthropogenic and other changes to freshwater fluxes.", "5.C. Chemical composition of seawater: salinity and nutrient content of the different water bodies — changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "5.C bis. Environmental, economic and social implications of changes in salinity and nutrient content.", "5.D. The oceans’ role in heat transportation: ocean warming — the overall influence of the oceans on surface temperature and circulation patterns — oceanic oscillations — El Niño and similar events.", "5.E. Environmental, economic and social impacts of changes in ocean temperature and of major ocean temperature events.", "Chapter 6 Sea/air interaction", "6.A. The role of the seas in regulating atmospheric fluxes and concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide (oxygen production, carbon dioxide sequestration): role of the oceans and seas as carbon-dioxide sinks — issues about maintaining or enhancing that role.", "6.B. Meteorological phenomena related to the oceans: hurricanes and typhoons — monsoon rains — trade winds.", "6.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in meteorological phenomena, including changes in the frequency and intensity of storms, effects on seas covered by ice for much of the year and the communities that depend on them, and the implications for small island developing States.", "6.D. Ocean acidification: degree and extent of ocean acidification resulting from human activities.", "6.E. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in ocean acidification (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7 Primary production, cycling of nutrients, surface layer and plankton", "7.A. Global distribution of primary production: the reasons for the present distribution — factors affecting cycling of nutrients and the variability and resilience of the base of the food web — changes known and foreseen, including changes in ultraviolet radiation from ozone-layer problems.", "7.B. Surface layer and plankton: role of the surface layer — factors influencing it — variations in plankton species.", "7.C. Environmental, economic and social implications of trends in primary production and other factors affecting the inherent variability and resilience of the base of the food web (with cross-reference to part IV on food security).", "Chapter 7 bis Ocean-sourced carbonate production", "Role of ocean-sourced carbonate production in the formation of atolls and beaches — potential impacts of ocean acidification.", "Chapter 8 Aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual ecosystem services derived from the marine environment", "Scale of human interactions with the oceans and seas on the aesthetic, cultural, religious and spiritual levels, including burials at sea, and ways in which these interactions may be affected by other changes. There would also be a cross-reference to chapter 26 (tourism).", "Chapter 8 bis Scientific understanding of ecosystem services", "Overview of the state of scientific understanding of ecosystem services, including data collection, information management, differences between different parts of the world and research needs.", "Chapter 9 Conclusions on major ecosystems services other than provisioning services", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, as identified in chapters 5 to 8 bis.", "Part IV Assessment of cross-cutting issue: food security and safety", "This part would draw substantially on assessments carried out by FAO.", "Chapter 10 Oceans and seas as sources of food", "Scale of human dependence on the oceans and seas for food and pressures of increased demands, the variations between different parts of the world, and the extent to which some parts of the world depend on other parts for fish and seafood and the contribution of living marine resources to food security.", "Chapter 11 Capture fisheries", "11.A. Commercial fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks that are commercially exploited — scale of economic activity (large-scale commercial, artisanal and recreational fishing).[7]", "11.B. Other fish and shellfish stocks: present status of fish and shellfish stocks exploited by artisanal or subsistence fishing — significance for livelihoods — present status of fish stocks not currently exploited.", "11.C. Impacts of capture fisheries (large-scale commercial, artisanal and subsistence fishing) on marine ecosystems, through effects on the food web, by-catch (fish, mammals, reptiles and sea-birds), and different fishing gear and methods, including the impact of discards on other wildlife, and impacts from lost or abandoned fishing gear.", "11.C bis. Effects of pollution on living marine resources: possible effects of chemical and radioactive pollution on stocks of living marine resources used for food — implications of potential threats of such pollution.", "11.D. Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing:[8] scale, location and impacts on fish stocks. Effects of measures adopted to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, including the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing and the FAO Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing.", "11.E. Regulatory approaches for the management of commercial capture fisheries: descriptions of the major tools and approaches, including economic measures — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches, including such issues as by-catch handling and discards — relationships to status of fish stocks.", "11.F. Regulatory approaches for the management of artisanal and subsistence fishing: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches — relationships to status of fish stocks.", "11.G. Projections of the status of fish and shellfish stocks over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.", "Chapter 12 Aquaculture", "12.A. Scale and distribution of aquaculture: locations of aquaculture activities — species cultivated — economic significance and contribution to food security.", "12.B. Aquaculture inputs and effects: demand for coastal space — demand for fish meal from capture fisheries.", "12.B bis. Pollution and contamination from aquaculture: use of chemicals — interactions of escaped stock with wild stocks.", "12.C. Regulatory approaches for the management of aquaculture: descriptions of the major tools and approaches — extent of the application of the different management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the different management approaches.", "12.D. Projections of the role of aquaculture over the next decade in the light of all relevant factors.", "12.E. Capacity-building needs for the management of aquaculture and the monitoring of its impacts.", "Chapter 12 bis Fish stock propagation", "12 bis.A. Rebuilding depleted stocks through marine ranching and release of fish from hatcheries.", "12 bis.B. Transplantation of living marine resources to different ecosystems.", "12 bis.C. Effects of artificial propagation on natural ecosystems.", "12 bis.D. Regulatory approaches to fish stock propagation — range of application — results.", "12 bis.E. Capacity-building needs for management of fish stock propagation and monitoring its impacts.", "Chapter 13 Seaweeds and other sea-based food", "13.A. Scale, location of collection and significance of food derived from the oceans and seas other than fish and shellfish — projected developments over the next decade.", "13.B. Potential impacts of collection of seaweed and other sea-based food.", "13.C. Regulatory approaches to the collection of seaweed and other sea-based food — approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "13.D. Capacity-building needs for improving, and managing, the use of such food and monitoring the impact of collection on the marine environment.", "Chapter 14 Social and economic aspects of fisheries", "14.A. Relationship with human health: health benefits and problems from sea-based food, including the potential to supplement protein-poor diets — chemical, toxic and bacterial contamination — capacity-building needs to promote benefits and to control problems.", "14.B. Scale and significance of employment in fisheries and aquaculture: numbers employed — relationship of earnings to local median earnings — scale of injuries to fishers compared to other industries.", "14.C. Role of fisheries in social structure: role of fishers in local societies — extent to which fishing is the sole source of livelihood — extent to which local societies are dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.", "14.E. Relationship between catch areas, ownership and operation of fishing vessels, landing ports and consumption distribution: the benefits States (and economic operators based in them) obtain from fisheries and aquaculture in their territorial seas and exclusive economic zones — the States (and economic operators based in them) that benefit from high-seas fisheries and distant-water fisheries.", "14.E bis. Implementation of international fisheries agreements: need for changes in fishing vessels and gear — need for training of fishers — capacity-building needs to support implementation.", "14.E ter. Effects of changes in markets: growth of long-distance transport of landed fish and shellfish — ecocertification — impact of other campaigns by ecological groups.", "14.F. Links to other industries: scale of economic activity dependent on fisheries and aquaculture, both in providing equipment (especially ships) and in processing output.", "Chapter 15 Conclusions on food security", "15.A. Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 10 to 14.", "15.B. Longer-term development of food from marine resources — impacts of climate change — impacts of population changes — relation with changes in terrestrial food production.", "Part V Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment", "Chapter 16 Shipping", "16.A. Significance of shipping in world trade: major shipping routes — amount of world trade carried by sea — economic benefits to States from shipping activities, including as flag States — projections of changes over the next decade, including changes in shipping possibilities at high latitudes as a result of changes in ice cover.", "16.B. Seafarers: scale of employment — adequacy of training in relation to protection of the marine environment — relationship of seafarers’ earnings to median earnings — scale of injuries to seafarers in comparison to other employments.", "16.C. Threats from shipping: locations, scale and trends — pollution from shipping (covering all forms of pollution regulated by the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) annexes I to VI, anti-fouling treatments and noise) — the acoustic impact of shipping on marine organisms — shipping disasters, including their longer-term effects — invasive species through ballast water and other biosecurity risks — transport of ships for ship-breaking — risks to coastal States from shipping compared to their trade.", "16.C bis. Economic impact on shipping of marine environment protection measures, including IMO conventions and other instruments.", "16.D. Links to other industries and commerce: shipbuilding — ship-breaking — bunkers — insurance, chartering and navigation services.", "16.D bis. Transport of radioactive substances by sea.", "16.F. Regulatory approaches to managing shipping: descriptions of the major approaches (especially IMO conventions and instruments) — extent of the application of the various management approaches — typical consequences for the marine environment and related economic activities of measures taken under the various management approaches, including, but not limited to, special areas and particularly sensitive sea areas — enforcement.", "16.G. Capacity-building needs for managing shipping and monitoring its effects, including needs to support the implementation of international conventions and other instruments.", "Chapter 17 Ports", "17.A. Scale and significance of port activities: locations and traffic — projected growth, including the implications of changes in shipping routes considered under heading 16.A, economic benefits to port States.", "17.B. Impacts of the creation and maintenance of ports: scale of port development — dredging for navigational purposes — management of ships’ waste, including effects of charging regimes — pollution from ships in port — remobilization of pollutants by dredging.", "17.C. Regulatory frameworks for management of ports: description of main approaches to control of impacts of ports on the marine environment — extent of application of these approaches — intended benefits and unintended effects — relationship to shipping industry — relationship to fisheries and to international trade.", "17.D. Capacity-building needs for management of ports and monitoring of their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 18 Submarine cables and pipelines", "18.A. Scale, location and role of cables and cable-laying: role in international communications and the Internet — projected developments over the next decade — employment — links to other industries — economic benefits.", "18.B. Potential pollution and physical harm from cables and pipelines — during construction/installation — during use — after decommissioning.", "18.C. Regulatory frameworks for management by States of pipelines and cables and pipeline and cable laying under their jurisdiction: extent of application of these frameworks — intended benefits and unintended effects — interference with other uses of the oceans.", "18.D. Capacity-building needs for managing cable laying and pipeline installation and for monitoring their effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 19 Coastal, riverine and atmospheric inputs from land", "19.A. Municipal wastewater, including the impact of major cities and of cruise ships in harbours: scale and degree of treatment — nature of impact, through both direct and riverine inputs, including impacts on microbiological quality of coastal waters as well as economic impacts of adverse effects on water quality, especially on aquaculture and tourism — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.B. Industrial discharges, including point sources: hazardous substances, including persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals — hydrocarbons — nutrients — scale of discharges (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport) — degree of treatment — nature of impact, including impacts on human health through food chain — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.C. Agricultural runoff and emissions: scale (direct and riverine inputs and atmospheric transport of nutrients) — nature of impact — projected developments over the next decade.", "19.D. Eutrophication: combined effects of municipal, industrial and agricultural inputs, considering also the effects of turbidity in coastal waters and denitrification in estuaries — cross-reference to effects on fish stocks and effects on the food web.", "19.F. Inputs of radioactive substances from both nuclear and non-nuclear industries — actual, potential and suspected impacts of inputs of radioactive substances.", "19.G. Regulatory frameworks for managing the impact of land-based inputs: Global Programme of Action — regional conventions — national plans — range of approaches applied — intended outcomes and unintended effects.", "19.H. Capacity-building needs for the management of wastewater, industrial discharges and agricultural run-off and for monitoring their impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 20 Offshore[9] hydrocarbon industries", "20.A. Scale and significance of the offshore hydrocarbon industries: location, scale of production and projected development over the next decade — economic benefits to States.", "20.B. Impacts from exploration, including seismic surveys: scale and projected development over the next decade.", "20.C. Impacts from production: scale and projected development, including cuttings piles, chemicals used offshore, flaring, produced water — sewage discharges from installations.", "20.D. Offshore installation disasters and their impacts, including longer-term effects.", "20.E. Decommissioning.", "20.G. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore hydrocarbon installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects — training on the implementation of rules for the protection of the marine environment.", "20.H. Capacity-building needs for managing the interface between Governments and offshore hydrocarbon industries and for monitoring the impact of hydrocarbon installations on the marine environment.", "Chapter 21 Other marine-based energy industries", "21.A. Scale of wind, wave and tidal power generation — current, planned and forecast.", "21.B. Environmental benefits and impacts of wind, wave and tidal power generation.", "21.C. Expected economic performance of wind, wave and tidal power generation.", "21.D. Regulatory frameworks for management of offshore non-hydrocarbon energy installations: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "21.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore wind, wave and tidal power generation and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 22 Offshore mining industries", "22.A. Scale and significance of sand and gravel extraction: environmental impacts of sand and gravel extraction.", "22.B. Economic benefits of sand and gravel extraction.", "22.C. Developments in other seabed mining: current state and potential scale.", "22.D. Regulatory frameworks for the management of offshore mining industries: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "22.E. Capacity-building for the planning and management of offshore mining industries.", "Chapter 23 Solid waste disposal", "23.A. Types and amounts of waste dumped at sea, including potential impacts on the marine environment — projected levels of dumping over the next decade.", "23.B. Regulatory frameworks to manage solid-waste dumping: approaches and range of application — benefits achieved and unintended effects.", "23.C. Capacity-building needs for the management of solid-waste disposal at sea and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 24 Marine debris", "24.A. The multiple causes of marine debris, including lack of controls on land-based disposal of waste, lack of management of beach litter and ship-generated litter, and the scale and distribution of the problem.", "24.B. Approaches to combating marine debris — range of application — cases where progress has been made.", "24.C. Capacity-building needs for combating marine debris and for monitoring the level of marine debris.", "Chapter 25 Land/sea physical interaction", "25.A. Land reclamation: scale and location of land reclamation and habitat modification and the habitats affected — regulatory approaches to the management of reclamation and modification — range of application — results.", "25.B. Erosion of land by the sea: economic and social costs of land erosion — effects on marine and coastal habitats of coastal defences, including beaches and fringing islands — implications for small island developing States — costs of coastal defences — regulatory and management approaches to coastal defence — range of application — results.", "25.C. Sedimentation changes: sedimentation in the marine environment as a result of land erosion by rainfall and rivers — decline in marine sedimentation as a result of water management — effect of both types of change on marine and coastal habitats, including estuaries, deltas, submarine canyons — regulatory approaches to control sedimentation changes — range of application — results.", "25.D. Capacity-building needs for managing land/sea physical interaction and for monitoring effects on the marine environment.", "Chapter 26 Tourism and recreation", "26.A. Location and scale of tourism and recreation, including cruise ships: employment — economic benefits of tourism — economic benefits resulting from protecting marine biodiversity.", "26.A bis. Recreational and sport fishing and its impact on marine wildlife.", "26.A ter. Impacts of recreational and tourist vessels on sensitive sea areas.", "26.B. Contribution of tourism to problems of sewage and pollution, including from cruise ships (see also heading 19A, municipal wastewater).", "26.C. Location and scale of other environmental impacts of tourism, including habitat disturbance and destruction.", "26.C bis. Relationship of tourism to protection of marine species and habitats (for example, whale-watching and whale sanctuaries).", "26.D. Regulatory approaches to managing the environmental impacts of tourism — range of application — results.", "26.E. Capacity-building needs for managing tourism and for monitoring its impact on the marine environment.", "Chapter 27 Desalinisation", "Scale of desalinization, its social and economic benefits and its environmental impacts. Capacity-building needs for desalinization.", "Chapter 28 Use of marine genetic resources", "28.A. Current topics, locations and scale of research and exploitation, including the uses being made of marine genetic resources and associated issues such as intellectual property rights.", "28.B. Regulatory approaches to research and exploitation for marine genetic resources in waters under the jurisdiction of States[10] — range of application — results.", "28.C. Capacity-building for research and exploitation of marine genetic resources and their management.", "Chapter 29 Specific issues for the marine environment from defence activities", "29.B. The acoustic impact of recurrent defence operations on marine life.", "29.C. The scale of dumping at sea of unwanted munitions and problems resulting from dumped munitions and chemical weapons.", "Chapter 30 Marine scientific research", "30.A. Topics, scale and location of marine scientific research.", "30.B. Regulatory approaches to marine scientific research — range of application — results.", "30.C. Capacity-building needs for marine scientific research, including transfer of technology.", "Chapter 31 Conclusions on other human activities", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 16 to 30.", "Part VI Assessment of marine biological diversity and habitats", "Chapter 31 bis Introduction", "The aim of this part is (a) to give an overview of marine biological diversity and what is known about it; (b) to review the status and trends of, and threats to, marine ecosystems, species and habitats that have been identified by competent authorities at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection; (c) to review the regulatory and management approaches to conservation, including the range of their application and results; and (d) to identify capacity-building needs.", "Section AA — Overview of marine biological diversity", "Chapter 31 ter Scale of marine biological diversity", "Main gradients of diversity for species, communities and habitats (coastal to abyssal, equatorial to polar, substrate type, salinity).", "Chapter 31 quater Extent of assessment of marine biological diversity", "Proportion of major groups of species and habitats in the different marine regions that are assessed on a systematic basis for status, trends and threats.", "Chapter 31 quinquies Overall status of major groups of species and habitats", "Summary, by major group and marine region, of the status, trends and threats, including the cumulative effects of pressures, shown by those assessments.", "Section A — Ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "These are types of areas and ecosystems which have already been identified by a competent organization at the global level, such as the General Assembly, the Convention on Biological Diversity or FAO, as needing special attention.", "Chapter 32 Coral (and other biogenic) reefs", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 33 Mangroves, salt marsh and other macro-vegetation areas", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 34 Seagrass and eel-grass beds", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 35 Kelp forests", "Types, locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 36 Seamounts, deep-sea banks and plateaus", "Locations, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 37 Hydrothermal vents", "Locations, scale, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 38 Other types of ecologically and biologically sensitive areas and vulnerable marine ecosystems", "Types, locations, numbers and extent, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B — Other species and habitats identified as threatened, declining or otherwise in need of protection", "Chapter 40 Migratory marine species depending on a range of regional ecosystems and covered by agreements under the Bonn Convention or other international agreements, including conventions of regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "40.A. Migratory marine mammals: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.B. Sea turtles: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.C. Highly migratory fish species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures;", "40.D. Migratory sea-birds: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 41 Other species identified by a competent authority at the global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection", "For each species or group of species: distribution, numbers, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Chapter 42 Other habitats identified by a competent authority at global, regional or national level as threatened, declining or in need of protection", "For each type of habitat or group of types of habitat: distribution, area, status and threats, including cumulative pressures.", "Section B bis — Regulatory and management frameworks and capacity-building needs", "Chapter 42 bis Regulatory and management frameworks", "Regulatory and management frameworks and approaches for the conservation of species and habitats, including marine protected areas — range of application — benefits achieved and unforeseen effects.", "Chapter 42 ter Capacity-building needs", "Capacity-building needs for assessing the status of species and habitats and for managing the conservation of species and habitats judged to need protection.", "Section C — Summary", "Chapter 43 Summary", "Summary of the main issues, including capacity-building needs and information gaps, identified in chapters 31 bis to 42 ter.", "Part VII Overall assessment", "Chapter 44 Overall assessment of human impact on the oceans", "44.A. Consideration of the implications of cumulative pressures on the overall state of the oceans and seas.", "44.B. Evaluations under different methods of assessing overall human impact on the oceans and seas.", "Chapter 45 Overall value of the oceans to humans", "Evaluations under different methods of the benefits accruing to humans from the oceans.", "Appendix", "Terminology", "Terminology used to describe the major features of the ocean basins and linked seas", "1.A. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main geological features: enclosed and semi-enclosed seas — continental shelves and slopes — mid‑ocean ridges — seamounts — coral and other biogenic reefs — sedimentation — major estuaries — fjord and ria areas — ocean canyons — coastal geological structures, beaches, marine wetlands, mangroves and tidal flats.", "1.B. A short summary of the technical terms used to describe the main features of the water column: bodies of water — thermohaline circulation — the main ocean currents — deep water formation (downwelling) and upwelling — stratification — acidification — ice coverage.", "Terminology used to describe rights and obligations in the oceans", "This section would set out the definitions contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea for the terms (territorial sea, exclusive economic zone, etc.) used in the assessment, so that readers can see what is intended.", "[1] A delegation brought to the attention of the meeting that one member of the Group of Experts could not attend the meeting because he had been unable to obtain an entry visa in time.", "[2] The organization of workshops may require the conclusion of an agreement between the host country and the United Nations.", "[3] See annex B to the set of options prepared pursuant to paragraph 212 of General Assembly resolution 65/37, December 2010, available at www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/ Set_of_Options.pdf.", "[4] A/64/88, paras. 108-111. A focal point could be in an appropriate national authority or institution, or in a permanent mission in New York. States could also designate additional contact points which could have access to the restricted part of the website, but it would be important for there to be a clear, single focal point for communication with each State taking part in the Regular Process.", "[5] In this context, “integrated” means assessing impacts from a number of individual stressors and considering cumulative effects on marine ecosystems, i.e., the overall impact from multiple processes and activities overlapping in time and space.", "[6] The main provisioning service from the oceans is food, which is covered in part IV (food security and safety). Other provisioning services are covered in part V (other human activities impacting on the marine environment).", "[7] See also chapter 26 (tourism) on recreational fishing.", "[8] As defined in the FAO International Plan of Action on Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing.", "[9] “Offshore” in this chapter and the following two chapters covers all installations that are situated in the marine environment, whether in internal waters, territorial seas or exclusive economic zones.", "[10] Given the present state of discussions on marine genetic resources in relation to the high seas, there seems to be no scope for any assessment of regulatory approaches in this area." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目76(a)", "海洋和海洋法", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的工作报告", "2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信", "谨向阁下转递本函所附的特设全体工作组工作报告，报告第二节中列有致大会第六十六届会议的商定建议。按照大会第65/37 B号决议第7段的要求，特设全体工作组于2011年6月27日和28日在联合国总部举行了会议。", "请将本函和所附报告作为大会题为“海洋和海洋法”的议程项目的文件分发为荷。", "共同主席", "多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(签名)", "勒妮·索韦(签名)", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的报告", "一. 特设全体工作组的报告", "1. 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组第二次会议是按照大会2011年4月4日第65/37 B号决议第7段的规定召开的。该会议于2011年6月27和28日在纽约联合国总部举行。", "2. 会议由多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(圣卢西亚)和勒妮·索韦(加拿大)主持，二人是工作组第一次会议的共同主席，被大会主席再次任命。“共同主席之友”继续由区域集团在第一次会议上提出的下列人选组成：Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti(肯尼亚)代表非洲国家；Abdul Hameed(巴基斯坦)代表亚洲国家；Walter Schuldt(厄瓜多尔)代表拉丁美洲及加勒比国家；Kent Blom(瑞典)代表西欧和其他国家。", "3. 55个会员国和15个政府间组织和其他机构及4个非政府组织的代表参加了会议。秘书处法律事务厅海洋事务和海洋法司的网站上公布了2011年6月28日的与会者完整名单(见http：//www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_ of_Participants_June_2011.pdf)。", "4. 按照第65/37 A号决议第209段设立的专家组的下列成员也参加了会议：[1] Patricio Bernal(智利)；Peter Harris(澳大利亚)；Lorna Inniss(巴巴多斯)；George Martin(爱沙尼亚)；Enrique Marschoff(阿根廷)；Sean O.Green(牙买加)；Jake Rice(加拿大)；Andrew Rosenberg(美利坚合众国)；Alan Simcock(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)；王菊英(中国)。", "5. 会议收到了以下参考文件：(a) 临时议程、附加说明的临时议程和格式，包括拟议工作安排；(b) 专家组编写的讲习班准则草案、专家任命标准草案以及海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的纲要草案，还有一份涵盖文件；(c) 专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案及与各国进行交流的规定；(d) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告；(e) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于经常程序的交流要求以及信息管理的报告。应代表请求，专家组提供了更多的信息材料，题为“专家组关于特设全体工作组主席团可能职能的建议”。", "6. 2011年6月27日，工作组通过议程，并同意了共同主席提议的工作安排。工作组在实质性讨论和随后的非正式磋商中，于2011年6月28日审议并通过了题为“专家任命标准”和“协助经常程序讲习班准则”的文件。工作组还于同一天注意到了题为“海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要”和“专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案”，并同意这些文件需要在下次会议上进一步审议。", "7. 工作组请专家组修改题为“海洋环境状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要”文件，并考虑到各代表团提出的意见。为此，要求共同主席继根据第65/37 B号决议第5段规定发出邀请之后，向国家和集团发送邀请，最迟在2011年7月23日进一步提出对文件的意见。工作组同意认为，海洋事务和海洋法司网站上公布这些意见是有益的，前提是获得了有关国家或国家集团的批准。", "8. 2011年6月28日，继秘书处信息和通信技术厅发表声明之后，工作组注意到关于经常程序的交流要求以及数据和信息管理的报告。工作组还注意到关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告，也认为有必要邀请各国、联合国的专门机构、基金和方案、其他有关政府间组织和供资机构提供关于评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的信息。代表团还建议，向讲习班参与者分发评估能力建设初步清单。", "9. 工作组随后审议了设立主席团以便在闭会期间执行其决策和指导的事项。会议决定设立主席团并商定其组成。", "10. 关于讲习班，工作组于2011年6月28日商定，建议尽早举办讲习班，以便为经常程序的第一个周期提供信息。工作组深为赞赏南太平洋常设委员会成员国的声明和保护海洋环境和沿海地区行动计划以及智利政府关于主办东南太平洋讲习班以支持经常程序第一个周期第一阶段的慷慨提议。海洋事务和海洋法司司长指出，由于总部工作繁忙，该司可能难以参与所有讲习班。", "11. 工作组审议了为支持经常程序第一个五年周期的运作而设立的信托基金的地位。它赞同建议大会鼓励向信托基金提供财政捐助，并向经常程序作出其他贡献。在这方面，一些代表团指出，必须探索途径，让全球环境基金向经常程序提供支持。一些代表团强调，必须考虑所有来源对经常程序的支持，包括财政捐款和实物捐助。有人认为，对经常程序的财政捐款应通过为此设立的信托基金来完成。", "12. 海洋事务和海洋法司司长报告了信托基金的地位，并感谢冰岛、牙买加、大韩民国和新西兰政府2011年的慷慨捐助，这些捐助使得专家能够出席该会议。代表们被告知，如果没有额外资金，将无法为专家参加今后的经常程序会议提供财政援助。", "13. 根据这些讨论，工作组通过了建议，载于本报告第二节。工作组建议，在2012年上半年召开下次会议。", "14. 2011年7月13日，共同主席向大会第六十六届会议主席递交了本报告和建议。", "二. 特设全体工作组致大会第六十六届会议的建议", "15. 特设全体工作组向大会提出如下建议。", "⑴ 特设全体工作组建议大会通过：", "(a) 专家任命标准，见本报告附件一；", "(b) 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序讲习班协助准则，见附件二。", "⑵ 特设全体工作组建议大会注意到：", "(a) 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的专家组职权范围和工作方法草案，见附件三；", "(b) 关于经常程序的交流要求以及数据和信息管理的报告，见附件四；", "(c) 关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型的初步清单的报告，见附件五。", "⑶ 特设全体工作组注意到附件六中关于海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要，并同意有必要继续加以审议，以便特设全体工作组下次会议可能通过。", "⑷ 特设全体工作组建议秘书长提请会员国、联合国各专门机构、基金和方案的负责人、其他从事海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况评估能力建设活动的有关政府间组织以及供资机构注意评估能力建设初步清单，并邀请他们向初步清单提供关于评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的信息。", "⑸ 特设全体工作组建议，根据第65/37 A号决议第216段规定，大会敦促会员国、国际金融机构、捐助机构、政府间组织、非政府组织以及自然人和法人向根据第64/71号决议第183段设立的信托基金作出财政捐助，并向经常程序作出其他贡献。", "⑹ 根据第65/37 A号决议第208段，特设全体工作组同意建立一个主席团，以在闭会期间执行特设全体工作组的决定和指导，如批准任命专家库成员开展起草工作或审查草案，并批准由专家组提出的同行评审安排。", "⑺ 特设全体工作组建议大会：(a) 主席团由15个会员国(每个区域集团选3个会员国)组成，(b) 主席团行使职能的最低要求为，至少有一个共同主席和五个会员国(每个区域集团选一个)的法定人数。", "⑻ 特设全体工作组建议大会主席再次任命特设全体工作组共同主席，以便他们在休会期间可参加主席团会议。", "⑼ 特设全体工作组建议尽早举办讲习班，以便为经常程序的第一个周期提供信息。", "⑽ 特设全体工作组建议，在2012年上半年召开下次会议。", "附件一", "专家任命标准", "1. 由国家通过各区域集团任命专家，组成专家库，以支持专家组开展编制第一次全球海洋综合评估报告的工作。", "2. 如果专家组不指定自己的成员之一评估起草工作文件或章节草案，将邀请专家库中部分成员帮助起草工作文件和章节草案。专家库具有相关专业知识的其他成员将被邀请就这些草案发表意见，并可能被邀请参与起草工作。", "3. 当第一次全球海洋综合评估草案提交审查时，各国将通过各区域集团任命同行评审小组，以审查和评论该草案。以前参与编制工作文件或章节草案的人员不能成为同行评审小组的成员。同行评审小组的工作与国家和政府间的草案审查工作并行开展。", "4. 以下标准应适用于各国向专家组、专家库或同行评审小组提名的所有个人：", "(a) 国际公认的专业知识，须由下列一个或多个条件证明：", "㈠ 已发表关于相关问题的科学文章，最好是在同行评审的出版物上；", "㈡ 具备有关海洋环境和社会经济方面等其他相关领域的全球、区域或国家评估的高层次经验；", "㈢ 具备在海洋科学、评估、环保、海上运输、沿海管理、渔业管理或社会经济方面等其他相关领域的类似功能的其他重大的全球、地区或国家举措中的高层次设计和管理经验；", "㈣ 如果专家来自相对缺乏科学观察和监测数据的区域，则需在其区域海洋环境的传统知识或观测方面，具备公认的水平；", "(b) 曾有效参与有关海洋环境或综合评估和社会经济方面等其他相关领域的国际进程；", "(c) 具备个人独立提供服务的能力。", "5. 分配专家库成员执行各项任务时，将考虑以下方面：", "(a) 获邀参与起草工作文件或章节草案的人员应能证明具备清楚简洁地论述其主题的能力；", "(b) 获邀参与起草工作文件或章节草案的人员提交的材料应使用联合国的官方语文之一。", "此外，同行评审小组成员将负责根据专家组的需求开展工作。", "6. 在任命专家库和同行评审小组以及在经常程序的所有活动中分配专家库成员执行任务时，都应该坚持公平地域代表性原则，并适当考虑性别平衡。", "7. 选择负责起草或评论某个问题的专家库成员时，应确保涵盖了有关综合评估该问题的所有学科。", "8. 应该让专家有足够时间根据自己的职责，为经常程序做出应有的贡献。", "附件二", "协助海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序的讲习班协助准则", "宗旨和目标", "1. 2011年2月，特设全体工作组确认(见A/65/759，附件)，讲习班是协助完成第一次全球海洋综合评估以及国家提高评估能力的一个关键机制。讲习班将促进经常程序专家组与各国和主管政府间组织的代表和专家之间的对话。本准则目的是指明如何组织一系列讲习班，以支持经常程序的第一个周期第一阶段。本准则将有助于确保每个讲习班成果的可信度和合法性，从而确保整个经常程序的可信度和合法性。", "2. 每个讲习班的目标都应该是：", "(a) 审查和评价与会者审议的所有评估是否与正在审议的海域相关，并在这些评估的基础上，编制对经常程序可能有用的评估清单。要审议的评估应涉及环境问题和有关社会经济问题。如果有必要，应启动安排，以便专家组和经常程序秘书处了解这些评估；", "(b) 开始建立一个网络，涵盖参与每个讲习班的专家和组织以及专家组和经常程序秘书处；", "(c) 确定参与讲习班的国家的能力建设需要，以便他们更充分地促进经常程序和更充分地受益，包括确定优先事项，并确定这些国家能够有效采取何种步骤，以加强这些国家借其开展合作的主管政府间组织(如果有的话)的能力；", "(d) 开始综合评估能力建设，其中可以包括讨论和制定：", "㈠ 关于各种规模的评估和处理评估方法的通用做法的公共信息内容；", "㈡ 推广评估的方法，即确定一个级别(国家、次区域、区域、全球)上的评估能在何种程度上用于其他级别；", "㈢ 协助一体化进程的报告形式，旨在尽可能确保连贯性、一致性和可比性；", "(e) 考虑评估反映的驱动因素和海洋环境状况之间的联系。", "3. 本目标清单、下文附录一所载筹备工作和附录二的议程大纲将构成讲习班的职权范围。", "数量和地点", "4. 请各国主动为以下区域主办讲习班：", "(a) 北太平洋；", "(b) 南太平洋(东南太平洋和西南太平洋)；", "(c) 亚洲海洋东部和东南部；", "(d) 北印度洋、阿拉伯海、红海和亚丁湾以及保护海洋环境区域组织/区域渔业委员会地区；", "(e) 印度洋南部和西部；", "(f) 北大西洋、波罗的海、地中海和黑海；", "(g) 南大西洋(非洲和美洲海岸之间)和大加勒比。", "5. 可能不需要为北极和南极单独举办讲习班。然而，可以邀请有关这些地区的国际机构和论坛(尤其是南极条约体系和北极理事会)来审议讲习班拟议所涉问题并作出贡献。专家组成员可以应要求提供咨询。", "6. 表示愿意主办讲习班的意愿应向经常程序秘书处提出，然后经常程序秘书处将在专家组的帮助下，努力就安排进行谈判，避免重复工作或日期冲突。一旦商定安排，经常程序秘书处将尽快通知所有国家关于即将举办讲习班的事宜。", "时间", "7. 专家组必须在2012年4月就建议讲习班审议的问题得出结论。因此，最好及时举办讲习班，以便专家组在2012年3月底之前获得其成果。", "东道主", "8. 讲习班应由会员国担任东道国，由联合国组织，[2] 经常程序秘书处应提供协调，并由专家组成员提供协助。为组织此类讲习班，会员国可请求主管的政府间组织和(或)有关国家科学机构予以配合。", "参与", "9. 联合国会员国、观察员和主管政府间组织有权参加他们认为与其相关的任何讲习班，以不超过可容纳人数为限。鼓励该区域的主管政府间组织积极参与。由于现实原因，物流以及代表团的规模和数目须由东道主与经常程序秘书处协商进行管理。", "10. 具有经济和社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织、有关科研机构和《21世纪议程》所界定的代表主要群体的组织可请求获得参加邀请。东道主可以为此类邀请保留讲习班若干位置。", "11. 每个讲习班应至少有专家组的一名成员和经常程序秘书处的一名成员，其参与由经常程序秘书处协调，并应考虑到其总部工作的具体情况。如果可能的话，讲习班所涵盖区域的国家的专家组所有成员都应参与。来自该地区以外的专家组成员可由经常程序秘书处邀请参与，最好至少有一名此类成员参与。如有必要，可根据大会第64/71号决议第183段，由经常程序信托基金资助专家组成员的此类参与活动。", "主席和秘书处", "12. 东道主应指定讲习班的主席(或共同主席)，主席应负责在讲习班支持人员和专家组成员的协助下，总结讲习班成果。东道主可考虑邀请专家组成员担任讲习班主席或共同主席。", "13. 东道主应提供技术支持人员，与经常程序秘书处和参加的专家组成员协商组织会议的进展，并帮助主席和专家组成员提供成果总结。", "初步信息", "14. 要求讲习班的参与者在参加讲习班之前，提供意见建议，包含本准则附录一所载信息。专家组成员应准备提出意见，协助这一程序，并酌情编写相关文件。", "15. 讲习班技术支持人员应将这些信息编制成摘要，在讲习班开始之前，提供并分发给与会者。", "讲习班的活动", "16. 为支持经常程序，讲习班议程应尽可能包括这些准则附录二所载元素。讲习班的活动应充分考虑由特设全体工作组建议的并由大会于2009年通过的经常程序原则(第64/71号决议，第173-183段)、以及特设全体工作组2010年(A/65/358)和2011年(A/65/759)的建议。", "17. 每个讲习班的一个重要组成部分是启动如何开展综合评估方面的能力，使与会者能够更好地了解和推动经常程序工作。", "讲习班的成果", "18. 讲习班成果的形式应该是主席或共同主席编写的讨论摘要，专家组成员应对此提供相应帮助。应为参与者评论摘要草案以及专家组主席和代表根据这些评论修订最终版本的事项，制定相应规定。如果一个国家或政府间组织未参加讲习班或未负责评估、机构、网络或其他确定相关的安排，则应当邀请和(或)要求该国或政府间组织审查关于所有此类事项的资料，并提出评论意见。", "19. 摘要最终版本的电子副本应送交经常程序秘书处，作为联合国的文件，发布在海洋事务和海洋法司网站和(或)经常程序网站上。", "附录一", "与会者在参加讲习班之前应提供的信息", "(1) 参加讲习班的国家或政府间组织应提供：在其主持下进行的评估的详情，与海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要草案所含问题相关。搜集此类信息的出发点应是海洋环境全球和区域评估数据库所列评估，其中已包含大部分此类信息。还应包括不是由国家或政府间组织进行、却被其使用或认为相关的评估。提供的细节应尽可能包括：", "(a) 进行具体评估的机构；", "(b) 评估的主要预期用户及其预期用途；", "(c) 评估空间和时间范围，以及评估周期频率；", "(d) 评估所涵盖的问题；", "(e) 数据类型、经验知识、指标、选择他们的原因以及其他有助于评估的信息来源；", "(f) 推断组件信息集趋势的地点，所采用的方法；", "(g) 如果努力整合了不同类型的信息，尤其是社会、经济和生态信息，整合的程度和方法；", "(h) 评估使用的任何评价基准、参考水平或生态毒理学评估标准的来源；", "(i) 评估中使用的任何预测、推算和情景预想的程度和来源；", "(j) 如果评估中处理了数据评估的局限性(如数据推断错误、不确定性和(或)信息差距)，说明这是如何处理的。", "(2) 对于海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次综合评估的可能纲要草案中所列的问题，如出席讲习班的国家或政府间组织未进行评估，但某一出席者却掌握相关数据或信息：", "(a) 哪些国家和机构收集和管理了什么类型的相关数据或资料(预计一些关键的社会和经济数据会属于这种情况)？关于这些数据或资料的空间和时间上的覆盖范围和技术内容，可以提供什么信息？", "(b) 如果据知关键类型的信息不存在，能否动员专家知识来填补空白，如果是这样，如何联系到这些专家？", "(3) 将参加讲习班的国家和政府间组织的联络人的联络详情；", "(4) 关于确定的能力建设需要的提前通知。", "附录二", "支持经常程序讲习班的议程内容", "1. 经常程序专家组代表介绍经常程序的目标、范围、框架以及讲习班的预期作用。", "2. 讲习班审议可能制订的海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估大纲草稿是否能够满足参加讲习班的国家和国际组织的要求。第一次全球海洋综合评估应考虑确定综合评估的优先问题及其他问题。", "3. 讲习班对根据上文附录一项目(1)下提交的信息编写的摘要中的各项评估进行评价，并对认为有利于经常程序的评估进行汇编。", "4. 审议有关综合评估的现有区域做法和方法。", "5. 讲习班审议就已知存在数据和(或)资料但没有开展评估的问题采取何种行动。", "6. 确定重要但缺乏审议中海洋区域数据/资料的问题，并讨论如何动员提供资料或对这种问题进行必要研究。", "7. 讲习班审议是否需要修订请求人指南草稿。[3]", "8. 讲习班估计有关国家和政府间组织对审议中的海洋区域的现有国家和区域海洋研究和培训机构进行海洋监测与评估和综合评估的能力。", "9. 估计有关国家和政府间组织对审议中海洋区域的国家和政府间组织内部和之间的现有专家网络，以及专家网络是否适合在加强能力方面发挥主要作用。", "10. 讲习班确定进行海洋监测和评估(包括综合评估)的能力建设需要(包括获得必要技术)。", "11. 讲习班制定短期能力建设计划，以动员提供审议中海洋区域已知存在但尚未加以系统组织用于经常程序的信息和知识。", "12. 举行一次会议，启动综合评估能力建设。", "13. 讲习班审议摘要中现有评估的用户如何随时了解经常程序的活动，以及经常程序专家组如何了解并满足用户的需要。", "附件三", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告与评估经常程序特设全体工作组专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其第64/71号决议第180段中，请秘书长邀请区域集团主席成立一个专家组，由最多25名专家组成，每个区域组至多5名专家，任期截至并包括定于2010年8月30日至9月3日举行的特设全体工作组非正式会议，同时确保有适当的专业知识和地域分配。", "2. 大会在其第65/37 A号决议第209段中，决定设立一个专家组，作为经常程序的组成部分，要求会员国按照第64/71号决议第180段所任命的专家组成员在第一评估周期第一阶段期间继续在专家组任职，并鼓励尚未按照第64/71号决议第180段任命专家组专家的区域集团作出任命。", "3. 经常程序秘书处与专家组协商编写的本文件，确定了经任命或将被任命担任专家组专家的职权范围。", "二. 职权范围", "4. 专家组的总体工作是在特设全体工作组[及其主席团]的指导下在经常程序框架内开展评估。专家组的具体工作是：", "(a) 起草经常程序每个周期主要评估审议问题大纲，并提交特设全体工作组批准；", "(b) 根据大会或特设全体工作组[或其主席团]的要求，起草经常程序某个周期补充评估大纲，并提交特设全体工作组批准；", "(c) 提供专家组开展评估所需补充专业知识种类要求，作为通过区域集团任命候选专家成员的基础；", "(d) 在其成员中指定一名主要成员，同时酌情任命其他成员，在专家组的全面领导下负责评估的每个部分、每章或每节；", "(e) 提出候选专家成员的工作，并提交主席团批准：", "㈠ 与专家组指定主要成员合作起草评估的工作文件和(或)章节草稿；", "㈡ 审查为每项工作准备的材料并提出意见；", "(f) 起草每项评估的执行计划和时间表，提交特设全体工作组[主席团]批准，如有必要，对执行计划和时间表提出修改意见，并同样提交批准；", "(g) 商定参与评估全体人员的指导通则；", "(h) 根据时间表和指导通则实施执行计划；", "(i) 审查为评估准备的所有材料，采取必要步骤确保材料中数据和资料的质量，并进一步采取必要措施顺利完成评估，但如这种行动需动用经常程序信托基金的资金，则需经特设全体工作组[主席团]批准；", "(j) 提出评估产出草稿同行审查安排，并提交主席团批准；", "(k) 根据同行审查提出的意见，商定评估的最后文本，[通过主席团]提交特设全体工作组批准，并将文本提交特设全体工作组；", "(l) 促进各个海洋评估经常程序和专家个人之间的关系网建设；", "(m) 开展特设全体工作组[主席团]指定的其他工作。", "组成", "5. 专家组的人员组成如下：", "(a) 专家组应由至多25名专家组成，每个区域集团至多5名专家。专家组的组成应反映地域和性别平衡；", "(b) 专家组应确保拥有各类学科的专业知识，成员来自各个区域，以兼顾不同的区域情况和经验。应考虑纳入所有自然和社会科学的主要学科及其政策方面以及法律与传统知识；", "(c) 专家应来自各个方面(如政府、非政府组织、政府间组织、私营部门、学术与研究机构、传统知识持有人等)；", "(d) 专家应就具有上述专家组总体介绍中的一类或数类经验和专业知识；", "(e) 专家应具有获得国际承认的一个或数个专业领域的优异水准；", "(f) 专家应参加过与海洋环境有关的高级别国际经常程序；", "(g) 专家应具有以独立和个人身份工作的能力。", "任命", "6. 专家组成员应根据第65/37 A号决议的规定加以任命：", "(a) 成员应由联合国会员国通过五个区域集团(非洲国家、亚洲国家、东欧国家、拉丁美洲和加勒比国家以及西欧和其他国家集团)提名，每个区域集团至多提名五名专家；", "(b) 提名应参考专家任命标准；", "(c) 成员应能将大量时间专门用于经常程序的工作；", "(d) 成员应在经常程序每个周期开始时全体更新。专家组现有成员应重新提名，所有成员的任期不得超过两个连续的完成周期；", "(e) 可随时进行任命以填补一个周期内出现的空缺，但任期到该周期结束为限；", "(f) 如区域集团主席通知经常程序秘书处该区域集团已经作出任命，正常程序秘书处应请专家确认愿意按照既定职权范围和工作方法提供服务，在收到确认后向专家发出确认函，在经常程序及海洋事务和海洋法司网站上分别发布任命通知，并通知专家组其他成员；", "(g) 成员可随时以书信方式向经常程序秘书处提出辞职；", "(h) 成员应以咨询会议与会者的身份参加专家组工作，并以个人身份而非政府或联合国以外机构代表的身份提供服务；", "(i) 应根据秘书处发出的邀请函获得专家组成员的服务。", "所有权", "7. 联合国对直接与为本组织提供服务相关或因此而产生的材料拥有一切产权，包括但不限于专利、版权和商标。", "报酬", "8. 专家组成员不得因参加专家组工作而从联合国收取酬金、费用或其他报酬。发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家的成员参加联合国有关专家组工作的会议应得到旅费补贴。", "工作方法", "9. 专家组的工作方法如下：", "(a) 专家组可在成员空缺的情况下开展工作；", "(b) 专家组应从成员中指定分别来自发达国家和发展中国家的协调员各一名。协调员的工作是采取其共同认为有利于履行专家组既定工作的行动。专家组可随时改变指定协调员；", "(c) 专家组、经常程序秘书处和各国之间的通信应通过为经常程序秘书处提供的安全网站进行；", "(d) 专家组应通过正常程序秘书处并通过经常程序秘书处召开的会议与特设全体工作组进行信函联系；", "(e) 专家组可根据需要并在现有资源范围内举行会议讨论通过电子会议或其他形式的电子通信无法处理的工作领域；", "(f) 专家组应以协商一致方式开展工作。如无法形成共识，专家组应确保所有不同意见在评估草稿、建议或最后定本中得到反映。", "秘书处", "10. 海洋事务和海洋法司应履行以经常程序秘书处的职能之一担任专家组秘书处。", "附件四", "关于经常程序程序通信要求以及数据和资料管理的报告", "1. 本报告由经常程序秘书处和专家组根据大会第65/37号决议第2、第4和第6段的规定并与秘书处信息和通信技术厅协商编写。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第2和6段", "2. 可通过一个涵盖经常程序所有方面的网站满足通信、数据处理和信息管理方面的多数需求。为此，经常程序网站功能可能规范修订版已作为附录编入本报告。", "3. 如附录(第8(a)-(c)段)所述，虚拟办公室由单独的系统托管较为有利。专家组、经常程序秘书处、信息和通信技术厅进一步讨论后确认，虚拟办公室由单独的系统托管可得到更好的管理。", "4. 信息和通信技术处厅正在更新用于虚拟办公室的设施。信通厅为使目前采用的Quicker系统更好地满足专家组的需要而采取了紧急步骤。这一系统目前为专家组提供充分支持。更新系统将于2011年夏天晚些时候投入使用，将能更好地满足专家组的需要。", "5. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)预警和评估司以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织政府间海洋学委员会(海委会)提出的建议，可以满足经常程序的要求。环境署和海委会提出由其建立和托管专用信息门户，使会员国能够获得有关经常程序的重要资源，包括全球和区域海洋环境评估数据库。环境署和海委会结合“评估各项评估”的后续行动(见A/64/88)开发了这一门户的原型。信息和通信技术厅对环境署和海委会制定的规范进行了评估，并向2011年6月27日至28日举行的特设全体专家组第二次会议报告了评估结果。", "6. 关于各国与经常程序秘书处和专家组之间的通信规定，建议通过拟议网站的“限制”板块进行通信。为此，各国应根据“评估各项评估”的建议[4] 提出一名协调人。应为具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的政府间组织和非政府组织作出协调人的平行安排。协调人安排应在拟议网站开通后尽快作出。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第4段", "7. 第65/37 B号决议第4段的目标显然是为专家组提供提出数据和信息管理支持要求的能力。但是，专家组认为没有必要提出正式请求。经常程序秘书处、信息和通信技术厅以及环境署和海委会似乎能够满足当前的需要。", "附录", "经常程序程序网站功能可能规范修订版", "1. 本附录按进入限制级别排列，无限制开放的板块为最低级别。", "2. 公共网站和限制网站以及虚拟办公室应分别使用不同的服务器和系统，或可集中使用一个服务器。", "3. 网站的所有部分(公共网站、限制网站和虚拟办公室)，不论使用何种服务器，都应具有充分的安全保障，以防止未经授权的进入或干扰，并应具有充足、经常的备份。", "4. 应确保网站的安全，以便提供经常程序工作情况的永久和完整记录。", "公共网站(对全体开放)", "5. 公共网站的内容包括：", "(a) 经常程序及其工作方法介绍(仅为HTML文件)；", "(b) 专家组和经常程序秘书处及其联系方法详细介绍(仅为HTML文件)；", "(c) 作为经常程序组成部分的活动日历(HTML和PDF文件)；", "(d) 图书馆板块，可进入与经常程序程序有关的所有文件，包括：", "㈠ 《约翰内斯堡执行文件计划》相关章节；", "㈡ 大会有关决议摘要；", "㈢ 秘书长的报告(或报告摘要)；", "㈣ 2004年专家组和国际讲习班的报告；", "㈤ “评估各项评估”特设指导小组的报告；", "㈥ “评估各项评估”的报告；", "㈦ 与特设全体工作组有关的文件和报告；", "㈧ 其他背景资料。", "这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(e) 详细介绍经常程序信托基金的财务情况，包括捐助和支出的板块(仅为HTML文件)；", "(f) 介绍批准文件板块，开列第一次全球海洋综合评估概要和请求人指南及类似文件。这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(g) 介绍获准公开的第一次全球海洋综合评估的工作文件和章节草稿的板块。这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(h) 在适当时候建立介绍以下方面的板块：", "㈠ 第一次全球海洋状况综合评估报告草稿；", "㈡ 介绍同行审查人员就第一次全球海洋综合评估报告草稿提出的意见以及起草人/编辑所作回应的文件；", "㈢ 第一次全球海洋综合评估报告定稿；", "这一板块的所有材料可以HTML格式浏览并以PDF和文字处理格式文件下载；", "(i) 允许进入工作文件和章节草稿所采用数据和信息的板块。这一板块应包括以下内容：", "㈠ 为经常程序目的举办的讲习班的报告；", "㈡ 经过审议或加以利用的有关各项评估的基本信息数据库(原数据)；", "㈢ 编写工作文件和章节草稿中采用的书籍、文章和其他材料(如数据库)目录板块。目录应提供进入以电子形式储存科学文献网站(如学刊储存(JSTOR))的细节；", "㈣ 评估、书籍、文章或其他材料网站的超级链接；", "㈤ 载有其他地方缺乏信息的卷宗(各种格式)。", "限制网站(仅对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处、协作人员、国家和政府间组织协调人和具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位非政府组织的通讯员开放)", "6. 限制网站应包括以下内容：", "(a) 举办作为经常程序一部分的讲习班的板块。应包括HTML文件以及可下载的PDF和文字处理格式文件。每个讲习班应再设单独板块；", "(b) 互动板块。由协调人和通讯员张贴问题或意见，专家组成员或经常程序秘书处对问题和意见作出答复。这一板块实际上应成为经常程序的内部“博客”；", "(c) 支持工作文件和章节草稿起草板块。主要起草人及其协作人应能创建、进入和修改工作文件和章节草稿。限制网站登录者应能看见目前的工作，但是仅工作文件或章节草稿负责人可以创建或修改文本。这一板块应能清除和自动确定文件作者和文件修改者，保留文本创建和修改日期记录，并保留每份文件先前版本的备份。应努力确保在文件编写期间他人无法进入，至少在合理的时间内无法进入；", "(d) 在适当的时候增加一个介绍章节草稿同行审查的板块(可能在2013年推出)，板块应分为两个分块：", "㈠ 国家和政府间组织审查板块。除工作文件和章节草稿板块所需功能外(见上文(c)段)，这一板块应允许(经国家或政府间组织批准的)审查人员加入对章节草稿文本提出的意见，但不能改变文本。这一系统应能同时显示就段落或分段提出的所有意见，并确定每项意见的来源。对审查人修改文本加以限制有利于避免混淆并有利于后期编辑；", "㈡ 部分同行审查人的审查板块。由于每一章节的同行审查人人数相对较少，同行审查人应能对其负责的章节进行修改并加入意见。除此之外，这一板块的功能与工作文件和章节草稿板块的要求相同(见上文(c)段)。", "7. 此外，同行审查板块应能：", "(a) 保存以下各种记录：", "㈠ 各国和政府间组织意见人的详细职位、姓名和联系方式；", "㈡ 部分同行审查人的任务及其详细职务、姓名和联系方式；", "(b) 自动记录审查人提出每项意见和章节编辑作出答复的日期；", "(c) 允许意见提出人和同行审查人与章节编辑交换信息，保存信息，并使信息与有关段落相联系；", "(d) 保存所有意见和拟议修改的副本；", "(e) 自动向章节编辑通知新的张贴材料和没有实现的期限；", "(f) 允许作者和审查人根据需要上载和下载与审查工作有关的文件。", "虚拟办公室(仅对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处和联合国粮食及农业组织、国际海事组织、联合国环境规划署、国际海洋学位委员会代表等开放)", "8. 虚拟办公室将包括以下内容：", "(a) 一个允许有权进入虚拟办公室者创建、进入和修改有关进行中工作的文件的板块。这一板块应明确、自动地确定文件作者和文件修改者，并为每份文件的先前版本提供备份。这一板块还应做到，在有人就文件采取行动时，他人至少在合理时间内无法进入这份文件；", "(b) 一个允许进行一定数量“对话”的板块，有权进入虚拟办公室的人员可以加入意见，并可在无需分别打开的情况下浏览其他所有人员的意见。这一板块应尽量做到进入虚拟办公室的个人能够浏览“对话”的新内容，而无需逐一打开每个“对话”；", "(c) 一个通知系统，显示新文件的创建日期，并根据要求显示对现有文件的修改日期。", "附件五", "关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家种类初步摸底的报告", "1. 本报告根据大会第65/37 B号决议第3段的规定编写，由专家组协助经常程序秘书处编写。", "2. 根据要求，对评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的初步摸底将作为附录一编入报告，讲习班专家种类的初步摸底将作为附录二编入报告。", "3. 目前，缺乏评估能力建设的全面机会和安排，也没有现成信息。附录一中的信息根据以下来源编制：", "(a) 关于发展中国家为实现在国家管辖范围以内可持续和有效开发海洋资源和利用海洋的利益而可以获得的援助以及可以采取的措施的研究报告(A/63/342)；", "(b) 发展中国家可获得援助的来源以及发展中国家在跨界与高度回游鱼类种群养护和管理能力建设和援助方面的需求汇编(ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev)；", "(c) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告(A/65/69)；", "(d) 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商经常程序第十一次会议的工作报告(A/65/164)。", "附录一", "关于评估能力建设现有机会和安排的初步清单", "A. 国际财政机构及全球组织、方案和基金", "《生物多样性公约》秘书处", "信息交换机制", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 《生物多样性公约》信息交换机制是根据公约第18条第3款设立的。缔约方会议第X/15号决定规定，信息交换机制应为执行公约及其2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划作出重大贡献，具体做法是提供有效的信息服务并采取适当做法，促进和便利开展科学技术合作、知识共享和信息交流，并建立充分运作的缔约方和合作伙伴网络。现已确定一批优先活动，有关信息交换机制应提供的信息服务的说明，可查看UNEP/CBD/CHM/IAC/2010/1/3号文件。", "南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "一般科学能力特别基金", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 该基金的目的是确保各方广泛参加该委员会科学委员会的工作，促进科学委员会内部分担负担和能力建设，协助收集、研究和交流与《南极海洋生物资源保护公约》适用的海洋生物资源相关的信息。基金还鼓励和促进合作和协助性研究，以便扩大有关南极海洋生物资源的知识。", "联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)", "关于执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第十一部分的协定所设援助基金", "受援发展中国家 协定所有发展中缔约国", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 协助发展中缔约国参加区域渔业管理组织和协定的会议、全球会议以及设立新的区域渔业管理组织和协定的会议；能力建设和发展人力资源；协助缔约国交流有关执行该协定的信息和经验；技术援助和培训。", "瑞典国际开发合作署对渔业守则信托基金的贡献", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球/区域/国家", "援助领域 渔业守则信托基金在渔业守则方案框架下，资助促进进一步了解和应用《负责任渔业行为守则》的活动。因此，瑞典国际开发合作署提供:(a) 专家工作组和磋商(全球一级)；(b) 专项研究(全球、区域和国家)；(c) 区域能力建设讲习班；(d) 国家技术援助任务，除其他外，促进有效生成和使用渔业统计和信息，更妥善地评估小规模渔业。", "评估和监测西西里岛海峡渔业资源和生态系统(MedSudMed)(信托基金)", "受援国 受益者包括四个参与国(意大利、利比亚、马耳他和突尼斯)参与区域一级研究活动的国家科研机构，以及参加国政府的渔业主管部门。地中海渔业总委员会在较大程度上因信息和监测系统得到改善而收益。", "援助形式 区域", "援助领域 该项目的主要目标是通过支持关于底层和小规模中上层渔业资源与生物和非生物环境因素之间相互作用的研究活动，改善对渔业资源及其生态系统的了解，从而为发展负责任的渔业管理工作作出贡献。其活动包括：(a) 审查关于西西里岛海峡共享鱼类种群(底层和小型中上层鱼类)的知识并收集科学证据；数据收集和数据分析方法标准化；(b) 在次区域一级联合开展海上合作勘探(鱼卵和鱼苗、回声勘探和拖网勘探)，对共享鱼类种群进行评估；(c) 收集有关环境因素对目标种群影响的信息；(d) 查明和确定目前种群育苗区位置；(e) 通过区域研讨会开展国家能力建设；(f) 印发技术手册和创建数据库；(g) 培训课程(为种群评估、渔业资源的年龄测定、确定渔业资源的成熟阶段进行数据处理)。", "开展协调，支持地中海西部和中部的渔业管理(CopeMed II)(信托基金)", "受援国 该地区渔业研究机构以及阿尔及利亚、法国、意大利、利比亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、西班牙和突尼斯等国管理机构。", "援助形式 区域", "援助领域 支持国家和次区域渔业主管部门收集数据和信息(船队、渔获量、努力和社会经济数据)；向各国提供技术援助和培训，满足它们的需求和优先事项，并加强它们在渔业科学方面的国家能力(组织会议和讲习班、编写科学论文及支持每年的科研活动等)。", "对海洋渔业采取生态系统方法——南森项目“为发展中国家建立和实施对海洋渔业的生态系统方法而加强知识库”(信托基金)", "受援发展中国家 所有国家，早期以撒哈拉以南非洲地区为重点", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 向合作伙伴通报评估和监测生态系统的程序和方法，包括标准化数据收集工作的进展、抽样方法和科学指标的适当设置；对海洋渔业采取生态系统方式的科学和管理层面的能力增强；指导如何使用国家或区域的研究船只，包括本地或其他船只的协调覆盖面；项目规划和传播信息。", "全球环境基金/联合国环境规划署(环境署)/联合国开发计划署(开发署)/联合国工业发展方案(工发组织)/世界银行/区域开发银行", "全球环境基金国际水域重点领域的多边金融机制", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 全球环境基金国际水域重点领域提供资金，帮助各国处理沿海和海洋、江河流域和蓄水层系统等共享、跨界水系统。全球环境基金为分享19个大型海洋生态系统的国家提供了援助，这些系统占发展中国家共享的大型海洋生态系统的半数以上。全球环境基金数亿美元的信托基金开放供各国参加，现在已有176个成员国，该基金建立在开发署、环境署、世界银行以及四个区域开发银行、粮农组织和工发组织的伙伴关系之上。这些机构可以发展中国家和经济转型国家的名义获得资金，开展与全球环境基金的业务战略相一致的活动。目前，127个全球环境基金受援国和21个工业国家正在就全球环境基金理事会所批准与大型海洋生态系统及其海岸有关的项目开展合作。有关这些项目的资料，可以查阅全球环境基金国际水域知识管理网站：www.iwlearn.net。", "国际航道测量组织(航道测量组织)", "航道测量组织能力建设基金", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 向缺乏水文能力的国家提供必要的援助，因为缺乏这种能力会危害对海洋环境的保护。能力建设基金为下列主要类别的能力建设活动提供支助：(a) 技术援助：资助对成员国进行技术考察，以评估水文测量、海图绘制和航海资料状态；为发展当地水文测量能力提供指导方针和(或)就有关水文测量项目的技术问题提供咨询意见；(b) 培训和教育：支持执行与航道测量组织工作方案相一致的水文测量、航海制图和其他相关的培训和教育活动；(c) 为参加航道测量组织的活动提供资助：资助成员国代表参加与航道测量组织工作方案相一致的课程和(或)技术会议；(d) 为项目的水文测量部分提供启动资金：这些资金支持符合航道测量组织目标的高度优先水文制图项目的初步阶段工作。", "国际海洋学委员会(海洋学委员会)", "海洋学委员会关于转让海洋技术的标准和指导方针", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 委员会通过其教育和互助方案以及通过研究执行培训方案，为争取开展能力建设以处理国内优先事项的发展中国家提供国内培训。委员会的海洋法专家咨询机构同意向会员国提供与援助，并为海洋科学研究项目在会员国之间开展合作，并特别重视能力建设。委员会还建立了信息交换机制，以协助感兴趣的发展中国家和发达国家建立适当的技术转让伙伴关系。委员会的国际海洋学数据和信息交换所协助参加该机构的会员国之间交流海洋学数据和信息，并满足用户对数据和信息产品的需求。联合国环境署、耶鲁大学和领先的科学技术出版公司协调设立了“环境文献在线检索”，这也便于发展中国家能够获得环境科学的研究成果。", "国际海底管理局", "区域内海洋科学研究捐赠基金", "受援发展中国家 所有公约缔约国", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 关于区域内的海洋科学研究，国际海底管理局主要通过设立管理局区域内海洋科学研究捐赠基金，处理能力建设问题，该基金资助来自发展中国家的合格科学家和技术人员参加国际海洋科学研究合作方案。基金通过培训和技术援助，协助了能力发展。", "经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)", "发展援助委员会年度汇总数据库/债权人报告系统", "受援发展中国家 所有国家", "援助形式 全球", "援助领域 该委员会利用下列两个单独的数据库跟踪双边和多边捐助者对发展中国家的援助以及其他资源：年度汇总数据库和债权人报告系统，前者提供关于援助和其他资源流动的数量、来源和类型的全面数据，后者提供关于部门、国家、项目说明等个别援助活动的详细信息。", "附录二", "研讨会专家类别初步清单", "1. 经常程序秘书处和专家组已考虑了哪些类别专家能够对为支持经常进程而将举办的讲习班作出重要贡献并完成第一次全球海洋综合评估。", "2. 人们已经认识到，评估大纲所涵盖任何领域的专家都能够对讲习班的成果作出重要贡献。还必须确保环境科学及经济和社会科学领域的专家都参加讲习班。", "3. 预计已经实质性参加最近对任何讲习班所涵盖海洋区域进行全面评估的专家都可以作出重大贡献。", "4. 此外，如果参加讲习班的专家的专长能够尽可能多地涵盖下列领域，会有极大的助益：", "(a) 海洋学、气象学(包括气候变化，因为它对海洋产生影响)、海洋化学和海洋地质学；", "(b) 海洋生物学和生物海洋学(初级生产)；", "(c) 鱼类和贝类种群的评估和管理；", "(d) 渔业和水产养殖业以及依赖它们的社区的规划、管理和发展；", "(e) 海洋运输规划和发展、港口管理和海底电缆和管道的安装；", "(f) 海上安全；", "(g) 对沿海、沿江和大气向海洋的输入物以及海上倾倒的监测和评估；", "(h) 近海石油和矿产资源(包括集料)勘探和开发；", "(i) 风能、波浪和潮汐发电的规划和开发；", "(j) 沿海地带规划和发展(包括城市化、城镇和乡村规划和分区)；", "(k) 海洋物种、生境、生态和生物敏感地区及脆弱海洋生态系统的监测和评估(包括生态经济学)；", "(l) 海洋保护区的指定和管理；", "(m) 外来海洋害虫方面的专门知识；", "(n) 海洋遗传资源方面的专门知识；", "(o) 海洋资源经济学；", "(p) 海洋产业、包括海洋旅游和娱乐用途方面的经济和社会方面问题。", "附件六", "海洋环境^(a) 包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能大纲", "注：本文件仅供参考。文件中载有经常程序专家小组所建议的修改意见，需要特设工作组下次全体会议进一步审议。", "第一部分 为决策者编写的摘要", "这一部分不采用主要报告的形式，而是强调最重要的结论。其目的是阐明：", "(a) 已进行评估的方式；", "(b) 人类对海洋影响规模的总体评估；", "(c) 对海洋环境及人类经济和社会福祉的主要威胁；", "(d) 能力建设需求和满足这些需求的有效方法；", "(e) 最严重的知识缺口和可能弥补这些缺口的方法。", "第二部分 评估范畴", "第1章 地球、海洋和生命", "本章将全面、概要地介绍海洋在地球生命中所起的作用、它们发挥功能的方式以及人类与它们的关系。这些论点由至少两份工作文件作为依据，这些工作文件综述下列内容：", "1.A.　沿海地区，包括沿海地区各大城市的人口及预测变化。", "本标题之下的资料将力求借鉴为联合国世界人口展望所开展的工作。", "^(a) 在这一范畴内，“综合”是指评估若干具体压力因素造成的影响和审议对海洋生态环境的累积效应，即在时间和空间上相互重叠的多个进程和活动的总体影响。", "1.B.　人类对沿海地区的影响：人类在陆地上的活动对沿海和海洋生态系统造成压力的程度。", "相关资料可以包括世界不同地区沿海集水区集约农业用地的比例、沿海集水区工业和城市发展的强度以及用于城市发展的海岸线比例。", "第4章 授权、信息来源和工作方法", "4.A.　经大会同意的经常程序的目标、范围和任务。", "4.B.　有关收集海洋及人类使用海洋的环境、经济和社会数据有关的一般问题，包括国家、区域和全球信息和数据的汇总和分析、数据的质量保证和获取信息的机会。", "4.C.　关于开展第一次全球海洋综合评估的商定程序以及已经执行这些程序的方式的说明，其中包括兼顾科学/政策的方法、资料提供者的选择、就确定基线所作的选择、不确定因素说明和分类以及数据的质量保证。", "第三部分 对海洋环境提供的主要生态系统服务(物质供应服务以外)的评估[5]", "本部分若干章节将大量借鉴政府间气候变化问题小组的工作——其目的是利用该小组的工作，而不是重复这项工作或提出异议。", "第5章 海洋在水文循环方面的作用", "5.A.　海水和淡水在水文循环中的相互作用：循环中的周转和变化速度——淡水流入海洋及其与海洋的相互作用，包括这些流入的淡水因大陆冰盖和冰川的变化、以及因人为变化(例如建造大坝或加剧抽取)对海洋环境的影响——冰覆盖面的减少——海平面变化。", "5.B.　海洋变暖、海平面变化对环境、经济和社会的影响，包括海平面上升对安全的影响以及对低洼国家的影响，人为因素和其他因素对流入海洋淡水的影响。", "5.C.　海水的化学成分：不同水体的含盐量和养分含量——含盐量和养分含量的变化。", "5.C之二.　含盐量和养分含量变化对环境、经济和社会的影响。", "5.D.　海洋的热传输作用：海洋变暖——海洋对地表温度和循环模式的整体影响——海洋振荡——厄尔尼诺现象和同类事件。", "5.E.　海洋温度变化和重大海洋温度事件的环境、经济和社会影响。", "第6章 海洋/空气的相互作用", "6.A.　海洋在调节大气流动及氧气和二氧化碳浓度的作用(生成氧气和二氧化碳封存)：二氧化碳下沉时海洋的作用——关于保持或增加这方面作用的问题。", "6.B.　与海洋有关的气象现象：飓风和台风——季风降雨——信风。", "6.C.　气象趋势、包括风暴频率和强度变化对环境、经济和社会的影响，对一年大部分时间冰覆盖海洋和依赖这种海洋为生的社区的影响，对小岛屿发展中国家的影响。", "6.D.　海洋酸化：人类活动造成的海洋酸化的程度和范围。", "6.E.　海洋酸化趋势对环境、经济和社会的影响(交叉参考关于粮食安全的第四部分)。", "第7章 初级生产、养分循环、表层和浮游生物", "7.A.　初级生产的全球分布：目前分布状况的原因——影响营养物质循环的因素以及食物网基础的变异性和韧性——已知和预见的变化，包括臭氧层问题造成的紫外线辐射的变化。", "7.B.　表层和浮游生物：表层的作用——影响表层的因素——浮游生物物种的变化。", "7.C.　初级生产和趋势及影响食物网基础固有的变异性和韧性的其他因素对环境、经济和社会的影响(交叉参考关于粮食安全的第四部分)。", "第7章之二 海洋来源碳酸盐的生成", "海洋来源碳酸盐的生成在形成环状珊瑚岛和海滩方面的作用——海洋酸化的潜在影响。", "第8章 海洋环境产生的美学、文化、宗教和精神生态系统服务", "人类与海洋和海洋在美学、文化、宗教和精神层面相互作用(包括海葬)的规模，以及这些相互作用可能受其他变化影响的方式。还将交叉参考第26章(旅游)。", "第8章之二 对生态系统服务的科学认识", "概述对生态系统服务科学认识的状况，包括数据采集、信息管理、世界不同地区的差异和研究需求。", "第9章 关于物质供应服务之外的主要生态系统服务的结论", "总结了第5至第8章之二所确定的主要问题，包括能力建设需要和信息缺口。", "第四部分", "跨领域问题的评估：食品保障和安全", "本部分将在很大程度上借鉴粮农组织进行的评估。", "第10章 海洋作为食物的来源", "人类依赖海洋获取食物的程度和需求增加造成的压力，世界不同地区之间的差异，世界上某些地区依赖其他地区获取鱼和海产品的程度，海洋生物资源对食品安全的贡献。", "第11章 捕捞渔业", "11.A. 商业鱼类和贝类种群：商业开发的鱼类和贝类种群现状——经济活动(大型商业性、个体和休闲渔业)的规模。[6]", "11.B. 其他鱼类和贝类种群：个体或自给性捕捞的鱼类和贝类种群现状——对生计的重要性——目前没有开发的鱼类资源的现状。", "11.C. 捕捞渔业(大型商业、个体和自给性渔业)对海洋生态系统的影响，具体形式为对食物网、副渔获物(鱼类、哺乳动物、爬行动物和海鸟)，不同的渔具和捕捞方法的影响，包括丢弃物对其他野生动物的影响，以及丢失或遗弃渔具的影响。", "11.C之二. 污染对海洋生物资源的影响：化学和放射性污染可能对用作食物的海洋生物资源种群造成的影响——这种污染潜在威胁的影响。", "11.D. 非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动：[7] 规模，地点以及对鱼类的影响。为防止、制止和消除非法、未管制和无报告的捕捞活动而采取的措施，包括粮农组织《关于非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的国际行动计划》和粮农组织《预防、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动港口国措施协议》的作用。", "11.E. 商业捕捞渔业管理的规管方法：关于主要工具和做法、包括经济措施的说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果，包括副渔获物的处理和丢弃——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11.F. 管理个体渔民和自给渔业管理的规管办法：主要工具和方法说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11.G. 根据所有相关因素对未来十年鱼类和贝类种群状况的预测。", "第12章 水产养殖", "12.A. 水产养殖的规模和分布：水产养殖活动的地点——养殖的种类——经济意义以及对食品安全的贡献。", "12.B. 水产养殖业的投入和效果：对沿海空间的需求——对捕捞渔业提供的鱼粉的需求。", "12.B之二. 水产养殖的污染：化学品的使用——外逃种群与野生种群的相互作用。", "12.C. 水产养殖管理规管办法：主要工具和方法说明——不同管理做法的实施程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果。", "12.D. 根据所有相关因素对未来十年水产养殖作用的预测", "12.E. 水产养殖业管理能力建设需求以及对其影响的监测。", "第12章之二 鱼类种群的繁殖", "12之二.A. 通过海洋牧养以及鱼孵化场释放鱼，重建耗竭的种群。", "12之二.B. 将海洋生物资源迁移到不同的生态系统中。", "12之二.C. 人工繁殖对自然生态系统的影响。", "12之二.D. 鱼类繁殖规管方式——实施范围——结果。", "12之二.E. 鱼类繁殖管理能力建设需要和监测其影响。", "第13章 海藻和其他海产食品", "13.A. 从海洋采集非鱼类和贝类食品的规模、地点和重要性——预计未来十年的发展趋势。", "13.B. 采集海藻和其他海产食品的潜在影响。", "13.C. 采集海藻和其他海产食品的规管方法——做法和实施范围——获得的利益和意外后果。", "13.D. 改进、管理和使用这类食物及监测采集对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第14章 渔业的社会和经济方面问题", "14.A. 与人类健康的关系：海产食品对健康的益处和问题，包括补充蛋白质不足饮食结构的潜力——化学、毒性和细菌污染——促进益处和控制问题的能力建设需求。", "14.B. 渔业和水产养殖业是就业规模和意义：使用的数字——收入与当地收入中位数的关系——与其他行业相比，渔民受伤的比例。", "14.C. 渔业在社会结构中的作用：渔民在当地社会中的作用——以捕鱼为唯一生活来源的程度——当地社会依赖渔业和水产养殖业的程度。", "14.E. 捕捞区、渔船所有权和操作、停靠港口和消费分布之间的关系：国家(及其境内的经济运作者)从其领海和专属经济区的渔业和水产养殖业获取的利益——受益于公海渔业和远洋渔业的国家(及其境内的经济运作者)。", "14.E之二. 国际渔业协定的执行情况：更换渔船和渔具的需要——培训渔民的需要——支持实施的能力建设需要。", "14.E之三. 市场变化的作用：已捕获鱼和贝类岸上长途运输的增长——生态核证——生态环保团体发起的其他运动的影响。", "14.F. 与其他行业的联系：依赖渔业和水产养殖业的经济活动、包括提供设备(特别是船舶)和加工产出的规模。", "第15章 关于食品安全的结论", "15.A. 第10至14章所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需求和信息缺口的综述。", "15.B. 海洋生物资源提供的食品的较长期发展——气候变化的影响——人口变化的影响——与陆地食品生产变化的关系。", "第五部分", "对人类其他活动和海洋环境的评估", "第16章 航运", "16.A. 航运在世界贸易中的意义：主要航线——海上运输的世界贸易额——航运活动对国家的经济利益，包括作为船旗国——对未来十年变化的预测，包括因冰雪覆盖面变化在高纬度地区航运可能性的变化。", "16.B. 船员：就业规模——保护海洋环境方面的训练是否充分——船员收入与收入中位数的关系——与其他的行业相比，海员受伤的比例。", "16.C. 航运造成的威胁：地点、规模和发展趋势——航运产生的污染(包括《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(《防止船污公约》)附件一至六管制的各类污染、防污处理和噪声)——航运对海洋生物的声波影响——航运灾害，包括其较长期的影响——通过压舱水带来的入侵物种和其他生物安全风险——拆船的船舶运输——航运相对于贸易给沿岸国带来的风险。", "16.C之二. 海洋环境保护措施、包括海事组织各项公约和其他文书对航运经济影响。", "16.D. 与其他行业和商务的联系：造船——拆船——沙坑——保险、租赁及导航服务。", "16.D之二. 放射性物质的海上运输。", "16.F. 航运管理规管方式：主要做法(尤其是海事组织公约和文书)说明——实施各种管理做法的程度——根据不同管理做法采取的措施(包括、但不限于特别海区和特别敏感海区)对海洋环境及相关经济活动的典型后果——执法。", "16.G. 管理航运和监测其影响的能力建设需要，包括支持各项国际公约和其他文书的执行。", "第17章 港口", "17.A. 港口活动的规模和意义：地点和交通——预计增长率，其中包括第16.A“港口国的经济利益”标题之下阐述的航线变化的影响。", "17.B. 创建和维持港口的影响：港口发展规模——出于航行目的进行的疏浚——船舶废弃物管理，包括收费制度的影响——船舶停港造成的污染——疏浚造成污染物重新泛起。", "17.C. 港口管理规管框架：控制港口对海洋环境影响主要做法的说明——这些做法的实施程度——预期效益和意外后果——与航运业的关系——与渔业和国际贸易的关系。", "17.D. 管理港口和监测港口对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第18章 海底电缆和管道", "18.A. 电缆和电缆铺设的规模、位置和作用：在国际通信和互联网中的作用——预计未来十年的发展——就业——与其他行业的联系——经济效益。", "18.B. 电缆和管道的潜在污染和有形伤害——建筑/安装过程中——使用过程中——退役后。", "18.C. 各国对其管辖之下的管道和电缆以及管道和电缆敷设管理的规管框架：这些框架的实施程度——预期效益和意外后果——对海洋其他用途的干扰。", "18.D. 管理电缆敷设和管道安装及监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第19章 陆地对沿海、沿江和大气层的输入物", "19.A. 市政废水、包括主要城市和游轮停泊港口的影响：处理的规模和程度——直接输入物和河流输入物产生的影响、包括对沿海水域微生物质量影响的性质，以及对水质的影响、特别是对水产养殖业和旅游业不利后果的经济影响——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.B. 工业污水排放，包括点源：有害物质，包括持久性有机污染物和重金属——碳氢化合物——营养素——排放的规模(直接输入物和河流输入物及大气传输)——处理程度——影响的性质，包括通过食物链对人体健康的影响——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.C. 农业径流和排放：规模(直接输入物和河流输入物及大气输送的营养物质)——影响的性质——预计未来十年的发展情况。", "19.D. 富营养化：市政、工业和农业输入物的综合影响，并考虑到沿海水域混浊度和河口地区的脱氮影响——交叉参考对鱼类的影响和对食物网的影响。", "19.F. 核工业和非核工业输入的放射性物质——放射性输入物的实际、潜在和怀疑影响。", "19.G. 管理陆源输入物影响的规管框架：全球行动纲领——区域公约——国家计划——已实施做法的范围——预期成果和意外后果。", "19.H. 管理废水、工业污水和农业径流和监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第20章 近海[8] 油气行业", "20.A. 海上油气行业的规模和重要性：位置、生产规模和预计未来十年的发展情况——对各国的经济利益。", "20.B. 勘探、包括地震勘察产生的影响：规模和预计未来十年的发展情况。", "20.C. 生产造成的影响：规模和预计发展情况，包括扦插桩、近海使用化学品、燃烧、生成水——设施中排放的污水。", "20.D. 近海设施灾害及其影响，包括较长期影响。", "20.E. 退役。", "20.G. 管理近海油气设施的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果——实施保护海洋环境规则方面的培训。", "20.H. 管理政府和海上油气行业之间联系以及监测油气设施对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第21章 其他海洋能源产业", "21.A. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的规模——目前、规划和预测的状况。", "21.B. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的环境效益和影响。", "21.C. 风力、波浪和潮汐发电的预期经济业绩。", "21.D. 管理近海非烃类能源设施的规章框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "21.E. 规划和管理近海风力、波浪和潮汐发电以及监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设。", "第22章 近海采矿业", "22.A. 开采砂石的规模和意义：开采砂石对环境的影响。", "22.B. 开采砂石的经济效益。", "22.C. 其他海床采矿近况：目前的状况和潜在的规模。", "22.D. 管理近海采矿业的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "22.E. 规划和管理近海采矿业的能力建设。", "第23章 固体废物处置", "23.A. 海上倾倒废物的种类和数量，包括对海洋环境的潜在影响——预计未来十年的倾倒数量。", "23.B. 管理固体废物倾倒的规管框架：做法和实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "23.C. 管理海上处置固体废物和监测对海洋环境后果的能力建设需要。", "第24章 海洋废弃物", "24.A. 海洋垃圾的多种成因，包括对陆地废物处置缺乏控制，对海滩垃圾和船舶垃圾缺乏管理，以及问题的规模和分布状况。", "24.B. 处理海洋垃圾的方法——实施范围——已取得进展的情况。", "24.C. 处理海洋垃圾和监测海洋垃圾数量的能力建设需要。", "第25章 陆地/海洋在物理层面的相互作用", "25.A. 土地开垦：土地开垦的规模和位置以及对生境的改变和受影响的生境——管理土地开垦和改变生境的规管办法——实施范围——结果。", "25.B. 被海水侵蚀的土地：土地侵蚀的经济和社会成本——沿海防务对海洋和沿海生境、包括海滩和边缘岛屿的影响——对小岛屿发展中国家的影响——沿海防务的成本——沿海防务的规管和管理办法——结果。", "25.C. 沉淀的变化：降雨和河流引起的土地侵蚀所造成海洋环境中的沉淀——水资源管理促成海洋沉淀的减少——两种类型变化对海洋和沿海生境、包括河口、三角洲、海底峡谷的影响——控制沉降变化的规管方法——实施范围——结果。", "25.D. 管理陆地/海洋在物理层面相互作用和监测对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第26章 旅游和娱乐业", "26.A. 旅游和娱乐业、包括游轮的地点和规模：就业——旅游业的经济效益——保护海洋生物多样性产生的经济效益。", "26.A之二. 娱乐及体育渔业及其对海洋野生生物的影响。", "26.A.之三. 娱乐和旅游船只对敏感海区的影响。", "26.B. 旅游业、包括游轮对污水和污染问题的作用(并见19A“市政废水”)。", "26.C. 旅游业对环境其他影响的地点和规模，包括对生境的干扰和破坏。", "26.C之二. 旅游业与保护海洋物种和生境的关系(例如，赏鲸和鲸鱼保护区)。", "26.D. 管理旅游业对环境影响的规管方式——实施范围——结果。", "26.E. 管理旅游业和监测其对海洋环境影响的能力建设需要。", "第27章 海水淡化", "海水淡化的规模、其社会和经济效益及其环境影响。海水淡化能力建设需要。", "第28章 海洋遗传资源的使用", "28.A. 当前研究和开发的专题、地点和规模，包括海洋遗传资源的使用以及知识产权等相关问题。", "28.B. 对国家管辖水域海洋遗传资源的研究和开发的规管办法[9] ——实施范围——结果。", "28.C. 海洋遗传资源研究和开发及其管理的能力建设。", "第29章 防务活动对海洋环境造成的具体问题", "29.B. 经常性沿海防务活动的声波对海洋生物的影响。", "29.C. 海上倾倒弃置的弹药的规模以及倾倒弹药和化学武器造成的问题。", "第30章 海洋科学研究", "30.A. 海洋科学研究的课题、规模和位置。", "30.B. 海洋科学研究的规管办法——实施范围——结果。", "30.C. 海洋科学研究的能力建设需要，包括技术转让。", "第31章 关于人类其他活动的结论", "第16至30章所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需要和信息缺口的综述。", "第六部分", "海洋生物多样性和生境的评估", "第31章之二 简介", "这一部分的目的是：(a) 概述海洋生物多样性的情况以及这方面的知识；(b) 审查全球、区域或国家一级主管部门已确定受威胁、正在减少或需要保护的海洋生态系统、物种和生境的现状和趋势以及威胁；(c) 审查保护的规管和管理做法，包括其应用范围和结果；(d) 查明能力建设需要。", "AA节——海洋生物多样性概况", "第31章之三 海洋生物多样性的规模", "物种、群落和生境(沿海到深海、赤道到极地、基质类别、盐度)多样性的主要梯度。", "第31章之四 海洋生物多样性评估的范围", "其现状、趋势和威胁受到系统分析的不同海洋区域物种和生境主要类别的比例。", "第31章之五 物种和生境主要类别的整体状态", "按主要类别和海洋区域分列这些评估中所呈现的现状、趋势和威胁(包括压力的累积效应)综述。", "A节——生态和生物敏感区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "这些是联合国大会、《生物多样性公约》或联合国粮食及农业组织等全球主管机构已经确定需要特种关注的几类地区和生态系统。", "第32章 珊瑚(和其他生物)礁", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第33章 红树林、盐沼和其他宏观植被区", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第34章 海草和鳗草床", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第35章 海带林", "类别、地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第36章 海山、深海海堤和台地", "地点、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第37章 热液喷口", "地点、规模、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第38章 其他类型的生态和生物敏感区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "类别、位置、数量和程度、状态和威胁，包括累积压力。", "B节——已确定为受到威胁、正在减少或因其他原因需要保护的其他物种和生境", "第40章 依赖一系列区域生态系统、而且《波恩公约》或其他国际协定、包括区域渔业管理组织的公约和安排所涵盖的洄游海洋物种", "40.A. 洄游海洋哺乳动物：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.B. 海龟：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.C. 高度洄游鱼类物种：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力；", "40.D. 洄游海鸟：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第41章 全球、区域或国家一级主管机关已确定受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的其他物种", "每一物种或物种类别：分布、数量、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "第42章 全球、区域或国家一级主管机关已确定受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的其他生境", "每一生境类别或生境类别组：分布、面积、现状和威胁，包括累积压力。", "B节之二——规管和管理框架及能力建设需要", "第42章之二 规管和管理框架", "保护物种和生境、包括海洋保护区的法规和管理框架和做法——实施范围——已取得的利益和意外后果。", "第42章之三 能力建设需要", "评估物种和生境现状以及管理被认为需要保护的物种和生境的保护工作的能力建设需要。", "C节——综述", "第43章 综述", "第31章之二至第42章之三所确定的主要问题、包括能力建设需要和信息缺口的综述。", "第七部分", "总体评估", "第44章 人类对海洋影响的总体评估", "44.A. 审议累积压力对海洋整体状态的影响。", "44.B. 采用不同方法评估人类对海洋影响整体的评价。", "第45章 海洋对人类的整体价值", "采用不同方法评估人类从海洋获得的利益。", "附录", "术语", "用以说明大洋盆地和相互连接的海域的主要特点的术语", "1.A. 用以说明主要地质特征的技术术语的简短摘要：封闭和半封闭海——大陆架和斜坡——洋中脊——海山——珊瑚和其他生物礁——沉淀——主要河口——峡湾和河口地带——海洋峡谷——沿海地质构造，沙滩，海洋湿地，红树林和滩涂。", "1.B. 用以说明水柱主要特点的技术术语的简短摘要：水体——温盐环流——主要洋流——深层水的形成(下沉)和上涌——分层——酸化——冰覆盖。", "用以说明海洋权利和义务的术语", "本节将列出《海洋法公约》中对评估工作所使用术语(领海、专属经济区等)的定义，以便读者了解确切意思。", "[1] 一个代表团提请会议注意，专家组的一名成员因未能及时获得入境签证而无法与会。", "[2] ^(a) 举办讲习班可能需要东道国和联合国签署一项协议。", "[3] ^(a) 见按照2010年12月大会第65/37号决议第212段规定编制的一整套备选办法附件B，可查阅www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/Set-of-Options.pdf。", "[4] ^(a) A/64/88号决议，第108至111段。各国可在国家有关当局或机构或在常驻纽约代表团设立协调人。还可指定可进入网站限制板块的其他联系人，但必须设立与经常程序参与国明确、单一的通信联系人。", "[5] ^(b) 海洋提供物质供应的服务主要是供应食物，在第四部分(食品保障和安全)中做阐述。其他方面的物质供应服务在第五部分(人类对海洋环境产生影响的其他活动)中阐述。", "[6] ^(c) 并见关于休闲渔业的第26章(旅游)。", "[7] ^(d) 如《粮农组织关于非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的国际行动计划》所界定。", "[8] 在本章及以下两章中，“近海”涵盖座落在海洋环境中，无论是在内水、领海或专属经济区的所有设施。", "[9] 鉴于目前有关公海海洋遗传资源的讨论情况，似乎没有对这方面规管方法作评估的可能。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目76(a)", "海洋和海洋法", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的工作报告", "2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信", "谨随函附上特设全体工作组的工作报告,报告第二节载有向大会第六十六届会议提出的商定建议。 根据大会第65/37 B号决议第7段,特设全体工作组于2011年6月27日和28日在联合国总部举行了会议。", "请将本函和报告作为大会题为“海洋和海洋法”的议程项目下的文件分发为荷。", "多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(签名)", "(签名) 勒内·索韦", "共同主席", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的报告", "一. 特设全体工作组的报告", "1. 联合国 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组第二次会议是根据大会2011年4月4日第65/37 B号决议第7段召开的。 会议于2011年6月27日和28日在纽约联合国总部举行。", "2. 联合国 会议由大会主席重新任命的工作组第一次会议共同主席多纳图斯·基思·圣艾梅(圣卢西亚)和勒内·索韦(加拿大)主持。 区域集团在第一次会议上提名的共同主席之友继续以该身份任职:Jacqueline Kemunto Moseti(肯尼亚)为非洲国家;Abdul Hameed(巴基斯坦)为亚洲国家;Walter Schuldt(厄瓜多尔)为拉丁美洲和加勒比国家;Kent Blom(瑞典)为西欧和其他国家。", "3个 出席会议的有55个会员国、15个政府间组织和其他机构以及4个非政府组织的代表。 2011年6月28日的与会者完整名单可在秘书处法律事务厅海洋事务和海洋法司网站上查阅(见www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/List_of_Participants_June_2011.pdf)。", " 4.四. 第65/37 A号决议第209段所设专家组下列成员也出席了会议: [1] Patricio Bernal(智利)、Peter Harris(澳大利亚)、Lorna Inniss(巴巴多斯)、George Martin(爱沙尼亚)、Enrique Marschoff(阿根廷)、Sean O. Green(牙买加)、Jake Rice(加拿大)、Andrew Rosenberg(美利坚合众国)、Alan Simcock(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)和Wang Juying(中国)。", "5 (韩语). 会议收到了下列辅助文件:(a) 临时议程、附加说明的临时议程和格式,包括拟议的工作安排;(b) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的讲习班准则草案、任命专家的标准草案和海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能大纲,以及一份涵盖范围的文件;(c) 专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案以及与各国联系的规定;(d) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于评估能力建设和讲习班专家类型初步清单的报告;(e) 经常程序秘书处和专家组编写的关于经常程序通信要求和数据和信息管理的报告。 应代表的要求,专家组提供了题为“专家组关于特设全体工作组主席团可能职能的建议”的补充资料。", "6. 2011年6月27日,工作组通过了议程并商定了联合主席提议的工作安排。 工作组在进行实质性讨论并进行非正式磋商后,于2011年6月28日审议并通过了题为“任命专家的标准”和“协助经常程序讲习班准则”的文件。 同一天,工作组注意到题为“海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能纲要”和“专家组职权范围和工作方法草案”的文件,并一致认为需要在其下次会议上进一步审议这些文件。", "7. 联合国 工作组请专家组修订题为“海洋环境状况第一次全球综合评估可能大纲”的文件,同时考虑到各代表团提出的意见。 为此,请共同主席在根据第65/37 B号决议第5段发出邀请后,向各国和各集团发出邀请,请它们最迟于2011年7月23日就该文件提出进一步评论意见。 工作组一致认为,将这些评论意见张贴在海洋事务和海洋法司的网站上是有益的,但须经有关国家或集团批准。", "8. 联合国 2011年6月28日,在秘书处信息和通信技术厅发言后,工作组注意到关于经常程序通信要求及数据和信息管理的报告。 工作组还注意到关于评估能力建设初步清单和讲习班专家类型的报告,并一致认为需要请各国、联合国各专门机构、基金和方案以及其他有关政府间组织以及供资机构就评估能力建设的现有机会和安排提供资料。 各代表团还建议在讲习班上分发评估能力建设初步清单,供与会者参考。", "9. 国家 工作组审议了设立一个主席团的问题,以便在闭会期间执行其决定和指导。 会议决定设立主席团并商定了主席团的组成。", "10个 关于讲习班,工作组于2011年6月28日同意建议尽早举办讲习班,以便为经常程序第一周期提供信息。 工作组深为赞赏地接受了南太平洋常设委员会成员国的宣言和《保护东南太平洋海洋环境和沿海地区行动计划》,以及智利政府慷慨提议担任东南太平洋讲习班东道国,以支持经常程序第一周期第一阶段的工作。 海洋事务和海洋法司司长指出,由于总部工作紧急,该司可能难以参加所有讲习班。", "11个 工作组审议了为支持经常程序第一个五年周期的运作而设立的信托基金的状况。 它同意建议大会鼓励向信托基金提供捐款和向经常程序提供其他捐款。 在这方面,有些代表团指出,必须探讨全球环境基金支持经常程序的途径。 若干代表团强调,需要考虑经常程序的所有支助来源,包括财政捐助和实物捐助。 有人认为,应通过为此目的设立的信托基金向经常程序提供财政捐助。", "12个 海洋事务和海洋法司司长报告了信托基金的状况,并感谢冰岛、牙买加、大韩民国和新西兰政府在2011年提供慷慨捐助,使专家们得以出席会议。 会议提醒各位代表,如果没有额外资金,就不可能向专家参加经常程序今后的会议提供财政援助。", "13个 根据讨论情况,工作组通过了本报告第二节所提出的建议。 工作组建议其下次会议于2012年上半年举行。", "14个 2011年7月13日,共同主席向大会第六十六届会议主席转递了本报告和建议。", "二. 特设全体工作组向大会第六十六届会议提出的建议", "15个 特设全体工作组向大会提出以下建议。", "(1) 特设全体工作组建议大会通过:", "(a) 国家 任命专家的标准,见本报告附件一;", "(b) 国家 协助海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序的讲习班准则载于附件二。", "(2) 特设全体工作组建议大会注意到:", "(a) 国家 海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案,见附件三;", "(b) 国家 关于经常程序通信要求及数据和信息管理的报告,见附件四;", "(c)) 关于评估能力建设初步清单和研讨会专家类型的报告,见附件五。", "(3) 特设全体工作组注意到附件六所载的海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能纲要,并一致认为需要进一步审议该纲要,以便在特设全体工作组下次会议上予以通过。", "(4) 特设全体工作组建议,秘书长将评估能力建设初步清单提请各会员国、联合国各专门机构、基金和方案以及从事海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况评估能力建设活动的其他有关政府间组织的首长以及供资机构注意,并请它们为初步清单提供资料,说明评估能力建设的现有机会和安排。", "(5) 特设全体工作组建议,根据第65/37 A号决议第216段,大会敦促会员国、国际金融机构、捐助机构、政府间组织、非政府组织以及自然人和法人向根据第64/71号决议第183段设立的信托基金提供捐款并给经常程序提供其他捐款。", "(6) 根据第65/37 A号决议第208段,特设全体工作组同意设立一个主席团,在闭会期间将特设全体工作组的决定和指导付诸实践,例如核准指派专家库成员从事起草或审查草案的工作,并核准专家组为同级审评提出的安排。", "(7) 特设全体工作组建议大会:(a) 主席团由15个会员国(每个区域集团有3个会员国)组成;(b) 主席团至少由1名共同主席和5个会员国的法定人数组成,每个区域集团一个法定人数,视为主席团履行职能的最低要求。", "(8) 特设全体工作组建议大会主席重新任命特设全体工作组共同主席,以便他们在闭会期间出席主席团会议。", "(9) 特设全体工作组建议尽早举办讲习班,以便为经常程序第一周期提供信息。", "(10) 特设全体工作组建议于2012年上半年召开其下次会议。", "页:1", "任命专家的标准", "1. 联合国 各国将通过区域集团任命一批专家,支持专家组筹备第一次全球海洋综合评估的工作。", "2. 联合国 如果专家组没有指定自己的一名成员起草一份工作文件或评估章节草案,专家组将邀请专家库的选定成员为起草工作文件和章节草案出力。 将邀请具有相关专门知识的专家库的其他成员就草案发表评论,并可邀请他们参与起草工作。", "3个 当第一次全球海洋综合评估草案提交审查时,各国将通过区域集团任命一个同行审议小组来审查和评论草案。 同行审议小组成员以前不应参与编写工作文件或章节草案。 同行审议小组将在国家和政府间组织审查草案的同时开展工作。", " 4.四. 下列标准应适用于各国向专家组、专家库或同行审议小组提名的所有个人:", "(a) 国际公认的专门知识,由以下一种或多种证明:", "(一) 关于相关问题的科学出版物的记录,最好是同行审议的出版物;", "(二) 关于海洋环境和其他有关领域,包括社会经济方面的全球、区域或国家评估的高级别经验;", "(三) 在设计和管理海洋科学、评估、环境保护、海洋运输、沿海管理、渔业管理或其他与海洋环境和其他有关领域包括社会经济方面有关的类似职能方面,具有高级别经验;", "(四) 对于来自科学观测和监测数据相对较少的区域的专家而言,这些区域海洋环境的传统知识或观测方面的公认地位;", "(b) 证明有效参与了与海洋环境或综合评估有关的国际进程和其他相关领域,包括社会经济方面;和", "(c) 以独立个人身份服务的能力。", "5 (韩语). 在分配专家库成员执行各项任务时,将考虑以下内容:", "(a) 国家 应邀为起草工作文件或章节草案出力者应具有明确而简明地写出其主题的能力;", "(b) 应邀协助起草工作文件或一章草案者提供的资料应以联合国正式语文之一提供。", "此外,同行审议小组成员将负责根据专家组的需要开展工作。", "6. 国家 任命专家库和同行审议小组以及将任务分配给专家库成员,应反映经常程序所有活动坚持公平地域代表性的原则,并适当顾及两性之间的适当平衡。", "7. 联合国 挑选专家库成员起草或评论某一问题,应确保包括与该问题的综合评估有关的所有学科。", "8. 联合国 应给专家充裕的时间,为经常程序作出贡献,这是他们的作用所要求的。", "页:1", "协助海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序的讲习班准则", "宗旨和目标", "1. 联合国 正如特设全体工作组于2011年2月所确认(见A/65/759,附件),讲习班是完成第一次全球海洋综合评估并增强各国评估能力的关键机制。 讲习班将促进经常程序专家组同各国和主管政府间组织的代表和专家之间的对话。 本准则旨在阐明应如何组织一系列讲习班,以支持经常程序第一周期的第一阶段。 它们将有助于确保每个讲习班以及整个经常程序产出的可信度和合法性。", "2. 联合国 每个讲习班的目标应是:", "(a) 审查和评价参与者认为与审议中的海域相关的所有评估,并在此基础上汇编一份可能对经常程序有用的评估清单。 所要考虑的评估应当既涉及环境问题,也涉及社会经济问题。 必要时,应着手安排专家组和经常程序秘书处查阅这些评估;", "(b) 开始建立一个由参加每次讲习班的专家和组织、专家组和经常程序秘书处组成的网络;", "(c) 确定参加讲习班的国家的能力建设需要,以使它们能够更充分地为经常程序作贡献并更充分地从中获益,包括确定优先事项,并查明这些国家为建设主管政府间组织的能力(如果有的话)而可采取有用的步骤,以便各国通过它们开展合作;", "(d) 开始建设综合评估能力,其中可包括讨论和发展:", "(一) 各种规模的评估的共同信息内容和评估方法的共同方法;", "(二) 扩大评估规模的办法,即确定一个级别(国家、分区域、区域或全球)的评估在多大程度上可以用于其他级别;", "(三) 协助一体化进程的报告表格,以尽可能确保一致性、一致性和可比性;", "(e) 审议评估中反映的驱动因素与海洋环境状况之间的联系。", "3个 下文附录一所列目标清单、筹备工作和附录二所列议程概要将构成研讨会的职权范围。", "数目和地点", " 4.四. 请各国主办下列讲习班:", "(a) 北太平洋;", "(b) 南太平洋(东南太平洋和西南太平洋);", "(c)) 东亚和东南亚;", "(d) 印度洋北部、阿拉伯海、红海和亚丁湾以及保护海洋环境区域组织/区域渔业委员会;", "(e) 协助 印度洋南部和西部;", "(f) 北大西洋、波罗的海、地中海和黑海;", "(g) 南大西洋(非洲和美国海岸之间)和大加勒比。", "5 (韩语). 北极和南极可能不需要单独的车间。 然而,可邀请与这些领域有关的有关国际机构和论坛(特别是南极条约系统和北极理事会)审议讲习班提议的问题并作出贡献。 如果提出要求,专家组成员可以参加协商。", "6. 国家 应向经常程序秘书处提出主办讲习班的提议,在专家组的帮助下,经常程序秘书处将设法谈判各种安排,以避免覆盖面重叠或日期相冲突。 一旦商定安排,经常程序秘书处将通知所有国家将举行的讲习班。", "时间安排", "7. 联合国 专家组需要于2012年4月就建议研讨会审议的一些问题得出结论。 因此,最好能及时举办讲习班,使专家组能在2012年3月底前收到讲习班的产出。", "主机", "8. 联合国 讲习班将由会员国主办并由联合国主持,[2] 与经常程序秘书处协调并在专家组成员的协助下举办。 会员国可要求主管政府间组织和(或)有关国家科学机构为举办讲习班提供合作。", "参与", "9. 国家 联合国会员国、观察员和主管政府间组织有权参加它们认为与其有关的任何讲习班,但以可选名额为限。 鼓励本区域的主管政府间组织参加。 出于实际原因,后勤以及代表团的规模和数目将由东道方与经常程序秘书处协商管理。", "10个 具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织、有关科学机构和组织及代表《21世纪议程》所定义的主要群体的组织可请求邀请参加。 主办方可在讲习班上预留若干位置,由此种邀请予以填补。", "11个 每个讲习班应至少有一名专家组成员和一名经常程序秘书处成员参加,他们的参与将与经常程序秘书处协调,同时考虑到总部工作的需要。 如有可能,来自讲习班所涉地区的所有国家的专家组所有成员均应参加。 经常程序秘书处可以邀请来自该领域以外的专家组成员参加,如果至少有一名这种成员参加,将是可取的。 如大会第64/71号决议第183段所述,专家组成员的这种参与必要时可由经常程序信托基金提供支助。", "主席和秘书处", "12个 主办方应指定一名主席(或联席主席),负责在讲习班支助人员和专家组成员的协助下总结讲习班的成果。 主办方可考虑邀请专家组一名成员担任研讨会主席或联合主席。", "13个 东道方应提供支助人员,以便与经常程序秘书处和参加专家组的成员协商组织程序,并帮助专家组主席提供结果摘要。", "初步资料", "14个 应请研讨会与会者在研讨会之前提供载有本指南附录一所列举信息的材料。 专家组成员应做好准备,提供咨询意见并酌情提供相关文件,以协助这一进程。", "15个 讲习班支助人员应在讲习班举行之前将这些资料汇编成摘要并分发给与会者。", "讲习班的活动", "16号. 支助经常程序讲习班的议程应尽可能包括本准则附录二所列内容。 讲习班的活动应充分考虑到特设全体工作组所建议并经大会2009年核可的经常程序原则(第64/71号决议,第123至183段)和特设全体工作组2010年和2011年的建议(A/65/358和A/65/259)。", "17岁。 每个讲习班的一个重要部分是开始开展综合评估方面的能力建设,使讲习班参加者能更好地了解经常程序的工作并作出贡献。", "讲习班产出", "18岁。 研讨会的成果应采取主席或共同主席在专家组成员的帮助下编写的讨论摘要的形式。 应规定与会者对摘要草稿发表意见,并由专家组主席和代表根据这些意见修订定稿。 如果未参加讲习班或未负责评估的国家或政府间组织、机构、网络或其他被确定为相关的安排,应邀请并(或)请该国或政府间组织审查和评论关于任何此类事项所说的话。", " 19. 19. 应将摘要定稿的电子文本发至经常程序秘书处,并作为联合国文件和(或)在经常程序网站上张贴在海洋事务和海洋法司的网站上。", "附录一", "研讨会前与会者将提供的资料", "出席讲习班的国家或政府间组织应提供:", "(1) 在其主持下进行的与海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估可能大纲草案中的问题有关的评估的细节。 收集这种资料的起点应当是海洋环境数据库全球和区域评估中所列的评估,其中已找到许多资料。 还应包括国家或政府间组织未进行但它们使用或认为相关的评估。 提供的细节应尽可能包括:", "(a) 进行具体评估的机构;", "(b) 国家 评估的主要预期使用者及其预期用途;", "(c) 评估的空间和时间尺度以及评估周期的频率;", "(d) 评估所涉及的问题;", "(e) 数据的类型、经验知识、指标及其选择原因,以及有助于评估的其他信息来源;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 (b) 在已推断出各组成部分资料组的趋势时,采用的方法;", "(g) 已努力整合不同类型的信息,特别是社会、经济和生态信息、此类整合的程度和方法;", "(h) 评估中使用的评价基准、参考水平或生态毒理学评估标准的来源;", "(一) 评估中使用的任何预测、预测和设想的范围和来源;", "(j) 如果在评估中涉及数据评估的局限性(如数据外推误差、不确定性和/或信息差距),应说明如何做到这一点;", "(2) 关于第一次海洋环境状况(包括社会经济方面)全球综合评估可能大纲草案中的问题,参加讲习班的国家或政府间组织没有就此进行评估,但参加者持有有关数据或资料:", "(a) 国家 已知要收集和管理哪些类型的相关数据或信息,哪些国家和机构(一些关键的社会和经济数据预计将如此)? 可提供关于这种数据或资料的空间和时间覆盖面和技术内容的信息?", "(b) 国家 在不知道存在关键类型信息的情况下,能否调动专家知识来填补空白,如果是的话,如何获取专家?", "(3) 出席讲习班的国家和政府间组织联络点的详细联系方式;", "(4) 预先通知已确定的能力建设需要。", "附录二", "支持经常程序讲习班议程要点", "1. 联合国 经常程序专家组代表就经常程序的目标、范围和框架以及讲习班的预定职能作介绍。", "2. 联合国 讲习班审议海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况第一次全球综合评估的可能大纲草案是否将满足参加讲习班的国家和政府间组织的需要。 确定综合评估的优先问题以及在第一次全球海洋综合评估中应考虑的任何其他问题。", "3个 讲习班根据在上文附录一第(1)项下所提交的信息,对摘要中的评估进行评估,并汇编对经常程序有用的评估清单。", " 4.四. 审议关于综合评估的现有区域办法和方法。", "5 (韩语). 讲习班审议在已知有数据和(或)信息但尚未进行评估的问题上可以采取的行动。", "6. 国家 查明重要但尚无所审议海域数据/信息的问题,并讨论如何调动信息或组织对这些问题的必要研究。", "7. 联合国 研讨会审议是否需要修改向作者提交的指南草案。 [3]", "8. 联合国 讲习班评估与审议中的海域有关的国家和区域海洋和海洋研究和培训机构的现有能力,以便进行海洋监测和评估以及综合评估。", "9. 国家 评估与审议中的海域有关的各国和政府间组织内部和彼此之间的现有专家网络,以及这些网络是否适合在加强能力方面发挥主要作用。", "10个 讲习班确定海洋监测和评估(包括综合评估)的能力建设需要(包括获得必要的技术)。", "11个 讲习班制定短期能力建设计划,以调动已知的与审议中的海域有关的信息和知识,但尚未以能够将其用于经常程序的方式有系统地加以组织。", "12个 一次启动综合评估能力建设的会议。", "13个 讲习班审议如何使摘要中现有评估的用户随时了解经常程序的活动,以及如何使经常程序专家组了解并满足其需要。", "联合国", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组专家组的职权范围和工作方法草案", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第64/71号决议第180段请秘书长邀请各区域组主席组成一个专家组,确保适当的专门知识和地域分配,每个区域组最多由25名专家和不超过5名专家组成,任期至并包括将于2010年8月30日至9月3日举行的特设全体工作组非正式会议。", "2. 联合国 大会第65/37 A号决议第209段决定设立一个专家组,作为经常程序的一个组成部分,并请会员国根据第64/71号决议第180段任命的专家组成员在第一个评估周期第一阶段期间继续在专家组任职,并鼓励尚未任命专家组专家的区域集团按照第64/71号决议第180段任命专家组专家。", "3个 本文件由经常程序秘书处同专家组协商编写,界定了被任命或将被任命为专家组成员的专家的职权范围。", "二. 职权范围", " 4.四. 专家组的一般任务是在特设全体工作组[及其主席团]的监督下,在经常程序框架内进行评估。 专家组的任务尤其应包括:", "(a) 国家 起草经常程序每个周期进行的主要评估中要考虑的问题大纲,由特设全体工作组核准;", "(b) 国家 应大会或特设全体工作组[或其主席团]的请求,起草一份将在经常程序周期内进行的任何补充评估大纲,由特设全体工作组核准;", "(c) 具体说明专家组需要进行哪些类型的额外专门知识,作为通过区域集团任命专家库成员的依据;", "(d) 国家 从其成员中指定一名牵头成员,并酌情指定其他成员,由专家组全面负责,负责任何评估的每个部分、章节;", "(e) 提出专家库成员的任务,由主席团核准:", "(一) 与专家组指定的牵头成员合作,起草任何评估的工作文件和(或)章节草稿;", "(二) 审查为任何任务制作的材料并提出意见;", "(f) 为每次评估起草执行计划和时间表,由特设全体工作组[主席团]核准,并视需要以同样方式提出对该计划和时间表的修正;", "(g) 商定对参与任何评估的所有各方的一般指导;", "(h) 按照时间表和任何此类一般性指导实施实施计划;", "(一) 审查为任何评估编制的所有材料,采取其认为必要的步骤,确保这些材料中使用的数据和资料的质量,并采取任何进一步的必要步骤,使评估工作圆满结束,但如任何此类行动需要经常程序信托基金支出,须经特设全体工作组核准;", "(j) 就任何评估产出草案的同行审查提出安排,由主席团核准;", "(k) 与《公约》有关的问题 根据同行审议的意见,商定任何评估的最后案文,[通过其主席团]提交特设全体工作组,并提交特设全体工作组;", "(l) 国家 促进海洋评估进程和专家个人之间的联网;", "(m) 执行特设全体工作组所指派的任何其他任务。", "组成", "5 (韩语). 专家组的组成如下:", "(a) 国家 专家组由最多25名专家和每个区域集团不超过5名专家组成。 其组成应反映地域和性别平衡;", "(b) 国家 人员组成应确保纪律专门知识的混合,并吸收所有区域的参与者参加,以便考虑到不同的区域情况和经验。 自然和社会科学的所有主要学科,包括其政策方面,以及法律和传统知识,都应当考虑纳入;", "(c)) 专家可以来自任何类型的附属机构(例如政府、非政府组织、政府间组织、私营部门、学术和研究机构、传统知识的拥有者);", "(d) 国家 专家应具备专家组集体概况所描述的一个或几个类别的经验和专门知识;", "(e) 协助 专家应在其专业领域或专长领域拥有国际公认的优秀人才;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 专家应表明高级别人员参与了与海洋环境有关的国际进程;", "(g) 专家应有能力以个人身份独立任职。", "任用", "6. 国家 专家组成员将依照第65/37 A号决议任命如下:", "(a) 成员由联合国会员国通过五个区域集团(非洲国家集团、亚洲国家、东欧国家、拉丁美洲和加勒比国家、西欧和其他国家)提名,每个区域集团最多提名五名专家;", "(b) 提名应考虑到任命专家的标准;", "(c) 成员应能够将大量时间专门用于经常程序的工作;", "(d) 成员任期应在经常程序每个周期开始时完全延长。 专家组现有成员可重新被提名,但任何成员不得连续任职两个周期以上;", "(e) 协助 填补一个周期内出现的空缺的任命可随时作出,但任命应于该周期结束时结束;", "(f) 当一个区域集团主席通知经常程序秘书处,该区域集团已任命专家组成员时,经常程序秘书处应寻求专家确认他/他愿意根据本职权范围和工作方法任职,并在收到确认书后,向专家发出确认任命书,在经常程序网站和海洋事务和海洋法司网站上公布任命情况,并通知专家组其他成员;", "(g) 成员可随时致函经常程序秘书处辞职;", "(h) 成员应作为咨询会议的参加者参加专家组,并以个人身份而不是以政府或联合国以外任何当局的代表的身份任职;", "(一) 专家组成员的服务应根据秘书处发出的邀请函获得。", "所有权", "7. 联合国 对于与本组织提供的服务有直接关系或因此而制作的材料,联合国应享有一切财产权,包括但不限于专利、版权和商标。", "补偿", "8. 联合国 2. 专家组成员不得因参加专家组而接受联合国的任何酬金、费用或其他报酬。 来自发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家和内陆发展中国家的成员,在资源允许的情况下,将得到旅费补助,以参加联合国结合专家组工作而召开的会议。", "工作方法", "9. 国家 2. 专家组的工作方法如下:", "(a) 国家 即便其组成出现空缺,专家组也可运作;", "(b) 国家 专家组应从其成员中指定两名协调员,一名来自发达国家,一名来自发展中国家。 协调员的任务应是采取他们共同认为有助于专家组履行赋予的任务的行动。 专家组可随时改变协调员的指定;", "(c) 专家组、经常程序秘书处和各国之间的通信应通过经常程序秘书处提供的安全网站进行;", "(d) 专家组应通过经常程序秘书处和由经常程序秘书处召集的会议同特设全体工作组进行沟通;", "(e) 必要时并在现有资源范围内,专家组可开会讨论无法通过电子会议或其他电子通信形式处理的工作领域;", "(f) 专家组应力求以协商一致方式开展工作。 在无法达成协商一致的情况下,专家组应确保在任何草案、任何提案或任何评估的最后案文中适当报告所有不同意见。", "秘书处", "10个 海洋事务和海洋法司作为经常程序秘书处的一部分,应担任专家组秘书处。", "联合国", "关于经常程序通信要求及数据和信息管理的报告", "1. 联合国 本报告由经常程序秘书处和专家组编写,回应了大会第65/37号决议第2、4和6段中的相关要求。 该报告是与秘书处信息和通信技术厅协商编写的。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第2和6段", "2. 联合国 通信、数据处理和信息管理方面的大多数需要,最好在一个涵盖经常程序所有方面的网站内得到满足。 因此,经常程序网站功能的可能说明已附在本报告后。", "3个 如附录(第8(a)-(c)段)所指出,将虚拟办事处设在一个单独的系统中可能有好处。 专家组、经常程序秘书处和信息和通信技术厅之间的进一步讨论有助于证实,虚拟办公室确实将更好地在一个单独的系统中管理。", " 4.四. 信息和通信技术厅正在更新可提供给虚拟办公室的设施。 已采取紧急措施,使目前采用的格式 \" Quicker \" 系统更能满足专家组的需要。 该系统目前正在为专家组提供充分支持。 更新后的系统应于2011年夏季后期启用,预计将更能满足专家组的要求。", "5 (韩语). 联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)预警和评估司和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)政府间海洋学委员会(海洋学委员会)已拟订一份提案,可以满足经常程序的要求。 环境署和海委会已主动提出创建和托管一个专用信息门户,使会员国能够获取与经常程序有关的关键资源,包括海洋环境数据库全球和区域评估。 作为“评估各项评估”后续行动的一部分(见A/64/88),环境署和海洋学委员会开发了这样一个门户的原型。 信息和通信技术厅正在评估由环境署和海委会编写的规格,并将向定于2011年6月27日和28日举行的特设全体工作组第二次会议报告其评估情况。", "6. 国家 关于各国与经常程序秘书处和专家组之间通信的规定,建议通过拟议网站的“限制”部分进行此类通信。 为此,各国必须按照“评估各项评估”的建议,指定一个协调中心。 [4] 还可以为参加经常程序的具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的政府间组织和非政府组织同时安排联络点。 一旦拟议网站开始运作,即可为联络点作出安排。", "大会第65/37 B号决议第4段", "7. 联合国 第65/37 B号决议第4段的目的显然是使专家组能够提出支持管理数据和信息的请求。 然而,专家组认为没有必要提出任何这种正式请求。 经常程序秘书处、信息和通信技术厅、环境署和海委会正在作出的努力似乎正在满足当前的需要。", "附 录", "修订经常程序网站功能的可能规格", "1. 联合国 本说明按访问的下行顺序编排,从向所有上网者开放的一节开始。", "2. 联合国 公共网站和受限网站,以及虚拟办公室,可以设置在不同的服务器上并使用不同的系统,或者整合在一个单一的服务器上.", "3个 网站的所有部分(公共网站、受限制网站和虚拟办公室),无论它们继续运行的服务器,都需要有充分的安全性,以防止未经授权的访问或干扰,并有足够的、定期的备份。", " 4.四. 必须维护网站的完整性,以便该网站能够永久和完整地记录经常程序的执行情况。", "公共网站(向所有人开放)", "5 (韩语). 公共网站将包括:", "(a) 国家 经常程序及其工作方法简介(仅限HTML文件);", "(b) 专家组和经常程序秘书处的详细情况和联系方法(只限HTML文件);", "(c) 经常程序活动日历(HTML文件和可下载(便携式文件格式)(PDF)文件);", "(d) 一个图书馆科,提供与经常程序有关的所有文件,包括:", "(一) 《约翰内斯堡执行计划》有关章节;", "(二) 大会各项决议的相关摘录;", "(三) 秘书长的报告(或报告摘要);", "(四) 2004年专家组和国际讲习班的报告;", "(五) “评估各项评估”特设指导小组的报告;", "(六) “评估各项评估”报告;", "(七) 与特设全体工作组会议有关的文件和报告;", "(八) 其他背景材料。", "本节所有材料应可视为HTML文档并可作为PDF文件和文字处理器文档下载;", "(e) 一节,提供经常程序信托基金的财务细节,包括捐款和支出(只提供HTML文件);", "(f) 一节,列出经核准的文件,其中载列第一次全球海洋综合评估纲要和作者指南及类似文件。 本节所有材料应可视为HTML文档并可作为PDF文件和文字处理器文档下载;", "(g) 为已核准公开发表的第一次全球海洋综合评估提供工作文件和章节草案。 本节所有材料应可视为HTML文档并可作为PDF文件和文字处理器文档下载;", "(h) 在适当时候,有一节规定:", "(一) 全球海洋综合评估报告初稿;", "(二) 一份显示同行审评员对第一次全球海洋综合评估报告草案的评论和起草者/编辑的回应的文件;", "(三) 最后一份全球海洋综合评估报告;", "本节中的材料应可视为HTML文档并可作为PDF文件下载,但不需要作为文字处理器文档下载;", "(一) 获得工作文件和章节草案所依据的数据和资料的一节。 这一部分必须能够包括:", "(一) 为经常程序目的举办的讲习班的报告;", "(二) 关于已审议或使用的评估的基本信息(元数据)数据库;", "(三) 用于编写工作文件或章节草稿的书籍、文章和其他材料(例如数据库)的书目。 该书目应能提供科学期刊以电子形式永久储存的网站(如《日刊》存储(JSTOR))的详细访问信息;", "(四) 与可以找到评估、书籍、文章或其他材料的网站的超链接;", "(五) 载有其他地方没有的资料的文件(有多种格式)。", "限制性网站(只对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处、合作者、国家政府和政府间组织的协调人以及具有经济及社会理事会咨商地位的非政府组织的通讯员开放)", "6. 国家 限制网站将包含:", "(a) 组织构成经常程序一部分的讲习班的一节。 本节应能够包括HTML文档以及可下载的PDF格式和文字处理器格式文档. 每个讲习班需要有一个单独的分节;", "(b) 国家 联络点和通讯员可在互动部分张贴问题或评论,专家组或经常程序秘书处成员可张贴对问题或评论的答复。 这实际上是经常程序的内部“日志”;", "(c) 支助工作文件和章节草稿起草工作的一节。 本节需要允许主要起草人及其合作者编写、取用并修改工作文件和章节草案。 进入受限制网站的其他人应当能够了解正在做些什么,但只有对每份工作文件或章节草案负责的人才能创建或修改案文。 本节必须有能力明确和自动地确定文件和对文件作出的修正的作者,记录案文的产生和修正日期,并保存每份文件以前版本的备份。 也非常可取的是,虽然一人正在编写文件,但其他人至少在一段合理时间内不能查阅;", "(d) 国家 在适当时候,分两分节规定对各章草案进行同行审查(可能在2013年):", "(一) 供各国和政府间组织审查的一节。 除了工作文件和章节草稿一节所需的功能(见上文第(c)段)外,本节还应规定审查人员(经国家或政府间组织授权)应在各章节草稿案文中添加评论意见,但不得修改案文。 该系统应一并显示对任何段落或分段的所有评论并指明每一评论的来源。 限制审查人员更改案文将有助于防止混淆并便利以后的编辑;", "(二) 供选定的同行审评员审查的一节。 由于每一章的同行评审员人数相对较少,因此他们应当能够修正其章节的案文并增加评论。 否则,所需经费将与工作文件和章节草稿部分相同(见上文第(c)段)。", "7. 联合国 此外,同行审查部分需要能够:", "(a) 国家 记录:", "(一) 各国和政府间组织评论员的标题、姓名和联系方式;", "(二) 选定的同行审评员的任务及其职称、姓名和联系方式;", "(b) 国家 自动记录审查员作出每项评论的日期,章节编辑员对此采取行动;", "(c) 允许评论员和同行评审员与章节编辑交流信息,并规定保留此类信息并与相关段落相链接;", "(d) 保留所有评论和拟议修改的副本;", "(e) 自动将新张贴的材料和截止日期通知各章编辑;", "(f) 允许作者和审查人员按要求上传和下载与审查工作有关的文件。", "虚拟办公室(只对专家组成员、经常程序秘书处和联合国粮食及农业组织、国际海事组织、联合国环境规划署、政府间海洋学委员会等代表开放)", "8. 联合国 虚拟办公室将包括:", "(a) 设立一个科,使那些可以进入虚拟办公室的人能够创建、取用和修改正在开展工作的文件。 这一节必须明确和自动地指明文件的作者和对文件的修正,并保留每份文件先前版本的备份。 也非常可取的是,虽然一人正在编写文件,但其他人至少在一段合理时间内不能查阅;", "(b) 允许进行若干“对话”的一节,所有能够进入虚拟办公室的个人均可增加其评论并查看所有其他人的评论,而不必单独打开每条信息。 如果可能,该系统应有一个概览,使能够进入虚拟办公室的个人能够看到对“对话”作出的新贡献,而不必单独打开每一“对话”;", "(c) 一种通知制度,显示何时创建了新的文件,如果要求,说明何时对现有文件作了修正。", "页:1", "关于评估能力建设初步清单和研讨会专家类别的报告", "1. 联合国 本报告是经常程序秘书处在专家组协助下根据大会第65/37 B号决议第3段的要求编写的。", "2. 联合国 根据要求,附录一载有评估能力建设现有机会和安排的初步清单,附录二载有研讨会专家类别的初步清单。", "3个 目前没有关于评估能力建设机会和安排的全面清单,而且这些资料不易获得。 附录一中的资料是根据以下资料来源编写的:", "(a) 关于发展中国家为在国家管辖权范围内实现可持续和有效开发海洋资源和利用海洋所能提供的援助和可采取的措施的研究(A/63/342);", "(b) 汇编发展中国家现有援助来源以及发展中国家在养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群方面的能力建设和援助需要(ICSP8/UNFSA/INF.4/Rev);", "(c) 秘书长关于海洋和海洋法的报告(A/65/69);", "(d) 联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程第十一次会议工作报告(A/65/164)。", "附录一", "评估能力建设的现有机会和安排的初步清单", "A. 国际金融机构和全球性组织、方案和基金", "生物多样性公约秘书处\n信息交换机制\n接受援助的发展中国家\n《生物多样性公约》的信息交换所机制是根据《公约》第18.3条设立的。 根据缔约方大会第X/15号决定,信息交换机制将通过有效的信息服务和其他适当手段,为《公约》及其《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》的执行作出重大贡献,以促进和便利科技合作、知识共享和信息交流,并建立一个全面运作的缔约方和伙伴网络。 文件UNEP/CBD/CHM/\n页:1\n南极海生生物养护委员会 资源\n一般科学能力特别基金\n接受援助的发展中国家\n区域援助领域 该基金的目的是确保更广泛地参与委员会科学委员会的工作,促进委员会内的负担分担和能力建设,并协助收集、研究和交换与《南极海洋生物资源保护公约》适用的海洋生物资源有关的资料。 该基金还鼓励和促进开展合作与协作研究,以扩大对南极海洋生物资源的了解。\n生态系统。\n粮食和农业 联合国组织(粮农组织)\n执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第十一部分协定第七部分援助基金 《公约》的所有发展中缔约国\n协议\n协助发展中缔约国参加区域渔业管理组织和协定的会议、新的区域渔业管理组织和协定的全球会议;能力建设和人力资源开发;促进缔约国之间就执行《协定》交流信息和经验;提供技术援助和\n培训。\n瑞典国际发展合作署(瑞开发署)对渔业守则信托基金的捐款\n接受援助的发展中国家\n全球/区域/国家援助领域 在这方面,瑞典国际开发署提供(a) 专家工作组和协商(全球一级);(b) 特别研究(全球、区域和国家);(c) 区域能力建设讲习班;(d) 国家技术援助特派团,以除其他外,促进有效编制和使用渔业统计和信息,并更适当地评估小规模渔业。\n渔业。\n西西里海峡渔业资源和生态系统的评估和监测(MedSudMed)(信托基金) 受援国 受益者包括四个参与国(意大利、利比亚、马耳他和突尼斯)参与区域一级研究活动的国家科学机构以及参与国政府的渔业管理部门。 地中海渔业总委员会也受益于信息和监测的改进。\n系统。\n区域援助领域 该项目的主要目标是,通过支持与底栖和小型中上层渔业资源以及生物和非生物环境因素之间的相互作用有关的研究活动,提高对渔业资源及其生态系统的认识,为发展负责任的渔业管理作出贡献。 活动包括:(a) 审查关于西西里海峡共有种群(底鱼和中上层小型鱼类)的知识并收集有关科学证据,并实现数据收集和数据分析方法的标准化;(b) 在次区域范围内开展联合合作调查(卵子和幼鱼、回声调查、拖网调查),以评估共有种群;(c) 收集关于环境因素对目标种群的影响的信息;(d) 确定目标种群苗圃区及其位置;(e) 通过区域讲习班进行国家能力建设;(f) 印发技术手册并创建数据库;(g) 培训课程(处理数据以评估种群、渔业资源年龄确定、确定渔业成熟阶段)。\n资源)。\n支助渔业的协调 中西地中海的管理(信托基金) 受援国 该区域的渔业研究机构以及阿尔及利亚、法国、意大利、利比亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、西班牙和\n突尼斯\n区域援助领域 支助渔业管理部门在国家和分区域一级收集数据和信息(渔业、渔获量、努力、社会经济数据);向各国提供技术援助和培训,以满足其需要和优先事项并加强其渔业科学的国家能力(组织会议和讲习班,编写科学论文,支持年度研究活动,\n(见A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.II/WP.1号文件)。\n渔业生态系统方法——南森项目” 加强发展中国家海洋渔业的知识基础和实施生态系统办法”(信托基金) 所有受援国,早期侧重于撒哈拉以南非洲\n非洲\n向合作伙伴通报评估和监测主要生态系统特性的程序和方法,包括制定标准化的数据收集、取样方法和适当的科学指标;提高科学和管理层面对海洋渔业采用生态系统方法的能力;就使用国家或区域研究船提供咨询,包括由当地船只或其他船只协调覆盖;项目规划和传播\n资料。\n全球环境基金/联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)/联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)/联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)/世界银行/区域开发银行\n全球环境基金国际水域重点领域的多边财务机制\n接受援助的发展中国家\n全球援助领域 全球环境基金的国际水域重点领域提供资金,帮助各国处理沿海和海洋、河流流域和含水层系统等共有的跨界水系统。 全球环境基金向分享19个大型海洋生态系统的国家提供了合作工作方面的援助,这些生态系统占发展中国家共有的大型海洋生态系统的一半以上。 全球环境基金数十亿美元信托基金向普遍参与开放,目前有176个国家为成员,该基金建立在开发计划署、环境规划署、世界银行、四个区域开发银行、粮农组织和工发组织的伙伴关系上。 这些机构可以发展中国家和经济转型期国家的名义为符合全球环境基金业务战略的活动获得资金。 目前,有127个全环基金受援国和21个工业国家正在就全环基金理事会核准的与大型海洋生态系统及其海岸有关的项目进行合作。 关于这些项目的信息可查阅全球环境基金国际水域知识管理网站:\nwww.iwlearn.net (中文(简体) ).\n国际水文组织(水文组织)\n国际水文学组织能力建设基金\n接受援助的发展中国家\n向缺乏水文能力而损害海洋环境保护的国家提供必要的援助。 能力建设基金为主要类别的能力建设活动提供支助,即:(a) 技术援助:支持对成员国进行技术访问,以评估水文测量、海图绘制和海事信息状况;为发展当地水文能力和(或)就与水文项目有关的技术事项提供建议提供准则;(b) 培训和教育:支持执行符合国际水文学组织工作方案的水文、海图绘制和其他相关培训和教育举措;(c) 为参加国际水文学组织活动提供财政援助:支持成员国代表按照国际水文学组织工作方案出席课程和(或)技术会议;(d) 启动项目水文要素的供资:支持执行符合国际水文学组织工作方案的高度优先水文制图项目的最初步骤\n目标。\n国际海洋学委员会(海洋学委员会)\n海委会海洋技术转让标准和准则\n接受援助的发展中国家\n委员会通过其通过研究方案开展的教育和互助及培训,为寻求能力建设以解决国家优先事项的发展中国家提供国内培训。 委员会海洋法专家咨询机构同意向成员国提供援助,并发展成员国之间的合作,以进行海洋科学研究项目,特别注意能力建设。 委员会还开发了一个信息交换机制来协助感兴趣的发展中国家和发达国家寻求适当的技术转让伙伴关系。 委员会的国际海洋学数据和信息交换所促进参与的成员国之间交流海洋学数据和信息并满足用户对数据和信息产品的需要。 在线获取环境研究,这是由环境署、耶鲁大学和主要科技出版社协调的一个国际公私联合体,也使发展中国家能够获得环境研究\n科学。\n国际海底管理局\n《联合国海洋法公约》所有缔约国\n海运\n在 \" 区域 \" 内海洋科学研究方面,管理局主要通过设立 \" 区域 \" 内海洋科学研究捐赠基金来解决能力建设问题,该基金支持发展中国家的合格科学家和技术人员参加海洋科学研究的国际合作方案。 基金通过培训和技术培训促进能力发展。\n援助活动。\n经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)\n发展援助委员会年度汇总数据库和债权人报告系统\n接受援助的发展中国家\n委员会通过两个不同的数据库跟踪双边和多边捐助者对发展中国家的援助和其他资源流动情况:年度汇总数据库,该数据库提供关于援助和其他资源流动的数量、来源和种类的全面数据;债权人报告制度,该数据库提供各部门、国家、项目说明等个别援助活动的详细资料。\n包括:", "附录二", "研讨会专家类别初步清单", "1. 联合国 经常程序秘书处和专家组已审议了哪些类型的专家能够为为支持经常程序并完成第一次全球海洋综合评估而举办的讲习班作出重要贡献。", "2. 联合国 已经认识到,评估大纲所涉任何领域的所有专家都能够对讲习班的产出作出有益的贡献。 还必须确保环境科学以及经济和社会科学的专家都参加。", "3个 特别是,可以期望参加最近对讲习班所涵盖海域进行的最全面评估的专家能够作出重大贡献。", " 4.四. 此外,如果讲习班上的专家能够尽可能涵盖下列领域,将特别有帮助:", "(a) 海洋学、气象学(包括影响海洋的气候变化)、海洋化学和海洋地质学;", "(b) 海洋生物学和生物海洋学(初级生产);", "(c) 评估和管理鱼类和贝类种群;", "(d) 规划、管理和发展渔业和水产养殖业以及依赖这些行业和社区;", "(e) 规划和发展海上运输,管理港口并安装海底电缆和管道;", "(f) 海上安全;", "(g) 监测和评估沿海、河流和大气对海洋的投入和海上倾倒;", "(h) 勘探和开发近海石油和矿物资源(包括总量);", "(一) 规划和发展风能、波能和潮能;", "(j) 沿海区的规划和发展(包括城市化、城镇和国家规划和分区);", "(k) 监测和评估海洋物种、生境、生态和生物敏感区和脆弱的海洋生态系统(包括生态经济学);", "(l) 指定和管理海洋保护区;", "(m) 对引进的海洋害虫具有专门知识;", "(n) 海洋遗传资源方面的专门知识;", "(o) 海洋资源经济学;", "(p) 海洋工业的经济和社会方面,包括海洋的旅游业和娱乐用途。", "联合国", "第一次全球海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况综合评估的可能纲要[5]", "注:本文件仅供参考。 报告载有经常程序专家组提出的修订意见,需要特设全体工作组下次会议作进一步审议。", "第一部分 决策者摘要", "这一部分将不遵循主要报告的模式,而是突出最重要的结论。 其目的是:", "(a) 国家 评估的方式;", "(b) 全面评估人类对海洋所产生影响的规模;", "(c)) 对海洋环境及人类经济和社会福祉的主要威胁;", "(d) 国家 能力建设需要和满足这些需要的有效办法;", "(e) 协助 最严重的知识差距和弥补这些差距的可能方法。", "第二编 评估的背景", "第1章 行星、海洋和生物", "本章将是对海洋在地球生活中发挥的作用、其运作方式以及人类与海洋的关系的广泛和入门的调查。 报告应至少得到两份工作文件的支持,概述:", "1.A. 沿海地区的人口,包括沿海地区的主要城市和预测变化。", "本标题下的材料旨在利用为联合国世界人口前景所做的工作。", "1.B. 人类对沿海地区的影响:人类陆上活动给沿海和海洋生态系统造成压力的程度。", "可能相关的材料可包括世界各地用于集约农业的沿海集水区土地比例、沿海集水区的工业和城市发展强度以及用于城市发展的海岸线比例。", "第4章 任务、信息来源和工作方法", "4.A. 联合国 大会商定的经常程序的目标、范围和任务。", "4.B. 与收集与海洋及其人类用途有关的环境、经济和社会数据有关的一般性问题,包括国家、区域和全球汇总和分析信息和数据、数据质量保证和获取信息。", "4.C. 说明为进行第一次全球海洋综合评估所商定的程序,以及这些程序的执行方式,包括科学/政策互动办法、选择贡献者、在确定基线方面作出的选择、不确定性的描述和分类以及数据的质量保证。", "第三编 评估海洋环境的主要生态系统服务(提供服务除外)[6]", "本部分的多章将大量借鉴政府间气候变化专门委员会的工作。 目的是利用小组的工作,而不是重复或质疑小组的工作。", "章 次 页 次 5 海洋在水文循环中的作用", "5.A. 联合国 水文周期海水和淡水部分之间的相互作用:更替率及其变化——淡水流入海洋及其与海洋的相互作用,包括大陆冰盖和冰川变化造成的这些通量变化和这些通量的人为变化(例如从筑坝或增加抽象)对海洋环境的影响——减少冰的覆盖——海平面变化。", "5.B. 海洋变暖、海平面变化对环境、经济和社会的影响,包括海平面上升对低地国家安全的影响和影响,以及淡水通量的人为变化和其他变化。", "5.C. 海水的化学成分:不同水体的盐分和营养含量——盐分和营养含量的变化。", "5.C之二. 环境 盐分和营养含量变化对环境、经济和社会的影响。", "5.D. 软件 海洋在热能运输中的作用:海洋变暖——海洋对地表温度和环流模式的总体影响——海洋振荡——厄尔尼诺和类似事件.", "5.E. 海洋温度变化和重大海洋温度事件对环境、经济和社会的影响。", "第6章 海上和空中互动", "6.A. 联合国 海洋在调节大气通量和氧气和二氧化碳浓度(氧生产、二氧化碳固存):海洋作为二氧化碳汇的作用——关于维持或加强这种作用的问题。", "6.B. 与海洋有关的气象现象:飓风和台风-季风雨-贸易风.", "6.C. 气象现象趋势对环境、经济和社会的影响,包括风暴频率和强度的变化、今年大部分时间被冰所覆盖的海洋以及依赖冰层的社区的影响,以及对小岛屿发展中国家的影响。", "6.D. 海洋酸化:人类活动造成的海洋酸化的程度和程度。", "6.E. 海洋酸化趋势的环境、经济和社会影响(与关于粮食安全的第四部分相参照)。", "第7章 初级生产、养分循环、地表层和浮游生物", "7.A. 初级生产的全球分布:目前分布的原因——影响营养物循环的因素和食物网基础的可变性和复原力——已知和预期的变化,包括臭氧层问题造成的紫外线辐射的变化。", "7.B.地表地层和浮游生物:地表地层的作用——影响它的因素——浮游生物物种的变化.", "7.C. 初级生产趋势的环境、经济和社会影响以及影响食物网基础内在可变性和复原力的其他因素(与关于粮食安全的第四部分相参照)。", "第7条之二 出自海洋的碳酸盐生产", "海洋来源碳酸盐生产在环礁和海滩形成中的作用——海洋酸化的潜在影响。", "第8章 从海洋环境中获得的审美、文化、宗教和精神生态系统服务", "人类与海洋在美学、文化、宗教和精神层面的互动规模,包括海上埋葬,以及这些互动可能受其他变化影响的方式。 还将参照第26章(旅游)。", "第8章之二 对生态系统服务的科学了解", "生态系统服务科学理解状况概述,包括数据收集,信息管理,世界不同地区之间的差异和研究需要等.", "第9章 关于提供服务以外的主要生态系统服务的结论", "第5至8之二章所查明的主要问题摘要,包括能力建设需要和信息差距。", "第四编 评估贯穿各领域的问题:粮食安全与安全", "这一部分将大量借鉴粮农组织进行的评估。", "第10章 海洋作为食物来源", "人类对海洋食物的依赖程度和需求增加的压力,世界不同地区之间的差异,以及世界一些地区在鱼类和海产食品方面依赖其他部分的程度,以及海洋生物资源对粮食安全的贡献。", "第11章 捕捞渔业", "11.A. 商业鱼类和贝类种群:商业开发的鱼类和贝类种群的现状——经济活动的规模(大规模商业、手工和休闲捕鱼)。 [7]", "11.B (英语). 其他鱼类和贝类种群:手工或自给性捕鱼所开发的鱼类和贝类种群的现状——对生计的重要性——目前尚未被开发的鱼类种群的现状。", "11.C. 通过对食物网、副渔获物(鱼类、哺乳动物、爬行动物和海鸟)以及不同的渔具和方法的影响,包括抛弃物对其他野生动物的影响,以及丢失或遗弃渔具的影响,捕获渔业(大规模商业、手工和自给性捕捞)对海洋生态系统的影响。", "11个 C之二. 环境 污染对海洋生物资源的影响:化学和放射性污染对用于食物的海洋生物资源的储存可能产生的影响——这种污染的潜在威胁的影响。", "11.D. 非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动:[8] 规模、地点和对鱼类种群的影响。 为防止、阻止和消除非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动所采取措施的影响,包括粮农组织《非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动国际行动计划》和粮农组织《关于防止、阻止和消除非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的港口国措施协定》。", "11.E. 商业捕捞渔业管理的管理办法:说明主要工具和办法,包括经济措施——不同管理办法的适用范围——根据不同管理办法所采取措施对海洋环境和有关经济活动的典型后果,包括副渔获物处理和弃鱼等问题——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11.F. (中文(简体) ). 管理个体和自给性捕捞的监管办法:说明主要工具和办法——不同管理办法的适用范围——根据不同管理办法所采取措施对海洋环境和相关经济活动的典型后果——与鱼类种群状况的关系。", "11G. (英语). 根据所有相关因素,预测今后十年鱼类和贝类种群的状况。", "第12章 水产养殖", "12.A. 水产养殖的规模和分布:水产养殖活动的地点——种植物种——经济意义和对粮食安全的贡献。", "12.B. 水产养殖的投入和影响:对沿海空间的需求——捕捞渔业对鱼食的需求。", "12个 B条之二。 水产养殖造成的污染和污染:化学品的使用——逃出种群与野生种群的相互作用。", "12.C. 水产养殖管理的管理办法:说明根据不同管理办法所采取措施对海洋环境和有关经济活动的典型后果的主要工具和办法——不同管理办法的适用范围。", "12.D. 根据所有相关因素预测今后十年水产养殖的作用。", "12.E. 水产养殖管理和监测其影响的能力建设需要。", "第12条之二 鱼类的繁殖", "第12条之二。 A类. 通过海洋放牧和从孵化场放出鱼来重建枯竭的种群。", "第12条之二。 B. 将海洋生物资源移植到不同的生态系统。", "第12条之二。 C. 人工传播对自然生态系统的影响。", "第12条之二。 D. 鱼类种群传播的管理办法——应用范围——结果。", "第12条之二。 E. 管理鱼类种群传播和监测其影响的能力建设需要。", "第13章 海藻和其他海生食品", "13.A. 鱼类和贝类以外的海洋食物的采集规模、地点和重要性——预计未来十年的发展。", "13.B. 采集海藻和其他海生食品的潜在影响。", "13.C. 收集海藻和其他海生食品的管理办法——办法和应用范围——已实现的利益和意外影响。", "13.D. 改进和管理这种食物的使用和监测收集对海洋环境的影响的能力建设需要。", "渔业的社会和经济方面", "14.A. 与人类健康的关系:海生食品带来的健康惠益和问题,包括补充蛋白质-贫乏饮食的潜力——化学、有毒和细菌污染——能力建设需要促进惠益并控制问题。", "14.B. 渔业和水产养殖业的就业规模和重要性:就业人数——收入与当地中位收入的关系——渔民与其他行业相比受伤害的程度。", "14.C. 渔业在社会结构中的作用:渔民在当地社会中的作用——渔业是生计的唯一来源的程度——地方社会依赖渔业和水产养殖的程度。", "14.E. 渔获地、渔船所有权和经营、起降港和消费分配之间的关系:各国(和它们所属的经济经营者)从其领海和专属经济区的渔业和水产养殖中获得的利益——这些国家(和它们所属的经济经营者)从公海渔业和远洋渔业中获益。", "第14.E之二条。 国际渔业协定的执行情况:需要改变渔船和渔具——需要培训渔民——能力建设需要支持执行。", "14.E之三. 国家 市场变化的影响:上岸鱼类和贝类长途运输的增长——生态认证——生态群体其他运动的影响.", "14.F (英语). 与其他工业的联系:依赖渔业和水产养殖的经济活动规模,包括提供设备(特别是船舶)和加工产出。", "第15章 关于粮食安全的结论", "15.A. 第10至14章所查明的主要问题,包括能力建设需要和信息差距概述。", "15.B. 海洋资源粮食的长期发展——气候变化的影响——人口变化的影响——与陆地粮食生产变化的关系。", "第五部分 评估其他人类活动和海洋环境", "第16章 航运", "16.A. 航运在世界贸易中的重要性:主要航运路线——海上世界贸易的数量——航运活动,包括作为船旗国的航运活动给各国带来的经济利益——对今后十年变化的预测,包括高纬度航运机会因冰盖变化而发生的变化。", "16.B. 海员:就业规模——海洋环境保护方面的培训是否充分——海员收入与中位收入的关系——海员与其他雇员相比受伤害的程度。", "16.C. 来自航运的威胁:地点、规模和趋势——来自航运的污染(包括《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》附件一至六所管制的一切形式的污染,防污处理和噪音)——航运对海洋生物的声学影响——航运灾害,包括其长期影响——通过压载水和其他生物安保风险侵入物种——为拆船而运输船只——与贸易相比,航运对沿海国造成的风险。", "16号. C之二. 环境 海洋环境保护措施,包括海事组织公约和其他文书对航运的经济影响。", "16.D. 与其他工业和商业的联系:造船-拆船-地堡-保险、租船和导航服务。", "16.D之二. 技术 通过海上运输放射性物质。", "16.F. 管理航运的管理办法:说明主要办法(特别是海事组织的公约和文书)——各种管理办法的适用范围——根据各种管理办法所采取措施对海洋环境和有关经济活动的典型后果,包括但不限于特殊区域和特别敏感海区——执行。", "16.G. 管理航运和监测航运影响的能力建设需要,包括支持执行国际公约和其他文书的需要。", "第17章 港口", "17.A. 港口活动的规模和意义:地点和交通——预计增长,包括标题16.A(对港口国的经济利益)下考虑的航道变化的影响。", "17.B. 建立和维护港口的影响:港口发展的规模 -- -- 为航行目的疏浚 -- -- 船舶废物的管理,包括收费制度的影响 -- -- 港口船舶污染 -- -- 疏浚重新调动污染物。", "17.C. 港口管理框架:说明控制港口对海洋环境所产生影响的主要办法——这些办法的适用范围——预期好处和意外影响——与航运业的关系——与渔业和国际贸易的关系。", "17.D. 港口管理和监测其对海洋环境所产生影响的能力建设需要。", "第18章 联合国 海底电缆和管道", "18.A. 电缆和电缆铺设的规模、位置和作用:在国际通信和因特网中的作用——预测未来十年的发展——就业——与其他行业的联系——经济利益。", "18.B. 电缆和管道的潜在污染和物理损害——在施工/安装期间——在退役后使用期间。", "18.C. 各国管理在其管辖范围内的管道、电缆、管道和电缆铺设的管理框架:这些框架的适用范围——预期好处和意外影响——干扰海洋的其他用途。", "18.D. 管理电缆铺设和管道安装以及监测其对海洋环境的影响的能力建设需要。", "第19章 联合国 来自陆地的沿海、河流和大气投入", "19.A. 城市废水,包括主要城市和港口游轮的影响:处理的规模和程度——影响的性质,包括直接投入和河道投入,包括对沿海水域微生物质量的影响,以及对水质,特别是对水产养殖和旅游业的不利影响的经济影响——预计未来十年的发展。", "19.B. 工业排放,包括点源:危险物质,包括持久性有机污染物和重金属-碳氢化合物-营养物-排放规模(直接和河流投入和大气运输)-处理程度-影响的性质,包括通过食物链对人类健康的影响-预计未来十年的发展。", "19.C. 农业径流和排放:规模(直接和河流投入以及营养物质的大气运输)——影响的性质——未来十年的预测发展。", "19.D. 富营养化:市政、工业和农业投入的综合影响,还考虑到沿海水域多变和河口去硝化的影响——相互参照对鱼类种群的影响和对食物网的影响。", "19.F. 核工业和非核工业输入的放射性物质——放射性物质输入的实际、潜在和被怀疑的影响。", "19.G. 管理以土地为基础的投入所产生影响的管理框架:《全球行动纲领》-区域公约-国家计划-采用的各种办法-预期成果和意外影响。", "19.H. 废水、工业排放和农业径流管理以及监测其对海洋环境的影响方面的能力建设需要。", "第20章 近海[9] 油气工业", "20.A. 近海油气工业的规模和重要性:今后十年的地点、生产规模和预测的发展——给各国带来的经济利益。", "20.B. 包括地震调查在内的勘探活动的影响:未来十年的规模和预测发展。", "20.C. 生产的影响:规模和预测发展,包括切割堆积物、在岸外使用的化学品、燃烧、产生的水——设施污水排放。", "20.D. 海上安装灾害及其影响,包括长期影响。", "20.E. 退役。", "20.G. 管理近海油气装置的管理框架:办法和适用范围——实现的利益和意外影响——关于保护海洋环境规则执行情况的培训。", "20.H. 管理政府与近海油气工业之间的接口和监测油气装置对海洋环境的影响的能力建设需要。", "第二十一章 其他以海洋为基础的能源工业", "21.A. 国家 风能,波能和潮能发电的规模——当前,规划和预测.", "21.B. 风能、波能和潮能发电的环境效益和影响。", "21.C. 风能、波能和潮能发电的预期经济表现。", "21.D. 管理近海非碳氢能源设施的管理框架:办法和适用范围——实现的利益和意外影响。", "21.E. 近海风能、波能和潮能发电的规划和管理以及监测其对海洋环境的影响方面的能力建设。", "第22章 联合国 近海采矿业", "22.A. 取出砂和砾石的规模和意义:取出砂和砾石对环境的影响。", "22.B. 取出砂和砾石的经济效益。", "22.C. 其他海底采矿业的发展情况:现状和潜在规模。", "22.D. 管理近海采矿业的管理框架:办法和适用范围——实现的利益和意外影响。", "22.E. 近海采矿业规划和管理的能力建设。", "第23章 联合国 固体废物处理", "23.A. 海上倾弃废物的类型和数量,包括对海洋环境的潜在影响——预计未来十年的倾倒量。", "23.B. 管理固体废物倾倒的管理框架:办法和适用范围——实现的利益和意外影响。", "23.C. 在管理海上固体废物处置和监测对海洋环境的影响方面的能力建设需要。", "第24章 联合国 海洋废弃物", "24.A. 联合国 海洋废弃物的多种原因,包括对废物的陆上处置缺乏控制,海滩垃圾和由船舶产生的垃圾缺乏管理,以及问题的规模和分布。", "24.B. 处理海洋废弃物的办法——适用范围——已取得进展的案例。", "24.C. 消除海洋废弃物和监测海洋废弃物水平的能力建设需要。", "第25章 陆地/海洋物理相互作用", "25.A. 土地开垦:土地开垦和生境改变的规模和地点以及受影响的生境——管理开垦和改变的管理办法——适用范围——结果。", "25.B. 海上侵蚀:土地侵蚀的经济和社会代价——对海岸防御的海洋和沿海生境的影响,包括海滩和漂浮岛屿——对小岛屿发展中国家的影响——海岸防御的费用——海岸防御的监管和管理办法——应用范围——结果。", "25.C. 沉积变化:由于降雨和河流侵蚀土地而使海洋环境沉积——由于水的管理而使海洋沉积减少——这两种变化对包括河口、三角洲、海底峡谷在内的海洋和沿海生境的影响——控制沉积变化的管理办法——应用范围——结果。", "25.D. 管理陆地/海洋物理互动和监测对海洋环境的影响的能力建设需要。", "第26章 旅游和娱乐", "26.A. 旅游和娱乐(包括游轮)的地点和规模:就业——旅游业的经济利益——保护海洋生物多样性带来的经济利益。", "26.A之二. 技术 休闲和体育捕鱼及其对海洋野生动物的影响。", "26.A之三. 国家 娱乐和旅游船只对敏感海域的影响。", "26.B. 旅游业对污水和污染问题的贡献,包括来自游轮的污染(另见标题19A,城市废水)。", "26.C. 旅游业的其他环境影响,包括生境被破坏和破坏的地点和规模。", "26. 联合国 C之二. 环境 旅游业与保护海洋物种和生境(例如,观鲸和鲸鱼保护区)的关系。", "26.D. 管理旅游业环境影响的管理办法——应用范围——结果。", "26.E. 管理旅游业和监测旅游业对海洋环境所产生影响的能力建设需要。", "第27章 淡化", "海水淡化的规模、社会和经济效益及其环境影响。 脱盐能力建设需要.", "第28章 联合国 海洋遗传资源的使用", "28.A. 研究和开发的当前专题、地点和规模,包括海洋遗传资源的利用和知识产权等相关问题。", "28.B. 国家管辖水域海洋遗传资源研究与开发的管理办法[10]-适用范围-成果。", "28.C. 海洋遗传资源的研究和开发及其管理的能力建设。", "页:1 国防活动对海洋环境的具体问题", "29.B. 经常性防卫行动对海洋生物的声响影响。", "29.C. 联合国 海上倾弃无用弹药的规模和由倾弃弹药和化学武器引起的问题。", "第30章 结 论 海洋科学研究", "30.A. 海洋科学研究的主题、规模和地点。", "30.B. 海洋科学研究的管理办法——应用范围——成果。", "30.C. 海洋科学研究的能力建设需要,包括技术转让。", "第31章 联合国 关于其他人类活动的结论", "第16至30章查明的主要问题摘要,包括能力建设需要和信息差距。", "第六编 海洋生物多样性和生境评估", "第31章之二 导言", "这一部分的目的是:(a) 概述海洋生物多样性及其已知情况;(b) 审查全球、区域或国家各级主管当局查明的海洋生态系统、物种和生境受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的现状、趋势和威胁;(c) 审查养护的监管和管理办法,包括其应用范围和结果;(d) 确定能力建设需要。", "AA节——海洋生物多样性概览", "第31章之三 海洋生物多样性的规模", "物种、群落和生境(沿海至深海、赤道至极地、地基类型、盐度)多样性的主要梯度。", "第31章之四 海洋生物多样性评估的程度", "对不同海洋区域主要物种和生境类别的状况、趋势和威胁进行系统评估的比例。", "第31章之五 主要物种和生境群体的总体状况", "这些评估显示,按主要群体和海洋区域汇总了现状、趋势和威胁,包括压力的累积影响。", "A节——生态和生物敏感地区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "这些类型是大会、《生物多样性公约》或粮农组织等全球一级主管组织已经确定需要特别注意的领域和生态系统。", "第32章 珊瑚礁(和其他生物源)", "类型、地点、规模、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第33章 联合国 红树林、盐沼等大型植被地区", "类型、地点、规模、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第34章 联合国 海草和鳗草床", "类型、地点、规模、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第35章 联合国 凯尔普森林", "类型、地点、规模、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第36章 联合国 海山、深海岸和高原", "地点、数量、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第37章 热液喷口", "地点、规模、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第38章 组织事项 其他类型的生态和生物敏感地区和脆弱的海洋生态系统", "类型、地点、数量和范围、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "B节——被确定为受威胁、正在减少或以其他方式需要保护的其他物种和生境", "第40章 联合国 洄游海洋物种,取决于一系列区域生态系统,以及《波恩公约》或其他国际协定,包括区域渔业管理组织和安排的公约所涵盖的海洋物种", "40.A. 洄游海洋哺乳动物:分布、数量、状况和威胁,包括累积压力;", "40.B. 海龟:分布、数量、状况和威胁,包括累积压力;", "40.C. 高度洄游鱼类种群:分布、数量、状况和威胁,包括累积压力;", "40.D. 洄游海鸟:分布、数量、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "第41章 联合国 全球、区域或国家各级主管当局查明受到威胁、正在减少或需要保护的其他物种", "每个物种或物种组:分布,数量,状况和威胁,包括累积压力.", "第42章 联合国 由全球、区域或国家各级主管当局确定为受到威胁、减少或需要保护的其他生境", "每种生境或各类生境:分布、面积、状况和威胁,包括累积压力。", "B之二节——管理框架和能力建设需要", "第42之二章 管制和管理框架", "养护物种和生境,包括海洋保护区的管制和管理框架及办法——适用范围——已实现的利益和未预见的影响。", "第42章之三 能力建设需要", "评估物种和生境状况以及管理被认为需要保护的物种和生境的保护方面的能力建设需要。", "C节——摘要", "第43章 总结", "第31之二至42之三章确定的主要问题,包括能力建设需要和信息差距概要。", "第七编 总体评估", "第44章 联合国 全面评估人类对海洋的影响", "44.A. 审议累积压力对海洋总体状况的影响。", "44.B. 采用不同方法评估人类对海洋的总体影响。", "第45章 国家 海洋对人类的总体价值", "按照不同方法评估人类从海洋获得的利益。", "附 录", "术语", "用于描述海洋盆地和相连海洋主要特征的术语", "1.A. 联合国 主要地质特征描述所用的技术术语简略:封闭和半封闭海-大陆架和坡地-中洋脊-海山-珊瑚等生物源珊瑚礁-沉积-主要河口-峡湾和河道-海洋峡谷-沿海地质结构、海滩、海洋湿地、红树林和潮汐平地。", "1.B. 运输 描述水柱主要特征的技术术语简略:水体-热碱环流-主要洋流-深水形成(下游)和上游-分层-酸化-冰覆盖.", "用于描述海洋权利和义务的术语", "本节将列出《联合国海洋法公约》中关于评估中使用的术语(领海、专属经济区等)的定义,以便读者能够了解意图。", "[1] 一个代表团提请会议注意,专家组一名成员未能出席会议,因为他未能及时获得入境签证。", "[2] 讲习班的组织可能需要东道国与联合国缔结协定。", "[3] 见根据大会第65/37号决议第212段编写的一套备选方案附件B,可查阅www.un.org/Depts/los/global_reporting/。 设置_of-options.pdf.", "[4] A/64/88,第108-111段。 联络点可以设在适当的国家当局或机构,也可以设在纽约的常驻代表团。 各国还可以指定更多的接触点,这些接触点可以访问网站的受限制部分,但必须有一个明确、单一的联络点,与参加经常程序的每个国家进行沟通。", "[5] 在这方面,“综合”是指评估若干个别压力因素的影响并审议对海洋生态系统的累积影响,即时间和空间重叠的多种进程和活动的总体影响。", "[6] 来自海洋的主要供应服务是食品,第四部分(食品安全和保障)涵盖了食品。 其他供应服务在第五部分(影响海洋环境的其他人类活动)中述及。", "[7] 另见关于休闲捕鱼的第26章(旅游)。", "[8] 如粮农组织《非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动国际行动计划》所界定。", "[9] 本章和以下两章中的“近海”涵盖海洋环境中的所有设施,无论是在内水、领海还是专属经济区。", "[10] 鉴于目前关于公海海洋遗传资源的讨论状况,似乎没有评估这一领域管理办法的余地。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "* A/66/150.", "Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In conformity with General Assembly resolution 65/31, the present report outlines the progress made by the Secretariat since the last report (A/65/214) in updating the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs and the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The Assembly is invited to take action in the light of the conclusions drawn in paragraphs 14 and 27 of the present report.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/31. In paragraph 9 of the resolution, the Assembly commended the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose, as well as the progress made towards updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. In paragraph 10, the Assembly noted with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire, as well as to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; and, in paragraph 11, the Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to those trust funds and the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the two publications. In paragraph 12, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertory and the Repertoire and making them available electronically in all their respective language versions and to address, in particular, the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory. In paragraph 13, the Assembly reiterated the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the two publications and, with regard to the Repertoire, called upon the Secretary-General to continue to follow the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of his report of 18 September 1952 (A/2170). Finally, in paragraph 14, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on both the Repertory and the Repertoire to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "II. Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "A. Preparation of supplements to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs", "2. Since the last report (A/65/214), significant progress has been made in the preparation of studies pertaining to Supplements that were in the backlog. All the studies in respect of volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 have been completed. These include studies on Article 17 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9; a study on Article 11 for volume II of Supplement No. 9; studies on Article 13 for volume II of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; studies on Articles 97, 98 and 101 for volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9; and studies on Articles 99 and 103 for volume VI of Supplement No. 9. The Secretariat has submitted volume II of Supplements Nos. 7 and 8 and will shortly submit volume II of Supplement No. 9 and volume VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9 for translation and publication.", "3. Bearing in mind the call made upon the Secretary-General, in paragraph 12 of General Assembly resolution 65/31, to address, in particular, the backlog concerning volume III of the Repertory, and following discussions (see para. 13 below) with the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs acting as coordinator for this publication, the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs prepared studies on Articles 23 (1), 25, 27, 29, 31, 32 and 33 (2), for inclusion in volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 (1985-1999). These studies introduce and provide links to the relevant studies of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council. The links thus provided are intended to replace the elaboration of Repertory studies whenever there would be an overlap with the studies of the Repertoire. A single study for each of the above-mentioned provisions of the Charter addresses the entire period that is covered under the three Supplements.", "4. Significant progress has also been achieved in the preparation of studies for Supplement No. 10 (2000-2009). During the reporting period, the following additional studies have been prepared with the assistance of interns or in collaboration with academic institutions:", "(a) A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 4 and 7 for volume I;", "(b) Studies on Articles 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 20, 21 and 22 for volume II;", "(c) Studies on Articles 55 (a) and (b) and 57 for volume IV;", "(d) Studies on Articles 86, 89, 90 and 91 for volume V;", "(e) Studies on Articles 96, 98 and 102 for volume VI.", "5. The current status of the publication is as follows: 28 volumes have been published[1] and 8 volumes have been finalized and submitted for translation and publication.[2] Five completed volumes will soon be submitted for translation and publication.[3] Consequently, from among the 50 volumes of which the publication as a whole (original Repertory and supplements thereto) should consist, work remains to be completed on 9 volumes; 6 of those volumes pertain to Supplement No. 10, covering the most recent reviewable period, and are at different stages of preparation (see para. 4 above). The other three volumes on which work remains to be completed correspond to volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9.", "6. Annex I to the present report sets out the responsibilities of individual Secretariat units for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations. Annex II provides information on the status of the Repertory.", "B. Availability of Repertory studies on the Internet", "7. Studies from 41 complete volumes, including the 13 volumes in processing for publication, are available on the United Nations website for the Repertory (www.un.org/law/repertory). Advance versions of several studies on individual Articles for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9, as well as several studies for Supplement No. 10 which have been finalized and are awaiting completion of the respective volumes, continued to be accessible on the website. The electronic version of the Repertory includes a full-text search feature, providing the users with the opportunity to search all the studies instantaneously for any word or combination of words in the three languages of the publication, namely English, French and Spanish.", "8. Currently, all studies available in English are on the Internet, and most of them are also available on the Internet in French and Spanish. Finalized studies awaiting publication are placed on the Internet in the language in which they have been prepared (English for most of them, and French for some of them). The Secretariat will continue to make available electronically all three language versions of the finalized Repertory studies.", "C. Cooperation with academic institutions", "9. The well-established cooperation with Columbia University Law School continued for the eighth consecutive year. In total, eight students contributed to the preparation of nine studies relating to volumes I, II, IV and VI of Supplement No. 10.[4] The cooperation with the University of Ottawa, commenced during the preceding year, was successful: six studies pertaining to Supplement No. 10 were prepared by a team of advanced students from that University.[5] Furthermore, a study for volume VI of Supplement No. 9 was completed in collaboration with the University of Geneva.[6]", "D. Trust fund", "10. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly reiterated its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund established pursuant to its resolution 59/44, in order to eliminate the backlog in the Repertory. Accordingly, a note verbale was sent to all permanent missions to the United Nations reminding them of the possibility of making voluntary contributions to the trust fund and inviting them to bring the question of funding for the Repertory to the attention of private institutions and individuals that might wish to assist in that regard. The Secretary-General welcomes with appreciation the contribution of $6,929 by Ireland to the trust fund.", "11. The further use of consultants for the preparation of studies pertaining to volumes that are near completion is envisaged. Additional contributions to the trust fund are strongly encouraged so as to allow the Secretariat to carry out the effective elimination of the backlog in the Repertory.", "E. Recommendations of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "12. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization considered the question of the Repertory and the Repertoire at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. In its report (A/66/33, para. 63), the Special Committee recommended, inter alia, with regard to the Repertory, that the General Assembly commend the Secretary-General for the progress made in the preparation of studies, including the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for this purpose; note with appreciation the contributions made by Member States to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog, as well as the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication and making it available electronically in all its language versions; express its serious concern that no progress has been made in reducing the backlog in the preparation of volume III of the Repertory and call upon the Secretary-General to address this issue effectively and on a priority basis; and reiterate the responsibility of the Secretary-General for the quality of the Repertory.", "F. Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory", "13. In the implementation of the General Assembly mandate concerning the effective elimination of the backlog (resolution 65/31, para. 11), the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory, at its meeting on 17 February 2011, continued to explore possibilities of new approaches in the preparation of studies concerning volumes that are in the backlog. At a follow-up meeting of 11 March 2011 between the Codification Division acting as coordinator for the Repertory and the Security Council Affairs Division, it was agreed that the studies to be prepared for volume III of Supplements Nos. 7, 8 and 9 would be merged and that links would be provided therein to the relevant studies of the Repertoire (see para. 3 above). It was also agreed that all efforts should be made to eliminate the backlog in volume III, including through the use of interns and cooperation with academic institutions.", "G. Conclusions", "14. With respect to the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, in the light of the foregoing, the General Assembly may wish:", "(a) To note the current status of the publication, including the progress made in the preparation of Repertory studies and in their posting on the Internet in three languages (English, French and Spanish);", "(b) To consider the recommendations of the Special Committee (see para. 12 above) concerning the increased use of the internship programme of the United Nations and the further expanded cooperation with academic institutions for the preparation of studies; voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory so as to further support the Secretariat in carrying out the effective elimination of that backlog; the sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, and with no cost to the United Nations, of associate experts to assist in the updating of the publication; the call upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the publication, and to continue to address effectively and on a priority basis the elimination of the backlog in volume III of the Repertory; and the desirability of making it available electronically in all its language versions; and the reiteration of the Secretary-General’s responsibility for the quality of the Repertory;", "(c) To express appreciation for the contributions received to the trust fund for the elimination of the backlog in the Repertory; to note the progress made towards the elimination of that backlog through the utilization of the trust fund; and to strongly encourage States to make additional contributions to the trust fund.", "III. Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "A. Mandate and preparation", "15. The Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, originally mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 686 (VII) of 5 December 1952, continues to provide a record of the evolving practice and procedure of the Security Council in the framework of the Charter of the United Nations and the Council’s provisional rules of procedure. Most recently, by its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue his efforts towards updating the Repertoire and making it available electronically in all its respective language versions.", "16. Pursuant to the mandate provided by the General Assembly, the Secretariat has made much progress in the preparation of supplements to the Repertoire since the last report (A/65/214). In line with the “two-track” approach that allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, in the past year the Secretariat worked on the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements to the Repertoire, covering the period 2004 to 2007 and the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, within the context of the modalities outlined in paragraphs 102 to 106 of the report of the Secretary-General of 18 September 1952 (A/2170).", "17. The completion of the fourteenth Supplement (2000-2003) allowed the Secretariat to focus all of its efforts on the contemporary practice of the Security Council from 2004 onwards. The entire fifteenth Supplement (2004-2007) has been completed and made available electronically on the Repertoire website in the advance version.", "18. Much progress has also been made in the past year in the preparation of the sixteenth Supplement, covering a shorter two-year period (2008 and 2009). Work on all parts is in progress and it is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Studies for the part which provides a chronological record of the Security Council’s consideration of items on its agenda have already been made available electronically on the Repertoire website in an advance version.", "19. In view of the progress made towards the completion of the sixteenth Supplement, the Secretariat has initiated work on the seventeenth Supplement, covering 2010 and 2011. The groundwork for preparation of that Supplement was systematically laid down over the past year, through the tracking and recording of the contemporary practice of the Security Council in internal databases. However, progress on that Supplement will depend on the staffing situation in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch of the Security Council Affairs Division and the continuing availability of resources, which is considered further in paragraph 26 below.", "20. Meanwhile, within the limits of the resources available to it, the Secretariat has continued its efforts at producing the Repertoire in the most expeditious manner consistent with accuracy and balance by resorting to several efficiency-enhancing initiatives. Such initiatives include specialized training of staff; creation of improved information and knowledge-sharing mechanisms; streamlining of individual parts of the Repertoire to reduce redundancies and overlaps; enhancement of databases, including new modules on Security Council decisions and mandates, to record and retrieve the mounting body of past and current practice and procedures of the Security Council as well as to generate tables and text; and updating of internal guidelines and templates to capture staff expertise and ensure consistency in the preparation of the Repertoire.", "21. The simultaneous preparation of several voluminous supplements to the Repertoire has not been without challenges. Although the Secretariat has managed to achieve, through various initiatives, progress towards updating the Repertoire and providing Member States with more up-to-date information on current Security Council practice, it has faced additional challenges in terms of editing, translating, indexing and publishing the supplements. The Secretariat is continuing to explore various options to address the existing resource constraints and consequent delays in publishing the supplements. In the interim, one of the options it has relied upon has been the posting of completed supplements and individual chapters of supplements under preparation in an advance version on the Repertoire website.", "B. Advance publication: availability of Repertoire studies on the Internet", "22. To ensure that finalized chapters can be fully utilized, since December 2010 the Secretariat has completely overhauled the Repertoire website, further enhancing its search capabilities and providing a user-friendly interface that allows for quicker access to the wealth of information on the practices of the Security Council set out in the Repertoire. Depending on the availability of funds the Secretariat will similarly seek to have the website translated into the remaining official languages.", "23. To allow access to information as quickly as possible, the Secretariat has posted on its website finalized chapters of the Repertoire in an advance version (see annex III to the present report). In addition to the published supplements, all chapters of the still unpublished thirteenth to fifteenth Supplements (1996 to 2007) have been posted in an advance version.", "24. In addition to the preparation of the Repertoire, the Secretariat, upon request, provides information on questions relating to both the current and past practice of the Security Council and its subsidiary organs. During the reporting period it responded, in a timely and accurate fashion, to communications and requests for information from Member States as well as from officials of the United Nations system and staff of other international organizations, non-governmental organizations, students, academic scholars and researchers and the private sector which reached the Secretariat directly and through the Repertoire website. Given the volume of queries received online, the Secretariat set up a special e-mail account to process such queries and encourages Member States to address queries to the account: [email protected].", "C. Publication in language versions (print and electronic)", "25. In compliance with General Assembly resolution 55/222, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to publish the future supplements to the Repertoire in all six official languages, the tenth and eleventh Supplements have been published in all official languages. The twelfth (1993-1995), thirteenth (1996-1999) and fourteenth (2000-2003) Supplements have been submitted for translation and publication into all official languages and subsequent volumes will be submitted as soon as they are completed and edited. The Secretariat will also continue to make every effort to place the latest volumes of the Repertoire online in the six official languages as soon as they are available.", "D. Resources", "26. The preparation and publication of the Repertoire as well as the redesign of its website would not have been possible without the continued support of the General Assembly. At the same time, in an environment of financial constraint, voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remain an important element for sustaining progress on the Repertoire and maintaining the website in all six official languages. The infusion of extrabudgetary resources has enabled the Secretariat to retain the services of temporary staff assisting in the preparation of the Repertoire and to work simultaneously on several volumes of the publication. Since the last report (A/65/214), a contribution to the trust fund has been received from Mexico. In addition, Germany has continued to contribute by sponsoring an associate expert in the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch, who has been making a valuable contribution to advancing the work on the Repertoire and thus helping the Secretariat to achieve its goal of bringing the publication up to date. As this goal remains to be met fully, the Secretariat encourages Member States to continue to support the Secretariat’s work on advancing the Repertoire through their voluntary contributions to the trust fund.", "E. Conclusions", "27. With respect to the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council, in the light of the foregoing and the recommendations made by the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization at its session held from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011, the General Assembly may wish:", "(a) To note the progress made towards the updating of the Repertoire, including through the utilization of the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;", "(b) To note the implementation of efficiency-enhancing measures to expedite the simultaneous preparation of supplements to the Repertoire;", "(c) To note the continued posting of the Repertoire in electronic form in all language versions on the United Nations website;", "(d) To note the enhancement of the Repertoire website and the easy access it provides to the wealth of information on the practice of the Security Council;", "(e) To express appreciation for the contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire and to reiterate its call for voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire;", "(f) To note with appreciation the support which Germany has extended by sponsoring, on a voluntary basis, an associate expert to assist in the preparation of the Repertoire, and to encourage other Member States in a position to do so to consider providing such assistance.", "Annex I", "Secretariat units bearing primary responsibility for the preparation of Repertory studies on individual Articles of the Charter of the United Nations^(a)", "Department Repertory volume \n Office of Legal Affairs Volume I: Articles 1 to 7 \n\tVolume II: Articles 13 (l) (a),18, 19 and 22\n\tVolume VI: Articles 92 to 99,102 to 105 and 108 to 111\nDepartment of Political Affairs\tVolume II: Articles 10, 12, 13(1) (a), 14 and 16\n\tVolume III: Articles 23 to 39and 107\n\tVolume V: Articles 73 to 85, 87and 88\nDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations\tVolume III: Articles 40 to 54and 106\n Office for Disarmament Affairs Volume II: Article 11 Department for General Assemblyand Conference Management\tVolume II: Articles 9, 15, 20and 21 \n\tVolume IV: Articles 60, 61, 62(3) and (4),65 to 69 and 72\n\tVolume V: Articles 86 and 89 to91\n Department of Management Volume II: Article 17 \n\tVolume VI: Articles 100 (1) and101\nDepartment of Management withOffice ofLegal Affairs\tVolume VI: Article 100 (2)\nDepartment of Economic and SocialAffairs\tVolume II: Articles 8^(b) and13 (1) (b) and (2)\n\tVolume IV: Articles 55 (a) and(b), 57 to 59, 62 (1), 63, 64,70 and 71\nOffice of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights\tVolume II: Article 13 (1) (b)Volume IV: Articles 55 (c), 56and 62 (2)\n Office for Outer Space Affairs Volume II: Article 13 (1) (a)", "^(a) This distribution is the result of several decisions of the Interdepartmental Committee on Charter Repertory taken at various times since 1996 and is subject to review by the Committee.", "^(b) The Department of Management (Office of Human Resources Management) is responsible for the preparation of Article 8 for the period up to and including 1996. For the period from 1997 onward, that responsibility falls to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "Annex II", "Status of the Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs (July 2011)", "Volumes published Studies submitted Studies on the Studies in and for publication Internet preparation on the Internet (pertaining to or in review volumes not submitted for publication)", "Note: The organization of studies in volumes, as indicated below, relates to Supplements Nos. 6 to 10, and varies for the original Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 5.", "[TABLE]", "Studies prepared from 1954 to 1980", "Studies prepared from 1996 to 2011", "Annex III", "Status of the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council (July 2011)", "Supplements published and Final Advance Parts in Preliminary posted on the Internet at version version preparation research www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire posted on available on in progress the Internet the Internet", "A. Status of the completed Repertoire Supplements", "Repertoire Status Languages \nOriginal Repertoire andSupplements I-IX (1946-1984) English, French\nSupplements X and XI(1985-1992) Arabic, Chinese,English, French,Russian, Spanish^(a)\nSupplement XII (1993-1995) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\nSupplement XIII (1996-1999) English, translationinto other languages inprogress\n Supplement XIV (2000-2003) English \n Supplement XV (2004-2007) English", "B. Status of Repertoire Supplements in preparation", "Parts (procedural and constitutional)\n I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Overview Provisional Purposes and Relations Functions Pacific Actions Regional Subsidiary Subsidiary rules of principles with other and powers settlement with arrangements organs: organs: procedure of the United of the of disputes respect to committees/ peacekeeping Charter Nations Security breaches other bodies and organs Council of the peacebuilding peace", "Supplement XVI (2008-2009)", "Supplement XVII (2010-2011)", "^(a) As mandated by the General Assembly in resolution 55/222, this Supplement and future Supplements to the Repertoire are to be published in all official languages of the United Nations.", "[1] Repertory and Supplements Nos. 1 to 6 (1946-1984), for a total of 26 volumes, and volumes V and VI of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988).", "[2] Volumes I and IV of Supplement No. 7 (1985-1988); and volumes I, IV and V of Supplements Nos. 8 (1989-1994) and 9 (1995-1999).", "[3] Volume II of Supplement No. 7; and volumes II and VI of Supplements Nos. 8 and 9.", "[4] Studies on Articles 4, 7, 22, 55 (a) (b) and (c), 56, 57, 63 and 96 of the Charter.", "[5] A study on Articles 1 (1), 1 (3), 1 (4), 2 (1), 2 (2), 2 (3) and 2 (5), as well as studies on Articles 1 (2), 2 (6), 10, 11 and 12 of the Charter.", "[6] Study on Article 103 of the Charter." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用 特别委员会的报告", "联合国机关惯例汇编和安全理事会惯例汇辑", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "根据大会第65/31号决议，本报告简要介绍自上份报告(A/65/214)以来秘书处增订《联合国机关惯例汇编》和《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的进展情况。请大会参照本报告第14段和第27段中的结论采取行动。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/31号决议编制的。大会在该决议第9段中赞扬秘书长在《联合国机关惯例汇编》研究报告的编制工作方面取得的进展，包括为此目的更多地利用联合国实习人员方案以及进一步扩大与学术机构的合作，并赞扬在增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面取得的进展。大会在第10段中赞赏地注意到会员国向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金和用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供捐助；并在第11段中再次呼吁向上述信托基金作出自愿捐助，并在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订这两个出版物。大会在第12段中吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇编》和《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本，同时特别处理《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压的问题。大会在第13段中重申秘书长有责任保证两份出版物的质量，在《汇辑》方面，请秘书长继续采用1952年9月18日秘书长报告(A/2170)第102至106段所述的方式。最后，大会在第14段中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于《汇编》和《汇辑》的报告。", "二. 《联合国机关惯例汇编》", "A. 编制《联合国机关惯例汇编》的补编", "2. 自上次报告(A/65/214)以来，在编制关于积压的《汇编》补编研究报告方面取得了重大进展。秘书处已编妥第7、8和9号补编第二卷和第六卷研究报告，分别是：关于第十七条的研究报告，将纳入第7、8和9号补编第二卷；关于第十一条的研究报告，将第9号补编第二卷；关于第十三条的研究报告，将纳入第8和9号补编第二卷；关于第九十七、九十八和一百零一条的研究报告，将纳入第8和9号补编第六卷；关于第九十九和一百零三条的研究报告，将纳入第9号补编第六卷。秘书处已将第7和8号补编第二卷送交翻译和出版，不久之后还会将第9号补编第二卷送交翻译和出版。", "3. 鉴于大会在第65/31号决议第12段中吁请秘书长特别处理《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压的问题，政治事务部安全理事会事务司在与该出版物协调方法律事务厅编纂司讨论后(见下文第13段)，编写了关于第二十三㈠、二十五、二十七、二十九、三十一、三十二和三十三㈡条的研究报告，以便纳入第7、8和9号补编(1985-1999年)第三卷。这些研究报告介绍了关于《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的有关研究报告，并提供了与这些研究报告的链接。提供这些链接的目的是，使关于《汇编》和《汇辑》的研究报告避免出现重叠。为《宪章》上述每一条款都编制了一项研究报告，涵盖的是三项补编所涵盖的整个时期。", "4. 在编制第10号补编(2000-2009年)的研究报告方面也取得了重大进展。在本报告所述期间，在实习人员协助下，或者通过与学术机构协作，还编制了下列研究报告：", "(a) 关于第一㈠、一㈢、一㈣、二㈠、二㈡、二㈢和二㈤条的研究报告和关于第一㈡、二㈥、四和七条的研究报告，将纳入第一卷；", "(b) 关于第九、十、十一、十二、十五、二十、二十一和二十二条的研究报告，将纳入第二卷；", "(c) 关于第五十五(子)和(丑)以及五十七条的研究报告，将纳入第四卷；", "(d) 关于第八十六、八十九、九十和九十一条的研究报告，将纳入第五卷；", "(e) 关于第九十六、九十八和一百零二条的研究报告，将纳入第六卷。", "5. 该出版物现况如下：28卷业已出版，[1] 8卷已定稿并送交翻译和出版。[2] 5卷已经编妥，不久将送交翻译和出版。[3] 因此，整套出版物分为50卷(原《汇编》加补编)，还有9卷尚未完成；其中6卷涉及第10号补编，涵盖的是最近的审查时期，这6卷处于不同的编制阶段(见上文第4段)；尚未完成的另外3卷是第7、8和9号补编的第三卷。", "6. 本报告附件一载列负责编制《汇编》中关于《联合国宪章》各条款的研究报告的秘书处各单位的职责。附件二提供关于《汇编》现况的资料。", "B. 在因特网上提供《汇编》研究报告", "7. 联合国《汇编》网站(www.un.org/law/repertory)提供已完成的41卷中的研究报告，其中包括目前正在进行处理以供出版的13卷。该网站继续提供几份已经定稿但正等待相关各卷编完的关于《宪章》各条款的研究报告的预发版，这些研究报告将纳入第7、8和9号补编第三卷，此外，网站还提供将纳入第10号补编的几份研究报告预发版。《汇编》电子版设有全文检索功能，用户可以用该出版物的3种语文，即英文、法文和西班牙文，在瞬间检索所有研究报告中的任何一个词或词组。", "8. 目前，所有研究报告的英文本均已上网，多数法文本和西班牙文本研究报告也已上网。等待出版的定稿研究报告都已以各自的编写语文(大部分是英文，小部分是法文)上网。秘书处将继续以电子方式提供已定稿的《汇编》研究报告的所有3种语文版本。", "C. 与学术机构的合作", "9. 与哥伦比亚大学法学院建立的良好合作关系已持续第八个年头，8名学生共协助编完了与第10号补编第一、二、四和六卷有关的9份研究报告。[4] 在前一年开始与渥太华大学合作，合作很成功，该大学一个攻读高等学位的学生小组编制了第10号补编的六项研究报告。[5] 此外，与日内瓦大学合作，完成了将纳入第9号补编第六卷的一项研究报告。[6]", "D. 信托基金", "10. 大会在第65/31号决议中再次呼吁向第59/44号决议所设用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金作出自愿捐助。为此，向所有常驻联合国代表团发出了一份普通照会，提请注意是否有可能向信托基金作出自愿捐助，并请各代表团提请或许愿意在这方面提供帮助的私营机构和个人注意《汇编》的经费问题。秘书长欣见爱尔兰向信托基金捐助6 929美元。", "11. 目前正在考虑进一步利用咨询人协助编制将近完成的各卷的研究报告。因此，强烈鼓励向信托基金提供更多捐款，使秘书处能切实消除《汇编》的积压现象。", "E. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的建议", "12. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会在2011年2月28日至3月4日以及3月7日和9日举行的会议上审议了《汇编》和《汇辑》问题。特别委员会在其报告(A/66/33，第63段)中除其他外，建议大会在《汇编》方面，赞扬秘书长在编制研究报告方面取得的进展，包括为此目的更多地利用联合国实习人员方案以及进一步扩大与学术机构的合作；赞赏地注意到会员国向用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供的捐款；再次呼吁向该信托基金提供自愿捐助，以便进一步支持秘书处切实消除《汇编》的积压现象，以及在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订该出版物；吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物，并提供其各种语文的电子文本；表示严重关切在减少《汇编》第三卷编写工作积压方面未取得进展，呼吁秘书长有效并优先解决这一问题；重申秘书长有责任保证《汇编》的质量。", "F. 部门间宪章汇编委员会", "13. 为执行大会关于切实消除积压现象的任务(第65/31号决议，第11段)，部门间宪章汇编委员会在2011年2月17日会议上继续探讨采取新做法编制积压各卷研究报告的可能性。《汇编》协调方编纂司和安全理事会事务司在2011年3月11日举行的后续会议上商定，将合并将纳入第7、8和9号补编第三卷的研究报告，并在报告中提供与《汇辑》有关研究报告的链接(见上文第3段)。双方还商定，应作出一切努力，包括利用实习人员和与学术机构合作，消除第三卷积压问题。", "G. 结论", "14. 关于《联合国机关惯例汇编》，根据上述情况，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到该出版物的现状，包括在编制《汇编》的研究报告及以3种语文(英文、法文和西班牙文)将这些报告张贴到因特网方面所取得的进展；", "(b) 审议特别委员会有关下列事项的建议(见上文第12段)：为编制研究报告，更多地利用联合国实习人员方案，并进一步扩大与学术机构的合作；向用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供自愿捐助，以进一步支持秘书处切实消除积压；在不增加联合国费用的情况下，自愿赞助协理专家，协助增订该出版物；吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物并继续有效并优先消除《汇编》第三卷积压问题；应提供《汇编》所有语文的电子文本；重申秘书长有责任保证《汇编》的质量；", "(c) 对用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金收到的捐款表示感谢；注意到利用该信托基金在消除积压现象方面取得的进展；并强烈鼓励各国向该信托基金提供更多捐款。", "三. 《安全理事会惯例汇辑》", "A. 任务和编制情况", "15. 《安全理事会惯例汇辑》最早是大会1952年12月5日第686(VII)号决议授权编制的，持续不断地记录安全理事会在《联合国宪章》及安理会暂行议事规则框架内不断形成的惯例和程序。最近，大会第65/31号决议吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。", "16. 根据大会所授任务，自上一份报告(A/65/214)以来，秘书处在编制《汇辑》的补编方面取得了大量进展。按照允许同时编制两份或更多份补编的“双轨制”办法，过去一年里，在1952年9月18日秘书长报告(A/2170)第102至106段所述方式范围内，秘书处进行了《汇辑》第15号和16号补编(分别涵盖2004至2007年及2008至2009年期间)的编制工作。", "17. 第14号补编(2000-2003年)编制完成后，秘书处得以将所有努力集中在自2004年以来安全理事会的当代惯例方面。第15号补编(2004-2007年)已全部完成，其预发版已张贴在《汇辑》网站，可通过电子方式查阅。", "18. 在过去一年里，在编制涵盖期间较短的两年期(2008和2009年)的第16号补编方面也取得了很大进展。目前正在编制所有部分，预期最迟将于2011年底完成编制工作。关于按年代顺序记录安全理事会审议其议程项目情况的部分，已完成研究报告，预发版能从《汇辑》网站上通过电子方式查阅。", "19. 鉴于在完成第16号补编方面取得的进展，秘书处开始编制涵盖2010和2011年的第17号补编的工作。秘书处在过去一年里，通过其内部数据库跟踪和记录安全理事会的当代惯例，为编制这一补编系统地打下基础。但是，该补编的编制进展将取决于安全理事会事务司安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的人员配置情况以及能否持续获得资源；下文第26段将进一步讨论这一点。", "20. 同时，秘书处已在可用资源范围内，继续努力在不损害准确性和平衡的情况下，采取几种提高效率的举措，以最快速的方式编制《汇辑》。这些举措包括：向工作人员提供专门训练；改进信息和知识共享机制；精简《汇辑》各章，以减少重复冗余；改进数据库，包括建立安全理事会决定和任务规定新模块，以记录和检索日益增加的以往和现行安全理事会惯例和程序，并生成表格和文本；以及增订内部导则和模板，以吸取工作人员的专门知识并确保《汇辑》编制工作的一致性。", "21. 同步编制《汇辑》的几份大部头补编并非易事。尽管秘书处已通过各种举措，在更新《汇辑》和向会员国提供关于安理会当前惯例的较新资料方面取得了进展，但在这些补编的编辑、翻译、索引编制和出版方面仍然遇到新的挑战。秘书处仍在继续探讨各种备选方案，以解决在出版这些补编方面遇到的现有资源限制以及因此而造成的拖延。目前，秘书处选择采用的办法之一是，在《汇辑》网站上张贴已完成的补编和正在编制的补编各章的预发版。", "B. 预发版：《汇辑》的研究报告可在网上查阅", "22. 为了确保充分利用已定稿的章节，自2010年12月以来，秘书处彻底改换了《汇辑》网站，进一步加强了其搜索能力，并提供了方便用户的接口，从而可以较快地获取《汇辑》所载关于安全理事会惯例的丰富信息。秘书处将视可动用资金的情况，采取类似办法，将网站翻译成其余正式语文。", "23. 为了方便尽快调阅资料，秘书处将《汇辑》各章的定稿预发版张贴上网(见本报告附件三)。此外，已出版的各项补编和尚未出版的第13至15号补编(1996-2007年)所有章节预发版都已张贴上网。", "24. 除编制《汇辑》之外，秘书处还应请求提供关于安全理事会及其附属机构当前和以往惯例问题的信息。在本报告所述期间，秘书处及时和准确地答复了会员国以及联合国系统官员和其他国际组织的工作人员、非政府组织、学生、学者和研究人员及私营部门直接或通过《汇辑》网站向秘书处提出的来文和请求。鉴于从网上收到的询问很多，秘书处设立了一个专门电子邮件账户，以处理这种询问，并鼓励会员国将询问发往[email protected]这个账户。", "C. 出版各种语文版本(印刷本和电子本)", "25. 大会第55/222号决议要求秘书长以所有6种正式语文印发以后的《汇辑》补编。根据这一决议，第10号和第11号补编已经以所有正式语文出版。第12号(1993-1995年)、第13号(1996-1999年)和第14号补编(2000-2003年)已送交翻译以便以所有正式语文出版，今后各卷也将在编写和编辑完成后立即提送翻译和出版。秘书处还将继续尽一切努力，将《汇辑》已完成的最新补编尽快用6种正式语文张贴上网。", "D. 资源", "26. 没有大会的持续支持，《汇辑》就不可能编制出版，《汇辑》网站就不可能得到重新设计。与此同时，向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供自愿捐助仍然是一个重要因素，可在财政拮据的情况下维持增订《汇辑》工作的进展，维护其所有六个正式语文版本网站。由于注入了预算外资源，秘书处得以保留协助编制《汇辑》的临时工作人员，并同步编制其若干补编。自上一份报告(A/65/214)以来，墨西哥向信托基金提供了捐款。此外，德国继续赞助安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的协理专家，他们为推进《汇辑》编制工作做出了宝贵贡献，从而为秘书处实现使这个出版物跟上时代的目标助了一臂之力。由于这一目标仍未完全实现，秘书处鼓励会员国继续通过向信托基金提供自愿捐助的方式，支持秘书处推进《汇辑》的编制工作。", "E. 结论", "27. 关于《安全理事会惯例汇辑》，根据上述情况，以及2011年2月28日至3月4日和3月7日及9日举行的联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会会议提出的建议，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到在增订《汇辑》方面取得的进展，包括通过利用用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金取得的进展；", "(b) 注意到为加快同步编制《汇辑》补编而实行的提高效率措施；", "(c) 注意到继续将《汇辑》的所有语文版本以电子形式张贴在联合国网站上；", "(d) 注意到《汇辑》网站得到改进，现在可以比较容易地通过网站获取关于安全理事会惯例的丰富信息；", "(e) 表示赞赏向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供的捐款，并再次呼吁向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金作出自愿捐助；", "(f) 赞赏地注意到德国自愿提供支持，赞助协理专家协助编制《汇辑》，并鼓励其他有此能力的会员国考虑提供这种援助。", "附件一", "主要负责编制关于《联合国宪章》各条款的《汇编》研究报告的秘书处单位^(a)", "部门 《汇编》卷次 \n 法律事务厅 第一卷：第一至七条 第二卷：第十三条第一项(子)款，第十八、十九和二十二条 \n\t第六卷：第九十二至九十九条，第一百零二至一百零五条，第一百零八至一百一十一条政治事务部\t第二卷：第十和十二条，第十三条第一项(子)款，第十四和十六条 第三卷：第二十三至三十九条，第一百零七条 \n\t第五卷：第七十三至八十五条，第八十七和八十八条\n 维持和平行动部 第三卷：第四十至五十四条，第一百零六条 \n 裁军事务厅 第二卷：第十一条 大会和会议管理部 第二卷：第九、十五、二十和二十一条 第四卷：第六十和六十一条，第六十二条第三和四项，第六十五至六十九条，第七十二条 \n 第五卷：第八十六条，第八十九至九十一条 管理事务部 第二卷：第十七条 \n 第六卷：第一百条第一项，第一百零一条 \n管理事务部与法律事务厅\t第六卷：第一百条第二项经济和社会事务部\t第二卷：第八条，^(b)第十三条第一项(丑)款和第二项 \n\t第四卷：第五十五条(子)款和(丑)款，第五十七至五十九条，第六十二条第一项，第六十三、六十四、七十和七十一条\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处\t第二卷：第十三条第一项(丑)款第四卷：第五十五条(寅)款，第五十六条，第六十二条第二项\n 外层空间事务厅 第二卷：第十三条第一项(子)款", "^(a) 职责的分配是部门间宪章汇编委员会自1996年以来在不同时间作出的几项决定的结果，可由委员会审查更改。", "^(b) 管理事务部(人力资源管理厅)负责编制第八条，涵盖期间直至1996年(包括该年)。自1997年起的期间改由经济和社会事务部负责。", "附件二", "《联合国机关惯例汇编》的现况(2011年7月)", "已出版和上网的各卷 提交出版的研究报告 已上网的研究报告 编制中或审查中的 (所属补编尚未提交出版) 研究报告", "注：下表所示为第6至10号补编中研究报告的分卷编排情况。《汇编》及第1至5号补编的编排不同。", "[TABLE]", "1954至1980年编制的研究报告", "1996至2011年编制的研究报告", "附件三", "《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的现况", "(2011年7月)", "已出版和上网的各补编www.un.org/en/sc/repertoire/\t上网的定稿\t上网的预发版\t正在编制的各章\t正在进行的初步研究", "A. 已完成《汇辑》各补编的现况", "《汇辑》/补编 现况 语文\n 《汇辑》原卷 英文, 法文 和第1至9号补编(1946-1984年)", "第10和11号补编(1985-1992年) 英文, 法文,阿拉伯文, 中文, 英文,法文,俄文, 西班牙文[7]\n第12号补编(1993-1995年) 英文,仍在翻译其他语文文本\n第13号补编(1996-1999年) 英文,仍在翻译其他语文文本\n第14号补编(2000-2003年) 英文\n第15号补编(2004-2007年) 英文", "B. 正在编制的《汇辑》各补编现况", "部分(程序问题和组织法问题)", "[TABLE]", "[1] 《汇编》和第1至6号补编(1946-1984年)共26卷，以及第7号补编(1985-1988年)第五和第六卷。", "[2] 第7号补编(1985-1988年)第一和第四卷，以及第8号补编(1989-1994年)和第9号补编(1995-1999年)的第一、第四和第五卷。", "[3] 第7号补编第二卷；第8和第9号补编第二卷和第六卷。", "[4] 关于《宪章》第四条、第七条、第二十二条、第五十五(子)(丑)和(寅)条、第五十六条、第五十七条、第六十三条和第九十六条的研究报告。", "[5] 关于《宪章》第一㈠、一㈢、一㈣、二㈠、二㈡、二㈢和二㈤条的研究报告和关于第一㈡、二㈥、十、十一和十二条的研究报告。", "[6] 关于《宪章》第一百零三条的研究报告。", "[7] 按照大会第55/222号决议的规定，《汇辑》的这个补编以及其后的补编都以联合国的所有正式语文出版。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告", "页:1", "《联合国机关惯例汇编》和《安全理事会惯例汇辑》", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "根据大会第65/31号决议,本报告概述了自上次报告(A/65/214)以来秘书处在更新《联合国机关惯例汇编》和《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面取得的进展。 请大会根据本报告第14和27段的结论采取行动。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第65/31号决议编写的。 大会在该决议第9段中赞扬秘书长在编写《联合国机关惯例汇编》研究报告方面取得的进展,包括为此目的更多地利用了联合国的实习方案并进一步扩大了同学术机构的合作,并赞扬在增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面取得的进展。 在第10段中,大会赞赏地注意到会员国向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金和用于消除《汇编》积压现象的信托基金提供的捐款;在第11段中,大会再次呼吁向这些信托基金提供自愿捐助,并自愿赞助协理专家协助增订这两份出版物,但联合国不承担任何费用。 大会在第12段中吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇编》和《汇辑》并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本,并特别处理《汇编》第三卷编写工作的积压问题。 大会在第13段中重申秘书长对这两个出版物的质量负有责任,就《汇辑》而言,吁请秘书长继续采用他1952年9月18日的报告(A/2170)第102至106段概述的方式。 最后,大会在第14段中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于《汇编》和《汇辑》的报告。", "二. 《联合国机关惯例汇编》", "A类. 编制《联合国机关惯例汇编》补编", "2. 联合国 自上次报告(A/65/214)以来,在编写积压的补编研究报告方面取得了重大进展。 第7、8和9号补编第二卷和第六卷的所有研究已经完成。 其中包括:关于第7、8和9号补编第二卷第17条的研究;关于第9号补编第二卷第11条的研究;关于第8和9号补编第二卷第13条的研究;关于第8和9号补编第六卷第97、98和101条的研究;关于第99和103条的研究。 9. 国家 秘书处已经提交了第7和8号补编第二卷,不久将提交第9号补编第二卷和第8和9号补编第六卷供翻译和出版。", "3个 大会第65/31号决议第12段请秘书长特别处理《汇编》第三卷的积压问题,政治事务部安全理事会事务司在同担任该出版物协调员的法律事务厅编纂司进行讨论(见下文第13段)后,编写了关于第23(1)、25、27、29、31、32和33(2)条的研究报告,以列入补编第7、8和9号(1985-1999年)第三卷。 这些研究报告介绍并链接《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的相关研究报告。 提供这些联系是为了在与《汇辑》的研究重叠时取代《汇编》研究报告的编写工作。 对上述《宪章》各条款的一项研究涉及三个补编所涵盖的整个期间。", " 4.四. 在编写补编第10号(2000-2009年)的研究报告方面也取得了重大进展。 在本报告所述期间,在实习生的协助下或与学术机构合作编写了以下补充研究报告:", "(a) 关于第1条第1款、第1条第3款、第1条第4款、第2条第1款、第2条第2款、第2条第3款和第2条第5款的研究,以及第1条第2款、第2条第6款、第4条和第7条在第一卷中的研究;", "关于第九、十、十一、十二、十五、二十、二十一和二十二条的研究报告,载于第二卷;", "(c) 第四卷关于第五十五条(甲)和(乙)项和第五十七条的研究;", "(d) 第五卷关于第八十六、八十九、九十和九十一条的研究;", "(e) 第六卷关于第九十六、九十八和一零二条的研究报告。", "5 (韩语). 该出版物的现状如下:已出版28卷[1],已定稿并提交翻译和出版8卷。 [2] 不久将提交五卷完成的卷本供翻译和出版。 [3] 因此,在整个出版物(《汇编》正本及其补编)应当包括的50卷中,还有9卷尚待完成;其中6卷涉及第10号补编,涵盖最近可审查时期,处于不同的编写阶段(见上文第4段)。 其他三卷尚待完成的工作与第7、8和9号补编第三卷相对应。", "6. 国家 页:1 本报告一至一列出秘书处各单位编写《汇编》关于《联合国宪章》各条款的研究报告的责任。 附件二提供《汇编》现况的资料。", "B. 在因特网上提供《汇编》研究报告", "7. 联合国 可在联合国《汇编》网站(www.un.org/law/repertory)上查阅41卷完整的研究报告,包括13卷正在处理以供出版。 第7、8和9号补编第三卷关于个别条款的若干研究报告的预发本以及第10号补编的若干研究报告已定稿并正在等待各卷的完成。 《汇编》的电子版包括一个全文检索功能,使用户有机会立即搜索所有研究报告,以该出版物的三种语文(即英文、法文和西班牙文)搜索任何文字或综合文字。", "8. 联合国 目前,所有英文研究报告都刊登在互联网上,大多数研究报告也刊登在互联网上,有法文和西班牙文本。 有待出版的定稿研究报告以所编写的语文(大多数为英文,有些为法文)放入因特网。 秘书处将继续以电子方式提供《汇编》研究报告定稿的所有三种语文版本。", "C. 与学术机构的合作", "9. 国家 与哥伦比亚大学法学院建立的良好合作关系已连续八年进行。 共有8名学生参与编写与补编第10号第一、二、四和六卷有关的9份研究报告。 上一年开始的与渥太华大学的合作取得了成功:该大学的一队高级学生编写了与第10号补编有关的六项研究报告。 [5] 此外,与日内瓦大学合作完成了关于补编第9号第六卷的研究。 [6]", "D. 信托基金", "10个 大会在第65/31号决议中再次呼吁向第59/44号决议所设信托基金提供自愿捐助,以消除《汇编》的积压。 因此,向所有常驻联合国代表团发出了一份普通照会,提醒它们有可能向信托基金提供自愿捐助,并请它们提请希望在这方面提供协助的私营机构和个人注意《汇编》的经费问题。 秘书长赞赏地欢迎爱尔兰向信托基金捐款6 929美元。", "11个 设想进一步利用顾问编写与接近完成的各卷有关的研究报告。 大力鼓励向信托基金提供更多捐款,使秘书处能够有效消除《汇编》的积压。", "E. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的建议", "12个 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会在2011年2月28日至3月4日以及3月7日和9日举行的会议上,审议了《汇编》和《汇辑》的问题。 特别委员会在其报告(A/66/33,第63段)中建议,除其他外,就《汇编》而言,大会赞扬秘书长在编写研究报告方面取得的进展,包括为此目的增加使用联合国实习人员方案并进一步扩大同学术机构的合作;赞赏地注意到会员国向信托基金提供捐款以清除《汇编》积压;再次呼吁向信托基金提供自愿捐助,以进一步支持秘书处有效消除积压现象;并在不增加联合国费用的情况下,自愿赞助协理专家来协助增订该出版物;吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本;表示严重关切在减少《汇编》第三卷编写工作的积压方面没有取得任何进展;吁请秘书长优先有效地处理这一问题;重申秘书长有责任提高《汇编》的质量。", "F. 部门间宪章汇编委员会", "13个 为执行大会关于有效消除积压的任务(第65/31号决议,第11段),部门间宪章汇编委员会2011年2月17日会议继续探讨以新方式编写积压各卷研究报告的可能性。 2011年3月11日,编纂司作为《汇编》协调员同安全理事会事务司举行后续会议,商定合并为补编第7号、第8号和第9号第三卷编写的研究报告,并将与《汇辑》的相关研究报告联系起来(见上文第3段)。 会议还商定,应尽一切努力消除第三卷的积压,包括利用实习生和与学术机构合作。", "G. 结论", "14个 关于《联合国机关惯例汇编》,根据上述情况,大会不妨:", "(a) 国家 注意到该出版物的现状,包括在编写《汇编》研究报告和以三种语文(英文、法文和西班牙文)将研究报告张贴在因特网上方面取得的进展;", "(b) 审议特别委员会关于下列事项的建议(见上文第12段):更多地利用联合国实习方案并进一步扩大同学术机构的合作以编写研究报告;向消除《汇编》积压现象信托基金提供自愿捐助以进一步支持秘书处切实消除积压现象;在不增加联合国费用的情况下,自愿赞助协理专家来协助增订该出版物;吁请秘书长继续努力增订该出版物,并优先有效地消除《汇编》第三卷的积压;应以电子方式提供《汇编》的所有语文文本;重申秘书长有责任保证《汇编》的质量;", "(c) 表示赞赏为消除《汇编》积压而向信托基金提供的捐款;注意到通过利用信托基金在消除积压方面取得的进展;并大力鼓励各国向信托基金提供更多捐款。", "三. 安全理事会惯例汇辑", "A. 任务和筹备工作", "15个 《安全理事会惯例汇辑》最初由1952年12月5日大会第686(VII)号决议授权,继续提供安全理事会在《联合国宪章》和安理会暂行议事规则框架内不断演变的惯例和程序的记录。 最近,大会第65/31号决议吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇辑》并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。", "16号. 根据大会规定的任务,自上次报告(A/65/214)以来,秘书处在编制《汇辑》补编方面取得了很大进展。 根据允许同时编写两份或多份补编的“双轨”办法,秘书处去年在1952年9月18日秘书长报告(A/2170)第102至106段概述的模式范围内,分别制定了涵盖2004至2007年以及2008和2009年的《汇辑》第十五和十六号补编。", "17岁。 第十四号补编(2000-2003年)的完成使秘书处能够将所有努力的重点放在安全理事会从2004年起的当代做法上。 整个第十五号补编(2004-2007年)已经完成并以电子方式在《汇辑》网站上提供预发本。", "18岁。 在过去一年里,在编写涵盖较短的两年期(2008和2009年)的第十六号补编方面也取得了很大进展。 各个部分的工作正在进行之中,预计将于2011年底完成。 关于按时间顺序记录安全理事会审议其议程项目的部分的研究报告,已以电子方式以预发本方式在《汇辑》网站上公布。", " 19. 19. 鉴于在完成第十六号补编方面取得的进展,秘书处已着手就涵盖2010年和2011年的第十七号补编开展工作。 去年,通过追踪和记录安全理事会在内部数据库中的当代做法,系统地奠定了编写该补编的基础。 但是,该补编的进展将取决于安全理事会事务司安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的人员配置情况以及能否继续获得资源,下文第26段对此作了进一步审议。", "20号. 同时,秘书处在现有资源限度内,通过采取若干提高效率的举措,继续努力以最迅速、准确和平衡的方式编制《汇辑》。 这些举措包括对工作人员进行专门培训;建立更好的信息和知识分享机制;精简《汇辑》各部分,以减少冗余和重叠;加强数据库,包括关于安全理事会决定和任务的新单元,以记录和检索安全理事会越来越多的过去和目前做法和程序,并编制表格和文本;更新内部准则和模板,以获取工作人员的专门知识,并确保《汇辑》的编写工作的一致性。", "21岁 同时编写《汇辑》多份补编并非没有挑战。 虽然秘书处通过各种举措在增订《汇辑》并向会员国提供关于安全理事会目前做法的更最新信息方面取得了进展,但在编辑、翻译、编制索引和出版补编方面面临更多挑战。 秘书处正在继续探讨各种备选办法,以解决现有资源限制以及由此造成的补编出版延误。 在此期间,它所依赖的备选办法之一是在《汇辑》网站上张贴已完成的补编和正在编写的各章补编预发本。", "B. 预发出版物:在因特网上提供《汇辑》研究报告", "22号. 为确保能够充分利用已定稿的各章,自2010年12月以来,秘书处已全面整顿了《汇辑》网站,进一步加强了搜索能力,并提供了一个方便用户的界面,以便更快地获取关于《汇辑》所述安全理事会做法的大量信息。 根据资金的提供情况,秘书处将同样设法将网站翻译成其余正式语文。", "23. 联合国 为了尽快获取信息,秘书处已在其网站上以预发本形式将《汇辑》各章定稿(见本报告附件三)。 除了已出版的补编外,尚未出版的第十三至十五号补编(1996至2007年)的所有章节都以预发本的形式张贴。", "24 (韩语). 除编写《汇辑》外,秘书处还应要求提供关于安全理事会及其附属机构目前和以往惯例所有关问题的资料。 在本报告所述期间,它及时和准确地答复了会员国以及联合国系统官员和其他国际组织、非政府组织、学生、学者和研究人员以及私营部门直接通过《汇辑》网站向秘书处提出的函件和索取资料的要求。 鉴于在线收到的查询数量很大,秘书处设立了一个特别电子邮件账户来处理此类查询,并鼓励会员国向该账户查询:[email protected]。", "C. 出版各种语文文本(印刷版和电子版)", "25岁 大会第55/222号决议请秘书长以所有六种正式语文出版今后《汇辑》的补编。 根据这一决议,第十和第十一次补编已以所有正式语文出版。 第十二届(1993-1995年)、第十三届(1996-1999年)和第十四届(2000-2003年) 已提交补编,供翻译成所有正式语文并出版,以后各卷一经完成并编辑,将立即提交。 秘书处还将继续尽一切努力,一旦《汇辑》的最近一卷以六种正式语文上网。", "D. 资源", "26. 联合国 如果没有大会的继续支持,就不可能编制和出版《汇辑》并重新设计其网站。 同时,在财政拮据的情况下,向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供自愿捐助仍然是维持《汇辑》进展和维持所有六种正式语文网站的一个重要因素。 预算外资源的注入使秘书处得以保留协助编写《汇辑》的临时工作人员服务,并同时编写多卷出版物。 自上次报告(A/65/214)以来,墨西哥向信托基金捐款。 此外,德国继续作出贡献,赞助安全理事会惯例和宪章研究处的一名协理专家,他一直在为推进《汇辑》的工作作出宝贵贡献,从而帮助秘书处实现其更新出版物的目标。 由于这一目标尚待充分实现,秘书处鼓励会员国继续支持秘书处通过向信托基金提供自愿捐助来推动《汇辑》的工作。", "E. 结论", "27个 关于《安全理事会惯例汇辑》,根据上述情况以及联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会在2011年2月28日至3月4日及3月7日和9日举行的会议上所提出的建议,大会不妨:", "(a) 国家 注意到在增订《汇辑》方面取得的进展,包括利用信托基金来增订《汇辑》;", "(b) 国家 注意到为加速同时编制《汇辑》补编而采取的提高效率措施;", "(c) 注意到《汇辑》继续以电子形式以各种语文在联合国网站上张贴;", "(d) 注意到《汇辑》网站得到改进并便于查阅关于安全理事会惯例的丰富信息;", "(e) 协助 对向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供的捐款表示赞赏,并再次呼吁向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供自愿捐助;", "(f) 赞赏地注意到德国自愿赞助一名协理专家协助编写《汇辑》而提供的支持,并鼓励其他有能力的会员国考虑提供这种援助。", "页:1", "主要负责编写《汇编》关于《联合国宪章》各条款的研究报告的秘书处单位", "《汇编》卷\n法律事务厅 第一卷:第一条至第七条\n第二卷:第十三条第一项(子)款、第十八条、第十九条和第二十二条\n第六卷:第九十二至九十九条,第一百零二至一百零五条,第一百零八至一百一十一条\n第二卷:第十条、第十二条、第十三条第一项(子)款、第十四条和第十六条\n第三卷:第二十三条至第三十九条和第一百零七条\n第五卷:第七十三条至第八十五条、第八十七条和第八十八条\n维持和平行动部 第三卷:第四十至五十四和一百零六条\n裁军事务厅 第二卷:第十一条 大会和会议管理部 第二卷:第九条、第十五条、第二十条和第二十一条\n第四卷:第六十条、第六十一条、第六十二条第(3)款和第(4)款、第六十五至第六十九条和第七十二条\n第五卷:第八十六条和第八十九至九十一条\n第二卷:第十七条\n第六卷:第一百条第一款和第一百零一条\n管理事务部与法律事务厅 第六卷:第一百条第二款\n经济和社会事务部 第二卷:第八条第二项和第十三条第一项(丑)和第二项\n第四卷:第五十五条(甲)和(乙)项、第五十七至五十九条、第六十二条第(1)款、第六十三条、第六十四条、第七十一条\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处 第二卷:第13条第1款(b)项 第四卷:第55条(c)项、第56条和第62条第2款\n第二卷:第十三条第一款第1项", "^(a) 这一分发是部门间宪章汇编委员会自1996年以来在不同时间作出若干决定的结果,须由委员会审查。", "^(b) 管理事务部(人力资源管理厅)负责为1996年之前和包括1996年在内期间拟订第8条。 从1997年起,这项责任由经济和社会事务部承担。", "页:1", "《联合国机关惯例汇编》的现况(2011年7月)", "《研究报告》在互联网上编写和出版(涉及未提交出版的卷本或审查卷)", "注:研究报告分卷排列,如下文所示,涉及第6至10号补编,原《汇编》和1至5号补编各有不同。", "[表", "1954年至1980年编写的研究报告", "1996年至2011年编写的研究报告", "联合国", "《安全理事会惯例汇辑》的现况(2011年7月)", "已出版的补编和初步张贴在因特网上的《最后预发部分》版本准备研究", "A类. 已完成的《汇辑》补编的现状", "《汇辑》现状\n《汇辑》原件和补编一至九(1946-1984年)\n第X和XI(1985-1992)号补编 阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文、西班牙文(a)\n第十二号补编(1993-1995年)英文,翻译为其他语文\n第十三号补编(1996-1999年)英文,其他语文翻译正在进行\n第14号补编(2000-2003年)\n补编第十五号(2004-2007年)", "B. 正在编写的《汇辑》补编的现况", "部分(程序和宪法)\n太平洋行动区域附属原则与其他机关和与安排机关的权力解决:机关:联合国对各委员会/维持和平宪章的争端程序", "补编第16号(2008-2009年)", "第17号补编(2010-2011年)", "^(a) 根据大会第55/222号决议的授权,本补编和今后《汇辑》补编将以联合国所有正式语文出版。", "[1] 《汇编》和补编第1至6号(1946-1984年),共26卷,补编第7号第五和第六卷(1985-1988年)。", "[2] 补编第7号第一卷和第四卷(1985-1988年);补编第8号第一、第四和第五卷(1989-1994年)和9号(1995-1999年)。", "[3] 补编第7号第二卷;补编第8和9号第二卷和第六卷。", "[4] 关于《宪章》第四条、第七条、第二十二条、第五十五条(甲)款(乙)和(丙)项、第五十六条、第五十七条、第六十三条和第九十六条的研究。", "[5] 关于《宪章》第1条第1款、第1条第3款、第1条第4款、第2条第1款、第2条第2款、第2条第3款和第2条第5款的研究,以及关于第1条第2款、第2条第6款、第10条、第11条和第12条的研究。", "[6] 关于《宪章》第一百零三条的研究。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6593rd meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 27 July 2011, at 3 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the Situation in Abyei (S/2011/451)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6593次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三下午3时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹问题的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6593次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月27日星期三下午3时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于阿卜耶伊局势的报告(S/2011/451)。" ]

[ "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the honour to attach herewith a letter dated 27 July 2011 from Hoshyar Zebari, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Iraq, regarding the extension of the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (see annex).", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations has the further honour to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "I have the honour to convey to you the wish of the Government of Iraq that the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) should be extended for a further period of 12 months, in accordance with the relevant Security Council resolutions, the latest of which is resolution 1936 (2010).", "Thanks to their efforts in the previous year, the political blocs succeeded in forming a national partnership Government. This achievement came after prolonged consultations which affirmed their desire that power in Iraq should be transferred democratically and peacefully and in accordance with the Constitution. Political and diplomatic relations between Iraq, on the one hand, and Arab and foreign countries, on the other, flourished in that period, thereby validating the course of the political process in Iraq and giving the Government of Iraq greater credibility at the Arab, regional and international levels. United States troops will withdraw at the end of the current year, in accordance with the agreement concluded between Iraq and the United States in 2008 providing for the withdrawal of those troops and regularizing their temporary presence, and Iraqi security forces will assume full responsibility for maintaining security throughout the country. Over the coming period, Iraq will enhance its cooperation with the United States of America on the basis of the Strategic Framework Agreement concluded between the friendly countries in 2008. It will also enhance cooperation at the international level through a partnership and cooperation agreement with the European Union, which it hopes to initial in the near future. In the interest of the stability and development of Iraq, cooperation will cover all aspects of life under those agreements. Such cooperation will also have a positive impact on the entire region. The political changes and developments in the region known as the Arab Spring have confirmed the credibility of the political change that took place in Iraq in 2003. That the peoples of the region now aspire to the democratic system enjoyed by Iraq enhances the country’s role in the Arab world and the region. Faced with these variables and developments, Iraq will require the support and assistance of UNAMI, in accordance with the mandate established for the Mission under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "The Government of Iraq, while reiterating its wish that the Mission’s mandate should be extended in accordance with the letter and spirit of the conditions set out in Security Council resolution 1770 (2007), hopes that the provision of assistance will be in accordance with specific mechanisms and with the prior approval of the Government of Iraq, in the manner referred to in my letter dated 6 August 2007.", "The Government of Iraq values the advice, support and assistance of UNAMI, and looks forward to a more positive, effective and constructive role for the Mission with the return to work in Iraq of the specialized agencies, funds and programmes of the United Nations.", "(Signed) Hoshyar Zebari", "Minister for Foreign Affairs", "Republic of Iraq" ]

[ "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递2011年7月27日伊拉克共和国外交部长霍希亚尔·扎巴里关于延长联合国伊拉克援助团任务期限的信(见附件)。", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团还谨请将本信及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "谨转告阁下，伊拉克政府希望根据安全理事会有关决议，包括最近的第1936(2010)号决议，将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限再延长12个月。", "由于去年作出的努力，伊拉克各政治集团成功组建了一个国民伙伴政府。这是在经过长时间的磋商后取得的成果，证明他们希望在伊拉克以民主与和平的方式并按照《宪法》移交权力。在此期间，伊拉克与阿拉伯国家和外国的政治关系和外交关系蓬勃发展。这证明伊拉克政治进程的方向是正确的，增强了伊拉克政府在阿拉伯国家、区域和世界面前的信誉。根据伊拉克和美国在2008年达成的撤军和使其临时存在正规化的协议，美国部队将在今年年底撤离，由伊拉克安全部队承担维持全国各地安全的全部责任。在今后一段时间里，伊拉克将根据两个友好国家2008年达成的《战略框架协议》，加强与美利坚合众国的合作。伊拉克还将通过希望不久草签的与欧洲联盟的伙伴关系与合作协议，加强国际一级的合作。为了伊拉克的稳定与发展，合作范围将包括这些协定涉及的所有生活方面。这类合作还将对整个区域产生积极影响。本区域被称为“阿拉伯春天”的政治变革与事态发展证实，2003年在伊拉克发生的政治变化是值得称道的。如今，本区域各国人民向往伊拉克享有的民主制度。这增强了伊拉克在阿拉伯世界和本区域的作用。面对这些可变因素与发展情况，伊拉克需要联伊援助团按照安全理事会有关决议为其规定的任务，提供支持与援助。", "伊拉克政府重申希望根据安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议所设条件的文字与精神，延长援助团的任务期限，并希望根据具体机制，事先征求伊拉克政府的批准，以我在2007年8月6日信中提出的方式，提供援助。", "伊拉克政府重视联伊援助团的意见、支持和援助，并期待援助团能随着联合国各专门机构、基金和方案重返伊拉克开展工作，发挥更加积极、有效和建设性的作用。", "伊拉克共和国外交部长", "霍希亚尔·扎巴里(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函附上2011年7月27日伊拉克共和国外交部长霍希亚尔·扎巴里关于延长联合国伊拉克援助团任务期限的信(见附件)。", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团还谨请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会的附件", "[原件:阿拉伯", "谨向你转达伊拉克政府的愿望,即根据安全理事会有关决议,将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限再延长12个月,最近的决议是第1936(2010)号决议。", "由于去年的努力,各政治集团成功地组成了全国伙伴关系政府。 这一成就是在长期协商之后取得的,协商确认了他们的愿望,即伊拉克的权力应该按照《宪法》以民主与和平的方式转移。 伊拉克同阿拉伯和外国的政治和外交关系在那个时期蓬勃发展,从而证实了伊拉克政治进程的进程,使伊拉克政府在阿拉伯、区域和国际各级具有更大的信誉。 根据2008年伊拉克同美国缔结的协定,美国部队将在今年年底撤出,该协定规定撤出这些部队,使其临时存在正规化,伊拉克安全部队将承担维护全国安全的全部责任。 在未来一段时间,伊拉克将根据2008年友好国家之间缔结的《战略框架协定》,加强与美利坚合众国的合作。 它还将通过与欧洲联盟的伙伴关系和合作协定,加强国际一级的合作,它希望在不久的将来开始执行该协定。 为了伊拉克的稳定和发展,合作将涵盖这些协定所规定的生活的所有方面。 这种合作还将对整个区域产生积极影响。 被称为 \" 阿拉伯之春 \" 的区域的政治变化和发展证实了2003年伊拉克政治变化的可信度。 该地区人民现在渴望伊拉克享有的民主制度,这加强了该国在阿拉伯世界和该地区的作用。 面对这些变数和事态发展,伊拉克将需要联伊援助团根据安全理事会有关决议为援助团规定的任务提供支持和援助。", "伊拉克政府重申,希望根据安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议所定条件的文字和精神,延长援助团的任务期限,同时希望以我2007年8月6日的信所述方式,按照具体机制并事先得到伊拉克政府的批准,提供援助。", "伊拉克政府重视联伊援助团的建议、支持和援助,并期待着援助团在联合国各专门机构、基金和方案重返伊拉克工作方面发挥更积极、更有效和建设性的作用。", "霍希亚尔·扎巴里(签名)", "外交部长", "伊拉克共和国" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 21 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brazil to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to refer to paragraph 25 of that resolution, which calls upon Member States to report to the Committee on the steps taken to implement effectively the relevant paragraphs of the resolution.", "Brazil has incorporated the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) into its national legislation through Decree No. 7460 of 14 April 2011. According to the Decree, Brazilian authorities are required, within their respective powers, to fulfil the provisions of the resolution." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日巴西常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "巴西常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致敬，谨提及该决议第25段要求会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议相关段落采取的行动。", "巴西已通过2011年4月14日第7460号法令将第1970(2011)号决议的规定纳入国家立法。按照该法令，巴西当局必须在各自权力范围内履行该决议的规定。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月21日巴西常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "巴西常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意并谨提及该决议第25段,其中吁请会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议有关段落而采取的步骤。", "巴西通过2011年4月14日第7460号法令,将第1970(2011)号决议的规定纳入其国家立法。 根据该法令,巴西当局必须在各自的职权范围内执行该决议的规定。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Portugal on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 23 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Portugal to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of Portugal on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "In accordance with paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), Portugal has the honour to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on the measures adopted at the national level to implement the sanctions imposed on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "1. Measures adopted by the European Union", "Portugal and the other members of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by taking the following common measures:[1]", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February", "The Council Decision sets out the European Union’s commitment to implement all the measures contained in resolution 1970 (2011) and provides the basis for European Union-specific accompanying measures within the scope of the resolution, notably:", "– Embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression.", "– Prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya.", "– Autonomous designations under the visa ban and the asset freeze, to be decided by the Council of the European Union, of persons and entities involved in or complicit in ordering, controlling, or otherwise directing, the commission of serious human rights abuses against persons in Libya, including by being involved in or complicit in planning, commanding, ordering or conducting attacks, in violation of international law, including aerial bombardments, on civilian populations and facilities, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.", "• Council regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "The Council adopted a Decision amending Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February, pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011).", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with resolution 1973 (2011) and Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP, one person has been removed from the lists in annexes II and IV, and the information relating to certain persons and entities on the lists in annexes I, II, III and IV to that Decision has been updated.", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011 implementing article 16 (1) and (2) of Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, the Council adopted a regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new European Union autonomous designations of persons and entities.", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP of 23 May 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, in particular article 8 (2) thereof, in conjunction with article 31 (2) of the Treaty of the European Union, additional persons and entities listed in the annex to this Decision have been included in annexes II and IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP.", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011 implementing Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In addition to Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing Regulation (EU) 204/2011 in order to legally enforce the asset freeze for the new EU autonomous designations of persons and entities.", "• Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP of 7 June 2011 amending Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "Following Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, additional entities have been included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures set out in annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP. Moreover, Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP amends Decision 2011/137/CFSP in order to take into account specific arrangements for restrictive measures applicable to port authorities.", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya", "In accordance with Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP, the Council adopted a Regulation implementing the measures provided for in Council Decision 2011/332/CFSP which fall under the competence of the Union.", "• Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 of 15 March 2001 (and its subsequent amendments) — this Regulation requires nationals of Libya to be in possession of a visa when entering the European Union.", "The above-mentioned Council Regulations are binding in their entirety and directly applicable in all member States of the European Union.[2]", "2. National implementing measures", "At the national level, the Portuguese Government, committed to the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), undertook inter-agency coordination procedures and circulated the resolution, along with its respective instructions for implementation, to all governmental departments involved in its comprehensive national application, as well as to other entities deemed relevant, such as the banking system. The competent authorities in the field of restrictive measures are the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Finance.[3]", "Portugal has the following national legislation which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, provides the basis for the implementation and enforcement of restrictive measures:", "– Law 11/2002 of 16 February 2002 sets out the Portuguese legal framework on penalties applicable to the infringement of sanctions imposed by the Security Council in its resolutions or by European Union regulations. According to this law, whoever breaches the sanctions imposed by the United Nations or the European Union will be punished with 3-5 years in prison.", "Arms embargo", "The import and export of arms and other related material, to and from a third country, requires a specific licence by the Portuguese Ministry of Defence. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria including, inter alia, the obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations, and will not be granted in breach of such sanctions.", "To ensure strict enforcement of the sanctions regime, Portugal has adopted the following measures:", "– Immediate suspension of all preparations for the Bilateral Cooperation in the Defence Activity Plan for 2011, that started during the III Portuguese-Libyan Mixte Commission that was held in Tripoli on 27 October 2010. All contacts with Libya in the context of the Defence 5+5 Initiative were also suspended.", "– Suspension of all import and export licences of defence-related products to and from Libya by the competent Directorate of the Ministry of Defence (Directorate General for Defence Armoury and Infra-Structures, the entity that manages all international trade of military goods and technologies and related activities). This measure had an immediate impact on the two C-130 Libyan spacecrafts that were in OGMA SA for reparation, which were not returned to the Libyan Government, as requested.", "Assets freeze", "Regarding the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of persons and/or entities designated in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), the resolutions were sent to the Ministry of Finance and to the Bank of Portugal. According to the above-mentioned Law 11/2002, funds, financial assets and other economic resources must be frozen as soon as the European Union or the Security Council list persons or entities as being subject to these targeted sanctions. This includes any action that, directly or indirectly, might enable funds to be within reach of any individual or legal entity mentioned in those international legal instruments (articles 1 and 2 of Law 11/2002). Hence, the financial institutions should freeze funds and economic resources as soon as the competent authorities forward the United Nations lists to them (lists contained in European Union regulations are directly applicable to all national institutions).", "Travel ban", "The Portuguese Government sent the list of designated individuals to the competent authorities. Until now, no requests for visas by the listed individuals have been received.", "[1] All common measures are published in the Official Journal of the European Union, which can be consulted through the following web pages: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en (published issues) and http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=en (search form).", "[2] Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 applies neither to Ireland nor to the United Kingdom.", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国 的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨随函转递葡萄牙政府关于执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "葡萄牙关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告", "按照安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段，葡萄牙谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报为执行对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施的制裁在国家一级采取的措施。", "1. 欧洲联盟采取的措施：", "葡萄牙和欧洲联盟其他成员国通过以下共同措施，[1] 联合执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号和1973年(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国采取的限制性措施：", "• 2月28日欧洲联盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会在决定中列示了欧洲联盟为执行第1970(2011)号决议规定的所有措施作出的承诺，并为欧洲联盟在该决议范围内采取的具体相应措施提供了依据，主要有：", "对因参与或合谋下令、掌控或以其他方式指挥对阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内的人施行重大侵犯人权行为，包括参与或合谋计划、指挥、下令或进行违反国际法的针对平民和民用设施的袭击，包括用飞机进行轰炸者；或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人和实体，或为他们所拥有或控制的实体自主指定并实施签证禁令和资产冻结。", "• 欧洲联盟理事会2011年3月2日关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011号条例(欧盟)", "按照第1970(2011)号决议和欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，理事会通过一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 理事会2011年3月23日第2011/178/CFSP号决定修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会根据第1973(2011)号决议，修订了理事会2月28日第2011/137/CFSP号决定。", "• 理事会2011年3月25日第296/2011号条例修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/204号条例", "依照第1973(2011)号决议和理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定，理事会通过了一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 2011年4月12日理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定，执行了理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，特别是其中第8条第(2)款，并结合《欧洲联盟条约》第31条第(2)款，本决定附件中所增列的人员和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四。附件二和四的名单中，删除一人，并更新了该决定附件一、二、三和四名单中某些人员和实体的信息。", "• 2011年4月12日(欧盟)理事会第2011/360号执行条例，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011 号条例第16条第1和第2款", "除了理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定外，理事会还通过了一项条例，以执行(欧盟)第204/2011 号条例，依法对欧盟自主指定的个人和实体实行资产冻结。", "• 2011年5月23日理事会第2011/300/CFSP 号执行决定，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，特别是其中第8条(2)款，并结合《欧洲联盟条约》第31条第(2)款，本决定附件中所增列人员和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件二至四。", "• 2011年5月23日(欧盟)理事会第2011/502号执行条例，执行了(欧盟)理事会关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "除了理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定外，理事会还通过了关于利比亚局势限制性措施的(欧盟)第204/2011号条例，以便依法对欧盟自主指定的个人和实体实施资产冻结。", "• 2011年6月7日理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定修订关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定，将一些新的实体增列在该决定附件四应接受限制措施的个人和实体名单中。此外，理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定修订了第2011/137/CFSP号决定，以顾及适用于港口当局的限制性措施的具体安排。", "• 2011年6月16日(欧盟)理事会第572/2011 号条例，修订了(欧盟)关于利比亚局势限制性措施的第204/2011 号条例", "依照理事会第2011/332/CFSP 号决定，理事会通过了一项条例，以便执行理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定规定的属于联盟职权范围的措施。", "• 2001年3月15日(欧盟)理事会第539/2001号条例(及其后的修正案)规定，利比亚国民须持签证方可进入欧洲联盟。", "理事会的上述条例全文对欧洲联盟的所有成员国都具有约束力，而且直接适用。[2]", "2. 国家执行的措施：", "葡萄牙政府在国家一级承诺全面执行第1970(2011)号决议，采取机构间协调程序，并将决议及其实施的有关指令发给参与在全国范围全面实施该决议的政府所有部门以及认为相关的其他实体，例如银行系统。外交部和财政部是执行限制措施的主管当局。[3]", "葡萄牙的下列国家立法，以及理事会第2010/137/CFSP号决定，提供了执行限制措施的依据：", "2002年2月16日第11/2002号法律为葡萄牙惩处违反安全理事会决议或欧洲联盟条例规定的制裁措施的行为提供了法律框架。根据这项法律，凡违反联合国或欧洲联盟规定的制裁措施者，都将被判处3至5年监禁。", "武器禁运", "从第三国进出口武器和其他有关材料，必须具备葡萄牙国防部颁发的特别许可证。许可证只是在审慎评估有关标准，包括除其他外，特别是评估了联合国制裁的义务之后，才予以颁发，违反此种制裁，将不予核发。", "为确保制裁制度的严格执行，葡萄牙已采取以下措施：", "立即中止所有筹备对2011年《双边国防活动计划的合作》的工作，此项工作由葡萄牙-利比亚委员会第三阶段于2010年10月27日在的黎波里启动。与国防5+5倡议有关的与利比亚的所有接触均已暂停。", "国防部各主管厅局(国防部军械和基础设施总局，系管理所有军事物资、技术和有关活动国际贸易的实体)暂停颁发所有从利比亚进出口与国防相关产品的许可证。这项措施对利比亚两架C-130飞机有直接影响，目前这两架飞机在OGMA SA公司维修，并未按照要求归还利比亚政府。", "冻结资产", "关于冻结第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件指认的人员和(或)实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源，已将该决议送交财政部和葡萄牙银行。根据上述第11/2002号法律，一经欧盟或安全理事会提出应受制裁的个人和实体的名单，其资金、金融资产和其他经济资源就必须立即冻结。这包括可能使这些国际法律文书中提到的个人或法律实体直接或间接地得到资金的任何行动(第11/2002号法律第1和2条)。因此，各金融机构应在主管当局将联合国清单转发给它们之后，立即冻结资金和经济资源(欧洲联盟条例中的清单直接适用国家所有机构)。", "旅行禁令", "葡萄牙政府已向各主管部门发出指定个人的名单。到目前为止，尚未收到列入名单者之签证申请。", "[1] 所有联合措施都发表在《欧洲联盟公报》，可在以下网页查阅：http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en(已发表各期)和http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang", "[2] 理事会第539/2001号条例不适用于爱尔兰和联合王国。", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团向关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函转递葡萄牙政府关于为执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月23日葡萄牙常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "葡萄牙关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段,葡萄牙谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报为执行对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的制裁而在国家一级采取的措施。", "1. 联合国 欧洲联盟采取的措施", "葡萄牙和欧洲联盟其他成员通过采取下列共同措施,共同执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的限制措施:[1]", "二. 支助 理事会的决定 2011/137/CFSP,2月28日安全理事会主席的说明", "理事会决定规定欧洲联盟承诺执行第1970(2011)号决议所载出的所有措施,并为欧洲联盟在该决议范围内采取具体配套措施提供依据,特别是:", "- 禁止可能用于内部镇压的设备。", "- 关于进出利比亚的货物的事先资料要求。", "- 根据签证禁令和资产冻结,由欧洲联盟理事会决定自主指认参与或共谋命令、控制或以其他方式指挥对利比亚境内人员实施严重侵犯人权行为的个人和实体,包括参与或共谋计划、指挥、命令或实施违反国际法对平民和设施的袭击,包括空中轰炸,或由代表他们或按他们指示行事的个人或实体,或由他们拥有或控制的实体实施。", "• 2011年3月2日(欧盟)理事会关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "根据第1970(2011)号决议和理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,理事会通过了一项条例来实施理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定规定的措施,这些措施属于欧盟的职权范围。", "二. 支助 理事会的决定 2011/178/CFSP,2011年3月23日,修正关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "理事会根据第1973(2011)号决议通过了一项决定,修正了理事会2月28日第2011/137/CFSP号决定。", "• 2011年3月25日(欧盟)理事会第296/2011号条例,修订(欧盟)关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "根据第1973(2011)号决议和理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定,理事会通过了一项条例,以实施理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定规定的措施,这些措施属于欧盟的职权范围。", "• 理事会2011年4月12日第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定,执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,特别是其中第8(2)条,以及《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条,本决定附件所列其他个人和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四,其中一人已从附件二和四名单中除名,有关该决定附件一、二、三和四名单中某些个人和实体的资料已予更新。", "• 2011年4月12日理事会(欧盟)第360/2011号执行条例,执行(欧盟)第204/2011号条例第16(1)和(2)条,针对利比亚局势采取限制性措施", "除理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定外,理事会还通过了一项实施第204/2011号条例(欧盟)的条例,以依法对欧洲联盟自主指认的个人和实体实施资产冻结。", "• 理事会2011年5月23日第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定,执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定,特别是其中第8(2)条,连同《欧洲联盟条约》第31(2)条,本决定附件所列其他个人和实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件二和附件四。", "• 理事会2011年5月23日第502/2011号执行条例(欧盟),执行关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号执行条例", "除了理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定外,理事会还通过了一项实施第204/2011号条例(欧盟)的条例,以依法对欧盟自主指认的新个人和实体实施资产冻结。", "二. 支助 2011年6月7日理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定,对关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定作出修正", "根据理事会决定 2011/137/CFSP,其他实体已被列入第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件四所列受限制性措施限制的个人和实体名单。 此外,理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定修正了第2011/137/CFSP号决定。 考虑到适用于港口当局的限制性措施的具体安排。", "• 2011年6月16日(欧盟)理事会第572/2011号条例,修订(欧盟)关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号条例", "根据理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定,理事会通过了一项条例,以实施理事会第2011/332/CFSP号决定规定的措施,这些措施属于欧盟的职权范围。", "• 理事会2001年3月15日第539/2001号条例(及其随后的修正案)——该条例要求利比亚国民在进入欧洲联盟时持有签证。", "上述理事会条例全部具有约束力并直接适用于欧洲联盟所有成员国。 [2]", "2. 国家执行措施", "在国家一级,葡萄牙政府承诺全面执行第1970(2011)号决议,并开展机构间协调程序,向参与全面适用该决议的所有政府部门以及银行系统等被视为相关实体分发了该决议及其各自的执行指示。 限制措施领域的主管当局是外交部和财政部。 [3]", "葡萄牙有下列国家立法,这些立法与理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定一起,为执行和执行限制性措施提供了基础:", "- 2002年2月16日第11/2002号法律规定了葡萄牙关于对违反安全理事会决议或欧洲联盟条例所实施的制裁适用的刑罚的法律框架。 根据这项法律,凡违反联合国或欧洲联盟所实施的制裁者将处以3至5年徒刑。", "武器禁运", "进出第三国的武器及其他有关材料需要葡萄牙国防部颁发特别许可证。 只有在根据相关标准,特别是联合国施加的制裁规定的义务进行认真评估之后,才能颁发许可证,而且不会违反这种制裁。", "为确保严格执行制裁制度,葡萄牙采取了以下措施:", "- 立即停止在2010年10月27日在的黎波里举行的葡萄牙-利比亚混合委员会第三次会议期间开始的2011年国防活动计划双边合作的所有筹备工作。 在国防5+5倡议范围内与利比亚的所有接触也暂停。", "- 国防部主管局(管理军事物资和技术及相关活动的所有国际贸易的实体 -- -- 国防装备和装备总局)暂停向利比亚和从利比亚进出口国防产品的所有许可证。 这项措施对OGMA SA的两艘C-130利比亚航天器立即产生了影响,未按要求归还利比亚政府。", "资产冻结", "关于冻结第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议附件所指认的个人和(或)实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源,这些决议已送交财政部和葡萄牙银行。 根据上述第11/2002号法律,一旦欧洲联盟或安全理事会将个人或实体列入这些定向制裁名单,就必须冻结资金、金融资产和其他经济资源。 这包括直接或间接使这些国际法律文书(第11/2002号法律第1和2条)中提及的任何个人或法律实体能够获得资金的任何行动。 因此,各金融机构应在主管当局向它们转交联合国清单后立即冻结资金和经济资源(欧洲联盟条例所载的清单可直接适用于所有国家机构)。", "旅行禁令", "葡萄牙政府将被指认的个人名单送交主管当局。 迄今尚未收到清单所列个人的签证申请。", "[1] 所有共同措施都发表在《欧洲联盟公报》上,可通过下列网页查阅:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOIndex.do?ihmlang=en(已出版的期刊)和http://eur-lex.europa.eu/RECH_menu.do?ihmlang=en(搜索表)。", "[2] 第539/2001号条例(欧共体)不适用于爱尔兰或联合王国。", "[3] http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/pt/AutMedidasRestritivas.htm. (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The United States Mission has the honour to attach herewith the report of the United States on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), as requested in paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the United States Mission to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the United States of America on its implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Arms Embargo", "The transfer or export of United States defence articles and defence services is controlled by the Arms Export Control Act. The Act is the governing statutory authority for government-to-government agreements (the Foreign Military Sales system) and the licensing of direct commercial sales. In addition, the International Traffic in Arms Regulations further regulate the direct commercial sales licensing system. The Act and the Regulations serve as the basis for United States compliance with the arms embargo on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) and modified by its resolution 1973 (2011).", "The United States munitions export control system is designed to deny access to United States-origin defence equipment and technology to adversaries and parties whose interests are inimical to those of the United States. The export control process is closely regulated and excludes the participation of parties that are embargoed by the United Nations or are otherwise ineligible.", "The United States requires all United States persons that manufacture or export defence articles or furnish defence services, as well as United States and foreign persons engaged in arms brokering, to register with the United States Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or the brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Once registered, any export of defence articles, furnishing of defence services, or brokering thereof, must be authorized through a license or other authorization by the Department of State. Direct commercial sales are subject to end-use monitoring under the Arms Export Control Act as implemented by the Department of State’s “Blue Lantern” programme. Arms export control violations, including provision of defence articles and technology to ineligible persons, are subject to strict penalties, both criminal (including a prison sentence of 20 years and/or a $1 million fine for each violation) and civil (debarment from participation in United States defence trade and monetary penalties up to $500,000 for each violation).", "* Annexes are on file with the Secretariat and are available for consultation.", "Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the United States Department of State on 4 March 2011 suspended all export licenses under the Arms Export Control Act and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations for Libya.* Subsequently, the Department of State published an amendment to the Regulations (76 Fed. Reg. 30001, effective 24 May 2011)* to reflect and implement the provisions contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011), as modified by resolution 1973 (2011).", "As stated in the Federal Register notice containing that amendment:", "This rulemaking implements the Security Council’s actions within the International Traffic in Arms Regulations by adding Libya to section 126.1(c) and revising the previous policy on Libya contained in section 126.1(k) to announce a policy of denial for all requests for licenses or other approvals to export or otherwise transfer defence articles and services to Libya, except where not prohibited under Security Council embargo and determined to be in the interests of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "The text of the amendment is as follows:", "(k) Libya. It is the policy of the United States to deny licenses or other approvals for exports or imports of defence articles and defence services destined for or originating in Libya, except where it determines, upon case-by-case review, that the transaction (or activity) is not prohibited under applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions and that the transaction (or activity) is in furtherance of the national security and foreign policy of the United States.", "Travel Ban", "Under the applicable provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act, the United States has the necessary authority to prevent the entry into or transit through the United States’ territories of individuals listed in annex I of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), listed in annex I of Council resolution 1973 (2011), or designated by the Committee established pursuant to Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (herein “the Committee”), provided that those individuals are not nationals of the United States and that the United States Government has not determined that their entry or transit is required to advance peace and security in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (in which event the United States Government will notify the Committee within forty-eight hours after making such a determination, as provided by resolution 1970). To the extent consistent with United States law, travel exceptions will be granted if the Committee determines on a case-by-case basis that such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian need, including religious obligation, or that an exemption would further the objectives of peace and national reconciliation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and stability in the region.", "Asset Freeze", "The United States has taken the necessary measures to implement the asset freeze in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13566 (effective 25 February 2011),* which implements the provisions contained in paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Executive Order 13566 was issued under the authority vested in the President by the Constitution and laws of the United States, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), the National Emergencies Act (50 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code.", "According to Section 10 of that order, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to take all actions necessary to carry out its purposes. As of June 21, 2011, the United States has blocked approximately $37 billion in Government of Libya assets under United States jurisdiction." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日美国驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "美国代表团谨按照第1970(2011)号决议第25段的要求，随函附上美国执行第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告。", "2011年6月24日美国驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "美利坚合众国关于其执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告", "武器禁运", "美国防卫物项或防卫服务的转让或出口受《军火出口管制法》管制。该法是管制政府间协议(外国军售制度)和许可直接商业销售的权威法律。此外，直接商业销售的许可证制度还受到《国际军火贩运条例》的管制。《军火出口管制法》和《国际军火贩运条例》是美国遵守对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施武器禁运的依据。该武器禁运是由安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议实施，并经第1973(2011)号决议修订。", "美国军火出口管制制度旨在制止其利益与美国利益相抵触的敌对方获取美国生产的防卫装备和技术。出口管制程序受到严密监管，不允许受联合国禁运或其他不符合规定的当事方参与。", "美国要求制造或出口防卫物项或提供防卫服务的所有美国人，以及从事军火中介活动的美国人和外国人在美国国务院登记。登记后，任何防卫物项的出口、防卫服务的提供或相关中介活动，均必须得到国务院许可证或其他授权的核准。直接商业销售须受《军火出口管制法》规定的最终用途监测，这一监测按照国务院的“蓝灯”方案进行。违反军火出口管制的行为，包括向不合规定的人提供防卫物项和技术等，将受到严厉的刑事处罚(包括20年徒刑和(或)每次100万美元的罚款)，以及民事处罚(禁止参与美国国防贸易和每次最高500 000美元的罚款)。", "^(*) 附件在秘书处存档，可供查阅。", "安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议通过后，美国国务院在2011年3月4日吊销了所有根据《军火出口管制法》和《国际军火贩运条例》发放的向利比亚出口的许可证。^(*) 其后，国务院公布了对《国际军火贩运条例》的一项修正(2011年5月24日生效，《联邦公报》第76卷30001)，^(*) 以反映和落实第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段所载并经第1973(2011)号决议修订的各项规定。", "刊载这一修正案的《联邦公报》指出：", "这一规定在《国际军火贩运条例》的框架内执行安全理事会的行动，将利比亚列入第126.1(c)节，并修订了第126.1(k)节对利比亚的原来政策，宣布现行政策是拒绝所有向利比亚出口或以其他方式转让防卫物项和服务的许可证或其他申请，除非安全理事会禁运令不加以禁止，并经认定符合美国的国家安全和外交政策。", "修正案案文如下：", "(k) 利比亚。美国的政策是拒绝许可或以其他方式核准以利比亚为目的地或源于利比亚的防卫物项和防卫服务的进出口,除非美国在逐案审查后认定，该交易(或活动)未受适用的联合国安全理事会决议禁止，并且有利于美国的国家安全和外交政策。", "旅行禁令", "美国根据《移民和国籍法案》的适用规定，有必要的权限防止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列、或安理会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会(下称“委员会”)指认的个人在美国入境或过境，条件是这些人非美国国民，而且美国政府并未认定他们的入境或过境是促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国境内和平与安全所必要的(按照第1970(2011)号决议的规定，如作此认定，则美国政府将在作出认定后48小时内通知委员会)。在符合美国法律的情况下，如果委员会经逐案审查认定，出于人道主义需要，包括为履行宗教义务，此类旅行是合理的，或予以豁免将促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国实现和平和民族和解的目标，以及该区域实现稳定的目标，将准予豁免旅行禁令。", "资产冻结", "美国已采取必要措施，落实安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议规定的资产冻结。巴拉克·奥巴马总统签发了第13566号行政命令(2011年2月25日生效)，^(*) 执行第1970(2011)号决议第17段的规定。", "第13566号行政命令是依照美国《宪法》和各项法律赋予总统的权力签发的，包括《国际紧急经济权力法》(《美国联邦法典》第50篇第1701节及以后各节)、《国家紧急状态法》(《美国联邦法典》第50篇第1601节及以后各节)和《美国联邦法典》第3篇第301节。", "该命令第10节规定，授权财政部长采取一切必要行动实现该命令的各项目标。截至2011年6月21日，美国已冻结了大约370亿美元在其管辖之下的利比亚政府资产。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日美国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "美国代表团谨随函附上美国根据第1970(2011)号决议第25段的要求提交的关于第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告。", "2011年6月24日美国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "美利坚合众国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "武器禁运", "美国国防物品和国防服务的转让或出口受《武器出口管制法》管制。 该法是管理政府之间的协议(外国军事销售系统)和直接商业销售许可的法定权威。 此外,《国际武器贩运条例》还进一步规范了直接商业销售许可证制度。 该法和条例是美国遵守安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施并被第1973(2011)号决议修改的武器禁运的依据。", "美国的弹药出口管制制度旨在阻止其利益与美国利益相悖的对手和当事方获得来自美国的国防设备和技术。 出口管制进程受到严格管制,并排除了受到联合国禁运或以其他方式不符合资格的当事方的参与。", "美国要求制造或出口国防物品或提供国防服务的所有美国人员,以及从事军火经纪活动的美国和外国人员,在美国国务院登记。 一旦登记,任何国防物品的出口、提供国防服务或中介活动都必须通过国务院的许可证或其他授权予以批准。 一旦登记,任何国防物品的出口、提供国防服务或中介服务都必须通过国务院的许可证或其他授权予以批准。 根据国务院 \" 蓝灯 \" 方案实施的《武器出口管制法》,直接商业销售须接受最终用途监测。 违反武器出口管制,包括向不符合资格的人提供国防物品和技术,将受到严厉的处罚,既包括刑事处罚(包括20年监禁和/或对每次违反行为处以一百万美元的罚款),也包括民事处罚(禁止参加美国的国防贸易和对每次违反行为处以50万美元的罚款)。", "* 附件存于秘书处,可供查阅。", "安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议通过后,美国国务院于2011年3月4日根据《利比亚武器出口管制法》和《国际武器贩运条例》暂停所有出口许可证。 随后,国务院公布了\"条例\"修正案(76 Fed. 第30001号法令,自2011年5月24日起生效,* 以反映并执行第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段所载经第1973(2011)号决议修改的规定。", "如载有该修正案的联邦登记册通知所指出:", "这一规则的制定执行了安全理事会在《国际军火贩运条例》范围内的行动,在第126.1(c)节中增加了利比亚并修订了第126.1(k)节中原先关于利比亚的政策,以宣布一项政策,即拒绝向利比亚出口或以其他方式转让国防物品和服务的所有许可证申请或其他批准,除非安全理事会禁运不加禁止,并认定符合美国国家安全和外交政策的利益。", "修正案案文如下:", "(k) 利比亚。 美国的政策是拒绝为出口或进口以利比亚为目的地或原产于利比亚的国防物品和国防服务发放许可证或其他许可,除非美国在逐案审查后确定,适用的联合国安全理事会决议不禁止该交易(或活动)并认定该交易(或活动)有利于美国的国家安全和外交政策。", "旅行禁令", "根据《移民和国籍法》的适用规定,美国拥有必要的权力来阻止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议附件一所列、安理会第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列或由安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会(下称“委员会”)所指认的个人进入或过境美国领土,条件是这些人不是美国国民,而且美国政府尚未确定他们入境或过境是为了促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国的和平与安全(在这种情况下,美国政府将根据第1970号决议的规定,在作出此种决定后四十八小时内通知委员会)。 在符合美国法律的范围内,如果委员会逐案确定这种旅行是出于人道主义需要,包括宗教义务的理由,或豁免将促进阿拉伯利比亚民众国的和平与民族和解以及该区域稳定的目标,则将准予旅行例外。", "资产冻结", "美国已采取必要措施来执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的资产冻结。 巴拉克·奥巴马总统发布第13566号行政命令(2011年2月25日生效),* 执行第1970(2011)号决议第17段的规定。", "第13566号行政命令是根据美国宪法和法律赋予总统的权力发布的,其中包括\"国际紧急经济权力法\"(50 U.S.C.1701等),\"国家紧急状态法\"(50 U.S.C.1601等)和\"美国法典\"第3篇第301节.", "根据该命令第10节,财政部长有权采取一切必要行动来实现其目标。 截至2011年6月21日,美国已封锁了美国管辖下约370亿美元的利比亚政府资产." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations has the honour to forward, enclosed herewith, the report of China on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 29 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report by China on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. In view of the special circumstances in Libya, and taking into consideration the concerns and positions of the Arab and African countries, China supports the adoption by the Security Council of its resolution 1970 (2011). As a permanent member of the Security Council, China has always conscientiously implemented the Council’s resolutions in a responsible manner, and has developed effective operational mechanisms and practices in that regard. Following the adoption by the Security Council of resolution 1970 (2011), the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China issued a circular requesting that it should be conscientiously implemented in accordance with the law by all State ministries and commissions as well as by the governments of all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions.", "2. China has taken the following measures pursuant to the provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) and the relevant decisions of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:", "(a) In the area of arms exports, China has consistently taken a prudent and responsible approach and enforces strict controls. China conscientiously implements the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), and does not supply, sell or transfer arms or related materiel of any type to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;", "(b) The competent Chinese authorities have requested that all cargo to and from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya should be carefully inspected at the relevant airports and seaports, and when there is information that provides reasonable grounds and solid evidence to believe the cargo contains items the supply, sale, transfer, or export of which is prohibited under the provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), that cargo should undergo rigorous inspection. If such items are discovered, they are to be seized and disposed of in accordance with the requirements of resolution 1970 (2011), and a written report shall be submitted to the Committee. China will, pursuant to the resolution, assist other countries in order to ensure the strict implementation of relevant provisions of the Council’s resolutions;", "(c) China forbids its nationals, as well as ships or aircraft operating under the Chinese flag, from procuring arms or related materiel of any type from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, regardless of whether or not such items originated in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya;", "(d) China ensures the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources on its territory, that are directly or indirectly owned or controlled by the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), or by persons or entities designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), or by persons or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction or entities owned or controlled by them, and ensures that any funds, financial assets or economic resources are prevented from being made available by its nationals or by any persons or entities within its territory, to or for the benefit of the persons or entities designated in annex II to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011);", "(e) China has included the persons designated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and persons designated by the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), on the list of persons to be denied entry into China in order to prevent their entry into or transit through its national territory.", "3. Based on the principle of “one country, two systems”, the Central Government of China is responsible for managing the defence and foreign affairs of the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions; the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions enjoy executive, legislative and independent judicial power, including that of final adjudication. For this reason, the Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions shall, upon notification by the Central Government, formulate their own laws and regulations so as to fully implement Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "4. While we hope that resolution 1970 (2011) will be fully and accurately implemented, we hold the view that sanctions are not an end in themselves but rather a means to promote a political resolution of the Libyan crisis. China hopes that all parties concerned will respect the sovereignty, independence, unity and territorial integrity of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in accordance with the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and international legal norms. China advocates the achievement of a ceasefire in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as soon as possible, in order to prevent even more civilian casualties and even greater humanitarian suffering, and calls upon all parties concerned to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya peacefully through negotiation and consultation. China will continue to work constructively towards that goal." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递中国关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议而采取的措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "中国执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议报告", "一、　鉴于利比亚极为特殊的情况并考虑到阿拉伯国家及非洲国家的关切和主张，中国支持安理会通过第1970(2011)号决议。中国是安理会常任理事国，一直以负责任的态度认真执行安理会决议，已有一套行之有效的运作机制和做法。安理会通过第1970(2011)号决议后，中国外交部已发出执行决议通知，要求各部委、各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府以及香港、澳门特别行政区政府依法认真执行决议。", "二、　中国根据安理会第1970(2011)号决议以及安理会利比亚制裁委员会有关决定，已采取相应措施：", "㈠ 中国在军品出口方面历来采取谨慎、负责态度，并实施严格管理。中国认真执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定，不向利比亚供应、出售或转让任何类别军火或相关军用物资；", "㈡ 中国主管部门已要求有关港口和机场，认真检查进出利比亚的所有货物，在有情报提供合理理由和确凿证据认为有关货物中有安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定的禁运物项时，予以严格查验。一经查实，将根据第1970(2011)号决议要求加以没收并处置，并向制裁委提交报告。中方愿向有关国家提供决议要求的合作，以便确保安理会决议有关规定得到严格执行；", "㈢ 中国禁止中国公民或利用悬挂中国国旗的船只或飞机从利比亚采购任何类别军火及相关军用物资，无论上述物项是否源于利境内；", "㈣ 中国确保冻结在中国境内，由安理会第1970(2011)号决议附件二、第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列个人或实体，或由安理会利比亚制裁委员会指认的个人或实体，或由代表其或按其指示行事的个人或实体，或由其拥有或控制的实体，直接或间接拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源，并确保中国国民或境内任何个人或实体不向第1970(2011)号决议附件二、第1973(2011)号决议所列个人或实体，或以这些个人或实体为受益方，提供任何资金、金融资产或经济资源；", "㈤ 中国已将第1970(2011)号决议、第1973(2011)号决议所列或安理会利比亚制裁委员会指认的个人列入不准入境者名单，防止其入境或过境。", "三、　根据“一国两制”原则，中国中央政府负责管理与中国香港特别行政区和澳门特别行政区有关的外交和防务事务，港、澳特区享有行政管理权、立法权、独立的司法权和终审权。因此，香港、澳门特别行政区将根据中央政府通知，自行制定法律、法规，切实执行第1970(2011)号决议。", "四、　我们希望第1970(2011)号决议得到全面、准确执行，同时认为制裁不是目的，而是推动政治解决利危机的一种手段。中方希望有关各方应遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨与原则以及相关国际法准则，尊重利主权、独立、统一和领土完整。我们主张应尽快在利实现停火，避免造成更多平民伤亡和更大的人道主义灾难，呼吁有关各方通过谈判协商和平解决利危机。中方将继续为此发挥建设性作用。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "中华人民共和国常驻联合国代表团谨随函转交中国关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月29日中国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "中国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "1. 联合国 鉴于利比亚的特殊情况,并考虑到阿拉伯和非洲国家的关切和立场,中国支持安理会通过第1970(2011)号决议。 作为安理会常任理事国,中国始终认真认真执行安理会决议,制定有效的运行机制和做法。 安全理事会通过第1970(2011)号决议后,中国外交部发出通知,要求所有国家部委和委员会以及各省、自治区、直辖市和香港及澳门特别行政区政府依法认真执行该决议。", "2. 联合国 中国已根据第1970(2011)号决议的规定和安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会的相关决定,采取以下措施:", "(a) 国家 在武器出口方面,中国一贯采取审慎负责的方针,实行严格控制. 中国认真执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的规定,不向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、出售或转让任何类型的武器或相关材料;", "(b) 国家 中国主管当局要求在相关机场和海港认真检查进出阿拉伯利比亚民众国的所有货物,如果有情报提供合理理由和确凿证据,可以相信货物载有安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所禁止的供应、销售、转让或出口物品,货物应受到严格检查。 如发现这些物项,将依照第1970(2011)号决议的要求予以扣押和处置,并向委员会提交书面报告。 中国将依照决议的规定,协助其他国家,确保严格执行安理会决议的有关规定;", "(c) 中国禁止本国国民以及悬挂中国国旗的船只或飞机从阿拉伯利比亚民众国采购任何种类的武器或有关物资,不论这些物项是否源于阿拉伯利比亚民众国;", "(d) 确保冻结由安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人或实体、安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会指认的个人或实体、或由代表他们或按他们指示行事的个人或实体或由他们拥有或控制的实体直接或间接拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源,并确保本国国民或本国境内任何个人或实体均不得向安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人或实体提供或使其受益;", "(e) 中国将安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议指认的人员和安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会指认的人员列入禁止入境名单,以防止其入境或过境。", "3个 根据\"一国两制\"的原则,由中国中央政府负责管理香港和澳门特别行政区的国防和外事;香港和澳门特别行政区享有行政,立法,独立的司法权,包括终审权. 为此,香港和澳门特别行政区在接到中央政府通知后,应自行制定法律法规,以全面执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议。", " 4.四. 我们希望第1970(2011)号决议得到充分和准确的执行,但我们认为,制裁本身并不是目的,而是促进政治解决利比亚危机的手段。 中国希望有关各方按照\"联合国宪章\"的原则和宗旨以及国际法律规范,尊重阿拉伯利比亚民众国的主权,独立,统一和领土完整. 中方主张尽快实现阿拉伯利比亚民众国停火,以预防更多的平民伤亡和更大的人道主义苦难,呼吁有关各方通过谈判和协商和平解决阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机. 中国将继续为实现这一目标而作出建设性努力。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "In reference to your letter dated 25 March 2010, the Government of Japan is honoured to present its report to the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in paragraph 25 of which the Council calls upon all Member States to report to the Committee within 120 days of the adoption of the resolution on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution (see annex).", "(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida Ambassador Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Japan’s export control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "Japan’s export control system is based on the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Act (Act No. 228 of 1948, hereinafter referred to as the “Foreign Exchange Act”), which provides the general legal framework governing exports from Japan and external transactions, as well as on the Export Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 378 of 1949) (for goods) and on the Foreign Exchange Order (Cabinet Order No. 260 of 1980) (for technologies). In accordance with these regulations, the Government of Japan exercises careful control over exports of all items on the lists attached to the Orders by means of a licensing requirement.", "Based on the Foreign Exchange Act, the Government of Japan controls the export of arms and related technologies, which appear as the items described as “subject to control” in item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order and the appended table of the Foreign Exchange Order, respectively. Goods and technologies described on the list of the Orders correspond to the goods and technologies controlled by the international export control regime, namely the Wassenaar Arrangement.", "Regarding arms exports, the Government of Japan has been dealing carefully with “arms” exports in accordance with the Three Principles on Arms Exports (hereinafter referred to as “the Three Principles”) and their related policy guidelines in order to avoid any possible aggravation of international conflicts. The Three Principles have been the basic policy concerning Japan’s “arms” exports since they were declared at the Diet session in 1967.", "Under the Three Principles, “arms” exports to the following countries or regions shall not be permitted:", "(1) Communist bloc countries;", "(2) Countries subject to “arms” exports embargo under Security Council resolutions;", "(3) Countries involved in or likely to be involved in international conflicts.", "Subsequently, in February 1976, the Government of Japan announced the collateral policy guideline at the Diet session, whereby “arms” exports to other areas not included in the Three Principles will also be restrained in conformity with Japan’s position as a peace-loving nation. In other words, the collateral policy guideline declared that the Government of Japan shall not promote “arms” exports, regardless of the destinations. “Arms”, as referred to in the Three Principles, are defined as goods which are used by military forces and which are directly employed in combat, specifically, goods listed under item 1 of appended table 1 of the Export Trade Control Order.", "Japan’s import control legislation and measures in accordance with paragraph 10 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Act and the Import Trade Control Order (Cabinet Order No. 414 of 1949), necessary measures to prohibit the import of any arms originating from or shipped from Libya.", "Under these measures, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has announced that the importation of arms originating from or shipped from Libya is subject to approval of the Ministry. In light of resolution 1970 (2011), approvals will not be granted for these arms and related materiel.", "Measures in accordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) (travel ban)", "The Government of Japan has already initiated, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (hereinafter “Immigration Control Act”), necessary measures to exercise vigilance regarding the entry into or transit through its territories of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰto resolution 1973 (2011)).", "Under these measures, the Minister for Foreign Affairs, in accordance with the Law for the Establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, exercises strict vigilance in the examination of entry/transit visas for the entry into or transit through Japan of individuals designated in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as in annex Ⅰ to resolution 1973 (2011)). The Ministry of Justice, in accordance with the Immigration Control Act, also exercises strict vigilance in landing examinations and examinations of applications for certificates of eligibility.", "Measures in accordance with paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) (asset freeze)", "The Government of Japan has taken, in accordance with the Foreign Exchange Law and Cabinet approval on 8 March 2011, necessary measures to freeze the funds, other financial assets and economic resources within Japanese territory that are owned or controlled by individuals designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1970 (2011) (as well as individuals and entities designated in annex Ⅱ to resolution 1973 (2011)).", "Under these measures, payments to or by, and capital transactions with, those designated in annex II to the resolution are subject to licensing by the Minister of Finance or the Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry. In light of the resolution, licences will not be granted for these payments and capital transactions, with the exceptions stipulated in paragraph 19 of resolution 1970 (2011)." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "鉴于你2010年3月25日函，日本政府谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会提交报告(见附件)。安理会在该决议第25段中呼吁所有会员国在决议通过后120天内向委员会报告为有效执行该决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施。", "日本常驻联合国代表", "大使", "西田恒夫(签名)", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "给安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会的报告", "日本符合第1970(2011)号决议第9段的出口管制立法和措施", "日本出口管制制度的依据是《外汇和外贸法》(1948年第228号法，下称“《外汇法》”，该法规定了日本出口和对外交易的总体法律框架)，以及《输出贸易管理令》(1949年第378号政令，适用于物品)和《外汇令》(1980年第260号政令，适用于技术)。根据这些法规，日本政府通过许可证规定对各法令所附清单上所有物项的出口实施严密管制。", "根据《外汇法》，日本政府对《输出贸易管理令》附表1第1项和《外汇令》附表1分别列为“须受管制”物项的武器和相关技术的出口实施管制。各法令清单所列物品和技术与国际出口管制制度(即瓦森纳安排)所管制的物品和技术对应。", "关于武器出口，日本政府始终根据武器出口三原则(下称“三原则”)及相关政策指导，谨慎处理“武器”出口问题，以避免可能使国际冲突恶化的情况。三原则1967年在日本国会宣布后，一直是日本“武器”出口的基本政策。", "根据三原则，不得向以下国家或地区出口“武器”：", "(1) 共产主义集团国家；", "(2) 安全理事会决议对其实施“武器”禁运的国家；", "(3) 参与或可能参与国际冲突的国家。", "其后，1976年2月，日本政府在国会宣布了一项并行政策指导意见，规定对三原则未列的其他地区的“武器”出口也将受到限制，以符合日本作为爱好和平国家的立场。亦即，此项并行政策指导宣布，日本政府将不鼓励“武器”出口，而不论出口的目的地是哪里。“三原则”所称“武器”是指军事部队直接用于战斗的所有物品，具体指《输出贸易管理令》附表1第1项所列的物品。", "日本符合第1970(2011)号决议第10段的进口管制立法和措施", "日本政府依照《外汇法》和《输入贸易管理令》(1949年第414号政令)采取了必要措施，禁止进口任何利比亚原产或运出的武器。", "根据这些措施，经济产业省宣布，进口利比亚原产或运出的武器须得到该省的核准。按照第1970(2011)号决议，这些军火和有关物资不会得到批准。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第15段采取的措施(旅行禁令)", "日本政府已根据《外务省设置法》和《出入境管理和难民认定法》(下称“出入境管理法”)采取必要措施，对第1970(2011)号决议附件一(及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)指认的人在日本入境或过境保持警惕。", "根据这些措施，外务省遵照《外务省设置法》，在审批第1970(2011)号决议附件一(及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)指认的人在日本入境或过境的签证申请时保持高度警惕。法务省根据《出入境管理法》，也在登陆审批以及日本居留资格证申请的审批方面保持高度警惕。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第17段采取的措施(资产冻结)", "日本政府已根据《外汇法》，并经内阁2011年3月8日批准，采取必要措施冻结第1970(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人(以及第1973(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人和实体)在日本境内拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源。", "根据这些措施，向该决议附件二指认的个人和实体支付或接受款项以及同这些个人和实体进行资本交易，均须财务大臣或经济产业大臣颁发许可。根据该决议，将不会为这些付款和资本交易颁发许可，但第1970(2011)号决议第19段规定的情况除外。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "关于你2010年3月25日的信,日本政府谨向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会提交报告,安理会在该决议第25段中呼吁所有会员国在该决议通过后120天内向委员会报告为切实执行该决议第9、10、15和17段已采取的步骤(见附件)。", "日本常驻联合国代表", "2011年6月24日日本常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "给安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第24段所设委员会的报告", "第1970(2011)号决议第9段规定的日本出口管制立法和措施", "日本的出口管制制度以《外汇和外贸法》(1948年第228号法,以下简称 \" 外汇法 \" )为基础,该法规定了管理从日本出口和对外交易的一般法律框架,还以《出口贸易管制令》(1949年第378号内阁令)(货物)和《外汇令》(1980年第260号内阁令)(技术)为基础。 根据这些条例,日本政府通过许可证要求,对《命令》所附清单中的所有物项的出口实行仔细管制。", "根据《外汇法》,日本政府控制武器和相关技术的出口,这些武器和相关技术分别作为《出口贸易管制令》附表1第1项和《外汇令》附表中称为“受管制”的物品。 命令清单所列货物和技术与国际出口管制制度,即瓦塞纳尔安排所控制的货物和技术相对应。", "关于武器出口,日本政府一直在按照《武器出口三原则》(下称“三原则”)及其相关政策准则认真处理“武器”出口问题,以避免国际冲突可能恶化。 \" 三原则 \" 自1967年国会上宣布以来,一直是日本 \" 武器 \" 出口的基本政策。", "根据三项原则,不得向下列国家或区域出口“武器”:", "(1) 共产主义集团国家;", "(2) 受安全理事会决议“武器”出口禁运的国家;", "(3) 参与或可能参与国际冲突的国家。", "随后,1976年2月,日本政府在国会会议上宣布了附带政策准则,根据该准则,对未列入 \" 三原则 \" 的其他领域的 \" 武器 \" 出口也将予以限制,以符合日本作为一个爱好和平国家的立场。 换句话说,附带政策准则宣布,日本政府无论目的地为何,都不得促进“武器”出口。 \" 武器 \" 的定义如 \" 三原则 \" 所述,是指军队使用、直接用于作战的货物,具体而言,是《出口贸易管制令》附件表1第1项所列货物。", "日本根据第1970(2011)号决议第10段制定的进口管制立法和措施", "日本政府已根据《外汇法》和《进口贸易管制令》(1949年内阁第414号令)采取必要措施,禁止从利比亚进口或运出的任何武器。", "根据这些措施,经济、贸易和工业部宣布,从利比亚进口或从利比亚运出的武器须经该部批准。 根据第1970(2011)号决议,不会批准这些武器和相关材料。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第15段采取的措施(旅行禁令)", "日本政府已经根据《设立外务省法》和《移民管制和难民确认法》(下称“移民管制法”)采取必要措施,对第1970(2011)号决议附件一(以及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)所指认的个人入境或过境保持警惕。", "根据这些措施,外交部长根据《设立外务省法》,在审查第1970(2011)号决议附件一(以及第1973(2011)号决议附件一)所指认个人出入境或过境日本的出入境签证时严格保持警惕。 司法部还根据《移民管制法》,在登陆检查和资格证书申请审查中严格保持警惕。", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第17段采取的措施(资产冻结)", "2011年3月8日,日本政府根据《外汇法》和内阁批准,采取必要措施,冻结由第1970(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人(以及第1973(2011)号决议附件二指认的个人和实体)拥有或控制的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源。", "根据这些措施,向决议附件二所指认的人付款或由他们付款或与他们进行资本交易,须经财政部长或经济、贸易和工业部长颁发许可证。 根据该决议,除第1970(2011)号决议第19段规定的例外情况外,不会为这些付款和资本交易发放许可证。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Greece on measures taken in order to effectively implement the relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Greece to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Government of Greece regarding the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Greece has the honour to inform the Security Council of the national measures taken with a view to implementing effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011).", "According to Law 92/1967 on the implementation of Security Council resolutions, any resolution, based on article 41 of the Charter of the United Nations, which is mandatory for Member States, in accordance with Article 25 of the Charter is: (a) published in the Official Gazette by Decision of the Minister for Foreign Affairs and (b) implemented by way of a Presidential Decree. Such Decree further specifies the prohibitions provided for in the resolution and the measures necessary for its implementation. Any violation of the provisions of the aforementioned Presidential Decree is subject to imprisonment for up to five years, or to a fine, or both.", "As far as Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) is concerned, the Ministerial Decision, Government Gazette A 54 of 21 March 2011 has been issued. The related draft Presidential Decree includes the provisions covering the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Furthermore, the Bank of Greece and the Greek Financial Sanctions Unit have already issued the appropriate circulars for the full implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) by all banking sector institutions.", "Greece, as a member State of the European Union, is also bound by the European Union’s restrictive measures against Libya and fully abides by the autonomous measures adopted by:", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 adopted on 2 March 2011 amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011 and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 288/2011 of 23 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/156/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 233/2011 adopted on 10 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 272/2011 adopted on 21 March 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 adopted on 12 April 2011", "• Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 adopted on 23 May 2011", "by which an embargo on arms and related materiel and on equipment that might be used for internal repression; a ban on the provision of certain services; a prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya; restrictions on the admission of listed natural persons; the freezing of funds and economic resources of listed persons, entities and bodies; a ban on flights in the airspace of Libya; a ban on flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union and their exceptions, are imposed.", "It should also be noted that Greece has deployed naval assets for the provision of assistance and protection for the evacuation of foreign citizens wishing to leave the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and is providing assistance for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4, 6, 7 and 8 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), in accordance with paragraph 9 of that resolution." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月22日希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "希腊常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递希腊政府关于为有效执行安全理事会第1970(2001)号决议有关规定而采取的措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月22日希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "希腊政府关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "希腊谨向安全理事会报告我国为有效执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取的措施。", "关于执行安全理事会决议的第92/1967号法律规定，按照《联合国宪章》第二十五条的规定，根据《宪章》第四十一条通过的决议对会员国具有约束力，因此：(a) 在《官方公报》中刊登外交部决定；(b) 以发布总统令的方式执行决议。总统令进一步明确决议规定的具体禁令，以及希腊为执行决议而采取的必要措施。违反总统令规定的，处以五年以下监禁，或课以罚款，或两者并罚。", "外交部就安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议在2011年3月21日《政府公报》中发布了A 54号决定。相关总统令草稿就执行第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段作出了规定。", "希腊银行和希腊金融制裁股也已酌情发出通知，要求金融部门各机构全面执行第1970(2011)号决议。", "作为欧洲联盟成员国，希腊同时受到欧洲联盟有关利比亚的限制性措施的约束，并需全面遵守以下各项决定和条例通过的自主措施：", "• 经2011年3月23日2011/178/CFSP号理事会决定修正的2011年2月28日2011/137/CFSP号理事会决定", "• 经2011年3月25日296/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例和2011年3月23日(欧盟)理事会执行条例修订的2011年3月2日通过的204/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例", "• 2011年3月20日通过的156/CFSP号理事会执行决定和233/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年3月21日通过的2011/175/CFSP号理事会执行决定和272/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年4月12日通过的2011/236/CFSP号理事会执行决定和360/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "• 2011年5月23日通过的2011/300/CFSP号理事会执行决定和502/2011号(欧盟)理事会执行条例", "通过上述措施实施了以下规定：对武器及相关材料以及可能用于国内镇压的设备实施禁运；在进出利比亚货物事先通知要求得到满足前禁止提供某些服务；限制列名自然人入境；冻结列名人士的资金和经济资源；禁止航班进入利比亚领空；禁止利比亚航班进入欧洲联盟领空。另外，还作出了其他例外规定。", "还应指出，希腊部署了一些海上资产，为希望离开阿拉伯利比亚民众国的外国公民提供援助和保护，并按照上述决议第9段的要求正在为执行安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第4、6、7和8的规定提供协助。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "希腊常驻联合国代表团谨随函转递希腊政府关于为有效执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议有关规定而采取的措施的报告(见附件)。", "希腊常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "希腊政府关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "希腊谨向安全理事会通报为切实执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段的规定而采取的国家措施。", "根据关于安全理事会决议执行情况的第92/1967号法律,根据《联合国宪章》第四十一条,任何会员国根据《宪章》第二十五条必须通过的决议是:(a) 根据外交部长的决定在《政府公报》上公布;(b) 通过总统令执行。 该法令还具体规定了该决议规定的禁令和执行决议所需的措施。 违反上述总统令规定者,可被判处5年以下监禁或罚款,或两者兼有。", "就安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议而言,《部长决定》已于2011年3月21日发布《第54号政府公报》。 相关的总统令草案包括关于执行第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段的条款。", "此外,希腊银行和希腊金融制裁股已发布适当通知,要求所有银行业机构全面执行第1970(2011)号决议。", "希腊作为欧洲联盟成员国,也受到欧洲联盟对利比亚的限制性措施的约束,并完全遵守下述自主措施:", "• • 理事会 经理事会2011年3月23日第2011/178/CFSP号决定修正的2011年2月28日第2011/137/CFSP号决定", "• 经2011年3月25日第296/2011号理事会条例和2011年3月23日第288/2011号理事会执行条例修正的2011年3月2日通过的欧盟理事会第204/2011号条例", "• 理事会执行第2011/156/CFSP号决定和理事会2011年3月10日通过的第233/2011号执行条例", "• 理事会执行第2011/175/CFSP号决定和理事会2011年3月21日通过的第272/2011号执行条例", "• 理事会执行第2011/236/CFSP号决定和理事会2011年4月12日通过的第360/2011号执行条例(欧盟)", "• 理事会执行第2011/300/CFSP号决定和理事会2011年5月23日通过的第502/2011号执行条例", "对可能用于内部镇压的军火和有关物资及设备实行禁运;禁止提供某些服务;事先要求提供关于进出利比亚的货物的信息;限制接纳名单所列自然人;冻结名单所列个人、实体和机构的资金和经济资源;禁止利比亚领空飞行;禁止利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行及其例外。", "还应指出,希腊已部署海军资产,为撤离阿拉伯利比亚民众国的外国公民提供援助和保护,并根据该决议第9段为执行安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第4、6、7和8段提供援助。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Ms. Teixeira Coelho\n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Day\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)", "The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Iraq to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members have before them document S/2011/465, containing the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United States of America.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/435, containing the third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010). I also wish to draw the", "attention of Council members to document S/2011/464, containing a note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2001 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "The meeting rose at 10.15 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t哈迪普·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 特谢拉·科埃略女士 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 戴先生 \n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "伊拉克局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/2011/435)", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "伊拉克局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/2011/435)", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请伊拉克代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/465，其中载有美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/435，其中载有秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告。我还谨提请安理会成员注意文件", "S/2011/464，其中载有2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2001(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "上午10时15分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 瓦蒂格先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Vukašinović先生\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 Araud先生\n加蓬 Mrone\n印度 Manjeev SinghPuri先生\n黎巴嫩 Ramadan先生\n尼日利亚 Amieyeofori先生\n葡萄牙 Teixeira Coelho女士\n俄罗斯联邦 Zhukov先生\n南非 Sangqu先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "有关伊拉克的局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/ 2001/435)", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "有关伊拉克的局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告(S/ 2001/435)", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第37条,我请伊拉克代表参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "成员们面前摆着文件S/2006/465,其中载有美利坚合众国提交的一项决议草案的文本。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2006/435,其中载有秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告。 我也谨提请大家注意。", "安理会成员注意文件S/2006/464,其中载有2011年7月27日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会。", "我的理解是,安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在将决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成:", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国", "主席(以英语发言):有15票赞成。 决议草案获得一致通过,成为第2001(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。", "上午10时15分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Viotti \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Araud \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Salam \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Libya", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Libya", "The President: In accordance with rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Lynn Pascoe, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Pascoe.", "Mr. Pascoe: As the fighting in Libya continues for the fifth month, there have been some marginal gains on the battlefield by the opposition forces, but no dramatic changes in the overall situation. The front lines remain in flux as opposition forces attempt to advance towards Tripoli, while Government forces target strategic cities and areas under opposition control. NATO operations continue, primarily against sites in and around Tripoli.", "The Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, Mr. Al‑Khatib, briefed the Council two weeks ago on the proposed parallel approach he has made to Government officials in Tripoli and the Libyan Interim Transitional National Council representatives in Benghazi. At that time, both sides expressed their readiness to study the proposal and discuss it further. The proposal is designed to simultaneously establish a credible ceasefire and create an institutional mechanism for the management of the transition.", "On 25 July, the Special Envoy travelled to Benghazi to continue discussions. During his meeting with the Transitional National Council, there was discussion of his proposal for the transition as well as other issues put forth by Council members. These members insisted they could not engage in talks for the establishment of a new transitional entity while the existing regime in Tripoli was in place. They emphasized that meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Libyan people had to be the aim of the negotiations, and this included the departure of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. While no conclusions were reached, the exchange was actually quite useful and constructive overall.", "On 26 July, the Special Envoy went to Tripoli for talks with Libyan Prime Minister Al Baghdadi Ali Al‑Mahmoudi. The Prime Minister reiterated the Libyan Government’s position that it was not ready to engage in a political process that implied the stepping down of Colonel Al-Qadhafi. The Prime Minister raised various aspects related the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), including their impact on Libya, and demanded that NATO stop its military actions prior to Libya’s engagement in any process to implement the Security Council’s resolutions. This posturing by both sides has been fairly consistent since the beginning of these discussions. Both sides are willing to talk, but they are still emphasizing maximum demands at this point, and patience is clearly required before detailed discussion can begin.", "As we have said many times, a ceasefire tied to transitional arrangements that address the aspirations of the Libyan people is the only sustainable political solution to the crisis in Libya. The Secretary-General and his Special Envoy make this point in all our discussions with key interlocutors around the world.", "From the outset, the United Nations has worked closely with all concerned parties in Libya, with regional organizations, including the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, and with the wider international community. I would like to note that Mr. Al-Khatib today is in Mauritania, where he had a good meeting with President Ould Abdel Aziz, the Chairman of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya. It remains critical that the international community speak with one voice, through the Secretary-General’s Special Envoy, in order to bring about a political solution.", "On 15 July, the fourth meeting of the Contact Group on Libya was held in Istanbul. The Chairperson’s final statement recognized the Interim Transitional National Council as “the legitimate governing authority in Libya” until the establishment of an interim authority. The participants also expressed their full support for Special Envoy Al-Khatib to lead mediation efforts to resolve the Libyan crisis.", "On 18 July, the African Union Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya convened a technical interactive meeting on Libya in Addis Ababa, to which the Transitional National Council, the Libyan Government and the United Nations were invited. The Libyan Government sent a delegation to the meeting, while the Transitional National Council did not participate. The AU is planning for a second interactive session with the Transitional National Council, scheduled to take place in Addis Ababa in early August.", "The Secretary-General has remained closely engaged in the search for a political solution. For example, on 22 July he spoke with President Zuma of South Africa on the way forward and on approaches that would tighten United Nations and African Union cooperation.", "The number of people who have left Libya and have not returned since the start of the conflict is now estimated at over 630,000, including some 100,000 Libyans. Another 200,000 Libyans have been internally displaced. The number of people stranded at border points in Egypt, Tunisia and Niger has been reduced to about 2,600, mostly third-country nationals, some of whom are asylum seekers who cannot return to their homes. Additionally, around 22,000 people, mostly African migrants, have arrived by boat in Italy and Malta from Libya. At least 1,400 people have died during those journeys or are missing.", "During my recent visit to Tunisia, I thanked the Government for Tunisia’s generosity in hosting refugees. The Government raised the need for assistance to be directed not only to the refugees in camps, but also to the Tunisian families who are generously hosting Libyan refugees in their homes. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other United Nations entities are working on how best to help support the displaced in Tunisia, but additional support from the international community will be needed.", "The Government of Libya has repeatedly complained about the shortage of medical supplies, vaccines and equipment. In addition, major fuel shortages are reported in Tripoli. Humanitarian aid and fuel are arriving regularly in opposition-controlled areas, although there are some shortages there too. The lack of fuel, of course, affects the movement of people and goods, electricity, water supply, employment, hospitals, agriculture and fisheries. We remain concerned about the risk of water services breaking down due to uncertain fuel supplies and to a lack of maintenance and spare parts.", "The approach of the holy month of Ramadan has added greater urgency to the provision of supplies and meeting of humanitarian needs. Both the Libyan Government and the Transitional National Council have requested the use of frozen assets to meet humanitarian needs. The Secretary-General has forwarded these communications to the President of the Security Council.", "The Special Adviser on post-conflict planning in Libya, Mr. Ian Martin, has continued preparatory work within the United Nations and with key partners on ways we can be helpful when the conflict has been resolved. The United Nations system-wide pre‑assessment process to develop possible scenarios and areas where United Nations or other international support may be appropriate, if it is requested, is nearing completion. Cooperation within and outside the United Nations system on this process has been excellent. This effort will be invaluable if and when the United Nations is called upon to react quickly in a post-conflict Libya.", "As we have told the Council, early contingency planning is being undertaken by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for military and police roles that the United Nations may be asked to perform following a ceasefire. The Secretariat will be ready to discuss with the Libyan authorities and propose to the Council the most immediate priorities for United Nations assistance during a transition whenever political developments make this appropriate.", "The Chair of the Libya sanctions Committee briefs the Council as necessary, pursuant to paragraph 24 (e) of resolution 1970 (2011). I would therefore simply note that the Panel of Experts appointed by the Secretary-General in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1973 (2011) has begun its work in earnest. The Panel is mandated to gather, examine and analyse information from States, relevant United Nations bodies, regional organizations and other interested parties regarding the implementation of the measures decided in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). In doing so, it has travelled to countries in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. It has also visited Benghazi, Libya, and intends to visit Tripoli in the near future. The Panel will submit an interim report to the Committee no later than 10 August 2011.", "Since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011), the Secretary-General has received 43 communications from more than 20 Member States and regional organizations and arrangements, informing him of actions with respect to the implementation of the resolution. The majority of these communications relate to paragraphs 4 and 8, and the rest relate to humanitarian exemptions under paragraph 7.", "In my previous briefings to the Council, I provided updates on the letters addressed to the Secretary-General by the NATO Secretary-General conveying NATO’s first and second monthly reports, weekly reports and technical updates. Since my last briefing, we have received the third and fourth monthly reports, dated 27 June and 20 July respectively, in addition to one technical update dated 11 July. All reports have been circulated to Security Council members.", "The challenges posed by the crisis in Libya are serious ones, but we believe that they can be managed by staying closely involved, actively pursuing a negotiated solution and planning carefully to play a possible role, if asked, in the future.", "The President: I thank Mr. Pascoe for his briefing.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): We thank Under-Secretary-General Lynn Pascoe for his comprehensive briefing on the situation in Libya.", "It has been over four months since the adoption of resolution 1973 (2011) and the start of the military campaign in Libya. We should remind ourselves that the intention of resolution 1973 (2011) was to ensure the protection of civilians, and not regime change or the targeting of individuals.", "Clearly, action focused on the military solution has not had its intended purpose. Instead, it has worked to destabilize the country even further, and therefore the long-term security and stability of Libya remain uncertain as the situation deteriorates, with more loss of civilian lives and massive destruction of infrastructure.", "What is required is a commitment to full compliance with resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in their entirety, in letter and spirit. This will include focusing our energies on finding a political solution to the crisis, as emphasized in paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011), which stresses the need to intensify efforts aimed at a political outcome.", "In further contributing towards a political solution, the seventeenth ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the African Union (AU) was held in Malabo recently and endorsed a set of proposals for a framework agreement on a political solution to the crisis in Libya. The framework agreement, which is based on the AU road map and resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), reiterates Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Al‑Qadhafi’s commitment to an inclusive dialogue process, with the participation of the Interim Transitional National Council. This is all based on the agreement of Colonel Al-Qadhafi not to participate in the negotiations on the future of Libya.", "Allow me to touch on the key elements of the framework agreement, which include, first, national dialogue. The Libyan parties commit to immediately start negotiations in accordance with paragraph 2 of resolution 1973 (2011) and the AU road map. That will address the following issues: an immediate suspension of hostilities, a humanitarian pause, a comprehensive ceasefire, national reconciliation, arrangements relating to the transition, and the agenda for democratic transformation. The national dialogue shall be held under the auspices of the AU Ad Hoc High-level Committee on Libya and the United Nations, through the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, Mr. Al‑Khatib, with the support of the League of Arab States, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the European Union (EU).", "Secondly, with respect to confidence-building and other combining measures, the parties will commit themselves to work towards healing and national reconciliation, including considering the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission. The parties will commit themselves to requesting the Security Council to lift the freeze of Libyan assets, as provided for in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), to the benefit of the interim Government.", "Thirdly, the international community, represented by the AU, the United Nations, the League of Arab States, the OIC and the EU, commits itself to supporting the process and agreements reached among the Libyan stakeholders.", "These proposals for a framework agreement have been submitted to the Government of Libya and to the Transitional National Council for their consideration. The AU has asked the Libyan parties “to demonstrate the required political will and place the supreme interest of their country and people above any other consideration”. It is thus imperative for them to commit to a political solution. The Council and the wider international community should impress upon them the necessity for such a political process.", "We have noted the calls for Al-Qadhafi to go. We maintain that such statements do not bring us any closer to a political solution. We call on all parties to focus on genuinely assisting the Libyan parties to immediately begin a political dialogue in line with the AU road map, as elaborated in the framework agreement. It is only through a Libyan-led and owned political process that a decision on the future of Libya, including that of Colonel Al-Qadhafi, can be based. This is a Charter-given right that will reaffirm the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Libya.", "South Africa remains concerned about the implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). Taking sides in any internal conflict situation in an effort to institute regime change in Libya sets a dangerous precedent that will surely damage the credibility of the Council and its resolutions. We have also noted the call encouraging the unfreezing of Libyan assets. Unfreezing assets to support one side of the conflict would, in our view, be in violation of the sanctions regime and further complicate the situation.", "The recent report of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs on the humanitarian situation in Libya provides a big picture, as has been confirmed by Mr. Pascoe. The report shows that there are significant shortages in water, fuel, spare parts, cash, medicine and other basic amenities. This situation is ever more worrying in light of the approaching month of Ramadan.", "Given this dire humanitarian situation, we echo the AU’s demand for", "“an immediate pause in the fighting and in NATO-led bombings, to provide respite to the civilian population, alleviate its suffering and make it possible to deliver the much needed humanitarian assistance to all those in need”.", "In conclusion, we call on all of the parties to put aside their differences and begin negotiations without preconditions with a view to finding a sustainable political solution that will fulfil the aspirations of the Libyan people. It is our responsibility as the international community to assist the parties in this quest.", "The President: There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on this subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.30 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 维奥蒂夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 阿罗德先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 萨拉姆先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "利比亚局势", "上午10时15分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "利比亚局势", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请帕斯科先生发言。", "帕斯科先生(以英语发言)：利比亚战事已进入第五个月，反对派部队在战场上略有斩获，但总体局势没有发生急剧变化。前线继续不断变化，反对派部队试图向黎波里方向推进，而政府军则进攻由反对派控制的战略城市和地区。北约行动在继续，主要针对黎波里内和周围场地。", "两周前，秘书长特使哈提卜先生向安理会通报了他向在黎波里的政府官员和在班加西的利比亚临时过渡全国委员会代表提出的平行办法。当时双方表示，他们愿意研究和进一步讨论这项建议。该建议旨在同时建立可信的停火和一个管理过渡的体制机制。", "7月25日，该特使前往班加西继续进行讨论。在他与过渡全国委员会的会晤中，讨论了特使提出的过渡建议以及委员会成员提出的其他问题。这些成员坚持认为，在的黎波里现政权存在的情况下，他们不能参与建立一个新过渡实体的谈判。他们强调，谈判的目的必须是满足利比亚人民的正当愿望，这包括卡扎菲上校下台。这次交换意见虽然没有得出任何结论，但总体而言，实际上相当有益，并富有建设性。", "7月26日，特使前往的黎波里，与利比亚总理巴格达迪·阿里·马哈茂迪举行会谈。总理重申了利比亚政府的立场，即它不准备参与要求卡扎菲上校下台的政治进程。总理提出了与执行第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议相关的各方面问题，包括这些决议对利比亚的影响，并要求北约在利比亚加入任何执行安全理事会决议的进程前停止其军事行动。自这些讨论开始以来，双方姿态相当前后一致。双方都愿意谈判，但目前仍坚持其最高要求，在可以开始具体讨论前，显然需要耐心。", "正如我们多次指出的那样，实现停火并将其与满足利比亚人民愿望的过渡安排挂钩，是解决利比亚危机的唯一可持续政治解决办法。秘书长及其特使已经在我们同世界各地重要对话者的所有讨论中，阐明了这一点。", "从一开始，联合国就与利比亚有关各方，与包括非洲联盟(非盟)、阿拉伯国家联盟和伊斯兰会议组织在内的区域组织以及广大国际社会密切合作。我愿指出，哈提卜先生今天就在毛里塔尼亚，他在那里与非盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会主席乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹总统举行了很好的会晤。国际社会通过秘书长特使以一个声音说话，从而实现政治解决，这一点仍至关重要。", "7月15日，利比亚问题联络小组第四次会议在伊斯坦布尔举行。主席的最后声明确认，在成立临时当局之前，全国临时过渡委员会是“利比亚的合法管理当局”。与会者还表示完全支持哈提卜特使领导解决利比亚危机的调解工作。", "7月18日，非洲联盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会在亚的斯亚贝巴就利比亚问题召开了技术性互动交流会，全国过渡委员会、利比亚政府和联合国应邀参加。利比亚政府派团与会，但全国过渡委员会没有参加。非盟正计划与全国过渡委员会举行第二次互动交流会，会议定于8月初在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。", "秘书长仍密切参与寻求政治解决的工作。比如，7月22日，他与南非总统祖玛通话，讨论了今后的方针以及加强联合国与非洲联盟合作的办法。", "从冲突爆发起就离开利比亚且尚未返回的人数目前估计超过63万，其中有大约10万利比亚人。此外还有约20万利比亚人在本国流离失所。滞留在埃及、突尼斯和尼日尔过境点的人数已降至约2 600，多数是第三国公民，其中有些人是无法回国的寻求庇护者。此外，约22 000人，多数为非洲移民，从利比亚乘船抵达意大利和马耳他。至少有1 400人在这些旅途中死亡或失踪。", "我在最近访问突尼斯时，对突尼斯政府慷慨收留难民表示了感谢。该国政府提出不仅要向营地内的难民，而且也要向将利比亚难民慷慨收留在家中的突尼斯家庭提供援助。联合国难民事务高级专员办事处等联合国实体正在研究如何以最佳方式帮助支持突尼斯境内的流离失所者，但也需要国际社会提供更多支持。", "利比亚政府一再抱怨医疗用品、疫苗和设备短缺。此外，据报的黎波里燃料严重短缺。人道主义援助和燃料正定期运抵反对派控制地区，但那里也存在某些短缺现象。缺乏燃料当然影响到了人员和物资的通行、供电和供水、就业、医院、农业和渔业。我们仍感到关切的是，燃料供应的不确定性以及维修和零部件的缺乏可能会导致供水服务瘫痪。", "穆斯林斋月的临近使得物资供应和满足人道主义需要愈加迫切。利比亚政府和全国过渡委员会均要求使用冻结资产来满足人道主义需要。秘书长已将这些信函转交安全理事会主席。", "利比亚冲突后规划问题特别顾问伊恩·马丁先生一直在联合国内部以及与各关键伙伴一道从事准备工作，研究在冲突解决后我们如何给予帮助。联合国为确定在有关方面提出请求情况下可采取哪些方式并在哪些方面提供联合国或其它国际援助而开展的全系统预先评估工作现已接近完成。联合国系统在这项工作中开展了出色的内外合作。如果而且只有在有关方面要求联合国在利比亚冲突结束后迅速作出反应的情况下，这项工作才会有价值。", "正如我们对安理会所说，维持和平行动部正在就停火后可能要求联合国发挥的军事和警务作用开展早期应急规划。秘书处将随时准备与利比亚当局开展讨论，并向安理会提出联合国在过渡期间援助方面的最迫切优先工作，只要政治情况允许这样做。", "制裁利比亚委员会主席根据第1970(2011)号决议第24 (e)段的规定，向安理会作了必要通报。因此，我只想指出，秘书长根据第1973(2011)号决议第24段所任命的专家小组已经认真开展工作。该小组的任务是，收集、研究和分析各国、联合国有关机构、区域组织以及其它有关方面就第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议确定的措施的执行情况所提供的信息。在此过程中，它访问了欧洲、北美和中东一些国家。它还访问了利比亚的班加西，并打算近期访问的黎波里。专家小组将不晚于2011年8月10日向委员会提交初步报告。", "自通过第1973(2011)号决议以来，秘书长已从20多个会员国以及区域组织和安排收到43封信函，告知他在执行该决议方面采取了哪些行动。这些信函多数涉及第4段和第8段，其余则涉及第7段规定的人道主义豁免。", "我曾在先前向安理会所作的通报中，介绍了北约秘书长致联合国秘书长信件中的最新情况。这些信件转递了北约第一次和第二次月度报告、周度报告以及对报告所作的技术更新。自我上次作通报以来，我们收到了第三次和第四次月度报告，报告日期分别为6月27日和7月20日，此外还收到7月11日的技术更新。所有报告均已向安全理事会成员散发。", "利比亚危机所造成的挑战是严峻的，但我们认为，只要继续密切参与、积极寻求通过谈判解决问题并认真进行规划，以便在需要时发挥可能的作用，就能够应对这些挑战。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢帕斯科先生的通报。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：我们感谢林恩·帕斯科副秘书长全面通报了利比亚局势。", "通过1973(2011)号决议以及在利比亚启动军事行动，已经有4个多月的时间了。我们应当提醒自己，第1973(2011)号决议意在确保保护平民，而不是更换政权或是把某些人作为目标。", "显然，侧重以军事手段解决问题的做法并未达到其预期目的。相反，它却使该国局势更加不稳定。所以说，随着局势恶化、更多平民死亡和基础设施大面积被毁，利比亚的长期安全与稳定仍呈不确定性。", "我们必须承诺在文字和精神上都充分遵守第 1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的全部内容。这将包括集中精力寻求危机的政治解决，第1973(2011)号决议第2段强调了这一点，该段强调必须加紧努力，力求达成政治解决办法。", "为了进一步推动政治解决，最近在马拉博举行了非洲联盟(非盟)第十七届国家元首和政府首脑会议，会议核准了关于以政治手段解决利比亚危机的框架协议的一系列提议。框架协议以非盟路线图以及第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议为基础，重申利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校承诺在全国临时过渡委员会的参与下，开展包容性对话进程。这一切都基于卡扎菲上校同意不参加关于利比亚未来的谈判。", "请允许我谈谈框架协议的关键内容。这些内容首先包括全民对话。利比亚各方承诺立即按照第1973 (2011)号决议第2段和非盟路线图展开谈判。这将涉及以下问题：立即中止敌对行动、实行“人道主义暂停”、全面停火、民族和解、就过渡问题达成安排，以及开展民主变革工作。全国对话应在阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰合作组织以及欧洲联盟(欧盟)的支持下，通过秘书长特使卡提卜先生，由非盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会和联合国主持进行。", "第二，关于建立信任和其它配套措施，各方应致力于努力治愈创伤和开展民族和解，包括考虑设立一个真相与和解委员会。各方将致力于要求安全理事会解除第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议中规定的对利比亚资产的冻结，以供临时政府使用。", "第三，以非盟、联合国、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰合作组织以及欧盟为代表的国际社会致力于支持该进程，并支持利比亚各利益攸关方之间达成的各项协议。", "这些关于框架协议的提议现已提交利比亚政府及过渡全国委员会，供其审议。非盟要求利比亚各方“表现出所需的政治意愿，将其国家与人民至高无上的利益放在任何其它考虑之上。”为此，它们必须致力于政治解决。安理会以及广大国际社会应向它们强调这种政治进程的必要性。", "我们注意到要求卡扎菲离开的呼声。我们主张，这种言论对于我们实现政治解决没有任何好处。我们呼吁所有各方如框架协议所阐述的那样，侧重于真正帮助利比亚各方立即根据非盟路线图启动政治对话。 只有由利比亚主导和掌控的政治进程才能成为决定利比亚未来——包括卡扎菲上校的未来——的基础。这是《宪章》赋予的一种权利，它将再次确认利比亚的主权、独立、领土完整与国家统一。", "南非仍对第1970(2011)号决议和第1973(2011)号决议的执行情况感到关切。在内部冲突局势中偏向一方，力图实现利比亚政权的更迭，这种做法形成了一个危险的先例，必将损害安理会及其各项决议的公信力。", "我们还注意到有人呼吁取消对利比亚资产的冻结。我们认为，取消资产冻结以支持冲突一方，将违反制裁制度，并使局势进一步复杂化。", "人道主义事务协调厅最近关于利比亚人道主义局势的报告描绘了整体局势，它也得到了帕斯科先生的证实。报告显示，水、燃料、零部件、现金、药品和其它基本物资存在严重短缺。鉴于斋月即将到来，这种情况更为令人担忧。", "鉴于这种恶劣的人道主义局势，我们同意非盟的如下要求，即：", "“立即暂停交战和北约主导的轰炸，给民众以喘息时间，减轻他们的痛苦，使得能够向所有需要的人提供急需的人道主义援助。”", "最后，我们呼吁各方摒弃它们的分歧，在不设前提条件的情况下开始谈判，以找到实现利比亚人民愿望的可持续的政治解决办法。我们作为国际社会有责任帮助各方实现这个目标。", "主席(以英语发言)：我的名单上没有其它发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时30分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 瓦蒂格先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 Barbalić先生\n巴西 维奥蒂夫人\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 Araud先生\n加蓬 Mrone\n印度 Manjeev SinghPuri先生\n黎巴嫩. Salam先生\n尼日利亚 Amieyeofori先生\n葡萄牙 Cabral先生\n俄罗斯联邦 Pankin先生\n南非 Sangqu先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "利比亚局势", "上午10时15分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "利比亚局势", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我请主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科先生参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请帕斯科先生发言。", "帕斯科先生: 由于利比亚的战斗持续了第五个月,反对派部队在战场上取得了一些微小的进展,但总体局势没有发生重大变化。 随着反对派部队试图向的黎波里挺进,前线仍然流畅,而政府部队则以战略城市和反对派控制的地区为目标。 北约的行动仍在继续,主要针对的黎波里及其周边地区。", "秘书长特使Al‐Khatib先生两周前向安理会通报了他向的黎波里政府官员和利比亚过渡时期全国理事会驻班加西代表提出的平行做法。 当时,双方表示愿意研究该提案,并进一步讨论该提案。 该提案旨在同时建立可信的停火,并建立一个管理过渡的机构机制。", "7月25日,特使前往班加西继续讨论。 在与过渡全国委员会会晤期间,讨论了他提出的过渡建议以及安理会成员提出的其他问题。 这些成员坚持说,在的黎波里现有政权成立时,他们不能就建立一个新的过渡实体进行谈判。 他们强调,实现利比亚人民的合法愿望必须是谈判的目标,其中包括卡扎菲上校的离任。 虽然没有达成任何结论,但交流实际上非常有益和具有建设性。", "7月26日,特使前往的黎波里与利比亚总理巴格达·阿里·马赫莫迪会谈。 总理重申利比亚政府的立场,即它不准备参与政治进程,这意味着卡扎菲上校的缩编。 总理提出了执行第1970(2011年)号和第1973(2011年)号决议的各个方面,包括这些决议对利比亚的影响,并要求北约在利比亚参与执行安全理事会决议的任何进程之前停止军事行动。 自讨论开始以来,双方的这一姿态相当一致。 双方愿意会谈,但双方目前仍然强调最大需求,在开始详细讨论之前,显然需要耐心。", "正如我们多次说过的那样,与满足利比亚人民愿望的过渡安排挂钩的停火是解决利比亚危机的唯一可持续政治解决办法。 秘书长及其特使在与世界各地主要对话者的所有讨论中都表明了这一点。", "联合国从一开始就与利比亚有关各方、区域组织,包括非洲联盟(非盟)、阿拉伯国家联盟和伊斯兰会议组织以及广大国际社会密切合作。 我愿指出,阿尔哈提卜先生今天是在毛里塔尼亚,在那里他与非盟利比亚问题高级别特设委员会主席乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹总统举行了良好会晤。 至关重要的是,国际社会通过秘书长特使以一个声音发言,以实现政治解决。", "7月15日,利比亚问题联络小组第四次会议在伊斯坦布尔举行。 主席的最后声明承认临时过渡全国委员会是“利比亚的合法管理机构”,直到临时当局建立为止。 与会者还表示全力支持哈希卜特使领导调解努力,解决利比亚危机。", "7月18日,非洲联盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会在亚的斯亚贝巴召开了一次关于利比亚的技术互动会议,邀请了过渡时期全国理事会、利比亚政府和联合国参加。 利比亚政府派代表团出席会议,而过渡时期全国理事会没有参加。 非盟正计划与过渡全国委员会举行第二次互动会议,会议定于8月初在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。", "秘书长一直密切参与寻求政治解决办法的工作。 例如,7月22日,他与南非祖马总统就前进的道路以及加强联合国和非洲联盟合作的办法作了发言。", "离开利比亚、自冲突开始以来尚未返回的人数现在估计超过630 000人,其中包括约100 000名利比亚人。 另有20万 利比亚人在国内流离失所。 滞留在埃及、突尼斯和尼日尔边境点的人数已减少到约2 600人,其中大多数是第三国国民,其中一些是无法返回家园的寻求庇护者。 此外,约有22 000人,主要是非洲移民,乘船从利比亚抵达意大利和马耳他。 这些旅程中至少有1 400人死亡或失踪。", "在我最近访问突尼斯期间,我感谢突尼斯政府慷慨接纳难民。 该国政府提出,不仅需要向难民营的难民提供援助,还需要向慷慨收容利比亚难民的突尼斯家庭提供援助。 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处和其他联合国实体正在研究如何以最佳方式帮助支持突尼斯的流离失所者,但还需要国际社会提供更多的支持。", "利比亚政府一再抱怨医疗用品、疫苗和设备短缺。 此外,据报的黎波里存在大量燃料短缺。 人道主义援助和燃料经常到达反对派控制的地区,尽管那里也有一些短缺。 燃料的缺乏当然影响到人员和货物、电力、供水、就业、医院、农业和渔业的流动。 我们仍然对由于燃料供应不确定以及缺乏维修和备件而中断供水的风险感到关切。", "斋月的做法增加了供应和满足人道主义需要的紧迫性。 利比亚政府和过渡全国委员会都要求使用冻结的资产来满足人道主义需要。 秘书长已将这些来文转交安全理事会主席。", "利比亚冲突后规划问题特别顾问伊恩·马丁先生继续在联合国内和与主要伙伴一道开展筹备工作,探讨如何在冲突得到解决时,我们能够有所帮助。 联合国全系统预先评估进程正在接近尾声,以制定可能的设想方案,并在联合国或其他国际支助可能适当的情况下,如需要,可予以适当支助。 联合国系统内外在这一进程方面的合作非常出色。 如果呼吁联合国在冲突后利比亚迅速作出反应,这一努力将是宝贵的。", "正如我们告诉安理会的那样,维持和平行动部正在就军事和警察的作用进行早期应急规划,在停火之后,可以要求联合国发挥这种作用。 秘书处将随时与利比亚当局讨论,并在出现政治事态发展时向安理会提出联合国援助的最直接优先事项。", "利比亚制裁委员会主席依照第1970(2011)号决议第24(e)段的规定,视需要向安理会通报情况。 因此,我要简单地指出,秘书长根据第1973(2011)号决议第24段任命的专家小组已经开始认真开展工作。 小组的任务是收集、审查和分析各国、联合国相关机构、区域组织和其他有关方面关于执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所定措施的资料。 为此,它访问了欧洲、北非和中东各国。 它还访问了利比亚的班加西,并打算在不久的将来访问的黎波里。 小组将在2011年8月10日之前向委员会提交一份临时报告。", "自第1973(2011)号决议通过以来,秘书长收到了20多个会员国、区域组织和安排的43份来文,向他通报了执行该决议的行动。 这些来文多数涉及第4和第8段,其余涉及第7段所规定的人道主义豁免。", "在我上次向安理会通报情况时,我介绍了北约秘书长给秘书长的信的最新情况,其中转递北约的第一份和第二次月报、每周报告和技术最新情况。 自从我上次通报以来,我们已收到分别于6月27日和7月20日提交的第三次和第四次每月报告,以及7月11日的一份技术最新情况报告。 所有报告均已分发给安全理事会成员。", "利比亚危机带来的挑战是严峻的挑战,但我们认为,可以通过密切参与、积极寻求谈判解决办法和精心规划,在今后发挥可能的作用来管理这些挑战。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢帕斯科先生的通报。", "桑库先生(南非): 我们感谢林恩·帕斯科副秘书长全面通报利比亚局势。", "自第1973(2011)号决议通过和在利比亚开始军事行动以来,已经过去了四个多月。 我们应当提醒自己,第1973(2011)号决议的意图是确保保护平民,而不是改变政权或以个人为目标。", "显然,以军事解决办法为重点的行动没有达到预期目的。 相反,它努力进一步破坏该国的稳定,因此,随着局势恶化,平民丧生和大规模破坏基础设施,利比亚的长期安全与稳定仍然不确定。", "所需要的是承诺本着文字和精神,充分遵守第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议。 这将包括把我们的精力集中在寻找危机的政治解决办法上,正如第1973(2011)号决议第2段所强调的那样,该段强调必须加紧努力,争取政治结果。", "为了进一步推动政治解决,非洲联盟(非盟)国家元首和政府首脑大会第十七届常会最近在马拉博举行,并核可了一套关于政治解决利比亚危机的框架协定的建议。 框架协议以非盟路线图和1970(2011年)号和第1973(2011年)号决议为基础,重申利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲上校致力于包容各方的对话进程,由临时过渡全国委员会参加。 所有这一切都基于卡扎菲上校同意不参加关于利比亚未来的谈判。", "请允许我谈谈框架协议的关键要素,其中首先包括全国对话。 利比亚各方承诺立即根据第1973(2011)号决议第2段和非盟路线图开始谈判。 这将解决下列问题:立即停止敌对行动、人道主义暂停、全面停火、民族和解、过渡安排以及民主变革议程。 全国对话应在非洲联盟利比亚问题特设高级别委员会的主持下,通过秘书长特使阿尔卡提卜先生在阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧洲联盟(欧盟)的支持下举行。", "第二,关于建立信任措施和其他综合措施,各方将致力于恢复和民族和解,包括考虑设立一个真相与和解委员会。 双方将承诺要求安全理事会按照第1970(2011年)号和第1973(2011年)号决议的规定,解除对利比亚资产的冻结,以造福临时政府。", "第三,由非盟、联合国、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰会议组织和欧盟代表的国际社会承诺支持利比亚利益攸关方之间的进程和协议。", "这些关于框架协议的建议已提交利比亚政府和过渡国民议会审议。 非盟要求利比亚各方“表现出必要的政治意愿,把本国和人民的最高利益置于任何其他考虑之上”。 因此,他们必须致力于政治解决。 安理会和广大国际社会应当向他们强调,必须开展这种政治进程。", "我们注意到要求卡扎菲走下去的呼吁。 我们认为,这种发言不会使我们更接近政治解决。 我们呼吁各方注重真正协助利比亚各方立即按照框架协议中阐述的非盟路线图开始政治对话。 只有通过由利比亚领导和自主的政治进程,才能就利比亚的未来,包括卡扎菲上校的未来作出决定。 这是一项《宪章》赋予的权利,它将重申利比亚的主权、独立、领土完整和国家统一。", "南非仍然对第1970(2011年)和1973(2011年)号决议的执行情况感到关切。 在利比亚国内任何冲突局势中,为了努力改变政权,都开创了一个危险的先例,肯定会损害安理会及其决议的信誉。 我们还注意到鼓励冻结利比亚资产的呼吁。 我们认为,释放资产支持冲突一方将违反制裁制度,使局势进一步复杂化。", "人道主义事务协调厅最近关于利比亚人道主义局势的报告大体说明,帕斯科先生证实了这一点。 报告显示,水、燃料、备件、现金、药品和其他基本设施严重短缺。 鉴于即将到来的斋月,这种情况更加令人担忧。", "鉴于这一严峻的人道主义局势,我们赞同非盟对非洲联盟的要求。", "“立即暂停战斗和北约主导的轰炸,以保护平民,减轻其痛苦,并有可能向所有有需要的人提供急需的人道主义援助”。", "最后,我们呼吁各方搁置分歧,不设先决条件地开始谈判,以期找到能够满足利比亚人民愿望的可持续政治解决办法。 作为国际社会,我们有责任协助各方进行这一努力。", "主席(以英语发言):我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 我现在请各位成员进行非正式磋商,继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时30分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 10.15 a.m.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "Mr. Salam (Lebanon) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I should like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding as the International Year of Youth draws to a close.", "Lebanon is in a region where one fifth of the population is between 15 and 24 years old. More than half of our population is below the age of 25. There are a great many problems facing youth in the Arab region, most important of which is the high rate of youth unemployment, particularly among girls — one of the highest in the world.", "While tangible progress has been made in education over the past two decades, the rate of illiteracy, at more than 17 per cent, is still gravely high among young people. The quality of education is worsening in many instances. Despite the notable progress achieved in the filed of health, the degree of health awareness is still low among young people. Yet more dangerous is the growing sense of marginalization and repression among a wide spectrum of youth because of their weak participation in public life, in particular in decision-making processes. These are some of the reasons behind the waves of youth protests our region has seen over the past decades and the demands for improvements, in particular since last year.", "On this occasion we emphasize that the aspirations of our young people to participate fully in building their own future are legitimate. The world of tomorrow is theirs; this cannot be denied. It is no exaggeration to say that the vitality, humanity and spirit of inventiveness of youth are the best hopes for their future, for socio-economic development and scientific development and technological invention.", "We therefore emphasize the need for the United Nations, including specialized agencies, programmes and funds, to continue to support youth empowerment and the implementation of international obligations, in particular the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this connection, we emphasize the need for young people to acquire information and communications technology, and the United Nations and donor countries should do their best to bridge the digital gap between the North and the South.", "We hope that young people will continue to work towards the goals of peace — peace that leads to justice and security, to a world free of weapons of mass destruction. That means we must foster a culture of dialogue and mutual understanding among young people at the local, regional and international levels. We express our support for the resolution 65/312, containing the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of San Marino.", "Mr. Bodini (San Marino): On behalf of the Republic of San Marino, which I have the honour to represent, I wish to extend our deepest condolences to the families of the young people struck down in Norway a few days ago.", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General for his leadership in dealing with youth issues. I also wish to thank the Permanent Representatives of Austria and Benin for facilitating the negotiations over the text of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding (resolution 65/312), which reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and outlines the path for achieving internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.", "Today is the end of the International Year of Youth, but it is also the beginning of a new, exciting era for the new generation. In the Mediterranean and many other parts of the world, they have shown their determination to challenge their Governments in the streets and to fight for their rightful desire for a freer and better future.", "Did our generation plan properly for its successors? Did we understand our young people’s aspirations? Unfortunately, we did not do a good job. Millions of young people do not enjoy satisfactory security. Too many are dying from starvation, disease and war. Millions have no proper education or have no education at all. Too many are exploited sexually, or as underpaid workers or conscripted soldiers. A very large percentage are either unemployed or underemployed. Most have precarious jobs.", "We cannot allow this nightmare to continue. We must re-energize our efforts from North to South, in developing and developed countries. We must act in a coordinated manner to provide prosperity and justice to our youth and restore in them a much-needed sense of dignity before it is too late.", "We must find a focal point where all our efforts converge. Non-governmental organizations, schools, universities, corporations and the private and public sectors in every country must focus on the following priorities. We must protect our young people, mentally and physically. We must provide them with an effective education and create job security for them. We must give them a sense of belonging in our societies. And we must involve them in the decision-making process.", "The United Nations is an ideal venue where we can exchange ideas, where we can help our future generations to understand one another and, in doing so, create a better and more peaceful world.", "How can we enhance the well-being of our children? By renewing strong family ties and values, and by expanding social projects in which the underprivileged are at the centre of our efforts and those of our young people. We can sustain political systems in which human rights are protected, and we can offer our experience without imposing our way of thinking. We must always motivate and praise the efforts of young people when they are helping less fortunate peers. We must always encourage them to pursue their ideals of peace, freedom and dignity.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Andorra.", "Mr. Casal de Fonsdeviela (Andorra) (spoke in Spanish): Allow me to begin by offering our deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway on the tragedy that struck their young people in particular, and also our firm support. It is so painful to have to begin a statement on the International Year of Youth with these sentiments, but dialogue and mutual understanding are the objectives of the International Year. Those objectives remain, more than ever, despite everything that has happened.", "Young people are the future, a future that begins in the present, whatever that present may be — but always with the intention of improving it. We all agree that we are living in a world of change, in which it is hard to find values and reference points that can help guide young people towards the future. While this is true for adults, it is even more true for our young people, and of course the economic crisis has reinforced that feeling of instability and uncertainty.", "Young people are among the primary victims of this crisis. To deny them access to the job market is to deny them a future and their prospects for full development. Paradoxically, it is young people who have the energy to pull us out of this recession, and therefore States cannot forget the educational programmes through which they promote justice, liberty, courage and solidarity.", "As the Secretary-General said, it is essential for young people to learn to listen carefully to each other, to empathize, to recognize the existence of differing opinions and to resolve conflicts. Young people do not need to be told what their needs are or how to achieve them. We must facilitate their efforts and provide them with the tools they need to achieve those goals.", "In Andorra we believe in a few guiding principles with regard to young people: youth policies are for young people, of young people and with young people; young people have one identity that is based on a number of concepts; there is no such thing as a world of young people separate from the other citizens; and lastly, we believe that young people are citizens of Andorra but also of the world.", "(spoke in French)", "In order to promote these principles, in 2007 my Government created the National Youth Forum of Andorra. This independent body of young people and for young people is aimed at channelling voluntary participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country. This initiative was strengthened at the end of 2009 by the Interministerial Youth Commission beginning its work. The Commission is made up of representatives from the Departments of Youth, Higher Education and Research, Culture, Housing, Health, Labour, the Interior, Social Welfare, and Statistics. The values that we advocate for young people — consensus, respect and dialogue — are the basic principles of our youth law, drafted with the consensus of regional institutions and social stakeholders.", "We are also aware of the fact that providing young people with the means they need to attain full development is not enough. We must go beyond our borders and contribute to international programmes in this area. Andorra has shown its commitment to youth through, among other things, its support, totalling more than €90,000, to the United Nations Fund for Youth.", "We must all continue recognizing and exploring what contribution youth can make to the creation of a fairer and safer world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of His Excellency Mr. Abbasi, Acting Minister of Youth and Sport of the Islamic Republic of Iran, whose visa to attend this meeting was unfortunately not granted by the host country.", "At the outset, I would like to express my delegation’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the very tragic terrorist incident in which many young people were killed.", "One of the main criteria for the evaluation of the progress and evolution of a country in today’s world is the status of young people in that country. Indeed, the younger generation is the main potential for progress and dynamism in any society. The negative or less-than-optimal utilization of that potential could have a corrosive effect on the progress of that society. Therefore, it is reasonable for a society to provide for suitable education, welfare, recreation, training and vocational facilities for youth.", "Sociologists maintain that young societies usually face what they call a “revolution of aspirations”. This brings about intricacies and difficulties in the normal process of political and economic development, requiring special attention on the part of policymakers and practitioners so as to prevent the alienation of young people from society.", "Meanwhile, the international community’s meaningful and supportive cooperation in addressing the genuine aspirations of young people is critical at the present time, when the manipulation of art, technology and the modern media, along with increasing discrimination and inequalities, are some of its main shortfalls.", "Iranian society, where young people comprise almost 60 per cent of the population, is described by sociologists as among the youngest societies in the world. Accordingly, meeting the needs and addressing the aspirations of youth have been and remain among the top priorities of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on this understanding, the statute of the High Council of Youth was adopted in 1992, with the aim of coordinating and supervising the role and functioning of youth institutions and organizations, and preparing the ground for emerging social centres to stimulate youth creativity and potential in the field of culture, science and sport and providing them with job opportunities, marriage facilities, et cetera.", "The National Youth Organization has been another main active organ responsible for the implementation of policies in this area. And in practice, there have been a number of initiatives to help young people realize their full potential.", "I am distinctly pleased to inform the Assembly that in order to institutionalize this lofty goal of addressing the demands and aspirations of youth, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has been established at the Cabinet level over the past few months in the Islamic Republic of Iran. It is expected that this development will have a significant impact in terms of making national plans on youth more integrated and effective than before.", "Meanwhile, and in keeping with the increased attention on the part of regional and international bodies to this issue, the First Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Ministerial Meeting on Youth Affairs was held on 29 and 30 November 2010 in Tehran, hosted and organized by the National Youth Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran in collaboration with the ECO Cultural Institute.", "Our recent national performance has proven that whenever the young generation is given chances and opportunities, regardless of barriers, they can make leapfrog progress in different fields, such as biotechnology, medical science, nuclear science and aerospace, to name just a few. Our progress shows the power of the younger generation in society and the ineffectiveness of challenges such as sanctions vis-à-vis the ironclad determination of youth, if and when they wish to determine their own future.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Cuba.", "Mr. Benítez Versón (Cuba) (spoke in Spanish): As we gather here to discuss the topic of youth, we meet to talk about the future of humankind and the planet. But young people are not only the future; they are also the present. That is why we must act without further delay to face the serious problems affecting young people around the world.", "At present, there are more 1.2 billion young people around the world — more than ever before in the history of humankind — and 85 per cent of them live in developing countries. In 2025, there will be approximately 72 million more young people than today.", "Youth undoubtedly represents a formidable force for tackling the colossal current challenges. However, young people can be a driving force only if they have health, education and employment. To realize their full potential, young people need a world of peace. Young people have the right to be protected and fully involved in mechanisms for citizen participation and decision-making. They have the right to live in a world free of war and violence. They want, and deserve, a better future.", "All these concerns were expressed at the World Festival of Youth and Students, a momentous event held last December in South Africa, with over 15,000 young people from 136 nations attending.", "The situation facing Cuban young people is very different from that in much of the world. Cuban young people — accounting for 20 per cent of our population — enjoy broad protection and participate actively in the affairs of our society and State. Over 50 per cent of Cuba’s total budget is allocated to health care, education, assistance, social welfare and culture.", "Cuba’s completely free health-care system of renowned quality and our universal and equally free education system are essential pillars of the humanistic vision of the Cuban revolution. Cuba provides 100 per cent of the education required by children and young people with special educational needs. The literacy rate among the population between 15 and 49 years old is 99.6 per cent. Cuba has a solid legal and institutional framework for the protection of children and young people from violence, abuse, mistreatment and discrimination.", "Even with these successes, we do not claim to be perfect. Much remains to be done.", "These achievements have been made despite enormous obstacles. The criminal economic, commercial and financial blockade imposed by the United States Government against Cuba for more than half a century, terrorist aggressions and acts, and the permanent hostile anti-Cuba policy of successive United States Administrations have denied Cuban young people the possibility to develop in a more favourable social environment.", "In those difficult circumstances, Cuba has not only achieved significant results; we have also shared what we have, and not in moderation. Since 1961, more than 55,000 students from 135 countries have graduated in Cuba. At present, about 26,000 young people from Latin America, the Caribbean and Africa study in Cuba without cost. Of those, 22,000 are studying in the medical field. Currently, some 57,000 Cuban collaborators provide their services in more than 98 countries.", "To conclude, I would like to underscore that young people are by definition revolutionary. That is why we are optimistic and are fully confident that young people will find new ways of change that push humankind to achieve a better world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Colombia.", "Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia extends its deepest condolences to the people and Government of Norway and condemns the brutal attacks that dozens of young people of that nation have just suffered.", "My country thanks the United Nations for organizing this High-level Meeting on Youth and its valuable work in coordinating the direction and promotion of critical issues that affect the world’s young people, such as strengthening international cooperation for youth through dialogue, mutual understanding and active participation so as to achieve social integration, employment and the eradication of poverty. We also believe that Member States, civil society organizations, international cooperation associations and the United Nations system have worked to promote the development and active participation of young people in society. One such example is the World Programme of Action for Youth and international conferences on that issue.", "Colombia — slightly more than 50 per cent of whose current population is under the age of 25 — is satisfied with the outcome document of this critical Meeting (resolution 65/312). We believe that it will be a bastion for strengthening policies, programmes, actions and outcomes for the world’s youth. In addition, with regard to that concept of strengthening, Colombia has called for more concrete and effective actions to bolster the rights of young people and make youth more visible as an essential sectoral axis in the development of integrated and intergenerational policies. That will be of great importance in establishing a United Nations agency for youth.", "Such an agency would help to ensure the synchronization and implementation of cooperative youth activities without that agency replacing Government responsibilities and authority on the issue. On the contrary, establishing a United Nations agency for youth would mean, at the level of each nation, greater commitment to and support for the institutional strengthening of national youth systems. It would generate more timely local commitment on the matter.", "In addition, Colombia believes that greater coordination and integration in the United Nations system on youth issues, centred on an agency, would promote the effective participation of young people in decision-making bodies. We should acknowledge the important work carried out by the World Programme of Action for Youth. That is an essential basis for our continued support.", "The logic behind public youth policies must seek to ensure human development planning with a view to vital intergenerational contact that maximizes investment in adolescents and takes advantage of the demographic asset.", "Colombia would like to underscore the work done to complement ratified international agreements, such as those of the San Salvador summit, which generated approaches calling for greater public and private institutionalization of the development of children, adolescents and young people and for their involvement in short-, medium- and long-term public policy decision-making and activities.", "In that regard, Colombia has undertaken activities such as creating conditions for the effective universal enjoyment of youth rights and/or for restoring them when such rights have been removed. We have created conditions for the long-term reduction and eradication of conditions that restrict young people’s equitable access to various rights, and conditions that permit their participation in the shaping and provision of services that they desire and need. We have also created and broadened opportunities for young people to further their potential through access to services designed in line with their various social, economic, political, family, cultural and geographic needs, and to develop their capacity to acknowledge both their rights and duties and their involvement and participation in the country’s decision-making in an informed way.", "Finally, Colombia appeals to Ibero-American States to ratify the commitments made at the 2010 Santo Domingo summit of heads of State.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Madagascar.", "Mr. Andrianarivelo-Razafy (Madagascar) (spoke in French): At the outset, the Government of Madagascar extends its sincere condolences to the Norwegian Government and people following the terrible massacre of innocent people, which runs counter to our promotion of dialogue and mutual understanding.", "Young people are a pillar of our development. In that regard, allow me to congratulate the President on this excellent initiative, which will certainly breathe new life into actions already undertaken to place young people at the core of every dialogue, every decision and every effort at local, national, regional and international levels.", "Madagascar fully associates itself with the statement of the Group of 77 and China delivered at the 112th meeting.", "As we near the end of the International Year of Youth, it is more pressing than ever to step up commitments towards an active and dynamic youth, partners and full participants in efforts for dialogue and mutual understanding among generations, cultures and people, and to bolster the effective implementation of such commitments.", "Effective and tangible global development requires the flourishing and development of young people. Unfortunately, the reality is completely different. Every day, young people, in particular those in countries of the South, face considerable challenges: unemployment, limited or even no access to education and health care systems, socio-economic instability caused by various conflicts, and exposure to drugs, prostitution, sexual violence, modern slavery and many more.", "It is our duty to find sustainable solutions to such challenges. That is why we are gathered here. Governments and civil society actors, in particular young people, must work together to find the way forward. The theme chosen for this meeting and for the International Year of Youth — dialogue and mutual understanding — is completely in step with that absolute need to work together in understanding and respecting our diversities.", "The Malagasy population is slightly less than 22 million people, of whom 6 million — that is, 31 per cent — are between the ages of 10 and 24. The Malagasy Government, with the support of its partners and friendly countries, is sparing no effort in placing its young people at the centre of its priorities. To that end, it is directing efforts to creating conditions conducive to the full development of the young Malagasy, through a clear, well-defined judicial, legislative and technical framework, as well as through its national youth policy.", "For example, Madagascar has established a National Institute for Youth, which organizes various courses, and the Ministry of Youth and Recreation has launched a community awareness programme on adolescent reproductive health. The Malagasy Government has started a youth investment fund and has undertaken a number of projects aimed at fostering young people’s development and strengthening their leadership in the national life of the country. Our National Youth Council, at the local, regional and national levels, also strengthens youth structures and institutions. Our youth centres, which exist all over the island, and which the Government has made efforts to improve in recent years, are an important tool for young people’s intellectual and social development.", "Besides this, Madagascar — which has not been spared by the scourge of human trafficking, most of whose victims are young people — has instituted a national programme to counter human enslavement and human trafficking of young people. In order to combat sexually transmitted diseases, which affect young people in particular, we have launched various efforts to raise awareness and provide support, such as an anonymous, confidential and free telephone hotline for young people, which is available in all of Madagascar’s 22 regions.", "Our population is largely rural, and the Government has just launched a rural youth development project designed to support and encourage young agricultural entrepreneurs. Youth discussion clubs in 20 regions of Madagascar, with a membership of young people aged between 13 and 24, have been active since 2007, allowing them to express their views and exchange ideas on important issues such as conservation of the environment, education and peace, and to broadcast them on weekly radio programmes.", "The Government of Madagascar welcomes resolution 65/312, adopted by this High-level Meeting, and calls on the international community to guarantee follow-up to its commitments, particularly those concerning the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also call on Member States to increase their support for young people by implementing national policies and projects.", "The number of young people in the world continues to grow, and their needs are enormous. The mobilization of resources must be genuine. The financial and technical support for young people at all levels must be maintained and increased, particularly in developing countries, including Madagascar, in order to guarantee young people’s true development and growth, and to afford them the genuine possibility of taking a leadership role in sustainable and equitable development.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Pakistan.", "Mr. Raza Tarar (Pakistan): I take this opportunity to convey on behalf of the people and Government of Pakistan our heartfelt condolences and deepest sympathies to the people of Norway on the terrorist incidents of last Friday. Such despicable acts only strengthen our resolve to fight terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "Pakistan aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China at the 112th meeting.", "Today’s meeting assumes a special importance in view of the myriad problems besetting humanity. Hunger, disease, climate change, terrorism, the unfulfilled promises of disarmament and multiple global crises all combine to conjure up a depressing picture. Only through dialogue and mutual understanding can we work in harmony to realize our common objectives. The theme of this Meeting, therefore, is most apt. Pakistan fully supports educating youth about the ideals of peace, justice, tolerance and solidarity to lay the foundation of a peaceful world and to achieve the objectives of progress and development.", "With a population of more than 173 million, Pakistan is the sixth most populous country in the world. An estimated 104 million Pakistanis are below the age of 30. This youth bulge carries challenges and opportunities. Our young people are our greatest resource. In order to unlock their true potential, the Government of Pakistan has taken several steps and initiatives to enable our young people to fulfil their role in Pakistan’s socio-economic development.", "The National Youth Policy, formulated in 2008, aims at empowering young people and providing them with economic opportunities by integrating various youth programmes at both the federal and provincial levels. It puts special emphasis on addressing the needs of young women and youth with disabilities. Also worth mentioning is our National Vocational and Technical Education Commission, which strengthens younger workers by mobilizing funds and technical training, sponsored by private-sector and civil society organizations. In addition, the National Internship Programme, through paid internships, enables new graduates to work in various public sector organizations, helping to increase their employability.", "Recent events in many parts of the world have shown that young people are the catalyst of political and social change. The voices of young women and men must be heard and respected. Their expectations and aspirations must be met by involving them in the decision-making process and allowing them to shape their own future and that of our world. While the primary responsibility for ensuring young people’s development lies with individual States and their development of comprehensive policies and strategies, international cooperation remains a helpful tool for harnessing youth’s potential, and particularly for ensuring equitable distribution of global resources and promoting non-discriminatory policies.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Costa Rica.", "Mr. Ulibarri (Costa Rica) (spoke in Spanish): Costa Rica welcomes the convening of this High-level Meeting as the diplomatic and political apex of the International Year of Youth.", "Young people are an inescapable reality, full of energy and hope, and as such they must be taken into account in all our policies and actions, both nationally and multilaterally.", "Costa Rica believes that it is every State’s responsibility to acknowledge, promote and defend the basic rights of young people, within the framework of the promotion of human rights in general. Respect for their rights and opening up the opportunities that derive from them are key to eradicating poverty, injustice, intolerance and inequality, and are essential to the creation of opportunities for self-realization among young people.", "These convictions form the basis of our country’s pioneering youth legislation establishing the national youth system. The system brings together State institutions and organized participation of civil society. Our public youth policy is proposed by the State but discussed and approved in all its aspects by a body that includes youth representatives.", "Over the past few years, in order to meet the needs and respond to the proposals of our young population, and on the basis of an inclusive, democratic and free social vision, Costa Rica has focused on areas such as the promotion of entrepreneurship, the generation of employment opportunities, the right to recreation and comprehensive health care. We have also made a solid commitment to education, which is an essential part of our national identity and policies.", "When it comes to youth issues, as with so many other issues, national responsibility is paramount, but it is also essential to involve the international community in order to achieve the implementation of the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and of the World Programme of Action for Youth. We believe it is extremely important to create a matrix of indicators on the basis of the World Programme and the goals and objectives proposed in the outcome document. It will be particularly important to achieve the implementation of the commitments contained in the outcome document concerning the promotion of gender equality and equity and an acknowledgement of the particular vulnerability of girls and young people. The document quite rightly condemns the recruitment and use of young people in armed conflict. Costa Rica believes that the recruitment of young people for transporting drugs and organized crime activities is equally reprehensible.", "The theme of this International Year of Youth, “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding”, requires us to take a look at education, respecting the rights and duties of our young people. To a great extent, comprehensive education promotes values such as dialogue for resolving differences on the basis of the quest for mutual understanding.", "We particularly welcome, therefore, the Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training adopted by the Human Rights Council (HRC) on 23 March (HRC resolution 16/1). The text was presented by Costa Rica, Italy, Morocco, the Philippines, Senegal, Slovenia and Switzerland, the countries that make up the Platform for Human Rights Education and Training. Its primary objective is to develop a universal culture of human rights in which every individual is aware of his or her rights and responsibilities to others, and to promote the development of individuals as responsible members of an inclusive, free, tolerant, peaceful and pluralistic society. We welcome the fact that this premise was included in the outcome document of this High-level Meeting.", "Our country reiterates the importance for the General Assembly, in accordance with the Human Rights Council Declaration and in implementation of resolution 60/251, to adopt the Declaration proposed by the Human Rights Council.", "There is no greater criminal proof of intolerance and disrespect for life and dignity then terrorism, in particular when the targets are primarily young people. Costa Rica therefore emphatically condemns the terrorist attacks that took place in Norway on Tuesday. Its primary victims were young people who, because of their commitment to society, were participating in a Labour Party camp on the island of Utøya. We express our solidarity with their families, the Government and the people of Norway. We know that the response to this tragedy will be a greater commitment to tolerance and freedom.", "I conclude by urging all States to act on the premises agreed on in the outcome document of this meeting. That will be the best possible way to give all young people the opportunity to fulfil their potential and use their energy and enthusiasm in service to the great tasks facing humanity.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Portugal.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Allow me to congratulate President Deiss on having organized this High-level Meeting, which marks the end of the International Year of Youth. We would also like to thank the two co‑facilitators, Ambassadors Thomas Mayr-Harting of Austria and Jean-Francis Régis Zinsou of Benin, for their hard work in achieving a consensus outcome document (resolution 65/312).", "We are pleased to note that this high-level event firmly reiterates the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its 15 interrelated priority areas. Portugal reiterates its commitment to promoting and implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth and to achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. We stress the need to strengthen international cooperation in support of national efforts to implement the World Programme of Action, and call upon all Member States to continue to implement it as a unified set of guiding principles for policies and programmes involving youth at the national, regional and international levels.", "Portugal’s commitment to the development and implementation of policies and programmes related to youth is unquestionable. I recall that it was on the basis of a recommendation made at the first World Conference of Ministers Responsible for Youth, held in Lisbon in 1998, that the General Assembly declared 12 August as International Youth Day. Our goal is to strengthen policies and programmes involving youth, as well as to ensure a cross-sectoral participation by young people as major actors and active agents in all the decision-making steps of national, regional and international policies involving them.", "Last year, we created the National Commission for the International Year of Youth, composed of both Government and youth organization representatives, which put in place a very comprehensive calendar of activities throughout the country addressing issues such as entrepreneurship and innovation, rights and equality, culture and diversity, and youth empowerment and democracy. In this framework, I would like to highlight the Second National Forum of Young Descendants of Immigrants and the African Diaspora, which took place in Portugal in February and which we believe helped to further a number of issues concerning youth.", "During the next session of the General Assembly, Portugal will again present, in the Third Committee, together with Moldova and Senegal, its biennial draft resolution on policies and programmes involving youth. We also presented and facilitated the resolution on the subject during the most recent session of the Commission for Social Development in February.", "Let me again stress the importance of young people as active agents for dialogue, positive change and development in global society and their role in stimulating tolerance and mutual understanding. Nevertheless, one major obstacle to young people playing their role to the full extent remains violence, of which they are the primary targets and to which, on so many different occasions and in so many different forms, they are exposed in a particularly acute way. Violence and the exploitation of children and youth in its many forms is one of the most important challenges facing the international community. It must therefore come to an end.", "Portugal expresses strong support for the universal ratification campaign of the two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child: the Optional Protocol on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography and the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. We encourage all Member States not yet parties to sign or to ratify the Optional Protocols during the high-level segment of the General Assembly in September. We hope that this International Year will also contribute to that goal.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Kazakhstan.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): I should like at the outset to express my country’s solidarity with the Government of Norway and its people. Last week, on the very day of the attacks, my President sent his condolences and those of the entire people of Kazakhstan in connection with the tragedy. I myself grieved deeply; what greater crime could there be than atrocities against young people and children? This meeting is therefore most timely.", "Kazakhstan commends the progress achieved in effectively implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond, which represents an important road map. However, much more needs to be done to ensure closer monitoring and evaluation of the manner in which youth-related issues are incorporated into national policies to ensure the mainstreaming of our future leaders into the political, social, economic and cultural life of each of our Member States and their development agendas. We must also ensure the greater integration of youth-related issues in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, so that young people can be included in the existing order as well as serve as agents of social transformation.", "My delegation calls for greater United Nations system-wide coherence and coordination and for the streamlining of the youth-related work of the 34 agencies that are focusing on the least developed countries and conflict zones, especially as concerns young women and girls. Hence we call on Member States to provide greater support in terms of funding and resources so as to make possible technical guidance and capacity-building with a view to implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "In view of last week’s tragedy, every effort must be made to monitor social media and channel the energy of youth, as well as fund youth movements that foster harmony.", "During the International Year of Youth, Kazakhstan has implemented a multidimensional, interdisciplinary and results-oriented national youth policy. Particular attention has been paid to enhancing social protection, reducing unemployment and improving educational opportunities for youth. According to my President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, youth socialization, the shaping of progressive attitudes and the imparting of modern values to the young generation are vital for national development. The country has therefore adopted the State educational programme 2011-2020 and an action plan with forward-looking measures and services, including the establishment of the modern and innovative New University. Quality education for youth is a prerequisite for social and economic well-being, and expenditure on education is claimed as a priority area for State budget funding in my country.", "Kazakhstan established a Council on Youth Policy, under the auspices of the President, to mobilize youth participation in national policy decision-making and development. In addition, a national project on the youth talent pool was launched with a view to promoting decent employment for young people in public service and in the social, political and economic spheres. Since 2005, the youth labour movement, Green Country, has been a key player in connection with the country’s ecological issues and environmental policy.", "Kazakhstan reaffirms its strong commitment to promoting dialogue and mutual understanding by addressing the challenges affecting youth and contributing to multilateral efforts to give youth their rightful place as one of our richest resources.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Israel.", "Mr. Prosor (Israel): I would like to begin by offering my Government’s condolences to the people and the Government of Norway following last week’s appalling attacks in Oslo and Utøya. The victims of this tragedy — most of whom were young people — remain in our thoughts and prayers.", "There is a Jewish story about a man who planted a carob tree, a tree that is known to bear fruit only after 70 years. When asked whether he thought he would live to eat from the tree, the man replied: “I am doing as my ancestors did. Just as they planted a carob tree for me, I am planting one for my children”.", "The commitment of one generation to the next is the foundation of strong and healthy societies. Protecting, integrating and empowering its young people stands as a fundamental obligation of every State. We must not neglect young people who find themselves on the margins.", "Over the past 20 years, Israel has developed a comprehensive approach to respond to the needs of at-risk youth through major advances in legislation and increased public awareness. Israel launched a national programme for children and youth at risk in 2008 encompassing five Government ministries. This initiative has advanced a number of unique projects designed to reabsorb at-risk youth into the community, including through vocational and entrepreneurship training. These programmes are designed to meet the needs of Israel’s diverse population, which includes immigrants from around the world.", "Israel strongly supports the World Programme of Action for Youth to the Year 2000 and Beyond. It was the most comprehensive document on the issue of youth at the time of its adoption in 1995. Sixteen years later, it remains just as valid, providing a policy framework for both national and international action to improve the situation of young people.", "At the international level, Israel’s Agency for International Development Cooperation (MASHAV) has trained hundreds of thousands of educators and young people from all over the world. For example, MASHAV’s Mount Carmel International Training Centre has been cooperating for a decade with the Organization of American States with a view to introducing entrepreneurship as a self-help tool for young people in the Americas. The project has trained more than 22,000 people across 29 countries in Latin America and in the Caribbean islands.", "In the past year, numerous courses in English and Spanish have been held within the framework of the United Nations International Year of Youth on subjects including entrepreneurial skills for youth and business management for young people.", "Israel strongly supports paragraph 28(h) of the outcome document (resolution 65/312) of the High-level Meeting on Youth, which underscores the need to protect young people affected or exploited by terrorism and incitement. Israel knows these challenges all too well. The struggle against terrorism calls for vigilance, resolve and collective action on the part of the international community. We must focus on promoting cultures of tolerance and mutual understanding instead of violence and hate, putting an end to the incitement of young people that is all too common in many corners of the world.", "Many of the greatest lines of separation we see in the world today are not between civilizations, but rather between generations. Facebook, Twitter and a range of other tools are creating exponential changes and providing new opportunities for people to interact, learn and grow. Those raised in the digital age will serve as our bridge to the future.", "I see this demonstrated in Israel, where our younger minds serve as a powerful force for innovation. Youth who would have once grown oranges are now producing Orange mobile phones. Those who would have in the past cultivated apples are now designing Apple computers.", "The challenges before the international community call on us to tap into the creativity of the next generation. We must empower and encourage all of our youth to take up responsibility in the global community and to seize the opportunities and harness the new technologies before us in order to create a more prosperous, more tolerant and more peaceful world.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Bangladesh.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): Let me begin by extending our heartfelt condolences to the families of the 68 persons who were victims of the gruesome killing in Norway last week. Every life on this Earth is precious, and we are so sad to note that most of those killed were young people attending a summer youth camp.", "Bangladesh appreciates the holding of this High-level Meeting on Youth and the adoption of the outcome document (resolution 65/312). Young people are the most important resource of a country. A nation’s development and prosperity mostly depends on the positive activities of its youth.", "In Bangladesh, the Department of Youth Development was established in 1981 with a view to bringing the nation’s youth into the mainstream of our country’s national development process by providing proper guidance, motivation and needs-based development training. To engage unemployed youths in the national development process, the Department has been implementing massive programmes on motivation, skill development training, self‑employment, microcredit support and community development, so that trained youths can set up self‑employment projects with a view to reducing poverty.", "In Bangladesh, until June 2010, about 3.43 million young people were trained in different sectors, particularly in computers, including Internet and networking; graphic design and video editing; livestock, poultry, pisciculture and agriculture; tailoring; block, batik and screen printing; electronics and electrical and house wiring; refrigeration and air conditioning, and so on.", "The average income of a self-employed youth ranges from $20 to $670 per month. In some cases, successful self-employed youths earn more than $1,300 per month in a country where average per capita income is merely $670 per annum. Moreover, a good number of trained youths have obtained jobs in different organizations at home and abroad. As of May 2010, $120 million had been disbursed under a microcredit programme for establishing or expanding self-employment projects. The loan recovery rate is nearly 90 per cent.", "Pursuant to its election manifesto, the present Government has introduced a national service programme for providing employment to unemployed youths who have completed their secondary education. They are employed for two years on a temporary basis. Initially, three poverty-stricken districts were selected. The unemployed youths receive three months of basic training on 10 selected modules and are then assigned to different nation-building departments, autonomous bodies or local Government bodies, and so on.", "Volunteer youth and Government organizations are also playing significant role in the rural development. To promote the active participation of youth organizations in the development process, the Department of Youth Development has taken steps to enlist youth organizations. About 14,000 youth organizations have already been enlisted with the Department.", "On 12 August 2010, International Youth Day was observed in Bangladesh with due solemnity. At the national level, the Day started with a rally that was followed by a seminar on dialogue and mutual understanding, in line with the selected theme for the International Year of Youth. A huge number of youth leaders were engaged in the opening and closing ceremony of the eleventh South Asian Games and the World Cup Cricket inaugural ceremony that recently took place in Dhaka.", "In conclusion, I would like to reiterate the commitment of the Government of Bangladesh to converting today’s youth into tomorrow’s most productive sector of society and to ensuring that the Government increasingly emphasizes meeting the education and training needs of young people, encouraging their moral development and taking measures within the limited resources available to create job opportunities for them.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Russian Federation.", "Mr. Karev (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The delegation of the Russian Federation was pleased to join the consensus adoption of the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312). We should like to express our gratitude to the coordinators and all of the participants in the negotiation process. Thanks to their constructive and crucial approach, we were able to reach agreement on the outcome document that reflects the interests of all States.", "Today’s meeting, the culmination of the International Year of Youth, is a way not only to evaluate the results of increasing understanding of and focus on the interests of youth, but also to increase the active participation of youth in all areas of life and create a way for them to empower themselves. It is also a launching pad for defining objectives for the future.", "The Russian Federation attaches great importance to the issue of youth. There are 40 million people in our country, representing some 27 per cent of the population. Let us not forget that while young people are among the most active participants in society, they are the hardest hit by the consequences of different types of crises. Young people, at the beginning of their life’s path, are often unable to deal with such consequences.", "In addition to enjoying great mobility, young people are readily able to adapt themselves to new conditions and acquire new knowledge. Clear proof of this fact is the role of young people in recent world events. Great hopes are also placed on young people as a primary motor of overcoming the adverse impacts of the global financial and economic crisis. That is the very reason that the Russian Federation is providing for young generations as a long-term investment in a stable and flourishing society.", "The implementation of coordinated policies in that respect has been taken up by the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth Policy. The Federal Agency for Youth also operates under that Ministry. It is a national State body whose activities are concentrated on developing youth potential in Russia.", "Our country’s policies and programmes to guarantee the interests and rights of young people are in step with the priorities of the United Nations, including the World Programme of Action for Youth. The priorities formed a basis for events that took place in 2009 in the context of the Year of Youth in Russia, which sought to bolster the professional and creative potential of youth, advocate a moral and healthy way of life, and cultivate the ideals of peace and understanding among peoples.", "On 27 June every year since 1993, we have celebrated the Day of Youth in Russia, on which meetings, concerts, and sporting and other types of events are held throughout the country. On 27 June this year, a meeting was held between the Ministry of Sport, Tourism and Youth of the Russian Federation with leaders of youth movements at which discussions were focused, inter alia, on the International Year of Youth.", "Current economic and social conditions call for particular attention to be paid to issues relating to enhancing the well-being of young people by resolving issues such as their professional placement and stable employment. In that regard, the federal target programme, Young People in Russia 2011-2015, will be a key document over the next five years. This document is designed to create conditions conducive to successful socialization and effective empowerment of young people by fostering their participation in the social and political life of the country, and by using their potential to further innovation in our country.", "The International Year has been a striking demonstration that young people are not only recipients of State aid, but can themselves contribute to their countries and the international community as a whole. The Year also showed the need to create an environment where young people can be integrated into all areas of social life so as to increase their contribution to the social and economic development of States.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Slovenia.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me at the outset to express my country’s condolences to the people and Government of Norway for the tragic loss of all those young people who were taken away by a senseless and unimaginable act of terrorism.", "Slovenia aligns itself with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "The future of our societies depends on the future of our young people. In particular, it depends on what we policymakers can do to enable young people to participate in society, to ensure quality education, to guarantee health services and to create employment opportunities. The current financial and economic crises have had a strong impact on young people, leaving many of them unemployed and living in poverty. This in turn affects their social inclusion, which is key to the sustainability, stability and prosperity of societies.", "Young people have to be involved in decision-making processes, including through youth-led organizations. These organizations do not only represent the voice of youth, but are also important forums for the promotion of tolerance, dialogue and mutual understanding. It is therefore important to strengthen the role of youth and of youth-led organizations and to support their increased involvement in the development of strategies and policies at all levels and on all issues, such as sustainable development, climate change and human rights.", "In particular, we should enhance cooperation between youth organizations or platforms from different regions through concrete, grass-roots projects and programmes that directly involve young people. Non-formal education should be considered a core tool to this end.", "In working with youth, Slovenia is building on its long-lasting tradition. We encourage youth development and the social integration, personal growth and autonomy of young people through various programmes and projects. The Slovenian Government encourages the creation of conditions for including young people in social and political processes and therefore co-finances the activities of many grass-roots youth and youth work organizations.", "Many participatory structures for children and young people have been developed. Young people have their own peer organizations that present their views in decision-making processes at the national and local levels. For example, the youth parliament initiative, where pupils can speak publicly, is a pivotal demonstration of child participation in social and political processes.", "Furthermore, the Government has established two consultative bodies that comprise representatives of youth organizations and various ministries on an equal basis. They propose measures and monitor the consideration of youth interests in various public policies at the national level, and in particular they promote youth participation in these processes.", "Last but not least, the significance of voluntary work is highly appreciated in Slovenia. We strongly believe that volunteering contributes to the strengthening of social capital, promotes peace and solidarity, and breaks new ground for sustainable socio-economic development. The role of young volunteers is an effective tool for youth empowerment as it enables them to develop their professional qualifications, academic knowledge and specific skills, contributes to their future work and employment possibilities, and strengthens their social inclusion and cohesion.", "Young people are a force for change. Despite growing recognition of their needs, they still continue to be marginalized and ignored in many parts of the world. We must fulfil our obligations and build a prosperous future for them by mobilizing all political strength and instruments and by implementing the World Programme of Action for Youth. We also have to achieve universal ratification of international instruments, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and its Optional Protocols. In this respect, Slovenia strongly supports the campaign for the universal ratification of the Optional Protocols by 2012.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Togo.", "Mr. Menan (Togo) (spoke in French): At the outset, I would like at the outset to convey to the Assembly the warm and cordial sentiments of the authorities of Togo, in particular the President of the Republic, who is among the youngest Heads of State in the world.", "I would also like to convey to the President of the General Assembly and to the co-facilitators, the Ambassadors of Benin and Austria, the vigorous thanks of my Government for their exemplary role in organizing this meeting. This meeting gives us a welcome opportunity to assess the status of youth — a social group that represents a majority of the world population.", "The International Year of Youth declared by the United Nations, which began on 12 August 2010, was designed to encourage Member States to step up their actions to improve dialogue and mutual understanding among young people, to promote their participation at all levels, and to work to eliminate all obstacles facing them. In this regard, the major activities undertaken in Togo were aimed at finding innovative solutions to address the unemployment problem, which increases the vulnerability of young people and prevents them from realizing their potential. Our activities also seek to improve the institutional framework for promoting the participation of young people in all national decision-making and public affairs processes.", "Actions carried out at the institutional level include the establishment in 2005 of a ministerial department devoted specifically to issues relating to young people and youth employment; the adoption of a national youth policy in 2007; and the establishment and operationalization of the Togo National Youth Council in 2008. More recently, with a view to promoting inclusive dialogue and exchanges among young people themselves, on the one hand, and between young people and Government authorities, on the other, the Government decided to create a National Youth Forum. The first Forum was held from 18 to 20 April and gave an opportunity for an exhaustive consideration of the status of young people in Togo in the light of their new civic engagement. To ensure the lasting effects of this initiative, the Forum will be held every two years.", "With regard to the promotion of specific issues affecting young people, in particular those relating to youth employment and social inclusion, the Togolese Government has increased programmes and projects aimed at expanding opportunities and youth employment in both the salaried and independent employment sectors. Emphasis was placed on promoting micro-, small and medium-sized businesses, which are recognized as job creators, through the establishment of mechanisms to facilitate the access of young people to credit.", "Moreover, two years ago we launched a far-reaching programme to promote civic responsibility and the active participation of young people. The programme has been implemented with the participation of young people, youth organizations and local communities.", "In spite of all regional, national and international efforts, Togo believes that only increased solidarity in the framework of an international partnership will enable us to achieve the objectives of the International Year of Youth and to provide follow-up to the World Programme of Action for Youth. The delegation of Togo therefore calls on all States and stakeholders to heed the wise words of an eminent Togolese statesman, who said that no sacrifice is too great if it is made for the future of our youth. The outcome document adopted by the Assembly on 26 July (resolution 65/312) represents an opportunity to continue our actions to provide timely solutions to the many challenges that young people face.", "In conclusion, I reiterate our solidarity and condolences to the Government and people of Norway in the wake of the painful tragedy and loss visited on the peaceful young people of that country. Togo condemns such terrorist acts sadly perpetrated by brazen, lawless individuals.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.", "Mr. Valero Briceño (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela) (spoke in Spanish): Venezuela reiterates its condemnation of terrorism and all forms of violence, and extends its solidarity to the families of the victims and to the people and Government of Norway in this tragic time that has plunged the country into mourning.", "My delegation thanks the President of the Assembly for organizing this event. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "On 21 October 2009, Venezuela adopted the People’s Power for Youth Act, outlining the rights and obligations of young people in various areas of their social development. Additionally, on 7 July 2011, the President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez Frías, announced the creation of the Ministry of the People’s Power for Youth in the context of measures aimed at consolidating the people’s power for youth.", "Venezuela believes that education is the foundation of social change and an instrument for the liberation of peoples. In my country, the inclusion of youth in the education system is guaranteed at all levels. There were 200,000 university students in Venezuela in 1999; there are now 2.5 million. More than 9.3 million Venezuelans — one third of the population — have access to communication and information technologies, particularly the Internet.", "In its article 79, the Constitution of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela recognizes young people as active agents of development. The Youth Act expands and elaborates on that provision, establishing the National Youth Council to encourage active participation on the part of young people. Over the past 12 years, in the course of the Bolivarian revolution, policies have been established and developed to promote engagement on the part of young people, a large percentage of whom hold responsible positions in institutions of the people’s power. Our country hosted the Latin American and Caribbean Youth Congress for Peace and Sovereignty from 28 to 30 June, at which young people pledged to fight to make our region a zone of peace and development.", "The successes achieved by our youth in the arts, science, culture and sports during the years of the Bolivarian revolution are evident and undeniable. Venezuela ranks fifth in the world in university enrolment. The excellence of the Simón Bolívar Youth Orchestra System is recognized throughout the world. Venezuela won the greatest number of medals at the fourth Games of the Bolivarian Alliance of the Americas, currently being held in our country. As was recently seen in the Copa America, Venezuela has emerged as one of the outstanding soccer teams of our region.", "We call on all nations to provide new generations with the tools necessary for all people living on the Earth to lead humanly rewarding lives and to live in harmony with each other and with nature.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of the United Republic of Tanzania.", "Mr. Sefue (United Republic of Tanzania): I commend the able leadership of the President of the General Assembly and his Bureau, and I assure them of my delegation’s continued full support and cooperation. Like others, I want to extend Tanzania’s sympathy and condolences to the people of Norway and to join others in denouncing in the strongest terms possible such dastardly and heinous acts of terrorism and intolerance.", "My delegation associates itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China and by the representative of Namibia on behalf of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Tanzania supports the SADC proposal to create a dedicated United Nations entity for youth.", "Proportionately, Africa has the youngest population of any continent. That is a huge resource for the good of Africa and of the world. If that resource is to bear fruit, however, we need to prepare young people to be the responsible, accountable and democratic leaders of Governments and captains of business we want them to be. My Government believes that young people are not only the leaders of tomorrow, but that they can be the leaders of today and make an important contribution, side by side with their elders, to building their countries.", "Through affirmative action, young people of both genders are represented in Tanzanian decision-making bodies, including Parliament. Tanzania has also formulated several policies, strategies and plans with clear goals and measurable targets to open up opportunities for young people. We continue to invest heavily in improving quality and expanding access to education and skills at all levels. With the support of the International Labour Organization, we are fighting the worst forms of child labour.", "We are also focusing on the health and vitality of our youth, including by working to prevent teen pregnancies, HIV/AIDS and other infectious and non‑infectious diseases. We have established a youth development fund, and we encourage savings and credit societies and microcredit programmes to give young people access to concessional investment financing. We are promoting young people’s employment in farming and non-farm rural service businesses to enable them to find a better life within their communities. We are participating in regional programmes that address all of these issues, and we thank the bilateral and multilateral partners who support our national and regional programmes. We count on their continued and enhanced support.", "Globalization and the technology that drives it have put young people across the world in a global village and given them an acute consciousness of where they are and where they could be. Globalization builds and fuels aspirations — political, economic, cultural and social. Some of these are aspirations that many of our national Governments cannot meet on their own with their existing resources and policy space, or at the kind of speed that young people want.", "Social media, on which our young people are hooked, are useful tools for positive change. Unfortunately, they can also produce negative outcomes. In other words, globalization gives our young people aspirations, but does not always give them the right tools, capacity or fair opportunities to realize their dreams. This can be destabilizing, and its effects will be felt beyond our borders. Let us all then support the efforts of national and regional Governments and create a fair globalization that unites the youth of the world not only inspirationally but materially as well.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Malaysia.", "Mrs. Salman (Malaysia): Let me begin by joining other speakers to offer our condolences to the people of Norway for the horrendous attack that claimed the lives of more than 80 young people.", "The Malaysian delegation wishes to express its gratitude to President Deiss for convening this meeting. It is very heartening to see so many young people gathered in this Hall today. Only through discussion and discourse can we truly understand the younger generation’s hopes and aspirations in order to strengthen the economic, social and cultural relations between countries.", "Forty-three per cent of the Malaysian population — some 12.5 million Malaysians — are young people aged between 15 and 40. Due to this large number, Malaysia has a Ministry dedicated to overseeing the well-being of its young people. The Ministry of Youth and Sports is tasked, among other things, with preparing the youth community to contribute to the nation’s growth, development and prosperity and to further encourage it to create a successful nation. The Government of Malaysia has in place a full range of the support systems needed to enhance youth participation and empowerment at all levels.", "In terms of policies, in 1985 Malaysia was one of the earliest States to formulate a national youth policy. That initiative was subsequently enhanced in 1997 and became the National Youth Development Policy. The Policy encompasses areas such as youth empowerment, human resource development, youth leadership and youth enterprise development. In addition, the Tenth Malaysia Plan, with its mission of working towards making Malaysia a progressive and high-income nation, recognizes youth participation as a critical component of the nation’s growth. It therefore aims to create a generation of forward-looking young people who are motivated to pursue academic and career excellence.", "In addition to the various policies it has in place, the Government continues to engage with the younger generation through events. For example, in May, Putrajaya, the city that is home to the federal Government administrative centre, was turned into a sea of young people who came there in celebration of National Youth Day, honouring the country’s young people. The celebrations included a youth convention, which discussed directions for achieving change for young people. Putrajaya has also been officially declared a youth-friendly city.", "Furthermore, in affirmation of the importance of the work of the United Nations, in August 2010 Malaysia hosted the Second Global Model United Nations, in which more than 500 young representatives from across the globe participated, developing leadership as well as decision-making skills during simulated sessions of the General Assembly and other multilateral bodies of the United Nations system.", "Malaysia takes great pride in the fact that it has given due recognition to youth development perspectives, both regionally and internationally. Nevertheless, Malaysia hopes that the outcome document of the High-level Meeting on Youth (resolution 65/312) will be translated into concrete action so as to further the youth development agenda. Malaysia is also committed to enhancing and developing our community of young people as empowered entities and responsible citizens, in order to ensure that peace and prosperity remain not only a permanent feature of our nation but can also contribute to the betterment of our global village.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Thailand.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): The Thai delegation shares with Norway a deep sense of outrage and sorrow at the massacre in Utøya. It is a painful reminder for us to redouble our efforts on behalf of young people everywhere and to create an environment where they are nurtured, empowered and given every opportunity to be all they can be.", "The challenges facing Thailand’s youth are broadly similar to those in many other developing countries. Our embrace of economic globalization has, within a few decades, transformed family structures, the distribution of wealth and access to opportunities. Economic development has brought greater material well-being and reduced poverty, but it has also brought wider income disparities, glaring gaps in opportunity, and the proliferation of unsustainable consumption and lifestyles. Thailand’s young people are greatly affected by these changes. Unequal access to opportunities in education and employment means that we have young people who are highly capable and skilled, yet also vast numbers who are vulnerable and unprepared for the heightened economic competition under globalization.", "To address these complex challenges, Thailand believes that a coordinated approach is of the utmost importance. Our Constitution and specific laws provide a legal framework that protects children and young people while promoting their development. At the political level, we have a National Committee for Youth and Child Development, chaired by the Prime Minister, on which youth representatives sit. In 2009, the Government launched a policy offering 15 years of free education. Meanwhile, urban/rural disparities are being addressed through greater decentralization of policy implementation, which means greater participation at the local level.", "For the International Year of Youth, we have also been organizing activities to promote cross-cultural understanding among young people of different faiths and ethnic backgrounds within the country. Thailand is also proud to send two youth delegates to participate in drafting and delivering our national statement under the social development agenda in the Third Committee at the commencement of every General Assembly session. Thai youth delegates have attended the Assembly for a number of years now, and we hope that more and more developing countries will be able to do the same in order to give a stronger voice to young people from developing countries in the arena of the General Assembly.", "Such efforts, of course, are but a starting point. More can and must be done. We place much hope in the outcome document we have adopted (resolution 65/312), which we believe should serve to reinvigorate our common efforts for youth through its many thoughtful, solid and concrete proposals. We must take this declaration forward together, in a manner that will encourage the dreams of today’s youth to take wing and lift humanity towards the brighter future it deserves.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.", "Mr. Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines): Saint Vincent and the Grenadines aligns itself with the statements made by the representatives of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community, and of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, respectively. We also align ourselves fully with the expressions of sympathy and solidarity with the people of Norway, in the wake of their recent horrific tragedy. Words cannot express the sorrow and outrage of the international community at this act of terrorism.", "It is an unfortunate truth that youth and governance are oftentimes uneasy bedfellows. The traditional halls of power and politics — including this very General Assembly Hall — are often dominated by those for whom youth is but a dim memory. Our approaches to problem-solving — opaque, bureaucratic and frustratingly incremental — tend to be at odds with the typical passion, decisiveness and activism of youth. Furthermore, many of our political leaders have failed to earn the trust of young people, seeing them merely as an emotional wave to be ridden into or out of political office. Others seek to cynically grasp a mantle of “change” that belies their own status as senior citizens whose principles and transformative credentials have long since been sacrificed on the altar of political ambition.", "But the world’s youth need not be mistrusted, harnessed, indoctrinated or marginalized. They need to be listened to; they need to be embraced; and they need to be made active and leading partners in national development and global governance. The pace of change and development has accelerated exponentially, and the world that lies one generation into the future will be radically different from the one that we grapple with today. The pace of change — for good and ill — will be a defining feature of tomorrow’s global village, and it is one that we have no experience in managing, or even predicting. It is today’s youth who will inherit that world, and it is today’s youth who must be taken into the confidence of leaders and policymakers on every step of our journey into the future.", "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines reiterates the central sentiment of the CARICOM Declaration on the Future of Youth in the Caribbean Community, namely, that young people are not problems to be solved, but, rather, invaluable assets and partners in development of our subregion. The creativity, innovation and energy that will chart a new course through the fallout of globalization and the ongoing economic crisis lies with our youth, and not with the orthodoxy that led us into the crises we now face.", "In that regard, it is useful to recall a truism first attributed to former United States President Franklin Roosevelt: “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future.” As such, the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has invested heavily in the youth at all levels of society. We have, in the past decade, achieved universal access to secondary education and are well under way to universal access to early childhood education. State spending on tertiary education has increased exponentially, and every single one of our students — with the cooperation of the Governments of Portugal and of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela — will soon have their own laptop computer, to engage the world beyond the narrow confines of our small island developing State.", "Young people have also been thrust into positions of great responsibility at all levels of Government and public service. Senators, ministers, diplomats and other high-level officials are all part of this burgeoning youth brigade. Young Vincentian entrepreneurs, sportspersons and cultural artists continue to create jobs, influence debate and create new pathways for future development. Our national trust and faith in the youth is unshakeable.", "The international community must tangibly demonstrate even greater levels of trust and faith in the youth. The challenges they face are often without parallel in historical memory. In our region, the youth confront transnational crime, HIV/AIDS, climate vulnerability and a technological explosion amid an uncertain economic environment, with changing modes of production and distribution of capital that have yet untold implications for the next generation.", "This high-level event must have something to show for itself beyond a tepid outcome document. It must be the beginning of a re-imagining of the role of the youth in our national development and global governance, and the starting point of a genuine effort to mainstream youth issues and embrace our young people as equal partners in this journey into an uncertain future.", "Anything less would be simply another attempt to use young people as a photogenic backdrop for further political grandstanding. But as we have learned in recent months, the price of such marginalization of young people and their needs and concerns can be politically and societally cataclysmic. Let us heed the lessons that the youth have been trying to teach us.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Ireland.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): I am honoured to address this High-level Meeting of the General Assembly. It has been particularly encouraging to see so many young people and their representatives in attendance and participating actively in this gathering.", "I join with other participants in expressing our deep condolences to the Government and the people of Norway on the terrible loss of life in the tragic attacks of last Friday.", "Ireland aligns itself with the statement made by the Acting Head of the delegation of the European Union (EU), Mr. Pedro Serrano, on behalf of the member States of the EU.", "At the outset, let me make three short points in relation to the World Programme of Action for Youth. First, Ireland values a human-rights-centred approach to the implementation of the Programme. The Programme itself recognizes that its successful implementation requires the full enjoyment by young people of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and a strong commitment by Member States to combat any violations of these rights. That approach and commitment must infuse all our efforts.", "Secondly, gender equality is imperative in order to fully realize the aims of the Programme. In seeking to combat some of the challenges facing young women and girls — poverty, inequality, the combination of multiple forms of discrimination, sexual and gender-based violence, especially in conflict, limited access to education or health care, including sexual and reproductive health care — we must focus on empowering young women and girls as agents of change.", "Thirdly, we are acutely conscious of the developmental aspect. Almost 90 per cent of the world’s 1.8 billion young people aged 15 to 24 live in developing countries. Recognizing and building on the vast potential of those young people is essential for the realization of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Let me say a word about some recent developments in Ireland that may be of wider interest. The new Irish Government has demonstrated a strengthened focus on youth affairs with the creation of a full Cabinet position of Minister for Children and Youth Affairs and the corresponding establishment of a new Department of Children and Youth Affairs.", "A commitment has been made to develop a youth policy framework to support children and young people in the 10-to-24-year age range. The overall aim of the framework is to clarify and enhance coherence, connectivity, coordination and delivery in youth services and related out-of-school-time services for young people in that age range. The intention is to enhance the development and participation of and support for young people; achieve greater coordination and coherence in the provision of youth services; and ensure that such provision is high-quality and outcomes-based.", "The question of youth participation is particularly important. As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) adopted earlier this week recognizes, the participation of young people themselves in designing, implementing, monitoring and evaluating effective policies is critical to achieving the objectives of the World Programme of Action. The Irish Government is strongly committed to promoting the participation of children and young people in civil society, and the past decade has seen the establishment or consolidation of a range of structures to achieve that objective. These include local youth councils, a national youth parliament, student councils, a children’s and young people’s forum, a children and young people’s participation support team, along with an inclusion programme and national consultations.", "Within the wider effort to promote participation, we have placed particular emphasis on empowering marginalized young people. An inclusion programme, which was established in 2007, aims to provide new opportunities for seldom-heard young people to become involved in decision-making structures. The inclusion programme has been realized through the participation of a number of civil society organizations. These organizations work with gay and lesbian young people, young travellers, young people living in care, young people living with disabilities and young people from disadvantaged communities. As we move forward, the intention is to capture the lessons learned from the inclusion programme to ensure that an increasing number of young people who may be at risk of marginalization can take part in decision-making structures and process.", "Ireland has one of the youngest populations in Europe. In difficult times as well as in good times, our young people remain our greatest resource. We want to offer them — all of them — greater opportunities to help craft the future of our country. It is our hope that this International Year of Youth will have helped towards making such opportunities available to young people worldwide.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Mr. Charles (Trinidad and Tobago): Trinidad and Tobago joins with previous speakers in extending condolences to the Government and people of Norway following the dastardly acts which resulted in the loss of life of many young people who represented the very flower of that nation’s future.", "Further, Trinidad and Tobago wishes to align itself with the statements made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, and the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community. In addition, we wish to make a brief statement in our national capacity.", "In recognition of the importance of young people to community and national development, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a national youth policy that reflects a flexible and dynamic social development process between the Government and civil society and from which various national programmes and activities materialize. These relate in part to education, health, gender equality, addressing youth crime and violence, including drug-related crime, youth unemployment and youth leadership development.", "The national youth policy promotes youth empowerment and participation, placing young people at the forefront of policy development and implementation. At the same time, it recognizes the Government’s responsibility for creating the necessary facilitative framework to ensure that young people can make informed choices, lead meaningful, productive, enjoyable lives, and contribute to the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. Further, it is noteworthy that the portfolio for youth-related affairs is now under the purview of the newly created Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development.", "In commemoration of this International Year of Youth with the theme “Dialogue and mutual understanding”, and based on the approach adopted by the United Nations system, Trinidad and Tobago has developed a number of initiatives that fall under the three main areas identified by the United Nations Inter‑Agency Network on Youth Development. In this regard, one significant initiative was the launch of the National Youth Consultation Programme, in which young people were provided with opportunities to be included in decision-making processes through participation in consultations with Government ministers.", "It is imperative to promote dialogue between Governments and young people, to foster mutual understanding and to better address the issues affecting them, as young people are key partners in the development and advancement of our societies. In this connection, I quote the Chinese proverb which states “Tell me and I will forget, show me and I may remember, involve me and I will understand”.", "In keeping with this approach, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago has therefore increased youth participation and partnerships within communities by developing their capacities to dialogue with their peers and relevant stakeholders. The Government has also facilitated youth development through national leadership training programmes, peer education workshops and community social projects that harness discussions with young people in relation to the design and implementation of programmes to meet their needs. In this context, we encourage Member States to promote dialogue with young people in their own countries so that they become and remain involved in decisions that ultimately affect their future.", "Trinidad and Tobago reaffirms the World Programme of Action for Youth and continues its implementation while we recognize the need to further develop and improve the current international framework on young people to effectively address the new challenges they face.", "The time has come to move beyond dialogue to implementation and resource mobilization in order to empower young people and further the development of our societies as a whole. In closing, I wish to join my colleague from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in quoting Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who said “We cannot always build the future for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future”.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Grenada.", "Ms. Williams (Grenada): Grenada associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Suriname on behalf of the Caribbean Community and the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Through you, Sir, and on behalf of my Government and the people of Grenada, especially the youth, the delegation of Grenada expresses deep and heartfelt sympathy with the Government and people of Norway on the inexplicable killing of the young and not-so-young. The attack on Government buildings and young people strikes at the very heart of understanding, and we mourn the loss of life.", "Equally, Grenada expresses solidarity with all the young people and families worldwide who are set upon by wars, famine and bombings. Most especially, we mourn the hundreds now dying every day in the Horn of Africa from famine. We support the United Nations call for global emergency relief and for longer-term sustainable development for those communities.", "Grenada welcomes this High-level Meeting on Youth and extends congratulations to all the young people of the world. This conference is an opportunity for the international community to re-examine and scale up its efforts to respond to the many needs of young people. In this regard, we welcome the outcome document (resolution 65/312) and we look to its full and effective implementation and to the involvement of all young people in doing so.", "Like in most countries, the young people of Grenada hold great promise. That promise, however, is weighed down by social and economic forces that lead to high rates of unemployment and other challenges. Yet, we continue to witness the emergence of a strong and positive national youth sector that is underpinned by a national youth policy.", "Our young people, especially our girls, are graduating from secondary school in record numbers and going on to succeed in colleges and universities in equally record numbers. From primary to secondary level, our young athletes are breaking sports records and some, including our competitors in men’s 400 metres and in women figure’s skating, are setting their eyes on Olympic competitions. Watch out, Jamaica! Watch out for Kirani James!", "Many more Grenadian youths are in professional schools and in the cultural sector and are becoming successful entrepreneurs. The number of young leaders, youth parliamentarians and youth ambassadors is growing, and there is a healthy and exhilarating dynamism that they spread as they succeed. Government spending focuses on youth training and job creation, rehabilitation and empowerment.", "Far too many young people cannot achieve their potential due to poverty and lack of opportunity. As the United Nations prepares to commit to sustainable development in the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development process, Grenada reiterates its vision of our young people, who will play a stronger role in national sustainable development. That is why we call on the United Nations and others, including businesses, to engage in partnerships with us and to support us in the inclusion of youth within the democratic process, job creation and economic empowerment and in the development of the necessary frameworks to strengthen grass-roots youth organizations.", "In closing, Grenada understands that young people are valuable to national development, but that they are far more than a national development resource. Rather, like other groups, young people have an intrinsic value to themselves and to humanity. It is our responsibility to do much more to honour and to empower them so that they, too, can make the right choices for themselves and for the world.", "Grenada extends its best wishes for success to all youth delegates, and wishes them a safe journey back to their loved ones.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Representative of Bulgaria.", "Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): At the outset, let me join all previous speakers and express, on behalf of my country, our deepest sympathy for the people and Government of Norway following the horrendous and tragic attacks of Friday that claimed the lives of so many young people.", "I feel honoured to speak before this High-level Meeting on a topic that is of particular relevance nowadays — how to improve conditions for the world’s youth and help young people address their aspirations to participate in processes that shape their lives and their future. The importance that we attach to such issues comes from the realization that youth is the natural driving force behind important changes in global development. Recent developments in the Middle East and North Africa once again point to the key role of young people as agents of social change, progress and development. They have also reaffirmed the vital role of new technologies and social media in empowering the voice of young people and their participation in shaping public opinion and the political decision-making process.", "We are satisfied that the outcome document adopted earlier in the meeting (resolution 65/312) reconfirms the World Programme of Action for Youth as a major political instrument for comprehensive action on youth issues. It is of paramount importance to focus our efforts on its thorough and improved implementation at all levels, including by strengthening national capacities and democratic mechanisms for dialogue and partnerships with young people and youth-led organizations in decision-making processes affecting youth. Cooperation among national Governments, youth organizations and other stakeholders at the national, regional and global levels is a critical element of strategies and policies to achieve social integration, employment and poverty eradication.", "Bulgaria fully supports the statement made by the observer of the European Union (EU) earlier in this debate, outlining the programmes and activities on youth in Europe. I wish to focus briefly on our national experience and efforts to address youth issues in the context of the EU cooperative action.", "The National Youth Strategy 2010-2011, adopted by the Bulgarian Government in 2009, primarily focuses on employment and sustainable development, including the promotion of economic activity and career opportunities for young people. The target group of the Strategy is young people between 15 and 29 years of age. Concrete actions for its implementation are aimed at improving the quality of high-school and university education, promoting lifelong learning, providing more internships and strengthening the relationship between education and business. Support is envisaged for companies providing jobs to young people, especially in small towns and rural areas. Students’ participation in scientific projects and high-tech innovations are also encouraged and supported.", "Bulgarian young people are actively involved in projects under the EU programme Youth in Action, which is related to implementation of the Europe 2020 Strategy. In promoting knowledge and understanding of democratic citizenship and the rule of law, such projects are conducive to making young people receptive to human rights standards and values, addressing in particular certain negative societal views, discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "Under the National Youth Strategy, volunteering is encouraged as one avenue to enhance youth potential and skills in different professional and scientific areas. In the context of the European Year of Volunteering, the fourth National Youth Meeting, which took place in Varna from 30 June to 4 July, discussed the advantages of volunteering for both young people and recipient institutions and businesses, with the active participation of civil society.", "Last but not least, let me also highlight our participation in international cooperation and United Nations youth-related initiatives. In that particular field, the role of the United Nations remains indispensable. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria closely cooperates with the United Nations Association in Bulgaria to ensure the coordination of activities promoting youth participation at the United Nations. The joint plan of action between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the United Nations Association, signed at the beginning of this year, provides for developing initiatives that foster the more active involvement of young people in United Nations activities, including areas such as the Millennium Development Goals, peace, human rights and sustainable development.", "Part of that partnership is the arrangements for the selection and participation of youth representatives in the youth delegate programme. The national selection process, which is currently being conducted for the sixth consecutive year, aims at ensuring that the most proactive and knowledgeable students are given the opportunity to represent Bulgarian youth and to work alongside diplomats and other youth delegates from all over the world. We are proud that over the decades, Bulgaria has demonstrated its commitment to youth matters and that it is one of the countries with the longest-standing experience in providing a platform for the Bulgarian youth perspective to be voiced in the United Nations context.", "In conclusion, let me express our confidence in the successful conclusion of this important conference. We are determined to contribute actively to ensuring a better future for the youth worldwide.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "Mrs. Espósito Guevara (Plurinational State of Bolivia) (spoke in Spanish): We would like first of all to extend our most heartfelt condolences to the brother people of Norway on their recent tragedy, whose main victims were young people.", "The Plurinational State of Bolivia endorses the statement made by the representative of Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "Young people are a driving force of change in any society. It is they who, with their energy and rebellious spirit, show us the path to follow. Nevertheless, many of them look to the future with fear, since they have done all that society expects of them and yet cannot find work. From that position of insecurity, they have explained to us that what is needed now is profound change. We cannot continue down that path. The power of change is moving through world and young people are its driving force.", "In Bolivia, young people have also made their vital contribution. In the past decade, young people of all social strata have occupied squares and streets, defending the natural resources of my country and the rights to a wage and to life, water, gas, health care, employment and, above all, the future. They fight against the plunder and demands of the Bretton Woods institutions and multinational companies.", "The economic and financial crisis, the energy and food crisis, the water crisis, climate change, wars and invasions have hit young people hard. These are structural problems that we need to resolve so that present and future generations can live in peace and security. Climate change, lack of jobs and wars have forced young people to migrate to other regions and countries. In this search, they have faced racism, discrimination and violence. As migrants, they endure the rigours of their illegal status, abuse and racial hatred. They also face similar barriers in access to university education. These are some of the challenges youth is facing today.", "The Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has developed policies for our youth. Bolivia is the third country in Latin America to be illiteracy free, and is envisaging a post-literacy programme with the support of our sister Republics of Cuba and Venezuela. With the financial resources from gas income, we have established three indigenous universities to promote access to higher education for indigenous youth, and we have supported various types of sport under the slogan “High-altitude sports”.", "“My First Decent Job” is another programme focused on the young population, aimed at increasing the inclusion in the workforce of young, low-income graduates. We have also implemented credit and microcredit programmes to help young people undertake productive projects related to housing and workforce entry. Today, women also have access to land through a land distribution and redistribution programme. We also have special programmes for open housing options aimed at providing comprehensive care to young workers who have no protection and are socially disadvantaged. The Bolivian Volunteering Act monitors the rights and responsibilities of young volunteers.", "Young people are the present and the future, and are thus the protagonists of change. We hope that the outcome document of this High-level Meeting on youth, dialogue and mutual understanding (resolution 65/312) will promote the participation of young people in making decisions about the future and in particular in building other means of development that are in harmony with nature, as an alternative to globalization, which has excluded young people, especially in the poorest countries.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of Liechtenstein.", "Ms. Gregg (Liechtenstein): It is a great honour to be able to speak to the Assembly as a youth representative of Liechtenstein.", "I extend my country’s deepest sympathies to those affected by the horrific loss of lives in Norway. Let this meeting result in a renewed commitment to striving day to day, in solidarity, against such expressions of hate.", "I have had the luck of growing up in a free and prosperous part of the world. But already as a small kid, seeing images of war, famine and environmental catastrophe, I realized that most children and youth in the world were less lucky. Over the years, these images helped me develop a sense of responsibility and an understanding of interconnectedness that led to transformative action, first within my own home and at school and now as I strive towards my ideals day to day. I believe that young people have an innate sense of justice, and with the right kind of education, we develop a desire to act on it. Our sense of responsibility and energy to act are the world’s greatest untapped assets.", "Participation is not just an option, but a demand expressed by youth. In Norway, the young survivors of the massacre pledged to stay engaged in order to demonstrate that violence against opinion is ineffective. Arab youths have also reminded the world of the incredible power of peaceful protest. This should be a sobering thought for leaders who continue to deny young people their inalienable human rights and an opportunity to pursue their dreams and ambitions. Not only do we increasingly possess a global consciousness, but we have the dexterity, ingenuity, courage and sense of urgency to use tools for mass mobilization to spread our voices. A free and open Internet is essential to this end.", "The youths of Tunisia, who within six months have brought about jaw-dropping changes, serve as an inspiration and guidance to their peers in many other countries. The litmus test of real transformation will be the level of participation of women and young people in leadership positions and in decision-making processes.", "We must apply the lessons learned from revolutions in the Arab region to other situations of injustice as well. Why not organize large-scale demonstrations for other pressing issues or turn our fight against climate change into a global news event? Learning about our human rights gives us the clarity and focus to act. This is why human rights education and learning are so important. Human rights education allows us to view our own rights and our community’s rights in dialogue with others locally, regionally and globally, resulting in a common language of humanity. The exhilarating solidarity we feel with the youth activists in the Arab world is based on a renewed understanding of the universality of human rights and has turned years of limited mutual understanding on their head. A society of peace starts with a basic human rights education.", "As the global population hits 7 billion, it is not only a human right but also a demographic imperative to deliver sexual and reproductive health education and family planning. It is unacceptable that a 15 year-old girl living in South Sudan has a higher chance of dying in childbirth than of completing school. Human rights are indivisible and include sexual and reproductive rights. Young women and men must not let their bodies be subjugated by those in power. Well-informed reproductive decisions can have profound positive effects on the sustainable development of a country.", "Using children and young people as instruments of war is among the most heinous violations of the laws of armed conflict. Liechtenstein reiterates its full support for the work for the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict. We also believe that fighting impunity is a prerequisite for long-term peace. The International Criminal Court plays an important role in this regard, as demonstrated by its first trial ever — that of Thomas Lubanga, charged with forcibly recruiting boys and girls to fight with his militia.", "Liechtenstein further deplores attacks on schools and hospitals and threats against students and teachers, and we commend the Security Council for taking concrete action on this important issue.", "On 25 May 2010, the United Nations launched a two-year campaign to achieve universal ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child that increases the age for direct participation in hostilities to 18. To support the campaign and to raise awareness about the plight of children affected by armed conflict, Liechtenstein has teamed up with a record label to produce a CD called “Right to Play”. The proceeds from the sale go to Play31, a non-governmental organization that organizes football games among former child soldiers to assist in the process of reconciliation. Children affected by armed conflicts around the world are being deprived of this right. Let us give it back to them before it is too late.", "The Acting President: I give the floor to the representative of the Sudan.", "Mr. Hassan (Sudan) (spoke in Arabic): It gives me great pleasure to address this international forum to discuss the interests of youth in a desire for joint dialogue and mutual understanding. We welcome the statements that have been made on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, the Group of African States and the Arab Group.", "At the outset, I would also like to express our heartfelt condolences to the families of the victims of the heinous terrorist attack committed by an extremist in Oslo and Utøya Island, Norway. We condemn all forms of terrorism. This incident reaffirms that terrorism does not originate from a certain country or religion.", "The Government of the Sudan gives high priority to youth issues. It has launched many projects to address youth unemployment, encourage youth investment through microfinance, AND develop vital sectors such as agriculture. We have also offered many opportunities in university and post-graduate education, and have seen a large increase in enrolment in recent years.", "The Sudanese Government also takes an interest in many other youth programmes to support cultural and social activities and participation in sports and political life, and to combat unemployment by offering work opportunities. We also work to combat drug use and to raise awareness of the dangers of HIV/AIDS. We support marriage and family stability, and work to rehabilitate young people affected by wars, armed conflict and environmental degradation, as well as those with disabilities and special needs. We are proud of our success in those programmes and are willing to share our experiences.", "The many and extreme challenges that young people face, especially in Africa and the developing world in general, are preventing their full participation in society. The problem is exacerbated by the effects of the global financial and economic crisis and the drought on the African continent. In that regard, we note that we need more international cooperation to support training and education in all fields, including the exchange of scientific knowledge.", "The Sudan, understanding the importance of African efforts, recently inaugurated the headquarters of the African Youth Union in Khartoum, housing its general assembly. As another indicator of our interest in youth, we have the honour to host the headquarters of the Arab-African Youth Council, further confirming the Sudan as a meeting place for Arab and African youth. We also stress the need to work diligently to achieve the Millennium Development Goals to the benefit of young people. We have also worked to increase access for youth to information and communication technology through educational grants and training.", "In conclusion, we hope that this important meeting will promote the interests of youth in many sectors, and in particular that it will help youth in States affected by armed conflict or that suffer under foreign occupation.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Serbia.", "Ms. Ivanović (Serbia): At the outset, I would like to express, on behalf of my Government and the people of Serbia, deepest condolences to the Government and people of Norway and our sympathies to the families of the victims of the horrifying terrorist attack that happened last Friday.", "My delegation aligns itself with the statement made by the observer of the European Union two days ago. I shall therefore address some of the priority issues regarding youth from our national standpoint.", "We have witnessed many changes, positive and negative, that shape the world in which we live today. To make the most of the possibilities presented to us and to diminish risks in the future, we must include young people in all walks of social life in a consistent and coherent way. To make sure that we have leaders for tomorrow, we must create them today.", "Recognizing the importance of its youth, Serbia established the Ministry of Youth and Sport in 2007 and devised a national youth strategy the following year, after a series of 167 round tables at which, alongside the representatives of many relevant institutions, the young people of Serbia were given an opportunity to contribute their ideas to the drafting of that important document.", "Calling on young people to take a proactive attitude in life is one of the priorities of Serbia’s national youth strategy. To increase their ever greater social participation, the Ministry of Youth and Sport initiated and encouraged the establishment of local offices for youth. In 2007, they numbered five; today there are 123 of them all over Serbia. As a matter of fact, two thirds of all local Government agencies have been instrumental in establishing those offices, true to the fact that the needs of youth must be addressed first and foremost in the communities in which they live, that is, at the local level. Over 100 municipalities have adopted local action plans for their young people and provided funds to finance programmes and projects designed to address the needs of their youth.", "On 5 July, the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia adopted the Law on Youth. In this way, it made good on the promise made to Serbia’s youth that it would be given, during the International Year of Youth, a law providing, inter alia, for the establishment of a Government Council in which youth representatives would account for at least one third of its members. Since the very beginning of the process, young people were included in consultations leading to the drafting and adoption of the law, reflecting the time-honoured truth that those who are supposed to benefit from legislation to be adopted should be the first to be asked what their expectations from the legislation are.", "Ever since its establishment, the Ministry of Youth and Sport has fostered partnership relations with the civil sector. Such relations facilitate the inclusion of the young in the implementation of various projects of the national youth strategy. The Ministry supported and bankrolled over 500 projects submitted by associations of and for young people, aimed at, among other things, promoting healthy lifestyles and tolerance, preventing drug and alcohol addiction, improving the environment, social inclusiveness and voluntary activities, and addressing all topics that are important to young people. The Ministry extended financial support to various informal-education seminars and training courses on project elaboration, career skills and youth entrepreneurship, in order to help young people to find employment or start their own businesses.", "The Ministry also helped build 280 outdoor and 47 indoor sports arenas all over Serbia. Better conditions were thus created for young people to engage in sport and recreational activities more actively and to spend quality leisure time. After all, those were the needs identified as those of young people themselves in many polls taken beforehand.", "On 12 August, my country will mark the completion of the International Year of Youth and Youth Day by launching 134 voluntary youth activities selected in competitions in 25 districts of Serbia. We have been guided by the desire to support our youth in the year in which we celebrate the tenth anniversary of the International Year of Volunteers and the European Year of Volunteering in order to demonstrate, through voluntary engagement, the power of young people to bring about change in local communities.", "Serbia sets great store by its youth. Investment in young people is investment in the country’s future. Since 2008, the Young Talents Fund of the Government of the Republic of Serbia, headed by the Minister for Youth and Sport, has granted scholarships and various awards to over 6,000 talented high-school students, winners of national and international competitions in the fields of science, the arts and sports, university seniors and Serbian students studying abroad. The recipients pledged to work in Serbia upon completion of their studies, which is one of the measures to forestall the brain-drain that affects many countries around the world.", "No speedy and sustainable development is possible without investment in human resources and without making sure that those resources remain in the country of their origin. Funds like the Young Talent Fund can help keep the young educated people in developing countries, thus enabling them to stay and prosper at home.", "The challenges facing the young call for concerted common efforts at all levels of Government — local, provincial and national. It is necessary to work in partnership with international organizations and United Nations agencies and to enlist non-governmental organizations and the business sector in designing youth policies. There is plenty of room for improving youth cooperation in order to arrive — through the exchange of ideas and experiences at the national and international levels — at the most effective institutional models that will facilitate the development that we all need.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Afghanistan.", "Mr. Faqiri (Afghanistan): On behalf of the Afghan Government, I would like to stress the need for further efforts to be made to support young people in developing their capacity to tackle the challenges they face.", "Let me emphasize that the primary responsibility for ensuring that youth development lies with States. Today, I will address both the challenges ahead for Afghan youth and achievements accomplished thus far.", "Afghanistan is a country of youth. Sixty-eight per cent of the population is under 25 years of age. The bulk of the population is to a certain extent deprived of their fundamental rights, including but not limited to lack of educational and employment opportunities. The situation of girls is of particular concern. Youth literacy rates are low — 50 per cent for boys and 18 per cent for girls. Secondary school enrolments for boys and girls are 23 per cent and 7 per cent, respectively, and less than 2 per cent of the Afghan population reaches higher education.", "Faced with these challenges, Afghan youths are at risk. Their vulnerability is exacerbated by unemployment, low wages, lack of safety and security, poverty and lack of medical care, making youth particularly at risk to recruitment by armed opposition and terrorist organizations.", "In the face of these challenges, we should not lose sight of the progress made so far. Currently, more than 7 million boys and girls are enrolled in schools, investing in their futures. We have constructed more than 4,000 schools across the country. We predict that we will have 9 million children enrolled in schools by 2020, and over 40 per cent of new students will be girls. Additionally, the great majority of Afghanistan’s population has access to basic health care, showing that great progress has been made over the past 10 years.", "I seize this opportunity to thank the international community for the continued support we have received to achieve these objectives. It is worth mentioning that a considerable percentage of the Afghan Parliament is comprised of members of the young generation. News agencies, television broadcasters, monthly magazines are run by the youth generation.", "The Government of Afghanistan is committed to fulfilling its responsibility to protect the rights of youth. We have initiated a number of strong steps at the national, regional and international levels, which include the launch of a national youth programme that reiterates our commitment to the development of the sons and daughters of Afghanistan and seeks to establish an opportunity for Afghan youths to fulfil their aspirations.", "Today’s generation of youth in my country, having experienced conflict and exile, must now be empowered with alternative opportunities. Their fresh perspectives, energy, enthusiasm and determination must be channelled to promote peace and development in the country.", "I wish to conclude by joining previous speakers in expressing the condolences of the Afghan Government and the Afghan people to the Mission of Norway and, through it, to the people of Norway on the recent act of terror that caused dozens of casualties.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of the Observer State of the Holy See.", "Archbishop Chullikatt (Holy See): Last year, the General Assembly, in declaring the present International Year of Youth, insightfully drew attention to two important elements for the advancement of peace, namely, dialogue and mutual understanding. This theme has been an invitation to listen to the aspirations and interests of young people, to engage in a mutual exchange with them, and to translate these exchanges into a real sharing of wisdom for the common good.", "Each and every child, for the full and harmonious development of his or her personality, should grow up in a family environment. The family is where young people first learn moral responsibility and respect for others. The family has an important role to play in educating children to develop all their faculties and in training them to acquire ethical and spiritual values and to be deeply attached to peace, liberty and the dignity of all men and women. The family, founded on the marriage between one man and one woman, is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and must be guaranteed protection by society and the State.", "Parents — mother and father together — have the primary responsibility for the upbringing and development of their children. Parents cannot withdraw from this essential role. States are called, in conformity with international instruments, to respect the responsibilities, rights and duties of parents in this regard. Youth policies, programmes, action plans and commitments approved by Member States must respect fully the role of parents regarding their children’s well-being and education, including in the area of human sexuality and sexual and reproductive health, which should not include abortion.", "Many people in the world today do not have stable points of reference on which to build their lives, and so they end up being deeply insecure. There is a growing mentality of relativism and liberalism that holds that everything is equally valid, and that truth, absolute points of reference and moral standards do not exist. Such a way of thinking leads not to authentic freedom, but rather to instability, confusion and blind conformity to the fads of the moment with which certain cultures around the world tempt our youth. Young people are entitled to receive from previous generations solid points of reference to help them make choices on which to build their lives.", "Member States and this Organization can make positive contributions in this regard and so must be willing to recommit continually to upholding and implementing the principles enshrined in the Charter and the internationally agreed fundamental human rights instruments. The more they are able to do this, the more our young people will be able to help advance the cause of peace and build societies based on respect for spiritual and ethical values and directed to the common good of all.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the Permanent Observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): At the outset, allow me to convey our sincerest condolences to the friendly people and Government of Norway. The Palestinian people and their leadership were shocked to learn of last Friday’s atrocious bombing of a Government complex in Oslo and the shootings on the island of Utøya which left nearly 80 innocent people dead, including scores of young people. We are confident that Norway will fully recover from this painful tragedy and emerge even stronger.", "Palestine aligns itself with the statement delivered by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China.", "As today’s world grows more volatile for youth, they continue to unnecessarily suffer grave hardships and to face an unprecedented number of obstacles. This has affected their realization of peace, prosperity, freedom and the right to education. Regrettably, Palestinian youth face the greatest obstacle to any semblance of normal life: the ongoing Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel’s blatant disregard of and disrespect for international law, including international humanitarian law and human rights law.", "For more than four decades, crimes have continued to be committed against Palestinian youth, with total disregard for human life and with complete impunity, which has allowed for such crimes to continue at the expense of our youth. Israel’s refusal to uphold the basic principles of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions has resulted in a complete deterioration of the situation in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. This has only prolonged the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the suffering of the Palestinian people, in particular the millions of Palestine refugees who have been living in refugee camps for 63 years, yearning for the realization of their right of return.", "Despite all of the obstacles that face the Palestinian people living under occupation, Palestinian youth continue to reach for their goals and dreams. Among them are young refugees who every day overcome the difficulties they face and reach as high as they can to let their voices be heard and their talents seen. Just last week, for the third time, youth in Gaza, including some with disabilities, broke the Guinness World Record for the largest handprint painting in the world. Also, in another remarkable story, three young Palestinian women from a school run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), with the help of their teacher, invented a walking cane for the blind and deaf, which gave them the opportunity and the pleasure of meeting with the Secretary-General last summer here in New York.", "These are only the most recent of the achievements, which are proof that, if given a chance, the youth of Palestine can rise up and be leaders in the region and the world. Moreover, just moments ago on this very day, the youth of Gaza broke the Guinness World Record for flying the most kites at the same time, setting a fourth Guinness World Record. Once again, we place on record our deepest gratitude for the tireless efforts of UNRWA for its assistance to the 4.5 million Palestine refugees, especially the youth, because the education and training it provides has equipped our youth with the tools they need to make a name for themselves and accomplish such lofty goals.", "Although the Palestinian people, including youth, have made significant strides to overcome the grave hardships of living under occupation, they will never be able to achieve their full potential so long as Israel continues to occupy their land and impede their right to self-determination. Here, we call on the international community to make all necessary efforts and muster the political will to address the obstacles and challenges faced by Palestinian youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Indisputably, the 44-year occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, has severely hampered development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and other internationally agreed development goals, making it nearly impossible to fully attain them. But over and above worries about achieving the MDGs, youth living in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, have on far too many occasions been deliberately targeted, shot and killed and even been used as human shields by the Israeli occupying forces. Palestinian youth who exercise their right to freedom of expression against the Wall and illegal settlements every week are met with the bullets and aggression of the occupying Power. Our youth also continue to be the victims of Israeli settler terror attacks — shot, beaten and threatened while walking to school or playing outside their homes.", "The Israeli aggression against the besieged Gaza Strip in 2008-2009 tragically highlighted the utter disregard for Palestinian youth. Hundreds of them were killed, and scores of what were supposed to be safe havens, such as hospitals and schools, were shelled, bombed and destroyed with impunity. We call on the international community, including all United Nations organs, to address these grave violations, without selectivity, in order to bring an end once and for all to all attacks by the occupying Power against Palestinian youth at civilian infrastructures meant to protect them.", "The Israeli occupation, which began in 1967, must come to an end now along with all of the occupying Power’s crimes against the Palestinian people, including youth. Each and every day of Israel’s occupation results in a deterioration of the socio-economic conditions and the overall well-being of youth, especially in the besieged Gaza Strip, where the four-year immoral and illegal siege continues to strip young people there of all their basic human rights, including the right to food. The blockade has afflicted thousands with hunger, malnutrition, anaemia, stunted growth and many other preventable diseases.", "There is no time to be wasted. We thus renew our appeal to the international community to uphold its responsibilities and to take immediate, decisive action to bring Israel, the occupying Power, into compliance with international law, including its obligations under the Fourth Geneva Convention and the relevant United Nations resolutions. The youth of Palestine will be able to live to their fullest potential only if they can live in peace, freedom and dignity in an independent State of Palestine based on pre-1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The time is now ripe to make this a reality.", "Peace may be necessary for leaders, but peace is indispensable for our youth.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 47/4, of 16 October 1992, I now give the floor to the representative of the Observer of the International Organization for Migration.", "Mr. Wade (International Organization for Migration): Before I begin, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) would like to express its sincere condolences to the people of Norway in the wake of this awful tragedy. Our thoughts are with them.", "The International Organization for Migration is honoured to participate in this dialogue along with such an impressive group of experts and young people.", "This High-level Meeting comes at an important time to reflect upon the wave of democratization sweeping through the Arab world and the role youth have played in a fundamental shift in the terms of political debate. The panel discussions held over the past two days have provided enormous insight into the challenges they face and into what can be achieved through dialogue and mutual understanding. The International Organization for Migration believes more than ever that the United Nations and its partners are listening. Quite simply, there is no alternative. In most of the world today, youth not only represent the future; they are also the majority of the population. Addressing the challenges and opportunities of our time will depend upon their energy and creativity.", "A recurring theme throughout this dialogue has been a sense of frustration among young people in societies where the voices and needs of youth are ignored and where hopes of meaningful employment, development and political participation are stifled. For example, in one county with one of the world’s fastest growing youth populations, only one or two of every 30 graduates has a prospect of employment, and those that do find employment could expect to be paid 15 times as much if they migrated to the developed world.", "Migration is the most fundamental step that a young person can take to escape poverty, and young people today are taking it in enormous numbers. In the past quarter-century, the number of international migrants has doubled to 214 million, half of whom are under the age of 29. Many of these young people, travelling with their dreams and those of their loved ones, face enormous challenges. The perilous journeys of crowded boats from North Africa tell of an enormous human cost. Not only are these young people negotiating the borders of a new country, region and culture, but they are often also taking the first steps into adulthood.", "At the same time, global youth migration presents enormous opportunities, both for the young people themselves and for global prosperity. In a world where many of the developed countries are facing population aging and decline and the developing world is growing and getting younger, youth migration has huge potential to increase economic growth and reduce unemployment. According to the World Bank, if rich countries were to admit enough migrants from poor countries to expand their labour forces by a mere 3 per cent, the world would be richer by $356 billion a year.", "In its role as the principal intergovernmental organization for global migration, IOM is dedicated to promoting humane and orderly migration for the benefit of all. We must recognize that some of the greatest challenges faced by migrants are not physical, but social barriers of xenophobia, social marginalization and discrimination.", "The PLURAL+ Youth Video Festival, a joint initiative of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations and IOM, recognizes young people as powerful agents of social change in a world often characterized by conflict and division. The Festival encourages young people to explore issues of migration, diversity and social inclusion and to share their voices and creative vision with a global audience. Since it was launched in 2009, over 400 videos from 75 countries have been received, and through our network of over 50 partner organizations, winning videos have been screened in dozens of festivals, cinemas and broadcasts on television networks throughout the world. We hope that some members had a chance to see these remarkable videos on Monday at the PLURAL+ side event. The insight and creativity with which young people speak to issues such as human trafficking, social marginalization and racism reflect the energy that youth brings to addressing social problems in today’s world.", "Rarely, if ever, has the aspiration for democracy been more powerfully demonstrated than during the youth-led movements of the Arab Spring. It is now the responsibility of the international community to engage with young people and translate this energy into reforms that promote social integration, security, employment and the eradication of poverty. We greatly appreciate the opportunity to discuss these issues at this important meeting and, after engaging with key experts and young people, feel confident that together we can face the challenges and grasp the opportunities ahead.", "The Acting President: In accordance with resolution 31/3 of 18 October 1976, I now call on the observer of the Commonwealth Secretariat.", "Ms. McMillan (Commonwealth Secretariat): The Commonwealth Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to extend its condolences to the people of Norway.", "The Commonwealth recognizes that the success of the Commonwealth and the global youth agenda are reliant on the commitment of young people throughout the world, and we salute them for their active contributions in promoting development, peace and democracy through such values as tolerance, understanding and respect — values that are dear to the Commonwealth.", "The Commonwealth acknowledges the recommendations expressed in the outcome document of this meeting (resolution 65/312) and believes that it is the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the recommendations that will make the International Year of Youth a lasting success.", "The Commonwealth, through its Commonwealth Youth Programme, stands ready to unite and to work with the United Nations agencies, youth organizations and stakeholders to ensure that the recommendations of the outcome document and the World Programme of Action for Youth are fulfilled.", "It is the position of the Commonwealth Secretariat that the time is now for greater action and greater partnerships for youth development. The Commonwealth Secretariat believes that the time is right to work for greater economic empowerment, where banks and other segments of the private sector can also help young people gain access to credit by promoting enterprise and supporting youth development planning. The Commonwealth purports that it is time for greater political empowerment of young people, where Governments and stakeholders, including youth leaders, ought to do more to bring young people into local and national decision-making processes, creating greater political spaces where young people can play a role.", "Young people are issuing a clarion call for meaningful change in the professionalizing of youth work and meaningful change in measuring, monitoring and evaluating the progress in youth development.", "At the meeting of the Commonwealth Heads of Government in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 2009, stand-alone declarations were made under the them “Investing in young people”. The Heads further signalled their commitment to young people by opening their meeting and holding frank and meaningful dialogue with them. This exchange of ideas on youth development has become a feature of the Commonwealth Heads of Governments’ meeting since 2007, when it was held in Kampala, and could be a practice that other high-level meetings could adopt to make youth development more meaningful for young people.", "This year, the International Year of Youth, the Commonwealth has listened to its youth, Governments and stakeholders at a number of consultations under the theme “Investing in youth”. Among the events was the Commonwealth Youth Leaders’ Conference, held in India in December 2010, at which young people from the 54 member States encouraged their leaders and decision-makers to establish meaningful change through youth mainstreaming, greater investments and participation in youth development, the raising of the profile and resources of youth ministries and agencies, and the establishment, expansion and strengthening of national youth councils within the Commonwealth.", "The Commonwealth Heads of Government, through the Plan of Action for Youth Empowerment 2007-2015, identified 13 priority actions for youth empowerment, addressing the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth. The Commonwealth will redouble its efforts to ensure that youth empowerment is kept in focus, thus achieving the targets that have been set.", "The Commonwealth looks forward to the upcoming Commonwealth Youth Forum, alongside the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting, in Perth, Australia, in October, with a view to working with youth after the International Year of Youth — a time for implementing the Commonwealth’s youth agenda.", "Let this Assembly commit to the belief that truly there is nothing about youth without youth and that youth is at the centre of development.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席马克·唐纳德先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午10时15分开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "萨拉姆先生(黎巴嫩)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我愿感谢大会主席在国际青年年即将结束之际召开本次关于青年、对话和相互了解问题的高级别会议。", "黎巴嫩所处地区有五分之一人口年龄在15岁至24岁之间。我国人口半数以上年龄都不满25岁。在阿拉伯地区，青年正面临诸多问题，其中最严重的问题是，青年特别是女青年的失业率很高——在世界上属最高之列。", "在过去二十余年中，虽然在教育领域已取得切实进展，但是文盲率（高于17%）在青年中仍严重地居高不下。在许多情况下，教育质量正在下降。尽管在卫生领域已取得显著进展，但青年中的健康意识依然薄弱。然而，更危险的是，广大青年中有一种日益强烈的压迫感和边缘化感，这是因为他们较少参与公共生活，特别是很少参与决策进程。这些是我们地区过去几十年中连续出现的一波波青年移徙人潮以及自去年以来日益高涨的抗议活动和变革呼声背后的部分原因。", "此时此刻，我们强调，我国年轻人渴望充分参与其自身未来的建设，这是正当的。明天的世界属于他们，这一点是无可否认的。可以毫不夸张地说，青年的活力、人性和创新精神是他们的未来、社会经济发展以及科学发展和技术创新的最佳希望所在。", "我们因此强调，联合国，包括各专门机构、方案及基金，要继续支持青年赋权工作并履行各项国际义务，特别是千年发展目标。在这方面，我们强调，年轻人需要获得信息和通信技术，而联合国和捐助国应竭尽全力缩小北方和南方之间的数字鸿沟。", "我们希望青年将继续为实现各项和平目标而努力——和平会带来正义与安全，并带来一个没有大规模毁灭性武器的世界。这意味着我们必须在地方、区域和国际一级培育青年之间对话和相互了解的文化。我们对载有“青年问题高级别会议：对话和相互了解”成果文件的第65/312号决议表示支持。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请圣马力诺代表发言。", "博迪尼先生(圣马力诺)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表圣马力诺共和国向几天前在挪威遭袭的青年家属表示诚挚的慰问。", "我谨感谢秘书长在处理青年问题方面发挥的领导作用。我还感谢奥地利和贝宁两国常驻代表就“青年问题高级别会议：对话和相互了解”成果文件案文(第65/312号决议)进行的谈判。该文件重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，并概述了实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项国际商定发展目标的途径。", "今天是“国际青年年”的最后一天，但也意味着新一代人令人振奋的新纪元的开始。在地中海和世界许多其它地方，青年表现出他们有决心走上街头向政府提出挑战，并决心为其拥有更加自由、美好的未来的正当愿望而奋斗。", "我们这一代人为后继者制定了妥善的计划了吗？我们理解青年的渴望吗？不幸的是，我们做得不太好。数百万青年得不到令人满意的安全。太多青年因饥饿、疾病和战争正濒临死亡的边缘。数百万青年没有受到适当教育，或根本没有受到教育。太多青年遭到性剥削，或成为工资过低的工人或被应征入伍。很大一部分青年不是失业就是就业不足。多数青年的工作朝不保夕。", "我们不能允许这种梦魇继续下去。我们必须从北方到南方，不仅在发展中国家而且在发达国家都再次激活我们的工作。我们必须协调一致地行动起来，为我们的青年创造繁荣和正义，并趁现在还不太晚的时候恢复他们心中急需的尊严感。", "我们必须找到一个凝聚点，让我们的各种努力形成合力。各国的非政府组织、学校、大学、公司、私营和公共部门都必须侧重于以下优先事项。我们必须保护青年的身心。我们必须为他们提供有效的教育，并为他们提供工作保障。我们必须让他们对我们的社会有归属感。我们必须让他们参与决策进程。", "联合国是我们交流想法的理想场所，在这里，我们可以帮助我们的子孙后代彼此了解，从而建设一个更加美好、和平的世界。", "我们怎样才能增进我们子孙后代的福祉呢？要通过进一步加强有力的家庭纽带和价值观，并通过拓展以贫困者作为我们工作和青年工作核心的社会项目。我们可以维系保护人权的政治体制，我们也可以分享我们的经验而不把自己的思维方式强加于人。我们必须始终激励并赞扬青年努力帮助不那么幸运的同伴。我们必须始终鼓励他们追求对和平、自由和尊严所抱的理想。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请安道尔代表发言。", "Casal de Fonsdeviela先生(安道尔)(以西班牙语发言)：请允许我首先向发生特别是青年遭袭悲剧的挪威人民及政府表示我们最诚挚的慰问和坚定支持。不得不以这种情绪开始关于国际青年年的发言令人深感痛苦，但是本次国际年的目标是对话和相互了解。无论发生了什么事情，这些目标将比以往任何时候都更加保持不变。", "青年是未来，而这个未来始于现在，无论现在怎样，青年总是抱着改进它的意愿。我们都同意，我们生活在一个充满变化的世界上。在这个世界上，很难找到能够帮助指导青年走向未来的价值观和参照点。对于成年人来说如此，对于我们的青年来说更加如此。当然，经济危机也加剧了不稳定感和不确定感。", "青年是这场危机的首要受害者。他们无法进入就业市场就等于他们被剥夺了未来和充分发展的前景。具有讽刺意味的是，正是青年才有力量让我们摆脱这种衰退，因此各国不能忘记促进正义、自由、勇气和团结的教育方案。", "正如秘书长所说的那样，至关重要的是青年要学会彼此仔细倾听、感同身受、承认不同意见的存在并解决冲突。我们不需要告诉青年他们需要什么或如何满足这些需求。我们必须为他们的努力提供便利条件，并为他们提供实现这些目标所需的工具。", "安道尔在青年问题上奉行几项指导原则：青年政策是为青年制定、由他们主导并支持他们的政策；青年具有基于若干概念的一致特征；不存在与其他公民相隔离的所谓青年人的世界；最后，我们认为青年既是安道尔的公民也是世界公民。", "(以法语发言)", "为促进这些原则，我们政府于2007年成立了安道尔全国青年论坛。这个由青年组成并为青年服务的独立机构旨在引导志愿参与我国的政治、社会、经济和文化生活。2009年底，部际青年委员会开始工作，从而加强了这一举措。该委员会由来自青年部、高等教育和研究部、文化部、住房部、卫生部、劳动部、内务部、社会福利部以及统计部等各部委的代表组成。我们倡导青年奉行的价值观——共识、尊重与对话——正是我国青年法的基本原则。该法是由各区域机构和社会利益攸关方协商一致草拟的。", "我们还认识到，只为青年提供他们实现全面发展的手段是不够的。我们必须超越我们的国界，为该领域的国际方案做出贡献。安道尔特别是通过为联合国青年基金支助总计9万多欧元表现出它对青年问题的承诺。", "我们每个人都必须继续肯定青年的贡献，并探索他们能够为建设一个更加公平、安全的世界做出什么贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地以伊朗伊斯兰共和国青年和体育部代理部长阿巴西先生阁下的名义做此发言。他参加本次会议的签证申请不幸遭到东道国的拒绝。", "首先，我愿向发生悲惨恐怖事件造成许多青年丧生的挪威人民及政府表示我国代表团的慰问。", "评估一国在当今世界上进步与发展的诸多标准之一就是该国青年的地位。事实上，年轻一代是任何一个社会实现进步和保持活力的主要潜力。对这种潜力的消极或欠佳利用可能会给该社会的进步造成腐蚀性后果。因此，一个社会为青年提供适当的教育、福利、娱乐、培训和职业设施是合情合理的。", "社会学家们主张，年轻社会通常面临他们所谓的一种“渴望革命”。这给正常的政治和经济发展进程带来了复杂与难度，要求政策制定者和实施者予以特别关注，以防止青年疏远社会。", "同时，国际社会对处理青年的真切渴望给予有效和支持性合作在此刻至关重要，因为当前对艺术、技术和现代传媒的操纵以及日益增加的歧视与不平等正是它存在的一些重大缺陷。", "伊朗社会有将近60%的人口是青年，社会学家将它描述为世界上最年轻的社会之一。为此，满足青年的需求并处理他们的渴望一直是并将继续是伊朗伊斯兰共和国优先事项中的重中之重。基于这种理解，1992年通过了青年高级理事会规约，其目标是协调并监督各青年机构和组织的作用与运作，并为新兴的社会中心铺平道路，这些中心旨在刺激青年在文化、科学和体育领域的创造力与潜力，并为他们提供就业机会和婚姻设施等。", "全国青年组织是负责落实该领域各项政策的另一个主要积极机关。在实践中采取了一系列举措，帮助青年充分发挥潜力。", "我极为高兴地通知大会，为将处理青年需求与渴望的崇高目标制度化，过去数月伊朗伊斯兰共和国在内阁一级成立了青年和体育部。我们期待这项发展将发挥重要影响，使国家青年计划比以往更加全面有效。", "同时，为体现区域及国际机构对该问题的日益关注，2010年11月29日和30日在德黑兰召开了经济合作组织首届关于青年问题的部长级会议，该次会议由伊朗伊斯兰共和国全国青年组织与经济合作组织文化研究院合作主办并组织。", "我国最近的业绩证明，只要给青年一代机会和机遇，无论存在什么障碍，他们都能够在诸如生物技术、医学、核科学以及航空等不同领域取得飞跃进步。我们取得的进展表明只要青年一代希望决定其自身未来，他们就会在社会中发挥实力，而对青年钢铁般坚强的决心实行制裁等挑战将是无效的。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：下面我请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔松先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言)：我们在此汇聚一堂讨论青年议题，也正是在讨论人类和地球的未来。但是，青年不仅是未来；他们也是现在。这就是为什么我们必须行动起来应对影响世界各地青年的严重问题而不再拖延。", "当前，世界各地有12亿多青年，这比人类历史上任何时候都要多，其中有85%生活在发展中国家。到2025年，青年的人数将比今天增加约7 200万。", "青年无疑是处理当前严峻挑战的一股强劲力量。然而，只有拥有健康、教育与就业，青年才有可能成为驱动力。青年需要一个和平的世界才能充分发挥其潜能。青年有权受到保护，并充分涉足各种公民参与和决策机制。他们有权生活在一个没有战争和暴力的世界。他们想拥有也理应拥有一个更加美好的未来。", "在去年12月在南非召开的世界青年和学生节这一重要活动上，表达了所有这些关切，来自136个国家的15 000多名青年参加了该活动。", "古巴青年面临的处境与世界上许多地方青年的处境十分不同。古巴青年占我国人口的20%，他们得到广泛保护，积极参与我们社会和我国的各项事务。古巴总预算的50%以上用于医疗保健、教育、援助、社会福利以及文化。", "古巴质量闻名的完全免费的医疗保健系统以及我们同样是免费的普及教育体系是古巴革命人本主义愿景的重要支柱。古巴为有特殊教育需求的儿童和青年提供了所需的全部教育。15岁到49岁人口中的识字率为99.6%。古巴具有一个稳健的法律和机构框架，保护儿童和青年免受暴力、虐待、不公待遇与歧视。", "虽然我们取得了这些成功，但是我们并不自称完美无缺。还有很多工作有待完成。", "这些成就是在存在巨大障碍的情况下取得的。美国政府对古巴实行的长达半个多世纪的罪恶的经济、商业和金融封锁、恐怖主义侵略与行径以及历届美国政府长期实行的反古巴的敌对政策使得古巴青年不可能在一个更加有利的社会环境中发展成长。", "在这些困难情况下，古巴不仅取得了重要成就；我们还毫不吝啬地分享我们拥有的一切。自1961年以来，已有来自135个国家的55 000多名学生在古巴完成学业。目前，来自拉丁美洲、加勒比和非洲的约26 000名青年正在古巴免费上学。在这些人当中，有22 000人正在医学领域学习。目前，约有57 000名古巴合作人员在超过98个国家提供服务。", "最后，我要强调，青年从定义上说就是革命性的。正因为如此，我们感到乐观并完全相信青年将找到新的变革方式，推动人类建立一个更美好的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哥伦比亚代表发言。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：哥伦比亚对挪威人民和政府致以最深切的慰问，并且谴责令挪威几十名青年刚刚遭受的凶残袭击。", "我国感谢联合国组织本次青年问题高级别会议，并且在协调指导和促进影响世界青年的重要问题，例如通过对话、相互理解和积极参与来加强国际青年合作，从而实现社会融合、就业和消除贫困方面所做的宝贵工作。我们还认为，会员国、民间社会组织、国际合作联盟以及联合国系统都为促进青年人的发展和对社会的积极参与作出了努力。一个例子是《世界青年行动纲领》和有关青年问题的各次国际会议。", "哥伦比亚目前有略高于50%的人口在25岁以下，我们对于本次重要会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)感到满意。我们认为，决议将成为全世界青年加强政策、方案、行动和成果的后盾。此外，关于加强这一理念，哥伦比亚已经呼吁采取更加切实有效的行动，以便促进青年人的权利，并且使青年作为一个重要的社会轴心，在制订综合性的涵盖几代人的政策方面加强参与。这一点在建立一个联合国青年机构方面将非常重要。", "这一机构将有助于确保协调和执行青年合作活动，而不是取代政府在这个问题上的责任和权威。相反，设立联合国青年机构将意味着在各国这个层面上增强对从体制上加强各国青年体系的承诺和支持。这将导致在地方更及时地致力于这个问题。", "此外，哥伦比亚认为，以这个机构为中心，促进联合国系统在青年问题方面的协调和整合将促进青年切实参与决策机构。我们应当赞扬《世界青年行动纲领》所开展的重要工作。这是我们持续支持的重要基础。", "制订公共青年政策的原因必须是力求确保对人的发展进行规划，以期进行重要的代与代之间的接触交流，这将对青少年的投资达到最大限度，并且利用青年这一人口财富。", "哥伦比亚要强调为补充已经批准的国际协定，如圣萨尔瓦多领导人会议协定而做的工作，这些工作创造了各种办法，要求政府和私营部门增强把儿童、青少年和青年的发展和他们对短、中和长期公共政策决策和活动的参与体制化。", "在这方面，哥伦比亚已经开展活动，例如为切实普遍享有青年权利和在青年被剥夺这些权利时恢复这些权利创造条件。我们创造了条件，以便从长期减少和消除制约青年公平享有各种权利的因素，也为青年参与设计和提供他们希望和需要得到的服务创造了条件。我们还为青年人创造和扩大了机会，以便通过提供根据他们不同的社会、经济、政治、家庭、文化和地理需求设计的服务来提高他们的潜力和发展他们的能力，以便他们认识到他们的权利和义务，并且以明智的方式参与国家的决策。", "最后，哥伦比亚呼吁伊比利亚-美洲国家核准它们在2010年圣多明各国家元首和政府首脑会议上作出的承诺。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请马达加斯加代表发言。", "安德里亚纳里韦卢-拉扎菲先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言)：首先，马达加斯加政府要在挪威发生无辜人民惨遭屠杀的悲剧之后，对挪威政府和人民表示诚挚慰问。屠杀行为违背我们促进对话与相互理解的宗旨。", "青年是我们发展的中流砥柱。在这方面，请允许我祝贺主席提出这一极好的倡议，这将确实为使青年成为地方、国家、区域和国际各级所有对话、决策和努力的核心而采取的行动注入新的生命力。", "马达加斯加完全赞同77国集团加中国在第112次会议上所作的发言。", "随着“国际青年年”行将结束，现在比以往任何时候都更为紧迫的是增强对积极和富有活力的青年的承诺，使他们成为促进代与代之间、不同文化之间和人民之间对话和相互理解的伙伴和充分参与者，并且促进切实兑现这些承诺。", "有效和切实的全球发展需要青年人蓬勃发展。遗憾的是，现实情况完全不同。每天，青年人特别是南方的青年都面临巨大挑战：失业问题、获得教育和保健的途径有限甚至根本得不到教育和保健、各种冲突导致的社会经济不稳定以及毒品、卖淫、性暴力、现代奴役行为等问题。", "我们有责任为应对这些挑战找到可持续的解决办法。这正是我们齐聚在这里的原因。政府和民间社会行为者，特别是青年必须一起努力，以便找到向前迈进的办法。为本次会议和国际青年年选择的主题——对话和相互理解——完全符合在理解和尊重我们的多样性方面共同努力这一绝对需要。", "马达加斯加人口接近2 200万，其中有600万人，即31%的人年龄在10岁至24岁之间。马达加斯加政府在其合作伙伴和友好国家的支持下，不遗余力地把青年作为其优先事项的核心。为此目的，它通过一个清楚和明确规定的司法、立法和技术框架，并通过其国家青年政策，努力创造有利于使马达加斯加青年充分发展的条件。", "例如，马达加斯加建立了一个讲授各种课程的国家青年研究所，并且青年和娱乐部启动了一项关于青少年生殖健康的社区宣传方案。马达加斯加政府开设了一个青年投资基金，并执行几项方案，以期促进青年的发展并加强他们在国家的国民生活中的领导作用。我国的全国青年理事会，还在地方、地区和国家各级加强青年组织和机构。我们全岛各地都设有青年中心，并且政府近年来努力改善这些中心，它们是青年的知识和社会发展的重要工具。", "除此之外，马达加斯加未能幸免人口走私的祸害，多数受害者是青年，为此我国设立了国家方案以打击针对青年的人口奴役和人口走私。为了防治对青年造成特别影响的性传染病，我们为提高认识和提供支助作出各种努力，例如在马达加斯加所有22个地区为青年提供匿名、保密和免费的热线电话服务。", "我国大多数人口住在农村，政府刚刚发起了一个农村青年发展项目，以支持和鼓励青年发展农业企业。自2007年以来，马达加斯加20个地区的青年讨论俱乐部开始活动，其成员是13岁至24岁的青年，使他们能够就保护环境、教育以及和平等重要问题发表意见和交流思想，并且在每周的无线电节目中进行广播。", "马达加斯加政府欢迎本次高级别会议通过的第65/312号决议，呼吁国际社会确保其各项承诺的后续行动，特别是关于《世界青年行动纲领》的行动。我们也要求会员国执行国家政策和方案，增加对青年的支助。", "世界青年的人数继续增加，他们的需求至为巨大。资源必须真正地动员起来。对青年提供的各级财政和技术支助必须维持和增加，特别是在发展中国家，包括马达加斯加，以保证青年得到真正发展和成长，并让他们真正有可能在可持续和平等的发展中发挥领导作用。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "拉扎·塔拉先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：我借此机会代表巴基斯坦人民和政府就上周五的恐怖事件向挪威人民表示我们衷心的慰问和最深切的同情。这种可耻行径，只会坚定我们同恐怖主义的所有形式和表现作斗争的决心。", "巴基斯坦赞同阿根廷以77国集团加中国的名义在第112次会议所作的发言。", "鉴于人类面临的无数问题，今天的会议具有特别的重要意义。饥饿、疾病、气候变化、恐怖主义、未兑现的裁军承诺以及多种全球危机，合在一起构成了一幅令人沮丧的景象。只有通过对话和相互了解，我们才能和谐地作出努力，以实现我们的共同目标。因此，本次会议的主题非常恰当。巴基斯坦充分支持对青年进行和平、正义、宽容和团结等理想的教育，以便为和平的世界奠定基础并实现进步与发展的目标。", "巴基斯坦人口超过1.73亿，是世界第6个人口最多的国家。据估计，1.04亿巴基斯坦人不到30岁。这一青年人口的膨胀带来了挑战和机会。我国青年是我们最大的资源。为了释放他们的真正潜力，巴基斯坦政府采取几项步骤和措施，使我们的青年能够在巴基斯坦的社会经济发展中发挥作用。", "2008年制定的《国家青年政策》，旨在通过把联邦和邦一级的各种青年方案综合起来，加强青年权利和向他们提供经济机会。它特别强调满足女青年和残疾青年的需求。我国的国家职业和技术教育委员会也值得一提，它在私人部门和民间社会组织的赞助下，通过调动资金和技术培训，增强较年轻工人的能力。此外，《国家实习方案》提供带薪实习，让新毕业生能够在各个公共部门单位工作，帮助增加他们的就业能力。", "世界许多地区最近的事件表明，青年是政治和社会变革的催化剂。必须听取和尊重青年男女的声音。必须满足他们的期望和愿望，让他们参加决策进程，允许他们决定自己的未来和我们世界的未来。尽管确保青年发展的首要责任在于各国本身并有赖于它们制定全面的政策和战略，但是国际合作仍然是发掘青年潜力的有用工具，特别是确保全球资源的公平分配和促进非歧视性的政策。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哥斯达黎加代表发言。", "乌利瓦里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言)：哥斯达黎加欢迎本次高级别会议的召开，它是国际青年年的外交和政治高峰。", "青年是一个不可回避的现实，他们充满精力和希望，因此必须在国家和多边的所有政策和行动中得到考虑。", "哥斯达黎加认为，每个国家都有责任在全面提倡人权的范围内承认、促进和捍卫青年的基本权利。尊重他们的权利和开放他们创造的机会是消除贫困、非正义、不容忍和不平等的关键，并且是创造机会、让青年实现抱负的必要条件。", "这些信念构成了我国开创性青年法律的基础，它们确立了国家青年体制。这一体制把国家机构和民间社会的有序参与结合在一起。我们的青年公共政策由国家提出，但由一个包括青年代表的机构对其各个方面进行讨论和核准。", "过去几年来，为了满足我们的青年的需求并对他们的提议作出回应，在建设有包容性、民主和自由社会愿景的基础上，哥斯达黎加把侧重点放在促进创业、创造就业、保障娱乐休闲权利和全面保健等领域上。我们还坚定致力于教育，这是我们的民族特性和国家政策的根本组成部分。", "谈到青年问题，与许多其它问题一样，国家责任最为重要，但同样至关重要的是让国际社会参与进来，以便执行本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)和《世界青年行动纲领》。我们认为，在《世界青年行动纲领》以及成果文件提出的各项目标基础上制定一套指标极其重要。特别重要的是要落实成果文件中有关促进性别平等与公平的承诺，并且承认妇女和青年人特别脆弱。成果文件非常正确地谴责了在武装冲突中招募和使用青年的行为。哥斯达黎加认为，招募青年人运输毒品和参与有组织犯罪活动的行为同样应当受到谴责。", "本次国际青年年的主题——“青年：对话和相互理解”——要求我们审视教育问题，并且尊重我们的青年的权利和义务。在很大程度上，全面教育提倡在寻求相互理解基础上通过对话解决分歧等价值观。", "因此，我们特别欢迎人权理事会于今年3月23日通过的《人权教育和训练宣言》(人权理事会第16/1号决议)。宣言的案文是由哥斯达黎加、意大利、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞内加尔、斯洛文尼亚、瑞士以及“人权教育和培训平台”成员国提交的，其主要目标是建立一种普遍的人权文化，使每个人都认识到自己的权利和对他人的责任，并且促进个人的发展，成为一个包容、自由、宽容、和平和多元化社会的负责任成员。我们欣见，这一前提被纳入本次高级别会议的成果文件中。", "我国重申，重要的是，大会应当根据人权理事会这项宣言，落实第60/251号决议，通过人权理事会提出的这项宣言。", "最能证明不宽容和不尊重生命和尊严的罪恶行径莫过于恐怖主义，尤其是如果其所针对的主要是青年人。因此，哥斯达黎加谴责周五在挪威发生的恐怖袭击。袭击的主要目标是青年，他们出于对社会的承诺，当时正在于特岛参加一个由工党主办的夏令营。我们要向这些青年的家人、挪威政府和人民表示我们的声援。我们知道，应对这场悲剧的办法将是更坚定地致力于宽容和自由。", "最后，我要敦促各国落实本次会议成果文件中商定的前提。这将是为所有青年提供机会，以便实现他们的潜力，并且利用他们的精力和热情来为人类面临的艰巨任务服务的最佳方式。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请葡萄牙代表发言。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：请允许我祝贺戴斯主席组织本次高级别会议，它标志着国际青年年的结束。我们也要感谢两位共同协调人——奥地利的托马斯·迈尔-哈廷大使和贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏大使——在达成一项协商一致成果文件(第65/312号决议)方面所做的辛勤工作。", "我们高兴地注意到，本次高级别会议坚定重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其15个相互关联的优先领域。葡萄牙重申，我们致力于促进和执行《世界青年行动纲领》以及实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标。我们强调必须加强国际合作，以便支持执行《世界青年行动纲领》的国家努力，并且呼吁所有会员国继续执行《世界青年行动纲领》，把它作为一套能对国家、区域和国际各级涉及青年政策和方案提供指导的统一原则。", "葡萄牙致力于制订和执行与青年有关的政策和方案，这一点毋庸置疑。我要回顾，大会正是在1998年里斯本首届世界青年事务部长大会建议的基础上，宣布8月12日为国际青年日。我们的目标是加强涉及青年的政策和方案，同时确保青年作为主要行为者和积极的力量，从各个领域参与国家、区域和国际青年政策的所有决策步骤。", "去年，我们设立了由政府和青年组织两方面代表组成的国际青年年国家委员会，制订了在全国开展活动的非常全面的时间表，涉及创业和创新、权利和平等、文化和多样性以及青年赋权和民主等问题。在这一框架内，我要强调今年2月在葡萄牙举行的第二届全国移民和非洲侨民青年后裔论坛，我们认为，论坛帮助推动了许多涉及青年的问题。", "在大会下一届会议期间，葡萄牙将再次在第三委员会，与摩尔多瓦和塞内加尔一起提交一项有关青年政策和方案的双年度决议草案。我们在今年2月举行的社会发展委员会最近一次会议期间，也提交和促成了有关这个问题的决议。", "请允许我再次强调，青年作为促进全球社会中对话、积极变革和发展的积极力量非常重要，他们在促进宽容和相互理解方面发挥着作用。不过，青年人充分发挥其作用的一个主要障碍仍然是暴力，他们是暴力的主要目标，而且，在许多不同场合和以不同的形式，他们面临特别严重的暴力危险。以多种形式出现的暴力和剥削儿童和青年行为，是国际社会所面临的最严重挑战之一。因此必须终结这些行为。", "葡萄牙表示，我们大力支持普遍批准《儿童权利公约》的两项任择议定书，即《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》的活动。我们鼓励尚未签署或者批准这些任择议定书的所有国家在今年9月大会的高级别活动期间签署或批准它们。我们希望，本次国际青年年也将有助于实现这个目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿向挪威政府及人民表示我国的声援。上周，在恐怖袭击发生的当天，我国总统就对发生悲剧表示了他及哈萨克斯坦全体人民的慰问。我本人也深感悲痛；有什么罪行会比侵害青年和儿童的暴行更严重呢？因此，本次会议的召开非常及时。", "哈萨克斯坦赞扬在有效执行《到2000年及其后世界青年行动纲领》方面取得的进展。该行动纲领是一个重要的路线图。然而，还有更多工作有待完成，以确保更加密切地监测和评估与青年相关问题如何被纳入国家政策，进而确保我们未来的领袖进入各会员国政治、社会、经济和文化生活及其发展议程的主流。我们还必须确保更多地将与青年相关问题纳入实现千年发展目标的工作，以便青年能够被纳入现有秩序，并成为社会变革的推动力。", "我国代表团呼吁加强联合国全系统的协调一致，并精简34个机构在青年问题上所做的工作，这些机构都侧重于最不发达国家和冲突地区，特别是妇女和女童。因此，我们呼吁各会员国在资金和资源方面提供更多支助，以实现技术指导和能力建设，从而落实《世界青年行动纲领》。", "鉴于上周发生的悲剧，必须尽一切努力监督社会媒体，疏导青年的能量，并为那些促进和谐的青年活动提供资金。", "在国际青年年期间，哈萨克斯坦实行了多层面、多部门和注重结果的全国青年政策。我们对加强青年的社会保障、减少青年失业和增加其教育机会给予了特别关注。我国总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫指出，青年的社会化、树立进步向上的态度以及向青年一代传输现代价值观，对于国家发展至关重要。为此，我国实施了2011年至2020年国家教育方案和一项行动计划，其中载有各种前瞻性的措施与服务，包括设立具有创意、现代化的新大学。为青年提供高质量的教育是社会及经济福祉的前提，教育支出被称为我国国家预算资金中的一个优先领域。", "哈萨克斯坦成立了由总统主持的青年政策理事会，以动员青年参与国家决策及发展。此外，还启动了一项青年人才库的国家项目，以促进青年在公务员系统和社会、政治以及经济领域的体面就业。自2005年以来，称作“绿色祖国”的青年劳动运动一直在我国的生态问题和环境政策上发挥重要作用。", "哈萨克斯坦重申，它坚定地致力于促进对话和相互了解，处理影响青年的各种挑战，推动多边努力，以赋予青年应有的地位，把他们视为我们拥有的最丰富的资源之一。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请以色列代表发言。", "Prosor先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨就上周在奥斯陆和于特岛发生令人发指的袭击事件，向挪威人民及政府表示我国政府的慰问。我们将记住这场悲剧中的受害者——其中多数是青年，并为他们祈祷。", "有一个犹太故事，说的是有一个人种了一棵角豆树——这是一种70年后才结果的树。有人问他是否认为自己能活到吃树上结的豆子的时候，他回答说：“我在做我的祖先所做的事情。他们为我种了一棵角豆树，我现在也为我的孩子们种一棵。”", "一代人对下一代人的承诺是社会稳固和健康的基础。青年的保护和融入以及赋予青年权能是每个国家的根本义务。我们绝不能忽视遭到边缘化的青年。", "过去20年来，以色列形成了一种全面做法，通过立法上的重大进步和提高公众意识，来应对高风险青年的需求。2008年，以色列启动了一项由5个政府部委组成的针对高风险儿童与青年的全国方案。该举措促进了多项旨在通过职业和创业培训将高风险青年重新融入社区的独特项目。这些方案旨在满足以色列多样化人口、其中包括来自世界各地移民的需求。", "以色列大力支持《到2000年及其以后世界青年行动纲领》。该行动纲领当初在1995年获得通过时，是有关青年问题的最全面文件。16年之后，它依然符合现实需要，可为旨在改善青年处境的国家和国际行动提供政策框架。", "在国际一级，以色列国际开发合作署培训了来自世界各地的数十万名教育人士和青年。例如，10年来，国际开发合作署卡梅尔山国际培训中心一直与美洲国家组织合作，培养创业精神，作为美洲青年自助的一种工具。该项目培训了来自拉丁美洲和加勒比岛屿29个国家的2.2万多人。", "去年，在联合国国际青年年的框架内，就青年创业技能和青年商业管理等议题开办了大量以英语和西班牙语讲授的课程。", "以色列大力支持青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)第28(h)段，其中强调需要保护被恐怖主义和教唆影响或利用的青年。以色列非常了解这些挑战。打击恐怖主义要求国际社会保持警惕、下定决心并采取集体行动。我们必须注重促进容忍和彼此谅解的文化，而不是暴力和仇恨文化，制止世界许多地方已司空见惯的对青年的教唆。", "当今世界的许多重大隔阂并非存在于不同文明之间，而是出现在生活在不同年代的人之间。“脸书”、“推特”和一系列其它工具正在带来飞速变化，给人们带来了互动、学习与成长的新机遇。这些成长于数字年代的人将成为我们通向未来的桥梁。", "在以色列，这一点也得到了证明，在那里，我们的青年成为了创新的强劲力量。本来是要去种植橙子(orange)的青年现在却在生产Orange品牌的手机。本来是要去种苹果的人现在正在设计苹果电脑。", "国际社会面前的挑战要求我们开发下一代人的创造力。我们必须赋予所有青年人权能，鼓励他们在全球大家庭中负起责任，抓住机会并且利用我们面前的新技术，以便创造一个更繁荣、更宽容和更和平的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我向上周挪威骇人听闻杀戮事件的68名受害者的家人表示我们的衷心慰问。地球上的所有生命都是珍贵的，我们非常悲伤地注意到，大部分遇害者是参加一个青年夏令营的青年。", "孟加拉国赞赏举行本次青年问题高级别会议并且通过成果文件(第65/312号决议)。青年是一个国家最宝贵的资源。一个国家的发展与繁荣主要依赖其青年的积极活动。", "孟加拉国于1981年成立了青年发展部，目的是通过提供适当的指导、激励和以需求为基础的发展培训，把我国青年纳入国家发展进程的主流。为了让失业青年参与国家发展进程，青年发展部一直在激励青年、技能发展培训、自营职业、小额信贷支持和社区发展方面执行大规模方案，这样，经过培训的青年就能够建立旨在减少贫困的自营职业项目。", "在孟加拉国，到2010年6月为止，已经有约343万青年人在不同领域，特别是在计算机，包括互联网和网络应用；平面设计和视频编辑；畜牧业、家禽养殖、养鱼和农业；缝纫、印染、蜡染和丝网印刷；电子电器和房屋电线铺设；冰箱和空调等方面接受培训。", "自营职业青年的平均收入从每月20美元到670美元不等。成功的自营职业青年一个月的收入超过1 300美元，而我国的年人均收入仅为670美元。此外，许多接受过培训的青年在国内外不同机构找到工作。截至2010年5月，已经通过一项小额信贷方案拨付1.2亿美元，以便建立或者扩大自营职业项目。贷款回收率接近90%。", "现任孟加拉国政府遵照其竞选宣言，启动了一项国家服务方案，以便为已完成中级教育的失业青年提供就业机会。这些人获得为期两年的临时性工作。最初选择了三个贫困区。失业青年接受为期3个月、涉及10个选定单元的基本培训，然后被分配到不同的国家建设部门、自治机构或地方政府机构工作。", "青年志愿者组织和政府组织也在农村发展中发挥重要作用。为促进青年组织积极参与发展进程，青年发展部已经采取措施征召青年组织。现在已有大概14 000个青年组织在该部登记。", "2010年8月12日，我们在孟加拉国隆重纪念了国际青年日。在国家一级，当天首先召开了大会，随后按照国际青年年的选定主题，举行了有关对话和相互理解的研讨会。许多青年领袖参加了最近在达卡举行的第十一届南亚运动会和世界杯板球赛的开幕和闭幕式。", "最后，我要重申，孟加拉国政府致力于把今天的青年转变为明天最具有生产力的社会群体，并且确保政府日益注重满足青年人对教育和培训的需求，鼓励他们道德素质上的成长，并且在有限的可用资源范围内采取措施，为他们创造就业机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请俄罗斯联邦代表发言。", "卡雷夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦代表团很高兴与各国一道，以协商一致方式通过本次以“对话与相互理解”为主题的青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号文件)。我们应当向谈判进程的协调人和所有参与者表示感谢。由于他们采取了建设性和至关重要的办法，我们得以就这份反映所有国家利益的成果文件达成了协议。", "今天的会议是国际青年年的最高潮，它不仅是评价在日益加深对青年人的理解并集中关注青年人的利益方面所取得成果的一个途径，也是加强青年在各领域生活中的活跃参与并为他们自我赋权创造条件的一个途径。会议还是确定今后目标的起点。", "俄罗斯联邦高度重视青年问题。我国有4 000万青年，约占人口的27%。我们不要忘记，尽管青年是社会中最活跃的参与者，但他们受各种类型危机后果的影响也最为严重。青年人处在他们生活道路的起点，常常无力应付这些影响。", "除了流动性大以外，青年人还很容易适应新的环境，学习新的知识。青年人在最近发生的世界事件中发挥的作用清楚证明了这一点。人们也对青年寄予厚望，希望他们成为克服全球金融和经济危机不利影响的主要动力。正因为如此，俄罗斯联邦正在为青年人创造条件，把这作为对一个稳定和蓬勃发展社会的长期投资。", "俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年政策部负责在这方面执行协调一致政策。联邦青年事务局也在该部下开展运作。青年事务局是一个全国性国家机构，其活动以开发俄罗斯青年的潜力为主。", "我国保障青年人权益的政策和方案符合联合国的优先事项，其中包括《世界青年行动纲领》。这些优先事项构成2009年“俄罗斯青年年”期间活动的基础，这些活动力求增强青年的专业和创造性潜力，弘扬有道德和健康的生活方式，并且倡导和平和各国人民之间相互理解的理想。", "自1993年以来，我们每年都在6月27日庆祝俄罗斯青年日，在全国举行会议、音乐会、体育和其它类型的活动。今年6月27日，俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年政策部与各青年团体领导人举行了会议，讨论的重点是国际青年年。", "当前的经济和社会状况要求通过解决安排青年人工作和稳定就业等问题，对与青年福祉有关的问题给予特别关注。在这方面，联邦的目标规划——《2011-2015年俄罗斯青年发展规划》——将是今后五年的主要文件。制定这一文件的用意是为了创造有利条件，让青年成功加入社会和有效加强其权能，促使他们参加国家的社会和政治生活，并利用他们的潜力在我国实现进一步的革新。", "国际年引人注目地表明，青年不仅是国家援助的接受者，而且本身能够对他们的国家和整个国际社会作出贡献。国际年还表明，必须创造一个能够把青年纳入社会生活的所有领域的环境，以便增加他们对国家的社会和经济发展的贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请斯洛文尼亚代表发言。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我表示我国对挪威人民和政府的慰问。在一次愚蠢和难以想象的恐怖主义行动中，有这么多年轻人悲惨丧生。", "斯洛文尼亚赞同以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "我们社会的未来取决于我们青年的未来。具体而言，它取决于我们政策制定者能够做些什么，以便让青年参加社会、确保高质量的教育、保障健康服务和创造就业机会。当前的金融和经济危机对青年造成重大冲击，使许多青年失业和陷入贫困。这反过来影响到社会对他们的包容，而这是社会的可持续性、稳定和繁荣的关键。", "青年必须参与决策进程，包括通过青年组织进行参与。这些组织不仅代表了青年的声音，而且也是提倡宽容、对话和相互了解的重要论坛。因此，必须加强青年和青年组织的作用，支持他们进一步参与制定各级水平上有关所有问题的战略和政策，例如可持续发展、气候变化和人权。", "具体而言，我们应当通过青年直接参加具体的基层项目和方案，加强青年组织或不同区域平台之间的合作。应当把非正规教育作为实现这一目标的核心工具。", "斯洛文尼亚同青年一道，努力发展其长期的传统。我们通过各种方案和项目，鼓励青年的发展和青年融入社会、个人的成长和自主。斯洛文尼亚政府鼓励为青年参加社会和政治进程创造条件，因此，共同资助许多基层青年组织和青年工作组织的活动。", "至今已经成立了许多儿童和青年的参与机构。青年有自己的同侪组织，在国家和地方各级的决策进程中代表他们的观点。例如，学生可以在青年议会活动中公开发言，它是儿童参加社会和政治进程的一个重要示范。", "此外，我国政府建立了两个协商机构，而青年组织和各个部门的代表在平等基础上参加这些机构。他们提出措施和监测国家一级各项公共政策中对青年利益的考虑，它们特别提倡青年参加这些进程。", "最后而且也同样重要的是，志愿工作的重要性在斯洛文尼亚受到高度赞赏。我们强烈认为，志愿工作有助于加强社会资本、促进和平与团结，并且为可持续的社会经济发展开辟了新天地。青年志愿者的作用是加强青年权利的有效工具，因为这使他们能够发展专业资格、学术知识和特殊技能，促进他们未来工作和就业的可能性，并增强他们的社会包容性和凝聚力。", "青年是变革的力量。尽管越来越多的人承认他们的需求，但是他们在世界许多地区继续遭到边缘化和忽视。我们必须通过调动所有政治力量和工具，执行《世界青年行动纲领》，履行我们的义务，为青年创造一个繁荣的未来。我们也必须普遍批准国际文书，例如《儿童权利公约》及其各项《任择议定书》。在这方面，斯洛文尼亚强烈支持为在2012年普遍批准各项《任择议定书》而开展的工作。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请多哥代表发言。", "梅南先生(多哥)(以法语发言)：首先，我谨向大会转达多哥政府特别是多哥共和国总统热情和友好的问候。他是世界最年轻的国家元首之一。", "我也向大会主席和共同协调人贝宁和奥地利大使表示，我国政府非常感谢他们为召开本次会议所发挥的出色作用。本次会议为我们提供了一个可喜的机会，对青年状况进行评估——这个社会群体占世界人口的大多数。", "联合国宣布的“国际青年年”于2010年8月12日开始，旨在鼓励会员国加紧采取行动，改善青年人之间的对话和相互了解，促进他们在各级水平的参与，并且努力消除他们面临的所有障碍。在这方面，多哥采取的重大活动，意在寻找解决失业问题的创新办法，失业增加了青年的脆弱性，并妨害了他们发挥潜力。我们的活动还谋求改善机构框架，以促进青年参与所有国家决策和公共事务进程。", "在机构层次采取的行动包括：在2005年成立专门处理青年和青年就业问题的部委；在2007年通过国家青年政策；以及多哥国家青年理事会在2008年成立和开展业务。最近，为了促进一方面青年人本身之间和另一方面青年同政府当局之间的包容性对话和交流，政府决定创办国家青年论坛。4月18日至20日举行的首次论坛提供了对多哥青年参与新的公民活动的状况进行详尽审议提供了机会。为了使这项举措发挥长期作用，该论坛将每两年举办一次。", "为了推动有关青年的具体问题，特别是有关青年就业和社会包容性的问题，多哥政府增加了扩大在受薪和独立就业部门中的机会和青年就业的方案和项目。我们的重点是通过建立机制，协助青年获得贷款，以促进被认为是工作机会创造者的微型、小型和中型企业。", "此外，两年前我们启动了一个推动青年的公民责任和积极参与影响深远的方案。青年、青年组织和地方社区参加了该方案的执行。", "尽管作出各种区域、国家和国际努力，多哥认为，只有在国际伙伴关系范围内加强相互声援，我们才能实现国际青年年的目标，并进行《国际青年行动方案》的后续行动。因此，多哥代表团呼吁所有国家和利益攸关方听取一位多哥知名政治家的至理名言。他说，为我们青年的未来所作的牺牲，再大也不为过。7月26日大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)为我们继续采取行动，及时解决青年面临的众多挑战，提供了一个机会。", "最后，在挪威和平青年遭遇痛苦的悲剧和损失之后，我重申我们对该国政府和人民的声援和慰问。多哥谴责明目张胆的不法之徒犯下的这种可悲的恐怖行径。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言)：在挪威陷于悲痛之中的悲惨时刻，委内瑞拉再次谴责恐怖主义和所有形式的暴力，并且向罹难者家属及挪威人民和政府表示慰问。", "我国代表团感谢大会主席召开本次会议。委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "2009年10月21日委内瑞拉通过了《青年人民权力法》，其中阐明了青年在社会发展各个领域的权利和义务。此外，2011年7月7日委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国总统乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯宣布，作为巩固青年人民权力的措施之一，成立青年人民权力部。", "委内瑞拉认为，教育是社会变革的基础和解放人民的工具。我国确保在各级水平把青年纳入教育制度。1999年委内瑞拉有20万大学生；目前有250万。超过930万委内瑞拉人——占人口的1/3——享用通信和信息技术，特别是因特网。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国《宪法》第79条承认，青年是发展的积极推手。《青年法》扩大和阐述了这一条款，为鼓励青年的积极参与，成立了国家青年委员会。过去12年里，在玻利瓦尔革命过程中，为了促进青年的参与而制定和发展了各项政策，很大比例的青年在人民权力机构中担任负责职位。我国在6月28日至30日举办了拉丁美洲和加勒比青年和平与主权大会，青年在会上保证为把我们区域建成和平与发展区而奋斗。", "在玻利瓦尔革命的年头里，我们青年在艺术、科学、文化和体育方面取得的成功显而易见和不可否认。委内瑞拉的大学入学率在世界排名第五。西蒙·玻利瓦尔青年管弦乐团的卓越演技享誉世界。在目前正在我国举行的第四届美洲人民玻利瓦尔联盟运动会上，委内瑞拉赢得了最多的奖牌。从最近的美洲杯可以看出，委内瑞拉队已成为我们地区杰出的足球队之一。", "我们呼吁所有国家向新一代人提供必要的工具，以便地球上的所有人民能够过上美满的人道生活，彼此之间以及同大自然和谐相处。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表发言。", "塞弗先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)(以英语发言)：我赞扬大会主席及其主席团的干练领导，并且我向他们保证，我国代表团将继续提供充分的支持与合作。同其他人一样，我要表示坦桑尼亚对挪威人民的同情和慰问，并且同其他人一道，以最强烈的措辞谴责这种卑鄙和令人发指的恐怖主义和不容异己的行为。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义以及纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)的名义所作的发言。坦桑尼亚支持南共体关于成立一个专门的联合国青年机构的建议。", "按人口比例，非洲是世界上人口最年轻的大陆。这是有利于非洲和世界的一个巨大资源。但是，为了让这项资源产生成果，我们应当让青年作好准备，以便成为我们想要他们担任的负责、承担责任和民主的政府领导人和企业掌舵人。我国政府认为，青年不仅是明天的领导人，他们也可以成为今天的领导人，并同他们的长者一道，对建设国家作出重要贡献。", "通过平等权利行动，男女青年都参加坦桑尼亚的决策机构，包括议会。坦桑尼亚还制定了几项有明确目的和可衡量目标的政策、战略和计划，以便向青年开放机会。我们继续作出大量投资，在各级水平上扩大接受教育和获得技能的机会并改进其质量。在国际劳工组织的支持下，我们正在同最有害的奴役童工的形式作斗争。", "我们还注重青年的健康和活力，包括努力预防青少年怀孕、艾滋病毒/艾滋病以及其他传染性和非传染性疾病。我们建立了一个青年发展基金，并且我们鼓励储蓄和信用社以及小额信贷方案，让青年获得优惠投资融资。我们正推动青年在农业和农村非农业性服务业中就业，使他们能够在居住地区过上更好的生活。我们还参与了处理所有这些问题的各种区域方案。我们感谢支持我们国家和区域方案的双边和多边伙伴。我们指靠它们继续并强化支助。", "全球化以及推动全球化的技术将世界各地的青年汇集于全球村，并使他们清醒认识到他们现在的处境和可能达到的状况。全球化提高并助长了对政治、经济、文化和社会的期望。其中一些是许多国家政府无法靠其现有资源和政策空间独自满足或以青年希望的速度来满足的愿望。", "我们青年密切关注的社会媒体是促成积极变化的有益工具。不幸的是，它们也可以产生消极后果。换句话说，全球化让我们的青年充满渴望，但却并不总是为他们提供正确的工具、能力或公平机会来实现他们的梦想。这可能会破坏稳定，其影响将超越我们的国界。让我们都来支持国家和区域各国政府的努力，营造一种将世界青年从身心两方面都团结在一起的公平的全球化。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请马来西亚代表发言。", "萨勒曼夫人(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我与其他发言者一道，向发生夺走80多名青年生命的可怕袭击的挪威人民表示慰问。", "马来西亚代表团愿感谢戴斯主席召开本次会议。看到这么多青年今天聚集在大会堂开会令人十分振奋。我们只有通过讨论和交谈才能真正理解年轻一代的希冀与渴望，以加强国家间的经济、社会和文化关系。", "马来西亚人口中的43%即约1 250万马来西亚人是年龄在15岁到40岁之间的青年。由于青年人数众多，因此马来西亚设立了一个专门监管青年福利的部门。青年与体育部特别被委以让青年人做好准备为我国的增长、发展与繁荣做贡献、并进一步鼓励青年建设一个成功国家的任务。马来西亚政府在各级都设立了一整套加强青年参与并赋予其权能所需的支持体系。", "在政策方面，1985年，马来西亚是最早制定国家青年政策的国家之一。随后于1997年对该倡议予以加强，形成了国家青年发展政策。该政策涵盖了诸如青年赋能、人力资源开发、青年领导力培养和青年创业等领域。此外，旨在努力使马来西亚成为一个进步的高收入国家的马来西亚第十个计划承认，青年参与是国家发展的一个关键组成部分。因此，该计划的目标是培养主动追求学术和职业卓越、眼光远大的青年一代。", "除已实施的各种政策外，政府还通过各种活动继续与年轻一代接触。例如，5月份，联邦政府行政中心所在的布特拉加亚市变成了青年人的海洋，他们来到这里庆祝国家青年日，表彰我国的青年。庆祝活动包括召开了一次青年会议，讨论了为青年作出变革的方向。布特拉加亚还被正式宣布为一个对青年友好的城市。", "此外，2010年8月，马来西亚为肯定联合国工作的重要性，主办了第二届全球模拟联合国活动。来自全球各地的500多名青年代表参加了活动，他们在大会和联合国系统其它多边机构的模拟会议上锻炼了领导和决策技巧。", "马来西亚为它在区域和国际一级恰如其分地认识青年发展问题而深感自豪。尽管如此，马来西亚希望青年问题高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将被转化为具体行动，以推进青年发展议程。马来西亚还致力于加强我们的青年社区，并将其培养成有权能的实体和负责任的公民，不仅确保和平和繁荣成为我国的永久特点，而且为我们全球村的日臻完美做出贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请泰国代表发言。", "Srivali先生(泰国)(以英语发言)：泰国代表团与挪威一样，对于特岛发生的大屠杀都深感愤慨和悲哀。它痛苦地提醒我们要为各地的青年加倍努力，创造一个培养他们、赋予他们权能并给他们提供机会充分发挥其潜能的环境。", "泰国青年面临的挑战与许多其它发展中国家青年的挑战大体相似。区区几十年，我们对经济全球化的支持就彻底改变了家庭结构、财富分配和机会拥有。经济发展带来了更多的物质福利，减少了贫困，但是也导致收入差距更加悬殊，机会鸿沟惊人，以及不可持续的消费和生活方式蔓延。泰国的青年受到这些变化的严重影响。教育和就业机会的不公意味着我们既有能力和技巧高超的青年，但也有大量处于不利地位的人，没有准备好应对全球化下激烈的经济竞争。", "为处理这些复杂挑战，泰国认为至关重要的是要采取协调一致的做法。我们的《宪法》和各项具体法律为保护儿童和青年并促进其发展提供了法律框架。在政治层面，我们设立了由总理主持、青年代表参与的全国青年与儿童发展委员会。2009年，政府启动了一项提供15年免费教育的政策。同时，还正通过更多分权落实政策的办法来处理城乡差距的问题，这意味着当地参与度的提高。", "关于国际青年年，我们还组织了增进我国境内不同信仰和族裔背景青年跨文化了解的各种活动。泰国还自豪地派出两名青年代表参与草拟并在每年大会会议的伊始在第三委员会做关于社会发展议程的国家发言。现在，泰国青年代表已多次参加大会，我们希望越来越多的发展中国家也能够这样做，使发展中国家的青年在大会享有更有力的发言权。", "当然，这些工作只是一个起点。我们可以也必须做更多的工作。我们对通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)寄予很高希望，我们认为它应通过许多缜密、详实和具体的建议，激励我们为青年共同努力。我们必须共同推进该宣言向前迈进，鼓励当今青年的梦想腾飞，让人类迈入它理应享有的更加光明的未来。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请圣文森特和格林纳丁斯代表发言。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言)：圣文森特和格林纳丁斯赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体的名义和阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义分别所作的发言。我们也完全赞同大家在挪威人民最近遭受可怕悲剧之后向他们表示的同情和慰问。言语无法表达国际社会对这一恐怖主义行径的悲痛和愤慨。", "令人遗憾的事实是，青年和治理二者常常是不协调的。主宰传统的权力和政治论坛包括这个大会堂的人常常是那些对他们来说青年只是一个遥远记忆的人们。我们解决问题的办法不透明、官僚而且进展慢得令人失望，这往往与青年特有的激情、决断力和活跃相反。此外，我们的许多政治领导人没有去赢得青年的信任，只是把青年视为借以执掌或者推翻政权的情绪化浪潮。其他人则可笑地寻求披上“变革”的外衣，掩盖他们自己身为老人，而其原则和变革能力早已成为政治野心祭坛上的供品。", "但是，全世界的青年不应遭到不信任、被利用、灌输理念或者边缘化。必须倾听青年的声音，必须张开双臂接纳他们，而且必须使他们成为国家发展和全球治理中积极和发挥领导作用的伙伴。变革和发展的步伐已经大大加快，依靠未来一代人的世界将迥然不同于我们今天所处的这个世界。无论是好还是坏，变革的步伐都将是明天全球村的决定性特征，我们对此没有任何管理或甚至预测的经验。继承这个世界的正是今天的青年，领导人和政策制定者在我们未来征程的每一步中必须信任的也正是今天的青年。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯重申加共体的《加勒比共同体青年未来宣言》的核心思想。这也就是青年不是要去解决的问题，相反，他们是无价的财富和我们次区域发展的合作伙伴。开辟走出全球化不利影响和当前经济危机新航程的是青年人的创造、创新和活力，而不是致使我们走入我们现在所面临危机的正统理念。", "在这方面，回顾美国前总统富兰克林·罗斯福最早提出的一个不言自明的道理是有益的：“我们不是总能为我们的青年构筑未来，但是，我们能够为未来打造我们的青年。”因此，圣文森特和格林纳丁斯已在社会各层面对青年作出巨大投入。我们在过去十年中实现了普及中级教育，普及幼儿教育工作也在顺利进行。国家对高等教育的投入呈几何级数增长，而且，通过葡萄牙和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国政府的合作，我们的每一个学生很快都将拥有自己的笔记本电脑，与我们这个小岛屿发展中国家狭小天地之外的广阔世界进行接触交流。", "青年人在政府和公共服务各级也被委以重任。参议员、部长、外交官和其他高级官员都是这一正蓬勃发展的青年队伍的一部分。圣文森特的青年企业家、运动员和艺术家继续创造就业机会、影响时政讨论，并且为今后的发展创造新的道路。我们对青年的信任和信心坚定不移。", "国际社会必须切实表明对青年的更多信任和信心。青年面临的挑战常常是史无前例的。在我们这个区域，青年人在不确定的经济环境中面临跨国犯罪、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、气候脆弱性和技术大爆炸等问题，同时，不断改变的生产和资本分配模式将给下一代带来难以言述的影响。", "本次高级别会议除了一份中规中矩的成果文件外，还必须展现另外的东西。会议必须是重新想象青年在我们的国家发展和全球治理中的作用的开端，也是通过真诚努力把青年问题纳入主流和欢迎青年成为走向不确定未来征程上的平等伙伴的起点。", "如果做不到这些，那我们就不过是企图把青年作为又一次政治上哗众取宠的华丽背景。但是，就像我们在最近几个月中认识到的那样，把青年及其需求和关切边缘化在政治和社会上都可能付出灾难性代价。让我们汲取青年一直在努力告诉我们的这些经验教训。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请爱尔兰代表发言。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰)(以英语发言)：我很荣幸在本次大会高级别会议上发言。看到这么多青年和他们的代表出席并积极参与本次会议，这特别令人感到鼓舞。", "我要与其他与会者一道，向挪威政府和人民对他们在上周不幸遭到的袭击中遭受的巨大生命损失表示深切慰问。", "爱尔兰赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生代表欧盟成员国所作的发言。", "首先，请允许我就《世界青年行动纲领》简要谈三点意见。第一，爱尔兰重视通过以人权为中心的办法来执行这项纲领。纲领本身确认，成功执行纲领要求青年充分享有所有人权和基本自由，并且要求成员国作出打击侵犯这些权利的一切行为的有力承诺。这种办法和承诺必须贯穿我们所有努力的始终。", "第二，两性平等是必需的，以便充分实现纲领的各项目标。我们在寻求应对青年妇女和女孩面临的一些挑战——贫困、不平等、多种形式的歧视、性暴力和基于性别的暴力综合作用，尤其是在冲突情况中、获得教育和保健，包括性健康生殖健康保健的途径有限——时，必须把重点放在赋予青年妇女和女孩权能方面，使她们成为变革的驱动力。", "第三，我们清楚意识到发展方面的问题。在全世界18亿年龄15至24岁的青年人中，有几乎90%生活在发展中国家。认识并且利用这些青年人的巨大潜力是实现千年发展目标的关键所在。", "请允许我谈一谈大家可能普遍关心的一些最近爱尔兰的动向。新的爱尔兰政府对青年事务表示了更多重视，设立了全职的儿童与青年事务部长这一完全的内阁职务，并相应成立了新的儿童与青年事务部。", "政府已经承诺建立一个青年政策框架，以便为10岁至24岁年龄段的儿童和青年提供支持。框架的总体目标是澄清并加强青年服务和针对这个年龄段青年的相关课后服务方面的一致性、关联性、协调以及提供服务质量。目的是加强青年的发展和参与和对他们的支持；在提供青年服务方面加强协调和一致性，并且确保提供服务的质量高，并且以成果为基础。", "青年参与这个问题特别重要。正如本周早些时候通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)所确认的那样，青年自己参与制订、执行、监督和评估有效政策是实现《世界青年行动纲领》的关键所在。爱尔兰政府坚定致力于促进儿童和青年参与民间社会，在过去十年中设立和加强了旨在实现这一目标的一系列架构，包括地方青年理事会、全国青年议会、学生会、儿童和青年论坛、儿童和青年参与支助队，并且制订了具有包容性的方案，进行了全国性协商。", "在作出促进参与的广泛努力时，我们把重点特别放在赋予被边缘化的青年的权能上。2007年制定的一项包容性方案，旨在为很少有发言权的青年提供参加决策机构的新机会。在几个民间社会组织的参与下，执行了这项包容性方案。这些组织同男女同性恋青年、青年旅行者、接受生活护理的青年、残疾青年及贫困社区青年携手努力。我们在向前迈进时，打算从该包容性方案中吸取经验教训，以确保可能面临边缘化风险的越来越多的年轻人能够参加决策机构和进程。", "爱尔兰是人口最年轻的欧洲国家之一。不管在困难时期还是在年景好的时候，我国青年都是我们最大的资源。我们要向他们、他们所有人提供更多机会，以帮助精心勾勒我国的未来。我们希望，国际青年年将有助于为全世界青年提供这种机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请特里尼达和多巴哥常驻代表发言。", "查尔斯先生(特里尼达和多巴哥)(以英语发言)：特里尼达和多巴哥同前面的发言者一道，就许多代表该国未来之花的青年被卑怯行径夺去生命，向挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "此外，特里尼达和多巴哥谨赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义，以及苏里南代表以加勒比共同体的名义所作的发言。此外，我们要以本国身份作简短发言。", "认识到青年对社区和国家发展的重要性，特里尼达和多巴哥制定了一项国家青年政策。该政策反映了政府同民间社会之间灵活、强有力的社会发展进程，并据此落实各项国家方案和活动。这些方案和活动涉及教育、健康、两性平等、处理包括与毒品相关的犯罪在内的青年犯罪和暴力、青年失业以及青年领导能力的发展。", "国家青年政策提倡青年的赋权和参与，把青年放在制定和执行政策的首位。与此同时，该政策确认，政府有责任建立必要的有利框架，以确保青年能够作出知情的选择，过上有意义、生产性、愉快的生活，并帮助实现国际商定的发展目标，包括千年发展目标。此外，值得注意的是，青年事务现在由新设立的性别、青年和儿童发展部负责。", "为了纪念以“对话和相互了解”为主题的国际青年年，并且按照联合国系统采取的方法，特里尼达和多巴哥提出了若干属于联合国机构间青年发展网络规定的三个主要领域范围的倡议。在这方面，一个重要倡议就是启动《全国青年协商方案》，通过参与同政府部长的协商，该方案向青年提供参加决策进程的机会。", "必须推动政府同青年之间的对话、促进相互了解以及更好地解决青年问题，因为青年是我们各国社会发展和进步的主要伙伴。在这方面，我要引用一句中国谚语：“聞之不若見之，見之不若知之，知之不若行之”。", "因此，根据这一方法，特里尼达和多巴哥政府通过发展青年同其同伴和相关利益攸关者进行对话的能力，来增加青年在社区中的参与程度和伙伴关系。政府还通过国家领导能力培训方案、同伴教育讲习班及社区的社会项目，来协助青年的发展，这些项目指导同青年讨论如何制定和执行旨在满足其需求的方案。在这方面，我们鼓励会员国在各自国家促进同青年的对话，以便他们参与并继续参与作出那些将最终影响到他们未来的决定。", "特里尼达和多巴哥重申并继续执行《世界青年行动纲领》，同时认识到，必须进一步发展和改善目前有关青年的国际框架，以便有效应对他们面临的新挑战。", "现在要从对话转向执行工作和调动资源，以便加强青年权利和进一步发展我们的整个社会。最后，我要同我的圣文森特和格林纳丁斯同事一道引用富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的话，他说，“我们不能总是为我们的青年构建未来，但我们可以为未来造就我们的青年”。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请格林纳达代表发言。", "威廉斯女士(格林纳达)(以英语发言)：格林纳达赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体名义所作的发言，以及阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国名义所作的发言。", "主席先生，格林纳达代表团以格林纳达政府和人民、特别是青年的名义，就年轻人和年长者遭到无端杀戮，通过你向挪威政府和人民表示深切和衷心的慰问。针对政府大楼和青年发动的攻击，就是对谅解的真谛的打击，我们对生命损失感到悲痛。", "同样，格林纳达对全世界遭遇战争、饥荒和轰炸的所有青年和家庭表示声援。我们尤其对每天在非洲之角饥荒中饿死的数百人表示哀悼。我们支持联合国呼吁为这些社区提供全球紧急救济和进行更长期的可持续发展。", "格林纳达欢迎本次青年问题高级别会议，并且向世界所有青年表示祝贺。这次会议是国际社会重新检查并加紧努力满足青年的众多需求的一次机会。在这方面，我们欢迎成果文件(第65/312号决议)，并期望它得到充分和有效的执行，并且让全体青年参加其执行工作。", "同多数国家一样，格林纳达的青年满怀巨大的希望。但是，这一希望受到社会和经济力量的抑制，导致高失业率和其他挑战。然而，我们继续看到，在国家青年政策的基础上，一个强大和积极的国家青年阶层正在出现。", "我国从中学毕业的青年、特别是女青年的人数创下记录，他们以同样创记录的数字继续在学院和大学中获得成功。从小学到中学，我们的年轻运动员正在打破运动记录，一些运动员，包括男子400米和女子花样滑冰选手，正着眼于奥运会竞赛。牙买加，当心！当心基拉尼·詹姆斯！", "另外有许多格林纳达青年上职业学校和文化部门工作，并正在成为成功的企业家。年轻领导人、青年议员和青年大使的人数正在增加，随着他们的成功，他们传播了一种健康和令人振奋的活力。政府开支的重点是青年培训和创造就业机会、恢复及赋权。", "太多青年由于贫困和缺乏机会而无法发掘其潜力。在联合国准备在2012年联合国可持续发展大会进程中做出可持续发展承诺时，格林纳达重申其关于我国青年的愿景，青年将在国家可持续发展中发挥更强有力的作用。这就是为什么我们呼吁联合国和包括企业在内的其它方面与我们建立伙伴关系，支持我们将青年纳入民主进程、创造就业机会、赋予经济权力以及制定必要框架以加强基层青年组织。", "最后，格林纳达认识到，青年对于国家发展十分宝贵，但他们远不止是国家发展资源。恰恰相反，青年与其他群体一样，对于其自身乃至人类都具有内在价值。我们有责任做得更多，尊重他们并赋予他们权力，以使他们能够为自己并为世界做出正确的抉择。", "格林纳达向所有青年代表致以最良好的祝愿，并祝他们安全返回其亲人身边。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请保加利亚常驻代表发言。", "莱切夫先生(保加利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我与先前的各位发言者一道，代表我国就周五发生了可怕和悲惨的袭击事件，夺走如此多青年的生命，向挪威人民和政府表示最深切的慰问。", "我很荣幸在本次高级别会议上就一个今天尤其具有现实意义的话题发言：如何改善世界青年的状况，并帮助青年满足他们对参与决定其生活与未来的各种进程的渴望？我们重视这些问题，因为我们意识到青年是全球发展中重大变革的自然驱动力。最近中东和北非的事态发展再次显示了青年作为社会变革、进步与发展推动者所发挥的关键作用。这些事态发展还再次肯定了新技术与社交媒体在提高青年呼声和加强其参与公众舆论的形成和政治决策进程方面发挥的关键作用。", "我们感到满意的是，会议早些时候通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)再次确认《世界青年行动纲领》是就青年问题采取统筹行动的一个重要政治文书。至关重要的是，我们要把工作重心放在该纲领在各级得到彻底和妥善执行上，其中包括加强与青年和青年主导的组织就影响青年的决策进程开展对话和建立伙伴关系的国家能力和民主机制。各国政府、青年组织和其它利益攸关方在国家、区域和全球各层面携手合作，是实现社会融合、就业和减贫战略与政策中的关键要素。", "保加利亚完全支持欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员在辩论会早些时候所做的发言，他概述了欧洲的各项青年方案与活动。我愿简要地着重谈一下我国在欧盟合作行动框架内处理青年问题的经验和工作。", "保加利亚政府于2009年通过的《2010-2011年全国青年战略》主要侧重于就业和可持续发展问题，包括增加青年的经济活动和职业机会。该战略的目标群体是年龄在15岁到29岁之间的青年。执行该战略的具体行动旨在提高高中和大学教育的质量、倡导终生学习、提供更多的实习机会以及加强教育界和商界之间的关系。我们设想将支助那些为青年提供特别是在小城镇和郊区就业机会的公司。我们还鼓励并支持学生参与科学项目和高科技创新。", "保加利亚青年积极参与了欧盟“青年在行动”方案下的各个项目，该方案关系到《欧洲2020年战略》的执行。这些项目促进青年了解和认识民主公民权与法治，有助于使青年对人权标准和价值观持开放态度，特别是有助于处理某些消极的社会看法、歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍。", "根据《全国青年战略》，志愿行为作为提高青年在不同职业和科学领域潜能与技术的一种渠道而受到鼓励。在欧洲志愿年期间，6月30日至7月4日在瓦尔纳召开的第四届全国青年会议讨论了在民间社会的积极参与下，志愿行为对于青年和接受机构与公司来说都有益处。", "最后但并非最不重要的是，请允许我强调我们参与了国际合作，也参与了联合国与青年有关的各项倡议。在这个具体方面，联合国的作用仍不可或缺。保加利亚外交部与联合国保加利亚协会密切合作，以确保协调与促进青年参与联合国相关的各项活动。我国外交部和联合国协会今年年初签署的联合行动计划规定，要制定举措，促进青年更加积极地参与联合国在千年发展目标、和平、人权以及可持续发展等领域举办的活动。", "安排甄选青年代表参加青年代表方案，就是这种伙伴关系的一部分。目前已是连续第六年开展全国甄选工作，其目标在于确保为最积极主动和知识最丰富的学生提供代表保加利亚青年的机会，并与来自世界各地的外交官和其他青年代表一道工作。我们感到自豪的是，数十年来，保加利亚证明了它对青年问题的承诺，也证明了它是提供平台使保加利亚青年能够在联合国框架内发表观点的具有最长期经验的国家之一。", "最后，请允许我表示，我们相信本次重要会议将取得圆满成功。我们决心为确保世界各地青年拥有更美好的未来做出积极贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请多民族玻利维亚国代表发言。", "埃斯波西托·格瓦拉夫人(多民族玻利维亚国)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我们愿向最近遭受以青年为主要受害者悲剧的挪威兄弟致以我们最亲切的慰问。", "多民族玻利维亚国赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国名义所做的发言。", "青年是所有社会变革的推动力。正是他们满怀朝气和反叛精神指明了我们前进的道路。尽管如此，他们中的许多人仍对未来充满恐惧，因为他们做了社会期望他们做的每一件事，但却找不到工作。他们基于这个没有安全感的立场，向我们解释了现在需要的是进行深刻变革。我们不能继续走老路了。变革的力量正在全世界风起云涌，而青年正是其推动力。", "在玻利维亚，青年也做出了重要贡献。过去10年，来自社会各阶层的青年占据了广场和街道，保护我国自然资源，并捍卫领取工资权和享有生命、饮水、燃气、医疗保健、就业以及最重要的是未来的权利。他们与布雷顿森林机构和多国公司的掠夺与贪欲做斗争。", "经济和金融危机、能源和粮食危机、饮水危机、气候变化、战争和侵略都给青年以沉重打击。这些是我们需解决的结构性问题，这样我们这一代人和子孙后代才能生活在和平与安全之中。气候变化、就业机会匮乏以及战争迫使青年移徙到其它地区和国家。在这项求索中，他们面临种族主义、歧视和暴力。作为移民，他们忍受着不合法地位、虐待和种族仇恨的严苛。他们在接受大学教育方面也面临类似障碍。这是青年今天面临的挑战中的一些挑战。", "多民族玻利维亚国政府为我国的青年制定了各种政策。玻利维亚是拉丁美洲第三个实现扫盲的国家，它在我们姊妹国家古巴和委内瑞拉的支助下，正在制定扫盲后方案。我们利用天然气收入带来的财政资源开办了三所土著大学，促使土著青年能够接受高等教育。我们还喊出了“高海拔运动”的口号，支持各种各样的运动。", "“我的第一份体面工作”是另一项侧重于青年的方案，其目标是将更多年轻和低收入的毕业生纳入劳动力大军。我们还实施了信贷和小额信贷方案，以帮助青年从事住房方面的生产性项目和进入劳动力市场。今天，妇女也能通过土地分配和再分配方案而拥有土地。我们还设立特别方案提供开放式住房的可能性，旨在为没有保障、处于社会弱势的青年工人提供全面关照。玻利维亚志愿法案监测着青年志愿者的各项权益与责任。", "青年既是现在，也是未来，因而他们是变革的拥护者。我们希望本次关于青年、对话和相互了解的高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将促进青年参与对未来的决策，特别是参与开发与自然保持和谐的其它发展手段，将其作为全球化以外的另一种选择，因为特别是在最贫困的国家，全球化将青年排斥在外。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请列支敦士登代表发言。", "格雷格女士(列支敦士登)(以英语发言)：我为能够作为列支敦士登的青年代表在大会发言深感荣幸。", "我向那些受到可怕生命损失影响的挪威人表示我国的深切同情。让本次会议促成各国再次作出承诺，相互声援，努力不懈地打击这种赤裸裸的仇恨。", "我幸运地在世界上一个自由和繁荣的地方长大。但是，在我孩提年代就看到战争、饥荒和环境灾害的画面，这让我意识到，世界上大多数儿童和青年没有这么幸运。多年来，这些画面帮助我培养了责任感和对彼此关联的理解，这导致先是在我自己家里和在学校做出改变，现在又伴随我日复一日努力追求我的理想。我相信青年生来就富于正义感，只要接受适当教育，我们就会产生伸张正义的愿望。我们的责任感和行动的力量是世界上未加利用的最丰富资产。", "参与并非只是一种选择，而是青年表达的一种需求。在挪威，大屠杀的青年幸存者承诺将继续参与，以表明对言论施暴是无效的。阿拉伯青年也提醒世界，和平抗议具有不可思议的强大力量。那些继续拒绝青年享有不可剥夺的人权、拒绝给青年提供机会追求其梦想和雄心壮志的领导者应该清醒地认识到这一点。我们不仅日益具有全球意识，而且我们敏捷灵活、足智多谋、充满勇气和富于紧迫感，会利用各种全民动员的工具来传播我们的声音。为此，自由和开放的因特网至关重要。", "突尼斯的青年仅用6个月的时间就实现了令人惊叹不已的变化，这激励并指导了他们在许多其它国家的同伴。妇女和青年担任领导职务的多寡和参与决策进程的程度将是检验真正变革的试金石。", "我们还必须将阿拉伯地区革命的经验教训应用于其它存在不公正的情况。为什么不就其它紧迫问题组织大规模示威或将我们应对气候变化的斗争变成一个全球性的新闻事件呢？了解我们享有的人权赋予了我们行动所需的明晰见解和重点。这就是为什么人权教育和研究如此重要。人权教育使我们得以通过与他人进行本地、区域和全球性对话，来审视我们自己和我们社区享有的权利，从而形成人类的共同语言。我们所感受到的与阿拉伯世界青年活动者令人振奋的团结一心正是基于对人权普遍性的崭新理解，它颠覆了多年来相互了解的限度。一个和平的社会始于基本的人权教育。", "随着全球人口逼近70亿人，提供性健康教育、生殖健康教育和计划生育不仅是一种人权，也是必须采取的一项人口措施。生活在南苏丹的一名15岁女孩死于生育的可能性比完成学校教育的可能性更高，这让人无法接受。各项人权之间不可分隔，这包括性权利和生殖权。青年男女绝不能让他们的身体屈服于强权。充分知情做出的生殖决定会对一国的可持续发展产生深刻的积极影响。", "利用儿童和青年作为战争工具严重违反了武装冲突法。列支敦士登重申，它大力支持负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的工作。我们还认为，打击有罪不罚是实现长期和平的前提条件。在这方面，国际刑事法院发挥着重要作用，它有史以来的第一次判案，即对被控犯有强迫招募男孩和女孩加入其民兵作战罪行的托马斯·卢班加的审讯，就证明了这一点。", "列支敦士登进一步谴责攻击学校和医院以及威胁学生和教师，我们赞扬安全理事会就这个重要问题采取了具体行动。", "2010年5月25日，联合国启动了一项为期两年的活动，旨在实现《儿童权利公约任择议定书》的普遍批准，该议定书将直接参与敌对行动的年龄提高到18岁。为支持该活动，并提高对受武装冲突影响儿童困境的认识，列支敦士登与一家唱片公司合作，制作了一个名为“玩耍的权利”的唱片。销售收入捐赠给一家名为Play31的非政府组织，它在前儿童兵中举办足球比赛，以协助和解进程。世界各地受武装冲突影响的儿童被剥夺了这种玩耍的权利。让我们趁现在还不太晚的时候把这个权利还给他们。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请苏丹代表发言。", "哈桑先生(苏丹)(以阿拉伯语发言)：我非常高兴能在这个国际论坛发言，讨论青年感兴趣的问题，以谋求彼此对话和相互了解。我们欢迎以77国集团加中国、非洲国家集团以及阿拉伯集团名义所作的发言。", "首先，我愿对极端分子在挪威奥斯陆和于特岛发动可怕恐怖袭击的受害者家属表示衷心慰问。我们谴责一切形式的恐怖主义。这一事件再次证实，恐怖主义并非源自某一国家或某一宗教。", "苏丹政府高度重视青年问题，启动了许多项目来解决青年失业问题，通过小额金融服务鼓励青年投资，并且发展农业等重要部门。我们还提供了许多大学和研究生教育的机会，而且近年来的入学人数大幅增加。", "苏丹政府也关心许多其它青年方案，这些方案旨在支持青年开展文化、社会活动和参与体育和政治生活，并且通过提供工作机会来应对失业问题。我们也努力打击毒品使用行为，并且提高对艾滋病毒/艾滋病危害的认识。我们支持婚姻和家庭的稳定，并且努力帮助受战争、武装冲突和环境退化影响的青年以及有残疾或者特殊需要的青年复原。我们为我们在这些方案上取得的成功感到自豪，并且愿意分享我们的经验。", "青年，特别是非洲和总体上发展中国家青年面临的许多极端挑战正在阻碍他们充分参与社会。全球金融和经济危机以及非洲大陆干旱的影响加剧了这个问题。在这方面，我们要指出，我们需要更多国际合作，以便支持各个领域的培训和教育工作，包括交流科学知识。", "苏丹知道非洲努力的重要性，非洲青年联盟总部最近在喀土穆竣工落成，这是非洲青年联盟大会的所在地。体现我们对青年工作重视的另一个事例是，我国有幸成为阿拉伯-非洲青年理事会总部所在地，这进一步确认了苏丹作为阿拉伯和非洲青年汇聚地的地位。我们还强调必须辛勤努力，以便实现千年发展目标，造福青年人。我们还努力通过教育补助金和培训，使青年人能够更多地利用信息和通信技术。", "最后，我们希望，本次重要会议将在许多领域促进青年的利益，特别是帮助受冲突影响国家或遭受外国占领国家的青年。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请塞尔维亚代表发言。", "伊万诺维奇女士(塞尔维亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我谨代表塞尔维亚政府和人民向挪威政府和人民致以最深切的慰问，并向上周五发生的令人震惊的恐怖袭击事件受害者的家人表示同情。", "我国代表团赞同欧洲联盟观察员两天前所作的发言。因此，我将从我国的角度来谈一谈与青年有关的一些优先问题。", "我们看到了许多变化——既有积极的，也有消极的——它们在塑造我们今天生活的这个世界。为了尽可能利用我们面前的可能性，并且尽可能减少未来风险，我们必须通过连贯一致的方式，使青年参与社会生活的各个领域。为确保我们拥有明天的领导人，我们今天就必须打造他们。", "塞尔维亚认识到青年的重要作用，因而在2007年设立了青年和体育部，并于次年经过一系列共计167个圆桌会议后制订了一项国家青年战略。在那些会议上，塞尔维亚青年得到机会，与许多相关机构的代表一起为草拟这项重要文件献计献策。", "呼吁青年人在生活中采取积极主动的态度，是塞尔维亚国家青年战略的优先事项之一。为促进青年更多地参与社会，青年和体育部倡议并鼓励设立地方青年事务办公室。2007年这样的办公室有5个，今天则有123个，遍布塞尔维亚各地。事实上，所有地方政府机构中有三分之二在设立这些办公室的过程中发挥了关键作用，印证了这一事实：必须首先在青年所在的社区，也就是在地方一级满足青年的需求。已有100多个市政当局为它们的青年人实施了本地行动计划，并且提供资金，资助旨在满足青年需要的方案和项目。", "今年7月5日，塞尔维亚共和国国民议会通过了《青年法》。这样，塞尔维亚兑现了它对塞尔维亚青年作出的承诺，即，在国际青年年期间为塞尔维亚青年提供一部法律，这部法律除其他外规定设立一个政府理事会，青年代表将占其中至少三分之一的席位。在这个进程的一开始，我们就让青年参加磋商，最后起草并通过了这部法律，这体现出一个亘古不变的真理：应当首先向那些本应从即将通过的立法中受益的人征求意见，以了解他们对这一立法有什么期望。", "青年和体育部从成立之日起，就与民间社会建立了伙伴关系。这种关系有助于让青年参与国家青年战略各种项目的执行进程。青年和体育部支持并资助了青年协会提交的500多个项目，这些项目除其他外旨在促进健康生活方式和宽容、防止吸毒和酗酒、改善环境、促进社会包容性和志愿者活动，并且解决所有对青年人来说重要的问题。青年和体育部为各种非正规教育研讨会以及关于项目制订、职业技能和青年创业的培训课程提供了财政支持，目的是帮助青年找到工作，或者开始自己创业。", "青年和体育部还帮助在塞尔维亚各地建造了280座室外和47座室内体育场馆，因此为青年人更活跃地参与体育和娱乐活动及高质量休闲活动创造了更好条件。归根结底，这些都是青年人本身在先前进行的许多调查中确定的需求。", "8月12日，我国将纪念国际青年年落下帷幕并庆祝“国际青年日”。我们将在当天启动在塞尔维亚25个地区竞赛中选出的134项青年活动。在此过程中我们是本着这样一个愿望：在我们庆祝志愿人员国际十周年和欧洲志愿服务年的这一年支持我们的青年，以便通过自愿参与，展示青年人在当地社区促成变革的能力。", "塞尔维亚高度重视青年。对青年人投资就是对国家的未来投资。自2008年以来，在青年和体育部部长的领导下，塞尔维亚共和国政府的青年人才基金已经为6 000多名天才高中学生、国内和国际科学、艺术和体育竞赛的获奖者、大学高年级学生和塞尔维亚海外留学生提供了奖学金和各种奖励。获奖者承诺在完成学业后在塞尔维亚工作，这是为防止影响世界各地许多国家的人才外流现象而采取的措施之一。", "如果不对人力资源进行投资，而且，如果不确保这些人力资源留在原籍国，就无法实现迅速和可持续的发展。诸如青年人才基金这样的基金能够帮助把受过教育的青年人留在发展中国家，从而使他们能留在祖国，并且蓬勃发展。", "青年面临的挑战要求在政府各级——地方、省和国家——采取协调一致的共同努力。必须与国际组织和联合国机构合作努力，推动非政府组织和企业部门参与制订青年政策。我们有着广阔的空间来加强青年合作，以便通过在国家和国际层面交流想法和经验，制订最有效的体制模式，以此促进我们所有人都需要的发展。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请阿富汗代表发言。", "Faqiri先生(阿富汗)(以英语发言)：我谨代表阿富汗政府强调，必须作出进一步的努力，支持青年发展旨在应对他们面临的挑战的能力。", "请允许我强调，国家负有确保青年发展的首要责任。今天，我要谈谈阿富汗青年今后的挑战和迄今取得的成就。", "阿富汗是一个年轻人的国家。68%的人口不到25岁。大多数人民在某种程度上被剥夺了基本的权利，包括——但不限于——教育和就业机会的缺乏。女童的情况特别令人关切。青年识字率很低——男童是50%，女童是18%。男女儿童的中学入学率分别是23%和7%，阿富汗人口中受过高等教育的人不到2%。", "面对这些挑战，阿富汗青年面临种种风险。失业、低工资、缺乏安全和保障、贫困以及缺乏医疗保健的情况加深了他们的脆弱性，使青年面临受武装反对派和恐怖组织招募的风险。", "在这些挑战面前，我们不应忽视迄今为止的进展。目前，700多万男女儿童在学校就学，对他们的未来进行投资。我们在全国各地建造了4 000多所学校。我们预计，到2020年，我们将有900万儿童在学校就学，超过40%的新生将是女童。此外，阿富汗的绝大多数人口享受基本保健，表明在过去十年中取得了巨大进步。", "我借此机会感谢国际社会继续支持我们实现这些目标。值得一提的是，阿富汗议会议员中年轻一代占很高比例。年轻一代在经办新闻机构、广播电视台和月刊。", "阿富汗政府致力于履行它保护青年权利的责任。我们开始在国家、区域和国际层次采取一些有力的步骤，这包括启动一项国家青年方案，重申我们对阿富汗儿女的发展的承诺，并谋求为阿富汗青年实现自己的愿望创造机会。", "我国的当代青年经历过冲突和离乡背井，现在必须获得新的机会。必须把他们的新观点、精力、热情和决心用于促进国家的和平与发展。", "最后，我要同前面的发言者一道，就最近造成数十人死亡的恐怖行动，向挪威代表团，并通过它向挪威人民，表达阿富汗政府和人民的慰问。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请观察国罗马教廷的常驻观察员发言。", "丘立卡特大主教(罗马教廷)(以英语发言)：去年，大会宣布了目前的国际青年年，从而富于远见地提请注意两个促进和平的重要因素，即对话和相互了解。这个主题促请我们倾听青年的愿望和兴趣，同他们进行相互交流，并且在这些交流中真正分享有关共同利益的智慧。", "每一个儿童为了充分及和谐地发展其个性，都应当在家庭环境中成长。家庭是青年人最早学会道德责任和尊重他人的场所。家庭发挥着重要的作用，教育儿童全面发展自己的能力，培养他们的道德和精神价值观，并且深深致力于所有男女的和平、自由和尊严。家庭以男女之间的婚姻为基础，是天然、基本的社会单元，必须确保其受到社会和国家的保护。", "母亲和父亲双方都对其子女的抚养和发展负有首要责任。父母不能放弃这项基本作用。按照国际文书，国家应当尊重父母在这方面的责任、权利和职责。会员国批准的青年政策、方案、行动计划和承诺必须充分尊重父母对其子女福祉和教育所应起的作用，包括在人的性行为和性健康及生殖健康领域，其中不应包括人工流产。", "今天，世界上许多人没有一个稳固的参照点来据以建立自己的生活，因此他们最终深深感到不安全。相对主义和自由主义的思想正在壮大，认为所有事物都是同样合理的，并且真理、绝对的参照点和道德标准是不存在的。这种思维方式不会导致真正的自由，反而造成不稳定、混乱和盲目顺从一时的潮流，世界各地的某些文化用这种潮流来引诱我们的青年。青年有权从先辈那里接受牢固的参照点，帮助他们作出决定，在此基础上建立自己的生活。", "会员国和本组织能够在这方面作出积极的贡献，因此必须愿意不断重新作出承诺，捍卫并执行《宪章》所载的原则和国际商定的基本人权文书。它们越是能够这样做，我们的青年就越能够帮助推动和平事业，建设以尊重精神和道德价值为基础，并且维护所有人共同利益的社会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我转达我们对友好的挪威人民和政府的最诚挚的慰问。巴勒斯坦人民及其领导人震惊地获悉，上周五奥斯陆数幢政府大楼遭到残忍爆炸袭击，于特岛也发生枪击事件，导致80名无辜者丧生，其中包括几十名青年。我们坚信，挪威将从这场痛苦的悲剧中完全复原，并且变得更加强大。", "巴勒斯坦赞同阿根廷以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "今天的世界对青年来说日益动荡不安，因此，他们继续无谓地承受巨大苦难，并且面临数量空前的障碍。这影响到他们实现和平、繁荣、自由以及享有受教育的权利。令人遗憾的是，巴勒斯坦青年哪怕想表面上过正常生活都面临一个极其巨大的障碍，那就是：以色列持续占领包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土，并且无视和不尊重国际法，包括国际人道主义法和人权法。", "四十多年来，以色列持续对巴勒斯坦青年犯下罪行，完全无视人的生命，而且完全不受惩处，这种状况致使这些罪行在继续，牺牲我们的青年。以色列拒不遵守国际法和联合国相关决议的基本原则，致使巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷的局势全面恶化。这当然只会导致以-巴冲突旷日持久，使巴勒斯坦人民，特别是63年来一直生活在难民营中，渴望实现其回返权利的数百万巴勒斯坦难民长期承受苦难。", "尽管生活在占领之下的巴勒斯坦人民面临种种障碍，但巴勒斯坦青年继续追求实现他们的目标和梦想。在他们当中有年轻的难民，他们每天都在克服面临的困难，竭尽全力地发出他们的声音，展示他们的才能。就在上周，加沙的青年，包括一些残疾青年第三次打破了世界最大手绘图画的吉尼斯世界记录。此外，另外一件不同凡响的事情是，来自一所联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)所办学校的三名巴勒斯坦青年妇女在教师的帮助下，为盲人和聋人发明了一种行路杖，使她们有机会于去年夏天在纽约见到了秘书长。", "这些只是一些最近的成就，它们表明，如果给巴勒斯坦青年机会，他们就能够站起来，成为本区域和世界的领袖。此外，今天，就在几分钟之前，加沙青年人打破了同时放风筝数量最多的吉斯尼世界记录，创造了第四项吉尼斯世界纪录。我们要再次正式表示，我们感谢近东救济工程处不懈地努力为450万名巴勒斯坦难民，特别是为青年提供援助，因为它所提供的教育和训练为我们的青年提供了他们为自己赢得声誉和实现这些崇高目标需要的手段。", "虽然巴勒斯坦人民，包括巴勒斯坦青年，已经在克服因占领而遭受巨大苦难方面取得了重大进展，但是，只要以色列继续占领他们的土地，妨碍他们的自决权，他们将永远无法实现充分潜力。在这里，我们呼吁国际社会作出一切必要努力，并且凝聚政治意愿，以消除生活在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦青年所面临的障碍和挑战。", "毋庸置疑，对包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的占领严重阻碍发展，并且阻碍实现千年发展目标和其它国际商定发展目标，使得充分实现这些目标变得几乎不可能。但是，除了在实现千年发展目标方面存在的令人担忧的情况外，生活在包括东耶路撒冷的被占巴勒斯坦领土上的青年常常被蓄意作为目标、遭到射杀，甚至被以色列占领军当作人盾。每一周，行使言论自由权反对建造隔离墙和定居点的巴勒斯坦青年遇到的是占领国的子弹和侵略。我们的青年继续成为以色列定居者恐怖袭击的受害者，在走路上学或者在家门外玩耍时遭枪击、殴打和威胁。", "不幸的是，2008年至2009年间以色列针对被围困的加沙所实施的侵略可悲地凸显出它根本不顾巴勒斯坦青年。几百名巴勒斯坦青年被杀害，几十座理应是安全避难所的建筑物，例如医院和学校遭到炮击、轰炸和摧毁，而这些行为没有得到惩处。我们呼吁国际社会，包括联合国所有机构，不带任何选择性地处理这些严重侵犯行为，以便永久地终结占领国对巴勒斯坦青年和旨在保护他们的民事基础设施的所有袭击。", "始自1967年的以色列占领现在必须结束，占领国对巴勒斯坦人民，包括巴勒斯坦青年犯下的所有罪行也必须结束。每一天，以色列的占领都在导致社会经济条件和青年人总体福祉恶化，在被围困的加沙地带尤其如此，在那里，长达四年的毫无道义可言的非法围困继续剥夺当地青年人的所有权利，包括吃饭的权利。封锁致使几千人饥肠辘辘、营养不良、贫血、发育迟缓，并且患上许多其它可以预防的疾病。", "没有时间可以浪费了。因此，我们再次呼吁国际社会履行其职责，立即采取坚决行动来迫使占领国以色列遵守国际法，包括《日内瓦第四公约》和联合国相关决议为它规定的义务。只有巴勒斯坦青年可以在一个基于1967年前的边界，以东耶路撒冷为首都的独立的巴勒斯坦国中和平、自由和有尊严地生活，他们才能够实现自己的最大潜力。现在，实现这一切的时机已经成熟。", "和平对于领导人来说也许是一种需要，但对于我们的青年来说却必不可少。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据1992年10月16日大会第47/4号决议，我现在请国际移民组织观察员发言。", "瓦德先生(国际移民组织)(以英语发言)：首先，国际移民组织要在挪威人民遭受可怕悲剧之后向他们表示真诚慰问。我们的哀思与他们同在。", "国际移民组织很荣幸与这么多专家和青年一起参加本次对话。", "本次高级别会议适逢对席卷阿拉伯世界的民主浪潮和青年在实现政治讨论方面根本转变中发挥的作用进行反思的重要时刻。过去两天来举行的小组讨论使我们深入了解到青年所面临的挑战以及通过对话和相互理解所能取得的成就。国际移民组织比以往任何时候都更加认为，联合国及其各伙伴现在正在倾听。道理很简单，没有替代办法。在当今世界的大多数地方，青年不仅代表着未来，他们也占人口的多数。应对我们时代的挑战和机遇将仰赖青年的能量和创造力。", "本次对话中一个反复出现的主题是，各国社会的青年人当中存在着一种挫折感。在这些社会中，青年的声音和需求受到忽视，他们希望获得有意义的工作、得到有益的发展和参与政治，但这种愿望遭到破灭。例如，在一个青年人口增长速度最快的一个国家里，每30个毕业生中仅有一、两个人有望就业，而那些能在本国找到工作的人，如果移徙到发达国家，其报酬预计会是本国的15倍。", "移徙是青年人为摆脱贫穷而走的最根本的一步。今天，众多青年人正在走这一步。过去25年间，国际移徙者人数翻了一倍，达到2 140万人，其中一半移徙者不满29岁。这些远走他乡去追寻自己及其亲人梦想的年轻人中，许多面临着诸多巨大挑战。一艘艘来自北非、挤满了人的船只经历了危险旅程，见证了巨大的人命代价。这些青年人不仅闯关进入一个新的国家，来到新的地区，接触新的文化，而且常常也是刚刚步入成年行列。", "与此同时，全球青年移徙现象不仅给青年人自己，而且也给全球繁荣带来了巨大的机会。在当今世界中，许多发达国家正面临人口老龄化和人口下降的问题，而发展中国家的人口正在增长并相对年轻化。因此，青年人移徙现象极有可能促进经济增长和降低失业率。根据世界银行的报告，如果富国能允许一定数目来自贫穷国家的移徙者进入该国，哪怕是将本国劳动力仅仅扩充3%，那么全世界的财富每年将增加3 560亿美元。", "作为负责全球移徙问题的主要政府间组织，移民组织致力于促进人道和有秩序的移徙，以造福所有人。我们必须确认，移徙者所面临的一些最重大挑战并不是有形挑战，而是仇外情绪、社会边缘化和歧视等各种社会弊端。", "“Plural+青年影像节”是由联合国不同文明联盟和移民组织联合主办的一项活动，它确认，在一个常常发生冲突和隔离的世界中，青年人是社会变革的强大推动力。该影像节鼓励青年人探讨移徙、多样性和社会包容性等问题，与全球观众共享其声音和创意视觉作品。自从该影像节于2009年启动以来，已收到来自75个国家的400多件影像作品。获奖作品已通过由50多个合作伙伴组织构成的网络，在全世界数十个影像节、影院和电视广播节目网络播出。想必一些会员国已在本周一举行的Plural+会外活动上观赏到这些出色的作品。青年人在谈到诸如贩运人口、社会边缘化和种族主义等问题时表现出的洞察力和创造力，反映了青年能够为处理当今世界的社会问题所带来的能量。", "渴求民主的愿望极少、甚至从未象由青年人领导的“阿拉伯之春”运动这样得到如此有力的体现。现在，国际社会有责任与青年人接触并将这股能量转化为改革措施，从而促进社会融合、加强安全、提高就业率和消除贫穷。我们非常感谢有机会在本次重要会议上讨论这些问题。我们在与重要的专家和青年人接触之后相信，携起手来，我们就能够对付这些挑战，并且抓住前面的这些机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据1976年10月18日第31/3号决议，我现在请英联邦秘书处观察员发言。", "麦克米伦女士(英联邦秘书处)(以英语发言)：英联邦秘书处愿借此机会向挪威人民表示慰问。", "英联邦确认，英联邦以及全球青年议程的成功取决于全世界青年人的不懈努力。我们赞扬他们积极参与通过弘扬英联邦所珍视的宽容、谅解和互相尊重等价值观，促进发展、和平和民主。", "英联邦肯定本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)中所载的建议，并且认为，只有执行、监测和评估这些建议，才将能使国际青年年持久成功。", "英联邦通过其《英联邦青年方案》，已做好准备，随时可与各个联合国机构、青年组织和利益攸关方携手努力，确保落实该成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》中所载的各项建议。", "英联邦秘书处的立场是，现在是为青年发展问题采取更大的行动和建立更广泛的伙伴关系的时候了。英联邦秘书处认为，现在是赋予青年人更大经济权力的合适时机：银行和其他私营部门也可以通过促进创业以及支持青年发展规划，帮助青年人获得贷款。英联邦认为，现在是赋予青年人更大政治权力的时候了：各国政府和各利益攸关方，包括青年领导人，应当加大努力，把青年人纳入地方和国家层面的决策过程，为青年人发挥其作用创造更广阔的政治空间。", "青年人正强烈要求在青年工作的专业化方面，以及在衡量、监测和评估青年发展进度方面，进行有意义的变革。", "2009年在特立尼达和多巴哥共和国举行的英联邦政府首脑会议以“投资于青年”为主题，发表了多项单独宣言。首脑们还让青年人参加了会议并与其进行坦诚和有意义的对话，从而进一步表明了他们对青年人的承诺。自2007年坎帕拉英联邦政府首脑会议以来，这种就青年发展问题彼此交流意见的做法已成为英联邦政府首脑会议的一个特征。这种做法可以成为其他高级别会议沿用的一种做法，以使青年发展问题对青年人更具实质意义。", "今年是国际青年年，英联邦在主题为“投资于青年”的众多协商会议上，听取了青年、各国政府和各利益攸关方提出的想法。这些活动包括2010年11月在印度举行的英联邦青年领袖会议。在该会议上，来自54个会员国的青年人鼓励各领导层和决策者进行有意义的变革，将青年纳入主流，加强在青年发展方面的投资和参与，提升各个青年事务部委和机构的形象并为其增加资源，并且建立、扩大和加强英联邦内部的各国青年理事会。", "英联邦政府首脑通过《2007-2015年青年赋权行动计划》，确定了青年赋权方面的13项优先行动事项，涉及《千年发展目标》和《世界青年行动纲领》。英联邦将加倍努力，确保青年赋权问题得到持续重点关注，从而实现已设定的各项目标。", "英联邦期待今年10月在澳大利亚珀思召开英联邦青年论坛和英联邦政府首脑会议，以期在国际青年年结束之后继续与青年一道开展工作——那将是执行英联邦青年议程的一个时机。", "希望本次大会能够坚持这样一种信念：没有青年的参与，一切都与青年无关；青年是发展的核心。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了关于这个议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议。", "下午1时20分散会 。" ]

[ "主席: 德西先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席,副主席麦克唐纳先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午10时15分开会。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "萨拉姆先生(黎巴嫩)(以阿拉伯语发言): 首先,我要感谢大会主席召开本次关于青年、对话和相互了解的高级别会议,因为国际青年年即将结束。", "在黎巴嫩,五分之一的人口年龄在15至24岁之间。 我国一半以上的人口低于25岁。 阿拉伯区域青年面临许多问题,其中最重要的是青年失业率高,特别是女孩失业率高——这是世界上最高的之一。", "虽然过去20年来在教育方面取得了切实进展,但年轻人的文盲率仍然很高,超过17%。 在许多情况下,教育质量正在恶化。 虽然在保健方面取得了显著进展,但年轻人对健康的认识程度仍然很低。 然而,更危险的是,由于青年对公共生活、特别是决策进程的参与不力,他们日益感到边缘化和压迫。 这些是过去数十年来我们区域所看到的青年抗议浪潮背后的一些原因,也是特别是自去年以来对改进的要求。", "在这次会议上,我们强调,我们的年轻人充分参与建设自己未来的愿望是正当的。 明天的世界是他们的,不能否认这一点。 毫不夸张地说,青年的活力、人性和发明精神是其未来、社会经济发展和科技发明的最佳希望。", "因此,我们强调,联合国,包括专门机构、方案和基金,需要继续支持赋予青年权力,履行国际义务,特别是千年发展目标。 在这方面,我们强调,青年人需要获得信息和通信技术,联合国和捐助国应尽力弥合北方和南方之间的数字鸿沟。", "我们希望,青年人将继续努力实现和平的目标——和平导致正义和安全,建立一个没有大规模毁灭性武器的世界。 这意味着我们必须在地方、区域和国际各级培养年轻人之间的对话和相互理解文化。 我们支持第65/312号决议,其中载有关于青年:对话和相互了解的高级别会议的成果文件。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请圣马力诺代表发言。", "博迪尼先生(圣马力诺): 我谨代表我有幸代表的圣马力诺共和国,向几天前在挪威被击落的年轻人的家属表示最深切的慰问。", "我要感谢秘书长在处理青年问题方面发挥领导作用。 我也要感谢奥地利和贝宁常驻代表推动关于“青年:对话和相互了解”高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)的谈判,该文件重申了《世界青年行动纲领》,并概述了实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的道路。", "今天是国际青年年结束,但它也是新一代新时代的开端。 在地中海和世界其他许多地区,他们表示决心在街头向本国政府提出挑战,并为实现自由、更美好未来的正当愿望而奋斗。", "我们的一代人计划是否适合继任者? 我们是否理解年轻人的愿望? 不幸的是,我们没有做好的工作。 数百万年轻人得不到令人满意的安全。 太多的人死于饥饿、疾病和战争。 数百万人没有适当的教育或根本没有受过教育。 太多的人受到性剥削,或作为报酬不足的工人或应征士兵。 很大比例的失业或就业不足。 大多数人的工作不稳定。", "我们不能让这一恶梦继续下去。 我们必须重振我们从北方到南方、发展中国家和发达国家的努力。 我们必须以协调的方式采取行动,为我们的青年提供繁荣和正义,并在他们中间恢复亟需的尊严感,以免他们过晚。", "我们必须找到我们所有努力汇聚在一起的协调中心。 每个国家的非政府组织、学校、大学、公司以及私营和公共部门必须注重以下优先事项。 我们必须保护我们的年轻人,无论是精神的还是身体上的。 我们必须为他们提供有效的教育,并为他们创造工作保障。 我们必须给他们一种归属感。 我们必须让他们参与决策进程。", "联合国是一个理想的场所,我们可以交流想法,我们能够帮助我们的子孙后代相互了解,并由此创造一个更好和更和平的世界。", "我们如何能够增进我们儿童的福祉? 通过恢复强大的家庭关系和价值观,扩大社会项目,使穷人成为我们和年轻人努力的核心。 我们可以维持保护人权的政治制度,我们能够不强加我们的思维方式,提供我们的经验。 在年轻人帮助不太幸运的同龄人时,我们必须始终激励和赞扬他们的努力。 我们必须始终鼓励他们追求和平、自由和尊严的理想。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请安道尔代表发言。", "Casal de Fonsdeviela先生(安道尔)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,请允许我向挪威人民和政府表示我们最深切的慰问,他们尤其遭受年轻人的悲剧,也表示我们的坚定支持。 必须以这些情感开始就国际青年年发言,这是非常痛苦的,但对话和相互理解是国际年的目标。 尽管发生了这一切,但这些目标仍然比以往任何时候都更加重要。", "青年人是未来,未来始于现在,无论现在是什么,但总是打算加以改进。 我们都同意,我们生活在一个变化的世界中,很难找到有助于指导年轻人走向未来的价值观和参照点。 虽然成年人的情况确实如此,但对我们年轻人来说,情况更是如此,当然,经济危机加剧了这种不稳定和不确定感。", "青年人是这场危机的主要受害者。 剥夺他们进入就业市场的机会是剥夺他们未来的前途和充分发展的前景。 自相矛盾的是,正是年轻人能够使我们摆脱这一衰退,因此,各国不能忘记促进正义、自由、勇气和团结的教育方案。", "正如秘书长所说的那样,青年人必须学会认真倾听彼此的意见,同情心,承认存在不同意见,解决冲突。 青年人不需要被告知他们的需求或如何满足他们的需求。 我们必须促进他们的努力,为他们提供实现这些目标所需的工具。", "在安道尔,我们相信有关年轻人的几项指导原则:青年政策针对年轻人、年轻人和年轻人;年轻人具有一种基于若干概念的特性;没有年轻人与其他公民分开的世界;最后,我们认为年轻人是安道尔公民,也是世界公民。", "(以法语发言)", "为了促进这些原则,2007年,我国政府设立了安道尔全国青年论坛。 这个年轻人和年轻人的独立机构旨在引导自愿参与国家的政治、社会、经济和文化生活。 2009年底,部际青年委员会开始其工作,加强了这一倡议。 该委员会由青年、高等教育和研究、文化、住房、卫生、劳工、内政、社会福利和统计部的代表组成。 我们提倡的年轻人价值观——共识、尊重和对话——是我们青年法的基本原则,是在区域机构和社会利益攸关方的共识下起草的。", "我们还认识到,为年轻人提供实现全面发展所需的手段是不够的。 我们必须超越边界,为这方面的国际方案作出贡献。 安道尔通过向联合国青年基金提供总计90 000多欧元的支助,表明了它对青年的承诺。", "我们大家必须继续承认和探讨青年能够为建立一个更加公平和更安全的世界作出何种贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请伊朗伊斯兰共和国代表发言。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国): 我谨代表伊朗伊斯兰共和国青年和体育代理部长阿巴斯先生阁下作此发言,不幸的是,东道国没有给予他出席本次会议的签证。", "首先,我要就许多年轻人被杀害的非常悲惨的恐怖事件向挪威人民和政府表示我国代表团的慰问。", "对当今世界国家进步和演变情况进行评估的主要标准之一是该国年轻人的地位。 事实上,年轻一代是任何社会进步和活力的主要潜力。 这种潜力的负面或不太乐观的利用可能对社会的进步产生腐蚀性的影响。 因此,社会为青年提供适当的教育、福利、娱乐、培训和职业设施是合理的。", "社会学家认为,青年社会通常面临所谓的“愿望的循环”。 这就造成了政治和经济发展的正常过程中的复杂和困难,需要决策者和从业人员给予特别关注,以防止年轻人被疏远。", "与此同时,国际社会在满足年轻人真正愿望方面开展有意义和辅助性的合作,目前至关重要,因为操纵艺术、技术和现代媒体,加上歧视和不平等的加剧,是其主要不足。", "伊朗社会,年轻人占人口的近60%,其社会被社会学家描述为世界上最年轻的社会。 因此,满足青年的需要和满足他们的愿望,一直是并且仍然是伊朗伊斯兰共和国的最高优先事项。 根据这一理解,1992年通过了青年高级理事会章程,目的是协调和监督青年机构和组织的作用和职能,为新出现的社会中心奠定基础,以激发青年在文化、科学和体育领域的创造力和潜力,并为他们提供就业机会、婚姻设施等。", "国家青年组织是负责执行该领域政策的另一个主要积极机构。 在实践中,采取了一些举措,帮助年轻人充分发挥潜力。", "我非常高兴地告诉大会,为了将解决青年需求和愿望这一崇高目标制度化,伊朗伊斯兰共和国在过去几个月里在内阁一级设立了青年和体育部。 预计这一发展将对使国家青年计划比以往更加统筹和有效产生重大影响。", "与此同时,鉴于区域和国际机构对这一问题的日益关注,于2010年11月29日和30日在德黑兰举行了第一次经济合作组织青年事务部长级会议,由伊朗伊斯兰共和国国家青年组织与经合组织文化研究所合作主办和组织。", "我们最近的国家业绩证明,只要给年轻一代机会和机会,不管遇到什么障碍,他们就可以在生物技术、医学、核科学和航天等不同领域取得飞跃的进展,仅举几个例子。 我们的进步显示,年轻一代在社会中的力量,以及制裁对青年的铁cl决心等挑战的无效,如果他们希望决定自己的未来的话。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请古巴代表发言。", "贝尼特斯·韦尔森先生(古巴)(以西班牙语发言): 当我们聚集在这里讨论青年专题时,我们开会讨论人类和地球的未来。 但年轻人不仅是未来,也是现在。 因此,我们必须毫不拖延地采取行动,应对影响全世界年轻人的严重问题。", "目前,全世界有12亿年轻人,比人类历史上任何时候都多,其中85%生活在发展中国家。 2025年,青年人数将比今天多约7 200万。", "青年无疑是应对当前巨大挑战的强大力量。 然而,青年人只有健康、教育和就业,才能成为推动力。 为了充分发挥其潜力,青年人需要一个和平的世界。 青年人有权受到保护,充分参与公民参与和决策机制。 他们有权生活在一个没有战争和暴力的世界里。 他们希望并理应有一个更美好的未来。", "去年12月在南非举行的世界青年和学生节上表达了所有这些关切,来自136个国家的15 000多名年轻人参加了这一重大活动。", "古巴年轻人的处境与世界许多地区的情况截然不同。 古巴年轻人占我国人口的20%,他们享有广泛的保护,积极参与我国社会和国家事务。 古巴总预算的50%以上用于卫生保健、教育、援助、社会福利和文化。", "古巴完全免费的高质量医疗保健制度,以及我们普遍和平等的免费教育制度,是古巴革命人文主义愿景的重要支柱。 古巴向有特殊教育需求的儿童和青年提供100%的教育。 15至49岁人口的识字率为99.6%。 古巴有一个坚实的法律和体制框架,保护儿童和青年免遭暴力、虐待、虐待和歧视。", "即使取得了这些成功,我们也不能声称是完美的。 仍有许多工作要做。", "尽管存在巨大的障碍,但还是取得了这些成就。 美国政府半个多世纪以来对古巴实施的刑事经济、商业和金融封锁、恐怖主义侵略和行径,以及美国历届政府的长期敌对反古巴政策,剥夺了古巴年轻人在更有利的社会环境中发展的可能性。", "在这种困难的情况下,古巴不仅取得了重大成果;我们还分享了我们已经取得的成果,而不是温和。 自1961年以来,来自135个国家的55 000多名学生在古巴毕业。 目前,来自拉丁美洲、加勒比和非洲大约26 000名年轻人在古巴学习,没有费用。 其中22 000人正在医学领域学习。 目前,约57 000名古巴合作者在98多个国家提供服务。", "最后,我谨强调,年轻人按定义是革命性的。 因此,我们感到乐观,完全相信青年人将找到新的变革方法,推动人类建立一个更美好的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请哥伦比亚代表发言。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言):哥伦比亚向挪威人民和政府表示最深切的慰问,并谴责该国数十名年轻人刚刚遭受的野蛮袭击。", "我国感谢联合国组织了这次关于青年问题的高级别会议,并赞赏它在协调对影响世界青年的关键问题的方向和促进方面所做的宝贵工作,例如通过对话、相互理解和积极参与加强青年的国际合作,以实现社会融合、就业和消除贫穷。 我们还认为,会员国、民间社会组织、国际合作协会和联合国系统努力促进年轻人发展和积极参与社会。 这方面的一个例子是《世界青年行动纲领》和关于这一问题的国际会议。", "哥伦比亚——其目前25岁以下人口略多于50%——对本次重要会议的成果文件感到满意(第65/312号决议)。 我们认为,这将是加强世界青年的政策、方案、行动和成果的基础。 此外,关于这一加强概念,哥伦比亚呼吁采取更加具体和有效的行动,加强青年人的权利,使青年成为制定综合和代间政策的一个必不可少的部门轴心。 这对于建立一个联合国青年机构来说非常重要。", "该机构将帮助确保青年合作活动的同步和实施,而没有该机构取代政府在这个问题上的责任和权力。 相反,设立一个联合国青年机构意味着,在每个国家一级,对加强国家青年制度的机构作出更大的承诺和支持。 这将使当地对这一问题作出更及时的承诺。", "此外,哥伦比亚认为,加强联合国系统在青年问题上的协调和一体化,以一个机构为中心,将促进年轻人有效参与决策机构。 我们应该承认《世界青年行动纲领》所做的重要工作。 这是我们继续支持的必要基础。", "公共青年政策背后的逻辑必须力求确保人类发展规划,以便开展重要的代际接触,最大限度地投资于青少年并利用人口资产。", "哥伦比亚愿强调为补充已批准的国际协定所做的工作,例如圣萨尔瓦多首脑会议,这些协议提出了各种办法,要求使儿童、青少年和年轻人的发展更加公开和私营化,并要求他们参与短期、中期和长期的公共政策决策和活动。", "在这方面,哥伦比亚开展了一些活动,例如为切实普遍享有青年权利创造条件,以及(或)在取消这些权利时恢复这些权利。 我们为长期减少和消除限制年轻人平等享有各种权利的条件创造了条件,并创造了条件,使年轻人能够参与创造和提供他们希望和需要的服务。 我们还创造并扩大了年轻人的机会,通过获得与其各种社会、经济、政治、家庭、文化和地理需要相适应的服务来增强他们的潜力,发展他们的能力,承认他们的权利和义务,让他们以知情的方式参与和参与国家的决策。", "最后,哥伦比亚呼吁伊比利亚-美洲国家批准在2010年 Santo国家元首首脑会议上作出的承诺。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请马达加斯加代表发言。", "Andrianarivelo-Razafy先生(马达加斯加)(以法语发言): 马达加斯加政府首先向挪威政府和人民表示诚挚的慰问。 这场屠杀是对无辜人民的可怕屠杀,违背了我们促进对话和相互谅解。", "青年人是我们发展的支柱。 在这方面,请允许我祝贺主席提出这一出色的倡议,该倡议肯定将给已经采取的行动注入新的活力,使年轻人成为每次对话的核心,在地方、国家、区域和国际各级作出每一项决定和作出一切努力。", "马达加斯加完全赞同77国集团加中国在第112次会议上所作的发言。", "随着国际青年年接近尾声,现在比以往任何时候更加紧迫地加紧承诺,建立一个积极和有活力的青年、合作伙伴和充分参与世代、文化和人民之间对话和相互了解的努力,并促进有效执行这些承诺。", "有效和切实的全球发展需要青年人的繁荣和发展。 不幸的是,现实完全不同。 青年人,特别是南方国家的青年,每天都面临相当大的挑战:失业、获得教育和保健系统的机会有限或甚至没有机会、各种冲突造成的社会经济不稳定以及毒品、卖淫、性暴力、现代奴隶制和许多其他问题。", "我们有责任找到应对这些挑战的可持续解决办法。 这就是为什么我们聚集在这里。 各国政府和民间社会行为者,特别是青年人,必须共同努力,找到前进的道路。 为本次会议和国际青年年选择的主题——对话和相互了解——完全符合这一绝对需要,即共同努力理解和尊重我们的多样性。", "马达加斯加人口略少于2 200万人,其中600万人(即31%)年龄在10岁至24岁之间。 马达加斯加政府在其合作伙伴和友好国家的支持下,不遗余力地将年轻人置于其优先事项的中心。 为此,它正通过明确、明确的司法、立法和技术框架,以及通过国家青年政策,努力创造有利于马达加斯加青年全面发展的条件。", "例如,马达加斯加成立了国家青年研究所,负责组织各种课程,青年和娱乐部还启动了社区青少年生殖健康意识方案。 马达加斯加政府启动了一项青年投资基金,并开展了一些项目,旨在促进年轻人的发展,加强他们在国家生活中的领导作用。 我国全国青年理事会在地方、区域和国家各级也加强了青年结构和机构。 我们的青年中心遍布全岛,政府近年来努力改进这些中心,是青年人智力和社会发展的重要工具。", "此外,马达加斯加——大部分受害者是年轻人——没有幸免于贩卖人口的祸害——制定了打击奴役和贩卖人口的国家方案。 为了防治尤其影响到年轻人的性传染疾病,我们开展了各种努力,以提高人们的认识,提供支持,例如马达加斯加22个地区开通的针对年轻人的匿名、保密和免费电话热线。", "我们的人口主要是农村人口,政府刚刚启动了农村青年发展项目,旨在支持和鼓励年轻的农业企业家。 自2007年以来,马达加斯加20个地区青年讨论俱乐部积极开展活动,其成员包括13至24岁的年轻人,让他们就环境保护、教育与和平等重要问题发表意见和交换意见,并在每周广播节目中播放。", "马达加斯加政府欢迎本次高级别会议通过的第65/312号决议,并呼吁国际社会保证落实其承诺,特别是有关《世界青年行动纲领》的承诺。 我们还呼吁会员国通过执行国家政策和项目,增加对青年人的支持。", "世界上青年人数继续增加,他们的需要是巨大的。 调集资源必须是真正的。 必须维持和增加各级对青年人的财政和技术支助,尤其是在包括马达加斯加在内的发展中国家,以保证年轻人的真正发展和增长,并使他们真正有可能在可持续和公平的发展中发挥领导作用。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请巴基斯坦代表发言。", "拉扎·塔拉尔先生(巴基斯坦): 我借此机会代表巴基斯坦人民和政府,就上周五发生的恐怖事件向挪威人民表达我们衷心的慰问和最深切的同情。 这种卑鄙行为只会加强我们打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的决心。", "巴基斯坦赞同阿根廷代表77国集团加中国在第112次会议上所作的发言。", "鉴于困扰人类的无数问题,今天的会议具有特别重要的意义。 饥饿、疾病、气候变化、恐怖主义、未兑现的裁军承诺和多重全球危机都结合在一起,使局势恶化。 只有通过对话和相互理解,我们才能和谐地努力实现我们的共同目标。 因此,本次会议的主题最为恰当。 巴基斯坦完全支持教育青年了解和平、正义、容忍和团结的理想,为和平世界奠定基础,并实现进步和发展的目标。", "巴基斯坦人口超过1.73亿,是世界上人口最多的第六个国家。 估计有1.04亿巴基斯坦人不到30岁。 这种青年潮带来挑战和机遇。 我们的青年是我们最大的资源。 为了发掘他们的真正潜力,巴基斯坦政府已经采取若干步骤和举措,使我们的青年能够发挥他们在巴基斯坦社会经济发展中的作用。", "2008年制定的《国家青年政策》旨在通过将联邦和省各级的各种青年方案结合起来,增强年轻人的能力,为他们提供经济机会。 它特别强调满足残疾青年和青年的需要。 值得一提的是我国国家职业和技术教育委员会,该委员会通过调动资金和技术培训加强年轻工人,由私营部门和民间社会组织赞助。 此外,国家实习方案通过有酬实习,使新毕业生能够在各种公共部门组织工作,帮助提高他们的就业能力。", "世界各地最近发生的事件表明,青年人是政治和社会变革的催化剂。 必须倾听和尊重青年男女的声音。 他们的期望和愿望必须通过让她们参与决策进程,使他们能够塑造自己和我们世界的未来。 虽然确保青年发展的首要责任在于各个国家及其制定全面政策和战略,但国际合作仍然是利用青年潜力、特别是确保公平分配全球资源和促进非歧视性政策的一个有用工具。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请哥斯达黎加代表发言。", "乌里巴里先生(哥斯达黎加)(以西班牙语发言): 哥斯达黎加欢迎召开本次高级别会议,作为国际青年年外交和政治论坛。", "青年人是一个不可回避的现实,充满了能量和希望,因此,必须在我们所有的国家和多边政策和行动中加以考虑。", "哥斯达黎加认为,每个国家都有责任在促进人权的框架内承认、促进和维护年轻人的基本权利。 尊重他们的权利和开放他们创造的机会,是消除贫穷、不公正、不容忍和不平等的关键,对于创造年轻人自我实现的机会至关重要。", "这些信念构成了我国建立国家青年制度的先驱青年立法的基础。 该系统汇集了国家机构和民间社会的有组织参与。 我国提出了公共青年政策,但由一个包括青年代表的机构讨论并核准了其所有方面。", "过去几年来,为了满足我们年轻人口的需要并回应他们的建议,并根据包容、民主和自由的社会愿景,哥斯达黎加把重点放在促进创业、创造就业机会、娱乐权和全面保健等领域。 我们还对教育作出了坚定的承诺,教育是我们民族特性和政策的重要组成部分。", "就青年问题而言,如同许多其他问题一样,国家的责任至关重要,但也必须让国际社会参与进来,以便执行本次会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)和《世界青年行动纲领》。 我们认为,根据《世界方案》和成果文件提出的目标和指标,建立指标矩阵极其重要。 履行成果文件中关于促进两性平等和公平以及承认女孩和年轻人特别易受伤害的承诺尤其重要。 该文件非常正确地谴责在武装冲突中招募和利用年轻人。 Costa 哥斯达黎加认为,招募年轻人运送毒品和有组织犯罪活动同样值得谴责。", "这一国际青年年的主题是“青年:对话和相互了解”,要求我们研究教育,尊重我们年轻人的权利和义务。 全面教育在很大程度上促进价值观,例如对话,在寻求相互理解的基础上解决分歧。", "因此,我们特别欢迎人权理事会3月23日通过的《人权教育和培训宣言》(人权理事会第16/1号决议)。 案文由哥斯达黎加、意大利、摩洛哥、菲律宾、塞内加尔、斯洛文尼亚和瑞士提出,它们是人权教育和培训平台的国家。 其主要目标是发展一种普遍人权文化,使每个人都了解自己对他人的权利和责任,促进个人发展,成为包容、自由、宽容、和平和多元社会的负责任的成员。 我们欢迎这一前提被列入本次高级别会议的成果文件。", "我国重申,根据《人权理事会宣言》和执行第60/251号决议,大会必须通过人权理事会提出的《宣言》。", "对于不容忍和无视生命和尊严的行为,恐怖主义,特别是当目标主要是年轻人时,没有更大的犯罪证据。 Costa 因此,哥斯达黎加强烈谴责星期二在挪威发生的恐怖袭击。 其主要受害者是年轻人,因为他们对社会的承诺,他们正在北方岛参加一个劳动党营地。 我们声援他们的家人、挪威政府和人民。 我们知道,对这一悲剧的反应将是对容忍和自由的更大承诺。", "最后,我敦促所有国家在本次会议成果文件商定的前提上采取行动。 这将是让所有年轻人有机会发挥其潜力,利用他们的能量和热情为人类面临的巨大任务服务的最佳途径。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请葡萄牙代表发言。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙): 请允许我祝贺德西总统组织了本次高级别会议,这次会议标志着国际青年年结束。 我们还要感谢两位共同主持人——奥地利大使托马斯·迈尔-哈廷和贝宁的让-弗朗西斯·雷吉斯·津苏大使——为达成共识的成果文件所做的辛勤工作(第65/312号决议)。", "我们高兴地注意到,这次高级别活动坚定地重申了《世界青年行动纲领》,包括其15个相互关联的优先领域。 葡萄牙重申致力于促进和执行《世界青年行动纲领》和实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标。 我们强调,需要加强国际合作,支持各国努力执行《世界行动纲领》,并呼吁所有会员国继续将其作为国家、区域和国际各级涉及青年的政策和方案的统一指导原则。", "葡萄牙对制定和实施有关青年的政策和方案的承诺不容置疑。 我回顾,正是根据1998年在里斯本举行的第一次世界青年部长会议上提出的建议,大会宣布8月12日为国际青年日。 我们的目标是加强涉及青年的政策和方案,确保青年人作为主要行动者和积极分子,参与国家、区域和国际政策的所有决策步骤。", "去年,我们成立了由政府和青年组织代表组成的国际青年年国家委员会,在全国制定了处理创业和创新、权利与平等、文化和多样性、赋予青年权力和民主等问题的活动日程。 在此框架内,我要强调2月份在葡萄牙举行的第二届移民和非洲移民青年论坛,我们认为该论坛有助于推动有关青年的若干问题。", "在大会下一届会议期间,葡萄牙将与摩尔多瓦和塞内加尔一道,再次在第三委员会提出关于涉及青年的政策和方案的两年期决议草案。 我们还在2月份举行的社会发展委员会最近一届会议期间提出并推动了关于这个问题的决议。", "让我再次强调,青年人作为全球社会对话、积极变革和发展的积极推动者的重要性,以及他们在促进容忍和相互理解方面的作用。 然而,完全妨碍年轻人发挥自己作用的一个主要障碍仍然是暴力,而暴力是他们的主要目标,在许多不同场合和形式上,他们以特别严重的方式暴露了暴力。 各种形式的暴力和剥削儿童和青年是国际社会面临的最重要的挑战之一。 因此,它必须结束。", "葡萄牙坚决支持普遍批准《儿童权利公约》两项任择议定书:《关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》和《关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》。 我们鼓励所有尚未加入《任择议定书》的会员国在大会9月份高级别会议期间签署或批准《任择议定书》。 我们希望,这一国际年也将有助于实现这一目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请哈萨克斯坦代表发言。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦): 首先,我要表示我国对挪威政府及其人民的声援。 上周,在袭击当天,我国总统就这一悲剧向哈萨克斯坦全体人民表示慰问。 我本人深感悲痛;对青年和儿童的暴行可能比起更大的犯罪吗? 因此,本次会议是非常及时的。", "哈萨克斯坦赞扬在有效执行《到2000年及其后世界青年行动纲领》方面取得的进展,该纲领是一个重要的路线图。 然而,还需要做更多的工作,以确保更密切地监测和评价将青年相关问题纳入国家政策的方式,以确保我们未来领导人融入我们每个会员国的政治、社会、经济和文化生活及其发展议程的主流。 我们还必须确保与青年有关的问题进一步融入实现千年发展目标的努力,使年轻人能够融入现有秩序,并成为社会变革的推动者。", "我国代表团呼吁加强联合国全系统的一致性和协调,并精简34个机构与青年有关的工作,这些机构的重点是最不发达国家和冲突地区,特别是在年轻妇女和女孩方面。 因此,我们呼吁各会员国在资金和资源方面提供更多的支持,以便提供可能的技术指导和能力建设,以执行《世界青年行动纲领》。", "鉴于上周的悲剧,必须尽一切努力监测社会媒体,引导青年的能源,并为促进和谐的青年运动提供资金。", "在国际青年年,哈萨克斯坦实施了多层面、跨学科和注重成果的国家青年政策。 特别重视加强社会保护、减少失业和改善青年的教育机会。 总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫认为,青年社会化、形成进步态度和向年轻一代传授现代价值观,对于国家发展至关重要。 因此,国家通过了2011-2020年国家教育方案和一项具有前瞻性措施和服务的行动计划,包括建立现代和创新的新大学。 青年优质教育是社会和经济福祉的先决条件,我国将教育支出作为国家预算资金的一个优先领域。", "哈萨克斯坦在总统的主持下设立了一个青年政策理事会,动员青年参与国家政策决策和发展。 此外,还发起了一个关于青年人才库的国家项目,以促进青年人在公共服务以及社会、政治和经济领域的体面就业。 自2005年以来,绿色国家青年劳工运动一直是我国生态问题和环境政策的重要参与者。", "哈萨克斯坦重申其坚定承诺,通过应对影响青年的挑战,促进多边努力,使青年成为我们最丰富的资源之一,促进对话和相互理解。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请以色列代表发言。", "Prosor先生(以色列): 首先,我要在上周挪威人民和政府在奥斯陆和乌特约亚发生骇人听闻的袭击之后,向挪威人民和政府表示我国政府的慰问。 这一悲剧的受害者——其中大多数是年轻人——仍在我们的思想和祈祷中。", "犹太人讲述了一名男子种植一 tree树的故事,这 tree树在70年后才有水果。 当问他是否认为他会活着吃树时,男子回答说:“我正像我的祖先那样做。 就像他们为我植树一样,我正在为我的孩子种植一 tree树”。", "一代人对后代的承诺是强大和健康社会的基础。 保护、融合和赋予青年权力是每个国家的一项基本义务。 我们绝不能忽视处于边缘地位的年轻人。", "在过去20年里,以色列通过在立法方面取得重大进展和提高公众认识,制定了应对风险青年需求的综合办法。 2008年,以色列启动了一项针对处境危险的儿童和青年的国家方案,包括5个政府部委。 这项举措推动了一些独特的项目,旨在通过职业和创业培训等手段,使面临风险的青年重返社区。 这些方案旨在满足包括世界各地移民在内的以色列不同人口的需求。", "以色列坚决支持《到2000年及其后世界青年行动纲领》。 它是1995年通过时关于青年问题的最全面文件。 16年后,它依然有效,为改善年轻人状况的国家和国际行动提供了一个政策框架。", "在国际一级,以色列国际开发合作署(MASHAV)培训了世界各地成千上万的教育工作者和年轻人。 例如,MASHAV的Carmel国际培训中心十年来一直在与美洲国家组织合作,以期将创业作为美洲年轻人的自助工具。 该项目在拉丁美洲和加勒比群岛29个国家培训了22 000多人。", "去年,在联合国国际青年年的框架内举办了许多英语和西班牙语课程,包括青年创业技能以及年轻人的商业管理。", "以色列坚决支持青年问题高级别会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)第28(h)段,其中强调必须保护受恐怖主义和煽动影响或剥削的年轻人。 以色列非常了解这些挑战。 打击恐怖主义的斗争要求国际社会保持警惕、决心和集体行动。 我们必须注重促进容忍和相互理解的文化,而不是暴力和仇恨,结束在世界许多角落非常常见的煽动年轻人的行为。", "我们今天在世界看到的许多最大的分界线不是文明之间,而是世代之间。 Facebook、Twitter和一系列其他工具正在创造指数变化,为人们提供互动、学习和成长的新机会。 在数字时代提出的那些建议将作为我们通往未来的桥梁。", "在以色列,我们年轻的思想成为促进创新的强大力量。 曾经成长过大的年轻人现在正在生产 Orange色移动电话。 那些过去种植 app果的人目前正在设计果树电脑。", "国际社会面临的挑战要求我们利用下一代的创造力。 我们必须赋予我们所有青年权力,并鼓励他们承担起全球社会的责任,抓住机遇,利用我们面前的新技术,创造一个更繁荣、更宽容和更和平的世界。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请孟加拉国代表发言。", "马赫莫德先生(孟加拉国): 首先,我要向上周挪威惨遭杀害的68人家属表示衷心慰问。 地球上的每一条生命都是宝贵的,我们非常遗憾地指出,大多数遇害者是参加夏天青年营地的年轻人。", "孟加拉国赞赏举行本次青年问题高级别会议并通过成果文件(第65/312号决议)。 青年人是国家最重要的资源。 一个国家的发展和繁荣在很大程度上取决于其青年的积极活动。", "在孟加拉国,青年发展部成立于1981年,目的是通过提供适当的指导、激励和基于需要的发展培训,使我国的青年融入我国国家发展进程的主流。 为了让失业青年参与国家发展进程,该部一直在实施关于动机、技能开发培训、自营就业、小额信贷支助和社区发展的大规模方案,以便受过训练的青年能够建立自营就业项目,以减少贫困。", "在孟加拉国,到2010年6月为止,大约有3.43万年轻人接受了不同部门的训练,特别是电脑,包括互联网和网络;制图和视频编辑;牲畜、家禽、养culture和农业;缝.;板块、电池和屏幕印刷;电子和电线;制冷和空调等。", "自营职业青年的平均收入从每月20美元到670美元不等。 在某些情况下,在一个人均收入仅为每年670美元的国家,成功的自营职业青年每月收入超过1 300美元。 此外,许多受过培训的青年在国内外的不同组织获得工作。 截至2010年5月,在小额信贷方案下支付了1.2亿美元,用于建立或扩大自营职业项目。 贷款回收率接近90%。", "本届政府根据《选举宣言》制定了一个国家服务方案,为完成中等教育的失业青年提供就业。 他们临时工作两年。 最初选定了三个贫困区。 失业青年接受了10个选定单元的三个月基本培训,然后被分配到不同的国家建设部门、自治机构或地方政府机构,等等。", "志愿青年和政府组织也在农村发展中发挥重要作用。 为了促进青年组织积极参与发展进程,青年发展部已采取步骤,动员青年组织。 约有14 000个青年组织已经加入该部。", "2010年8月12日,在孟加拉国举行了国际青年日纪念活动,庄严宣誓。 在国家一级,国际青年年选定主题之后,国际青年年举行了一次对话与相互理解研讨会。 大量青年领袖参加了第十一届南亚运动会的开幕式和闭幕式,以及最近在达卡举行的世界杯球赛开幕式。", "最后,我要重申,孟加拉国政府承诺将今天的青年转变为明天最有生产力的社会部门,并确保政府日益强调满足年轻人的教育和培训需要,鼓励他们的道德发展,并在有限的资源范围内采取措施,为他们创造就业机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请俄罗斯联邦代表发言。", "卡雷夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言): 俄罗斯联邦代表团高兴地加入协商一致,通过了“青年:对话和相互了解”高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)。 我们要感谢谈判进程的协调员和所有与会者。 由于它们的建设性和关键做法,我们得以就反映所有国家利益的成果文件达成协议。", "今天的会议是国际青年年的最终成果,它不仅能够评估对青年利益的认识和关注的结果,而且能够提高青年对生活各领域的积极参与,并为他们赋权创造途径。 这也是确定未来目标的一个起点。", "俄罗斯联邦高度重视青年问题。 我国有4 000万人,约占人口的27%。 让我们不要忘记,虽然青年人是社会最活跃的参与者,但他们受到不同类型危机后果的最沉重打击。 青年人在人生道路一开始,往往无法应对这种后果。", "青年人除了享有巨大的流动性外,还很容易适应新的条件并获得新的知识。 这一事实的明确证明是青年人在最近的世界活动中发挥的作用。 青年人也是克服全球金融和经济危机不利影响的主要动力。 这是俄罗斯联邦为年轻一代提供长期投资,建设稳定和繁荣的社会的原因。", "俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年政策部已经着手执行这方面的协调政策。 联邦青年局也隶属于该部。 它是一个国家机构,其活动集中于发展俄罗斯的青年潜力。", "我国保障年轻人利益和权利的政策和方案符合联合国的优先事项,包括《世界青年行动纲领》。 这些优先事项为2009年在俄罗斯青年年范围内开展的活动奠定了基础,这些活动旨在增强青年的专业和创造性潜力,倡导一种道德和健康的生活方式,培育各国人民之间的和平与理解的理想。", "自1993年以来,每年6月27日,我们庆祝了俄罗斯青年日,在全国举行了各种会议、音乐会、体育和其他活动。 今年6月27日,俄罗斯联邦体育、旅游和青年部与青年运动领导人举行了一次会议,会上主要讨论国际青年年。", "当前的经济和社会状况要求特别注意通过解决诸如其职业安置和稳定就业等问题,增进年轻人福祉的问题。 在这方面,联邦目标方案《2011-2015年俄罗斯青年》将成为今后五年的一项重要文件。 该文件旨在创造条件,促进年轻人参与国家社会和政治生活,并利用其潜力在我国进一步创新,从而成功地实现社会化并有效地赋予他们权力。", "国际年是一个引人注目的示威,表明年轻人不仅是国家援助的接受者,而且能够自己为本国和整个国际社会作出贡献。 国际年还表明,需要创造一种环境,使年轻人能够融入社会生活的所有领域,从而增加他们对国家社会和经济发展的贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请斯洛文尼亚代表发言。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚): 首先,请允许我表示,我国对挪威人民和政府的慰问,他们惨遭无理和不可想象的恐怖主义行径夺走的所有年轻人。", "斯洛文尼亚赞同代表欧洲联盟所作的发言。", "我们的社会的未来取决于我们年轻人的未来。 尤其是,这取决于我们决策者能够做些什么,使年轻人能够参与社会,确保高质量的教育,保障保健服务和创造就业机会。 当前的金融和经济危机对年轻人产生了严重影响,使他们中的许多人失业,生活在贫困之中。 这反过来又影响到他们的社会包容,而社会融合是社会可持续性、稳定和繁荣的关键。", "青年人必须参与决策进程,包括通过青年领导的组织。 这些组织不仅代表青年的声音,而且是促进容忍、对话和相互理解的重要论坛。 因此,必须加强青年和青年领导的组织的作用,支持它们进一步参与各级和所有问题,如可持续发展、气候变化和人权的战略和政策的制定。", "特别是,我们应当通过直接涉及年轻人的具体、基层项目和方案,加强不同区域的青年组织或平台之间的合作。 非正规教育应被视为实现这一目标的核心工具。", "在与青年合作的过程中,斯洛文尼亚正在利用其长期的传统。 我们通过各种方案和项目鼓励青年发展和社会融合、个人增长和年轻人的自主。 斯洛文尼亚政府鼓励创造条件,让年轻人参与社会和政治进程,从而共同资助许多基层青年和青年工作组织的活动。", "为儿童和青年建立了许多参与性结构。 青年人有自己的同伴组织,在国家和地方一级的决策过程中提出他们的看法。 例如,学生可以公开发言的青年议会倡议是儿童参与社会和政治进程的关键表现。", "此外,政府还设立了两个咨询机构,由青年组织和各部委代表平等组成。 它们提出措施并监测在国家一级各种公共政策中考虑青年利益的情况,特别是促进青年参与这些进程。", "最后但同样重要的是,斯洛文尼亚高度赞赏志愿工作的重要性。 我们坚信,志愿工作有助于加强社会资本,促进和平与团结,为可持续的社会经济发展开拓新的基础。 年轻志愿人员的作用是赋予青年权力的有效工具,因为它使他们能够发展其专业资格、学术知识和具体技能,为他们今后的工作和就业可能性作出贡献,并加强他们的社会包容和凝聚力。", "青年人是变革的力量。 尽管人们日益认识到他们的需求,但他们在世界许多地方仍然被边缘化和忽视。 我们必须履行我们的义务,通过调动所有政治力量和手段,并通过执行《世界青年行动纲领》,为他们建设一个繁荣的未来。 我们还必须普遍批准《儿童权利公约》及其《任择议定书》等国际文书。 在这方面,斯洛文尼亚坚决支持到2012年普遍批准《任择议定书》的运动。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请多哥代表发言。", "Menan先生(多哥)(以法语发言): 首先,我要向大会转达多哥当局,特别是担任世界上最年轻的国家元首的共和国总统的热情和诚挚的情感。", "我还要向大会主席和共同主持人贝宁和奥地利大使转达我国政府的有力感谢,感谢他们在组织本次会议方面发挥堪称楷模的作用。 这次会议为我们提供了一个评估青年状况的令人欢迎的机会,这一社会群体占世界人口的大多数。", "联合国宣布的国际青年年始于2010年8月12日,目的是鼓励会员国加紧行动,改善青年人之间的对话和相互了解,促进他们在各级的参与,并努力消除他们面临的所有障碍。 在这方面,多哥开展的主要活动旨在找到解决失业问题的创新办法,因为失业问题增加了年轻人的脆弱性,使他们无法发挥其潜力。 我们的活动还力求改进体制框架,促进年轻人参与所有国家决策和公共事务进程。", "在机构一级采取的行动包括:2005年设立了一个专门负责青年和青年就业问题的部级部门;2007年通过了一项国家青年政策;2008年设立多哥全国青年理事会并开始运作。 最近,为了一方面促进年轻人自己之间、另一方面促进年轻人与政府当局之间的包容性对话和交流,政府决定设立一个全国青年论坛。 第一次论坛于4月18日至20日举行,有机会根据年轻人新的公民参与情况,详尽地审议他们在多哥的地位。 为确保这一举措的持久影响,论坛将每两年举行一次。", "关于促进影响年轻人的具体问题,特别是与青年就业和社会包容有关的问题,多哥政府增加了旨在扩大在有酬和独立就业部门的机遇和青年就业的方案和项目。 重点是通过建立便利年轻人获得信贷的机制,促进微型、小型和中型企业,这些企业被确认为职业创造者。", "此外,两年前,我们发起了一项意义深远的方案,促进公民责任和年轻人的积极参与。 该方案由青年人、青年组织和地方社区参与实施。", "尽管作出了所有区域、国家和国际努力,多哥认为,只有在国际伙伴关系框架内加强团结,我们才能实现国际青年年的目标,并对《世界青年行动纲领》采取后续行动。 因此,多哥代表团呼吁所有国家和利益攸关方听取一位多哥著名政治家的明智之辞,他说,如果为我们的青年的未来作出牺牲,那不会太大。 7月26日大会通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)提供了一个机会,使我们能够继续采取行动,及时解决年轻人面临的许多挑战。", "最后,在挪威和平青年遭受的痛苦悲剧和损失之后,我重申我们对挪威政府和人民的声援和慰问。 多哥谴责毫无法律根据的令人痛心的个人犯下的此类恐怖主义行为。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国代表发言。", "瓦莱罗·布里塞尼奥先生(委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)(以西班牙语发言):委内瑞拉再次谴责恐怖主义和一切形式的暴力行为,并在使该国陷入悲痛的这一悲惨时刻声援受害者家属以及挪威人民和政府。", "我国代表团感谢大会主席组织这次活动。 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "2009年10月21日,委内瑞拉通过了《人民权力促进青年法》,概述了青年在其社会发展各个领域的权利和义务。 此外,委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国总统乌戈·查韦斯·弗里亚斯于2011年7月7日宣布成立人民权力青年部,以采取措施巩固人民对青年的权力。", "委内瑞拉认为,教育是社会变革的基础,也是人民解放的工具。 在我国,所有各级都保证将青年纳入教育系统。 1999年,委内瑞拉有20万大学生;现在有250万人。 超过930万委内瑞拉人——占人口的三分之一——有机会利用通信和信息技术,特别是因特网。", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国《宪法》第79条承认年轻人是发展的积极推动者。 《青年法》扩大并详细阐述了这一条款,建立了全国青年委员会,鼓励年轻人积极参与。 在过去12年里,在玻利瓦尔革命过程中,已经制定和制定了政策,以促进年轻人的参与,其中很大比例的人在人民政权的机构中担任负责任的职务。 我国于6月28日至30日主办了拉丁美洲和加勒比争取和平与主权青年大会,会上青年人承诺将努力使我们的区域成为一个和平与发展区。", "在玻利瓦尔革命期间,我们的青年在艺术、科学、文化和体育方面取得了明显和不可否认的成就。 委内瑞拉在大学入学方面占世界第五位。 西蒙·博利瓦尔青年交响乐团的卓越表现在全世界得到承认。 委内瑞拉在目前在我国举行的美洲玻利瓦尔联盟第四次奥运会上赢得了最大的奖牌。 正如最近在美洲科帕所看到的那样,委内瑞拉已成为我们区域杰出足球队之一。", "我们呼吁所有国家向新一代人提供必要的工具,使地球上的所有人能够过上人类奖励的生活,并和谐地生活。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请坦桑尼亚联合共和国代表发言。", "索菲埃先生(坦桑尼亚联合共和国): 我赞扬大会主席及其主席团的干练领导,我向他们保证,我国代表团将继续全力支持与合作。 与其他人一样,我要向挪威人民表示坦桑尼亚的同情和慰问,并与其他人一道,最强烈地谴责这种卑鄙和令人发指的恐怖主义和不容忍行为。", "我国代表团赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义以及纳米比亚代表以南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)的名义所作的发言。 坦桑尼亚支持南共体关于设立一个专门的联合国青年实体的建议。", "比例而言,非洲在任何大陆的人口最少。 这是有利于非洲和全世界的巨大资源。 然而,如果这一资源要取得成果,我们就需要让年轻人成为我们想要他们做生意的各国政府负责、负责和民主的领导人。 我国政府认为,年轻人不仅是明天的领导人,而且能够成为今天的领导人,并与他们的长辈一道为建设他们的国家作出重要贡献。", "通过平等权利行动,男女青年在坦桑尼亚决策机构,包括议会中都有代表。 坦桑尼亚还制定了若干政策、战略和计划,制定了明确的目标和可衡量的目标,为年轻人提供机会。 我们继续大力投资,提高各级的教育质量,扩大获得教育和技能的机会。 在国际劳工组织的支持下,我们正在打击最恶劣形式的童工劳动。", "我们还注重青年的健康与活力,包括努力预防13个怀孕、艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他传染病和非传染病。 我们设立了青年发展基金,我们鼓励储蓄和信贷协会和小额信贷方案,让年轻人获得优惠投资资金。 我们正在促进年轻人在农业和非农业农村服务企业就业,使他们能够在社区内找到更好的生活。 我们正在参加处理所有这些问题的区域方案,我们感谢支持我们国家和区域方案的双边和多边伙伴。 我们指望得到他们持续和更大的支持。", "全球化和驱动全球化的技术使全世界的年轻人都生活在一个地球村里,并使他们深刻认识到他们在哪里和在哪里。 全球化建设并提升了愿望——政治、经济、文化和社会。 其中一些愿望是,我们许多国家的政府不能靠自己的现有资源和政策空间,或以年轻人希望的速度举行会议。", "我们年轻人所依赖的社会媒体是积极变革的有用工具。 不幸的是,它们也可以产生消极结果。 换言之,全球化给我们的年轻人带来了愿望,但并不总是给他们适当的工具、能力或公平的机会来实现他们的梦想。 这可能破坏稳定,其影响将超越我们的边界。 让我们支持国家和区域政府的努力,创造一个公平的全球化,不仅激励世界青年,而且使世界青年团结起来。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请马来西亚代表发言。", "萨尔曼夫人(马来西亚): 首先,请允许我与其他发言者一道,就造成80多名年轻人丧生的骇人听闻的袭击向挪威人民表示慰问。", "马来西亚代表团感谢德西总统召开本次会议。 看到这么多年轻人今天聚集在本大会堂,令人振奋。 只有通过讨论和讨论,我们才能真正理解年轻一代的希望和愿望,以便加强各国之间的经济、社会和文化关系。", "马来西亚人口的43%——约1 250万马来西亚人——是15至40岁的年轻人。 由于人数众多,马来西亚有一个专门负责监督年轻人福祉的部。 除其他外,青年和体育部的任务是帮助青年社区促进国家的增长、发展和繁荣,并进一步鼓励青年社区建立一个成功的国家。 马来西亚政府建立了一整套必要的支助系统,以加强青年在各级的参与和赋权。", "在政策方面,马来西亚于1985年是最早制定国家青年政策的国家之一。 这一倡议随后于1997年得到加强,成为国家青年发展政策。 该政策包括增强青年能力、人力资源开发、青年领导和青年企业发展等领域。 此外,马来西亚第十个计划,其使命是努力使马来西亚成为一个进步的高收入国家,承认青年的参与是该国增长的关键组成部分。 因此,其目标是创造一代具有前瞻性的年轻人,他们积极追求学术和职业优异。", "除已制定的各种政策外,政府继续通过各种活动与年轻一代接触。 例如,5月份,在联邦政府行政中心所在地的普特拉贾亚市变成了年轻人的海路,他们来庆祝全国青年日,纪念该国年轻人。 庆祝活动包括一项青年公约,其中讨论了实现青年人变革的方向。 普特拉贾亚还被正式宣布为适合青年的城市。", "此外,为了确认联合国工作的重要性,马来西亚于2010年8月主办了第二次全球模拟联合国,全球500多名青年代表参加了该模拟联合国会议,在大会和联合国系统其他多边机构模拟会议期间发展了领导和决策技能。", "马来西亚感到非常自豪的是,它充分承认了区域和国际上的青年发展观点。 不过,马来西亚希望青年问题高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将转化为具体行动,以推动青年发展议程。 马来西亚还致力于加强和发展我们青年社区,使其成为有权力的实体和负责任的公民,以确保和平与繁荣不仅成为我国的永久特征,而且能够促进我们地球村的改善。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请泰国代表发言。", "斯里瓦利先生(泰国): 泰国代表团与挪威一样,对乌特约亚大屠杀深感愤慨和悲伤。 令我们痛苦地提醒我们,我们应加倍努力,为各地的年轻人服务,并创造一种环境,培养、赋予他们权力,并为他们提供一切机会。", "泰国青年面临的挑战与许多其他发展中国家的挑战大致相似。 数十年来,我们接受经济全球化,改变了家庭结构、财富分配和机会。 经济发展带来了更多的物质福利和减贫,但也带来了更广泛的收入差距、机会差距的明显缩小以及不可持续的消费和生活方式的扩散。 泰国的年轻人受到这些变化的严重影响。 在教育和就业方面机会不平等意味着,我们有年轻人,他们能力高、技能高,但也有很多人处于弱势,没有做好准备在全球化下加强经济竞争。", "为了应对这些复杂的挑战,泰国认为,协调的办法至关重要。 我国《宪法》和具体法律提供了一个法律框架,保护儿童和青年,同时促进他们的发展。 在政治方面,我们有一个由总理担任主席的国家青年和儿童发展委员会,青年代表出席了会议。 2009年,政府推行了15年免费教育的政策。 同时,通过进一步下放政策执行权,解决城乡差距问题,这意味着地方一级的更大参与。", "在国际青年年,我们还一直在组织各种活动,促进国内不同信仰和族裔背景的年轻人之间的跨文化了解。 泰国还自豪地派遣两名青年代表参加第三委员会在每届会议开始时根据社会发展议程起草和发表我国的声明。 泰国青年代表多年来参加了大会,我们希望越来越多的发展中国家能够这样做,以便让来自发展中国家的年轻人在大会舞台上拥有更大的发言权。", "当然,这些努力只是起点。 能够而且必须做更多的工作。 我们对我们所通过的成果文件(第6/312号决议)寄以很大的希望,我们认为该文件应当有助于通过许多深思熟虑、坚实和具体的建议,重振我们为青年作出的共同努力。 我们必须共同推进这一宣言,其方式将鼓励当今青年的梦想,把人类推向应有的光明未来。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请圣文森特和格林纳丁斯代表发言。", "贡萨尔维斯先生(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)(以英语发言):圣文森特和格林纳丁斯赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体的名义所作的发言,以及阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。 我们还完全赞同挪威人民最近遭受可怕悲剧后表示的同情和声援。 言辞不能表达国际社会对这一恐怖主义行为的悲痛和愤慨。", "一个不幸的事实是,青年人和治理常常是假装的。 传统的权力和政治大厅——包括大会堂——常常以青年只是记忆的人群为主。 我们解决问题的方法——官僚主义、官僚主义和令人沮丧的渐进式——往往与青年典型的激情、决定性和积极性背道而驰。 此外,我们许多政治领导人未能赢得年轻人的信任,他们仅仅把他们视为一个情感的浪潮,被掩盖或脱离政治职务。 另一些人则试图cy笑自己作为高级公民的地位的“变革”的tle子,他们的原则和变性证书长期以来一直被政治野心所牺牲。", "但是,世界上的青年不必受到不信任、利用、灌输思想或边缘化。 它们需要倾听;需要接受;它们必须成为国家发展和全球治理的积极和主导伙伴。 变化与发展的步伐迅速加快,一代人的未来将从根本上不同于我们今天所努力的世界。 变化的步伐——好坏——将是明天地球村的一个决定性特征,我们在管理甚至预测方面没有经验。 今天的年轻人将继承这个世界,今天的年轻人必须接受领导人和决策者对我们今后一切步骤的信任。", "圣文森特和格林纳丁斯重申加共体《关于加勒比共同体青年未来宣言》的核心思想,即年轻人不是要解决的问题,而是我们次区域发展的宝贵资产和伙伴。 创造力、创新和能源,通过全球化和当前经济危机的崩溃,将开辟一条新道路,这取决于我们的青年,而不是导致我们陷入我们现在面临的危机的正统。", "在这方面,回顾首先归于美国前总统富兰克林·罗斯福的休战是有益的: “我们不能永远为我们的青年建设未来,但我们能够为未来建设我们的青年。” 因此,圣文森特和格林纳丁斯政府对社会各级青年进行了大量投资。 在过去十年中,我们实现了普及中等教育,并且正在普及幼儿教育。 国家在高等教育方面的支出成倍增长,我们每一个学生——在葡萄牙和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国政府的合作下——不久将拥有自己的手提电脑,使世界超越我们小岛屿发展中国家的狭隘界限。", "青年人也成为各级政府和公共服务部门的重要职务。 参议员、部长、外交官和其他高级官员都是这一蓬勃发展的青年旅的一部分。 年轻的文森特人企业家、运动员和文化艺术家继续创造就业,影响辩论,为未来发展创造新的途径。 我国对青年的信任和信心是不可动摇的。", "国际社会必须切实展示对青年的更大信任和信心。 他们面临的挑战往往没有在历史记忆中并行。 在我们区域,青年面对跨国犯罪、艾滋病毒/艾滋病、气候脆弱性和技术爆炸,在不确定的经济环境中,生产模式和资本分配模式不断变化,对下一代人的影响尚未大。", "这次高级别活动必须具备一些东西,才能在一份简单的成果文件之外表明自己。 它必须是重新设想青年在我们的国家发展和全球治理中的作用的开端,也是真正努力把青年问题纳入主流,并将我们的年轻人作为平等的伙伴,融入到不确定的未来。", "少之又一次试图利用年轻人作为光生背景,促进政治祖传。 但是,正如我们最近几个月所学到的那样,年轻人被边缘化的代价及其需要和关切可能在政治上和社会上是分散的。 让我们听取青年们试图教导我们的经验教训。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请爱尔兰代表发言。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰): 我荣幸地在大会本次高级别会议上发言。 看到这么多年轻人及其代表出席并积极参加本次会议,尤其令人鼓舞。", "我与其他与会者一道,就上周五悲惨袭击中可怕的生命损失,向挪威政府和人民表示深切的慰问。", "爱尔兰赞同欧洲联盟(欧盟)代表团代理团长佩德罗·塞拉诺先生代表欧盟成员国所作的发言。", "首先,请允许我就《世界青年行动纲领》谈三个短点。 第一,爱尔兰重视以人权为中心的执行方案。 《纲领》本身认识到,要成功执行《纲领》,就必须让年轻人充分享受所有人权和基本自由,会员国必须坚决承诺打击任何侵犯这些权利的行为。 这种做法和承诺必须回避我们的所有努力。", "第二,为了充分实现方案的目标,必须实现两性平等。 在努力应对年轻妇女和女孩面临的一些挑战——贫穷、不平等、多种形式的歧视、性暴力和基于性别的暴力,特别是在冲突中,获得教育或保健的机会有限,包括性健康和生殖健康护理的机会有限——我们必须注重增强年轻妇女和女孩的能力,使其成为变革的推动者。", "第三,我们敏锐地认识到发展方面的问题。 世界上18亿15至24岁的年轻人中,近90%生活在发展中国家。 承认和利用这些年轻人的巨大潜力对于实现千年发展目标至关重要。", "请允许我谈谈爱尔兰最近的一些事态发展,这些事态发展可能更加令人感兴趣。 新的爱尔兰政府加强了对青年事务的重视,设立了儿童和青年事务部长的内阁正式职位,并相应设立了一个新的儿童和青年事务部。", "已经承诺制定一个青年政策框架,支持10至24岁的儿童和青年。 该框架的总体目标是澄清和加强青年服务和相关校外服务的协调与提供。 目的是加强年轻人的发展、参与和支持;在提供青年服务方面实现更大的协调和一致性;并确保提供高质量的成果。", "青年参与问题特别重要。 正如本周早些时候通过的结果文件(第65/312号决议)承认的那样,年轻人自己参与制定、执行、监测和评价有效政策对实现《世界行动纲领》的目标至关重要。 爱尔兰政府坚决致力于促进儿童和青年参与民间社会,过去十年来,已经建立或巩固了实现这一目标的各种结构。 其中包括地方青年委员会、全国青年议会、学生委员会、儿童和青年论坛、儿童和青年参与支助小组以及包容方案和全国协商。", "在更广泛的促进参与努力中,我们特别强调赋予边缘化年轻人权力。 一项包容方案于2007年设立,目的是为很少受苦的年轻人提供新的机会,让他们参与决策机构。 通过一些民间社会组织的参与实现了包容性方案。 这些组织与男同性恋和女同性恋青年、青年旅行者、护理中的年轻人、残疾青年以及处境不利社区的年轻人合作。 在我们向前迈进时,我们的意图是吸取包容方案的经验教训,以确保越来越多的可能被边缘化的年轻人能够参加决策结构和进程。", "爱尔兰是欧洲人口最少的国家之一。 在困难时期和好的时候,我们的年轻人仍然是我们最大的资源。 我们希望为他们提供更多机会,帮助规划我国的未来。 我们希望,这一国际青年年将有助于向全世界青年提供这种机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请特立尼达和多巴哥常驻代表发言。", "查尔斯先生(特里尼达和多巴哥)(以英语发言):特里尼达和多巴哥与前面的发言者一道,对挪威政府和人民表示慰问。", "此外,特里尼达和多巴哥希望赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团和中国的名义所作的发言,以及苏里南代表以加勒比共同体名义所作的发言。 此外,我们愿以我国代表的身份作简短发言。", "特里尼达和多巴哥认识到青年人对社区和国家发展的重要性,制定了一项国家青年政策,反映了政府和民间社会之间灵活和充满活力的社会发展进程,各种国家方案和活动得以落实。 这部分涉及教育、健康、两性平等、处理青年犯罪和暴力,包括与毒品有关的犯罪、青年失业和青年领导发展。", "国家青年政策促进赋予青年权力和参与,使年轻人处于政策制定和执行的前列。 同时,委员会承认政府有责任建立必要的促进框架,确保年轻人能够作出知情选择,过上有意义的、生产性的、可享有的生活,并为实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标作出贡献。 此外,值得注意的是,青年事务组合目前属于新成立的性别、青年和儿童发展部的职权范围。", "为纪念主题为“对话与相互理解”的国际青年年,并根据联合国系统采取的办法,特里尼达和多巴哥制定了属于联合国机构间青年发展网络确定的三个主要领域的若干举措。 在这方面,一项重大举措是启动了国家青年咨询方案,通过参加与政府部长的协商,向年轻人提供将被纳入决策进程的机会。", "必须促进政府和年轻人之间的对话,促进相互理解,更好地解决影响他们的各种问题,因为年轻人是我们社会发展和进步的重要伙伴。 在这方面,我引用中国的 prove语,称“我和我会忘记,向我显示,我可以记住,我和我会理解”。", "因此,根据这一办法,特里尼达和多巴哥政府加强了青年参与和社区内的伙伴关系,发展了他们与其同行和相关利益攸关方对话的能力。 政府还通过国家领导培训方案、同侪教育讲习班和社区社会项目,促进青年发展,这些项目利用与年轻人讨论设计和执行方案以满足他们的需求。 在这方面,我们鼓励会员国促进同本国年轻人的对话,以便他们能够并且继续参与最终影响他们未来的决定。", "特里尼达和多巴哥重申《世界青年行动纲领》,并继续予以执行,与此同时,我们认识到需要进一步发展和改善目前关于青年人的国际框架,以有效地应对他们面临的新挑战。", "现在应该超越对话,转向执行和调动资源,以便赋予年轻人权力,促进我们整个社会的发展。 最后,我要与我的圣文森特和格林纳丁斯同事一道,引用富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的话,他说:“我们永远不能为我们的青年建设未来,但我们能够建设我们的青年,为未来服务”。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请格林纳达代表发言。", "威廉斯女士(格林纳达)(以英语发言):格林纳达赞同苏里南代表以加勒比共同体名义所作的发言以及阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "主席先生,格林纳达代表团通过你,并代表我国政府和格林纳达人民,特别是青年,向挪威政府和人民表示深切和衷心的同情,对年轻人和非年轻人的惨痛杀害。 袭击政府大楼和年轻人,是出于理解的核心,我们哀悼生命损失。", "同样,格林纳达对受到战争、饥荒和轰炸的全世界所有年轻人和家庭表示声援。 尤其是,我们悲痛地看到,现在非洲之角每天都有数百人死于饥荒。 我们支持联合国呼吁全球紧急救援,并呼吁这些社区实现长期可持续发展。", "格林纳达欢迎这次青年问题高级别会议,并向全世界所有年轻人表示祝贺。 这次会议使国际社会有机会重新审查并加大努力,满足年轻人的许多需求。 在这方面,我们欢迎成果文件(第65/312号决议),我们期待着该文件得到充分和有效的执行,并期待所有年轻人都参与执行。", "同大多数国家一样,格林纳达的年轻人有着巨大的希望。 然而,这一承诺被导致高失业率和其他挑战的社会和经济力量所抵消。 然而,我们继续看到,在国家青年政策的支持下,出现了强有力的、积极的全国青年部门。", "我们的年轻人,特别是我们的女孩,正在从中学毕业,人数创纪录,在大专院校毕业,人数相同。 从小学到中学,我们的年轻运动员正在打破体育记录,包括我们的竞争者,在男子400米和女性人物的席上,他们正在对奥林匹克竞赛视而不见。 观察,牙买加! Watch out for Kirani James!", "很多更多的格林纳达青年正在专业学校和文化部门,正在成为成功的企业家。 青年领袖、青年议员和青年大使的人数在不断增加,他们随着成功而传播了健康和令人痛心的活力。 政府支出的重点是青年培训和创造就业机会、康复和赋权。", "太多的年轻人由于贫困和缺乏机会而无法发挥其潜力。 随着联合国准备在2012年联合国可持续发展会议上致力于可持续发展,格林纳达重申其对年轻人的看法,他们将在国家可持续发展中发挥更强有力的作用。 因此,我们呼吁联合国和其他各方,包括企业,与我们建立伙伴关系,支持我们把青年纳入民主进程、创造就业机会和增强经济能力,并发展必要的框架,加强基层青年组织。", "最后,格林纳达认识到,年轻人对国家发展具有宝贵的价值,但远远不止是国家发展资源。 相反,与其他群体一样,青年人对自己和人类具有内在价值。 我们有责任做更多的工作,以维护和赋予他们权力,使他们也能够为自己和世界作出正确的选择。", "格林纳达向所有青年代表致以最良好的祝愿,并祝愿他们安全地回到亲人。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请保加利亚常驻代表发言。", "雷特乔夫先生(保加利亚): 首先,请允许我与前面的所有发言者一道,代表我国,在星期五的可怕和悲剧性袭击造成这么多年轻人丧生之后,向挪威人民和政府表示最深切的同情。", "我感到荣幸能在本次高级别会议上发言,讨论一个目前特别相关的议题——如何改善世界青年的条件,帮助年轻人实现其参与影响其生活和未来的进程的愿望。 我们对这些问题的重视在于认识到青年是全球发展重要变化的自然动力。 中东和北非最近的事态发展再次表明青年人作为社会变革、进步和发展的推动者的关键作用。 他们还重申新技术和社会媒体在增强青年人的声音和参与形成公众舆论和政治决策进程方面的关键作用。", "我们感到满意的是,会议早些时候通过的成果文件(第65/312号决议)再次确认《世界青年行动纲领》是就青年问题采取全面行动的主要政治工具。 至关重要的是,我们的努力应侧重于在各级彻底改进执行工作,包括加强国家能力和民主机制,在影响青年的决策进程中与年轻人和青年领导的组织进行对话和建立伙伴关系。 各国政府、青年组织和其他利益攸关方在国家、区域和全球各级的合作是实现社会融合、就业和消除贫穷的战略和政策的关键内容。", "保加利亚完全支持欧洲联盟(欧盟)观察员在本次辩论中早些时候所作的发言,其中概述了欧洲青年问题的方案和活动。 我想简要地谈谈我国在欧盟合作行动框架内处理青年问题的经验和努力。", "保加利亚政府于2009年通过的《2010-2011年国家青年战略》主要侧重于就业和可持续发展,包括促进年轻人的经济活动和职业机会。 该战略的目标群体是15至29岁的年轻人。 采取具体行动,提高高中和大学教育的质量,促进终身学习,提供更多的实习机会,加强教育与企业之间的关系。 计划支持向年轻人提供就业机会的公司,特别是在小城镇和农村地区。 还鼓励和支持学生参与科学项目和高科技创新。", "保加利亚年轻人积极参与欧盟青年行动方案下的项目,该方案与执行《欧洲2020年战略》有关。 在促进了解和了解民主公民权和法治方面,这类项目有利于使年轻人接受人权标准和价值观,尤其涉及某些消极的社会观点、歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍。", "根据《国家青年战略》,鼓励志愿工作,将其作为在不同专业和科学领域提高青年潜力和技能的一个途径。 在欧洲志愿人员年的背景下,6月30日至7月4日在瓦尔纳举行的第四次全国青年会议讨论了在民间社会的积极参与下为年轻人和受援机构和企业提供志愿服务的好处。", "最后但并非最不重要的是,请允许我强调我们参与国际合作和联合国青年相关倡议。 在这方面,联合国的作用仍然不可或缺。 保加利亚外交部与联合国协会在保加利亚密切合作,确保协调促进青年参与联合国的活动。 今年年初签署的外交部与联合国协会联合行动计划规定制定倡议,促进年轻人更积极地参与联合国的活动,包括千年发展目标、和平、人权和可持续发展等领域。", "这一伙伴关系的一部分是甄选青年代表并参与青年代表方案的安排。 目前连续第六年进行的全国选拔工作旨在确保最积极和最有知识的学生有机会代表保加利亚青年,并与世界各地外交官和其他青年代表合作。 我们感到骄傲的是,数十年来,保加利亚表明了对青年事务的承诺,并且是在联合国背景下为保加利亚青年观点提供一个平台方面最长期经验的国家之一。", "最后,请允许我表示,我们信任成功结束这次重要会议。 我们决心为确保全世界青年有一个更美好的未来作出积极贡献。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请玻利维亚多民族国代表发言。", "Espósito Guevara夫人(玻利维亚多民族国)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我们要向兄弟的挪威人民表示我们最衷心的慰问,他们最近遭受的悲剧是他们的主要受害者是年轻人。", "玻利维亚多民族国家赞同阿根廷代表以77国集团加中国的名义所作的发言。", "青年人是任何社会变革的推动力。 正是他们以他们的精力和叛乱精神,向我们展示了前进的道路。 尽管如此,他们当中很多人以恐惧感展望未来,因为他们已经做了社会所期望的一切,但找不到工作。 他们从这种不安全的立场向我们解释说,现在所需要的是深刻的变化。 我们不能继续走这条道路。 变化的力量正在向世界转移,青年人是其推动力。", "在玻利维亚,年轻人也做出了重要贡献。 在过去十年里,所有社会阶层的年轻人都占据了广场和街道,捍卫我国的自然资源以及享有工资和生命、水、天然气、保健、就业的权利,尤其是未来的权利。 他们打击布雷顿森林机构和跨国公司的掠夺和需求。", "经济和金融危机、能源和粮食危机、水危机、气候变化、战争和入侵给年轻人造成了沉重打击。 这些都是我们需要解决的结构性问题,以便今世后代能够生活在和平与安全之中。 气候变化、缺乏工作机会和战争迫使年轻人迁移到其他地区和国家。 在这项调查中,他们面临种族主义、歧视和暴力。 作为移民,他们忍受着其非法地位、虐待和种族仇恨的严格限制。 她们在接受大学教育方面也面临类似的障碍。 这些是青年今天面临的一些挑战。", "玻利维亚多民族国政府为我们的青年制定了政策。 玻利维亚是拉丁美洲无文盲的第三个国家,并设想在我国兄弟的古巴和委内瑞拉共和国的支持下开展扫盲后方案。 在天然气收入的财政资源下,我们设立了三个土著大学,以促进土著青年获得高等教育,我们还在“高纬度体育”口号下支持各种类型的体育。", "“第一体面就业”是另一个以年轻人为重点的方案,目的是增加年轻、低收入的毕业生加入劳动力队伍。 我们还实施了信贷和小额信贷方案,帮助年轻人开展与住房和劳动力进入有关的生产项目。 今天,妇女还可以通过土地分配和再分配方案获得土地。 我们还有开放式住房选择特别方案,旨在为没有保护和处于社会不利地位的年轻工人提供全面照料。 玻利维亚志愿人员组织 该法监督年轻志愿人员的权利和责任。", "青年人是现在和未来,因此是变革的主角。 我们希望,本次关于青年、对话和相互了解的高级别会议的成果文件(第65/312号决议)将推动青年人参与就未来作出决定,特别是参与建设与自然和谐相处的其他发展手段,以此作为全球化的替代办法,因为全球化使年轻人、特别是最贫穷国家的青年无法参与。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请列支敦士登代表发言。", "Gregg女士(列支敦士登): 非常荣幸能够作为列支敦士登青年代表向大会发言。", "我向挪威受可怕生命损失影响的人们表示我国最深切的同情。 让我们本次会议重新作出承诺,为团结而努力,打击这种仇恨言论。", "我有幸在世界一个自由和繁荣的地区成长。 但是,我已经看到了战争、饥荒和环境灾难的景象,但我认识到,世界上大多数儿童和青年都不太幸运。 这些年来,这些形象帮助我形成了一种责任感和对相互联系的理解,导致采取变革行动,首先是在我自己的家里和学校,现在,在我争取日常理想的时候。 我认为,年轻人有天赋的正义感,并且有适当的教育,我们形成了采取行动的愿望。 我们的责任感和采取行动的能量是世界上最大的未开发资产。", "参与不仅是一种选择,也是青年表达的需求。 在挪威,大屠杀的年轻幸存者承诺继续参与,以证明对舆论的暴力行为无效。 阿拉伯青年还提醒世界,和平抗议的力量不容置疑。 这对继续剥夺年轻人不可剥夺人权的领导人来说,应当是一种冷静的想法,也是追求他们梦想和野心的机会。 我们不仅越来越具有全球意识,而且我们有天赋、才智、勇气和紧迫感,利用大规模动员工具传播我们的声音。 自由和开放的互联网是实现这一目标的关键。", "突尼斯青年在6个月之内带来了 j子变化,他们为许多其他国家的同行提供了激励和指导。 真正的转变的试金石将是妇女和青年参与领导职位和决策的程度。", "我们必须将阿拉伯区域革命的经验教训应用于其他不公正的情况。 为什么不为其他紧迫问题组织大规模示威游行,或把我们应对气候变化的斗争变成全球新闻活动? 了解我们的人权,使我们的行动清晰明了,重点突出。 因此,人权教育和学习非常重要。 人权教育使我们能够与当地、区域和全球的其他人对话,看待我们自身的权利和社区的权利,从而形成人类的共同语言。 我们对阿拉伯世界青年活动分子的声援,是在重新认识人权普遍性的基础上进行的,多年来,双方的谅解有限。 和平社会始于基本人权教育。", "随着全球人口达到70亿,提供性健康和生殖健康教育和计划生育不仅是一项人权,也是一项人口需要。 不能令人接受的是,生活在苏丹南部的15岁女孩比完成学业更有可能在分娩时死亡。 人权不可分割,包括性权利和生殖权利。 年轻的妇女和男子不能让自己的身体受到掌权者的征服。 知情的生殖决定可对一个国家的可持续发展产生深远积极影响。", "利用儿童和青年作为战争手段,是最令人发指的违反武装冲突法的行为之一。 列支敦士登重申完全支持负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表的工作。 我们还认为,打击有罪不罚现象是长期和平的先决条件。 国际刑事法院在这方面发挥了重要作用,其第一次审判即托马斯·卢班加审判表明了这一点,审判被控强迫招募男孩和女孩与其民兵作战。", "列支敦士登还痛惜学校和医院遭到袭击,学生和教师受到威胁,我们赞扬安全理事会就这一重要问题采取具体行动。", "2010年5月25日,联合国发起了为期两年的运动,争取普遍批准《儿童权利公约任择议定书》,将直接参与敌对行动的年龄提高到18岁。 为了支持这一运动,提高对受武装冲突影响儿童困境的认识,列支敦士登以创纪录的标签,制作了一个名为“游戏权”的光盘。 销售所得收益流向Em31,这是一个在前儿童兵中组织足球赛的非政府组织,协助和解进程。 世界各地受武装冲突影响的儿童被剥夺这一权利。 让我们回头来,以免太晚。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请苏丹代表发言。", "哈桑先生(苏丹)(以阿拉伯语发言): 我非常高兴地在这个国际论坛上发言,讨论青年的利益,希望开展联合对话和相互理解。 我们欢迎代表77国集团加中国、非洲国家集团和阿拉伯集团所作的发言。", "首先,我还要向挪威奥斯陆和乌特罗亚岛的极端主义分子犯下的令人发指的恐怖袭击受害者家属表示衷心的慰问。 我们谴责一切形式的恐怖主义。 这一事件重申,恐怖主义并非来自某个国家或宗教。", "苏丹政府高度重视青年问题。 它启动了许多项目,解决青年失业问题,通过微额供资鼓励青年投资,发展农业等重要部门。 我们还在大学和研究生教育方面提供了许多机会,近年来入学率大幅提高。", "苏丹政府还关心许多其他青年方案,支持文化和社会活动,参与体育和政治生活,并通过提供工作机会来消除失业。 我们还努力打击吸毒,提高对艾滋病毒/艾滋病危险的认识。 我们支持婚姻和家庭稳定,努力使受战争、武装冲突和环境退化影响的年轻人以及残疾人和特殊需要者恢复正常生活。 我们对这些方案的成功感到自豪,并愿意分享我们的经验。", "青年人,特别是非洲和整个发展中世界面临的众多和极端的挑战,妨碍他们充分参与社会。 全球金融和经济危机以及非洲大陆干旱的影响使这一问题更加严重。 在这方面,我们注意到,我们需要加强国际合作,支持所有领域的培训和教育,包括交流科学知识。", "苏丹理解非洲努力的重要性,最近在喀土穆设立了非洲青年联盟总部,为其大会提供住房。 作为我们关心青年的另一个指标,我们荣幸地主办阿拉伯-非洲青年理事会总部,进一步确认苏丹是阿拉伯和非洲青年的聚会场所。 我们还强调,必须努力实现千年发展目标,造福年轻人。 我们还努力通过教育赠款和培训,增加青年获得信息和通信技术的机会。", "最后,我们希望,这次重要会议将促进许多部门的青年利益,特别是将帮助受武装冲突影响或外国占领下的青年。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请塞尔维亚代表发言。", "Ivanović女士(塞尔维亚): 首先,我谨代表我国政府和塞尔维亚人民,向挪威政府和人民表示最深切的慰问,并向上周五发生的可怕恐怖袭击受害者家属表示同情。", "我国代表团赞同欧洲联盟观察员两天前所作的发言。 因此,我将从我国的角度处理一些有关青年的优先问题。", "我们目睹了许多积极和消极的变化,塑造了我们今天生活的世界。 为了给我们带来最大的可能性,并减少今后的风险,我们必须以一致和一致的方式让年轻人参与社会生活的各个领域。 为了确保明天有领导人,我们今天必须创造他们。", "塞尔维亚认识到青年的重要性,于2007年设立了青年和体育部,并在明年举行了167次圆桌会议之后制定了国家青年战略。 在圆桌会议上,塞尔维亚青年有机会与许多相关机构的代表一道,为起草这一重要文件献计献策。", "呼吁年轻人在生活中采取积极主动的态度是塞尔维亚国家青年战略的优先事项之一。 为了增加他们的社会参与,青年和体育部发起并鼓励设立地方青年办公室。 2007年,他们人数为5人;今天,塞尔维亚全国共有123人。 事实上,所有地方政府机构中有三分之二在设立这些办事处方面发挥了作用,因为必须首先在他们居住的社区,即地方一级满足青年的需要。 100多个市镇通过了青年地方行动计划,并为旨在满足青年需求的方案和项目提供资金。", "7月5日,塞尔维亚共和国国民议会通过了《青年法》。 这样,它就兑现了塞尔维亚青年的承诺,即在国际青年年期间将赋予它一项法律,除其他外,规定设立一个政府理事会,让青年代表至少占其成员的三分之一。 自这一进程开始以来,年轻人被包括在导致起草和通过法律的协商中,这反映了长期以来的真理,即那些本应从即将通过的立法中受益的人应当首先被问及他们从立法中的期望是什么。", "青年和体育部自成立以来,一直促进与民间部门的伙伴关系。 这种关系有助于让年轻人参与执行国家青年战略的各种项目。 该部支持并资助了500多个青年协会提交的项目,这些项目的目的除其他外包括促进健康的生活方式和容忍,防止吸毒和酗酒,改善环境、社会包容性和自愿活动,以及处理对青年人很重要的所有议题。 教育部向各种非正式教育研讨会和培训班提供财政支持,这些研讨会和培训课程涉及项目拟定、职业技能和青年创业,以帮助年轻人找到工作或开办自己的企业。", "该部还帮助在塞尔维亚各地建造280个户外体育场和47个室内体育场。 因此,为年轻人创造了更好的条件,让他们更积极地参加体育和娱乐活动,并花高质量的休闲时间。 毕竟,这些是年轻人自己在许多以前进行的民意测验中的需求。", "8月12日,我国将庆祝国际青年和青年年结束,在塞尔维亚25个县开展134项自愿青年活动。 在庆祝志愿人员国际年十周年和欧洲志愿人员年之际,我们一直希望支持我们的青年,以便通过自愿参与,展示青年人实现地方社区变革的力量。", "塞尔维亚的年轻人非常 store。 对年轻人的投资是对该国未来的投资。 自2008年以来,以青年和体育部长为首的塞尔维亚共和国政府青年人才基金向6 000多名有才华的高中学生、在科学、艺术和体育领域的国家和国际竞赛的获奖者、大学高级人员和在国外学习的塞尔维亚学生颁发了奖学金和各种奖。 接受者承诺在完成学业后在塞尔维亚工作,这是防止影响全世界许多国家的人才外流的措施之一。", "没有人力资源投资,没有确保这些资源留在原产国,就不可能有快速和可持续的发展。 诸如青年人才基金等基金可以帮助发展中国家教育青年,从而使他们能够留在家里并繁荣。", "青年面临的挑战要求各级政府——地方、省和国家——作出一致的共同努力。 必须与国际组织和联合国机构合作,并争取非政府组织和工商界参与制定青年政策。 为改善青年合作,通过在国家和国际两级交流思想和经验,建立最有效的机构模式,促进我们大家所需要的发展,有充足的空间。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请阿富汗代表发言。", "法吉里先生(阿富汗): 我谨代表阿富汗政府强调,必须作出进一步努力,支持年轻人发展能力,以应对他们面临的挑战。", "我要强调,确保青年发展的主要责任在于各国。 今天,我将处理阿富汗青年面临的挑战和迄今取得的成就。", "阿富汗是一个青年国家。 68%的人口年龄在25岁以下。 大部分人口在一定程度上被剥夺基本权利,包括但不限于缺乏教育和就业机会。 女童的处境特别令人关切。 青年识字率低——男孩为50%,女孩为18%。 男孩和女孩的中学入学率分别为23%和7%,阿富汗人口中不到2%的人接受高等教育。", "面对这些挑战,阿富汗青年面临风险。 失业、低工资、缺乏安全和保障、贫穷和缺乏医疗,使青年特别容易被武装反对派和恐怖组织招募。", "面对这些挑战,我们不应忽视迄今取得的进展。 目前,有700多万男女儿童入学,对他们的前途进行投资。 我们在全国建造了4 000多所学校。 我们预测,到2020年,我们将有900万儿童入学,40%以上的新学生将是女孩。 此外,阿富汗绝大多数人口都有机会获得基本保健,这表明过去十年来取得了巨大进展。", "我借此机会感谢国际社会为实现这些目标提供的持续支持。 值得一提的是,阿富汗议会中有相当一部分由年轻一代组成。 新闻社、电视广播公司、月刊由青年一代管理。", "阿富汗政府致力于履行其保护青年权利的责任。 我们已经在国家、区域和国际各级采取了若干强有力的步骤,其中包括启动一项国家青年方案,重申我们致力于发展阿富汗儿女,并努力为阿富汗青年创造机会,实现他们的愿望。", "今天在我国的年轻人经历了冲突和流亡,现在必须获得替代机会。 必须利用他们的新观点、能源、热情和决心来促进该国的和平与发展。", "最后,我要与前面的发言者一道,就最近造成数十人伤亡的恐怖行为向挪威代表团,并通过挪威向挪威人民表示阿富汗政府和阿富汗人民的慰问。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请罗马教廷观察员国常驻观察员发言。", "Chullikatt大主教(罗马教廷): 去年,大会在宣布目前的国际青年年时,深刻地提请注意促进和平的两个重要因素,即对话和相互理解。 这一主题邀请人们倾听年轻人的愿望和利益,与他们进行相互交流,并将这些交流转化为有利于共同利益的真正智慧分享。", "每一个儿童,为了充分和和谐地发展其人格,都应在家庭环境中成长。 青年人首先学习道德责任和尊重他人的家庭。 家庭在教育儿童发展其所有学校、培训儿童获得道德和精神价值以及深深地尊重所有男女的和平、自由和尊严方面可以发挥重要作用。 建立在男女婚姻基础上的家庭是天然的、基本的社会单元,必须得到社会和国家的保护。", "父母——母亲和父亲——对子女的养育和发展负有主要责任。 父母不能退出这一基本角色。 呼吁各国按照国际文书尊重父母在这方面的责任、权利和义务。 各会员国批准的青年政策、方案、行动计划和承诺必须充分尊重父母在子女福利和教育方面的作用,包括在人类性行为、性健康和生殖健康方面,不应包括堕胎。", "当今世界的许多人没有稳定的参照点来建立自己的生活,因此他们最终处于极度不安全的状态。 相对主义和自由主义的心态日益高涨,认为一切都具有同等效力,而且不存在真理、绝对的参照点和道德标准。 这种思维方式不会导致真正的自由,而是导致不稳定、混淆和盲目地与世界上某些文化给我们青年带来诱惑的时刻。 青年人有权从前几代人那里获得坚实的参考点,帮助他们选择建设自己的生活。", "会员国和本组织可以在这方面作出积极贡献,因此必须愿意继续承诺维护和执行《宪章》和国际商定的基本人权文书所载的原则。 他们越有能力这样做,我们年轻人就越能够帮助推进和平事业,在尊重精神和道德价值观的基础上建设社会,并面向所有人的共同利益。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请巴勒斯坦常驻观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦): 首先,请允许我向友好的挪威人民和政府表示最诚挚的慰问。 巴勒斯坦人民及其领导人惊讶地获悉,上周五对奥斯陆的一个政府建筑群进行了残暴的轰炸,在北方岛发生了枪击事件,造成近80名无辜者死亡,其中包括数十名年轻人。 我们相信,挪威将从这一痛苦的悲剧中充分恢复,变得更加强大。", "巴勒斯坦赞同阿根廷代表77国集团加中国所作的发言。", "由于当今世界对青年的影响更加动荡,他们继续遭受不必要的严重困难,面临前所未有的障碍。 这影响了他们实现和平、繁荣、自由和受教育权。 令人遗憾的是,巴勒斯坦青年面临着任何正常生活模糊的最大障碍:以色列持续占领包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土,以色列公然无视和蔑视国际法,包括国际人道主义法和人权法。", "四十多年来,针对巴勒斯坦青年的犯罪仍在继续,完全无视人的生命,完全不受惩罚,使这种罪行得以继续,牺牲我们青年的利益。 以色列拒绝遵守国际法基本原则和联合国相关决议,导致包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土局势完全恶化。 这只会延长以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突以及巴勒斯坦人民,特别是生活在难民营里的数百万巴勒斯坦难民的痛苦,他们渴望实现他们的返回权。", "尽管生活在占领下的巴勒斯坦人民面临种种障碍,巴勒斯坦青年继续实现其目标和梦想。 其中有年轻难民,他们每天都在克服他们所面临的困难,并且能够像他们能够听到他们的声音和看到他们的才能那样大。 就在上周,加沙青年,包括一些残疾人,第三次打破了Guinness世界纪录,成为世界上最大的手印画。 另外,在另一个令人瞩目的故事中,联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)开办的学校的三名巴勒斯坦青年妇女在其教师的帮助下,为盲人和聋人发明了一条步行道,使她们有机会和高兴地去年夏天在纽约与秘书长会面。", "这些成就只是最近的成就,这证明,如果有机会,巴勒斯坦青年能够崛起,成为该区域和世界的领导人。 此外,就在前一天,加沙青年打破了Guinness世界纪录,同时播放了第4个Guinness世界纪录片。 我们再次正式表示,我们最深切地感谢近东救济工程处为450万巴勒斯坦难民,特别是青年提供的教育和培训为我们的青年提供了必要的工具,为自己造名并实现这些崇高目标。", "尽管巴勒斯坦人民,包括青年人,在克服占领下生活的严重困难方面取得了长足进展,只要以色列继续占领自己的土地并阻挠其自决权,他们永远无法充分发挥潜力。 在这方面,我们呼吁国际社会作出一切必要努力,拿出政治意愿,解决生活在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦青年所面临的障碍和挑战。", "无可争辩的是,对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的44年占领严重阻碍了发展和实现千年发展目标和其他国际商定的发展目标,使实现这些目标几乎是不可能的。 但是,除了对实现《千年发展目标》的担忧外,生活在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的青年在很多场合被蓄意攻击、枪杀,甚至被以色列占领军用作人盾。 巴勒斯坦青年每星期对隔离墙和非法定居点行使言论自由权利时,就遭到占领国的子弹和侵略。 我们的青年还继续成为以色列定居者恐怖攻击的受害者——在走进学校或在其家庭外玩.时遭到枪击、殴打和威胁。", "以色列在2008-2009年对被围困的加沙地带进行的侵略,不幸地突出了对巴勒斯坦青年的完全无视。 数以百计的人丧生,许多本应是庇护所的人,如医院和学校,都遭到炮击、轰炸和摧毁,不受惩罚。 我们呼吁国际社会,包括联合国所有机构,不加选择地处理这些严重侵权行为,以便一劳永逸地结束占领国针对巴勒斯坦青年的所有袭击,袭击的目的是保护他们。", "以色列占领始于1967年,现在必须结束,结束它对巴勒斯坦人民,包括青年人的所有罪行。 以色列占领的每一天都导致社会经济状况恶化,青年的总体福祉,特别是在被围困的加沙地带,在那里,四年的不道德和非法围困继续剥夺年轻人的一切基本人权,包括食物权。 封锁使数千人遭受饥饿、营养不良、贫血、发育迟缓和其他许多可预防的疾病。", "没有必要浪费时间。 因此,我们再次呼吁国际社会履行其责任,立即采取果断行动,使占领国以色列遵守国际法,包括《日内瓦第四公约》和联合国有关决议规定的义务。 只有巴勒斯坦青年能够生活在以1967年以前边界为基础的独立的巴勒斯坦国中,以东耶路撒冷为首都,才能充分发挥他们的潜力。 现在是实现这一目标的时候了。", "领导人可能需要和平,但和平对我们的青年不可或缺。", "代理主席(以英语发言):根据大会1992年10月16日第47/4号决议,我现在请国际移民组织观察员代表发言。", "Wade先生(国际移民组织): 在我开始发言之前,国际移徙组织(移徙组织)愿在这场可怕的悲剧之后向挪威人民表示诚挚的慰问。 我们的思想与他们在一起。", "国际移民组织有幸与如此令人印象深刻的专家组和年轻人一道参加这一对话。", "高级别 会议是在一个重要时刻召开的,目的是思考阿拉伯世界民主化浪潮以及青年在政治辩论方面的根本转变中所发挥的作用。 过去两天举行的小组讨论对所面临的挑战以及通过对话和相互理解可以实现的目标提供了深刻的见解。 国际移民组织比以往任何时候都更加认为,联合国及其伙伴正在听取意见。 很简单,别无选择。 在当今世界大多数地区,青年不仅是未来的代表,也是大多数人口。 应对我们时代的挑战和机遇将取决于他们的能量和创造力。", "在整个对话中,一个反复出现的主题一直是青年在忽视青年的声音和需求、压制有意义的就业、发展和政治参与的希望的社会中感到沮丧。 例如,在一个世界上青年人口增长最快的州里,每30名毕业生中只有1名或2名具有就业前景,而那些找到就业的毕业生如果移居到发达世界,可以领取15倍的薪水。", "移徙是年轻人为摆脱贫穷所能采取的最根本步骤,而今天的年轻人正在以大量人口来对待。 在过去的25年里,国际移民人数翻了一番,达到2.14亿,其中一半年龄在29岁以下。 这些年轻人中有许多带着梦想和亲爱的梦想旅行,面临巨大挑战。 来自北非的挤满船的险境给人类带来了巨大代价。 不仅这些年轻人正在谈判一个新国家、地区和文化的边界,而且他们还经常采取初步步骤,实现成年。", "与此同时,全球青年移徙为青年人本身和全球繁荣提供了巨大的机会。 在一个许多发达国家面临人口老龄化和衰退以及发展中世界正在增长和年轻化的世界中,青年移徙具有巨大潜力,可以增加经济增长和减少失业。 据世界银行称,如果富国要接纳来自穷国的足够移民,使其劳动力仅增加3%,那么世界每年就会有3.56亿美元。", "国际移民组织作为全球移民的主要政府间组织,致力于促进人道和有序的移徙,造福所有人。 我们必须认识到,移民面临的一些最大挑战不是身体上的障碍,而是仇外心理、社会边缘化和歧视的社会障碍。", "“PLURAL+青年视频节”是联合国不同文明联盟和国际移民组织的一项联合倡议,它承认年轻人在一个常常以冲突和分裂为特征的世界里是社会变革的强大推动者。 该节鼓励年轻人探讨移徙、多样性和社会包容等问题,并与全球受众分享他们的声音和创造性愿景。 自2009年启动以来,收到了来自75个国家的400多部录像,并通过我们50多个伙伴组织的网络,在全世界电视网络上放映了数十场电影节、电影和广播。 我们希望,有些成员有机会在星期一举行的“加强权利”+会外活动中看到这些出色的录像。 青年人谈到贩运人口、社会边缘化和种族主义等问题的洞察力和创造力反映了青年为解决当今世界的社会问题而带来的能量。", "令人痛心的是,在阿拉伯春天由青年领导的运动中,民主的愿望得到了更强有力的体现。 国际社会现在有责任与年轻人接触,将这种能源转化为促进社会融合、安全、就业和消除贫穷的改革。 我们非常赞赏有机会在这次重要会议上讨论这些问题,并在与主要专家和年轻人接触之后,相信我们能够共同面对各种挑战,抓住今后的机会。", "代理主席(以英语发言):根据1976年10月18日第31/3号决议,我现在请英联邦秘书处观察员发言。", "McMillan女士(英联邦秘书处): 英联邦秘书处愿借此机会向挪威人民表示慰问。", "英联邦认识到,英联邦和全球青年议程的成功取决于全世界青年人的承诺,我们赞扬他们通过容忍、理解和尊重等价值观,积极促进发展、和平与民主——对英联邦来说是珍惜的价值观。", "英联邦承认本次会议成果文件(第65/312号决议)提出的建议,认为执行、监测和评估各项建议将使国际青年年取得持久成功。", "英联邦通过其英联邦青年方案,随时准备与联合国各机构、青年组织和利益攸关方合作,确保落实成果文件和《世界青年行动纲领》的建议。", "英联邦秘书处的立场是,现在应当为青年发展采取更多行动和建立更多伙伴关系。 英联邦秘书处认为,现在是努力增强经济能力的时候了,银行和私营部门其他部门也可以通过促进企业和支持青年发展规划帮助年轻人获得信贷。 英联邦认为,现在是加强青年人政治权力的时候了,政府和包括青年领导人在内的利益攸关方应当作出更多努力,使年轻人进入地方和国家决策进程,创造更多的政治空间,让青年人发挥作用。", "青年人正在发出明确呼吁,要求切实改变青年工作的专业化,在衡量、监测和评价青年发展进展方面作出有意义的改变。", "在2009年特里尼达和多巴哥共和国举行的英联邦政府首脑会议上,根据《投资年轻人》发表了独立宣言。 各位领导人还向他们表示,他们致力于年轻人,开课,与他们进行坦率和有意义的对话。 自2007年在坎帕拉举行英联邦政府首脑会议以来,交流有关青年发展的想法已成为会议的一个特点,而其他高级别会议可以采取这种做法,使青年发展对青年人更有意义。", "今年,国际青年年,英联邦在“投资青年”主题下举行的一些磋商中听取了其青年、政府和利益攸关方的意见。 这些活动包括2010年12月在印度举行的英联邦青年领导人会议,来自54个成员国的年轻人在会上鼓励其领导人和决策者通过青年主流化、增加对青年发展的投资和参与、提高青年部委和机构的形象和资源,以及在英联邦内建立、扩大和加强国家青年理事会,来建立有意义的变革。", "英联邦政府首脑通过《2007-2015年赋予青年权力行动计划》,确定了13项赋予青年权力的优先行动,涉及千年发展目标和《世界青年行动纲领》。 英联邦将加倍努力,确保赋予青年权力的工作得到重视,从而实现既定目标。", "英联邦期待着即将举行的英联邦青年论坛,以及10月在澳大利亚珀思举行的英联邦政府首脑会议,以期在国际青年年之后与青年合作——这是执行英联邦青年议程的时机。", "让大会致力于这样一种信念,即没有青年的青年真正没有任何东西,青年是发展的核心。", "代理主席: 我们听取了关于该议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。 大会就此结束本阶段对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议。", "下午1时20分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Tanin (Afghanistan), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 3.10 p.m.", "Agenda item 115 (continued)", "Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "Draft decision (A/65/L.88)", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the General Assembly held the debate on agenda item 115 jointly with agenda item 13, “Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields”, at the 40th and 41st plenary meetings on 29 October 2010, as well as jointly with agenda items 13 and 120, “Strengthening of the United Nations system”, at the 52nd plenary meeting on 23 November 2010.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda item 115, the Assembly held a specific meeting focused on development at its 97th and 98th plenary meetings on 14 June 2011.", "Members will also recall that, under agenda items 13 and 115, the Assembly adopted resolutions 65/1, 65/7, 65/281 and 65/285 at its 9th, 41st, 100th and 105th plenary meetings, respectively. Also under agenda item 115, the Assembly adopted resolution 65/238 at its 73rd plenary meeting.", "The Assembly will now take action on draft decision A/65/L.88, entitled “Participation of civil society representatives in the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, to be convened on 19 and 20 September 2011”.", "May I take it that the Assembly decides to adopt draft decision A/65/L.88?", "Draft decision A/65/L.88 was adopted.", "The Acting President: The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 115.", "Agenda item 27 (continued)", "High-level Meeting on Youth", "Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "The Acting President: I call on the representative of Mauritania.", "Mr. Ould Cheikh (Mauritania) (spoke in Arabic): At the outset, I would like to express the condolences of the President, Government and people of Mauritania to the Kingdom of Norway on the terrorist act that claimed dozens of innocent victims. Our Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement of condolence in that regard two days ago.", "I would also like to express my gratitude to the General Assembly and its President, our dear friend Mr. Joseph Deiss, who is guiding our work very wisely. I would like to express particular appreciation for resolution 65/267 of 15 March 2011, thanks to which we are here in New York to discuss issues related to young people, who are an important part of society and the cornerstone of all successful socio-economic development.", "The Government of my country, the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, at the instruction of its President, Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, has stated and reaffirmed that the future of any group lies in its youth. It set out a national five-year plan for youth, recreation and sports to be implemented from 2011 to 2015. Our youth policy makes young people a Government priority and will be funded to the tune of more than $230 million, of which $37 million will come from a State fund. That is in line with the election campaign of the President of the Government, who was voted into office two years ago.", "Through its national policy on youth, sports and recreation, the Government of Mauritania is determined to combat poverty among young people, who constitute 40 per cent of the Mauritanian population. It intends to integrate them into development and to support youth initiatives in order to improve their situation, which is beset by unemployment and school drop-outs. We seek to build national youth networks that are to be renewed every three years. That is one of the policy goals of my Government. We have also signed and ratified all international youth-related agreements, demonstrating the importance that we accord them, in particular in terms of education, health care and unemployment.", "With respect to education, despite the progress made in school enrolment, more remains to be done. We have set up a new Government department of higher education and scientific research, as well as public education institutions, in order to reform education in Mauritania.", "Mauritania’s young people face many challenges with regard to health care. However, those with special needs will find remedies available thanks to the political will and wide-ranging reforms on which the Ministry of Health has embarked.", "With regard to unemployment, we have formed an important ministry tasked with youth employment and promoting the trade sector, which provides 25 per cent of employment opportunities, followed by agriculture at 20.4 per cent, in addition to other sectors, such as services and public administration.", "Addressing youth issues involves many challenges and requires the assignment of roles in order to sustain youth development. That has been done by establishing central agencies. Despite our stated wish to look after young people by setting up a ministry for youth affairs and by encouraging them to use such services, many challenges remain.", "The Acting President: In accordance with General Assembly resolution 57/29 of 19 November 2002, I now call on the observer for Partners in Population and Development.", "Mr. Rao (Partners in Population and Development): I thank you very much, Sir, for giving me this opportunity to make a few comments on behalf of Partners in Population and Development (PPD) at this High-level Meeting on Youth.", "At the outset, PPD would like to convey its heartfelt condolences to the Government and people of Norway on their recent tragedy.", "As an intergovernmental organization of 25 developing countries, PPD is committed to the promotion of South-South cooperation in the field of population and development by supporting, especially in its member countries, the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) and the World Programme of Action for Youth.", "The year 2011 will be remembered as the year when the world’s population reached 7 billion. According to the latest projections of the United Nations, the world population will continue to increase to 9.3 billion by the year 2050. To put those numbers into perspective, the world population did not reach 1 billion until 1804. It then took 123 years to reach 2 billion in 1927, 33 years to reach 3 billion in 1960, 14 years to reach 4 billion in 1974, 13 years to reach 5 billion in 1987, and 12 years to reach 6 billion by October 1999. Another billion will be added by October 2011. That growth in world population is really phenomenal.", "One crucial feature of the current global demographic situation with significant implications for the future is the fact that more than 3 billion people are under the age of 25, with close to 90 per cent of them living in developing countries. This preponderance of young people, if and when combined with appropriate policies, can become a great source of growth, prosperity and social change in the world. How effectively we will help those cohorts of young people in meeting their educational, employment, developmental, political, health — including reproductive health — needs, as well as how rapidly we will help to empower them, will surely influence the future pace and nature of peace and development in the world.", "While sincere efforts have been made by countries in the past to achieve the goals of the ICPD Programme of Action, the Millennium Development Goals and the World Programme of Action for Youth, millions of young people live in poverty and progress towards youth development has been very uneven across the countries of the world. The young are facing many challenges in society, including lack of access to quality education, meaningful employment, proper health care — including reproductive health care — and political participation. They also suffer from violence and setbacks due to climate change. Most severely affected among them are girls and young women, as well as the poor and the disadvantaged. Young women and girls are particularly vulnerable because they are frequently prevented from completing their education and because of their risk of pregnancy, child birth-related complications, forced early marriage, HIV infection and abduction by human traffickers.", "As the outcome document (resolution 65/312) makes clear, it is important to give priority attention to addressing those and other challenges that hinder youth development, especially through poverty alleviation and the promotion of sustained economic growth, sustainable development, full and productive employment, and the full participation of youth in the formulation and implementation of policies at all levels. Partners in Population and Development strongly believes that building national capacity to address youth development is most crucial and that the international community should make all efforts to support the less developed countries in that regard.", "Based on its record of sharing experiences and innovative practices, as well as of promoting capacity-building through training, research and knowledge-sharing, PPD is convinced that South-South and triangular cooperation have a significant role to play in future national and international efforts aimed at youth development.", "In closing, PPD would like to support the implementation of the outcome document by all concerned.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the representative of Peru.", "Mr. Gutiérrez (Peru) (spoke in Spanish): Peru has a youth population of 7.5 million, representing 28 per cent of the total population. The number of young people has increased in recent years, and today young people are the fastest growing sector of our population. Because of those statistical trends, over the past 10 years the Peruvian Government has developed institutional policies through its national youth secretariat in order to lay down general guidelines to facilitate the holistic development of young people and to ensure their inclusion in society and their active participation as citizens. Over the nine years of its existence, the youth secretariat has achieved some results that I would like to outline.", "In 2006, we drew up the National Plan for Youth 2006-2011 in order to create synergy between the State and civil society, offer better and greater opportunities for young people, and establish cross-cutting institutional policies throughout the Government. That has had positive effects, improving the quality of life of many young people. Between 2004 and 2008, poverty among young people was reduced from 43.8 per cent to 31.6 per cent. Also, in the sphere of civic participation, more young people became involved in politics throughout the nation, and today there are 1,665 young people holding elected public office. Still, although the Government’s agenda for social inclusion of the young has shown progress, much remains to be done to achieve inclusive development to benefit our young people.", "Peru’s national efforts have achieved sustained economic growth over the past decade that we are trying to transform into inclusive development, with immediate impact on our youngest citizens. That development should provide them with practical tools enabling them to play an active role in our country’s productivity and political system, contributing to our economic growth and the democratic involvement of our citizens. In our view, inclusive development should be based on social investment policies focused on youth. However, such policies should be viewed not as welfare for a particular group, but as a bonus of economic growth and a way to promote the comprehensive development of a sector of the population that will forge a more integrated and cohesive future for the country. Those policies are an integral part of our medium- and long-term strategies for sustainable and inclusive development.", "Like Peru, many countries in Latin America have large youth populations. That demographic reality provides us with one of the best opportunities of recent years to take significant steps forward in sustainable development and in addressing the region’s endemic problems of social inequity, provided that we commit to investing in our young people and their education. We are convinced that if we give our young generation access to quality education, a functioning health system and opportunities for productive and dignified work in a democratic system that fosters and guarantees citizen participation, the countries of our region will have the human, social and cultural capital necessary to support sustainable development, improve distribution and promote the creation of wealth.", "To conclude, I wish to state that Peru will remain committed to national and international policies on young people, and to express the firm resolve of my country to pursue actions and programmes that allow young people to be fully and progressively involved in our society, in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item.", "May I take it that it is the wish of the General Assembly to conclude its consideration of sub-item (b) of agenda item 27?", "It was so decided.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "The Acting President: Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on agenda item 162 at its 113th plenary meeting on 27 July 2011.", "Mr. Tarar (Pakistan): Pakistan aligns itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).", "Pakistan appreciates the efforts of the Secretary-General to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament and the international disarmament machinery. It is an opportunity for a comprehensive analysis of the problems faced by the disarmament machinery as a whole, which should not be lost in the pursuit of negotiating a particular treaty. Pakistan’s position on the Secretary-General’s High-level Meeting held last year was circulated as a General Assembly document under the symbol A/65/378.", "The challenges faced by the international disarmament agenda and the machinery go beyond the Conference on Disarmament. The components of the contemporary disarmament machinery created by the special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD I) are interlinked. The revitalization of those components, including the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission, should therefore be simultaneous and proceed in an integrated and holistic manner.", "The purpose and overarching goal of creating the Conference on Disarmament, as mandated by SSOD I, was nuclear disarmament, which is an agenda item that has seen no progress for the past 32 years. Indeed, in 2008, the Secretary-General, in a seminal address articulating his action plan, accorded primacy to nuclear disarmament in his five-point proposal. The first step suggested by the Secretary-General called upon all States, in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to fulfil their obligations under the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament. While recognizing the Conference on Disarmament as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, the Secretary-General suggested that the nuclear Powers actively engage with other States on the issue in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The reason why the Secretary-General made that call is because the Conference on Disarmament has not been able to live up to its raison d’être — nuclear disarmament — for more than three decades. It is also a fact that the Conference on Disarmament failed to make any substantive progress for 15 years after concluding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) negotiations. Yet, it is astounding that the present quest for revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament arises only from the developments of the past two years and is fixated on a single issue. Ironically, the vociferous condemnation of the present stalemate is championed by the countries that were either themselves responsible for decades of the Conference on Disarmament’s inactivity or were notably silent.", "In order to clearly assess the reasons underlying the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament, it is important to acknowledge the following basic facts.", "The Conference on Disarmament’s work or inactivity is a reflection of prevailing political realities, as it does not operate in a vacuum. No treaty that is contrary to the security interests of any of its member States can be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament. In fact, the rule of consensus was introduced into the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure to ensure that point. Hence, achieving progress in the Conference is possible only by meeting or addressing the security concerns of all its member States. The Conferences lack of progress cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, since landmark instruments, such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the CTBT, were negotiated successfully under the same rules.", "Such facts signify that the problems faced by the Conference on Disarmament are not of an organizational or procedural nature. Therefore, it is time for us to face the reality and recognize the true reasons why the Conference has been dysfunctional.", "The Conference on Disarmament’s history clearly demonstrates a pattern of negotiating only those agreements that do not undermine or compromise the security interests of powerful States. The Biological Weapons Convention and the CWC were negotiated only when biological and chemical weapons became redundant in terms of their operational utility. The CTBT was concluded once the major Powers had carried out a sufficient number of nuclear tests and further testing became unnecessary when they had alternative techniques available in the form of computer simulation.", "The same is the case with the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Now, after having developed huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons, as well as stocks of fissile material, especially highly enriched uranium and weapons-grade plutonium that can be quickly converted into nuclear warheads, those major Powers are ready to conclude a treaty that will ban only future production of fissile material, since they no longer need more of it. That approach is cost-free to them as it will not undermine or compromise their security.", "Moreover, in the past few years, the discriminatory policies pursued by some major Powers regarding nuclear cooperation have created insecurities and imbalances. By sacrificing international non‑proliferation goals at the altar of power and profit, such policies have accentuated the asymmetry in fissile material stocks in our region. Regrettably, those discriminatory policies continue and have found no opposition among members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, comprised of some of the most ardent supporters of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and the strongest critics of lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament.", "For those reasons, Pakistan has been compelled to take a stand against nuclear selectivity and discrimination. No country can be expected to compromise its fundamental security interests for an instrument that is cost-free to all other concerned countries.", "If an honest and objective approach is adopted to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament, as well as the whole disarmament machinery, the following steps and measures would need to be taken.", "The agenda of the Conference on Disarmament covers a number of critical issues, and all issues need to be treated in an equal and balanced manner. Lack of progress on one issue due to the security concerns of States should not lead to an impasse in the Conference, as other issues on its agenda can and should be taken up for consideration.", "Nuclear disarmament remains the longest outstanding issue on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. The 120-member Non-Aligned Movement, which represents the overwhelming majority of States Members of the United Nations, has consistently deemed nuclear disarmament the highest priority for negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. That priority was again reaffirmed in the statement made by the representative of NAM yesterday. The plenary meeting should take due note of it.", "The proposal for a legal instrument on negative security assurances is another important issue that has been on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament for several years. A legally binding instrument on negative security assurances would not compromise the strategic interests of any country. In reality, no nuclear-weapon State would consider using nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States. Even the threat of doing so is morally reprehensible.", "We need to recognize the realities and work towards building consensus in the Conference on Disarmament by taking into account the legitimate security interests of all States. The Conference cannot negotiate by cherry-picking issues that some States consider to be ripe. The nuclear-weapon States need to fulfil their obligations to undertake negotiations on effective measures leading to nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament. Double standards and selectivity in non-proliferation and disarmament measures must be eliminated.", "Practical efforts to revitalize the international disarmament machinery must involve convening the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, as called for in the NAM statement delivered yesterday. Such a session can make a far-reaching contribution towards furthering the goals of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation in a non‑discriminatory, balanced and transparent manner, keeping in view the security interests of all States.", "Before concluding, I would like to strike a note of caution against taking the FMCT outside the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations, as we consider the Conference the sole negotiating forum for multilateral disarmament.", "In that regard, let me mention some of the arguments made by a major nuclear Power in 2005 in response to the intention of some Member States to introduce a draft resolution in the First Committee that sought to establish ad hoc committees under the General Assembly on the four core issues of the Conference on Disarmament. That nuclear Power stated:", "“The international community needs to continue to focus on getting the CD [Conference on Disarmament] to work, rather than create another ‘phantom’ CD. …", "“We do not conduct negotiations on vital issues of national and global security via majority vote.", "“The reasons for the existing impasse at the CD are no more soluble in New York than they are in Geneva. … [T]he outcome of this resolution will be to retard the very international non-proliferation and disarmament objectives that its sponsors seek to advance.”", "While conveying that position, that country expressly stated that it would not participate in any such process and that it would not be bound in any way by any agreement emerging from such a body. It is interesting to note that the same country is now seeking ways to take a particular issue out of the Conference on Disarmament. Such a paradoxical approach is inexplicable.", "Let me reiterate that Pakistan will not join any such process, nor would it consider accession to the outcome of any such process. It must be borne in mind that taking the FMCT out of the Conference on Disarmament for negotiations would also create a precedent for a similar modus operandi on other items on the Conference agenda, such as nuclear disarmament and negative security assurances.", "Mr. Benmehidi (Algeria) (spoke in French): Allow me first to express my sincere thanks to the Secretary-General for his important statement at the 113th meeting, which affirms his personal commitment to disarmament. My thanks also go to Ms. Olga Pellicer, Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, who was kind enough to inform us of the deliberations of her Committee on the agenda item.", "My delegation welcomes the initiative taken to organize the high-level meeting, believing that it provides a new opportunity for Member States to continue more clearly and in greater depth their exchanges that began on 24 September 2010, at the initiative of the Secretary-General.", "My delegation fully associates itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Algeria attaches the highest importance to disarmament and non-proliferation issues. The debates on the future of the Conference on Disarmament receive the special attention of the Algerian Government. In fact, given the threats to the nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation regime, the points of view stated today focus on the virtues of multilateral negotiation as the preferred means of taking legitimate security concerns into account, in a spirit of fairness, responsibility and transparency.", "Given the varied areas that it deals with, the continued deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament is clearly a cause for real concern. That situation affects the interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in particular. Algeria believes that that deadlock cannot be blamed on a failure of that institutional machinery or on its way of operating. Thus it cannot be attributed to its rules of procedure, in particular the rule of consensus, or on the agenda of the Conference.", "However, some believe that the impasse is due to the inflexibility of the rules of procedure, and they propose limiting the scope of the rule of consensus solely to substantive issues and resorting to the vote for procedural matters, such as the establishment of a subsidiary body. It must be said that it is not always easy to differentiate between aspects of substance and those dealing with form, especially when it comes to the particulars of a subsidiary body.", "It is clear that the consensus rule is also a way to protect the national security interests of all States equally, not only the strongest. Taking into account the security interests of all, that rule in principle gives legitimacy to a treaty once it has been concluded and ensures its universality and effectiveness.", "With regard to the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament, Algeria believes that its components — inspired, moreover, by the Decalogue and underscoring the nuclear threat — are still valid. Indeed, nuclear weapons are still the most serious threat to humankind.", "It is worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament has certainly contributed to multilateral disarmament. Established in 1978 by the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament precisely to revitalize the disarmament machinery at that time, its mandate was to facilitate the implementation of the Programme of Action adopted at that special session (resolution S-10/2, part III). Specifically, the Conference on Disarmament made it possible to adopt the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, even though the latter has still not entered into force.", "Following those two achievements, the Conference was unable to make any further progress. Indeed, the reasons for the deadlock can be found in disarmament and security policies developments outside the framework of the Conference.", "In reality, the clear lack of political will to take on all the items on the Conference agenda, on the one hand, and attempts to establish a hierarchy among the points of the Decalogue linked to uncertainties in regional security balances, on the other, are at the root of the current deadlock. The Conference on Disarmament cannot continue its fundamental work without Member States showing the necessary political will to come to joint solutions and to truly deal with challenges to the security of all and to international peace. Therefore, one should act in that regard rather that threaten to condemn the Conference on Disarmament to marginalization by resorting to another mechanism.", "It has been proposed that if the deadlock continues, other forums to negotiate the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) could be envisaged. My delegation believes that such a step could prejudice the stated goal of the treaty, namely, the strengthening of non-proliferation, the promotion of nuclear disarmament and universal accession, which remain necessary to give such an agreement the requisite political basis and credibility.", "The General Assembly cannot strip the Conference on Disarmament of its prerogatives, or even replace it or deprive it of any fundamental part of its mandate. Apart from setting a precedent heavy with consequences, such a step would call into question the universality and balance to be maintained among the Conference’s central and supplementary aspects.", "In any case, Algeria supports a comprehensive and balanced approach in the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work that takes the priorities and concerns of all into account. Such a programme of work should address all items on the agenda of the Conference, in particular the main issues that I have just mentioned. In that spirit, the Algerian delegation continues to believe that decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus in May 2009, is still valid. That decision was certainly not a perfect result, but the outcome of a compromise that, as stated in its preamble, is part of a process of development.", "Decision CD/1864 did not establish a hierarchy of priorities. It seeks to launch a process of interactive discussions and negotiations to engender a climate of trust and carry out the negotiations on nuclear disarmament and other matters. It would seem that that aspect of decision CD/1864, which is set out clearly in its preamble, has often been forgotten by some and obscured by others, who have retained only the negotiation of the FMCT.", "Algeria remains convinced of the need to reiterate the international community’s commitment to the vocation of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral framework for disarmament negotiation. Should differences that prevent the Conference from discharging its mandate persist, it would be fitting to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. That would be the opportunity to reaffirm that vocation in the framework of a more comprehensive consideration of the disarmament issues, which should give rise to a new consensus on disarmament priorities and the disarmament machinery, including coordination between the deliberative bodies and the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum.", "With regard to the observations and recommendations of the Advisory Board for Disarmament Matters, Algeria supports any initiative likely to promote or effectively relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament, while respecting its original mandate.", "Mr. Kodama (Japan): Japan would like to associate itself with the statements made at the 113th meeting by the representatives of Australia, on behalf of the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and of the Netherlands, on behalf of more than 40 countries.", "In realizing a world without nuclear weapons, multilateral disarmament efforts by all nuclear-weapon States and concerted action on the part of the international community as a whole are essential. From that standpoint, the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum is highly important, as it brings together nuclear-weapon States and States not party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The Conference and its preceding body have drafted critical treaties in the area of disarmament, such as the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Nearly one year has passed since the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, in which a unanimous political consensus to break the deadlock of the Conference on Disarmament was achieved. However, during this period we have not been able to seize the opportunity afforded by such consensus.", "As the anniversaries of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki once again approach and the endurance of Japan’s citizens approaches its limits, further stagnation cannot be permitted. We must immediately begin substantive work on the core agenda items of the Conference on Disarmament and must advance nuclear disarmament, the fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT), negative security assurances and prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "If the Conference on Disarmament is unable to break the deadlock, we must consider appropriate alternatives, such as making greater use of the General Assembly. In that regard, it is extremely regrettable that uncooperative action on the part of one country has prevented the Conference from carrying out its highly important work of advancing nuclear disarmament for the good of the international community. That state of affairs also calls into question the Conference’s current form.", "From that viewpoint, today’s follow-up meeting and the upcoming session of the General Assembly, particularly the meetings of the First Committee in October, provide us with important opportunities for the advancement of nuclear disarmament and revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.", "Japan places particular importance on an early launch of the FMCT negotiations. Together with the Government of Australia, we have hosted three expert side events on the margin of the Conference on Disarmament and have had more detailed discussions on complex technical issues than have ever taken place within the Conference. Following those side events, in addition to the informal meetings of the Conference on Disarmament on the FMCT held in the past several years, we can consider that the technical discussions have, for the most part, been completed. We are therefore now at the stage where we must begin the negotiations. We must proceed with political discussions to that end.", "Cooperating closely with nine other non-nuclear-weapon States, Japan recently launched the non‑proliferation and disarmament initiative. We have already convened two ministerial-level meetings, in September last year and in April this year, to contribute to the steadfast implementation of agreements reached on certain issues at the 2010 NPT Review Conference. Japan is determined to develop, in full cooperation with those nine States, effective proposals to achieve concrete progress on nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation, including an early start of the negotiations towards the FMCT and enhancement of transparency.", "It is essential to maintain the successful momentum of the most recent NPT Review Conference and to continue to promote positive action towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Much can also be done here in New York to support such action. To that end, Japan co-organized a seminar with Poland and Turkey in May this year, receiving a strongly positive response from the diplomatic community in New York. I look forward to further efforts of that kind so as to make a continuing contribution to promoting disarmament and non-proliferation and to lead to the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament and disarmament machinery.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): I have the honour to speak on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.", "I would like first to commend the President for scheduling this debate at this very appropriate moment. Disarmament and non-proliferation are issues of global concern. Thus, the observer States welcome this opportunity to offer their views.", "At the outset, I can affirm that the group’s members are fully committed to the Conference on Disarmament and to its revitalization. While recognizing that revitalization is a multidimensional process, I will limit my remarks to the topic of enlargement, as it constitutes the raison d’être of our group.", "In fact, enlargement is long overdue, as the last expansion dates back to 1999. Allow me at this point to recall that the rules of procedure state that “The membership of the Conference will be reviewed at regular intervals” — which is hardly the case.", "However, the main reason for our appeal is political. In fact, our reasoning is quite simple and straightforward. The current membership of the Conference on Disarmament no longer reflects the world as it is. Twelve years have passed since the most recent expansion. That situation is not compatible with today’s reality and is certainly not sustainable if the goal is to get the Conference back to work.", "Picking a line repeated countless times, the Conference on Disarmament does not work in a vacuum. Indeed, it should not. However, in order to be reconnected with the international community and with reality, the Conference needs, first and foremost, to understand that the world has changed since 1999.", "The Conference on Disarmament should become more open and more inclusive. It should seriously and urgently consider inviting more countries to join, making it more representative of the world in which we live. Furthermore, we ought to keep in mind that while the membership of the Conference is limited, the decisions are global in nature. They matter to all.", "To be truly successful, that transformation process should be inclusive and fully transparent, rather than limited and conservative. In our view, enlargement is an asset, not a liability. It represents a new opportunity, a fresh start, for the Conference on Disarmament. The simple fact that there are countries which have an interest in joining the Conference represents a clear and powerful political statement in favour of its continued relevance in today’s world. If we may say so, enlargement would work to renew the legitimacy of the Conference, which, bearing in mind the current state of affairs, is something that should be duly considered.", "In this context, we reiterate our call for the early nomination of a special rapporteur to review the issue of membership. In any case — and allow me to be very clear on this point — the appointment of a rapporteur does not prejudge any particular outcome. Needless to say, decisions are up to the member States of the Conference on Disarmament.", "We also take this opportunity to stress that our view is shared by a large number of Member States, regional groups and other formations — for example, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the European Union and the Eastern European Group — which, during this year’s session and today again, expressed their strong support for the expansion of the membership and for the appointment of a special rapporteur.", "Our group spoke on the issue of expansion of the Conference on Disarmament during several of the Conference’s plenary sessions during the first two parts of its 2011 annual session. We also briefed the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on the matter at its 56th session. Thus we reiterate our call for the issue of membership to be considered in the context of the ongoing revitalization debate.", "While I have the floor, I should like to make a few more additional comments on a national basis. In this capacity, we fully subscribe to the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union at the 113th meeting and that of the informal group of observer States that I have just delivered.", "I would like to state that my country recognizes the role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum. Portugal is therefore committed to actively supporting the Conference’s work. By the same token, the Conference must also do its part, namely, to take keep pace with the current disarmament agenda.", "We should keep in mind that while the Conference’s membership is limited, its decisions are global in nature. They matter to us all. The fact therefore that there are countries interested in joining the Conference despite the longstanding stalemate represents an unequivocal and powerful political statement in favour of the Conference’s relevance. In our view, such enlargement would strengthen the Conference’s legitimacy. While we recognize that enlargement is not in itself the solution, it is certainly part of the answer for a better functioning Conference.", "Mr. Waxman (Israel): Israel assigns importance to discussing the issue of the revitalization of the Conference on Disarmament. It is indeed timely that we discuss this issue in earnest — not merely because of the longstanding stalemate that has characterized the Conference’s work, but mainly because of the calls to take outside the Conference issues that fall under the agenda of that body, or even to replace the Conference with another body purportedly more suited for the task.", "Israel does not support those calls, nor do we find them helpful for the promotion of meaningful work in the Conference. While there can be no disputing that the Conference is in need of an updated and clear vision that would allow it to overcome the extended stalemate, its revitalization has to take place from within the Conference itself. There are no magic wands that will provide us with a better solution or an institution that would conduct a more meaningful disarmament negotiating process.", "The Conference on Disarmament is a unique entity that is widely recognized as the sole multilateral negotiating body in the disarmament sphere. Its uniqueness stems from its membership — which includes the States of greatest relevance to these issues — and from its rules of procedure. Although the rules of procedure are criticized by some as outdated and as a reflection of past geopolitical realities, Israel remains convinced that they are well suited to the complexity and sensitivity of the issues placed on the Conference’s agenda. The rules of procedure, particularly the rule of consensus, reflect the need to protect vital security interests and to provide negotiating States with the comfort levels required for dealing with such critical issues.", "One must examine sincerely whether the complexities of the multilateral arena ought to be circumvented by the attempts to take outside the Conference the issues that were mandated to it in accordance with the General Assembly’s special session on disarmament in 1978, and whether such attempts could yield the desired results.", "In the conventional sphere, independent processes have not been able to date to attract into their fold the most relevant countries — those whose participation in the new legal arrangement will make the most significant changes to the situation on the ground. The Convention on Cluster Munitions is definitely such a case. While over a hundred States signed this instrument, a realistic examination shows that around 90 per cent of cluster munitions arsenals have remained outside the treaty. Relevant States have simply not gone along and are seeking solutions elsewhere. In this respect, the non-conventional sphere is even more complex.", "Israel does not regard taking issues out of the Conference on Disarmament as a viable or a helpful proposal. We are of the view that the Conference should focus on ways to enhance its own productivity in ways that would be meaningful. While a stalemate persists over the four core issues, there is no reason why the Conference should not conduct substantive work, and indeed negotiations, on other issues on its agenda.", "An agreed formula could and should be found that recognizes the continued importance and validity that the international community attributes to the four core issues, and at the same time steers the Conference into a pragmatic approach, which will result in negotiating other issues which may have a vital impact on security and stability. One such important item is agenda item 7, dedicated to transparency in armaments. There are many issues of importance that could be taken up under this agenda item, such as negotiating a ban on the transfer of armaments to terrorists or man-portable air defence systems. As long as the stalemate continues, an agreement could and should be reached on the promotion of other relevant issues.", "The Conference on Disarmament has served the international community well in past years. It is too vital an institution to be cast aside. We are confident that the Conference has much to contribute in the future. Let us not take a path that might prevent this institution from doing so. Instead, let us focus on realistic and useful ways to heave this wagon forward.", "Mr. Al Habib (Islamic Republic of Iran): I wish to associate myself with the statement made at the 113th meeting by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "I would like to begin my statement with a wise proverb, which says, “A poor workman blames his tools”. As a tool, the Conference on Disarmament, through the development of major international legal instruments on disarmament, has perfectly proven its efficiency and the effectiveness of its rules of procedure, including the rule of consensus, even in the complex political and security context of the cold war.", "Although there are continued attempts to conceal the political nature of Conference inactivity using technical questions, such as its rules of procedure, as the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters appropriately concluded in its recent report, what appeared to be procedural problems are in fact political ones.", "The lack of political will is the principal problem of the Conference on Disarmament. Consequently, the only option to give a boost to its activity is to inject political will into this important and irreplaceable forum, which is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.", "We believe that any possible initiative to assess the Conference’s performance should be transparent, comprehensive, fair and, most importantly, driven by Member States. It should focus on addressing the root causes of the problem. The main objective of any such assessment should be to enhance the performance of the Conference while preserving its nature, role, purpose and power.", "In any performance appraisal of the Conference, we have to be cautious not to mix our considerations with exaggeration, pessimism, prejudgment and distrustful emotional diagnoses, as such an approach would only further complicate and aggravate the situation.", "Unlike some who favour changing the consensus rule of the Conference, we believe that the Conference cannot be improved by changing the format or modality of its rules of procedure, because, due to the sensitive nature of disarmament treaties that are closely related to the supreme national security interests of States, consensus is the only way to develop such treaties, as was the case in the past when disarmament treaties were concluded both within and outside the Conference.", "The inactivity in the Conference over the past decade resulted from the lack of political will; the disinclination of some States to take into account the security interests of all States and to consider all core issues in a comprehensive and balanced manner; the fact that some countries consider the Conference as a single-issue venue and are not willing to recognize the importance of other issues; the unwillingness of certain countries even to start the much longed-for and long-delayed negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention to eliminate the threat posed to humanity by the existence of such weapons, while nuclear disarmament has been identified by the international community as the highest priority in the field of disarmament, as reflected in the consensus outcome (resolution S-10/2) of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I); and the reluctance of those States to negotiate universal, legally binding instruments on negative security assurances for non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We consider the total elimination of nuclear weapons to be the highest priority and the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons. For that reason, we believe that the Conference should focus on advancing the nuclear disarmament agenda and the total elimination of nuclear weapons, leading to a world free of nuclear weapons.", "In this context, we strongly support the early commencement by the Conference on Disarmament of negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified time frame, including a nuclear weapons convention. We also support a start to negotiations to conclude universal, unconditional and legally binding instruments on negative security assurances to non‑nuclear-weapon States and on the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "We underline the validity of multilateralism as the core principle of negotiations in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and, while we reiterate our determination to promote this valuable principle, we recall the paramount importance and continued validity of the consensus outcome SSOD-I. We strongly believe that, since the Conference on Disarmament was established by SSOD-I, the best way to address its challenges is to convene a fourth special session — a proposal that enjoys the strong support of many countries, in particular the 120 States members of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Finally, we believe that the roles of neither such a fourth special session nor of the Conference on Disarmament can be replaced with alternative initiatives. The problems presently facing the Conference on Disarmament are nothing new. The best way to address this challenge is to cross the stream where it is shallowest.", "Ms. Anderson (Ireland): The High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General in September 2010 was helpful in highlighting States’ views on the root causes of the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament. That meeting also underlined the strong desire of the international community to move from discussion to action. It is not only the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament that need to be reassessed, but those of the United Nations Disarmament Commission and of the First Committee as well. All three bodies must be more responsive and ready to change the way they go about their business.", "My country’s approach to disarmament is rooted in the firm conviction that multilateral cooperation is in the interest of all, and most particularly serves the interests of smaller States, which rely on a strong, rules-based international system. One of the main reasons we have convened here is because the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body — the Conference on Disarmament — is not functioning properly. Given the Conference’s vitally important remit, this dysfunction is deeply worrying.", "As we search for a solution, it is worth remembering that the Conference on Disarmament has, in the past, made an outstanding contribution in the area of arms control and disarmament. There is no reason why it cannot do so again.", "Given this track record, it is all the more disappointing that the Conference has not managed to engage in the substantive work of negotiation for more than 16 years. Ireland has not seen any meaningful work done there since we became a member in 1999. This situation is hard to explain or defend. It is a poor reflection on multilateralism and has obvious implications for international peace and security. While the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament might have been understandable while there was no movement in the wider disarmament context, it now stands in stark contrast to the positive developments we have seen elsewhere in recent years.", "Ireland stands ready to engage in negotiations on any or all of the four core issues on the Conference on Disarmament’s agenda. While every State has the right to promote and defend its national security interests, in our view the consensus rule was never envisaged as a mechanism to allow one State to frustrate the desire of the vast majority of the membership to engage in negotiations on any particular issue. The resulting inability of the Conference on Disarmament to engage in negotiations on any issue on its agenda is, in our view, unsustainable. Negotiations on any of the core issues will take time — in all likelihood many years. Specific national concerns can be accommodated in the course of negotiations and, in any event, agreement cannot be imposed under the consensus rule. It is axiomatic, however, that negotiations must begin if agreement is ever to be reached.", "My country’s primary objective in the Conference on Disarmament is the promotion of nuclear disarmament. This may be facilitated in a number of ways, including by the conclusion of an appropriate treaty on fissile material, which would include a verification mechanism and cover existing stocks, and of a universal, legally-binding agreement on negative security assurances. The prevention of an arms race in outer space is an issue deserving of urgent attention before the window of opportunity to prevent such an arms race is lost.", "While substantive differences are at the root of the paralysis in the Conference on Disarmament, we believe that the way in which the Conference organizes itself it is a contributory factor. Requiring consensus even to begin negotiations, as well as for the most basic procedural decisions, is conducive to the kind of deadlock with which we are all too familiar.", "Another factor inhibiting progress is the interpretation of the requirement to adopt annually a programme of work necessitating the inclusion of complex negotiating mandates and other details, rather than being merely a calendar of activities, as in most other multilateral bodies.", "The expansion of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament and the greater involvement of civil society in its work would, in our view, enhance the representation in the Conference of global public opinion and strengthen its standing and credibility.", "Like other speakers, I welcome the recommendations made by the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board and hope that they can guide us forward in breaking the impasse in the Conference on Disarmament. At the same time, we cannot evade the stark reality that the responsibility for devising and implementing solutions to global problems rests primarily with States. The issue is fundamentally that of political will.", "Such responsibilities go well beyond the Conference on Disarmament alone. The Disarmament Commission has had no substantive outcome for 12 years in succession, a situation which should not continue. The working practices of the First Committee also need the attention of Member States.", "While the Committee should be the principal forum for debate on the most pressing issues in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation and how to address them, we see instead an ineffective use of time, with the ritualistic submission of resolutions whose content remains virtually unchanged from year to year, in many cases adding limited value.", "In this time of austerity, all of us have to justify how we allocate our scarce resources. Functioning disarmament machinery is a priority, but there has to be a relationship between input and outcome.", "I would like to conclude by expressing the hope that our exchanges today will act as a call to action and will encourage those most directly concerned to reassess their approach, accepting the responsibility they share with the international community to engage, to negotiate and to formulate agreements which will lead us towards the ultimate goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "Ireland stands ready to consider all ideas for taking us forward, including the recommendations to the Secretary-General by the Advisory Board, through General Assembly activity and also the possibility — an idea to which Ireland is fully open — of another special session on disarmament. We look forward to further discussions in the First Committee in October.", "Mr. Cancela (Uruguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, as I see so many seats empty in this Hall and note the absence of so many of my colleagues who are firmly committed to disarmament and non‑proliferation and who have a great interest in today’s debate, let me say that I find it regrettable that, owing to organizational problems in connection with this debate, the level of participation is low, as is the turnout.", "My country aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the States that requested that this debate be convened.", "Uruguay was one of the countries that requested a plenary meeting under agenda item 162, entitled “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. We therefore welcome this meeting.", "The high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010 made clear the importance that the States Members of the United Nations attach to multilateralism and the widespread concern at impasse affecting the Conference on Disarmament, which undermines its credibility and affects the United Nations system as a whole.", "It also became clear that there was a need promptly to start negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty aimed at banning the production of fissile material for the manufacture of nuclear weapons, and a need to start substantive work on nuclear disarmament issues, negative security assurances and the prevention of an arms race in outer space.", "Regrettably, the Conference on Disarmament once again lost an invaluable opportunity in the substantive session this year, as it was unable to make progress on the issues under its consideration or to send any hopeful signals that the situation would change in the near future.", "We all are aware of and have recognized the achievements of the Conference on Disarmament, and its predecessors, as a genuine forum where the main instruments of arms limitation were created, to the benefit of the international community as a whole. However, more than 13 years of inaction cannot be justified on the basis of intrinsic deficiencies in the system, lack of political will or the need for consensus. Membership and consensus are privileges that come with responsibilities, thus the Conference on Disarmament must meet the expectations vested in its members, discharge the mandate entrusted to it and work according to the needs of our times.", "Uruguay acknowledges the fact that in view of such a widespread sense of failure, it is imperative to seek quick and effective solutions in order to relaunch the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "To that end, I should like to put forward three specific proposals for the revitalization of multilateral negotiations in these areas.", "First, we must take advantage of the current political juncture, which has allowed for a return to moderate multilateralism. There must be a reaffirmation of the prerogatives and legitimacy of the bodies that the international community has created to deal with disarmament matters, and respect for international law must be upheld as indispensable norm for the peaceful coexistence of nations.", "Accordingly, Uruguay calls on the Conference on Disarmament to start, without further delay, negotiations on a non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty for the prohibition of the production of fissile material intended for the manufacture of nuclear weapons. Our country also urges that unconditional negotiations for a legally binding agreement on negative security assurances be commenced so as to ensure that non-nuclear States do not suffer from the disastrous consequences of the use or threat of use of this type of weapons by nuclear-weapon States.", "Non-nuclear States’ justified interest in and legitimate aspirations to negative security assurances are legally and politically supported by Article 2.4 of the Charter of the United Nations. Likewise, Uruguay calls for the negotiation of new, effective and verifiable multilateral instruments, with a view to preventing an arms race, including the deployment of weapons in outer space.", "Secondly, Uruguay believes that one way to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament would be to extend its membership to those States that have expressed a legitimate interest in joining. In this respect, I associate myself with the statement made by the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observers of the Conference on Disarmament. Our country has formalized its aspiration to join the Conference on Disarmament, along with 25 other States that since 1982 have advocated for the expansion of that body. Uruguay therefore proposes appointing a special coordinator for the Conference on Disarmament in order to study the expansion of its membership in 2011.", "Thirdly, if the Conference on Disarmament is not capable of overcoming its impasse, the General Assembly must inevitably act according to the mandate conferred on it by the United Nations Charter, whose Article 11 establishes that the Assembly", "“may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments, and may make recommendations with regard to such principles to the Members or to the Security Council”.", "Mr. Çobanoğlu (Turkey): Turkey attaches great significance to the work of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and we wish to see the resumption of its substantive work. For this reason, Turkey was a co‑signatory to the letter that requested the convening of today’s meeting.", "We align ourselves with the statement delivered yesterday by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries that signed that letter. Turkey also aligns itself with the statement made by the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative. Since many of our views have already been covered by those statements, I will confine myself to the following additional points in my national capacity.", "First, while there are many different views as to how revitalize the Conference on Disarmament, our preference for this revitalization process is that it take place within the Conference itself. Having said that, other efforts, such as today’s meeting, could be useful to build momentum and convey the strong expectation of the international community for the resumption of the substantive work of the Conference.", "Secondly, while concentrating on the revitalization of the work of the Conference on Disarmament, we should not lose sight of the fact that the existing problems are not limited to the Conference. In fact, they cover all the multilateral disarmament machinery. This is not to say that the problems lie with the United Nations disarmament machinery. On the contrary, as Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon very eloquently put it in his opening statement yesterday (see A/65/PV.113), the problem lies not with the vehicle but with the driver. We are convinced that these problems can be comprehensively overcome only through political will and flexibility, which are to be shown by all parties.", "Thirdly, any discussion on the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament should take into account the fact that the rule of consensus is an essential tool when it comes to international security issues. All countries may need this tool from time to time in order to safeguard their legitimate security interests. In our opinion, there is no alternative to the rule of consensus.", "Finally, unlike some other delegations, we believe that the enlargement of the Conference on Disarmament is not a priority within the context of its revitalization. In our view, the present impasse in the Conference on Disarmament has nothing to do with its composition. In fact, if the Conference cannot resolve its problems within its existing composition, it would be highly unlikely, if not impossible, for these problems to be solved within an enlarged group, which will represent difference priorities and different interests. We also believe that any discussion on the enlargement of the Conference should address the question of the potential contributions of the aspiring Conference members to its work on a case-by-case basis.", "We hope to see the Conference revitalized, the concerns of all Member States addressed, substantive work on the core issues initiated and the long-standing stalemate thus overcome with the present membership composition of the Conference.", "Mr. Raytchev (Bulgaria): Let me begin by expressing my delegation’s deep appreciation to President Deiss and Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for convening this debate. Being among the countries that called for it, we are especially grateful to be given the opportunity to have a follow-up discussion to the High-level Meeting on the Revitalization of the Work of the Conference on Disarmament, held in September 2010.", "Bulgaria aligns itself with the statement made on behalf of the European Union and with that made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of a cross-regional group of States. I will just highlight a few points that are important to us.", "We all hoped that the High-level Meeting held in September 2010 would stimulate positive developments in the Conference on Disarmament. Regrettably, this has not been the case, and the Conference has so far failed to seize the momentum in global disarmament and non-proliferation. However, we all agree that the impasse cannot and should not continue. Fifteen years have already been lost, and we cannot afford the luxury of losing even more time.", "The irony is that the Conference on Disarmament should be more relevant than ever and overloaded with work now, in times of asymmetrical threats and common security challenges, and the international community should be more convinced than ever of multilateralism as the appropriate approach. The longer the impasse continues, the more the relevance of the Conference on Disarmament is called into question.", "The excuses for this — the consensus rule and the lack of political will, among others — are well-known. The Conference on Disarmament itself cannot be blamed. The responsibility lies with us, its members. Change should come from within. We should all ask ourselves how strongly we want to make the Conference on Disarmament relevant and credible again. The consensus rule is there, but we need to be creative about it instead of using it to hold the Conference hostage. This rule was created in order to enable members to express their common will based on compromise and not in order to impose the view of one member on all.", "The world is interconnected. New realities require new approaches. If the Conference on Disarmament does not adapt to the new challenges and conditions quickly, it will render itself irrelevant. The new dynamic is fast-paced, as should be the response of the Conference. The Conference must deliver, or it risks pushing the international community to explore alternative avenues for multilateral negotiations related to disarmament and non-proliferation.", "A revitalized Conference on Disarmament means a functioning Conference on Disarmament that is in line with the new realities. The two most pressing issues, however, persist: first, the adoption of a programme of work; and secondly, the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay. Any national security concern, if legitimate, could be addressed as part of a negotiation process rather than blocking the substantive work of the Conference. Nothing should be precluded from consideration if negotiation on a fissile material cut-off treaty were to start.", "Enlargement of the membership of the Conference on Disarmament would definitely be a step towards adapting to the new realities. New members would bring new energy and new ideas. Civil society is also a part of the process, and non-governmental organizations and research institutions have an important role to play. We join the calls for improved methods of work, for the First Committee and the United Nations Disarmament Commission as well.", "We stand ready to work for these goals in the run up to the sixty-sixth session of the First Committee in October. I would like to conclude, however, by citing Bertholt Brecht who said “because things are the way they are, things will not stay the way they are”. This idea is 100 per cent applicable to the Conference on Disarmament as it is today.", "Mr. Cabactulan (Philippines): The Philippines associates itself with the statement delivered by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. My delegation also supports the statement delivered by the representatives of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament and of the Netherlands on behalf of the group of like-minded States.", "The Philippines reaffirms its belief that multilateral diplomacy is the best way to achieve further progress in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. At the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in May 2010, States parties took a significant step forward in these areas when they adopted the Conference’s Outcome Document (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)). In this regard, the Philippines reminds States parties of their obligation to implement the action plan, as well as the section on the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, as listed in the conclusions and recommendations section of the Document.", "One action was undertaken when the High-level Meeting was held in September 2010. The debate today is a continuation of that Meeting held almost one year ago. In spite of the time that has elapsed since then — in fact, in the more than 15 years that have passed since the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty — the impasse persists.", "This Sisyphean state of affairs cannot be allowed to continue. Based on discussions at the last High-level Meeting in September, the Philippines and many other delegations find the situation untenable. The Conference on Disarmament must agree on and implement a programme of work. If it cannot, other definitive actions must be undertaken. Furthermore, since the bottom-up approach has paralysed efforts to reform the Conference due to the fact that the rule of consensus vests in every Conference member a veto-like power, it is now imperative that the General Assembly, which created the Conference on Disarmament, assert its power through a top-down approach.", "The Philippines, together with several other delegations that form the informal group of observer States, sees an urgent need for the Conference on Disarmament to expand its membership. In the interest of promoting greater inclusivity and dynamism in the Conference, the Philippines calls for a review of the membership of the Conference as provided for in its rules of procedure, and to allow for the expansion of its membership. Numerous countries, presently observers in the Conference, possess the legitimate aspiration to full membership. To facilitate this review, the Philippines calls for the Conference on Disarmament to appoint a special rapporteur/coordinator on enlargement.", "Yet, alternative means must also be considered. The Conference on Disarmament may be known as the sole multilateral disarmament body, but disarmament agreements have been conceived outside it, including the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Under these Conventions, not all countries joined at their inceptions and in fact still have not joined, but that does not preclude the possibility of States eventually becoming parties. The key, as the Philippines sees it, is to begin negotiations at the soonest possible time.", "Another method that could be emulated is the way in which preparations are being made for the negotiation of an arms trade treaty, which fell within the ambit of the General Assembly, which decided that a United Nations Conference would be held to negotiate the treaty. The Philippines also continues to support calls for convening the fourth special session on disarmament (SSOD-IV), which could comprehensively reappraise and revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "For my delegation, what is important is not which body negotiates, but that negotiations actually begin and result in something more tangible and concrete than mere factual reports of meetings, as was the case with the last meeting of the Disarmament Commission in April.", "We the States present here today have a choice and a difficult decision to make. Do we remain and stay confined in the Conference on Disarmament, hoping that intractable issues that have plagued the Conference will magically dissipate over time, leading to genuine progress towards negotiating a disarmament agenda? Or do we dare to go beyond and follow, for instance, the path taken by a significant number of countries in seeking alternative recourse, as was the case in the negotiations for the Ottawa and Oslo Conventions? Do we set up a process parallel to the Conference on Disarmament? Do we hope that we can replicate the success of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 and pin our hopes on SSOD-IV? Do we have to commission some high-level group to study further what must be done? Do we go the route of the General Assembly and give this body a more central and active role to move multilateral disarmament negotiations forward?", "The right answer is unfortunately unclear. What is clear to us is that we must make a choice and follow through on it sooner rather than later. The choice might be to give the General Assembly a more central and active role and seek innovative and alternative means of causing multilateral disarmament negotiations to advance. If we do not make a choice and act, we will doom ourselves to stagnation and inactivity, thereby increasing the chance that weapons that have been held in abeyance thus far may be unleashed to devastating and horrific effect.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): I join other colleagues in thanking the President for convening this follow-up meeting to the High-level Meeting convened by the Secretary-General, which was attended by our Minister for External Affairs, His Excellency Sri S. M. Krishna, on 24 September 2010.", "India associates itself with the statement made on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Almost one year has elapsed since the convening of the High-level Meeting. The Conference on Disarmament is still unable to undertake its primary task of negotiating multilateral treaties. We share the disappointment of the Member States on the continuing impasse in the Conference. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament or its rules of procedure are not to be blamed for this impasse. We believe that today’s meeting should send a strong message of support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum and to provide political impetus to the multilateral agenda, which includes early commencement of negotiations on an fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament.", "The Conference on Disarmament adopted a consensus decision in May 2009 on its programme of work, which included the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). The High-level Meeting of 24 September 2010 demonstrated a very broad measure of support for CD/1864. In fact, the first recommendation of that meeting, reiterated subsequently by the Secretary-General in his address to the Conference on Disarmament on 26 January, calls for the Conference to adopt that, or a similar programme of work, in 2011.", "India will not stand in the way if consensus emerges on a programme of work that picks up from where we were in terms of the consensus decision CD/1864, if such a decision facilitates the early commencement of substantive work in the Conference, including negotiation of an FMCT on the basis of the mandate contained in CD/1299. This is without prejudice to the priority we attach to nuclear disarmament.", "India has been steadfast in its support for global, non-discriminatory, verifiable nuclear disarmament. Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi presented a visionary action plan for a nuclear-weapon-free and non-violent world order. This plan sets out a road map for achieving nuclear disarmament in a time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner. It may be recalled that the Final Document of the first special session on disarmament (resolution S‑10/2) accorded nuclear disarmament the highest priority. We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved by a step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed multilateral framework that is global and non‑discriminatory. We need a meaningful dialogue among all States possessing nuclear weapons in order to build trust and confidence and to reduce the salience of such weapons in international affairs and security doctrines.", "I would like to reaffirm our support for the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum, recognized as such by the international community. The Conference continues to have the mandate, the membership, the credibility and the rules of procedure to discharge that responsibility. It is up to Member States to make it work by negotiating multilateral treaties that can be universally implemented. Proposals that question the viability or relevance of the Conference, or that suggest unrealistic alternatives, will not lead to useful or productive results in taking forward the agreed multilateral agenda with the participation of all relevant countries. We hope that our discussions today will build positive momentum for the disarmament agenda and reaffirm the critical role of the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for achieving our common goals.", "Mrs. Aitimova (Kazakhstan): My delegation commends the President for following up on the important High-level Meeting that the Secretary-General convened on 24 September last year on the theme of revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "We also thank President Deiss; Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon; the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, Ms. Olga Pellicer; and Mr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, for their statements. Their insights and the Secretary-General’s summary of the aforementioned meeting point to significant key steps for strengthening the disarmament machinery with a common vision for disarmament and non-proliferation. We also reiterate that disarmament helps address other global challenges, including poverty reduction, climate change and reaching the Millennium Development Goals.", "Kazakhstan is a firm and consistent supporter of the vision of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, as demonstrated by its decision to shut down its nuclear test site and renounce one of the world’s largest nuclear arsenals. As a member of the Conference on Disarmament, Kazakhstan attaches great importance to that forum and the contribution it has made in the past. However, regrettably, the Conference has failed to live up to expectations. Now is the moment to evaluate concrete strategies for overcoming the deadlock of the past decade on generally accepted key issues in order to accelerate the process of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Like other Member States, Kazakhstan agrees that an early start to negotiations on a non‑discriminatory, multilateral and internationally verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is critical. Such a treaty would keep illegitimate military nuclear programmes to a minimum and considerably improve control over existing materials, thus greatly reducing the threat of nuclear terrorism.", "As the country that is home to the Baikonur Cosmodrome space launch complex, and is involved in international cooperation on outer space, as well as its own national space development on a multilateral cooperative basis, Kazakhstan calls for the strict maintenance of peaceful activities in outer space and urges the Conference to include this issue on its agenda. Considering the increasing number of countries involved in and dependent on space programmes, we should further promote the prevention of an arms race in outer space by engaging other international entities that deal with issues of space exploration.", "The President of my country, Nursultan Nazarbayev, speaking at the Global Summit on Nuclear Security in Washington, D.C., in April 2010, has called for the drafting of an international legally binding instrument on security assurances by nuclear Powers to non-nuclear-weapon States. It is only such assurances that can effectively keep in check the aspirations of certain non-nuclear States to acquire nuclear weapons as a guarantee of their own security. The next step should be drafting a universal declaration of a nuclear-weapon-free world, which would reaffirm the determination of all States to move willingly and progressively towards a convention on a nuclear-weapon-free world.", "My delegation concurs with other Member States that the present impasse hurts the credibility and calls into question the Conference on Disarmament’s relevance. The current stagnation in multilateral negotiations is understood to be due not just to a lack of political will, but also to lacunae in the disarmament machinery.", "To summarize, my delegation calls on the General Assembly and member States to consider ways to review the Conference’s mandate, membership, structure and procedures of work, as well as to strengthen disarmament and non-proliferation measures by immediately starting work on an FMCT, the use of outer space for peaceful purposes, a legally binding treaty for negative security assurances, and a declaration or convention outlawing nuclear weapons. The consensus principle must be reconsidered so as to make the Conference a strong and viable entity, rather than taking the policymaking process outside the United Nations, as has been proposed by some States. The work of the Conference should begin with a relevant and effective agenda both for issues set in the past and for those that will emerge in the near future. We therefore fully support the Secretary-General’s proposal to appoint a high-level panel of eminent persons to seek ways to strengthen the disarmament machinery, and especially the Conference on Disarmament.", "Finally, in closing, I would like to assure the Assembly that Kazakhstan will take every possible step to strengthen the Conference on Disarmament and enhance its commitment to the multilateral disarmament process.", "Mr. Husain (Canada): At the outset, let me thank the President of the General Assembly for convening this meeting on this very important topic. I wish that we were assembling today to celebrate a renewed sense of hope and enthusiasm about prospects for a resumption of multilateral disarmament negotiations. We are not. The Conference on Disarmament remains deadlocked and is effectively broken. Critical institutional reform is needed.", "That is why, when Canada’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable John Baird, announced the suspension of Canada’s participation in the Conference under the presidency of North Korea, Canada also undertook to lead an initiative to reform the methodology for selecting the President of the Conference on Disarmament. Driving such efforts is Canada’s belief that leadership of the Conference is a privilege that should be afforded only to those who promote and adhere to the values and objectives of the Conference on Disarmament. As our Minister has said, it is absurd to have one of the world’s worst offenders, when it comes to nuclear proliferation and non‑compliance, chairing a disarmament body.", "Canada was pleased to serve as the first of the Conference’s six rotating Presidents for 2011, and is also among several of the countries serving as President with outstanding non-proliferation credentials and a firm commitment to disarmament.", "So far this year, Conference members have had discussions on the Conference’s four core agenda items. But let us be clear. The mandate of the Conference on Disarmament is to negotiate, and not simply to discuss, disarmament. The Conference’s 2011 session is nearly over, and positions on a programme of work remain deeply entrenched and mutually exclusive. Our efforts to get the Conference back to work in 2011 have not yet proven successful, though Canada will renew efforts towards that end in August, after North Korea is no longer the President —", "The Acting President: I call on the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on a point of order.", "Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): I have asked to speak because the representative of Canada has just referred to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea as North Korea. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is a State Member of the United Nations, and I kindly ask you, Sir, to call the speaker to order in this matter.", "The Acting President: We have taken note of the point of order made by the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, and I ask the representative of Canada to continue with his statement.", "Mr. Husain (Canada): In light of the continued stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, Canada believes that efforts to follow up on last September’s High-level Meeting must be pursued in earnest. Canada was among those States at last September’s High-level Meeting that spoke in favour of a deadline for the Conference if substantive work — including negotiations — had not commenced by this autumn. Specifically, we believe that the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session could also take up consideration of how the work of the Conference should be pursued.", "Speaking at the Conference on 28 February, Canada’s former Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Honourable Lawrence Cannon, again urged Conference members to think outside of the box. We have seen some positive evidence of new thinking this year. The Australian and Japanese side-event initiative on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) is one clear example. Reluctantly, Canada believes that the time has also come to think outside of the Conference on Disarmament.", "An FMCT is Canada’s top priority as the next disarmament instrument, and while our preference would be to see negotiations start in the Conference on Disarmament, our patience with non-performing multilateral bodies is not endless. Currently, one country among 65 is blocking the Conference from FMCT negotiations by citing subregional strategic issues. However, tomorrow it could just as easily be another country or countries that abuse the Conference’s rule of consensus on a procedural matter in order to stymie substantive multilateral disarmament negotiations. Such was never the intended purpose of the consensus rule.", "Canada is of the view that starting an external negotiations process on an FMCT will not further endanger the Conference on Disarmament, which has failed to implement a programme of work since 1998. Accordingly, we welcome the recent statement by the United States that it is consulting on alternative means to begin FMCT negotiations. We agree that success on an FMCT will require the active participation of those States that possess nuclear weapons. With many nuclear-weapon States having declared a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons, now is the time to start FMCT negotiations. Universality is something that can be built over time.", "(spoke in French)", "Canada is flexible on the modalities and venue for FMCT negotiations, and will re-engage in the Conference on Disarmament following North Korea’s presidency, to focus on reforming the body and pressing ahead with important matters related to its other core agenda items.", "We look forward to the broadest possible discussion of the merits of all possible alternative routes to fissile material cut-off treaty negotiations. One idea that remains on the table is having substantive work take place through the creation of subcommittees of the First Committee. Other scenarios have also been put forward. For our part, Canada is not opposed to convening a fourth special session on disarmament, but we are of the view that the start of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty should not await the outcome of that broader process. We can and should start these negotiations now.", "Mr. Le Hoai Trung (Viet Nam): Viet Nam associates itself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "Over the past year, we have witnessed a number of positive developments reflected in the entry into force of the New START treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation in February and the adoption of the Outcome Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50). Still, conflicts continue in various parts of the world, and instability and new dangers to security have emerged in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. The danger of an arms race has also increased. Against that backdrop, it is regrettable that the Conference on Disarmament remains in a stalemate, as it still cannot even agree on a programme of work.", "The lack of progress in the Conference on Disarmament has not only prevented the Conference from effectively contributing to the promotion of a more peaceful and secure international environment, but also undermined confidence in that important multilateral disarmament forum.", "Due to time constraints, we would like to highlight a number of issues. First, nuclear disarmament remains the highest priority in disarmament. I would like to recall the adoption of resolution 65/56 on nuclear disarmament, which called upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2011 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons. To that end, I urge nuclear-weapon States to take further substantive and practical actions towards complete nuclear disarmament, particularly by taking the lead in commencing negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention.", "Secondly, the central role of the United Nations disarmament machinery in the process of disarmament and non-proliferation and arms control should be upheld. We urge the Conference on Disarmament to adopt a balanced and comprehensive programme of work that covers all pressing issues, such as nuclear disarmament, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer apace and a fissile material cut-off treaty. To this end, I should like to call for greater political will, flexibility and cooperation.", "Thirdly, multilateral disarmament negotiations should be aimed at strengthening peace and international security and achieving the ultimate goal of the elimination of the danger of nuclear war and the implementation of measures to halt and reverse the arms race. Such a negotiations process should be based on the fundamental principles agreed at the first special session of the General Assembly. Those principles include strict observance of the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, respect of the right to participate on an equal footing, with a full recognition of the role of the United Nations in the field of disarmament and due consideration for the vital interests of all peoples of the world.", "It is the consistent policy of Viet Nam to strive for peace and support the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, with the goal of general and complete disarmament. Viet Nam has acceded to all major multilateral treaties on the prohibition of weapons of mass destruction and has been an active member of many United Nations disarmament bodies. In the region of South-East Asia, it is also working closely with other members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and other partners in the implementation of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone and its Plan of Action. Viet Nam will continue to work with all other international partners in pursuit of further progress in the field of disarmament.", "Mr. Heller (Mexico) (spoke in Spanish): Mexico fully aligns itself with the statements made by the delegation of the Netherlands on behalf of several States and by the delegation of Australia on behalf of those countries participating in the initiative on disarmament and non-proliferation.", "Mexico also welcomes the action taken by the Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, in promoting multilateral negotiations on disarmament in his five-point plan and by convening the high-level meeting held in 2010. Likewise, we take note of the report presented by the Chair of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "The 2010 high-level meeting revealed the differing views concerning the dysfunctional nature of the various disarmament forums, particularly the Conference on Disarmament. However, it also showed the tremendous interest of the international community in this issue, which concerns us all given that it affects the security and the very survival of humankind.", "Mexico has lent its full support to the Conference on Disarmament and its predecessor bodies, all of which were created to achieve an aim to which my country attaches the highest priority. It is therefore unacceptable that the forum entrusted with negotiating legally binding instruments to safeguard the security of our peoples has not, over the past 15 years, been able to carry out substantive work on any of the items on its agenda and has failed to fulfil its mandate.", "Nor is there agreement on the reasons for the paralysis affecting the Conference on Disarmament. Some contend that this is due to external factors and that the Conference is a victim of circumstances. Others believe that the dysfunctional nature of the forum is a result of the fact that it was designed to work in the context of the cold war, not in the multipolar context of the twenty-first century. The impasse may be the result of a combination of both of those factors. Clearly, the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament were designed for different times. This affects its decision-making as well as its substantive work.", "The limited nature of membership of the Conference on Disarmament, the composition of its regional groups and the lack of participation by civil society are also anachronistic factors. However, the greatest obstacle responsible for stymying the work of the Conference has proved to be the consensus rule, which has been construed as the need for absolute unanimity, both on matter of substance and those of form. This interpretation has turned this rule into a right of veto for the 65 members of the Conference on Disarmament. When the veto is exercised, the majority of the international community is robbed of the opportunity to achieve a higher goal that is a priority on the global agenda. The veto has even been used to prevent the adoption of a programme of work. It would appear that a precondition exists that there must be agreement on substance before negotiations can start — forgetting that the Conference on Disarmament has a specific duty to negotiate.", "The responsibility of ensuring that the Conference on Disarmament fulfils its mandate falls primarily on its members, but, in the last analysis, it is of concern to all States Members of the United Nations, which in 1978 designated it as the only multilateral forum for disarmament.", "This provides us with an opportunity to take a step back and take a look, from the perspective of the General Assembly, at what is happening in Geneva. What we see from here and what is perceived by the 128 States that are not members of the Conference on Disarmament — that is to say, two thirds of the membership — is that over the past 15 years, at least one State member of the Conference on Disarmament was prepared to exercise the right to veto, thus preventing that forum from discharging the mandated entrusted to it by this very Assembly.", "We note also that the repeated calls by the General Assembly on the Conference on Disarmament to begin its work have gone unheeded. If this state of affairs continues, it will be logical for the General Assembly to carefully consider this issue and adopt the measures necessary to rescind the prerogatives granted to a body that no longer complies with its wishes.", "In 2005, Mexico, together with other countries, proposed that disarmament negotiations should commence in the General Assembly, in the hope that the Conference on Disarmament would adopt its programme of work and fulfil its mandate. Mexico remains prepared to encourage such a step or any other that would offer real possibilities for beginning multilateral negotiations on disarmament.", "In conclusion, we trust that the General Assembly, at its upcoming session, will shoulder the responsibility falling to it in this respect.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation is grateful to the President of the General Assembly for having convened this debate and for his commitment to revitalizing the disarmament agenda. We also appreciate the interest of the Secretary-General in relaunching negotiations on disarmament and non-proliferation. The five-point plan and the high-level meeting convened in 2010 are proof of a high degree of political responsibility regarding a matter that is of vital importance for the multilateral system to work effectively and thereby contribute to collective security, development, peace and international security.", "Chile aligns itself with the statements made by the Permanent Representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Permanent Representative of Australia on behalf of the 10 countries involved in the non-proliferation and disarmament initiative, and by the Permanent Representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the 41 countries concerned.", "First and foremost, Chile wishes to reaffirm its commitment to multilateralism in general and in the matter of disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation in particular. We appreciate the multilateral disarmament and security institutions that protect both our individual security interests and those of the international community as a whole.", "It is pointless to go on analyzing the reasons for the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament and the dysfunction in the disarmament machinery when what the international community wants is concrete actions and stronger standards and instruments on disarmament and arms limitation. That is a sphere in which we have seen progress and a favourable climate that should permeate the Conference on Disarmament.", "After more than 10 unproductive years, the Conference on Disarmament has arrived at a restricted situation that is unsustainable. A revitalization process directed at reaching an agreement allowing it to resume its negotiation function requires a broad political commitment that could take shape in a framework in which countries feel they have an effective forum for participating in creating a safer world and protecting their own legitimate national interests.", "Self-diagnosis and debates on the rules of procedure must give way to measures that make it possible to reanimate the Conference in short order or to seek alternatives that could fully serve the interests of the international community. We suggest analyzing document CD/1931, submitted by Colombia, which gives a thorough description of the perceptions, interests and limitations of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Revitalizing the Conference requires revising some of its central aspects, such as its composition, procedures and consensus rule. Although we believe in retaining that rule as a way of attaining a broad base on matters in which the security of States is at stake, it should not be abused to the point of paralyzing the Conference on merely procedural matters. The composition of the regional groups is another point that must be analyzed. In the twenty-first century the Conference on Disarmament must not turn its back on civil society. It should build bridges with civil society and have greater interaction with it. All these political issues must be part of a negotiating package.", "Chile has a broad and flexible attitude about options that would make possible progress in multilateral negotiations on disarmament and non‑proliferation. We do not intend to replace the Conference on Disarmament. We prefer to work inside it, as the outstanding negotiating forum in the field. Still, we must be clear that we are open to examining alternatives.", "The fact that we are meeting here in New York may lead us to establish the right of the General Assembly to take actions on matters of disarmament and non-proliferation, which have a real, direct impact on the role and mandate of the Conference on Disarmament. If the status quo continues, it will be difficult to challenge the legitimacy of such a step.", "The subsidiary bodies of the United Nations system are not ends in themselves. They are merely means to satisfy and channel the political aspirations and needs of the international community. Disarmament is a common global good. That is not true of the Conference on Disarmament or other mechanisms of the so-called disarmament machinery that have their origin in the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament, more than 30 years ago, and that can be changed, as has happened with other bodies. A fourth special session on disarmament could be the suitable forum in which to introduce reforms that would give the international community the tools required by our present circumstances.", "We should ask ourselves whether the lack of progress in disarmament negotiations is structurally linked to the Conference on Disarmament, a problem specific to that body, or whether it derives from the strategic and political interests of major players that probably would affect any disarmament forum. If the latter is the case, progress will be achieved only through determined commitment and political will on the part of those players and the international community as a whole.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to thank the President of the General Assembly, and the Secretary-General for his personal initiative in organizing today’s timely debate under agenda item 162, “Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations”. I would like to welcome the presence of Ms. Pellicer, who presides in the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board on Disarmament, whose opinion we await with great anticipation and which we believe will significantly support our work. I would also like to thank Mr. Tokayev, the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament, for his remarks.", "Before I start, I would like to align Slovenia with the statements made by the European Union, by Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva and by the Netherlands on behalf of the countries supporting the initiative on follow-up to the high-level meeting that took place on 24 September 2010.", "I wish to make three points regarding today’s discussion.", "First, we believe that it is now high time for concrete follow-up decisions that should follow the high-level meeting that took place here last September. We hope that after today’s meeting we will know more about how to proceed in the next General Assembly session. We equally hope that the Secretary-General’s Advisory Board will be useful and will offer the Secretary-General and Member States instrumental advice in this regard.", "Secondly, Slovenia believes that the current stalemate in global multilateral disarmament negotiations clearly demonstrates how urgently we need a comprehensive reform of the existing international disarmament machinery. The Geneva-based Conference on Disarmament, established in 1979, needs to be adapted to the realities of the contemporary world of the twenty-first century. Above all, it should open its doors to all interested countries that want to contribute to international peace and security. International peace and security is important for all countries in the world, not only for the group of current members of the Conference on Disarmament. We firmly believe that new members would enrich the work of the Conference and help it to overcome the present impasse.", "Let me use this opportunity to reiterate our longstanding view that the Conference should commence negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT) without any further delay. We are convinced that an FMCT would effectively complement the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty and would guide us further on our way towards a world without nuclear weapons.", "Thirdly, the reinvigoration of the Conference on Disarmament is one of the first steps on the way to reforming the international disarmament machinery. In this regard, we should also reconsider the role of the United Nations Disarmament Commission, which this year again failed to produce any significant results. The reform should be comprehensive and effective and should also redefine the role of the First Committee.", "Finally, Slovenia welcomes the efforts of the Secretary-General and of many countries to move the disarmament process forward. We expect that in the autumn we will start serious discussions on concrete proposals on how to implement the process that we started in the high-level meeting last year. Time is of the essence, and let me invite all States to join us in our efforts to unblock international disarmament negotiations and start effective reform of the international disarmament machinery that will finally deliver results and take us forward to our ultimate goal — a world without nuclear weapons.", "Mr. Abdullah (Malaysia): Let me first express our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his continuous efforts in promoting a world free of nuclear weapons.", "I align my delegation with the statement made by Egypt at the 113th meeting on behalf of the Non‑Aligned Movement. We also would like to thank the Netherlands for its statement delivered at the same meeting on behalf of 41 States, which we view as highly pertinent to the purposes of this debate.", "The Conference on Disarmament, the United Nations Disarmament Commission, the First Committee of the General Assembly and the review process of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty constitute the multilateral platform for States to work collectively to achieve our shared goal of general and complete disarmament under effective international control. For this reason, among others, the Conference in particular cannot forever remain deadlocked. We need to set the right priorities and concentrate all efforts on achieving them.", "Moving forward, my delegation wishes to reiterate the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith, and to bring to conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control. We therefore wish to underscore that emphasis should be given to the total elimination of nuclear weapons through the adoption of a nuclear weapons convention. It is imperative that the Conference on Disarmament commence its substantive work at the earliest opportunity, to enable further progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation.", "It is also worth recalling that the Conference on Disarmament, the Disarmament Commission and the First Committee were the outcomes of the first special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament. We are therefore of the view that these three organs are all accountable to the Assembly. In this connection, we support the convening of a fourth special session of the Assembly devoted to disarmament, which could be instrumental in moving forward the disarmament agenda.", "Another alternative that could also be considered is the possibility of reviewing the effectiveness of each entity through an eminent persons group, which would come up with recommendations for ways to revitalize the United Nations disarmament machinery. Malaysia mentioned this in its statement at the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament held last year. It was also mentioned in the recommendation section of the recent report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters. Malaysia is ready to explore any other feasible ideas put forward.", "Transparency and complete inclusiveness should be the guiding principles of the Conference on Disarmament. We support expansion of the Conference and agree that further opportunity should be given to civil society to follow Conference proceedings in a meaningful manner.", "Lastly, we cannot stress enough that genuine and strong political will exhibited by States in a tangible manner is absolutely vital to taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament and other organs of the United Nations. Malaysia is ready to work closely with other delegations to undertake this joint endeavour.", "Mr. Fernández-Arias Minuesa (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): Spain aligns itself with the statement made at the 113th meeting on behalf of the European Union.", "A little less than a year ago, last 24 September, a high-level meeting was held under the auspices of the Secretary-General with the goal of evaluating the situation of the Conference on Disarmament and the reasons for its stalemate. That exercise led to a thorough analysis of the present situation, with wide participation on the part of ministers and other high-level representatives, as was recognized in resolution 65/93. This also highlights the commendably firm commitment of the Secretary-General, who has made revitalizing the disarmament machinery one of his priorities.", "Regrettably, we must conclude that the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament has continued throughout 2011, with no sign of any resolution. The efforts and appeals to lift this negotiating body out of its stalemate have to date been fruitless.", "It would be tempting to say that since we have made no progress, we are in the same place we were in a year ago. A year ago, however, we could feel confident that some positive momentum rising from a series of good news in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation — such as the signing of the New START Treaty, the Washington summit on nuclear security and the consensus for a plan of action based on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference — would have a contagious effect on the Conference on Disarmament. However, that hope has still not materialized, and while the disarmament agenda is making progress in other forums, the Conference in Geneva continues to waste its means, efforts and energy for yet another year, without taking even the first step towards consensus in the form of adopting a programme of work — something it painstakingly achieved in 2009.", "In recent years it has become commonplace to say that the Conference on Disarmament works but does not produce. Its abundant — perhaps excessive — schedule of meetings provides evidence of its labours. We have to wonder, however, if those labours, as arduous as they are unproductive, have any reason to be other than as a ritual for its own sake, considering that they are unable to unblock the negotiations.", "It is indeed true that despite its inaction on negotiations, during the Conference’s current session — and thanks to the laudable efforts of the Canadian, Chilean, Chinese and Colombian presidencies — countless formulas, initiatives and proposals have been brought up, many of which are very sound, in our view. It is not ideas that are lacking but rather sufficient consensus to bring them to fruition.", "Given this critical convergence, which places us between the clamour from the international community and civil society for progress on disarmament and an ineffective or at any rate stalled disarmament machinery, what should be done?", "The ideal would be progress within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament, which in the past has shown itself to be an effective forum for international negotiation for such important achievements as the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.", "Spain is committed to this course, as it demonstrated on 16 June, when, together with Germany, the Netherlands, Mexico, Sweden, Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania, it introduced document CD/1910, a joint discussion paper designed to stimulate debate on fissile material in the Conference on Disarmament.", "One can continue bet on revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament, but it would be a mistake to do so with infinite patience. Our task is too important and urgent to leave it to a single forum that for 14 years has shown itself incapable of fulfilling its mission. In other words, if the debate is couched in terms either of making progress in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation or of betting on the Conference on Disarmament, there can be only one response from all of us here, and it must be heard once and for all in a clear and unanimous manner.", "But let us not anticipate events. For the time being, this meeting presents a new opportunity for exploring the causes of and possible solutions to the paralysis of the Conference on Disarmament, and we must not waste it. In that regard, we would like to join in the concrete proposals offered by the European Union. In particular, we call attention to the following.", "First, we call on the Conference on Disarmament, the First Commission and the Disarmament Commission to review their working methods and duly examine the issue in their reports to the General Assembly, while requesting that the Assembly maintain its interest in this issue and its follow-up. Secondly, we call on States possessing nuclear weapons to declare and maintain a moratorium on the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other explosive nuclear devices. Lastly, we call on the member States of the Conference to initiate negotiations for a fissile material cut-off treaty without delay, and to begin working on the other items on the agenda.", "We must be both bold and realistic as we explore and promote concrete proposals for the Conference on Disarmament, always keeping in mind that, as Alexis de Tocqueville said, institutions that we are accustomed to calling necessary are sometimes only institutions to which we have become accustomed.", "Mr. Mahmood (Bangladesh): May I convey to you, Sir, the appreciation of the delegation of Bangladesh for scheduling this important plenary meeting as a follow-up to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations, held on 24 September 2010.", "I would like to associate myself with the statement delivered by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement. In addition, I would like to dwell on certain core elements from our national perspective.", "The agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation on arms reduction is an important positive step after years of sluggishness in disarmament talks. This is a step in the right direction, but it is decidedly insufficient for freeing the planet from the curse of nuclear weapons. We hope that States parties will seize the moment at this plenary meeting, and that the meeting provides guidance to all of us, including the States that have yet to become parties to the relevant instruments, in achieving the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "Bangladesh is a democratic, secular and inclusive society. My country, with its impeccable disarmament and non-proliferation record, is committed to the pursuit of universal adherence to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Bangladesh has unconditionally opted to remain non‑nuclear by choice. We were the first annex 2 country from South Asia to ratify the CTBT. We have also concluded a safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), including the additional protocols.", "Bangladesh is constitutionally committed to achieving general and complete disarmament. As a demonstration of that commitment, the Parliament of Bangladesh has also adopted a resolution supporting the 2010 NPT Review Conference. The resolution, inter alia, emphasized the need to implement all three pillars of the NPT, namely, nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. It has also reiterated its support for article IV of the NPT, which guarantees the inalienable rights of all States parties to the NPT to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with articles I and II of the Treaty, under the IAEA safeguards and verification mechanism. The Bangladesh Parliament, in its unanimous opinion, also expressed the belief that any use of nuclear weapons would constitute an international crime, including a crime against humanity, a crime against peace, a war crime and genocide. The Government of Bangladesh fully supports this parliamentary resolution.", "Bangladesh steadfastly supports a multilateral approach to nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. We believe that the Conference on Disarmament is the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also support the work of the Disarmament Commission, which is the sole specialized, deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery.", "We believe that weapons of mass destruction pose the gravest threat to humankind. We continue to believe that only the total elimination of nuclear weapons can provide a guarantee against the use or threat of use of such weapons and against the danger of such weapons falling into the hands of terrorists.", "Bangladesh is convinced that, in addition to electricity generation, the peaceful uses of nuclear technology within the IAEA safeguards and verification regime may help tackle some old as well as contemporary development challenges that we confront, including hunger, disease, natural resource management and climate change. It is disconcerting to note that undue restrictions on exports of material, equipment and technology for peaceful purposes to developing non-nuclear-weapon countries continue to persist through measures incompatible with the provisions of the Treaty. These barriers need to be removed.", "It is a matter of concern that the nuclear-weapon States are not only adding more precision capability to the existing stockpiles of nuclear weapons, but are also developing new types of weaponry. We stress that non‑nuclear States parties to the NPT have a legitimate right to receive unconditional assurances from the nuclear-weapon States that the latter will not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against them.", "Bangladesh also views the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda from a development perspective. Our conscience cannot justify an expenditure of about $1.5 trillion a year on armaments when developing countries, particularly least developed countries like Bangladesh, are struggling to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. The full implementation of the disarmament and non‑proliferation agenda, including nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, is critical to achieve this goal.", "Let me reiterate that, notwithstanding everything to which I have referred, we have not lost faith in ourselves. While we acknowledge that our journey towards a nuclear-weapon-free world will not be easy, we do not believe that difficulties should deter us from beginning our quest for a nuclear-weapon-free world, for ourselves and for our children. We must leave behind a planet habitable for future generations. Let us resolve to make a difference today.", "Mr. Taalas (Finland): I would like thank you, Sir, for convening this plenary meeting on this pressing topic.", "Finland aligns itself with the statements made on behalf of the European Union and on behalf of a group of like-minded countries delivered by the Netherlands.", "Almost a year has passed since the High-level Meeting in New York last September, and we have not seen any progress. The reasons for this situation are well-known. The decade-long hiatus in the Conference on Disarmament negotiations threatens to unravel the system of multilateral disarmament negotiations. The United Nations disarmament machinery is in jeopardy. The situation requires political re-engagement and fresh thinking by all Member States. Business as usual is not an option. What we need most urgently is strong political will to restart multilateral disarmament negotiations. We hope this meeting will serve to crystallize this will.", "We need to begin negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty in the Conference on Disarmament without delay. It would take us a step closer to our goal of a world without nuclear weapons and would be essential for our non-proliferation efforts. A fissile material cut-off treaty would contribute to implementing all three pillars of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The Conference on Disarmament must embrace the momentum for nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation as manifested in the New START Treaty and at the Nuclear Security Summit. Finland urges all Member States to work towards complete nuclear disarmament through concrete actions.", "There are also some practical steps we can take in order to revitalize the work in the United Nations disarmament machinery.", "First, we should review the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, the First Committee and the Disarmament Commission. We need more substantial discussion and search for common ground, and less procedure.", "Secondly, multilateral negotiations demand the participation of all relevant players. Reviewing the Conference on Disarmament’s membership base is warranted in order to ensure its inclusiveness.", "Thirdly, we need fresh ideas and a better connection to the realities outside United Nations meeting rooms. We should strengthen the voice of civil society and academia and find ways to make better use of their valuable contribution in our work.", "We are committed to doing our utmost to advance multilateral disarmament negotiations during Finland’s chairmanship of the First Committee during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. We hope that, with the political re-engagement of all Member States, we can together take the revitalization agenda forward.", "Mr. Tladi (South Africa): South Africa is thankful for this opportunity to have an open and honest discussion about the multilateral disarmament agenda and, in particular, for the opportunity to examine the progress that has been made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "My delegation aligns itself with the statements delivered by the representative of Egypt, who spoke on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, and by the representative of the Netherlands, who spoke on behalf of a group of States from various regions around the world.", "One of the outcomes of the first special session on the General Assembly devoted to disarmament (SSOD-I) was to recognize the need for a single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum of limited size taking decisions on the basis of consensus — what we know today as the Conference on Disarmament. The past achievements of the Conference and its predecessor entities have illustrated the role that this body can play in the negotiation of key multilateral disarmament instruments. It is therefore regrettable that this institution has for many years now failed to fulfil its basic mandate. As a result of the continuing deadlock, many have understandably started to question the Conference’s relevance and continued value in the pursuit of disarmament goals, especially since the dawn of the new international security environment after the end of the Cold War.", "Another decision of SSOD-I was the establishment of the Disarmament Commission as a deliberative body on disarmament and a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly. Unfortunately, this body is also not fulfilling its mandate and has again this year failed to produce any concrete recommendations.", "Nuclear disarmament remains our highest priority, which is a priority shared by all members of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Group of 21 and the vast majority of States Members of the Conference on Disarmament and the United Nations across all regions. Not only do we share concerns about the continued vertical and horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but we believe that the very existence of nuclear weapons contributes to global insecurity.", "Furthermore, the catastrophic humanitarian consequences that would result from the use of nuclear weapons clearly represent a serious risk to humankind. While these weapons exist, none of us will truly be secure. Only the complete elimination of all nuclear weapons and the assurance that they will never be produced again can provide the necessary guarantees against their use. It is for this reason that South Africa has consistently argued for a systematic and progressive approach towards achieving our goal of a world free from nuclear weapons. We believe that continuous and irreversible progress in nuclear disarmament and other related nuclear arms control measures remains fundamental to the promotion of nuclear non-proliferation.", "The lack of real progress towards nuclear disarmament has weakened the global non-proliferation regime. Although nuclear disarmament was the subject of the first resolution adopted by the General Assembly in 1946 (resolution 1 (I)), it has been the first item on the agenda of the Conference on Disarmament since the Conference’s inception. Despite the ongoing demand by the overwhelming majority of members of the Conference for the establishment of a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament alone, that has not materialized. That is particularly disconcerting given that all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons have committed to this goal in the Action Plan adopted by the 2010 NPT Review Conference. My delegation therefore reiterates its call to the Conference on Disarmament to immediately establish a subsidiary body to deal with nuclear disarmament.", "As part of the systematic and progressive approach to nuclear disarmament, my delegation also supports the commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would ban the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices and that would fulfil both non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. My delegation does not subscribe to the view that a fissile material treaty is the only item ripe for negotiations. Given the nature of the Conference on Disarmament as a negotiating forum, we believe that the Conference is able to negotiate on any issue on its agenda, although we acknowledge that the finalization of any internationally legally binging arrangements in the near future may be more likely on some issues than on others.", "While we may not all agree on the issues that are either more or less ripe for the conclusion of an agreement, that should not prevent us from dealing substantively with the issues on the multilateral disarmament agenda. The question that confronts us today is whether the Conference on Disarmament is able to live up to our expectations or whether alternative options should be explored for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations in an effort to revitalize the work that should have been undertaken by this body.", "We acknowledge that the Conference on Disarmament came close to resuming its work in 2009 when it adopted a programme of work. While CD/1864 was not a perfect document, it was our hope that it would have led to a new phase in the Conference’s recent history that would have allowed us to work together to build a better, more secure future. Unfortunately, neither CD/1864 nor any other formula on mandates for subsidiary bodies on items on our agenda has led to a resumption of substantive work.", "While some would ascribe the lack of concrete results in the Conference on Disarmament to its rules of procedure, my delegation believes that the resistance by some to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects, under strict and effective international control, is a larger obstacle faced by the international community.", "Many of us would like to see the Conference on Disarmament resume its rightful place. However, its continued failure to engage in substantive work over the past 15 years does not allow us to be indifferent to the ongoing challenges. If the Conference continues to fail in executing its mandate, there would be no reason not to consider other options in taking forward the important work that this body has been entrusted with.", "In conclusion, South Africa remains committed to a rules-based international system. We will therefore pursue any further actions that may be required with a view to strengthening multilateral governance in the field of disarmament, non-proliferation and arms control. In addition, we will examine any options for taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations with the aim of achieving our goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker for this meeting. We shall hear the remaining speakers tomorrow, 29 July, at 11 a.m. in the Hall. At that meeting, the Assembly will also take up agenda item 13 to continue its discussion on the human right to water and sanitation.", "Before concluding this meeting, a representative has requested to exercise the right of reply. May I remind Member States that statements in exercise of the right of reply are limited to 10 minutes for the first intervention and to 5 minutes for the second intervention and should be made by delegations from their seats.", "I now give the floor to the representative of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea.", "Mr. Ri Tong Il (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea): Let me exercise the right of reply and at the same time make some comments on the remarks made by the representative of Canada, who raised a question about the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference on Disarmament.", "As far as the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea presidency of the Conference is concerned, it is an exercise of the sovereign right of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, as a State Member of the United Nations, to be President of the Conference on Disarmament. Under the Conference on Disarmament’s rules of procedure, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is obligated to serve as President of the Conference on Disarmament.", "In addition, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea is and has been a State Member of the United Nations. Article 2, paragraph of 1, of the Charter of the United Nations stipulates that the United Nations is based on the principle of respect for the sovereign equality of all Members States. As far as this legal issue is concerned, we consider the remarks by the representative of Canada to be in serious violation of the United Nations Charter.", "Secondly, the remarks of the representative of Canada were in violation of the practice in international forums. This would not be the first time that the Canadian delegation has boycotted an", "international forum. The first time was in 2001, when there was an anti-racism conference in Durban. Canada was the only country that boycotted that meeting. It set a very disgraceful precedent in the practice of international multilateralism.", "That was not the only instance of a Canadian boycott. It occurred again in other meetings, including here at the General Assembly while one country’s president was delivering a speech — right in this forum. This is the third time that a Canadian representative has taken such action in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea therefore strongly condemns this behaviour by the Canadian representative.", "Thirdly, this is a demonstration of Cold-War-era psychology and mentality. Actually, this is now the post-Cold-War period. It was only during the time of the Cold War that we witnessed such confrontational behaviour by countries. The post-Cold-War period is a time for dialogue and confidence-building. One can see this in every region, including in the Asian region. Canada and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea participate as members of the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The overall spirit is one of confidence-building and dialogue. But now, rather than adopting that behaviour of dialogue and reconciliation, Canada has taken the road to confrontation. The Canadian representative is the only one adopting that kind of behaviour.", "The meeting rose at 6.05 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席塔宁先生(阿富汗)主持会议。", "下午3时10分开会。", "议程项目115(续)", "千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "决定草案(A/65/L.88)", "代理主席(以英语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在2010年10月29日的第40次和第41次全体会议上，一并就议程项目115和议程项目13“联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动”进行了辩论,以及在2010年11月23日的第52次全体会议上，一并就议程项目115、议程项目13及议程项目120“加强联合国系统”进行了辩论。", "各位成员还记得，大会在其2011年6月14日第97次和第98次全体会议上，在议程项目115下召开了一次专门讨论发展问题的会议。", "各位成员还记得，在议程项目13和115下，大会分别在其第9次、第41次、第100次和第105次全体会议上通过了第65/1号、第65/7号、第65/281号及第65/285号决议。同样在议程项目115下，大会在第73次全体会议上通过了第65/238号决议。", "大会现在将就题为“民间社会代表参加将于2011年9月19日和20日召开的关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的大会高级别会议”的决定草案A/65/L.88采取行动。", "我是否可以认为，大会决定通过决定草案A/65/L.88？", "决定草案A/65/L.88获得通过。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：大会就此结束本阶段对议程项目115的审议。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请毛里塔尼亚代表发言。", "乌尔德·谢赫先生(毛里塔尼亚)(以阿拉伯语发言)：首先，我要就夺走几十名无辜者生命的恐怖行径向挪威王国表示毛里塔尼亚总统、政府和人民的慰问。我国外交部两天前就此发表了表示慰问的声明。", "我还要感谢大会和大会主席、我们的好朋友约瑟夫·戴斯先生，他正在非常睿智地指导我们的工作。我要特别对2011年3月15日的第65/267号决议表示赞赏，由于这项决议，我们得以在纽约这里讨论与青年有关的问题。青年是社会的一个重要组成部分，也是一切成功的社会经济发展的基石。", "我国——毛里塔尼亚伊斯兰共和国——政府在我国总统穆罕默德·乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹的指示下，已经声明并且重申，任何群体的未来都在青年身上。我国政府制订了一项有关青年、娱乐休闲和体育的五年国家计划，将在2011年至2015年期间予以执行。我们的青年政策把青年工作作为政府的一个优先事项，并且将得到总额超过2.3亿美元的资金，其中3 700万美元将来自一个政府基金。这符合两年前当选执政的我国政府总统的竞选承诺。", "毛里塔尼亚政府决心通过其有关青年、体育和娱乐休闲的国家政策，解决占毛里塔尼亚人口40%的青年中的贫困问题。它旨在把青年纳入发展之中，并且为各种青年倡议提供支持，以便改善他们饱受失业和辍学困扰的处境。我们寻求建立国家青年网络，并且每三年更新一次。这是我国政府的政策目标之一。我们还签署并批准了与青年有关的所有国际协定，表明我们很重视青年，尤其是在教育、保健和失业方面。", "在教育方面，尽管在上学人数方面取得了进展，但仍有更多工作要做。我们成立了一个新的负责高等教育和科学研究的政府部门，还建立了公立教育机构，以便对毛里塔尼亚的教育进行改革。", "毛里塔尼亚青年在保健方面面临许多挑战。不过，由于有了政治意愿，也由于卫生部启动了广泛改革，有特殊需求的青年将能得到医治。", "关于失业问题，我们已经成立了一个重要的部委，负责青年就业问题和促进贸易部门。贸易部门提供25%的就业机会，其次是农业，占20.4%，其余的就业机会则由服务业和公共管理等其它部门提供。", "处理青年问题涉及许多挑战，并且需要分配职责，以便保持青年的发展。我们通过建立中央机构做到了这一点。尽管我们通过设立青年事务部和鼓励青年使用服务表明了我们照顾青年的愿望，但仍然存在许多挑战。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：根据2002年11月19日大会第57/29号决议，我现在请人口与发展伙伴组织观察员发言。", "拉奥先生(人口与发展伙伴组织)(以英语发言)：主席先生，非常感谢你给我这个机会，在本次青年问题高级别会议上代表人口与发展伙伴组织谈几点意见。", "首先，人口与发展伙伴组织要就挪威政府和人民最近遭受的悲剧，对他们表示衷心慰问。", "人口与发展伙伴组织是一个由25个发展中国家组成的政府间组织，致力于促进人口与发展领域中的南南合作，支持落实千年发展目标、国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)所定目标以及《世界青年行动纲领》，特别是在其成员国里这样做。", "在人们的记忆中，2011年将是世界人口达到70亿的一年。根据联合国的最新预测，世界人口到2050年将继续增加到93亿。让我们从历史角度来看这些数字，世界人口直到1804年才达到10亿。其后过了123年，在1927年达到20亿，33年后在1960年达到30亿，14年后在1974年达到40亿，13年后在1987年达到50亿，并且在12年后的1999年10月达到60亿。到2011年将再增加10亿。世界人口的这一增长确实是非常惊人的。", "当前全球人口状况的一个重要特点对未来具有重大影响，这就是：30多亿人不到25岁，其中将近90%生活在发展中国家里。年轻人在人数上所占的优势如果同适当的政策相结合，能够成为世界增长、繁荣和社会变革的巨大源泉。我们如何有效帮助年轻人群体满足其教育、就业、发展、政治、健康——包括生殖健康——需求，以及我们如何迅速帮助增强他们的权能，必将对世界和平与发展进程的未来步伐和性质产生影响。", "尽管过去各国为实现人发会议《行动纲领》、千年发展目标和《世界青年行动纲领》的目标作出了真诚的努力，但是千百万青年却仍生活在贫困之中，世界各国的青年发展方面的进步参差不齐。青年在社会上面临许多挑战，包括没有机会获得高质量的教育、有意义的就业、适当的保健——包括生殖保健——以及参与政治生活。他们还遭遇气候变化引起的暴力和挫折。女童和女青年以及穷人和劣势群体受到的影响最严重。女青年和女童特别脆弱，因为她们常常无法完成学业，而且面临怀孕、分娩相关并发症、强迫早婚、感染艾滋病毒和遭到人口贩子绑架等风险。", "正如成果文件(第65/312号决议)中表明的那样，必须优先重视解决阻碍青年发展的这些和其他挑战，尤其要减少贫困并促进持久经济增长、可持续发展、充分和生产性就业，并且让青年充分参加所有各级政策的制定和执行。人口与发展伙伴组织强烈认为，建设能促进青年发展的国家能力是至关重要的，而且国际社会应当竭尽全力在这方面支持较不发达的国家。", "人口与发展伙伴组织长期致力于交流经验和采取创新做法，并通过培训、研究和分享知识来促进能力建设，因此认为南南合作和三角合作可以在今后的国家和国际青年发展努力中发挥重要作用。", "最后，人口与发展伙伴组织谨支持相关各方执行成果文件。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请秘鲁代表发言。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言)：秘鲁有750万青年人口，占总人口的28%。近年来青年人数出现增加，青年是今天我国人口中增长最快的群体。根据这些统计趋势，秘鲁政府在过去十年中通过其国家青年秘书处制定了体制性政策，以便为协助青年的全面发展，确保他们融入社会和作为公民积极参与社会制定总的方针。青年秘书处在成立后的9年中，取得了一些成就，我想在这里作一概述。", "2006年，我们起草了《2006-2011年国家青年计划》，以便在国家和民间社会之间采取协同行动，为青年提供更好和更多的机会，并且在政府各部门制定贯穿各领域的体制性政策。它产生了积极的作用，改善了许多青年的生活质量。在2004至2008年期间，青年贫困率从43.8%减少为31.6%。而且在公民参与领域中，有更多的青年参加全国各地的政治活动，今天，有1 665名青年担任民选公职。然而，尽管政府有关青年融入社会的议程取得了进展，但为了实现让我国青年受益的包容性发展，需要作出很多努力。", "秘鲁所作的国家努力在过去十年中取得了持久的经济增长，我们正在设法把它转变为包容性的发展，给我们最年轻的公民带来立即的影响。这种发展应当向青年提供切实的工具，使他们能够在我国的生产力和政治制度中发挥积极作用，促进我国的经济增长和公民的民主参与。我们认为，包容性发展的基础应当是以青年为侧重点的社会投资政策。但是，不应把这种政策看作是特定群体的福利，而是作为对经济增长的奖励，以及促进一个人口群体全面发展的途径，从而为我国建设更协调一致、更和谐的未来。这些政策是我国可持续和包容性发展中长期战略的一个组成部分。", "同秘鲁一样，许多拉丁美洲国家有着众多青年人口。这一人口现实是我们近年来的最佳机会之一，只要我们致力于对青年及其教育进行投资，我们就能够借这一机会，朝着可持续发展和解决区域中社会不平等的普遍问题迈出重大步伐。我们相信，如果我们在一个能促进和保障公民参与权的民主制度中，向青年一代提供高质量的教育、可有效运作的卫生系统以及生产性和体面的工作机会，我们区域各国将拥有必要的人力、社会和文化资本，以支持可持续发展、改进财富的分配并促进财富的创造。", "最后，我谨指出，秘鲁将继续致力于执行国家和国际青年政策，并表示我国决心落实各项行动和方案，使青年能够充分和逐步参加我们的社会，以实现千年发展目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了关于这个项目的最后一位发言者的发言。", "我是否可以认为大会希望结束其对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议？", "就这样决定。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "代理主席(以英语发言)：成员们记得，大会在2011年7月27日第113次全体会议上就议程项目162进行了辩论。", "塔拉先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言)：巴基斯坦赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦赞扬秘书长努力振兴裁军谈判会议和国际裁军机制的工作。这是一个全面分析整个裁军机制所面临问题的契机，不应为寻求就一项具体条约进行谈判而错失这个良机。巴基斯坦对于去年秘书长召开高级别会议所持的立场已作为大会文件印发，文号为A/65/378。", "国际裁军议程和机制所面临的挑战不仅限于裁军谈判会议。由大会专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)设立的当代裁军机制的各组成部分彼此关联。因此，应同时振兴这些组成部分，包括第一委员会和裁军审议委员会，并以一种统筹全面的方式进行。", "第一届裁军特别联大授权设立裁军谈判会议的宗旨和整体目标本是核裁军，这是过去32年来一直未取得进展的一个议程项目。事实上，2008年，秘书长在一次阐述其行动计划的重要发言中，将核裁军问题摆在了其五点建议中的首要位置。秘书长所建议的第一步是呼吁各国特别是核武器国家履行它们根据《不扩散核武器条约》所承担的义务，就促成核裁军的有效措施开展谈判。秘书长确认裁军谈判会议是世界上唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛，同时他也建议核大国在裁军谈判会议上就该问题与其它国家积极协作。", "秘书长发出这个呼吁的原因在于，30多年来，裁军谈判会议一直未能实现其创立宗旨，即核裁军。自结束关于《全面禁止核试验条约》(全面禁试条约)的谈判之后，裁军谈判会议15年来没能取得任何实质性进展，这也是事实。但是，令人惊讶的是，当前振兴裁军谈判会议的意图仅仅源自过去两年来的事态发展，并且只针对单一问题。具有讽刺意味的是，挑头大声斥责当前僵局的要么是那些对裁军谈判会议几十年来无所作为负有责任的国家或，要么是以往很沉默的国家。", "为明确评估裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的内在原因，重要的是要承认以下基本事实。", "裁军谈判会议的工作或无所作为是普遍政治现状的反映，因为它并非在真空中运作。任何一项触犯其中任何一个成员国安全利益的条约都不可能在裁军谈判会议上进行谈判。事实上，协商一致规则正是为确保这一点才被纳入裁军谈判会议的议事规则。因此，只有在符合或顾及所有成员国安全关切的情况下，裁谈会才有可能取得进展。裁谈会缺乏进展不能归咎于它的议事规则，因为诸如《化学武器公约》和《全面禁试条约》等具有里程碑意义的文书都是依据同样的规则谈成的。", "这些事实表明，裁军谈判会议面临的问题不是一个组织结构或程序性质的问题。因此，现在是我们正视现实，承认导致裁谈会陷入无法正常运转的真正原因的时候了。", "裁军谈判会议的历史清楚揭示出一种规律，这就是：只有那些不削弱或无损大国安全利益的协议才可拿出来谈判。只有当生物武器和化学武器在其行动效用上成为多余的时候，《生物武器公约》和《化学武器公约》才得以谈成。《全面禁试条约》得以缔结是因为主要强国已进行了足够次数的核试验，进一步试验已变得没有必要，因为它们拥有了用计算机进行模拟的备选技术。", "在裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)方面也是如此。现在，在积存了大量核武器和裂变材料特别是可以快速转化为核弹头的高浓铀和武器级钚后，这些主要强国准备好要缔约一项将只是禁止未来生产裂变材料的条约，因为它们不再需要更多的裂变材料了。这种做法对于它们来说是没有成本的，因为它不会削弱或损害其安全。", "此外，过去数年来，某些主要大国在核合作上采取的歧视性政策导致了不安全和失衡。这些政策为了追求权力和利润而牺牲国际不扩散目标，加剧了我们区域裂变材料储存中的不对称。令人遗憾的是，这些歧视性政策仍在继续，而在由《不扩散条约》的一些最坚定支持者和最猛烈批评裁军谈判会议缺乏进展的国家组成的核供应国集团成员中，也无一提出反对。", "出于这些原因，巴基斯坦被迫采取了一种反对在核问题上采取选择性和歧视性做法的立场。不能指望任何一个国家为了一项对于所有其它有关国家来说是零成本的文书而在其根本安全利益上做出妥协。", "如果采取一种坦诚客观的做法来振兴裁军谈判会议和整个裁军机制的工作，就需要采取以下步骤和措施。", "裁军谈判会议的议程涵盖了若干关键问题，而所有问题都需得到平等和均衡的处理。因有些国家的安全关切而无法在某个问题上取得进展，不应导致裁谈会陷入僵局，因为其议程上的其它问题可以而且也应该加以审议。", "核裁军仍是裁军谈判会议议程上历时最长的未决问题。由120个成员组成的不结盟运动代表了联合国会员国中的压倒性多数，它一贯认为核裁军是裁军谈判会议谈判中最优先的事项。不结盟运动代表昨天的发言再次强调这是一个最优先事项。全体会议应适当注意这一点。", "就消极安全保证达成一项法律文书的建议是多年来一直列在裁军谈判会议议程上的另一个重要问题。一项关于消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的文书不会削弱任何一个国家的长远利益。事实上，没有哪一个核武器国家会考虑对无核武器国家使用核武器。即使只是威胁这样做，在道义上也是应受谴责的。", "我们需承认现实，考虑所有国家的正当安全关切，从而努力在裁军谈判会议上达成共识。裁谈会不能只挑选某些国家认为时机成熟的问题来进行谈判。核武器国家需履行它们的义务，着手就在裁军谈判会议上实现核裁军的有效措施展开谈判。必须杜绝在不扩散和裁军措施上采取的双重标准和选择性做法。", "正如昨天不结盟运动的发言所呼吁的那样，振兴国际裁军机制的务实努力必须包括召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议。该特别会议能够以非歧视、平衡和透明的方式推动核裁军与核不扩散目标作出有深远影响的贡献，同时顾及所有国家的安全利益。", "在结束发言前，我要提请大家对在裁军谈判会议之外进行禁产条约的谈判保持谨慎，因为我们认为，裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。", "在这方面，请允许我提及2005年一个核大国在回应一些国家打算在第一委员会提交一项决议草案，寻求在大会下设立有关裁军谈判会议四个核心问题的特设委员会时陈述的一些观点，这个核大国当时表示：", "“国际社会必须继续把重点放在使裁军谈判会议开展工作，而非创造另一个‘虚幻’的裁军谈判会议上……", "“我们不就事关国家和全球安全的重要问题进行通过多数票决定的谈判……", "“在纽约并不能比在日内瓦更好地解决裁军谈判会议目前僵局的原因……这项决议的结果恰恰是损害其提案国希望推动的国际防扩散和裁军目标。”", "该国在转达这一立场时明确指出，它将不参与任何此类进程，也将不受此类进程产生的任何协议的任何约束。有意思的是，我们注意到，该国目前正寻求把某个问题放到裁军谈判会议之外处理。这种自相矛盾的做法难以理解。", "请允许我重申，巴基斯坦不会加入任何此类进程，也不会考虑接受任何此类进程的成果。我们必须记住，把《禁产条约》放到裁军谈判会议之外谈判也将为以类似办法处理核裁军、消极安全保证等裁军谈判会议议程上的其它项目创造先例。", "本迈希迪先生(阿尔及利亚)(以法语发言)：首先，请允许我真诚感谢秘书长在第113次会议上的重要发言，这确认了他本人对裁军的承诺。我还要感谢裁军事项咨询委员会主席奥尔加·佩利塞尔女士。她向我们通报了她的委员会就本议程项目进行讨论的有关情况。", "我国代表团欢迎组织本次高级别会议的举措。我们认为，本次会议将为会员国提供新的机会，以便更清楚和更深入地继续它们在秘书长的推动下自2010年9月24日开始的交流。", "我国代表团完全赞同埃及代表在第113次会议上以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "阿尔及利亚对裁军和防扩散问题予以最高度的重视。阿尔及利亚政府特别关注有关裁军谈判会议前景的讨论。事实上，考虑到核裁军与防扩散制度面临的威胁，我们今天要着重谈一谈多边谈判作为本着公平、负责和透明的精神考虑合理安全关切的最佳方式具备的优点。", "考虑到裁军谈判会议涉及多个领域，会议陷入持续僵局显然确实令人感到关切。这种情况尤其影响无核武器国家的利益。阿尔及利亚认为，不能把僵局归咎于这一机制失灵，也不能归咎于其运作方式。因此，不能把僵局归咎于裁军谈判会议的议事规则，特别是协商一致的准则，或者归咎于其议程。", "不过，一些人认为僵局是由于议事规则缺乏灵活性，因而提出把协商一致规则的范围完全限制在实质性问题上以及寻求通过表决处理设立附属机构等程序性问题。必须指出的是，区别实质性问题和涉及形式的问题并非总是一件易事，在涉及一个附属机构的具体事宜尤其如此。", "显然，协商一致规则也是平等保护所有国家而不只是最强大国家的安全利益的方式。这一准则考虑到所有国家的安全利益，原则上在达成一项条约后即赋予其合法性，并且确保其普遍性和效力。", "关于裁军谈判会议的议程，阿尔及利亚认为组成议程的项目仍然是合理的，这些项目源自于“十诫”，并且突出强调核威胁。确实，核武器依然是人类面临的最严峻威胁。", "值得回顾的是，裁军谈判会议确实为多边裁军作出了贡献。专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议于1978年设立了裁军谈判会议，目标正是要振兴当时的裁军机制，其任务规定是促进执行在该次特别会议上通过的《行动纲领》(S-10/2号决议，第三部分)。具体而言，裁军谈判会议使《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》得以通过，尽管后者仍未生效。", "裁军谈判会议在取得这两项成就后未能取得进一步进展。事实上，可以在裁军谈判会议框架外裁军和安全政策方面的事态发展中找到造成僵局的原因。", "事实上，导致目前僵局的根本原因一方面是缺乏处理裁军谈判会议议程上所有项目的政治意愿，另一方面则是试图在与区域安全均势不确定性联系在一起的“十诫”事项当中确立主次顺序。如果会员国不展现必要政治意愿，以便达成共同解决方案，并且切实处理所有人的安全和国际和平面临的挑战，裁军谈判会议就无法继续其基本工作。因此，人们应当在这方面采取行动，而不是威胁通过使用另一个机制来使裁军谈判会议被边缘化。", "已经有人提出，如果僵局继续下去，就可以设想由其他论坛来谈判《裂变材料禁产条约》(禁产条约)。我国代表团认为，此类做法有可能破坏这项条约所欲达到的目标，即加强防扩散体制、推动核裁军以及普遍加入，它们依然是使这项条约具有必要的政治基础和可信性的必要条件。", "大会不能剥夺裁军谈判会议的特权，甚或是取代裁军谈判会议或者剥夺其任务规定的任何基本组成部分。这种做法除了会制造一个造成严重后果的先例外，还将会使普遍性和裁军谈判会议核心方面和辅助性方面之间应当保持的平衡遭到质疑。", "无论如何，阿尔及利亚都支持在裁军谈判会议的工作方案中采取全面和均衡的办法，把所有方面的优先事项和关切都考虑进去。这一工作方案应当处理裁军谈判会议议程上的所有项目，特别是我刚才提到的主要问题。本着这种精神，阿尔及利亚代表团依然认为，2009年5月以协商一致方式通过的CD/1864号决定依然有效。这项决定肯定不是完美无缺的结果，但是，正如其序言部分所述，它是妥协的成果，是发展进程的一部分。", "CD/1864号决定没有确立优先事项的主次之分。它寻求的是启动互动讨论和谈判，以便创造一种信任的气氛，并且就核裁军和其它事项开展谈判。明确载于CD/1864号决定序言部分中的这个方面似乎常常为一些国家所遗忘，而另外一些国家则常常使之变得含糊不清，而这些国家只坚持禁产条约谈判。", "阿尔及利亚仍然相信，必须重申国际社会对裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判框架的作用的承诺。如果导致裁谈会无法执行任务的分歧继续存在，就应当召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议。它将在更全面审议裁军问题的框架内为重申这一作用提供机会，所进行的审议应当导致就裁军优先事项和裁军机制，包括各审议机构同裁军谈判会议这个谈判论坛之间的协调达成新的共识。", "至于裁军事项咨询委员会的各项意见和建议，阿尔及利亚支持任何可能促进或有效重启裁军谈判会议的工作、同时尊重其原始任务规定的倡议。", "儿玉先生(日本)(以英语发言)：日本谨赞同澳大利亚代表在第113次会议上以“防扩散和裁军倡议”的名义所作的发言，以及荷兰代表以40多个国家的名义所作的发言。", "为了实现无核武器世界的目标，所有核武器国家都必须作出多边裁军努力，并且整个国际社会必须采取一致行动。从这一点出发，裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的作用是非常重要的，因为它把核武器国家和《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)的非缔约国聚集一堂。裁谈会及其前身机构起草了裁军领域中的若干重要条约，例如《核不扩散条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。", "自举行关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议以来，将近一年已经过去。在那次会议上，各方达成了一致政治共识，认为必须打破裁军谈判会议的僵局。但是，在此期间，我们未能抓住这一共识所提供的机会。", "广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸的周年纪念日再次临近，日本公民的忍耐也已达到极限，不能允许再止步不前。我们必须立即就裁军谈判会议的核心议程项目开展实质性工作，并且必须推进核裁军、裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)、消极安全保证和防止外空军备竞赛方面的工作。", "如果裁军谈判会议无法打破僵局，我们必须考虑适当的替代办法，例如更多地利用大会。在这方面，由于一个国家的不合作行动，裁谈会无法为了国际社会的利益开展促进核裁军这项非常重要的工作，这是极其令人遗憾的。这种状况也令人对裁谈会目前的形式产生疑问。", "有鉴于此，今天的后续会议和大会的下届会议，特别是第一委员会10月的会议，为我们提供了推动核裁军和振兴裁军谈判会议和裁军机制的重要机会。", "日本特别重视早日启动裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。我们同澳大利亚政府一道，在裁军谈判会议正式会议间隙期间举办了3次专家会边活动，就复杂的技术问题举行了裁谈会内部历来最深入的讨论。在这些会边活动之后，再加上过去几年里裁军谈判会议举行的关于裂变材料禁产条约的非正式会议，我们可以认为，技术性讨论大体上已经完成。因此，我们现在处于必须开始谈判的阶段。我们必须为此开始进行政治讨论。", "日本最近同另外9个无核武器国密切合作，发起了“防扩散和裁军倡议”。我们已经在去年9月和今年4月召开了两次部长级会议，对坚定执行2010年不扩散条约审议大会就某些问题达成的协议作出了贡献。日本决心通过同这9个国家充分合作，制定有效的建议，在核裁军与不扩散方面取得具体的进展，包括早日开始有关裂变材料禁产条约和增加透明度的谈判。", "必须保持最近不扩散条约审议大会的成功势头，并继续促进旨在实现裁军与不扩散的积极行动。在纽约这里可以为支持这项行动作出很大努力。今年5月，日本为此目的同波兰和土耳其合作举办了一次研讨会，获得了纽约外交界的有力、积极响应。我期待作出进一步的这类努力，以便继续对促进裁军与不扩散作出贡献，并促成裁军谈判会议和裁军机制的振兴。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：我荣幸地代表统称为IGOS的裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组发言。", "首先，我要赞扬主席在非常恰当的时刻安排本次辩论会。裁军与不扩散是全球关心的问题。因此，各观察国欢迎有机会提出它们的看法。", "首先，我可以申明，本小组成员国充分致力于裁军谈判会议及其振兴。我确认振兴工作是一个多层面的进程，但我的发言将仅限于谈增加成员问题，因为这个问题是我们这个非正式小组存在的理由。", "实际上，早就应当增加成员，因为上次增加是在1999年。现在请允许我回顾，议事规则指出，“将定期审查裁谈会的成员组成”——情况根本不是这样的。", "但是，我们提出呼吁的主要理由是政治性的。实际上，我们的理由相当简单和直截了当。裁军谈判会议目前的成员组成不再反映世界的现实。自从最近一次扩大以来，12年已经过去。如果我们的目标是恢复裁谈会的工作，这一局面已不再符合当今现实，当然是难以为继的。", "有这样一句被无数次重复的话，裁军谈判会议并不是在真空中工作。实际上，它不应当在真空中工作。但是，为了重新同国际社会和现实接轨，裁谈会首先必须理解，世界的面貌自1999年以来已经改变。", "裁军谈判会议应当更加开放、更加包容。它应当认真和紧急考虑邀请更多的国家参加，使它更好地代表我们生活的世界。此外，我们应当牢记，裁谈会尽管成员有限，但所作出的决定却是全球性的。它们关系到所有国家。", "为了真正取得成功，这一转变进程应当是包容性和完全透明的，而不是有限和保守的。我们认为，成员的增加是一个资产，而不是一个负担。这对裁军谈判会议来说是一个新的机遇，一个崭新的开始。仍有国家意欲加入会议这一简单事实无异于发出明确而有力的政治声明，即倾向于认为它对当今世界仍具有现实意义。但愿我们可以说，增加成员数目将有助于使会议更具合法性，考虑到当前的状况，这应该予以适当考虑。", "在这种背景下，我们再次呼吁尽早提名一名特别报告员，以审查会籍的问题。在任何情况下——请允许我在这一点上说得十分明确——任命报告员不会预判任何具体结果。毋庸置言，决定权掌握在裁军谈判会议的成员国手中。", "我们还借此机会强调，众多会员国、区域集团和其它组织如东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟和东欧集团等都赞同我们的观点，它们在今年的会议期间并再次在今天的会议上表示，它们大力支持扩大成员组成，并任命一名特别报告员。", "我们集团在裁军谈判会议2011年年会前两部分中的多次全体会议上谈到了扩大会议成员数目的问题。我们还在秘书长咨询委员会第56次会议上向其通报了该问题。因此，我们再次呼吁在当前的振兴辩论中审议会籍的问题。", "我愿借我发言的机会，从我本国的角度补充几点意见。从我本国角度来说，我们完全赞同在第113次会议上以欧洲联盟名义所做的发言以及我刚刚以非正式观察员国小组名义所做的发言。", "我愿表示，我国承认裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛。因此，葡萄牙致力于积极支持会议的工作。本着同一精神，会议也必须尽它的一份力量，即：跟上当前的裁军议程的步伐。", "我们应铭记，虽然会议的成员数目有限，但是它的决定却具有全球性。它们影响到我们所有人。因此，尽管会议长期陷于僵局但仍有国家意欲加入会议的事实无异是认为会议具有现实意义的明确而有力的政治声明。我们认为，增加成员数目将提高会议的合法性。我们承认，增加成员数目本身并不是解决办法，但是，它无疑是改进会议运转的办法之一。", "Waxman先生(以色列)(以英语发言)：以色列重视讨论振兴裁军谈判会议的问题。我们真诚讨论该问题事实上非常及时，这不仅是因为会议工作长期陷于僵局，而主要是因为有人呼吁将会议议程上的问题拿到会议以外去处理，甚或是以另一个自称更加适合完成这一任务的机构来替代会议。", "以色列不支持这些呼吁，我们也不认为这些呼吁会帮助促进会议开展有意义的工作。毫无争议的是，会议的确需要一种更新和明确的远见卓识，以使它打破旷日持久的僵局，但是它的振兴必须从会议内部开始。能为我们提供一种更好解决办法，或建立一个能更有效开展裁军谈判进程的机构的魔棒是不存在的。", "裁军谈判会议是一个被广泛认作为裁军领域唯一多边谈判机构的独特实体。它的独特性源自于它的成员组成，其中包括与这些问题关系最密切的国家，也源自于它的议事规则。尽管有些人批评这些议事规则已经过时，反映的是过去的地缘政治现实，但是以色列仍然相信，它们完全适合于会议议程上问题的复杂性与敏感性。这些议事规则特别是共识的规则反映出，需保护关键的安全利益，并使参与谈判的各国放心地处理这些关键问题。", "人们必须真诚考虑是否应该试图将1978年关于裁军问题的大会特别会议授权会议处理的问题拿到会外处理从而回避该多边论坛的复杂性，并考虑此种尝试能否产生预期效果。", "在常规领域，独立进程迄今尚未能将最为相关的国家吸引进来，这些国家如能参与新的法律安排，将给实地局势带来极为显著的变化。《集束弹药公约》正是这样一个例子。尽管已有100多个国家签署了该文书，但是实际审查表明，约有90%的集束弹药武库仍不受条约约束。有关国家就是不加入进来，而是在别处寻找解决办法。在这方面，非常规领域更加错综复杂。", "以色列不认为将问题拿到裁军谈判会议以外处理是一种可靠或有益的提议。我们认为，会议应侧重于寻找以有意义的方式提高自身效力的途径。尽管在4个核心问题上持续存在僵局，但是没有理由会议不应就其议程上的其它问题开展实质性工作并实际进行谈判。", "可以也应该找到商定的办法，既认可国际社会对这4个核心问题的持续重视给与其的效力，与此同时也指导会议采取务实做法，就可能对安全与稳定产生重要影响的其它问题进行谈判。这些重要项目之一就是专门讨论军备透明度问题的议程项目7。在这个议程项目下可以审议许多重要问题，例如商谈禁止向恐怖分子转让军备或便携式防空系统。只要僵局持续下去，就能够也应该就推进其它有关问题达成一致。", "过去多年来，裁军谈判会议为国际社会发挥了良好作用。该机构至为重要，不能弃之不理。我们相信今后会议可以做出大量贡献。让我们不要踏上有可能使该机构无法这样做的道路。相反，让我们侧重于现实有益的办法，推动这辆大车向前行进。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国)(以英语发言)：我愿赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义在第113次会议上所做的发言。", "在我发言伊始，我愿引用一句智者谚语“拙匠常怪工具差”。裁军谈判会议作为一件工具，制定了各项主要裁军国际法律文书，即使是在冷战期间复杂的政治和安全局势下，一样充分证明了其效率及议事规则的效力，其中包括共识的规则。", "尽管有人继续企图利用技术问题如其议事规则来掩盖会议无所作为的政治本质，裁军事项咨询委员会在其最近的报告中就得出此种恰当结论，但那些貌似程序方面的问题实际上却是政治问题。", "缺乏政治意愿是裁军谈判会议的主要问题。因此，振兴其活动的唯一选择是为这个重要和不可替代的论坛、这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构注入政治意愿。", "我们认为，评估会议业绩的任何可能倡议都应是透明、全面、公平的，更加重要的是，应由会员国主动提出的。它应侧重于处理问题的根源。此种评估的主要目的应是提高会议的业绩表现，同时维护其性质、作用、宗旨和权威。", "在对裁谈会的表现进行评估时，我们必须小心谨慎，不要把我们的考虑与夸大其词、悲观态度、预判结果和不信任的情绪化判断掺杂在一起，因为这种做法只会使情况更加复杂和严重。", "与赞同改变裁谈会协商一致规则的一些人不同，我们认为，靠改变裁谈会议事规则的形式或模式无法改善裁谈会，这是由于与各国最高国家安全利益紧密相关的裁军条约有着敏感性质，协商一致是制订此类条约的唯一办法，过去在裁谈会内外缔结裁军条约时的情况都是如此。", "过去十年来裁谈会无所作为的原因是：缺乏政治意愿；某些国家不愿意考虑所有国家的安全利益，也不愿意通过全面平衡的方式来考虑所有核心问题；一些国家把裁谈会作为仅仅讨论一个问题的场所，不愿意承认其它问题的重要性；某些国家甚至不愿意为消除因这类武器的存在本身给人类构成的威胁而启动人们长期期待但却长期遭拖延的有关核武器公约的谈判，尽管正如专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)协商一致成果文件(第S-10/2号决议)中所反映的那样，国际社会已把核裁军确定为裁军领域的最高优先事项；这些国家不愿意就向无核武器国家提供消极安全保证以及就防止外层空间武器竞赛问题，达成具有法律约束力的普遍性文书。", "我们认为，彻底消除核武器是最高优先事项，也是防止使用或者威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证。为此，我们认为，裁谈会应当把重点放在推动核裁军议程和彻底消除核武器，以最终建立一个无核武器世界上。", "在这一背景下，我们坚决支持裁军谈判会议早日就在具体时间表内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约开始谈判。我们也支持开始进行谈判，以便就为无核武器国家提供消极安全保证和防止外层空间武器竞赛达成普遍、无条件和具有法律约束力的文书。", "我们强调多边主义作为裁军和防扩散领域谈判的核心原则的效力，而且，尽管我们重申我们决心推动这一宝贵的原则，但我们要回顾的是，第一届裁军特别联大的协商一致成果文件至关重要，而且依然有效。我们坚决认为，由于裁军谈判会议是由第一届裁军特别联大建立的，因此，应对面临挑战的最佳方式是举行第四届裁军特别联大，这一提议得到许多国家，特别是不结盟运动120个成员国的强有力支持。", "最后，我们认为，没有什么其它替代倡议可以取代第四届裁军特别联大或者裁军谈判会议的作用。裁军谈判会议当前面临的不是什么新问题。应对挑战的最佳方式是以最简单的方式解决问题。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰)(以英语发言)：秘书长在2010年9月召集举行的高级别会议有助于突出强调各国对于裁军谈判会议陷入僵局根本原因的看法。会议还凸显出国际社会从讨论走向行动的强烈愿望。需要重新评估的不仅是裁军谈判会议的工作方法，还有联合国裁军审议委员会和第一委员会的工作方法。这三个机构都必须更加敏于应对，并且准备好改变它们的工作方式。", "我国对裁军采取的办法植根于这一坚定信念：多边合作有利于所有人的利益，而且特别有利于仰赖一个强有力、基于准则的国际体系的小国的利益。我们今天在这里举行会议的主要原因之一是，裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构现在没有在正常运转。考虑到裁谈会至关重要，这种运转失灵的情况令人感到不安。", "我们在寻求问题的解决办法时，应当记住，裁军谈判会议过去在军备控制和裁军领域作出过杰出贡献。它无法再作出贡献没有任何理由可言。", "考虑到过去的表现，裁军谈判会议16年多来未能开展实质性谈判工作的事实更加令人失望。爱尔兰自1999年成为裁军谈判会议成员以来，从未看到在裁军谈判会议开展过任何有意义的工作。这种情况无法解释，也难以为之辩护。这给多边主义造成不好的印象，并且对国际和平与安全有显著影响。在裁军大环境内没有任何进展的情况下，裁军谈判会议停滞不前的现象或许可以理解，但是现在，这种情况与我们最近在其它方面看到的积极发展形成了鲜明对比。", "爱尔兰愿意参加讨论裁军谈判会议议程上四个核心问题中的任何一个或者全部四个问题。尽管每个国家都拥有促进和捍卫本国国家安全利益的权利，但我们认为，当初订立协商一致规则的用意绝对不是要确立一个机制，使一个国家能够阻挠大多数会员国就某个问题进行谈判的愿望。我们认为，所造成的裁军谈判会议没有能力就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判的情况是不可持续的。谈判任何核心问题都需要时间，有可能需要许多年。在谈判过程中可以照顾到具体国家的关切，而且，无论如何，根据协商一致规则，任何协议都不得强加给他人。不过，不言而喻的是，要达成协议，就必须开始谈判。", "我国在裁军谈判会议内的主要目标是推动核裁军。可以通过许多办法来促进这一工作，包括通过缔结一项有关裂变材料的适当条约——这项条约可以包括核查机制并且涵盖现有储存——以及缔结一项有关消极安全保证的普遍和具有法律约束力的条约。防止外层空间军备竞赛问题应当受到紧急重视，否则我们就会丧失防止此种军备竞赛的机会之窗。", "尽管实质性分歧是裁军谈判会议陷入瘫痪的根源，但我们认为，裁谈会议的组织方式本身是一个因素。甚至连开始谈判和作出最基本程序性决定都要求达成协商一致，这造成了我们大家再熟悉不过的僵局。", "阻碍进展的另一个因素是，对每年通过工作方案的要求的解释，需要包括复杂的谈判任务规定和其他细节，而不是象多数其他多边机构那样，仅仅是活动日程。", "我们认为，裁军谈判会议成员数目的增加和民间社会更多地参与其工作，将增进国际公众舆论在裁谈会中的代表性，并加强它的地位和公信力。", "我同其他发言者一样，欢迎秘书长咨询委员会的各项建议，并希望这些建议能够指引我们打破裁军谈判会议中的僵局。与此同时，我们不能回避严峻的现实，即各国承担着制定和执行全球问题的解决办法的首要责任。从根本上讲，这是一个政治意愿的问题。", "此种责任远远超过裁军谈判会议本身。裁军审议委员会连续12年未取得实质性成果，这种局面不应继续下去。第一委员会的工作方法也需要获得会员国的关注。", "尽管一委应当是辩论裁军和不扩散领域中最紧迫的问题以及如何解决这些问题的主要论坛，但是我们却看到它的时间未得到有效利用，年复一年象例行公事一样提交内容几乎一成不变、价值往往有限的决议。", "在这紧缩的时候，我们大家都要说明我们如何分配稀缺的资源。发挥职能的裁军机制是一个优先事项，但在投入和产出之间必须有一个关联。", "最后，我谨表示希望，我们今天的交流将成为一个行动呼吁，并将鼓励最直接有关的各方重新评估其做法，接受它们同国际社会一道承担的进行参与、谈判和达成协议的责任，使我们能够实现无核武器世界的最终目标。", "爱尔兰随时准备审议所有旨在通过大会的活动取得进展的想法，包括咨询委员会向秘书长提出的各项建议，以及还有召开另一次裁军特别会议的可能性——爱尔兰对这个想法的态度是完全开放的。我们期待着10月在第一委员会中进行进一步的讨论。", "坎塞拉先生(乌拉圭)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，由于我看到本大会堂中这么多席位空着，并注意到我的许多同事的缺席，而他们坚定致力于裁军与不扩散问题，并且对今天的辩论非常感兴趣，请允许我指出，令人遗憾的是，由于本次辩论会的组织问题，参与程度很低，出席人数很少。", "我国赞同荷兰常驻代表以请求召开本次辩论会的国家的名义所作的发言。", "乌拉圭是请求在题为“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”的议程项目162之下召开一次全体会议的国家之一。因此，我们对本次会议表示欢迎。", "2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议表明，联合国会员国重视多边主义，并对裁军谈判会议陷于僵局普遍表示关切，这一僵局损害了裁谈会的信誉，并对整个联合国系统造成影响。", "同样清楚的是，必须迅速开展有关一项非歧视性和可进行国际核查的条约的谈判，以禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料，并且必须就核裁军问题、消极安全保证和防止外层空间的军备竞赛，开始进行实质性的工作。", "令人遗憾的是，裁军谈判会议今年的实质性会议再次失去了一次宝贵的机会，因为它未能就审议中的问题取得进展，或是发出任何有希望的信号，即近期内局势将会改观。", "我们都了解并承认裁军谈判会议及其前任组织的成就，它是为了整个国际社会的利益而制定军备限制的主要文书的真正论坛。然而，该系统的内在缺陷、缺乏政治意愿或是达成共识的必要性，不能成为超过13年来无所事事的理由。成员身份和共识是一种附带着责任的特权，因此，裁军谈判会议必须满足对其成员所寄于的期望，完成交付它的任务，并按照我们的时代需要作出努力。", "乌拉圭认识到，鉴于这种普遍的失败感，必须寻找迅速和有效的解决办法，以便重启裁军谈判会议的工作。", "为此目的，我谨提出在这些领域中振兴多边谈判的三项具体建议。", "第一，我们必须利用当前的政治时机，它使我们能够恢复温和的多边主义。必须重申国际社会为处理裁军事项所设立的机构的特权与合法性，并且必须把尊重国际法当作各国间和平共处所不可缺少的准则。", "因此，乌拉圭要求裁军谈判会议立即开始谈判一项非歧视性和可进行国际核查的条约，以禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料。我国也敦促就有关消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的协议，进行无条件的谈判，以确保无核国不会遭受核武器国家使用或威胁使用这类武器的灾难性后果。", "无核国对消极安全保证的正当关注和合法愿望，得到了《联合国宪章》第二条第四款的法律和政治支持。同样，乌拉圭要求就新的、有效和可核查的多边文书进行谈判，以防止外层空间的军备竞赛，包括部署武器。", "第二，乌拉圭认为，振兴裁军谈判会议工作的办法之一是扩大其成员组成，接纳那些已经表示有兴趣加入裁军谈判会议的国家。在这方面，我赞同葡萄牙代表团以裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。我国同自1982年以来一直主张扩大这个机构的其他25个国家一道，一直都正式表示愿意参加裁军谈判会议的工作。因此，乌拉圭提议为裁军谈判会议问题任命一名特别协调员，研究在2011年扩大其成员组成的问题。", "第三，如果裁军谈判会议无法打破目前的僵局，大会就必须依照《联合国宪章》授予它的任务规定采取行动。《宪章》第十一条规定，大会：", "“得考虑关于维持国际和平及安全之合作之普通原则，包括军缩及军备管制之原则；并得向会员国或安全理事会提出对于该项原则之建议。”", "乔班奥卢先生(土耳其)(以英语发言)：土耳其非常重视裁军谈判会议作为裁军问题的唯一多边谈判机构所作的工作。我们希望看到该会议能恢复进行实质性的工作。因此，土耳其联署了要求召开今天会议的信函。", "我国赞同昨天荷兰常驻代表以签署该信函的41个国家的名义所作的发言。土耳其也赞同澳大利亚常驻代表以不扩散和裁军倡议的名义所作的发言。由于这些发言已经包含了我国的许多看法，我谨以我国代表的身份再作几点补充。", "第一，虽然对如何振兴裁军谈判会议的工作有许多不同看法，但我们希望这一振兴过程源自会议本身。话虽如此，但是比如举行今天的会议这样的其他努力也有助于制造声势，传达国际社会希望裁军谈判会议恢复进行实质性工作的强烈愿望。", "第二，我们在集中力量振兴裁军谈判会议工作的同时，不应该认为目前存在的问题仅限于裁军谈判会议本身。实际上，这些问题涉及所有多边裁军机制。这并非是说这些问题该由联合国裁军机制负责，与之恰恰相反，正如潘基文秘书长在昨天开幕词(见A/65/PV.113)中明确指出的那样，问题不在于车辆而在于司机。我国认为，只有借助各方展现政治意愿和灵活性，这些问题才能得到全面解决。", "第三，关于裁军谈判会议工作方法的任何讨论都应考虑到，在涉及国际安全问题时，协商一致规则是一项至关重要的工具。各国有时都可能需要这一工具来捍卫其合法的安全利益。我们认为，除了采用协商一致规则外，我们别无选择。", "最后，我国与其他一些代表团的观点不同。我国认为，扩大裁军谈判会议的组成并非是振兴其工作中的优先事项。我国认为，目前裁军谈判会议中的僵局与其组成无关。事实上，如果裁军谈判会议在目前的组成下无法解决它的问题，那么这些问题也未必能在扩大组成后的裁军谈判会议中得到解决，甚至根本无法得到解决，因为扩大组成后的裁军谈判会议将处理不同的优先事项和代表不同的利益方面。我国还认为，关于扩大裁军谈判会议组成的讨论也应顾及会议成员国愿意根据个案对会议工作作出重大贡献的问题。", "我国希望看到，裁军谈判会议得到振兴、所有会员国的关切得到解决、处理核心问题的实质性工作得到开展以及最终在现有会议成员组成的情况下打破长期存在的僵局。", "莱切夫先生(保加利亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我代表我国代表团对戴斯主席和潘基文秘书长召开本次辩论会表示衷心感谢。我国作为呼吁召开本次辩论会的国家之一，非常感激能有机会参加这次继2010年9月召开的“关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议”之后的后续讨论会。", "保加利亚赞同以欧洲联盟的名义和荷兰代表以一个跨区域国家集团的名义所作的发言。我仅强调对我国至关重要的几点。", "我们大家都希望2010年9月举行的高级别会议能推动裁军谈判会议作出积极发展。但令人遗憾的是，情况并非如此。该会议迄今未能抓住全球裁军和不扩散领域的发展势头。然而，我们一致认为这种僵局不能、也不该再继续下去。长达十五年的时间已经丧失，我们无法再承受失去更多时间。", "令人感觉讽刺的是，面对各种不对称的威胁和共同安全挑战的情况下，裁军谈判会议应该比以前更为重要，而且目前应该有做不完的工作。国际社会应该比以前更加相信多边主义是解决这些挑战和威胁的适当办法。僵局持续时间越长，裁军谈判会议的重要性就越受到质疑。", "众所周知，导致会议陷入僵局的借口是协商一致规则和缺乏政治意愿等理由。这不是裁军谈判会议的问题，是我们这些成员国应该对此负责。改变应该从我们自己做起。我们大家应该扪心自问，我们希望裁军谈判会议再次变得重要和有公信力的意愿到底有多强。协商一致规则的确存在，但我们需要有创意地使用这项规则，而不是用它使会议动弹不得。制定这项规则的目的是为了让成员国能够在妥协的基础上表达共同意愿，而不是将一个成员国的观点强加给其他国家。", "世界各国紧密相连。新的现实状况要用新的办法来应对。如果裁军谈判会议无法迅速适应新的挑战和新的情况，那么它将使自己陷入无关重要的境地。新的状况发展快速，裁军谈判会议也需作出快速应对。该会议必须完成使命，否则就有可能迫使国际社会探索其他替代办法来进行关于裁军和不扩散问题的多边谈判。", "一个得到振兴的裁军谈判会议意味着它是一个运作良好、符合新的现实情况的裁军谈判会议。然而，两个最紧迫的问题仍然存在，它们分别是：第一，通过一项工作方案；第二，立即开展关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判。任何一个国家的安全关切，如果是合理的，就应该做为谈判过程的一部分得到解决，而不能成为阻碍裁军谈判会议开展实质性工作的障碍。如果要启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判，就不应当把任何问题排除在讨论范围之外。", "增加裁军谈判会议成员国数目绝对是朝着顺应新现实方向迈出的一步。新成员将会带来新的活力和想法。民间社会也是这一进程的一部分。各个非政府组织和研究机构也可发挥其重要作用。我们与其他国家一道呼吁也要改进第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会的工作方法。", "我们随时准备在今年10月第一委员会开始第六十六届会议期间工作之前，为实现这些目标而作出努力。然而，我最后想引用贝托尔特·布莱希特先生的话来结束我的发言：“事情既然发展到这一步，就不会永远停留于此”。这个道理完全适用于当前的裁军谈判会议。", "卡瓦克图兰先生(菲律宾)(以英语发言)：菲律宾赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。我国代表团还支持葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察国非正式小组名义所作的发言以及荷兰代表以意见相同的国家的名义所作的发言。", "菲律宾重申，它坚信多边外交是在核裁军和核不扩散问题上取得进一步进展的最佳途径。在2010年5月召开的不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会上，各缔约国通过了大会成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))，从而在这些方面向前迈出了重要一步。在这方面，菲律宾谨提请各缔约国注意它们所担负的执行该成果文件结论和建议章节所列行动计划的义务，以及其中关于1995年中东问题决议实施情况的部分。", "2010年9月召开高级别会议时采取了一项行动。今天的辩论会是将近一年前举行的那次会议的延续。尽管那次会议至今已过去了很长一段时间——实际上在裁军谈判会议商定《全面禁止核试验条约》之后的逾15年时间里——僵局仍在持续。", "这种永无休止的状况不能再继续下去。根据去年9月召开的高级别会议的讨论情况，菲律宾和许多其他国家的代表团认为这种状况不可为续。裁军谈判会议必须商定和实行一项工作方案。如果它不能做到这一点，那么就必须采取其他的决定性行动。此外，鉴于这种自下而上的工作方式造成各种改革裁谈会的努力陷于瘫痪——因为协商一致规则赋予裁谈会每个成员国类似于否决权的权力——因此，当初设立裁军谈判会议的大会现在必须通过一种自上而下的方式来彰显其权力。", "菲律宾与观察国非正式小组内其他国家的代表团一样认为，亟需增加裁军谈判会议的成员国数目。为了增强裁谈会的包容性和活力，菲律宾呼吁按照其议事规则，对其成员组成进行一次审查，并且允许增加其成员数目。目前为裁谈会观察员的许多国家均抱有成为正式成员的合理愿望。为了促成这一审查工作，菲律宾呼吁裁军谈判会议任命一名负责裁谈会扩大问题的特别报告员/协调员。", "然而，还必须考虑其他可选途径。裁军谈判会议也许号称是唯一的多边裁军机构，但是有一些裁军问题协议——包括《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》和《集束弹药公约》——是在该机构以外订立的。在这些公约的框架内，并非所有国家都在这些公约一出台便加入成为缔约国，事实上，还有些国家至今仍未签约加入，但这不排除这些国家最终成为缔约国的可能性。正如菲律宾认为的那样，关键是尽早启动谈判。", "可以效仿的另一个办法是目前在筹备谈判拟订武器贸易条约过程中所采取的方式。这项工作属于大会负责的范围。大会已决定召开一次联合国会议来谈判拟订该条约。菲律宾也继续支持关于召开第四届裁军问题特别会议(第四届裁军特别联大)的想法，因为该会议可以全面重新评估和振兴联合国裁军机制的工作。", "对于我国代表团来说，重要的并不是由哪个机构进行谈判，而是切实启动谈判，并导致取得更切实和具体的成果，而不仅仅是如同今年4月裁军审议委员会的上次会议那样，提出几份会议实况报告。", "我们今天在这里与会的各国需要作出一个选择，一个艰难的决定。我们是仍继续受限于裁军谈判会议，寄希望于那些困扰裁谈会的棘手问题随着时间推移而魔幻般地消失，使关于裁军问题议程的谈判取得实际进展，还是敢于摆脱束缚，另循其它途径，例如走许多国家在谈判缔结《渥太华公约》和《奥斯陆公约》时所走的那条路？我们是启动一个与裁军谈判会议平行的进程，还是希望复制1978年第一届裁军问题特别会议所取得的成功结果，将希望寄托在第四届裁军问题特别会议上？我们是否确实必须委托某个高级别小组进一步研究哪些事非做不可？我们可否走大会这条途径，让这个机构在推进多边裁军谈判方面发挥更核心、更积极的作用？", "不幸的是，正确的答案并不明朗。在我们看来，我们显然必须尽早作出抉择并加以贯彻落实。应当作出的抉择也许是让大会发挥其更核心、更积极的作用，并寻找具有创意的替代途径，从而推进多边裁军谈判。如果我们不作出决定并采取行动，那么我们注定会陷入停滞和无作为状态，进而使那些至今一直未被使用的武器更有可能被使用，造成毁灭性、可怕的恶果。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：我要与其他同事一道感谢主席召开2010年9月24日高级别会议的后续会议。我国外交部长克里希纳先生阁下出席了那次高级别会议。", "印度赞同以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "从那次高级别会议召开以来，已过去了将近一年的时间。裁军谈判会议仍然未能担负起其多边条约谈判的主要责任。我们与其他成员国一样，对裁谈会陷入持续的僵局感到失望。我们认为这一僵局不该归罪于裁军谈判会议及其议事规则。我们相信，今天的会议应该发出一个强烈的讯息，表明支持裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边裁军谈判机构，并且为制定包括尽早在裁军谈判会议上启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的各项谈判在内的多边议程提供政治推动力。", "裁军谈判会议于2009年5月协商一致通过了一项关于其工作方案的决定。该决定包括立即启动关于“裂变材料禁产条约”的谈判。2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议表明CD/1864号文件得到了非常广泛的支持。事实上，该会议提出的第一项建议就是呼吁裁谈会在2011年通过一项类似的工作方案，后来秘书长1月26日在裁军谈判会议上发言时又重申了该项建议。", "如果各方能达成共识，形成一项工作方案，在我们协商一致通过第CD/1864号决定时所取得进展基础上达成共识，如果此一决定会推动裁谈会尽早开始实质性工作，包括在第CD/1299号决定所载任务授权基础上就裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判，那么印度将不会横加阻拦。这不影响我们对核裁军问题的重视。", "印度一贯坚定不移地支持全球性、非歧视和可核查的核裁军。拉吉夫·甘地总理提出了一项实现没有核武器和非暴力世界秩序的富有远见的行动计划。该计划制定了以有时限、普遍、非歧视、分阶段和可核查方式实现核裁军的路线图。我们回顾，第一届裁军问题特别会议的《最后文件》（第S-10/2号决议）将核裁军列为优先事项中的重中之重。我们认为，可以在一项普遍承诺以及一个全球性、非歧视的多边协商一致框架基础上，通过一个循序渐进的进程来实现核裁军目标。我们需要所有拥有核武器的国家之间开展有效对话，以建立互信和信任，降低此类武器在国际事务和安全理论中占据的突出地位。", "我愿重申，我们支持裁军谈判会议这个唯一的多边谈判论坛，裁谈会的此一性质也得到了国际社会的认可。裁谈会仍具有履行该职责所需的任务授权、成员组成、公信力以及议事规则。要靠成员国通过谈判可能得到普遍执行的多边条约使裁谈会发挥作用。那些置疑裁谈会效力或现实性的建议或采取不切实际备选方案的建议，都不会在各有关国家参与的情况下取得有益或有效成果，推动商定的多边议程。我们希望我们今天的讨论将为裁军议程营造积极势头，并重申裁军谈判会议作为实现我们共同目标的唯一多边谈判论坛，可发挥关键作用。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦)(以英语发言)：我国代表团赞扬主席就秘书长去年9月24日召开的重要高级别会议采取后续行动，该会议的主题是振兴裁军谈判会议工作、推进多边裁军谈判。", "我们还感谢戴斯主席、潘基文秘书长、裁军事项咨询委员会主席奥尔加·佩利塞尔女士以及裁军谈判会议秘书长兼联合国日内瓦办事处执行主任卡西姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫先生所作的发言。他们富有远见卓识的发言以及秘书长对前述会议所做的总结都指出了加强裁军机制以实现裁军和防扩散共同愿景的重要关键步骤。我们还重申，裁军有助于处理其它全球性挑战，其中包括减贫、气候变化以及实现千年发展目标。", "哈萨克斯坦一贯坚定支持核不扩散和裁军愿景，它决定关闭其核试验场并放弃规模位居世界前列的核武库，就证明了这一点。作为裁军谈判会议的一个成员，哈萨克斯坦高度重视该论坛及其过去做出的贡献。但是，令人遗憾的是，裁谈会辜负了对它寄予的期望。现在到了评估具体战略，以打破过去十年来在普遍公认关键问题上的僵局，加速裁军和不扩散进程的时候了。", "与其它会员国一样，哈萨克斯坦赞同尽早开始就一项非歧视、多边和可进行国际核查的裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判至关重要。该项条约将把非法军事核计划控制在最低限度以内，显著改进对现有材料的控制，从而大幅降低核恐怖主义的威胁。", "哈萨克斯坦是拜科努尔宇宙发射基地的东道国，它参与了外层空间领域的国际合作，并在多边合作基础上参与了本国的太空开发，它呼吁严格维护外层空间活动的和平性质，并敦促裁谈会将此问题纳入其议程。考虑到参与并依赖外空方案的国家数目日益增多，我们应与处理太空探索问题的其它国际实体协作，从而进一步促进防止外层空间军备竞赛的努力。", "我国总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫2010年4月在华盛顿特区召开的核安全首脑会议上呼吁，草拟一项关于核大国为无核武器国家提供安全保证的具有国际法律约束力的文书。只有提供这种保证，才能有效遏制某些无核武器国家获取核武器以保障其自身安全的愿望。下一步应是草拟一项关于无核武器世界的全球宣言，以此重申各国决心欣然地逐步朝着缔结一项关于无核武器世界的公约方向迈进。", "我国代表团赞同其它会员国的看法，认为目前的僵局损害了裁军谈判会议的公信力，引发了对其现实性的质疑。多边谈判当前所处的僵局被认为不仅是由缺乏政治意愿，也是由于裁军机制的缺陷造成的。", "总而言之，我国代表团呼吁大会及各会员国考虑如何审查裁谈会的任务授权、成员组成、架构以及工作程序，并立即就裂变材料禁产条约、和平利用外层空间、关于消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的条约以及关于禁止核武器的宣言或公约等开始工作，从而加强裁军和不扩散措施。必须重新审查共识原则，以使裁谈会成为一个有力、能发挥作用的实体，而不是像某些国家建议的那样将决策进程转移到联合国以外。裁谈会的工作应当始于对过去已确定的问题和那些将在不久后出现的问题来说都具有现实性而且有效的议程。因此，我们大力支持秘书长提议任命一个由知名人士组成的高级别小组，寻找加强裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议的方法。", "最后，我愿向大会保证，哈萨克斯坦将采取一切可能步骤，以加强裁军谈判会议，并加大它对多边裁军进程的承诺。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢大会主席召开本次会议，讨论这个非常重要的问题。我希望我们今天在这里共聚一堂是为了庆祝对重启多边裁军谈判的前景有了新的希望和热情。但实际上我们没有。裁军谈判会议依然陷入僵局，而且实际上已经崩溃。必须进行重要的体制改革。", "正因为如此，加拿大外长约翰·贝尔德先生宣布暂停参加由北韩担任主席的裁军谈判会议时，我国还牵头倡议改革甄选裁军谈判会议主席的办法。加拿大之所以作出这些努力，是由于我们认为担任裁军谈判会议的主席是一项殊荣，只应当给予那些推动并遵守裁军谈判会议价值观和目标的国家。正如我国外长所言，让在核不扩散和不遵守问题上全世界表现最恶劣的国家之一担任一个裁军机构的主席是荒谬的。", "加拿大很高兴出任了裁军谈判会议2011年六任轮值主席中的首任，我们也是几个具有出色的不扩散记录并且坚定致力于裁军的主席国中的一个。", "今年到目前为止，裁军谈判会议成员就会议的四个核心议程项目举行了讨论。但是，让我们明确一点。裁军谈判会议的任务规定是谈判，而不仅仅是讨论裁军问题。裁军谈判会议2011年的会议即将结束，但各方对于工作方案依然坚持己见，而且立场相互排斥。我们使裁军谈判会议在2011年恢复工作的努力尚未表明是成功的，不过，加拿大将在8月份，在北韩不再担任裁军谈判会议主席之后为此作出新的努力。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "李东日先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：我要求发言是因为加拿大代表刚才把朝鲜民主主义人民共和国称为北韩。朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是联合国的一个会员国，主席先生，我恳请你在这个问题上要求该发言者遵守规则。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们注意到朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表提出的程序性问题。我请加拿大代表继续发言。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大)(以英语发言)：考虑到裁军谈判会议继续陷入僵局，加拿大认为，必须真诚地作出努力，以便对去年9月的高级别会议采取后续行动。许多国家在去年9月的高级别会议上表示支持如果到今年秋季前尚未启动实质性工作——包括谈判——的话，将为裁军谈判会议设定一个最后期限，加拿大是其中之一。具体而言，我们认为大会第六十六届会议也可以审议应当如何开展裁军谈判会议的工作的问题。", "今年2月28日，加拿大前外长劳伦斯·坎农阁下在裁军谈判会议发言时再次敦促裁军谈判会议成员跳出常规思考问题。我们今年已经看到新思维的一些积极迹象。澳大利亚和日本就裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)进行的会外活动就是一个明显例子。尽管不情愿，加拿大还是认为，也到了跳出裁军谈判会议考虑问题的时候了。", "加拿大把《禁产条约》作为未来裁军文书的重中之重，虽然我们倾向于在裁军谈判会议开始谈判，但是，我们对于毫无建树的多边机构的耐心是有限的。当前，65个国家中的一个国家正在利用次区域战略问题来阻碍裁军谈判会议进行禁产条约谈判。然而，另一个或者另外一些国家明天可以同样轻而易举地在一个程序性问题上滥用裁军谈判会议的协商一致规则，从而扼杀实质性多边裁军谈判。这绝不是协商一致规则的初衷。", "加拿大认为，开始有关禁产条约的外部谈判进程将不会进一步威胁裁军谈判会议，裁谈会自1998年以来就一直未能执行其工作方案。因此，我们欢迎美国最近表示，它正在就以其它方式开始禁产条约谈判进行磋商。我们同意，《禁产条约》的成功将需要拥有核武器国家的积极参与。在许多核武器国家已经宣布暂停生产用于核武器的裂变材料的情况下，现在是开始禁产条约谈判的时候了。普遍性可以通过时间来建立。", "(以法语发言)", "加拿大对于进行禁产条约谈判的方式和地点持灵活态度，并将在北韩结束担任裁军谈判会议主席后重新参与裁军谈判会议的工作，以便把重点放在改革该机构，并且推动与其它核心议程项目有关的重要事项上。", "我们期待着尽可能广泛地讨论裂变材料禁产条约谈判的其它一切可能渠道。依然在讨论的一个想法是通过设立第一委员会的附属委员会来开展实质性工作。还提出了其它设想。就加拿大而言，我们不反对举行第四届裁军特别联大，但我们认为，开始裂变材料禁产条约谈判不应当等待这一更广泛进程的结果。我们能够并且应当现在就开始这些谈判。", "黎怀中先生(越南)(以英语发言)：越南赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "过去一年来，我们看到了许多积极发展势头，这体现在美国与俄罗斯联邦之间的新《裁武条约》于今年2月生效以及不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50)获得通过。不过，冲突仍在世界上许多地方继续，而且，亚洲、中东和北非出现了不稳定状况和新的安全威胁。军备竞赛的危险也已加大。在这种背景下，令人感到遗憾的是，裁军谈判会议依然陷于僵局，它仍未能就一项工作方案达成一致意见。", "裁军谈判会议缺乏进展不仅阻碍了裁军谈判会议为促进更加和平和安全的国际环境切实作出贡献，也破坏了人们对于这个重要多边裁军论坛的信心。", "由于时间限制，我们希望重点谈几个问题。第一，核裁军依然是裁军的最高优先事项。我要回顾有关核裁军问题的第65/56号决议，该决议要求裁军谈判会议在2011年初设立一个核裁军问题特设委员会，并且就以彻底消除核武器为最终目标的分阶段核裁军方案开始谈判。为此，我敦促核武器国家采取旨在实现彻底核裁军的进一步实质性务实行动，特别是通过在开始核武器公约的谈判方面发挥领导作用来这样做。", "第二，应当维护联合国裁军机制在裁军、防扩散和军备控制进程中的核心作用。我们敦促裁军谈判会议通过一项平衡和全面的工作方案，涵盖核裁军、消极安全保证、防止外层空间军备竞赛以及裂变材料禁产条约等所有紧迫问题。为此目的，我谨要求表现出更大的政治意愿、灵活性和合作精神。", "第三，多边裁军谈判的目的应当是加强和平和国际安全，实现消除核战争危险的最终目标，并采取措施阻止和扭转军备竞赛。这样一个谈判进程，应当基于在大会第一次特别会议上商定的基本原则。这些原则包括：严格遵守《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，尊重在平等基础上进行参与的权利，充分承认联合国在裁军领域中的作用，并适当考虑到世界各国人民的切身利益。", "越南的一贯政策是，以全面和彻底的裁军为目标，努力实现和平和支持不扩散大规模毁灭性武器。越南加入了有关禁止大规模毁灭性武器的所有主要多边条约，并且是联合国许多裁军机构的积极成员。在东南亚地区，我国还同东南亚国家联盟其他成员以及其他伙伴密切合作，执行《东南亚无核武器区条约》及其《行动计划》。越南将继续同所有其他国际伙伴一道努力，在裁军领域中取得更大的进展。", "埃列尔先生(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言)：墨西哥完全赞同荷兰代表团以几个国家的名义，以及澳大利亚代表团以参与裁军与不扩散倡议的国家的名义，所作的发言。", "墨西哥也欢迎秘书长潘基文先生采取的行动，在他的5点计划中提倡有关裁军的多边谈判，并且在2010年召开高级别会议。同样，我们注意到裁军事项咨询委员会提出的报告。", "2010年高级别会议揭示了有关各个裁军论坛，特别是裁军谈判会议，丧失功能的不同意见。但是，它也表明了国际社会对这个问题的极度关心，由于它关乎人类的安全和生存，这个问题令我们所有人关注。", "墨西哥充分支持裁军谈判会议及其前任机构，创建所有这些机构是为了实现我国最高度优先重视的一个目标。因此，为保障我们各国人民的安全而被授权谈判具有法律约束力的文书的论坛，在过去15年里未能就其议程上的任何项目进行实质性的工作，并且没有完成它的任务，是不可接受的。", "在裁军谈判会议陷于瘫痪的原因问题上，也未达成一致意见。一些人争辩说，这是由于外部因素，裁谈会是客观环境的受害者。其他人认为，该论坛之所以功能丧失，是因为它的设计适用于在冷战环境中工作，而不是在21世纪的多极环境中。这一僵局也许产生于这两种因素的组合。显然，裁军谈判会议的工作方法是为不同的时代设计的。这影响到它的决策和实质性工作。", "裁军谈判会议的成员数目有限、其区域集团的构成以及缺乏民间社会的参与，也是不合时宜的因素。但是，阻碍裁谈会工作的最大障碍，已证明是协商一致规则，它被解释为在实质性和形式问题上都需要获得绝对一致意见。这种解释把这项规则转变为裁军谈判会议65个成员国的否决权。一旦行使否决权，国际社会的大多数便被剥夺了实现更高目标的机会，而这个机会是全球议程上的优先事项。否决权甚至被用来阻止工作方案的通过。看来存在一个先决条件，即必须就实质问题达成协议才能开始谈判——忘记了裁军谈判会议的具体职责就是谈判。", "确保裁军谈判会议完成任务的责任主要落在其成员身上，但是归根结底，这是联合国全体会员国关心的问题，联合国在1978年指定裁谈会为唯一的多边裁军论坛。", "这为我们提供了一个机会，退一步从大会的角度来看日内瓦发生的情况。我们从这里看到的是，并且不属于裁军谈判会议的128个会员国——也就是说，三分之二的会员国——看到的是，在过去15年中，至少有一个裁军谈判会议的成员国准备行使否决权，因而阻止该论坛执行本大会交付给它的任务。", "我们也注意到，大会反复要求裁军谈判会议开始工作的呼吁，无人理会。如果这种状况继续下去，大会仔细审议这个问题并采取必要措施，取消一个不再顺从其愿望的机构的特权，将是合乎逻辑的。", "2005年，墨西哥同其他国家一道建议，应当在大会中开始裁军谈判，希望裁军谈判会议将通过其工作方案和完成任务。墨西哥仍然准备鼓励这一步骤或任何其他步骤，只要真正有可能开始多边裁军谈判。", "最后，我们相信，大会下届会议将承担落在它身上的这方面责任。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团感谢大会主席召开本次辩论会并致力于振兴裁军议程。我们也赞赏秘书长对于重启有关裁军与不扩散的谈判的关心。5点计划和2010年召开的高级别会议，证明了对这一事项的高度政治责任，这一事项对于多边制度开展有效工作，从而促进集体安全、发展、和平和国际安全，是至关重要的。", "智利赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义，澳大利亚常驻代表以参与不扩散与裁军倡议的10国的名义，以及荷兰常驻代表以41个有关国家的名义，所作的发言。", "首先也是最重要的是，智利愿重申，它致力于总体的多边主义，也致力于具体的裁军与核不扩散问题。我们赞赏各多边裁军和安全机构既保护我们各国自身的安全利益，也保护整个国际社会的安全利益。", "国际社会想要的是具体行动以及在裁军和军备限制方面更有力的标准与文书，因此，此时此刻继续分析裁军谈判会议陷入僵局和裁军机制功能失调的原因是没有意义的。在该领域，我们有所进展并存在有利氛围，这种氛围应渗透到整个裁军谈判会议。", "10多年来，裁军谈判会议毫无成果，它已陷于一种不可持续的处处受限的境地。旨在达成协议以使它恢复功能的振兴进程要求我们做出广泛的政治承诺，这一承诺的形成需要这样一种框架：在该框架内，各国感到它们拥有一个有效论坛，以参与建设一个更加安全的世界并保护其自身正当的国家利益。", "自我诊断和就议事规则争辩不休必须让位于在短期内实现振兴会议或寻求可以充分服务于国际社会利益的各项备选方案的措施。我们建议分析哥伦比亚提交的文件CD/1931，它透彻阐述了裁军谈判会议的理念、利益以及局限。", "振兴会议要求修订其某些核心层面，例如其组成、程序以及共识的规则。尽管我们认为在事关国家安全的问题上应保留这条规则作为达成广泛基础的一种办法，但是不应滥用它以至于仅仅因为程序性问题就使会议陷入瘫痪。区域集团的组成是另一个必须加以分析的要素。在21世纪，裁军谈判会议绝不能对民间社会置之不理。它应搭建与民间社会沟通的桥梁，并加强与它的互动。所有这些政治问题都必须成为一揽子谈判中的一部分。", "智利对可能促成在裁军与不扩散多边谈判中取得进展的各种选择持宽泛和灵活的态度。我们不打算替换裁军谈判会议。我们侧向于在会议内部努力，因为它是该领域一个出色的谈判论坛。但是，我们必须明确的是，我们对审查各种备选方案持开放态度。", "我们在纽约这里开会这个事实有可能导致我们确认大会有权就裁军与不扩散问题采取行动，这对裁军谈判会议的作用与任务授权有着真实和直接的影响。如果继续保持现状的话，挑战这一步骤的合法性将困难重重。", "联合国系统各附属机构的本身并不是目的。它们只是满足和表达国际社会政治意愿与需求的手段。裁军是一种全球共同利益。而裁军谈判会议或所谓的裁军制度的其它机制却不是，它们源自于30多年前专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议，正如在其它机构所发生的那样，它们是可以改变的。关于裁军问题的第四届特别会议可以成为一个推行改革，为国际社会提供我们当前处境所需工具的合适的论坛。", "我们应扪心自问，裁军谈判缺乏进展是与裁军谈判会议有着结构性关联，也就是说是该机构特有的一个问题，还是说缺乏进展是主要行为体的战略及政治利益造成的，而这些利益会影响任何一个裁军论坛。如果是后者的话，那么只有这些行为体和整个国际社会拿出坚决承诺与政治意愿，才会取得进展。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢大会主席，也感谢秘书长亲自倡议就议程项目162“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”举办今天及时的辩论会。我愿欢迎秘书长裁军事项咨询委员会主席佩利塞尔女士出席会议，我们殷切期待她发表意见，我们相信她的发言将有力支持我们的工作。我还愿感谢裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生的发言。", "在我开始发言之前，我愿表示斯洛文尼亚赞同欧洲联盟所做的发言、葡萄牙以日内瓦裁军谈判会议非正式观察员国小组名义以及荷兰以支持后续执行2010年9月24日召开的高级别会议倡议的国家名义所做的发言。", "我愿就今天的讨论发表3点意见。", "第一，我们认为，现在正是在去年9月在此召开高级别会议后做出具体后续决定的时候。我们希望今天开过会后，我们将对如何在下一届大会会议上继续进行增加了解。我们还希望秘书长的咨询委员会将发挥有益作用，为秘书长和会员国提供这方面的重要建议。", "第二，斯洛文尼亚认为，当前在全球多边裁军谈判中面临的僵局显然证明，我们急需全面改革现有的国际裁军机制。成立于1979年总部设在日内瓦的裁军谈判会议需适应21世纪当代世界的现实。最重要的是，它应向愿为国际和平与安全做出贡献的所有感兴趣的国家敞开大门。国际和平与安全对于世界各国都很重要，而不仅只是裁军谈判会议当前的成员国。我们坚信新成员将丰富会议的工作，并帮助它打破当前的僵局。", "请允许我借此机会重申我们长期以来的看法，即：会议应从速启动关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。我们相信，裂变材料禁产条约将是对《不扩散核武器条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》的有效补充，并将进一步指导我们迈向一个没有核武器的世界。", "第三，振兴裁军谈判会议是在迈向改革国际裁军机制的道路上采取的初始步骤之一。在这方面，我们应重新审查联合国裁军审议委员会的作用，今年它再次未能取得任何重要成果。改革应是全面有效的，而且还应重新确定第一委员会的作用。", "最后，斯洛文尼亚欢迎秘书长和许多国家努力推进裁军进程。我们期待着于秋季开始认真讨论如何落实我们在去年高级别会议上所启动进程的具体提案。时间至关重要，请允许我邀请各国与我们一道共同努力，打破国际裁军谈判中的僵局，并开始有效改革国际裁军机制，使其最终取得成果，并推进我们的终极目标，即：一个没有核武器的世界。", "阿卜杜拉先生(马来西亚)(以英语发言)：请允许我首先对秘书长持续努力倡导一个没有核武器的世界表示赞赏。", "我表示我国代表团赞同埃及在第113次会议上代表不结盟运动所作的发言。我们也要感谢荷兰在同一次会议上代表41个国家所作的发言，我们认为，这一发言非常切合本次辩论的宗旨。", "裁军谈判会议、联合国裁军审议委员会、大会第一委员会以及核不扩散条约审议进程构成供各国作出集体努力的多边平台，以便实现我们在有效国际监督下全面、彻底裁军的目标。出于这个原因以及其它原因，裁军谈判会议尤其不能永远陷于僵局。我们必须确定恰当的优先重点，并且集中努力实现这些优先重点。", "接下来，我国代表团要重申国际法院作出的一致结论，即，各国有义务有诚意地进行和完成谈判，以便在严格有效的国际监督下实现各个方面的核裁军。因此，我们希望强调，必须籍通过一项核武器公约，把重点放在彻底消除核武器上。当务之急是裁军谈判会议尽可能早日开始其实质性工作，以便在裁军与防扩散领域取得进一步进展。", "同样值得回顾的是，裁军谈判会议、联合国裁军审议委员会和第一委员会是专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议的成果。因此，我们认为，这三个机构都应对大会负责。在这方面，我们支持召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议，会议有可能在推动裁军议程方面发挥至关重要的作用。", "还可考虑的另一个选择是可以通过一个名人小组来审查各个机构的效力，提出如何振兴联合国裁军机制的建议。在去年举行的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议上，马来西亚在发言时提到了这一点。裁军事项咨询委员会最近报告的建议部分也提到了这一点。马来西亚愿意探讨提出来的任何其它可行想法。", "透明度和包括各方应当是裁军谈判会议的指导原则。我们支持扩大裁军谈判会议，并且同意应当给予民间社会更多机会，以便切实有效地追踪裁军谈判会议进程。", "最后，我们如何强调都不为过的是，各国切实展现真诚和强有力的政治意愿绝对至关重要，以便推动裁军谈判会议和联合国其它机关中的多边裁军谈判。马来西亚愿意与其它代表团紧密合作，完成这一共同任务。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言)：西班牙赞同在第113次会议上以欧洲联盟的名义作的发言。", "不到一年前，去年9月24日在秘书长主持下举行了一次高级别会议，目的是评估裁军谈判会议的情况及其陷入僵局的原因。正如第65/93号决议确认的那样，会议得到了部长和其他高级别代表的广泛参与，对现状进行了深入分析。会议还突出表明了秘书长令人称道的坚定承诺，他把振兴裁军机制作为他的优先事项之一。", "令人遗憾的是，我们必须得出的结论是，裁军谈判会议在整个2011年继续陷于瘫痪中，没有任何解决问题的迹象。为使这个谈判机构摆脱僵局而作出的努力和呼吁迄今没有取得任何成效。", "我们很可能会说，我们没有取得任何进展，因此我们现在的情况与一年前没有什么不同。不过，一年前，我们会觉得有信心，认为裁军和不扩散领域的一系列好消息——例如签署了新的《裁武条约》、召开了华盛顿核安全问题首脑会议以及在核不扩散条约审议大会的基础上就一项行动计划达成了协商一致——带来的积极势头会对裁军谈判会议产生感染性影响。然而，这一希望尚未实现，而且，在裁军议程在其他论坛上取得进展的时候，日内瓦裁军谈判会议继续又一年浪费资源、努力和精力，甚至没有以通过工作方案的形式迈出走向协商一致的第一步，而裁军谈判会议在2009年经过艰苦努力曾经达成过工作方案。", "最近几年来，我们经常听到的说法是裁军谈判会议劳而无获。它满满的————或许过多的——会议日程表证明了它的努力。不过，我们不得不思考的一个问题是，考虑到虽然艰苦但毫无成效的这些努力不能启动谈判，它们是否有任何理由存在，而不仅仅是走过场而已。", "确实，尽管裁军谈判会议在谈判方面毫无作为，但在本届会议上，由于担任主席的加拿大、智利、中国和哥伦比亚作出了值得赞许的努力，已经提出了无数的方案、倡议和建议，我们认为，其中一些方案非常合理。我们缺少的不是想法，而是把这些想法付诸实施的充分共识。", "在这个至关重要的交汇点，一方面国际社会和民间社会要求我们在裁军方面取得进展，另一方面是一个无效或者无论如何都停滞不前的裁军机制，我们应当做些什么呢？", "我们想在裁军谈判会议的框架内取得进展，裁军谈判会议过去证明自己是一个进行国际谈判的有效论坛，取得了《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《不扩散核武器条约》以及《全面禁止核试验条约》等重要成就。", "西班牙致力于这一事业，这体现在，我们在6月16日与德国、荷兰、墨西哥、瑞典、土耳其、保加利亚和罗马尼亚一道提出了文件CD/1910，这是一项联合讨论文件，目的是在裁军谈判会议促进有关裂变材料的讨论。", "我们可以继续寄希望于振兴裁军谈判会议上，但是，无休止地这样做将是一个错误。我们的任务太重要、太紧急，不能让一个14年来已经表明它无力履行使命的论坛来完成。换言之，如果把本次辩论说成是要么在裁军与防扩散领域取得进展，要么把希望寄托在振兴裁军谈判会议上，那么，在座所有人只能作出一种回应，而且必须明确一致地一次性发表意见。", "不过，我们不要预测事情。就当前而言，本次会议为探讨导致裁军谈判会议僵局的原因和可能的解决办法提供了一个新机会，我们不应浪费这个机会。在这方面，我们赞同欧洲联盟提出的具体建议。特别是，我们提请大家关注以下几点。", "第一，我们呼吁裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和裁军审议委员会审查其工作办法，并且在它们向大会提交的报告中适当探讨这个问题，同时，我们请求大会继续关注这个问题及其发展。第二，我们呼吁拥有核武器的国家宣布并且保持暂停生产用于核武器和其它核爆炸装置的裂变材料。最后，我们呼吁裁军谈判会议成员国毫不拖延地启动裂变材料禁产条约谈判，并且开始着手处理议程上的其它项目。", "我们在为裁军谈判会议探讨和推动具体建议时必须做到既大胆又务实，我们应当一直铭记的是，正如阿历克西·托克维尔所言，我们惯于称之为必要的机构有时不过是我们习惯了的机构。", "马哈茂德先生(孟加拉国)(以英语发言)：主席先生，请允许我向你转达孟加拉国代表团赞赏你安排本次重要全体会议，以后续执行2010年9月24日召开的振兴裁军谈判会议工作、推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议。", "我愿赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所做的发言。此外，我还愿从我本国的角度着重谈几个核心要点。", "美利坚合众国和俄罗斯联邦之间关于裁减军备的协议是裁军谈判多年来停滞不前后迈出的重要的积极一步。这是沿着正确方向迈出的一步，但是要使地球摆脱核武器的诅咒这是绝对不够的。我们希望各缔约国将抓住本次全体会议的契机，并希望本次会议给我们所有人、包括那些尚未成为有关文书缔约方的国家提供实现彻底消除核武器的指导。", "孟加拉国是一个民主、政教分立和包容各方的社会。我国在裁军和不扩散方面的记录无可挑剔，致力于寻求《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)和《全面禁止核试验条约》(《全面禁试条约》)的普遍加入。孟加拉国无条件地做出了继续保持无核国家地位的选择。我们是附件二中第一个批准《全面禁试条约》的南亚国家。我们还与国际原子能机构(原子能机构)缔结了保障监督协定，包括各项附加议定书。", "孟加拉国在其《宪法》中规定致力于实现全面彻底裁军。孟加拉国议会还通过了一项支持2010年不扩散条约审议大会的决议，来证明这一承诺。该决议特别强调需落实《不扩散条约》的所有3个支柱，即：核裁军、核不扩散以及和平利用核能。它还重申，它支持《不扩散条约》第4条，这一条保障所有不扩散条约缔约国不受歧视地享有为和平目的并根据《条约》第1条和第2条以及在原子能机构的保障监督和核查机制下来研发、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利。孟加拉国议会还一致表示相信对核武器的任何使用都构成国际罪行，包括危害人类罪、破坏和平罪、战争罪以及灭绝种族罪。孟加拉国政府完全支持这项议会决议。", "孟加拉国坚定不移地支持在核不扩散与裁军上采取多边做法。我们认为，裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。我们也支持裁军审议委员会的工作，它是联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门议事机构。", "我们认为，大规模毁灭性武器对人类构成最严重的威胁。我们仍然认为只有彻底消除核武器，才能保障不使用或威胁使用此类武器，并保障不发生此类武器落入恐怖分子之手的危险。", "孟加拉国坚信，除了发电，在原子能机构保障监督协定与核查制度规定的范围内和平利用核技术或有助于应对我们面临的一些由来已久及当代出现的发展挑战，其中包括饥饿、疾病、自然资源管理以及气候变化。我们不安地注意到，仍在继续采取不符合《条约》规定的各种措施，对无核武器发展中国家用于和平用途的材料、设备和技术的出口施以不应有的限制。需取消这些壁垒。", "令人关切的是，核武器国家不仅在增加现有核武器储备的精准能力，而且还在开发新型武器。我们强调，不扩散条约的无核武器缔约国享有得到核武器国家无条件保证不对其使用或威胁使用核武器的合法权利。", "孟加拉国还从发展的角度来看待裁军和不扩散议程。每年花费约1.5万亿美元用于军备，同时发展中国家特别是像孟加拉国这样的最不发达国家却在为实现千年发展目标而苦苦挣扎，这令我们良心不安。充分落实包括核裁军和不扩散在内的裁军和不扩散议程，对于实现该目标至关重要。", "请允许我重申，尽管存在我提及的各种情况，但是，我们并未丧失对自己的信心。我们承认实现一个没有核武器世界的道路不会是一帆风顺的，但是我们并不认为这些困难能阻止我们开始为我们自己也为我们的子孙后代寻求一个没有核武器的世界。我们必须为子孙后代留下一个可以居住的星球。让我们今天下定决心，开创出新的气象。", "塔拉斯先生(芬兰)(以英语发言)：主席先生，我愿感谢你就这个紧迫议题召开本次全体会议。", "芬兰赞同荷兰以欧洲联盟的名义并以志同道合国家小组的名义所做的发言。", "自去年9月份在纽约召开高级别会议以来已过去将近一年的时间，我们却尚未看到任何进展。造成这种局面的原因众所周知。裁军谈判会议十年来的中断停滞有使多边裁军谈判体系崩溃的危险。联合国裁军机制岌岌可危。这种局势要求所有会员国再次做出政治承诺，并展现新思维。一切照旧不是一种选择。我们最迫切需要的是拿出政治意愿，以重新启动多边裁军谈判。我们希望本次会议将凝聚这种意愿。", "我们需毫不拖延地开始在裁军谈判会议上就裂变材料禁产条约开始谈判。这将使我们更接近实现一个没有核武器世界的目标，对于我们的不扩散工作将是至关重要的。裂变材料禁产条约将有助于落实《不扩散核武器条约》的所有3个支柱。", "裁军谈判会议必须抓住新《裁武协定》和核安全首脑会议展露出的核裁军和不扩散势头。芬兰敦促所有会员国采取具体行动，为实现彻底核裁军而努力。", "我们还可以采取一些切实步骤，以振兴联合国裁军机制的工作。", "第一，我们应审查裁军谈判会议、第一委员会以及裁军审议委员会的工作方法。我们需要更多的实质性讨论并寻求共同立场，同时减少程序。", "第二，多边谈判要求所有相关角色都参与进来。应当审查裁军谈判会议的成员组成，以确保其包容性。", "第三，我们需要新鲜思路，并更好地了解联合国会议室以外的现实。我们应加强民间社会和学术界的声音，并想方设法更好地利用它们对我们工作的宝贵贡献。", "我们致力于在芬兰担任大会第六十六届会议第一委员会主席期间，尽我们所能推进多边裁军谈判。我们希望在各会员国再次做出政治承诺的情况下，我们能够共同推进振兴议程。", "特拉第先生(南非)(以英语发言)：南非感谢有此机会就多边裁军议程进行公开和坦诚的讨论，特别是有机会审查自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推动多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展。", "我国代表团赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和荷兰代表以一些来自世界各区域的国家的名义所作的发言。", "专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)的成果之一是承认必须建立一个规模有限、在协商一致基础上作出决定的单一多边裁军谈判论坛，这就是今天的裁军谈判会议。裁军谈判会议及其之前实体在过去取得的成就表明了这个机构能够在重要多边裁军文书的谈判中发挥的作用。因此令人遗憾的是，这个机构多年来都未能履行其基本任务。由于持续的僵局，可以理解的是，许多人开始质疑裁军谈判会议在寻求实现裁军目标方面是否具有现实意义，是否仍然有价值，特别是由于冷战结束后出现了新的国际安全环境。", "第一届裁军特别联大作出的另外一个决定是设立裁军审议委员会，它是一个裁军议事机构和大会的一个附属机关。遗憾的是，这个机构目前也没有在履行其授权，今年再次未能提出任何具体建议。", "核裁军依然是我们的最高优先事项，这是不结盟运动所有成员、21国集团以及各个地区的裁军谈判会议和联合国绝大多数成员国的共同优先事项。我们不仅对持续的核武器横向和纵向扩散问题共同感到关切，我们还认为，核武器存在本身导致全球不安全现象。", "此外，使用核武器可能产生的灾难性人道主义后果显然对人类构成严峻威胁。只要存在这些武器，我们当中便不会有人真正安全。只有彻底消除所有核武器并且保证永远不再生产这些武器，才能提供不使用这些武器的必要保证。正是出于这个原因，南非一贯主张采取系统和渐进的办法，以便实现我们的无核武器世界目标。我们认为，核裁军方面持续和不可逆转的进展以及其它相关核军备控制措施依然是促进核不扩散的关键所在。", "核裁军方面缺乏实际进展削弱了全球防扩散制度。虽然核裁军是大会在1946年通过的第一项决议(第1(I)号决议)的主题，它一直是裁军谈判会议自建立以来议程上第一个项目。尽管裁军谈判会议绝大多数成员不断要求建立一个单独处理核裁军问题的附属机构，但这一要求没有得到满足。考虑到不扩散核武器条约所有缔约国在2010年不扩散条约审议大会通过的行动计划中都已对这个目标作出了承诺，这种情况特别令人不安。因此，我国代表团再次呼吁裁军谈判会议立即设立一个处理核裁军问题的附属机构。", "作为处理核裁军问题的系统和渐进办法的一部分，我国代表团也支持就一项将禁止生产核武器和其它核爆炸装置使用的裂变材料并且满足防扩散和裁军两大目标的条约开始谈判。我国代表团不同意裂变材料条约是唯一谈判时机已成熟议题的看法。考虑到裁军谈判会议作为谈判论坛的性质，我们认为，裁军谈判会议能够就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判，虽然我们承认，近期商定达成具有国际法律约束力安排的可能性在某些问题或许比另一些问题要大。", "我们或许并不都赞同缔结协议时机或多或少已经成熟的那些问题，但这不应当阻止我们实质性地处理多边裁军议程上的问题。我们今天面对的问题是裁军谈判会议是否能够达到我们的期望，或者我们是否应当研究推动多边裁军谈判的其它选择，以便努力振兴本应由这一机构开展的工作。", "我们承认，当裁军谈判会议在2009年通过一项工作方案时，它已接近于恢复工作。虽然CD/1864并不是一份完美的文件，但我们当时希望，它将带来裁军谈判会议近期历史上的一个新阶段，使我们能够共同努力建立一个更美好、更安全的未来。遗憾的是，CD/1864和有关我们议程上项目附属机构任务规定的其它任何方案都没有导致实质性工作的恢复。", "尽管一些人把在裁军谈判会议中缺乏切实成果归咎于其议事规则，但我国代表团认为，有些方面拒绝有诚意地进行和完成谈判，以便在严格和有效的国际控制下实现各个方面的核裁军，这是国际社会面临的更大障碍。", "我们当中有许多人希望看到裁军谈判会议重获其应有的地位。然而，裁军谈判会议过去15年来一直未能开展实质性工作，这不应当使我们无视继续存在的挑战。如果裁军谈判会议仍然不履行其任务，那就没有理由不去考虑其它选择，以便推动赋予这一机构的重要工作。", "最后，南非依然致力于遵循规则的国际体系。因此，我们将采取可能需要的进一步行动，以便加强裁军、防扩散和军备控制方面的多边治理。此外，我们将研究推动多边裁军谈判的任何选择，以便实现我们建立一个没有核武器的世界的目标。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。我们将于明天7月29日上午11时在大会堂听取其余发言者的发言。在该次会议上，大会还要处理议程项目13，以继续讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "在结束本次会议之前，一名代表要求行使答辩权。我谨提醒各会员国，行使答辩权的发言第一次以10分钟为限，第二次以5分钟为限，各代表团应在各自席位上发言。", "我现在请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "李东日先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国)(以英语发言)：请允许我行使答辩权，同时就加拿大代表的发言发表一些评论，他就朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席提出了一个问题。", "关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席这个问题，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席是行使其作为联合国一个会员国的主权。根据裁军谈判会议议事规则，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国有义务担任裁军谈判会议的主席。", "此外，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国过去和现在都是联合国的会员国。《联合国宪章》第二条第一款规定，联合国的基础是尊重所有会员国的主权平等这一原则。就这个法律问题而言，我们认为，加拿大代表的发言严重违背《联合国宪章》。", "第二，加拿大代表的发言也违反了国际论坛上的惯例。这不是加拿大代表团第一次抵制国际论坛。第一次抵制是在2001年在德班举行的反种族主义大会上。加拿大是唯一一个抵制那次会议的国家。这创造了国际多边主义惯例中一个不光彩的先例。", "这不是加拿大抵制行为的唯一例子。这种情况还出现在其它会议上，包括在大会这里，当一个国家的总统就在这个讲坛上发表演讲时也出现过这种情况。这是加拿大代表第三次在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上采取此类行动。因此，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国强烈谴责加拿大代表的这一行为。", "第三，这表明了一种冷战时代的心理和心态。实际上，现在是后冷战时期。我们仅在冷战期间目睹过一些国家的此类对抗行为。而后冷战时期是对话和建立信任的时代。可以在每一个地区，包括在亚洲地区，看到这一点。加拿大和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国都是东南亚国家联盟区域论坛的成员。建立信任与对话是总体精神。但是如今，加拿大不但不采取这种对话与和解的做法，反而走上对抗的道路。这位加拿大代表是唯一一位采取此类做法的代表。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 德西先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席,副主席塔宁先生(阿富汗)主持会议。", "下午3时10分开会。", "议程项目115(续)", "千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "决定草案(A/65/L.88)", "代理主席(以英语发言):各位成员记得,大会在2010年10月29日第40和41次全体会议上,连同题为“联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动”的议程项目13,以及2010年11月23日第52次全体会议上,就议程项目13和120“加强联合国系统”进行了合并辩论。", "成员们还记得,在议程项目115下,大会在2011年6月14日第97次和第98次全体会议上举行了一次重点讨论发展问题的专门会议。", "成员们还记得,在议程项目13和115下,大会分别在第9、41、100和105次全体会议上通过了第165、第65/7、第59/181和第56/85号决议。 也是在议程项目115下,大会第73次全体会议通过了第60/238号决议。", "大会现在将就题为“民间社会代表参加将于2011年9月19日和20日举行的预防和控制非传染性疾病大会高级别会议”的决定草案A/65/L.88采取行动。", "我是否可以认为大会决定通过决定草案A/65/L.88?", "决定草案A/65/L.88获得通过。", "代理主席(以英语发言):大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目115的审议。", "议程项目27(续)", "青年问题高级别会议", "社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请毛里塔尼亚代表发言。", "乌尔德·谢赫先生(毛里塔尼亚)(以阿拉伯语发言): 首先,我要就造成数十名无辜受害者的恐怖行为向挪威王国表示毛里塔尼亚总统、政府和人民的慰问。 两天前,我国外交部就此发表了友好声明。", "我还要感谢大会及其主席、我们的亲爱的朋友约瑟夫·德西先生,他非常明智地指导了我们的工作。 我愿特别感谢2011年3月15日第59/167号决议,我们在纽约这里讨论与年轻人有关的问题,年轻人是社会的重要组成部分,是所有成功的社会经济发展的基石。", "毛里塔尼亚伊斯兰共和国政府根据总统穆罕默德·乌尔德·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹的指示,声明并重申任何团体的未来都在于其青年。 它制定了国家青年、娱乐和体育五年计划,将于2011年至2015年实施。 我们的青年政策将年轻人列为政府优先事项,并将获得超过2.3亿美元的资金,其中3 700万美元来自国家基金。 这符合两年前当选的总统竞选活动。", "毛里塔尼亚政府通过关于青年、体育和娱乐的国家政策,决心打击占毛里塔尼亚人口40%的年轻人的贫困。 它打算将其融入发展之中,并支持青年倡议,以改善他们因失业和辍学而陷入的境遇。 我们力求建立国家青年网络,每三年更新一次。 这是我国政府的政策目标之一。 我们还签署并批准了所有与青年有关的国际协定,这表明我们给予这些协定的重要性,特别是在教育、保健和失业方面。", "在教育方面,尽管在入学率方面取得了进展,但仍有很多工作要做。 我们设立了一个新的政府高等教育和科学研究部门以及公共教育机构,以便改革毛里塔尼亚的教育。", "毛里塔尼亚的年轻人在保健方面面临许多挑战。 然而,那些有特殊需要的人将凭借卫生部所启动的政治意愿和广泛改革,找到补救措施。", "关于失业问题,我们成立了一个负责青年就业和促进贸易部门的重要部委,提供25%的就业机会,其次是农业20.4%,此外还有其他部门,如服务和公共行政部门。", "解决青年问题涉及许多挑战,需要分配角色,以维持青年的发展。 成立中央机构就是这样做的。 尽管我们表示希望通过设立一个青年事务部来关注年轻人,并鼓励他们利用这些服务,但仍然存在许多挑战。", "代理主席(以英语发言):根据大会2002年11月19日第57/29号决议,我现在请人口与发展伙伴观察员发言。", "Rao先生(人口与发展伙伴): 主席先生,我非常感谢你给我这次机会,代表人口与发展伙伴在本次青年问题高级别会议上发表几点意见。", "首先,人民民主党愿就挪威政府和人民最近的悲剧向挪威政府和人民表示衷心的慰问。", "作为一个由25个发展中国家组成的政府间组织,人民民主党致力于促进人口与发展领域的南南合作,特别是支持其成员国执行千年发展目标、国际人口与发展会议(人发会议)的目标和《世界青年行动纲领》。", "2011年将作为世界人口达到70亿的一年记住。 根据联合国的最新预测,到2050年,世界人口将继续增加到93亿。 为了将这些数字纳入考虑,世界人口在1804年前没有达到10亿。 1927年达到20亿,1960年达到30亿,1974年达到40亿,1987年达到30亿,到1999年10月达到12年。 到2011年10月将再增加10亿美元。 世界人口的这种增长确实非常明显。", "当前全球人口状况的一个重要特点是,30多亿人不满25岁,其中近90%生活在发展中国家。 青年人的这种优势,如果加上适当的政策,能够成为世界上增长、繁荣和社会变革的巨大源泉。 我们将如何有效地帮助年轻人满足他们的教育、就业、发展、政治、保健(包括生殖健康)需求,以及我们如何迅速帮助他们增强能力,必将影响世界和平与发展的未来步伐和性质。", "虽然过去各国为实现人发会议《行动纲领》、《千年发展目标》和《世界青年行动纲领》的目标做出了真诚的努力,但数百万年轻人生活在贫困之中,世界各国在青年发展方面的进展非常不平衡。 青年人在社会上面临许多挑战,包括缺乏获得高质量教育的机会、有意义的就业、适当的保健——包括生殖保健——以及政治参与。 气候变化还给他们带来暴力和挫折。 其中受影响最严重的是女童和年轻妇女以及穷人和弱势群体。 年轻妇女和女童特别容易受到伤害,因为她们往往无法完成学业,因为她们有怀孕风险、与生育有关的并发症、被迫早婚、艾滋病毒感染和被人贩子绑架的风险。", "正如成果文件(第65/312号决议)明确指出,必须优先注意解决阻碍青年发展的那些挑战和其他挑战,特别是通过减贫和促进持续经济增长、可持续发展、充分和生产性就业以及青年充分参与各级政策的制定和执行。 人口与发展伙伴坚信,建设国家能力,解决青年发展问题至关重要,国际社会应当在这方面尽一切努力支持欠发达国家。", "根据分享经验和创新做法的记录,以及通过培训、研究和分享知识促进能力建设的记录,人民民主党相信,南南合作和三角合作在未来的国家和国际青年发展的努力中可以发挥重要作用。", "最后,人民民主党支持有关各方执行成果文件。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请秘鲁代表发言。", "古铁雷斯先生(秘鲁)(以西班牙语发言): 秘鲁的青年人口为750万,占总人口的28%。 近年来,青年人数有所增加,今天的青年是我国人口增长最快的部门。 由于这些统计趋势,过去十年来,秘鲁政府通过国家青年秘书处制定了体制政策,以便制定一般性准则,促进年轻人的整体发展,并确保他们融入社会并积极参与公民生活。 在其存在的九年时间里,青年秘书处取得了一些成果,我要提一下。", "2006年,我们制定了《2006-2011年国家青年计划》,以便在国家与民间社会之间建立协同关系,为年轻人提供更好和更大的机会,并在全政府制定贯穿各领域的机构政策。 这产生了积极的影响,提高了许多年轻人的生活质量。 2004年至2008年期间,年轻人的贫困率从43.8%降至31.6%。 此外,在公民参与方面,全国有更多的年轻人参与政治,今天有1 665名年轻人担任民选公职。 然而,尽管政府关于青年融入社会的议程已经取得进展,但要实现惠及年轻人的包容性发展,仍有许多工作要做。", "在过去十年中,秘鲁的国家努力实现了持续的经济增长,我们正在努力将经济增长转化为包容性的发展,并立即对我们最年轻的公民产生影响。 这一发展应当为他们提供切实可行的工具,使它们能够在我国的生产力和政治制度中发挥积极的作用,促进我们的经济增长和公民的民主参与。 我们认为,包容性发展应当基于以青年为重点的社会投资政策。 然而,不应将这些政策视为特定群体的福利,而应将其视为经济增长的红利,以及促进人口部分的全面发展的一种方式,这将为该国带来一个更加一体化和连贯的未来。 这些政策是我们可持续和包容性发展的中长期战略的组成部分。", "同秘鲁一样,拉丁美洲许多国家都有大量青年人口。 这种人口现实为我们提供了近年来最佳机会之一,以便在可持续发展和解决本区域普遍存在的社会不平等问题方面采取重大步骤,只要我们致力于投资于我们的年轻人及其教育。 我们相信,如果我们让我们的年轻一代获得高质量的教育、有效的卫生系统以及在一个促进和保障公民参与的民主制度中从事生产性和有尊严的工作的机会,本地区各国将拥有支持可持续发展、改善分配和促进创造财富所需的人力、社会和文化资本。", "最后,我要指出,秘鲁将继续致力于有关青年人的国家和国际政策,并表示我国坚定决心采取行动和方案,使年轻人能够充分和逐步地参与我们的社会,以实现千年发展目标。", "代理主席: 我们听取了关于这个项目的最后一位发言者的发言。", "我是否可以认为大会希望结束对议程项目27分项目(b)的审议?", "就这样决定。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日高级别会议的后续行动:振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推动多边裁军谈判", "代理主席(以英语发言):各位成员记得,大会在2011年7月27日第113次全体会议上就议程项目162进行了辩论。", "塔拉尔先生(巴基斯坦)(以英语发言):巴基斯坦赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "巴基斯坦赞赏秘书长为重振裁军谈判会议和国际裁军机制的工作所作的努力。 这是全面分析整个裁军机制所面临问题的机会,在争取谈判一项具体条约时,不应忽视这些问题。 巴基斯坦对秘书长去年举行的高级别会议的立场作为大会文件分发,文号为A/63/378。", "国际裁军议程和机制面临的挑战超出了裁军谈判会议。 专门讨论裁军问题的大会特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)设立的当代裁军机制的各个组成部分相互关联。 因此,应当同时振兴包括第一委员会和裁军审议委员会在内的这些组成部分,并以综合和整体的方式开展工作。", "根据第一届裁军特别联大的授权,设立裁军谈判会议的宗旨和总体目标是核裁军,核裁军是过去32年来没有取得进展的一个议程项目。 事实上,2008年,秘书长在阐述其行动计划的开创性讲话中,在其五点建议中将核裁军置于首位。 秘书长建议的第一步是吁请所有国家,特别是核武器国家,履行《不扩散核武器条约》规定的义务,就实现核裁军的有效措施进行谈判。 秘书长承认裁军谈判会议是世界上唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛,但建议核大国在裁军谈判会议上积极与其他国家就此问题进行接触。", "秘书长之所以发出这一呼吁,是因为裁军谈判会议三十多年来一直未能实现其存在的理由——核裁军。 裁军谈判会议在结束《全面禁止核试验条约》(全面禁试条约)谈判15年后未能取得任何实质性进展,这也是事实。 然而,令人惊讶的是,目前对振兴裁军谈判会议的追求仅仅源自过去两年的发展,而且只是针对一个单一问题。 具有讽刺意味的是,那些自己对数十年裁军谈判会议无所作为或保持沉默的国家支持对这一僵局的强烈谴责。", "为了明确评估裁军谈判会议僵局的根源,必须承认以下基本事实。", "裁军谈判会议的工作或不活动反映了当前的政治现实,因为它没有在真空中运作。 裁军谈判会议上不能谈判任何违背任何成员国安全利益的条约。 事实上,协商一致规则已引入裁军谈判会议的议事规则,以确保这一点。 因此,只有满足或解决所有成员国的安全关切,裁谈会才能取得进展。 会议缺乏进展不能归咎于其议事规则,因为里程碑式的文书,如《化学武器公约》和《全面禁试条约》,都是根据相同的规则成功谈判的。", "这些事实表明,裁军谈判会议面临的问题不是组织性的,也不是程序性的。 因此,我们现在应当面对现实,认识到裁谈会运作不良的真正原因。", "裁军谈判会议的历史清楚地表明,只有那些不破坏或损害强国安全利益的协定才谈判。 《生物武器公约》和《化学武器公约》只有在生物和化学武器在其作战用途方面变得多余时才能谈判。 《全面禁试条约》是在主要大国进行足够数量的核试验之后缔结的,如果它们有以计算机模拟形式提供的替代技术,则没有必要进行进一步试验。", "裂变材料禁产条约也是如此。 现在,这些大国在发展了庞大的核武器储存以及能够迅速转化为核弹头的裂变材料,特别是高浓缩铀和武器级钚的储存之后,准备缔结一项条约,只禁止今后生产裂变材料,因为它们不再需要这样做。 这种做法是免费的,因为它不会破坏或损害他们的安全。", "此外,在过去几年里,一些主要大国在核合作方面推行的歧视性政策造成了不安全和不平衡。 这种政策牺牲了国际不扩散目标,牺牲了权力和利润,加剧了本地区裂变材料库存的不对称。 令人遗憾的是,这些歧视性政策继续存在,而且核供应国集团成员之间没有发现任何反对意见,其成员包括《不扩散条约》的一些最受害的支持者以及最强烈批评裁军谈判会议缺乏进展的人。", "出于这些原因,巴基斯坦被迫采取反对核选择性和歧视的立场。 不能指望任何国家损害其基本安全利益,因为该文书是所有其他有关国家都免费的。", "如果采取诚实和客观的方法振兴裁军谈判会议的工作以及整个裁军机制,就需要采取以下步骤和措施。", "裁军谈判会议的议程涉及若干关键问题,所有问题都需要以平等和平衡的方式处理。 由于各国的安全关切,在某个问题上缺乏进展,不应导致裁谈会陷入僵局,因为议程上的其他问题可以而且应当予以审议。", "核裁军仍然是裁军谈判会议议程上最久的未决问题。 代表联合国绝大多数会员国的120个成员的不结盟运动一贯认为核裁军是裁军谈判会议谈判的最高优先事项。 不结盟运动代表昨天的发言再次重申了这一优先事项。 全体会议应适当注意到这一意见。", "关于消极安全保证的法律文书的提议是裁军谈判会议多年来议程上的另一个重要问题。 关于消极安全保证的具有法律约束力的文书不会损害任何国家的战略利益。 事实上,没有任何核武器国家考虑对无核武器国家使用核武器。 甚至这样做的威胁在道义上也是可以理解的。", "我们需要认识到现实,努力在裁军谈判会议上达成共识,同时考虑到所有国家的合法安全利益。 裁谈会不能通过一些国家认为成熟的热点问题进行谈判。 核武器国家必须履行义务,在裁军谈判会议上就实现核裁军的有效措施进行谈判。 必须消除不扩散和裁军措施中的双重标准和选择性。", "重振国际裁军机制的切实努力必须包括召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议,正如昨天不结盟运动的发言所要求的那样。 这样一个会议能够作出深远贡献,以不歧视、平衡和透明的方式推进核裁军和不扩散的目标,同时顾及所有国家的安全利益。", "在结束发言之前,我想提醒不要在裁军谈判会议之外把《禁产条约》当作谈判,因为我们认为裁谈会是多边裁军的唯一谈判论坛。", "在这方面,请允许我提及2005年一个主要核大国针对一些会员国打算在第一委员会提出一项决议草案而提出的一些论点,该决议草案试图在大会之下就裁军谈判会议的四个核心问题设立特设委员会。 该核大国指出:", "“国际社会需要继续注重使裁谈会[裁军谈判会议]工作,而不是创建另一个“phantom”裁谈会。", "“我们不以多数票就国家和全球安全这一重要问题进行谈判。", "“裁谈会目前僵局的原因在纽约不能比在日内瓦更清楚。 这项决议的结果将是挫败提案国寻求推动的国际不扩散和裁军目标。 ......", "该国在表达这一立场时明确表示,它不会参与任何此类进程,它绝不会受到这种机构产生的任何协议的约束。 值得注意的是,该国正在设法将某个具体问题排除在裁军谈判会议之外。 这种自相矛盾的做法是不可复制的。", "让我重申,巴基斯坦不会加入任何此类进程,也不考虑加入任何此类进程的成果。 必须铭记的是,将《禁产条约》从裁军谈判会议上退出谈判,也将为裁谈会议程上的其他项目,例如核裁军和消极安全保证,开创一个类似工作方式的先例。", "本迈希迪先生(阿尔及利亚)(以法语发言): 请允许我首先衷心感谢秘书长在第113次会议上所作的重要发言,其中申明他个人对裁军的承诺。 我还要感谢裁军事项咨询委员会主席Olga Pellicer女士,她很荣幸能向我们通报其委员会对该议程项目的审议情况。", "我国代表团欢迎为组织高级别会议而采取的举措,认为这次会议为会员国提供了一个新机会,在秘书长的倡议下,以更明确、更深入的方式继续交流。", "我国代表团完全赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义在第113次会议上所作的发言。", "阿尔及利亚高度重视裁军和不扩散问题。 关于裁军谈判会议未来的辩论得到了阿尔及利亚政府的特别关注。 事实上,鉴于对核裁军和不扩散制度的威胁,今天提出的观点侧重于多边谈判的美德,这是本着公平、负责和透明的精神考虑正当安全关切的首选手段。", "鉴于裁军谈判会议涉及的不同领域,裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局显然是引起真正关切的原因。 这种情况尤其影响到无核武器国家的利益。 阿尔及利亚认为,不能将僵局归咎于这一机构机制的失败或运作方式。 因此,不能将其归咎于议事规则,特别是协商一致规则,或列入会议议程。", "然而,有些人认为,僵局是由于议事规则不灵活,他们提议只将协商一致规则的范围限于实质性问题,并对设立附属机构等程序事项进行表决。 必须指出,在实质方面和形式方面,特别是在附属机构的具体方面,并不总是容易区分。", "显然,协商一致的规则也是保护所有国家的国家安全利益的一种方式,不仅是最强大的国家。 考虑到所有人的安全利益,这一规则原则上赋予条约缔结后的合法性,并确保其普遍性和有效性。", "关于裁军谈判会议的议程,阿尔及利亚认为,其组成部分——此外,受“十logue”的启发,并强调核威胁——仍然有效。 事实上,核武器仍然是对人类的最严重威胁。", "值得回顾的是,裁军谈判会议无疑为多边裁军作出了贡献。 第一届专门讨论裁军问题的大会特别会议于1978年设立,当时正是为了重振裁军机制,其任务是促进执行该届特别会议通过的《行动纲领》(S-10/2号决议,第三部分)。 具体而言,裁军谈判会议使通过《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》成为可能,尽管后者尚未生效。", "这两项成就之后,会议未能取得任何进一步的进展。 事实上,造成僵局的原因可见于裁谈会框架之外的裁军和安全政策发展。", "在现实中,显然缺乏政治意愿来处理裁谈会议程上的所有项目,并试图在“十logue”中与区域安全平衡中不确定因素相关的各点之间建立一个等级,是目前僵局的根源。 如果没有会员国表现出必要的政治意愿,共同解决问题,真正应对对所有人安全和国际和平的挑战,裁军谈判会议就无法继续其基本工作。 因此,应该在这方面采取行动,而通过诉诸另一种机制,有可能谴责裁军谈判会议被边缘化。", "有人提议,如果僵局继续存在,可以设想其他论坛谈判裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)。 我国代表团认为,这一步骤可能会损害该条约的既定目标,即加强不扩散、促进核裁军和普遍加入,而这对于使这样一项协定具有必要的政治基础和可信性仍然是必不可少的。", "大会不能剥夺裁军谈判会议的特权,甚至不能取代或剥夺其任何基本任务。 除了给会议带来严重后果开创先例外,这一步骤还将质疑裁谈会的核心和补充方面的普遍性和平衡。", "无论如何,阿尔及利亚支持裁军谈判会议工作方案中兼顾各方优先事项和关切的全面、平衡做法。 这种工作方案应涉及裁谈会议程上的所有项目,特别是我刚才提到的主要问题。 本着这一精神,阿尔及利亚代表团仍然认为,2009年5月协商一致通过的CD/1864号决定仍然有效。 该决定当然不是完美的结果,但正如其序言所述,妥协的结果是发展进程的一部分。", "第CD/1864号决定没有确定优先事项的等级。 它力求启动互动讨论和谈判进程,以营造信任气氛,并就核裁军和其他事项进行谈判。 似乎第CD/1864号决定的这个方面在序言中作了明确阐述,它常常被一些人遗忘,而另一些人则只保留了《禁产条约》的谈判。", "阿尔及利亚仍然深信,必须重申国际社会致力于把裁军谈判会议作为裁军谈判的唯一多边框架。 如果存在妨碍裁谈会完成任务的分歧,就应当召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议。 这将有机会重申,在更全面地审议裁军问题的框架内,应导致就裁军优先事项和裁军机制达成新的共识,包括各审议机构和作为谈判论坛的裁军谈判会议之间的协调。", "关于裁军事项咨询委员会的意见和建议,阿尔及利亚支持任何可能促进或有效重新启动裁军谈判会议工作的倡议,同时尊重其原有任务。", "Kodama先生(日本)(以英语发言):日本赞同澳大利亚代表以不扩散和裁军倡议的名义在第113次会议上所作的发言,以及荷兰代表以40多个国家的名义所作的发言。", "建立一个没有核武器的世界,所有核武器国家的多边裁军努力以及整个国际社会的一致行动至关重要。 从这个角度看,裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的作用非常重要,因为它将核武器国家和《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)非缔约国聚集在一起。 裁谈会及其前身起草了裁军领域的重要条约,如《不扩散核武器条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》。", "自关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议以来,近一年已经过去,在会议上达成了打破裁军谈判会议僵局的一致政治共识。 然而,在此期间,我们未能抓住这种共识所提供的机会。", "由于对广岛和长崎原子弹轰炸事件的周年纪念再次接近,日本公民的耐烦态度接近其极限,不能允许进一步的停滞。 我们必须立即开始裁军谈判会议核心议程项目的实质性工作,必须推进核裁军、裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)、消极安全保证和防止外层空间的军备竞赛。", "如果裁军谈判会议不能打破僵局,我们就必须考虑适当的替代办法,例如更多地使用大会。 在这方面,极为令人遗憾的是,一个国家的不合作行动妨碍裁谈会为国际社会的利益推进核裁军的极为重要的工作。 这种情况也令人怀疑裁谈会目前的形式。", "从这一观点出发,今天的后续会议和即将举行的大会会议,特别是10月份的第一委员会会议为我们提供了推动核裁军和振兴裁军谈判会议和裁军机制的重要机会。", "日本特别重视早日启动《禁产条约》谈判。 我们与澳大利亚政府一道,在裁军谈判会议的边缘主办了三次专家会外活动,并就复杂的技术问题进行了比裁谈会以往更为详细的讨论。 在这些附带活动之后,除了过去几年裁军谈判会议关于《裂变材料禁产条约》的非正式会议外,我们可以认为,技术讨论大部分已经完成。 因此,我们现在处于必须开始谈判的阶段。 我们必须为此目的进行政治讨论。", "日本最近与其他九个无核武器国家密切合作,启动了不扩散和裁军倡议。 我们已经于去年9月和今年4月举行了两次部长级会议,以促进坚定不移地执行在2010年不扩散条约审议大会上就某些问题达成的协议。 日本决心与这9个国家充分合作,制定有效建议,以便在核裁军和不扩散方面取得具体进展,包括早日开始谈判《裂变材料禁产条约》和提高透明度。", "至关重要的是保持最近举行的不扩散条约审议大会的成功势头,并继续推动采取积极行动,实现裁军和不扩散。 还可以在纽约这里做很多工作,支持这种行动。 为此,日本于今年5月与波兰和土耳其共同组织了一次研讨会,得到了纽约外交界的有力积极反应。 我期待着这种进一步的努力,以便继续促进裁军和不扩散,并导致振兴裁军谈判会议和裁军机制。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙): 我荣幸地代表裁军谈判会议的非正式观察国小组发言。", "我首先要赞扬主席将本次辩论安排在这个非常适当的时刻。 裁军和不扩散是全球关切的问题。 因此,观察国欢迎有机会发表意见。", "首先,我可以申明,该集团成员充分致力于裁军谈判会议及其振兴。 在认识到振兴是一个多层面进程的同时,我将只谈谈扩大问题,因为它是我们集团存在的理由。", "事实上,扩大工作早就应该进行,因为最后一次扩大工作可追溯到1999年。 请允许我在此回顾,议事规则规定,“裁谈会成员国将定期接受审查”,这几乎不是这样。", "然而,我们呼吁的主要原因是政治性的。 事实上,我们的推理非常简单、直截了当。 裁军谈判会议目前的成员不再反映世界。 自最近扩大以来,已有12年。 这种情况不符合今天的现实,如果目标是使裁谈会重新工作,肯定是不可持续的。", "裁军谈判会议一再走一段无数次的路,并不在真空中工作。 事实上,它不应该。 然而,为了与国际社会和现实重新联系,会议首先需要理解,自1999年以来,世界发生了变化。", "裁军谈判会议应当变得更加开放和更具包容性。 它应当严肃和紧急地考虑邀请更多国家加入,使它更能代表我们所生活的世界。 此外,我们应当铭记,虽然裁谈会成员有限,但这些决定具有全球性质。 这些问题事关所有人。", "为了真正取得成功,这一转变过程应当是包容性的、完全透明的,而不是有限和保守的。 我们认为,扩大是一个资产,而不是责任。 这是裁军谈判会议的新机会,是新的开端。 很简单的事实是,一些国家有兴趣加入裁谈会,这代表了一种明确而有力的政治声明,支持裁谈会在当今世界继续发挥作用。 如果我们能这样说,扩大会议将努力恢复裁谈会的合法性,因为考虑到当前的事态,这是应当适当考虑的问题。", "在这方面,我们再次呼吁尽早提名一位特别报告员,审查成员问题。 无论如何——请允许我非常明确地谈谈这一点——任命一名报告员并不预先判断任何具体结果。 不用说,决定由裁军谈判会议成员国决定。", "我们还借此机会强调,许多会员国、区域集团和其他组成机构——例如东南亚国家联盟、欧洲联盟和东欧集团——赞同我们的观点,它们在今年届会期间和今天再次表示坚决支持扩大成员和任命一名特别报告员。", "我们集团在裁谈会2011年年度会议前两期的几届全会上就扩大裁军谈判会议的问题作了发言。 我们还在第五十六届会议上向秘书长咨询委员会通报了此事。 因此,我们再次呼吁在正在进行的振兴辩论的背景下审议成员资格问题。", "在我发言的同时,我要再补充几点意见。 以此身份,我们完全赞同在第113次会议上代表欧洲联盟所作的发言以及我刚才所作的非正式观察国小组的发言。", "我要指出,我国承认裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的作用。 因此,葡萄牙致力于积极支持裁谈会的工作。 同样,裁谈会也必须尽自己的一份力量,即跟上目前的裁军议程。", "我们应当铭记,虽然裁谈会的成员有限,但其决定是全球性的。 这些问题事关我们大家。 因此,尽管存在长期僵局,仍有一些国家希望加入裁谈会,这代表了支持裁谈会相关性的明确而有力的政治声明。 我们认为,这种扩大将加强裁谈会的合法性。 虽然我们承认,扩大成员本身并不是解决办法,但它当然是改进会议运作的答案的一部分。", "瓦尔曼先生(以色列)(以英语发言):以色列高度重视讨论裁军谈判会议的振兴问题。 我们认真讨论这一问题确实是及时的,这不仅是因为裁谈会工作一直处于僵局之中,而且主要因为有人呼吁把属于裁谈会议程的问题放在外,甚至用另一个据称更适合这项任务的机构取代裁谈会。", "以色列不支持这些呼吁,也不认为这些呼吁有助于推动裁谈会开展有意义的工作。 裁谈会需要一个能够克服长期僵局的最新明确愿景,这一点不容置疑,但裁谈会的振兴工作必须在裁谈会内部进行。 没有任何魔.可给我们更好的解决办法或一个能够开展更有意义的裁军谈判进程的机构。", "裁军谈判会议是一个独特的实体,被广泛承认为裁军领域唯一的多边谈判机构。 其独一无二之处在于其成员——包括对这些问题具有最重大意义的国家——及其议事规则。 尽管议事规则受到一些人的批评是过时的,反映了过去的地缘政治现实,但以色列仍然相信,这些规则非常适合裁谈会议程上的问题的复杂性和敏感性。 议事规则,特别是协商一致规则,反映了保护重要安全利益的必要性,并向谈判国提供处理这些关键问题所需的舒适程度。", "人们必须真诚地审查多边领域的复杂性是否应当因试图在裁谈会之外处理大会1978年专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议赋予它的问题而规避,以及这种尝试能否产生预期的结果。", "在常规领域,独立进程迄今未能吸引最相关的国家参加新的法律安排,将对当地局势作出最重大改变。 《集束弹药公约》肯定是一个例子。 尽管100多个国家签署了这一文书,但现实的审查表明,约90%的集束弹药武库仍不在条约范围之内。 有关国家根本未走过路,正在寻求其他解决办法。 在这方面,非传统领域更为复杂。", "以色列不把裁军谈判会议的问题视为可行或有益的建议。 我们认为,会议应侧重于如何以有意义的方式提高自身的生产力。 虽然对四个核心问题仍然存在着僵局,但没有理由不就裁谈会议程上的其他问题开展实质性工作,甚至进行谈判。", "可以而且应当找到一个商定的公式,承认国际社会对四个核心问题仍然具有重要性和有效性,同时引导裁谈会采取务实的做法,从而谈判可能对安全与稳定产生重大影响的其他问题。 其中一个重要项目是专门讨论军备透明度的议程项目7。 本议程项目下可以讨论许多重要问题,例如谈判禁止向恐怖分子或便携式防空系统转让武器。 只要僵局继续存在,就能够而且应当就促进其他相关问题达成协议。", "过去几年来,裁军谈判会议很好地为国际社会服务。 废除这一机制太重要。 我们相信,裁谈会今后可以作出许多贡献。 让我们不要走一条可能阻止本机构这样做的道路。 相反,让我们注重现实和有益的方法,以挽救这一wa。", "哈比卜先生(伊朗伊斯兰共和国): 我谨赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义在第113次会议上所作的发言。", "我首先要用一个明智的 prove语发言,他说,“一位贫穷的工人指责他的工具”。 作为一个工具,裁军谈判会议通过制定主要的裁军国际法律文书,充分证明了其议事规则,包括协商一致规则的效率和效力,即使在冷战复杂的政治和安全背景下也是如此。", "尽管有人继续试图掩盖裁谈会无所作为的政治性质,利用诸如其议事规则等技术问题,正如裁军事项咨询委员会在其最近的报告中适当得出的结论,似乎程序性问题是政治性的。", "缺乏政治意愿是裁军谈判会议的主要问题。 因此,推动其活动的唯一选择是向这个重要和不可替代的论坛注入政治意愿,该论坛是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。", "我们认为,评估裁谈会业绩的任何可能举措都应透明、全面、公正,最重要的是由会员国推动。 它应注重解决问题的根源。 任何此类评估的主要目标应当是提高会议的业绩,同时保持会议的性质、作用、目的和权力。", "在裁谈会的任何考绩中,我们必须谨慎,不要把我们的考虑与夸大、悲观、预先判断和不信任情绪诊断混为一谈,因为这种做法只会使局势进一步复杂化和恶化。", "与赞成改变裁谈会协商一致规则的一些人不同,我们认为,裁谈会不能通过改变其议事规则的形式或方式加以改进,因为裁军条约具有敏感的性质,与国家的最高国家安全利益密切相关,因此,协商一致是制定此类条约的唯一途径,过去裁谈会内外缔结裁军条约就是这种情况。", "过去十年来,裁谈会的无所作为是由于缺乏政治意愿;一些国家无视所有国家的安全利益,以全面和平衡的方式审议所有核心问题;一些国家认为裁谈会是一个单一问题场所,不愿意承认其他问题的重要性;某些国家甚至不愿意就一项核武器公约开始长时间和长期具有约束力的谈判,以消除此类武器的存在对人类构成的威胁,而核裁军已被国际社会确定为裁军领域最优先的消极安全保证,这一点反映在第一届裁军特别联大关于裁军特别联大成果的谈判之中。", "我们认为,彻底消除核武器是最高优先事项,是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证。 为此,我们认为,裁谈会应侧重于推进核裁军议程和彻底消除核武器,从而建立一个无核武器的世界。", "在这方面,我们坚决支持裁军谈判会议早日开始谈判一项在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案,包括一项核武器公约。 我们也支持开始谈判,以缔结关于向无核武器国家提供消极安全保证和防止外空军备竞赛的普遍、无条件和具有法律约束力的文书。", "我们强调多边主义作为裁军和不扩散领域谈判的核心原则的有效性,尽管我们重申决心促进这一宝贵原则,但我们回顾,协商一致的结果SSOD-I至关重要,继续有效。 我们坚信,自第一届裁军特别联大设立裁军谈判会议以来,应对其挑战的最佳途径是召开第四届特别会议——这项建议得到许多国家,特别是不结盟运动120个成员国的大力支持。", "最后,我们认为,这种第四届特别会议和裁军谈判会议的作用不能用其他举措取代。 裁军谈判会议目前面临的问题并非新问题。 应对这一挑战的最佳途径是跨越其西端。", "安德森女士(爱尔兰): 秘书长于2010年9月召开的高级别会议有助于强调各国对裁军谈判会议僵局的根源的看法。 这次会议还强调了国际社会从讨论到采取行动的强烈愿望。 不仅需要重新评估裁军谈判会议的工作方法,而且需要重新评估联合国裁军审议委员会和第一委员会的工作方法。 所有这三个机构都必须更加积极,并随时准备改变其业务方式。", "我国的裁军办法植根于坚信多边合作符合所有国家的利益,特别是符合小国的利益,小国依赖一个强有力的、基于规则的国际制度。 我们在此开会的主要原因是,唯一的多边裁军谈判机构——裁军谈判会议——没有正常运作。 鉴于裁谈会至关重要的任务,这一功能失调令人深感不安。", "在我们寻求解决办法时,值得记住的是,裁军谈判会议过去在军备控制和裁军领域作出了杰出贡献。 没有理由不能再次这样做。", "鉴于这一记录,裁谈会16多年来未能开展实质性谈判工作,令人更加失望。 自我们1999年成为成员以来,爱尔兰没有看到任何有意义的工作。 这种情况很难解释或辩护。 它对多边主义的看法不好,对国际和平与安全具有明显的影响。 虽然裁军谈判会议的停滞可能是可以理解的,但在更广泛的裁军背景下却没有任何进展,但现在与我们近年来在其他地方看到的积极事态发展形成鲜明对照。", "爱尔兰随时准备就裁军谈判会议议程上的所有四个核心问题进行谈判。 尽管每个国家都有权促进和捍卫国家安全利益,但我们认为,协商一致的规则从未被设想为一种机制,使一国挫败绝大多数会员国希望就任何特定问题进行谈判的愿望。 我们认为,裁军谈判会议因此无法就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判,这是不可持续的。 任何核心问题的谈判都需要时间——很可能需要多年时间。 具体的国家关切可在谈判过程中解决,无论如何,不能根据协商一致规则达成协议。 然而,如果要达成协议,就必须开始谈判,这是不言而喻的。", "我国在裁军谈判会议上的主要目标是促进核裁军。 可以通过多种方式促进这项工作,包括缔结一项关于裂变材料的适当条约,其中将包括一个核查机制和涵盖现有库存,以及缔结一项关于消极安全保证的普遍、具有法律约束力的协定。 防止外层空间的军备竞赛是一个值得紧急关注的问题,以免失去防止这种军备竞赛的机会。", "虽然实质性分歧是裁军谈判会议瘫痪的根源,但我们认为,裁谈会组织起来的方式是促成因素。 争取协商一致甚至开始谈判,以及最基本的程序决定,有利于我们非常熟悉的那种僵局。", "阻碍进展的另一个因素是,对每年通过一项工作方案的要求的解释需要纳入复杂的谈判任务和其他细节,而不是像大多数其他多边机构那样仅仅成为活动日历。", "我们认为,扩大裁军谈判会议成员以及让民间社会更多地参与其工作,将加强全球公众舆论会议的代表,并加强其地位和信誉。", "与其他发言者一样,我欢迎秘书长咨询委员会提出的建议,并希望这些建议能够指导我们打破裁军谈判会议的僵局。 与此同时,我们不能回避这样一种严峻的现实,即制定和实施解决全球问题的办法的责任主要在于各国。 问题从根本上讲是政治意愿问题。", "这种责任远不止于裁军谈判会议。 裁军审议委员会连续12年没有实质性成果,这种情况不应继续下去。 第一委员会的工作方法也需要会员国注意。", "虽然委员会应该成为辩论裁军和不扩散领域最紧迫问题以及如何解决这些问题的主要论坛,但我们却看到时间的利用没有成效,因为例行提交决议的内容每年几乎没有变化,而且在许多情况下增加价值有限。", "在这一紧缩时期,我们大家必须证明我们如何分配我们稀缺的资源是合理的。 运行中的裁军机制是一个优先事项,但投入和结果之间必须有一种关系。", "最后,我愿表示希望,我们今天的交流将发出行动呼吁,并鼓励最直接相关各方重新评估其做法,接受它们与国际社会共同承担的参与、谈判和制订协议的责任,从而引导我们实现无核武器世界的最终目标。", "爱尔兰随时准备考虑推动我们的所有想法,包括咨询委员会通过大会活动向秘书长提出的建议,以及爱尔兰完全开放的关于裁军问题的另一届特别会议的可能性。 我们期待着10月份第一委员会进一步讨论。", "坎塞拉先生(乌拉圭)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,正如我看到大会堂里这么多席位空洞,我注意到,我这么多的同事坚定致力于裁军和不扩散,并对今天的辩论非常感兴趣,因此,我要说,我感到遗憾的是,由于本次辩论涉及的组织问题,参与的程度很低,正如投票率一样。", "我国赞同荷兰常驻代表代表要求召开本次辩论的国家所作的发言。", "乌拉圭是要求在议程项目162“2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议的后续行动:重振裁军谈判会议的工作和推动多边裁军谈判”下举行全体会议的国家之一。 因此,我们欢迎本次会议。", "2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议表明,联合国会员国重视多边主义,普遍关切影响裁军谈判会议的僵局,这损害了裁军谈判会议的信誉,影响到整个联合国系统。", "同样清楚的是,有必要迅速开始谈判一项非歧视性和可国际核查的条约,以禁止生产用于制造核武器的裂变材料,并需要就核裁军问题、消极安全保证和防止外层空间的军备竞赛开始实质性工作。", "令人遗憾的是,裁军谈判会议今年的实质性会议再次失去了宝贵的机会,因为它无法在其审议中的问题方面取得进展,也未能发出任何希望信号,表明局势在不久的将来会发生变化。", "我们都知道并认识到裁军谈判会议及其前身作为建立军备限制主要文书的真正论坛所取得的成就,以造福整个国际社会。 然而,由于系统存在内在缺陷、缺乏政治意愿或需要达成共识,13年多的不作为是无法辩解的。 成员和共识是负有职责的特权,因此裁军谈判会议必须满足其成员的期望,履行赋予它的任务,并根据我们时代的需要开展工作。", "乌拉圭承认,鉴于这种普遍的失败感,必须寻求迅速和有效的解决办法,以便重新启动裁军谈判会议的工作。", "为此,我谨提出三项关于振兴这些领域多边谈判的具体建议。", "第一,我们必须利用目前的政治关头,使温和的多边主义得以恢复。 必须重申国际社会为处理裁军问题而设立的机构的特权和合法性,必须坚持尊重国际法,将其作为各国和平共处不可或缺的规范。", "因此,乌拉圭呼吁裁军谈判会议毫不拖延地开始谈判一项禁止生产用于核武器的裂变材料的非歧视性和可国际核查的条约。 我国还敦促开始无条件谈判,以便达成一项具有法律约束力的消极安全保证协定,以确保无核武器国家不遭受核武器国家使用或威胁使用此类武器的灾难性后果。", "无核武器国家对消极安全保证的正当利益和合法愿望得到《联合国宪章》第二条第四项的法律和政治支持。 同样,乌拉圭呼吁谈判新的、有效的和可核查的多边文书,以期防止军备竞赛,包括在外空部署武器。", "第二,乌拉圭认为,振兴裁军谈判会议工作的一个途径是,把裁谈会成员扩大到已表示有兴趣加入的国家。 在这方面,我赞同葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议非正式观察员小组的名义所作的发言。 我国与自1982年以来主张扩大裁军谈判会议的25个其他国家一道,正式实现其加入裁军谈判会议的愿望。 因此,乌拉圭提议为裁军谈判会议任命一名特别协调员,以研究2011年其成员的扩大情况。", "第三,如果裁军谈判会议不能打破僵局,大会就不可避免地必须根据《联合国宪章》赋予它的任务采取行动,《宪章》第十一条规定大会", "“可审议维持国际和平与安全方面的合作的一般原则,包括裁军和军备管制的原则,并可就这些原则向会员国或安全理事会提出建议”。", "Çobanoğlu先生(土耳其)(以英语发言):土耳其高度重视裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构的工作,我们希望看到裁谈会恢复实质性工作。 出于这一原因,土耳其对要求召开今天会议的信函表示同‐。", "我们赞同荷兰常驻代表昨天代表签署该信的41个国家所作的发言。 土耳其也赞同澳大利亚常驻代表以不扩散和裁军倡议的名义所作的发言。 由于这些发言已经涵盖了我们的许多意见,我将仅以我国代表的身份谈以下几点。", "第一,虽然对裁军谈判会议的振兴有多种不同看法,但我们倾向于这一振兴进程是裁谈会本身进行的。 尽管如此,其他努力,如今天的会议,可能有助于形成势头,转达国际社会对恢复裁谈会实质性工作的强烈期望。", "第二,在集中精力振兴裁军谈判会议的工作的同时,我们不应忽视这样一个事实,即现有问题不仅限于裁军谈判会议。 事实上,它们涵盖所有多边裁军机制。 这并不是说这些问题是联合国裁军机制的问题。 相反,正如潘基文秘书长在昨天的开幕词(见A/65/PV.113)中非常雄辩地指出的那样,问题不是由车辆,而是由司机解决。 我们相信,只有通过各方展现的政治意愿和灵活性,才能全面解决这些问题。", "第三,关于裁军谈判会议工作方法的任何讨论都应考虑到,在涉及国际安全问题时,协商一致规则是不可或缺的工具。 所有国家可能不时需要这一工具,以保护其正当的安全利益。 我们认为,除协商一致规则外别无选择。", "最后,与其他一些代表团不同的是,我们认为,扩大裁军谈判会议并不是其振兴工作中的一个优先事项。 我们认为,裁军谈判会议目前的僵局与其组成没有任何关系。 事实上,如果裁谈会不能在其现有组成范围内解决其问题,那么在扩大后的集团内解决这些问题的可能性极小,甚至是不可能的,因为这将代表不同的优先事项和不同的利益。 我们还认为,关于扩大裁谈会的任何讨论都应逐个处理激励裁谈会成员对其工作的潜在贡献问题。", "我们希望看到裁谈会重新恢复活力,所有会员国的关切得到解决,就启动的核心问题开展实质性工作,从而打破裁谈会现有成员构成的长期僵局。", "雷特乔夫先生(保加利亚): 首先,请允许我表示,我国代表团高度赞赏德西总统和潘基文秘书长召开本次辩论。 作为呼吁的国家之一,我们特别感谢有机会对2010年9月举行的裁军谈判会议工作的振兴问题高级别会议进行后续讨论。", "保加利亚赞同代表欧洲联盟所作的发言以及荷兰代表以跨区域国家集团名义所作的发言。 我只想强调对我们非常重要的几个要点。", "我们都希望,2010年9月举行的高级别会议将推动裁军谈判会议的积极发展。 令人遗憾的是,情况并非如此,裁谈会迄今未能抓住全球裁军和不扩散的势头。 然而,我们都同意,僵局不能也不应继续。 15年已经丧失,我们不能承受失去更多时间的奢侈。", "具有讽刺意味的是,在不对称的威胁和共同安全挑战的时代,裁军谈判会议应当比以往任何时候都更具有现实意义,现在的工作负担过重,国际社会应当比以往更加确信多边主义是适当的办法。 僵局持续时间越长,裁军谈判会议的相关性就越受到质疑。", "这样做的借口——协商一致规则以及缺乏政治意愿等等——是众所周知的。 裁军谈判会议本身不能被指责。 责任在于我们及其成员。 变革应来自内部。 我们大家应自问,我们如何强烈希望使裁军谈判会议再次具有相关性和可信性。 协商一致的规则是存在的,但我们需要创造性地对待它,而不是利用它来使裁谈会成为人质。 创立这一规则是为了使成员能够根据妥协表达共同意愿,而不是把一名成员的观点强加于人。", "世界是相互关联的。 新的现实需要新的办法。 如果裁军谈判会议不能迅速适应新的挑战和条件,就会变得无关紧要。 新的活力迅速发展,裁谈会的对策也应如此。 裁谈会必须发挥作用,否则就有可能推动国际社会探讨与裁军和不扩散有关的多边谈判的其他途径。", "振兴后的裁军谈判会议意味着裁军谈判会议的运作符合新的现实。 然而,两个最紧迫的问题依然存在:第一,通过工作方案;第二,毫不拖延地开始关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。 任何国家安全关切,如果是正当的,都可以作为谈判进程的一部分加以解决,而不是阻碍裁谈会的实质性工作。 如果开始就裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判,则不应排除任何考虑。", "扩大裁军谈判会议成员无疑是适应新现实的一个步骤。 新成员将带来新的能源和新想法。 民间社会也是这一进程的一部分,非政府组织和研究机构可以发挥重要作用。 我们也呼吁改进第一委员会和联合国裁军审议委员会的工作方法。", "我们随时准备在10月份第一委员会第六十六届会议之前实现这些目标。 但是,最后,我要援引Bertholt Brecht的话,他说“由于事情是这样,事情不会停留在什么地方”。 这一想法与今天一样适用于裁军谈判会议。", "Cabactulan先生(菲律宾): 菲律宾赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。 我国代表团还支持葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的名义所作的发言,并支持荷兰代表以志同道合的国家集团的名义所作的发言。", "菲律宾重申,相信多边外交是进一步实现核裁军和核不扩散的最佳途径。 在2010年5月不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会上,缔约国在通过会议成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))时,在这些领域取得了重大进展。 在这方面,菲律宾提醒各缔约国,它们有义务执行行动计划,以及执行1995年关于中东问题的决议的一节,正如文件的结论和建议部分所列。", "高级别会议于2010年9月举行时采取了一项行动。 今天的辩论是近一年前举行的那次会议的继续。 尽管自那时以来已经过去了一段时间——事实上,裁军谈判会议就《全面禁止核试验条约》达成一致以来已经过去了15多年——但僵局依然存在。", "不能允许这种亵渎状态继续下去。 根据9月份上一次高级别会议的讨论,菲律宾和其他许多代表团认为情况是站不住脚的。 裁军谈判会议必须商定并执行工作方案。 如果不能,则必须采取其他明确的行动。 此外,由于自下而上的办法使裁谈会的改革工作陷于瘫痪,因为每届裁谈会成员国的协商一致规则赋予了类似否决权的权力,现在必须由大会设立裁军谈判会议,以自上而下的方式维护其权力。", "菲律宾与其他几个组成观察员国家非正式小组的代表团一道,认为裁军谈判会议迫切需要扩大其成员。 为了促进增强裁谈会的包容性和活力,菲律宾呼吁根据议事规则对裁谈会成员进行审查,并允许扩大其成员。 许多国家,目前是裁谈会的观察员,具有成为正式成员的合法愿望。 为便利这一审查,菲律宾呼吁裁军谈判会议任命一名扩大问题特别报告员/协调员。", "然而,还必须考虑替代手段。 裁军谈判会议可以称为唯一的多边裁军机构,但裁军协定是在裁军谈判会议之外制订的,包括《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》和《集束弹药公约》。 根据这些公约,并非所有国家都加入公约,事实上还未加入,但这并不排除各国最终成为缔约国的可能性。 菲律宾认为,关键是要尽快开始谈判。", "另一种可以仿效的方法是,谈判一项武器贸易条约的筹备工作正在进行之中,这属于大会决定举行联合国会议谈判该条约的大会范畴。 菲律宾还继续支持召开第四届裁军特别会议的呼吁,该会议可以全面重新评估和振兴联合国裁军机制。", "对我国代表团来说,重要的是不是哪个机构进行谈判,而是谈判实际上开始并产生比单纯的实际会议报告更为具体和具体的结果,裁军审议委员会4月份的最后一次会议就是这样。", "我们今天在此与会的国家有选择和艰难的决定。 我们是否在裁军谈判会议中保持和停留在裁谈会,希望困扰裁谈会的棘手问题会随着时间的推移而大魔化,从而在谈判裁军议程方面取得真正的进展? 或者,我们是否敢走过路,例如,许多国家在寻求其他途径方面走过了道路,《渥太华公约》和《奥斯陆公约》的谈判就是这种情况? 我们是否建立了与裁军谈判会议平行的进程? 我们希望我们能够效仿1978年第一届裁军特别会议的成功,把我们的希望寄给第四届裁军特别联大? 我们是否必须委托一些高级别小组进一步研究必须做些什么? 我们是否走大会的道路,让本机构发挥更重要和积极的作用,推动多边裁军谈判?", "不幸的是,正确的答案不明确。 对我们来说,很显然,我们必须作出选择,并尽快加以落实。 选择可能是让大会发挥更重要和积极的作用,并寻求创新和替代手段,推动多边裁军谈判。 如果我们不作出选择和采取行动,我们就将注定会陷入停滞和无所作为,从而增加迄今暂时搁置的武器可能遭受毁灭性和可怕的影响的机会。", "Manjeev Singh Puri先生(印度): 我与其他同事一道,感谢主席召开秘书长召开的高级别会议后续会议,我们的外交部长斯里·克里什纳阁下于2010年9月24日出席了会议。", "印度赞同以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "自召开高级别会议以来,将近一年已经过去。 裁军谈判会议仍然无法履行其谈判多边条约的首要任务。 我们同会员国一样,对裁谈会持续僵局感到失望。 我们认为,裁军谈判会议及其议事规则不应因这一僵局而受到指责。 我们认为,今天的会议应当发出一个强有力的信息,支持裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛,并为多边议程提供政治动力,其中包括早日在裁军谈判会议上开始关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。", "裁军谈判会议于2009年5月通过了一项关于其工作方案的协商一致决定,其中包括立即开始关于裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的谈判。 2010年9月24日高级别会议对CD/1864表示了非常广泛的支持。 事实上,秘书长随后在1月26日向裁军谈判会议发表讲话时重申的那次会议的第一项建议,要求裁军谈判会议在2011年通过这一建议或类似的工作方案。", "如果就一项工作方案达成共识,我们就协商一致的第CD/1864号决定达成了一致,那么印度将不支持这种共识,如果这样的决定有助于裁谈会早日开始实质性工作,包括根据CD/1299号文件所载的任务谈判一项《禁产条约》。 这不妨碍我们对核裁军的重视。", "印度坚定不移地支持全球、非歧视性和可核查的核裁军。 拉吉夫·甘地总理提出了建立一个无核武器和非暴力世界秩序的愿景性行动计划。 该计划提出了以有时限、普遍、不歧视、分阶段和可核查的方式实现核裁军的路线图。 可以回顾,第一届裁军特别会议的《最后文件》(S‐10/2号决议)将核裁军列为最高优先事项。 我们认为,核裁军的目标可以通过一个以普遍承诺和商定的多边框架为基础的循序渐进的进程来实现,这一框架是全球性的,也是非歧视性的。 我们需要所有拥有核武器的国家进行有意义的对话,以便建立信任和信心,减少这种武器在国际事务和安全理论中的突出地位。", "我谨重申,我们支持裁军谈判会议作为国际社会承认的单一多边谈判论坛。 会议继续负有履行这一职责的任务、成员、信誉和议事规则。 应由各会员国通过谈判达成能够普遍执行的多边条约来开展工作。 质疑会议可行性或相关性,或提出不现实的替代办法的建议,不会在所有有关国家的参与下,在推进商定的多边议程方面产生有益或富有成效的结果。 我们希望,我们今天的讨论将为裁军议程建立积极势头,并重申裁军谈判会议作为实现共同目标的唯一多边谈判论坛的关键作用。", "艾季莫娃夫人(哈萨克斯坦): 我国代表团赞扬主席对秘书长去年9月24日就重振裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的主题召开的重要高级别会议采取后续行动。", "我们也感谢德西总统、潘基文秘书长、裁军事项咨询委员会主席奥尔加·佩利奇女士和裁军谈判会议秘书长兼联合国日内瓦办事处总干事卡西姆·乔马尔·托卡耶夫先生所作的发言。 他们的见解和秘书长对上述会议的总结表明,加强裁军机制,实现裁军和不扩散的共同愿景,迈出了重要步骤。 我们还重申,裁军有助于应对其他全球挑战,包括减贫、气候变化和实现千年发展目标。", "哈萨克斯坦坚定、一贯地支持核不扩散与核裁军的愿景,其决定就是关闭其核试验场,放弃世界上最大核武库之一。 作为裁军谈判会议的成员,哈萨克斯坦高度重视该论坛及其过去的贡献。 然而,令人遗憾的是,裁谈会未能达到预期。 现在是评估克服过去十年在普遍接受的关键问题上的僵局的具体战略的时候了,以便加快裁军和不扩散进程。", "与其他会员国一样,哈萨克斯坦同意,早日开始谈判一项非歧视性、多边和可国际核查的裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)至关重要。 这样一项条约将使非法军事核方案保持在最低限度,大大改善对现有材料的控制,从而大大减少核恐怖主义的威胁。", "作为位于拜科努尔宇宙航天发射场综合体并参与外层空间国际合作以及本国在多边合作基础上发展空间的国家,哈萨克斯坦呼吁严格维护外层空间的和平活动,并敦促裁谈会将此问题列入其议程。 鉴于参与和依赖空间方案的国家越来越多,我们应当与处理空间探索问题的其他国际实体接触,进一步促进防止外层空间的军备竞赛。", "我国总统努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫在2010年4月于华盛顿特区举行的全球核安全首脑会议上发言,呼吁起草一份关于核大国向无核武器国家提供安全保证的具有法律约束力的国际文书。 只有这种保证才能有效地遏制某些无核武器国家获得核武器作为自身安全保障的愿望。 下一步应该是起草一个无核武器世界的普遍宣言,这将重申所有国家决心自愿和逐步地迈向一个无核武器世界的公约。", "我国代表团赞同其他会员国的看法,即目前的僵局损害了裁谈会的信誉,并对裁军谈判会议的相关性提出质疑。 人们认为,目前多边谈判停滞不前,不仅是因为缺乏政治意愿,而且是因为裁军机制存在缺陷。", "总之,我国代表团呼吁大会和会员国考虑如何审查裁谈会的任务、成员、结构和工作程序,加强裁军和不扩散措施,立即开始《裂变材料禁产条约》、为和平目的利用外层空间、具有法律约束力的消极安全保证条约以及宣布或公约禁止核武器。 必须重新考虑协商一致的原则,以便使裁谈会成为一个强大和可行的实体,而不是像一些国家所建议的那样在联合国之外开展决策过程。 裁谈会的工作应首先就过去确定的问题和近期出现的问题制定相关和有效的议程。 因此,我们完全支持秘书长的建议,即任命一个知名人士高级别小组,寻求加强裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议的途径。", "最后,我要向大会保证,哈萨克斯坦将采取一切可能步骤,加强裁军谈判会议,加强对多边裁军进程的承诺。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大): 首先,我要感谢大会主席召开本次会议,讨论这个非常重要的议题。 我希望,我们今天会聚在一起,庆祝对恢复多边裁军谈判前景的新希望和热情。 我们不是。 裁军谈判会议仍然陷于僵局,实际上被打破。 需要进行关键的体制改革。", "因此,当加拿大外交部长约翰·贝尔德阁下宣布加拿大暂停在北朝鲜主持下参加裁谈会时,加拿大还主动改革裁军谈判会议主席甄选方法。 加拿大坚信,裁谈会的领导是一种特权,只应当给予那些促进和遵守裁军谈判会议价值观和目标的人。 正如我国部长所说的那样,在核扩散和不遵守情事方面,担任裁军机构的主席,是荒唐的。", "加拿大高兴地担任了裁谈会2011年六位轮流担任主席的首任主席,并且也是若干具有不扩散全权证书和坚定致力于裁军的国家。", "今年到目前为止,裁谈会成员国就裁谈会的四个核心议程项目进行了讨论。 但让我们明确。 裁军谈判会议的任务是谈判而不是仅仅讨论裁军。 裁谈会2011年届会已经结束,关于工作方案的立场仍然根深蒂固,相互排斥。 我们争取裁谈会在2011年恢复工作的努力尚未取得成功,尽管加拿大将在8月份继续努力实现这一目标,北朝鲜不再担任主席——", "代理主席(以英语发言):我请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表就程序问题发言。", "里·汤·伊先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国): 我要求发言是因为加拿大代表刚才提到朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是北朝鲜。 朝鲜民主主义人民共和国是联合国的一个会员国,主席先生,我谨请你敦促这位发言者就此表态。", "代理主席: 我们注意到朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表提出的程序问题,我请加拿大代表继续发言。", "侯赛因先生(加拿大): 鉴于裁军谈判会议继续陷于僵局,加拿大认为,必须认真努力落实去年9月高级别会议。 加拿大是去年9月高级别会议上发言赞同裁谈会最后期限的国家之一,如果实质性工作——包括谈判——到今年秋天才开始的话。 具体而言,我们认为,大会第六十六届会议也可以审议如何开展裁谈会的工作。", "在2月28日的会议上,加拿大前外交部长劳伦斯·坎农阁下再次敦促裁谈会成员在盒子外思考。 我们今年看到了一些新思维的积极证据。 澳大利亚和日本关于裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的会外活动是一个明显的例子。 值得注意的是,加拿大认为,现在也到了裁军谈判会议之外思考的时候。", "一项《禁产条约》是加拿大作为下一个裁军文书的最优先事项,虽然我们希望看到谈判在裁军谈判会议上开始,但我们与不履约的多边机构的耐心并非是无限的。 目前,65个国家中有一个国家援引次区域战略问题,阻止裁谈会谈判《禁产条约》。 然而,明天可能很容易成为另一个滥用裁谈会在程序问题上的协商一致规则的国家,以便打乱实质性多边裁军谈判。 这从来不是协商一致规则的目的。", "加拿大认为,启动关于《禁产条约》的外部谈判进程不会进一步危及裁军谈判会议,裁军谈判会议自1998年以来未能执行工作方案。 因此,我们欢迎美国最近的声明,即它正在就开始《禁产条约》谈判的替代办法进行协商。 我们同意,《禁产条约》的成功将需要拥有核武器的国家的积极参与。 随着许多核武器国家宣布暂停生产用于核武器的裂变材料,现在是开始《禁产条约》谈判的时候了。 普遍性是能够随着时间的推移而形成的。", "(以法语发言)", "加拿大对《禁产条约》谈判的方式和地点持灵活态度,并将在北朝鲜担任主席后重新参加裁军谈判会议,重点改革本机构,并处理与其其他核心议程项目有关的重要问题。", "我们期待着尽可能广泛地讨论裂变材料停产条约谈判的所有可能替代途径的优点。 仍然摆在桌面上的想法是,通过设立第一委员会的小组委员会来开展实质性工作。 还提出了其他设想。 就我们而言,加拿大不反对召开第四届裁军特别会议,但我们认为,就裂变材料禁产条约开始谈判不应等待这一更广泛进程的结果。 我们现在能够而且应该开始这些谈判。", "黎怀忠先生(越南)(以英语发言):越南赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "过去一年来,我们看到了一些积极的事态发展,反映在美国和俄罗斯联邦于2月生效以及《不扩散核武器条约》缔约国2010年审议大会成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50)获得通过。 然而,世界各地的冲突仍在继续,亚洲、中东和北非出现了不稳定和新的安全危险。 军备竞赛的危险也增加了。 在此背景下,令人遗憾的是,裁军谈判会议仍然陷于僵局,因为它甚至不能商定工作方案。", "裁军谈判会议缺乏进展,不仅使裁谈会无法有效地促进建立一个更加和平与安全的国际环境,而且也损害了对这一重要多边裁军论坛的信心。", "由于时间限制,我们要强调若干问题。 第一,核裁军仍然是裁军的最高优先事项。 我谨回顾关于核裁军的第65/56号决议的通过,其中呼吁裁军谈判会议在2011年初设立一个核裁军特设委员会,并就导致彻底消除核武器的核裁军分阶段方案展开谈判。 为此,我敦促核武器国家进一步采取实质性和实际行动,实现彻底核裁军,特别是带头开始谈判一项核武器公约。", "第二,联合国裁军机制在裁军和不扩散及军备控制进程中的中心作用应当得到维护。 我们敦促裁军谈判会议通过一项平衡和全面的工作方案,涵盖所有紧迫问题,如核裁军、消极安全保证、防止外空军备竞赛和裂变材料禁产条约。 为此,我要呼吁表现出更大的政治意愿、灵活性和合作。", "第三,多边裁军谈判应旨在加强和平与国际安全,实现消除核战争危险的最终目标,并执行制止和扭转军备竞赛的措施。 这种谈判进程应以大会第一届特别会议商定的基本原则为基础。 这些原则包括严格遵守《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则,尊重平等参与的权利,充分承认联合国在裁军领域的作用,并适当考虑到世界各国人民的重大利益。", "越南的一贯政策是争取和平并支持不扩散大规模毁灭性武器,以实现全面彻底裁军的目标。 越南加入了所有主要的禁止大规模毁灭性武器多边条约,并一直是许多联合国裁军机构的积极成员。 在东南亚地区,它还在执行《东南亚无核武器区条约》及其《行动计划》方面与东南亚国家联盟其他成员和其他伙伴密切合作。 越南将继续与所有其它国际伙伴合作,争取在裁军领域取得进一步进展。", "埃列尔先生(墨西哥)(以西班牙语发言): 墨西哥完全赞同荷兰代表团代表若干国家和澳大利亚代表团代表参与裁军和不扩散倡议的国家所作的发言。", "墨西哥还欢迎秘书长潘基文先生采取行动,在其五点计划中推动多边裁军谈判,并在2010年召开高级别会议。 同样,我们注意到裁军事项咨询委员会主席提交的报告。", "2010年高级别会议揭示了不同裁军论坛,特别是裁军谈判会议运作不良的性质的不同看法。 然而,它也显示了国际社会对该问题的极大兴趣,鉴于这个问题影响到人类的安全和生存,这个问题令我们大家感到关切。", "墨西哥全力支持裁军谈判会议及其前身机构,它们都是为实现我国最优先重视的目标而设立的。 因此,受托谈判具有法律约束力的保障我们人民安全文书的论坛在过去15年中未能就其议程上的任何项目开展实质性工作,未能完成任务,这是不能接受的。", "也没有就影响裁军谈判会议的瘫痪原因达成一致。 有些人认为,这是外部因素造成的,而会议是情况的受害者。 另一些委员认为,该论坛的机能失调,是因为它旨在在冷战的背景下,而不是在二十一世纪的多极背景下开展工作。 僵局可能是这两种因素相结合的结果。 显然,裁军谈判会议的工作方法是在不同时期设计的。 这影响到其决策及其实质性工作。", "裁军谈判会议成员的有限性质、其区域集团的构成以及民间社会的不参与也是不合时代的因素。 然而,破坏裁谈会工作的最大障碍已证明是协商一致规则,它被解释为有必要在实质性问题和形式问题上达成绝对一致。 这种解释将这一规则变成了裁军谈判会议65个成员的否决权。 当行使否决权时,国际社会大多数都被剥夺实现全球议程上一个优先事项的更高目标的机会。 否决权甚至被用来阻止通过一项工作方案。 似乎有一个先决条件,即必须在谈判开始之前就实质性问题达成协议,因为裁军谈判会议有具体的谈判义务。", "确保裁军谈判会议完成其任务的责任主要在于其成员,但归根结底,联合国全体会员国都感到关切,1978年,联合国所有会员国指定裁军谈判会议为唯一的多边裁军论坛。", "这使我们有机会退步,从大会的角度审视日内瓦正在发生的情况。 我们从这里看到的情况以及非裁军谈判会议成员的128个国家——即三分之二成员——的看法是,在过去15年里,裁军谈判会议至少有一个成员国准备行使否决权,从而阻止该论坛履行大会赋予的任务。", "我们还注意到,大会一再呼吁裁军谈判会议开始其工作,但并未受到重视。 如果这种情况继续存在,大会应仔细考虑这一问题,采取必要措施,撤销给予不再符合其愿望的机构的特权。", "2005年,墨西哥与其他国家一道,提议在大会开始裁军谈判,希望裁军谈判会议通过工作方案并完成任务。 墨西哥仍然愿意鼓励采取这一步骤或任何其他措施,为开始多边裁军谈判提供真正的可能性。", "最后,我们相信,大会将在其即将举行的届会上承担这方面的责任。", "Errázuriz先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言): 我国代表团感谢大会主席召开本次辩论会并致力于振兴裁军议程。 我们也赞赏秘书长对重新启动裁军和不扩散谈判的兴趣。 2010年举行的五点计划和高级别会议证明,对于多边系统有效开展工作从而促进集体安全、发展、和平与国际安全至关重要的问题,具有高度的政治责任。", "智利赞同埃及常驻代表以不结盟运动的名义、澳大利亚常驻代表以参与不扩散和裁军倡议的10个国家的名义以及荷兰常驻代表以41个有关国家的名义所作的发言。", "首先, 智利愿重申其对普遍多边主义、特别是裁军和不扩散问题的承诺。 我们赞赏保护我们个人安全利益和整个国际社会利益的多边裁军和安全机构。", "没有理由分析裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的原因,以及当国际社会想要的是具体行动以及更强有力的裁军和军备限制标准和文书时,裁军机制运作失灵。 这是一个我们已经取得进展的领域,是裁军谈判会议应当走到的有利气氛。", "经过十多年的无益年之后,裁军谈判会议陷入了无法维持的限制性局势。 旨在达成一项协议,使其能够恢复谈判职能的振兴进程需要广泛的政治承诺,这种政治承诺可以在各国认为其有有效论坛参与建立一个更安全的世界和保护本国合法利益的框架内形成。", "关于议事规则的自我诊断和辩论,必须设法采取措施,使裁谈会能够在短期内重新一致,或寻求能够充分符合国际社会利益的替代办法。 我们建议分析哥伦比亚提交的CD/1931号文件,该文件全面描述了裁军谈判会议的看法、兴趣和局限性。", "振兴大会需要修订其某些核心方面,例如其组成、程序和协商一致规则。 虽然我们认为保留这一规则是就事关国家安全的事项达成广泛基础的一种方式,但不应将其滥用到仅仅对程序问题进行瘫痪的时刻。 区域集团的组成是必须分析的另一个要点。 在21世纪,裁军谈判会议绝不能抛弃民间社会。 它应当与民间社会建立桥梁,并与民间社会进行更大的互动。 所有这些政治问题都必须成为一揽子谈判的一部分。", "智利对于在裁军和不扩散问题多边谈判中可能取得进展的各种选择有着广泛和灵活的态度。 我们不打算取代裁军谈判会议。 我们宁愿作为该领域悬而未决的谈判论坛,在其内部开展工作。 然而,我们必须清楚地看到,我们愿意审查替代办法。", "我们在纽约这里开会,这可能导致我们确立大会就裁军和不扩散问题采取行动的权利,而裁军和不扩散问题对裁军谈判会议的作用和任务有着真正和直接的影响。 如果现状继续下去,将难以质疑这一步骤的合法性。", "联合国系统附属机构本身并非目的。 它们只是满足和引导国际社会的政治愿望和需要的手段。 裁军是一项共同的全球利益。 裁军谈判会议或所谓裁军机制的其他机制,如其他机构一样,在30多年前专门讨论裁军问题的大会第一届特别会议上,它们都起源于它们。 第四届裁军特别会议可以成为实行改革的适当论坛,使国际社会掌握目前情况所需的工具。", "我们应当自问,裁军谈判缺乏进展是否与裁军谈判会议有结构性联系,而裁军谈判会议是该机构特有的问题,还是源于可能影响到任何裁军论坛的主要行为者的战略和政治利益。 如果是后者,只有通过这些行为体和整个国际社会的坚定承诺和政治意愿,才能取得进展。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚): 请允许我首先感谢大会主席和秘书长亲自倡议组织今天在议程项目162“2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议的后续行动: 振兴裁军谈判会议的工作,推进多边裁军谈判”。 我谨欢迎担任秘书长裁军咨询委员会主席的Pellicer女士与会,我们非常期待地期待着他的意见,我们认为这将大力支持我们的工作。 我还要感谢裁军谈判会议秘书长托卡耶夫先生的发言。", "在我开始发言之前,我谨表示,斯洛文尼亚赞同欧洲联盟、葡萄牙代表日内瓦裁军谈判会议的非正式观察国小组以及荷兰代表支持2010年9月24日举行的高级别会议后续行动倡议的国家所作的发言。", "我想就今天的讨论谈三点。", "第一,我们认为,现在是继去年9月在这里举行的高级别会议之后作出具体后续决定的时候了。 我们希望,在今天的会议之后,我们将更多地了解如何在下届大会上开展工作。 我们同样希望,秘书长咨询委员会将是有益的,并将向秘书长和会员国提供这方面的有益建议。", "第二,斯洛文尼亚认为,目前全球多边裁军谈判僵局清楚地表明,我们迫切需要对现有国际裁军机制进行全面改革。 1979年成立的日内瓦裁军谈判会议需要适应二十一世纪当代世界的现实。 最重要的是,它应当向所有希望为国际和平与安全作出贡献的有关国家敞开大门。 国际和平与安全对世界各国都很重要,不仅对裁军谈判会议现任成员群体而言。 我们坚信,新成员将丰富裁谈会的工作,帮助裁谈会克服目前的僵局。", "让我借此机会重申我们的长期观点,即裁谈会应当立即开始裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)的谈判,不再拖延。 我们相信,《禁产条约》将有效地补充《不扩散核武器条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》,并将进一步指导我们走向一个没有核武器的世界。", "第三,重振裁军谈判会议是改革国际裁军机制的第一步。 在这方面,我们还应重新考虑联合国裁军审议委员会的作用,今年该委员会再次未能取得任何重大成果。 改革应当全面和有效,还应重新界定第一委员会的作用。", "最后,斯洛文尼亚欢迎秘书长和许多国家努力推动裁军进程。 我们期望,在秋天,我们将开始认真讨论关于如何实施我们去年高级别会议开始的进程的具体建议。 时间至关重要,请允许我邀请所有国家同我们一道努力,打破国际裁军谈判的僵局,开始有效改革国际裁军机制,最终将取得成果,并推进我们的最终目标——一个没有核武器的世界。", "阿卜杜拉先生(马来西亚): 我首先要感谢秘书长不断努力促进建立一个无核武器的世界。", "我赞同埃及代表不结盟运动在第113次会议上所作的发言。 我们还要感谢荷兰在同一次会议上代表41个国家所作的发言,我们认为这同本次辩论的目的密切相关。", "裁军谈判会议、联合国裁军审议委员会、大会第一委员会和《核不扩散条约》审议进程是各国共同努力实现我们在有效国际监督下全面彻底裁军这一共同目标的多边平台。 为此原因,裁谈会尤其不能永远陷于僵局。 我们需要确定正确的优先事项,并集中全力实现这些目标。", "今后,我国代表团愿重申国际法院的一致结论,即各国有义务真诚地开展和结束导致在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面的核裁军的谈判。 因此,我们要强调,应当通过通过一项核武器公约来彻底消除核武器。 裁军谈判会议必须尽早开始实质性工作,以便在裁军和不扩散领域取得进一步进展。", "还值得回顾的是,裁军谈判会议、裁军审议委员会和第一委员会是大会专门讨论裁军问题的第一届特别会议的成果。 因此,我们认为这三个机构都对大会负责。 在这方面,我们支持召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议,这可能有助于推进裁军议程。", "也可考虑的另一个替代办法是,可以通过一个知名人士小组审查每个实体的有效性,该小组将就如何振兴联合国裁军机制提出建议。 马来西亚在去年举行的振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议上的发言中提到了这一点。 裁军事项咨询委员会最近的报告建议部分也提到这个问题。 马来西亚愿意探讨所提出的任何其他可行的设想。", "透明度和完全包容应是裁军谈判会议的指导原则。 我们支持扩大会议,并商定应当给民间社会以进一步的机会,以有意义的方式跟踪会议进程。", "最后,我们不能强调,各国以具体方式表现出的真正和强有力的政治意愿,对于在裁军谈判会议和联合国其他机关推进多边裁军谈判绝对至关重要。 马来西亚愿意与其他代表团密切合作,开展这一共同努力。", "费尔南德斯-阿里亚斯·米努埃萨先生(西班牙)(以西班牙语发言):西班牙赞同在第113次会议上代表欧洲联盟所作的发言。", "不到一年前,即去年9月24日,在秘书长的主持下举行了一次高级别会议,目的是评估裁军谈判会议的状况及其陷入僵局的原因。 这一工作导致对目前情况进行了彻底分析,部长和其他高级别代表广泛参与,第65/93号决议对此予以确认。 这也凸显了秘书长令人赞赏的坚定承诺,他把振兴裁军机制作为其优先事项之一。", "令人遗憾的是,我们必须得出结论,裁军谈判会议的瘫痪一直持续到2011年,没有任何决议的迹象。 争取使这一谈判机构摆脱僵局的努力和呼吁迄今没有结果。", "可以说,由于我们没有取得任何进展,我们处于一年前的同样地位。 然而,一年前,我们可以相信,从裁军和不扩散领域的一系列好消息——例如签署《新裁武条约》、华盛顿核安全首脑会议以及根据《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)审查会议就行动计划达成共识——所产生的一些积极势头将对裁军谈判会议产生传染性影响。 然而,这一希望仍未实现,虽然裁军议程在其他论坛取得进展,但日内瓦会议继续浪费其手段、努力和精力,又一年没有采取以通过工作方案的方式达成共识的第一步——这是2009年令人痛苦的。", "近几年来,人们常说,裁军谈判会议的工作虽然不产生作用。 其大量——也许过多——的会议时间表提供了其劳动力的证据。 然而,我们不得不怀疑,这些劳工如果像不生产一样艰难,除了为了自己的利益而做例行公事之外,是否没有任何理由,因为他们无法打破谈判的僵局。", "确实,尽管裁谈会本届会议在谈判方面无所作为,而且由于加拿大、智利、中国和哥伦比亚主席所作的值得称道的努力,我们还是提出了无数的方案、倡议和建议,我们认为,其中许多建议是十分合理的。 这不是缺乏的想法,而是没有足够的共识来实现这些目标。", "鉴于这种关键的趋同,把国际社会和民间社会为裁军取得进展而发出的lam与一个无效或以任何速度停滞不前的裁军机制混为一谈,应当做些什么?", "理想是在裁军谈判会议框架内取得进展,裁军谈判会议过去曾表明自己是就《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《不扩散核武器条约》和《全面禁止核试验条约》等重要成就进行国际谈判的有效论坛。", "正如6月16日所表明的那样,西班牙致力于这一方针,当时,西班牙与德国、荷兰、墨西哥、瑞典、土耳其、保加利亚和罗马尼亚共同介绍了CD/1910号文件,该文件是一份联合讨论文件,旨在推动裁军谈判会议就裂变材料问题展开辩论。", "我们可以继续振兴裁军谈判会议,但以无限耐心这样做是错误的。 我们的任务太重要和紧迫,不能把它留给一个14年来无法完成任务的单一论坛。 换言之,如果辩论是在裁军和不扩散领域取得进展或裁军谈判会议上取得进展,那么我们大家只能对此作出回应,必须一劳永逸地听到。", "但让我们不要预想事件。 目前,本次会议为探讨裁军谈判会议瘫痪的原因和可能的解决办法提供了新的机会,我们绝不能浪费这一机会。 在这方面,我们愿加入欧洲联盟提出的具体建议。 我们尤其要提请注意以下几点。", "第一,我们呼吁裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和裁军审议委员会审查其工作方法,在其提交大会的报告中适当审查这个问题,同时请大会继续关注这一问题及其后续行动。 第二,我们呼吁拥有核武器的国家宣布并维持暂停生产用于核武器和其他爆炸装置的裂变材料。 最后,我们呼吁裁谈会成员国毫不拖延地启动裂变材料禁产条约的谈判,并开始就议程上的其他项目开展工作。", "在我们探索和促进裁军谈判会议的具体建议时,我们必须既大胆又现实,始终铭记,正如Alexis de Tocqueville所说,我们习惯于呼吁必要的机构有时只是我们习惯的机构。", "马赫莫德先生(孟加拉国): 5月 主席先生,我向你转达孟加拉国代表团对安排这次重要的全体会议作为2010年9月24日举行的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动表示赞赏。", "我赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。 此外,我想从我国的角度谈谈某些核心内容。", "美利坚合众国和俄罗斯联邦之间关于裁减军备的协定是多年来裁军谈判lu淡的重要积极步骤。 这是朝着正确方向迈出的一步,但最终不足以使地球摆脱核武器的 cur。 我们希望,缔约国将抓住这次全会的机会,会议为我们大家,包括尚未成为相关文书缔约方的国家,在实现彻底消除核武器方面提供指导。", "孟加拉国是一个民主、世俗和包容性的社会。 我国有着不可回避的裁军和不扩散记录,致力于争取普遍加入《不扩散核武器条约》(不扩散条约)和《全面禁止核试验条约》(全面禁试条约)。 孟加拉国已无条件地选择自己作为无核选择。 我们是南亚第一个批准《全面禁试条约》的附件2国家。 我们还与国际原子能机构(原子能机构)缔结了保障监督协定,包括附加议定书。", "孟加拉国根据宪法致力于实现全面彻底裁军。 作为这一承诺的体现,孟加拉国议会还通过了一项支持2010年不扩散条约审议大会的决议。 该决议除其他外,强调必须执行《不扩散条约》的所有三大支柱,即核裁军、核不扩散以及和平利用核能。 它还重申支持《不扩散条约》第四条,该条保障《不扩散条约》所有缔约国在原子能机构的保障监督和核查机制下,不受歧视地并按照《条约》第一条和第二条的规定,为和平目的研究、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利。 孟加拉国议会在其一致意见中还认为,使用核武器将构成国际罪行,包括危害人类罪、危害和平罪、战争罪和灭绝种族罪。 孟加拉国政府完全支持这一议会决议。", "孟加拉国坚定支持以多边方式处理核不扩散和核裁军问题。 我们认为,裁军谈判会议是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。 我们也支持联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门审议机构裁军审议委员会的工作。", "我们认为,大规模毁灭性武器对人类构成最严重的威胁。 我们仍然认为,只有彻底消除核武器,才能保证不使用或威胁使用核武器,防止此类武器落入恐怖分子之手。", "孟加拉国深信,除了发电之外,原子能机构的保障监督和核查制度中和平利用核技术可能有助于应对我们面临的一些老旧和当代发展挑战,包括饥饿、疾病、自然资源管理和气候变化。 令人不安的是,通过不符合《条约》规定的措施,继续对发展中无核武器国家用于和平目的的材料、设备和技术的出口实行不适当的限制。 必须消除这些障碍。", "令人关切的是,核武器国家不仅增加了现有核武器储存的更精确的能力,而且正在开发新型武器。 我们强调,《不扩散条约》的非签署国有合法权利接受核武器国家的无条件保证,即核武器国家不会对它们使用或威胁使用核武器。", "孟加拉国还从发展的角度看待裁军和不扩散议程。 当发展中国家,特别是像孟加拉国这样的最不发达国家正在努力实现千年发展目标时,我们的良知不能成为每年大约1.5万亿美元的军备开支的理由。 充分执行裁军和不扩散议程,包括核裁军和不扩散议程,对于实现这一目标至关重要。", "让我重申,尽管我提到过一切,但我们并没有失去对自己的信任。 虽然我们承认,我们走向无核武器世界的征程并非易事,但我们认为,困难不应阻止我们开始追求一个无核武器世界,为自己和我们的孩子。 我们必须留下一个对子孙后代来说可以居住的地球。 让我们下定决心,在今天发挥作用。", "塔拉斯先生(芬兰): 主席先生,我要感谢你召开本次关于这一紧迫议题的全体会议。", "芬兰赞同荷兰代表欧洲联盟和一些志同道合的国家所作的发言。", "自去年9月在纽约举行的高级别会议以来,将近一年过去了,我们没有看到任何进展。 这种情况的原因众所周知。 裁军谈判会议十年之久的谈判中断,有可能破坏多边裁军谈判制度。 联合国裁军机制处于危险之中。 这种情况要求所有会员国重新参与政治,重新思考。 一切照常行事不是一种选择。 我们最迫切需要的是恢复多边裁军谈判的强烈政治意愿。 我们希望本次会议将有助于实现这一意愿。", "我们需要毫不拖延地在裁军谈判会议上开始关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。 这将使我们更接近于我们建立一个无核武器世界的目标,对我们的不扩散努力至关重要。 裂变材料禁产条约将有助于执行《不扩散核武器条约》的所有三大支柱。", "裁军谈判会议必须接受《新裁武条约》和核安全首脑会议所体现的核裁军和不扩散势头。 芬兰敦促所有会员国通过具体行动努力实现彻底核裁军。", "我们还可以采取一些实际步骤,振兴联合国裁军机制的工作。", "第一,我们应当审查裁军谈判会议、第一委员会和裁军审议委员会的工作方法。 我们需要更实质性的讨论,寻找共同点,减少程序。", "第二,多边谈判需要所有相关各方的参与。 有必要审查裁军谈判会议的成员基础,以确保其包容性。", "第三,我们需要新的想法,并更好地与联合国会议室外的现实联系起来。 我们应当加强民间社会和学术界的声音,找到办法,更好地利用它们对我们工作的宝贵贡献。", "我们承诺竭尽全力,在芬兰担任大会第六十三届会议第一委员会主席期间推动多边裁军谈判。 我们希望,随着所有会员国的政治重新参与,我们能够共同推进振兴议程。", "塔拉迪先生(南非)(以英语发言):南非感谢有机会就多边裁军议程进行公开和诚实的讨论,特别是有机会审查自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来所取得的进展。", "我国代表团赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言,以及荷兰代表以世界各区域国家集团名义所作的发言。", "第一届专门讨论裁军问题的大会特别会议(第一届裁军特别联大)的一项成果是,认识到需要一个规模有限的单一多边裁军谈判论坛,在协商一致的基础上作出决定——我们今天所知的是裁军谈判会议。 裁谈会及其前身实体过去取得的成就表明了本机构在谈判主要多边裁军文书方面可以发挥的作用。 因此,令人遗憾的是,该机构多年来未能履行其基本任务。 由于持续僵持,许多人开始质疑裁谈会在实现裁军目标方面的相关性和持续价值,特别是冷战结束后新的国际安全环境开始.。", "第一届裁军特别联大的另一项决定是设立裁军审议委员会,作为裁军审议机构和大会附属机构。 不幸的是,本机构也未能完成任务,今年再次未能提出任何具体建议。", "核裁军仍然是我们的最高优先事项,它是不结盟运动、21国集团以及裁军谈判会议和联合国绝大多数会员国在各个区域共同享有的一个优先事项。 我们不仅对核武器的纵向和横向扩散感到关切,而且认为核武器的存在本身助长了全球不安全。", "此外,使用核武器造成的灾难性人道主义后果显然对人类构成严重威胁。 尽管这些武器存在,但我们无一真正安全。 只有彻底销毁所有核武器,并保证永远不再生产核武器,才能提供必要的保障,防止使用核武器。 正是出于这一原因,南非一贯主张采取系统和渐进的办法,实现我们建立一个无核武器世界的目标。 我们认为,核裁军和其他有关核军备控制措施的持续和不可逆转的进展对于促进核不扩散仍然至关重要。", "核裁军方面缺乏真正的进展削弱了全球不扩散制度。 虽然核裁军是大会1946年通过的第一项决议的主题(第1(I)号决议),但自裁军谈判会议成立以来,核裁军一直是裁谈会议程上的第一个项目。 尽管裁谈会绝大多数成员不断要求设立一个单独处理核裁军问题的附属机构,但这一机构尚未实现。 鉴于《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国在2010年不扩散条约审议大会通过的《行动计划》中承诺实现这一目标,这一点尤其令人不安。 因此,我国代表团再次呼吁裁军谈判会议立即设立一个处理核裁军问题的附属机构。", "作为循序渐进的核裁军办法的一部分,我国代表团还支持就一项禁止生产核武器和其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料并实现不扩散和裁军目标的条约展开谈判。 我国代表团不赞成这样的观点,即裂变材料条约是谈判的唯一成熟项目。 鉴于裁军谈判会议作为谈判论坛的性质,我们认为裁谈会能够就其议程上的任何问题进行谈判,尽管我们承认,在不久的将来最后确定任何具有国际法律约束力的安排,在某些问题上可能比在其他问题上更可能。", "虽然我们可能并非都同意缔结协定的时机已经成熟或越来越成熟的问题,但这不应妨碍我们实质性地处理多边裁军议程的问题。 我们今天面临的问题是,裁军谈判会议是否能够满足我们的期望,还是应当探索其他选择,推动多边裁军谈判,以重振本机构本应开展的工作。", "我们承认,裁军谈判会议在2009年通过工作方案时接近恢复工作。 虽然CD/1864不是一份完美的文件,但我们希望,这将导致裁谈会近期历史的新阶段,使我们能够共同努力,建设一个更好、更安全的未来。 不幸的是,CD/1864号文件和关于附属机构议程上项目任务的任何其他方案都没有导致实质性工作的恢复。", "虽然有些人将描述裁军谈判会议对其议事规则缺乏具体结果,但我国代表团认为,一些人抵制真诚地开展和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面的核裁军的谈判,是国际社会面临的一个更大的障碍。", "我们许多人希望看到裁军谈判会议恢复其应有的地位。 然而,它在过去15年里继续未能从事实质性工作,这使我们无法对当前的各种挑战漠不关心。 如果裁谈会在执行其任务方面继续失败,就没有理由不考虑其他选择,以推进本机构委托开展的重要工作。", "最后,南非仍然致力于基于规则的国际制度。 因此,我们将采取可能需要的进一步行动,以加强裁军、不扩散和军备控制领域的多边治理。 此外,我们将审查推动多边裁军谈判的任何选择,以实现我们建立一个无核武器世界的目标。", "代理主席: 我们听取了本次会议最后一位发言者的发言。 明天,7月29日上午11时,我们将在大会堂听取其余发言者的发言。 在那次会议上,大会将审议议程项目13,继续讨论享有水和卫生的人权。", "在结束本次会议之前,一位代表要求行使答辩权。 5月 我提醒会员国,行使答辩权的发言第一次以10分钟为限,第二次以5分钟为限,各代表团应在各自的席位上发言。", "我现在请朝鲜民主主义人民共和国代表发言。", "里·汤·伊先生(朝鲜民主主义人民共和国): 请允许我行使答辩权,同时就加拿大代表的发言发表一些评论,他提出了朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁军谈判会议主席的问题。", "就朝鲜民主主义人民共和国担任裁谈会主席而言,这是朝鲜民主主义人民共和国作为联合国会员国行使作为裁军谈判会议主席的主权权利。 根据裁军谈判会议的议事规则,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国有义务担任裁军谈判会议主席。", "此外,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国现在是而且一直是联合国会员国。 《联合国宪章》第二条第1款规定,联合国的基础是尊重所有会员国主权平等的原则。 就这一法律问题而言,我们认为加拿大代表的发言严重违反了《联合国宪章》。", "第二,加拿大代表的发言违反了国际论坛的做法。 这将是加拿大代表团第一次抵制这种反对。", "国际论坛。 第一次是在2001年德班举行反种族主义会议。 加拿大是唯一抵制这次会议的国家。 它为国际多边主义的做法树立了一个非常可耻的先例。", "这不是加拿大抵制的唯一例子。 这再次出现在其他会议上,包括在大会上,而一个国家的主席正在发表讲话——在这个论坛上正确发言。 这是加拿大代表在日内瓦裁军谈判会议上第三次采取这一行动。 因此,朝鲜民主主义人民共和国强烈谴责加拿大代表的这种行为。", "第三,这体现了冷战时代的精神和心态。 实际上,现在是冷战后时期。 只是在冷战时期,我们看到了各国这种对抗行为。 冷战后时期是对话和建立信任的时期。 包括亚洲区域在内的每个区域都能看到这一点。 加拿大和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国作为东南亚国家联盟区域论坛的成员参加。 总的精神是建立信任和对话。 但现在,加拿大没有采取这种对话与和解行为,而是走上对抗的道路。 加拿大代表是唯一采取这种行为的人。", "下午6时05分散会。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 63 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "New Partnership for Africa’s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, mandated by General Assembly resolution A/65/284, coincides with the tenth anniversary of the adoption by African leaders of the flagship programme of the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). The report assesses progress achieved in implementing NEPAD projects and programmes and the support provided by the international community. It also coincides with renewed attention being paid to Africa’s development needs, as evidenced by the significant commitments made following the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in 2010, the adoption of both the Istanbul Programme of Action at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries and the implementation framework for the recommendations of the Millennium Development Goals Africa Steering Group to accelerate progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals in Africa. This renewed attention reflects the fact that African countries still face challenges in achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "In this context, while highlighting the fact that African countries have made progress in implementing NEPAD, the report reiterates the need for allocation of more resources to NEPAD sectoral priorities and for appropriate reforms to further encourage the private sector in partnership projects and promote public-private partnerships for the financing of infrastructure projects. To further strengthen international cooperation for development and facilitate the implementation of NEPAD, development partners should take urgent steps to successfully conclude the Doha Round of trade negotiations with its development dimension, deliver on aid commitments and improve aid effectiveness. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, the option of “business as usual” should not be an alternative as it would lead to broken promises and further delay the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and the implementation of NEPAD.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Action 4 taken by African countries and \norganizations \nA.Infrastructure 4B.Agriculture 6 and food \nsecurity \nC.Health 7D. Education 8 and \ntraining E.Environment 8 and \ntourism F.Information 10 and communications \ntechnology G.Science 11 and \ntechnology H.Gender 11 mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society \nparticipation I.African 12 Peer Review \nMechanism III.Response 13 of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s \ndevelopment A.Official 14 development \nassistance B.Debt 16 \nrelief C.Foreign 17 direct \ninvestment \nD. Trade 18E.South-South 19 \ncooperation F.Millennium 19 \nVillages IV.Support 20 provided by the United Nations \nsystem Strengtheningof 20 the Regional CoordinationMechanismofUnited Nations agencies andorganizations workinginAfricain supportof the AfricanUnion and itsNEPADprogramme and the \nclustersystem V.Conclusions 21 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/284, entitled “New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report responds to that request.", "2. The report highlights the policy measures taken by African countries and organizations in the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the response of the international community and support provided by the United Nations system during the past year. The activities undertaken by the private sector and civil society in support of NEPAD are also highlighted. The report has benefited from information provided by Member States, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the NEPAD Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency), the African Peer Review Mechanism secretariat, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and a number of entities of the United Nations system.", "II. Action taken by African countries and organizations", "3. NEPAD, which was adopted in July 2001 in Lusaka by African leaders, is both a collective vision and a strategic development framework for Africa. Its main objective is to generate broad-based and equitable economic growth that allows Africa to reduce poverty and better integrate into the global economy. Translating this vision into action requires implementation of the key sectoral priorities of NEPAD. To a large extent, the move from a framework to an operational blueprint depends on the resolve of each country. Within the NEPAD context, each country is expected to design its own national blueprint consistent with NEPAD goals and assume responsibility for implementing NEPAD programmes at the national level. In addition, the regional economic communities, which are the core institutions for Africa’s economic integration, play a leading role in implementing projects at the subregional level.", "A. Infrastructure", "4. Efforts in the past 12 months in this sector have focused on power, transport and water. The establishment of the NEPAD Agency and its integration into the structures and processes of the African Union has led to strengthened coherence and coordination of development efforts. For example, the NEPAD Agency and the African Union Commission Infrastructure and Energy Department have developed a joint work programme, and adopted a joint priority infrastructure project for 2010-2015, drawn from the African Union/NEPAD African Action Plan. The main objective of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa, which was endorsed at the fourteenth African Union Summit in February 2010, is to develop a vision for Africa’s infrastructure development based on the continent’s strategic objectives and sector policies. It provides a coherent framework for regional and continental infrastructure development (transport, energy, water and information and communications technology).", "5. Following the successful implementation of the short-term action plan, the NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with AfDB, launched a third review of the action plan. According to the review, the action plan contributed to the development of regional infrastructure with an estimated investment of $5.6 billion between 2002 and 2008, accounting for 69 per cent of the original short-term action plan investment envelope. Since 2004, of the 103 projects that have been reviewed, 70 per cent have achieved some progress and 15 per cent have reached project completion point.", "6. In an effort to streamline its activities and ensure effective coordination and collaboration in programme and project implementation, the NEPAD Agency concluded a memorandum of understanding with the African Forum for Utility Regulators in March 2010. The Forum is an initiative established by the NEPAD founding document with the aim of establishing and fostering cooperation among utility regulators on the African continent in support of Africa’s growth and socio‑economic development. Its primary focus pertains to the regulation of infrastructure (communications, energy, transport, water and sanitation). Cooperation between the Forum and the Agency is aimed at building and strengthening existing partnership arrangements in relation to infrastructure development in Africa.", "7. In the air transport sector, efforts have also continued to promote the safety and efficiency of air travel on the continent through the full implementation of the Yamoussoukro Declaration on a new African civil aviation policy. The NEPAD Agency and the African Civil Aviation Commission have also agreed on a memorandum of understanding to be signed this year, whereby the Agency will support the Commission in the mobilization of resources for the development of civil aviation in Africa and in undertaking its new role as the executing agency for the Yamoussoukro Declaration.", "8. The NEPAD Agency continues to play an active role in the implementation of the Africa-Republic of Korea infrastructure project, an initiative of the Korea Institute for Development Strategy. Accordingly, the Agency supported the visit of an 18-member team of experts to Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia, seeking pipeline investment projects in transportation and energy. The Agency is also following up on the outcome of the Republic of Korea-Africa investment conference on infrastructure and energy development held in Seoul in December 2009. Infrastructure projects from Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia are being promoted to investors from the Republic of Korea.", "9. In the area of regional integration and infrastructure, the NEPAD Agency has been facilitating the implementation of seven regional projects within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Presidential Infrastructure Champion Initiative, as endorsed at the sixteenth session of the Assembly of the African Union.", "10. In the water and sanitation sector, efforts have been focused on building and strengthening capacity in programme development and implementation through leveraging partnerships. In this regard, the NEPAD Agency and WaterAid (a water and sanitation non-governmental organization based in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) have agreed that WaterAid will provide short-term consultants to the Agency to develop and implement its programmes and in return the Agency will consider hosting the WaterAid programme of activities for Southern Africa within its infrastructure unit. The two sides further agreed to work together in undertaking regional and continental water and sanitation programmes and projects.", "B. Agriculture and food security", "11. Agriculture is the mainstay of many African economies and thus crucial to Africa’s long-term socio-economic growth and sustainable development. Progress on the implementation of commitments under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) at both country and regional levels continued during the period under review with an increasing number of countries designing programmes to deliver on the 6 per cent agricultural productivity target. Of the 26 countries that have signed their national CAADP compacts, 20 have prepared or finalized their national investment plans and presented them to an independent technical review organized by the Agency, and are now working on financing and implementation modalities.", "12. Progress has been most notable in meeting the target of 10 per cent of the budget invested in agriculture as set out in the Maputo Declaration. Ten countries have now met the target, compared to only five countries in 2009, and nine countries have invested between 5 and 10 per cent of the budget.", "13. There has also been noticeable progress on the implementation of regional CAADP compacts. The Commission of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the only regional economic commission to sign a regional CAADP compact, has allocated $150 million from its own resources to finance a five-year plan. This represents 16 per cent of the overall cost of the regional plan. Similarly, development partners have also responded positively, with Spain allocating €240 million over three years, of which two thirds have already been disbursed through the World Bank.", "14. The implementation of CAADP has brought additional benefits to beneficiary countries. Firstly, countries are embracing and providing for evidence-based analysis and planning and reviewing strategies and programmes, which is translating into the development of quality investment programmes. Secondly, countries are getting better access to locally acceptable tools and mechanisms, allowing for greater inclusiveness, more public and inclusive review of development policies and government openness to engage non-State actors as equal partners. Thirdly, it has led to an improved engagement with development partners and fourthly, it has greatly helped in providing framework and national priorities around which to harmonize and coordinate development aid support.", "15. At the regional level, progress has been made in the implementation of the West Africa fisheries policy pilot project, involving Ghana and Sierra Leone. The project is supporting major World Bank investments in the fisheries sectors in Ghana and Sierra Leone. These countries are beneficiaries of two related International Development Association (IDA) investments totalling $90 to $100 million. An additional $57.8 million has been allocated to Ghana and Guinea-Bissau by the World Bank ($52 million), the Global Environmental Facility ($4 million) and the Partnership for African Fisheries ($1.8 million) as part of the first phase of the West African Regional Fisheries Programme.", "16. These investments are strategic for NEPAD and the Partnership for African Fisheries in three ways: (a) NEPAD takes the lead in defining the policy, regulatory and management framework within which fisheries investments should take place; (b) they support the alignment of fisheries within the CAADP framework, i.e. to ensure that fisheries contribute more effectively and sustainably to the 6 per cent annual growth target and to food security; and (c) this constitutes the critical post-CAADP compact response to support countries which have completed their CAADP compact for formulating investment programmes in fisheries.", "17. The implementation of the Partnership for African Fisheries has been important for the beneficiary countries in several respects: (a) its inputs have been critical in leveraging the financial investment of the World Bank and reducing the time it takes to complete the programme development cycle from 18 to 6 months; and (b) its active and important role in mobilizing local expertise for the formulation of the investment programme has enhanced the local ownership of the programmes.", "C. Health", "18. The NEPAD Agency has continued to pursue the key NEPAD objectives of improving health-care systems in Africa, increasing the number of trained health workers, and ensuring the availability of affordable, safe and effective medicine for all Africans. To achieve the latter goal, NEPAD is leading the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization Initiative, which mobilizes financial and technical resources, advocates for policy and legislative reviews of the regulation of medicines, and coordinates existing capacity-building initiatives for regulation, with the aim of increasing harmonization of the regulation of medicines. NEPAD coordinates a consortium consisting of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Clinton Foundation and the Department for International Development of the United Kingdom in implementing the Initiative and has so far received six project proposals from regional economic commissions for achieving harmonization at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in consultation with the regional economic commissions, has finalized the situation analysis of the regulation and harmonization of medicines in the East African Community (EAC), Southern African Development Community (SADC) and ECOWAS regions and will disseminate lessons learned from the review process to African countries and the commissions.", "19. Through the Initiative, the NEPAD Agency is working with stakeholders and partners to address the poor regulation of African pharmaceutical markets as a main component of promotion and protection of public health, since it contributes to ensuring that patients access high-quality, safe and effective medicines. As such, the Agency is collaborating with the Pan-African Parliament Committee on Health, Labour and Social Affairs to raise awareness of and advocate for the Initiative on the continent. Furthermore, the implementation framework for the Initiative was endorsed by the African Union Conference of Ministers of Health in April 2011 in Namibia.", "20. The NEPAD Agency has continued to play a key role in addressing the health workforce crisis in Africa. In this context, the African Platform on Human Resources for Health, chaired by the Agency, completed a needs assessment study of sub-Saharan African medical schools to provide a strong knowledge base for future action. The findings of the study will guide the collaboration between WHO and the United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief in their efforts to scale up the transformative education of doctors and nurses, in line with the commitment of the Emergency Plan to support the training of more than 100,000 new health professionals in Africa.", "21. Progress is being made in working with Research for Health Africa to achieve health and equity, reduce poverty and contribute to the socio-economic development of African countries. To date, Mozambique, Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have chosen to participate in the Research for Health Africa initiative. Senegal and the United Republic of Tanzania have agreed to use the initiative and its web portal to manage their national research into health information systems. The NEPAD Agency is also designing a programme to provide technical support to the regional economic commissions to develop comprehensive sanitary and phytosanitary policy frameworks, as well as strategies for staple crops. In particular, it will address issues of regional market integration.", "D. Education and training", "22. The NEPAD Agency has continued to promote human resource development for nurses and midwives in Africa, through negotiations with the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania for deployment of graduate nurses and midwives in rural communities, using mobile clinics. The Agency has also developed a programme which aims to upgrade the education and qualifications of nurses and midwives in three countries within the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). In Southern Africa, a group of six universities with established clinical master’s degrees in nursing and midwifery has formed a consortium, which will cooperate to develop and offer both undergraduate and master’s degree programmes in nursing and midwifery in three host universities in the ECCAS region. At the same time they will assist regulatory bodies in the three countries and work with the Ministries of Health to develop career plans which make provision for the recognition, utilization and reward of such nurses and midwives in the public sector. In addition, the NEPAD Agency has prioritized forestry education, with submissions made to the Government of Sweden to provide funding for a workshop to finalize the programme for postgraduate studies in forestry education.", "23. The project to establish a regional centre for mathematics, science and technology education is being pursued through redoubled efforts to engage the Governments of Gabon and South Africa to support the launch of the centre in Gabon. Three countries (Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique) have submitted proposals for funding teacher development through open and distance learning to the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund in South Africa.", "E. Environment and tourism", "24. Seven years after the adoption of the NEPAD Action Plan for the Environment, progress has been recorded in the development of subregional environment action plans for the regions and countries represented by ECCAS, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, SADC, and the Arab Maghreb Union. This has enabled national action plans to be developed in five countries. Furthermore, capacity has been built in the implementation of the Action Plan for the Environment at national and subregional levels. The Plan has also provided support to African countries in enhancing implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. Similar support has been provided in the execution of the biodiversity and desertification aspects of the national action plans. In this regard, policy goals have been set and a framework developed to guide discussions on issues such as access and benefit sharing, sustainable forest management, alien invasive species, and integrated marine and coastal management. The Plan has also provided the framework for implementation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change at the regional level. The NEPAD Agency, in collaboration with the African Union Commission and the African Ministerial Conference on the Environment, has initiated a process to review the implementation of the environment action plans.", "25. The NEPAD Agency is currently preparing a programme proposal entitled “Climate change adaptation and mitigation programme: responding to climate change using science, technology and innovation”. As part of an ongoing programme of integrating youth empowerment into NEPAD programmes, the process of engaging youth in climate change has started. This will be undertaken through the African Young Scientists Initiative on Climate Change, which will have its secretariat hosted at North-West University, South Africa. The aim of the Young Scientists Initiative is to create awareness and elicit the proactive engagement of youth in climate change issues and activities. A launch for the initiative is planned for mid-August 2011 on the theme: “Promoting the role of African indigenous knowledge systems in climate change adaptation and mitigation”.", "26. Within the framework of the African Union-NEPAD Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction and the programme of action for its implementation, efforts are being made to integrate disaster risk reduction into poverty reduction and sustainable development initiatives. The extended programme of action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction for the period 2006 to 2015 was presented and adopted at the second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition, the African Advisory Group on Disaster Risk Reduction was re-established specifically to advise and support national platforms, as well as subregional and regional authorities, in the implementation of disaster risk reduction initiatives in Africa.", "27. As a development catalyst, tourism development can generate a positive spillover effect on other sectors, as well as sharing the development cost. The African Union Commission and the NEPAD Agency are actively working in partnership with national, regional, continental and global organizations to promote a comprehensive programme of regional integration in the tourism sector. Moreover, recognizing the opportunities and challenges the tourism industry presents to Africa, a number of African countries have developed tourism master plans with the assistance of the United Nations World Tourism Organization and other development partners.", "F. Information and communications technology", "28. Following a decision taken at the fifteenth session of the NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee in July 2010 in Uganda, the NEPAD e-Africa Commission was replaced by the NEPAD e-Africa Programme to drive the information and communications technology priority sector, in line with the new strategic orientation of the NEPAD Agency.", "29. The NEPAD e-Africa Programme, tasked with developing policies, strategies and projects at continental level for the development of information and communications technology throughout Africa, has continued to advance the implementation of its key initiatives: the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network for Africa and the NEPAD e-Schools initiative. Efforts to extend the enabling environment of the NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure network across the continent were enhanced by the organization of several regional and national stakeholder workshops on the Kigali Protocol held in Cairo for North Africa and in the Gambia, Senegal, Nigeria and Djibouti for local stakeholders.", "30. Progress was registered in implementation of the Uhurunet submarine cable. The construction and maintenance agreement and the supply contract for the Africa Coast to Europe (ACE)/Uhurunet cable were signed in France in June 2010. This segment of the Uhurunet cable will stretch from France to South Africa and will connect all countries on the west coast of Africa. Baharicom, the company charged with development of the Uhurunet submarine cable ring around Africa has been making efforts to raise equity and debt and meet the payment schedule of the supply contract.", "31. Regarding the Umojanet cross-border terrestrial network, two business plans were completed. The first, completed in July 2010, covered 10 countries in Eastern and Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe) and the second, completed in September 2010, covered 12 countries in West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mali, the Niger, Nigeria and Togo).", "32. In January 2011, the sixteenth African Union Summit endorsed the selection by the Technical Committee of the Presidential Infrastructure Championship Initiative of the African Union-NEPAD information and communications technology broadband infrastructure projects Uhurunet, Umojanet and the information and communications technology fibre-optic link along the proposed Nigeria-Niger-Algeria gas pipeline.", "33. On the NEPAD e-Schools initiative, the NEPAD Agency has been working on modalities for closure of the demonstration phase of the initiative. Eighty demonstrations of NEPAD e-Schools have been implemented in 16 African countries. Each school in the demonstration project was equipped with a computer laboratory containing at least 20 personal computers, as well as a server and networking infrastructure and peripheral devices such as scanners, electronic whiteboards and printers. The schools were connected to the Internet to enable them to communicate with the rest of the world. The Agency has signed a memorandum of understanding with the Internet Society to develop the capacity of key African stakeholders in the area of Internet governance.", "G. Science and technology", "34. Notable achievements of the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative to date are the establishment of focal points to spearhead the production of science, technology and innovation indicators at national level, capacity-building in science, technology and innovation data collection and publication of the African Innovation Outlook 2010, the first in a series of publications to inform the public about science, technology and innovation activities in African countries. This was launched in Ethiopia in May 2011 and contains the results of research and development surveys. It is expected to generate a debate to enrich the process of collecting better quality data. The NEPAD Agency and the Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative are also supporting the African Union Commission in establishing the African Observatory on Science, Technology and Innovation. A host country agreement has been signed with Equatorial Guinea and the Observatory will play the main role in coordination, data collection, and training, as well as dissemination of information on science, technology and innovation activities in Africa.", "35. The African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative programme has successfully completed its first phase in 19 African Union Commission member countries, designed to serve as a learning mechanism for mutual learning and knowledge sharing in conducting research and development and innovation surveys. As a result, guidelines for such surveys have been developed and adopted in participating countries. The measurement of science, technology and innovation as a support tool for policy formulation and implementation has opened up areas for further research and debate. Participating countries are collaborating on these matters and building a community of practice which will ensure that Africa speaks with one voice.", "36. In November 2010, the Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa hub facilities were officially launched in Kenya. With financial support from Canada, the NEPAD Agency has constructed world-class laboratory facilities for scientists in Eastern and Central Africa. They will provide these scientists with the opportunity to carry out cutting edge research in the area of life sciences to address the challenges that face farmers in increasing agricultural productivity. Recently, the African Biosafety Network of Expertise was set up as a continent-wide service network managed by African staff with multidisciplinary expertise in biosafety systems. Since its inception, the Network has been providing training and science-based information to African regulators of agricultural biotechnology in order to help countries make informed decisions.", "H. Gender mainstreaming, empowerment of women and civil society participation", "37. The NEPAD Agency is working on the implementation of business incubators for African women entrepreneurs in the regional economic commissions. Currently, the aim is to finance pilot projects on business incubation for two selected regional commissions, the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) and ECOWAS, with a budget of €1 million. The plan is to build upon this experience to roll it out to five other regional commissions. A memorandum of understanding was signed between the NEPAD Agency and COMESA in May 2010. The project was presented to the fourth meeting of Ministers responsible for gender and women’s affairs, who took a decision to start the identification of women entrepreneurs and partner institutions. Subsequently, a technical consultation took place with COMESA and the Federation of National Associations of Women in Business in Eastern and Southern Africa (FEMCOM), and it was agreed that a World Bank initiative on business incubation will assist in disseminating lessons learned globally and in Africa.", "38. The NEPAD Agency has embarked on strategic alliances with United Nations system agencies, such as the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women), in critical areas such as rural women, the economic empowerment of African women, knowledge generation and dissemination. Alongside preparation of the second call for proposals, the NEPAD/Spanish Fund for African Women’s Empowerment undertook monitoring and evaluation of ongoing projects and closure of projects funded within the first call for proposals. The second phase of the Fund, which covers the period 2011 to 2013, represents the consolidation of the NEPAD programme on the empowerment of women in Africa.", "39. The Fund has contributed to the promotion of gender mainstreaming and the development of essential tools for poverty alleviation, including increased numbers of women and girls trained in economically viable vocational skills. It has also assisted in the creation of employment opportunities through public and private partnerships, in skills development for women leaders in business and civil society and capacity-building in the use of information and communications technology in an effort to narrow the digital gap. The Fund has also supported the creation of income-generating activities for women through support for agroprocessing (45 machines) and business management training (600 women entrepreneurs).", "I. African Peer Review Mechanism", "40. The African Peer Review Mechanism has continued to strengthen its position as an instrument for advancing good governance and socio-economic development in Africa. Liberia officially joined the Mechanism at the African Peer Review Forum in January 2011. As of the end of July 2011, according to information provided by its secretariat, 30 countries had joined the Mechanism through signing the memorandum of understanding, namely: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, the Sudan, the United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda and Zambia. The membership of the Mechanism represents more than 76 per cent of the population of Africa.", "41. Mauritius and Ethiopia were peer-reviewed during the thirteenth and fourteenth Summits of the African Peer Review Forum, respectively. As of the end of July 2011, 14 countries had been peer-reviewed: Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa and Uganda. Other countries are at various stages of the review process: Sierra Leone and Zambia received a country review mission in February and May 2011, respectively, the United Republic of Tanzania will be reviewed in the second half of 2011 and Ghana and Kenya are also poised for a second-cycle periodic review.", "42. The countries reviewed have also made progress in the implementation of their respective national programmes of action arising from the review process. To that end, the fourteenth Summit of the Forum, held in Addis Ababa in January 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Lesotho, Nigeria and South Africa, while the fifteenth Summit, held in Malabo in June 2011, reviewed progress reports on the implementation of the national programmes of Benin and Burkina Faso.", "43. In order to streamline and fast-track the peer review process, some of the existing tools have been revised. For instance, the master questionnaire was revised and validated in March 2011 at a stakeholder workshop in Johannesburg and is now due to be reviewed by the Forum at its sixteenth Summit in Ethiopia in January 2012, after a thorough review by the Mechanism focal points, as directed by the Forum at its fifteenth Summit.", "44. The Mechanism has continued to receive support from its three strategic partners, AfDB, ECA and the United Nations Development Programme. That support has included participation in country review missions and other forms of technical and financial assistance. In this regard, AfDB has continued to provide a grant to support the project to streamline and fast-track the African Peer Review Mechanism process. The aims of the project include revising and improving instruments and processes and strengthening the capacity of the staff of the secretariat of the Mechanism. ECA has also been instrumental in enhancing research on and knowledge of the Mechanism through a study on diversity management entitled “Findings from the African Peer Review Mechanism and a framework for analysis and policymaking”, and by organizing workshops to raise awareness of the Mechanism and harmonize the national programmes of action and other national plans into a common medium-term expenditure framework.", "III. Response of the international community: building on the momentum of international support for Africa’s development", "45. Africa has rebounded from the global economic and financial crisis despite the slowdown in the pace of the global economic recovery. In 2010, Africa grew by 4.9 per cent on average, up from 3.1 per cent in 2009.[1] However, this recovery is fraught with uncertainty, related to both the fragile global economic outlook and political instability in the subregions. In addition, Africa still lags behind other regions with regard to progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals, in particular goals related to child and maternal mortality and access to sanitation and clean water.", "46. For this reason, development partners need to fully deliver on their commitments to continue their support for Africa aimed at achieving the development agenda for the continent, including the implementation of NEPAD priorities. The Group of 8 (G-8) countries made historic commitments to increase aid to Africa at the Gleneagles Summit in 2005, but have so far fallen short on these promises. The G-8 summit held in France in 2011 saw a reaffirmation of the Gleneagles commitments. In late 2010, the Group of 20 also launched its development initiative, the Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth, which puts more emphasis on promoting economic growth through infrastructure development and job creation. Lastly, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in September 2010 in New York, adopted a global action plan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by their target date and devoted special attention to Africa.", "47. The uncertain economic outlook for Africa’s traditional development partners and the reduced fiscal space they are facing seem to indicate that non-traditional donors could gain further importance in the coming years. This includes both emerging economies as well as non-State actors, such as private foundations and philanthropists. Given the tightening of aid budgets in OECD countries in the aftermath of the global financial and economic crisis and its negative impact on aid disbursement, the fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November and December 2011 will be an opportune moment for development partners to reaffirm their commitment to both aid quantity and effectiveness, as enshrined in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the Accra Agenda for Action.", "48. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in May 2011 in Turkey, adopted the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 and the Istanbul Declaration. The objective of the Programme of Action is to ensure sustained economic growth and poverty reduction with a view to enabling half the number of least developed countries to graduate from the least developed country category by 2020. The Programme of Action identifies eight priority areas: productive capacity, including infrastructure, energy, science and technology and private sector development; agriculture, food security and rural development; trade; commodities; human and social development, including women’s empowerment; addressing the impact of multiple crises and emerging challenges, such as climate change and sustainability; mobilizing financial resources for development and capacity-building; and good governance at all levels. Given that 33 out of the 48 least developed countries are in Africa, the implementation of the Programme of Action would go a long way to addressing the development challenges facing the continent.", "A. Official development assistance", "49. According to OECD, total official development assistance (ODA) from all donors reached $128 billion in 2009. Of this, $48 billion went to Africa, which represents an annual increase of 11.7 per cent in real terms over 2008 (see figure I below). In 2010, bilateral aid to Africa, not counting disbursements by multilateral agencies, rose by 3.6 per cent in real terms as compared to 2009 and reached $29.3 billion in 2010. Despite these increases, ODA continues to fall short of pledges made by the G-8 countries at the 2005 Gleneagles Summit, where they committed to increasing total ODA to Africa by $25 billion. The Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force estimates that there is a delivery gap of $18 billion and that Africa received $46 billion of total ODA from OECD Development Assistance Committee donors in 2010, which falls significantly short of the Gleneagles commitment of $64 billion.[2]", "Figure I Total official development assistance from all donors", "(Billions of current United States dollars)", "Source: Based on OECD/Development Assistance Committee online database 2011.", "50. The G-8 Summits in Canada in 2010 and France in 2011 reaffirmed the G-8 partnership with Africa. In the Muskoka Initiative on maternal, newborn and child health, G-8 member countries committed to spending an additional $5 billion between 2010 and 2015 to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in developing countries. At the 2011 Summit in France the partnership was reaffirmed with the adoption of the G-8/Africa joint declaration: “Shared values, shared responsibilities”. Also at the Summit the Deauville Partnership was launched, which lends support to the new democracies in the Arab countries and is committed to providing $20 billion through multilateral development banks to support sustainable and inclusive growth in Tunisia and Egypt.", "51. With regard to aid effectiveness, progress in achieving the targets set in the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness in 2005 and the Accra Agenda for Action (A/63/539, annex) in 2008 is mixed. On the one hand, there is notable progress in untying aid to Africa, and to the least developed countries in particular, and 18 donors have signed up to the International Aid Transparency Initiative. On the other hand, progress in using country systems and reducing aid fragmentation remains limited. Against this backdrop, the international community is expected to renew its commitments to improving aid effectiveness at the upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.", "52. Non-traditional development partners are playing an increasingly important role in Africa’s development. Under the umbrella of South-South cooperation, emerging countries such as Brazil, China, India, Turkey and others provide grants and loans, often with less conditionality than traditional donors. However, due to lack of data, it is difficult to provide a clear picture of the magnitude of ODA from the new and emerging development partners.", "53. In addition to bilateral donors, new philanthropic actors such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and others, provide innovative development funding support to African countries which helps to augment limited domestic resources for development. For example, the Gates Foundation, which has started to report its aid to health to the OECD Development Assistance Committee, disbursed $1.8 billion in grants to improve health in developing countries in 2009, 36 per cent of which targeted Africa specifically. It is thus the third largest donor in this area, behind the United States and the Global Fund.", "B. Debt relief", "54. Thanks to continuing efforts to relieve the external debt burden of African countries within the framework of the heavily indebted poor countries (HIPC) debt initiative, the multilateral debt relief initiative (MDRI) and at the bilateral level, the amount of debt and debt servicing has been drastically reduced since its peak in the mid-1990s. While total external debt reached 73 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in sub-Saharan Africa in 1994, it fell to 21 per cent of GDP in 2010,[3] freeing resources and allowing countries to increase spending on poverty reduction and acceleration towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals.", "55. Four countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Togo, have seen their debt reduced by significant amounts in the period from July 2010 to June 2011 through HIPC and MDRI. Upon reaching completion point, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was granted $12.3 billion in debt relief. After fulfilling outstanding requirements, Liberia reached completion point in June 2010 and saw its debt reduced by $4.6 billion in nominal terms. As a result, Liberia’s external debt stock fell to 15 per cent of GDP. Guinea-Bissau received $1.2 billion in debt relief from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in December 2010. Lastly, in December 2010, upon reaching completion point, Togo saw an 82 per cent reduction in its external debt. Overall, 26 African countries have now reached completion point in the HIPC initiative and have benefited from debt relief (see table 1 below). Members of the Paris Club contributed significantly to the debt relief for all four countries by agreeing to reductions and cancellations of bilateral debt. The contribution of Paris Club members to the debt relief of these four countries under the HIPC initiative amounted to more than $9 billion in nominal terms.", "56. Despite this progress, there are renewed concerns about debt sustainability, in particular in light of the lingering impact of the global economic and financial crisis and the increased engagement and loan portfolio of new and emerging donors in Africa. According to recent reports, 9 of the 26 African countries that have so far benefited from the HIPC and MDRI initiatives still experience, or are at high risk of experiencing, debt distress.[4]", "Table 1 Current and potential beneficiaries of HIPC and MDRI", "Status Countries", "26 post-completion point Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, countries Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, the Niger, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia", "4 post-decision point Chad, Comoros, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea countries", "3 pre-decision point countries Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan", "Source: IMF, as of July 2011.", "C. Foreign direct investment", "57. According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Africa decreased sharply in 2009 to $59 billion from a historic high of $72 billion in 2008, due mainly to the global economic and financial crisis. UNCTAD preliminary estimates for 2010 indicate that FDI flows to Africa declined by a further 14 per cent, to $50 billion.[5]", "58. FDI declined in all subregions of the continent, with the exception of Central Africa, which benefited from large investments in Equatorial Guinea. In terms of sectoral distribution, investments in both manufacturing and the primary sector fell rapidly during the crisis, so that the services sector became the largest FDI recipient in Africa in 2009. Because of the quick recovery of global commodity prices after the crisis, FDI in the extractive industries is expected to rise in 2011. Indeed, while greenfield investments remained relatively low in 2010, mergers and acquisitions in the extractive industries were on the rise.", "59. As investment inflows from traditional partners continue to decline, emerging countries have further strengthened their position in Africa with their share steadily increasing. For example, the share of FDI inflows originating in Asia rose from an average of 6.7 per cent between 1995 and 1999 to 15.2 per cent between 2000 and 2008.", "60. African countries have also continued their efforts to improve the investment climate in order to attract FDI. By the end of 2008, they had concluded 715 bilateral investment treaties to promote and protect foreign investors. The regional economic commissions have also carried out regional investment programmes.[6] Africa’s increased efforts are also reflected in an improved performance in the World Bank report, Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs, which assesses the business regulation environment. In 2011, it lists 3 African countries among the 10 most improved economies. Development partners are supporting this process, inter alia, through the NEPAD-OECD Investment Initiative, which strengthens the capacity of African countries to design and implement reforms that improve their business climate.", "D. Trade", "61. Over the past year, virtually no progress has been made in reaching an agreement on issues affecting Africa in the Doha Round of trade negotiations. This is despite the commitment of the G-20 leaders, at the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, to conclude the Doha Round by the end of 2011, emphasizing the critical role of trade in the global economic recovery. In addition, negotiations on economic partnership agreements between the European Union and African regions have made very limited progress. At the third Africa-European Union Summit in Libya in November 2010, both sides renewed their commitment to finding solutions for the common concerns that remain over the economic partnership agreements. However, negotiations have stalled.", "62. Following the second global review of the Aid for Trade initiative in 2009, Aid for Trade commitments to Africa increased further, amounting to $17 billion in 2009, a 21 per cent increase over 2008,[7] and focused on infrastructure and productive capacity. The third global review of the initiative will take place in 2011, creating additional momentum for Aid for Trade.", "63. African countries are addressing the low level of trade within Africa and have reaffirmed their commitment to greater integration at the sixteenth African Union Summit. The African Union and NEPAD infrastructure programmes put an emphasis on regional connectivity and the regional economic commissions continue their efforts to achieve greater trade integration, most notably through a planned free trade agreement between COMESA, EAC and SADC, with the ultimate goal of establishing a single customs union. The three regional communities aim to complete the first phase of their integration efforts, a free trade area, within the next three years.", "E. South-South cooperation", "64. South-South cooperation has become increasingly important for Africa’s development, complementing North-South cooperation. The rapid growth of Brazil, China, India and other emerging economies has had a dramatic and largely positive impact on the continent, leading to increasing flows of finance, trade, and development assistance. In the aftermath of the global financial and economic crises, economic linkages and other forms of cooperation have helped to mitigate the impact of the crises on the African economy and contributed to putting the continent back on the path of economic recovery. The G-20 Seoul Development Consensus for Shared Growth formalized this new role for emerging economies in the global arena.", "65. Following the convening of a successful forum on China-Africa cooperation, other countries and regions have sought to institute formal structures to guide their cooperation and engagement with Africa. Examples are the second Viet Nam-Africa International Forum in August 2010, the Iran-Africa Forum in September 2010 and the second Afro-Arab Summit held in Libya in October 2010. At the latter, the African Union and the League of Arab States adopted an Africa-Arab partnership strategy aimed at creating an integrated Africa-Arab region and fostering closer economic and political cooperation.", "66. In May 2011, India also deepened its cooperation with Africa during the second Africa-India Forum Summit held in Ethiopia on the theme: “Enhancing partnership: shared vision”. The Africa-India Framework for Enhanced Cooperation was adopted to supplement the existing framework and induce an update of the existing joint Plan of Action that would incorporate a follow-up mechanism. India announced $5 billion worth of support to Africa over the next three years under lines of credit to aid Africa in the achievement of its development goals, offering an additional $700 million towards the development of new institutions and training programmes. The Forum also decided to institutionalize the summit process.", "67. At the global level, in May 2011 in Indonesia, Non-Aligned Movement Ministers adopted a comprehensive outcome document outlining a shared vision of the Movement for the next 50 years and a commemorative declaration marking the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the Movement. The Bali commemorative declaration reaffirmed the need to expand and deepen South-South cooperation and enhance coordination in the formulation of common positions and strategies on economic and social development issues. The declaration also underlines the need for scaling up the global partnership and for finance for development to ensure the attainment of the internationally agreed development goals taking into account, inter alia, Africa’s special needs.", "F. Millennium Villages", "68. Over the period under review, the Millennium Villages project continued to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals at 10 sites in sub-Saharan African countries, reaching approximately 500,000 people.", "69. Progress reports published after the first three years of operations indicate that the project approach is effective. Rigorous monitoring and evaluation of nine research sites reveals that average maize yields have tripled and levels of chronic malnutrition in children under the age of two have declined by 43 per cent. School meal programmes have been established in all countries, with 70 per cent of primary school students receiving a school meal every day. This has had a significant positive impact on school enrolment and attendance.", "70. Results in the health sector show that access to HIV testing during pregnancy has increased twofold, with institutional delivery rates improving by an average of 50 per cent. The project has recorded a reduction in malaria prevalence of more than 80 per cent and a sevenfold increase in bednet use. About 75 per cent of children have been immunized against measles and received vitamin A supplements in the past six months. The number of people with access to safer water has doubled and access to improved sanitation has increased threefold.", "71. A number of countries are studying the lessons learned from the project to develop national strategies to achieve the Millennium Development Goals informed by this integrated model. In Ghana, Mali and Nigeria, Governments are developing national scale-up initiatives for the Millennium Development Goals based on the Millennium Villages experience, while in Malawi and Uganda the results of the project have informed the general discussion on the Millennium Development Goals at Government level.", "IV. Support provided by the United Nations system", "Strengthening of the Regional Coordination Mechanism of United Nations agencies and organizations working in Africa in support of the African Union and its NEPAD programme and the cluster system", "72. During the period under review, the United Nations system continued to provide its technical and institutional support to the African Union NEPAD programme. Last year witnessed increased alignment of the programmes of various United Nations entities with those of the African Union Commission, the NEPAD Agency and the regional economic commissions. The United Nations system has been intensely involved in all these processes of institution-building and programme design and implementation at the regional, subregional, national and community levels.", "73. The Regional Coordination Mechanism recorded significant achievements, as evidenced in enhanced coordination on the part of United Nations agencies and programmes. Specifically, the “Delivering as one” concept gained increased acceptance, with agencies recognizing the need to adopt a collective approach to support capacity-building in the African Union.", "74. The eleventh session of the Regional Coordination Mechanism on the theme “Rio+20”, held in November 2010, achieved significant outcomes, especially in relation to the implementation of the ten-year capacity-building programme for the African Union, which gave a renewed impetus to the implementation of the programme. The review of the programme was completed in 2010 and the main findings incorporated in the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/716-S/2011/54). The report finds considerable support for the programme among the members of the African Union Commission. The report calls for strengthened engagement with the regional economic commissions, as well as the need for strengthened resource mobilization for the implementation of the programme.", "75. The reconfiguration of the Regional Coordination Mechanism secretariat from being essentially led by the United Nations to becoming a joint United Nations-African Union secretariat has been consolidated and the African Union is increasingly exercising effective ownership and leadership. The joint secretariat now has a dedicated staff drawn from the African Union Commission and ECA, both of which have continued to provide strategic coordination and support to the Mechanism. Coordination processes have been strengthened, especially with the establishment of the NEPAD coordination unit within the office of the Chair of the African Union Commission. There has also been an improvement in coordination within and between clusters. In particular, the advocacy and communication cluster engaged representatives of the African media in the second Africa regional media dialogue in Lesotho in June 2011 and adopted the Maseru Declaration to enhance their advocacy role on African Union/NEPAD development priorities.", "76. The Inter-Agency Task Force on Africa, convened by the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa at Headquarters, has continued to provide an effective framework for the agencies of the United Nations system to share expertise and experience. In particular, the Task Force has been active in providing inputs and suggestions for the preparation of the reports of the Secretary-General.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. The past year has witnessed progress in the implementation of NEPAD projects and in moving forward the implementation of the African Peer Review Mechanism, an increase in ODA and Aid for Trade to African countries. Despite this progress, fundamental challenges remain in the implementation of NEPAD. As this year marks the celebration of the tenth anniversary of NEPAD, African countries should continue to implement and allocate more resources to NEPAD projects and promote private sector development, while development partners should take urgent steps to honour their commitments to Africa.", "78. The tenth anniversary of NEPAD could be a turning point in the implementation of its sectoral priorities. This will require resolution and leadership to turn Africa’s development vision and international commitments into policy actions and results. Ten years after the adoption of NEPAD, “business as usual” should not be an option. The following recommendations could be a starting point.", "79. The NEPAD founding document stresses the need for partnership between African Governments and their own peoples, including the private sector and civil society. Much has been achieved in broadening the space for civic engagement. Now African countries need to build on this momentum and further strengthen mechanisms for the participation, inclusion and empowerment of all segments of society in the political and development processes.", "80. Since the private sector is a key partner in the implementation of NEPAD, African countries should establish a business-friendly environment by further improving the investment climate. African countries also need to continue to undertake appropriate institutional reforms in order to attract private capital and develop public-private partnerships for financing infrastructure projects.", "81. Given the importance of agricultural development in ensuring food security and coping with recurrent food crises, African countries should strive to meet the Maputo Declaration target of allocating 10 per cent of national budgets to the agricultural sector and rural development and ensure better governance to effectively manage the resources allocated.", "82. African women are Africa’s face of hope, strength and opportunity. African countries should move beyond policies and plans to implementation, including prioritizing actions to achieve the goals of the African Women’s Decade 2010-2020.", "83. Now that 14 countries have been peer-reviewed, Governments should implement the agreed programmes of action and recommendations of the African Peer Review Mechanism country reports. The review process could move faster in order to accelerate the rate of completion of countries that have already launched the peer review process.", "84. African countries should integrate climate change issues into economic planning and management at both national and regional levels and mainstream environmental policy into productive sectors, and international partners should support their mitigation and adaptation efforts. African countries should continue to engage in the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) in 2012, whose outcome will affect the future sustainable growth of the continent.", "85. Many countries and organizations that are not members of the OECD Development Assistance Committee are assuming an increasing role as development partners for African countries. Therefore, in order to improve aid effectiveness, there is a need to involve new and emerging development partners that are not Committee members. The upcoming fourth High-level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, could be the right platform. At the High-level Forum, development partners should take into account the African position, the Tunis Consensus, which calls for moving beyond aid effectiveness and focusing on development effectiveness, with the ultimate goal of reducing aid dependency and promoting self-reliance.", "86. ODA and FDI can contribute to growth in Africa. Development partners should take urgent and collective action to substantially scale up aid disbursements, in order to meet their commitments of doubling assistance to Africa. They should also maintain the upward trend of FDI inflows to Africa.", "87. In the context of high youth unemployment in Africa, development partners should conclude the long overdue Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations with its development dimensions, as this would increase international trade and potentially boost prospects for job creation.", "88. In the area of HIV/AIDS, development partners should continue supporting the strengthening of national health systems, research infrastructure and laboratory capacity and expand surveillance systems, with the goal of improving efforts to mitigate the impact of the epidemic, as reflected in the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS of June 2011.", "89. Aid for Trade is an effective mechanism for supporting African countries in improving supply-side constraints and gaining from increased market access. As such, Aid for Trade measures should complement and not substitute for efforts to improve market access for African exports and strengthen the continent’s contribution to world trade.", "90. Despite a decrease in debt service costs through various bilateral and multilateral debt reduction initiatives, a number of African countries are experiencing debt distress that could impact their debt sustainability. To maintain debt sustainability, development partners should ensure that eligible countries for debt reduction get full debt relief from all creditors, including commercial creditors, and discourage lawsuits against heavily indebted poor countries by non-Paris Club creditors.", "[1] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), African Development Bank, Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and United Nations Development Programme, African Economic Outlook (Paris, OECD, 2011).", "[2] United Nations, The Global Partnership for Development: Time to Deliver, Millennium Development Goals Gap Task Force report (New York, forthcoming in 2011).", "[3] International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook database, April 2011.", "[4] Africa Progress Panel, The Transformative Power of Partnerships, Africa Progress Report 2011 (Geneva, 2011).", "[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, “Global investment trends monitor No. 5”, January 2011, available at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf.", "[6] ECA and OECD, The Mutual Review of Development Effectiveness in Africa: 2011 Interim Report (2011), available at http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/ MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf.", "[7] Ibid." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目63(a)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行", "进展情况和国际支持", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行情况和国际支持的第九次综合进度报告", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "由大会第A/65/284号决议授权编写的本报告适逢非洲领导人通过非洲联盟旗舰方案“非洲发展新伙伴关系”十周年纪念。报告对实施非洲发展新伙伴关系各种项目和方案所取得的进展情况和国际社会所提供的支持情况进行了评估。 报告适逢人们再次关注非洲的发展需求，有以下事实为证：2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议之后的重大承诺，第四次联合国支援最不发达国家会议通过了伊斯坦布尔行动纲领和千年发展目标非洲指导小组建议实施框架，以在非洲加快实现千年发展目标。这一再次关注反映了非洲国家在实现千年发展目标方面仍然面临挑战这一事实。", "在此背景下，本报告在着重介绍非洲国家在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系中所取得的进展的同时，重申有必要为非洲发展新伙伴关系的部门优先事项调拨更多的资源和进行适当改革，以进一步鼓励私营部门参与伙伴关系项目并促进公私营伙伴关系为基础设施项目筹资。为进一步加强国际合作促进发展和推动非洲发展新伙伴关系的执行，各发展伙伴应采取紧急步骤成功完成包含发展目标的多哈回合贸易谈判，兑现援助承诺和改进援助实效。非洲发展新伙伴关系通过后十年过去了，“一切照旧”不应成为一种选择，因为，这会导致承诺破灭，进一步拖延千年发展目标的实现和非洲发展新伙伴关系的执行。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.非洲国家和组织所采取的行动 4\nA.基础设施 4\nB.农业和粮食安全 5\nC.卫生 6\nD.教育和培训 7\nE.环境和旅游事业 8\nF.信息和通信技术 8\nG.科学和技术 9\nH.性别问题主流化、增强妇女权能和民间社会参与 10\nI.非洲同侪审评机制 11\n3.国际社会的反应：推进国际上对非洲发展的支持势头 12\nA.官方发展援助 13\nB.债务减免 14\nC.外国直接投资 15\nD.贸易 16\nE.南南合作 16\nF.千年村 17\n4.联合国系统提供的支持 18加强在非洲开展工作的联合国各机构和组织的区域协调机制以支持非洲联盟及其 18 \n新伙伴关系方案和集群体系 \n5.结论和建议 18", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在题为“非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持”的第65/284号决议中，要求秘书长就决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面的报告。本报告即应此要求提出。", "2. 报告着重介绍过去一年非洲国家和组织在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系方面所采取的政策措施， 国际社会的应对措施和联合国系统所提供的支持情况。私营部门和民间社会为支持非洲发展新伙伴关系所开展的活动也做了突出介绍。报告利用了各会员国、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行、非洲发展新伙伴关系规划和协调局、非洲同侪审评机制秘书处、经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)和联合国系统若干实体所提供的资料。", "二. 非洲国家和组织所采取的行动", "3. 非洲领导人于2001年7月在卢萨卡通过的非洲发展新伙伴关系，既是一种对非洲的集体展望，也是一种非洲发展战略框架。其主要目的是促成基础广泛的、公平的经济增长，使非洲得以减少贫困并更好地融入全球经济。要把这一远景变为行动，就要实施非洲发展新伙伴关系的主要部门优先事项。从一种框架走向可操作的蓝图在很大程度上取决于每个国家的决心。在非洲发展新伙伴关系框架内，各国应设计与非洲发展新伙伴关系的目标相一致的本国的蓝图，并担负起在国家一级实施非洲发展新伙伴关系方案的责任。此外，作为非洲经济一体化核心体制的各地区经济共同体在各区域层面实施项目方面发挥着主要作用。", "A. 基础设施", "4. 本部门过去12个月的工作集中于电力、运输和水务。非洲发展新伙伴关系机构的设立及其融入非洲联盟结构和程序导致了发展努力一致性和协调性的强化。例如，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和非洲联盟委员会基础设施和能源部制定了联合工作方案，并根据非洲联盟/非洲发展新伙伴关系非洲行动计划通过了2010-2015年基础设施联合优先项目。2010年2月第十四届非洲联盟峰会核可的非洲基础设施发展方案的主要目标是，根据非洲大陆的战略目标和部门政策制定非洲基础设施发展的远景计划。它为地区和非洲大陆的基础设施发展(运输、能源、水务和信息通信技术)提供一致的框架。", "5. 在成功实施了短期行动计划后，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构与非洲开发银行合作，启动了对行动计划的第三次审评。据审评结论，行动计划促进了区域基础设施发展，2002 年到2008年投资约56亿美元，占原短期行动计划投资总量69%。自2004年以来，在被审评的103个项目中，有70%取得了一定的进展，15%已达到了项目完成阶段。", "6. 为努力精简活动和确保方案和项目实施的有效协调和协作，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构于2010年3月与非洲公用事业管理机构论坛缔结了谅解备忘录。该论坛是非洲发展新伙伴关系创始文件所确立的一项举措，旨在建立和促进非洲大陆公用事业管理机构之间的合作，以支持非洲的增长和社会经济发展。其首要关注目标是基础设施的管理(通信、能源、运输、水务和环卫)。论坛与机构间的合作旨在建设和加强非洲基础设施发展方面现有的伙伴关系安排。", "7. 在航空运输部门，也在努力通过全面实施非洲新民航政策亚穆苏克罗声明,继续促进非洲大陆飞行的安全和效率。非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和非洲民航委员会也已商定了一项谅解备忘录并将于今年签署，其中规定，新伙伴关系机构将支持委员会为发展非洲民航事业动员资源，和承担亚穆苏克罗声明执行机构的新作用。", "8. 非洲发展新伙伴关系机构继续在实施韩国发展战略研究院的一项举措——非洲-大韩民国基础设施项目——中发挥积极作用。据此，机构支持了一个有18名成员的专家团对安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的访问，以寻求运输和能源方面的管道投资项目。机构也在落实2009年12月在首尔举行的大韩民国-非洲基础设施和能源开发投资会议的成果。安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的基础设施项目正在向来自大韩民国的投资者作推介。", "9. 在区域一体化和基础设施领域，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构在第十六届非洲联盟大会核准的非洲联盟-非洲发展新伙伴关系总统基础设施倡导计划框架内，一直在推动七个地区项目的实施。", "10. 在水务和环卫部门,努力的重点为通过影响力伙伴关系,建设和加强方案制定和实施能力。在这方面，非洲发展新伙伴关系机构和水援助组织(一家设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的水务和环卫非政府组织)已商定，由水援助组织向新伙伴关系机构提供短期顾问，制定和实施其各种方案，而作为回报，机构将考虑在其基础设施科主办水援助组织的南部非洲活动方案。双方还进一步商定，合作开展地区和非洲大陆各种水务和环卫方案和项目。", "B. 农业和粮食安全", "11. 农业是许多非洲国家经济的主干，因此，对非洲的长期社会经济增长和可持续发展至关重要。在审评期内，非洲农业全面发展方案下的承诺在国家和地区层面的落实工作继续取得进展，越来越多的国家为实现农业生产力6%的目标制定了计划。在签署了本国非洲农业全面发展方案契约的26个国家中，有20个已编制或敲定了国家投资计划并提交给了由新伙伴关系机构组织的独立技术审评，并且目前正在就筹资和实施模式问题开展工作。", "12. 在实现《马普托宣言》所规定的10%的预算用于农业投资方面进展最明显。已有10个国家达标(而2009年时仅有5个国家)，有9个国家在这方面的投资达预算的5%至10%。", "13. 在实施地区非洲农业全面发展方案契约方面也有显著的进展。西非国家经济共同体委员会这一唯一签署了地区非洲农业全面发展方案契约的地区经济委员会，从自己的资源中拨出1亿5千万美元为五年计划提供资金。这占地区计划总费用的16%。发展伙伴也同样做出了积极的响应，其中西班牙在3年中拨出2亿4千万欧元，其三分之二已通过世界银行拨付。", "14. 非洲农业全面发展方案的实施给受惠国带来了额外的好处。第一，各国采用和规定基于证据的分析，规划和审查各种战略和方案，从而转化为高质量投资方案的制定。第二，各国更便于获得当地可接受的工具和机制，从而有更大的包容性，使非国家行为者作为平等伙伴参与进来，对发展政策和管治的开放性进行更加公开和全面的审评。第三，这导致了与发展伙伴更好的接触，以及第四，这大大有助于提供一种框架和规定国家优先事项，从而统一和协调发展援助支持。", "15. 在地区层面，在实施西非渔业政策试点项目方面取得了进展，涉及的国家有加纳和塞拉利昂。该项目正为世界银行对加纳和塞拉利昂的渔业部门的重大投资提供支持。这些国家是两个相关的、总金额为9 000万至1亿美元的国际发展协会投资的受益者。作为西非地区渔业方案第一阶段的一部分，已向加纳和几内亚比绍追加拨款5 780万美元，拨款方为：世界银行(5 200万美元)、全球环境基金(400万美元)和非洲渔业伙伴关系(180万美元)。", "16. 这些投资对于非洲发展新伙伴关系和非洲渔业伙伴关系具有战略意义，表现在三个方面：(a) 新伙伴关系牵头规定进行渔业投资的政策、规范和管理框架；(b) 支持在非洲农业全面发展方案框架内渔业政策的趋同，即，确保渔业更有效更可持续地为年增长率6%的目标和粮食安全作贡献；(c) 这构成非洲农业全面发展方案契约后的关键应对措施，可对已完成非洲农业全面发展方案契约的国家在制定渔业投资方案方面提供支持。", "17. 非洲渔业伙伴关系的实施对受益国很重要，表现在几个方面：(a) 其投入在影响世界银行的财政投资和将方案制定周期从18个月减到6个月方面具有关键意义；(b) 其在动员地方专门人才制定投资方案方面所发挥的积极和重要的作用提高了当地对方案的自主权。", "C. 卫生", "18. 新伙伴关系机构继续追求新伙伴关系的主要目标，即，改善非洲的医疗保健系统，增加训练有素的医务工作者，和确保为所有非洲人提供廉价、安全和有效的医药。为实现后一个目标，新伙伴关系正在领导非洲医药管理统一计划，动员财政和技术资源，倡导医药管理政策和立法审查，并协调现有的管理能力建设举措，以便加强医药管理的统一。新伙伴关系协调一个由世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、克林顿基金会和联合王国国际开发司组成的联合放款团，开展该计划的实施工作，并且，到目前为止已收到来自地区经济委员会为实现地区一级协调统一的六个项目建议。新伙伴关系机构会同地区经济委员会已完成了对东非共同体、南部非洲发展共同体和西非经共体地区的形势分析，并将把从审评过程中所吸取的经验教训通报非洲各国和各委员会。", "19. 新伙伴关系机构通过这一计划与利益攸关方和合作伙伴一起解决非洲医药市场管理混乱的问题,将其作为增进和保护公众健康的一个主要内容，因为此举有助于确保病人获得高质量、安全和有效的药品。如此，该机构正与泛非议会卫生、劳工和社会事务委员会协作，在非洲大陆宣传和倡导这一计划。此外，该计划的实施框架已得到2011年4月在纳米比亚举行的非洲联盟卫生部长会议的核可。", "20. 新伙伴关系机构继续在解决非洲医务人员危机方面发挥关键作用。在这方面，由该机构主持的非洲卫生人力资源平台已完成了对非洲撒哈拉南部医学院校的需求评估研究，从而为今后的行动提供了坚实的知识基础。研究的调研结论将指导世界卫生组织和美国总统艾滋病救援应急计划之间的协作，根据应急计划的承诺，将扩大对医生和护士的改造教育的规模，为非洲十万名以上新医务专业人员的培训提供支持。", "21. 与非洲卫生研究计划的合作正取得进展，目的是实现健康和平等，减少贫困并促进非洲国家的社会经济发展。迄今，莫桑比克、塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国已选择参加非洲卫生研究计划。塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国已同意利用该举措及其网站门户将其国家研究纳入卫生信息系统。新伙伴关系机构还在设计一个方案，以便为区域经济委员会制定全面的环卫和植物卫生政策框架以及主要农作物的战略提供技术支持。特别是，它将处理区域市场一体化的各种问题。", "D. 教育和培训", "22. 新伙伴关系机构通过与坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府谈判,推动利用流动诊所将护校毕业生和助产士部署到农村社区,继续促进非洲护士和助产士的人力资源开发。该机构还制定了方案，将中非国家经济共同体内三国的护士和助产士的教育和资格提到更高的水平。在南部非洲，六所具有公认的护理和接生临床硕士学位颁发资格的大学组成了一个联合体，互相合作，在中非国家经济共同体内的三所授课大学制定并提供护理和接生学本科和硕士课程。同时，它们将协助这三国的管理机构并与卫生部一起制定职业计划，对公共部门承认、利用和奖励这些护士和助产士做出规定。此外，新伙伴关系机构还将森林教育列为优先，并向瑞典政府提出了为一个讲习班提供资金的申请，以便最后确定森林教育研究生课程。", "23. 正加倍努力使加蓬和南非政府参与支持在加蓬开办一个数学、科学和技术区域教育中心的项目。已有三个国家(安哥拉、刚果民主共和国和莫桑比克)向设在南非的非洲文艺复兴国际合作基金提出为开放式远程教学进行教师培训提供资金的建议。", "E. 环境和旅游事业", "24. 新伙伴关系环境行动计划通过已有7年，在制定次区域环境行动计划方面已取得了进展，代表这些地区和国家的是：中非国家经共体、西非经共体、政府间发展局、南共体、和阿拉伯马格里布联盟。这使国家行动计划得以在五个国家制定。此外，在国家和次区域层面开展了环境行动计划的实施能力建设活动。该计划还支持非洲国家强化对联合国气候变化框架公约和京都议定书的执行工作。在实施国家行动计划的生物多样性和荒漠化条款方面也提供了类似的支持。就此，确定了政策目标并制定了大纲，以指导关于以下问题的讨论：准入和利益分享、可持续的森林管理、外来入侵物种、海洋和沿海综合管理。该计划还为在区域层面执行气候变化框架公约提供了框架。新伙伴关系机构与非洲联盟委员会和非洲环境部长会议协作，启动了环境行动计划实施情况的审查进程。", "25. 新伙伴关系机构目前正在准备一份方案建议，题目是“气候变化适应和缓解方案：利用科学技术和创新应对气候变化”。作为进行中的将青年增权纳入新伙伴关系方案的计划的一部分，已开始了使青年参与气候变化的进程。这一进程将通过非洲气候变化问题青年科学家倡议进行，其秘书处设在南非西北大学。青年科学家倡议的目的是提高人们的认识，争取青年积极主动地参与气候变化问题和活动。计划于2011年8月中启动这一倡议，主题是“促进非洲土著知识体系在气候变化适应和缓解中发挥作用”。", "26. 在非洲联盟-新伙伴关系非洲减少灾害风险区域战略及其实施行动方案的框架内，正在努力将减少灾害风险纳入减贫和可持续发展的各项举措。2006-2015年非洲减少灾害风险区域战略延长的实施行动方案已提交第二次非洲减少灾害风险部长级会议并获得通过。此外，重新设立了非洲减少灾害风险咨询小组，专门为在非洲落实减灾举措向国家主管部门和次区域和区域当局提供咨询和支持。", "27. 作为一种发展催化剂，旅游事业的发展可对其他部门产生积极的溢出效应并分担发展成本。非洲联盟委员会和新伙伴关系机构正积极与国家、地区、非洲大陆和全球性组织开展伙伴合作，推动一项旅游业部门区域一体化全面方案。若干非洲国家认识到旅游业给非洲带来的机遇和挑战，在联合国世界旅游组织和其他发展伙伴的协助下，制定了旅游业总体计划。", "F. 信息和通信技术", "28. 2011年7月在乌干达举行的第十五届新伙伴关系国家元首和政府方针委员会做出了一项决定之后，新伙伴关系e-非洲委员会被新伙伴关系e-非洲方案所取代，以便根据新伙伴关系机构的新的战略取向，推动信息和通信技术的优先部门的发展。", "29. 新伙伴关系e-非洲方案的任务是，为信息和通信技术在全非洲的发展制定非洲大陆层面的政策、战略和项目，为此，在不断推进其主要举措的实施：新伙伴关系信息和通信技术非洲宽带基础设施网和新伙伴关系e-学校计划。为强化扩大新伙伴关系信息和通信技术非洲大陆宽带基础设施网的努力，在开罗为北非、在冈比亚、塞内加尔、尼日利亚和吉布提为当地的利益攸关方，举办了几场关于基加利议定书的地区和国家利益攸关方讲习班。", "30. Uhurunet水下光缆的铺设工作取得了进展。2010年6月在法国签署了非洲沿海至欧洲(ACE)/Uhurunet光缆建设和维护协议和供应合同。Uhurunet光缆的这一段将从法国延伸到南非，并将非洲西海岸的所有国家连接起来。负责延非洲铺设Uhurunet水下光缆圈的Baharicom公司在努力筹资和举债，以满足供应合同的付款期限。", "31. 关于Umojanet 跨界陆上网络，已完成了两个业务计划。第一个于2010年7月完成，涵盖东非和南部非洲的10 个国家(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、马拉维、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚和津巴布韦)，第二个计划于2010年9月完成，涵盖西非和中非12个国家(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、赤道几内亚、加纳、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚和多哥)。", "32. 2011年1月,第十六届非洲联盟峰会核准了总统基础设施冠军计划技术委员会遴选的非洲联盟——新伙伴关系信息和通信技术宽带基础设施项目——Uhurunet、Umojanet和拟议的尼日利亚-尼日尔-阿尔及利亚天然气管道沿线的信息和通信技术光纤连接项目。", "33. 关于新伙伴关系e-学校计划，新伙伴关系机构正在研究结束该计划示范阶段的模式。已在16个非洲国家开展了80场新伙伴关系e-学校计划的示范。参加示范项目的每所学校都配备了一个电脑实验室，里面至少有20台个人电脑、以及一个服务器和联网基础设施和其他辅件，如扫描器、电子白板和打印机。学校与互联网连接，使其能与世界其他地方联系。新伙伴关系机构与互联网学会签署了一项谅解备忘录，以便培养非洲主要利益攸关方在互联网管理方面的能力。", "G. 科学和技术", "34. 非洲科学、技术和创新指标举措迄今为止值得注意的成就是，设立了牵头单位在国家层面引导科学、技术和创新指标的制定，科学、技术和创新数据收集能力建设，和《非洲创新展望——2010》的出版——这是系列出版物中的第一个，旨在向公众介绍非洲国家科学、技术和创新活动的情况。刊物于2011年5月在埃塞俄比亚首发，刊载了研究与发展调查的结果。预计将会引发一场辩论，从而丰富收集更高质量的数据的过程。新伙伴关系机构和科学、技术和创新指标举措也为非洲联盟委员会设立非洲科学、技术和创新观察站提供支持。已与赤道几内亚签署了东道国协议，观察站将在协调、数据收集和培训，以及传播非洲科学、技术和创新活动方面扮演主要角色。", "35. 非洲科学、技术和创新指标举措方案在19个非洲联盟成员国成功地完成了其第一阶段工作，其目的是为开展研究与开发以及创新调查提供一种互相学习和知识分享的学习机制。由此产生的结果是，制定了这类调查的指导原则并在参加国中被采用。科学、技术和创新的衡量标准作为政策制定和实施的辅助工具，开辟了进一步研究和辩论的领域。参加国正在就这些事项开展协作，并在建设一个实践共同体，确保将来非洲以一种声音说话。", "36. 2010年11月,东、中非生命科学中心设施在肯尼亚正式启用。在加拿大的财政支持下，新伙伴关系机构为东、中非科学家建造了世界级的实验设施。这些设施将为这些科学家提供机会，在生命科学领域开展前沿研究，以应对农民在提高农业生产力方面所面临的挑战。最近设立了非洲生物安全专门知识网，是由非洲工作人员管理的、具备生物安全系统多学科专门知识的全大陆服务网。自初创以来，该网络为农业生物技术非洲管理人员提供了培训和科学资料，以帮助各国做出知情的决定。", "H. 性别问题主流化、增强妇女权能和民间社会参与", "37. 新伙伴关系机构正在就在各区域经济委员会为非洲女企业家实施业务孵化开展工作。当前的目标是为两个选定的区域经济委员会——东部和南部非洲共同市场(东南非共同市场)和西非经共体——业务孵化试点项目提供资金，预算为100万欧元。计划以此经验为基础，将其推广到其他五个区域经济委员会。新伙伴关系机构和东南非共同市场于2010年5月签署了谅解备忘录。该项目提交给了负责性别问题和妇女事务的部长的第四次会议，会议决定开始物色妇女企业家和合作伙伴机构。随后，与东南非共同市场和东南非经商妇女国家协会联合会进行了技术磋商，一致认为，世界银行业务孵化举措将有助于传播全球和在非洲所吸取的经验教训。", "38. 新伙伴关系机构开始了与联合国系统各机构在关键领域(如，农村妇女、增强非洲妇女经济权力、知识的产生和传播等)结成战略联盟的工作，例如，非洲经济委员会(非经委)和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)。在准备第二次呼吁提案的同时，新伙伴关系/西班牙增强非洲妇女权能基金对进行中的项目进行了监测和评估，并关闭了在第一次呼吁提案范围内资助的项目。基金的第二阶段涵盖2011年至2013年，将新伙伴关系增强非洲妇女权能的方案进行了合并。", "39. 基金推动了性别问题主流化的倡导工作和扶贫必要手段的开发，包括有更多的妇女和女孩接受了经济上可维持的职业技能培训。基金通过公私营伙伴关系还协助创造就业机会，帮助商界和民间社会妇女领袖开发技能，并开展利用信息和通信技术的能力建设，力争缩小数码鸿沟。通过为农业加工(提供了45台机器)和经验管理培训(600名女企业家)提供支持，基金还支持了创收活动的开发。", "I. 非洲同侪审评机制", "40. 非洲同侪审评机制继续加强了其作为在非洲推进良政和社会经济发展的手段的地位。利比里亚在2011年1月非洲同侪审评机制论坛上正式加入了该机制。根据机制秘书处提供的资料，截至2011年7月底，有30个国家通过签署谅解备忘录加入了该机制，它们是：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、刚果、吉布提、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、南非、苏丹、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达和赞比亚。该机制的成员代表了76%以上非洲人口。", "41. 在非洲同侪审评论坛第十三和十四次峰会期间，毛里求斯和埃塞俄比亚分别受到了同侪审评。截至2011年7月底，有14个国家受到了同侪审评：阿尔及利亚、贝宁、布基纳法索、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马里、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、南非和乌干达。其他国家则在审评进程的不同阶段：塞拉利昂和赞比亚分别于2011年2月和5月接待了国别审评团，坦桑尼亚联合共和国将在2011年下半年接受审评，而加纳和肯尼亚也已做好准备接受第二周期定期审评。", "42. 受到审评的国家也在实施各自的由审评程序产生的国家行动方案方面取得了进展。为此，2011年1月在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的论坛第十四次峰会审议了莱索托、尼日利亚和南非的国家方案实施进展报告，而2011年6月在马拉博举行的第十五次峰会则审议了贝宁和布基纳法索的国家方案实施进展报告。", "43. 为简化和加快同侪审评程序，对一些现有的工具作了修改。例如，2011年3月在约翰内斯堡举行的一次利益攸关方讲习班上对总调查问卷作了修订和论证，并且，现已到期应由定于2012年1月在埃塞俄比亚举行的论坛第16次峰会审查——在此之前，根据第15次峰会的指示，将由机制牵头机构对其进行详尽的审查。", "44. 机制继续得到其三个战略合作伙伴——非洲开发银行、非经委和联合国开发计划署——的支持。这种支持包括参加国别审评团和其他形式的技术和财政援助。在这方面，非洲开发银行继续提供赠款，支持精简和加快非洲同侪审评机制程序项目。该项目的目标包括：修改和改进机制的手段和程序，以及加强机制秘书处工作人员的能力。非经委通过题为“非洲同侪审评机制的调研结论及分析和政策制订的框架”的关于多样性管理的研究、组织讲习班以提高人们对机制的认识、和将国家行动方案和其他国家计划统一纳入一个中期开支共同框架，推动了对机制的研究和认知。", "三. 国际社会的反应：推进国际上对非洲发展的支持势头", "45. 尽管全球经济复苏速度放慢，非洲已从全球经济和金融危机中振兴。2010年，非洲平均增长率为4.9%，而2009年为3.1%。[2] 然而，这一复苏充满了不确定因素，既与脆弱的全球经济前景有关，也与各次区域的政治不稳定有关。此外，在实现千年发展目标的进展方面，非洲仍落后于其他地区，尤其是与儿童和产妇死亡率和获得卫生条件和清洁水相关的目标方面。", "46. 因此，发展伙伴需充分兑现承诺，继续为非洲提供支持，以便实现非洲大陆的发展议程，包括落实新伙伴关系的优先事项。在2005年格伦伊格尔峰会上，八国集团做出了增加对非洲的援助的历史性承诺，但到目前为止仍未履行这些诺言。2011年在法国举行的八国峰会重申了格伦伊格尔承诺。2010年下半年，二十国集团也提出了发展倡议—关于分享增长的首尔发展共识，其中更加强调要通过基础设施发展和创造就业来促进经济增长。最后，2010年9月在纽约举行的千年发展目标大会高级别全体会议通过了按目标日期实现千年发展目标的全球行动计划，并对非洲给以特别的关注。", "47. 非洲传统发展伙伴的不确定的经济前景及其面临的财政空间缩小，似乎预示在今后的岁月里，非传统的捐助方的重要性会进一步上升。这包括新兴经济体和非国家行为者，例如，私立基金会和慈善家。鉴于经合发国家在全球经济和金融危机后紧缩了援助预算，以及此举对援助拨款的负面影响，2011年11月和12月在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛将是发展伙伴根据援助实效问题巴黎宣言和阿克拉行动议程中所载内容，重申对援助质量和实效的承诺的适当时机。", "48. 2011年5月在土耳其举行的第四次联合国援助最不发达国家会议通过了2011-2020年援助最不发达国家十年行动纲领和伊斯坦布尔宣言。行动纲领的目标是确保持续的经济增长和减少贫困，从而使半数最不发达国家得以在2020年之前从最不发达国家类别中“毕业”出来。行动纲领确定了八个优先领域：生产能力，包括基础设施、能源、科学技术、和私营部门发展；农业、粮食安全和农村发展；贸易；商品；人类和社会发展，包括妇女增权；应对多种危机和新出现挑战的影响，例如，气候变化和可持续性问题；动员财政资源促进发展和能力建设；和各个层次的良好管治。鉴于48个最不发达国家中有33个在非洲，行动纲领的实施将大大有助于应对非洲大陆面临的发展挑战。", "A. 官方发展援助", "49. 根据经合发组织的统计，2009年所有捐助方的官方发展援助的总量达1280亿美元。其中，480亿美元去了非洲，这显示比2008年实际值年增长11.7%(见下文图一)。2010年，对非洲的双边援助，不算多边机构的拨款，与2009年相比，实际值增长了3.6%，在2010年达到293亿美元。尽管有这些增长，官方发展援助仍未达到八国集团国家在2005年格伦伊格尔峰会上的认捐数—在峰会上它们承诺将对非洲的官方发展援助总量提高250亿美元。据千年发展目标差距工作队估算，兑现差距为180亿美元，非洲在2010年从经合发组织发展援助委员会捐助国共收到官方发展援助460亿美元，这大大低于格伦伊格尔承诺的640亿美元。[3]", "图一 来自所有捐助方的官方发展援助总量", "(现美元十亿计)", "资料来源：据经合发组织/发展援助委员会在线数据库2011年。", "50. 2010年在加拿大和2011年在法国举行的八国集团峰会重申了八国集团与非洲的伙伴关系。在关于孕产妇、新生儿和儿童健康问题的《马斯科卡倡议》中，八国集团成员国承诺，为在发展中国家实现千年发展目标4和5，在2010年至2015年期间将增加50亿美元开支。在2011年法国峰会上，通过了八国集团/非洲联合宣言：“共同的价值观，共同的责任”，从而重申了这一伙伴关系。这次峰会还启动了多维尔伙伴关系，对阿拉伯国家的新的民主提供支持，并承诺通过多边开发银行提供200亿美元，以支持突尼斯和埃及的可持续的包容性增长。14", "51. 关于援助实效问题，在实现2005年援助实效问题巴黎宣言和2008年阿卡拉行动议程(A/63/539，附件)的进展情况方面，喜忧参半。一方面，在给非洲、特别是给最不发达国家的不附带条件的援助方面有明显的进步，18个捐助国签署了国际援助透明度倡议。另一方面，在利用国家系统和减少援助的各自为政方面进展仍然有限。在此背景下，国际社会应在即将举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛上再次承诺改进援助的实效。", "52. 非传统发展伙伴在非洲的发展中正扮演着越来越重要的角色。在南南合作的总题目下，巴西、中国、印度、土耳其等新兴国家提供赠款和贷款，所附带的条件往往比传统捐助国要少。但是，由于缺乏数据，很难就来自新兴发展伙伴的官方发展援助的数量作明确的介绍。", "53. 除了双边捐助国外，新的慈善行为者，如，比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、全球防治艾滋病、肺结核和疟疾基金等，为非洲国家提供了创新的发展资助，帮助扩大有限的国内资源促进发展。例如，盖茨基金会已开始将其对卫生事业的援助向经合发组织发展援助委员会报告，2009年拨款18亿美元作为赠款用于改善发展中国家的卫生事业，其中36%是专门针对非洲的。因此，该基金会是继美国和全球基金之后在这一领域的第三大捐助方。", "B. 债务减免", "54. 由于在重债穷国债务倡议、多边债务减免倡议框架内和在双边一级不断努力减免非洲国家的外债负担，债务和还债的数额比1990年代中期的高峰已大幅下降。1994年非洲撒哈拉南部的外债总量达到国内生产总值(GDP)的73%，到2010年已下降到GDP的21%，[4] 这就能腾出资源使国家得以提高扶贫支出，加快实现千年发展目标。", "55. 四个国家——刚果民主共和国、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和多哥——通过重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议，在2010年7月至2011年6月期间大幅度减少了债务。在达到完成点后，刚果民主共和国获得债务减免123亿美元。利比里亚在满足了未竟条件后，于2010年6月达到完成点，其名义债务随即减少了46亿美元。因此，利比里亚的外债总量下降到GDP的15%。几内亚比绍于2010年12月从世界银行和国际货币基金获得债务减免12亿美元。最后，多哥在2010年12月达到完成点后外债减少了82%。总体上说，有26个非洲国家现已达到重债穷国倡议的完成点，并已受益于债务减免(见下文表1)。巴黎俱乐部的成员国同意为所有这四个国家削减和取消双边债务，从而对其债务减免贡献巨大。巴黎俱乐部的成员国根据重债穷国倡议对这四国的债务减免的贡献名义值总计达90亿美元。", "56. 尽管有这一进展，对于债务的可持续性人们有新的疑虑，尤其是在全球经济和金融危机的影响挥之不去，新的和新兴捐助国在非洲接触增加，贷款有价证券增多的情况下。根据最近的报告，在迄今为止已受惠于重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的26个非洲国家中，有9个仍在，或极有可能，经历债务困扰。[5]", "表1 重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议的目前和潜在的受益者", "状况 国家", "26个完成点后国家 贝宁、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、莫桑比克、尼日尔、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达、赞比亚", "4个决定点后国家 乍得、科摩罗、科特迪瓦、几内亚", "3个决定点前国家 埃利特利亚、索马里、苏丹", "资料来源：货币基金，截至2011年7月。", "C. 外国直接投资", "57. 根据联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)，流入非洲的外国直接投资(FDI)在2009年大幅下降，从2008年的历史性高点720亿美元降至590亿美元，这主要是由于全球经济和金融危机的缘故。贸发会议对2010年的初步估算预示，流向非洲的外国直接投资将进一步下降14%，降至500亿美元。[6]", "58. 非洲大陆所有次区域的外国直接投资都下降了，而中非是个例外，它受益于在赤道几内亚的巨额投资。从部门分布看，对制造业和初级产品部门的投资在危机期间急剧下降，这样，服务业部门在2009年就成了非洲最大的外国直接投资接受方。由于在危机后全球商品价格迅速回升，预计对可提取的行业的外国直接投资在2009年会上升。确实，虽然对绿色领域的投资在2010年仍然相对较低，但在可提取的行业，兼并和收购却呈上升趋势。", "59. 由于来自传统伙伴的投资流量在继续下降，新兴国家在非洲进一步加强了它们的地位，其份额在稳步上升。例如，源自亚洲的外国直接投资流入量份额从1995年至1999年的平均6.7%上升到2000年至2008年的15.162%。", "60. 非洲国家也在继续努为吸引外国直接投资而改善投资环境。截至2008年底，它们缔结了715个双边投资协议，以促进和保护外国投资者。区域经济委员会也开展了区域投资方案。[7] 非洲的加强努力也反映在世界银行报告“经营商务2011：为企业家别开生面”中指出“绩效有改进”——报告对商务管理环境进行了评估。2011年，报告将3个非洲国家列入10个改进最大的经济体行列。发展伙伴尤其通过新伙伴关系-经合发组织投资倡议，为这一进程提供支持，从而加强了非洲国家为改善商务环境而策划和实施改革的能力。", "D. 贸易", "61. 过去一年的多哈回合贸易谈判，在影响到非洲的问题上，在达成协议方面实质上没有取得任何进展。尽管二十国领导人在2010年11月二十国集团首尔峰会上作出承诺，要在2011年底完成多哈回合，强调贸易在全球经济复苏中的至关重要的作用，但情况仍是这样。此外，欧洲联盟和非洲各区域之间关于经济伙伴关系协议的谈判进展也十分有限。在2010年11月在利比亚举行的第三次非洲-欧洲联盟峰会上，双方再次承诺要为经济合作伙伴关系协议上剩余的共同关切问题找到解决办法。然而，谈判已陷入僵局。", "62. 在2009年第二次援助促贸易举措全球审评之后，对非洲的援助促贸易承诺进一步增加，在2009年总计达170亿美元，比2008年增加21%，[8] 并且都集中于基础设施和生产能力方面。2011年将对该举措进行第三次全球审评，为援助促贸易造更大的势头。", "63. 非洲国家正在解决非洲内部贸易量低的问题，并在第十六届非盟峰会上再次承诺要加强一体化。非洲联盟和新伙伴关系基础设施方案的重点是各地区之间的互联性，各区域经济委员会在继续努力实现更大的贸易一体化——最值得注意的是，要通过东南非共同市场、东非共同体和南共体之间有计划的自由贸易协定来实现，其最终目标是建立单一的海关联盟。这三个区域共同体力争在未来三年内完成一体化努力的第一阶段工作。", "E. 南南合作", "64. 南南合作对于非洲发展已变得越来越重要，是对北南合作的补充。巴西、中国、印度等新兴经济体的迅猛增长对非洲大陆造成振奋人心的、大体上是积极的影响，导致金融、贸易和发展援助流量与日俱增。在全球经济和金融危机之后，经济联系和其他形式的合作，帮助减轻了危机对非洲经济的冲击并促成了大陆回到经济复苏的轨道。二十国集团共同增长首尔发展共识正式确定了新兴经济体在全球舞台上的这一新角色。", "65. 在成功举办中国-非洲合作论坛之后，其他国家和地区也寻求建立正式的结构来指导其与非洲的合作和接触。这方面的例子有：2010年8月举行的第二次越南-非洲国际论坛，2010年9月举行的伊朗-非洲论坛和2010年10月在利比亚举行的第二次非洲-阿拉伯峰会。在峰会上，非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟通过了非洲-阿拉伯伙伴关系战略，旨在创建一体化的非洲-阿拉伯区域和促进更紧密的经济和政治合作。", "66. 2011年5月，在埃塞俄比亚举行了第二届非洲-印度论坛峰会，其主题是“加强伙伴关系：共同的远景”，在此期间，印度也加深了与非洲的合作。会议通过了非洲-印度加强合作框架，以补充现有的框架并对现有的联合行动计划加以更新，纳入了一种后续机制。印度宣布在今后三年里按信贷额度向非洲提供价值50亿美元的支持，以实现其发展目标，此外，另为发展新体制和培训项目提供7亿美元。论坛还决定将峰会进程制度化。", "67. 在全球层面，2011年5月在印度尼西亚，不结盟运动部长会议通过了一份全面的成果文件，勾画了该运动对今后50年的共同展望，以及不结盟运动成立50周年的纪念宣言。巴厘纪念宣言重申，有必要扩大和深化南南合作，就经济和社会发展问题制定共同立场和战略方面加强协调。宣言还强调需要扩大全球伙伴关系的规模和为发展提供资金，以确保实现国际商定的发展目标，并要特别考虑到非洲的特别需求。", "F. 千年村", "68. 在审评期内，非洲村项目在撒哈拉南部非洲国家的10个地点继续加快了实现千年发展目标的进展步伐，惠及约50万人。", "69. 运作3年后发表的进展报告显示，该项目的做法是行之有效的。对9个研究点的严格监测和评价揭示，玉米平均产量是原来的3倍，两岁以下儿童常年营养不良的程度下降了43%。在所有国家都建立了学校供餐方案，1770%的小学生每天都吃校餐。这对学校的招生和学生出勤产生了巨大的积极影响。", "70. 卫生部门的成果显示，怀孕期间获得艾滋病检测的人数翻了一番，在医疗机构分娩率平均提高了50%。该项目还记载了疟疾蔓延率减少80%以上，床蚊帐的使用率增加了6倍。约有75%的儿童接种了麻疹疫苗，并在过去的六个月里接受了维生素A的补充。能用上安全饮用水的人数翻了一番，能用上改进的卫生设施的人数增加了2倍。", "71. 一些国家正在研究来自该项目的经验教训，在这一综合样板提供的信息的基础上，制定实现千年发展目标的国家战略。在加纳、马里和尼日利亚，政府以千年村的经验为依据，正在为千年发展目标制定国家强化计划，而在马拉维和乌干达，项目的成果为在政府层面开展关于千年发展目标的一般性讨论提供了资料。", "四. 联合国系统提供的支持", "加强在非洲开展工作的联合国各机构和组织的区域协调机制以支持非洲联盟及其新伙伴关系方案和集群体系", "72. 在审评期内，联合国系统继续向非洲联盟新伙伴关系方案提供技术和机构援助。去年，各联合国实体的各种方案与非洲联盟委员会、新伙伴关系机构和各区域经济委员会的方案加强了协调一致。联合国系统一直在区域、次区域、国家和社区层面积极参与所有这些机构建设、方案设计、和实施进程。", "73. 区域协调机制取得了巨大成就，联合国各机构和方案强化了协调便是明证。具体而言，“一体行动”理念已被更多人接受，各机构认识到有必要采取集体做法支持非洲联盟内的能力建设。", "74. 2010年11月举行的主题为“里约+20”的区域协调机制第11届会议取得了重要成果，特别是关于实施非洲联盟能力建设十年方案方面，对于该方案的实施给予了新的推动。方案的审评于2010年完成，其主要结论已纳入秘书长的报告(A/65/716-S/2011/54)。报告发现在非洲联盟委员会成员国中有相当多的国家支持该方案。报告要求加强与区域经济委员会的接触，以及需要为方案的实施加强资金调拨。", "75. 对区域协调机制秘书处进行改革，使其从基本上由联合国领导变为联合国-非洲联盟联合秘书处，这已得到巩固，非洲联盟越来越有效地行使自主权和领导权。联合秘书处现在已从非洲联盟委员会和非经委抽调了专职工作人员，这两个机构都在继续向协调机制提供战略协调和支持。特别是随着在非洲联盟委员会主席办公室内设立了新伙伴关系协调科，协调程序已得到加强。在各集群内和集群之间的协调也有改进。特别是，宣传和通信集群使非洲媒体的代表参加了2011年6月在莱索托举行的第二次非洲区域媒体对话并通过了马塞卢宣言，从而提高他们在非洲联盟/新伙伴关系发展优先事项方面的宣传作用。", "76. 由总部的特别顾问办公室召集的非洲问题机构间工作队继续为联合国系统各机构分享专门知识和经验提供有效的框架。尤其是，工作队为秘书长报告的编写工作积极提供资料和建议。", "五. 结论和建议", "77. 过去一年，在实施新伙伴关系项目、推进非洲同侪审评机制的实施、和增加对非洲国家的官方发展援助和援助贸易方面取得了进展。尽管有这一进展，在实施新伙伴关系方面仍然存在基本的挑战。由于今年恰逢新伙伴关系十周年庆祝，非洲国家应继续实施新伙伴关系项目并为其拨出更多的资源，促进私营部门发展，与此同时，发展伙伴则应采取紧急步骤履行其对非洲的承诺。", "78. 新伙伴关系十周年纪念可变成其部门优先事项实施工作的转折点。这要求要有决心和发挥领导作用，将非洲的发展远景计划和国际承诺变为政策行动和成果。新伙伴关系通过十年了，“一切照旧”不应成为一种选择。以下建议可作为出发点。", "79. 新伙伴关系创始文件强调，非洲各国政府与其人民——包括私营部门和民间社会——需建立伙伴关系。在扩大公民参与的空间方面已取得了许多成绩。现在，非洲国家需利用这一势头进一步加强各种机制，促进社会各阶层在政治和发展进程中的参与、融入和增权。", "80. 由于私营部门是实施新伙伴关系的一个主要合作伙伴，非洲各国应进一步改善投资环境，建立商务友好的环境。非洲各国还需继续开展体制改革，以便为基础设施项目的筹资吸引私人资本和发展公私营伙伴关系。", "81. 鉴于农业发展在确保粮食安全和应对粮食危机回潮方面的重要性，非洲各国应努力达到马普托宣言所规定的拨出国民预算的10%用于农业部门和农村发展的目标，并确保改善管治，以有效管理所调拨的资源。", "82. 非洲妇女是非洲的希望、力量和机遇的脸面。非洲各国应从政策和计划走向实施，包括为实现2010-2020年非洲妇女十年的目标确定优先行动。", "83. 现在14个国家已经过了同侪审评，相关政府应实施商定的行动方案和非洲同侪审评机制国别报告中提出的建议。审评程序可走得更快些，以便加快已经启动同侪审评程序的国家的完成速度。", "84. 非洲各国应将气候变化问题纳入国家和区域层面的经济规划和管理，并将环境政策纳入生产部门的主流，而国际合作伙伴则应支持非洲各国的缓解和适应努力。非洲各国应继续参与2012年联合国可持续发展问题会议(里约+20)的筹备进程——会议成果将对非洲大陆未来的可持续增长产生影响。", "85. 许多不是经合发组织发展援助委员会成员的国家和组织作为非洲国家的发展合作伙伴正在担负起越来越重要的作用。因此，为提高援助的实效，有必要使非委员会成员的新的和新兴发展伙伴参与进来。即将在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛应是个恰当的平台。在高级别论坛上，各发展伙伴应考虑到非洲立场，即，突尼斯共识，其中要求不要仅限于援助实效，而更要集中关注发展实效，其最终目标是减少对援助的依赖性和促进自力更生。", "86. 官方发展援助和外国直接投资可推动非洲的增长。各发展合作伙伴应采取紧急集体行动，可持续地扩大援助拨款规模，以实践其对非洲援助翻番的承诺。他们还应维持对非洲的外国直接投资流入的上升趋势。", "87. 在非洲青年失业率居高不下的背景下，发展合作伙伴应完成早该完成的包括发展目标的多哈回合多边贸易谈判，因为这会增加国际贸易并可能增长创造就业机会的前景。", "88. 在艾滋病毒/艾滋病领域，发展伙伴应继续支持加强国家卫生系统、研究基础设施和实验室能力并扩大监视系统，以遵照2011年6月关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言，改进努力，减轻疫情的影响。", "89. 援助促贸易是支持非洲国家改善供应方制约和从增加市场准入获益的有效机制。照此，援助促贸易措施应是对改善非洲出口品市场准入和加强非洲大陆对世界贸易的贡献努力的补充，而不是替代。", "90. 尽管通过各种双边和多边减债举措使还债成本有所下降，一些非洲国家正在经受债务困扰，这会影响其债务的可持续性。为维持债务可持续性，发展伙伴应确保符合减债条件的国家从包括商业债权人在内的所有债权方得到充分的债务减免，并劝阻非巴黎俱乐部债权人对重债穷国的法律诉讼。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。", "[2] 经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)，非洲开发银行，非洲经济委员会(非经委)和联合国开发计划署，非洲经济展望(巴黎，经合发组织，2011年)。", "[3] 联合国，全球发展伙伴关系：是兑现的时候了，千年发展目标差距工作队的报告(纽约，2011年即将发表)。", "[4] 国际货币基金(货币基金)，世界经济展望数据库，2011年4月。", "[5] 非洲进展小组，伙伴关系的改造力量，2011年非洲进展报告(日内瓦16，2011年)。", "[6] 联合国贸易和发展会议，“全球投资趋势监测第5号”，2011年1月，可检索http://www.unctad. org/en/docs//webdiaeia20111_en.pdf。", "[7] 非经委和经合发组织，非洲发展实效的互查：2011年临时报告(2011年)，可检索 http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf。", "[8] 出处同上。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目63(a)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持", "非洲发展新伙伴关系:关于执行和国际支持的第九次综合进度报告", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是大会第A/63/284号决议授权的,正值非洲领导人通过非洲联盟旗舰方案——非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)十周年之际。 报告评估了在执行新伙伴关系项目和方案方面取得的进展以及国际社会提供的支持。 同时还再次关注非洲的发展需要,这体现在2010年大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议之后作出的重大承诺、第四次联合国最不发达国家会议通过《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》和千年发展目标非洲指导小组各项建议的执行框架,以加快非洲实现千年发展目标的进展。 这一新的关注反映了非洲国家在实现《千年发展目标》方面仍然面临挑战。", "在这方面,报告强调非洲国家在执行新伙伴关系方面取得了进展,同时重申需要为新伙伴关系的部门优先事项分配更多资源,并进行适当改革,进一步鼓励私营部门参与伙伴关系项目,并促进公私伙伴关系,为基础设施项目筹措资金。 为了进一步加强国际合作促进发展并促进新伙伴关系的执行,发展伙伴应采取紧急措施,以圆满完成多哈回合贸易谈判及其发展层面,履行援助承诺,提高援助实效。 新伙伴关系通过十年后,“一切照旧”这一选择不应成为一种选择,因为它将导致兑现承诺,进一步拖延实现千年发展目标和新伙伴关系的执行。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 非洲国家采取的行动4\n组织\nA. 基础设施 4B.Agriculture 6 and food\n安保\nC. 健康7D. 教育 8和\nE. 环境8\nF. 信息10和通讯\nG.Science 11 and\nH.Gender 11 主流化,赋予妇女权力和民间社会\nI. 非洲12次同行审议\n机制三. 国际社会13个机构:利用国际社会对非洲的支持的势头\nA. 正式14项发展\nB. 援助\nC. Foreign 17 direct\n投资\nD. 贸易 18E. 南南 19\nF.Millennium 19\n第四村。 联合国提供的20项支助\n加强20个支持非洲联盟及其新伙伴关系方案及新伙伴关系方案的联合国机构和组织的区域协调机制\n第五组别\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 导言 在题为“非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持”的第56/84号决议中,大会请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告。 本报告是应这一要求提交的。", "2. 结 论 报告强调了非洲国家和组织在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)方面采取的政策措施、国际社会的回应和联合国系统去年提供的支持。 还强调私营部门和民间社会为支持新伙伴关系所开展的活动。 报告得益于会员国、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行、新伙伴关系规划和协调机构、非洲同行审议机制秘书处、经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)以及联合国系统一些实体提供的资料。", "附件二。 非洲国家和组织采取的行动", "3. 非洲领导人于2001年7月在卢萨卡通过的新伙伴关系既是非洲的集体愿景,也是非洲的战略发展框架。 其主要目标是促成基础广泛和公平的经济增长,使非洲能够减少贫穷,更好地融入全球经济。 将这一愿景转化为行动,需要执行新伙伴关系的主要部门优先事项。 在很大程度上,从框架转向业务蓝图取决于每个国家的决心。 在新伙伴关系范围内,每个国家预计将设计符合新伙伴关系目标的国家蓝图,并负责在国家一级执行新伙伴关系方案。 此外,作为非洲经济一体化核心机构的区域经济共同体在次区域一级执行项目方面发挥了主导作用。", "A. 基础设施", "4. . 在过去12个月中,该部门的工作重点是电力、运输和水。 新伙伴关系机构的成立及其纳入非洲联盟的结构和进程,加强了发展努力的一致性和协调。 例如,新伙伴关系署和非洲联盟委员会基础设施与能源部制定了联合工作方案,并通过了非洲联盟/新伙伴关系非洲行动计划提出的2010-2015年联合优先基础设施项目。 非洲联盟第十四次首脑会议于2010年2月核可了非洲基础设施发展方案,其主要目标是根据非洲大陆的战略目标和部门政策,为非洲的基础设施发展制定愿景。 它为区域和大陆基础设施发展(运输、能源、水以及信息和通信技术)提供了一个协调一致的框架。", "5. 结 论 在成功实施短期行动计划之后,新伙伴关系机构与非行合作,对行动计划进行了第三次审查。 根据审查,该行动计划促进了区域基础设施的发展,估计2002年至2008年期间投资56亿美元,占原短期行动计划投资总额的69%。 自2004年以来,在审查的103个项目中,70%取得了一定进展,15%达到了项目完成点。", "6. 任务 为了精简其活动,确保方案和项目执行方面的有效协调与协作,新伙伴关系机构于2010年3月与非洲管理者论坛缔结了一项谅解备忘录。 论坛是新伙伴关系创始文件制定的一项倡议,目的是在非洲大陆建立和促进公用事业管理机构之间的合作,支持非洲的增长和社会经济发展。 其主要重点是基础设施的管理(通信、能源、运输、水和卫生)。 论坛与原子能机构之间的合作旨在建立和加强与非洲基础设施发展有关的现有伙伴关系安排。", "7. 基本生活 在空中运输部门,还通过全面执行《亚穆苏克罗宣言》和新的非洲民航政策,继续努力促进非洲大陆空中旅行的安全和效率。 新伙伴关系机构和非洲民航委员会还商定了一项将于今年签署的谅解备忘录,据此,该机构将支持非洲经委会调集资源,促进非洲民航的发展,并发挥其作为《亚穆苏克罗宣言》执行机构的新作用。", "8.8 新伙伴关系机构继续发挥积极作用,执行大韩民国发展战略研究所提出的非洲-大韩民国基础设施项目。 因此,原子能机构支持由18名成员组成的专家组访问安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚,寻求运输和能源方面的管道投资项目。 该机构还跟踪了2009年12月在首尔举行的大韩民国-非洲基础设施与能源开发投资会议的成果。 目前正在向大韩民国投资者推广安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和赞比亚的基础设施项目。", "9.9 在区域一体化和基础设施方面,新伙伴关系机构一直在非洲联盟-新伙伴关系主席基础设施倡议框架内促进执行七个区域项目,该倡议得到非洲联盟大会第十六届会议的认可。", "10. 其他事项。 在水和卫生部门,努力的重点是通过利用伙伴关系建设和加强方案制定和执行的能力。 在这方面,新伙伴关系机构和水援助组织(设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国的一个水和卫生非政府组织)商定,水援助将为工程处提供短期顾问,以拟订和执行其方案,然后工程处将考虑在其基础设施单位内主办南部非洲水援助活动方案。 双方还商定共同努力,实施区域和大陆的水和卫生方案和项目。", "B. 农业和粮食安全", "注 农业是许多非洲经济体的支柱,因此对非洲长期社会经济发展和可持续发展至关重要。 在本报告所述期间,国家和区域两级继续履行《非洲农业发展综合方案》下的承诺,越来越多的国家制定了方案,以实现6%的农业生产率目标。 在签署了国家农业发展综合方案协定的26个国家中,有20个国家已经制定或完成了国家投资计划,并提交给该机构组织的独立的技术审查,目前正在致力于筹资和执行模式。", "12. 第12段。 在实现《马普托宣言》规定的农业投资10%的目标方面,进展最为显著。 现在有10个国家达到了这一目标,而2009年只有5个国家,9个国家在预算的5%至10%之间投资。", "13 August 2001 在执行非洲农业发展综合方案区域契约方面也取得了显著进展。 西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)委员会是签署非洲农业发展综合方案区域协定的唯一区域经济委员会,它从自己的资源中拨款1.5亿美元,为五年计划提供资金。 这占区域计划总费用的16%。 同样,发展伙伴也作出了积极反应,西班牙在三年内拨款2.4亿欧元,其中三分之二已通过世界银行支付。", "十四、任 务 《农业发展综合方案》的实施给受益国带来了更多好处。 首先,各国正在接受和提供基于证据的分析、规划和审查战略和方案,这些战略和方案正在转化为制定优质投资方案。 第二,各国正在更好地利用当地可接受的工具和机制,使发展政策更具包容性、更加公开和更具包容性的审查以及政府开放,让非国家行为体作为平等伙伴参与。 第三,它改善了与发展伙伴的接触,第四,极大地帮助提供了框架和国家优先事项,以协调和协调发展援助。", "15. 第十五条 在区域一级,在执行涉及加纳和塞拉利昂的西非渔业政策试点项目方面取得了进展。 该项目支持世界银行对加纳和塞拉利昂渔业部门的主要投资。 这些国家是两个相关的国际开发协会(开发协会)投资的受益者,总额达90-1亿美元。 世界银行(5 200万美元)、全球环境基金(400万美元)和非洲渔业伙伴关系(180万美元)为加纳和几内亚比绍追加了5 780万美元,作为西非区域渔业方案第一阶段的一部分。", "161 这些投资对新伙伴关系和非洲渔业伙伴关系具有战略意义,其方式有三种:(a) 新伙伴关系率先确定进行渔业投资的政策、规章和管理框架;(b) 支持在农业发展方案框架内调整渔业,即确保渔业更有效地、可持续地促进6%的年度增长目标,促进粮食保障;(c) 这是一项重要的后农业发展方案应对办法,以支持已经完成农业发展方案协定的国家制定渔业投资方案。", "17. 第17条。 执行非洲渔业伙伴关系对受益国在几个方面很重要:(a) 其投入对利用世界银行的财政投资以及将完成方案发展周期所需时间从18个月减少到6个月至关重要;(b) 伙伴关系在调动当地专门知识制定投资方案方面发挥积极和重要的作用,加强了当地对方案的所有权。", "C. 卫生", "第18条 新伙伴关系机构继续追求新伙伴关系的关键目标,即改善非洲的保健系统,增加受过培训的卫生工作者人数,并确保为所有非洲人提供负担得起的、安全和有效的药品。 为了实现后一项目标,新伙伴关系正在领导非洲药品管理统一倡议,该倡议调动财政和技术资源,倡导对药品管制进行政策和立法审查,并协调现有的管制能力建设举措,目的是加强药品管制的统一。 新伙伴关系协调了一个由世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会、克林顿基金会和联合王国国际发展部组成的财团,以执行该倡议,迄今为止,收到了区域经济委员会提出的六项项目提案,以实现区域一级的统一。 新伙伴关系机构与各区域经济委员会协商,完成了东非共同体、南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)和西非经共体区域药物管制和协调情况分析,并将向非洲国家和委员会传播审查过程中的经验教训。", "191 通过该倡议,新伙伴关系机构正在与利益攸关方和合作伙伴合作,解决非洲医药市场管制不力的问题,将其作为促进和保护公共卫生的主要组成部分,因为它有助于确保病人获得高质量、安全和有效的药品。 因此,该机构正与泛非议会卫生、劳工和社会事务委员会合作,提高非洲大陆对该倡议的认识和倡导。 此外,非洲联盟卫生部长会议于2011年4月在纳米比亚核可了该倡议的执行框架。", "20.20 新伙伴关系机构在应对非洲卫生工作人员危机方面继续发挥关键作用。 在这方面,由该机构主持的非洲卫生人力资源平台完成了对撒哈拉以南非洲医疗学校的需求评估研究,以便为今后的行动提供强大的知识基础。 研究结果将指导世卫组织与美国总统艾滋病紧急救援计划之间的合作,努力根据《紧急计划》的承诺,扩大对医生和护士的改造教育,支持对非洲100 000多名新保健专业人员的培训。", "21.21。 正在与非洲健康研究合作,以实现健康和公平、减少贫困和促进非洲国家社会经济发展。 迄今为止,莫桑比克、塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国选择参加非洲健康研究倡议。 塞内加尔和坦桑尼亚联合共和国同意利用该倡议及其网站门户管理本国对卫生信息系统的研究。 新伙伴关系署还在设计一个方案,向各区域经济委员会提供技术支助,以制定全面的卫生和植物卫生政策框架以及主食战略。 特别是,它将处理区域市场一体化问题。", "D. 教育和培训", "222. 新伙伴关系机构通过与坦桑尼亚联合共和国政府谈判,利用流动诊所,继续促进非洲护士和助产士的人力资源发展。 该机构还制定了一项方案,旨在提高中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)内三个国家护士和助产士的教育和资格。 在南部非洲,由六所大学组成的小组在护理和助产方面拥有常设临床硕士学位,组成了一个联合体,它将合作在中非经共体区域三个东道大学中开发和提供本科和硕士学位课程。 与此同时,它们将协助三国的管理机构,并与卫生部合作,制定职业计划,为公共部门中此类护士和助产士的承认、利用和奖励作出规定。 此外,新伙伴关系署将林业教育列为优先事项,并向瑞典政府提交材料,为研讨会提供资金,以完成林业教育研究生课程。", "23. 会议报告。 正在通过加倍努力,争取加蓬和南非政府参与支持加蓬启动该中心,以建立一个数学、科学和技术教育区域中心。 三个国家(安哥拉、刚果民主共和国和莫桑比克)向南非非洲复兴和国际合作基金提交了通过开放和远程学习为教师发展提供资金的建议。", "E. 环境和旅游业", "24. 第24段。 《新伙伴关系环境行动计划》通过七年后,在为中非经共体、西非经共体、政府间发展管理局、南共体和阿拉伯马格里布联盟所代表的区域和国家制定次区域环境行动计划方面取得了进展。 这使5个国家制定了国家行动计划。 此外,在国家和次区域一级执行《环境行动计划》的能力已经建立。 该计划还支助非洲国家加强执行《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《京都议定书》。 在执行国家行动计划的生物多样性和荒漠化方面,也提供了类似的支持。 在这方面,制定了政策目标并制定框架,以指导关于下列问题的讨论:获取和惠益分享、可持续森林管理、外来入侵物种以及海洋和沿海综合管理。 该计划还为在区域一级执行《气候变化框架公约》提供了框架。 新伙伴关系机构与非洲联盟委员会和非洲部长级环境会议合作,启动了一个进程,审查环境行动计划的执行情况。", "25. 。 新伙伴关系机构目前正在编写题为“气候变化适应和减缓方案:利用科学、技术和革新应对气候变化”的方案提案。 作为将赋予青年权力纳入新伙伴关系方案的现行方案的一部分,让青年参与气候变化的进程已经开始。 将通过非洲气候变化青年科学家倡议开展这项工作,该倡议的秘书处将设在南非西北大学。 青年科学家倡议的目的是提高认识,促使青年积极参与气候变化问题和活动。 计划于2011年8月中旬启动这一倡议,主题是: “促进非洲土著知识体系在适应气候变化和缓解气候变化方面的作用”。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 在非洲联盟-新伙伴关系非洲区域减少灾害风险战略及其执行行动纲领的框架内,正在努力将减少灾害风险纳入减贫和可持续发展举措。 在第二次非洲减少灾害风险部长级会议上提出并通过了2006年至2015年期间非洲减少灾害风险区域战略扩大行动方案。 此外,还重新设立了非洲减少灾害风险咨询小组,专门就在非洲实施减少灾害风险举措向国家平台以及次区域和区域当局提供咨询和支助。", "。 作为发展催化剂,旅游业发展可对其他部门产生积极的外溢效应,并分担发展成本。 非洲联盟委员会和新伙伴关系机构正在与国家、区域、大陆和全球组织积极合作,促进旅游业区域一体化综合方案。 此外,一些非洲国家认识到旅游业给非洲带来的机遇和挑战,在联合国世界旅游组织和其他发展伙伴的协助下制定了旅游业总计划。", "F. 信息和通信技术", "第28次会议 继2010年7月在乌干达举行的新伙伴关系国家元首和政府首脑情况介绍委员会第十五届会议作出决定后,新伙伴关系电子非洲委员会被新伙伴关系电子非洲方案取代,根据新伙伴关系机构的新战略方向,推动信息和通信技术优先部门。", "29. 。 新伙伴关系电子非洲方案负责制定全非洲信息和通信技术发展政策、战略和项目,并继续推动实施其各项关键举措:非洲发展新伙伴关系非洲信息和通信技术宽带基础设施网络以及新伙伴关系电子学校倡议。 在开罗为北非和冈比亚、塞内加尔、尼日利亚和吉布提为当地利益攸关方举办了几次关于《基加利议定书》的区域和国家利益攸关方讲习班,从而加强了在整个非洲大陆扩大新伙伴关系信息和通信技术宽带基础设施网络的有利环境。", "30. 任务 在实施Uhurunet海底电缆方面取得了进展。 2010年6月,在法国签署了《非洲海岸向欧洲(ACE)/Uhurunet)电缆的建设和维护协定和供应合同。 Uhurunet电缆的这一部分将从法国延伸至南非,并将连接非洲西海岸的所有国家。 负责开发非洲周边Uhurunet海底电缆的公司Bahaicom一直在努力提高股份和债务,并符合供应合同的付款时间表。", "313. 关于“团结”网络跨界陆地网络,完成了两项业务计划。 第一个于2010年7月完成,涵盖东部和南部非洲10个国家(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、马拉维、莫桑比克、纳米比亚、南非、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、赞比亚和津巴布韦),第二个于2010年9月完成,涵盖西非和中非12个国家(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、赤道几内亚、加纳、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚和多哥)。", "32. 2011年1月,第十六届非洲联盟首脑会议核可了技术委员会在拟议的尼日利亚-尼日尔-阿尔及利亚天然气管道沿线选择非洲联盟-新伙伴关系信息和通信技术宽带基础设施项目的总统基础设施锦标赛倡议。", "336 关于新伙伴关系电子学校倡议,新伙伴关系机构一直在设法结束该倡议的示范阶段。 在16个非洲国家举行了8次新伙伴关系电子学校的示威游行。 示范项目中的每一所学校都配备了至少20台个人电脑的计算机实验室,以及一台服务器、网络基础设施和外围设备,如扫描仪、电子白板和打印机。 这些学校与互联网连接,使它们能够与世界其他地方交流。 工程处与因特网学会签署了一项谅解备忘录,以发展非洲主要利益攸关方在因特网治理方面的能力。", "G. 科学和技术", "344. 事实 《非洲科学、技术和创新指标倡议》迄今取得的显著成就是建立了协调中心,带头在国家一级编制科学、技术和革新指标,在科学、技术和革新数据方面进行能力建设,并出版《2010年非洲创新展望》,这是一系列出版物中的第一个出版物,向公众介绍非洲各国的科学、技术和创新活动。 这项工作于2011年5月在埃塞俄比亚启动,并载有研究与开发调查的结果。 预计这将引发一场辩论,以丰富收集优质数据的过程。 新伙伴关系机构和科学、技术和创新指标倡议也支持非洲联盟委员会建立非洲科学、技术和创新观察站。 与赤道几内亚签署了东道国协定,观察站将在协调、数据收集和培训以及传播关于非洲科学、技术和创新活动的信息方面发挥主要作用。", "353. 非洲科学、技术和创新指标倡议方案已在非洲联盟委员会19个成员国成功地完成了第一阶段,目的是作为相互学习和知识分享的学习机制,开展研究与开发和创新调查。 因此,在参与国制定并通过了此类调查准则。 衡量科学、技术和革新作为政策制定和执行的支持工具,为进一步研究和辩论开辟了领域。 参与国正在就这些问题进行合作,并建立一个实践社区,以确保非洲能够以一个声音发言。", "36. 2010年11月,在肯尼亚正式启动了东部和中部非洲生物科学中心设施。 在加拿大的财政支持下,新伙伴关系机构为东非和中非的科学家建造了世界级实验室设施。 他们将为这些科学家提供在生命科学领域进行尖端研究的机会,以应对农民在提高农业生产力方面面临的挑战。 最近,建立了非洲生物安全专门知识网络,这是一个由非洲工作人员管理的全大陆服务网络,在生物安全系统中具有多学科专门知识。 该网络自成立以来,一直向非洲农业生物技术管理机构提供培训和科学信息,帮助各国作出知情的决定。", "H. 两性平等主流化、赋予妇女权力和民间社会参与", "378 新伙伴关系机构正致力于在区域经济委员会中为非洲女企业家提供企业孵化器。 目前,目的是为两个选定的区域委员会(东部和南部非洲共同市场(东南非共同市场)和西非经共体)的商业孵化试点项目提供资金,预算为100万欧元。 该计划将借鉴这一经验,将其推广到其他五个区域委员会。 新伙伴关系机构和采购处于2010年5月签署了一项谅解备忘录。 该项目提交给了负责两性平等和妇女事务的第四次部长会议,他们决定开始确定女企业家和伙伴机构。 随后,与东南非共同市场和国家妇女商业协会联合会(FEMCOM)进行了技术协商,并商定世界银行企业孵化倡议将有助于在全球和非洲传播经验教训。", "页: 1 新伙伴关系署在农村妇女、赋予非洲妇女经济权力、创造知识和传播等关键领域,与非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)和联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女实体)等联合国系统各机构建立了战略联盟。 在筹备第二次征求建议书的同时,新伙伴关系/西班牙增强非洲妇女地位基金对正在进行的项目进行了监测和评价,并关闭了第一次征求建议书资助的项目。 该基金的第二阶段涵盖2011年至2013年,是巩固新伙伴关系关于增强非洲妇女地位的方案。", "39 该基金为促进两性平等主流化和开发减贫基本工具作出了贡献,包括增加受过经济自立职业技能培训的妇女和女孩人数。 它还通过公私营伙伴关系,帮助创造就业机会,帮助商业和民间社会的妇女领导人发展技能,以及利用信息和通信技术进行能力建设,以缩小数字鸿沟。 该基金还通过支持农业加工(45台机器)和商业管理培训(600名女企业家),支持为妇女创造创收活动。", "I. 非洲同行审议机制", "404 非洲同行审议机制继续加强其作为促进非洲善治和社会经济发展的工具的地位。 利比里亚于2011年1月正式加入该机制参加非洲同行审议论坛。 截至2011年7月底,根据其秘书处提供的资料,30个国家通过签署谅解备忘录加入了该机制,它们是:阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、刚果、吉布提、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、加蓬、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、南非、苏丹、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达和赞比亚。 该机制的成员占非洲人口的76%以上。", "41 毛里求斯和埃塞俄比亚分别在非洲同行审议论坛第十三次和第十四次首脑会议上进行了同行审议。 截至2011年7月底,有14个国家进行了同行审议:阿尔及利亚、贝宁、布基纳法索、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、莱索托、马里、毛里求斯、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、卢旺达、南非和乌干达。 其他国家正处于审查过程的不同阶段:塞拉利昂和赞比亚分别于2011年2月和5月接待了国家审查团,坦桑尼亚联合共和国将在2011年下半年进行审查,加纳和肯尼亚也准备进行第二轮定期审查。", "42 接受审查的国家在执行审查过程中产生的各自国家行动纲领方面也取得了进展。 为此,2011年1月在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的论坛第十四次首脑会议审查了莱索托、尼日利亚和南非国家方案执行情况进度报告,2011年6月在马拉博举行的第十五次首脑会议审查了贝宁和布基纳法索国家方案执行情况进度报告。", "434 为了精简和加快同行审议进程,对一些现有工具进行了修订。 例如,2011年3月,在约翰内斯堡举行的利益攸关方讲习班上,对总调查表进行了修订和验证,现在论坛将在2012年1月在埃塞俄比亚举行的第十六届首脑会议上根据论坛第十五届首脑会议的指示,经过机制协调人的彻底审查后对其进行审查。", "444 该机制继续得到三个战略合作伙伴的支持,即非洲开发银行、非洲经委会和联合国开发计划署。 这种支持包括参加国家审查团和其他形式的技术和财政援助。 在这方面,非行继续提供赠款,支持精简和加快非洲同行审议机制进程的项目。 该项目的目标包括修订和改进文书和程序,加强机制秘书处工作人员的能力。 非洲经委会还通过题为“非洲同行审议机制的调查结果以及分析和决策框架”的多样化管理研究,并通过举办讲习班,提高对该机制的认识,将国家行动方案和其他国家计划协调成为一个共同中期支出框架,从而在加强该机制的研究和知识方面发挥了重要作用。", "页: 1 国际社会的回应:利用国际社会对非洲发展的支持的势头", "454 尽管全球经济复苏步伐放缓,但非洲却从全球经济和金融危机中倒退。 2010年,非洲平均增长率为4.9%,高于2009年的3.1%。 *** 然而,这一恢复充满了不确定性,既关系到脆弱的全球经济前景,也关系到次区域的政治不稳定。 此外,非洲在实现《千年发展目标》方面的进展,特别是在儿童和产妇死亡率以及获得环境卫生和清洁饮水方面,仍然落后于其他区域。", "46 为此,发展伙伴必须充分履行承诺,继续支持非洲,以实现非洲大陆的发展议程,包括执行新伙伴关系的优先事项。 8国集团(8国集团)国家在2005年格伦伊格尔斯首脑会议上作出了增加对非洲援助的历史性承诺,但迄今未能兑现这些承诺。 2011年在法国举行的八国集团首脑会议重申了格伦伊格尔斯的承诺。 2010年底,20国集团还发起了其发展倡议,即《首尔共同增长发展共识》,其中更加重视通过基础设施发展和创造就业机会促进经济增长。 最后,2010年9月在纽约举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议通过了一项全球行动计划,在预定日期前实现千年发展目标,并特别关注非洲。", "474. 147 非洲传统发展伙伴的经济前景不明朗,它们面临的财政空间也缩小,这似乎表明,非传统捐助者在未来几年里可能进一步得到重视。 这包括新兴经济体和非国家行为体,如私人基金会和慈善家。 鉴于在全球金融和经济危机之后经合组织国家的援助预算紧缩及其对援助支付的负面影响,2011年11月和12月在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛将是发展伙伴重申其对《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》和《阿克拉行动议程》所载援助数量和质量的承诺的适当时机。", "148 2011年5月在土耳其举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过了《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》和《伊斯坦布尔宣言》。 《行动纲领》的目标是确保持续经济增长和减贫,以便到2020年使半数最不发达国家从最不发达国家类别毕业。 《行动纲领》确定了八个优先领域:生产能力,包括基础设施、能源、科学和技术和私营部门发展;农业、粮食保障和农村发展;贸易;商品;人力和社会发展,包括赋予妇女权力;处理多重危机和新出现的挑战的影响,如气候变化和可持续性;调动财政资源促进发展和能力建设;以及各级的善治。 鉴于48个最不发达国家中有33个在非洲,执行《行动纲领》将大大有助于应对非洲大陆面临的发展挑战。", "A. 官方发展援助", "494. 农村妇女 据经合组织称,所有捐助方提供的官方发展援助总额在2009年达到1 280亿美元。 其中480亿美元流向非洲,与2008年相比,按实值计算每年增加11.7%(见下文图一)。 2010年,对非洲的双边援助(不包括多边机构的付款)按实值计算增加了3.6%,而2010年达到293亿美元。 尽管出现了这些增长,官方发展援助仍然低于8国集团在2005年格伦伊格尔斯首脑会议上作出的认捐,这些国家承诺将对非洲的官方发展援助总额增加250亿美元。 千年发展目标差距工作队估计,2010年,非洲获得经合组织发展援助委员会捐助国提供的官方发展援助总额460亿美元,远远低于格伦伊格尔斯承诺的640亿美元。 页: 1", "图一 所有捐助方的官方发展援助总额", "(10亿美元现值)", "资料来源:根据经合组织/发展援助委员会在线数据库2011年。", "50 。 2010年在加拿大和2011年在法国举行的8国集团首脑会议重申了8国集团与非洲的伙伴关系。 在关于产妇、新生儿和儿童保健的Muskoka倡议中,8国集团成员国承诺在2010年至2015年期间额外支出50亿美元,以在发展中国家实现千年发展目标4和5。 在法国2011年首脑会议上,八国集团/非洲联合宣言“共同价值观、共同责任”重申了伙伴关系。 首脑会议还启动了德乌维尔伙伴关系,为阿拉伯国家的新民主国家提供支持,并致力于通过多边开发银行提供200亿美元,支持突尼斯和埃及的可持续和包容性增长。", "51 在援助实效方面,在实现2005年《援助实效问题巴黎宣言》和2008年《阿克拉行动议程》(A/63/539,附件)所定目标方面的进展参差不齐。 一方面,在非洲,特别是最不发达国家的援助方面取得了显著进展,18个捐助方签署了《国际援助透明度倡议》。 另一方面,在使用国家系统和减少援助分散方面的进展仍然有限。 在此背景下,预计国际社会将在即将举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛上再次作出承诺,提高援助实效。", "52. 结 论 非传统发展伙伴正在非洲的发展中发挥越来越重要的作用。 在南南合作的框架内,巴西、中国、印度、土耳其等新兴国家提供赠款和贷款,其条件往往低于传统捐助者。 然而,由于缺乏数据,很难清楚说明新的和新兴的发展伙伴提供的官方发展援助数额。", "532. 除双边捐助者外,新的慈善行为体,如比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金等,向非洲国家提供创新的发展资助,帮助增加有限的国内发展资源。 例如,盖茨基金会已开始向经合组织发展援助委员会报告其保健援助,在2009年支付了18亿美元赠款,用于改善发展中国家的健康,其中36%专门针对非洲。 因此,它是美国和全球基金背后的该领域的第三大捐助国。", "B. 出席情况 债务减免", "544 由于在重债穷国倡议、多边减债倡议以及双边一级继续努力减轻非洲国家外债负担,自1990年代中期达到顶峰以来,债务和偿债数额大幅减少。 尽管1994年撒哈拉以南非洲的外债总额达到国内生产总值(国内总产值)的73%,但到2010年,外债总额降至国内生产总值的21%,[3] 释放资源,使各国能够增加减贫开支,加快实现千年发展目标。", "555 四个国家,即刚果民主共和国、几内亚比绍、利比里亚和多哥,通过重债穷国倡议和多边减债倡议,在2010年7月至2011年6月期间债务大幅减少。 在达到完成点后,刚果民主共和国获得了13亿美元的债务减免。 利比里亚在满足未清需求后,于2010年6月达到完成点,其债务名义上减少了46亿美元。 因此,利比里亚的外债存量下降到国内生产总值的15%。 几内亚比绍于2010年12月从世界银行和国际货币基金组织获得12亿美元债务减免。 最后,在2010年12月达到完成点后,多哥外债减少了82%。 总体而言,26个非洲国家现已达到重债穷国倡议的完成点,并受益于债务减免(见下表1)。 巴黎俱乐部成员同意减少和取消双边债务,从而为所有四个国家的债务减免作出了重大贡献。 巴黎俱乐部成员在重债穷国倡议下为这四个国家的债务减免捐款名义价值超过90亿美元。", "565. 妇 女 尽管取得了这一进展,但人们再次对债务可持续性表示关切,特别是考虑到全球经济和金融危机的持续影响,以及非洲新捐助方和新兴捐助方的参与和贷款组合增加。 根据最近的报告,迄今为止受益于重债穷国倡议和多边减债倡议的26个非洲国家中,有9个国家仍然经历或面临债务困扰的高风险。 [4]", "表1", "现况:", "26 完成点后点 贝宁、布基纳法索、布隆迪、喀麦隆、中非共和国、刚果、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马达加斯加、马拉维、马里、毛里塔尼亚、莫桑比克、尼日尔、卢旺达、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、多哥、乌干达、赞比亚", "4 后决定点 乍得、科摩罗、科特迪瓦、几内亚国家", "3个决定点前国家:厄立特里亚、索马里、苏丹", "资料来源:国际货币基金组织,截至2011年7月。", "C. 外国直接投资", "57 据联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)称,流入非洲的外国直接投资在2009年急剧下降,从2008年720亿美元的历史高额下降至590亿美元,主要原因是全球经济和金融危机。 贸发会议2010年的初步估计表明,流向非洲的外国直接投资进一步减少14%,降至500亿美元。 [5]", "58 非洲大陆所有次区域的外国直接投资都有所下降,但中非除外,中非从赤道几内亚的大量投资中受益。 在部门分配方面,制造业和初级部门的投资在危机期间迅速下降,因此,服务业在2009年成为非洲最大的外国直接投资接受国。 由于危机后全球商品价格迅速恢复,采掘业的外国直接投资预计于2011年增加。 事实上,虽然绿地投资在2010年仍然相对较少,但采掘业的合并和收购也在增加。", "59 由于传统伙伴的投资流入继续减少,新兴国家进一步加强了其在非洲的地位,其份额稳步增加。 例如,亚洲的外国直接投资流入比例从1995年至1999年的6.7%增加到2000年至2008年的15.2%。", "60 。 非洲国家还继续努力改善投资环境,以吸引外国直接投资。 截至2008年底,它们缔结了715项双边投资条约,以促进和保护外国投资者。 各区域经济委员会也实施了区域投资方案。 [6] 世界银行《2011年营业:为企业家作出不同贡献》报告,其中评估了企业监管环境,这也反映了非洲的更大努力。 在2011年,它把3个非洲国家列为10个最有改善的经济体。 发展伙伴尤其通过新伙伴关系-经合组织投资倡议支持这一进程,该倡议加强了非洲国家设计和执行改革的能力,以改善其商业环境。", "D. 贸易", "61 去年,在多哈回合贸易谈判中就影响非洲的问题达成协议几乎没有任何进展。 尽管20国集团领导人在2010年11月在首尔举行的20国集团首脑会议上承诺到2011年底结束多哈回合,同时强调贸易在全球经济复苏中的关键作用。 此外,欧洲联盟和非洲区域关于经济伙伴关系协定的谈判进展非常有限。 在2010年11月在利比亚举行的第三次非洲-欧洲联盟首脑会议上,双方再次承诺寻找解决办法,解决对经济伙伴关系协定依然存在的共同关切。 然而,谈判停滞不前。", "62 。 继2009年对贸易援助倡议进行第二次全球审查之后,对非洲的贸易援助承诺进一步增加,2009年达到170亿美元,比2008年增加21%,[7]侧重于基础设施和生产能力。 该倡议第三次全球审查将于2011年进行,为贸易援助创造更多势头。", "63/63。 非洲国家正在解决非洲内部贸易水平低的问题,并重申承诺在非洲联盟第十六次首脑会议上加强一体化。 非洲联盟和新伙伴关系基础设施方案强调区域连通性,区域经济委员会继续努力实现更大的贸易一体化,特别是通过东南非共同市场、东非共同体和南共体之间计划达成的自由贸易协定,最终目标是建立单一关税同盟。 这三个区域的目标是在未来三年内完成一体化工作的第一阶段,即自由贸易区。", "E. 南南合作", "646. 南南合作对非洲的发展越来越重要,是对北南合作的补充。 巴西、中国、印度和其他新兴经济体的迅速增长对非洲大陆产生了巨大和基本积极的影响,导致金融、贸易和发展援助的流动增加。 在全球金融和经济危机之后,经济联系和其他形式的合作有助于减轻危机对非洲经济的影响,并有助于使非洲大陆重新走上经济复苏的道路。 20国集团《关于共同增长的首尔发展共识》正式确定了全球经济在全球舞台上的新作用。", "656.65 在成功召开中非合作论坛之后,其他国家和区域努力建立正式结构,指导它们与非洲的合作和接触。 例如:2010年8月第二次越南-非洲国际论坛、2010年9月的伊朗-非洲论坛和2010年10月在利比亚举行的第二次非洲-阿拉伯首脑会议。 在后者,非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟通过了一项非洲-阿拉伯伙伴关系战略,目的是建立一个非洲-阿拉伯一体化区域,促进更密切的经济和政治合作。", "662011年5月,印度还在埃塞俄比亚举行的第二次非洲-印度论坛首脑会议上深化了与非洲的合作,主题是“加强伙伴关系:共同愿景”。 通过了《加强合作非洲-印度框架》,以补充现有的框架,并促使更新现有的联合行动计划,其中将包括一个后续机制。 印度宣布在今后三年里向非洲提供价值50亿美元的信贷,帮助非洲实现其发展目标,为发展新的机构和培训方案追加7亿美元。 论坛还决定使首脑会议进程制度化。", "67 在全球一级,不结盟运动各国部长于2011年5月在印度尼西亚通过了一项全面的成果文件,概述了不结盟运动今后50年的共同愿景,并通过了一项纪念不结盟运动成立50周年的纪念宣言。 《巴厘宣言》重申,必须扩大和深化南南合作,加强协调,就经济和社会发展问题制定共同立场和战略。 宣言还强调,需要扩大全球伙伴关系,并为发展筹措资金,以确保实现国际商定发展目标,同时考虑到非洲的特殊需要。", "F. 千年村", "686 686 在本报告所述期间,千年村项目继续在撒哈拉以南非洲国家10个地点加快实现千年发展目标的进展,使约500 000人受益。", "69 在头三年运作之后发表的进度报告表明,项目办法是有效的。 对9个研究点进行的严格监测和评价表明,平均玉米产量增加了两倍,2岁以下儿童的长期营养不良率下降了43%。 所有国家都制定了学校午餐方案,70%的小学学生每天接受学校午餐。 这对入学率和入学率产生了重大积极影响。", "70. 远东 卫生部门的结果表明,怀孕期间获得艾滋病毒检测的机会增加了两倍,机构分娩率平均提高50%。 该项目记录的疟疾流行率减少了80%以上,蚊帐使用量增加了七倍。 大约75%的儿童接种了麻疹疫苗,在过去六个月里得到了维生素A补充剂。 获得更安全的水的人数翻了一番,改善环境卫生的机会增加了三倍。", "71 若干国家正在研究从该项目中吸取的经验教训,以制定国家战略,根据这一综合模式实现千年发展目标。 在加纳、马里和尼日利亚,各国政府正在根据千年村的经验,为千年发展目标制定国家扩大倡议,而在马拉维和乌干达,该项目的成果为政府一级关于千年发展目标的一般性讨论提供了信息。", "四、结 论 联合国系统提供的支助", "加强在非洲工作的联合国机构和组织的区域协调机制,以支持非洲联盟及其新伙伴关系方案和分组系统", "72. 第72段。 在本报告所述期间,联合国系统继续向非洲联盟新伙伴关系方案提供技术和机构支助。 去年,联合国各实体的方案与非洲联盟委员会、新伙伴关系机构和区域经济委员会的方案更加一致。 联合国系统在区域、次区域、国家和社区各级积极参与所有这些机构建设和方案设计和执行进程。", "73 区域协调机制取得了重大成就,联合国各机构和方案加强协调就证明了这一点。 具体而言,“一体行动,履行使命”概念得到了更多的接受,各机构认识到,需要采取集体办法支持非洲联盟的能力建设。", "74 区域协调机制于2010年11月举行的主题为“里约会议20周年”的第十一届会议取得了重要成果,特别是在执行非洲联盟十年能力建设方案方面,该方案为该方案的实施提供了新的动力。 对该方案的审查已于2010年完成,主要结论已纳入秘书长的报告(A/62/216-S/ 2001/54)。 报告发现非洲联盟委员会成员对该方案的大量支持。 报告呼吁加强与区域经济委员会的互动协作,并需要加强资源调动,以执行该方案。", "757. 区域协调机制秘书处从主要由联合国领导转变为成为联合国-非洲联盟联合秘书处的重组工作得到了巩固,非洲联盟正在越来越多地行使有效的自主权和领导权。 联合秘书处现在有一名来自非洲联盟委员会和非洲经委会的专门工作人员,他们都继续向该机制提供战略协调和支助。 协调工作得到加强,特别是在非洲联盟委员会主席办公室内设立新伙伴关系协调股。 各组之间协调也有所改善。 特别是,宣传和通信组让非洲媒体代表参加2011年6月在莱索托举行的第二次非洲区域媒体对话,并通过了《马塞卢宣言》,以加强他们对非洲联盟/新伙伴关系发展优先事项的宣传作用。", "76 非洲问题特别顾问办公室在总部召集的非洲问题机构间工作队继续为联合国系统各机构提供交流专门知识和经验的有效框架。 工作队尤其积极为编写秘书长的报告提供投入和建议。", "页: 1 结论和建议", "77国集团 过去一年,在执行新伙伴关系项目和推进执行非洲同行审议机制方面取得了进展,向非洲国家提供了更多的官方发展援助和贸易援助。 尽管取得了这一进展,但在执行新伙伴关系方面仍存在根本性挑战。 由于今年是新伙伴关系十周年的庆祝活动,非洲国家应继续执行新伙伴关系项目并分配更多资源,促进私营部门的发展,发展伙伴应采取紧急措施,兑现对非洲的承诺。", "第78次会议 新伙伴关系十周年可以成为执行其部门优先事项的转折点。 这将要求决议和领导将非洲的发展愿景和国际承诺转化为政策行动和成果。 新伙伴关系通过十年后,“一切照旧”不应成为一种选择。 以下建议可以作为起点。", "79 新伙伴关系的创始文件强调,非洲各国政府及其人民,包括私营部门和民间社会之间必须建立伙伴关系。 在扩大公民参与空间方面取得了许多成就。 现在,非洲国家需要利用这一势头,进一步加强各种机制,让社会各阶层参与、参与和增强能力,参与政治和发展进程。", "808 由于私营部门是执行新伙伴关系的关键伙伴,非洲国家应通过进一步改善投资环境,建立一个有利于商业的环境。 非洲国家还需要继续进行适当的体制改革,以吸引私人资本,发展公私伙伴关系,为基础设施项目提供资金。", "页: 1 鉴于农业发展在确保粮食保障和应对一再出现的粮食危机方面的重要性,非洲国家应努力实现《马普托宣言》的目标,即把10%的国家预算用于农业部门和农村发展,并确保更好地治理以有效管理所分配的资源。", "82. 非洲妇女面临希望、力量和机会。 非洲国家应当超越政策和计划的实施,包括优先采取行动以实现非洲妇女十年2010-2020年的目标。", "83 现在有14个国家接受同行审议,各国政府应当执行非洲同行审议机制国别报告的商定行动纲领和建议。 审查进程可以加快步伐,以加快已经启动同行审议进程的国家的完成速度。", "84. 非洲国家应将气候变化问题纳入国家和区域两级的经济规划和管理,并将环境政策纳入生产部门的主流,国际伙伴应支持它们的缓解和适应努力。 非洲国家应继续参与2012年联合国可持续发展会议(里约会议20周年)的筹备进程,其结果将影响非洲大陆未来的可持续增长。", "页: 1 不属于经合组织发展援助委员会的许多国家和组织作为非洲国家的发展伙伴正在发挥越来越大的作用。 因此,为了提高援助实效,需要吸收不是委员会成员的新发展伙伴参与。 即将在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛可以成为正确的平台。 在高级别论坛上,发展伙伴应考虑到非洲的立场,即《突尼斯共识》,其中呼吁超越援助实效,注重发展实效,最终目标是减少对援助的依赖和促进自力更生。", "86. 官方发展援助和外国直接投资可以促进非洲的增长。 发展伙伴应紧急采取集体行动,大幅增加援助支出,以兑现对非洲的援助增加一倍的承诺。 它们还应保持流入非洲的外国直接投资的上升趋势。", "87 在非洲青年失业率高的情况下,发展伙伴应当结束早就应该结束的多边贸易谈判多哈回合及其发展层面,因为这将增加国际贸易,并可能增加创造就业机会的前景。", "888 在艾滋病毒/艾滋病领域,发展伙伴应继续支持加强国家卫生系统、研究基础设施和实验室能力,并扩大监测系统,目标是改善减轻这一流行病的影响的努力,正如2011年6月《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》所反映的那样。", "89 贸易援助是支持非洲国家改善供应方制约因素和增加市场准入的有效机制。 因此,贸易援助措施应当补充而不是替代改善非洲出口市场准入和加强非洲大陆对世界贸易的贡献的努力。", "909 400 尽管通过各种双边和多边减债倡议降低了偿债费用,但一些非洲国家正在经历债务困扰,可能会影响其债务可持续性。 为了保持债务可持续性,发展伙伴应确保有资格的减债国家从包括商业债权人在内的所有债权人那里获得充分的债务减免,并阻止非巴黎俱乐部债权人对重债穷国提起诉讼。", "*** 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)、非洲开发银行、非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)和联合国开发计划署《非洲经济展望》(巴黎,经合组织,2011年)。", "联合国,《全球发展伙伴关系:交付时间》,千年发展目标差距工作队报告(纽约,2011年)。", "[3] 国际货币基金组织(基金组织),世界经济 展望数据库,2011年4月。", "[4] 非洲进步小组,《转变型伙伴关系力量》,《2011年非洲进度报告》(2011年,日内瓦)。", "[5] 联合国贸易和发展会议,“全球投资趋势监测第5号”,2011年1月,可查阅http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/webdiaeia20111_en.pdf。", "[6] 非洲经委会和经合组织,《非洲发展实效相互审查:2011年临时报告》(2011年),可查阅http://www.uneca.org/gpad/publications/mdre2011/。 MRDE%202011_Interim_EN.pdf。", "[7] 同上。" ]

[ "Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "I. Introduction and Mission priorities", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to Security Council resolution 1244 (1999), by which the Council decided to establish the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) and requested that I report at regular intervals on the implementation of its mandate. It covers the activities of UNMIK, and developments related thereto, from 16 April to 15 July 2011.", "2. The Mission’s priorities remain unchanged: to promote security, stability and respect for human rights in Kosovo and in the region. UNMIK continues to further these goals by engaging with Pristina and Belgrade, the communities in Kosovo, and regional and international actors. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Kosovo Force (KFOR) have continued to perform their important roles within the framework of Security Council resolution 1244 (1999). In line with the Security Council presidential statement of 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44) and my report of 24 November 2008 (S/2008/692), the European Union Rule of Law Mission (EULEX) is operating under the overall authority and within the status-neutral framework of the United Nations. OSCE, KFOR and EULEX have continued to cooperate and coordinate with UNMIK. The United Nations agencies, funds and programmes also continue to work closely with UNMIK.", "II. Political situation", "3. Having overcome a series of political crises, the Kosovo authorities have focused their attention on consolidating themselves and ensuring institutional stability. The leaders of the two main ruling Kosovo Albanian parties, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK) and the New Kosovo Alliance (AKR), agreed on modalities for redistributing ministerial posts. The Prime Minister, Hashim Thaçi (PDK), appointed former President Behgjet Pacolli (AKR) as the Principal Deputy Prime Minister, a newly created post, and a member of AKR to head the newly created Ministry for the Diaspora. At present, the Government has six deputy prime ministers and 19 ministers, of whom three are also deputy prime ministers. The current deputy ministers include three Serbs and eight from other communities.", "4. Early in May, the ad hoc Assembly Committee on the reform of the electoral law, composed of representatives from all Assembly caucuses, commenced its work. Electoral system reform was part of the compromise agreement between the PDK-led government and the main opposition party, the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK), which ended the political crisis early in the year. The Assembly Committee is preparing a proposal introducing multiple electoral districts and a majority system for the legislative elections. Once the Committee reaches agreement on the changes, a two-thirds majority of the Assembly is required for adoption.", "5. During the reporting period, the Kosovo authorities increased their efforts to establish a close engagement with the European Union and enjoy visibility at the international level. In this context, they received visits from the President of the European Commission, José Manuel Barroso, and the European Union High Representative for Security and Foreign Policy, Catherine Ashton. During her visit, the High Representative emphasized the importance of the ongoing dialogue with Belgrade and urged the parties to show flexibility and creativity in order to secure tangible results. The Prime Minister went to Brussels shortly after the fifth round of the dialogue, and discussed the European Union perspective for Kosovo with the High Representative. Since her inauguration on 7 April, the President, Atifete Jahjaga, has focused her activities on participating in multilateral forums. Among other meetings, she attended the summit of Central European leaders in Warsaw, and the celebrations in Rome for the 150th anniversary of the unification of Italy. The host countries did not invite UNMIK to these events. The President of Serbia, Boris Tadić, although invited, did not attend, citing the policy of the Government of Serbia not to attend gatherings where the participation of Kosovo is not facilitated by the United Nations.", "6. The Kosovo authorities have reiterated their willingness to cooperate with an investigation into the allegations contained in the report of the Special Rapporteur of the Council of Europe on trafficking in human organs, Dick Marty, and welcomed the creation of a EULEX Task Force to conduct the investigation. EULEX has confirmed that the Task Force will be operational later in 2011, when the ongoing recruitment of all its staff members will be finalized. The Task Force will be composed of two international prosecutors and several international investigators specializing in war crimes investigations. The Task Force, which will exercise its functions under the administrative authority of the head of the EULEX justice component, will be located in Brussels and Pristina. While Serbia has acknowledged the efforts of EULEX in this regard, Belgrade has remained firm in its view that there should be an independent body established by the Security Council, with investigative powers in Albania and beyond, to lead the investigation.", "7. During the reporting period, some Serbian government officials, including the Principal Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Interior, Ivica Dačić, suggested that “territorial adjustments” might be brought to the table in order to reach a final settlement for Kosovo. The suggestion resulted in sharp retorts from Pristina and Washington. The Kosovo authorities argued that the only way to resolve ethnic problems in Kosovo, and in the Western Balkans, was through full implementation of the Ahtisaari plan and European integration. Kosovo Serb political groups also opposed the idea of territorial adjustments, regardless of whether they live north or south of the Ibër/Ibar River and regardless of their orientation towards Belgrade or Pristina. Those living south of the Ibër/Ibar River fear that territorial adjustments would leave them unprotected in Kosovo, while the northern Kosovo Serbs argue that they are against the Serbian national interest and prohibited by the Serbian Constitution, as they imply recognition of Kosovo’s independence. In contrast, the head of the Kosovo Albanian opposition group Vetëvendosje, Albin Kurti, pledged to work towards the union of Kosovo with Albania.", "8. On 12 May, the head of the Belgrade delegation in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, travelled to Pristina and met with the Deputy Prime Minister and Justice Minister, Hajredin Kuçi; the head of the Pristina delegation in the dialogue, the Deputy Prime Minister, Edita Tahiri; the United States Ambassador; and the interim European Union Special Representative. The visit sparked protests by some 200 supporters of Vetëvendosje, which turned violent and resulted in injuries to several people, including police officers, and damage to some vehicles. The Kosovo authorities condemned the protests.", "9. During the reporting period one State Member of the United Nations, Andorra, recognized Kosovo, bringing the total number of recognizing States to 76.", "III. Engagement between Pristina and Belgrade and practical arrangements", "10. During the reporting period, the process of dialogue welcomed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/298 and facilitated by the European Union continued: the fourth and fifth rounds of meetings were held in Brussels on 17 and 18 May and on 2 July. The Political Director of the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Borislav Stefanović, and the Deputy Prime Minister of Kosovo, Edita Tahiri, continued to lead their respective delegations in the talks.", "11. Between the plenary sessions, the frequency of preparatory meetings, technical working groups and bilateral and trilateral contacts between the European Union dialogue facilitation team and the parties to the dialogue was markedly increased.", "12. The fourth round of discussions focused on civil registry, cadastre records, freedom of movement, telecommunications and energy issues. The fifth meeting brought concrete results to the dialogue. Agreement was reached in three areas which will improve the life of ordinary people. On civil registry, the parties agreed that a joint committee chaired by EULEX, established as a result of talks at previous dialogue meetings, will continue identifying gaps in missing civil registry books. EULEX will certify copies of all original civil registry books with a view to establishing a comprehensive civil registry in Kosovo. As part of the agreement, EULEX will provide specific civil registration information from Kosovo upon request. This would allow greater legal certainty for people living in Kosovo and it would facilitate the resolution of related issues in court.", "13. The agreement on freedom of movement, which both sides agreed should be implemented as soon as possible, will enable people to cross the administrative boundary line using their identity cards or driving licences. It includes other provisions that would allow cross-boundary travel by car, the details of which have to be worked out.", "14. The parties also agreed in principle on the acceptance of university and school diplomas. This is expected to be implemented through the certification by a mutually agreed international body or a third-party academic institution. The parties plan to elaborate the details at the next dialogue meeting.", "15. It is expected that the agreements reached at the fifth meeting, presented in the form of conclusions by the European Union Chair, will be put into practice as soon as operationally feasible. The firm commitment of both parties to make the agreements work will materialize in the establishment of tripartite joint working groups chaired by the European Union to ensure that implementation is carried out as efficiently as possible. UNMIK has continued its contribution to the dialogue, including its assistance to the meetings and providing information from its experience in Kosovo, such as on civil registry, freedom of movement, acceptance of diplomas and free movement of goods.", "16. The Kosovo opposition parties Alliance for the Future of Kosovo (AAK), LDK and Vetëvendosje, as well as civil society organizations, have demanded that the agreements reached be presented and discussed in the Assembly of Kosovo and have criticized the Kosovo authorities for lack of transparency on the issue. Most adamant in this regard was Vetëvendosje, which opposes the dialogue. The President of the Assembly, Jakup Krasniqi (PDK), has made several public statements alleging that neither he nor the Assembly have been adequately briefed about the substance of the dialogue.", "17. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders generally voiced disapproval of the dialogue, stating that it was against the interests of Kosovo Serbs and constituted a step towards Serbia recognizing Kosovo as an independent State. Kosovo Serb leaders south of the Ibër/Ibar River were more positive about the dialogue as a tool to help to ease their day-to-day problems. The largest Kosovo Serb party participating in the Kosovo institutions, the Independent Liberal Party, repeatedly expressed frustration over its perceived exclusion from the process by both Belgrade and Pristina.", "18. The Government of Serbia promoted the mutual benefits of the agreements, while stressing that they did not prejudice the future status of Kosovo. The Serbian opposition parties have criticized the main ruling party in Serbia, the Democratic Party, for agreeing to the dialogue conclusions, with the notable exception of the smaller opposition Liberal Democratic Party, which welcomed the conclusions. Yet, while the opposition Democratic Party of Serbia, New Serbia and the Serbian Radical Party denounced the development, the largest opposition party, the Serbian Progressive Party, projected a milder tone, noting that the dialogue must continue, but that its conclusions must not lead to the recognition of Kosovo by Serbia.", "19. Complementing the support provided to the formal dialogue process, my Special Representative and my Representative in Belgrade have continued to hold regular meetings with the Serbian leadership, and contacts between my Special Representative and the Kosovo authorities have intensified. UNMIK staff continued to liaise regularly with the Kosovo authorities at the working level.", "20. During the reporting period, exhumation efforts were resumed at Zhilivodë/ Žilivoda by the Kosovo Security Force and EULEX. On 15 July 2011, the Pristina-Belgrade Working Group on Missing Persons, chaired by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), held its first meeting after a hiatus of nearly one year, largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The parties reiterated their intention to fulfil the commitments undertaken and to continue their interaction within the framework of the Working Group. Eleven missing persons were identified and their remains returned to their families. According to ICRC, 1,809 persons remain missing.", "IV. Northern Kosovo", "21. The overall security situation in northern Kosovo remained relatively calm, but tensions increased towards the end of the reporting period. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders raised concerns with regard to decisions of the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to expand its operations into Kosovo Serb-majority northern municipalities, through the activities of the Regional Operational Support Units and Regional Traffic Units. Tensions rose when the Operational Support Units commenced daily patrols in multi-ethnic areas of northern Kosovo, as part of Pristina’s efforts to assert authority there.", "22. In the middle of May, a decision by the Kosovo Ministry of Internal Affairs to rotate the Kosovo police northern station and gate commanders also heightened tensions in northern Kosovo. Initially, all six northern Kosovo Serb commanders refused to implement the rotation order and were suspended from office. While two of the commanders later agreed to the rotation, one was prevented from assuming his new post by a roadblock. After an investigation by the Kosovo Police Professional Standards Unit, early in July the Kosovo police Director endorsed a decision to terminate the employment contracts of the four Kosovo Serb commanders who did not comply with the rotation order. Northern Kosovo Serb leaders denounced the decision and expressed the position that any rotation plans should have been based on consultations with them. Kosovo Serb police officers and administrative staff in the northern stations have held random work stoppages in support of the reinstatement of the dismissed commanders. In June, the Belgrade-sponsored municipal assemblies in Zubin Potok, Zveçan/Zvečan, Leposaviq/ Leposavić and northern Mitrovica held a joint session at which they rejected the rotation plans and blamed KFOR, EULEX and the Kosovo authorities for trying to pressure northern Kosovo Serbs to accept the authority of Pristina. By 15 July, the four dismissed northern commanders had signed their termination letters. The termination decision can be appealed by 20 July.", "23. Following the detention in May of a Serb resident of Zubin Potok by EULEX, on suspicion of various criminal activities, including organized crime, smuggling, and fraudulent evasion of import duty and excise tax, members of the local business community denounced the detention as intimidation and an attempt to impose the payment of taxes and Customs duties to the Kosovo authorities, which they do not recognize. As a result, the local business association organized daily roadblocks in Zubin Potok and sporadic roadblocks in northern Mitrovica, Leposaviq/Leposavić and Zveçan/Zvečan, which continued for almost one month. While the actions were initially staged in support of the detainee, subsequently they were also in opposition to the rotation of the northern police station commanders. These developments further strained the relationship between northern Kosovo Serbs and EULEX.", "24. In response to allegations by some northern Kosovo Serb local leaders and inhabitants that their interests were not being adequately reflected by the Serbian delegation in the dialogue, the head of Belgrade’s negotiating team in the dialogue with Pristina, Borislav Stefanović, visited on 2 June Zveçan/Zvečan and Zubin Potok and met with local officials to reassure them that their interests would be taken into account in the talks.", "25. In May, the UNMIK Advisory Board in Mitrovica was expanded and its procedures streamlined to make it a more efficient body and to better reflect the existing local political situation in northern Mitrovica. Following a series of UNMIK consultations with all stakeholders, to identify suitable candidates and maintain an ethnic balance reflecting the local population, 15 members were appointed to the Advisory Board, including two Kosovo Albanians and one Kosovo Bosniak.", "26. On 16 June, the Kosovo Customs authorities blocked a shipment of lorries loaded with zinc ore concentrates destined for export by the northern and southern components of the Trepça Enterprise, on the basis of a letter from the Kosovo Privatization Agency to the effect that it had not authorized such exports. Later, the authorities released the Trepça/south shipment for export, whereas all 22 lorries coming from Trepça/north were refused passage. The Trepça/north export had been authorized by UNMIK on the basis of legislation promulgated under resolution 1244 (1999). The northern part of the Trepça Enterprise derives almost all income from these mineral concentrate exports, which is essential for the economy in the north, as it pays suppliers and all Trepça/north employees.", "V. Economic situation", "27. On 1 June, an International Monetary Fund (IMF) mission on the Article IV consultations with Kosovo announced the interruption of the 18-month standby arrangement with Kosovo. IMF concluded that elements of the Kosovo government’s 2011 budget, in particular the large increase in the wage bill, deviated from the commitments under the arrangement. As a result, Kosovo will not be able to access the IMF funds to be disbursed under the standby arrangement in 2011. In addition, a considerable amount of European Union and World Bank funds will not materialize, as these are linked to clear assurances on a sound macro-economic framework. IMF staff have agreed with the Kosovo authorities on a staff monitoring programme, under which the Fund would monitor the implementation of economic and financial reforms until the end of 2011, before deciding on a possible IMF-supported arrangement in 2012. The 2011 budget also includes income of €300 million from the forecast sale of 75 per cent of the shares of the telephone company PTK, expected to be the main source of deficit financing. According to IMF, a possible delay in the privatization process is a risk for the 2011 budget. Doubts about whether these funds will be made available in full, as well as the planned expenditure for the construction of the highway traversing Kosovo from Albania, place additional financial pressure on the Kosovo budget. In addition, since Kosovo lost preferential trade treatment by the European Union on 31 December 2010, products originating from Kosovo are subject to Customs duties upon entering into the European Union market.", "28. In May, the Kosovo authorities started preparing amendments to the existing privatization legal framework in Kosovo previously established by UNMIK. There are some concerns that the draft legislation may permit the Kosovo authorities to have access to, and use for budgetary purposes, privatization funds that are held in trust by the Kosovo Trust Agency for the benefit of owners and creditors. The proposed legislation would severely weaken the protection of privatization funds and expose the funds to the possibility of improper use. It therefore raises both property rights issues, in terms of the possible expropriation of privatization funds to the detriment of owners and creditors, and duty of care and potential liability issues, vis-à-vis owners and creditors, to protect the trust funds. The proposed legislation also contemplates changes to the privatization and liquidation process of socially owned enterprises and seeks to minimize international involvement in Kosovo Trust Agency-related matters, contrary to the legal framework established by UNMIK.", "VI. Security", "29. During the period under review, the overall security situation in Kosovo remained relatively calm, although low-level incidents affecting minority communities increased compared to the same period in 2010, as did the number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.", "30. One positive development was a nearly 27 per cent decrease in the number of murders and attempted murders. There was also a 20 per cent reduction in the number of armed robberies. Kosovo police demonstrated improved professionalism by conducting a number of successful operations against arms smuggling, trafficking of human beings, corruption and money-laundering. On 19 April, nine firearms and 600 rounds of ammunition were seized in Kaçanik/Kačanik. On 13 June, a heavy machine gun with 600 rounds of ammunition and a mortar with 33 grenades were seized in another operation near Shtërpcë/Štrpce.", "31. However, criminal incidents affecting minority communities nearly doubled during the past three months compared to the same period the previous year (77 cases as at 15 July, compared to 38 in 2010). There were five instances of buses transporting ethnic Serbs being stoned. Although most other cases consisted of low-level harassment, intimidation, assault and damage to property, a few serious incidents were also reported, such as an assault on three Kosovo Serb police officers on duty by a group of Kosovo Albanian armed men on 2 July and the stabbing of a Serb in Mitrovica.", "32. Most of the incidents affecting international personnel and assets were low-profile thefts, burglaries or minor damage to property or vehicles, but several physical assaults, threats and stoning incidents were also reported. Notably, on 7 June in Pristina, two EULEX official vehicles were set on fire by unknown individuals, while an international staff member of the European Commission was assaulted and robbed on 15 June. On 6 and 21 June, two vehicles with OSCE registration plates, one a private car driven by an international staff member, the other an official vehicle, were hit by bullets under unclear circumstances near Pejё/Peć and Gjilan/Gnjilane, respectively.", "33. During the reporting period there were also a number of protests, rallies and demonstrations across Kosovo over various political and socio-economic issues, which were generally peaceful.", "34. The crime rate remained relatively constant. The overall number of violent crimes committed with the use or under the threat of weapons remained high, with no sign of decrease, indicating that the proliferation of illegal weapons continued to be a serious factor of insecurity. A total of 151 shooting incidents and 335 cases of confiscation of illegal weapons and ammunition were registered during the past three months.", "35. On 29 June, the Kosovo Albanian Mayor in southern Mitrovica threatened to remove the external concrete blast walls that surround the building currently used by UNMIK as its regional premises, claiming that this is necessary as part of the municipality’s urban beautification plan, funded by the European Commission. The issue was resolved only after a series of UNMIK interventions with EULEX, the European Commission Liaison Office, bilateral missions, and senior political leadership in Pristina, all of whom understood the illegality of the proposed action. The Officer in Charge of UNMIK met with the Mayor on 7 July and, after a fresh assessment of the security requirements, reached an understanding which obviated the municipality’s intention to remove the blast walls, by changing their location.", "VII. Rule of law", "36. UNMIK continued to exercise certain responsibilities in the area of the rule of law, to monitor activities and to cooperate at the technical level with the Kosovo Ministries of Justice and Internal Affairs, and the Serbian Ministry of Justice. UNMIK also continued to facilitate communication between the Serbian authorities and non-recognizing States and the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, including receiving and forwarding requests for mutual legal assistance. The impasse between the Kosovo Ministry of Justice and the Serbian Ministry of Justice on mutual legal assistance persisted. UNMIK remains engaged in discussions to address the situation, including with EULEX. During the reporting period, UNMIK forwarded 46 responses from the Serbian Ministry to the Kosovo Ministry.", "37. As Serbia had not processed any requests received directly from the Kosovo Ministry of Justice, the Special Chamber of the Supreme Court on Kosovo Trust Agency-Related Matters used UNMIK good offices to carry out mutual legal assistance: UNMIK forwarded 47 requests for service of documents to Serbia from the Special Chamber.", "38. UNMIK also facilitated the interaction of Kosovo with INTERPOL and its member States on a daily basis, receiving eight requests for issuance of international wanted notices and facilitating the issuance of five INTERPOL red notices.", "39. During the reporting period, UNMIK continued to provide document-certification services, both to Kosovo residents and at the request of non-recognizing States. Those services included primarily the certification of civil status, pension and academic documents.", "VIII. Communities, returns and reconciliation", "40. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported 244 individual voluntary minority returns in April and May, bringing the total of such returns since January to 492 persons. Of the 244 returnees, approximately 39 per cent were Kosovo Serbs, 34 per cent were from the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, and 12 per cent were Kosovo Goranis, while Kosovo Bosniaks and Kosovo Albanians each accounted for 5 per cent. The total number of minority voluntary returns from January 2000 to May 2011 is 22,630.", "41. In April and May, five “go-and-see” visits were organized for 69 displaced persons, mostly from Montenegro and Serbia, as well as five “go-and-inform” visits in Serbia proper, for the benefit of more than 139 displaced persons from the Deçan/ Dečani, Kllokot/Klokot, Rahovec/Orahovac and Lipjan/Lipljan municipalities.", "42. Some receiving communities continue to oppose the return of displaced persons. In Shtime/Štimlje municipality, a Kosovo Albanian receiving community had objected to the return of three Kosovo Ashkali displaced families from the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on the basis of war crime allegations. In Deçan/Dečani, a “go-and-see” visit to Lloqan/Loćane village for 13 displaced Kosovo Serbs was postponed when the receiving community objected to the visit of two of them, alleging that they had committed war crimes during the conflict. Municipal authorities and other stakeholders are seeking durable solutions to deal with these situations, including pre-return dialogue and inclusion of benefits for the receiving communities in returns projects.", "43. UNHCR also recorded the forced return, mainly from Western European countries, of 100 persons from minority communities: 71 members of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, 11 Kosovo Serbs, 12 Kosovo Bosniaks, 4 Kosovo Goranis and 2 Kosovo Albanians.", "44. Kosovo central and local authorities are grappling with the socio-economic difficulties associated with the reintegration of forced returnees. Municipal authorities have cited lack of funding and bureaucratic hurdles, including lack of coordination between them and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In a bid to advance the returns process, several returns projects were initiated, notably the development of the Municipal Returns Strategy, allocation of land for landless displaced persons of the Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptian communities, review of applications from displaced persons for assistance with housing construction/reconstruction, and commencement of stalled construction projects.", "45. Several municipalities made significant progress in implementing development projects for returnees, especially in minority and ethnically mixed villages. Dragash/Dragaš, Istog/Istok, Graçanicë/Gračanica, Lipjan/Lipljan, Fushë Kosovë/ Kosovo Polje and Partesh/Parteš are among the municipalities that embarked on capital investment projects for minority community residents, including infrastructure development such as construction or upgrading of roads, construction of sewage and water supply networks, modernizing the electricity network and building new schools. Nevertheless, some members of minority communities have expressed dissatisfaction with the poor state of infrastructure in their villages, in particular with the irregular electricity and water supply, dilapidated roads and sewage systems, as well as the lack of employment prospects. As part of its support to communities, UNMIK facilitated communication between minority communities and the Kosovo authorities on a number of these issues, encouraging outreach and attention by Kosovo authorities to minority villages.", "46. In April, the Kosovo authorities conducted a population and housing census throughout Kosovo, with the exception of the area north of the Ibër/Ibar River. Discussions were held with northern Kosovo Serb leaders about conducting the census in northern Kosovo, but no agreement has been reached. According to the preliminary figures, the total population residing in Kosovo, excluding the inhabitants in the north, amounts to 1,733,872 inhabitants. Non-residents were not included in the preliminary results. In the 1981 census, which is the last that was accepted by all sides, 1,584,440 residents were registered. The census will provide critical data for integrated planning processes and is crucial for ensuring proper planning of future development strategies for all Kosovo residents. Final data are due to be published in June 2012, but without data or accurate estimates of the number of Kosovo Serbs resident in Kosovo, particularly in northern Kosovo, they will be incomplete.", "47. Easter celebrations and religious services were held throughout Kosovo without major incidents. The Serbian Orthodox Church held its main Easter commemoration in the recently renovated cathedral of St. George in Prizren, where the head of the diocese of Raška-Prizren, Bishop Teodosije, celebrated the first Easter liturgy since 1999 before a congregation of some 100 Kosovo Serbs. On 28 June, St. Vitus’ Day (Vidovdan) was celebrated in Gračanica Monastery and at Gazimestan, with the participation of the Serbian Orthodox Patriarch Irinej and nearly 2,000 Serb participants. There were only a few incidents, including a clash between five Serbs and police at Gazimestan and the stoning of two Serbian buses in southern Mitrovica. The five individuals involved in the clash with the police, four of whom were from Serbia proper and one from Kosovo, were sentenced to 30 days in jail for disturbing public peace and order and inciting racial, ethnic and religious hatred. Following discrepancies regarding the events in question as reported by the Kosovo police, on the one hand, and EULEX police, on the other, the latter took over the cases and on 13 July a EULEX prosecutor dropped the charges for lack of evidence.", "IX. Cultural and religious heritage", "48. UNMIK continued to facilitate the work of the Reconstruction Implementation Commission on the reconstruction of cultural and religious heritage sites damaged or destroyed during the violence of March 2004. During the reporting period, the final stage of implementation continued at several sites, and the Commission held consultations with all parties to explore modalities for further activities through the mechanism of the Commission, which remains the only platform for technical interaction on cultural heritage among the Serbian Orthodox Church, Pristina and Belgrade.", "49. UNMIK also facilitated the activities of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Kosovo, based on the umbrella memorandum of understanding. During the reporting period, the contract for the reconstruction of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Prizren, funded by the Government of Albania, was signed, and the tender for the restoration of wall paintings in the Church of the Holy Virgin Ljeviška in Prizren, funded by donations from the Governments of Greece and the Czech Republic, was completed.", "50. UNMIK monitored the security arrangements provided for Serbian Orthodox sites in coordination with EULEX, the Kosovo Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports and KFOR. On 10 May, KFOR transferred security responsibilities for the Holy Archangels Monastery, near Prizren, to the Kosovo police. The patrimonial sites of the Serbian Orthodox Church now remaining under KFOR protection are the Visoki Dečani and Dević monasteries and the monastery of the Peć Patriarchate.", "51. While some Serbian religious sites and Orthodox graveyards were damaged during the reporting period, there were also positive examples of communication between local authorities and the Serbian Orthodox Church. In Rahovec/Orahovac, after international intervention, the municipal and Serbian Orthodox Church authorities are seeking a peaceful settlement to the encroachment of land belonging to the Orthodox Monastery in Zoqishtë/Zočište village, which occurred as a result of the rehabilitation and extension of the adjacent road. Another positive sign of improving relations was the meeting in June between Bishop Teodosije and the Mayor of Deçan/Dečani, facilitated by the Norwegian Ambassador to Kosovo, at which prospects for closer cooperation were discussed.", "52. On 23 June, the diocese of Raška/Prizren reported that excavation works by a private citizen adjacent to the church had exposed parts of the foundations of the Orthodox Church of St. Kyriake, in the historic centre of Prizren. The diocese fears that the excavation work could affect the stability of the more than 700-year-old church and called for urgent measures to preserve and protect the site, which is located within the town’s special protective zone. The Kosovo police confirmed the damage to the church’s foundation and the municipal inspectorate halted all work at the site.", "X. Human rights", "53. The Ombudsperson Institution is still awaiting the appointment of the Deputy Ombudspersons, although the Assembly of Kosovo has initiated the procedure. In June, the Ombudsperson addressed a special report to the President of the Assembly, detailing the difficulties that the institution continues to face in the exercise of its mandate. The report states that challenges stem mainly from alleged attempts to infringe the institution’s independence through budgetary interventions by the Government and notes that, in this respect, the law on the Ombudsperson adopted by the Assembly constitutes a setback compared to the UNMIK regulation. The Assembly Committee on Human Rights has been engaged to address some of the recommendations contained in that report.", "54. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the recent alleged murder of a 27-year-old woman by her ex-husband brought to light continued failures by the judiciary to duly apply protection measures in accordance with the relevant legislation. In the case in question, a judge failed to impose urgent protection measures within 15 days as prescribed by law. According to the Kosovo police, this was the fourth woman to die as a result of domestic violence in the past 12 months. In addition, lenient sanctions are being imposed against violations of protection measures, even in cases of recidivism. Incomplete investigations, inadequate implementation of protection measures, lack of cooperation between the police and prosecutors, and a failure to prosecute offenders have increased victims’ vulnerability to recidivism while allowing perpetrators to go unpunished. Without a strong message from law enforcement mechanisms that violence will not be tolerated, perpetrators can continue to abuse women without fear of sanctions.", "XI. External representation and regional cooperation", "55. During the reporting period, UNMIK facilitated the participation of Kosovo representatives at numerous regional meetings at different levels, including the meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the European Union and the Western Balkans in Luxembourg on 21 June, as well as several Energy Community meetings in other sectors, such as transport and aviation.", "56. The meetings of the 2011 chairmanship of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) continued. After the meetings of the CEFTA Working Group on Technical Barriers to Trade in April and the Subcommittee on Customs and Rules of Origin on 19 and 20 May, UNMIK facilitated the meeting of the Subcommittee on Agriculture on 24 May in Brussels, chaired by the 2011 Chair-in-Office. On 30 June the meeting of CEFTA Experts and Deputy Ministers was held in Pristina, with the participation of all CEFTA parties except Montenegro and the Republic of Moldova. However, the Kosovo authorities chose not to participate in the Subcommittee on Non-Tariff Barriers and Technical Barriers to Trade in Sarajevo, as they disagreed with the modalities of the meeting.", "XII. Observations", "57. I am pleased to report that the dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina has continued at an intense pace during the reporting period and has produced its first concrete results three months after its launch. I welcome the agreements reached in the areas of freedom of movement, civil registry and academic diplomas and I urge Belgrade and Pristina to engage fully in implementing them. It remains my firm belief that this dialogue has the potential to bridge the differences between the sides and to resolve a series of long-standing issues that affect the lives of the people on the ground.", "58. I have noted that the engagement of the sides in the process has been facing some opposition. However, I am confident that the positive impact of the agreements, when implemented, will generate a wider understanding and appreciation of the benefits that can be derived from the dialogue. I also consider that the positive engagement of the sides outside the formal process of dialogue, such as the meetings held in May by senior officials in Pristina and the Serbian negotiator, may pave the way for further progress in their relations.", "59. As the process of dialogue moves forward, the United Nations remains committed to supporting the facilitating role of the European Union, and to providing its expertise on the issues under discussion. I reiterate my intention to keep the Security Council informed of the progress made in the dialogue, and I appeal to its members to continue encouraging the sides to make good faith efforts to tackle the remaining challenges. I believe that agreements can be reached on a number of issues discussed during the past months, thereby contributing significantly to the consolidation of peace, stability and reconciliation in Kosovo and in the region.", "60. I am also encouraged by the resumption of the sessions of the Working Group on Missing Persons, after a hiatus of nearly a year largely due to internal political events in Kosovo. The continuing engagement and commitment by the parties to this fundamental humanitarian issue is of vital importance to reconciliation in Kosovo and the region. UNMIK will continue to support efforts by Pristina, Belgrade, EULEX and ICRC to resolve all the outstanding cases of missing persons.", "61. The numbers of voluntary returns have remained disappointingly low, despite efforts by the local and central authorities to provide additional funding to assist with reconstruction and the allocation of municipal land for internally displaced persons. It is my hope that solutions will be found to addressing the persisting tensions between receiving communities and returnees, and efforts will be redoubled to ensure the successful reintegration of all the returning communities.", "62. In northern Kosovo, the growing tensions remain a cause for concern. In this regard, I will continue to firmly stress that sensitive issues relating to northern Kosovo can be resolved only through peaceful means, on the basis of consultation with all communities on the ground, and not through unilateral action. I urge all sides to refrain from actions that could undermine the progress made in the dialogue and escalate tensions, and to work together to avoid any further deterioration of the situation.", "63. Regrettably, this period saw the recurrence of earlier, unacceptable threats to the premises of the UNMIK office in Mitrovica by the local municipal authorities. I call on the authorities in Mitrovica and on the political leaders in Pristina to demonstrate full respect and to provide reassurances that the inviolability of the UNMIK premises throughout Kosovo will henceforth be clearly acknowledged and observed. I have also noted with concern the growing overall number of incidents affecting international personnel and assets.", "64. I would like to express my gratitude to Lamberto Zannier, who concluded his tenure as my Special Representative for Kosovo and Head of UNMIK on 1 July, for his strong commitment to the United Nations principles and his leadership of UNMIK during the past three years. I deeply appreciated his successful management of the evolution of the Mission within a challenging political environment and his dedicated efforts to furthering peace and stability in Kosovo and the region. I would also like to commend the staff of UNMIK for their work and commitment to the goals of the United Nations.", "65. Finally, I would like to conclude by extending my gratitude to the long-standing partners of the United Nations in Kosovo — the European Union, NATO and OSCE — as well as to the United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, for their ongoing support and cooperation with UNMIK.", "Annex I", "Report of the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo", "(covering the period from 16 April to 15 July 2011)", "1. Summary", "21 July 2011", "The European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX) continued to implement its mandate to monitor, mentor and advise Kosovo institutions. The Mission provided assistance and support to the consolidation and reform of rule of law institutions, along with input to several long-term judicial and police reforms. EULEX also made use of its executive functions, when necessary, in the context of policing and investigative tasks related to high-profile investigations, police operations in the north of Kosovo and the prosecution of cases involving war crimes, corruption and organized crime. The Mission continued to focus attention on the north of Kosovo, increasing the number of Mission staff living in the area while working to defuse ongoing tensions between local communities. The Mission has also taken an active role in the Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue by facilitating the technical aspects of an agreement to return copies of civil registries records to Kosovo.", "Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, on the investigation of allegations of inhuman treatment of people and illicit trafficking in human organs in Kosovo was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special task force, partially based in Brussels.", "2. EULEX activities, April to July 2011", "General", "EULEX currently comprises 2,824 staff (1,637 international and 1,187 local staff). Monitoring, mentoring and advising in support of Kosovo institutions remains the Mission’s defining function and constitutes the majority of its everyday work, although the executive functions of the Mission are employed regularly and attract greater attention.", "EULEX provided monitoring, mentoring and advising on several actions and management-level processes in Kosovo, including the handover/takeover from KFOR to the Kosovo police of the third and final phase of the border with the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in June, and the handing over of security responsibility for the Holy Archangels Monastery in Prizren to the Kosovo police on 10 May. The Mission also worked closely with Kosovo Customs to replace outdated data-processing systems with the integrated system ASYCUDA World, compliant with European Union standards, and worked with the Kosovo police to introduce the European Union-compatible Border Management System. Both systems should improve the ability of Kosovo to effectively control border/boundary crossing points and monitor the entry and exit of persons, goods and vehicles. EULEX also provided support to the consolidation and development of Kosovo rule of law institutions like the Kosovo Judicial Council and Kosovo Prosecutorial Council, helping these burgeoning institutions to establish internal procedures on the recruitment and selection of council members and judges and enhancing transparency, together with preparing for implementation of the Kosovo Law on Courts, an in-depth reform of the structure and jurisdiction of Kosovo courts — and a key task for the Kosovo Judicial Council in the coming three years. EULEX is also providing close assistance to Kosovo authorities on the establishment of an adequate witness protection programme, another reform critical to a functional Kosovo justice sector in the future. Until such structures can stand on their own, EULEX operates a fully operational and independent witness protection programme for Kosovo.", "EULEX provided support to the continuing Prishtinë/Priština-Belgrade dialogue, facilitating the agreement to hand over copied civil registries records removed from Kosovo during the 1998-1999 conflict by chairing the Joint Committee on the matter and acting as an intermediary to certify and share the documents.", "Throughout spring and summer, EULEX carried out a public anti-drugs media campaign throughout Kosovo, coordinated with the Kosovo police as a public information and community policing effort.", "War crimes", "EULEX continued several investigations and prosecutions in the area of war crimes, including the trials of several high-profile suspects. The so-called “Geci” trial, begun in March under the direction of Mitrovicë/Mitrovica District Court, continued to hear testimony throughout the spring and summer, with a verdict expected at the end of July. The trial against defendants Sabit Geci and Riza Alija, accused of war crimes committed against civilians in a Kosovo Liberation Army military compound in Albania during the Kosovo conflict of 1999, has benefited greatly from the provision of anonymous video links facilitated by the EULEX Witness Security Unit. The video links allowed persons to testify without revealing their identity, giving the prosecution access to key testimonies. The trial is also notable for the fact that the Mission successfully established jurisdiction over the Geci case for crimes committed in Albania, an arrangement applicable to the ongoing investigation based on the report by Senator Dick Marty (see below). The so-called “Bllaca” war crimes trial against Fahredin Gashi and Hysni Rama also continued at Prishtinë/Priština District Court, the first trial resulting from the testimony of the cooperative witness Nazim Bllaca.", "Investigations also proceeded concerning the case of the former Minister, Fatmir Limaj, together with the arrests on 16 March of nine individuals in Kosovo and Switzerland, with regard to war crimes allegations. The investigation is under the supervision of a prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office and is based on grounded suspicions of killings, torture and other offences against Kosovo Albanian and Serb civilians and prisoners of war in a detention centre in Kosovo in 1999. The arrested individuals have been kept under extended detention on remand since March and, most recently, on 20 June, a panel of Kosovo and EULEX judges rejected the appeals of five of the defendants as ungrounded and confirmed the decision of the pre-trial judge to extend their detention for a further month. The issue of Limaj’s parliamentary immunity from arrest as a member of the Kosovo Assembly still needs to be clarified, and the Mission has sought various legal and political avenues to receive clarification on the issue; however, even as a member of the Assembly, Limaj does not enjoy immunity from prosecution for the alleged crimes committed.", "The Government took steps to clarify the issue of immunity from arrest on 20 July when it decided to refer to the Constitutional Court a request for an interpretation of the immunity of the President, Prime Minister, Ministers and members of the Kosovo Assembly.", "Investigations are proceeding following the arrest in April, by the Kosovo police and EULEX, of Zoran Kolić, a senior official of the Independent Liberal Party, on charges of war crimes allegedly committed in 1999. In May, a panel of local EULEX judges extended his detention on remand.", "Corruption", "EULEX continued to work closely with Kosovo prosecutors to identify, prioritize and prosecute major cases of corruption at various levels of government. On 15 June, a joint Kosovo police and EULEX police team carried out searches and seized materials as part of an investigation concerning the Ministry of Community and Returns and the so-called “Fimex” company in Pristina. The searches, which also included two private residences, were conducted in the context of an investigation into corruption with regard to tenders issued from 2007 to 2009. The charges in the case relate to misappropriation in office, accepting and giving bribes. On 23 June, EULEX carried out searches at the Municipal Cadastral Office of Gračanica/Graçanicë, including the offices of the Head and the Director of the Office. The searches were carried out in the context of an investigation into alleged abuse of official position in relation to the fraudulent registration of ownership of privatized former socially owned enterprises in 2010. Meanwhile, investigations continue in corruption cases involving four defendants connected to the former Governor of the Central Bank of Kosovo, with witnesses continuing to be interviewed.", "On 23 May, a panel of local and EULEX judges at Prishtinë/Priština District Court convicted eight people on corruption charges in connection with irregularities at the Credit Bank of Prishtinë/Priština, handing down sentences ranging from suspended sentences to five years in prison. On 8 June, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against five defendants in the investigation in relation to a mobile virtual network operator agreement between the Post and Telecommunications of Kosovo and a private company, Dardafon. On the same day, the Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two defendants in the context of an investigation regarding a large importation of tobacco by four Kosovo tobacco companies in December 2008.", "As part of the Mission’s continuing support to Kosovo institutions through effective monitoring, mentoring and advising, on 28 June EULEX began a 12-month training and workshop programme for Kosovo and EULEX judges, prosecutors and investigators on the confiscation of criminal assets. The programme aims to make the use of confiscation powers deriving from the existing law a standard tool in the fight against organized crime and corruption. It will also serve to prepare the way for the implementation of new legislation in the area.", "Organized crime", "On 10 June, a EULEX prosecutor from the Kosovo Special Prosecution Office filed an indictment against two individuals related to the so-called Medicus case. Warrants of arrest were issued by Prishtinë/Priština District Court and both suspects are subject to INTERPOL international wanted notices. The two indictees join seven additional defendants indicted in April by a panel of EULEX and local judges. Together, the nine defendants will face charges related to organ and human trafficking, organized crime, unlawful exercise of medical activity and abuse of official position. The case was initiated by Kosovo and UNMIK police officers in November 2008.", "On 17 June, seven of the defendants in the so-called Tisa River case charged with organized crime and smuggling of migrants were sentenced to terms of imprisonment ranging from 2 to 19 years, for a total of 65 years. The case exposed an organized crime group that offered migrants illegal passage to European Union and other European countries, making significant illicit profits. The activities of the group resulted in the death of 15 migrants in October 2009.", "Several police operations related to combating organized crime were also carried out during the spring and summer. On 4 May, as part of several house searches linked to drug trafficking in Pejë/Pec, EULEX Executive Police arrested a man in connection with an investigation into international heroin trafficking, authorized by a EULEX pretrial judge at Prishtinë/Priština District Court and supervised by a EULEX prosecutor. The arrested individual is suspected of trafficking drugs in and out of Kosovo to various European countries in 2008/09 and his arrest is part of a wider investigation into organized crime. On 17 May, EULEX arrested a man in a location between Zubin Potok and northern Mitrovicë/Mitrovica, suspected of involvement in organized crime. The arrest took place within the context of an ongoing investigation by the Special Prosecution Office into organized crime and money-laundering and followed up on an earlier EULEX law enforcement operation in Zubin Potok in February. Following the arrest daily roadblocks were organized in the area in support of the arrested person.", "EULEX Special Task Force", "Since the report of the Council of Europe Special Rapporteur, Senator Dick Marty, was made public in December 2010, EULEX has assumed responsibility for the case and continues to move forward with the preliminary investigation, through a special Task Force dedicated to the matter with prosecutors assigned to this case only. Planning for this process has now reached an advanced stage, to the point where Task Force members have been interviewed and recruited and facilities and equipment for the Task Force in Brussels have been secured. The EULEX Task Force, to be based in Brussels and Prishtinë/Priština, consists of EULEX staff selected in the most recent hiring process, permanently assigned to the investigation of the case and operational immediately upon their deployment. EULEX continues to maintain contact with relevant stakeholders and actors in the region as the investigatory process moves forward.", "Cooperation with judicial authorities in Tirana has in particular led the Court of Serious Crimes, on 27 May 2011, to rule in favour of a request for international assistance lodged by EULEX prosecutors in this respect, paving the way for concrete investigative work in Albania. In parallel to those judicial efforts, the Mission has strengthened its witness security programme by reaching out to, inter alia, EUROPOL to improve the prospects for relocation abroad and by increasing the funding for such relocation.", "Approved by Xavier Bout de Marnhac Head of Mission", "Annex II", "Composition and strength of the police component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "(as at 15 July 2011)", "Country Number", "Germany 1", "Ghana 1", "Italy 1", "Romania 1", "Russian Federation 1", "Pakistan 1", "Ukraine 1", "Total 7", "Annex III", "Composition and strength of the military liaison component of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "(as at 15 July 2011)", "Country Number", "Czech Republic 1", "Denmark 1", "Norway 1", "Poland 1", "Romania 1", "Spain 1", "Ukraine 2", "Total 8" ]

[ "秘书长关于联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团的报告", "一. 导言和特派团的优先事项", "1. 本报告根据安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议提交。安理会在该决议中决定设立联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)，并要求我定期报告其任务的执行情况。本报告述及2011年4月16日至7月15日科索沃特派团的活动以及有关事态发展。", "2. 特派团的优先事项保持不变：在科索沃和该区域促进安全、稳定和尊重人权。科索沃特派团与普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德、科索沃社区及区域和国际行动方保持接触，以此促进实现这些目标。欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)和驻科索沃部队(驻科部队)在安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议的框架范围内，继续发挥其重要作用。按照2008年11月26日安理会主席声明(S/PRST/2008/44)和我2008年11月24日的报告(S/2008/692)，欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟驻科法治团)在联合国全面领导下并在地位中立框架范围内开展活动。欧安组织、驻科部队和欧盟驻科法制团继续同科索沃特派团开展合作与协调。联合国各机构、基金和方案也继续与科索沃特派团密切合作。", "二. 政治局势", "3. 科索沃当局克服一系列政治危机，把注意力集中在自我巩固和确保体制稳定上。科索沃民主党和新科索沃联盟是两个主要的科索沃阿族执政党，两党领导人就重新分配部长级职位的方式达成一致。总理哈希姆·特哈契(科索沃民主党)任命前总统贝赫杰特·帕乔利(新科索沃联盟)担任首席副总理这一新设立的职位，并任命一名新科索沃联盟成员担任新成立的散居国外者部部长。目前，政府有6名副总理和19名部长(其中3人为副总理)。在现任副部长中，3人为塞族，8人来自其他社区。", "4. 5月初，由议会各党团代表组成的选举法改革问题特设议会委员会开始工作。选举制度改革是科索沃民主党领导的政府同主要反对党科索沃民主联盟所达成的妥协协议的一部分，这一妥协结束了年初出现的政治危机。议会委员会正在拟定一项提案，其中提出采用多选区和立法机构选举多数制。在委员会就修改达成一致后，需要议会三分之二多数才能通过。", "5. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃当局加强努力，与欧洲联盟建立密切接触，并得到国际社会的关注。在这方面，科索沃当局接待了欧洲联盟委员会主席若泽·曼努埃尔·巴罗佐和欧盟安全和外交政策高级代表凯瑟琳·阿什顿的来访。在访问期间，高级代表阿什顿强调与贝尔格莱德正在进行的对话十分重要，并敦促各方表现出灵活性和创造性，以确保取得切实成果。总理在第五轮对话结束后不久前往布鲁塞尔，与高级代表讨论了科索沃加入欧盟的前景。自4月7日就职以来，阿蒂费特·亚希亚加总统把活动重点放在参与多方论坛方面。除其他会议外，她出席了在华沙举行的中欧领导人首脑会议和在罗马举办的庆祝意大利统一150周年的活动。东道国未邀请科索沃特派团出席这些活动。塞尔维亚总统博里斯·塔迪奇受到邀请，但没有出席，其理由是塞尔维亚政府对科索沃未经联合国协调参与的活动采取不出席政策。", "6. 科索沃当局重申，愿意对欧洲委员会特别报告员迪克·马蒂的报告中关于走私人体器官指控的调查提供合作，并欢迎为进行这一调查设立一个欧盟驻科法治团专责小组。欧盟驻科法治团确认，专责小组将在2011年稍后阶段时进入运作，届时将完成正在进行的专责小组所有工作人员的征聘工作。专责小组由两名国际检察官和数名专门从事战争罪调查的国际调查员组成。专责小组将设在布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳，在欧盟驻科法治团司法部分主管的行政领导下履行职责。塞尔维亚承认欧盟驻科法治团为此作出的努力，但贝尔格莱德仍然坚持认为，应由安全理事会设立一个在阿尔巴尼亚境内外拥有调查权限的独立调查机构牵头负责调查。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，包括首席副总理兼内政部长伊维察·达齐奇在内的一些塞尔维亚政府官员建议，为了达成科索沃问题的最终解决，可以对“领土调整”进行谈判。这一建议遭到普里什蒂纳和华盛顿的严辞驳斥。科索沃当局认为，解决科索沃和西巴尔干族裔问题的唯一途径是，全面执行《阿赫蒂萨里计划》和欧洲一体化。科索沃塞族政治团体，无论其生活在伊巴尔河以北或以南，也无论其对贝尔格莱德或普里什蒂纳的态度，也反对领土调整主张。居住在伊巴尔河以南的人担心，领土调整会让他们在科索沃失去保护，而北部的科索沃塞族人则认为，这些调整不符合塞尔维亚的国家利益，为塞尔维亚宪法所禁止，因为这意味着承认科索沃独立。相反，科索沃阿族反对派集团自决运动领导人Albin Kurti却矢言努力实现科索沃与阿尔巴尼亚的联合。", "8. 5月12日，与普里什蒂纳对话的贝尔格莱德代表团团长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇前往普里什蒂纳，同普里什蒂纳对话代表团团长、副总理兼司法部长哈伊拉丁·库契、副总理埃迪塔·塔希里、美国大使和临时欧盟特别代表会晤。这次访问引起约200名自决运动支持者的抗议。抗议演变成暴力事件，造成数人(包括警察)受伤，一些车辆被损坏。科索沃当局对这些抗议予以谴责。", "9. 在本报告所述期间，联合国会员国安道尔承认科索沃，使承认国的总数达到76个。", "三. 普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间的接触以及实际安排", "10. 在本报告所述期间，大会第64/298号决议表示欢迎并由欧洲联盟从中协调的对话进程继续进行，第四轮和第五轮会议于5月17日和18日及7月2日在布鲁塞尔举行。塞尔维亚外交部政治司司长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇和科索沃副总理埃迪塔·塔希里继续担任各自谈判代表团团长。", "11. 在全体会议闭会期间，举行筹备会议、技术工作组以及欧盟对话调解小组和对话各方之间的双边和三边接触的频繁程度显著增加。", "12. 第四轮讨论把重点放在民事登记、地籍记录、迁移自由、电信和能源问题上。第五次会议使对话取得具体成果。在三个领域达成协议，从而将改善平民百姓的生活。关于民事登记问题，各方商定，经以往对话会议的谈判成立的、由欧盟驻科法制团担任主席的一个联合委员会将继续查明丢失民事登记簿方面的漏洞。欧盟驻科法制团将对所有原始民事登记簿的副本进行认证，以在科索沃建立全面民事登记册。作为协议的一部分，欧盟驻科法制团将根据要求提供源自科索沃的具体民事登记资料。这将给科索沃居民带来更大的法律确定性，并将有助于在法庭上解决相关问题。", "13. 双方一致认为，关于迁徙自由的协议应尽快实施，该协议让人们能够凭身份证或驾驶执照跨越行政边界。协议还包括其他规定，允许驾车跨界旅行，但其中的细节还有待制定。", "14. 双方还原则上商定承认大学和中学文凭。这将通过由双方认可的国际机构或第三方学术机构认证进行。双方计划在下一次对话会议上拟订细节。", "15. 第五次会议达成的协议由欧盟主席以结论的形式提出，预计将在具有运作可行性时付诸实施。由于双方对执行协议作出坚定承诺，将成立由欧盟担任主席的三方联合工作组，以确保尽可能高效率地开展执行工作。科索沃特派团继续对对话作出贡献，包括向会议提供协助，根据其在科索沃取得的民事登记、迁徙自由、承认文凭和货物自由流动等方面的经验提供资料。", "16. 科索沃未来联盟、科索沃民主联盟、自决运动等科索沃反对党以及民间社会组织要求将达成的协议提交科索沃议会讨论，并批评科索沃当局在这个问题上缺乏透明度。自决运动反对对话，在这方面的态度最为坚决。科索沃议会议长雅各布·克拉斯尼奇(科索沃民主党)数次发表公开声明，声称没有向议会和他本人充分通报对话的实质内容。", "17. 科索沃北部的塞族领导人普遍表示不赞成对话，指出这不符合科索沃塞族人的利益，而且是朝着塞尔维亚承认科索沃为独立国家迈出的一步。伊巴尔河以南的科索沃塞族领导人对对话持较为积极态度，认为这是一个缓和日常问题的有益工具。独立自由党是参与科索沃机构的最大科索沃塞族人党派，该党认为自己被贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳排除在进程之外，对此多次表示不满。", "18. 塞尔维亚政府宣传协议的互惠性，并强调协议不会损害科索沃的未来地位。塞尔维亚反对党对塞尔维亚的主要执政党民主党赞成对话结论提出批评，但较小的反对党自由民主党是一个显著例外，该党对结论表示欢迎。然而，尽管塞尔维亚民主党、新塞尔维亚和塞尔维亚激进党等反对党谴责这一事态发展，但是，最大的反对党塞尔维亚进步党语气却较为温和，指出对话必须继续进行，但对话结论不得导致塞尔维亚承认科索沃。", "19. 作为向正式对话进程所提供支助的补充，我的特别代表和我派驻贝尔格莱德的代表继续与塞尔维亚领导层举行定期会晤，我的特别代表同科索沃当局之间也加强了接触。科索沃特派团工作人员继续同科索沃当局在工作级别保持定期联络。", "20. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃安全部队和欧盟驻科法制团恢复在Zhilivodë/ Žilivoda的挖掘工作。2011年7月15日，由红十字国际委员会（红十字委员会）担任主席的普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德失踪人员工作组在中断近一年之后举行第一次会议，这主要是由于科索沃发生的内部政治事件所致。各方重申，打算履行作出的承诺，并继续在工作组框架内开展活动。已查明11个失踪人员的身份，并将遗体交还亲属。红十字国际委员会认为，仍有1 809人失踪。", "四. 科索沃北部", "21. 科索沃北部的总体安全局势保持相对平静，但在本报告所述期间结束时，紧张局势加剧。科索沃内政部决定通过地区业务支助股和地区交通股的活动，将其业务扩大到塞族人占大多数的科索沃北部城市，对此科索沃北部的塞族领导人提出了关切。作为普里什蒂纳在当地行使权力努力的一部分，业务支助股在科索沃北部多族裔地区开始日常巡逻，结果引起紧张局势升级。", "22. 5月中旬，科索沃内政部决定对科索沃北部警察派出所主管进行轮调，这也在科索沃北部造成紧张局势升级。起初，所有6名科索沃北部塞族派出所所长拒绝执行轮调命令，并因此被停职。尽管两名所长后来同意轮调，但其中一人由于路障而无法担任新职。经科索沃警察专业标准股调查，科索沃警察局长在7月初核准一项决定，解除不服从轮调命令的4名科索沃塞族所长的聘用合同。科索沃北部塞族领导人谴责这项决定，并表达自己的立场，认为任何轮调计划都应基于与其进行的协商。北部派出所的科索沃塞族警察和行政工作人员举行随机罢工，支持恢复被解聘所长的职务。6月，贝尔格莱德支持的Zubin Potok、Zveçan/ Zvečan、Leposaviq/Leposavić和北部的米特罗维察等城市的市议会联合举行会议，在会上拒绝接受轮调计划，并指责驻科部队、欧盟驻科法制团和科索沃当局试图对科索沃北部塞族人施加压力，迫使其接受普里什蒂纳行使权力。7月15日，4名被解聘的北部警察主管签署解聘书。可在7月20日前对解聘决定提出上诉。", "23. 5月，科索沃Zubin Potok的一名居民因涉嫌从事有组织犯罪、走私、欺诈性规避进口税和消费税等各种犯罪活动被欧盟驻科法制团拘留，随后当地工商界人士谴责拘留行动，认为这是进行恐吓和企图强行要求向他们并不承认的科索沃当局支付税款和关税。因此，当地的工商联合会每天在Zubin Potok组织堵路行动，并在米特罗维察北部、Leposaviq/Leposavić和Zveçan/Zvečan采取零星的堵路行动。这种行动持续近一个月。这些行动最初是为了支持被拘押者发起的，但后来也是为了反对北部警察派出所所长轮调。这些事态发展造成科索沃北部塞族人同欧盟驻科法制团之间的关系更加紧张。", "24. 一些科索沃北部的塞族当地领导人和居民指责塞尔维亚代表团在对话中没有充分反映他们的利益，对此，与普里什蒂纳对话的贝尔格莱德谈判小组组长鲍里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇于6月2日访问Zveçan/Zvečan和Zubin Potok ，与当地官员会晤，并向他们保证将在谈判中考虑到其利益。", "25. 5月，扩大了科索沃特派团在密特罗维察的咨询委员会，并简化了委员会的程序，以提高该机构效率，更好地反映北密特罗维察当地目前的政治局势。为了确定适当候选人并维持能够反映当地人口的族裔平衡，科索沃特派团同所有利益攸关方举行一系列协商，之后任命了15名咨询委员会成员，其中包括两名科索沃阿族人和一名科索沃波什尼亚克族人。", "26. 6月16日，科索沃海关当局拦截了用卡车装运的一票锌精矿货物，这批货物准备由特雷普卡企业的北部和南部分公司出口。拦截的依据是科索沃私有化局的一封来信，内称没有批准这些出口。后来，当局批准特雷普卡南部分公司的货物出口，而来自特雷普卡北部分公司的所有22辆卡车被拒绝通过。特雷普卡北部分公司的出口是科索沃特派团依照一项根据第1244(1999)号决议颁布的法律批准的。特雷普卡企业北部分公司的几乎所有收入都来自这些矿精出口，由于这些收入用于支付供应商和特雷普卡北部分公司所有员工的款项，对于北部的经济起到至关重要的作用。", "五. 经济形势", "27. 6月1日，与科索沃进行第四条协商的国际货币基金组织(基金组织)访问团宣布，中断与科索沃为期18个月的备用安排。基金组织的结论是，2011年科索沃政府预算中的某些内容，特别是大幅提高工资，违背了安排中规定的承诺。因此，科索沃将无法获取基金组织在2011年预计将根据备用安排支付的资金。此外，大量的欧盟和世界银行资金也不会到位，因为这些资金同对健康宏观经济框架的明确承诺挂钩。基金组织工作人员与科索沃当局就工作人员监测方案达成一致，根据该方案，基金组织将监测经济和财政改革执行情况到2011年底，然后才能决定能否在2012年作出由基金组织提供支助的安排。2011年预算还包括从出售PTK电话公司75%的股份获得的3亿欧元收入，这一收入将是赤字融资的主要来源。基金组织认为，私有化进程可能出现的拖延给2011年预算带来风险。对于这些资金能否全额到位存在的疑虑以及计划修建阿尔巴尼亚至科索沃公路的支出，增加了科索沃预算的财政压力。此外，由于科索沃在2010年12月31日失去欧盟的贸易优惠待遇，来自科索沃的产品在进入欧盟市场时必须缴纳关税。", "28. 5月，科索沃当局开始拟订科索沃现有私有化法律框架的修正案，该法律框架是以前由科索沃特派团制定的。存在这样一些关切：法律草案可能允许科索沃当局动用以及为了预算目的使用委托科索沃信托机构掌管的私有化资金，而这些资金的受益人是业主和债权人。因此，拟议立法将严重削弱对私有化资金的保护，可能使这些资金遭到不当使用。因此，这不仅将带来产权问题，造成私有化资金可能遭到挪用，损害了业主和债权人的利益，而且对于业主和债权人来说，还将带来在保护信托基金方面的信托职责和可能出现的债务问题。拟议立法还考虑对社会所有制企业私有化和清理过程作出修改，并试图尽量减少国际社会对与科索沃信托机构有关事项的参与，这违反了科索沃特派团确立的法律框架。", "六. 安全状况", "29. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃的安全局势总体上保持了相对平静，但影响到少数族裔社区的小规模事件与2010年同期相比有所增加，影响到国际人员和资产的事件也有所增长。", "30. 谋杀案和谋杀未遂案的数量减少了近27%是一个积极的事态发展。武装抢劫案也减少了20%。科索沃警察开展了一系列打击武器走私、贩卖人口、腐败和洗钱的成功行动，这证明其专业水平得到了改善。4月19日，在Kaçanik/Kačanik查获了9枝枪和600发子弹。6月13日，在Shtërpcë/Štrpce附近的另一次行动中缴获了一挺有600发子弹的重机枪和一门有33枚榴弹的迫击炮。", "31. 然而，与前一年同期相比，过去3个月中影响到少数族裔社区的犯罪事件增加了近一倍(截至7月15日共77起，2010年同期为38起)。发生了5起向运送塞族人的大巴投掷石块的案件。尽管其他大多数案例都是不太严重的骚扰、恐吓、殴打和财产损失案，但也有少数严重事件的报道，如7月2日一伙科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族武装分子殴打了3位执勤的科索沃塞族警务人员，以及在米特罗维察发生的一名塞族人被捅伤的事件。", "32. 影响到国际工作人员和资产的事件大多是较轻微的偷盗、盗窃或轻微损坏财产或车辆的罪行，但一些人身攻击、威胁和投掷石块的事件也有报道。其中较值得注意的案例有：6月7日，欧盟驻科法治团的两辆公务车在普里什蒂纳被身份不明的人放火焚毁；6月15日，欧洲联盟委员会的一名国际工作人员被殴打和抢劫。6月6日和21日，挂着欧安组织车牌的两辆车(一辆是一名国际工作人员驾驶的私家车，另一辆是公务车)分别在Pejё/Peć和Gjilan/Gnjilane附近被子弹击中，当时的具体情况不明。", "33. 在报告所述期间，科索沃各地还发生了与各种政治和社会经济问题相关的若干抗议、集会和示威活动，这些活动总体上是和平的。", "34. 犯罪率保持相对稳定。使用或威胁使用武器的暴力罪行总数仍没有减少的迹象，这表明非法武器的扩散仍然是一个严重的不安全因素。因此，在过去3个月期间，共有151起枪击事件与335个没收非法武器和弹药的案件记录在案。", "35. 6月29日，南米特罗维察的科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族市长扬言要移除科索沃特派团目前用作区域办公用房的建筑物周围的混凝土外围防爆墙，声称这是欧洲联盟委员会(欧盟)资助该市实施的市容美化计划的必要组成部分。科索沃特派团在与欧盟驻科法治团、欧盟联络处、双边特派团和普里什蒂纳的政治领导高层交涉之后，才解决这一问题。交涉的所有单位都认为，市政当局拟议采取的行动是非法的。7月7日，科索沃特派团负责官员会见了市长，在对安全需要进行了重新评估后，双方达成了一项谅解，消除了市政当局通过改变地点而移除防爆墙的企图。", "七. 法治", "36. 科索沃特派团继续在法治领域履行某些职责，继续监测各种活动，并在技术层面与科索沃司法部和内政部及塞尔维亚司法部开展合作。科索沃特派团还继续促进塞尔维亚当局、不承认科索沃的国家与科索沃司法部之间进行交流，包括接收和转发司法互助请求。科索沃司法部和塞尔维亚司法部在司法互助领域的僵局依然如故。科索沃特派团继续参与和欧盟驻科法治团等有关各方开展的讨论，以期打破僵局。在本报告所述期间，科索沃特派团转发了塞尔维亚司法部致科索沃司法部的46项回复。", "37. 由于塞尔维亚没有处理过任何直接从科索沃司法部收到的请求，关于科索沃信托机构相关问题的科索沃最高法院特别分庭利用科索沃特派团的斡旋来开展司法互助。科索沃特派团转发了特别分庭要求塞尔维亚提供文件的47项请求。", "38. 科索沃特派团还协助科索沃与国际刑警组织及其成员国进行日常互动，共接收了8项发布国际通缉令的请求，并促成发布了5项刑警组织“红色通缉令”。", "39. 在本报告所述期间，科索沃特派团继续向科索沃居民提供文件核证服务，并应不承认科索沃的国家的请求提供此项服务。这些服务主要包括公民身份、养恤金和学历证书的认证。", "八. 接收社区、回返与和解", "40. 根据联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)的报告，4月至5月期间共有244名少数族裔个人自愿回返，从而使得自1月以来回返的总人数达到492人。在回返的244人当中，约39%是科索沃塞族，34%来自科索沃的罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区，12%是科索沃戈兰尼人，科索沃波什尼亚克族和科索沃阿族则各占5%。2000年1月至2011年5月期间自愿回返的少数族裔总人数为22 630人。", "41. 4月至5月，共为69名流离失所者组织了5次“去看一看”访问，其中大多数人来自黑山和塞尔维亚；此外还在塞尔维亚本土组织了5次“去讲一讲”访问，来自Deçan/Dečani、Kllokot/Klokot、Rahovec/Orahovac 和Lipjan/Lipljan 等市的流离失所者从中受益。", "42. 一些接收社区继续反对流离失所者返回。在Shtime/Štimlje 市，一个科索沃阿族接收社区以战争罪指控为由反对三个阿什卡利族流离失所家庭从前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国返回。在Deçan/Dečani市，13名科索沃塞族流离失所者前往Lloqan/Loćane 村“去看一看”的访问被推迟，因为接收社区反对其中两人访问，声称他们在冲突期间犯下了战争罪。市政当局和其他利益攸关方正在寻求持久的解决办法来处理这些情况，包括在返回前开展对话，并在回返项目中照顾到接收社区的利益。", "43. 难民署还记录了100名少数族裔被强迫回返的案例，其中71人来自科索沃的罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区，11人是科索沃塞族，12人是科索沃波什尼亚克族，4人是科索沃戈兰尼人，2人是科索沃阿族，他们主要来自西欧国家。", "44. 科索沃中央和地方当局都面临着与强迫回返者重返社会相关的社会经济困难。市政当局列举了资金短缺问题和官僚主义障碍，包括他们和内务部之间缺乏协调的问题。为了加速回返进程，启动了若干回返项目，特别是制订了市级回返战略，为科索沃罗姆、阿什卡利和埃及人社区没有土地的流离失所者分配土地，审查流离失所者的房屋建设(重建)援助申请，并启动已停滞的建设项目。", "45. 一些市在为回返者实施发展项目方面取得了重大进展，特别是在少数族裔和民族混居的村庄。Dragash/Dragaš、Istog/Istok、Graçanicë/Gračanica、Lipjan/Lipljan、Fushë Kosovë/Kosovo Polje和Partesh/Parteš等市为少数族裔社区居民实施了资本投资项目，包括基础设施开发，如道路建设或升级、建设污水处理和供水网络、实现电力网络的现代化和兴建新学校等。但是，一些少数族裔社区的成员对所在村庄较差的基础设施状况表示不满，特别是时断时续的供电和供水、破旧的道路和污水处理系统以及就业前景的匮乏等。作为其社区支助努力的一部分，科索沃特派团推动少数族裔社区和科索沃当局之间就许多此类问题进行沟通，并鼓励科索沃当局向少数族裔村寨开展宣传、予以重视。", "46. 4月，科索沃当局在科索沃全境进行了人口和住房普查，仅有伊巴尔河以北地区例外。就在科索沃北部进行普查的问题，科索沃当局与科索沃北部塞族领导人举行了讨论，但双方没有达成一致。据初步统计，在科索沃居住的总人数(不包括北部居民)为1 733 872人。初步统计中没有列入非居民。为各方所接受的最后一次人口普查是在1981年，当时登记的总人数为1 584 440人。这次普查将为综合规划进程提供关键的数据，对于确保正确规划科索沃所有居民的未来发展战略殊为关键。最终数据将于2012年6月公布，但是，倘若没有在科索沃(特别是在科索沃北部)居住的科索沃塞族人口的数据或准确估计，这些数据将是不完整的。", "47. 在科索沃全境举行的复活节庆祝活动和宗教仪式没有发生任何重大事故。塞尔维亚东正教在普里兹伦新近装修的圣乔治大教堂举行了复活节的主要纪念活动，拉什卡-普里兹伦教区的负责人Teodosije主教在这里为100名科索沃塞族教徒举办1999年以来第一次庆祝复活节礼拜仪式。6月28日，在格拉查尼察修道院和Gazimestan举行了圣维特日(Vidovdan)庆祝仪式，塞尔维亚东正教大主教Irinej和近2 000名塞族人参加了仪式。只发生了为数不多的几起事件，包括5名塞族人和警察在Gazimestan发生冲突，米特罗维察南部两辆塞尔维亚巴士被投掷石块。5人参与了与警察的冲突，其中4人来自塞尔维亚，1人来自科索沃，法庭以扰乱社会秩序和安定、煽动种族、民族和宗教仇恨罪判处他们入狱30天。据报道科索沃警察部队与欧盟驻科法治团警察之间在所涉事件上存在分歧，欧盟驻科法治团警察随后接手了这些案件。7月13日，由于缺乏证据，欧盟驻科法治团的一名检察官决定放弃指控。", "九. 文化和宗教遗产", "48. 科索沃特派团继续协助重建实施委员会开展工作，重建2004年3月暴力冲突期间损毁的宗教和文化遗址。在本报告所述期间，仍在几处遗址展开最后的实施阶段，委员会与各方进行磋商，探讨通过重建实施委员会机制进一步开展活动的方式。这一机制仍然是塞尔维亚东正教、普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间就文化遗产问题开展技术互动的唯一平台。", "49. 根据总括谅解备忘录，科索沃特派团还协助联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)开展各类活动。在本报告所述期间，签署了由阿尔巴尼亚政府资助的普里兹伦天主教大教堂重建合同，由希腊和捷克共和国政府捐款资助的普里兹伦Ljeviška圣母教堂壁画的修复工程也已经完成招标工作。", "50. 科索沃特派团与欧盟驻科法治团、科索沃文化、青年与体育部以及驻科部队相互协调，监测塞尔维亚东正教场所提供的安保安排。5月10日，驻科部队将普里兹伦附近的圣Archangels修道院的安保责任移交给科索沃警察。目前仍处于驻科部队保护下的塞尔维亚东正教宗教场所包括Visoki Dečani修道院、Dević 修道院和佩奇教区的修道院。", "51. 尽管在本报告所述期间有一些塞尔维亚宗教场所和东正教墓地遭到损毁，但在地方当局和塞尔维亚东正教之间的沟通方面同样有诸多的正面范例。在Rahovec/Orahovac，经国际社会干预后，市政府和塞尔维亚东正教当局正在寻求和平解决Zoqishtë/Zočište村东正教修道院所属土地遭受侵占的事端，这一事端是在恢复和扩展附近道路之后发生的。关系正在改善的另一个积极迹象是，在挪威驻科索沃大使的推动下，Teodosije主教和Deçan/Dečani市长在6月举行了会晤，双方讨论了开展更紧密合作的前景。", "52. 6月23日，拉什卡/普里兹伦教区报告说，一位市民在普里兹伦历史中心区的圣基里亚克东正教教堂附近实施挖掘，造成该教堂的部分地基裸露。该教区担心，挖掘工作可能会影响到这座有700年历史的教堂的稳固度，并呼吁采取紧急措施维护和保护位于该镇特别保护区内的这一遗址。科索沃警方证实，该教堂的地基受到毁坏，市政督察已经停止在该遗址实施的所有工程。", "十. 人权", "53. 尽管科索沃议会已经启动相关进程，监察员机构的副监察员仍有待任命。监察员在6月向议长提交了一份特别报告，详细介绍了该机构在行使其职权方面仍然面临的困难。报告指出，挑战主要源于政府据称企图通过预算干预措施侵犯该机构的独立性，并指出在这方面，议会通过的监察员法与科索沃特派团条例相比是一种退步。议会人权委员会已着手解决该报告所载的一些建议。", "54. 人权事务高级专员办事处指出，一名男子最近涉嫌谋杀其27岁前妻的案例说明，司法机关仍然未能根据相关法律适当采取保护措施。在本案中，法官没有依照法律规定在15天内采取紧急保护措施。据科索沃警察统计，这是过去12个月中妇女死于家庭暴力的第4起案例。此外，即便对于惯犯，违反保护措施所受的制裁也很宽松。不完全的调查、保护措施执行不力、警方和检方之间缺乏合作以及起诉罪犯不力，加剧了受害者的脆弱性，而让犯罪分子继续逍遥法外。如果执法机构不发出“绝不容忍暴力行为”的强有力讯号，犯罪分子将继续虐待妇女，而不必担心遭到制裁。", "十一. 外部代表与区域合作", "55. 在报告所述期间，科索沃特派团促成科索沃代表参与了不同层次的多次区域会议，包括6月21日在卢森堡举行的欧盟和西巴尔干国家外长会议，以及一些能源共同体会议和其他部门(如运输和航空部门)的会议。", "56. 中欧自由贸易协定(自由贸易协定)2011年轮值主席会议继续举行。在分别于4月和5月19和20日召开自由贸易协定技术性贸易壁垒问题工作组会议和海关与原产地规则小组委员会会议之后，科索沃特派团促成农业小组委员会5月24日在布鲁塞尔举行会议，会议由2011年轮值主席主持。6月30日，自由贸易协定专家和副部长会议在普里什蒂纳举行，除摩尔多瓦共和国和黑山之外的所有中欧自由贸易协定缔约国均出席了会议。但是，科索沃当局决定不出席在萨拉热窝召开的非关税壁垒和技术性贸易壁垒问题小组委员会会议，因为他们对会议的方式持不同意见。", "十二. 意见", "57. 我很高兴向大家报告，在本报告所述期间，贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳之间的对话一直在密集进行，启动三个月后，产生了第一个具体成果。我欢迎在行动自由、民事登记和学历文凭领域达成的协议；我呼吁贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳充分实施这些协议。我仍然坚信，这种对话有可能弥合双方之间的分歧，解决一系列长期存在、影响当地人们生活的问题。", "58. 我注意到，这个过程中双方的接触一直面临一些反对意见。不过，我深信，协议的实施会产生积极影响，会让人们更广泛地了解和理解对话所带来的好处。我还认为，双方在正式对话进程之外的积极接触，如普里什蒂纳高级官员和塞尔维亚谈判代表5月举行的会议，可能会为两国关系的进一步进展铺平道路。", "59. 随着对话进程的推进，联合国仍然致力于支持欧洲联盟的促进作用，并就讨论中的各种问题提供专业知识。我重申，我打算继续把对话进展通知安全理事会，我呼吁安理会成员继续鼓励双方作出真诚努力，应对余下的挑战。我相信，可以就过去几个月讨论的一些问题达成协定，从而为巩固科索沃和该地区的和平、稳定与和解作出重要贡献。", "60. 让我感到鼓舞的是，失踪人员工作组，主要因科索沃内部政局而中断近一年后，恢复开会。各方继续参与并致力于解决这个基本的人道主义问题，是科索沃和该地区和解的至关重要因素。科索沃特派团将继续努力支持普里什蒂纳、贝尔格莱德、欧盟驻科法治团和红十字国际委员会，以解决所有悬而未决的失踪人员案件。", "61. 自愿返回的人数仍然低得令人失望，尽管中央和地方当局努力为援助重建提供更多的资金，并为境内流离失所者分配市政土地。我希望找到解决方案，解决长期存在的接受社区和回返者之间的紧张局势，加倍努力，确保所有回返者社区成功地重新融入社会。", "62. 在科索沃北部，局势日益紧张，仍然引起人们关注。在这方面，我将继续坚定地强调指出，有关科索沃北部的敏感问题，只能通过和平手段，在实地所有社区协商的基础上解决，而不是通过单方面行动解决。我敦促所有各方不要采取可能破坏对话取得的进展并可能引起紧张局势升级的行动，要共同努力，避免局势进一步恶化。", "63. 令人遗憾的是，这一时期再度出现早期当地市政当局对科索沃特派团米特罗维察办事处房舍发出的不可接受的威胁。我呼吁米特罗维察当局和普里什蒂纳政治领导人表现出充分的尊重并提供保证，今后将明确承认和遵守科索沃特派团在科索沃全境房舍的不可侵犯性。我还关切注意到，越来越多的事件影响到国际人员和资产。", "64. 我感谢兰贝托·赞尼尔在过去3年，坚定致力于联合国各项原则，领导科索沃特派团，7月1日，他作为我的特别代表和科索沃特派团团长结束了任期。我深深感谢他成功管理了特派团在具有挑战性的政治环境中的转型，感谢他不懈努力，推动科索沃和该地区的和平与稳定。我还要赞扬科索沃特派团工作人员，赞扬他们努力工作，致力于联合国的目标。", "65. 最后，我感谢联合国在科索沃的长期合作伙伴——欧盟，北约和欧安组织——以及联合国各机构、基金和方案，感谢他们的持续支持和与科索沃特派团的合作。", "附件一", "欧洲联盟外交和安全政策高级代表给秘书长关于欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团活动的报告", "(2011年4月16日至7月15日)", "1. 摘要", "2011年7月21日", "欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟驻科法治团)继续执行任务，监测、指导科索沃机构并提供咨询。特派团提供援助和支持，以巩固和改革法制机构，同时为几项长期司法和警察改革提供投入。欧盟驻科法治团在必要时利用其行政职能，协助科索沃北部警方执行行动，协助要案调查，开展警察业务，起诉涉及战争罪、腐败和有组织犯罪案件。特派团继续关注科索沃北部，在该地区派驻更多特派团工作人员，同时努力化解当地社区之间的持续紧张。特派团还在普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德对话中发挥积极作用，协助协议的技术方面，把民事登记记录副本送还科索沃。", "2010年12月，欧洲理事会特别报告员、参议员迪克·马蒂的报告“调查科索沃非法贩卖人体器官和不人道待遇的指控”公布之后，欧盟驻科法治团负责该案，通过部分设在布鲁塞尔的特别工作组，继续推进初步调查。", "2． 2011年4月至7月欧盟驻科法治团的活动", "概况", "欧盟驻科法治团目前由2 824名工作人员(1 637名国际工作人员，1 187名当地工作人员)组成。其主要职能仍是监测、指导和提供咨询，协助科索沃机构，也构成其日常工作的大部分，虽然特派团的行政职能得到定期运用，并吸引更多的关注。", "欧盟驻科法治团向科索沃几个行动和管理级别进程提供监测、指导和咨询，包括6月份，驻科部队向科索沃警察部队移交/接管前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国接壤边界的第三和最后阶段，5月10日，把普里兹伦圣天使修道院寺安全责任移交科索沃警察。特派团还与科索沃海关密切合作，取代过时的数据处理系统，换成符合欧盟标准的海关数据自动化集成系统，并与科索沃警察一道引入欧盟兼容的边境管理系统。这两个系统应能改善科索沃的能力，有效控制边界/边境管制站，监测人员、货物和车辆的进出。欧盟驻科法治团还支助科索沃法治机构的巩固发展，如科索沃司法委员会和科索沃检察委员会，帮助这些新兴机构设立委员会成员和法官的招聘和选择内部程序，提高透明度，并筹备执行科索沃法院法，深化改革科索沃法院结构和司法管辖区——这是未来三年司法委员会的主要任务。欧盟驻科法治团还密切协助科索沃当局建立妥善的证人保护方案，这是科索沃司法部门未来运作的另一项关键改革。欧盟驻科法治团为科索沃全面执行独立的证人保护方案，直到这些结构可以自立。", "欧盟驻科法治团支持普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德继续对话，协助商议交还1998-1999年冲突中从科索沃拿走的民事登记记录副本，主持关于此事的联合委员会，并作为中间人，证明和分享记录文件。", "在整个春季和夏季，欧盟驻科法治团在科索沃全境开展反毒品媒体运动，与科索沃警察协调，作为一项公共信息和社会治安努力。", "战争罪", "欧盟驻科法治团继续涉及战争罪的一些调查和起诉，其中包括几个要案犯罪嫌疑人的审判。所谓的“Geci”审判自3月开始，由米特罗维察区法院指导，在整个春天和夏天继续听取证词，预计七月底判决。对被告Shait Geci和Riza Alija的审判，指控其在科索沃解放军在阿尔巴尼亚的军事营地于1999年科索沃冲突中对平民犯下战争罪，因欧盟驻科法治团证人安全部门提供匿名视频链接，获益良多。视频链接使得人们可以不透露身份作证，让检察机关获取关键证词。审判很突出，因为，特派团成功地确立了对Geci一案的司法管辖权适用于在阿尔巴尼亚境内犯下的罪行，这一安排适用于在参议员迪克·马蒂报告基础上正在进行的调查(见下文)。针对Fahredin Gashi和HysniRama的“Bllaca”战争罪行审判，也继续在普里什蒂纳地区法院进行，一审得自于合作证人Nazim Bllaca的证言。", "有关前部长法特米尔·利马伊的案件调查也在继续，3月16日，在科索沃和瑞士逮捕了9人，指控其犯有战争罪。调查是在科索沃特别检察官办公室检察官监督下进行，因为有理由怀疑1999年，对科索沃居留中心的科索沃阿尔巴尼亚族和塞族平民和战俘施行屠杀、酷刑和其他罪行。被捕人士自3月以来，一直延期羁押；最近，6月20日，科索沃和欧盟驻科法治团法官小组驳回5名被告的无理上诉，确认预审法官的决定，进一步延长其拘留一个月。利马伊具有科索沃议会议员身份，可免于逮捕，这一问题仍需澄清，特派团力求通过各种法律和政治途径，得到关于问题的澄清；不过，即使作为国会议员，利马伊就指控所犯罪行也不享受免予起诉的特权。", "7月20日，政府采取措施，澄清豁免权问题，决定请宪法法院解释总统，总理、部长和科索沃议会议员的豁免权。", "调查继续进行，此前，4月，逮捕(由科索沃警察和欧盟驻科法治团实施)了独立自由党高级官员Zoran Kolic，指控其在1999年犯有战争罪。5月，欧盟驻科法治团地方法官小组延长对他的拘留。", "腐败", "欧盟驻科法治团继续与科索沃检察官紧密合作，查明、优先处理和起诉各级政府的腐败要案。6月15日，科索沃警察和欧盟驻科法治团联合警察队伍进行了搜查，没收了各种材料，作为调查社区和返回部及所谓普里什蒂纳“Fimex”公司案工作的一部分。搜索还包括两个私人住宅，当时是调查从2007年到2009年间发行投标书方面的腐败。案件中指控挪用公款、行贿和受贿。6月23日，欧盟驻科法治团搜索格拉查尼察市地籍办公室，包括办公室负责人和主任办公室。搜索是为了调查2010年涉嫌滥用职权，欺诈登记私有化的前社会企业所有权一案。同时，继续调查与科索沃中央银行前行长有关的4名被告的腐败案件，继续采访证人。", "5月23日，欧盟驻科法治团法官和地方法官在普里什蒂纳地方法院组成法官小组，裁定普里什蒂纳信贷银行违规行为案中8人犯有贪污罪，宣判缓刑至5年有期徒刑不等。6月8日，特别检察院提交起诉书，在调查科索沃电信局与一家私人公司Dardafon之间的“移动虚拟网络运营商”协议案件中起诉五名被告。同一天，在调查科索沃4家烟草公司2008年12月大量进口烟草案中，特别检察院控告两名被告。", "作为继续支持科索沃机构，提供有效监测、指导和咨询的一部分，欧盟驻科法治团为法治团和科索沃法官，检察官和调查人员就没收犯罪资产问题于6月28日开始12个月的培训和研讨会。该方案旨在利用现行法律所产生的没收权力，作为标准工具，打击有组织犯罪和腐败。也将为该领域实施新立法做准备。", "有组织犯罪", "6月10日，来自科索沃特别检察院的欧盟驻科法治团检察官起诉Midicus案件中的两个人。普里什蒂纳地区法院发出逮捕令，这两个嫌疑人列上国际刑警组织的通缉告示。两名被告之外，还有欧盟驻科法治团和地方法官小组4月起诉的另外七个被告。这九名被告面临贩卖器官和人口、有组织犯罪、非法行医和滥用职权的指控。案件是2008年11月科索沃和科索沃特派团警察人员启动的。", "6月17日，Tisa River案中7个被告受到有组织犯罪和偷运移民的指控，分别被判处2年至19年不等刑期，共65年刑期。案件暴露了一个有组织的犯罪集团向欧洲联盟和其他欧洲国家非法移民，大量非法营利。该集团的活动导致2009年10月15名移民死亡。", "春季和夏季，开展几次警察行动，打击有组织犯罪。5月4日，搜查了Pejë涉嫌贩毒的几栋房子，其中，欧盟驻科法治团警察拘捕一名男子，因其涉嫌国际海洛因贩运。此次行动获得欧盟驻科法治团普里什蒂纳地方法院一名预审法官授权，得到欧盟驻科法治团检察官监督。被捕人士涉嫌在2008-09年贩卖毒品进出科索沃，运往欧洲各国；逮捕他是调查有组织犯罪的广泛调查的一部分。5月17日，欧盟驻科法治团在祖宾波托克和米特罗维察北部之间地带，拘捕一名男子，其涉嫌参与有组织犯罪。当时，特别检察院正在调查有组织犯罪和洗钱活动，之前2月，欧盟驻科法治团在祖宾波托克开展一次执法行动。逮捕后，该地区每天设置路障，支持被捕人。", "欧盟驻科法治团专责小组", "自从欧洲委员会特别报告员、参议员迪克·马蒂的报告在2010年12月公布后，欧盟驻科法治团接过此案，继续推进初步调查，成立了专责小组，由专门分配给此案的检察官负责此案。这个过程的规划目前已进入后期阶段，面试征聘了专责小组成员，小组在布鲁塞尔的安全设施和设备已购置。欧盟驻科法治团小组将设在布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳，由最近招聘过程中选择的欧盟驻科法治团人员组成，永久分配给该案的调查，并在部署后立即进行调查。调查过程中，欧盟驻科法治团继续与地区利益相关者和各方保持接触。", "与地拉那司法当局的合作，特别导致重罪法庭于2011年5月27日裁决准许欧盟驻科法治团检察官就此提出的国际援助的请求，为在阿尔巴尼亚开展具体调查铺平了道路。在这些司法努力的同时，特派团还加强其证人安全方案，特别是联系欧洲刑警组织，改善移居国外的前景，并增加移居资金。", "经特派团团长哈维尔·布特·德马尔纳克批准", "附件二", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团警察部分的组成和人数(截至2011年7月15日))", "国家 人数", "德国 1", "加纳 1", "意大利 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "俄罗斯联邦 1", "巴基斯坦 1", "乌克兰 1", "共计 7", "附件三", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团军事联络部分的组成和人数(截至2011年7月15日)", "国家 人数", "捷克共和国 1", "丹麦 1", "挪威 1", "波兰 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "西班牙 1", "乌克兰 2", "共计 8" ]

[ "秘书长关于联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团的报告", "一. 导言和特派团优先事项", "1. 导言 1. 本报告是根据安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议提交的。 安理会在该决议中决定设立联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团),并请我定期报告其任务的执行情况。 报告涵盖科索沃特派团的活动及其相关发展,从2011年4月16日至7月15日。", "2. 结 论 特派团的优先事项保持不变:在科索沃和该区域促进安全、稳定和尊重人权。 科索沃特派团继续与普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德、科索沃各社区以及区域和国际行为者接触,推动实现这些目标。 欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)和驻科索沃部队(驻科部队)继续在安全理事会第1244(1999)号决议的框架内发挥重要作用。 根据2008年11月26日安全理事会主席声明(S/PRST/2008/44)和2008年11月24日我的报告(S/2008/692),欧洲联盟法治特派团(欧盟法治特派团)在联合国的总体领导下并在地位中立的框架内开展工作。 欧安组织、驻科部队和欧盟驻科法治团继续与科索沃特派团合作和协调。 联合国各机构、基金和方案也继续与科索沃特派团密切合作。", "附件二。 政治局势", "3. 。 科索沃当局克服了一系列政治危机,把注意力集中在巩固自身和确保机构稳定上。 两个主要执政的科索沃阿族政党——科索沃民主党(民主党)和新科索沃联盟(科索沃联盟)的领导人商定了重新分配部长职位的方式。 总理哈希姆·塔奇(PDK)任命前总统贝赫特·帕佐里(AKR)为总理、新设立的职位以及科索沃人权联盟的一名成员领导新成立的移民部。 目前,政府有6名副总理和19名部长,其中3名也是副总理。 现任副部长包括三名塞族人和其他社区八名。", "4. 5月初,由议会所有核心小组的代表组成的议会选举法改革特设委员会开始工作。 选举制度改革是人民民主党领导的政府与主要反对党科索沃民主联盟(民盟)之间的妥协协议的一部分,协议于年初结束了政治危机。 议会委员会正在起草一份提案,介绍多个选区和立法选举的多数制度。 一旦委员会就这些变化达成协议,则需要三分之二的大会多数通过。", "5. 结 论 在本报告所述期间,科索沃当局加紧努力,与欧洲联盟建立密切接触,在国际上具有知名度。 在这方面,他们接受了欧洲联盟委员会主席何塞·曼努埃尔·巴罗索和欧洲联盟安全和外交政策高级代表凯瑟琳·阿什顿的访问。 高级代表在访问期间强调了与贝尔格莱德持续对话的重要性,并敦促双方表现出灵活性和创造力,以确保取得切实成果。 总理在第五轮对话之后不久前往布鲁塞尔,并与高级代表讨论了欧洲联盟对科索沃的看法。 自4月7日就职以来,阿蒂特·贾哈加总统把活动重点放在参加多边论坛上。 除其他会议外,她出席了在华沙举行的中欧领导人首脑会议,并在罗马举行了意大利统一150周年庆祝活动。 东道国没有邀请科索沃特派团参加这些活动。 塞尔维亚总统博里斯·塔迪奇虽获邀,但并未出席,他援引了塞尔维亚政府的政策,即不出席联合国不为科索沃提供便利的集会。", "6. 任务 科索沃当局重申愿意配合调查欧洲委员会贩运人体器官问题特别报告员迪·马蒂的报告中所载的指控,并欢迎设立欧盟法治工作队进行调查。 欧盟驻科法治团确认,工作队将于2011年晚些时候开始运作,届时将最后完成其所有工作人员的征聘工作。 工作队将由2名国际检察官和专门调查战争罪的国际调查员组成。 工作队将在欧盟部队司法部分负责人的行政领导下行使职能,该工作队将设在布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳。 塞尔维亚承认欧盟法治团在这方面所作的努力,但贝尔格莱德仍然坚信,安全理事会应当设立一个独立机构,在阿尔巴尼亚和境外拥有调查权力,以领导调查工作。", "7. 基本生活 在本报告所述期间,一些塞尔维亚政府官员,包括首席副总理兼内政部长Ivica Dačić建议,“领土调整”可以提交议席,以便最终解决科索沃问题。 该建议导致普里什蒂纳和华盛顿的重压。 科索沃当局认为,解决科索沃和西巴尔干族裔问题的唯一途径是全面执行阿赫蒂萨里计划和欧洲一体化。 科索沃 塞尔维亚各政治团体也反对领土调整的想法,不论它们是否居住在伊巴尔河以北或以南,也不论它们向贝尔格莱德或普里什蒂纳的方向如何。 居住在伊巴尔河以南的人们担心,领土调整会使他们在科索沃得不到保护,而科索沃北部的塞族人则认为,他们不符合塞尔维亚民族利益,受到塞尔维亚宪法的禁止,因为他们意味着承认科索沃的独立。 相比之下,科索沃阿族反对派团体Vetëvendosje的负责人Albin Kurti承诺致力于科索沃与阿尔巴尼亚的联盟。", "8.8 5月12日,贝尔格莱德代表团团长Borislav Stefanović前往普里什蒂纳,会见了副总理兼司法部长Hajredin Kuçi;普里什蒂纳代表团团长Edita Tahiri;美国大使;以及欧洲联盟临时特别代表。 这次访问引起约200名维埃文多希杰支持者的抗议,这些抗议变成了暴力,造成包括警官在内的数人受伤,并造成一些车辆受损。 科索沃当局谴责这些抗议。", "9.9 在本报告所述期间,联合国的一个会员国安道尔承认科索沃,使承认国家总数达到76个。", "页: 1 普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间的接触和实际安排", "10. 其他事项。 在本报告所述期间,大会第64/298号决议欢迎并得到欧洲联盟推动的对话进程继续进行:第四次和第五轮会议于5月17日和18日以及7月2日在布鲁塞尔举行。 塞尔维亚外交部政治主任Borislav Stefanović和科索沃副总理Edita Tahiri继续领导各自代表团参加会谈。", "注 在全体会议期间,欧洲联盟对话促进小组与对话各方之间的筹备会议、技术工作组以及双边和三边接触次数显著增加。", "12. 第12段。 第四轮讨论的重点是民事登记、地籍记录、行动自由、电信和能源问题。 第五次会议为对话带来了具体成果。 在改善普通百姓生活的三个领域达成了协议。 在民事登记方面,双方商定,由欧盟法治团主持的联合委员会将在先前对话会议上进行会谈后设立,继续查明民事登记书丢失方面的差距。 欧盟驻科法治团将核证所有原始民事登记书的副本,以期在科索沃建立一个全面的民事登记处。 作为协定的一部分,欧盟法治特派团将应要求向科索沃提供具体的民事登记信息。 这将使科索沃人民有更大的法律确定性,并有助于在法庭上解决相关问题。", "13 August 2001 双方同意的行动自由协议应尽快执行,这将使人们能够利用身份证或驾驶执照跨越行政边界线。 它包括允许乘车跨境旅行的其他规定,必须详细说明这些规定的细节。", "十四、任 务 双方还原则上同意接受大学和学校文凭。 预计将通过相互商定的国际机构或第三方学术机构的认证予以执行。 双方计划在下一次对话会议上详细说明细节。", "15. 第十五条 预计以欧洲联盟主席的结论形式提交的第五次会议达成的协议将在可行的情况下尽快付诸实施。 双方坚定致力于使协定发挥作用,这将实现建立由欧洲联盟担任主席的三方联合工作组,以确保尽可能高效地执行协定。 科索沃特派团继续为对话作出贡献,包括协助会议,并从其在科索沃的经验中提供信息,例如民事登记、行动自由、接受文凭和货物自由流动。", "161 科索沃反对党科索沃未来联盟(科索沃联盟)、科索沃解放阵线和维埃文多斯杰以及民间社会组织要求在科索沃议会提出和讨论达成的协议,批评科索沃当局在这个问题上缺乏透明度。 在这方面,多数派反对对话。 大会主席贾克普·克拉斯尼基(PDK)发表了若干公开声明,声称他或大会都没有充分了解对话的实质内容。", "17. 第17条。 科索沃北部 塞尔维亚领导人普遍表示不赞同对话,表示对话违背科索沃塞族的利益,是塞尔维亚承认科索沃为独立国家的一个步骤。 科索沃 在伊伯尔河以南的塞族领导人对对话更为积极,认为对话是帮助缓解他们日常问题的工具。 参与科索沃机构的最大科索沃塞族政党独立自由党一再表示对贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳认为被排除在这一进程之外感到沮丧。", "第18条 塞尔维亚政府促进这些协议的互利,同时强调这些协议不影响科索沃未来地位。 塞尔维亚反对党批评塞尔维亚主要执政党民主党同意对话结论,但少数反对派自由民主党明显例外,后者欢迎这些结论。 然而,尽管塞尔维亚反对党民主党、新塞尔维亚党和塞尔维亚激进党谴责这一事态发展,但最大的反对党塞尔维亚进步党却预示着一种温和的基调,指出对话必须继续下去,但对话的结论不应导致塞尔维亚承认科索沃。", "191 作为对正式对话进程的支持,我的特别代表和我在贝尔格莱德的代表继续与塞尔维亚领导人定期会晤,我的特别代表与科索沃当局之间的接触有所加强。 科索沃特派团工作人员继续在工作一级与科索沃当局定期联络。", "20.20 在本报告所述期间,科索沃安全部队和欧盟法治团恢复了在Zhilivodë/Žilivoda的挖掘工作。 1. 2011年7月15日,由红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)担任主席的普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德失踪人员问题工作组在中断将近一年之后举行了第一次会议,主要原因是科索沃的内部政治事件。 双方重申,它们打算履行已作出的承诺,继续在工作组框架内进行互动。 查明11名失踪人员,将其遗骸归还家属。 据红十字委员会称,仍有1 809人失踪。", "四. 导言 科索沃北部", "21.21。 科索沃北部的总体安全局势仍然相对平静,但在本报告所述期间结束时,紧张局势加剧。 科索沃北部 塞尔维亚领导人对科索沃内政部决定通过区域业务支助单位和区域交通单位的活动将其业务扩大到科索沃塞族占多数的北部市镇表示关切。 随着普里什蒂纳努力在科索沃多族裔地区维护权力,业务支助单位每天开始巡逻,紧张局势加剧。", "222. 5月中旬,科索沃内政部决定轮换科索沃北部警察局和大门指挥官,这也加剧了科索沃北部的紧张局势。 起初,所有六名北科索沃塞族指挥官拒绝执行轮换令,并停职。 虽然两名指挥官后来同意轮换,但一名指挥官被阻止在路障旁担任新的职务。 经过科索沃警察专业标准股的调查,科索沃警察主任于7月初认可了一项决定,即终止不符合轮调命令的4名科索沃塞族指挥官的雇用合同。 科索沃北部 塞尔维亚领导人谴责这项决定,并表示立场是,任何轮换计划都应以与他们协商为基础。 科索沃 北部各省的塞族警察和行政工作人员进行了随机停工,支持恢复被解职的指挥官。 6月,贝尔格莱德在Zubin Potok、Zveçan/Zvečan、Leposaviq/ Leposavić和北米特罗维察举行的市议会举行了一次联席会议,会上他们拒绝了轮换计划,并指责驻科部队、欧盟法治特派团和科索沃当局试图迫使科索沃北部塞族人接受普里什蒂纳的权威。 截至7月15日,4名被解职的北部指挥官签署了终止通知书。 终止决定可在7月20日之前提出上诉。", "23. 会议报告。 5月,一名塞族居民被欧盟法治团拘留祖宾波托克,涉嫌各种犯罪活动,包括有组织犯罪、走私和欺诈性逃避进口税和消费税,此后,当地商业界的成员谴责拘留,认为这是恐吓行为,并企图向科索沃当局支付他们不承认的税款和关税。 因此,当地商业协会在Zubin Potok组织了日常路障,并在北米特罗维察、Leposaviq/Leposavić和Zveçan/Zvečan设置了零星路障,持续了将近一个月。 虽然这些行动最初是为了支持被拘留者,但后来也反对北部警察局指挥官的轮换。 这些事态发展进一步限制了科索沃塞族与欧盟法治特派团之间的关系。", "24. 第24段。 一些北部科索沃塞族地方领导人和居民声称,塞尔维亚代表团在对话中没有充分反映他们的利益,对此,贝尔格莱德谈判小组负责人在6月2日与普里什蒂纳、博里斯拉夫·斯特凡诺维奇的对话中访问了兹韦钱/兹韦钱和祖宾波托克,并与当地官员会晤,向他们保证他们在会谈中将考虑到他们的利益。", "25. 。 5月份,科索沃特派团米特罗维察咨询委员会得到扩大,其程序得到精简,使其成为一个更加有效的机构,更好地反映米特罗维察北部现有的当地政治局势。 在科索沃特派团与所有利益攸关方进行了一系列协商,以确定合适的候选人,保持反映当地人口的族裔平衡之后,咨询委员会任命了15名成员,其中包括两名科索沃阿族人和一名科索沃波什尼亚克人。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 6月16日,科索沃海关当局根据科索沃私有化机构的一封信,阻止一批装载锌矿的卡车出口到特雷普察企业北部和南部部分。 后来,当局释放了Trepça/南部出口货物,而从Trepça/north进口的所有22个卡车都被拒绝通过。 特雷普察/北方出口是科索沃特派团根据第1244(1999)号决议颁布的立法授权的。 特雷普察企业北部几乎全部收入来自这些矿产集中出口,这对北部经济至关重要,因为它向供应商和所有特雷普察/北方雇员支付费用。", "页: 1 经济状况", "。 6月1日,国际货币基金组织(基金组织)与科索沃就第四条进行协商,宣布中断与科索沃的18个月的待命安排。 基金组织的结论是,科索沃政府2011年预算的要素,特别是工资法案大量增加,偏离了该安排下的承诺。 因此,科索沃将无法利用根据2011年待命安排拨付的基金组织资金。 此外,欧洲联盟和世界银行的大量资金无法兑现,因为这些资金与明确的宏观经济框架保证有关。 基金组织工作人员已就工作人员监测方案与科索沃当局达成协议,根据该方案,基金将监测经济和金融改革的执行情况,直至2011年底,然后在2012年决定基金组织支持的可能安排。 2011年预算还包括预计销售电话公司(PTK)75%份额的3亿欧元收入,预计这笔收入将成为赤字资金的主要来源。 据基金组织称,私有化进程可能出现拖延,对2011年预算构成了风险。 怀疑这些资金是否全部到位,以及计划从阿尔巴尼亚修建通往科索沃的公路的开支,给科索沃预算增加了财政压力。 此外,由于科索沃于2010年12月31日失去欧洲联盟的优惠待遇,从科索沃生产的产品在进入欧洲联盟市场时须缴纳关税。", "第28次会议 5月份,科索沃当局开始对科索沃特派团以前在科索沃建立的现有私有化法律框架进行修正。 有些关切是,立法草案可能允许科索沃当局获得和使用科索沃信托机构为业主和债权人的利益而托管的私有化资金。 拟议的立法将严重削弱对私有化资金的保护,使资金有可能被不当使用。 因此,这既提出了财产权问题,涉及可能以损害所有人和债权人的方式征收私有化资金的问题,也涉及对所有权人和债权人的照顾义务和潜在赔偿责任问题,以保护信托基金。 拟议的立法还考虑改变社会所有企业的私有化和清算过程,并试图将国际社会参与科索沃信托机构相关事项减少到最低限度,这违反了科索沃特派团建立的法律框架。", "六、结 论 安全", "29. 。 在本报告所述期间,科索沃的总体安全局势仍然相对平静,尽管与2010年同期相比,影响少数族裔社区的低级事件有所增加,影响国际人员和资产的事件也有所增加。", "30. 任务 一个积极的事态发展是,谋杀和谋杀未遂人数减少了近27%。 武装抢劫的数量也减少了20%。 科索沃警察通过开展一些打击武器走私、贩运人口、腐败和洗钱的成功行动,表现出了更高的专业精神。 4月19日,在Kaçanik/Kačanik缴获了9枚枪支和600发弹药。 6月13日,在Shtërpcë/Štrpce附近的另一场行动中缴获了一艘装有600发弹药和装有33枚手榴弹的重机枪。", "313. 然而,过去3个月里,与前一年同期相比,影响少数群体的刑事案件几乎翻了一番(截至7月15日为77起,而2010年为38起)。 发生了五起大公共汽车把塞族人运送成石头的事件。 虽然其他大多数案件包括低级别骚扰、恐吓、攻击和财产破坏,但也有几次严重事件,如7月2日一群科索沃阿族武装人员袭击3名科索沃塞族警官,以及在米特罗维察暗杀1名塞族人。", "323 影响国际人员和资产的大多数事件都是低调盗窃、盗窃或对财产或车辆的轻微损害,但还报告了几起人身攻击、威胁和石化事件。 值得注意的是,6月7日,在普里什蒂纳,两名不知名的个人向欧盟法治团正式车辆开火,6月15日,欧洲联盟委员会的一名国际工作人员遭到攻击和抢劫。 6月6日和21日,欧安组织有牌照的两辆车,一辆由国际工作人员驾驶的私人汽车,另一辆是公务车辆,在Pejё/Peć和Gjilan/Gnjilane附近情况不明的情况下被子弹击中。", "336 在本报告所述期间,科索沃各地还就普遍和平的各种政治和社会经济问题举行了多次抗议、集会和示威。", "344. 事实 犯罪率仍然相对稳定。 在使用或威胁使用武器的情况下实施的暴力犯罪总数仍然很高,没有减少的迹象,这表明非法武器的扩散仍然是造成不安全的严重因素。 在过去三个月中,共登记了151起枪击事件和335起没收非法武器和弹药的案件。", "353. 6月29日,米特罗维察南部的科索沃阿族市长威胁要拆除科索沃特派团目前用作其区域房舍的大楼周围的外部混凝土的爆炸墙,声称这是市政府的城市美化计划的一部分,由欧洲联盟委员会供资。 只有在科索沃特派团与欧盟法治团、欧洲联盟委员会联络处、双边特派团和普里什蒂纳高级政治领导层进行了一系列干预之后,这个问题才得到解决,他们都知道拟议行动是非法的。 科索沃特派团代理主管于7月7日会见了市长,并在重新评估安全要求后达成了一项谅解,排除了市政府通过改变其地点拆除爆炸墙的意图。", "七、结论和建议 法治", "363. 。 科索沃特派团继续在法治领域履行某些职责,监测活动,并在技术层面与科索沃司法部和内政部以及塞尔维亚司法部合作。 科索沃特派团还继续促进塞尔维亚当局与未承认的国家和科索沃司法部之间的沟通,包括接收和转交司法协助请求。 科索沃司法部与塞尔维亚司法部之间关于司法协助的僵局依然存在。 科索沃特派团继续参与讨论,以解决这一局势,包括与欧盟法治特派团。 在本报告所述期间,科索沃特派团向科索沃部转交了46份塞尔维亚事务部的答复。", "378 由于塞尔维亚没有直接处理科索沃司法部提出的任何请求,科索沃信托机构有关事项最高法院特别分庭利用科索沃特派团的斡旋进行司法协助:科索沃特派团从特别分庭向塞尔维亚转交了47份提供文件的请求。", "页: 1 科索沃特派团还协助科索沃每日与国际刑警组织及其成员国进行互动,收到8份国际通缉令请求,并协助发出5份国际刑警组织红色通缉令。", "39 在本报告所述期间,科索沃特派团继续向科索沃居民提供证件认证服务,并应不承认国家的请求。 这些服务主要包括公民身份认证、养恤金和学术文件。", "八. 导言 社区、回返与和解", "404 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)报告说,4月和5月有244名少数族裔自愿返回,使1月份以来这类回返总人数达到492人。 在244名返回者中,大约有39%是科索沃塞族人,34%来自科索沃罗姆人、阿什卡利人和埃及人社区,12%是科索沃戈拉尼人,而科索沃波什尼亚克人和科索沃阿族人各占5%。 2000年1月至2011年5月,少数民族自愿回返总人数为22 630人。", "41 4月和5月,为69名流离失所者(主要是黑山和塞尔维亚的流离失所者)组织了5次“亲眼看见”访问,并在塞尔维亚本土进行了5次“亲眼看见”访问,受益者包括来自Deçan/Dečani、Kllokot/Klokot、Rahovec/Orahovac和Lipjan/Lipljan市镇的139多名流离失所者。", "42 一些接收社区继续反对流离失所者的回返。 在Shtime/Štimlje市,一个科索沃阿族接收社区以战争罪指控为由反对从前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国遣返3个科索沃阿什卡利流离失所家庭。 在Deçan/Dečani,在接收社区反对其中两人访问时,推迟了对Lloqan/Loćane村13名流离失所的科索沃塞族人的“go-and-see”访问,指称他们在冲突期间犯有战争罪。 市政当局和其他利益攸关方正在寻求持久解决办法,处理这些局势,包括恢复前对话和将接收社区的利益纳入回返项目。", "434 难民署还记录了100名少数族裔社区人员被迫返回的情况,主要是西欧国家:71名科索沃罗姆人、阿什卡利人和埃及人社区成员、11名科索沃塞族人、12名科索沃波什尼亚克族人、4名科索沃戈拉尼人和2名科索沃阿族人。", "444 科索沃中央和地方当局正在应对与强迫回返者重返社会有关的社会经济困难。 市政当局提到缺乏资金和官僚障碍,包括缺乏与内政部的协调。 为了推动回返进程,启动了若干回返项目,特别是制定了《市政回返战略》,为科索沃罗姆人、阿什卡利人和埃及人社区无地流离失所者分配土地,审查流离失所者提出的住房建设/重建援助申请,以及启动建筑项目。", "454 几个市镇在执行返回者发展项目方面取得了重大进展,特别是在少数民族和族裔混居的村庄。 Dragash/Dragaš、Istog/Istok、Graçanicë/Gračanica、Lipjan/Lipljan、Fushë Kosovë/ Kosovo Polje和Partesh/Parteš都是为少数民族社区居民开展资本投资项目的市镇,包括修建或改造道路、修建下水道和供水网络、实现电力网络现代化以及建造新学校等基础设施建设。 然而,一些少数民族社区成员对其村庄基础设施状况不佳表示不满,特别是电力和供水不正规、道路和下水道系统破旧,以及缺乏就业前景。 作为向社区提供支助的一部分,科索沃特派团协助少数族裔社区与科索沃当局就其中一些问题进行沟通,鼓励科索沃当局向少数民族村庄进行外联和关注。", "46 4月,除伊巴尔河以北地区外,科索沃当局在科索沃全境进行了人口和住房普查。 与科索沃塞族领导人讨论了在科索沃北部进行人口普查的问题,但没有达成协议。 根据初步数字,居住在科索沃的人口总数(不包括北部居民)为1 733 872人。 非居民未被纳入初步结果。 在1981年的人口普查中,有1 584 440名居民登记,这是各方接受的最后一次普查。 人口普查将为综合规划进程提供关键数据,对于确保妥善规划科索沃所有居民的未来发展战略至关重要。 最终数据将于2012年6月公布,但没有数据或准确估计居住在科索沃、特别是科索沃北部的科索沃塞族人数,这些数据将不完整。", "474. 147 在科索沃全境举行了更远的庆祝活动和宗教仪式,没有发生重大事件。 塞尔维亚东正教在最近在普里兹伦修缮的圣乔治教堂举行了复活节的主要纪念活动,自1999年以来,拉什卡-普里兹伦主教在约100名科索沃塞族人聚集之前庆祝了第一个复活节。 6月28日,在格拉查尼察修道院和Gazimestan庆祝圣维图日,塞尔维亚东正教教区Irinej和近2 000名塞族人参加了庆祝活动。 仅发生了几起事件,包括5名塞族人和警察在Gazimestan发生冲突,2名塞尔维亚公共汽车在米特罗维察南部被石化。 与警察发生冲突的5人,其中4人来自塞尔维亚,1人来自科索沃,因扰乱公共秩序和煽动种族、族裔和宗教仇恨而被判处30天监禁。 科索沃警察和欧盟法治团警察报告的事件存在矛盾,随后,后者接管了这些案件,7月13日,一名欧盟法治团检察官因缺乏证据而撤销了指控。", "页: 1 文化和宗教遗产", "148 科索沃特派团继续促进重建执行委员会在重建2004年3月暴力事件期间遭到破坏或毁坏的文化和宗教遗产场所方面的工作。 在报告所述期间,执行工作的最后阶段继续在几个地点进行,委员会与所有各方进行协商,通过委员会机制探讨进一步活动的方式,该机制仍然是塞尔维亚东正教、普里什蒂纳和贝尔格莱德之间就文化遗产进行技术交流的唯一平台。", "494. 农村妇女 科索沃特派团还根据总括谅解备忘录,协助联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)在科索沃的活动。 在报告所述期间,签署了由阿尔巴尼亚政府资助的在普里兹伦重建罗马天主教教堂的合同,并完成了由希腊和捷克共和国政府捐助资助的修复普里兹伦圣维尔Ljeviška教堂的壁画的招标。", "50 。 科索沃特派团与欧盟驻科法治团、科索沃文化、青年和体育部以及驻科部队协调,监测为塞尔维亚东正教场所提供的安全安排。 5月10日,驻科部队将普里兹伦附近的圣寺院的安全责任移交给科索沃警察。 目前在驻科部队保护下的塞尔维亚东正教教会的传教场所是Visoki Dečani和Dević寺院以及Peć教区寺院。", "51 虽然在本报告所述期间,一些塞尔维亚宗教场所和东正教墓地遭到破坏,但地方当局和塞尔维亚东正教会之间也有积极的沟通事例。 在Rahovec/Orahovac,经过国际干预,市政和塞尔维亚东正教当局正在寻求和平解决,侵占属于Zoqishtë/Zočište村东正教修道院的土地,这是由于邻近公路的恢复和延伸而发生的。 另一个改善关系的积极迹象是,挪威驻科索沃大使于6月召集了Teodosije主教与Deçan/Dečani市长之间的会议,讨论了加强合作的前景。", "52. 结 论 6月23日,Raška/Prizren神父报告说,教堂附近的一名私人公民的挖掘工作暴露了普里兹伦历史中心圣凯里克东正教的部分基础。 民众担心挖掘工作会影响700多座老教堂的稳定,并要求采取紧急措施,维护和保护位于该城特殊保护区内的遗址。 科索沃警察证实该教会基金会受到破坏,市政监察员停止了该场所的所有工作。", "页: 1 人权", "532. 监察员机构仍在等待任命副监察员,尽管科索沃议会已经启动了这一程序。 6月,监察员向大会主席提交了一份特别报告,详细说明了该机构在执行任务时继续面临的困难。 报告指出,挑战主要来自据称政府企图通过预算干预侵犯该机构的独立性,并指出,在这方面,大会通过的《监察员法》与科索沃特派团条例相比是一个倒退。 大会人权委员会参与处理该报告所载的一些建议。", "544 据联合国人权事务高级专员办事处称,最近据称一名27岁的妇女被前夫杀害,这表明司法机构继续未能根据相关立法适当实施保护措施。 在本案中,法官未能按照法律规定在15天内采取紧急保护措施。 据科索沃警察称,在过去12个月中,这四名妇女死于家庭暴力。 此外,正在对违反保护措施的行为实行宽大制裁,即使在累犯的情况下也是如此。 不完整的调查、保护措施执行不力、警方和检察官之间缺乏合作以及未能起诉犯罪者,使受害者更容易遭受累犯,同时使犯罪者逍遥法外。 如果没有执法机制的有力信息,即不会容忍暴力,犯罪者就不能继续虐待妇女,而不必担心受到制裁。", "页: 1 对外代表和区域合作", "555 在本报告所述期间,科索沃特派团协助科索沃代表参加各级的多次区域会议,包括6月21日在卢森堡举行的欧洲联盟和西巴尔干外长会议,以及在运输和航空等其他部门举行的若干能源共同体会议。", "565. 妇 女 《中欧自由贸易协定》2011年主席会议继续进行。 继欧洲自由贸易区技术贸易壁垒问题工作组4月和海关和原产地规则小组委员会5月19日和20日举行会议之后,科索沃特派团于5月24日在布鲁塞尔主持了由2011年轮值主席主持的农业小组委员会会议。 6月30日,在普里什蒂纳举行了欧洲自由贸易联盟专家和副部长会议,除黑山和摩尔多瓦共和国外,欧洲自由贸易联盟所有党派都参加了会议。 但是,科索沃当局选择不参加萨拉热窝非关税壁垒和技术贸易壁垒小组委员会,因为他们不同意会议方式。", "页: 1 意 见", "57 我高兴地报告,在报告所述期间,贝尔格莱德与普里什蒂纳之间的对话继续以紧张的速度进行,并在对话启动三个月后产生了初步具体成果。 我欢迎在行动自由、民事登记和学术文凭方面达成的协议,我敦促贝尔格莱德和普里什蒂纳全面参与执行这些协定。 我仍然坚信,这一对话有可能弥合双方之间的分歧,解决影响当地人民生活的一系列长期问题。", "58 我注意到,双方参与这一进程正面临一些反对派。 然而,我相信,执行这些协定的积极影响将使人们更广泛地了解和了解对话能够带来的益处。 我还认为,双方在正式对话进程之外的积极介入,例如5月在普里什蒂纳举行的高级官员会议和塞尔维亚谈判人员,可能为双方关系进一步取得进展铺平道路。", "59 随着对话进程向前推进,联合国仍然致力于支持欧洲联盟的促进作用,并提供有关所讨论的问题的专门知识。 我重申,我打算随时向安全理事会通报对话取得的进展,我呼吁安理会成员继续鼓励双方作出真诚努力,应对剩余的挑战。 我认为,能够就过去几个月讨论的若干问题达成协议,从而大大有助于巩固科索沃和该区域的和平、稳定与和解。", "60 。 我还感到鼓舞的是,失踪人员问题工作组的会议在中断近一年之后,基本上由于科索沃的内部政治事件而恢复。 各方继续参与这一基本人道主义问题并作出承诺,对于科索沃和该区域的和解至关重要。 科索沃特派团将继续支持普里什蒂纳、贝尔格莱德、欧盟驻科法治团和红十字委员会努力解决所有未决失踪人员案件。", "61 尽管地方和中央当局努力提供额外资金,协助重建和为境内流离失所者分配市政土地,但自愿回返的人数仍然很低,令人失望。 我希望,将找到解决办法,解决接收社区和返回者之间长期存在的紧张关系,并将加倍努力,确保所有返回社区成功重返社会。", "62 。 在科索沃北部,紧张局势的加剧仍然令人关切。 在这方面,我将继续坚定地强调,只有在与当地所有族群协商的基础上,而不是通过单方面行动,才能通过和平手段解决与科索沃北部有关的敏感问题。 我敦促各方不要采取可能破坏对话进展和紧张局势升级的行动,共同努力避免局势进一步恶化。", "63/63。 令人遗憾的是,在此期间,当地市政当局再次对科索沃特派团驻米特罗维察办事处房舍发出不可接受的威胁。 我呼吁米特罗维察当局和普里什蒂纳政治领导人表示充分尊重,并再次保证,今后将明确承认和遵守科索沃特派团在科索沃全境房舍的不可侵犯性。 我还关切地注意到,影响国际人员和资产的事件总数不断增加。", "646. 我要感谢兰贝托·赞尼尔,他于7月1日结束担任我的科索沃问题特别代表兼科索沃特派团团长的任期,感谢他在过去三年中对联合国各项原则的坚定承诺以及他对科索沃特派团的领导。 我深为赞赏他成功地管理了特派团在充满挑战的政治环境中的演变,并致力于促进科索沃和该区域的和平与稳定。 我还要赞扬科索沃特派团工作人员的工作,并致力于联合国的目标。", "656.65 最后,我要感谢联合国在科索沃的长期合作伙伴——欧洲联盟、北约和欧安组织——以及联合国各机构、基金和方案,感谢他们与科索沃特派团的持续支持与合作。", "附件一", "欧洲联盟外交与安全政策高级代表给秘书长的关于欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团活动的报告", "(涵盖2011年4月16日至7月15日期间)", "1. 导言 内容提要", "2011年7月21日", "欧洲联盟驻科索沃法治特派团(欧盟法治特派团)继续执行任务,监测、辅导并向科索沃各机构提供咨询意见。 特派团为巩固和改革法治机构提供了援助和支持,并为若干长期司法和警察改革提供了投入。 在必要时,欧盟法治特派团还利用其行政职能,执行与高知名度调查、科索沃北部警察行动以及起诉涉及战争罪、腐败和有组织犯罪的案件有关的警务和调查任务。 特派团继续重点关注科索沃北部,增加居住在该地区的特派团工作人员,同时努力化解地方社区之间持续的紧张关系。 特派团还在普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德对话中发挥了积极作用,促进达成协议的技术方面,将民事登记记录的副本归还科索沃。", "自欧洲委员会特别报告员迪·马蒂参议员于2010年12月发表关于调查对科索沃境内人民进行非人道待遇和非法贩运人体器官的指控的报告以来,欧盟法治特派团已承担起对此案的责任,并继续通过设在布鲁塞尔的一个特别工作队开展初步调查。", "2. 欧盟驻科法治团的活动,2011年4月至7月", "A. 概况", "欧盟驻科法治团目前有2 824名工作人员(1 637名国际工作人员和1 187名当地工作人员)。 监察、辅导和支助科索沃机构的咨询仍然是特派团的主要职能,是日常工作的主要部分,尽管特派团的行政职能经常得到利用并引起更多的关注。", "欧盟驻科法治团就科索沃的若干行动和管理进程提供了监测、辅导和咨询,包括6月驻科部队向科索沃警察移交/接管与前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国接壤的第三阶段和最后阶段,5月10日向科索沃警察移交普里兹伦圣寺院的安全责任。 特派团还与科索沃海关密切合作,以综合系统ASYCUDA世界取代过时的数据处理系统,该系统符合欧洲联盟的标准,并与科索沃警察合作,采用欧洲联盟兼容的边界管理系统。 这两个系统应提高科索沃有效控制边界/过境点的能力,并监测人员、货物和车辆的进出。 欧盟驻科法治团还支助巩固和发展科索沃法治机构,如科索沃司法委员会和科索沃检察委员会,帮助这些不断发展的机构建立内部程序,招聘和甄选理事会成员和法官,提高透明度,同时筹备执行《科索沃法院法》、深入改革科索沃法院的结构和管辖权,以及在今后三年中科索沃司法委员会的一项关键任务。 欧盟驻科法治团还向科索沃当局提供紧急援助,以建立一个适当的证人保护方案,这是对科索沃司法部门今后运作至关重要的另一项改革。 在这种机构能够独立运作之前,欧盟法治团为科索沃实施一个全面、独立的证人保护方案。", "欧盟驻科法治团支持普里什蒂纳-贝尔格莱德的持续对话,协助同意交出1998-1999年冲突期间从科索沃移出的复制民事登记记录,担任联合委员会主席,并担任核证和分享文件的中间人。", "在整个春季和夏天,欧盟驻科法治团在科索沃全境与作为新闻和社区治安努力的科索沃警察协调,开展公共禁毒媒体运动。", "战争罪", "欧盟驻科法治团继续在战争罪领域进行若干调查和起诉,包括审判几个引人注目的嫌疑人。 3月在米特罗维察地区法院的指导下开始的所谓“Geci”审判,在整个春季和夏季继续听取证词,预计7月底作出判决。 1999年科索沃冲突期间,对被控在阿尔巴尼亚科索沃解放军军事营地对平民犯下战争罪的Sabit Geci和Riza Alija被告的审判大大得益于由欧盟法治团证人安全股提供的匿名视频链接。 视频链接使当事人能够在不透露身份的情况下作证,使检方能够查阅关键证词。 审判也值得注意,因为特派团成功地确立了对吉西案的管辖权,涉及在阿尔巴尼亚犯下的罪行,根据迪·马蒂参议员的报告,这项安排适用于正在进行的调查(见下文)。 所谓的“Bllaca”战争罪审判在普里什蒂纳区法院继续进行,这是由合作证人Nazim Bllaca作证进行的第一次审判。", "还对前部长法特米尔·利马伊的案件以及3月16日在科索沃和瑞士逮捕了9人,指控他们犯有战争罪。 调查由科索沃特别检察院的一位检察官监督,其依据是有理由怀疑1999年在科索沃的一个拘留中心发生的针对科索沃阿族和塞尔维亚平民以及战俘的杀戮、酷刑和其他罪行。 被捕者自3月以来被长期拘留,最近,6月20日,科索沃和欧盟法治团的一组法官驳回了5名被告的无理上诉,并确认预审法官决定将他们的拘留再延长一个月。 利马伊作为科索沃议会议员的议会豁免问题仍有待澄清,特派团已寻求各种法律和政治途径来了解这一问题;然而,即使作为国会议员,利马伊也无权因被指控的罪行而被起诉。", "政府在7月20日决定向宪法法院提出对总统、总理、部长和科索沃议会议员豁免的解释请求时,采取步骤澄清免予逮捕的问题。", "4月,科索沃警察和欧盟法治团逮捕了独立自由党高级官员佐兰·科利奇,指控他们犯有据称于1999年犯下的战争罪。 5月份,由当地欧盟驻科法治团法官组成的小组延长了拘留。", "腐败", "欧盟驻科法治团继续与科索沃检察官密切合作,查明、确定和起诉各级政府的重大腐败案件。 6月15日,科索沃警察部队和欧盟法治团联合警察小组进行了搜查和收缴材料,作为调查的一部分,调查涉及族群和回返部以及普里什蒂纳所谓的“Fimex”公司。 在调查2007年至2009年期间提出的投标书的腐败时,还搜查了两个私人住宅。 本案指控涉及挪用办公室、接受和贿赂。 6月23日,欧盟驻科特派团在格拉察尼察市的卡达斯特勒办事处进行了搜查,包括办事处主任和主任的办公室。 这些搜查是在调查2010年被私有化的前社会所有企业所有权的欺诈性登记方面据称滥用官方职位时进行的。 与此同时,对涉及与科索沃中央银行前行长有关的4名被告的腐败案件继续进行调查,证人继续接受面谈。", "5月23日,普里什蒂纳区法院当地和欧盟法院的一个法官小组就普里什蒂纳信贷银行的违规行为指控8人犯有腐败罪,并判处缓刑至5年徒刑。 6月8日,特别检察官办公室就科索沃邮政和电信公司与一家私营公司达达达丰之间的流动虚拟网络运营商协议,对5名被告提出起诉。 同一天,特别检察院在2008年12月对4家科索沃烟草公司大规模进口烟草一事进行调查时,对2名被告提出起诉。", "作为特派团通过有效监测、辅导和咨询继续支持科索沃机构的一部分,6月28日,欧盟驻科法治团开始为科索沃和欧盟法治团的法官、检察官和调查员举办为期12个月的关于没收犯罪资产的培训和讲习班。 该方案的目的是将现行法律规定的没收权力作为打击有组织犯罪和腐败的标准工具。 它还将为执行该领域的新立法铺平道路。", "有组织犯罪", "6月10日,科索沃特别检察官办公室的1名欧盟法治团检察官对2名与所谓的医疗中心案件有关的人提出起诉。 普里什蒂纳地区法院签发了逮捕状,两名嫌疑人均须接受国际刑警组织国际通缉令。 两名被告加入了4月份由欧盟驻科法治团小组和地方法官起诉的另外7名被告。 这9名被告将共同面对与器官和人口贩运、有组织犯罪、非法开展医疗活动和滥用职权有关的指控。 此案于2008年11月由科索沃和科索沃特派团警察提出。", "6月17日,被控有组织犯罪和偷渡移民的所谓Tisa河案的7名被告被判处2至19年的监禁,共计65年。 该案揭露了一个有组织犯罪团伙,该团伙向欧洲联盟和其他欧洲国家提供移民非法入境的机会,造成大量非法利润。 该小组的活动导致2009年10月15名移民死亡。", "在春季和夏季还开展了一些与打击有组织犯罪有关的警察行动。 5月4日,作为与Pejë/Pec贩毒有关的若干家房搜查的一部分,欧盟驻科法治团执行警察逮捕了一名男子,罪名是调查国际海洛因贩运,该调查由普里什蒂纳地区法院一名欧盟预审法官授权,由欧盟法治团检察官监督。 被捕者涉嫌在2008/09年度向欧洲各国贩运毒品,逮捕他是更广泛的有组织犯罪调查的一部分。 5月17日,欧盟驻科法治团在Zubin Potok和Mitrovicë/Mitrovica北部的一个地点逮捕了一名涉嫌参与有组织犯罪的人。 逮捕是在特别检察厅不断调查有组织犯罪和洗钱活动的背景下进行的,随后于2月在祖宾波托克开展了早先的欧盟法治执法行动。 逮捕之后,该地区每天都设置路障,支持被捕者。", "欧盟驻科法治团特别工作组", "自欧洲委员会特别报告员迪·马蒂参议员于2010年12月发表报告以来,欧盟法治特派团已承担起对案件的责任,并继续通过一个专门处理这一事项的特别工作队,与只负责此案的检察官一道进行初步调查。 这一进程的规划现已进入后期阶段,届时工作队成员已接受面试和征聘,布鲁塞尔工作队的设施和设备也已获得保障。 驻布鲁塞尔和普里什蒂纳的欧盟驻科法治团工作队由在最近的雇用过程中挑选的欧盟法治团工作人员组成,长期负责调查案件,并在部署后立即投入运作。 随着调查工作的推进,欧盟法治特派团继续与该区域的相关利益攸关方和行为者保持联系。", "与地拉那司法当局的合作特别导致重罪法院于2011年5月27日裁决支持欧盟检察官在这方面提出的国际援助请求,为阿尔巴尼亚的具体调查工作铺平道路。 在进行这些司法努力的同时,特派团加强了证人安全方案,除其他外,与欧洲刑警组织联系,改善在国外重新安置的前景,并为这种重新安置增加资金。", "扎维尔·布特·德马尔哈奇(签名)", "附件二", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团警察部分的组成和人数", "(截至2011年7月15日)", "国家数量", "德国 1", "加纳 1", "意大利 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "俄罗斯联邦 1", "巴基斯坦 1", "乌克兰 1", "共计7", "附件三", "联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团军事联络部分的组成和人数", "(截至2011年7月15日)", "国家数量", "捷克共和国 页: 1", "丹麦 1", "挪威 1", "波兰 1", "罗马尼亚 1", "西班牙 1", "乌克兰 2", "页: 1" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Human rights defenders", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the present report, submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/163.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders", "Summary", "The present report maps out the rights provided for in the Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and analyses what the different rights entail, as well as the various aspects necessary to ensure their implementation. The report also addresses the most common restrictions and violations faced by human rights defenders and provides recommendations to facilitate implementation by States of each right.", "The aim of the report is twofold: to increase the awareness of States of the rights provided for in the Declaration and to serve as a practical tool to defenders working to ensure respect for the rights to which they are entitled under this instrument.", "Despite efforts to implement the Declaration, human rights defenders continue to face numerous violations of their rights. It is hoped that the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Right 4 to be \nprotected III. Right 6 to freedom of \nassembly IV. Right 8 to freedom of \nassociation V. Right 9 to access and communicate with international \nbodies VI. Right 11 to freedom of opinion and \nexpression VII. Right 13 to \nprotest VIII. Right 14 to develop and discuss new human rights \nideas IX. Right 15 to an effective \nremedy X. Right 16 to access \nfunding XI.Permissible 17 derogations and the right to defend human \nrights XII.Conclusions 18 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the fourth submitted to the General Assembly by the present Special Rapporteur, and the eleventh report submitted by the mandate holder on human rights defenders to the Assembly since 2001. The report is submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/5 and Assembly resolution 64/163.", "2. The Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders) reaffirms rights that are instrumental to the defence of human rights, including freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly, freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to access funding and to develop and discuss new human rights ideas. Implementing the Declaration is a prerequisite for the creation of a conducive environment for human rights defenders to be able to carry out their work.", "3. Although some States have made efforts to guarantee that domestic legislation reflects the obligations of States that are contained in the Declaration and in other international human rights standards, the current trend in many countries is to pass laws and regulations restricting the space for human rights activities. Many national laws are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.", "4. Despite the fact that more than a decade has passed since the Declaration was adopted by the General Assembly, it is not an instrument that is sufficiently known, either to those who shoulder the main responsibility for its implementation, namely Governments, or to those whose rights it sets out to protect, human rights defenders. Accordingly, additional efforts are needed to improve understanding of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration.[1]", "5. The purpose of the present report is to fill this awareness gap by enhancing the understanding of States of the rights and responsibilities contained in the Declaration, as well as increasing awareness of this instrument among relevant non‑State actors who can contribute to the development of a conducive environment for the work of defenders. Additionally, the report aims to build the capacity of human rights defenders to ensure respect for the rights that they are entitled to under the Declaration. The report is based mostly on the analysis of information received and reports developed by both mandate holders, the current Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, Margaret Sekaggya, and her predecessor Hina Jilani.", "6. The report is divided into 10 sections, each addressing a discrete right provided for in the Declaration, namely: the right to be protected, the right to freedom of assembly, the right to freedom of association, the right to access and communicate with international bodies, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to protest, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, the right to an effective remedy and the right to access funding. A final section addresses permissible derogations to these rights. The Special Rapporteur then sets forth a series of recommendations regarding the implementation of each right.", "7. In accordance with the mandate of the Special Rapporteur to integrate a gender perspective throughout her work, the present report refers to the specificities of the situation of women human rights defenders and the particular challenges they face. Women defenders are more at risk of being subjected to certain forms of violence, prejudices, exclusion, repudiation and other violations, than their male counterparts. This is often due to the fact that women defenders are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society. The term “women human rights defenders” in the present report refers to women who, individually or in association with others, act to promote or protect human rights, including women’s rights. The term “women human rights defenders” can also refer to male human rights defenders working on women’s rights as well as on gender issues more generally.", "8. It is hoped that this report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their work. A more comprehensive commentary concerning the Declaration is available in the section on the work of the Special Rapporteur of the website of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/defenders/index.htm).", "II. Right to be protected", "9. The State’s duty to protect the rights of defenders from violations committed by States and non-State actors is derived from each State’s primary responsibility and duty to protect all human rights, as enshrined in article 2 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which establishes the obligation of States to guarantee all individuals within their territories and subject to their jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant without discrimination. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders establishes the State’s duty to protect human rights defenders in the preamble to the Declaration as well as in its articles 2, 9 and 12.", "10. The obligation of States to protect includes both negative and positive aspects. On the one hand, States must refrain from violating human rights. On the other hand, States should act with due diligence to prevent, investigate and punish any violation of the rights enshrined in the Declaration. In other words, States should prevent violations of the rights of defenders under their jurisdiction by taking legal, judicial, administrative and all other measures to ensure the full enjoyment by defenders of their rights; investigating alleged violations; prosecuting alleged perpetrators; and providing defenders with remedies and reparation. To enhance the protection of defenders, States should also harmonize their domestic legal frameworks with the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders.", "11. The obligation to protect also involves ensuring that defenders do not suffer from violations of their rights at the hands of non-State actors. Failure to protect defenders could, in particular circumstances, engage the State’s responsibility. For instance, acts and omissions committed by non-State actors under the instructions, control or direction of the State can, under certain circumstances, give rise to State responsibility.", "12. The Declaration reaffirms the responsibility of everyone not to violate the rights of others, including the responsibility of non-State actors to respect the rights of human rights defenders (see arts. 10, 11, 12 (3) and 19). Accordingly, all non‑State actors, including armed groups, the media, faith-based groups, communities, private companies and individuals should refrain from taking any measures that would result in preventing defenders from exercising their rights.", "13. To ensure the personal safety of defenders at imminent risk, States have developed different measures and protection programmes. Many States use their witness protection programmes; others have put in place protection measures, including establishing specialized investigative units for crimes against human rights activists, setting up early warning systems, providing police protection and bodyguards, and establishing programmes for emergency placement of defenders in other regions or countries.", "14. Many of these measures, however, have received criticism with regard to their efficiency and sustainability. Witness protection programmes, for example, are not sufficient to provide for the safety of defenders since in most cases they have not been designed for that purpose and do not take their specific needs into account. In other instances, the outcome of risk assessments has failed to match the situation of vulnerability faced by defenders requesting protection. Further, protective measures have, on some occasions, failed to address the specificities of the profile of defenders pertaining to gender, ethnic affiliation, leadership position and place of residence. In other cases, bodyguards have transmitted information to intelligence agencies. Defenders have also raised concerns about the privatization of protection measures, which can place the responsibility for protection in the hands of private security companies. Defenders fear former paramilitaries could be employed by these companies.", "15. Concerning protection measures for women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, in the vast majority of cases there are no specific mechanisms in place or, where they do exist, they are often hindered by a lack of implementation, political will or gender specificity.", "16. Adequate protection requires a comprehensive policy from Governments establishing an adequate environment which is respectful of the work of defenders, where the legal framework is in line with the Declaration’s provisions, and those taking adverse actions against defenders are brought to justice. Addressing impunity, in line with article 12 of the Declaration, is a key step in ensuring a safe environment for defenders.", "17. In every region of the world, defenders — including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues — continue to face intimidation, threats, killings, disappearances, torture, ill-treatment, arbitrary detention, surveillance, administrative and judicial harassment and, more generally, stigmatization by both State and non-State actors. Violations faced by women defenders may take a gender-specific form, ranging from verbal abuse based on their sex, to sexual abuse and rape. Defenders also confront violations of the exercise of their rights to freedom of opinion and expression, access to information, access to funding, free movement and freedoms of association and peaceful assembly. In many countries, a climate of impunity for violations committed against defenders prevails.", "18. Specific situations impeding the work of human rights defenders and leading to a highly insecure environment include:", "(a) The stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, or working on behalf of foreign countries or their interests. Also, women defenders often face further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender-based rights they advocate;", "(b) Prosecution of defenders and criminalization of their activities. Defenders are arrested and prosecuted on false charges. Others are detained without charge, often without access to a lawyer, medical care or a judicial process, and without being informed of the reason for their arrest;", "(c) Attacks by non-State actors and a climate of impunity. Non-State actors have been increasingly involved in attacks on human rights defenders. Guerrillas, private militias, vigilante groups and armed groups have been implicated in violence against defenders, including beatings, killings and various acts of intimidation. Private companies have also been directly or indirectly involved in acts of violence against defenders.", "19. In addition, community leaders and faith-based groups are increasingly resorting to the stigmatization of — and attacks against — defenders working on issues such as the rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons, violence against women and domestic violence. Also, women human rights defenders working in the area of domestic violence and other types of violence against women are often pressured by family members or threatened by the perpetrators to drop cases.", "20. In some parts of the world, the media has been involved in violations committed against human rights defenders, notably in relation to violations of their right to privacy. In certain States, defenders have been subjected to denigration campaigns in the press, although sometimes the perpetrators were State-owned outlets.", "III. Right to freedom of assembly", "21. In its articles 5 and 12, the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders recognizes the right to freedom of assembly and the legitimacy of participation in peaceful activities to protest against violations of human rights. The right to peaceful assembly is essential for human rights defenders; without the guarantee of this right and the protection against its violation by State officials and non-State entities, the ability of defenders to fulfil their role in the protection and promotion of human rights and fundamental freedoms is severely restricted.", "22. The right to meet or assemble peacefully applies to every man and woman acting to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence. As women’s inequality in the enjoyment of rights is rooted in “tradition, history and culture, including religious attitudes”,[2] States should ensure that these attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to equal enjoyment of all rights,² including the right to freedom of assembly.", "23. The Declaration protects numerous forms of assembly, from meetings inside private residences to conferences in public places, demonstrations, vigils, marches, picket lines and other kinds of assemblies, with the aim of promoting and protecting human rights. Also, this right can be exercised individually and in association with others. Accordingly, it is not necessary for a non-governmental organization to have legal personality to participate in assemblies, including a demonstration.", "24. Human rights defenders must exercise these activities peacefully in order to be protected under the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur is concerned about the frequent excessive use of force by State agents in responding to situations involving freedom of assembly, which in some instances has provoked violent reactions from otherwise peaceful assemblies. Such behaviour clearly contravenes the Declaration and makes the State accountable for provocations that result in violence. Under the Declaration defenders are entitled to effective protection under national law against actions committed by the State that result in human rights violations. The Declaration also provides defenders with protection when protesting against violent acts of other groups or individuals. Consequently, the protection afforded in the Declaration covers violations committed by both State and non-State actors.", "25. Concerning permissible restrictions, freedom of assembly can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. Article 21 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights defines the necessary requirements for the limitations to be considered permissible. Firstly, restrictions must be in conformity with the law — that is, restrictions can be imposed not only by law but also through a more general statutory authorization, such as an executive order or a decree.[3] Secondly, restrictions must be necessary in a democratic society, which means that limitations must be proportional — States must first exhaust any alternatives that limit the right to a lesser degree — and must comply with minimum democratic principles.[4] Finally, the only grounds upon which an interference with the right to peaceful assembly is permitted are: national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "26. Restrictions imposed on the right to freedom of assembly have been broadly applied to prohibit or disrupt peaceful human rights assemblies, frequently on the pretext of the need to maintain public order and relying on counter-terrorism legislation, arguments and mechanisms. The mandate holder has identified the following trends as violations of the right to freedom of assembly: (a) use of excessive force against defenders during assemblies; (b) arrest and detention of defenders while exercising their right to assemble or to prevent them from taking part in demonstrations; (c) threats against defenders and members of their families prior to, during or after their participation in a peaceful assembly; (d) judicial harassment and prosecution of defenders; (e) travel restrictions imposed on defenders to prevent them from participating in assemblies outside their country of residence; and (f) restrictions imposed through legislative and administrative measures.", "27. Women defenders often face more risks than their male counterparts when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies, and they become targets of non-State actors. In some cases, retaliation against women defenders takes such forms as rape and sexual assault, which can have adverse social consequences in addition to causing physical and psychological harm.", "IV. Right to freedom of association", "28. The right to freedom of association is recognized in many international and regional instruments, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, which provides in article 5 for the right of everyone, individually and in association with others, to form, join and participate in non-governmental organizations, associations or groups. The Declaration underscores that the promotion and protection of human rights is a legitimate purpose for an association to pursue.", "29. The right to freedom of association applies to every man and woman working to promote and protect human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non-violence.", "30. The right of women to participate in public life, including through the promotion and protection of human rights, is contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as in various international treaties. Under article 7 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, States agree to take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, to ensure that women enjoy the right to, inter alia, participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country on equal terms with men.", "31. There are both negative and positive obligations on States arising from the right to freedom of association, including the obligation to prevent violations of this right, to protect those exercising this right and to investigate violations of this right. Given the importance of the role that human rights defenders play in democratic societies, the free and full exercise of this right places a duty on States to create legal and real conditions in which defenders can freely carry out their activities. Also, although associations are required to have some kind of institutional structure, they do not need to assume a legal personality to operate and de facto associations are equally protected under the Declaration.", "32. Concerning permissible restrictions, the right to freedom of association is not absolute and it can be subjected to limitations in accordance with applicable international obligations. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (art. 22) specifically details the requirements for such limitations to be admissible. For any restriction on the right to freedom of association to be valid, it must meet the following conditions:", "(a) It must be provided by law — that is through an act of Parliament or an equivalent unwritten norm of common law. Limitations are not permissible if introduced through Government decrees or other similar administrative orders;", "(b) It must be necessary in a democratic society. The State must demonstrate that the limitations are necessary to prevent a real threat to national security or the democratic order and that other less invasive measures are not adequate to achieve this purpose;", "(c) Such limitations may only be imposed in the interest of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public), the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "33. This provision, read together with articles 5 and 17 of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, must be understood to involve the protection of human rights organizations that are critical of State policies, that publicize human rights violations perpetrated by authorities, or that question the existing legal and constitutional framework.", "34. The Special Rapporteur has observed that in many countries national laws that regulate the functioning of non-governmental organizations impose severe restrictions on their registration, funding, management and operation. In particular, domestic legislation has been used to interfere with the internal management and activities of non-governmental organizations, including the placing of restrictions on the types of activities that civil society organizations are allowed to carry out without prior Government approval. The discretionary interpretation of existing laws has also permitted authorities to initiate legal proceedings against human rights organizations for minor infractions or to dissolve them without recourse to appropriate remedies or judicial supervision. In other instances, legislation seems to be in accordance with international standards, but registration procedures have been used arbitrarily to deny protection to human rights non-governmental organizations that are very critical of the Government.", "V. Right to access and communicate with international bodies", "35. The right to access and communicate with international bodies, as recognized in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, is contained in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (art. 11), the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (art. 15), and the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (art. 13). The optional protocols include a specific provision asking States parties to take all appropriate measures to ensure that individuals under their jurisdiction are not subject to ill-treatment or intimidation, or prejudiced in any way, for having communicated with or provided information to the monitoring bodies of the respective instruments.", "36. This right is also protected under other relevant provisions such as the right to freedom of movement and the right to freedom of expression.[5] The Declaration recognizes the right to access and to communicate with international bodies under articles 5 (c) and 9 (4). By referring explicitly to this right under two separate provisions, the Declaration recognizes that accessing and communicating with international bodies are essential for human rights defenders to carry out their work and to alert the international community to human rights problems and bring key cases to the attention of regional and international human rights mechanisms.", "37. The Declaration protects a wide range of collaboration activities with international bodies and agencies, from the submission of information or complaints related to specific cases to the presentation of information on the internal human rights situation in a particular country at international human rights venues.[6] As regards the different bodies and mechanisms that defenders can engage with, the Declaration provides for the right to communicate with a wide range of institutions and mechanisms, including non-governmental organizations, intergovernmental organizations and international bodies. These mechanisms can include United Nations bodies, including United Nations representatives and mechanisms, such as treaty bodies, special procedures, the universal periodic review mechanism and field presences of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and other bodies outside the United Nations system.", "38. The mandate on human rights defenders has underscored how the United Nations human rights treaty bodies and the various special procedures of the Human Rights Council depend to a great extent on the information provided to them by human rights defenders. This can be used as a valuable early warning system to alert the international community to a developing or imminent threat to peace.", "39. In relation to the protection afforded to defenders that collaborate with international mechanisms, the Declaration specifies the obligation of States to take the necessary measures to protect defenders in the exercise of their rights (art. 12 (2)). Furthermore, non-State actors can be held accountable for violations of the rights of defenders amounting to offences or crimes under national law.", "40. The Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, have also addressed this issue through several resolutions and have requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to report on cases of individuals or groups who have been intimidated or suffered reprisals for having cooperated or attempted to cooperate with the United Nations, including its representatives and mechanisms, in the field of human rights (see Human Rights Council resolution 12/2).", "41. Under the mandate, there have been interventions in cases where human rights activists have not been granted permission to leave their countries to participate in international human rights events, including the Human Rights Council, or have been harassed or subjected to serious reprisals upon return to their homes from these events. There have also been interventions in cases of individuals who have been targeted after they have submitted information or complaints to international human rights mechanisms, in particular under the mandate on human rights defenders and other special procedures of the Human Rights Council. The mandate holder remains extremely concerned about allegations received reporting acts of intimidation, threats, attacks, arbitrary arrests, ill-treatment, torture and killings of human rights defenders who collaborated with the United Nations or other international mechanisms.", "42. In addition to the cases reported directly to the mandate holder on the situation of human rights defenders, the reports of the Secretary-General related to cooperation with representatives or mechanisms of United Nations human rights bodies contain descriptions of situations in which persons have reportedly been intimidated or suffered reprisals by Governments and non-State actors for seeking to cooperate or having cooperated with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights, for having provided testimony or information to them; for having availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations; for having provided legal assistance for this purpose; for having submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments; or for being relatives of victims of human rights violations or for having provided legal or other assistance to victims. For example, the cases of reprisals described in the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on cooperation with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms in the field of human rights (A/HRC/14/19) include instances of attacks, threats, intimidation and harassment; detention, imprisonment and physical violence against defenders, including murder; and campaigns aimed at stigmatizing or delegitimizing the activities of human rights defenders. These acts are aimed at hampering or preventing individuals and groups from cooperating with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms (ibid.).", "VI. Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "43. The right to freedom of opinion and expression is of crucial importance to the work of human rights defenders. Without this right defenders would not be able to perform their monitoring and advocacy work to promote and protect human rights. This right applies to both men and women promoting and protecting human rights, providing they accept and apply the principles of universality and non‑violence. In the case of women human rights defenders, States need to ensure that tradition, history, culture and religious attitudes are not used to justify violations of women’s right to equality before the law and to the equal enjoyment of all rights.[7]", "44. Article 6 of the Declaration recognizes three different aspects of the right to equality before the law and equal enjoyment of all rights: (a) the right to hold opinions without interference; (b) the right of access to information; and (c) the right to impart information and ideas of all kinds. With regard to the first aspect, the right to hold opinions, no restrictions are permitted.[8]", "45. Concerning the other two aspects, article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights establishes that “the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and for this reason certain restrictions on the right are permitted, which may relate either to the interests of other persons or to those of the community as a whole. However, when a State party imposes certain restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression, these may not put in jeopardy the right itself.”[9] According to article 19 (3), restrictions must be “provided by law” and must be justified as being “necessary” for one of the following purposes: (a) respect of the rights or reputations of others; and (b) the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.[10]", "46. The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression has emphasized that restrictions on the following dimensions of the right to freedom of expression are not permissible:", "(a) Discussion of Government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, Government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups;", "(b) The free flow of information and ideas, including practices such as the banning or closing of publications or other media and the abuse of administrative measures and censorship;", "(c) Access to or use of information and communications technologies, including radio, television and the Internet (see A/HRC/14/23, para. 81).", "47. The fulfilment of this right requires States to comply with both positive and negative obligations, including abstaining from interfering with the enjoyment of the right; protecting the right by working to prevent, punish, investigate and provide redress for harm caused by private persons or entities; and taking positive measures for the realization of the right (ibid., para. 25).", "48. Despite protection under international and regional human rights instruments and national constitutions, the right to freedom of expression has suffered the most adverse restrictions under national security or anti-terrorism laws. In many instances, these laws have been used to criminalize dissent and suppress the right to hold States accountable. Provisions of laws on internal security, official secrets and sedition, among others, have been used to deny freedom of information to defenders and to prosecute them for their efforts to seek and disseminate information on the observance of human rights standards.", "49. Other common restrictions and violations to the right to freedom of opinion and expression include: (a) the use of civil and criminal defamation and libel proceedings against defenders speaking out against human rights violations; (b) the adoption of laws restricting printing and publication; and (c) the censorship, suspension, closing or banning of media outlets.", "50. Additionally, defenders and journalists are often targeted for investigating human rights abuses. They are subjected to threats, attacks and intimidation, and some have been abducted and/or killed. They have also been arrested and detained following the publication of letters calling for the improvement of the human rights situation, for publishing articles online criticizing governmental policies and for denouncing human rights violations. Women journalists and media professionals are also exposed as a result of their work. This group includes women investigative journalists working on human rights-related issues, women columnists advocating human rights reform, women reporters monitoring and reporting violations of human rights, and women bloggers.", "VII. Right to protest", "51. The right to protest entails the enjoyment of a set of internationally recognized rights that are reiterated in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, including freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of association, freedom of peaceful assembly and trade union rights such as the right to strike.", "52. The protection of the right to protest comprises both negative and positive obligations. The State has a negative obligation to abstain from interfering and a positive obligation to protect rights holders in the exercise of this right, particularly when persons protesting hold unpopular or controversial views, or belong to minorities or other groups exposed to higher risks of attack and other forms of intolerance. Additionally, respecting the right to protest involves the obligation of States to take concrete steps to build, maintain and strengthen pluralism, tolerance and an open attitude to the expression of dissent in society.", "53. The right to protest is an essential element of the right to participation in a democratic society and restrictions imposed on this right must be closely examined regarding their necessity and reasonableness. Restrictions may be imposed on public demonstrations, providing their purpose is to protect national security or public safety, public order, the protection of public health or morals or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.", "54. Common restrictions and violations to the right to protest include: (a) bans and unjustified restrictions on demonstrations; (b) unnecessary requirements to obtain authorizations; (c) lack of remedies to appeal decisions denying the authorization to hold demonstrations; (d) legislation not complying with international human rights law; (e) legislation on counter-terrorism with definitions of “terrorism” that are so broad that they can jeopardize participation in public demonstrations; and (f) inadequacies in the legal framework on the right to strike, including the criminalization of the right to strike and the failure to incorporate the right to strike in domestic law.", "55. Violations suffered by defenders as a consequence of their participation in protests range from threats following demonstrations to arbitrary arrest and detention, intimidation, ill-treatment, torture and excessive use of force by authorities. A cause for concern is the number of peaceful protesters who have been injured or killed during violent crackdowns by the authorities. The mandate holder has also identified specific protection needs concerning some groups of protestors, including women defenders and defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights; student activists; trade unionists; and defenders monitoring and reporting on demonstrations. Defenders engaged in protests linked to demands for democratic reforms; the anti-globalization movement; election processes; peace demonstrations; and land rights, natural resources and environmental claims are often in need of specific protection.", "VIII. Right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas", "56. The right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is enshrined in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders as an important provision for the ongoing development of human rights. This right may be seen as an elaboration of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the right to freedom of assembly and the right to freedom of association, which are protected under many regional and international instruments.[11] The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders affirms the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas, and to advocate their acceptance in article 7.", "57. Many of the basic human rights that today we take for granted took years of struggle and deliberation before they took final shape and became widely accepted. A good example is the long struggle of women in many countries to gain the right to vote. Today, we see the case of defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights. In many countries around the world, these activists are targeted for their work, harassed, and sometimes killed, because of their work in defending a different idea of sexuality. Similarly, women human rights defenders are more at risk of suffering certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "58. Although the rights of women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues are not new human rights, in some contexts they may be perceived as new because they address issues that might challenge tradition and culture. Tradition and culture are not static, however, as the United Nations independent expert in the field of cultural rights has argued, saying that “cultures are constantly evolving, as are the concepts of human rights” (A/HRC/14/36, para. 34).", "59. It is because of the visions of courageous defenders that human rights have developed and transformed our societies. These visionaries have held “that women deserve the same rights as men, that empires are not inevitable, that indigenous peoples are human beings, or that torture and genocide are ethically reprehensive and need not be tolerated. Similarly, they ask people to imagine that international norms can be established and that nation States need not be allowed to claim that however they wish to behave and treat people is strictly their own business.”[12] However, these ideas often meet resistance, especially because they challenge the legitimacy of the status quo as well as sociocultural norms and traditions.", "60. Nonetheless, ideas that “offend, shock or disturb” are protected under the right of freedom of expression. This is a crucial part of what is required for a “democratic society” to exist.[13] Pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness are particularly important in a democratic society. Democracy does not simply mean that the views of the majority must always prevail: a balance must be achieved which ensures the fair and proper treatment of minorities and avoids any abuse of a dominant position. The State is the ultimate guarantor of the principle of pluralism, a role that entails positive obligations to secure the effective enjoyment of rights. These obligations are of particular importance for persons holding unpopular views or belonging to minorities, because they are more vulnerable to victimization.[14]", "61. In this context, the right to develop and discuss new human rights ideas is an important provision to support and protect those defenders that advocate new visions and ideas of human rights.", "IX. Right to an effective remedy", "62. Article 9 of the Declaration provides for the right of everyone to benefit from an effective remedy and to be protected in the event of a violation of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms. In the framework of the Declaration, the obligation to provide defenders with an effective remedy requires States to ensure a prompt and impartial investigation into the alleged human rights violations, the prosecution of the perpetrators, the provision of reparations, as well as the enforcement of decisions or judgements.", "63. The right to an effective remedy also entails effective access to justice, which can involve not only judicial but also administrative or quasi-judicial mechanisms. Impartial investigations and the prosecution of perpetrators require an effective and independent judiciary. In many instances, however, weaknesses in the judicial system and in the legal framework have prevented defenders from seeking and obtaining justice. States should take all necessary steps to ensure that violations against defenders are brought before tribunals or other complaints mechanisms, such as national human rights institutions or truth and reconciliation mechanisms.", "64. Reparations are also a fundamental aspect of the right to an effective remedy. The obligation to provide an effective remedy is not fulfilled without reparation to individuals whose rights have been violated. In addition to compensation, reparations can involve “restitution, rehabilitation and measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non‑repetition and changes in relevant laws and practices, as well as bringing to justice the perpetrators of human rights violations”.[15]", "65. Nevertheless, the information received by the mandate holder often illustrates the lack of effective response by authorities to defenders, which has resulted in impunity for those abusing their rights. Judicial authorities have shown an alarming lack of diligence in investigating cases of abuse against defenders and leniency towards suspected perpetrators, especially members of the security and armed forces. Similarly, defenders have raised impunity as one of the main concerns regarding violations committed by non-State actors. In many instances, complaints by defenders about violations of their rights are either never investigated or dismissed without justification.", "66. The mandate holder has also repeatedly received information about the situation of women defenders working on issues of impunity and access to justice, including witnesses and victims of human rights violations seeking redress, as well as the lawyers, individuals and organizations representing or supporting them. This group appears to be particularly at risk in certain countries.", "67. The Special Rapporteur is greatly concerned by these trends, which reveal that impunity for human rights abuses against defenders remains unacceptably widespread. Ending impunity is a necessary condition to ensure the security of defenders.", "X. Right to access funding", "68. The right to access funding is an inherent element of the right to freedom of association, which is contained in major human rights instruments. The Declaration on Human Rights Defenders explicitly recognizes the right to access funding as a self-standing substantive right under article 13. The wording of article 13 covers the different phases of the funding cycle. States are under an obligation to permit individuals and organizations to seek, receive and utilize funding. The Declaration requires States to adopt legislative, administrative or other measures to facilitate or, at a minimum, not to hinder the effective exercise of the right to access funding.", "69. Article 13 of the Declaration also specifies that the funds must be used “for the express purpose of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means”. In addition, article 3 of the Declaration establishes that while domestic legislation is the proper legal framework to guarantee the enjoyment of the right to access funding, legislation must be consistent with international human rights norms and standards.", "70. Concerning the origin of the funds, the Declaration protects the right to receive funding from different sources, including foreign ones. Given the limited resources available for human rights organizations at the local level, restrictions on access to international funding can gravely affect the ability of defenders to carry out their work. In some cases, these limitations can threaten the very existence of organizations. Governments should allow access by human rights defenders, in particular non-governmental organizations, to foreign funding as a part of international cooperation, to which civil society is entitled to the same extent as Governments.", "71. Many countries have put in place legislation that significantly restricts the ability of human rights organizations to access funding, including restrictions on the origin of the funds and the requirement for prior State authorization for non‑governmental organizations to receive funds from foreign donors. Some Governments have introduced a complete prohibition on certain types of funding, for example funding coming from United Nations agencies or other bilateral donors. In other instances, organizations working in particular fields — such as governance issues — are prohibited from receiving foreign funding.", "72. Governments also place restrictions on how funds can be used and make use of tax laws and regulations to unduly hinder the work of human rights organizations. In particular, non-governmental organizations that are critical of their Governments often face extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.", "73. In addition to restrictive legislation and practices, the political environment in a given country can undermine access to funding, in particular for women’s groups. Women’s groups have indicated that patriarchal societies, sexism and authoritarian regimes are some of the most common structural challenges to accessing funding used to support their work.[16]", "XI. Permissible derogations and the right to defend human rights", "74. Article 4 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states: “In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, sex, language, religion or social origin.”", "75. Two fundamental conditions must be met before a State invokes article 4 of the Covenant: the situation must amount to a public emergency that threatens the life of the nation, and the State must have officially proclaimed a state of emergency. An additional fundamental requirement is that such measures must be limited to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. This relates to the duration, geographical coverage and material scope of the state of emergency and any measures of derogation adopted because of the emergency. Further, article 4 (1) requires that no measure derogating from the provisions of the Covenant can be inconsistent with the State’s other obligations under international law, particularly the rules of international humanitarian law, and that States parties may in no circumstances invoke article 4 of the Covenant as justification for acting in violation of humanitarian law or peremptory norms of international law.[17]", "76. The significance of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders lies in its provision of legitimacy and protection to certain activities that protect and promote universally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms. The central focus of the Declaration is not the recognition of these rights, but their reiteration and the protection of activities for their promotion. The Declaration extends protection to persons only to the extent of their engagement in these activities. These are important distinctions to take into account when considering any arguments regarding derogations, limitations and restrictions on rights in the emergency or security context. Even if some rights or freedoms are restricted in a situation of emergency, or under security legislation, or because of any other requirements, any activity relating to the monitoring of these rights can be neither restricted nor suspended.", "77. In this context, derogations from and exceptions to applicable human rights standards, including the Declaration, should be required to meet a higher standard when they are applied to human rights defenders. At times of great risk to human rights, it is essential that there is some form of independent monitoring and accounting of these rights. It would be contrary to the spirit of international human rights standards to argue that at these moments of greater risk the right to defend human rights can be legally silenced.", "XII. Conclusions and recommendations", "78. The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that more than a decade after the adoption of the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, although some progress has been made, many countries continue to pass laws and regulations that restrict the space for human rights activities and that are incompatible with international standards and with the Declaration in particular. Even where efforts are made to adopt laws that are in line with international standards, their ineffective implementation often remains a problem.", "79. The Declaration is an instrument that is not sufficiently known, either to Governments or to human rights defenders, and more needs to be done. The Special Rapporteur hopes that, by raising awareness about the Declaration, the present report will contribute to the development of a safer and more conducive environment for defenders to be able to carry out their legitimate work.", "80. After an analysis of the rights provided for in the Declaration, the necessary aspects to ensure their implementation and the main challenges faced by human rights defenders, the Special Rapporteur would like to set forth the following recommendations:", "Right to be protected", "81. States should refrain from stigmatizing the work of human rights defenders and should recognize the role they play, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, as well as the legitimacy of their activities in public statements. Such recognition is a first step for preventing or reducing threats and risks against them.", "82. States should also ensure that violations against defenders, including women defenders and those working on women’s rights or gender issues, committed by State and non-State agents are promptly and impartially investigated and that those responsible are adequately punished.", "83. States should adopt national laws on the protection of defenders, with a specific reference to the work of women human rights defenders. These laws should be developed in consultation with civil society and with technical advice from relevant international agencies.", "84. States should refer to the minimum guidelines concerning protection programmes for human rights defenders that the Special Rapporteur issued in 2010 (A/HRC/13/22, para. 113).", "85. Non-State actors and private entities should abide by the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders and refrain from endangering the safety of defenders and obstructing their work. In addition, national and transnational corporations should develop human rights policies in cooperation with defenders, including monitoring and accountability mechanisms related to violations of the rights of defenders.", "86. National human rights institutions are encouraged to prioritize the protection of defenders in their agenda and establish focal points for defenders. These institutions should investigate complaints made by defenders and disseminate the Declaration.", "87. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is encouraged to develop a comprehensive strategy to protect defenders, including against threats and reprisals by non-State actors.", "Right to freedom of assembly", "88. States should favour regimes of notification rather than authorization of assemblies and, when authorization is required, States should make sure that it is provided in accordance with the principle of non-discrimination. In this connection, States must ensure that there are satisfactory review procedures for complaints of restrictions being imposed on assemblies.", "89. States should ensure that law enforcement officials are trained in international human rights standards and international standards for the policing of peaceful assemblies, including the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders, the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, the Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials and other relevant treaties, declarations and guidelines.", "90. States should enforce a code of conduct for law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework contains effective provisions for the oversight and accountability of officials, especially with regard to their responses to public protest actions.", "91. All allegations of indiscriminate and/or excessive use of force by law enforcement officials should be properly investigated and appropriate action taken against the responsible officials.", "92. States must take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of assembly for all individuals without discrimination of any kind. In many countries, women defenders often face more risks when participating in collective public action because of perceptions of the traditional role of women in some societies. Those working on women’s rights and gender issues also face more risks.", "93. States should review their legal framework to ensure that national legislation is in conformity with the Declaration and other international commitments and international standards relating to the right to freedom of assembly in accordance with article 2 (2) of the Declaration.", "Right to freedom of association", "94. States should take the necessary steps to guarantee the effective exercise of the right to freedom of association for all individuals without discrimination of any kind.", "95. States should not interfere with the internal management or activities of non‑governmental organizations. Domestic laws should avoid containing lists of permitted or prohibited activities for civil society organizations and non‑governmental organizations should be able to carry out activities in defence of human rights.", "96. States must put in place a single, publicly accessible register for civil society organizations. Registration bodies should be independent from the Government and should include representatives of civil society.", "97. Regarding registration laws and procedures, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:", "(a) Non-governmental organizations be allowed to carry out collective activities without having to register and that States do not impose criminal sanctions for participating in unregistered entities;", "(b) Laws governing the creation, registration and functioning of civil society organizations be written and establish clear, consistent and simple criteria to be met in order to register. Non-governmental organizations that meet the prescribed criteria should be immediately able to register as legal entities;", "(c) States ensure that existing laws and regulations are applied in an independent and transparent manner. Laws should be clear about the status of organizations in the period between the request for registration and the final decision. Pending such a final decision, human rights organizations should be free to carry out their activities;", "(d) In the event of the adoption of a new law concerning civil society organizations, all previously registered non-governmental organizations be considered as continuing to operate legally and be provided with fast track procedures to update their registration. Unless a new law is adopted, existing laws governing the registration of civil society organizations should not require that organizations re-register periodically;", "(e) The registration process be prompt, accessible and inexpensive. States should not impose costs related to the registration process that make it difficult for non-governmental organizations to maintain their registration, nor should they place other unsustainable burdens upon them;", "(f) States guarantee the right to appeal against any denial of registration. States should also ensure an effective and prompt remedy against any rejection of application, as well as an independent judicial review of the decisions of the registration authority.", "Right to access and communicate with international bodies", "98. States should refrain from all acts of intimidation or reprisal against defenders who have sought to cooperate or have cooperated with United Nations human rights bodies, those who have availed themselves of procedures established by the United Nations, those who have provided legal assistance to victims, those who have submitted communications under procedures established by human rights instruments, and those who are relatives of victims of human rights violations.", "99. States must protect individuals and members of groups who wish to cooperate with the United Nations, its representatives and mechanisms. States also have a duty to end impunity for perpetrators of violence against individuals who have sought to cooperate with the United Nations and to provide remedies for victims.", "100. States should refrain from imposing travel restrictions and guarantee defenders access to United Nations bodies and to have the possibility to present oral and written reports and to have those reports given due consideration.", "Right to freedom of opinion and expression", "101. States should take all the necessary steps to ensure the effective exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression for all individuals and social sectors, without discrimination of any kind.[18]", "102. States should ensure that security legislation is not applied against human rights defenders as a means to prevent their human rights work. States must guarantee the possibility for human rights defenders to effectively monitor the application of security legislation. In the context of the arrest and detention of a person under security legislation, defenders should, at a minimum, have regular access to the detainee and to basic information on the substance of the charges on which the detainee is held.", "103. States must ensure that laws and policies reflect the right of defenders to access information and places of alleged violations and that the relevant authorities are trained to give effect to this right.", "104. States should also ensure that information held by non-State actors — in particular private companies — that is linked to public interest is made available to the public. States should establish an effective and independent mechanism for this purpose.", "105. States should refrain from criminalizing, limiting or censoring the exercise of freedom of expression. Except for the permissible and legitimate restrictions established in international human rights law, any measure of this kind should be abolished.[19]", "106. Defamation and similar offences should be dealt with under civil law and the fines to be paid as compensation should be sufficient to allow for the continuation of professional activities. Prison sentences should be excluded for offences regarding the reputation of others such as libel and defamation.[20]", "107. States must abstain from introducing new legislation with the same aim as defamation laws under different legal terminology such as disinformation and dissemination of false information. Criticism of the nation, its symbols, the Government, its members and their action should never be seen as an offence.[21]", "Right to protest", "108. States should enforce a code of conduct on law enforcement officials, particularly with regard to crowd control and the use of force, and ensure that the legal framework provides for the accountability of officials concerning their responses to public protests.", "109. States should take all necessary measures to protect defenders during protests, refrain from the use of excessive force against protesters and adhere to international human rights norms when arresting persons in the context of peaceful demonstrations.", "110. States must ensure that anti-terrorism legislation and measures are not applied against human rights defenders to hamper their human rights work.", "111. States are encouraged to take the following measures to address the protection needs of the following groups of defenders:", "(a) Women defenders:", "(i) Investigate and prosecute cases of gender-based violence against women defenders during demonstrations;", "(ii) Train and instruct law enforcement officials on protection measures to be taken with regard to children taking part in demonstrations with their mothers;", "(b) Defenders working on lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights:", "(i) Hold accountable authorities taking unlawful decisions banning demonstrations;", "(ii) Ensure the protection of participants in gay pride parades before, during and after marches from violence by counter-protestors;", "(iii) Train law enforcement officials on appropriate conduct, particularly in relation to the implementation of the non-discrimination principle and respect for diversity;", "(c) Student activists:", "Take steps to create a conducive environment to allow children and young adults to associate and express views on matters affecting them as well as on broader human rights issues;", "(d) Trade unionists:", "(i) Acknowledge trade unionists as human rights defenders entitled to the rights and protection set out in the Declaration on Human Rights Defenders;", "(ii) Review restrictive legislation on the right to strike, including provisions with very broad definitions of essential services that restrict or prevent strikes by large sectors of civil servants;", "(e) Defenders and journalists monitoring demonstrations:", "Allow human rights defenders to perform their monitoring role and grant media access to assemblies to facilitate independent coverage.", "Right to develop and discuss new ideas", "112. States should recognize a defender’s right to promote and protect new human rights ideas (or ideas that are perceived as new) and to advocate for their acceptance. States should publicly recognize the legitimacy of defenders’ activities as a first step to preventing or reducing violations against them.", "113. States must take necessary measures to create an environment of pluralism, tolerance and respect in which all human rights defenders can carry out their work without risk to their physical and psychological integrity or to any form of restriction, harassment, intimidation or fear of persecution.", "114. States should take additional measures to ensure the protection of defenders who are at greater risk of facing certain forms of violence because they are perceived as challenging accepted sociocultural norms, traditions, perceptions and stereotypes about femininity, sexual orientation and the role and status of women in society.", "Right to effective remedy", "115. States should ensure prompt and independent investigations of all violations against defenders, the prosecution of alleged perpetrators and the imposition of adequate penalties. States should also ensure that victims have access to justice and effective remedies, including appropriate compensation.", "116. States should ensure accountability of those who have committed human rights violations, especially against human rights defenders, by means of appropriate disciplinary, civil and criminal proceedings. The application of legal penalties for false prosecution of defenders should be considered.", "117. States must ensure that public officials and law enforcement officers who are responsible for the prevention, investigation and prosecution of violations against defenders receive adequate training on the Declaration and on the specific protection needs of defenders.", "118. States must respond to communications sent pursuant to the mandate on human rights defenders in a timely and comprehensive manner. A good practice for replies is to provide information on the measures taken to redress the individual situation, as well as on the initiatives taken to prevent the recurrence of similar situations.", "Right to access to funding", "119. States should ensure and facilitate by law access to funds, including from foreign sources, for the purpose of defending human rights.", "120. States should refrain from restricting the use of funds, providing they comply with the purposes expressly established in the Declaration of promoting and protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms through peaceful means. States should not require prior governmental authorization to apply for or receive funding from abroad.", "121. States must allow access by non-governmental organizations to foreign funding and restrict such access only in the interest of transparency and in compliance with generally applicable foreign exchange and customs laws. States should therefore review existing laws to facilitate access to funding.", "122. States must allow non-governmental organizations to engage in all legally acceptable fund-raising activities under the same regulations that apply to other non‑profit organizations in general.", "123. States should prohibit extensive tax scrutiny and abusive use of fiscal procedures by the relevant authorities.", "[1] Although not a legally binding instrument, the Declaration contains rights that are already recognized in many legally binding international human rights instruments, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Declaration specifies how the rights included in major human rights instruments apply to human rights defenders and their work. In addition, the Declaration was adopted by consensus by the General Assembly, which consequently represents States’ strong commitment towards its implementation.", "[2] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28 concerning article 3 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (equality of rights between men and women), para. 5.", "[3] Manfred Nowak, United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: CCPR Commentary, 2nd revised ed. (N.P. Engel, 2005), p. 490, para. 19.", "[4] Ibid., p. 489, paras. 21 and 22.", "[5] See Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Uzbekistan (CCPR/CO/83/UZB, para. 19) and Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Morocco (CCPR/CO/82/ MAR, para. 18), cited in “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), pp. 5 and 6.", "[6] See also “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), p. 5.", "[7] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 28, para. 5.", "[8] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 10 concerning article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (freedom of opinion), para. 1.", "[9] Ibid., para. 4.", "[10] Ibid., para. 4.", "[11] See also “Protecting human rights defenders”, Human Rights First, available from www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders.", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p. 282.", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant, p. 505.", "[14] Bączkowski and Others v. Poland (Application No. 1543/06), European Court of Human Rights, Chamber judgment of 3 May 2007.", "[15] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 31 concerning the nature of the general legal obligations imposed on States parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, para. 16.", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008, “Money watch for women’s rights movements and organizations”, p. 17 (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008).", "[17] Human Rights Committee, general comment No. 29 concerning article 4 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (derogations during a state of emergency).", "[18] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/14/23, para. 119).", "[19] Ibid., para. 120.", "[20] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/4/27, para. 81).", "[21] Ibid., para. 82." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权维护者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递人权维护者状况特别报告员玛格丽特·塞卡格亚根据大会第64/163号决议提交的报告。", "人权维护者状况特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告阐述《关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言》规定的各项权利，并分析各项权利引起的问题，以及确保这些权利的执行的必需的各个方面。本报告也讨论人权维护者最常受到的限制和侵犯，并提出一些建议促进国家执行每一项权利。", "本报告的目的有二：增加国家对《宣言》所规定权利的认识，同时作为人权维护者的一个实用工具，确保他们按照这个文书有权享受的权利获得尊重。", "尽管执行《宣言》方面的努力，人权维护者的权利仍继续受到许多侵犯。希望本报告将有助于发展一个更安全和更有利的环境，让人权维护者能够进行他们的工作。关于《宣言》的更全面评述，可在联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员工作一节查阅。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.受保护权利 5\n3.集会自由权利 7\n4.结社自由权利 8\n5.同国际机构联系和通讯的权利 9\n6.意见和言论自由权利 11\n7.抗议权利 12\n8.发展和讨论新的人权思想权利 13\n9.有效补救权利 14\n10.筹措资金权利 15\n11. 可以准许的克减及维护人权的权利 16\n12. 结论和建议 17", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是本特别报告员向大会提交的第4份报告，也是2001年以来人权维护者状况特别报告员向大会提交的第11份报告。本报告是按照人权理事会第16/5号决议和大会第64/163号决议提交。", "2. 《关于个人群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言》(《关于人权维护者的宣言》)重申人权维护者必须具备的权利，包括结社自由、和平集会自由、意见和言论自由、筹资权利和发展及讨论新的人权思想的权利。执行《宣言》是建立有利环境让人权维护者能够进行工作的一个先决条件。", "3. 虽然有些国家已作出努力，确保国内立法反映国家在《宣言》及其他国际人权准则下所负的义务，但许多国家目前的趋势仍是通过法律和条例限制人权活动空间。许多国内法违反国际准则、特别是《宣言》。即便作出努力制订符合国际准则的法律，但不能有效地执行这些法律，往往仍是问题所在。", "4. 尽管大会通过《宣言》已有10余年，但这个文书仍未获得充分认识，不论是负执行《宣言》主要责任的人、即政府，或者《宣言》规定保护其权利的人、即人权维护者，都对这个文书未能充分认识。因此，必须格外努力增进对《宣言》所载权利与责任的理解。[1]", "5. 本报告的目的是补救这一认识方面的不足，一方面提高国家对《宣言》所载权利和责任的理解，一方面加强相关非国家行为者对这个文书的认识，它们可以帮助发展一个有利于人权维护者工作的环境。此外，本报告的目的也在于建立人权维护者的能力，以确保他们在《宣言》下有权享有的权利获得尊重。本报告的内容主要是根据对所收到资料的分析以及对前后两任特别报告员(现任人权维护者状况特别报告员是玛格丽特·塞卡格亚及其前任希纳·吉拉尼)所编写的报告的分析。", "6. 本报告分10节，每节讨论《宣言》规定的一个单独权利，即：受保护权利；集会自由权利；结社自由权利；同国际机构联系和通讯的权利；意见和言论自由权利；抗议权利；发展和讨论新的人权思想思想权利；有效补救权利和筹措资金权利。最后一节讨论对这些权利可以准许的克减。然后，特别报告员就每项权利的执行，提出一系列建议。", "7. 按照特别报告员的任务规定，特别报告员的工作应纳入两性平等观点，因此本报告提到妇女人权维护者状况的特点以及她们面对的特别挑战。妇女人权维护者比男性人权维护者更易受某些形式的侵犯、偏见、排斥、否定和其他侵犯。这往往是因为妇女人权维护者被视为挑战公认的社会-文件规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用与地位的定型观念。在本报告，“妇女人权维护者”一语，指个人单独地或与他人一起促进或保护人权、包括妇女权利的妇女。“妇女人权维护者”一语也可指致力于妇女权利和一般两性平等问题的男性人权维护者。", "8. 希望本报告将有助于发展一个更安全和更有利的环境，让人权维护者能够进行他们的工作。关于《宣言》的更全面评述，可在联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员工作一节查阅(www2.ohchr.org/English/issues/defenders/index.htm)。", "二. 受保护权利", "9. 国家保护人权维护者的权利使不受国家和非国家行为者侵犯的义务，源于每一国家保护一切人权的主要责任和义务，这是规定于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第2条的，该条规定国家有义务确保所有境内受其管辖的人毫无歧视地享受《公约》确认的权利。《关于人权维护者的宣言》在序言及第2、第9和第12条中规定国家有义务保护人权维护者。", "10. 国家的保护义务包括消极和积极两方面。一方面，国家必须避免侵犯人权。另一方面，国家应克尽职责，防止、调查和惩处任何侵犯《宣言》所规定权利的行为。换言之，国家应防止其管辖下维护者的权利受到侵犯，采取法律、司法、行政和一切其他措施确保维护者能充分享受其权利；调查涉嫌侵犯行为；起诉涉嫌行为人；向维护者提供补救和赔偿。为加强保护维护者，国家并应使其国内法律框架同《关于人权维护者的宣言》统一。", "11. 保护义务也包括确保维护者的权利不受非国家行为者的侵犯。不保护维护者，在特定情况下可能引起国家责任。例如非国家行为者所犯的行为或不行为是在国家的指示、监督或指挥下进行，这在某些情况下可以引起国家责任。", "12. 《宣言》重申，人人有责任不侵犯别人的权利，包括非国家行为者有责任尊重人权维护者的权利(见第10、第11、第12(3)和第19条)。因此，所有非国家行为者、包括武装团体、媒体、信仰团体、社区、私营公司和个人，都应避免采取任何可能导致妨碍维护者行使其权利的措施。", "13. 为了确保遭遇迫切风险的维护者的人身安全，各国制订了各种措施和保护方案。许多国家使用它们的证人保护方案；另一些国家制定保护措施，包括设立专门调查侵犯人权活动分子罪行的特别调查单位；建立早期预警制度；提供警察保护和保镖；建立紧急将维护者安置在其他地区或国家方案。", "14. 但是，许多这些措施的效力和可持续性受到批评。例如证人保护方案不足以保证维护者安全，因为在大多数情况下，这些方案不是为这个目的设计的，没有考虑到他们的具体需要。在其他情况，风险评估的结果不符需要保护的维护者的弱势状况。此外，在一些情况下，保护措施未能顾到维护者性别、族裔、领导地位和住所地点等方面的具体情况。在另外一些情况，保镖将资料交给情报机构。维护者也对保护措施私营化表示关切，因为这可能把保护责任交给私营安全公司。维护者恐怕这些公司可能雇用以前的准军人。", "15. 关于对妇女维护者和促进妇女权利或两性平等问题的维持者的保护措施，在大多数情况下，设有专门机构处理，但即便机制存在，往往因为执行不力、缺乏政治意愿或性别情况，致工作受阻。", "16. 适当的保护需要政府有一个建立适当环境的全面政策，在这个环境中，维护者的工作受到尊重，法律框架符合《宣言》的规定，以行动侵犯维持者的人被绳之于法。按照《宣言》第12条处理有罪不罚现象，是确保维持者安全环境的一个关键步骤。", "17. 在世界每一个地区，维护者——包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题的维护者——继续面对恐吓、威胁、谋杀、失踪、酷刑、虐待、任意拘留、监视、行政和司法骚扰、尤其受国家和非国家行为者污辱。妇女维护者面对的侵犯行为，可采取一种性别特定形式，包括对她们性别的口头侮辱、性骚扰和强奸。维护者行使他们的意见和言论自由、取得资讯自由、筹措资金自由、行动自由、结社自由和和平集会自由等权利时，也面对侵犯行为。在许多国家，对侵犯维护者的行为有罪不罚现象很普遍。", "18. 阻碍人权维护者工作、造成一种高度不安全环境的具体状况包括：", "(a) 在某些情况下，妇女维护者和男性维护者受到污辱，包括被指控掩护游击运动、恐怖主义分子、政治极端主义分子分离主义分子、或为外国或外国利益工作。此外，妇女维护者往往还因其性别或因其鼓吹两性平等权利而受到进一步污辱；", "(b) 维护者被起诉及其活动被罪名化。维护者被按假罪名逮捕和起诉。另一些维护者未经控罪即被拘留，往往不能接触律师、得不到医疗、不能诉诸司法程序和不被告知逮捕理由；", "(c) 非国家行为者的攻击和有罪不罚气氛。非国家行为者越来越多参与对人权维护者的攻击。游击队、私营民兵、民团和武装团体都曾参与侵犯维持者的行为，包括殴打、谋杀和各种恐吓行为。私营公司也直接间接参与侵犯维护者的行为。", "19. 此外，社区领袖和信仰团体越来越多污辱和攻击致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者权利和侵犯妇女暴力和家庭暴力问题的维护者。同时，致力于家庭暴力和其他类型侵犯妇女暴力问题的妇女人权维护者，往往受到家庭成员压力或施害者威胁，要求撤回案件。", "20. 在世界一些地区，媒体曾参与侵犯人权维护者的行为，特别是在侵犯他们的私稳权方面。在若干国家，媒体对维护者进行诋毁宣传，虽然有时候诋毁者是国家拥有的媒体。", "三. 集会自由权利", "21. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》第5和第12条确认集会自由权利和参加和平活动抗议侵犯人权行为是合法的。和平集会的权利对人权维护者是必要的；如果不能确保这一权利及保护这一权利不受国家官员及非国家实体侵犯，则维持者完成其保护和促进人权及基本自由的作用能力，受到严重限制。", "22. 会议或和平集会的权利适用于每一个从事促进和保护人权的男女，但他们必须遵守普遍性和非暴力原则。因为妇女不能平等享受权利的根本原因在于“传统、历史和文化、包括宗教态度”，[2] 国家应确保这些态度不会被用来使侵犯妇女以下权利的行为成为合法：法律前平等；平等享受一切权利、包括集会自由权利。²", "23. 《宣言》保护许多种形式的集会，包括在私人住所的会议和在公共场所的大会、示威、静坐、游行、抗议和其他类型的集会，目的都在促进和保护人权。同时，此项权利可由个人单独地和与他人一起行使。因此，一个非政府组织不必具有法律人格亦可参加集会、包括示威。", "24. 人权维护者必须和平地进行这些活动才能得到《宣言》保护。特别报告员关注的是，国家人员对一些涉及集会自由的状况，常常过度使用武力，有时挑起原本和平的集会激烈反应。这种行为明显违反《宣言》，国家应对挑衅造成暴力负责。按照《宣言》，维护者对国家行动造成侵犯人权行为有权得到国内法的切实保护。《宣言》对维护者抗议其他团体或个人的侵犯行为，也提供保护。因此，《宣言》提供的保护涵盖国家和非国家行为者所犯的侵犯行为。", "25. 关于可容许的限制，集会自由可以根据适用的国际义务加以限制。《公民及政治权利国际公约》第21条规定容许限制的一些必要条件。第一，限制必须符合法律——即限制不仅可由法律加以规定，亦可通过比较一般的法定授权，以行政命令或法令规定。[3] 第二，限制必须为一个民主社会所必要，这意味限制必须是比例性的——国家必须先用尽在较小程度上限制此一权利的其他办法——并且必须遵守最低限度的民主原则。[4] 最后，准许干涉和平集会权利的唯一一些理由是：国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序、维持公共卫生或风化、保障他人权利和自由。", "26. 广泛适用对集会自由权利的限制，以禁止或骚扰和平的人权集会，常用的借口是需要维持公共秩序，同时依靠反恐怖主义的立法、论调和机制。特别报告员确定下列趋势是侵犯集会自由权利：(a) 在集会期间对维护者过度使用武力；(b) 逮捕和拘留行使集会权利的维护者或阻止他们参加示威；(c) 在维护者参加和平集会之前、期间或之后，对维护者本人及其家庭成员进行威胁；(d) 对维护者进行司法骚扰和起诉；(e) 对维护者施加旅行限制，阻止他们参加在其居住国以外的集会；(f) 通过立法和行政措施施加限制。", "27. 妇女维护者参加集体公共行动时，往往比男性维护者遭遇更多风险，原因是对妇女在一些社会传统作用的概念，她们成为非国家行为者的目标。在一些情况下，对妇女维护者的报复，采取强奸和性攻击等形态，这除了造成身体和心理损害外，还会产生不良的社会后果。", "四. 结社自由权利", "28. 结社自由权利在许多国际和区域文书中都得到确认，包括《关于人权维护者的宣言》该宣言第5条规定人人有权单独地和与他人一起成立、加入和参加非政府组织、社团或团体。《宣言》强调促进和保护人权是一个社团追求的正当目的。", "29. 结社自由权利对致力于促进和保护人权的每一个男女适用，但他们必须接受和适用普遍性和非暴力原则。", "30. 妇女参与公共生活的权利——包括通过促进和保护人权——载于《世界人权宣言》和许多国际条约。按照《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第7条，各国同意采取一切适当措施，消除在本国政治和公众事务中对妇女的歧视，特别是确保妇女在与男子平等的条件下参加有关本国公众和政治事务的非政府组织和协会。", "31. 从结社自由权利产生的国家义务，有消极的和积极两方面，包括防止侵犯这一权利的义务，保护行使这一权利的人和调查侵犯这一权利的行为。鉴于人权维护者在民主社会所起作用的重要性，这一权利的自由充分行使，使国家有义务建立合法的和实际的条件，让维护者可以自由地进行他们的活动。此外，虽然社团必须具备某种体制结构，但它们无须取得法人人格才能运作，事实上的社团同样受到《宣言》保护。", "32. 关于可容许的限制，结社自由权利不是绝对的，它可按照适用的国际义务受到限制。《公民及政治权利国际公约》(第22条)详细规定容许这种限制的必要条件。对结社自由权利的任何限制，必须符合以下条件才能生效：", "(a) 由法律加以规定——即通过议会立法或同等的普通法不成文规范。以政府法令或其他类似的行政命令作出的限制，是不容许的；", "(b) 必须是民主社会所必要。国家必须证明这些限制是防止国家安全或民主秩序受到真正威胁所必要，而且其他侵犯性较低的措施不足以达成这一目的；", "(c) 这些限制只可为以下利益施加：国家安全或公共安全；公共秩序；维护公共卫生或风化；保障他人权利和自由。", "33. 这一规定连同《关于人权维护者的宣言》第5和第17条，必须这样了解：这些规定包括保护批评国家政策、公布当局侵犯人权行为或质疑现行法律和宪法框架的人权组织。", "34. 特别报告员注意到，在许多国家，管理非政府组织运作的国内法，对这些组织的登记、资金筹措、管理和运作，施加严厉限制。特别是，利用国内立法干预非政府组织的内部管理和活动，包括限制进行某些种类活动，而这些活动是民间社会组织获准不需政府事先批准即可进行的。对现行法律的随意解释也使当局可以根据轻微违规行为对人权组织提起法律诉讼，或不经诉诸适当救济或司法监督，即迳予解散。在其他情况，法律似乎符合国际准则，但专横地利用登记程序，对严厉批评政府的人权非政府组织，不予保护。", "五. 同国际机构联系和通讯的权利", "35. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》确认同国际机构联系和通讯的权利，这项权利载于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(第11条)、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》(第15条)和《经济、社会文化权利国际公约任择议定书》(第13条)。这些任择议定书包含一项特定条款，要求缔约国采取一切适当措施，确保其管辖下的个人不因同各别议定书的监测机构联系或向其提供资料而受到任何虐待、恐吓或伤害。", "36. 这项权利也在其他关于行动自由权利和言论自由权利的条款中得到保护。[5]《宣言》第5(c)和第9⑷条确认同国际机构联系和通讯的权利。《宣言》明确地在两个单独条款提到这一权利，表示它确认同国际机构联系和通讯，对于人权维护者进行工作，及促请国际社会注意人权问题，和将关键案件提请区域和国际人权机制注意，是非常必要的。", "37. 《宣言》保护一广泛系列同国际机构和组织的合作活动，包括提供关于特定案件的资料或申诉，和向国际人权机构提供关于特定国家国内人权状况的资料。[6] 关于维护者可以联系的不同机构和机制，《宣言》规定同一广泛系列机构和机制通讯的权利，包括非政府组织、政府间组织和国际机构。这此机制可包括联合国机构包括联合国代表和机制，例如条约机构、特别程序、普遍定期审议机制和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在场人员，以及联合国系统以外的其他机构。", "38. 特别报告员关于人权维护者的任务规定，表明联合国人权条约机构和人权理事会的各种特别程序，如何在很大程度上依靠人权维护者向它们提供的资料。这可用作一个宝贵的早期警告体系，让国际社会警觉和平可能受到威胁或迫切的威胁。", "39. 关于保护同国际机制合作的维护者，《宣言》具体规定国家有义务采取必要措施保护维护者行使其权利(第12⑵条)。此外，非国家行为者如侵犯维护者的权利，达到国内法规定的不法行为或罪行，应负责任。", "40. 人权理事会及其前身人权委员会也曾通过许多决议处理这个问题，并要求秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员就个人或团体因同、或企图同联合国、包括其人权领域代表和机制合作而受到威胁或报复的个案，提出报告(见人权理事会第12/2号决议)。", "41. 特别报告员根据任务规定，曾经对人权活动分子不获准离开本国以参加国际人权活动、包括人权理事会，或在这些活动后回国受到骚扰或严重报复的个案，进行干预。对于个人在向国际人权机制提出资料或申诉后受到针对的个案，也曾进行干预，特别是根据关于人权维护者的任务规定和人权理事会其他特别程序提出的资料或申诉。特别报告员对于收到报告称，同联合国或其他国际机制合作的人权维护者，受到恐吓、威胁、攻击、任意逮捕、虐待、酷刑和杀害，极为关切。", "42. 除了直接向人权维护者状况特别报告员报告的个案外，秘书长关于同联合国人权机构代表或机制合作的各项报告也载有个人据报因如下行为而受到政府和非国家行为者威胁或报复的状况叙述：寻求、或曾经同联合国、其人权领域代表和机制合作；曾经向它们提供证词或资料；曾经利用联合国建立的程序；曾经为此目的提供法律协助；曾经按照人权文书建立的程序提交信件；侵犯人权行为受害者的亲属或曾经向受害者提供法律或其他协助。例如，2010年秘书长关于同联合国、其人权领域代表和机制合作的报告(A/HRC/14/19)叙述一些报复个案，包括攻击、威胁、恐吓和骚扰；拘留、监禁和对维护者的人身暴力、包括谋杀；污辱人权维护者的活动或使之成为非法的宣传。这些行为的目的在于妨碍或阻止个人和团体同联合国、其代表和机制合作。", "六. 意见和言论自由权利", "43. 意见和言论自由权利对人权维护者的工作至关重要。没有这项权利，维护者将不能进行监测和宣传工作，以促进和保护人权。此项权利对促进和保护人权的男女适用，但他们必须接受和适用普遍性和非暴力原则。在妇女人权维护者的情况，国家必须确保传统、历史、文化和宗教态度不会被用来使侵犯妇女法律上平等和平等享受一切权利的行为成为合法。[7]", "44. 《宣言》第6条确认法律前平等和平等享受一切权利的三个不同方面(a) 保持意见不受干预的权利；(b) 取得资料的权利；(c) 传授一切种类资料和思想的权利。关于第一个方面、即保持意见的权利，不得加以任何限制。[8]", "45. 关于另外两个方面，《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19⑶条规定，言论自由的权利“附有特别义务和责任，故得予以某种限制”，但此种限制必须与他人的利益或整个社会的利益有关。但是，缔约国对言论自由的行使施加某种限制时，这种限制不得危害到权利本身。[9] 按照第19⑶条，限制必须“经法律规定”，同时必须为以下目的之一所“必要”：(a) 尊重他人权利或名誉；(b) 保障国家安全或公共秩序、或公共卫生或风化。[10]", "46. 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员曾强调，对言论自由权利的如下方面不得加以限制：", "(a) 讨论政府政策和政治辩论；报导人权、政府活动和政府腐化；参与竞选、和平示威或政治活动，包括促进和平或民主的活动；发表宗教或信仰上的意见和异议，包括由少数群体或弱势群体的人发表的意见和异议；", "(b) 资料和意见的自由流动，不得禁止或关闭出版物或其他媒体以及滥用行政措施和检查制度；", "(c) 取得或使用资料和通讯技术，包括广播电台、电视和因特网(见A/HEC/14/23，第8段)。", "47. 实现这一权利需要国家遵守积极和消极两方面的义务，包括避免干预这项权利的享受；保护这项权利，致力防止、惩处、调查和补救私人或实体造成的损害；采取积极措施实现这一权利(同上，第25段)。", "48. 尽管得到国际和区域人权文书和国家宪法的保护言论自由仍在国家安全或反恐怖主义法律下受到最不良的限制。在许多情况，这些法律被用来将异议定为罪行，并压制要求国家负责的权利。关于内部安全、官方秘密和煽动言论等的法律条款被用来禁止维护者的资讯自由，并对他们寻求和传播关于遵守人权准则情况的资料的工作予以起诉。", "49. 其他对意见和言论自由权利常见的限制和侵犯，包括：(a) 使用民事和刑事诽谤和诬蔑诉讼程序，控告抗议侵犯人权行为的维护者；(b) 通过法律限制印刷和出版；(c) 检查、停止、关闭或禁止媒体机制。", "50. 此外，维护者和新闻记者往往因调查伤害人权情事成为针对目标。他们受到威胁、攻击和恐吓，有些人被绑架和/或杀害。他们也因如下行为被逮捕和拘留：印发信件要求改进人权状况；在线发表文章批评政府政策和谴责侵犯人权行为。妇女新闻记者和媒体专业人员也因其工作受到针对这一群体包括致力于人权相关问题的妇女调查研究记者；鼓吹人权改革的妇女专栏作家；监测和报导侵犯人权行为的妇女记者；妇女博客。", "七. 抗议权利", "51. 抗议权利必须同时享受一系列国际公认的权利，这些权利在《关于人权维护者的宣言》中得到重申，包括意见和言论自由、结社自由、和平集会自由和工会权利、例如罢工权利。", "52. 保护抗议权利包括消极和积极两方面义务。国家的消极义务是避免干预，积极义务是保护权利享有者行使此项权利——特别是在抗议者保持不受欢迎或引起争议的意见，或属于少数群体或其他极有可能遭受攻击和其他形式不容忍的群体的时候。此外，尊重抗议权利需要国家采取具体步骤建立、维持和加强多元主义、容忍和对社会上发表异议意见持一种开放态度。", "53. 抗议权利是参加民主社会权利的一个基本要素，对这个权利施加限制，必须就其必要性与合理性仔细进行审议。对公共示威可施加限制，但其目的必须是保护国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序；保护公共卫生或风化；或保障他人的权利和自由。", "54. 常见的限制和侵犯抗议权利的行为包括：(a) 禁止和非法限制示威；(b) 取得许可方面的一些不必要要求；(c) 对拒绝发给举行示威许可的决定，没有申请上诉的补救途径；(d) 法律不遵从国际人权法律；(e) 关于反恐怖主义的法律，对“恐怖主义”所作的定义很广泛，可能阻止参加公共示威；(f) 关于罢工权利的法律框架不适当，包括将罢工权利定为罪行和没有将罢工权利纳入国内法。", "55. 维护者因参加示威而受到侵犯的行为，包括示威后受到威胁以及受到任意逮捕和拘留恐吓、酷刑和当局过度使用武力。令人关注的是，一些和平示威者在当局暴力镇压期间受伤或被杀。特别报告员也确定对一些抗议群体必须提供具体保护，包括妇女维护者和致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者权利的维护者；学生活动分子；工会人员；监测和指导示威情况的维护者。参加参加抗议的维护者，如抗议与如下事项有关，往往需要具体保护：要求民主改革；反全球化运动；选举进程；和平示威；土地权利、自然资源和环境方面要求。", "八. 发展和讨论新的人权思想权利", "56. 发展和讨论新的人权思想权利规定于《关于人权维护者的宣言》，是持续发展人权的一项重要规定。这项权利可视为意见和言论自由权利、集会自由权利和结社自由权利的一种发挥，这三种权利在许多区域和国际文书中都得到保护。[11]《关于人权维护者的宣言》在第7条中肯定发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利，以及鼓吹接受这些思想的权利。", "57. 今天我们认为当然的许多基本人权，是经过许多年的奋斗和讨论才最后定型并获广泛接受的。一个好例子是，许多国家的妇女经过长期奋斗才赢得投票权。今天，我们见到维护者致力于男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者的权利。在世界许多国家，这些活动分子因其工作而受到骚扰，有时还被杀害，因为他们的工作是维护一种不同的性观念。同样的，妇女人权维护者更蒙遭受某种形式暴力的风险，因为她们被视为挑战公认的社会、文化规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用和地位的定型观念。", "58. 虽然妇女维护者的权利和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题的维护者的权利，不是新的人权，但在某些情况下，这些权利可能被视为新的，因为它们处理的问题可能挑战传统和文化。但是，如联合国文化权利领域独立专家所述，传统和文化不是固定的，他说：“文化不停地演进，同人权概念一样”(A/HRC/14/36，第34段)。", "59. 由于勇敢维护者的远见，人权发展了，改变了我们的社会。这些远见者认为：“妇女应同男子享有同样的权利；帝国不是无可避免的；土著人民是人；酷刑和种族灭绝在道德上应受严责，不须予以容忍。同样，他们要求人民想象，国际规范是可以建立的，不须容许民族国家主张，它们要怎样行为，要怎样对待人民，绝对是它们自已的事”。[12] 但是，这些思想往往遇到抵抗，特别是因为它们挑战现状的合法性以及社会、文化规范和传统。", "60. 不过，“冒犯、冲击或扰乱”的思想受到言论自由权利的保护。这是“民主社会”存在的一个关键要素。[13] 多元主义、容忍和宽宏大量在一个民主社会特别重要。民主不是纯粹意味多数人的意见必须永远优胜：必须达成一种平衡，确保少数群体得到公平和适当的待遇，避免滥用霸权地位。国家是多元主义原则的最终保证者，这个角色产生确保切实享受权利的积极义务。这些义务对保持不受欢迎意见或属少数群体的人特别重要，因为他们最易成为受害者。[14]", "61. 在这一背景下，发展和讨论新的人权思想权利是一项重要的规定，它支持和保护鼓吹人权新远见和新思想的维护者。", "九. 有效补救权利", "62. 《宣言》第9条规定人人的人权和基本自由受到侵犯时，有权获得有效补救和保护。在《宣言》的框架内，向维护者提供有效补救的义务，需要国家确保对指控的侵犯人权行为进行迅速公正的调查、将犯罪人起诉、提供赔偿以及执行裁定或判决。", "63. 有效补救权利也需要能够有效诉诸司法，这不仅牵涉到司法机制，也牵涉到行政或准司法机制。公正调查和起诉犯罪人需要一个有效的和独立的司法系统。但是，在许多情况下司法体系和法律框架的软弱，使维护者无法寻求和获得正义。国家应采取一切必要步骤，确保将侵犯维护者行为提交法院或其他申诉机制，例如国家人权机构或真相调查及和解机制。", "64. 赔偿也是有效补救权利的一个基本方面。提供有效补救的义务没有完成，如果不向权利受到侵犯的个人提供赔偿的话。除了补偿之外，赔偿可包括：“恢复原状、恢复名誉和补偿措施，例如公开道歉、公开纪念、保证不再发生和修改相关法律和做法，以及将侵犯人权的行为者绳之于法”。[15]", "65. 可是，特别报告员收到的资料往往显示，当局没有有效地回应维护者，结果造成伤害他们权利的人不受惩处。司法当局在调查伤害维护者的案件上，不够慎重而对疑犯宽大的程度令人吃惊，特别是对安全部队和武装部队的成员。同样的，维护者提出，在非国家行为者所犯的侵犯行为方面，有罪不罚现象是需要主要关注点之一。在许多情况，维护者提出的关于其权利受到侵犯的控诉，要不是永远不予调查，就是不附理由的驳回。", "66. 特别报告员也常常收到关于致力于有罪不罚问题和诉诸司法问题的妇女维护者状况的资料，包括证人和人权受到侵犯而寻求救济的受害者以及代表或支助她们的律师、个人和组织。这一群体在某些国家似乎特别危险。", "67. 特别报告员对这些趋势极感关切，这些趋势显示，对伤害维护者人权的行为不予惩处的情况很普遍，令人不能接受。终止有罪不罚现象是确保维护者安全的一个必要条件。", "十． 筹措资金权利", "68. 筹措资金权利是结社自由权利的一个固有要素，载于主要人权文书。《关于人权维护者的宣言》第13条明白确认，筹措资金权利是一项独立的实质权利。第13条的措词涵盖筹措资金过程的不同阶段。国家有义务准许个人和组织寻求、收受和使用资金。《宣言》要求国家采取立法、行政或其他措施促进或至少不妨碍有效行使筹措资金权利。", "69. 《宣言》第13条也明确规定，资金的使用必须“纯粹为了以和平手段促进和保护人权和基本自由”。此外，《宣言》第3条规定，国内立法是确保享受筹措资金权利的适当法律框架，同时立法必须符合国际人权规范和准则。", "70. 关于资金来源，《宣言》保护从不同来源收受资金的权利，包括外国来源。鉴于地方一级的人权组织资源有限，限制国际筹资会严重影响维护者进行工作的能力。在一些情况，这些限制可以威胁到这些组织的存在。政府应容许人权维护者、特别是非政府组织在外国筹资，作为国际合作的一部分——民间社会同政府一样有权进行国际合作。", "71. 许多国家的立法相当限制人权组织筹资的能力，包括限制资金来源和要求非政府组织事先须经国家许可方能收受外国捐赠者的资金。有些政府完全禁止某些种类的资金，例如来自联合国机构或其他双边捐赠者的资金。在其他情况，致力于某些特定领域、例如治理问题的组织，被禁止收受外国资金。", "72. 政府还对如何使用资金加以限制，它利用税务法和条例不当地妨碍人权组织的工作。特别是，批评政府的非政府组织往往受到相关当局全面的税务检查和滥用税务程序。", "73. 除了限制性法律和做法之外，一个特定国家的政治环境也可破坏筹资、特别是妇女团体筹资。妇女团体指出，父权社会、性别主义和独裁制度是一些最常见的结构挑战，妨碍取得资金来支持她们的工作。[16]", "十一． 可以准许的克减及维护人权的权利", "74. 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第4(1)条规定：“如经当局正式宣布紧急状态危及本国，本公约缔约国得在此种危急情势绝对必要之限度内，采取措施，减免履行其依本公约所负之义务，但此种措施不得抵触其依国际法所负之其他义务，亦不得引起纯粹以种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教或社会阶级为根据之歧视”。", "75. 国家援引《公约》第4条之前必须符合两个基本条件：情况必须是危及本国的紧急状态，同时国家必须正式宣布紧急状态。另一个基本要求是，这种措施以危急情势绝对必要为限度。这牵涉到紧急状态的期间、地理范围和实质范围，以及因危急情势而采取的任何克减措施。此外，第4(1)条要求，任何克减《公约》条款的措施不得抵触国家依国际法特别是国际人道主义法所负的其他义务，同时，缔约国无论在什么情况下都不得援引《公约》第4条作为行为违反人道主义法或国际法强制性规范的理由。[17]", "76. 《关于人权维护者的宣言》的重要性，在于它对保护和促进普遍公认人权和基本自由的某些活动，提供合法性和保护。《宣言》的中心焦点不在于确认这些权利，而在于它一再重申和保护促进这些权利的活动。《宣言》对个人的保护以他们参加这些活动为限。这是重要的区别，在考虑关于紧急或安全状况下克减、限定和限制权利的任何论据时，必须予以考虑。即便有些权利或自由在紧急状态、安全法律或任何其他必要下被限制，任何有关监测这些权利的活动不得加以限制或使之中止。", "77. 在这一范围内，对适用的人权准则、包括《宣言》的克减和例外，在适用于人权维护者时必须符合更高的标准。在人权遭遇很大风险的时候，绝对必须有某种形式的独立机制，对这些活动进行监测和问责。如果说，在这个很大风险的时候，维护人权的权利可以用法律压制，那就是完全违背国际人权准则的精神。", "十二． 结论和建议", "78. 特别报告员关切的是，《关于人权维护者的宣言》已通过10多年，虽然取得了一些进步，但许多国家继续制订法律和条例，限制人权活动的空间，而这是违反国际准则、特别是《宣言》的。即便作出努力，通过符合国际准则的法律，但这些法律执行不力，常成问题。", "79. 对于《宣言》这个文书，政府和人权维护者仍认识不够，必须更加努力。特别报告员希望，本报告提高对《宣言》的认识，将有助于发展一个更安全、更有利的环境，让维护者能够进行他们的合法工作。", "80. 在分析了《宣言》规定的权利、确保其执行的必要方面以及人权维护者面对的主要挑战之后，特别报告员想提出如下建议：", "受保护权利", "81. 国家应避免污辱人权维护者的工作，并应公开声明，确认维护者、包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女问题或两性平等问题维护者所起的作用以及他们的活动合法。这种确认是防止或减少他们遭受威胁和风险的第一步。", "82. 国家并应确保国家和非国家人员所犯的侵犯维护者、包括妇女维护者和致力于妇女权利或两性平等问题维护者的行为，受到迅速的、公正的调查，行为者并受适当惩处。", "83. 国家应通过关于保护维护者的国内法，特别是保护妇女人权维护者的工作。这些法律的拟订应同民间社会协商，并咨询相关国际机构的技术意见。", "84. 国家应参考2010年特别报告员印发的人权维护者保护方案最低限度准则(A/HRC/13/22，第113段)。", "85. 非国家行为者和私人实体应遵守《关于人权维护者的宣言》，并避免危害维护者安全和妨碍其工作的行为。此外，国内公司和跨国公司应同维护者合作，拟订人权政策、包括对侵犯维护者权利的行为进行监测和问责的机制。", "86. 应鼓励国家人权机构将保护维护者列为议程上的优先事项，并设立维护者联络点。这些机构应调查维护者提出的申诉并传播《宣言》。", "87. 应鼓励联合国人权事务高级专员办事处制订全面战略保护维护者，包括防止非国家行为者的威胁和报复战略。", "集会自由权利", "88. 国家应采用通知集会制度而非许可集会制度；如果必须许可，国家应确保按照不歧视原则发给许可。在这方面，国家必须确保对关于限制集会的指控，进行令人满意的审议程序。", "89. 国家应确保执法人员受到关于国际人权准则和国际监督和平集会准则的培训，包括《关于人权维护者的宣言》、《执法人员行为守则》、《执法人员使用武力和火器基本原则》和其他相关的条约、宣言和准则。", "90. 国家应执行一项执法人员行为守则、特别是对群众控制和使用武力方面；并应确保法律框架载有有效条款，对官员进行监督和问责，特别是对他们回应公众抗议行动的情况。", "91. 应对一切关于执法人员不分青红皂白和/或过度使用武力的指控，进行适当调查并对须负责任的人员采取适当行动。", "92. 国家必须采取必要步骤，确保人人可以切实行使集会自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。在许多国家，妇女维护者参加集体公共行动时往往遭遇较多风险，因为受妇女在一些社会的传统作用概念影响。致力于妇女权利和两性平等问题维护者也面对较多风险。", "93. 国家应审查它们的法律框架，确保国家立法符合《宣言》和关于集会自由权利的其他国际承诺和国际准则(按照《宣言》第2(2)条)。", "结社自由权利", "94. 国家应采取必要步骤，确保人人可以行使结社自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。", "95. 国家不应干予非政府组织的内部管理或活动。国内法应避免载列民间社会组织准许进行或禁止进行的活动清单；非政府组织应能进行维护人权的活动。", "96. 国家必须设立一个单一的、公开的民间社会组织登记册。登记机构应为一个不属政府的独立机构，并应包括民间社会代表。", "97. 关于登记法和程序，特别报告员建议：", "(a) 应准许非政府组织不必登记便可进行集体活动，同时，国家不对参加没有登记的实体，施加刑事制裁；", "(b) 关于民间社会组织成立、登记和运作的法律应为成文法，规定登记必须符合的清楚的、一致的和简单的标准。符合规定标准的非政府组织应可立即登记成为合法实体；", "(c) 国家应确保现行法律和条例独立地、透明地执行。法律应清楚规定组织在申请登记至最后决定之间这段期间的地位。在最后决定之前，人权组织应可自由进行其活动；", "(d) 如果通过一项关于民间社会组织的新法律，所有以前登记的非政府组织应视为可以继续合法地运作，并获提供快轨程序更新登记。除非通过一项新法律，关于民间社会组织登记的现行法律不应要求组织定时重新登记；", "(e) 登记程序应迅速、容易和便宜。国家不应对登记程序征费，使到非政府组织难以保持它们的登记；国家亦不应对这些组织加以其他不能支持的负担；", "(f) 国家应确保对任何拒绝登记提出上诉的权利。国家并应确保对任何拒绝登记提供有效、迅速和补救，并对登记当局的决定进行独立的司法审查。", "同国际机构联系和通讯的权利", "98. 国际应避免对如下的维护者采取一切的威胁或报复行为：曾经寻求或曾经同联合国人权机构合作的维护者；曾经利用联合国建立的程序的维护者；曾经向受害者提供法律协助的维护者；曾经根据人权文书建立的程序提交信件的维护者；本身是侵犯人权行为受害者亲属的维护者。", "99. 国家必须保护想同联合国、其代表和机制合作的个人和团体成员。国家也有义务终止对侵犯寻求同联合国合作的人的犯罪者有罪不罚现象，并向受害者提供补救。", "100.　国家应避免施加旅行限制，确保维护者能前往联合国机构和有可能提出口头和书面报告，并使报告获得适当考虑。", "意见和言论自由权利", "101.　国家应采取一切必要步骤，确保人人和一切社会部门能有效行使意见和言论自由权利，不受任何种类歧视。[18]", "102.　国家应确保不对人权维护者实施安全法律，作为阻止他们人权工作的工具。国家必须确保人权维护者可以有效监测安全法律的实施情况。如果某人被按安全法律逮捕和拘留，维护者至低限度应可定期探视被拘留者，并取得关于被拘留者被控罪名具体内容的基本资料。", "103.　国家必须确保法律与政策反映维护者取得资料和前往据控侵犯行为发生地点的权利，并确保相关当局受过培训，落实此项权利。", "104.　国家应确保非国家行为者、特别是私营公司所持有的、与公共利益有关的资料，向公众公开，国家应为此目的建立有效的、独立的机制。", "105.　国家应避免将行使言论自由定为罪行、加以限制或检查。除了国际人权法规定可以准许的合法限制外，任何这种措施应予废除。[19]", "106.　诽谤及类似不法行为应按民法处理，赔偿罚金应足以继续进行专业活动。对于有关他人名誉的不法行为、例如诬蔑和诽谤，应排除徒刑处罚。[20]", "107.　国家必须避免引进目的与诽谤法相同但使用不同法律术语、例如不实报导和传播假消息的新法律。批评国家、其标志、政府、其成员及其行动，绝不应视为不法行为。[21]", "抗议权利", "108.　国家应执行一项执法人员行为守则，特别是对群众控制和使用武力方面；并应确保法律框架规定对执法人员回应公众抗议的情况进行问责。", "109.　国家应采取一切必要措施，在抗议期间保护维护者，避免对抗议者过度使用武力，并于和平示威中逮捕人员时遵守国际人权规范。", "110.　国家必须确保反恐怖主义法律和措施不对人权维护者实施，以阻碍他们的人权工作。", "111.　应鼓励国家采取如下措施处理下列维护者的保护需要：", "(a) 妇女维护者：", "㈠ 调查和起诉示威期间对妇女维护者进行的基于性别的暴力行为案件；", "㈡ 培训和指示执法人员对陪同母亲参与示威的小孩应采的保护措施；", "(b) 致力于男女两性恋、双性恋和变性者权利的维护者：", "㈠ 对采取非法决定禁止示威的当局进行问责；", "㈡ 确保同性恋光荣游行参与者在游行前、游行期间和游行后都得到保护，不受反抗议者的攻击；", "㈢ 培训执法人员的适当行为，特别是在执行不歧视原则和尊重多样性方面；", "(c) 学生活动分子：", "采取步骤建立有利环境，让儿童和青少年可以互相结合，对影响到他们的事项以及更广泛的人权问题表示意见；", "(d) 工会分子：", "㈠ 确认工会分子为人权维护者，有权得到《关于人权维护者的宣言》规定的权利和保护；", "㈡ 审查限制罢工权利的法律，包括对基本服务作非常广泛定义的条款，这些条款限制或阻止很大部门公务员罢工；", "(e) 监测示威情况的维护者和新闻记者：", "容许人权维护者执行他们的监测任务，并准许媒体进入集会场所，促进独立报导。", "发展和讨论新思想的权利", "112.　国家应确认维护者有权促进和保护新的人权思想(或视为新的思想)并鼓吹接受这种思想。国家应公开确认维护者的活动合法，作为防止或减少他们受到侵犯的第一步。", "113.　国家必须采取必要措施建立一种多元、容忍和尊重的环境，让所有人权维护者都能进行他们的工作，而不蒙人身和精神安全方面的风险，或受到任何形式的限制、骚扰、威胁或迫害恐惧。", "114.　国家应采取额外措施确保有更大遭受某种形式暴力风险的维护者得到保护，因为他们被视为挑战公认的社会——文化规范、传统、概念和关于女性、性取向和妇女在社会的作用与地位的定型观念。", "有效补救权利", "115.　国家应确保对一切侵犯维护者的行为进行迅速、独立的调查、对涉嫌行为人进行起诉和施加适当惩罚。国家并应确保受害者能够诉诸司法和得到有效补救、包括适当补偿。", "116.　国家应确保通过适当的纪律、民事和刑事程度，使侵犯人权者、特别是侵犯人权维护者的人，承担责任。对不实起诉维护者，应考虑实施法律惩罚。", "117.　国家必须确保负责预防、调查和起诉侵犯维护者行为的公职人员和执法人员，受到关于《宣言》和维护者具体保护需要的适当培训。", "118.　国家必须对根据关于人权维护者的任务规定寄发的信中，及时地、全面地作出答复。答复的一个好做法是，对所采取的个别情况补救措施以及为防止同样情况再次发生所采取的倡议，提供资料说明。", "筹措资金权利", "119.　国家应以法律确保和便利为维护人权的目的取得资金、包括外国来源资金。", "120.　国家应避免限制资金用途，只要资金用途符合《宣言》明白规定的目的，即以和平手段促进和保护人权及基本自由。国家不应要求申请和收受外国资金须先经政府批准。", "121.　国家必须容许非政府组织在外国筹资，唯一的限制是必须透明和遵守一般适用的外汇和关税法。因此，国家应审查现行法律，以便利筹资活动。", "122.　国家应容许非政府组织根据对其他一般非赢利组织适用的条例，进行一切合法的筹资活动。", "123.　国家应禁止相关当局全面查税和滥用税务程序。", "[1] 《宣言》虽然是一个没有法律约束力的文书，但其中所载权利都是许多具有法律约束力的国际人权文书所已经承认的权利，包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》。《宣言》明确说明主要人权文书所载的权利如何适用于人权维护者及其工作。此外，《宣言》是由大会协商一致通过的，这代表各国强烈承诺加以执行。", "[2] 人权事务委员会关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第3条(男女权利一律平等)的第28号一般性评论，第5段。", "[3] Manfred Nowak,United Nations Covenant on Civil and Political Rights:CCPR Commentary, 2^(nd) revised ed.(N.P.Engel,2005),p.490,para.19。", "[4] 同上，第489页，第21和22段。", "[5] 参看人权事务委员会，关于乌兹别克斯坦的结论意见(CCPR/CO/83/UZB第19段，和人权事务委员会关于摩洛哥的结论意见(CCPR/CO/82/MAR，第18段(引述于“同国际机构联系的权利”，人权维护者说明文件系列(国际人权服务社，2009年)，第5和第6页)。", "[6] 并参看“同国际机构联系的权利”，人权维护者说明文件系列(国际人权服务社，2009年)，第5页。", "[7] 人权事务委员会，第28号一般性评论，第5段。", "[8] 人权事务委员会，关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条(意见自由)的第10号一般性评论，第1段。", "[9] 同上，第4段。", "[10] 同上，第4段。", "[11] 并参看“Protecting human rights defenders”，Human Rights First，available from www. humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders。", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren，The Evolution of International Human Rights:Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press,1998)，p. 282。", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant,p.505。", "[14] Bączkowski 等诉波兰(第1543/06号申诉)欧洲人权法院，2007年5月3日法庭判决。", "[15] 人权事务委员会，关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》缔约国应负的一般法律义务性质的第31号一般性评论。", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008,“Money watch for women's rights movements and organizations”,p.17　(Association for Women's Rights in Development,2008)。", "[17] 人权事务委员会关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第4条(紧急状态期间的克减)的第29号一般性评论。", "[18] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/14/23,第119段)。", "[19] 同上，第120段。", "[20] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权利特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/4/27,第81段)。", "[21] 同上，第82段。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "人权维护者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递人权维护者处境问题特别报告员玛格丽特·塞卡格亚根据大会第64/163号决议提交的本报告。", "人权维护者处境问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述了《关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和义务宣言》规定的权利,并分析了不同权利的含义,以及确保落实这些权利所需的各个方面。 报告还讨论了人权维护者面临的最普遍限制和侵犯问题,并就如何便利各国落实每一项权利提出了建议。", "报告的目的有两个方面:提高各国对《宣言》规定的权利的认识,并作为一个实用工具,帮助那些致力于确保尊重这些文书规定的权利的维权者。", "尽管努力执行《宣言》,但人权维护者继续面临许多侵犯其权利的行为。 希望本报告将有助于建立一个更安全、更有利的环境,使人权维护者能够开展工作。 关于《宣言》的更全面的评注见联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员工作的一节。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 权利4\n附件三。 6. 自由权 6\n第四组。 第八条\n五. 接触和与国际交流的权利 9\n第六机构。 见解和言论自由权\n表述七。 第13条\n八. 提出和讨论新人权的权利 14\n想法九。 第15条\nX. 获得治疗的权利 16\n十一 供资。 允许的17项减损和捍卫人权的权利\n十二、结论 18和\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 导言 1. 本报告是本特别报告员提交大会的第四份报告和人权维护者问题任务负责人自2001年以来向大会提交的第十一次报告。 本报告是根据人权理事会第16/5号决议和大会第64/163号决议提交的。", "2. 结 论 《关于个人、群体和社会机构在促进和保护普遍公认的人权和基本自由方面的权利和责任宣言》(《人权维护者宣言》)重申有助于捍卫人权的权利,包括结社自由、和平集会自由、意见和言论自由,以及获得资金、发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利。 执行《宣言》是创造有利于人权维护者开展工作的环境的先决条件。", "3. 。 尽管一些国家努力保证国内立法反映《宣言》和其他国际人权标准所载的国家义务,但许多国家目前的趋势是通过限制人权活动空间的法律和条例。 许多国家的法律不符合国际标准,尤其是不符合《宣言》。 即便在努力通过符合国际标准的法律时,其有效实施往往仍然是一个问题。", "4. . 尽管自大会通过《宣言》以来已经过去了十多年,但这不是一项充分认识的文书,无论是那些承担着执行《宣言》的主要责任的人,还是政府,还是人权卫士,都是如此。 因此,需要作出更多努力,提高对《宣言》所载权利和责任的认识。 页: 1", "5. 结 论 本报告的目的是通过加强各国对《宣言》所载权利和责任的了解,以及提高相关非国家行为体对该文书的认识,从而填补这一认识空白,这些行为者可以帮助为人权维护者的工作创造有利环境。 此外,报告旨在建设人权维护者的能力,以确保尊重他们根据《宣言》享有的权利。 报告主要依据的是对两位任务负责人、现任人权维护者处境问题特别报告员玛格丽特·塞卡格亚及其前任希娜·吉拉尼提供的资料和编写的报告的分析。", "6. 任务 报告分为10节,分别论述《宣言》规定的单独权利,即:受保护的权利、集会自由权、结社自由权、接触和与国际机构沟通的权利、见解和言论自由权、抗议权、发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利、获得有效补救的权利以及获得资金的权利。 最后一节论述对这些权利的允许减损。 特别报告员随后就每项权利的落实提出了一系列建议。", "7. 基本生活 根据特别报告员在整个工作中纳入性别观点的任务,本报告提及女人权维护者处境的特殊性以及她们面临的特殊挑战。 女性维权者比男性更容易受到某些形式的暴力、偏见、排斥、休妻和其他侵犯。 这常常是因为女性维权者被视为挑战公认的社会文化规范、传统、观念和定型观念、女性化、性取向和妇女在社会中的作用和地位。 本报告中的“女性人权维护者”一词指那些单独或与他人一起采取行动增进和保护人权,包括妇女权利的妇女。 “妇女人权卫士”这一术语还可以指从事妇女权利工作的男性人权维护者,以及更广泛的性别问题。", "8.8 希望本报告将有助于建立一个更安全、更有利的环境,使人权维护者能够开展工作。 关于《宣言》的更全面的评注见联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站特别报告员的工作部分(www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/defenders/index.htm)。", "附件二。 受保护的权利", "9.9 国家有责任保护维权者的权利不受国家和非国家行为体的侵犯,这源于每个国家保护《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二条所载一切人权的首要责任和责任,该条规定各国有义务保证在其领土内和受其管辖的所有个人不受歧视地享有《公约》承认的权利。 《人权维护者宣言》在《宣言》序言以及《宣言》第2、9和12条中规定了国家保护人权维护者的义务。", "10. 其他事项。 国家的保护义务包括消极和积极两个方面。 一方面,各国必须避免侵犯人权。 另一方面,各国应尽心尽力防止、调查和惩罚任何侵犯《宣言》所载权利的行为。 换言之,各国应当采取法律、司法、行政和所有其他措施,确保维权者充分享有其权利;调查指称的侵权行为;起诉被指控的行为人;向维权者提供补救和赔偿。 为了加强对人权维护者的保护,各国还应使其国内法律框架与《人权维护者宣言》保持一致。", "注 保护责任还包括确保人权维护者不受非国家行为者侵犯其权利的行为之害。 在某些情况下,未能保护维权者可能会引起国家的责任。 例如,非国家行为体根据国家的指示、控制或指示实施的作为和不作为在某些情况下可引起国家责任。", "12. 第12段。 《宣言》重申人人有责任不侵犯他人的权利,包括非国家行为者尊重人权维护者的权利(见第10、11、12(3)和19条)。 因此,所有非国家行为体,包括武装团体、媒体、宗教团体、社区、私营公司和个人,都应避免采取任何可能妨碍人权维护者行使其权利的措施。", "13 August 2001 为确保面临迫在眉睫风险的人权维护者的个人安全,各国制定了不同的措施和保护方案。 许多国家利用证人保护方案;另一些国家制定了保护措施,包括建立针对人权活动分子犯罪的专门调查单位,建立早期预警系统,提供警察保护和保.,以及在其他区域或国家建立紧急安置人权维护者的方案。", "十四、任 务 然而,其中许多措施在效率和可持续性方面受到批评。 例如,证人保护方案不足以保障维权者的安全,因为在大多数情况下,这些方案没有为此目的设计,也没有考虑到他们的具体需要。 在其他情况下,风险评估的结果未能与要求保护的维权者所面临的弱势状况相称。 此外,保护措施有时未能解决维护者在性别、族裔归属、领导地位和居住地点方面的特点。 在其他情况下,卫士向情报机构转交了信息。 维护者还对保护措施的私有化表示关切,因为这可以把保护的责任置于私营保安公司手中。 维护者担心前准军事人员会被这些公司雇用。", "15. 第十五条 关于妇女维权者以及那些从事妇女权利或性别问题工作的人的保护措施,在绝大多数情况下没有具体机制,或者如果确实存在,往往受到缺乏执行、政治意愿或性别特性的阻碍。", "161 充分保护需要各国政府制定全面政策,在法律框架符合《宣言》规定的情况下,建立一个尊重维权者工作的适当环境,并将对维权者采取不利行动的人绳之以法。 根据《宣言》第12条处理有罪不罚问题,是确保维权者安全环境的关键步骤。", "17. 第17条。 在世界各地,人权维护者——包括女维权者以及那些从事妇女权利或性别问题工作的人——继续面临恐吓、威胁、杀戮、失踪、酷刑、虐待、任意拘留、监视、行政和司法骚扰,以及国家和非国家行为体一般的污名化。 女性维权者面临的侵权行为可能采取针对性别的形式,从基于性别的辱骂到性虐待和强奸。 维护者还面临侵犯其意见和言论自由、获得信息、获得资金、自由迁徙、结社自由及和平集会等权利的行为。 在许多国家,侵害维权者行为的有罪不罚现象盛行。", "第18条 妨碍人权维护者工作并导致高度不安全的环境的具体情况包括:", "(a) 在某些情况下,女维权者及其男性对口人都受到污蔑,包括指控她们是游击运动、恐怖分子、政治极端分子、分裂分子或代表外国或外国利益工作的前线。 此外,女性维权者由于其性别或所倡导的基于性别的权利而往往面临进一步的污名化;", "(b) 起诉维权者并将其活动定为犯罪。 维护者因不实指控而被逮捕和起诉。 其他人在没有指控的情况下被拘留,往往得不到律师、医疗或司法程序,也没有被告知逮捕的原因;", "(c) 非国家行为者的袭击和有罪不罚的气氛。 非国家行为体越来越多地参与对人权维护者的袭击。 游击队、私人民兵、民团和武装团体参与了对维权者的暴力行为,包括殴打、杀戮和各种恐吓行为。 私营公司也直接或间接参与对维权者的暴力行为。", "191 此外,社区领导人和信仰团体越来越多地对从事男女同性恋、双性恋和变性者权利、暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭暴力等问题的人权维护者进行污名化和攻击。 此外,在家庭暴力和其他形式暴力侵害妇女行为领域工作的妇女人权卫士往往受到家庭成员的压力,或者受到犯罪者的威胁,要放弃案件。", "20.20 在世界一些地区,媒体参与了对人权维护者的侵犯,特别是在侵犯他们的隐私权方面。 在某些国家,人权维护者在媒体上受到诋毁,尽管有时肇事者是国有机构。", "页: 1 集会自由权", "21.21。 《人权维护者宣言》第5条和第12条承认集会自由的权利以及参加和平活动以抗议侵犯人权行为的合法性。 和平集会权对人权维护者至关重要;没有保障这一权利,也没有保护国家官员和非国家实体不受侵犯,人权维护者在保护和增进人权和基本自由方面的作用受到严重限制。", "222. 和平集会或集会的权利适用于所有从事促进和保护人权工作的男女,条件是他们接受并适用普遍性和非暴力原则。 由于妇女在享有权利方面的不平等根植于“宗教、历史和文化,包括宗教态度”,因此,国家应确保这些态度不被用来为侵犯妇女在法律面前平等的权利和平等享有所有权利,包括集会自由权的行为辩护。", "23. 会议报告。 《宣言》保护多种形式的集会,从私人住宅内的会议到公共场所的会议、示威、警戒、游行、骑自行车和其他集会,目的是促进和保护人权。 这一权利也可以单独地行使,并与其他人一起行使。 因此,非政府组织不必具有法人资格参加集会,包括示威游行。", "24. 第24段。 人权维护者必须和平地开展这些活动,以便受到《宣言》的保护。 特别报告员关注的是,国家人员在应对涉及集会自由的情况时经常过度使用武力,这种情况在某些情况下引起了其他和平集会的暴力反应。 这种行为显然违反了《宣言》,使国家对导致暴力的挑衅行为负责。 根据《宣言》,维权者有权根据国家法律得到有效保护,免受国家侵犯人权的行为之害。 《宣言》还在抗议其他团体或个人的暴力行为时向人权维护者提供保护。 因此,《宣言》所提供的保护涵盖国家和非国家行为者的侵权行为。", "25. 。 关于允许的限制,集会自由可以根据适用的国际义务加以限制。 《公民及政治权利国际公约》第21条规定了认为允许的限制的必要条件。 首先,限制必须符合法律,也就是说,限制不仅可以依法实施,也可以通过更广泛的法定授权,例如行政命令或法令实施。 [3] 其次,必须在民主社会中实行限制,这意味着限制必须成比例,国家必须首先用尽任何限制权利较少的替代办法,而且必须遵守最起码的民主原则。 [4] 最后,允许干涉和平集会权的唯一依据是:国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序、保护公共卫生或道德或保护他人的权利和自由。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 对集会自由权利的限制被广泛用来禁止或破坏和平的人权集会,经常以维持公共秩序和依靠反恐立法、论点和机制为借口。 任务负责人将下列趋势确定为侵犯集会自由权:(a) 在集会期间对维权者过度使用武力;(b) 在行使集会权或阻止其参加示威权时逮捕和拘留维权者;(c) 在维权者及其家人参加和平集会之前、期间或之后,对他们的威胁;(d) 对维权者进行司法骚扰和起诉;(e) 对维权者实行旅行限制,以防止他们参加居住国境外的集会;(f)通过立法和行政措施施加限制。", "。 女性维权者在参与集体公共行动时,往往比男性面临更多的风险,因为她们认识到妇女在一些社会中的传统作用,她们成为非国家行为者的目标。 在某些情况下,对女维权者进行报复的形式包括强奸和性攻击,除了造成身心伤害之外,还可能产生不利的社会后果。", "四、结 论 结社自由权", "第28次会议 许多国际和区域文书,包括《人权维护者宣言》,都承认结社自由权。 《宣言》第5条规定,人人有权单独或与其他人一起组成、加入和参加非政府组织、协会或团体。 《宣言》强调,促进和保护人权是一个社团追求的合法目的。", "29. 。 结社自由权适用于所有从事促进和保护人权工作的男女,条件是他们接受并适用普遍性和非暴力原则。", "30. 任务 《世界人权宣言》和各种国际条约载有妇女参与公共生活的权利,包括通过促进和保护人权。 根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第7条,各国同意采取一切适当措施,消除在本国政治和公共生活中对妇女的歧视,特别是确保妇女有权,除其他外,与男子一样,参加与本国公众和政治生活有关的非政府组织和协会。", "313. 结社自由权给各国带来消极和积极的义务,包括防止侵犯这一权利、保护行使这一权利者以及调查侵犯这一权利的行为的义务。 鉴于人权维护者在民主社会中的重要作用,自由和充分地行使这一权利,各国有责任创造法律和现实条件,使人权维护者能够自由开展活动。 此外,尽管协会必须具备某种体制结构,但不必承担法律人格才能运作,事实上的协会也受到《宣言》的平等保护。", "323 关于允许的限制,结社自由权不是绝对的,可以根据适用的国际义务加以限制。 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》(第22条)具体规定了允许这种限制的条件。 对结社自由权利的任何限制若要有效,必须符合以下条件:", "(a) 必须由法律规定,即通过议会法令或相当的普通法非成文规范。 如果通过政府法令或其他类似行政命令实行限制,则不允许实行限制;", "(b) 在一个民主社会中必须如此。 国家必须证明,这些限制是防止国家安全或民主秩序受到真正威胁所必需的,而其他不太入侵的措施不足以实现这一目标;", "(c) 这种限制只能为了国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序、保护公共卫生或道德或保护他人的权利和自由。", "336 该条款与《人权维护者宣言》第5条和第17条一起阅读,必须理解为涉及保护对国家政策至关重要的人权组织,宣传当局侵犯人权的情况,或质疑现行法律和宪法框架。", "344. 事实 特别报告员注意到,在许多国家,规范非政府组织运作的国家法律对其登记、资助、管理和运作施加严重限制。 尤其是,国内立法被用来干涉非政府组织的内部管理和活动,包括限制民间社会组织在未经政府事先批准的情况下进行的活动类型。 对现行法律的任意解释也允许当局对轻微违法行为的人权组织提起法律诉讼,或在没有诉诸适当补救办法或司法监督的情况下解散这些组织。 在其他情况下,立法似乎符合国际标准,但登记程序被任意用来拒绝对政府非常关键的非政府人权组织的保护。", "页: 1 接触和与国际机构沟通的权利", "353. 《人权维护者宣言》承认的与国际机构接触和联系的权利载于《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(第11条)、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》(第15条)和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》(第13条)。 任择议定书载有一项具体条款,要求缔约国采取一切适当措施,确保其管辖下的个人不因与各自文书的监督机构沟通或向它们提供信息而遭受虐待或恐吓,或受到任何形式的偏见。", "363. 。 这项权利也受到其他有关条款的保护,如行动自由权和言论自由权。 [5] 《宣言》承认第5条(c)款和第9条第4款所规定的与国际机构接触和联系的权利。 《宣言》在两项单独条款中明确提到这一权利,承认与国际机构接触和沟通对于人权维护者开展工作、提醒国际社会注意人权问题并提请区域和国际人权机制注意关键案件至关重要。", "378 《宣言》保护与国际组织和机构开展的广泛合作活动,从提交与具体案件有关的信息或申诉到介绍某一国家在国际人权场所的内部人权状况。 [6] 关于维权者可以参与的不同机构和机制,《宣言》规定有权与包括非政府组织、政府间组织和国际机构在内的各种机构和机制进行交流。 这些机制可包括联合国机构,包括联合国代表和条约机构、特别程序、普遍定期审查机制和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的外地存在等机制,以及联合国系统以外的其他机构。", "页: 1 人权维护者的任务强调了联合国人权条约机构和人权理事会各特别程序在很大程度上依靠人权维护者提供的信息。 这可以作为宝贵的早期预警系统,提醒国际社会注意和平正面临或迫在眉睫的威胁。", "39 在保护与国际机制合作的维权者方面,《宣言》明确规定各国有义务采取必要措施,保护维权者行使其权利(第12条第2款)。 此外,可以根据国家法律追究非国家行为者对侵犯维权者权利的行为的责任。", "404 人权理事会及其前身人权委员会也通过多项决议处理这一问题,并请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员报告因与联合国,包括其代表和机制合作或试图合作而受到恐吓或报复的个人或团体的案件(见人权理事会第12/2号决议)。", "41 根据任务规定,在人权活动分子没有获准离开本国参加国际人权活动,包括人权理事会时,或因这些事件而遭到骚扰或严重报复的情况下,进行了干预。 在个人向国际人权机制提交信息或投诉后,特别是在人权理事会关于人权维护者和其他特别程序的授权下,也采取了干预措施。 任务执行人仍然极为关切收到指控,指控他们恐吓、威胁、攻击、任意逮捕、虐待、酷刑和杀害与联合国或其他国际机制合作的人权维护者。", "42 除了直接向人权维护者处境问题任务负责人报告的案件外,秘书长关于与联合国人权机构代表或机制合作的报告还描述了一些情况,据报告这些人因寻求与联合国、其代表和人权领域机制合作或合作而遭到政府和非国家行为体的恫吓或报复;他们利用联合国制定的程序;为此目的提供法律协助;根据人权文书规定的程序提交来文;或为侵犯人权行为受害者亲属提供法律协助或为受害人提供法律协助。 例如,秘书长2010年关于与联合国、其代表和人权领域机制合作的报告(A/HRC/14/19)所述报复案件包括攻击、威胁、恐吓和骚扰事件;拘留、监禁和对人权维护者的人身暴力,包括谋杀;旨在污蔑或误导人权维护者的活动的运动。 这些行为旨在妨碍或阻止个人和团体与联合国、其代表和机制合作(同上)。", "六、结 论 见解和言论自由权", "434 见解和言论自由权对人权维护者的工作至关重要。 如果没有这个权利维护者,他们就无法开展监测和宣传工作,以促进和保护人权。 这一权利适用于促进和保护人权的男子和妇女,条件是他们接受并适用普遍性和非暴力原则。 在女性人权维护者方面,国家必须确保传统、历史、文化和宗教态度不被用来为侵犯妇女在法律面前平等的权利和平等享有所有权利的行为辩解。 [7]", "444 《宣言》第6条承认法律面前人人平等和平等享有所有权利的三个不同方面:(a) 不受干涉地发表意见的权利;(b) 获得信息的权利;以及(c) 传递各种信息和思想的权利。 关于第一个方面,持有意见的权利不允许有任何限制。 页: 1", "454 关于其他两个方面,《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条第三款规定,“言论自由权利带有特殊的义务和责任,因此允许对这一权利作出某些限制,这可能与其他人或整个社区的利益有关。 然而,当缔约国对行使言论自由施加某些限制时,这些限制可能不会危及这一权利本身。 ...... [9] 根据第19条第3款,限制必须“由法律规定”,必须证明是出于以下目的之一的“必要”:(a) 尊重他人的权利或名誉;(b) 保护国家安全或公共秩序,或公共健康或道德。 [10]", "46 增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员强调,不允许对言论自由权利的下列方面实行限制:", "(a) 讨论政府的政策和政治辩论;报告人权、政府活动和政府中的腐败情况;参加竞选活动、和平示威或政治活动,包括争取和平或民主;表达意见和不同意见、宗教或信仰,包括属于少数群体或弱势群体的人;", "(b) 信息和思想的自由流通,包括禁止或关闭出版物或其他媒体以及滥用行政措施和新闻检查等做法;", "(c) 获取或使用信息和通信技术,包括无线电、电视和因特网(见A/HRC/14/23,第81段)。", "474. 147 这项权利的实现要求各国履行积极和消极的义务,包括不干预权利的享有;保护权利,努力预防、惩罚、调查和补救私人或实体造成的损害;采取积极措施实现这一权利(同上,第25段)。", "148 尽管根据国际和区域人权文书和国家宪法进行了保护,但言论自由权利受到国家安全或反恐法律的最恶劣限制。 在许多情况下,这些法律被用来将异议定罪,并压制追究国家责任的权利。 关于内部安全、官方秘密和煽动等法律的规定被用来剥夺人权维护者的信息自由,并起诉他们努力寻求和传播关于遵守人权标准的信息。", "494. 农村妇女 对见解和言论自由权的其他共同限制和侵犯包括:(a) 对反对侵犯人权的维权者使用民事和刑事诽谤和诽谤程序;(b)通过限制印刷和出版的法律;以及(c) 检查、暂停、关闭或禁止媒体机构。", "50 。 此外,人权维护者和记者常常成为调查侵犯人权行为的对象。 他们受到威胁、攻击和恐吓,有些人被绑架和(或)被杀。 在发表呼吁改善人权状况的信函、发表批评政府政策的文章和谴责侵犯人权行为之后,他们也被逮捕和拘留。 女性记者和媒体专业人员也因其工作而受到影响。 这个小组包括从事与人权有关的问题的妇女调查记者、倡导人权改革的妇女专栏作家、妇女记者监测和报告侵犯人权行为以及妇女博客。", "七、结论和建议 抗议权", "51 抗议权意味着享有《人权维护者宣言》重申的一系列国际公认的权利,包括意见和言论自由、结社自由、和平集会自由和工会权利,如罢工权。", "52. 结 论 保护抗议权包括消极和积极的义务。 国家有消极义务避免干预和积极的义务,在行使这一权利时保护权利持有人,特别是在抗议者持有不受欢迎的或有争议的观点、或属于少数群体或受到攻击和其他形式的不容忍风险较高的其他群体时。 此外,尊重抗议权涉及各国有义务采取具体步骤,建立、维持和加强多元主义、容忍和对社会表达不同意见的公开态度。", "532. 抗议权是参与民主社会权利的基本要素,必须仔细审查对这一权利的限制是否必要和合理。 限制公共示威游行,其宗旨是保护国家安全或公共安全、公共秩序、保护公共卫生或道德或保护他人的权利和自由。", "544 对抗议权的共同限制和侵犯包括:(a) 禁止和毫无理由地限制示威;(b) 获取授权的不必要的要求;(c) 缺乏对拒绝授权举行示威游行的决定提出上诉的补救措施;(d) 不符合国际人权法的立法;(e) 反恐怖主义立法,其定义范围非常广,足以妨碍公众参加示威游行;以及(f) 罢工权法律框架的不足之处,包括将罢工权定为犯罪,以及未将罢工权纳入国内法。", "555 人权维护者因参加抗议而遭受的侵犯,从示威后的威胁到任意逮捕和拘留、恐吓、虐待、酷刑和当局过度使用武力。 一个令人关切的问题是,在当局的暴力镇压中受伤或被杀的和平示威者人数。 任务负责人还确定了一些抗议者群体的具体保护需要,包括女维权者和女维权者、女同性恋者、双性恋者和变性者权利工作者、学生活动分子、工会工作者以及监督和报告示威游行的维权者。 维护者参与与民主改革要求、反全球化运动、选举进程、和平示威、土地权、自然资源和环境要求相关的抗议,往往需要特别保护。", "八. 导言 发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利", "565. 妇 女 发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利载于《人权维护者宣言》,这是持续发展人权的一项重要规定。 这一权利可视为阐述见解和言论自由权、集会自由权和结社自由权,这些权利受到许多区域和国际文书的保护。 [11] 《人权维护者宣言》确认有权制定和讨论新的人权思想,并在第7条中倡导接受这些思想。", "57 我们今天所要获得的许多基本人权是在他们最终形成并得到广泛接受之前经过多年的斗争和审议。 一个很好的例子就是许多国家妇女争取投票权的长期斗争。 今天,我们看到从事女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和变性权利的维权者的案例。 在世界各地的许多国家,这些积极分子由于其维护不同性观念的工作而成为其工作的目标,受到骚扰,有时被杀害。 同样,妇女人权维护者更可能遭受某些形式的暴力,因为她们被视为挑战公认的社会文化规范、传统、对妇女性、性取向和妇女在社会中的作用和地位的看法和定型观念。", "58 虽然女维权者的权利以及从事妇女权利或性别问题工作的人的权利不是新的人权,但在某些情况下,她们可能被视为新的人权,因为他们处理可能挑战传统和文化的问题。 然而,正如联合国文化权利领域独立专家所说的那样,创伤和文化并不是静止的,他说,“文化不断发展,人权概念也是如此”(A/HRC/14/36,第34段)。", "59 正是由于勇敢的维权者的愿景,人权发展并改变了我们的社会。 这些远见人士认为,“妇女应当享有与男子相同的权利,帝国并非不可避免,土著人民是人,或酷刑和种族灭绝在伦理上受到谴责,无需容忍。 同样,他们要求人们想到,国际规范是可以确定的,国家不必宣称,不管他们想要做什么,对待人民是他们自己的生意。 “[12] 然而,这些观念往往受到抵制,特别是因为它们质疑现状以及社会文化规范和传统的合法性。", "60 。 然而,“冒犯、震惊或扰动”的思想受到言论自由权的保护。 这是“民主社会”生存的必要条件的关键部分。 [13] 多元主义、容忍和广泛思想在一个民主社会中尤其重要。 民主并不意味着多数人的观点必须永远占上风:必须实现平衡,确保公平和适当对待少数群体,避免滥用支配地位。 国家是多元主义原则的最终保障者,这一作用要求有积极的义务来确保权利的切实享受。 这些义务对于持有不受欢迎的观点或属于少数群体的人特别重要,因为他们更容易受到伤害。 [14]", "61 在这方面,发展和讨论新的人权思想的权利是支持和保护那些倡导人权新愿景和思想的维权者的一项重要规定。", "页: 1 有效补救权", "62 。 《宣言》第九条规定,人人有权在人权和基本自由遭受侵犯时享受有效的补救和保护。 在《宣言》的框架内,向维权者提供有效补救的义务要求各国确保迅速、公正地调查所指控的侵犯人权行为、起诉肇事者、提供赔偿以及执行决定或判决。", "63/63。 获得有效补救的权利还意味着有效诉诸司法,这不仅涉及司法,而且涉及行政或准司法机制。 公正的调查和起诉肇事者需要有效和独立的司法机构。 然而,在许多情况下,司法系统和法律框架的弱点阻碍了维权者寻求和伸张正义。 各国应采取一切必要步骤,确保将侵犯人权维护者的行为提交法庭或其他申诉机制,如国家人权机构或真相与和解机制。", "646. 赔偿也是获得有效补救的权利的一个基本方面。 没有向权利受到侵犯的个人提供赔偿,就无法履行提供有效补救的义务。 除赔偿外,赔偿还可涉及“恢复原状、恢复和抵偿措施,例如公共道歉、公共纪念物、保证不重复以及相关法律和做法的改变,以及将侵犯人权的行为人绳之以法”。", "656.65 然而,任务负责人收到的资料往往表明,当局对维权者缺乏有效的反应,导致侵犯其权利者逍遥法外。 司法当局在调查虐待维权者案件和宽恕疑犯案件,特别是安全和武装部队成员方面,表现出令人吃惊的不尽心。 同样,维权者将有罪不罚列为对非国家行为体侵权行为的主要关切之一。 在许多情况下,人权维护者关于侵犯其权利的申诉要么从未受到过调查,要么没有正当理由被驳回。", "66 任务负责人还一再收到资料,说明从事有罪不罚和诉诸司法工作的妇女维权者的情况,包括寻求补救的侵犯人权行为的证人和受害者,以及律师、个人和代表或支持她们的组织的情况。 在某些国家,这一群体似乎特别处于危险之中。", "67 特别报告员对这些趋势深感关切,这些趋势表明,对人权维护者的侵犯人权行为有罪不罚的现象依然普遍存在,令人无法接受。 结束有罪不罚现象是确保维权者安全的必要条件。", "页: 1 获得资金的权利", "686 686 获得资金的权利是主要人权文书所载的结社自由权利的固有内容。 《人权维护者宣言》第13条明确承认获得资金的权利是一项独立的实质性权利。 第13条的措辞涵盖供资周期的不同阶段。 国家有义务允许个人和组织寻求、接受和利用资金。 《宣言》要求各国采取立法、行政或其他措施,便利或至少不妨碍有效行使获得资金的权利。", "69 《宣言》第13条还规定,资金必须“用于通过和平手段促进和保护人权和基本自由的明确目的”。 此外,《宣言》第3条规定,虽然国内立法是保障享有获得资金的权利的适当法律框架,但立法必须符合国际人权规范和标准。", "70. 远东 关于资金的来源,《宣言》保护从不同来源,包括外国来源获得资金的权利。 鉴于地方一级人权组织可用的资源有限,限制获得国际资金可能会严重影响维权者开展工作的能力。 在某些情况下,这些限制可能威胁到各组织的生存。 各国政府应当允许人权维护者,特别是非政府组织,作为国际合作的一部分获得外国资金,而民间社会有权与政府一样获得这种资助。", "71 许多国家制定了立法,大大限制了人权组织获得资金的能力,包括限制资金来源,并要求事先得到国家批准,让非政府组织从外国捐助方获得资金。 一些国家的政府完全禁止某些类型的资金,例如联合国机构或其他双边捐助者提供的资金。 在其他情况下,从事特定领域工作的组织——例如治理问题——被禁止获得外国资金。", "72. 第72段。 各国政府还限制如何利用资金和利用税收法律和条例,以不正当地妨碍人权组织的工作。 尤其是,对其政府至关重要的非政府组织往往面临广泛的税务审查和有关当局滥用财政程序。", "73 除了限制性的立法和做法之外,一个国家的政治环境可能会损害获得资金的机会,特别是对妇女群体的资助。 妇女团体指出,父权制社会、性别歧视和专制制度是获得用于支持其工作的资金方面最常见的结构性挑战。 [16]", "页: 1 容许的减损和捍卫人权的权利", "74. 《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第四条第一款规定: “在威胁国家生命并正式宣布存在的国家紧急状态时,本公约各缔约国可采取措施,在紧急情势所严格要求的范围内,克减本公约规定的义务,但这些措施不得违背国际法规定的其他义务,不得仅涉及基于种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教或社会出身的歧视。 ......", "757. 一国援引《公约》第四条之前必须满足两个基本条件:局势必须构成威胁国家生命的公共紧急状态,国家必须正式宣布紧急状态。 另一项基本要求是,这些措施必须限于紧急情势所严格要求的程度。 这涉及紧急状态的期限、地理覆盖面和物质范围,以及因紧急情况而采取的任何克减措施。 此外,第4条第1款规定,任何克减《公约》条款的措施都不得违背该国根据国际法,特别是国际人道主义法规则所承担的其他义务,缔约国在任何情况下都不得援引《公约》第四条作为违反人道主义法或国际法强制性规范的行为的理由。 [17]", "76 《人权维护者宣言》的重要性在于它为保护和促进普遍公认的人权和基本自由的某些活动提供合法性和保护。 《宣言》的核心重点不是承认这些权利,而是重申和保护促进这些权利的活动。 《宣言》只向参与这些活动的人提供保护。 在考虑关于紧急状况或安全情况下克减、限制和限制权利的任何论点时,必须考虑到这些区别。 即使一些权利或自由在紧急状况下或根据安全立法或出于任何其他要求受到限制,与监督这些权利相关的任何活动也不得受到限制或中止。", "77国集团 在这方面,在适用人权标准时,包括《宣言》的减损和例外应达到更高的标准。 在人权面临巨大风险时,必须对这些权利进行某种形式的独立监测和核算。 认为在风险更大的时候,维护人权的权利在法律上可以保持沉默,这违背国际人权标准的精神。", "页: 1 结论和建议", "第78次会议 特别报告员仍然关切的是,在《人权维护者宣言》通过十多年之后,尽管已经取得了一些进展,但许多国家继续通过限制人权活动空间,特别是不符合国际标准和《宣言》的法律和条例。 即便在努力通过符合国际标准的法律时,其有效实施往往仍然是一个问题。", "79 《宣言》是一份对政府或人权维护者都不够了解的文书,还需要做更多的工作。 特别报告员希望,通过提高对《宣言》的认识,本报告将有助于建立一个更安全、更有利的环境,使人权维护者能够开展其合法工作。", "808 在分析了《宣言》规定的权利、确保落实这些权利的必要方面以及人权维护者面临的主要挑战之后,特别报告员谨提出以下建议:", "受保护的权利", "页: 1 各国应避免污蔑人权维护者的工作,承认她们的作用,包括女维权者以及从事妇女权利或性别问题工作的人,以及他们在公开声明中活动的合法性。 这种承认是防止或减少对其的威胁和风险的第一步。", "页: 1 国家还应确保迅速、公正地调查国家和非国家人员侵犯人权维护者,包括妇女维权者以及从事妇女权利或性别问题工作的人的情况,并确保对责任人给予适当惩罚。", "83 各国应通过关于保护人权维护者的国家法律,具体提及妇女人权维护者的工作。 这些法律应当与民间社会协商,并听取相关国际机构的技术咨询。", "84 各国应参照特别报告员于2010年发布的有关人权维护者保护方案的最低准则(A/HRC/13/22,第113段)。", "页: 1 非国家行为体和私营实体应遵守《人权维护者宣言》,避免危及人权维护者的安全,妨碍他们的工作。 此外,国家和跨国公司应与人权维护者合作,制定人权政策,包括与侵犯人权维护者权利有关的监测和问责机制。", "86. 鼓励国家人权机构在其议程中优先保护人权维护者,并为人权维护者设立联络点。 这些机构应当调查维权者提出的申诉并宣传《宣言》。", "87 鼓励联合国人权事务高级专员办事处制定一项综合战略,保护人权维护者,包括防止非国家行为体的威胁和报复。", "集会自由权", "888 国家应赞成通知制度,而不是批准集会,在需要授权时,各国应确保根据不歧视原则提供通知。 在这方面,各国必须确保对集会受到限制的申诉有令人满意的复审程序。", "89 各国应确保执法人员接受有关国际人权标准和国际标准的培训,以监督和平集会,包括《人权维护者宣言》、《执法人员行为守则》、《执法人员使用武力和火器的基本原则》和其他相关条约、宣言和准则。", "909 400 国家应当执行执法人员行为守则,特别是在人群控制和使用武力方面,并确保法律框架包含对官员进行监督和问责的有效规定,特别是在对公众抗议行动的反应方面。", "91 应适当调查所有关于执法人员滥用和(或)过度使用武力的指控,并对负责官员采取适当行动。", "92 国家必须采取必要步骤,保证所有人不受歧视地切实行使集会自由权。 在许多国家,由于人们对妇女在一些社会中的传统作用的看法,女性维权者在参与集体公共行动时往往面临更多的风险。 从事妇女权利和性别问题工作的人也面临更多的风险。", "93 各国应审查其法律框架,确保国家立法符合《宣言》和其他国际承诺以及《宣言》第2条第2款规定的集会自由权利的国际标准。", "结社自由权", "94 国家应采取必要措施,保证所有人在没有任何歧视的情况下切实行使结社自由权。", "95 国家不应干预非政府组织的内部管理或活动。 国内法应避免载列允许或禁止民间社会组织和非政府组织开展维护人权活动的清单。", "96 各国必须为民间社会组织建立一个公开的单一登记册。 登记机构应独立于政府,并应包括民间社会代表。", "97 关于登记法和程序,特别报告员建议:", "(a) 允许非政府组织在无需登记的情况下开展集体活动,各国不对参与未登记的实体实施刑事制裁;", "(b) 关于民间社会组织的设立、登记和运作的法律应写成,并制定明确、一致和简单的标准,以便进行登记。 符合规定标准的非政府组织应立即登记为法律实体;", "(c) 各国确保以独立和透明的方式适用现行法律和条例。 法律应当明确各组织在登记申请和最后决定之间的地位。 在作出最后决定之前,人权组织应当可以自由开展活动;", "(d) 如果通过了一部关于民间社会组织的新的法律,所有以前登记的非政府组织都将被视为继续依法运作,并向其提供快速的登记程序。 除非通过新的法律,否则关于民间社会组织登记的现行法律不应要求各组织定期重新登记;", "(e) 登记过程迅速、方便和费用低廉。 各国不应对非政府组织难以维持登记注册的登记程序征收费用,也不应给它们造成其他不可持续的负担;", "(f) 各国保障对任何拒绝登记行为提出上诉的权利。 各国还应确保对拒绝申请给予有效和迅速的补救,并对登记当局的决定进行独立的司法审查。", "接触和与国际机构沟通的权利", "98 各国应避免对寻求与联合国人权机构合作或合作的维权者、利用联合国制定的程序的人、向受害者提供法律援助的人、根据人权文书规定的程序提交来文的人以及侵犯人权行为受害者的亲属进行恐吓或报复。", "99 各国必须保护希望与联合国、其代表和机制合作的个人和群体成员。 各国还有义务终止对寻求与联合国合作的个人实施暴力行为者有罪不罚的现象,并为受害者提供补救。", "100. 男性 各国应避免施加旅行限制,保证维权者能够接触联合国机构,并有可能提出口头和书面报告,并适当考虑这些报告。", "见解和言论自由权", "101 各国应采取一切必要步骤,确保人人和社会部门切实行使见解和言论自由权,不受任何歧视。 [18]", "102 国家应当确保不对人权维护者适用安全立法,以此作为防止其人权工作的手段。 国家必须保证人权维护者能够有效地监测安全立法的实施。 在根据安全立法逮捕和拘留某人方面,维权者至少应定期接触被拘留者,并了解被拘留者所受指控的实质内容。", "103 国家必须确保法律和政策反映维权者获取信息的权利和据称侵权地点的权利,并培训有关当局落实这一权利。", "挪 威 各国还应确保向公众提供非国家行为体——特别是私营公司——掌握的与公共利益有关的信息。 各国应为此建立一个有效和独立的机制。", "105 各国应避免对行使言论自由的行为进行刑事定罪、限制或警告。 除国际人权法规定的允许和合法限制外,任何此类措施均应废除。 [19]", "页: 1 诽谤和类似犯罪应按照民法处理,赔偿的罚款应足以允许继续专业活动。 对于诽谤和诽谤等其他人的名誉犯罪,应排除监禁。", "107 各国必须避免以诽谤法为目的,采用不同的法律术语,如歪曲信息和传播假信息。 批评国家、其象征、政府、其成员及其行动永远不应被视为犯罪。 [21]", "抗议权", "108 国家应当执行关于执法人员的行为守则,特别是关于人群控制和使用武力的行为守则,并确保法律框架规定官员应对公众抗议的责任。", "匈牙利 各国应采取一切必要措施,在抗议期间保护人权维护者,避免对抗议者过度使用武力,并在和平示威中逮捕人员时遵守国际人权规范。", "110 国家必须确保,反恐立法和措施不适用于人权维护者,以妨碍他们的人权工作。", "111 5. 鼓励各国采取以下措施,满足下列维权者群体的保护需要:", "(a) 女性维权者:", "(一) 调查和起诉示威期间针对女卫士的基于性别的暴力案件;", "(二) 就与母亲一起参加示威游行的儿童采取的保护措施向执法官员提供培训和指导;", "(b) 从事男女同性恋、双性恋和变性权利的维权者:", "(一) 使负责当局作出禁止示威游行的非法决定;", "(二) 确保在游行之前、期间和之后保护同性恋自豪游行参与者免遭反抗议者的暴力;", "(三) 对执法人员进行适当行为培训,特别是在执行不歧视原则和尊重多样性方面;", "(c) 学生活动分子:", "采取措施,创造有利环境,让儿童和年轻成年人能够就影响他们的事项以及更广泛的人权问题发表意见;", "(d) 工会会员:", "(一) 承认工会会员是人权维护者,有权享有《人权维护者宣言》所规定的权利和保护;", "(二) 审查关于罢工权利的限制性立法,包括限制或防止大量公务员罢工的基本服务定义非常宽泛的规定;", "(e) 监测示威游行的维护者和记者:", "允许人权维护者发挥监测作用,允许媒体进入集会,促进独立报道。", "发展和讨论新思想的权利", "112 各国应承认辩护人有权促进和保护新的人权思想(或被视为新思想)并主张接受这些思想。 国家应公开承认人权维护者活动的合法性,这是防止或减少侵犯人权维护者行为的第一步。", "113 国家必须采取必要措施,创造多元化、容忍和尊重的环境,使所有人权维护者都能在不危及其身心完整或任何形式的限制、骚扰、恐吓或担心受到迫害的情况下开展工作。", "114 国家应当采取额外措施,确保保护面临某些形式暴力行为风险较大的维权者,因为他们被视为挑战接受的社会文化规范、传统、观念和定型观念,涉及女性化、性取向和妇女在社会中的作用和地位。", "有效补救权", "115 各国应确保迅速和独立地调查所有侵犯人权维护者的行为,起诉被指控的肇事者,并施加适当的惩罚。 国家还应确保受害者获得司法和有效的补救,包括适当赔偿。", "116 各国应通过适当的纪律、民事和刑事程序,确保追究犯有侵犯人权行为的人的责任,特别是对人权维护者的责任。 应当考虑对不实起诉维权者适用法律惩罚。", "117 国家必须确保负责预防、调查和起诉侵犯人权维护者行为的公职人员和执法官员接受有关《宣言》和人权维护者具体保护需要的适当培训。", "118 国家必须及时、全面地答复根据人权维护者任务发出的函件。 答复的良好做法是提供资料,说明为纠正个别情况所采取的措施,以及为防止类似情况再次发生而采取的举措。", "获得资金的权利", "119 各国应依法确保并便利获得用于维护人权的资金,包括外国来源的资金。", "120 各国应避免限制资金的使用,只要它们符合《宣言》明确规定的通过和平手段促进和保护人权和基本自由的宗旨。 国家不应要求政府事先批准申请或接受国外资助。", "毛里求斯 国家必须允许非政府组织获得外国资金,并且只为了透明度以及遵守普遍适用的外汇和海关法,限制这种获得。 因此,各国应当审查现行法律,以便于获得资金。", "122 国家必须允许非政府组织根据适用于其他非营利组织的同样条例参与所有法律上可接受的筹资活动。", "123 国家应禁止有关当局广泛进行税务审查和滥用财政程序。", "*** 虽然《宣言》不是一个具有法律约束力的文书,但《宣言》载有许多具有法律约束力的国际人权文书,包括《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》已经承认的权利。 《宣言》具体规定了主要人权文书所载的各项权利如何适用于人权维护者及其工作。 此外,大会以协商一致方式通过了《宣言》,从而体现了各国对执行《宣言》的坚定承诺。", "人权事务委员会,关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第三条(男女权利平等)的第28号一般性意见,第12段。 5. 结 论", "[3] Manfred Nowak, 联合国《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》:CCPR 评注,第2版(N.P. Engel,2005年),第490页,第19段。", "[4] Ibid., p. 489, paras. 21 and 22.", "[5] See Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on 乌兹别克斯坦 (CCPR/CO/83/UZB, para. 19) and Human Rights Committee, Concluding observations on Morocco (CCPR/CO/82/MAR, para. 18),quot in “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), pp. 5 and 6.", "[6] See also “Right to access international bodies”, Human Rights Defenders Briefing Papers series (International Service for Human Rights, 2009), p. 5.", "[7] 人权事务委员会,第28号一般性意见,第12段。 5. 结 论", "*** 人权事务委员会,关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条的第10号一般性意见(意见自由),第12段。 1. 导言", "[9] Ibid., para. 10. 4. .", "[10] Ibid., para. 10. 4. .", "[11] See also “Protecting human rights defenders”, Human Rights First, available from www.humanrightsfirst.org/our-work/human-rights-defenders/protecting-human-rights-defenders.", "[12] Paul Gordon Lauren, The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998), p.282。", "[13] Nowak, United Nations Covenant, p. 505.", "[14] Bączkowski等人诉波兰(第1543/06号申请),欧洲人权法院,2007年5月3日的分庭判决。", "[15] 人权 委员会,关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》缔约国的一般法律义务的性质的第31号一般性意见,第6段。 161", "[16] FundHer Brief 2008, “ moneywatch for women's rights movement and organizations”, p. 17 (Association for Women's Rights in Development, 2008).", "[17] 人权事务委员会,关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第四条的第29号一般性意见(紧急状态期间的克减)。", "[18] 增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/14/23, 第119段)。", "同上,第120段。", "[20] 增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告(A/HRC/4/27, 第81段)。", "[21] Ibid., para. 10. 页: 1" ]

[ "United States of America: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,", "Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,", "Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,", "Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,", "Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,", "Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,", "Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;", "2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary-General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and", "7. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "美利坚合众国：决议草案", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的各项相关决议，尤其是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议，", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整，", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对于伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会至关重要，", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续在全国加强民主和法治，改善安全和公共秩序，打击恐怖主义及派别暴力行为，重申支持伊拉克人民和政府在法治和尊重人权的基础上，努力建设一个安全、稳定、统一和民主的联邦国家，", "欣见通过在政治和安全方面做出协调一致的努力，伊拉克安全局势有所好转，强调伊拉克境内依然存在安全挑战，需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族和解使局势继续实现好转，", "强调伊拉克的所有社区都要参加有关政治进程，开展包容各方的政治对话，不说加剧紧张局势的话和不做加剧紧张局势的事，在资源分配问题上达成全面解决办法，保障稳定，针对有争议的国内分界线制订公平公正的解决办法，努力实现国家统一，", "重申，联合国、尤其是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)必须为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以便加强民主机构，推动包容各方的政治对话与民族和解，协助开展区域对话，制订伊拉克政府可以接受的程序来解决有争议的国内边界问题，帮助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体加强两性平等，促进对人权的保护，促进司法和法律改革，强调联合国、尤其是联伊援助团，必须优先为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以实现这些目标，", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权，并考虑另外采取步骤支持独立高级人权委员会，", "确认伊拉克政府为促进和保护妇女人权做出的努力，重申安理会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，重申需要让妇女全面、平等和有效地参与；重申妇女可在重建社会构架方面发挥重要作用，强调需要让她们参与制订国家战略，以便考虑到她们的意见，", "表示，处理伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题至关重要，强调需要继续采取协调对策和提供足够资源来处理这些问题，", "强调伊拉克政府的主权，重申所有各方都应继续采取一切可行步骤并制订方法，确保包括儿童、妇女及宗教团体和少数民族成员在内的受影响平民受到保护，并应为难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或让境内流离失所者融入当地社会创造有利条件，欣见伊拉克政府承诺救济境内流离失所者、难民和回返者并鼓励它继续努力救济他们，注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其授权发挥重要作用，在这些问题上与联伊援助团进行协调，继续向伊拉克政府提供咨询和支助，", "敦促所有有关各方，按照国际人道主义法，包括《日内瓦四公约》和《海牙章程》的规定，允许人道主义工作人员全面和不受阻碍地接触所有需要援助的人，尽可能为其行动提供一切必要的便利，并增进人道主义工作人员和联合国及其有关人员和资产的安全保障和行动自由，", "欣见伊拉克在重新享有它在第661(1990)号决议通过前所享有的国际地位方面取得重大进展，呼吁伊拉克政府继续它目前同科威特政府的合作，以解决未决问题，履行它尚未履行的安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章就伊拉克和科威特间局势通过的各项决议规定的义务，强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性，", "深切感谢在伊拉克的所有联合国工作人员，感谢他们不畏艰险，坚持不懈地开展工作，", "1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限延长12个月；", "2. 又决定，秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表和援助团应根据伊拉克政府的请求并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/2011/464，附件)，继续努力完成第1936(2010)号决议为其规定的任务；", "3. 确认联伊援助团要为伊拉克人民开展工作，联合国人员的安全就要得到保障，呼吁伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续为联合国在伊拉克的派驻提供安全和后勤支助；", "4. 欣见会员国提供捐助，为联伊援助团提供它执行任务所需要的财政、后勤和安全资源与支助，呼吁会员国继续向联伊援助团提供充足的资源和支助；", "5. 表示打算在满十二个月时审查联伊援助团的任务，如伊拉克政府要求，亦可提前审查；", "6. 请秘书长每隔四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况；", "7. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "美利坚合众国:决议草案", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的所有相关决议,特别是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议,", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整,", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会的重要性,", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续加强民主和法治,改善安全和公共秩序,打击全国各地的恐怖主义和教派暴力,重申支持伊拉克人民和政府在法治和尊重人权的基础上,努力建设一个安全、稳定、联邦、统一和民主的国家,", "欣见通过协调一致的政治和安全努力改善伊拉克安全局势,强调伊拉克境内的安全仍面临挑战,需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族团结来维持改善,", "强调伊拉克所有社区都必须参加政治进程和包容各方的政治对话,不要发表声明和行动,加剧紧张局势,就资源分配达成全面解决办法,确保稳定,为该国有争议的内部边界制订公正公正的解决办法,努力实现民族团结,", "重申联合国,特别是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)在建议、支持和协助伊拉克人民和政府加强民主体制、推动包容各方的政治对话和民族和解、促进区域对话、制定伊拉克政府可以接受的程序以解决有争议的内部边界、援助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体、加强两性平等、促进保护人权和促进司法和法律改革方面的重要性,并强调联合国,特别是联伊援助团,必须优先向伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助,以实现这些目标,", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权,并考虑采取更多步骤支持独立高级人权委员会,", "确认伊拉克政府在促进和保护妇女人权方面所作的努力,重申其关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议,并重申妇女必须充分、平等和有效地参与;重申妇女在重建社会结构方面可以发挥关键作用,并强调她们需要参与制定国家战略,以顾及她们的观点,", "表示必须解决伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题,并强调必须继续采取协调一致的对策,并提供足够的资源处理这些问题,", "强调伊拉克政府的主权,重申所有各方应继续采取一切可行步骤,制定办法,确保包括儿童、妇女和宗教少数群体成员在内的受影响平民得到保护,并创造有利于难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或境内流离失所者融入当地社会的条件,欢迎伊拉克政府承诺并鼓励继续努力救济境内流离失所者、难民及回返者,并注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其任务规定,在就这些问题与联伊援助团进行协调时,发挥重要作用,继续向伊拉克政府提供咨询和支助,", "敦促所有有关各方,按照国际人道主义法,包括日内瓦四公约和《海牙章程》,允许人道主义人员不受阻碍地全面接触所有需要援助的人,尽可能为他们的行动提供一切必要的便利,并促进人道主义人员和联合国及其有关人员及其资产的安全、安全和行动自由,", "欣见伊拉克在恢复它在通过第661(1990)号决议之前的国际地位方面取得重大进展,呼吁伊拉克政府继续与科威特政府合作,解决未决问题,履行安全理事会有关伊拉克与科威特间局势的有关决议规定的未履行的义务,并强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性,", "深切感谢在伊拉克的所有联合国工作人员作出勇敢和不懈努力,", "1. 导言 1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任期延长12个月;", "2. 结 论 17. 还决定秘书长特别代表和联伊援助团应伊拉克政府的请求,并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/ 2001/464,附件),将继续履行第1936(2010)号决议规定的任务;", "3. 。 3. 确认联合国人员的安全对于联伊援助团为伊拉克人民开展工作至关重要,吁请伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续向联合国在伊拉克的存在提供安全和后勤支助;", "4. . 3. 欢迎会员国为联伊援助团提供完成任务所需的财政、后勤和安全资源和支助作出贡献,并吁请会员国继续向联伊援助团提供充足的资源和支助;", "5. 结 论 2. 表示打算应伊拉克政府的请求,在12个月或更早时审查联伊援助团的任务;", "6. 任务 8. 请秘书长每四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况;", "7. 基本生活 6. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The General Assembly, in resolution 65/221, reaffirmed that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular human rights, refugee and humanitarian law, and urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including in a number of specific areas. The present report is submitted pursuant to that resolution. It refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. It reports on the consideration by the United Nations human rights system of issues relating to countering terrorism, including compliance of legislation, policies and practices for countering terrorism with international human rights law.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Recent 4 developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and \ncounter‑terrorism A.United 4 Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task \nForce B. Counter-Terrorism 6 Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive \nDirectorate C. Human 7 Rights \nCouncil D. Human 14 rights treaty \nbodies III. Activities 15 of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights \nIV.Conclusions 17", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly, inter alia, (a) expressed serious concern at the occurrence of violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as international refugee and humanitarian law, committed in the context of countering terrorism; (b) urged States countering terrorism to fully comply with their obligations under international law, including with regard to the absolute prohibition of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; ensure that all persons deprived of liberty benefit from the guarantees to which they are entitled under international law, including the review of the detention and other fundamental judicial guarantees; ensure that no form of deprivation of liberty places a detained person outside the protection of the law; ensure due process obligations and the right to a fair trial; safeguard the right to privacy; protect all human rights, including economic, social and cultural rights; respect non-refoulement obligations; ensure legality in the criminalization of acts of terrorism; and ensure the right to an effective remedy; (c) recognized the need to continue ensuring that fair and clear procedures under the United Nations terrorism-related sanctions regime are strengthened to enhance their efficiency and transparency; (d) urged States to ensure the rule of law and to include adequate human rights guarantees in their national listing procedures; (e) requested the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to continue to contribute to the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, including by raising awareness of the need to protect human rights and the rule of law while countering terrorism; (f) encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council and relevant treaty bodies; and (g) called upon United Nations entities involved in supporting counter-terrorism efforts to continue to facilitate the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as due process and the rule of law, while countering terrorism.", "2. I was requested to submit a report on the implementation of resolution 65/221 to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The present report also responds to the request of the former Commission on Human Rights for the High Commissioner to report to the General Assembly on the implementation of Commission resolution 2005/80. The report refers to recent developments within the United Nations system in relation to human rights and counter-terrorism, including through the activities of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate, the Human Rights Council with its various special procedures mandates and other mechanisms, the human rights treaty bodies, and OHCHR.", "II. Recent developments in the United Nations in the area of human rights and counter-terrorism", "A. United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force", "3. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force continues to play a crucial role in facilitating and promoting coordination and coherence in the implementation of the Global Strategy at the national, regional and global levels. In this connection, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism led by OHCHR[1] continues to assist States in implementing the human rights aspects of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,[2] in particular those contained in its fourth pillar, entitled “Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”.", "4. In the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and Plan of Action, States resolved to “make every effort to develop and maintain an effective and rule of law-based national criminal justice system that can ensure, in accordance with (…) obligations under international law, that any person who participates in the financing, planning, preparation or perpetration of terrorist acts or in support of terrorist acts is brought to justice, on the basis of the principle to extradite or prosecute, with due respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms […].”² In this context, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism is organizing a series of five expert regional symposia, with State participation, on the protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, with particular reference to international standards, jurisprudence and practice. Through regional and international expertise, and a regional focus, the five symposia aim to examine specific thematic issues, draw conclusions and make recommendations based on international standards.", "5. All expert symposia are being held at the regional level on a rotating basis to facilitate meaningful participation of regional and national experts and practitioners who work specifically on the issues examined and can provide key first-hand practical knowledge of the challenges and complexities encountered, as well as good practices to be recommended. The symposia focus on various aspects of the protection of the right to a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism, including issues linked to the universality and non-derogable aspects of the right to a fair trial; the use of ordinary criminal law to try persons suspected of terrorist acts; respect for the principle of legality; the relationship between intelligence and law enforcement agencies; the rights of persons detained and/or persons tried for acts of terrorism; the question of independence and impartiality of courts in the context of trials related to offences of terrorism; the issue of proscription of organisations; and targeted sanctions at the national level.", "6. The first regional expert symposium took place in Bangkok, on 17 and 18 February 2011, and was attended by 60 participants from the South-East Asia region (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam), including judges, prosecutors and Ministry of Justice officials, defence lawyers, international law experts, civil society representatives, and members of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Participants assessed the challenges to implementing the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism as set out in international law, identified key rights to protecting the right to a fair trial in countering terrorism and shared good practices. As a result of this event, an initial set of observations and good practices will be issued by the Working Group to offer guidance to Member States.", "7. During the reporting period, the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism issued two basic human rights reference guides on the stopping and searching of persons in the context of countering terrorism, and on security infrastructure.[3] Three more are being developed on detention in the context of counter-terrorism; the principle of legality in national counter-terrorism legislation; and the proscription of organizations. These guides aim to provide guidance to State authorities, national and international non-governmental organizations, legal practitioners, and United Nations agencies, as well as individuals, on how human rights-compliant measures may be adopted in a number of counter-terrorism areas.", "8. The Working Group has also continued to engage with civil society on issues related to the implementation of the human rights aspects of the Global Strategy. Given that the activities of civil society are vital to increasing awareness about the threats of terrorism, more effectively tackling these threats and for ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, the Task Force’s engagement with civil society, non-governmental organizations and human rights defenders is crucial to informing the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "9. Other working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force[4] also continue to address human rights issues in their work, including the Working Group on Supporting and Highlighting Victims of Terrorism, the newly established Working Group on Border Management Relating to Counter-Terrorism, the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorism Purposes, and the integrated assistance for countering terrorism initiative. The Working Group on Preventing and Resolving Conflicts has organized a series of meetings on the implementation of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in the Central Asia region. The first of these meetings took place in December 2010 in Bratislava, and focused on pillars I (“Measures to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism”) and IV (“Measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”) of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. It included working sessions on the topic of ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law, including good governance, to address conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism. A second meeting took place in Dushanbe, in March 2011, and was dedicated to pillar II (“Preventing and combating terrorism”) of the Strategy.", "B. Counter-Terrorism Committee/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate", "10. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continue to take relevant human rights concerns into account in their work programmes focused on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005). Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), adopted on 20 December 2010, further extended the mandate of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate until 31 December 2013. The resolution also reminded States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing, and are an essential part of a successful counter-terrorism effort. It also noted the importance of respect for the rule of law so as to effectively combat terrorism. The resolution encouraged the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to further develop its activities in this area, to ensure that all human rights issues relevant to the implementation of resolutions 1373 (2001) and 1624 (2005) are addressed consistently and even-handedly in all its activities. In this connection, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate also continued its active participation in the work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism.", "11. In line with the mandate provided by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/221, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate continued to liaise with OHCHR, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, and other human rights entities. The Executive Directorate also continued its dialogue on relevant human rights issues with regional and subregional organizations. From 19 to 21 April 2011, the Council of Europe hosted a meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee on the theme of “Prevention of Terrorism”, to which international, regional and subregional organizations were invited. Both OHCHR and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism participated.", "12. In November 2010, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for representatives of police forces, prosecutors and counter-terrorism focal points of South Asian countries at the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, in Indonesia. The event focused on the effective use of community policing techniques in countering terrorism and the latest developments in mobile-phone technology as it pertains to counter-terrorism. The workshop also addressed in detail the role of counter-terrorism coordinators and focal points in enhancing counter-terrorism cooperation in national and international contexts. OHCHR supported the event by facilitating the participation of a human rights expert.", "13. Furthermore, in May 2011, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate organized a regional workshop for senior law enforcement and prosecution officials and judges in South Asia, in Thimphu, Bhutan. During the workshop, participants discussed the role of the police and prosecution services in combating terrorism and the challenges faced by those services in leading effective investigations and prosecutions. The workshop also provided an opportunity to raise the awareness of police and prosecution services regarding the latest available investigation technologies and techniques, and to share relevant experience and good practice. A representative of OHCHR contributed to the event, drawing the participants’ attention to applicable international human rights standards with regard to investigations and prosecutions.", "C. Human Rights Council", "14. At its fifteenth session, the Human Rights Council decided, in its resolution 15/15, to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years, and requested the Special Rapporteur, among other tasks, to identify, exchange and promote best practices on measures to counter terrorism that respect human rights and fundamental freedoms.[5]", "15. At the same session, the Human Rights Council, in resolution 15/18 on the issue of arbitrary detention, encouraged all States to ensure that the right of anyone deprived of his or her liberty by arrest or detention to bring proceedings before a court, so that it may decide without delay on the lawfulness of detention and order release if the detention is not lawful, is equally respected in cases of administrative detention, including those under public security legislation. Furthermore, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 15/28 on assistance to Somalia in the field of human rights and urged the Transitional Federal Government, Member States, stakeholders and the entire international community to continue to isolate and take all required measures against individuals and entities whose actions threaten the peace, security or stability of Somalia and of the region, including those engaged in terrorist acts, while ensuring that any measure taken to counter terrorism complies with international law.", "16. On 11 March 2011, at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion[6] pursuant to its decision 15/116 on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, with a special focus on the primary responsibility of States to promote and protect human rights for all in their jurisdiction, the strengthening of international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism and the protection of the rights of all victims of terrorism involved. The panel discussion was intended to increase awareness and understanding of the human rights aspects of hostage-taking when committed in the context of terrorist activities.", "17. The panel discussion was moderated by Sihasak Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by the Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights, Kyung-wha Kang. The panellists were Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Kamel Rezzag-Bara, Adviser of the President of the People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria; Commissioner Cecilia R.V. Quisumbing, National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, President of the Sahel Observatory of Geostrategy and Security of Mali; and Federico Andreu-Guzmán, Deputy Director of the Litigation and Legal Protection Section, Colombian Commission of Jurists.", "18. Also at its sixteenth session, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 16/23 of 25 March 2011, condemned, in particular, any action or attempt by States or public officials to legalize, authorize or acquiesce to torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment under any circumstances, including on grounds of national security or through judicial decisions, and urged States to ensure accountability for all such acts. It further reminded States that prolonged incommunicado detention or detention in secret places can facilitate the perpetration of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment and can in itself constitute a form of such treatment, and urged all States to respect the safeguards concerning the liberty, the security and the dignity of the person and to ensure that secret places of detention and interrogation are abolished.", "19. On 1 June 2011, during its seventeenth session, the Human Rights Council held a panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, taking into account, inter alia, the recommendations of the Symposium on Supporting Victims of Terrorism, convened by the Secretary-General and held on 9 September 2008, pursuant to Council decision 16/116. The objective of the panel discussion was to enhance understanding of the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism, exchange information on relevant efforts undertaken at international, regional and national levels, and share good practices with a view to increasing the capacity of States to respond to the needs for the protection of the rights of victims of terrorism and their families, while taking into account their international human rights obligations.", "20. The panel discussion was moderated by Mr. Phuangketkeow (Thailand), President of the Human Rights Council, and opened by Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The following panellists made presentations: Anne Wu, Political Affairs Officer, Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, Department of Political Affairs; Martin Scheinin, Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; Maite Pagazaurtundua, Victims of Terrorism Foundation of Spain; Rianne M. Letschert, Professor of International Law and Victimology and Deputy Director of the International Victimology Institute, Tilburg, University of Tilburg, the Netherlands; Mauro Miedico, Coordinator, Specialized Terrorism Prevention Unit, Terrorism Prevention Branch, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; and Yakin Erturk, Member of the Committee on the Prevention of Torture of the Council of Europe and former Special Rapporteur on violence against women. As requested by the Human Rights Council in its decision 16/116, OHCHR will prepare a summary of the panel discussion to be submitted to the nineteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "Universal periodic review", "21. The Human Rights Council also considered the issue of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism under the universal periodic review. Some of the most prevalent recommendations of the Human Rights Council called for the alignment of domestic counter-terrorism laws with international human rights standards and obligations,[7] pointing particularly to the need for a review of the legislative framework to combat terrorism.[8] States were also recommended to halt serious violations of human rights and humanitarian law committed under the pretext of combating terrorism.[9] Concerns were raised about the prosecution of those arrested for terrorist crimes in exceptional tribunals or jurisdictions, highlighting that they must be brought before legally-established judicial bodies, with the protection of due process.[10] Furthermore, Member States were encouraged to investigate allegations of torture in the context of counter-terrorism measures, to give publicity to the findings, to bring perpetrators to justice and to provide reparation to the victims.[11] In addition, the Human Rights Council called for the enactment of legislation, consistent with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and encompassing acts described as “enhanced interrogation techniques”.[12] It also recommended an open and transparent assessment of the consequences of flights conducted over the respective State’s national territory and landings that took place in the context of the Central Intelligence Agency extradition programme.[13] Moreover, capital punishment sentences for terrorism convictions were raised as a concern.[14] Other recommendations highlighted the need to avoid religious and racial profiling, while defending against terrorism, through the promulgation of prohibitive legislation.[15] In this connection, it was also suggested to “smarten” security checks so as to avoid discrimination.[16] Furthermore, it was proposed that States organize human rights-based training sessions to educate relevant authorities, in order to improve counter-terrorism practices.[17] Finally, Member States were called upon to respond and act on recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism.[18]", "Special procedures", "22. In his report to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism presented a compilation of 10 best practices in countering terrorism in the form of legislative models. The compilation is the outcome of analysis undertaken by the Special Rapporteur on the basis of his work conducted over six years and involving various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders, in particular written submissions from Governments (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). The compilation draws upon international treaties, resolutions of international organizations and the jurisprudence of international and regional courts. In his report, the Special Rapporteur concludes that, beyond such models, best practices could also be identified in other forms, above all in the adoption of national counter-terrorism strategies that need to go beyond good laws and require a comprehensive approach, rooted in human rights and addressing also conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, in line with the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The model provisions refer to: consistency of counter-terrorism law with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; consistency of counter-terrorism practices with human rights, humanitarian law and refugee law; the principles of normalcy and specificity; review of the operation of counter-terrorism law and practice; effective remedies for violations of human rights; reparations and assistance to victims; the definition of terrorism; a model offence of incitement to terrorism; core elements of best practice in the listing of terrorist entities; and core elements of best practice in arrest and interrogation of terrorist suspects.", "23. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Tunisia from 22 to 26 January 2010 (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2). The Transitional Government invited the Special Rapporteur for a second visit that took place from 22 to 26 May 2011. In his press statement of 26 May at the conclusion of his follow-up mission, the Special Rapporteur stressed the need to carry out necessary reforms within the counter-terrorism framework in compliance with international human rights law. He called for measures to combat impunity and secure accountability for crimes and human rights violations committed in the name of counter-terrorism. These measures include the continuation of ex officio investigations into allegations of torture and illegal detention, which were often conducted under the pretext of the fight against terrorism, and holding those responsible accountable to help rebuild trust between the population and the security forces in the country. The Special Rapporteur stated that the abusive anti-terrorism law of 2003 has largely not been used since the events of 14 January 2011. According to the Special Rapporteur, the Transitional Government had acknowledged, by adopting an amnesty law covering those who were convicted or held under the anti-terrorism law, that this law did not provide more security to the Tunisian people, but rather was used as a tool of oppression against any form of political or other dissent. The Special Rapporteur offered the assistance of his mandate to replace the 2003 law with a proper legislative framework that regulates Tunisia’s anti-terrorism efforts in line with international conventions and protocols on countering terrorism, while fully respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. Further referring to his previous report (see A/HRC/16/51/Add.2), in which he had expressed grave concern about the activities of various entities of the security apparatus and the secrecy and impunity in which they operated, the Special Rapporteur commended the abolishment by the Transitional Government of the Directorate for State Security as an entity, allegedly responsible for activities of torture and arbitrary and even secret detention, and of the “political police”, which had not existed in the law, but was used as a term to describe those elements in the security organs related to the Ministry of the Interior that had been responsible for cracking down on political and human rights activists and other dissent.", "24. At the invitation of the Government, the Special Rapporteur conducted a visit to Peru from 1 to 8 September 2010. In his report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur examined measures taken by Peru to support victims of terrorist crimes and human rights violations committed by State security forces during the internal armed conflict between 1980 and 2000. He also analysed the legislative framework for countering terrorism and its application and implementation in practice. The Special Rapporteur concluded that Peru provides important lessons with regard to the provision of justice and compensation for the suffering caused by the internal armed conflict and that the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission can be considered as a best practice. The criminal trial and sentencing of the former President of Peru and his aides, and the numerous retrials of terrorism convicts previously convicted in unfair trials, constitute significant steps forward in the State’s compliance with its obligations under international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur was concerned, however, about the broad definition of terrorism contained in criminal legislation, the slow progress made in the implementation of the reparations scheme, and the tendency to associate human rights defenders and social protest movements with terrorism. He emphasized that resorting to states of emergency and the deployment of military forces not only as a counter-terrorism measure, but also in situations of mass demonstrations, poses a risk of militarization of conflicts that should not be resolved by the armed forces. The Special Rapporteur welcomed the decision of Congress to repeal Legislative Decree No. 1097 adopted by the executive branch pursuant to delegated legislative authority, as the Decree could have allowed for the discontinuation (sobreseimiento) of criminal proceedings for human rights violations committed during the internal armed conflict, and appeared to have subjected crimes covered by the Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity to a statute of limitations.", "25. The report of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/258) addressed the question of compliance with human rights standards by the United Nations when countering terrorism, taking stock of and assessing the role and contributions of, inter alia, the General Assembly, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Human Rights Council, the Security Council and its subsidiary bodies, and United Nations field presences in the promotion and protection of human rights in the context of their counter-terrorism activities. The main recommendation contained in the report was that the Security Council should seize the opportunity of the approaching tenth anniversary of its resolution 1373 (2001) to replace resolutions 1373 (2001), 1624 (2005) and 1267 (1999) (as amended) with a single resolution, not adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, in order to systematize States’ counter-terrorism measures and reporting duties of States under a single framework. This proposal was motivated by the assessment of the Special Rapporteur that Chapter VII of the Charter does not provide the proper legal basis for maintaining the current framework of mandatory and permanent Security Council resolutions of a quasi-legislative or quasi-judicial nature. The report also addressed ways and means of improving human rights accountability of the United Nations for its field operations, including in the context of countering terrorism, as well as the contributions of various actors towards the implementation of the 2006 United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "26. In its report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/47 and Add. 1-3 and Corr.1), the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stressed the far-reaching impact of the joint study on global practices in relation to secret detention in the context of countering terrorism (see A/HRC/13/42 and A/65/224, para. 13), particularly in relation to its mandate and instances of arbitrary deprivation of liberty. It noted with concern that cases of secret detention are regularly accompanied by the absence of legal guarantees, habeas corpus and fair trial. The Working Group has reiterated the need for the application of a strict test and close scrutiny when considering cases containing general and vague references to terrorism by Governments as a justification for restricting human rights. The Working Group made reference to three Opinions adopted under its individual complaints procedure during the period under consideration that directly concerned cases of persons detained on terrorism-related charges, holding the deprivation of liberty to be arbitrary in all of them (Opinion No. 22/2010, see A/HRC/16/47/Add.1, and Opinions No. 24/2010 and 32/2010, see A/HRC/16/47, para. 9, Table 1).", "27. The then Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/273), expressed concern that in order to combat increasing levels of crime, terrorism and other forms of organized crime effectively, Governments in too many countries seemed willing to restrict certain human rights by granting their law enforcement and intelligence agencies and security forces very extensive powers. He argued that this leads to an environment conducive to undermining the absolute prohibition of torture. The brutalization of many societies has reached a level where torture is simply regarded by Governments and the population at large as the “lesser evil”. The Special Rapporteur noted that this trend is alarming. He emphasized that there was a need for a global awareness-raising campaign to change this climate of tolerance towards excessive use of force by law enforcement officials. Governments needed to be reminded that torture is not an effective means of combating crime. On the contrary, it contributed to the further brutalization of societies and the spiral of violence that many societies suffered from. In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/52), the newly appointed Special Rapporteur indicated his intention to identify and further develop the linkages between forensic and other sciences, not only with a view to eradicating torture and providing corroborating evidence of torture, but also to offer States credible forensic and other scientific alternatives to employ in law enforcement, counter-terrorism and effective criminal prosecution.", "28. The former Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, in his report to the General Assembly (A/65/321, paras. 11-16), addressed the question of targeted killings and accountability, including in the context of countering terrorism. He expressed concern that since the presentation of his report to the Human Rights Council at its fourteenth session on the issue of targeted killing (A/HRC/14/24/Add.6), no concrete information had been provided by Member States in relation to any of the basic questions raised in the Special Rapporteur’s report.", "29. In his report to the Human Rights Council, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression raised concerns regarding limitations imposed on the right to freedom of expression through the Internet on the grounds of countering terrorism (A/HRC/17/27). He noted that existing criminal laws, or new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression on the Internet, were often justified under the notion of countering terrorism, but “in practice are used to censor content that the Government and other powerful entities do not like or agree with.” The Special Rapporteur stressed that the protection of national security or the need to combat terrorism could not be used to justify restricting the right to freedom of expression, unless the Government could demonstrate that (a) the expression was intended to incite imminent violence; (b) it was likely to incite such violence; and (c) there was a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the likelihood or occurrence of such violence.", "30. The Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders addressed the issue of stigmatization of human rights defenders by non-State actors in her report to the General Assembly (A/65/223). The Special Rapporteur pointed to the fact that in the context of civil conflict paramilitaries often attempted to stigmatize the work of human rights defenders and legitimize campaigns of violence against them by alleging that they were associated with armed groups or “terrorists”. She stated that, in such instances, it was vital that Governments publicly reaffirmed the importance of the work carried out by human rights defenders and denounced any attempts at its delegitimization or stigmatization. In her report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/44, Add. 1-2 and Corr.1), the Special Rapporteur raised the issue of stigmatization and criminalization of the work of women human rights defenders. She stated that, aside from the “political” stigmatization to which both women defenders and their male counterparts are subjected in certain contexts, including accusations of being fronts for guerrilla movements, terrorists, political extremists, separatists, foreign countries or interests, women human rights defenders often faced further stigmatization by virtue of their sex or the gender- or sexuality-based rights they advocated.", "31. The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, in the report to the General Assembly (A/65/207, para. 39), voiced concerns about reports that Muslims were, in the context of counter-terrorism measures, regularly subjected to screening of their personal data, house searches, interrogation and arrest solely because of their religious affiliation. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that profiling practices based on ethnicity, national origin and/or religion regularly failed to meet the requirement of a proportionate means of countering terrorism and also entailed considerable negative consequences that may render these measures counterproductive in the fight against terrorism.", "Open-ended intergovernmental working group to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the activities of private military and security companies", "32. By resolution 15/26 of 1 October 2010, the Human Rights Council established an open-ended intergovernmental working group with the mandate to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework, including, inter alia, the option of elaborating a legally binding instrument on the regulation, the monitoring and the oversight of the activities of private military and security companies, including their accountability, taking into consideration the principles, main elements and draft text as proposed by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries as a means of violating human rights and impeding the exercise of the right of peoples to self-determination. The Council decided that the open-ended intergovernmental working group would hold a session of five working days a year for a period of two years and present its recommendations at the twenty-first session of the Human Rights Council. Pursuant to the resolution, the first session of the working group took place from 23 to 27 May 2011.", "D. Human rights treaty bodies", "33. The Human Rights Committee, the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination continued to examine the compliance of State parties’ legislation and practices with their respective human rights treaty obligations in the context of countering terrorism.", "34. The issues addressed by the Human Right Committee and the Committee against Torture predominantly concerned overly broad and unclear definitions of terrorism offences in national legislation.[19] Furthermore, the Human Rights Committee expressed concern at State’s intentions to adopt anti-terrorism legislation allowing for significant delays before trial, before providing access to a lawyer and for decisions on the extension of detention to be taken, in exceptional circumstances, in the absence of a suspect.[20] In this connection, the Committee recommended that any person arrested or detained on a criminal charge, including persons suspected of security-related offences, had immediate access to a lawyers and immediate access to a judge.²⁰ It also highlighted the issue of legislation that permitted judges to withhold evidence from the detainee owing to security concerns, and underscored the importance of access to all evidence, including classified evidence, and suggested to possibly introduce a regime of special advocates.²⁰ Moreover, the Human Rights Committee emphasized its concern regarding the limited organizational and functional independence of State security courts and the power of the executive to refer cases that did not affect State security to these courts.[21]", "35. The Committee against Torture expressed deep concern at allegations of routine use of torture employed by police, prison officers, security forces and military personnel, against alleged terrorists.[22] Further, it pointed to credible reports indicating that these acts frequently occurred with the participation, at the instigation, or with the consent of, commanding officers in police stations, detention centres, prisons and military bases and in unofficial or secret places of detention.²² The Committee therefore urged the relevant State party to take immediate and effective measures to investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of torture.²² Legislation unduly restricting legal safeguards against torture and ill treatment for persons suspected of, or charged with, a terrorist or related crime, while simultaneously providing the police with broad powers to arrest suspects without a court warrant, has given the Committee against Torture additional cause for concern.[23] Regarding the deprivation of rights for alleged terrorists in detention, the Committee has urged States to allow detainees immediate access to a lawyer, adequate time to prepare for trial, independent medical examination that includes patient–doctor confidentiality, and family notification of detention.[24] The Committee criticized practices of detention and incidents of ill treatment of children in unrecorded adult pre-charge facilities and interrogations without legal assistance or the presence of an adult or a legal guardian.[25] The Committee also noted reports about frequent interference by the executive branch with the judicial process, in particular in criminal proceedings, and reported cases of harassment, threats, intimidation, and dismissal of judges who have resisted political pressure and/or, ordered the release of defendants charged with terrorist or State crimes.[26] Furthermore, it expressed concern at the admission of evidence and confessions obtained through torture, and recommended that necessary steps be taken to ensure that, in practice, such confessions and evidence are not admitted in court proceedings, including in cases falling under counter-terrorism regulations.[27]", "36. Other issues of concern for treaty bodies included disproportionate use of force when responding to terrorist threats causing collateral deaths;[28] demolition of property and homes of families of terrorist suspects;[29] the abduction of alleged terrorist suspects;[30] the restriction in places of detention of certain privileges relating to group activities for persons accused of, or convicted for, terrorist offences;[31] practices of racial profiling as part of national security measures that may contribute to increased stigmatization of certain groups;[32] the prosecution of children for their association with armed groups under counter-terrorism provisions;[33] and the lack of a strict and narrow definition of conditions for declaring an emergency and limitation to exceptional circumstances.[34] Of particular concern with regard to emergency laws were child-related abuses such as detention for over a year, denial of a lawyer,[35] trials before military courts,[36] and the impact of emergency regulations on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights.[37]", "III. Activities of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "37. In carrying out her mandate, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has continued to examine the question of the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism and to make general recommendations about the obligations of States in this regard. In her report to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/50), the High Commissioner expressed her continued deep concern at the erosion of respect for due process, including the right to a fair trial, in the context of counter-terrorism policies and practices. While noting that the newly established de-listing procedures, including the establishment of the Office of the Ombudsman to receive requests from individuals and entities seeking removal from the Consolidated List, represented an important step towards fair and clear procedures, the High Commissioner underlined the gulf between the 1267 regime and due process-related requirements in international human rights law and stressed that the need for more comprehensive reform remained.[38]", "38. The High Commissioner therefore urged the Human Rights Council to continue to explore every avenue possible in order to ensure that sanctions imposed against individuals and entities were accompanied by rigorous procedural safeguards, which guaranteed minimum due process standards, for both listing and de-listing decisions. She further underlined that this should include ensuring full support to the Office of the Ombudsperson, while developing additional mechanisms to enhance due process protections for listing and de-listing procedures. It should also include the establishment of an independent, quasi-judicial procedure for review of listing and de-listing decisions.[39]", "39. In the same report, the High Commissioner pointed to practices that impeded the right to a fair trial in the context of counter-terrorism, such as certain uses of intelligence in criminal justice processes.[40] While highlighting that the use of accurate intelligence is indispensable to prevent terrorist acts and bring individuals suspected of terrorist activity to justice, she underscored that the increased reliance on intelligence for countering terrorism and the advent of “intelligence-led law enforcement” in many countries has led to the expansion of intelligence authority, often without adequate consideration for the due process safeguards necessary to protect against abuses. In this connection, the High Commissioner also emphasized the challenges to human rights posed by the increased reliance by States on intelligence, including the abuse of the State secrecy doctrine in the context of legal proceedings, the use in legal proceedings of evidence obtained by illegal means, whether at home or abroad, and the use of secret evidence. In the meantime, she called upon States to ensure that regulatory frameworks are in place to guarantee compliance with international human rights law, both domestically and through intelligence cooperation with other States.", "40. In addition to its activities as Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism in relation to pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, as reflected in section II.A of the present report, OHCHR has continued to strengthen the incorporation of a human rights approach into the common efforts regarding the other pillars of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. In this connection, OHCHR participated in a symposium entitled “Taking Stock and Defining the Way Forward: Strengthening the Response to Terrorism by Addressing Connections with Related Criminal Activities”, organized by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in March 2011 in Vienna, with a presentation on how Member States could be supported, through technical assistance and cooperation, to respond to legitimate national security concerns in full compliance with the rule of law and human rights.", "41. The High Commissioner for Human Rights also opened a Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of human rights of victims of terrorism that took place in June 2011,[41] while the Deputy High Commissioner delivered opening remarks for a Council panel on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking that was held in March 2011.[42] In addition, the Deputy High Commissioner opened a side event to the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council on the topic of human rights of victims of terrorism, in which another OHCHR representative participated as a panellist.", "IV. Conclusions", "42. The United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, human rights treaty bodies, the Human Rights Council and its various special procedures have continued to express deep concerns with regard to remaining significant inconsistencies between domestic counter-terrorism legal frameworks and practices and international human rights standards, including vague and broad definitions of terrorism, lack of legal safeguards related to due process and fair trial guarantees, and practices of torture and ill-treatment of terrorist suspects. Reiterating my call on Member States to fully implement the Global Strategy on Counter-Terrorism, and to ensure respect for human rights and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of all counter-terrorism measures, I urge all States to ensure that their counter-terrorism measures comply with their obligations under international law.", "43. Effective criminal justice systems based on respect for human rights and the rule of law, including due process and fair trial guarantees, continue to be the best means for effectively countering terrorism and ensuring accountability. I encourage States to actively participate in the regional expert symposia on the theme “Protection of human rights aimed at securing the fundamental principles of a fair trial in the context of countering terrorism”, held under the auspices of the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism, and to make use of the observations and good practices being developed in this process. I also encourage States and other stakeholders to take advantage of the basic human rights reference guides developed by this Working Group.", "44. I encourage the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, its Working Groups and entities to continue to incorporate a human rights approach to, and address human rights issues and concerns in, their work, in line with the approach mandated by Member States in the Global Strategy and to ensure that the assistance provided by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force to respond to terrorism is effective, sustainable and compliant with international human rights law. In this context, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force should increase its engagement with civil society to inform the assistance provided by the Task Force and its working groups.", "45. Building on Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate are encouraged to continue their efforts to place respect for the rule of law and human rights at the core of the fight against terrorism in areas within the scope of their mandates. In this connection, efforts by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate to involve the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in their activities are to be commended.", "[1] Other members include the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, the World Bank, the International Maritime Organization and the 1267 Monitoring Committee. The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) participate as observers.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 60/288.", "[3] See A/65/224, paras. 5-6.", "[4] A list of all Working Groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force is available at: http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml.", "[5] See paras. 22-25 of the present report.", "[6] A summary of the panel discussion is available in A/HRC/18/29.", "[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.", "[8] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras 86.137, 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, regarding an evidence-based evaluation of the anti-terrorism legislation.", "[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.", "[10] Ibid., para. 92.218.", "[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.", "[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.", "[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.", "[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras. 78.6, 78.9, 78.19.", "[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.219.", "[16] Ibid., para. 92.220.", "[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.", "[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.", "[19] See CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 9; CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 14.", "[20] See CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13.", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 12.", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 10.", "[23] Ibid., para. 14.", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 11.", "[25] Ibid., para. 21.", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 22.", "[27] Ibid., para. 31.", "[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, para. 10.", "[29] Ibid., para. 17.", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 20.", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 17.", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 12.", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para. 39.", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para. 10.", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para. 32.", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1, para. 30.", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 7.", "[38] See A/HRC/16/50, paras. 16-21.", "[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.", "[40] Ibid., paras. 33-40.", "[41] See also paras. 19-20 of the present report.", "[42] See also paras. 16-17 of the present report." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由", "^(*) A/66/150。", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第65/221号决议重申各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的一切措施均符合根据国际法、特别是根据国际人权、难民和人道主义法承担的义务，敦促各国在反恐的同时充分履行国际法规定的义务，包括在一些具体方面的义务。本报告按照该决议提交。报告提及联合国系统内人权和反恐方面的最新动态，包括反恐执行工作队及其在反恐时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务规定和其他机制、人权条约机构和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动。此外，还报告联合国人权系统对涉及反恐怖主义问题的审议情况，包括反恐怖主义立法、政策和实践是否符合国际人权法。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.联合国内人权和反恐方面的最新发展 3\nA.联合国全球反恐战略和反恐执行工作队 3\nB.反恐怖主义委员会/反恐怖主义委员会执行局 5\nC.人权理事会 6\nD.人权条约机构 11\n3.联合国人权事务高级专员及人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 13\n4.结论 14", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在第65/221号决议中：(a) 表示严重关注在反恐过程中发生的侵犯人权和基本自由以及违反国际难民和人道主义法的行为；(b) 敦促各国在反恐的同时充分履行国际法义务，包括绝对禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的义务；确保所有被剥夺自由者受益于根据国际法有资格享受的保障，包括其羁押得到复核及享受其他基本司法保障；确保任何形式的剥夺自由措施都不得将被羁押者置于法律保护之外；确保正当法律程序义务和公平审判权利；保障隐私权；保护所有人权，包括经济、社会和文化权利；遵守不驱回义务；确保恐怖行为刑事定罪合法性；确保有效补救权；(c) 确认必须继续确保加强联合国与恐怖主义有关的制裁制度所规定的公平、明确的程序，以提高其效率和透明度；(d)敦促各国确保法治，包括并将适当的人权保障纳入国家程序；(e) 请联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)继续协助反恐执行工作队的工作，包括提高对在反恐时尊重人权和法治的必要性的认识；(f) 鼓励安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会加强与相关人权机构，特别是与人权高专办、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、人权理事会其他相关特别程序和机制以及相关条约机构的对话；(g) 吁请参与支持反恐努力的联合国各实体继续协助在反恐时促进和保护人权和基本自由以及适当程序和法治。", "2. 大会请我就65/221号决议的执行情况向其第六十六届会议提交一份报告。本报告也响应前人权事务委员会请高级专员就该委员会第2005/80号决议执行情况向大会报告的请求。报告提及联合国系统内人权和反恐方面的最新动态，包括反恐执行工作队及其在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务规定和其他机制、人权条约机构和人权高专办的活动。", "二. 联合国内人权和反恐方面的最新发展", "A. 联合国全球反恐战略和反恐执行工作队", "3. 反恐执行工作队继续发挥关键作用，协助并促进在国家、区域和全球各级协调一致地执行全球战略。人权高专办领导的在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组[1] 继续协助各国落实联合国全球反恐战略[2] 人权方面的工作，特别是第四支柱所载的题为“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为反恐斗争根本基础的各项措施”的部分。", "4. 各国在全球反恐战略和行动计划中决心，“尽一切努力发展和维持基于法治的有效的国家刑事司法制度，以便能够遵照(……)依照国际法承担的义务，在适当尊重人权和基本自由的情况下，确保根据引渡或起诉原则，将任何参与资助、策划、筹备、实施或支持恐怖主义行为的人绳之以法［……］。”² 目前，在反恐的同时保护人权问题工作组正在组办五个关于保护人权的系列区域专家讨论会，目的是在反恐过程中确保公平审判的基本原则，特别提到国际标准、判例和惯例。五个讨论会利用区域和国际专门知识，以区域为重点，根据国际标准审查具体专题、得出结论并提出建议。", "5. 所有专家讨论会都在区域一级轮流举行，以促进区域和国家有关专家和工作者有效参加，他们具体负责所审查的问题，能够就遇到的挑战和复杂情况提供重要的第一手实际知识，并推荐良好做法。讨论会的重点是在反恐中保护公平审判权的各个方面，包括与普遍性有关的问题及公平审判权不得克减方面；实施普通刑法审判恐怖主义嫌犯；遵守合法性原则；情报机构与执法机构之间的关系；因恐怖行为被拘者和(或)被审判者的权利；在涉及恐怖主义罪行的审判中，法庭的独立和公正问题；取缔组织的问题；国家一级定向制裁。", "6. 第一个区域专家讨论会已于2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行，东南亚区域(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)60人参加了讨论会，包括法官、检察官和司法部官员、辩护律师、国际法专家、民间社会代表和反恐执行工作队成员。与会者对根据国际法规定在反恐中落实公平审判权利的各项挑战进行了评估，查明了反恐中主要的保护公平审判权利，并交流了最佳做法。工作组在这次讨论会后印发了初步意见和最佳做法，为会员国提供指导。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，在反恐时保护人权工作组印发二项基本人权参考指南，内容涉及反恐中搜查人员和安全基础设施。[3] 目前正在制订另外三项指南，内容涉及反恐拘留、国家反恐立法中的合法性原则以及组织的取缔。这些指南旨在就如何在一些反恐领域采取尊重人权的措施，向国家机关、国家和国际非政府组织、法律工作者和联合国机构以及个人提供指导。", "8. 工作组一直与民间社会接触，探讨与落实全球战略中人权方面有关的问题。鉴于民间社会活动对提高对恐怖主义威胁的认识、有效处理这些威胁及确保尊重人权和法治至关重要，工作队同民间社会、非政府组织和人权维护者的接触对说明工作队及其各工作组提供的援助极其重要。", "9. 反恐执行工作队其他工作组[4] 也继续在工作中处理人权问题，包括支持和关注恐怖主义受害者工作组、新设立的与反恐怖主义有关的边境管理工作组、制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组和反恐综合援助倡议。预防和解决冲突工作组组织召开一系列会议，内容涉及中亚地区执行全球反恐战略的情况。第一个会议于2010年12月在布拉迪斯拉发举行，重点是全球反恐战略支柱一(“消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件的措施”)和四(“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为打击恐怖主义斗争的重要基础的措施”)，包括多个工作会议，主题是确保尊重人权和法治，包括善治，以处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。第二个会议于2011年3月在杜尚别举行，专门讨论该战略支柱二(“预防和打击恐怖主义”)。", "B. 反恐怖主义委员会/反恐怖主义委员会执行局", "10. 反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局在其以执行安全理事会第1373(2001)和第1624(2005)号决议为重点的工作方案中继续顾及相关的人权问题。安全理事会2010年12月20日通过的第1963(2010)号决议将反恐执行局的任期延至2013年12月31日。该决议提请会员国注意，有效的反恐措施与对人权的尊重相辅相成，是成功开展反恐工作不可或缺的，指出尊重法治对于有效反恐的重要意义。该决议鼓励反恐执行局进一步发展其在这领域的活动，以确保在其各项活动中一致和公平地处理所有与执行第1373(2001)号和第1624(2005)号决议有关的人权问题。在此方面，反恐执行局还继续积极参与反恐执行工作队在反恐时保护人权工作组的工作。", "11. 反恐执行局按照大会第65/221号决议规定的任务，继续与人权高专办、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员和其他人权实体联络。反恐执行局还继续就相关的人权问题与区域和次区域组织对话。2011年4月19日至21日，欧洲委员会主持召开关于“防止恐怖主义”主题的会议，国际、区域和次区域组织应邀参加会议。人权高专办和在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员参加了会议。", "12. 2010年11月，反恐执行局在印度尼西亚雅加达执法合作中心为南亚国家警察部队、检察官和反恐协调中心的代表举办一次区域讨论会。这次活动的重点是有效利用社区警务技术反恐，以及移动电话技术的最新动态，因为该技术与反恐有关。讨论会还详细探讨反恐协调员和协调中心在国内和国际上加强反恐合作的作用。人权高专办通过协助一名人权专家参加讨论会支持这次活动。", "13. 反恐执行局还于2011年5月在不丹廷布为南亚高级执法和检察官员和法官举办区域讨论会。会上，与会者讨论了警察和检察机关在反恐方面的作用，以及他们在牵头进行有效调查和起诉时面临的挑战。讨论会还提供机会，增进警察和检察机关对最新调查技术和技能的了解，并交流相关经验和最佳做法。人权高专办的一名代表为这次活动作出贡献，提请与会者注意在调查和起诉方面适用的国际人权标准。", "C. 人权理事会", "14. 在其第十五届会议上，人权理事会第15/15号决议决定将在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的任务期限延长三年，并请特别报告员查明、交流和推广在尊重人权和基本自由的前提下打击恐怖主义的最佳做法。[5]", "15. 在同届会议上，人权理事会关于任意拘留的第15/18号决议鼓励各国确保在行政拘留案件中，包括根据公共安全法律进行的行政拘留，同样尊重因逮捕或拘留而被剥夺自由的任何人向法院提起诉讼的权利，以便法院及时判定拘留是否合法，如拘留不合法则命令将其释放。此外，人权理事会通过了关于向索马里提供人权领域的援助的第15/28号决议，促请过渡联邦政府、会员国、利益攸关者和整个国际社会继续孤立其行动威胁索马里和本区域和平、安全或稳定的个人和实体，包括孤立从事恐怖主义行为的个人和实体，并对之采取一切必要措施，同时确保所采取的任何反恐措施都符合国际法。", "16. 2011年3月11日，人权理事会依照其第15/116号决议，在第十六届会议上召开一次小组讨论会，[6] 讨论采取行动处理恐怖分子劫持人质方面的人权问题，特别侧重于国家增进和保护其管辖范围内的所有人的人权的首要责任、加强防止和打击恐怖主义的国际合作以及保护一切所涉受恐怖主义之害的人的权利。召开小组讨论会是为了增进对恐怖活动中劫持人质方面的人权问题的认识和了解。", "17. 小组讨论会由人权理事会主席西哈萨克·庞凯考(泰国)主持，人权事务副高级专员康京和致开幕词。小组成员是：在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员马丁·谢宁、阿尔及利亚民主人民共和国总统顾问Kamel Rezzag Bara、菲律宾全国人权委员会专员Cecilia R.V.Quisumbing、马里地缘政治和安全局萨赫勒观测站站长Soumeylou Maiga和哥伦比亚法学家委员会诉讼和法律保护科副科长Federico Andreu-Guzmán。", "18. 在其第十六届会议上，人权理事会2011年3月25日第16/23号决议尤其谴责国家或公职人员在任何情况下，包括以国家安全为由或通过司法裁判，采取行动或试图采取行动，将酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚合法化，授权或默许实施此类行为，并敦促各国确保追究对所有此类行为的责任。该决议还提请各国注意，长期隔离羁押或秘密羁押可能助长酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的实施，其本身也可构成此种待遇中的一种，敦促各国尊重关于人身自由、安全和尊严的保障措施，确保取消秘密的羁押和审讯地点。", "19. 2011年6月1日，人权理事会依照其第16/116号决定，在理事会第十七届会议上举行一次小组讨论会，讨论恐怖主义受害者的人权问题，尤其考虑2008年9月9日在纽约举行的支持恐怖主义受害者秘书长专题讨论会提出的建议。小组讨论会的目的是增进对恐怖主义受害人的人权问题的了解、交流关于在国际、区域和国家各级所作相关努力的信息及交流最佳做法，着眼于增强各国能力，满足保护恐怖主义受害人及其家属权利的需要，同时考虑到他们的国际人权义务。", "20. 小组讨论会由人权理事会主席庞凯考先生(泰国)主持，联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱致开幕词。下列小组成员发了言：政治事务部反恐执行工作队政治事务干事Anne Wu、在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员马丁·谢宁、西班牙恐怖主义受害人基金会Maite Pagazaurtundua、荷兰蒂尔堡大学蒂尔堡国际受害程度学学院国际法和受害程度学教授Rianne M. Letschert、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处预防恐怖主义特别股协调员Mauro Miedico和欧洲委员会防止酷刑委员会成员、前暴力侵害妇女行为问题特别报告员Yakin Erturk。人权高专办将按照人权理事会第16/116号决定的要求编写小组讨论会摘要，提交人权理事会第十九届会议。", "普遍定期审查", "21. 在普遍定期审查期间，人权理事会还审议了在反恐的同时保护人权和基本自由的问题。人权理事会一些最常见的建议呼吁使本国反恐法律符合国际人权标准和义务，[7] 特别指出应审查反恐法律框架。[8] 此外，还建议各国停止以反恐为借口，严重侵犯人权和人道主义法的行为。[9] 有人对在特别法庭或特别辖区起诉因恐怖罪行而被捕者表示关切，强调必须在合法建立的司法机构起诉这些人，使他们得到适当法律程序的保护。[10] 此外，鼓励会员国对反恐措施中酷刑的指控进行调查，公开调查结果，将实施者绳之以法，并向受害人提供赔偿。[11] 人权理事会还呼吁依照《禁止酷刑和其他残忍不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》制定立法，包括所谓“强化审讯手法”的行为。[12] 理事会还建议，根据中央情报局引渡方案，对飞越本国领土并降落的后果进行公开、透明的评估。[13] 此外，对恐怖罪行实行死刑令人关切。[14] 其他建议着重指出，应颁布禁律，避免对宗教和种族定性，同时防范恐怖主义。[15] 在此方面，还建议“改进安检程序”，避免歧视。[16] 此外，建议各国举办人权培训班，教育有关当局，以改进反恐措施。[17] 最后，吁请会员国响应在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的建议并就这些建议采取行动。[18]", "特别程序", "22. 在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员在其提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/51)中以立法模式汇编了十项最佳反恐做法。特别报告员在其六年工作的基础上进行分析，并与众多利益攸关方进行各种形式的互动，特别是各国政府的呈件(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)，最终形成这套汇编。汇编借鉴了国际条约、国际组织的决议及国际和地区法院的判例。特别报告员在报告中得出结论：除这些模式之外，还可提出其他形式的最佳做法 ，首先是制订国家反恐战略，这些战略必须符合全球反恐战略，超越健全法律，并采取植根于人权的综合方法，同时消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。示范条款涉及：反恐法符合人权法、人道主义法和难民法；反恐做法符合人权法、人道主义法和难民法；常态原则和特殊性原则；审查反恐法和反恐做法执行情况；对侵犯人权做出有效补救；赔偿和援助受害者；恐怖主义定义；典型煽动恐怖主义罪；开列恐怖主义实体名单的最佳做法核心内容；逮捕和审讯恐怖嫌犯的最佳做法核心内容。", "23. 应突尼斯政府的邀请，特别报告员于2010年1月22日至26日访问了突尼斯(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)。过渡政府邀请特别报告员于2011年5月22日至26日进行第二次访问。特别报告员在5月26日结束后续访问时发表的新闻谈话中强调指出，应依照国际人权法在反恐框架内进行必要改革。他呼吁采取措施杜绝有罪不罚现象，确保追究以反恐名义犯下罪行和侵犯人权的责任。这些措施包括继续依职权调查酷刑和非法拘留的指控，通常以打击恐怖主义为借口实施酷刑和非法拘留；追究应负责任者的责任，帮助在突尼斯重建人民与安全部队之间的信任。自2011年1月14日事件以来，基本上未使用违法的2003年反恐法。特别报告员认为，过渡政府通过了一项涵盖根据反恐法被定罪或被拘留者的特赦法，从而承认反恐法并没有为突尼斯人民提供更多安全，而是被用作镇压任何形式的政治或其他异见的工具。特别报告员主动提出协助以一个适当的立法框架取代2003年法，依照关于反恐的各项国际公约和议定书规范突尼斯的反恐努力，同时尊重人权和基本自由。特别报告员还提到他以前的报告(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)，其中对安全机构各实体的活动及其活动的秘密性和免罚性质表示关切。他赞扬过渡政府取缔国家安全局，据称该局应对酷刑及任意甚至秘密拘留的行径及“政治警察”的活动负责。法律中不存在“政治警察”这个措词，但该词用于描述安全机构中与内政部有关的人员，他们应对打击政治和人权活动分子和其他异见者负责。", "24. 特别报告员应秘鲁政府邀请，于2010年9月1日至8日访问秘鲁。特别报告员在其报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)中审查了秘鲁为支持在1980至2000年国内武装冲突期间国家安全部队的恐怖主义罪行和侵犯人权行为的受害者而采取的措施。他还分析了反恐立法框架及其实际适用和执行情况。特别报告员的结论是，在为国内武装冲突所造成的痛苦伸张正义和提供赔偿方面，秘鲁提供了重要的教益；可将设立真相与和解委员会视为一种最佳做法。秘鲁在履行国际人权标准规定的义务方面采取了重大步骤：对秘鲁前总统及其助手进行刑事审判并作出判决；对先前在不公正审判中被判犯下恐怖主义罪行者进行许多复审。但特别报告员关切的是，刑事立法中所载的恐怖主义定义很宽泛；在赔偿办法的实施方面进展缓慢；存在将人权维护者和社会抗议运动与恐怖主义相联系的趋势。他强调指出，诉诸紧急状态和部署军队不仅作为反恐措施，而且运用在大规模示威中，这有可能使不应动用武装部队解决的冲突军事化。特别报告员欢迎国会决定废除行政部门根据立法授权通过的第1097号法令，因为该法令本允许中止针对在国内武装冲突期间所犯侵犯人权行为的刑事诉讼，并似乎使《战争罪及危害人类罪不适用法定时效公约》涵盖的罪行适用法定时效。", "25. 特别报告员提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/65/258)谈到联合国在反恐时遵守人权标准的问题，回顾并评估了特别是大会、反恐执行工作队、人权理事会、安全理事会及其附属机构和联合国外地机构在反恐活动中促进和保护人权方面的作用和贡献。该报告所载主要建议是安全理事会应抓住即将来临的第1373(2001)号决议十周年的机会，由一项不根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的单一的决议取代第1373(2001)号、第1624(2005)号和1267(1999)号决议(经修订)，以使各国反恐措施系统化，并把各国的报告职责纳入一个框架之下。提出这项建议的动机是，特别报告员作出评估，认为第七章并没有为维持安全理事会具有准立法或准司法性质的各项强制性和永久性决议的现行框架提供适当的法律依据。报告还谈到改善联合国实地行动(包括在反恐中)的人权问责制，以及各行动体在执行2006年联合国全球反恐战略方面的贡献。", "26. 任意拘留问题工作组在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/47及Add.1-3和Corr.1)中强调指出，关于在反恐背景下与秘密拘留有关的全球做法的联合研究报告具有深远影响(见A/HRC/13/42和A/65/224，第13段)，特别是有关工作组任务规定和任意剥夺自由的内容。工作组关切地指出，在秘密拘留案件中，通常没有法律保障、人身保护令和公平审判。工作组重申，在有些案件中，政府模糊地泛泛提及恐怖主义并将其作为限制人权的正当理由，审理此类案件时应进行严格检查和严密审查。工作组提到三项意见，这些意见是在报告所述期间工作组个别投诉程序下通过的，直接涉及因恐怖主义指控而被拘留者的案件，其中都认为自由被任意剥夺(第22/2010号意见，见A/HRC/16/47/Add.1；第24/2010号意见和第32/2010号意见，见A/HRC/16/47，第9段，表1)。", "27. 酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员在其提交大会的报告(A/65/273)中表示关切的是，为了有效打击日渐增多的罪行、恐怖主义及其他形式的有组织犯罪，过多国家的政府似乎有意赋予其执法、情报机构和安全非常广泛的权力，从而限制某些人权。他认为，这导致助长破坏绝对禁止酷刑的环境。许多社会的残酷已经达到一种程度，在政府和广大民众看来，酷刑只不过是“较轻的罪恶”。特别报告员指出，这种趋势令人震惊。他强调，有必要开展全球提高认识运动，改变容忍执法人员过度使用武力的氛围。应提醒各国政府，酷刑并非打击犯罪的有效手段。相反，酷刑会使社会更加残忍，暴力不断增多，许多社会都深受其害。新任命的特别报告员在提交人权理事会的第一份报告(A/HRC/16/52)中指出，他打算确定和进一步发展法医学和其它科学之间的联系，不仅是为了杜绝酷刑和提供证实酷刑的证据，而且是为了向各国提供其他可信的法医学和其他科学办法，用于执法、反恐和有效进行刑事起诉。", "28. 法外处决、即决处决或任意处决问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/65/ 321，第11至16段)中谈到定点清除和问责制问题，包括在反恐的大背景下。他表示关切的是，自从他就定点清除问题向人权理事会第十四届会议提交报告(A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)以来，会员国未就其报告中提出的任何基本问题提供具体资料。", "29. 促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/17/27)中，对以反恐为由限制因特网表达自由权表示关切。他指出，现行刑法或专门按刑事罪论处因特网表达的新法通常以反恐概念为正当理由，但“实际上用于审查政府和其他权力实体不喜欢或不同意的内容。”特别报告员强调指出，不能以保护国家安全或反恐需要为由限制表达自由权，除非政府能够说明：(a) 表达是要煽动即将来临的暴力；(b) 有可能煽动此类暴力；(c) 表达与可能发生或发生此类暴力有直接联系。", "30. 人权维护者状况特别报告员在她提交大会的报告(A/65/223)中谈到非国家行为者诬蔑人权维护者的问题。特别报告员指出，在国内冲突中，准军事团体往往企图诬蔑人权维护者的工作，声称维权者与武装团体或“恐怖分子”有牵连，从而使暴力侵害人权维护者运动合理化。她说，在这种情况下，政府必须公开重申人权维护者工作的重要性，谴责任何企图污蔑或使他们的工作非法化的行为。特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/44，Add.1-2和Corr.1)中提出了女性人权维护者的工作被污蔑和被定罪的问题。她说，在一定背景下，对女性人权维护者及其男同事的“政治”污蔑包括指控他们为游击队运动、恐怖主义者、政治极端分子、分裂主义者、外国或外来利益集团作掩护。除此之外，女性人权维护者经常因其性别或所支持的基于性别或性取向的权利而面临进一步污蔑。", "31. 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/65/207，第39段)中表示关切的是，据报，在实行反恐措施中，穆斯林经常仅因为宗教的归属而受到个人资料检查、房屋搜查、审问和逮捕。特别报告员强调指出，基于族裔、民族血统和/或宗教的定性做法往往不符合采取适当反恐手段的要求，还会带来相当消极的后果，使这些措施在反恐中产生反效果。", "为审议可否拟订一项关于私营军事和安保公司活动的国际管制框架设立不限成员名额政府间工作组", "32. 依照2010年10月1日第15/26号决议，人权理事会设立不限成员名额政府间工作组，任务是审议可否拟订一项包括问责制在内的关于监管、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的国际管制框架，尤其是审议关于拟订一项具有法律约束力的文书的备选办法，同时考虑到以雇佣军为手段侵犯人权并阻挠行使民族自决权问题工作组提出的原则、主要内容和案文草案。理事会决定不限成员名额政府间工作组在两年期间每年举行一届为期5个工作日的会议，并向理事会第二十一届会议提出建议。依照该决议，工作组第一届会议于2011年5月23日至27日举行。", "D. 人权条约机构", "33. 人权事务委员会、禁止酷刑委员会、儿童权利委员会、经济、社会和文化权利委员会以及消除种族歧视委员会继续审查在打击恐怖主义方面、缔约国的立法和实践符合其各自人权条约义务的情况。", "34. 人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会所处理的问题主要涉及国家立法中对恐怖主义罪行的定义过于宽泛和不明确。[19] 此外，人权事务委员会关注缔约国打算在修订的反恐怖主义立法中允许严重拖延审判、拖延与律师的联系，以及可在例外和被拘留嫌疑人缺席的情况下决定延长拘留。[20] 委员会就此建议：任何以刑事指控被捕或拘留的人，包括涉嫌安全罪的人能够立即与律师联系，并能够即刻会见法官。²⁰ 另外，委员会特别提到法律准许法官可因安全考虑而决定不向被拘留者出示证据的问题，强调必须能够查阅一切证据，包括保密证据，并建议引进特别律师制度。²⁰ 此外，人权事务委员会着重关注国家安全法庭在组织上和职能上有限的独立性，以及总理有权将不危及国家安全问题的案件转交国家安全法庭审理。[21]", "35. 禁止酷刑委员会深为关注的是，人们指控警方、典狱官、安全部队以及军方针对所谓恐怖分子正常使用酷刑。[22] 另外，委员会指出，有可靠举报表明，此类行为往往是在警察局、拘留中心、监狱和军事基地以及非正式或秘密拘留地点的主管官员的参与、唆使或同意下发生的。²² 委员会因而敦促有关缔约国立即采取有效措施，调查、起诉和惩治所有酷刑行为。²² 有些立法规定不适当地限制了保护被怀疑或指控为恐怖分子或犯有相关罪行者免受酷刑和虐待的法律保障，同时却给予警方广泛权力，未经法院批准即可逮捕嫌疑人——这一点又令禁止酷刑委员会感到关注。[23] 至于被指控的恐怖分子拘留期间权利遭剥夺一事，委员会敦促各国允许被拘留者立即与律师联系、给予充分的时间来准备审判、独立体检(包括病人-医生保密)以及向家人通报拘留情况。[24] 委员会批评在未加记录的成人控罪前设施内拘留儿童的做法和虐待儿童的事件，以及在没有法律援助或成人或法定监护人在场的情况下进行的审问。[25] 委员会也注意到有报告称，行政部门频频干预司法进程，尤其是在刑事诉讼中，同时报告了法官遭骚扰、威胁、恐吓和解职的案例，只因这些法官抗拒政治压力以及(或)命令释放被控恐怖主义或国家罪行的被告。[26] 此外，委员会感到关切的是有刑讯逼供的案例，建议采取必要步骤，确保在法庭诉讼中，包括在反恐条例所涉案件中，实际上不采纳刑讯逼供获得的证据。[27]", "36. 条约机构关注的其他问题有：过度使用武力，在对恐怖威胁作出反应时，造成连带死亡；[28] 拆除恐怖嫌疑人家庭的财产和家园；[29] 被指控的恐怖嫌疑人遭绑架；[30] 在羁押场所限制被指控或判定实施恐怖犯罪者群体活动方面的某些特权；[31] 种族貌相做法成为国家安全措施的一部分，可能会增加某些群体的耻辱化；[32] 按照反恐规定对与武装团体有联系的儿童提起起诉；[33] 对宣布紧急情况和限于非常情形的条件缺乏严格、狭义的定义。[34] 紧急状态法方面特别令人关注的是：与儿童有关的虐待行为，如拘留一年多，不准有律师，[35] 军事法庭审判[36] 以及紧急情况条例对享受经济、社会和文化权利的影响。[37]", "三． 联合国人权事务高级专员及人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "37. 联合国人权事务高级专员在执行规定任务时，继续审查在反恐中保护人权和基本自由问题，并就各国在这方面的义务提出一般性建议。高级专员提交人权理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/50)继续深为关切在反恐政策与做法背景下对于公正审判权等适当程序的尊重有所减退。高级专员指出，虽然新规定的除名程序(包括设立监察员办公室，负责处理个人和实体要求从《综合名单》中除名的请求)向公平和明确的程序迈出了一大步，但强调，在1267制度和国际人权法有关适当程序的规定之间还存在鸿沟，还需要作出更全面的改革。[38]", "38. 高级专员因而敦请人权理事会继续探索一切可能的途径，以便确保对个人和实体实施的制裁有严格的程序保障，保证列入名单和从名单中除名的决定遵守最低限度适当程序标准。她进一步着重指出，这方面还应确保对新设立的监察员办公室给予全力支持，同时应制订补充机制，促进对列入名单和从名单中除名程序的适当程序保护。还应制订一个独立的准司法程序，负责对列入名单和除名的决定进行审查。[39]", "39. 高级专员在同一份报告中提到在反恐方面阻碍公正审判权的做法，如在刑事司法程序中利用情报的某些情形。[40] 她强调使用准确情报对防止恐怖行为、将涉嫌恐怖活动的个人付诸司法至关重要，然而，她着重指出，许多国家在反恐中越来越多地依赖情报资料，还出现了“以情报为导向的执法”，导致情报机关扩张，但常常没有充分考虑防止滥用所必须的适当程序保障。关于这一点，高级专员还强调，各国更多地依赖情报，导致人权方面的问题，包括在诉讼程序中滥用国家机密特权，在国内或国外的诉讼程序中使用以非法手段获取的证据，以及利用秘密证据等。同时，她吁请各国确保制定监管框架，以保证在其国内，以及通过与其他国家开展情报合作，遵守国际人权法。", "40. 人权事务高级专员办事处除了作为反恐执行工作队在反恐的同时保护人权工作组主席开展同全球反恐战略第四支柱部门有关的活动之外(见于本报告第二.A节)，还继续推进把人权办法并入有关全球反恐战略其他支柱部门的共同努力中。人权事务高级专员办事处就此参加了由联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年3月在维也纳组织的、题为“回顾和展望：处理与有关的犯罪活动之间的联系，加强对恐怖主义采取对策”的讨论会，并发言阐述如何通过技术援助和合作来支助会员国，在全面遵守法治和人权的情况下解决国家安全方面正当的关注。", "41. 人权事务高级专员还就恐怖主义受害者的人权问题启动了人权理事会的一次小组讨论(2011年6月举行)，[41] 而副高级专员则在人权理事会2011年3月关于在为打击恐怖主义劫持人质行为而采取对策范畴内的人权问题小组讨论上，作了开篇讲话。[42] 此外，副高级专员还启动了人权理事会第十六届会议关于恐怖主义受害者的人权专题的场外活动，人权事务高级专员办公室另一名代表作为小组讨论会成员参与。", "四. 结论", "42. 联合国人权事务高级专员、人权条约机构、人权理事会及其各种特殊程序继续对国内反恐法律框架和做法与国际人权标准之间存在着严重的不一致深表关切，这其中包括恐怖主义定义模糊和宽泛、缺乏有关适当程序和公平审判的法律保障、对恐怖嫌犯实施酷刑和虐待的做法。我再次吁请会员国全面实施全球反恐战略，确保尊重人权和法治，以此作为一切反恐措施的根本基础，敦请所有国家确保其反恐措施符合国际法所赋予的义务。", "43. 以尊重人权和法治为基础的有效的刑事司法制度，包括适当程序和公平审判保障，继续是有效反恐和确保问责制的最佳手段。我鼓励各国积极参与在“在反恐的同时保护人权工作组”的主持下举行的、关于“保护人权以便在反恐范畴内确保公平审判的基本原则”的区域专家讨论会；并利用在次进程中得出的意见和形成的良好做法。我还鼓励各国和其他利益攸关方利用本工作组指定的基本人权参考准则。", "44. 我鼓励反恐执行工作队、其各个工作组及实体，继续按照会员国在全球反恐战略中所规定的办法，采用人权办法开展工作，并处理工作中的人权问题和关注，确保反恐执行工作队所提供的反恐援助是有效、可持续和符合国际人权法的。在此范畴内，反恐执行工作队应当增加同民间社会的接触，充实工作队及其各工作小组所提供的援助。", "45. 我们鼓励反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局在安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议的基础上，继续作出努力，把尊重法治和人权放在其任务规定范畴内各领域反恐斗争的核心。关于这一点，应当对反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局让人权事务高级专员办事处参与其活动的努力提出表扬。", "[1] 其他成员包括在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、联合国秘书处毒品和犯罪问题办公室、反恐怖主义委员会执行局、法律事务厅、联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所、世界银行、国际海事组织和1267监察委员会。人道主义事务协调厅和国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)作为观察员参加。", "[2] 大会第60/288号决议。", "[3] 见A/65/224，第5至6段。", "[4] 反恐执行工作队所有工作组一览表见http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml。", "[5] 见本报告第22至25段。", "[6] 小组讨论会摘要见A/HRC/18/29。", "[7] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.58段；A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.139段。", "[8] A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.137和86.138段；另见A/HRC/18/4，第106.133段，内容涉及循证评价反恐立法。", "[9] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.217段。", "[10] 同上，第92.218段。", "[11] A/HRC/17/10和Add.1，第86.136段。", "[12] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.66段。", "[13] A/HRC/18/4，第106.132段。", "[14] A/HRC/16/3和Add.1，第78.6、78.9和78.19段。", "[15] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.219段。", "[16] 同上，第92.220段。", "[17] A/HRC/17/7和Add.1，第89.98段。", "[18] A/HRC/16/11和Add.1，第92.90段。", "[19] CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5，第9段；CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第13段；CCPR/C/POL/CO/6，第4段；CCPR/C/　JOR/CO/4，第6段；CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5，第14段。", "[20] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第13段。", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4，第12段。", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第10段。", "[23] 同上，第14段。", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3，第11段。", "[25] 同上，第21段。", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第22段。", "[27] 同上，第31段。", "[28] CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3，第10段。", "[29] 同上，第17段。", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1，第20段。", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3，第17段。", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17，第12段。", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1，第39段。", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4，第10段。", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO，第32段。", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1，第30段。", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4，第7段。", "[38] A/HRC/16/50，第16至21段。", "[39] 同上，第27和44段。", "[40] 同上，第33至40段。", "[41] 亦见本报告第19和20段。", "[42] 亦见本报告第16和17段。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "1. 大会第62/121号决议重申各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的任何措施都符合国际法,特别是人权、难民和人道主义法为其规定的义务,并敦促各国打击恐怖主义,包括在若干具体领域充分履行国际法规定的义务。 本报告是根据该决议提交的。 它提及联合国系统内最近在人权和反恐方面的事态发展,包括通过反恐执行工作队、其在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务和其他机制、人权条约机构和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动。 它报告了联合国人权系统审议反恐问题的情况,包括遵守打击恐怖主义的立法、政策和做法是否符合国际人权法。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 四. 联合国在人权领域的最新4个动态\nA. 联合国全球反恐战略和反恐怖主义执行工作队\nB. 反恐怖主义委员会6\nDirectorate C. Human 7 Rights\nD. 人权理事会14项人权条约\n页: 1 联合国人权事务高级专员和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动15\n权利\n四. 导言 A. 结论17", "一. 导言", "1. 导言 (b) 敦促反恐机构充分遵守国际法规定的义务,包括绝对禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚;", "2. 结 论 要求我向第六十六届会议提交关于第56/21号决议执行情况的报告。 本报告也是应前人权委员会要求高级专员向大会报告委员会第2005/80号决议的执行情况。 报告提到联合国系统内最近在人权和反恐方面的事态发展,包括通过反恐执行工作队、其在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组、反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、人权理事会及其各项特别程序任务和其他机制、人权条约机构和人权高专办的活动。", "附件二。 联合国最近在人权和反恐领域的事态发展", "A. 联合国全球反恐战略和反恐执行工作队", "3. 。 反恐怖主义执行 工作队继续发挥关键作用,促进和促进在国家、区域和全球各级执行《全球战略》方面的协调和一致性。 在这方面,由人权高专办牵头的在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权问题工作组,继续协助各国执行《联合国全球反恐战略》中的人权方面,特别是题为“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为反恐斗争根本基础的措施”的第四个支柱中的人权方面。", "4. . 在《全球反恐战略和行动计划》中,各国决心“尽一切努力,发展和维持一个基于法治的有效国家刑事司法系统,根据(......)国际法义务,确保根据引渡或起诉原则,将参与资助、计划、筹备或实施恐怖主义行为或支持恐怖行为的任何人绳之以法,同时充分尊重人权和基本自由[......]”。 在这方面,在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权问题工作组正在组织一系列5次区域专家研讨会,由各国参加,讨论保护人权问题,目的是在反恐背景下确保公正审判的基本原则,特别是参照国际标准、判例和实践。 通过区域和国际专门知识以及区域重点,五场专题讨论会旨在审查具体专题问题,得出结论,并根据国际标准提出建议。", "5. 结 论 所有专家专题讨论会均在区域一级轮流举行,以便利区域和国家专家和从业人员有意义地参加,他们专门就所审查的问题开展工作,并能提供关于所遇到的挑战和复杂性以及建议的良好做法的第一手实用知识。 讨论会的重点是在反恐中保护公正审判权的各个方面,包括与公正审判权的普遍性和不可克减方面有关的问题;利用普通刑法审判涉嫌恐怖行为的人;尊重合法性原则;情报机构与执法机构之间的关系;因恐怖主义行为而被拘留和(或)受审判的人的权利;在与恐怖主义罪行有关的审判中法院的独立性和公正性问题;组织登记问题;国家一级的定向制裁。", "6. 任务 第一次区域专家研讨会于2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行,东南亚区域(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)的60名与会者参加了研讨会,其中包括法官、检察官和司法部官员、辩护律师、国际法专家、民间社会代表以及反恐执行工作队成员。 与会者评估了国际法规定的在反恐背景下落实公正审判权的挑战,确定了在反恐中保护公正审判权的关键权利,并交流了良好做法。 由于这次活动,工作组将发布一套初步意见和良好做法,向会员国提供指导。", "7. 基本生活 在本报告所述期间,在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组发布了两份基本人权参考指南,内容涉及在反恐背景下拦截和搜查人员以及安全基础设施。 [3] 还在反恐背景下就拘留问题、国家反恐立法中的合法性原则以及禁止组织问题发展了3个。 这些指南旨在指导国家当局、国家和国际非政府组织、法律工作者、联合国各机构以及个人如何在一些反恐领域采取符合人权的措施。", "8.8 工作组还继续就执行《全球战略》的人权方面问题与民间社会接触。 鉴于民间社会的活动对于提高对恐怖主义威胁的认识、更有效地应对这些威胁以及确保尊重人权和法治至关重要,工作队与民间社会、非政府组织和人权维护者的接触对于向工作队及其工作组提供的援助提供信息至关重要。", "9.9 反恐执行工作队的其他工作组[4个]还在其工作中继续处理人权问题,包括支持和指导恐怖主义受害者工作组、新成立的反恐边界管理工作组、打击为恐怖主义目的使用互联网工作组以及反恐怖主义综合援助倡议。 预防和解决冲突工作组就中亚地区执行《全球反恐战略》问题举行了一系列会议。 第一次会议于2010年12月在布拉迪斯拉发举行,重点讨论了《全球反恐战略》的支柱一(“处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件的措施”)和四(“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为反恐斗争的基础的措施”)。 其中包括关于确保尊重人权和法治,包括善治专题的工作会议,以处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。 第二次会议于2011年3月在杜尚别举行,专门讨论《战略》第二支柱(“防止和打击恐怖主义”)。", "B. 反恐怖主义委员会/反恐怖主义委员会执行局", "10. 其他事项。 反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局继续在其侧重于执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号和第1624(2005)号决议的工作方案中考虑到有关的人权问题。 安全理事会2010年12月20日通过的第1963(2010)号决议将反恐怖主义委员会执行局的任务期限延长至2013年12月31日。 该决议还提醒各国,有效的反恐措施和尊重人权是相辅相成的,是成功的反恐努力的重要组成部分。 它还指出了尊重法治以有效打击恐怖主义的重要性。 该决议鼓励反恐怖主义委员会执行局进一步发展这一领域的活动,确保与执行第1373(2001)号和第1624(2005)号决议有关的所有人权问题在其所有活动中始终如一地得到处理。 在这方面,反恐怖主义委员会执行局还继续积极参与反恐执行工作队在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组的工作。", "注 根据大会在第59/121号决议中规定的任务,反恐怖主义委员会执行局继续与人权高专办、在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员和其他人权机构联络。 执行局还继续与区域和次区域组织就相关人权问题进行对话。 欧洲委员会于2011年4月19日至21日主办了反恐怖主义委员会关于“预防恐怖主义”专题的会议,并邀请国际、区域和次区域组织参加。 人权高专办和在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员都参加了会议。", "12. 2010年11月,反恐怖主义委员会执行局在印度尼西亚雅加达执法合作中心为南亚国家警察部队、检察官和反恐协调人的代表举办了一次区域讲习班。 该活动的重点是有效利用社区警务技术打击恐怖主义,以及移动电话技术在反恐方面的最新发展。 讲习班还详细讨论了反恐协调员和协调人在国家和国际范围内加强反恐合作的作用。 人权高专办为这次活动提供了支持,为人权专家的参与提供了便利。", "13. 此外,反恐怖主义委员会执行局于2011年5月在不丹廷布为南亚的高级执法和检察官员及法官举办了一次区域讲习班。 在讲习班期间,与会者讨论了警察和检察部门在打击恐怖主义方面的作用以及这些部门在领导有效调查和起诉方面所面临的挑战。 讲习班还提供了一个机会,提高警察和检察部门对最新可用调查技术和技术的认识,并分享相关经验和良好做法。 人权高专办的一名代表为这次活动作出了贡献,提请与会者注意在调查和起诉方面适用的国际人权标准。", "C. 人权理事会", "十四、任 务 1. 人权理事会第十五届会议在第15/15号决议中决定将在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权及基本自由问题特别报告员的任期延长三年,并请特别报告员除其他任务外,确定、交流和推广关于反恐措施尊重人权和基本自由的最佳做法。 [5]", "15. 第十五条 在同一届会议上,人权理事会在关于任意拘留问题的第15/18号决议中,鼓励所有国家确保因逮捕或拘留而被剥夺自由的任何人向法院提起诉讼的权利,以便它能够毫不迟延地决定拘留是否合法,如果拘留不合法,在行政拘留案件中,包括在公共安全立法中,可以同样尊重释放。 此外,人权理事会通过了关于向索马里提供人权领域援助的第15/28号决议,敦促过渡联邦政府、会员国、利益攸关方和整个国际社会继续孤立和采取一切必要措施,打击那些其行动威胁索马里和该区域和平、安全或稳定的个人和实体,包括那些从事恐怖主义行为的人,同时确保所采取的任何打击恐怖主义措施符合国际法。", "16. 2011年3月11日,人权理事会第十六届会议根据其第15/116号决定举行了小组讨论,讨论在采取行动处理劫持恐怖分子行为时的人权问题,特别着重讨论各国促进和保护其管辖下的所有人的人权的首要责任,加强国际合作,防止和打击恐怖主义,保护所有有关恐怖主义受害者的权利。 小组讨论的目的是提高对在恐怖活动中劫持人质所涉人权问题的认识和了解。", "17. 第17条。 小组讨论由人权理事会主席Shasak Pansketkeow(泰国)主持,由人权事务副高级专员Kyung-wha Kang主持。 小组成员是:反恐中注意增进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员Martin Scheinin;阿尔及利亚民主人民共和国总统顾问Kamel Rezzag-Bara;专员Cecilia R.V。 Quisumbing, National Human Rights Commission of the Philippines; Soumeylou Maiga, President of the Sahel Observstrategy and Security of Mali; and Federico Andreu-Guzmán, Deputy Director of the Litigation and Legal Protection Section, Colombian Commission of Jurists.", "第18条 2. 人权理事会第十六届会议还在其2011年3月25日第16/23号决议中,特别谴责国家或公职人员在任何情况下,包括以国家安全为由或通过司法判决,将酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚合法化、授权或默许的任何行动或企图,并敦促各国确保追究所有此类行为的责任。 委员会还提醒各国,长期单独监禁或秘密监禁可助长酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚的实施,其本身也可构成此种待遇的一种形式,并敦促所有国家尊重关于人身自由、安全和人格尊严的保障措施,并确保废除秘密监禁和审讯场所。", "191 1. 2011年6月1日,人权理事会第十七届会议根据理事会第16/116号决定,除其他外,考虑到秘书长召集并于2008年9月9日举行的支持恐怖主义受害者专题讨论会的建议,就恐怖主义受害者人权问题举行了小组讨论。 小组讨论的目的是加深对恐怖主义受害者人权问题的了解,交流在国际、区域和国家各级所做相关努力的信息,交流良好做法,以便提高各国应对保护恐怖主义受害者及其家人权利需要的能力,同时考虑到其国际人权义务。", "20.20 小组讨论由人权理事会主席潘普基克乌先生(泰国)主持,联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱宣布会议开幕。 以下小组成员作了陈述:政治事务部反恐怖主义执行工作队办公室政治事务干事安妮·吴;在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员马丁·舍伊宁;西班牙恐怖主义受害者基金会Maite Pagazaurtundua;荷兰蒂尔堡大学国际法和受害者学教授兼国际受害者学研究所副所长Rarianne M. Letschert;联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处特别恐怖主义预防股协调员Maurio Miedico;以及前欧洲防止酷刑和暴力侵害妇女委员会成员Yakin Erturk。 根据人权理事会第16/116号决定的要求,人权高专办将编写一份小组讨论摘要,提交人权理事会第十九届会议。", "普遍定期审议", "21.21。 人权理事会还在普遍定期审议中审议了在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由的问题。 人权理事会的一些最普遍的建议要求将国内反恐法律与国际人权标准和义务相统一,尤其需要审查打击恐怖主义的法律框架。 *** 还建议各国停止以打击恐怖主义为借口严重违反人权和人道主义法的行为。 [9] 有与会者对起诉在特别法庭或司法管辖区因恐怖主义犯罪而被捕的人表示关切,强调他们必须被带上依法设立的司法机构,并得到适当程序的保护。 [10] 此外,还鼓励会员国在反恐措施中调查有关酷刑的指控,公布调查结果,将肇事者绳之以法,并向受害人提供赔偿。 [11] 此外,人权理事会呼吁颁布符合《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》的立法,包括被称为“强化审讯技术”的行为。 [13] 此外,有人对恐怖主义定罪判处死刑表示关切。 [14] 其他建议强调,必须通过颁布禁止的立法,避免以宗教和种族划线,同时打击恐怖主义。 [15] 在这方面,还建议进行“口头”安全检查,以避免歧视。 [16] 此外,建议各国举办基于人权的培训班,对有关当局进行教育,以改进反恐做法。 [17] 最后,呼吁各会员国对在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员提出的建议作出反应并采取行动。 [18]", "特别程序", "222. 在提交人权理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/51)中,反恐中注意增进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员以立法模式汇编了10项反恐最佳做法。 该汇编是特别报告员根据他六年来的工作进行的分析结果,涉及与多个利益攸关方进行各种形式的互动,特别是各国政府提交的书面材料(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)。 汇编借鉴了国际条约、国际组织的决议以及国际和区域法院的判例。 特别报告员在报告中得出结论,除了这种模式外,还可以用其他形式查明最佳做法,首先是通过国家反恐战略,这些战略必须超越良好法律,需要采取一种基于人权的全面做法,并根据《全球反恐战略》处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。 示范条款提到:反恐怖主义法与人权、人道主义法和难民法的一致性;反恐做法与人权、人道主义法和难民法的一致性;正常和具体性原则;反恐法律和实践实施情况审查;侵犯人权行为的有效补救办法;对受害者的赔偿和援助;恐怖主义的定义;煽动恐怖主义的示范犯罪;将恐怖主义实体列入名单的最佳做法的核心要素;逮捕和审讯恐怖主义嫌犯的最佳做法的核心要素。", "23. 会议报告。 应突尼斯政府的邀请,特别报告员于2010年1月22日至26日访问了突尼斯(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)。 过渡政府邀请特别报告员于2011年5月22日至26日进行第二次访问。 特别报告员在5月26日后续访问结束时发表的新闻谈话中强调,必须在反恐框架内根据国际人权法进行必要的改革。 他呼吁采取措施,打击有罪不罚的现象,确保追究以反恐名义犯下的罪行和侵犯人权行为的责任。 这些措施包括继续依职权调查经常以打击恐怖主义为借口实施的酷刑和非法拘留指控,追究那些负责帮助重建该国民众与安全部队之间的信任的人的责任。 特别报告员指出,自2011年1月14日事件以来,2003年滥用的反恐怖主义法基本上没有得到使用。 据特别报告员说,过渡政府通过大赦法,涵盖根据反恐怖主义法被定罪或关押的人,承认该法没有为突尼斯人民提供更多的安全,而是被用作压制任何形式的政治或其他异议的工具。 特别报告员提供了协助,以适当的立法框架取代2003年的法律,根据国际反恐公约和议定书规范突尼斯的反恐努力,同时充分尊重人权和基本自由。 特别报告员还提到他先前的报告(见A/HRC/16/51/Add.2),他在其中对安全机构各实体的活动以及它们运作的保密和有罪不罚表示严重关切。 特别报告员赞扬过渡政府撤销国家安全局,认为该局是负责酷刑和任意甚至秘密监禁活动的实体,以及“政治警察”,因为法律中没有这种机构,但被用作术语,用以描述负责镇压政治和人权活动分子和其他持不同政见者的安全机关中那些人员。", "24. 第24段。 应秘鲁政府的邀请,特别报告员于2010年9月1日至8日访问了秘鲁。 特别报告员在报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)中审查了秘鲁为支持1980年至2000年国内武装冲突期间国家安全部队犯下的恐怖主义罪行和侵犯人权行为受害者而采取的措施。 他还分析了反恐立法框架及其实际应用和执行。 特别报告员得出结论,秘鲁在为国内武装冲突造成的痛苦提供司法和赔偿方面提供了重要的经验教训,并认为设立真相与和解委员会可被视为最佳做法。 对秘鲁前总统及其助手的刑事审判和判决,以及对以前在不公正审判中被定罪的恐怖主义罪犯的多次重审,是国家履行国际人权标准义务的重要步骤。 然而,特别报告员对刑事立法中对恐怖主义的广泛定义、执行赔偿计划进展缓慢以及将人权维护者和社会抗议运动与恐怖主义联系起来的趋势表示关切。 他强调,诉诸紧急状态和部署军事部队不仅是一种反恐怖主义措施,而且在大规模示威游行的情况下,都构成冲突军事化的危险,不应由武装部队加以解决。 特别报告员欢迎国会决定废除行政部门根据授权通过的第1097号法令,因为该法令允许停止对国内武装冲突期间侵犯人权行为的刑事诉讼,并且似乎将《战争罪和危害人类罪不适用法定时效公约》所涵盖的罪行作为法定时效。", "25. 。 特别报告员提交大会第六十五届会议的报告(A/60/258)讨论了联合国在打击恐怖主义时遵守人权标准的问题,评估了大会、反恐怖主义执行工作队、人权理事会、安全理事会及其附属机构以及联合国实地存在在其反恐活动中促进和保护人权的作用和贡献。 报告的主要建议是,安全理事会应抓住其第1373(2001)号决议十周年之际的机会,以单一决议取代第1373(2001)号、第1624(2005)号和第1267(1999)号决议(经修正),而该决议不是根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的,目的是将各国的反恐措施和报告义务系统化。 这项建议的动机是特别报告员的评估,即《宪章》第七章没有为维持安全理事会现行具有准立法或准司法性质的强制性和永久决议框架提供适当的法律依据。 报告还讨论了如何改进联合国对其外地业务,包括在打击恐怖主义方面的人权问责制,以及各行为体为执行2006年《联合国全球反恐战略》所作的贡献。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 1. 任意拘留问题工作组在其提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/47和Add.1-3和Corr.1)中,强调了联合研究对反恐中秘密拘留的全球做法的影响(见A/HRC/13/42和A/60/224,第13段),特别是关于其任务和任意剥夺自由的情况。 它关切地注意到,在秘密监禁案件中经常缺乏法律保障、人身保护令和公正审判。 工作组重申,在审议政府笼统和含糊地提及恐怖主义作为限制人权的理由的案件时,必须适用严格的检验和严格审查。 工作组提到其在审议期间根据个人申诉程序通过的三项意见,即直接涉及因恐怖主义相关指控而被拘留人员的案件,认为剥夺自由是任意的(第22/2010号意见,见A/HRC/16/47/Add.1,第24/2010号和第32/2010号意见,见A/HRC/16/47,第9段,表1)。", "。 当时的酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/60/273)中表示关切,为了有效打击日益增加的犯罪、恐怖主义和其他形式的有组织犯罪,许多国家的政府似乎愿意限制某些人权,给予执法和情报机构以及安全部队广泛的权力。 他辩称,这导致一种有利于破坏绝对禁止酷刑的环境。 许多社会的野蛮化已经达到一个程度,政府和广大民众将酷刑视为“恶魔”。 特别报告员指出,这一趋势令人震惊。 他强调,需要开展全球宣传运动,改变这种容忍气氛,让执法官员过度使用武力。 需要提醒各国政府,酷刑不是打击犯罪的有效手段。 相反,它助长了社会进一步野蛮化和许多社会遭受的暴力循环。 新任命的特别报告员在提交人权理事会的第一份报告(A/HRC/16/52)中表示,他打算查明并进一步发展法医学与其他科学之间的联系,不仅是为了根除酷刑,提供酷刑的佐证证据,而且还要为各国提供可靠的法证和其他科学替代手段,以用于执法、反恐和有效的刑事起诉。", "第28次会议 前任法外处决、即审即决或任意处决问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/61/321,第11至16段)中讨论了目标明确的杀戮和问责制问题,包括在打击恐怖主义方面。 他对自从向人权理事会第十四届会议提交关于定点杀人问题的报告(A/HRC/14/24/Add.6)以来,会员国未就特别报告员报告中提出的任何基本问题提供任何具体信息表示关切。", "29. 。 增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告中,对以反恐为由限制通过互联网的言论自由权表示关切(A/HRC/17/27)。 他指出,现有的刑法,或专门为在互联网上表达言论定罪而制定的新法律,在反恐概念下常常是正当的,但“在实践中,被用来批评政府和其他强大实体不喜欢或不同意的内容。” 特别报告员强调,不能利用对国家安全的保护或打击恐怖主义的必要性来为限制言论自由权利辩解,除非政府能够证明:(a) 表达意图煽动迫在眉睫的暴力;(b) 可能煽动这种暴力;以及(c) 表达与这种暴力的可能性或发生之间有直接和直接的联系。", "30. 任务 人权维护者处境问题特别报告员在其提交大会的报告(A/63/223)中谈到非国家行为者对人权维护者的污名化问题。 特别报告员指出,就国内冲突而言,准军事人员往往试图污蔑人权维护者的工作,通过指称他们与武装团体或“恐怖分子”有联系,使针对他们的暴力行为合法化。 她说,在这种情况下,各国政府必须公开重申人权维护者所做工作的重要性,并谴责任何企图使其非法化或污名化的做法。 特别报告员在提交人权理事会的报告(A/HRC/16/44,Add.1-2和Corr.1)中提出了女性人权维护者工作的污名化和刑事定罪问题。 她说,除了妇女维权者及其男性对口人在某些情况下受到的“政治”污名之外,包括指控她们是游击运动的前线、恐怖分子、政治极端分子、分裂分子、外国或利益集团,妇女人权维护者往往因其性别或他们所倡导的基于性别的或性权利而面临进一步的污名化。", "313. 1. 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在提交大会的报告(A/60/207,第39段)中表示关注,有报告说,穆斯林在反恐措施方面经常受到对其个人资料的甄别、搜查房屋、审讯和逮捕,完全是因为他们的宗教信仰。 特别报告员强调,基于族裔、民族和(或)宗教的定性做法经常不符合打击恐怖主义相称手段的要求,也会产生相当大的消极后果,使这些措施在反恐斗争中产生反效果。", "审议可否拟订一项关于私营军事和保安公司活动的国际管理框架的不限成员名额政府间工作组", "323 1. 人权理事会在2010年10月1日第15/26号决议中设立了一个不限成员名额政府间工作组,任务是审议是否有可能拟订一项国际管理框架,除其他外,包括拟订关于管制、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动,包括其问责制的具有法律约束力的文书,同时考虑到利用雇佣军作为侵犯人权和阻止人民行使自决权的手段问题工作组提出的原则、主要内容和案文草案。 理事会决定不限成员名额政府间工作组每年举行为期两年的为期五个工作日的会议,并向人权理事会第二十一届会议提出建议。 根据该决议,工作组第一届会议于2011年5月23日至27日举行。", "D. 人权条约机构", "336 人权事务委员会、禁止酷刑委员会、儿童权利委员会、经济、社会和文化权利委员会以及消除种族歧视委员会继续审查缔约国在反恐方面遵守各自人权条约义务的情况。", "344. 事实 人权事务委员会和禁止酷刑委员会所处理的问题主要涉及国家立法中对恐怖主义罪行的定义过于宽泛和模糊。 [19] 此外,人权事务委员会对国家打算通过反恐立法表示关切,立法允许在审判前严重拖延,允许接触律师,以及在特殊情况下在嫌疑人缺席的情况下作出延长拘留的决定。 [20] 在这方面,委员会建议任何因刑事指控而被逮捕或拘留的人,包括涉嫌与安全有关的犯罪的人,可立即与律师联系并立即与法官联系。 它还强调了立法问题,允许法官出于安全考虑而拒绝被拘留者提供证据,并强调获得包括机密证据在内的所有证据的重要性,并建议可能实行特别辩护人制度。 此外,人权事务委员会强调,它对国家安全法院的组织和职能独立性有限以及行政部门有权将不影响国家安全的案件提交这些法院表示关切。 [21]", "353. 禁止酷刑委员会对警察、监狱官员、安全部队和军事人员对被指控的恐怖分子经常使用酷刑的指控深表关切。 [22] 此外,它指出,有可信的报告表明,这些行为经常发生在警察局、拘留中心、监狱和军事基地以及非官方或秘密监禁场所的指挥官参与、教唆或同意下。 因此,委员会敦促有关缔约国立即采取有效措施,调查、起诉和惩罚所有酷刑行为。 立法不适当地限制法律保障,防止对涉嫌或被指控犯有恐怖主义或相关罪行的人实施酷刑和虐待,同时赋予警察广泛的权力,在没有法院逮捕证的情况下逮捕嫌疑人,同时赋予禁止酷刑委员会更多的关切。 [23] 关于拘留中被指控的恐怖分子的权利被剥夺问题,委员会敦促各国允许被拘留者立即与律师联系,为审判做好充分准备,进行独立的医疗检查,包括病人和医生的保密性,以及家庭通知拘留。 [24] 委员会批评未经法律援助的成人指控设施和审讯中对儿童的拘留和虐待,或成年人或法定监护人在场。 [26] 此外,委员会对通过酷刑获得的证据和口供的接受表示关切,建议采取必要措施,确保在实践中,这类口供和证据在法庭审理中不被采纳,包括在属于反恐怖主义条例的案件中。", "363. 。 条约机构关注的其他问题包括:在处理造成附带死亡的恐怖主义威胁时过度使用武力;[28] 摧毁恐怖主义嫌疑人的财产和家庭;[29] 绑架被指控的恐怖主义嫌疑人;[30] 限制对被控或被判犯有恐怖主义罪行的人的团体活动的某些特权;[31] 种族定性做法,作为国家安全措施的一部分,可能增加对某些群体的污名化; [32] 根据反恐怖主义规定,起诉与武装团体有关联的儿童;[33] 缺乏关于宣布紧急状态和限制特殊情况的严格和狭隘的条件。 [34] 特别令人关切的是,紧急状态法涉及虐待儿童,例如拘留一年以上、剥夺律师资格、军事法庭审判[35]以及紧急状态条例对享有经济、社会和文化权利的影响。 [37]", "页: 1 联合国人权事务高级专员和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "378 联合国人权事务高级专员在执行任务时,继续审查在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权和基本自由的问题,并就各国在这方面的义务提出一般性建议。 高级专员在提交理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/50)中,对反恐政策和做法中尊重正当程序,包括公正审判权受到侵蚀,深表关切。 高级专员注意到,新设立的除名程序,包括设立监察员办公室,接受要求从综合名单除名的个人和实体的请求,是朝着公平和明确程序迈出的重要一步,但高级专员强调,1267制度与国际人权法中与适当程序有关的要求之间存在差距,并强调仍然需要进行更全面的改革。 [38]", "页: 1 因此,高级专员敦促人权理事会继续探索一切可能的途径,以确保对个人和实体实行制裁时,要有严格的程序保障,以保证列名和除名决定的最低正当程序标准。 她进一步强调,这应当包括确保向监察员办公室提供充分支持,同时发展其他机制,以加强对列名和除名程序的适当程序保护。 还应当包括建立一个独立、准司法程序,审查列名和除名决定。 [39]", "39 高级专员在同一报告中指出了妨碍在反恐背景下获得公正审判的权利的做法,例如在刑事司法程序中使用情报。 [40] 她强调,使用准确情报对于防止恐怖行为和将涉嫌从事恐怖主义活动的个人绳之以法必不可少,但她强调,许多国家越来越依赖情报打击恐怖主义,“情报主导的执法”的出现,导致情报当局的扩大,往往没有适当考虑保护不受虐待的必要适当程序保障。 在这方面,高级专员还强调各国日益依赖情报对人权的挑战,包括在法律诉讼中滥用国家保密原则,在法律诉讼中使用非法手段获得的证据,不论是在国内还是国外,以及使用秘密证据。 同时,她呼吁各国确保建立管理框架,在国内并通过与其他国家的情报合作,保证遵守国际人权法。", "404 除了作为反恐执行工作队在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组主席的活动之外,还开展了与《全球反恐战略》支柱四有关的活动,如第二节所示。 在本报告中,人权高专办继续加强将人权办法纳入关于《全球反恐战略》其他支柱的共同努力。 在这方面,人权高专办参加了由联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2011年3月在维也纳组织的题为“通过解决与相关犯罪活动的联系加强反恐对策”的专题讨论会,并介绍了如何通过技术援助和合作支持会员国充分遵循法治和人权,应对正当的国家安全关切。", "41 人权事务高级专员还于2011年6月就恐怖主义受害者人权问题举行了人权理事会小组讨论,[41] 而副高级专员则在2011年3月为解决恐怖分子劫持人质问题而采取的行动的背景下,就人权问题向人权理事会小组致开幕词。 [42] 此外,副高级专员在人权理事会第十六届会议上就恐怖主义受害者人权专题举行了会外活动,人权高专办的另一名代表作为小组成员参加了活动。", "四. 导言 五. 结论", "42 联合国人权事务高级专员、人权条约机构、人权理事会及其各特别程序继续表示深切关注国内反恐法律框架和做法与国际人权标准之间仍然存在严重的不一致,包括模糊和广泛的恐怖主义定义、缺乏与正当程序和公正审判保障有关的法律保障,以及对恐怖主义嫌疑犯实施酷刑和虐待的做法。 我再次呼吁会员国全面执行《全球反恐战略》,并确保尊重人权和法治,将其作为所有反恐措施的根本基础,我敦促所有国家确保其反恐怖主义措施符合国际法规定的义务。", "434 以尊重人权和法治为基础的有效的刑事司法制度,包括适当程序和公正审判的保障,仍然是有效打击恐怖主义和确保问责制的最佳手段。 我鼓励各国积极参加在反恐中保护人权工作组主持下举行的主题为“保护人权,争取在反恐中确保公正审判的基本原则”的区域专家研讨会,并利用这一进程中正在拟定的意见和良好做法。 我还鼓励各国和其他利益攸关方利用工作组编写的基本人权参考指南。", "444 我鼓励反恐执行工作队、其工作组和实体继续按照会员国在《全球战略》中规定的办法,在工作中采用人权办法,处理人权问题和关切,并确保反恐执行工作队为打击恐怖主义提供的有效、可持续和符合国际人权法的援助。 在这方面,反恐执行工作队应进一步与民间社会接触,向工作队及其工作组提供的援助提供信息。", "454 根据安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议,鼓励反恐怖主义委员会和反恐怖主义委员会执行局继续努力,将尊重法治和人权作为在其职权范围内打击恐怖主义的核心。 在这方面,反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局努力使人权事务高级专员办事处参与其活动值得赞扬。", "*** 其他成员包括在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权问题特别报告员、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室、反恐怖主义委员会执行局、联合国秘书处法律事务厅、联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所、世界银行、国际海事组织和1267监测委员会。 人道主义事务协调厅和国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)作为观察员出席了会议。", "*** 大会第60/288号决议。", "[3] 见A/63/224,第5-6段。", "[4] 反恐怖主义执行工作队所有工作组的清单载于:http://www.un.org/terrorism/workinggroups.shtml。", "[5] 见本报告第22-25段。", "[6] 小组讨论摘要见A/HRC/18/29。", "[7] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.58; A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.139.", "viii A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, paras 86.137, 86.138; see also A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.133, concerning an evidence-based evaluation of the anti-terrorism legislation.", "[9] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.217.", "[10] 同上,第92.218段。", "[11] A/HRC/17/10 and Add.1, para. 86.136.", "[12] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.66.", "[13] A/HRC/18/4, para. 106.132.", "[14] A/HRC/16/3 and Add.1, paras. 78.6, 78.9, 78.19.", "[15] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.219.", "[16] 同上,第92.220段。", "[17] A/HRC/17/7 and Add.1, para. 89.98.", "[18] A/HRC/16/11 and Add.1, para. 92.90.", "[19] See CCPR/C/HUN/CO/5, para. 5. CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 13; CCPR/C/POL/CO/6, para. 4; CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 6; CAT/C/MCO/CO/4-5, para. 4. 十四、任 务", "[20] See CCPR/C/ISR/CO/3, para. 10. 13 August 2001", "[21] CCPR/C/JOR/CO/4, para. 10. 12. 第12段。", "[22] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 14. 10. 其他事项。", "[23] Ibid., para. 10. 十四、任 务", "[24] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 14. 注", "[25] Ibid., para. 21.", "[26] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para. 22.", "[27] Ibid., para. 31.", "[28] CCPR/ISR/CO/3, para. 10. 10. 其他事项。", "[29] Ibid., para. 10. 17. 第17条。", "[30] CAT/C/ETH/CO/1, para 20.", "[31] CAT/C/TUR/CO/3, para. 14. 17. 第17条。", "[32] CERD/C/AUS/CO/15-17, para. 14. 12. 第12段。", "[33] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO/1, para 39.", "[34] CRC/C/LKA/CO/3-4, para. 10. 10. 其他事项。", "[35] CRC/C/OPAC/LKA/CO, para 32.", "[36] CRC/C/OPAC/EGY/1, para. 14. 30. 任务", "[37] E/C.12/LKA/CO/2-4, para. 10. 7. 基本生活", "[38] See A/HRC/16/50, paras. 16-21.", "[39] Ibid., paras. 27 and 44.", "[40] Ibid., paras. 33-40.", "[41] 另见本报告第19-20段。", "[42] 另见本报告第16-17段。" ]

[ "Resolution 2001 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6594th meeting, on 28 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Recalling all its previous relevant resolutions on Iraq, in particular 1500 (2003) of 14 August 2003, 1546 (2004) of 8 June 2004, 1557 (2004) of 12 August 2004, 1619 (2005) of 11 August 2005, 1700 (2006) of 10 August 2006, 1770 (2007) of 10 August 2007, 1830 (2008) of 7 August 2008, 1883 (2009) of 7 August 2009, and 1936 (2010) of 5 August 2010,", "Reaffirming the independence, sovereignty, unity and territorial integrity of Iraq,", "Emphasizing the importance of the stability and security of Iraq for the people of Iraq, the region, and the international community,", "Encouraging the Government of Iraq to continue strengthening democracy and the rule of law, improving security and public order and combating terrorism and sectarian violence across the country, and reiterating its support to the people and the Government of Iraq in their efforts to build a secure, stable, federal, united and democratic nation, based on the rule of law and respect for human rights,", "Welcoming improvements in the security situation in Iraq achieved through concerted political and security efforts and stressing that challenges to security in Iraq still exist and that improvements need to be sustained through meaningful political dialogue and national unity,", "Underscoring the need for all communities in Iraq to participate in the political process and an inclusive political dialogue, to refrain from making statements and actions which could aggravate tensions, to reach a comprehensive solution on the distribution of resources, and to ensure stability and develop a just and fair solution for the nation’s disputed internal boundaries and work towards national unity,", "Reaffirming the importance of the United Nations, in particular the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), in advising, supporting and assisting the Iraqi people and Government to strengthen democratic institutions, advance inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, facilitate regional dialogue, develop processes acceptable to the Government of Iraq to resolve disputed internal boundaries, aid vulnerable groups including refugees and internally displaced persons, strengthen gender equality, promote the protection of human rights, and promote judicial and legal reform, and emphasizing the importance of the United Nations, in particular UNAMI, prioritizing advice, support, and assistance to the Iraqi people and Government to achieve these goals,", "Urging the Government of Iraq to continue to promote and protect human rights and also to consider additional steps to support the Independent High Commission for Human Rights,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Government of Iraq in the promotion and protection of the human rights of women and reaffirming its resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) on women, peace, and security and reiterating the need for the full, equal, and effective participation of women; reaffirming the key role women can play in re-establishing the fabric of society and stressing the need for their involvement in the development of national strategies in order to take into account their perspectives,", "Expressing the importance of addressing humanitarian issues confronting the Iraqi people and stressing the need to continue to form a coordinated response and to provide adequate resources to address these issues,", "Underscoring the sovereignty of the Government of Iraq, reaffirming that all parties should continue to take all feasible steps and to develop modalities to ensure the protection of affected civilians, including children, women and members of religious and ethnic minority groups, and should create conditions conducive to the voluntary, safe, dignified, and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or local integration of internally displaced persons, welcoming commitments and encouraging continued efforts of the Government of Iraq for the relief of internally displaced persons, refugees and returnees, and noting the important role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, based on its mandate, in providing continued advice and support to the Government of Iraq, in coordination with UNAMI on these issues,", "Urging all those concerned, as set forth in international humanitarian law, including the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Regulations, to allow full unimpeded access by humanitarian personnel to all people in need of assistance, and to make available, as far as possible, all necessary facilities for their operations, and to promote the safety, security, and freedom of movement of humanitarian personnel and United Nations and its associated personnel and their assets,", "Welcoming the important progress Iraq has made towards regaining the international standing it held prior to the adoption of resolution 661 (1990), calling on the Government of Iraq to continue ongoing cooperation with the Government of Kuwait to address outstanding issues and to meet its outstanding obligations under the relevant Chapter VII Security Council resolutions pertaining to the situation between Iraq and Kuwait and underscoring the importance of ratification of the Additional Protocol to its Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement,", "Expressing deep gratitude to all the United Nations staff in Iraq for their courageous and tireless efforts,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) for a period of twelve months;", "2. Decides further that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and UNAMI, at the request of the Government of Iraq, and taking into account the letter of from the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iraq to the Secretary General (S/2011/464, annex), shall continue to pursue their mandate as stipulated in resolution 1936 (2010);", "3. Recognizes that security of United Nations personnel is essential for UNAMI to carry out its work for the benefit of the people of Iraq and calls upon the Government of Iraq and other Member States to continue to provide security and logistical support to the United Nations presence in Iraq;", "4. Welcomes the contributions of Member States in providing UNAMI with the financial, logistical, and security resources and support that it needs to fulfil its mission and calls upon Member States to continue to provide UNAMI with sufficient resources and support;", "5. Expresses its intention to review the mandate of UNAMI in twelve months or sooner, if requested by the Government of Iraq;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council every four months on the progress made towards the fulfilment of all UNAMI’s responsibilities; and", "7. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "第2001(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月28日第6594次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的各项相关决议，尤其是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议，", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整，", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对于伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会至关重要，", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续在全国加强民主和法治，改善安全和公共秩序，打击恐怖主义及派别暴力行为，重申支持伊拉克人民和政府在法治和尊重人权的基础上，努力建设一个安全、稳定、统一和民主的联邦国家，", "欣见通过在政治和安全方面做出协调一致的努力，伊拉克安全局势有所好转，强调伊拉克境内依然存在安全挑战，需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族和解使局势继续实现好转，", "强调伊拉克的所有社区都要参加有关政治进程，开展包容各方的政治对话，不说加剧紧张局势的话和不做加剧紧张局势的事，在资源分配问题上达成全面解决办法，保障稳定，针对有争议的国内分界线制订公平公正的解决办法，努力实现国家统一，", "重申，联合国、尤其是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)必须为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以便加强民主机构，推动包容各方的政治对话与民族和解，协助开展区域对话，制订伊拉克政府可以接受的程序来解决有争议的国内边界问题，帮助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体加强两性平等，促进对人权的保护，促进司法和法律改革，强调联合国、尤其是联伊援助团，必须优先为伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支助和援助，以实现这些目标，", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权，并考虑另外采取步骤支持独立高级人权委员会，", "确认伊拉克政府为促进和保护妇女人权做出的努力，重申安理会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议，重申需要让妇女全面、平等和有效地参与；重申妇女可在重建社会构架方面发挥重要作用，强调需要让她们参与制订国家战略，以便考虑到她们的意见，", "表示，处理伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题至关重要，强调需要继续采取协调对策和提供足够资源来处理这些问题，", "强调伊拉克政府的主权，重申所有各方都应继续采取一切可行步骤并制订方法，确保包括儿童、妇女及宗教团体和少数民族成员在内的受影响平民受到保护，并应为难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或让境内流离失所者融入当地社会创造有利条件，欣见伊拉克政府承诺救济境内流离失所者、难民和回返者并鼓励它继续努力救济他们，注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其授权发挥重要作用，在这些问题上与联伊援助团进行协调，继续向伊拉克政府提供咨询和支助，", "敦促所有有关各方，按照国际人道主义法，包括《日内瓦四公约》和《海牙章程》的规定，允许人道主义工作人员全面和不受阻碍地接触所有需要援助的人，尽可能为其行动提供一切必要的便利，并增进人道主义工作人员和联合国及其有关人员和资产的安全保障和行动自由，", "欣见伊拉克在重新享有它在第661(1990)号决议通过前所享有的国际地位方面取得重大进展，呼吁伊拉克政府继续它目前同科威特政府的合作，以解决未决问题，履行它尚未履行的安全理事会根据《宪章》第七章就伊拉克和科威特间局势通过的各项决议规定的义务，强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性，", "深切感谢在伊拉克的所有联合国工作人员，感谢他们不畏艰险，坚持不懈地开展工作，", "1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限延长12个月；", "2. 又决定，秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表和援助团应根据伊拉克政府的请求并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/2011/464，附件)，继续努力完成第1936(2010)号决议为其规定的任务；", "3. 确认联伊援助团要为伊拉克人民开展工作，联合国人员的安全就要得到保障，呼吁伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续为联合国在伊拉克的派驻提供安全和后勤支助；", "4. 欣见会员国提供捐助，为联伊援助团提供它执行任务所需要的财政、后勤和安全资源与支助，呼吁会员国继续向联伊援助团提供充足的资源和支助；", "5. 表示打算在满十二个月时审查联伊援助团的任务，如伊拉克政府要求，亦可提前审查；", "6. 请秘书长每隔四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况；", "7. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "第2001(2011)号决议", "2011年7月28日安全理事会第6594次会议通过", "安全理事会,", "回顾其以往关于伊拉克的各项相关决议,尤其是2003年8月14日第1500(2003)号、2004年6月8日第1546(2004)号、2004年8月12日第1557(2004)号、2005年8月11日第1619(2005)号、2006年8月10日第1700(2006)号、2007年8月10日第1770(2007)号、2008年8月7日第1830(2008)号、2009年8月7日第1883(2009)号和2010年8月5日第1936(2010)号决议,", "重申伊拉克的独立、主权、统一和领土完整,", "强调伊拉克的稳定与安全对伊拉克人民、该区域和国际社会至关重要,", "鼓励伊拉克政府继续加强民主和法治,改善安全和公共秩序,并在全国各地打击恐怖主义和教派暴力,重申支持伊拉克人民和政府努力建立一个以法治和尊重人权为基础的安全、稳定、联邦、统一和民主国家,", "欣见通过协调一致的政治和安全努力,伊拉克安全局势有所改善,并强调指出,伊拉克依然存在安全挑战,需要通过有意义的政治对话和民族团结来持续改善,", "强调伊拉克所有社区参与政治进程和包容各方的政治对话,避免发表可能加剧紧张局势的言论和行动,就资源分配达成全面解决办法,确保稳定,为该国有争议的内部边界制定公正和公平的解决办法并努力实现民族团结,", "重申联合国,特别是联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团),必须在向伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支持和协助方面,加强民主机构,推进包容各方的政治对话和民族和解,促进区域对话,制定伊拉克政府可以接受的程序来解决有争议的内部边界问题,援助包括难民和境内流离失所者在内的弱势群体,加强性别平等,促进人权,促进司法和法律改革,强调联合国,特别是联伊援助团,必须优先向伊拉克人民和政府提供咨询、支持和援助以实现这些目标,", "敦促伊拉克政府继续促进和保护人权并考虑采取更多步骤支持独立高级人权委员会,", "确认伊拉克政府为促进和保护妇女人权而作的努力,重申安理会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议,重申需要让妇女充分、平等和有效地参与;重申妇女在重建社会结构方面可以起关键作用,并强调需要让她们参与制定国家战略,以顾及她们的观点,", "表示必须解决伊拉克人民面临的人道主义问题,并强调需要继续作出协调一致的反应并提供充分资源来处理这些问题,", "强调伊拉克政府的主权,重申所有各方都应继续采取一切可行步骤并制订办法,确保受影响的平民,包括儿童、妇女以及宗教和族裔少数群体成员得到保护,并应当为难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严地可持续回返或境内流离失所者就地安置创造有利条件,欢迎伊拉克政府作出承诺并继续努力救济境内流离失所者、难民和回返者,注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处根据其任务规定发挥重要作用,与联伊援助团协调,就这些问题向伊拉克政府提供持续咨询和支持,", "敦促所有有关各方,按照国际人道主义法,包括《日内瓦四公约》和《海牙章程》的规定,允许人道主义人员不受阻碍地充分接触需要援助的所有人,并尽可能为其行动提供一切必要便利,并增进人道主义人员和联合国人员及其有关人员及其资产的安全保障和行动自由,", "欣见伊拉克在恢复第661(1990)号决议通过前的国际地位方面取得重要进展,呼吁伊拉克政府继续与科威特政府持续合作,以解决未决问题并履行安全理事会根据第七章就伊拉克与科威特间局势通过的有关决议而应尽的义务,强调批准《全面保障监督协定附加议定书》的重要性,", "深切感谢在伊拉克的全体联合国工作人员所作的勇敢和不懈努力,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定将联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)的任务期限延长十二个月;", "2. 联合国 4. 还决定,秘书长特别代表和联伊援助团将应伊拉克政府的请求,并考虑到伊拉克外交部长给秘书长的信(S/2011/464,附件),继续执行第1936(2010)号决议规定的任务;", "3个 4. 确认联伊援助团为了伊拉克人民的利益开展工作,必须保障联合国人员的安全,呼吁伊拉克政府和其他会员国继续向联合国在伊拉克的存在提供安保和后勤支助;", " 4.四. 3. 欢迎会员国提供捐助,向联伊援助团提供其执行任务所需的财政、后勤和安全资源及支助,并吁请会员国继续向联伊援助团提供足够的资源和支助;", "5 (韩语). 3. 表示打算在十二个月内审查联伊援助团的任务,如伊拉克政府要求,亦可提前审查;", "6. 国家 请秘书长每四个月向安理会报告联伊援助团履行所有职责的进展情况;", "7. 联合国 5. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6594th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation concerning Iraq", "Third report of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 6 of resolution 1936 (2010) (S/2011/435)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6594次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 有关伊拉克的局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提出的第三次报告 (S/2011/435)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6594次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 有关伊拉克的局势", "秘书长根据第1936(2010)号决议第6段提交的第三次报告(S/2011/435)。" ]

[ "Letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a complaint concerning a violation of Lebanese territory that Israeli enemy forces committed on 24 January 2011 (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would circulate the present letter to Security Council members and have it issued as an official document of the Council under the item on the situation in the Middle East.", "(Signed) Nawaf Salam Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 1 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On 24 January 2011, an Israeli enemy patrol comprising three soldiers crossed some 20 metres over the technical fence separating the area of the occupied Shab‘a Farms with regard to which Lebanon maintains a claim from the liberated area on the outskirts of the town of Kafr Shuba. It remained there for some time before withdrawing to the occupied Shab‘a Farms. This action is a flagrant violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), and a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示，谨转递对以色列敌军于2011年1月24日侵犯黎巴嫩领土的一封控诉信(见附件）。", "请将本函分发给安全理事会理事国，并将其作为中东局势项目下的安理会官方文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆(签名)", "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "2011年1月24日，一支由三名士兵组成的以色列敌军巡逻队越过技术围栏约20米，该围栏分隔了黎巴嫩坚持主权主张的被占领沙巴农场地区与克法尔舒巴镇郊区的解放区。该巡逻队在那里停留了一段时间之后撤回被占领的沙巴农场。这一行动公然侵犯了黎巴嫩主权，违反了安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议，并对国际和平与安全造成威胁。" ]

[ "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递关于以色列敌军2011年1月24日侵犯黎巴嫩领土的指控(见附件)。", "请将本函分发给安全理事会成员并将其作为安理会关于中东局势的项目下的正式文件分发为荷。", "纳瓦夫·萨拉姆(签名)", "2011年2月1日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "2011年1月24日,由三名士兵组成的一支以色列敌方巡逻队从被占领的沙巴阿农场地区隔开的技术围栏上越过了约20米,黎巴嫩对Kafr Shuba镇外围的解放区提出权利主张。 在撤离到被占领的沙巴农场之前,它在那里呆了一段时间。 这一行动是对黎巴嫩主权和安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议的公然侵犯,并对国际和平与安全构成威胁。" ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit a letter, dated 20 July 2011, from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Mr. Jean Ping, requesting the transmission of the communiqué of the 286th meeting of the African Union Peace and Security Council, which took place on 19 July 2011 (see annex).", "I would be grateful if you could bring the present letter and its annex to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Chairperson of the African Union Commission addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to forward, herewith, the communiqué adopted by the 286th meeting of the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC), which took place on 19 July 2011, to review the situation in Darfur and the operations of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) (see enclosure).", "As you will observe in the communiqué, the Peace and Security Council, in renewing the mandate of UNAMID for one year at the end of its current term, on 31 July, in line with the hybrid nature of the Operation, also urged the United Nations Security Council to take similar action at its forthcoming meeting on 22 July 2011. This is all the more important given the critical role that UNAMID continues to play, including regarding the protection of civilians in Darfur, and the increasing contribution expected from the mission in the coming months, particularly with respect to the implementation of the Doha document for peace in Darfur and efforts to make it more inclusive, the launching of the Darfur political process, building on the encouraging outcome of the Doha process, early recovery and other related tasks. As Darfurians continue to strive for the achievement of peace in their region, it is critical that our two organizations continue to stand by them and support their efforts, in particular through the continued presence of UNAMID.", "I would like to seize this opportunity to seek your support and that of the Security Council, in order to facilitate the effective launching of the Darfur political process, which was one of the key recommendations of the African Union High‑level Panel on Darfur. The Darfur political process, which was endorsed at the highest level by the African Union, including at the 17th ordinary session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held recently in Malabo, provides, in our view, the best opportunity to consolidate the gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur, in its communiqué, and as a follow-up to earlier pronouncements of the African Union on the Darfur political process, the Peace and Security Council strongly appealed to the Security Council and its members to rally behind this initiative, which will be implemented on the ground by the AU High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID.", "While we should continue to urge all stakeholders, including the Government of the Sudan, to do everything in their power to create a conducive environment for the success of this initiative, it is equally important to bear in mind that making the launching of the Doha political process contingent upon the fulfilment of certain preconditions will be counter-productive to our joint efforts. Indeed, such preconditions have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, to defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders and to make it impossible to grasp opportunities, as they arise, to advance peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "I would be most grateful if you could urgently circulate the Peace and Security Council communiqué to the members of the Security Council before their impending meeting so that they can take it into consideration and reflect the African Union’s position and views when considering the renewal of UNAMID’s mandate.", "Let me seize this opportunity to, once again, reiterate the appreciation of the African Union to the United Nations and to you, personally, for your continued commitment to the promotion of lasting peace, security and stability on our continent.", "(Signed) Jean Ping", "Enclosure", "Communiqué of the 286th meeting of the Peace and Security Council", "The Peace and Security Council of the African Union (AU), at its 286th meeting, held on 19 July 2011, considered the situation in Darfur and the activities of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), and adopted the following decision:", "The Council,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Chairperson of the Commission on the situation in Darfur [PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)], and the statements made by the Joint AU-UN Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and the representative of the Government of the Sudan;", "2. Recalls its previous decisions and communiqués on the situation in Darfur;", "3. Notes with satisfaction the progress made in the deployment of UNAMID military and police components, which have now reached 18,002 and 2,751, that is 92% and 73%, respectively, of the total authorized strength, as well as the civilian component, which has reached 4,466, representing 82% of the authorized strength. The Council also takes note of the new robust policy of UNAMID in implementing its mandate, and expresses satisfaction with the positive results thus far achieved;", "4. Expresses concern at the prevailing insecurity in some parts of Darfur, leading to the loss of human lives and the displacement of civilian populations, with the attendant negative impact on the humanitarian situation. The Council appeals to all parties concerned to urgently exercise maximum restraint and refrain from any action likely to aggravate the security situation on the ground;", "5. Strongly condemns the recent attacks on the personnel of UNAMID and that against humanitarian agencies operating in Darfur, including the attempted ambush by unknown elements, on 30 June 2011, which resulted in the death of an Ethiopian peacekeeper. The Council calls on the Government of the Sudan to spare no efforts to identify the perpetrators of these criminal acts and bring them to justice;", "6. Commends the efforts of the AU-UN Joint Special Representative for UNAMID, Professor Ibrahim Gambari, and his continued focused and dedicated leadership, as well as those of the personnel of the Mission, for their dedication and contribution to the promotion of lasting peace, security and reconciliation in Darfur, including through the holding of the first-ever International Water Conference on Darfur and the launching of “Operation Spring Basket”;", "7. Stresses that achieving peace in Darfur is a matter of urgency, recognizing that the people of Darfur have been waiting for peace for too long. In this respect, the Council notes with satisfaction the conclusion of the Doha political talks, in particular the signing of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement, on 14 July 2011, as a positive development that will greatly contribute to the promotion of peace and security in Darfur. The Council commends both the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement for their commitment and for putting the interests of the Darfurian people above any other consideration. The Council also commends the former Joint Chief Mediator, Mr. Djibril Bassole, as well as the Government of Qatar, in particular Mr. Ahmed Bin Abdullah Al‑Mahmoud, State Minister for Foreign Affairs, for their tireless efforts;", "8. Appeals to the other armed movements to join the peace process and adhere to the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur. In this respect, the Council encourages the African Union and the United Nations to pursue their efforts aimed at bringing on board the armed movements that have not yet joined the peace process. The Council welcomes the recent appointment of Professor Ibrahim Gambari as the Joint Chief Mediator ad interim, and looks forward to the early formalization of this appointment;", "9. Reiterates all earlier African Union decisions and pronouncements, including the relevant paragraph of the decision on the Report of the Peace and Security Council on its Activities and the State of Peace and Security in Africa, adopted by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of the Union, held in Malabo, from 30 June to 1 July 2011, relating to the Darfur Political Process (DPP). The Council, once again, stresses the need to fully launch the DPP, building on the positive outcome of the Doha process, as a way of sustaining the progress made so far and ensuring that the Darfuris truly own the quest for peace, justice and reconciliation in their region;", "10. Requests the AU High-level Implementation Panel (AUHIP) on the Sudan and UNAMID to intensify their efforts for the launching of the DPP, including the preparatory work and the consultations with the Government of the Sudan and other stakeholders, to ensure the creation of an environment that will enable all constituents to freely participate in the process. The Council stresses the primary responsibility of the Government of the Sudan, welcomes its expressed commitment to spare no efforts in this regard, including the early lifting of the state of emergency in Darfur, and urges it to extend all necessary cooperation to the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID;", "11. Reiterates the call made by the 17th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government to the AU partners, in particular the United Nations Security Council and its members, to fully support the DPP, which has been endorsed at the highest level by the AU, and to take the steps expected of them to facilitate the work of the High-level Implementation Panel and UNAMID in this respect. While recognizing the need to create a conducive environment for the success of the DPP, the Council strongly urges all members of the international community to fully support the DPP, without making its launching contingent upon the fulfilment of preconditions that have the potential to provide room for spoilers to undermine the quest for peace, defeat the principle of ownership by the Sudanese stakeholders, and make it impossible to grasp opportunities to advance the cause of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur. The Council stresses that the launching of the DPP will empower the Sudanese stakeholders and make it possible to create the peaceful environment the people of Darfur are yearning for;", "12. Decides to extend, for a further period of 12 months, the mandate of UNAMID, as defined by communiqué PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX) of the 79th meeting of the Peace and Security Council, held on 22 June 2007, and United Nations Security Council resolution 1769 (2007) of 31 July 2007. The Council requests the United Nations Security Council to do the same, bearing in mind the central role that UNAMID plays on the ground, particularly with respect to the protection of civilians, and the increasing contribution expected from the Mission to advance the search for lasting peace in Darfur, including support for the implementation of the DPDD, the launching of the DPP, early recovery and facilitation of the return and reintegration of internally displaced persons and refugees, building on the encouraging trend already observed on the ground;", "13. Requests the Commission to actively follow up on the implementation of this decision and to mobilize all necessary support in this respect. The Council further requests the Commission and UNAMID to report to it regularly on progress made, including the implementation of the DDPD, the effective launching of the DPP, challenges that may be encountered in this respect and the extent of support received from international partners, as well as the implementation of UNAMID mandate for the next 12 months, starting from 31 July 2011;", "14. Decides to remain actively seized of this matter." ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨转递2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席让·平先生的信，其中请求转递2011年7月19日非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第286次会议公报(见附件)。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意本函及其附件为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "附件", "2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月19日非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第286次会议通过的公报(见附文)。会议审查了达尔富尔局势及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的行动。", "正如公报所指出的，和平与安全理事会根据达尔富尔混合行动的混合特点，对混合行动于7月31日结束的当前一年的任务规定进行了审查，并促请联合国安全理事会在即将于2011年7月22日举行的会议上采取同样行动。这一点非常重要，因为在保护达尔富尔平民等问题上达尔富尔混合行动继续发挥关键作用，而且有关方面期待混合行动在今后几个月作出更大贡献，特别是在多哈进程取得令人鼓舞的成果的基础上继续努力，执行《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，力求使该文件更具包容性，启动达尔富尔政治进程，实现尽早复苏及其他相关任务。在达尔富尔人继续努力实现该地区和平的同时，我们两个组织必须继续与他们站在一起，支持他们的努力，特别是通过达尔富尔混合行动的继续留驻提供支持。", "谨借此机会寻求你和安全理事会的支持，以便促使有效启动达尔富尔政治进程，这是非洲联盟达尔富尔问题高级别小组提出的一项关键建议。达尔富尔政治进程得到非洲联盟最高级别，包括最近在马拉博举行的国家元首和政府首脑大会第十七届常会的核准。我们认为，该政治进程提供了绝佳的机会，可借此巩固迄今取得的成果，确保苏丹人自主解决自身问题，支持各利益攸关方，找到全面、综合的解决办法，解决达尔富尔相互关联的和平、公正与和解问题。和平与安全理事会在这一公报中以及作为非洲联盟早前关于达尔富尔政治进程公告的后续行动，强烈呼吁安全理事会及其成员国共同支持将由非洲联盟高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动在实地实施这一举措。", "虽然我们应继续促请包括苏丹政府在内的所有利益攸关方竭尽所能，为这一举措的成功创造有利环境，但同样重要的是必须铭记，若将启动达尔富尔政治进程与满足某些先决条件挂钩，会不利于我们的联合行动。实际上此类先决条件可能会给破坏分子可乘之机，阻碍对和平的追求，破坏苏丹利益攸关方拥有自主权的原则并使其无法抓住出现的机会，推动在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解。", "请在安全理事会召开会议之前将和平与安全理事会公报紧急分发给安全理事会成员，使他们在审议延长达尔富尔混合行动任务期限问题时能考虑并反映非洲联盟的立场和意见。", "谨借此机会再次重申，非洲联盟感谢联合国及你本人继续致力于促进在非洲实现持久和平、安全与稳定。", "让·平(签名)", "附文", "和平与安全理事会第286次会议公报", "2011年7月19日非洲联盟(非盟)和平与安全理事会第286次会议审查了达尔富尔局势和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动开展的各项活动，并通过决定如下：", "理事会，", "1. 注意到委员会主席关于达尔富尔局势的报告[PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)]及达尔富尔混合行动非盟-联合国联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授和苏丹政府代表发表的声明；", "2. 回顾其以往关于达尔富尔局势的决定和公报；", "3. 满意地注意到在部署达尔富尔混合行动的军事和警察构成部分以及民事构成部分方面取得的进展，部署的军事和警察构成部分人数现已分别达到18 002人和2 751人，即达到核定总人数的92%和73%，部署的民事构成部分人数为4 466人，即达到核定人数的81%。理事会又注意到混合行动在执行任务方面实行了新的强有力政策，并对迄今取得的积极成果表示满意；", "4. 表示关切达尔富尔一些地区普遍存在不安全情况，造成了人员死亡和平民流离失所，随之对人道主义局势产生了负面影响。理事会呼吁有关各方紧急力行克制，避免采取可能会导致实地安全局势恶化的任何行动；", "5. 强烈谴责最近对达尔富尔混合行动人员以及对在达尔富尔开展行动的人道主义机构人员的袭击，包括2011年6月30日发生的身份不明分子伏击未遂事件，造成一名埃塞俄比亚维持和平人员死亡。理事会呼吁苏丹政府间竭尽全力找出这些犯罪行为的行为人，并将他们绳之以法；", "6. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动非盟-联合国联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授所做努力及其他继续发挥专注、敬业的领导作用，赞扬特派团人员的奉献精神及为促进在达尔富尔实现持久和平、安全与和解做出的贡献，包括第一次举办了达尔富尔水事国际会议及启动“春篮行动”；", "7. 强调实现达尔富尔和平的紧迫性，认识到达尔富尔人民期盼和平已久。在此方面，理事会满意地注意到多哈政治会谈结束，特别是苏丹政府和解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日签署了《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，认为这是一项积极进展，将极大促进达尔富尔的和平与安全。理事会赞扬苏丹政府和解放与正义运动重视并首先考虑达尔富尔人民的利益。理事会还赞扬前联合首席调解人，贾布里勒·巴索莱先生以及卡塔尔政府，特别是外交大臣艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德所作的不懈努力；", "8. 呼吁其他武装运动加入和平进程并遵守《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》。在此方面，理事会鼓励非洲联盟和联合国努力促使尚未加入和平进程的武装运动加入进来。理事会欢迎最近任命易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授为临时联合首席调解人并期待尽早落实这一任命；", "9. 重申非洲联盟之前所有的决定和公告，包括2011年6月30日至7月1日在马拉博举行的非洲联盟大会第十七届常会通过的关于和平与安全理事会关于其活动和非洲和平与安全状况的报告的决定中与达尔富尔政治进程有关的相关段落。理事会再次强调有必要在多哈进程积极成果的基础上完全启动达尔富尔政治进程，作为维持迄今取得的进展，确保达尔富尔人能够真正自主掌握该地区和平、公正与和解诉求的一个途径；", "10. 请非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动加大努力，启动达尔富尔政治进程，包括筹备工作以及与苏丹政府及其他利益攸关方磋商，确保创造有利环境，使各方能够自由参与这一进程。理事会强调苏丹政府负有主要责任，欢迎其表示致力于在此方面竭尽所能，包括尽早取消达尔富尔的紧急状态，并促请其为非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动提供一切必要合作；", "11. 重申国家元首和政府首脑大会第十七届常会呼吁非洲联盟伙伴方，特别是联合国安全理事会及其成员充分支持非洲联盟最高层核准的达尔富尔政治进程，并采取有关方面期待其采取的步骤，推动非洲联盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动在此方面的工作。理事会认识到有必要为达尔富尔政治进程的成功创造有利的环境。同时强烈促请国际社会所有成员充分支持达尔富尔政治进程，使启动达尔富尔政治进程无需与满足任何先决条件挂钩，因为此类先决条件可能会给破坏分子可乘之机，阻碍对和平的追求，破坏苏丹利益攸关方拥有自主权的原则并使其无法抓住机会，推动在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的事业。理事会强调启动达尔富尔政治进程将赋予苏丹利益攸关方能力，使其能够创建苏丹人民期盼已久的和平环境；", "12. 决定根据和平与安全理事会2007年6月22日第79次会议公报PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX)和联合国安全理事会2007年7月31日第1769(2007)号决议的规定，将达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月。理事会请联合国安全理事会也同样延长混合行动的任务期限，铭记达尔富尔混合行动在实地发挥的核心作用，特别是在保护达尔富尔平民方面，而且有关方面期待混合行动将为推动在达尔富尔实现持久和平作出更大贡献，在实地已经取得的令人鼓舞的成果基础上，支持落实《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》，启动达尔富尔和平进程，实现尽早复苏，推动境内流离失所者和难民返回家园，重新融入社会等；", "13. 请委员会积极跟踪这一决定的执行情况并在此方面动员各方提供必要支持。理事会还请委员会和达尔富尔混合行动定期报告取得的进展，包括《达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的执行情况，达尔富尔和平进程的有效启动情况，在此方面可能遇到的各种挑战，国际伙伴方提供的支持程度以及2011年7月31日之后的12个月期间达尔富尔混合行动的任务规定执行情况；", "14. 决定继续积极处理此案。" ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席让·平先生的信,其中要求转递2011年7月19日举行的非洲联盟和平与安全理事会第286次会议的公报(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "页:1", "2011年7月20日非洲联盟委员会主席给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年7月19日非洲联盟(非盟)和平与安全理事会第286次会议通过的公报,以审查达尔富尔局势和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的行动(见附文)。", "正如你在公报中指出的那样,7月31日,根据混合行动的混合性质,和平与安全理事会将达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限延长一年,同时敦促联合国安全理事会在即将于2011年7月22日举行的会议上采取类似行动。 鉴于达尔富尔混合行动继续发挥关键作用,包括在保护达尔富尔平民方面,以及预计特派团在今后几个月内将作出越来越大的贡献,特别是在执行《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》和努力使该文件更具包容性、在多哈进程令人鼓舞的成果、早日恢复和其他相关任务的基础上启动达尔富尔政治进程方面,这一点就更加重要了。 随着达尔富尔人继续努力实现本地区的和平,至关重要的是,我们两个组织继续支持他们并支持他们的努力,特别是通过达尔富尔混合行动的继续存在。", "我要借此机会寻求你和安全理事会的支持,以促进有效启动达尔富尔政治进程,这是非洲联盟达尔富尔问题高级别小组的主要建议之一。 我们认为,非洲联盟在最高级别,包括最近在马拉博举行的国家元首和政府首脑大会第17届常会上认可的达尔富尔政治进程,为巩固迄今取得的成果、确保苏丹人自主解决自身问题并赋予各利益攸关方权力,以及在其公报中就达尔富尔和平、正义与和解等相互关联的问题达成包容和全面的解决办法,提供了最佳机会,作为对非洲联盟先前关于达尔富尔政治进程的声明的后续行动,和平与安全理事会强烈呼吁安全理事会及其成员支持这一举措,非盟高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动将在实地实施这一举措。", "尽管我们应继续敦促所有利益攸关方,包括苏丹政府,尽其所能为这一倡议的成功创造有利环境,但同样重要的是要铭记,使多哈政治进程的启动取决于满足某些先决条件,这将对我们的共同努力产生反作用。 事实上,这种先决条件有可能为破坏者破坏和平的追求提供空间,挫败苏丹利益攸关方当家作主的原则,并使人们无法抓住出现的机会来推动达尔富尔的和平、正义与和解。", "谨请你在安全理事会成员即将举行会议之前,将和平与安全理事会公报紧急分发给他们,以便他们在考虑延长达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限时能够考虑到并反映非洲联盟的立场和看法。", "让我借此机会再次重申,非洲联盟赞赏联合国以及你本人继续致力于促进我们大陆的持久和平、安全与稳定。", "让·平(签名)", "附录", "和平与安全理事会第286次会议公报", "非洲联盟和平与安全理事会在2011年7月19日举行的第286次会议上审议了达尔富尔局势和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的活动,并通过以下决定:", "理事会,", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到委员会主席关于达尔富尔局势的报告[PSC/PR/2(CCLXXXVI)],以及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授和苏丹政府代表的发言;", "2. 联合国 1. 回顾其以往关于达尔富尔局势的各项决定和公报;", "3个 满意地注意到达尔富尔混合行动军事和警察部分的部署工作已取得进展,现已达到18 002人和2 751人,分别占核定总兵力的92%和73%;而文职部分已达到4 466人,占核定兵力的82%。 安理会还注意到达尔富尔混合行动在执行任务时采取了新的有力政策,并表示满意迄今取得的积极成果;", " 4.四. 4. 表示关切达尔富尔一些地区普遍存在的不安全情况,导致人员丧生和平民流离失所,并随之对人道主义局势产生不利影响。 安理会呼吁有关各方紧急实行最大限度的克制,并避免采取任何可能使当地安全局势恶化的行动;", "5 (韩语). 强烈谴责最近对达尔富尔混合行动人员和在达尔富尔开展活动的人道主义机构的袭击,包括2011年6月30日不明身份人员企图进行伏击,造成一名埃塞俄比亚维和人员死亡。 安理会呼吁苏丹政府不遗余力地查明这些犯罪行为的肇事者并将其绳之以法;", "6. 国家 3. 赞扬非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授所作的努力,以及他继续集中和全心全意地领导的努力,并赞扬特派团人员的努力,他们为促进达尔富尔的持久和平、安全与和解作出了奉献和贡献,包括举行了有史以来第一次达尔富尔问题国际水事会议和发起了“春季篮子行动”;", "7. 联合国 强调在达尔富尔实现和平是一个紧迫事项,认识到达尔富尔人民等待和平已等了太久。 在这方面,安理会满意地注意到多哈政治会谈已告结束,特别是苏丹政府同解放与正义运动于2011年7月14日签署了《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》,这是一项积极的事态发展,将大大有助于促进达尔富尔的和平与安全. 安理会赞扬苏丹政府和解放与正义运动的承诺,以及将达尔富尔人民的利益置于任何其他考虑之上。 安理会还赞扬前联合首席调解人贾布里勒·巴索莱先生和卡塔尔政府,特别是外交国务部长艾哈迈德·本·阿卜杜拉·马哈穆德先生所作的不懈努力;", "8. 联合国 呼吁其他武装运动加入和平进程并遵守《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》。 在这方面,安理会鼓励非洲联盟和联合国继续努力使尚未加入和平进程的武装运动加入进来. 安理会欢迎最近任命易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授为临时联合首席调解人,并期待着这一任命早日正式化;", "9. 国家 重申非洲联盟先前的所有决定和声明,包括2011年6月30日至7月1日在马拉博举行的非洲联盟大会第17届常会通过的关于和平与安全理事会活动与非洲和平与安全状况报告的决定的有关段落, 安理会再次强调,需要以多哈进程的积极成果为基础,全面启动达尔富尔人伙伴关系,以维持迄今取得的进展,并确保达尔富尔人真正自主地寻求本地区的和平、正义与和解;", "10个 3. 请非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动加紧努力,启动达尔富尔问题高级执行小组,包括开展筹备工作并同苏丹政府和其他利益攸关方进行协商,以确保创造一个能使所有选民自由参与这一进程的环境。 安理会强调苏丹政府负有首要责任,欢迎它表示承诺在这方面不遗余力,包括早日解除达尔富尔的紧急状态,并敦促它向高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动提供所有必要合作;", "11个 4. 重申国家元首和政府首脑大会第17届常会向非盟伙伴,特别是联合国安全理事会及其成员发出的呼吁,即全力支持非盟最高级别认可的达尔富尔问题总统顾问办公室,并按期望采取步骤为高级别执行小组和达尔富尔混合行动在这方面的工作提供便利。 安理会确认需要为苏丹人民党的成功创造有利的环境,并强烈敦促国际社会所有成员充分支持苏丹人民党,而不要以满足有可能为破坏者破坏和平的追求提供空间、挫败苏丹利益攸关方的当家作主原则以及无法抓住机会推动达尔富尔和平、正义与和解事业的先决条件为条件。 安理会强调,启动达尔富尔规划司将增强苏丹利益攸关方的能力,并使其能够创造达尔富尔人民渴望的和平环境;", "12个 1. 决定将2007年6月22日举行的和平与安全理事会第79次会议公报PSC/PR/Comm(LXXIX)和联合国安全理事会2007年7月31日第1769(2007)号决议所界定达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月。 安理会请联合国安全理事会也这样做,同时铭记达尔富尔混合行动在实地发挥的核心作用,特别是在保护平民方面,以及预期特派团将作出越来越大的贡献来推动在达尔富尔寻求持久和平,包括支持执行《达尔富尔和平纲领》、启动《达尔富尔和平纲领》、在当地已看到令人鼓舞的趋势基础上早日恢复并协助境内流离失所者和难民回返和重返社会;", "13个 4. 请委员会积极跟踪本决定的执行情况并动员在这方面提供所有必要支持。 安理会还请委员会和达尔富尔混合行动从2011年7月31日起,定期向安理会报告取得的进展,包括《达尔富尔多哈文件》的执行情况、有效启动《达尔富尔文件》的情况、在这方面可能遇到的挑战、国际伙伴提供的支助程度,以及达尔富尔混合行动今后12个月的任务执行情况;", "14个 6. 决定继续积极处理此案。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6595th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 28 July 2011, at 10.14 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Libya." ]

[ "安全理事会第6595次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时14分举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 利比亚局势。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6595次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月28日星期四上午10时14分举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 利比亚局势。" ]

[ "Substantive session of 2011", "Geneva, 4-29 July 2011", "Agenda item 13 (a)", "Economic and environmental questions: sustainable development", "Review of United Nations support for small island developing States", "Programme budget implications of draft resolution E/2011/L.52", "Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 31 of the rules of procedure of the Economic and Social Council", "I. Terms of the draft resolution", "1. Under the terms of operative paragraph 1 of the draft resolution, the Committee for Development Policy would be requested to submit to the Economic and Social Council, prior to its substantive session of 2013, a report providing the independent views and perspectives of the Committee on how to further the full and effective implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy of Implementation including through:", "(a) Refocusing efforts towards a result-oriented approach;", "(b) Considering what improved and additional measures might be needed to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of Small Island Developing States.", "2. Further, under the terms of operative paragraph 2 of the draft resolution, the report requested in operative paragraph 1 may be considered as a contribution to the ongoing review process initiated under paragraph 33 of General Assembly resolution 65/2. It should be noted that the requested report is separate from and in addition to the report of the Secretary-General which is to be submitted to the General Assembly during its sixty-sixth session pursuant to paragraph 33 of Assembly resolution 65/2.", "II. Activities by which the proposed decision would be carried out", "3. The requested report of the Committee for Development Policy would be prepared prior to the substantive session of 2013. This will require additional resources to provide for consultants and the travel costs of the consultants, relevant members of the Committee and a body of experts to attend an expert group meeting. The meeting will be held at United Nations Headquarters in January 2013.", "4. The proposed consultants would undertake the preparation of two background study papers to allow a meaningful examination and assessment of issues by the Committee members, in consultation with stakeholders and experts. The travel of consultants to the expert group meeting to be held in New York in January 2013, for two days, would be necessary to secure specialized expertise not available in the Secretariat.", "5. Further, the preparation of the requested report would entail the holding of the aforementioned expert group meeting to allow the formulation of proper policy recommendations, on the basis of the information contained in the background studies prepared by the consultants. The expert group meeting would involve the participation of the relevant members of the Committee and the additional experts.", "6. The requested report will be incorporated in the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Economic and Social Council, as opposed to being issued as a separate document (which would incur additional costs for editing, translation and printing).", "III. Financial implications of the proposal for the biennium 2012-2013", "7. The additional resource requirements arising from the proposal comprise:", "(a) Consultants ($20,000) — for 2 work months for the preparation of two background study papers;", "(b) Travel of two consultants ($6,200) — to attend the expert group meeting in New York in order to provide specialized expertise;", "(c) Travel of the Committee members (6) and additional experts (3) ($53,800) — to attend the two-day expert group meeting in New York, and one additional day for the Committee subgroup members (Europe: 3 members; North America/Caribbean: 1 member; Asia: 2 members) to produce the requested report, which will subsequently be submitted to the Council as an integral part of the report of the Committee for Development Policy on its fifteenth session, which will be submitted to the Council.", "8. The additional resource requirements described above are new and have not been included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "9. In summary, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, the additional requirements for travel, daily subsistence allowance, terminal expenses and consultancy costs are estimated at $80,000 for the biennium 2012-2013, as enumerated in the table below.", "Additional requirements", "(United States dollars)", "Non-post requirements Total cost for the biennium 2012-2013", "Consultants 20 000", "Travel of consultants (airfare, daily 6 200 subsistence allowance and terminal expenses)", "Travel of experts (airfare, daily subsistence allowance and terminal expenses", "Members of Committee for Development Policy 36 400", "Experts 17 400", "Total 80 000", "IV. Potential for absorption and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "10. Given that the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions is currently reviewing the Secretary-General’s proposals for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the attention of the Council is called to the fact that the estimated net resource requirements of $80,000 that would arise from the adoption of draft resolution E/201l/L.52 may impact the level of resources that would be required under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "11. Consequently, should the Council adopt the draft resolution, an additional appropriation in the total amount of $80,000 may be required over and above the resources proposed under the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "V. Contingency fund", "12. It will be recalled that, under the procedures established by the General Assembly in its resolutions 41/213 of 19 December 1986 and 42/211 of 21 December 1987, a contingency fund is established for each biennium to accommodate additional expenditure derived from legislative mandates not provided for in the programme budget. Under this procedure, if additional expenditure is proposed that exceeds the resources available from the contingency fund, the activities concerned would be implemented only through the redeployment of resources from low-priority areas or the modification of existing activities. Otherwise, such additional activities would have to be deferred to a later biennium.", "VI. Conclusion", "13. Should the Council adopt draft resolution E/2011/L.52, related total resource requirements estimated at $80,000 would arise under section 9, Economic and social affairs, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. the General Assembly will, in accordance with established procedures, be informed whether the requirements could be met from within the provisions of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, in the presentation of the Secretary-General’s annual report on the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council, to be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日，日内瓦", "议程项目13(a)", "经济和环境问题：可持续发展", "审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助", "决议草案E/2011/L.52所涉方案预算问题", "秘书长根据经济及社会理事会议事规则第31条提出的说明", "一. 决议草案的规定", "1. 根据决议草案执行部分第1段的规定，经济及社会理事会将请发展政策委员会于其2013年实质性会议之前在现有资源范围内向理事会提交一份报告，提供委员会关于如何充分有效执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的独立意见和观点，其中包括：", "(a) 把努力的重点重新放在注重成果的方式上；", "(b) 审议可能需要改进和补充何种措施才能更有效地应对小岛屿发展中国家特有和特别的脆弱性和发展需要。", "2. 此外，根据决议草案执行部分第2段的规定，可将执行部分第1段所要求提供的报告视为对大会第65/2号决议第33段所启动的现行审查进程的贡献。应指出，所要求的报告不是秘书长根据大会第65/2号决议第33段规定将于大会第六十六届会议期间提交大会的报告，而是单独的一份报告。", "二. 为执行该拟议决定而将开展的各项活动", "3. 要求发展政策委员会提交的报告将在2013年实质性会议之前编写完毕。这将需要额外资源，以支付顾问费以及顾问和委员会有关成员及一批专家参加专家组会议的差旅费。该会议将于2013年1月在联合国总部举行。", "4. 拟聘请的顾问将编写两份背景研究论文，以便委员会成员在与各利益攸关方和专家咨商的基础上，对有关问题进行有意义的审查和评估。顾问有必要前往参加将于2013年1月在纽约举行的为期两天的专家组会议，以提供秘书处不具备的专门知识。", "5. 此外，为了编制所要求的报告，也将需要举行上述专家组会议，以便在参考顾问编写的背景研究所载资料基础上，拟定适当的政策建议。专家组会议将有委员会有关成员和其他专家参与。", "6. 所要求的报告将纳入发展政策委员会第十五届会议的报告，提交经社理事会，而不是作为一份单独文件印发(这将导致额外的编辑、翻译和印刷费用)。", "三. 该建议对2012-2013两年期的经费影响", "7. 该建议所产生的额外所需资源包括：", "(a) 顾问费(20 000美元)——2个工作月，用于编写两份背景研究论文；", "(b) 两名顾问的差旅费(6 200美元)——出席在纽约举行的专家组会议，以提供专门知识；", "(c) 委员会成员(6人)和其他专家(3人)的差旅费(53 800美元)——出席在纽约举行的为期两天的专家组会议，委员会分组成员(欧洲：3名成员；北美/加勒比：1名成员；亚洲：2名成员)增加一天时间，以提出所要求的报告。之后将作为发展政策委员会第十五届会议的报告一部分提交经社理事会。", "8. 上述额外所需资源都是2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中没有编列的新的所需资源。", "9. 总之，若经济及社会理事会通过该决议草案，则2012-2013两年期所需追加的差旅费、每日生活津贴、终点站费用和顾问费用估计为80 000美元，详情见下表。", "所需追加资源", "(美元)", "非员额所需资源 2012-2013两年期费用总额", "顾问 20 000", "顾问差旅(机票、每日生活津贴和终点站费用) 6 200", "专家差旅(机票、每日生活津贴和终点站费用)", "发展政策委员会成员 36 400", "专家 17 400", "共计 80 000", "四. 2012-2013两年期期间匀支的可能性和所需资源估计数", "10. 鉴于行政和预算问题咨询委员会目前正在审查秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算，经社理事会应注意，通过决议草案E/201l/L.52将产生80 000美元的所需资源净额估计数，可能会影响2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算所需的资源数额。", "11. 因此，若经社理事会通过该决议草案，则需在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提议的资源基础上共增批80 000美元。", "五. 应急基金", "12. 应回顾，根据大会1986年12月19日第41/213号和1987年12月21日第42/211号决议所制订的程序，每个两年期均编列一笔应急基金，用于支付方案预算未开列经费但经立法授权而需追加的开支。根据这一程序，如果拟议的追加经费超出应急基金现有资源，那么有关活动只能通过从低优先领域调拨资源的办法，或通过改动现有活动的办法，才可执行。否则，这些追加活动将不得不推迟到下一个两年期。", "六. 结论", "13. 若经社理事会通过决议草案E/201l/L.52，则将在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第9款(经济和社会事务)下产生估计为80 000美元的相关所需资源总额。按照既定程序，将在秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于经济及社会理事会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数年度报告中告知大会，上述所需资源可否在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的经费内提供。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议", "2011年7月4日至29日,日内瓦", "议程项目13(a)", "经济和环境问题:可持续发展", "审查联合国对小岛屿发展中国家的支助", "决议草案所涉方案预算问题 E/2011/L.52", "秘书长按照经济及社会理事会议事规则第31条提出的说明", "我当然知道 I. 决议草案的用语", "1. 联合国 根据决议草案执行部分第1段的规定,将请发展政策委员会在经济及社会理事会2013年实质性会议之前向经济及社会理事会提交一份报告,就进一步充分和有效执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯执行战略》提出独立意见和观点,包括:", "(a) 重新将工作重点放在注重结果的办法上;", "(b) 考虑可能需要哪些改进和补充措施来更有效地解决小岛屿发展中国家的独特和特殊的脆弱性和发展需要。", "2. 联合国 此外,根据该决议草案执行部分第2段的规定,执行部分第1段所要求提交的报告可被视为对大会第65/2号决议第33段所启动的持续审查进程的贡献。 应当指出,所要求的报告与秘书长根据大会第65/2号决议第33段将提交给大会第六十六届会议的报告是分开的,是另外的报告。", "二. 执行拟议决定的活动", "3个 发展政策委员会所要求的报告将在2013年实质性会议之前编写。 这将需要追加资源,用于咨询人和咨询人、委员会相关成员和专家机构出席专家组会议的旅费。 会议将于2013年1月在联合国总部举行。", " 4.四. 拟议咨询人将编写两份背景研究报告,以便委员会成员与利益攸关方和专家协商,有意义地审查和评估问题。 咨询人前往定于2013年1月在纽约举行的专家组会议为期两天的差旅,对于确保秘书处不具备的专门知识是必要的。", "5 (韩语). 此外,编写所要求的报告需要举行上述专家组会议,以便根据顾问编写的背景研究报告所载资料拟订适当的政策建议。 专家组会议将邀请委员会有关成员和其他专家参加。", "6. 国家 所要求的报告将纳入发展政策委员会第十五届会议的报告,该报告将提交给经济及社会理事会,而不是作为单独文件印发(这将增加编辑、翻译和印刷的费用)。", "三. 2012-2013两年期拟议预算所涉经费问题", "7. 联合国 提议引起的所需追加资源包括:", "(a) 顾问(20 000美元)——2个工作月,用于编写两份背景研究报告;", "(b) 2名咨询人的差旅费(6 200美元)——出席在纽约举行的专家组会议,以提供专门知识;", "(c) 委员会成员(6)和额外专家(3)(53 800美元)的差旅费——出席在纽约举行的为期两天的专家组会议,委员会分组成员(欧洲:3名成员;北美/加勒比:1名成员;亚洲:2名成员)增加一天,编写所要求的报告,随后作为发展政策委员会第十五届会议报告的组成部分提交理事会。", "8. 联合国 上述所需追加资源是新的,未列入2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算。", "9. 国家 总之,如果理事会通过该决议草案,2012-2013两年期差旅、每日生活津贴、终点站费用和咨询费用所需追加资源估计为80 000美元,见下表。", "所需额外经费", "(单位:美元)", "所需非员额资源 2012-2013两年期费用总额", "顾问", "咨询人差旅费(机票、每日6 200份生活津贴和终点站费用)", "专家旅费(机票、每日生活津贴和终点站费用)", "发展政策委员会成员 36,400", "专家", "共计", "四、结 论 2012-2013两年期匀支的可能性和所需经费估计数", "10个 鉴于行政和预算问题咨询委员会目前正在审查秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算,因此提请理事会注意,因通过决议草案E/2011/L.52而估计的80 000美元所需资源净额可能影响2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算下所需资源水平。", "11个 因此,如果理事会通过决议草案,可能需要在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算拟议资源之外追加批款共计80 000美元。", " V. 应急基金", "12个 应回顾,根据大会1986年12月19日第41/213号决议和1987年12月21日第42/211号决议所制定的程序,每个两年期都设立应急基金,以支付方案预算未编列经费的立法授权引起的额外支出。 根据这一程序,如果提议的额外支出超出应急基金的可动用资源,有关活动只能通过从低优先领域调拨资源或修改现有活动来执行。 否则,这种额外活动将不得不推迟到下一个两年期。", "六、结 论 结论", "13个 如果理事会通过决议草案E/2011/L.52,将在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第9款(经济和社会事务)下产生相关的所需资源总额估计数80 000美元。 根据既定程序,在提交秘书长关于经济及社会理事会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数的年度报告时,将告知大会,所需资源能否由2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算经费支付,该报告将提交大会第六十六届会议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 22 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Groups of countries in special situations: specific actions related to the particular needs and problems of landlocked developing countries: outcome of the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation", "Implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/172, in which the Secretary-General was requested to submit to the sixty-sixth session an analytical report on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and the Almaty Declaration on the midterm review. The report provides an update on the progress made in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action by the landlocked countries and their development partners and showcases the efforts being made by the United Nations system and other international organizations. The report identifies the major challenges encountered and suggests recommendations to accelerate implementation of the Programme.", "I. Introduction", "1. The Almaty Programme of Action: Addressing the Special Needs of Landlocked Developing Countries within a New Global Framework for Transit Transport Cooperation for Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries was adopted in 2003 as the United Nations response to the growing recognition by the international community of the special development needs and challenges faced by the 31 landlocked developing countries. Lack of territorial access to the sea and their remoteness and isolation from world markets hinders the efforts of landlocked developing countries to generate and sustain economic growth and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "II. Overview of economic and social conditions in the landlocked developing countries", "2. The landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in economic growth from 5.8 per cent in 2008 to 3.6 per cent in 2009 (see annex, table 1) owing to the global financial and economic crisis. According to the World Economic Situation and Prospects, 2011, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat estimates that economic growth for the group was around 5.8 in 2010, indicating that the economies of the landlocked developing countries are on their way to recovery.", "3. After experiencing high inflation rates in 2008, inflation decelerated in 2009 across most of the landlocked developing countries owing to weakened domestic demand and reduced commodity prices especially for energy and food. Inflation rates stayed at low levels or decelerated in 2010 in most of the African and South Asian landlocked developing countries.", "4. In 2009, exports and imports decreased in all the landlocked developing countries owing to the global financial and economic crisis. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced a decrease in inflows of foreign direct investment in 2009. Net transfers of official development assistance flows from traditional donors to landlocked developing countries remained positive, increasing from $22.6 billion in 2008 to $24.8 billion in 2009. External debt as a percentage of the gross national income rose from 43 per cent in 2008, to 48 per cent in 2009.", "5. Remittances fell in 2009. Remittances are a major source of capital in some landlocked developing countries, notably, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Nepal and Tajikistan, where they account for over 20 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP).", "6. Prior to the financial and economic crisis, landlocked developing countries had made progress on some aspects of social development: half of the 25 landlocked developing countries for which data exists had reduced the population living in extreme poverty by more than 20 per cent over the period 2002-2008 (see annex, table 8). The crisis increased the number of people in extreme poverty since it led to job and income losses, especially in key export industries. Joblessness among youth is also a major challenge in landlocked developing countries. It is important that they adopt policies to foster employment generation and allocate adequate resources for building effective social protection systems.", "7. The percentage of the population that lives in hunger in landlocked developing countries is still relatively high: in half of them more than 20 per cent of the population was undernourished during the period 2005-2007. The geography of landlocked developing countries makes them more vulnerable to rising food prices because of high transport charges. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in March 2011, of the 29 countries requiring external assistance owing to critical problems related to food insecurity, 12 were landlocked developing countries.", "8. Half of the landlocked developing countries experienced deforestation between 2000 and 2010, with five countries experiencing a decrease in their forest coverage of more than 15 per cent. Climate change continues to be a major challenge and has exacerbated deforestation, desertification and loss of biodiversity and has had a negative impact on the transport infrastructure. Landlocked developing countries are also vulnerable to natural disasters. For example, the Mongolian economy was affected by zud (severe winter) during 2009-2010, resulting in the loss of over 10 million heads of domestic animals. In 2010, the Sahel region, including Mali, Burkina Faso, Chad, Niger and Ethiopia, was affected by a drought.", "9. Overall, after eight years of implementing the Almaty Programme of Action, landlocked developing countries have made some progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially primary school enrolment, gender parity in primary education and women’s representation in national parliaments; however, achieving food security, eradicating poverty and reducing child and maternal mortality remain major social development challenges. There is also a need to address the disparities caused by rural and urban location, income and gender. The global financial and economic crisis caused serious setbacks. Strengthened international support to landlocked developing countries through official development assistance is critical for enabling stepped-up efforts to achieve the Goals.", "10. Landlocked developing countries continue to face constraints in participating in international trade owing to lack of access to the sea and remoteness from major markets, inadequate transit facilities, cumbersome customs and border crossing procedures, costly bank transactions and other costly services and operations. Such constraints result in high transport and trade transaction costs.", "11. In order to determine the extent to which landlocked developing countries are affected by transport and trade transaction costs, the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States made an attempt to estimate those costs based on the balance of payments data of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Office calculated the total freight charges in the balance of payments (which comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad) as a ratio of the total value of imports and exports (see annex, table 4). The data shows that landlocked developing countries in fact face high costs since the rate of freight charges to total value of exports and imports in 2009 was high, in particular for landlocked Africa where it was as high as 21.4 in one country. Landlocked developing countries as a group have a higher proportion of freight charges to total value of exports and imports: 45 per cent more than the group rate for transit developing countries. This clearly shows that landlocked developing countries are paying higher transport and trade costs — resources that could be invested in building their productive capacities.", "12. The data is further supported by information contained in the World Bank report Doing Business 2011, which indicates that apart from 10 countries ranking below 100 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Botswana, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Republic of Moldova, Rwanda, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Zambia), 20 of the landlocked developing countries for which there is data rank 104 and 183, out of a total of 183 countries in the world, partly because of the high costs related to importing and exporting.", "III. Priorities", "A. Fundamental transit policy issues", "13. International conventions and agreements[1] provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of transit formalities and procedures, and their effective implementation can significantly support access by landlocked developing countries to the sea. Ratification of the conventions has been slow (see table 1 below). Since the midterm review of the Almaty Programme of Action, very few landlocked developing countries, namely, Kazakhstan, Burkina Faso, Republic of Moldova and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, have ratified and acceded to international transport agreements.", "Table 1 Status of accession by landlocked developing countries to the United Nations conventions on transport^(a)", "Convention Number of landlocked developing countries that are a contracting party to the convention (out of a total of 31)", "Convention on Road Traffic (1968) 13", "Convention on Road Signs and 8 Signals (1968)", "Customs Convention on the 11 International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (1975)", "Customs Convention on the Temporary 5 Importation of Commercial Road Vehicles (1956)", "Customs Convention on Containers 6 (1972)", "International Convention on the 10 Harmonization of Frontier Controls of Goods (1982)", "Convention on the Contract for the 10 International Carriage of Goods by Road (1956)", "Source: www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html.", "^(a) In its resolution 48/11 of 1992, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific recommended that countries in the region consider acceding to the seven conventions included in the table.", "14. At the regional and subregional levels, substantial progress has been made in developing agreements where landlocked developing countries and their neighbouring countries are pursuing harmonization of transport and transit policies, laws, procedures and practices with transit countries. Asia has made substantial progress in developing and implementing the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Asian Highway Network and the Intergovernmental Agreement on the Trans-Asian Railway Network. A number of regional as well as subregional agreements have been reached in Asia.", "15. In Africa, progress is being made towards developing a framework for harmonizing the norms and standards of the trans-African highway network at the regional level. At the subregional level, member States of the regional economic communities have entered into various agreements that promote supportive transport, transit and trade policies. The communities have also made progress in harmonizing standards and policies by entering into common arrangements. For example, the tripartite taskforce established between the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the East African Community (EAC) and the South African Development Community (SADC) has led to the harmonization of their transport, energy, information and communications technology, and water policies and regulation, as well as physical infrastructure development. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) are also harmonizing their transit facilitation programmes.", "16. In South America, the landlocked developing countries are part of the Common Market of the South (MERCOSUR) and the Andean Community and their related agreements on transit transport and trade.", "17. While there is some progress in the establishment of regional and subregional agreements that could provide a basis for simplification and harmonization of formalities and procedures, many agreements are not being fully implemented. Their effective implementation is important for landlocked developing countries, which would benefit from improved transit measures.", "18. At the national level, some landlocked developing countries have strengthened their national policies to promote trade and transport facilitation, infrastructure development and maintenance. They have also undertaken initiatives to strengthen and establish institutional mechanisms for coordinating work on national transit transport facilitation. For example, the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Greater Mekong subregion have established national trade and transport facilitation bodies as part of the obligations under regional agreements or independently on their own. These bodies have promoted effective coordination and cooperation among all the relevant agencies responsible for international trade and transport facilitation. Challenges to their effective functioning include insufficient financial resources, inadequate recognition of their roles and functions, and incomplete representation of key stakeholders.", "19. Continued progress is being made in streamlining administrative procedures and simplifying border control procedures. One-stop border controls have been established on several adjacent border posts along the transport corridors in the COMESA, EAC and, most recently, ECOWAS subregions. The first one-stop border post established on the Zambia-Zimbabwe border in December 2009 helped to simplify border control and procedures and to reduce the time at the border for commercial trucks, from 5 days to less than 24 hours.", "20. In South America, the MERCOSUR countries in the Recife Agreement on integrated controls agreed to apply integrated controls on 16 border points. Paraguay has established an integrated control at its border with Brazil, while work on the border post with the Plurinational State of Bolivia is now at an advanced stage.", "21. In South-East Asia, the Greater Mekong Subregional Cross-Border Transport Agreement includes implementation of single-stop inspection and single-window inspection points that aim to produce maximum efficiencies at the border. Joint processing initiatives also form part of the multi-donor Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) programme managed by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). One-stop border posts have brought benefits to landlocked developing countries and are an effective initiative that should be replicated.", "22. In Africa, the COMESA subregion has established a yellow card system, which is a motor vehicle insurance scheme that is valid in all participating countries and also facilitates the cross-border movement of vehicles between COMESA member countries. The card has helped to reduce delays at the border since transporters and motorists do not have to buy insurance coverage at each border post.", "B. Infrastructure development and maintenance", "23. Roads are the leading mode of transport for most landlocked developing countries, especially in Africa, where they account for about 90 per cent of intra‑African trade. However, the percentage of paved roads remains low, with only nine landlocked developing countries having over 50 per cent of their roads paved and eight countries having between 20 and 49 per cent (see annex, table 5). At the national level, some countries have set up independent sources of funding for road maintenance, based on road-user charges, fuel levies or budget allocations. A total of 27 African countries have established road funds. Some landlocked developing countries in other regions have functional road funds supporting road maintenance. For example, the Republic of Moldova recently made amendments to its Road Fund Law of February 1996 in order to increase funding for the maintenance and restoration of roads.", "24. Some countries have created road agencies, independent from line ministries, with the prime responsibility for assigning outside contracts for public works activities. A World Bank study found that countries with a road fund and higher fuel levies devoted a greater share of their spending to maintenance and had experienced reduced volatility of sector spending relative to traditional budget allocations.[2]", "25. At the regional level, progress in Asia has been made in upgrading 22,263 km (15.8 per cent) of the Asian highway road network, including: (a) reconstruction of AH5 (Baku-Alat-Kazak-Red Bridge), and AH8 (Baku-Guba-Samur and Alat-Astara) in Azerbaijan; (b) construction of AH3, AH4 and AH32 and a further plan to upgrade AH3 to class I standards in Mongolia; (c) progress in the construction of two bridges along the AH3 in Chiang Kong-Houayxay, and along the AH15 in Thakhek-Nakhon Phanom, between the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand; (d) planned reconstruction of AH82 (Yerevan-Ashtarak section) in Armenia; and (e) reconstruction of AH82 from the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Armenian and Georgian border. According to estimates done by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and Asian member States in 2006, a consolidated list of 121 priority investment projects in 25 member States indicated that about $25 billion was being invested or committed for the development of various sections of Asian highway routes and that there had been a shortfall of $18 billion in the funds required to upgrade and improve about 26,000 kms of the Asian highway network.", "26. The Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America has coordinated the development of transport, energy and telecommunications infrastructure in the region. The Initiative has been in the process of implementing a total of 524 projects requiring a total investment of $54.61 billion.[3] By mid-2010, the Initiative had implemented 44 per cent of its infrastructure projects.", "27. The African Union launched the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa in 2010, which aims to bring together various regional and continental infrastructure initiatives on road and railway transport, information and communications technology and energy and which is led by the African Development Bank (AfDB). The main objective of the programme is to coordinate the efforts and use of resources for infrastructure development. The trans-African highway that plays a crucial role in maintaining the economies of the landlocked countries of Africa still has missing links that require substantial resources for their completion. Major projects to improve the road network are ongoing in a number of countries and different regional economic communities in Africa.", "28. Although some progress is being made in developing and maintaining road infrastructure, outstanding challenges include inadequate resources for road funds, overloading of vehicles and resource gaps for road infrastructure development.", "29. Railways remain underutilized forms of transport for landlocked developing countries, with only nine landlocked developing countries having 1,000 or more kms of railways for freight service. The total length of the trans-Asian railway network of 114,000 kms has about 8,000 kms of missing links (7 per cent). Some progress has been made in the planning and construction of missing links in Azerbaijan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia and Uzbekistan.", "30. In Africa, the railway network of 74,775 kms has very low density and is mostly in northern Africa and southern Africa. An infrastructure development study undertaken by the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and the African Union in 2006 estimated 26,362 kms of missing links. Not much progress has been recorded in that subsector but some rail projects are likely to be revitalized in western, central, eastern and southern Africa.", "31. Progress has been made in respect of railway integration in South America. In May 2010, Brazil and Paraguay formalized a project funded by the Brazilian Development Bank to link Paraguay’s railway system with the railroad linking Paranagua, Brazil, and the Antofagasta, Chile, in effect creating an inter-oceanic railway corridor.", "32. The major challenges facing development of the railway networks include limited resources to invest in the missing links and differences in railway gauges, resulting in frequent loading and off-loading of goods and increased delays and transport costs.", "33. There has been progress in the establishment of dry ports. Dry ports provide similar functions to those of sea ports and support the development of intermodal corridors. In Asia, for example, Mongolia plans to develop four dry ports along the trans-Asian railway, Nepal has four dry ports, and there are plans to develop dry ports in other countries, including Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. In Africa, dry ports have been established in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Niger and Uganda, and in South America, a dry port was established in Paraguay.", "34. Landlocked developing countries have made remarkable progress in improving telecommunication infrastructure, particularly cellular phones and Internet connectivity. As a group, they recorded an increase of 25 and 37 per cent in cellular phones and Internet usage, respectively, from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 6). This has been made possible through liberalization of the telecommunication sector and the resulting increased private sector investment.", "35. Energy infrastructure is vital for reducing delays in transit time for landlocked developing country consignments. However, it is still insufficient and unreliable, for example, in the five landlocked developing countries that are net importers of energy. Energy infrastructure financing needs at the national and regional levels are relatively high, requiring the input of all sources of resources, including domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral, and increased partnership with the private sector.", "36. Research by the World Bank[4] indicates that challenges with regard to transport infrastructure are not only limited to physical deficits in infrastructure but also to a lack of adequate soft infrastructure, mainly the logistics services markets needed to improve services along transport and transit corridors. Many landlocked developing countries have undertaken initiatives to put in place policies to guide and support the development of competitive freight forwarding and multimodal transport and logistics services. However, in many countries, freight forwarders and logistics services providers are small in size and the industry is fragmented.", "37. Participation of the private sector varies enormously across the subsectors: it is highest in mobile telephony, followed by transport, with the contracting of road maintenance and concessions in container terminals and railroads. In the energy sector, State-owned utilities are still prevalent although there is interest in privatization of power generation and distribution. Landlocked developing countries should consider promoting active and effective cooperation with the private sector through fostering an enabling policy environment.", "C. International trade and trade facilitation", "38. Despite some progress made in enhanced integration of landlocked developing countries into the global trading system, only 22 of the 31 landlocked developing countries are members of the World Trade Organization (WTO). All other countries, except one, are WTO observers and are in the process of accession negotiation. Along with domestic institutional reform, efforts are needed at the multilateral level to support and facilitate development-friendly conditions for their accession.", "39. Although the group of landlocked developing countries had experienced enhanced export performance, with the value of merchandise exports growing in nominal terms from $33 billion in 2003 to $153 billion in 2008, their exports fell by 42 per cent from 2008 to 2009 (see annex, table 4). The proportion of merchandise exports of landlocked developing countries to the total world exports has remained below 1 per cent. Although their share of world exports increased from 0.45 per cent in 2003 to 0.96 per cent in 2008, it fell to 0.75 in 2009. On the contrary, the share of transit developing countries has increased consistently, from 13 per cent in 2003 to 18 per cent in 2009.", "40. In 2009, the merchandise imports of landlocked developing countries decreased by 16.5 per cent as a result of the global financial and economic crisis. IMF estimates show that in 2010 imports had recovered in 21 of the landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries have increasingly been entering into regional preferential trade agreements resulting in reduced average tariffs achieved through unilateral measures and implementation of regional integration protocols. Eleven Asian landlocked developing countries are party to more than 40 trade arrangements in force and are engaged in negotiating further agreements at the regional level. In Africa, trade agreements exist for 13 subregional groupings. Three regional economic communities, COMESA, SADC and EAC are moving towards achieving a common-market status. Economic partnership agreements negotiations between the European Union and the African regional economic communities are progressing slowly. In South America, regional integration has been further deepened through the establishment of the Union of South American Nations, an intergovernmental union integrating the regional agreements in the region (MERCOSUR and the Andean Community of Nations).", "41. However, despite numerous preferential trade agreements at the regional level, intraregional trade is not growing fast. In 2009, intra-MERCOSUR and intra‑Andean Community of Nations exports were 8 per cent and 15 per cent of the total exports for the region, respectively. In Africa, intra-SADC, intra-COMESA, and intra-ECOWAS average exports between 2000 and 2007 were 12 per cent, 9 per cent and 13 per cent respectively.[5] In order to increase intraregional trade, it is essential to improve the regional infrastructure — transport, power and communication; effectively implement regional trade agreements; enhance harmonization of the regional regulatory framework in order to boost private sector activity; and improve trade and transit facilitation in order to reduce logistics costs.", "42. Landlocked developing countries have continued to undertake trade facilitation initiatives. However, when compared to coastal countries, landlocked developing countries have a lower Logistics Performance Index (see table 2 below). Low Logistics Performance Index indicates significant hindrances to connecting their domestic economies into global markets due to longer time for customs clearance, low-quality trade- and transport-related infrastructure, inefficient and uncompetitive logistics services, cumbersome border crossing and customs procedures, difficulty in tracking and tracing consignment and unpredictable delivery time. It is important that continued work be done to improve trade facilitation.", "Table 2 Regions with poorly performing landlocked developing countries based on Logistics Performance Index", "Sub-Saharan South Asia Africa\n Background data Landlocked Coastal Landlocked Coastal", "Overall Logistics Performance 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64 Index", "Selected Logistics Performance Index components", "Logistics competence 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "Infrastructure 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41", "Customs and trade processes 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "Logistics Performance Index input data", "Customs clearance (days) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "Physical inspection (per cent) 62 42 56 27 (higher is worse)", "Source: Jean-François Arvis and others, The Cost of Being Landlocked (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2010).", "43. The WTO negotiations on trade facilitation aim to expedite the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, enhance technical assistance and support for capacity-building on trade facilitation. According to the April 2011 draft consolidated negotiating text of the WTO Negotiating Group on Trade Facilitation,[6] the negotiations seek to improve relevant aspects of article V on freedom of transit, article VIII on fees and formalities connected with importation and exportation, and article X on publication and administration of trade regulations of the GATT 1994 and aspects related to Special and Differential Treatment.", "D. International support measures", "44. Since the adoption of the Almaty Programme, flows of official development assistance from traditional donors have increased from about $12 billion in 2003 to $18.9 billion in 2007 and to $24.8 billion in 2009. This reflects an increase of more than 10 per cent annually since 2003. However, two countries dominate the receipts: Afghanistan and Ethiopia, which accounted for 24 per cent and 15 per cent of total receipts in 2009, respectively. Official development assistance remains the main source of external finance, accounting for 10 per cent or more of gross national income in 2009 in nine landlocked developing countries (see annex, table 2).", "45. Official development assistance for transport, storage and communications increased from $775 million to $1.8 billion in the period 2003-2009, with the bulk (40 per cent) of aid going to Afghanistan, and three other countries.", "46. Landlocked developing countries as a group experienced an aggregate decrease of 17 per cent in foreign direct investment inflows to $21.9 million in 2009 (see annex, table 7). Despite this contraction, their share of global foreign direct investment inflows increased to 2 per cent in 2009, from 1.5 per cent in 2008.[7] The geographic distribution of foreign direct investment remains uneven. Investment has been heavily concentrated in a few resource-rich countries. Kazakhstan alone accounted for 58 per cent of the total foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries in 2009, while 15 African landlocked developing countries only received $4 billion.", "47. Inward foreign direct investment is expected to further increase especially in resource-rich countries due to the rebound in commodity prices and improving economic and financial conditions. For example, foreign direct investment inflows to Kazakhstan in the first quarter of 2010 were 16 per cent higher than during the same period in 2009. Foreign direct investment inflows for Mongolia surpassed $1 billion in 2010, a 25 per cent increase as compared with 2009,[8] and foreign direct investment inflows also surpassed $1 billion in Zambia in 2010. Nevertheless, most landlocked developing countries perform poorly as foreign direct investment destinations, mainly because their economic performance continues to be hampered by inherent geographical disadvantages that are compounded by poor infrastructure, inefficient logistics systems and weak institutional capacities.", "48. Landlocked developing countries as a group greatly improved their debt to the gross national income ratio and debt servicing ratio from 2003 to 2009 (see figure I below). However, both ratios increased in 2009. When compared with transit developing countries, landlocked developing countries still have a higher total debt and debt servicing ratio. The number of landlocked developing countries that used to have a total debt to the gross national income ratio of more than 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 6 to only 1 in 2009, and those that had a ratio of 74 to 100 in 2003 have been reduced from 11 to 2 in 2009 (see annex, table 3). The progress is partly due to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative, which have supported 13 landlocked developing countries. It is important that similar forms of debt relief support are extended to the other landlocked developing countries that do not benefit from the initiatives.", "Figure I", "Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries external debt and debt service", "[]", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "49. Slow progress has been made in the negotiations of the WTO Doha round of multilateral trading system. It is important for the international community to intensify efforts to conclude the trade negotiations with provisions that are consistent with the trade, development and financial needs of landlocked developing countries.", "50. There has been some progress on preferential tariff schemes from developed economies that has benefited landlocked developing countries (see figure II below). Preferential tariffs provide a much-needed price advantage for the products of landlocked developing countries in the markets of developed countries. However, their utilization has often remained limited owing to lack of diversification, the application of burdensome and non-harmonized rules of origin, high transport costs and other supply side constraints.", "Figure II", "Average tariffs imposed by developed market economies on all product categories from landlocked developing countries", "[]", "Source: International Trade Centre database.", "51. There has been a continued increase in aid for trade disbursements to landlocked developing countries, which increased from $4.7 billion in 2008 to $6 billion in 2009. Five landlocked developing countries (Afghanistan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Mali and Burkina Faso) are among the top 20 recipients of aid for trade in 2009. Globally, the bulk of the total aid for trade went into building productive capacity,[9] followed by investment into infrastructure development[10] and assistance towards capacity-building in developing trade strategies and negotiations, policy regulations and trade-related adjustment costs (see figure III).", "Figure III", "Use of total global aid for trade by category", "[]", "Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-Development Assistance Committee database.", "52. A number of other developing countries are becoming increasingly important sources of external financial support for the landlocked developing countries, particularly for the rehabilitation and development of critical infrastructure, such as roads and power. Transnational corporations from developing countries, in particular China, India and South Africa, were the main sources of foreign direct investment in the landlocked developing countries in 2009.", "E. Implementation and review", "53. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States was mandated to enhance its cooperation and coordination with the United Nations system and other stakeholders in order to ensure effective implementation of the Programme of Action. Implementation of the Programme has been undertaken at national, subregional, regional and global levels (see also sect. IV below).", "54. On monitoring and review, Member States have prepared reports on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action as contributions to the midterm review and as input for the preparation of the annual reports of the Secretary-General on the issue. At the global level, the landlocked developing countries meet annually for a ministerial conference in the margins of the sessions of the General Assembly.", "55. At the regional level, the regional commissions have coordinated regional reviews. ESCAP, in collaboration with the Government of Mongolia, organized a high-level Asia-Pacific policy dialogue on the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action and other development gaps faced by the landlocked developing countries, which was held in April 2011 in Ulaanbaatar. The Committee on Trade, Regional Cooperation and Integration of the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), held its seventh session in June 2011, where it reviewed the progress that the region had made in implementing the outcomes of the midterm review meeting on the Almaty Programme of Action.", "56. In paragraph 32 of its resolution 63/2, on the midterm review of the Programme of Action, the General Assembly is invited to consider, at the appropriate time, conducting a comprehensive review of the implementation of the Programme of Action. Since the end of the first 10 years of the Programme of Action is in 2013, preparatory work for the review needs to commence.", "57. Further work is required to develop indicators that can be used to measure the progress achieved in implementing the Programme of Action through reduction of transport and other trade costs. There are currently different approaches being developed by different international organizations in measuring corridor monitoring indicators, for example the time-cost-distance model, the logistical costs and reliability methodology and time-cost methodology in the corridors. Harmonization of such indicators would allow for cross-country and cross-regional monitoring of trade corridors.", "58. The recent global financial and economic crisis, changes in food and energy prices and the impact of climate change have revealed the social, economic and environmental vulnerability of landlocked developing countries. It is important therefore to undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks, through the development of a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used by the landlocked developing countries for early warning purposes.", "IV. The actions taken by the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations in implementing the Almaty Programme of Action", "59. The Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to assist the landlocked developing countries through mobilization of international and United Nations system-wide support and awareness-raising. In order to strengthen the analytical and negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries, the Office supported an international think tank for landlocked developing countries in Ulaanbaatar and drafted, in cooperation with the Office of Legal Affairs, a multilateral agreement on the establishment of the think tank, which was endorsed at the Ministerial Meeting of Landlocked Developing Countries, held in New York in September 2010. The agreement is now open for signature by the landlocked developing countries at the United Nations. The Office continues to compile annual statistics with the latest available data on key economic, social and transport infrastructure indicators for landlocked developing countries. In cooperation with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the Office issued the World Statistics Pocketbook 2010: Landlocked Developing Countries.", "60. ECA, the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States continued to cooperate towards the creation of an intergovernmental agreement to underpin the trans-African highway network by undertaking studies to help to develop the legal framework.", "61. The regional commissions assisted Member States in the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action, through, inter alia, capacity-building programmes, advisory services, support towards transport infrastructure development and the promotion of legal instruments related to trade and transport facilitation. Substantive contributions include the ECA 2010 publication Assessing Regional Integration in Africa IV: Enhancing Intra-African Trade, which devoted a chapter to the development of trade transit corridors in Africa’s landlocked countries. The Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) will launch the Handbook of Best Practices at Borders in 2011, and ECA, the World Bank and the African Union Commission will publish a compendium of all legal instruments pertaining to transport and trade facilitation.", "62. ECA organized workshops on trade facilitation and study tours in key transit ports for landlocked countries and supported the creation of the African Alliance for E-commerce, a framework for the exchange of trade facilitation information and experiences, sponsoring its first technical workshop and second General Assembly. Similarly, the United Nations network for experts for paperless trade in Asia and the Pacific, established by ESCAP and ECE as a community of knowledge and practice for experts from developing countries and transition economies from Asia and the Pacific, supported national, subregional and transcontinental single window and paperless trade initiatives.", "63. ECE supported the development of transport infrastructure in the context of trans-European motorway and trans-European railway projects and together with ESCAP promoted harmonization of transport investments in the context of the Euro‑Asian transport linkages project. ESCAP also continued to work on fostering synergies among member States, international financing institutions and other stakeholders to explore financing opportunities in priority infrastructure projects along the Asian highway and trans-Asian railway. In October 2010, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) organized an international seminar on sustainable transport policies for countries in Latin America. ECLAC is currently analysing logistics costs and their impact on economic development in the Plurinational State of Bolivia. ECE administers 57 international agreements and conventions in the area of transport, providing the legal and technical framework for developing international road, rail, inland waterway and combined transport.", "64. In the area of aid for trade, ECA, together with AfDB, WTO and ECOWAS, organized an aid for trade review for West African States. ECA also collaborated with Central African regional economic communities to organize a preparatory review workshop on aid for trade, which resulted in a road map to guide Central African member States and regional organizations in a donor round table geared towards mobilizing resources for priority transboundary infrastructure programmes.", "65. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) completed aid for trade needs assessments in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and initiated assessments in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. In March 2011, UNDP published the guide entitled How to Conduct Aid for Trade Needs Assessments in Transition Countries. UNDP also provided ongoing support to the Government of Mongolia in relation to start-up activities for the landlocked developing countries think tank.", "66. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) dedicated a section to the analysis of recent trends in foreign direct investment in landlocked developing countries in its UNCTAD World Investment Report 2010 and provided capacity-building and technical assistance on trade and transport facilitation.", "67. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), in cooperation with ECA, FAO, IFAD, AfDB and the African Union Commission, developed an agriculture, agribusiness and agro-industries development initiative, which focuses on the development of rural infrastructure, technology, land management and water technology systems and emphasizes the importance of increased private public sector investments and partnerships among farmers and agribusiness in a value-chain approach. UNIDO is also undertaking trade capacity-building at the regional and subregional levels.", "68. The World Bank contributes to the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action through the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development-International Development Association, lending technical assistance and knowledge products. In 2010, loans in the amount of $988 million were extended to finance projects in landlocked developing or transit countries in the area of customs reforms, road or rail corridor and aviation projects, or projects addressing other specific capacity constraints related to landlocked situations. The Trade Facilitation Facility — a $40 million multi-donor trust fund created in 2009 — has been designed to build capacities to speed up the implementation of trade and transport facilitation projects and reforms in low-income countries, especially targeting the needs of landlocked developing countries. Ongoing projects include support for corridor countries in Africa and Asia. The World Bank has also implemented a series of knowledge products, including “The cost of being landlocked: supply chain reliability and logistics costs” and Connecting Landlocked Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century.", "69. The WTO secretariat, in cooperation with other international organizations, provides technical assistance to WTO members and observers, upon request, to assess their trade facilitation needs and priorities. As of October 2010, 19 landlocked developing countries had conducted such assessments.", "70. The World Customs Organization continued its customs capacity-building activities, in particular through the organization’s Columbus programme, which aims at the full implementation of the Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade as well as other international best practices in the area of customs administration. World Customs Organization organized regional workshops and national workshops and missions in 2010, benefiting landlocked developing countries in Africa, Asia and Europe.", "71. The International Trade Center developed and implemented trade promotion and capacity-building projects, such as national capacity-building in the implementation of the integrated framework in Chad, or the SADC supply chain and logistics programme in Malawi. Several multi-country programmes with a focus on one or more trade-related disciplines were implemented, for instance the programme “ACCESS for African Businesswomen in International Trade”, which addressed the particular constraints of African businesswomen by means of enhancing their access to a package of trade support services. Information and communications technology information on trade and export competitiveness was made available to all States Members of the United Nations.", "72. In 2010, OSCE organized the eighteenth OSCE Economic and Environmental Forum on the theme “Promoting good governance at border crossings, improving the security of land transportation and facilitating international transport by road and rail in the OSCE region”. As a direct follow-up, and in order to raise awareness on the existing tools to fight corruption at border crossings and to offer the opportunity to identify concrete national follow-up activities, OSCE, in cooperation with the World Customs Organization and the OSCE Center in Astana, organized a regional seminar on promoting integrity in customs and border services. Additionally, the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe continued to organize training events covering a wide range of issues related to border management.", "73. The Afghan-transit project of the International Road Union, undertaken in the framework of the new Euro-Asian road transport initiative, aims at developing road transport haulage from Europe and China to Afghanistan by attracting international investments into ancillary infrastructures and through implementation of harmonized customs procedures. ECE and the Union cooperated to develop best practices applicable for the implementation of the Customs Convention on the International Transport of Goods Under Cover of TIR Carnets (TIR Convention) in the Central-Asian region and introduced them into an updated TIR handbook. The Union and UNCTAD signed a memorandum of understanding in April 2010 to upgrade the Automated System for Customs Data (ASYCUDA) World with the most updated information technology/TIR risk management tools, further to which the transit module of ASYCUDA World now incorporates the latest tools to facilitate and secure the implementation of the Convention.", "74. The International Telecommunications Union adopted a programme focusing specifically on the priorities of landlocked developing countries, which entailed assisting countries, inter alia, in migrating from public switched telephone networks to Internet Protocol-based networks, in establishing multi-telecentres, and in introducing broadband technology. Other projects focused on promoting universal access to e-applications and services as well as implementation of e-commerce and e-government projects in many landlocked developing countries in order to enable them to use information and communications technology as a catalyst in trade.", "75. The regional banks and regional economic communities in Asia, South America and Africa have taken leading roles in marshalling and supporting implementation of regional infrastructure programmes. ADB implemented various technical assistance and investment projects: under the CAREC programme, ADB has invested around $4 billion so far in the transport and trade facilitation sectors and about $1 billion in the energy sector. In Africa, the African Development Bank is leading resource mobilization and support to the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa. In South America, the Inter American Development Bank, the World Bank and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration are supporting the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America.", "76. COMESA undertook studies, programmes and regional integration arrangements to assist its landlocked members in promoting regional communications and trade. For instance, an East Africa corridor diagnostic study for northern and central corridors was undertaken to assess the performance of the corridors in order to prepare an action plan for removal of identified transport logistics impediments. The transit data transfer module — a tool developed to facilitate the exchange of transit declarations and transit guarantee information between/among customs administrations — is being piloted at the Chirundu, Zambia, border post and at the Kasumalesa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, border post. The Regional Customs Transit Guarantee — an instrument that has been developed under the auspices of the Protocol on Transit Trade and Transit Facilities has been useful in furthering COMESA regional integration. A pilot test of the scheme was conducted in 2008 in northern corridor countries, and the positive results lead to the roll-out of the initiative in 2010 and 2011.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "77. Being landlocked imposes a major constraint to economic growth and the attainment of development objectives. The economies of landlocked developing countries remain fragile because of their vulnerability to external shocks, owing to limited export diversification, limited productive capacities, lack of export competitiveness and high transport and transit costs.", "78. The international community should support the landlocked developing countries through increased, timely and sustainable financial support in order to help them to accelerate progress towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and strengthen their capacity for climate change mitigation and adaptation.", "79. Landlocked developing countries and transit developing countries should strengthen effective cooperation through developing and harmonizing relevant policies and prioritizing resource allocations for the maintenance and rehabilitation of transit transport infrastructure. Initiatives that have proved successful, such as the one-stop border post, dry ports, the yellow card and use of information and communications technologies for customs clearance, should be replicated and fully funded.", "80. Landlocked and transit developing countries are invited to ratify and effectively implement international conventions and agreements, and regional and subregional agreements on transport and trade facilitation.", "81. The international community should increase financial support to transit transport infrastructure, energy and information and communications technology infrastructure and trade facilitation projects in landlocked and transit developing countries so as to enhance intraregional connectivity, complete missing links and ensure the proper functioning of strategic sea corridors.", "82. There is a need to develop a networking mechanism aimed at promoting the exchange of experiences and dissemination of information to all relevant stakeholders.", "83. The international community should further support landlocked developing countries in strengthening their analytical capacities to develop and implement coherent and comprehensive transport policies that support the transit corridors needed to facilitate trade and in sharpening their negotiation skills for effective participation in international trade.", "84. The Economic Commission for Africa, the African Union Commission, the World Bank, the African Development Bank and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States are encouraged to further their support efforts to elaborate and conclude an intergovernmental agreement on the trans-African highway.", "85. International organizations and other research institutions should undertake research on the vulnerability of landlocked developing countries to external shocks and develop a set of vulnerability indicators that can be used for early warning purposes.", "86. The World Trade Organization negotiations on trade facilitation are very important for landlocked developing countries in international trade. The international community should provide support to strengthen the negotiation capabilities of landlocked developing countries on trade facilitation.", "87. Developed countries are invited to consider providing greater market access for goods originating from landlocked developing countries and improve the transfer of technologies to help to mitigate the high transaction costs stemming from their geographical disadvantages.", "88. The international community should increase their support towards the Aid for Trade Initiative since it is providing crucial support to help landlocked developing countries in implementing international agreements, strategically strengthening their productive capacities, developing their infrastructure and enhancing competitiveness in the global markets.", "89. The capital exporting countries are encouraged to adopt policies and incentives that encourage foreign direct investment flows to landlocked developing countries. Landlocked developing countries should promote an enabling environment to attract foreign direct investment and private sector involvement.", "90. Donor countries and the international financial and development institutions are invited to make voluntary contributions to the trust fund established to facilitate the implementation of and follow-up to the International Ministerial Conference of Landlocked and Transit Developing Countries and Donor Countries and International Financial and Development Institutions on Transit Transport Cooperation, held in Almaty.", "91. As called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/2, the Assembly should consider convening a comprehensive 10-year review of the implementation of the Almaty Programme of Action.", "Annex*", "Table 1 Gross domestic product, 2000-2009", "Gross domestic product\n Estimates at Per capita Average annual constant 2005 (current rate of growth prices United (percentage) (millions of States United States dollars) dollars)", "Landlocked 2000 2008 2009   2009   2000-2003 2008 2009 developing countries", "Afghanistan 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "Armenia 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2", "Azerbaijan 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "Bhutan 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "Bolivia 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7", "Burkina Faso 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "Burundi 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "Central African 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7 Republic", "Chad 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6", "Ethiopia 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "Kazakhstan 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "Kyrgyzstan 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "Lao People’s 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "Malawi 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "Mali 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "Mongolia 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6", "Nepal 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "Niger 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9", "Paraguay 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 -4.5", "Republic of Moldova 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5", "Rwanda 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "Swaziland 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "Tajikistan 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "The former Yugoslav 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "Uganda 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "Uzbekistan 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "Zambia 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "Zimbabwe 5 804 3 562 3 705   324   -5.8 -14.5 4.0", "Landlocked 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6 developing countries", "Transit developing 4 937 668 8 433 8 793   2 808   5.0 6.1 4.3 countries 400 363", "Source: United Nations Statistics Division; see http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp. Accessed 24 March 2011.", "* For the list of transit developing countries and the composition of developed and developing regions as used in the tables, see www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/.", "Table 2 Official development assistance receipts and donor assistance for transport, storage and communications", "Official Donor assistance Aid for trade development for transport, disbursements assistance/ storage and (millions of gross national communications United States income (millions of dollars, (percentage) United States constant dollars, current prices)^(c) prices)^(b)", "Net official development assistance receipts (millions of United States dollars, current prices)^(a)", "Landlocked developing 2005   2008   2009   2009   2003   2009   2007 2009 countries", "Afghanistan 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711", "Armenia 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "Azerbaijan 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118", "Bhutan 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "Bolivia (Plurinational State 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221 of)", "Botswana 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "Burkina Faso 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "Burundi 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "Central African Republic 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "Chad 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "Ethiopia 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "Kazakhstan 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "Kyrgyzstan 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "Lao People’s Democratic 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106 Republic", "Lesotho 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "Malawi 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "Mali 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "Mongolia 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "Nepal 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53", "Niger 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "Paraguay 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "Republic of Moldova 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "Rwanda 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "Swaziland 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "Tajikistan 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "The former Yugoslav Republic 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75 of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 1 3", "Uganda 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "Uzbekistan 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "Zambia 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "Zimbabwe 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50", "Landlocked developing 14 999   22 624   24 831   ..   775   1 862   4 159 6 021 countries", "Source: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Development Cooperation Directorate, Development Cooperation Report 2011. OECD “Aid for trade at a glance: Showing results” (COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN, June 2011).", "^(a) Comprises net official development assistance flows from Development Assistance Committee countries, multilateral organizations and non-Development Assistance Committee countries.", "^(b) OECD Development Assistance Committee and multilateral organization donors.", "^(c) Excludes multi-country programmes and activities.", "Table 3 External debt, debt service and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative and the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative", "Total Total debt Total debt external debt service, relief (percentage percentage (millions of of goods and of gross services and United national income States income) abroad dollars)", "Landlocked developing 2003   2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 Heavily   Multilateral countries Indebted Debt Relief Poor Initiative Countries", "Afghanistan ..   20   ..   ..   0.2   0.4   654   20", "Armenia 64 28 55 10.8 13.3 20.9 .. ..", "Azerbaijan 25 12 12 6.7 0.9 1.7 .. ..", "Bhutan 82 57 58 5.1 21.3 11.4 .. ..", "Bolivia (Plurinational 75 34 35 21.3 13.0 14.4 1 967 1 953 State of)", "Botswana 7 3 14 1.2 1.1 1.2 .. ..", "Burkina Faso 41 21 23 .. .. .. 812 764", "Burundi 230 24 39 63.5 13.3 .. 1 009 58", "Central African 92 49 20 .. .. .. 675 435 Republic", "Chad 67 26 29 6.0 3.2 2.8 241 ..", "Ethiopia 86 11 18 7.2 3.1 3.1 2735 1 862", "Kazakhstan 78 94 113 34.9 42.0 80.2 .. ..", "Kyrgyzstan 109 49 66 21.6 11.8 14.0 .. ..", "Lao People’s 114 94 96 21.8 .. .. .. .. Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 56 34 33 8.1 2.5 3.0 .. ..", "Malawi 130 59 60 .. .. .. 1 379 898", "Mali 74 24 30 6.5 2.6 .. 792 1 308", "Mongolia 103 36 56 33.9 2.7 4.8 .. 651", "Nepal 50 29 29 10.1 8.3 10.4 .. ..", "Niger 78 17 19 8.6 2.5 4.5 947 283", "Paraguay 58 25 30 12.3 5.0 6.1 .. ..", "Republic of Moldova 88 52 60 11.4 14.8 14.9 .. ..", "Rwanda 88 15 15 15.1 3.6 4.7 956 234", "Swaziland 21 13 15 1.3 .. 2.1 .. ..", "Tajikistan 79 46 51 8.3 7.1 38.4 .. ..", "The former Yugoslav 41 50 62 13.5 9.1 14.8 .. .. Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 30 4 3 .. .. .. .. ..", "Uganda 79 16 16 9.8 2.1 2.0 1 509 2245", "Uzbekistan 49 14 12 .. .. .. .. ..", "Zambia 161 22 27 43.5 3.1 3.8 3 697 1962", "Zimbabwe 62   ..   ..    ..   ..   ..   ..   ..", "Landlocked developing 66   43   48   22.8   21.9   37.1   11 709   12 673 countries", "Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011.", "Table 4 International merchandise trade, exports and imports, and international freight charges", "Merchandise Balance of Transport (millions of payments equipment United States freight as dollars)\n Total exports Total percentage Percentage imports of trade^(a) of total imports", "Landlocked 2003 2008 2009   2003 2008 2009   2009   2003 2008 2009 developing countries", "Afghanistan .. 540 403 .. 3 020 3 336 .. .. 16 16", "Armenia 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "Azerbaijan 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "Bhutan .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10", "Bolivia 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "Burkina Faso 314 .. 796 786 .. 1 870 9.7 11 .. 8", "Burundi 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "Central African 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7 Republic", "Chad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "Ethiopia 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "Kazakhstan 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10", "Kyrgyzstan 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "Lesotho 479 .. .. 1 115 .. .. 2.7 5 .. ..", "Malawi 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 .. 12 16 10", "Mali 1 007 1 918 .. 1 271 3 339 .. 11.9 11 7 ..", "Mongolia 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5.3 11 .. ..", "Nepal 653 .. 886 1 802 .. 3 754 .. 6 .. 8", "Niger 259 503 .. 566 1 247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..", "Paraguay 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "Republic of 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5 Moldova", "Rwanda 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "Swaziland 1 655 .. .. 1 457 .. .. 0.6 8 .. ..", "Tajikistan .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 .. .. ..", "The former 1 367 .. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Uganda 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "Uzbekistan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "Zambia 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "Zimbabwe .. 1 694 2 269 .. 2 832 3 527 .. .. 16 15", "Landlocked 33 368 154 89 635 38 984 117 97 796 5.2 10 11 10 developing 492 139 countries", "Transit 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 developing 218 467 852 021 countries", "Source: http://comtrade.un.org; www.infstatistics.org/bop.", "^(a) Freight charges in the balance of payments comprise all import and export freight charges paid to enterprises abroad or received by national enterprises from abroad divided by the total value of imports and exports multiplied by 100. Payments between domestic enterprises for freight are not included.", "Table 5 Selected transport indicators", "Roads Railways Waterways Pipelines Air transport departures (thousands)", "Kilometres Percentage Kilometres Kilometres Kilometres paved", "Landlocked developing 2000/2008   2000/2008   2000/2009   2007/2011   2006   2000   2009 countries", "Afghanistan 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4 ..", "Armenia 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7.6", "Azerbaijan 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3", "Bhutan 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1.1 2.7", "Bolivia 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19", "Botswana 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6.7 6.1", "Burkina Faso 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3.4 1.4", "Burundi 12 322 10 .. Lake .. .. .. Tanganyika", "Central African 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1.5 .. Republic", "Chad 40 000 1 .. seasonal 250 1.5 ..", "Ethiopia 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26.6 44.2", "Kazakhstan 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "Kyrgyzstan 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5", "Lao People’s 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..", "Malawi 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4.8 4.4", "Mali 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1.5 ..", "Mongolia 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6.2 4.8 (seasonal)", "Nepal 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12.1 6.8", "Niger 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (seasonal)", "Paraguay 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7.6 9.8", "Republic of Moldova 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "Rwanda 14 008 19 .. Lac Kivu .. .. .. (shallow)", "Swaziland 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2.6 ..", "Tajikistan 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8", "The former Yugoslav 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8.0 1.4 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "Uganda 70 746 23 261 lakes .. 0.3 0.4", "Uzbekistan 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "Zambia 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..", "Zimbabwe 97 267 19 2 583 Lake Kariba 270 13.6 5.9", "Landlocked developing 1 141 059   36   34 192       63 002   221.6   212.2 countries", "Source: World Development Indicators 2011 World Bank and United States Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook.", "Table 6 Selected telecommunication indicators", "Telephone Internet lines and users per cellular 100 subscribers population per 100 population", "Main Cellular lines", "Landlocked developing 2000   2009   2000   2009   2009 countries", "Afghanistan 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "Armenia 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "Azerbaijan 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "Bhutan 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "Bolivia (Plurinational 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2 State of)", "Botswana 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "Burkina Faso 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "Burundi 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9", "Central African 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5 Republic", "Chad 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "Ethiopia 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5", "Kazakhstan 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2", "Kyrgyzstan 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "Lao People’s Democratic 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0 Republic", "Lesotho 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "Malawi 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "Mali 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "Mongolia 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "Nepal 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "Niger 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "Paraguay 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "Republic of Moldova 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0", "Rwanda 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5", "Swaziland 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "Tajikistan 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "The former Yugoslav 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "Uganda 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "Uzbekistan 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "Zambia 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "Zimbabwe 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "Landlocked developing 2.8   3.9   1.1   34.7   7.1 countries", "Developing regions 8.0   12.2   5.5   58.3   18.1", "Source: International Telecommunication Union; see www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/.", "Table 7 Foreign direct investment net inflows", "(millions of United States dollars)", "Foreign direct investment net inflows", "Landlocked developing countries 2000 2008 2009", "Afghanistan 0 300 185", "Armenia 104 1 132 838", "Azerbaijan 130 14 473", "Bhutan 0 30 36", "Bolivia (Plurinational State 736 513 423 of)", "Botswana 57 521 234", "Burkina Faso 23 137 171", "Burundi 12 14 10", "Central African Republic 1 117 42", "Chad 115 234 462", "Ethiopia 135 109 94", "Kazakhstan 1 284 15 775 12 649", "Kyrgyzstan (2) 265 60", "Lao People’s Democratic 34 228 157 Republic", "Lesotho 32 56 48", "Malawi 40 170 60", "Mali 82 180 109", "Mongolia 54 683 437", "Nepal (0) 1 39", "Niger 8 566 739", "Paraguay 100 109 184", "Republic of Moldova 128 708 86", "Rwanda 8 103 119", "Swaziland 106 106 66", "Tajikistan 24 376 8", "The former Yugoslav Republic of 215 587 248 Macedonia", "Turkmenistan 131 820 1 355", "Uganda 181 787 799", "Uzbekistan 75 711 750", "Zambia 122 939 959", "Zimbabwe 23 52 60", "Landlocked developing countries 3 956 26 340 21 900", "Source: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development see unctadstat.unctad.org.", "Table 8 Selected Millennium Development Goals indicators", "Extreme Population Primary net Gender Maternal Forest cover poverty: undernourished enrolment parity mortality (percentage population (percentage) ratio index ratio (per of land area) under $1.25 100 000 per person/day live (percentage) births)\n Landlocked 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010 developing countries", "Afghanistan .. .. .. 0.67 1400 2 2", "Armenia 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "Azerbaijan 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "Bhutan 26.2 .. 88 1.01 200 67 69", "Bolivia 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53 (Plurinational State of)", "Botswana .. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20", "Burkina Faso 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "Burundi 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "Central African 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36 Republic", "Chad 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1200 10 9", "Ethiopia 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "Kazakhstan 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "Kyrgyzstan 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "Lao People’s 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68 Democratic Republic", "Lesotho 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "Malawi 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "Mali 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "Mongolia 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "Nepal 55.1 16 .. .. 380 27 25", "Niger 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "Paraguay 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "Republic of Moldova 1.9 .. 90 0.98 32 10 12", "Rwanda 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "Swaziland .. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33", "Tajikistan 21.5 30 98 .. 64 3 3", "The former Yugoslav 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39 Republic of Macedonia", "Turkmenistan .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9", "Uganda 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "Uzbekistan 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "Zambia 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "Zimbabwe .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40", "Landlocked     81 0.92 … 18 17 developing countries", "Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators 2011; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The State of Food Insecurity in the World; United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization see http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx; United Nations The Millennium Development Goal Report 2010 and FAO State of the World’s Forests 2011.", "^(a) In some cases data from 2007 or 2008 may be shown where 2009 estimates are not available.", "[1] Under the auspices of the Economic Commission for Europe, there are 57 international conventions, agreements and protocols that provide frameworks for harmonization and simplification of the formalities and procedures of international transport and transit.", "[2] Ken Gwilliam and others, The Burden of Maintenance: Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa (Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 2008).", "[3] Latin American and Caribbean Economic System, Physical Infrastructure for Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean (2011).", "[4] Jean-François Arvis and others, Connecting Landlocked Developing Countries to Markets: Trade Corridors in the 21st Century (World Bank, 2011).", "[5] ECA, “Progress in intra-African trade” (Addis Ababa, 2011).", "[6] See http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm.", "[7] World Investment Report 2010: Investing in a Low-Carbon Economy (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.II.D.2).", "[8] Input provided by the Government of Mongolia.", "[9] For example, business development, assistance to banking and financial services, agriculture, forestry, fishing, industry, mineral resources and mining and tourism.", "[10] Building of physical infrastructure such as roads, railways, ports and telecommunication." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目22(b)", "处境特殊的各国家组：与内陆发展中国家的特殊 需要和问题有关的具体行动：内陆和过境发展中 国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输 合作问题国际部长级会议的成果", "《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/172号决议提交的，其中大会请秘书长就《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》和中期审查阿拉木图宣言的执行进展情况向大会第六十六届会议提出分析报告。报告提出了内陆国家经济发展伙伴在执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》方面所取得最新进展，并介绍了联合国和其他国际组织所作各项努力。报告提出了加快实施《纲领》所面临的主要困难并提出了建议。", "^(*) A/65/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 《阿拉木图行动纲领：在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下满足内陆发展中国家的特别需要》于2003年获得通过，这是联合国针对国际社会逐步看到31个内陆发展中国家的特别发展需要和困难所提出的对策。领土不通海洋，远离世界市场并与之隔绝等因素使内陆发展中国家推动和维持经济发展以及实现千年发展目标的努力受到严重制约。", "二. 内陆发展中国家经济及社会状况概览", "2. 由于全球金融和经济危机，内陆发展中国家作为一个国家群体的经济增长从2008年的5.8%下降到2009年的3.6%(见附件表1)。根据2011年世界经济形势与展望，秘书处经济和社会事务部估计，这一群体在2010年的经济增长为5.8%左右，表明内陆发展中国家各经济体正在迈上复苏之路。", "3. 在2008年经历了高通货膨胀率之后，由于国内需求疲软以及特别是能源和食品方面的商品价格下跌，多数内陆发展中国家总体通货膨胀于2009年有所下降。在非洲和南亚的多数内陆发展中国家2010年通货膨胀率维持在较低水平，甚是有所下降。", "4. 2009年，由于全球金融和经济危机的影响，所有内陆发展中国家的进出口均有所下降。内陆发展中国家作为一个整体于2009年经历了外国直接投资数额的减少。传统捐助国对内陆发展中国家的官方发展援助资金转移净数额依然在上升，从2008年的226亿美元到2009年增长到248亿美元。外债占国民总收入的百分比从2008年为43%，增加到2009年的48%。", "5. 汇款于2009年下跌。这在某些内陆发展中国家是主要资本来源，尤其是在吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、尼泊尔和塔吉克斯坦都占国内生产总值的20%以上。", "6. 在金融和经济危机之前，内陆发展中国家在社会发展的某些方面取得一些进展；在25个具备统计数字的内陆发展中国家中，有一半国家在2002-2008年期间将生活在赤贫中的人口数字减少20%以上(见附件表8)。由于危机导致就业机会和收入的下降，在主要出口行业尤为如此，陷入赤贫的人数有所上升。在内陆发展中国家，青年人失业也是一个重大问题。必须采取各项政策，促进创造就业机会并充分调动资源，建立有效的社会保障系统。", "7. 内陆发展中国家生活在饥饿之中的人口比例依然相对较高：其中有一半国家在2005-2007年有20%以上的人口营养不良。内陆发展中国家所处的地理位置使得他们因运输成本较高，更易于受到粮食价格攀升的影响。根据联合国粮食和农业组织，因与粮食安全有关的重大问题而需要外部援助的29个国家当中，有12个是内陆发展中国家。", "8. 在2000年至2010年之间，内陆发展中国家有一半经历了森林砍伐，其中五个国家的森林覆盖面减少15%以上。气候变化依然是一个重大问题，并且加剧了森林砍伐、沙漠化和生物多样性的丧失，并且对交通运输基础设施造成不利影响。内陆发展中国家还易于受到自然灾害的影响。例如，蒙古经济在2009-2010年受到严冬灾害影响，损失了1 000万头家畜。2010年，包括马里、布基那法索、乍得、尼日尔和埃塞俄比亚在内的萨赫勒区域遭受了一场干旱。", "9. 总体而言，在实施《阿拉木图行动纲领》八年之后，内陆发展中国家在实现千年发展目标方面取得一些进展，特别是小学入学率、小学教育中的男女比例和国家议会中的妇女代表权；然而，实现粮食保障、消除贫困并降低婴儿和孕妇死亡率等依然是主要的社会发展挑战。同时有必要消除由于城乡的位置、收入和性别等因素而造成的差异。全球金融和经济危机造成了严重的衰退。通过官方发展援助加强对内陆发展中国家的国际支持是为实现各项目标而进一步作出努力的关键因素。", "10. 由于领土不通海洋，远离主要市场，过境设施不健全，海关和边境手续繁杂，以及其他服务和业务费用昂贵等因素，内陆发展中国家在参与国际贸易方面受到制约。", "11. 为确定内陆发展中国家在何种程度上受到运输和贸易成本的影响，最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处努力根据国际货币基金组织国际收支数据，来估算这方面费用。办事处计算了国际收支中的运费总额(其中包括向海外企业支付以及由本国企业从国外收到的所有进口和出口运费)在进出口总值中所占比例(见附件表4)。数据显示，由于2009年进出口总额中运费比例较高，对非洲内陆国而言尤为如此，在某个非洲国家更是高达21.4。内陆非洲国家作为一个整体，运输费用在进出口总额中占比例较高：与过境发展中国家相比高出45%。这明显表明，内陆发展中国家支付的运输和贸易成本较高——这一资源本可用于其生产能力建设。", "12. 数据还与世界银行公布的2011年《世界营商报告》所载信息相吻合，信息表明除排名100以外的十个国家以外(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、博茨瓦纳、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、摩尔多瓦共和国、卢旺达、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和赞比亚)，在世界上总共183个国家当中，有20个内陆发展中国家的数据由于进出口方面成本较高，排在104至183位。", "三. 重点领域", "A. 最基本的过境政策议题", "13. 国际公约与条约[1] 提供了同意和简化过境手续和程序的框架，而有效实施这些公约和条约则会极大推动内陆发展中国家打开通往海洋的道路。这些公约的核准进程十分缓慢(见下文表1)。自《阿拉木图行动纲领》的中期审评以来，少数几个内陆发展中国家批准和加入了国际运输协定，这其中有哈萨克斯坦、布基那法索、摩尔多瓦共和国和老挝人民民主共和国。", "表1 内陆发展中国家加入联合国运输公约的情况^(a)", "公约 内陆发展中国家成为公约缔约方的数字 (总数为31个国家)", "道路交通公约(1968年) 13", "路标和信号公约(1968年) 8", "关于国际公路货运通行证制度下国际货运海关公约(1975年) 11", "关于商用公路车辆临时进口的海关公约(1956年) 5", "集装箱关务公约(1972年) 6", "协调统一货物边境管制国际公约(1982年) 10", "国际货物公路运输合同公约(1956年) 10", "资料来源：www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html。", "^(a) 亚太经社会1992年第48/11号决议建议，本地区各国应考虑加入表中所列七项公约。", "14. 在区域和次区域两级，内陆发展中国家及其邻国正在努力与过境国家统一运输和过境政策、法律、程序和做法，并且在制定协议方面取得重大进展。亚洲在制定和实施政府间亚洲公路网协定和政府间泛亚铁路网协定方面取得很大进展。亚洲已经达成若干区域和次区域协定。", "15. 非洲正在就横贯非洲公路制定区域一级统一规范和标准的框架方面取得进展。在次区域一级，区域性经济共同体各成员国达成关于促进运输、过境和贸易政策的各种协定。区域共同体通过达成共同安排在统一标准和政策方面也取得进展。例如，东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体所建立的三方工作队统一了他们的运输、能源和水等方面的政策与规定，以及实际基础设施的发展。在西部非洲，西非国家经济共同体和西非经济和货币联盟也正在统一其过境便利化方案。", "16. 南美的内陆发展中国家在南方共同市场和安第斯共同体及其关于过境运输和贸易协定中占有一席之地。", "17. 在制定区域和次区域协定作为简化和统一手续和程序的基础方面虽然取得一些进展，许多协定未能得以充分执行。其有效执行对于内陆发展中国家十分重要，因为改进过境措施可以使这些国家受益。", "18. 部分内陆发展中国家在国家一级增强了促进贸易和运输便利化、基础设施发展和维护方面的国家政策。这些国家还通过各项举措，加强和制定了国家过境运输便利化的协调体制机制。例如，东南亚国家联盟(东盟)和大湄公河次区域的成员国，作为区域协定的一项义务或一项自发措施，设立了国家贸易和运输便利化机构。这些机构推动了主管国际贸易和运输便利化的所有相关机构的有效协调与合作。这些机构在有效运作方面遇到的问题包括财务资源不足、其作用和职能未得到充分承认以及关键利益攸关方没有代表。", "19. 在精简行政程序和简化边境检察措施方面正在取得持续进展。东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和最近的西非国家经济共同体等次区域的运输走廊沿线若干边境站均已设立一站式边境管制。2009年12月在赞比亚和津巴布韦边境设立的第一个一站式边境检查站推动了边检手续的简化，并将商业卡车在边境逗留时间从5天减少到不满24小时。", "20. 在南美洲，加入关于综合控制的累西腓协定的南方共同市场各国商定，在16个边检点采用综合控制措施。巴拉圭在其与巴西的边境建立了一个综合控制，而与多民族玻利维亚国之间边境站的建造工作目前进度已过半。", "21. 在东南亚，大湄公河次区域跨界运输协定包括实施一站式检查和建立单一窗口检查点，以及在边境工作中发挥最大效力。联合处理举措也是由亚洲开发银行管理的多方捐助者中亚区域经济合作方案的一部分。一站式边境站使得内陆发展中国家受益，并且是应当推广的有效举措。", "22. 就非洲而言，东非和南部非洲共同市场次区域设立了一个黄卡制度，这是一个在所有参与国都有效的汽车保险计划，同时促进了东非和南部非洲共同市场成员国之间的汽车跨界通行。卡片制度能有助于减少在边境单个的时间，因为运输者和驾车人不必在每个边境站都购买保险。", "B. 基础设施发展和维护", "23. 道路是大多数内陆发展中国家的重要交通形式，尤其在非洲，道路交通在非洲内部贸易中占90%。然而，铺设道路的比例依然很低，仅有九个内陆发展中国家铺设道路都在一半以上，都是有八个国家为20至49%之间(见附件表5)。有些国家在道路使用者收费、燃料税或预算拨款的基础上设立了国家一级道路维修都独立经费。总共有27个非洲国家设立了道路基金。其他区域的一些内陆发展中国家拥有可用于道路维修的职能基金。例如，摩尔多瓦共和国最近对其1996年2月的道路基金法做了修订，并增加了道路保养和维修经费。", "24. 有些国家设立了独立于主管部委的道路机构，其主要职责是分配公共工程活动的外包合同。世界银行的一个研究表明，设有道路基金和燃料税较高的国家会将较大比例的开支用于维修，而且与借助于传统预算拨款的国家相比，部门开支的起伏波动较小。[2]", "25. 在区域一级，亚洲在改造升级亚洲公路网22 263公里(15.8%)的道路方面取得进展，其中包括：(a) 阿塞拜疆境重建了亚洲公路AH5号线(巴库-阿拉特-哈萨克-红桥)；(b) 蒙古正在建设AH3号、AH4号和AH32号公路并进一步计划将AH3号线路提升至一级公路标准；(c) 老挝人民民主共和国和泰国之间沿AH3号公路江港-会晒和AH15号公路他曲-那空帕侬路段沿线两座桥梁的建造；(d) 在亚美尼亚计划重建AH82号线路(埃里温-阿什塔拉克路段)；(e) 重建从伊朗伊斯兰共和国到亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚边境的AH82号公路。根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会以及亚洲成员国2006年所作估算，25个成员国的121个优先投资项目整合清单表明，为修建亚洲公路路段所作出或承诺作出的投资为250亿美元，而亚洲公路网26 000公里的改造升级和改进工作所需资金尚有180亿美元的短缺。", "26. 南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议协调了该地区的交通、能源和通信基础设施的发展。根据这一倡议，正在实施总共524个项目，总投资额为546.1亿美元。[3] 到2010年中期，根据倡议执行了44%的基础设施项目。", "27. 2010年，非洲联盟启动了非洲基础设施发展方案，其宗旨是由非洲开发银行牵头，将有关道路和铁路运输、信通技术和能源方面的各区域和各洲的基础设施举措综合到一起。这一方案的主要目标是协调基础设施发展方面的各项努力和资源的使用。横贯非洲公路在非洲内陆国家发挥着维持经济的重要作用，而目前却依然有着缺失路段，需要大量资源才能得以填补。非洲的一些国家和不同区域经济共同体正在执行着改善公路网络的若干主要项目。", "28. 虽然在发展和维护道路基础设施方面取得一些进展，尚待解决的问题包括道路基金资源不足，车辆超载和道路基础设施发展资金短缺。", "29. 在内陆发展中国家，铁路依然是未能得以充分利用的运输形式，只有九个内陆发展中国家拥有可供货运服务的铁路超过1 000公里以上。全长114 000公里的泛亚铁路网有8 000公里的缺失路段(7%)。阿塞拜疆、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古和乌兹别克斯坦均在规划和建设缺失路段方面取得一些进展。", "30. 74 775公里长的非洲铁路网密度非常低，而且主要集中在北非和南部非洲。 基础设施发展的重大研究。非洲发展新伙伴关系和非洲联盟于2006年进行了一项基础设施发展研究，估计缺失路段为26 362公里。在这一分部门所取得的进展不大，但是非洲可能会恢复西部、中部、东部和南部的一些铁路项目。", "31. 南美洲的铁路一体化在取得进展。2010年5月，巴西和巴拉圭正式展开一个由巴西开发银行提供资金的项目，将巴拉圭的铁路系统与从巴西巴拉那瓜到智利安托法加斯塔城的铁路连接起来，从而形成一条洋际铁路走廊。", "32. 发展铁路网络所面临的主要问题包括投资于缺失路段的资源有限以及铁路轨距的差异，后者导致货物不时地搬上卸下，从而增加了拖延时间和运输成本。", "33. 兴建陆港的工作取得一些进展。陆港发挥着与海港类似的功能，推动了多式联运走廊的发展。例如在亚洲，蒙古计划沿泛亚铁路修建四个陆港，尼泊尔则已经修建四个陆港，包括哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦在内的其他国家都计划修建陆港。在非洲，布基那法索、埃塞俄比亚、尼日尔和乌干达都修建陆港。而在南美洲，巴拉圭修建了一个陆港。", "34. 内陆发展中国家在改进通信基础设施，尤其是移动电话和互联网连通性方面取得了大幅度进展。作为一个整体，他们从2008年到2009年在移动电话和互联网使用方面所占份额从25%上升到37%(见附件表6)。只有通过实现通信部门自由化以及随后增加对私营部门投资才有了这种可能性。", "35. 能源基础设施在降低内陆发展中国家货运过境的拖延方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，这一基础设施依然不够健全，不够完善，例如在作为能源净进口国的五个内陆发展中国家就是如此。国家和区域两级的能源基础设施的资金需求量相对较大，需要国内、双边、区域和多边的所有方面投入资源，而且必须加强与私营部门的伙伴关系。", "36. 世界银行所做研究[4] 显示，在运输基础设施方面的困难不仅限于基础设施硬件的匮乏，而且还包括基础设施软件不完善，主要是指为改进运输和过境走廊沿线服务所需的物流服务市场。许多内陆发展中国家采取各项举措，为指导和协助发展有竞争力的货运和多式联运及物流服务而制定各项政策。然而在许多国家，货运和物流服务供应商规模很小，整个行业都很分散。", "37. 私营部门的参与程度在各个分部门参差不齐：在移动电话领域的参与程度最高，接下来是运输业，私营部门可以承包道路保养并获得集装箱终端和铁路的经营特许。在能源部门，虽然对于发电和配电方面私有化兴趣较大，但公用事业依然普遍是国营的。内陆发展中国家应当考虑通过打造有力的政策环境，推动与私营部门的积极有效合作。", "C. 国际贸易和贸易便利化", "38. 尽管在推动内陆发展中国家融入全球贸易体系方面取得一些进展，在31个内陆发展中国家当中，只有22个成为世界贸易组织(世贸组织)成员。除一个国家之外，其他所有国家均为世贸组织的观察员、并正在进行入世谈判。除国内的机构改革之外，还应在多边一级为协助和促进内陆发展中国家加入世贸组织努力提供有利于发展的条件。", "39. 内陆发展中国家整体的出口有所增长，出口商品的面值从2003年的330亿美元增至2008年的1 530亿美元。但其出口却从2008年到2009年下跌42%(见附件，表4)。内陆发展中国家在全球商品出口额中所占比例保持在1%之下。虽然他们在世界出口中所占的份额从2003年的0.45%，升到2008年的0.96%，但在2009年则跌到0.75%。与此相反，过境发展中国家所占比例从2003年的13%增长到2009年的18%。", "40. 由于全球金融和经济危机，内陆发展中国家的商品进口于2009年下跌16.5%。国际货币基金组织的估计数字显示，21个内陆发展中国家于2010年恢复其进口水平。内陆发展中国家已经签署越来越多的区域优惠贸易协定，从而通过单边措施和执行区域一体化议定书降低了平均关税。非洲有着13个次区域集团的贸易协定。其中东非和南部非洲共同市场、东非共同体和南部非洲发展共同体等三个区域经济共同体正在为实现一个共同市场而努力。欧洲联盟与非洲区域经济共同体之间的经济合作伙伴协定谈判正在取得缓慢的进展。南美洲目前正在通过建立南美洲国家联盟进一步实现区域一体化，这是一个将该区域的区域协定(南方共同市场和安第斯国家共同体)结合在一起的政府间联盟。", "41. 然而，虽然有着众多区域特惠贸易协定，区域内贸易却没有迅速增长。2009年，南方共同市场内和安第斯国家共同体内的出口分别占区域总出口额的8%和15%。而在非洲，南部非洲发展共同体内和西非国家经济共同体内的平均出口额在2000年至2007年之间分别为12%、9%和13%。[5] 为增进区域内贸易，必须改善区域基础设施-运输、能源和通信；切实执行区域贸易协定；增强区域监管框架的协调一致以推动私营部门活动；并提高贸易和过境便利化以降低物流成本。", "42. 内陆发展中国家在继续采取贸易便利化举措。然而，与沿海国家相比，内陆发展中国家的物流绩效指数较低(见下文表2)。物流绩效指数较低表明，在其国内经济与世界市场相联系的过程中存在着重大障碍，包括清关时间较长，贸易和运输方面的基础设施质量较差，物流服务部效率没有竞争力，过界海关手续繁杂，跟踪和查看货物困难，而且交货时间不确定。必须继续努力提高贸易便利化。", "表2 物流绩效指数方面业绩欠佳的内陆发展中国家所在区域", "撒哈拉以南非洲地区 南亚\n 背景资料 内陆 沿海 内陆 沿海", "整体物流绩效指数 2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64", "物流绩效指数的选定项目", "物流能力 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "基础设施 1.97 2.11 1.61 2.41", "海关和贸易程序 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "物流绩效指数输入数据", "清关(天数) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "实物检查(%)(越高越差) 62 42 56 27", "资料来源：Jean-Francois Arvis等人，位处内陆的代价(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2010年)。", "43. 世贸组织关于贸易便利化的谈判，旨在加快包括过境货物在内的货物流动、放行和清关，加强贸易便利化的技术援助和协助能力建设。根据世贸组织贸易便利化谈判小组2011年4月的综合谈判案文草稿，[6] 谈判力图改进关于过境自由的第五条、关于费用和手续的第八条以及关于1994年关税与贸易总协定贸易法规的出版和管理的第十条的有关问题和特殊和差别待遇的有关问题。", "D. 国际支助措施", "44. 自从通过《阿拉木图行动纲领》，传统捐助方所提供的官方发展援助从2003年的120亿美元增长到2007年的189亿美元，而到2009年则达到248亿美元。这样自2003年以来相当于每年增长10%以上。但是受援国主要是两个国家：阿富汗和埃塞俄比亚，2009年分别占总受援额的24%和15%。官方发展援助依然是外来资金的主要渠道，在2009年九个内陆发展中国家国民总收入当中占10%(见附件，表2)。", "45. 运输、储存和通信方面的官方发展援助在2003-2009年期间从7.75亿美元增长到18亿美元，援助的主要部分(40%)给了阿富汗和其他三个国家。", "46. 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体的外国直接投资总额在2009年减少17%，跌至2 190万美元(见附件，表7)。虽然这一数字下降，但内陆发展中国家在全球外国直接投资额中所占比例在从2008年的1.5%上升到2009年的2%。[7] 外国直接投资的地理分布依然不均衡。这一投资主要集中在少数资源丰富的国家。仅哈萨克斯坦便在2009年的内陆发展中国家得到外国投资总额中占58%，25个非洲内陆发展中国家则仅得到40亿美元。", "47. 由于商品价格的反弹和经济与金融环境的改善，预期内向外国直接投资尤其是对资源丰富的国家将进一步增长。例如，与2009年第一季度相比，对哈萨克斯坦的外国直接投资额在2010年同期上升16%。对蒙古的外国直接投资额于2010年超过10亿美元，与2009年相比上升25%，[8] 而对赞比亚的外国直接投资额于2010年也超过10亿美元。尽管如此，多数内陆发展中国家作为外国直接投资接受国业绩不佳，主要原因在于其经济表现继续受到自身地理条件恶劣的影响，再加上基础设施落后、物流系统乏力以及机构能力较弱等因素。", "48. 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体从2003年至2009年大幅度提高了其债务与国民总收入的比例和债务清偿率(见下文，图一)。然而，这两项比率在2009年均有所上升。与过境发展中国家相比，内陆发展中国家的债务总额和债务清偿率还是偏高。债务总额对国民总收入比率超过100的内陆发展中国家从2003年的六个降低到2009年的一个，而这一比率在74到100之间的国家从2003年的11个下降到2009年的两个(见附件，表3)。这一进展在一定程度上是由于重债穷国债务倡议和多边减债动议，这两项举措帮助了13个内陆发展中国家。目前必须向尚未受益于这些举措的其他内陆发展中国家提供类似形式的债务减免援助。", "图一 内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家", "外债和偿债", "[]", "资料来源：世界银行，2011年世界发展指标(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2011年)。", "49. 世界贸易组织多边贸易体制多哈回合谈判进展缓慢。国际社会必须加紧努力，就符合内陆发展中国家的贸易、发展和金融方面需要的条款完成贸易谈判。", "50. 发达国家所提供使内陆发展中国家受益的关税特惠计划取得一定发展(见下文图二)。关税优惠使内陆发展中国家的产品在发达国家市场上得到极为需要的价格优势。不过，由于缺乏多样性、申请手续繁琐、原产地规则不统一、运输成本较高以及其他供应方面的局限性，优惠关税的利用依然还是十分有限。", "图二 发达市场经济体对内陆发展中国家所有产品类别平均征收的关税", "[]", "资料来源：国际贸易中心数据库。", "51. 向内陆发展中国家提供的贸易援助持续增长，从2008年的47亿美元增加到2009年的60亿美元。有五个内陆发展中国家(阿富汗、乌干达、埃塞俄比亚、马里和布基那法索)排在2009年得到贸易援助最多的20个国家之内。在全球范围，贸易援助总额有一大部分用在了生产能力建设，[9] 接下来是基础设施发展投资[10] 和制定贸易战略的能力建设援助以及谈判、政策管理和贸易方面的调整费用(见图三)。", "图三 全球贸易援助总额的使用类别", "[]", "资料来源：经合组织/发援会数据库。", "52. 还有一些发展中国家日益成为向内陆发展中国家提供外来资金的重要来源，特别是在重要基础设施的恢复和发展方面，例如道路和发电。发展中国家的跨国公司，特别是中国、印度和南非的跨国公司在2009年是内陆发展中国家获得外国直接投资的主要来源。", "E. 执行和审查", "53. 最不发达等国家高代办的任务是增强与联合国系统和其他利益攸关方的合作与协调，以确保行动纲领的有效实施。行动纲领的实施分为国家、次区域、区域和全球等层次(另见下文第四节)。", "54. 就监督和审查而言，各成员国编写了关于执行阿拉木图行动纲领的报告，是对中期审查的贡献以及秘书长就这一问题编写年度报告的投入。在全球一级，内陆发展中国家每年在大会会议前后举行一次部长级会议。", "55. 各区域委员会在区域一级协调区域审查。亚太经社会与蒙古政府合作于2011年4月在乌兰巴托举办了一个《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行工作及内陆发展中国家面对的其他发展差距问题高级别亚太政策对话会议。非洲经济委员会贸易、区域合作及一体化委员会于2011年6月举行其第七次会议，审查了该区域在执行阿拉木图行动纲领中期审查会议成果方面所取得进展。", "56. 大会关于行动纲领中期审查的第63/2号决议第32段邀请大会在适当时候考虑对《行动纲领》的执行情况进行全面审查。由于行动纲领第一个十年将在2013年结束，审议筹备工作应该开始。", "57. 应该进一步努力制订监测指标，以及通过降低运输和其他成本，衡量在执行《行动纲领》方面所取得进展情况。目前不同的国际组织正在制定衡量走廊监测指标的不同办法，例如在走廊方面的时间-成本-距离模式，物流成本与可靠性办法以及时间-成本办法。将这些指标综合起来，就可以对贸易走廊进行跨国和跨区域的监测。", "58. 最近的全球金融和经济危机、食品与能源价格变化以及气候变化的影响都显示出内陆发展中国家在社会、经济和环境方面的脆弱性。因此，必须针对内陆发展中国家易于受到外界影响的问题进行研究，制定一系列脆弱性指数，以便由内陆发展中国家用来做早期预警之用。", "四. 联合国系统和其他国际和区域组织为执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》所采取的行动", "59. 最不发达等国家高代办通过调动国际上和联合国整个系统的支持和提高认识，继续对内陆发展中国家提供援助。为加强发展中国家的分析和谈判能力，高代办支持在乌兰巴托设立一个内陆发展中国家国际智囊团，并与法律事务办公室合作起草了一份内陆发展中国家国际智囊团多边协定，这一协定于2010年9月在纽约举行的内陆发展中国家部长级会议上获得核可。协定目前已在联合国开放供内陆发展中国家签字。高代办继续在利用内陆发展中国家的主要经济、社会和运输基础设施指数方面的最新资料，编制年度统计。高代办与经社部合作，发行了2010年世界统计袖珍手册：内陆发展中国家。", "60. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行和最不发达等国家高代办继续合作，通过进行各项研究推动发展法律框架，从而制定一项作为横贯非洲公路网基础的政府间协定。", "61. 各区域委员会通过能力建设方案、咨询服务、协助发展运输基础设施和推动贸易和运输便利化方面的法律文书，协助各成员国执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》。实质性贡献包括非洲经济委员会2010年出版的“非洲区域一体化第四次评估：促进非洲内部贸易”，其中有一章专门论述非洲内陆发展中国家发展贸易过境走廊。欧洲经济委员会和欧洲安全与合作组织将于2011年发行“边境最佳做法手册”，而且非洲经济委员会、世界银行和非洲联盟委员会将出版一本关于运输和贸易便利化方面法律文书的汇编。", "62. 非洲经济委员会在主要过境港口为内陆发展中国家举办了贸易便利化讲习班和考察，并协助设立了非洲电子商务联盟，一个交流贸易便利化方面信息和经验的框架，并主办了其第一次技术讲习班和第二次大会。同样，由亚太经社会和欧洲经济委员会所设立的联合国亚太区域无纸贸易专家网以作为亚太发展中国家和过境经济体专家的知识和实践社区，协助国家、次区域和州际的单一窗口和无纸贸易举措。", "63. 欧洲经济委员会支持根据跨欧洲高速公路和跨欧洲铁路项目发展运输基础设施，并与亚太经社会一道在欧亚运输通道项目中促进了对运输投资的洲际协调工作。亚太经社会还继续努力促进各成员国、国际融资机构和其他利益攸关方之间的协同效应，以期在亚洲公路和泛亚铁路沿线的重点基础设施项目中寻求筹措资金的机会。2010年10月，拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)为拉丁美洲各国举办了一场关于可持续运输政策的国际研讨会。拉加经委会目前在对多民族玻利维亚国的物流成本及其对该国经济发展的影响进行分析。欧洲经济委员会管理着运输领域的57个国际协定和公约，提供了发展国际道路、铁路、内陆河道和综合运输的法律及技术框架。", "64. 在贸易援助领域，非洲经济委员会与非洲开发银行、世贸组织和西非经共体对西非国家的贸易援助进行了审查，非洲经济委员会还与中非区域经济共同体协作，举办了一次贸易援助审查筹备讲习班，结果提出一个路线图，作为中非成员国和区域组织在重点跨界基础设施方案调动资源的捐助国圆桌会议上的指南。", "65. 联合国开发计划署完成了对哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的贸易援助需求评估，并且开始了对阿塞拜疆和土库曼斯坦的评估。2010年3月，开发计划署发表了题为“如何在转型期国家进行贸易援助需求评估”的指南。开发计划署还在协助蒙古政府进行内陆国智囊团的启动活动。", "66. 联合国贸易和发展会议在其联合国贸发会议2010年世界投资报告中利用一节专门分析了对内陆发展中国家所作外国直接投资的最新趋势，并在贸易和运输便利化方面提供了能力建设和技术援助。", "67. 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)与非洲经济委员会、粮农组织、农发基金、非洲开发银行和非洲联盟委员会合作制定的一项农业、农商和农工发展举措，其重点是发展农村基础设施、技术、土地管理和水技术系统，并强调了在农民和农商方面增强私营公共部门投资与合作伙伴关系的重要性。工发组织还在区域和次区域两级进行了贸易能力建设。", "68. 世界银行通过国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会的贷款技术援助和知识产品推动《阿拉木图行动纲领》的执行。2010年，在海关改革、道路和铁路走廊及航空项目或针对其他有关内陆环境的具体制约因素项目方面向内陆发展中国家或过境国提供了相当于9.88亿美元的贷款。贸易便利化贷款机制是2009年成立的4 000万美元多方捐助信托基金，其宗旨是在低收入国家通过能力建设加快实施贸易和运输便利化项目和改革，尤其针对的是内陆发展中国家的需要。正在执行的项目包括对非洲和亚洲的走廊国家的支助。世界银行还执行了一系列知识产品，包括“作为内陆国的代价：供应链的可靠性和物流的成本”，以及“将内陆国与市场将连通：21世纪的贸易走廊”。", "69. 世贸组织秘书处与其他国际组织合作，根据要求就世贸组织成员国和观察员的贸易便利化需要和优先事项做出评估。截至2010年10月，有19个内陆发展中国家进行了此类评估。", "70. 世界海关组织尤其通过其哥伦布方案继续进行着海关能力建设活动，方案的宗旨是充分执行《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》以及海关管理领域的其他国际最佳做法。国际海关组织于2010年为非洲、亚洲和欧洲的内陆发展中国家举办了区域讲习班和国家讲习班及特派团。", "71. 国际贸易中心制定和实施了促进贸易和能力建设的项目，诸如乍得的综合框架实施方面的国家能力建设，和马拉维的南部非洲共同体供应链和物流方案。已经实施的若干多国方案重点都是在一个或多个与贸易有关的领域，例如“非洲企业界妇女参与国际贸易的机会”方案，为消除非洲企业界妇女所面临的具体障碍，向他们提供了一整套贸易辅助服务的计划。所有联合国会员国都可以得到关于贸易和出口竞争力的信息和通信基础资料。", "72. 2010年，欧洲安全与合作组织举办了欧安组织经济和环境论坛第十八次会议，其主题是“促进欧安组织区域内过境点的良好治理，改善陆路运输的安全，使区域内的公路和铁路国际运输更为便利”。作为一项直接后续行动，而且为了提高对目前在过境点打击贪污工具的认识并为有机会提出具体国家后续行动，欧安组织与世界海关组织和阿斯塔拉的欧安组织中心合作，举办了关于促进海关和边境廉正服务的区域研讨会。设在杜尚别的欧安组织边境管理人员学院继续举办有关边境管理各种问题的培训活动。", "73. 国际公路运输联盟在欧亚道路运输新举措框架内实施了阿富汗过境项目，其宗旨是通过吸引对辅助基础设施的国际投资和实施统一海关程序，发展从欧洲和中国到阿富汗的公路运输。欧洲经济委员会和国际公路运输联盟合作制定了适用于在中亚执行《关于国际公路货运通行证制度下国际货运海关公约》的最佳做法，并将这些做法纳入了更新的《国际公路货运公约手册》。国际公路运输联盟与贸发会议与2010年4月签署了一项谅解备忘录，以最新的国际公路货运风险管理工具更新海关数据自动化系统，之后由海关数据自动化系统的过境模块采用最新工具，推动和确保公约的执行。", "74. 国际电信联盟通过了一项尤其侧重于内陆发展中国家优先事项的方案，其中涉及到协助各国从公用电话交换网转换为因特网，建立多功能电信服务中心并引进宽带技术。其他项目则侧重于在许多内陆发展中国家推动广泛电子应用和服务，以及这些国家能将信通技术用作为贸易的催化剂。", "75. 亚洲、南美和非洲的区域银行与区域经济共同体在调整和协助各区域基础设施方案的执行方面发挥了主导作用。亚行实施了各种技术援助投资项目：在南盟方案之下，亚行到目前已经在交通和贸易便利化部门投资40亿美元，并在能源部门投资10亿美元。在非洲，非洲开发银行在调动和支持非洲基础设施发展方案方面发挥了积极作用。在南美，美洲开发银行、世界银行和中美洲经济一体化银行都在配合南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议。", "76. 东非和南部非洲共同市场为协助内陆发展中国家推动区域通信和贸易，进行研究、提出方案并作出区域一体化安排。比如，为评估各项走廊的情况，对北方和中部走廊进行了一项东非走廊诊断性研究，以及制定一项消除运输物流方面障碍的行动计划。过境数字转移模块是用于协助海关管理部门相互交换过境申报和过境担保信息的工具，在津巴布韦的奇龙杜边检站和刚果民主共和国的Kasumalesa边检站进行试用。区域关税转口担保制度是根据过境贸易和设施议定书制定一项推动东非和南部非洲共同市场区域一体化的有益工具。2008年在北部走廊国家进行了一次试点计划，由于结果比较理想，所以在2010年和2011年提出了推广举措。", "五. 结论和建议", "77. 处于内陆位置对于经济增长和实现发展目标都是一个重大制约。内陆发展中国家的经济体一直十分脆弱，由于出口多样化方面的局限性、生产能力的局限性、出口竞争力较差而运输和过境成本较高，这些国家十分容易受到外界冲击的影响。", "78. 国际社会应当及时向内陆发展中国家提供更多可持续的财政支助，帮助它们加快实现各项千年发展目标，和加强它们减轻及适应气候变化的能力。", "79. 内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家应当通过制定和统一相关政策，确定在过境运输基础设施的保养和恢复方面资源分配的轻重缓急，加强有效合作。对于实践证明成功的举措，应当予以推广并提供充分资金，诸如一站式边境站、陆港、清关的黄卡和信通技术的使用。", "80. 内陆和过境发展中国家批准和有效执行关于运输和贸易便利化方面的国际公约和协定，以及区域和次区域协定。", "81. 国际社会应当加强对内陆和过境发展中国家在过境运输基础设施、能源和信息技术基础设施以及贸易便利化等项目的财政援助，以加强区域内连通性，完全修复缺失路段，从而确保海洋战略通道的正常运作。", "82. 目前必须建立一个网络机制，其宗旨是推动经验交流并向所有相关利益攸关方传播信息。", "83. 国际社会应当进一步支持内陆发展中国家加强其分析能力，以及制定和执行协调与全面的运输政策，从而推动贸易便利化所需的过境走廊，并加强其有效参与国际贸易的谈判技巧。", "84. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、世界银行、非洲开发银行和高级代表办事处应当加强它们的支助努力，协助拟订和缔结关于横贯非洲公路的政府间协定。", "85. 非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、世界银行、非洲开发银行和高级代表办事处应当加强它们的支助努力，协助拟订和缔结关于横贯非洲公路的政府间协定。", "86. 世贸组织关于贸易便利化的谈判对于内陆发展中国家的国际贸易意义重大。国际社会应当予以支持，加强内陆发展中国家在贸易便利化方面的谈判能力。", "87. 请发达国家考虑向内陆发展中国家所生产的货物提供更宽的市场准入，并加强技术转让以减轻其地理不利条件所造成的高昂贸易交易成本。", "88. 国际社会应当进一步支持贸易援助措施，因为这是对协助内陆发展中国家实施国际协定、从战略上加强其生产能力、发展基础设施和提高在全球市场竞争力的一种至关重要的援助。", "89. 鼓励资本输出国采取各种政策和刺激措施推动对内陆发展中国家的外国直接投资。内陆发展中国家应当促进吸引外国直接投资和私营部门参与的有利环境。", "90. 谨邀请捐助国及国际金融和发展机构向为了推动落实在阿拉木图举行的内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的成果和采取后续行动而设立的信托基金作出自愿捐助。", "91. 根据大会第63/2号决议的要求，大会应当考虑举行一次《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行情况十年全面审查会议。", "附件^(*)", "表1 2000年至2009年国内生产总值", "按1990年不变价格计算的估计数 人均国内总产值 平均年增长率(%) (百万美元) (现值美元)\n 内陆发展中国家 2000 2008 2009 2009 2000-2003 2008 2009", "阿富汗 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "亚美尼亚 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9 -14.2", "阿塞拜疆 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "不丹 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "多民族玻利维亚国 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4", "博茨瓦纳 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1 -3.7", "布基纳法索 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "布隆迪 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "中非共和国 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7", "乍得 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 -1.6", "埃塞俄比亚 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "哈萨克斯坦 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "老挝人民民主共和国 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5", "莱索托 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "马拉维 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "马里 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "蒙古 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 -1.6", "尼泊尔 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "尼日尔 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9 -0.9", "巴拉圭 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8 -4.5", "摩尔多瓦共和国 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 -6.5", "卢旺达 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "斯威士兰 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "塔吉克斯坦 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662 -0.3 5.0 -0.7", "土库曼斯坦 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "乌干达 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "乌兹别克斯坦 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "赞比亚 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "津巴布韦 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 -5.8 -14.5 4.0", "内陆发展中国家 160 963 283 875 294 112 1 061 6.3 5.8 3.6", "过境发展中国家 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.0 6.1 4.3 400 363", "来源：联合国统计司，见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/introduction.asp(2011年3月24日查得的数据)。", "^(*) 关于表中所用过境发展中国家清单和发达区域及发展中区域的构成，见www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349/。", "表2 收到的官方发展援助和捐助者提供给运输、储存和通信的援助", "收到的官方发展援助净值 官方发展援助/国民总收入(%) 捐助者提供给运输、 贸易援助支付额 (百万现值美元)^(a) 储存和通信的援助 (不变价值百万美元)^(c) (百万现值美元)^(b)\n 内陆发展中国家 2005 2008 2009 2009 2003 2009 2007 2008", "阿富汗 2 818 4 865 6 070 .. 94 764 984 1 711", "亚美尼亚 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "阿塞拜疆 217 235 232 0.6 3 21 87 118", "不丹 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "多民族玻利维亚国 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221", "博茨瓦纳 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "布基纳法索 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "布隆迪 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "中非共和国 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "乍得 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "埃塞俄比亚 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "哈萨克斯坦 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "老挝人民民主共和国 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106", "莱索托 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "马拉维 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "马里 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "蒙古 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "尼泊尔 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53", "尼日尔 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "巴拉圭 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "摩尔多瓦共和国 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "卢旺达 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "斯威士兰 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "塔吉克斯坦 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75", "土库曼斯坦 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 1 3", "乌干达 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "乌兹别克斯坦 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "赞比亚 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "津巴布韦 373 612 737 .. 1 0 19 50", "内陆发展中国家 14 999 22 624 24 831 .. 775 1 862 4 159 6 021", "来源：经济合作与发展组织发展合作局，《2011年发展合作报告统计附件》。经济合作与发展组织“贸易援助一览表：显示成果”(COM/DCD/TAD(2011)3/ANN，2011年6月)。", "^(a) 包括来自发展援助委员会国家、多边组织和非发展援助委员会成员国家的官方发展援助净流入额。", "^(b) 经合组织发展援助委员会和多边组织捐助者。", "^(c) 不包括多国方案和活动。", "表3 外债、还本付息和重债穷国倡议与多边减债倡议下的债务减免", "[TABLE]", "来源：世界银行《2010年世界发展指标》。", "表4 国际商品贸易，出口和进口，以及国际货运费用", "商品(百万现值美元) 国际收支中运费占贸易%^(a) 运输设备\n 出口总额 进口总额 占总进口额%", "内陆发展中国家 2003 2008 2009 2003 2008 2009 2009 2003 2008 2009", "阿富汗 .. 540 403 .. 3 020 3 336 .. .. 16 16", "亚美尼亚 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "阿塞拜疆 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "不丹 .. 521 496 .. 543 529 .. .. 9 10", "多民族玻利维亚国 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13", "博茨瓦纳 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "布基纳法索 314 .. 796 786 .. 1 870 9.7 11 .. 8", "布隆迪 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "中非共和国 66 114 81 100 185 212 .. 9 9 7", "乍得 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "埃塞俄比亚 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "哈萨克斯坦 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12 10", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "莱索托 479 .. .. 1 115 .. .. 2.7 5 .. ..", "马拉维 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022 .. 12 16 10", "马里 1 007 1 918 .. 1 271 3 339 .. 11.9 11 7 ..", "蒙古 616 .. .. 801 .. .. 5.3 11 .. ..", "尼泊尔 653 .. 886 1 802 .. 3 754 .. 6 .. 8", "尼日尔 259 503 .. 566 1 247 .. 16.5 7 6 ..", "巴拉圭 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "摩尔多瓦共和国 790 1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5", "卢旺达 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "斯威士兰 1 655 .. .. 1 457 .. .. 0.6 8 .. ..", "塔吉克斯坦 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.8 .. .. ..", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 1 367 .. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7 7", "乌干达 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "乌兹别克斯坦 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..", "赞比亚 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "津巴布韦 .. 1 694 2 269 .. 2 832 3 527 .. .. 16 15", "内陆发展中国家 33 368 154 492 89 635 38 984 117 139 97 796 5.2 10 11 10", "过境发展中国家 933 854 2 647 218 2 173 883 2 495 852 2 057 3.6 6 6 6 467 065 021", "来源：http://comtrade.un.org；www.infstatistics.org/bop。", "^(a) 在国际收支中的货运费用包括向境外企业支付或由本国企业从国外获得的所有进出口货运费用，除以所有进出口总值，乘以100。不包括国内企业之间支付的货运费用。", "表5 部分运输指标", "公路 铁路 航道 管道 空运起飞次数\n 公里 铺筑路面(%) 公里 公里 公里 (千次)", "内陆发展中国家 2000/2008年 2000/2008年 2000/2009年 2007/2011年 2006年 2000年 2009年", "阿富汗 42 150 29 .. 1 200 466 3.4 ..", "亚美尼亚 7 515 90 845 .. 2 233 4 7.6", "阿塞拜疆 59 141 49 2 099 .. 4 785 4.4 10.3", "不丹 8 050 62 .. .. .. 1.1 2.7", "多民族玻利维亚国 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19", "博茨瓦纳 25 798 33 888 .. .. 6.7 6.1", "布基纳法索 92 495 4 622 .. .. 3.4 1.4", "布隆迪 12 322 10 .. 坦噶尼客湖 .. .. ..", "中非共和国 24 307 .. .. 2 800 .. 1.5 ..", "乍得 40 000 1 .. 季节性 250 1.5 ..", "埃塞俄比亚 42 429 13 .. .. .. 26.6 44.2", "哈萨克斯坦 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5", "老挝人民民主共和国 29 811 13 .. 4 600 540 6.4 9.8", "莱索托 5 940 18 .. .. .. .. ..", "马拉维 15 451 45 797 700 .. 4.8 4.4", "马里 18 709 18 734 1 800 .. 1.5 ..", "蒙古 49 250 4 1 810 580 .. 6.2 4.8 (季节性)", "尼泊尔 17 280 57 59 .. .. 12.1 6.8", "尼日尔 18 951 21 .. 300 .. 1.5 .. (季节性)", "巴拉圭 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 .. 7.6 9.8", "摩尔多瓦共和国 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "卢旺达 14 008 19 .. 基伍湖 .. .. .. (浅水)", "斯威士兰 3 594 30 300 .. .. 2.6 ..", "塔吉克斯坦 27 767 .. 616 200 587 4.0 9.8", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 13 840 .. 699 .. 388 8.0 1.4", "土库曼斯坦 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "乌干达 70 746 23 261 湖泊 .. 0.3 0.4", "乌兹别克斯坦 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "赞比亚 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1 ..", "津巴布韦 97 267 19 2 583 卡里巴湖 270 13.6 5.9", "内陆发展中国家 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 002 221.6 212.2", "来源：《2011年世界发展指标》，世界银行和美国中央情报局，《世界实况资料》。", "表6 部分电信指标", "每100人拥有的电话线和手机用户 每100人中的因特网用户\n 电话主线 手机", "内陆发展中国家 2000 2009 2000 2009 2009", "阿富汗 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "亚美尼亚 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "阿塞拜疆 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "不丹 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "多民族玻利维亚国 6.1 8.2 7.0 72.5 11.2", "博茨瓦纳 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "布基纳法索 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "布隆迪 0.3 0.4 0.3 10.1 1.9", "中非共和国 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5", "乍得 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "埃塞俄比亚 0.4 1.1 0.0 4.9 0.5", "哈萨克斯坦 12.3 24.7 1.3 109.1 18.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "老挝人民民主共和国 0.8 1.6 0.2 51.2 6.0", "莱索托 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "马拉维 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "马里 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "蒙古 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "尼泊尔 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "尼日尔 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "巴拉圭 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "摩尔多瓦共和国 14.2 31.6 3.4 77.3 37.0", "卢旺达 0.2 0.3 0.5 24.3 4.5", "斯威士兰 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "塔吉克斯坦 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 25.2 21.4 5.8 95.1 51.8", "土库曼斯坦 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "乌干达 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "乌兹别克斯坦 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "赞比亚 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "津巴布韦 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "内陆发展中国家 2.8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1", "发展中区域 8.0 12.2 5.5 58.3 18.1", "来源：国际电信联盟；见www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/。", "表7 外国直接投资，净流入额", "(百万美元)", "外国直接投资净流入额\n 内陆发展中国家 2000 2008 2009", "阿富汗 0 300 185", "亚美尼亚 104 1 132 838", "阿塞拜疆 130 14 473", "不丹 0 30 36", "多民族玻利维亚国 736 513 423", "博茨瓦纳 57 521 234", "布基纳法索 23 137 171", "布隆迪 12 14 10", "中非共和国 1 117 42", "乍得 115 234 462", "埃塞俄比亚 135 109 94", "哈萨克斯坦 1 284 15 775 12 649", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 (2) 265 60", "老挝人民民主共和国 34 228 157", "莱索托 32 56 48", "马拉维 40 170 60", "马里 82 180 109", "蒙古 54 683 437", "尼泊尔 (0) 1 39", "尼日尔 8 566 739", "巴拉圭 100 109 184", "摩尔多瓦共和国 128 708 86", "卢旺达 8 103 119", "斯威士兰 106 106 66", "塔吉克斯坦 24 376 8", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 215 587 248", "土库曼斯坦 131 820 1 355", "乌干达 181 787 799", "乌兹别克斯坦 75 711 750", "赞比亚 122 939 959", "津巴布韦 23 52 60", "内陆发展中国家 3 956 26 340 21 900", "来源：联合国贸易和发展会议，见unctadstat.unctad.org。", "表8 部分千年发展目标指标", "赤贫：收入低于每天1.25美元的人口(%) 营养不良 小学入学 性别差 产妇死亡率 森林覆盖面积 人口 比例 异指数 (每10万活产) (占土地比例)\n 内陆发展中国家 2003-2008 2005-2007 2009^(a) 2009 2008 2000 2010", "阿富汗 .. .. .. 0.67 1 400 2 2", "亚美尼亚 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "阿塞拜疆 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "不丹 26.2 .. 88 1.01 200 67 69", "多民族玻利维亚国 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53", "博茨瓦纳 .. 25 87 0.97 190 22 20", "布基纳法索 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "布隆迪 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "中非共和国 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36", "乍得 61.9 37 .. 0.70 1 200 10 9", "埃塞俄比亚 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "哈萨克斯坦 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "老挝人民民主共和国 33.9 23 82 0.91 580 72 68", "莱索托 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "马拉维 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "马里 51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "蒙古 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "尼泊尔 55.1 16 .. .. 380 27 25", "尼日尔 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "巴拉圭 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "摩尔多瓦共和国 1.9 .. 90 0.98 32 10 12", "卢旺达 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "斯威士兰 .. 18 83 0.93 420 30 33", "塔吉克斯坦 21.5 30 98 .. 64 3 3", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 0.3 .. 93 1.01 9 36 39", "土库曼斯坦 .. 6 .. .. 77 9 9", "乌干达 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "乌兹别克斯坦 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "赞比亚 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "津巴布韦 .. 30 .. .. 790 49 40", "内陆发展中国家 81 0.92 .. 18 17", "来源：世界银行，2011年世界发展指标；粮农组织，世界粮食不安全状况；教科文组织，见http://stats.uis. unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx；联合国，2010年千年发展目标报告；和粮农组织，“2011世界森林状况”。", "^(a) 在某些情况下，如果无法提出2009年的估计数字，可能会提出2007年或2008年的数据。", "[1] 在欧洲经济委员会之下，有57项国际公约、协定和议定书，为统一和简化国际运输和过境方面的手续和程序提供了框架。", "[2] Ken Gwilliam等人，维护的负担：非洲撒哈拉以南地区的道路(华盛顿特区，世界银行，2008年)。", "[3] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济体系，在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区有形基础设施的一体化(2011年)。", "[4] Jean-Francois Arvis等人，连接内陆发展中国家与市场：在21世纪的贸易走廊(世界银行，2011年)。", "[5] 非洲经委会，“非洲内部贸易的发展”(亚的斯亚贝巴，2011年)。", "[6] 参见http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm。", "[7] 《2010年世界投资报》，投资于一个加勒比经济体(联合国出版物，销售编号。E.10.II.D.2)。", "[8] 由蒙古政府提供的内容。", "[9] 例如，业务发展，对银行和金融服务业、农业、林业、渔业、工业、矿产资源和采矿业及旅游业的援助。", "[10] 修建有形基础设施，如公路、铁路、港口和电信。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目22(b)", "处境特殊的各类国家组:与内陆发展中国家的特殊需要和问题有关的具体行动:内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的结果", "《阿拉木图行动纲领:在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下解决内陆发展中国家的特别需要》的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/172号决议提交的,该决议请秘书长向第六十六届会议提交一份关于《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行情况的分析报告: 在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下解决内陆发展中国家的特殊需要,以及关于中期审查的《阿拉木图宣言》。 本报告介绍了内陆国家及其发展伙伴在执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》方面的最新进展情况,并介绍了联合国系统和其他国际组织正在作出的努力。 报告确定了遇到的主要挑战,并提出了加快执行《行动纲领》的建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2003年通过了《阿拉木图行动纲领:在内陆和过境发展中国家过境运输合作全球新框架下解决内陆发展中国家的特殊需要》,作为联合国对国际社会日益认识到31个内陆发展中国家的特殊发展需要和挑战的回应。 领土不通海洋,远离世界市场,与世界市场隔绝,这阻碍了内陆发展中国家实现并维持经济增长和实现千年发展目标的努力。", "二. 内陆发展中国家经济和社会状况概览", "2. 联合国 由于全球金融和经济危机,内陆发展中国家作为一个整体的经济增长从2008年的5.8%降至2009年的3.6%(见附件,表1)。 根据2011年《世界经济形势和前景》,秘书处经济和社会事务部估计,2010年该组国家的经济增长约为5.8个,这表明内陆发展中国家的经济正在走向复苏。", "3个 在2008年经历了高通货膨胀率之后,2009年,由于国内需求疲软,商品价格特别是能源和粮食价格下跌,大多数内陆发展中国家的通货膨胀率减缓了。 2010年,大多数非洲和南亚内陆发展中国家的通货膨胀率保持在低水平上或有所减缓。", " 4.四. 2009年,由于全球金融和经济危机,所有内陆发展中国家的进出口减少。 2009年,内陆发展中国家作为一个群体,外国直接投资的流入有所减少。 传统捐助方向内陆发展中国家提供的官方发展援助净转移额依然为正数,从2008年的226亿美元增至2009年的248亿美元。 外债占国民总收入的百分比从2008年的43%上升到2009年的48%。", "5 (韩语). 2009年汇款下降。 汇款是一些内陆发展中国家的主要资本来源,特别是吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、尼泊尔和塔吉克斯坦,这些国家占国内生产总值的20%以上。", "6. 国家 在金融和经济危机之前,内陆发展中国家在社会发展的某些方面取得了进展:在有数据的25个内陆发展中国家中,有一半在2002-2008年期间将生活在赤贫中的人口减少了20%以上(见附件,表8)。 危机导致就业和收入损失,特别是在主要出口行业,导致赤贫人数增加。 在内陆发展中国家,青年失业也是一个重大挑战。 它们必须采取政策,促进创造就业机会,并拨出足够的资源来建立有效的社会保护制度。", "7. 联合国 内陆发展中国家生活在饥饿中的人口比例仍然较高:其中半数以上人口在2005-2007年期间营养不良。 由于内陆发展中国家的地理条件,由于运输费用高,它们更容易受粮食价格上涨的影响。 根据联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)2011年3月的数据,在29个因与粮食不安全有关的重大问题而需要外部援助的国家中,有12个是内陆发展中国家。", "8. 联合国 在2000至2010年期间,有一半内陆发展中国家经历了毁林,有五个国家的森林覆盖率下降15%以上。 气候变化仍然是一个重大挑战,加剧了毁林、荒漠化和生物多样性的丧失,并对运输基础设施产生了负面影响。 内陆发展中国家也容易受到自然灾害的影响。 例如,2009-2010年期间,蒙古经济受到zud(严冬)的影响,造成1 000多万头家畜损失。 2010年,萨赫勒地区,包括马里、布基纳法索、乍得、尼日尔和埃塞俄比亚受干旱影响。", "9. 国家 总体而言,内陆发展中国家在执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》八年之后,在实现千年发展目标方面取得了一些进展,特别是小学入学率、初等教育中的两性均等和妇女在国家议会中的代表性;然而,实现粮食安全、消除贫穷并降低儿童和产妇死亡率仍然是主要的社会发展挑战。 还需要解决由农村和城市地点、收入和性别造成的差异。 全球金融和经济危机造成严重挫折。 通过官方发展援助加强对内陆发展中国家的国际支持,对于加强实现千年发展目标的努力至关重要。", "10个 内陆发展中国家由于缺乏出海口和远离主要市场、过境设施不足、海关和过境手续繁琐、银行交易费用昂贵以及其他昂贵的服务和业务,在参与国际贸易方面继续面临种种限制。 这种限制导致运输和贸易交易成本高。", "11个 为了确定内陆发展中国家受运输和贸易交易成本影响的程度,最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处试图根据国际货币基金组织(基金组织)的国际收支数据估算这些费用。 办事处计算了国际收支中的运费总额(包括支付给国外企业或本国企业从国外收到的所有进出口运费)与进出口总值的比率(见附件,表4)。 数据显示,内陆发展中国家事实上面临高成本,因为2009年的运费占进出口总值的比率很高,特别是在一个非洲国家,运费高达21.4。 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体,在进出口总值中运费所占比例较高:比过境发展中国家集团费率高45%。 这清楚地表明,内陆发展中国家正在支付较高的运输和贸易费用,这些资源可用于建设其生产能力。", "12个 世界银行2011年《营商状况报告》所载资料进一步支持了这些数据,报告指出,除了10个排名低于100的国家(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、博茨瓦纳、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古、摩尔多瓦共和国、卢旺达、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和赞比亚)外,世界上183个国家中有数据排名104和183的20个内陆发展中国家,部分原因是进出口费用高。", "三. 优先事项", "A. 基本过境政策问题", "13. 国际公约和协定[1]为统一和简化过境手续和程序提供了框架,这些公约和协定的有效执行可极大地支持内陆发展中国家出海。 批准这些公约的速度很慢(见下文表1)。 自《阿拉木图行动纲领》中期审查以来,只有少数几个内陆发展中国家,即哈萨克斯坦、布基纳法索、摩尔多瓦共和国和老挝人民民主共和国,已批准或加入了国际运输协定。", "表1 内陆发展中国家加入联合国运输公约的现状", "公约缔约方的内陆发展中国家数目(总共31个)", "《道路交通公约》(1968年) 13", "《路标和信号公约》(1968年)", "《关于国际公路货运通行证制度下11个国际货物运输的海关公约》(1975年)", "《关于临时进口商业道路车辆的海关公约》(1956年)", "《集装箱海关公约》", "《货物边境管制统一国际公约》(1982年)", "《国际货物公路运输合同公约》(1956年)", "资料来源:www.unece.org/trans/conventn/legalinst.html。", "^(a) 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会1992年第48/11号决议建议该区域各国考虑加入该表所列的七项公约。", "14个 在区域和次区域一级,在制定协定方面取得了重大进展,内陆发展中国家及其邻国正在努力同过境国协调运输和过境政策、法律、程序和做法。 亚洲在制定和执行《亚洲公路网政府间协定》和《泛亚铁路网政府间协定》方面取得了重大进展。 亚洲已经达成若干区域和次区域协定。", "15个 在非洲,正在制订区域一级协调跨非洲公路网规范和标准的框架。 在分区域一级,区域经济共同体成员国签署了各种协定,促进支助性运输、过境和贸易政策。 社区还通过作出共同安排,在统一标准和政策方面取得了进展。 例如,东部和南部非洲共同市场(东南非共同市场)、东非共同体(东非共同体)和南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)之间建立的三方工作队,统一了它们的运输、能源、信息和通信技术、水政策和管理以及有形基础设施的发展。 在西非,西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)和西非经济和货币联盟(西非经货联盟)也在协调其过境便利化方案。", "16号. 在南美洲,内陆发展中国家是南方共同市场(南共市)和安第斯共同体及其相关的过境运输和贸易协议的一部分。", "17岁。 虽然在制定区域和分区域协定方面取得了一些进展,这些协定可为简化和统一手续和程序提供基础,但许多协定没有得到充分执行。 它们的有效执行对内陆发展中国家十分重要,这些国家将受益于过境措施的改进。", "18岁。 在国家一级,一些内陆发展中国家已加强其促进贸易和运输便利化、基础设施发展和维护的国家政策。 它们还采取主动行动,加强和建立体制机制来协调国家过境运输便利化工作。 例如,东南亚国家联盟(东盟)和大湄公河次区域的成员国设立了国家贸易和运输便利化机构,作为区域协定义务的一部分,或单独设立。 这些机构促进了负责国际贸易和运输便利化的所有相关机构之间的有效协调与合作。 这些机构有效运作面临的挑战包括:财政资源不足,对其作用和职能认识不足,以及关键利益攸关方的代表性不完整。", " 19. 19. 在精简行政程序和简化边境管制程序方面继续取得进展。 在东南非共同市场、东非共同体以及最近西非经共体各分区域的运输走廊沿线的几个相邻边境哨所建立了一站式边境管制。 2009年12月在赞比亚-津巴布韦边境上设立的第一个一站式边境站有助于简化边境管制和程序,并减少商业卡车在边境的时间,从5天减至不到24小时。", "20号. 在南美洲,南方共同市场国家在《累西腓综合控制协定》中同意对16个边境点实行综合控制。 巴拉圭在与巴西接壤的边境建立了综合管制,而与多民族玻利维亚国接壤的边境站的工作现已进入后期阶段。", "21. 在东南亚,《大湄公河次区域跨界运输协定》包括实施一站式检查和单一窗口检查点,目的是在边境实现最高效率。 联合加工倡议也是由亚洲开发银行管理的多捐助方中亚区域经济合作方案的一部分。 一站式边境站为内陆发展中国家带来了好处,是应仿效的有效举措。", "22号. 在非洲,东南非共同市场次区域已建立了一个黄卡系统,这是一个在所有参与国都有效的机动车辆保险计划,并便利了东南非共同市场成员国之间的车辆跨界流动。 该卡有助于减少边境的延误,因为运输商和机动车手不必在每个边境站购买保险.", "B. 基础设施发展和维护", "23. 联合国 公路是大多数内陆发展中国家的主要运输方式,特别是在非洲,它们约占非洲内部贸易的90%。 然而,铺面公路的百分比仍然很低,只有9个内陆发展中国家铺面公路占50%以上,有8个国家铺面公路占20%至49%(见附件,表5)。 在国家一级,一些国家根据道路使用者收费、燃料税或预算拨款,为道路维修建立了独立的资金来源。 共有27个非洲国家设立了公路基金。 其他区域的一些内陆发展中国家有支持公路养护的功能性公路基金。 例如,摩尔多瓦共和国最近修正了1996年2月的《道路基金法》,以增加维修和恢复道路的资金。", "24 (韩语). 一些国家设立了独立于职能部委的公路机构,主要负责为公共工程活动分配外部合同。 世界银行的一项研究发现,拥有公路基金并征收高额燃料税的国家将其支出的更大份额用于维修,而且与传统预算拨款相比,部门支出的波动已经减少。 [2]", "25岁 在区域一级,亚洲在提升亚洲公路网22 263公里(15.8%)方面取得了进展,包括:(a) 重建阿塞拜疆的AH5(巴库-阿拉特-卡扎克-红桥)和AH8(巴库-古巴-萨穆尔和阿拉特-阿斯塔拉);(b) 在蒙古建造AH3、AH4和AH32并进一步计划将AH3提高到一等标准;(c) 在老挝人民民主共和国和泰国之间沿AH3和Thakhek-Nakhon Phanom沿AH15修建了两座桥梁;(d) 计划重建亚美尼亚的AH82(Yerevan-Ashtarak段);(e) 重建AH82从伊朗伊斯兰共和国到亚美尼亚和格鲁吉亚边界。 根据亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)和亚洲成员国2006年所作的估计,25个成员国121个优先投资项目的综合清单显示,正在投资或承诺投资约250亿美元,用于发展亚洲高速公路各路段,更新和改进亚洲高速公路网约26 000公里所需的资金短缺180亿美元。", "26. 联合国 南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议协调了该区域运输、能源和电信基础设施的发展。 该倡议正在执行总共524个项目,总投资546.1亿美元。 [3] 截至2010年年中,该倡议已实施了44%的基础设施项目。", "27个 非洲联盟于2010年启动了非洲基础设施发展方案,目的是将关于公路和铁路运输、信息和通信技术及能源的各种区域和大陆基础设施举措汇集在一起,由非洲开发银行牵头。 该方案的主要目标是协调基础设施发展工作和资源的利用。 在维持非洲内陆国家经济方面发挥关键作用的跨非洲公路仍然缺少连接点,需要大量资源才能完成。 非洲一些国家和不同区域经济共同体正在开展改善公路网的重大项目。", "28岁 虽然在发展和维护道路基础设施方面正在取得一些进展,但仍然存在的挑战包括道路资金资源不足、车辆超载和道路基础设施发展资源缺口等。", "29. 国家 内陆发展中国家的铁路运输形式仍然没有得到充分利用,只有9个内陆发展中国家拥有1 000多公里的铁路货运服务。 泛亚铁路网114,000公里的总长度有约8,000公里的缺失环节(7%). 阿塞拜疆、老挝人民民主共和国、蒙古和乌兹别克斯坦在规划和建造缺失环节方面取得了一些进展。", "30岁。 在非洲,74,775公里的铁路网密度非常低,主要分布在非洲北部和南部非洲. 非洲发展新伙伴关系和非洲联盟2006年进行的一项基础设施发展研究估计有26 362公里的缺失环节。 该分部门没有取得多大进展,但一些铁路项目有可能在非洲西部、中部、东部和南部得到振兴。", "31岁 南美洲在铁路一体化方面取得了进展。 2010年5月,巴西和巴拉圭正式制定了一个由巴西开发银行资助的项目,将巴拉圭的铁路系统与连接巴西巴拉那瓜和智利安托法加斯塔的铁路连接起来,实际上建立了一个大洋间铁路走廊。", "32. 联合国 铁路网络发展面临的主要挑战包括投资缺失环节的资源有限和铁路行车表的差异,导致货物经常装卸并增加延误和运输成本。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在建立陆港方面取得了进展。 陆港提供与海港相类似的功能,并支持多式联运走廊的发展. 例如在亚洲,蒙古计划沿泛亚铁路发展出四个陆港,尼泊尔有四个陆港,还有计划在其他国家,包括哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦发展陆港. 在非洲,布基纳法索、埃塞俄比亚、尼日尔和乌干达已建立了陆港;在南美洲,巴拉圭已建立了一个陆港。", "34. 国家 内陆发展中国家在改善电信基础设施,特别是移动电话和因特网连接方面取得了显著进展。 作为一个整体,2008至2009年移动电话和互联网使用分别增加了25%和37%(见附件,表6)。 这是通过电信部门自由化和由此而来增加私营部门投资而实现的。", "35. 联合国 能源基础设施对于减少内陆发展中国家货物过境时间的延误至关重要。 然而,例如,在作为能源净进口国的5个内陆发展中国家中,能源供应仍然不足和不可靠。 国家和区域各级的能源基础设施融资需求相对较高,需要所有资源来源的投入,包括国内、双边、区域和多边资源,并需要增加与私营部门的伙伴关系。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 世界银行的研究[4] 表明,运输基础设施方面的挑战不仅局限于基础设施的实际不足,而且还包括缺乏足够的软基础设施,主要是改善运输和过境走廊沿线服务所需的物流服务市场。 许多内陆发展中国家已采取举措,制定政策来指导和支持发展有竞争力的货运代理和多式联运及物流服务。 然而,在许多国家,货运代理商和物流服务提供商规模较小,行业支离破碎.", "37. 联合国 私营部门的参与在各分部门的差别很大:移动电话参与率最高,其次是运输,道路维修承包和集装箱码头和铁路特许经营。 在能源部门,虽然对发电和配电的私有化感兴趣,但国有公用事业仍然普遍存在。 内陆发展中国家应考虑通过营造有利的政策环境,促进与私营部门的积极而有效的合作。", "C. 国际贸易和贸易便利化", "38. 国家 尽管在加强内陆发展中国家融入全球贸易体系方面取得了一些进展,31个内陆发展中国家中只有22个是世界贸易组织(世贸组织)的成员。 除一个国家外,其他所有国家都是世贸组织观察员,正在就加入问题进行谈判。 在进行国内体制改革的同时,还需要在多边一级作出努力,支持和促进有利于发展的条件。", "39. 联合国 虽然内陆发展中国家集团的出口业绩有所改善,但商品出口额名义价值从2003年的330亿美元增至2008年的1 530亿美元,其出口从2008至2009年下降了42%(见附件,表4)。 内陆发展中国家商品出口在世界出口总额中的比例仍然低于1%。 虽然它们在世界出口中所占的份额从2003年的0.45%增至2008年的0.96%,但在2009年下降到了0.75。 相反,过境发展中国家所占的份额一直在增加,从2003年的13%增至2009年的18%。", " 40. 40. 2009年,由于全球金融和经济危机,内陆发展中国家的商品进口下降了16.5%。 基金组织的估计表明,2010年,21个内陆发展中国家的进口恢复。 内陆发展中国家越来越多地加入区域优惠贸易协定,从而通过单方面措施和执行区域一体化议定书来降低平均关税。 11个亚洲内陆发展中国家加入了已生效的40多个贸易安排,并正在就区域一级的进一步协定进行谈判。 非洲有13个分区域集团的贸易协定。 东南非共同市场、南共体和东非共同体这三个区域经济共同体正在朝着实现共同市场地位的方向迈进。 欧洲联盟同非洲区域经济共同体之间的经济伙伴关系协定谈判进展缓慢。 在南美洲,区域一体化通过建立南美洲国家联盟而得到进一步深化,南美洲国家联盟是一个政府间联盟,将该区域的区域协定(南方市场和安第斯国家共同体)结合起来。", "41. 国家 然而,尽管在区域一级达成了许多优惠贸易协定,区域内贸易并没有迅速增长。 2009年,南方市场内部和安第斯共同体内部的出口分别占该区域出口总额的8%和15%。 在非洲,2000至2007年期间,南共体内部、东南非共同市场和西非经共体内部的平均出口分别为12%、9%和13%。 [5] 为了增加区域内贸易,必须改善区域基础设施——运输、电力和通信;有效执行区域贸易协定;加强区域管制框架的协调,以促进私营部门的活动;改善贸易和过境便利,以降低物流成本。", "42. 国家 内陆发展中国家继续采取贸易便利化举措。 然而,与沿海国家相比,内陆发展中国家的物流绩效指数较低(见下文表2)。 低物流实绩指数表明,由于通关时间较长、与贸易和运输有关的基础设施质量低、物流服务效率低下和缺乏竞争力、过境和海关手续繁琐、难以跟踪和追踪托运货物以及交货时间不可预测,使国内经济与全球市场的联系面临重大障碍。 必须继续努力改善贸易便利化。", "表2 根据物流绩效指数,内陆发展中国家业绩不佳的区域", "撒哈拉以南非洲\n背景数据", "2.22 2.43 1.84 2.64 指数", "选定的后勤业绩指数组成部分", "后勤能力 2.21 2.45 1.84 2.69", "基础设施", "海关和贸易流程 2.10 2.30 1.69 2.34", "后勤业绩指数输入数据", "结关(日) 3.2 4.7 2.6 2.2", "体能检查(百分比) 62 42 56 27(情况更差)", "资料来源:Jean-François Arvis等,《成为内陆的代价》(华盛顿特区,世界银行,2010年)。", "43. 东帝汶 世贸组织关于贸易便利化的谈判旨在加快包括过境货物在内的货物的流动、放行和通关,加强技术援助和支持贸易便利化方面的能力建设。 根据世贸组织贸易便利化谈判小组2011年4月综合谈判案文草案,[6] 谈判力求改进关于过境自由的第五条、关于进出口的收费和手续的第八条以及关于公布和管理1994年关贸总协定贸易条例的第十条和与特殊和差别待遇有关的方面。", "D. 国际支助措施", "44. 国家 自《阿拉木图行动纲领》通过以来,传统捐助方提供的官方发展援助从2003年的120亿美元增加到2007年的189亿美元和2009年的248亿美元。 这反映出自2003年以来每年增加10%以上。 然而,有两个国家占收入的主导地位:阿富汗和埃塞俄比亚,分别占2009年收入总额的24%和15%。 官方发展援助仍然是外部资金的主要来源,2009年占9个内陆发展中国家国民总收入的10%或以上(见附件,表2)。", "45. 国家 2003-2009年期间,用于运输、储存和通信的官方发展援助从7.75亿美元增至18亿美元,大部分援助(40%)提供给阿富汗和其他三个国家。", "46. 经常预算: 内陆发展中国家作为一个整体,2009年外国直接投资流入量总共减少17%,为2 190万美元(见附件,表7)。 尽管出现这种收缩,它们在全球外国直接投资流入中的份额从2008年的1.5%增至2009年的2%。 [7] 外国直接投资的地理分布仍然不均衡。 投资主要集中在少数资源丰富的国家。 2009年,仅哈萨克斯坦就占了流入内陆发展中国家的外国直接投资总额的58%,而15个非洲内陆发展中国家只得到40亿美元。", "47. 国家 由于商品价格回升以及经济和财政条件的改善,外国直接投资预计将进一步增加,特别是在资源丰富的国家。 例如,2010年第一季度流入哈萨克斯坦的外国直接投资比2009年同期高16%。 2010年,流入蒙古的外国直接投资超过10亿美元,比2009年增加25%,[8] 2010年,流入赞比亚的外国直接投资也超过10亿美元。 然而,大多数内陆发展中国家作为外国直接投资目的地表现不佳,主要是因为其经济业绩继续受到固有的地理不利因素的阻碍,而基础设施差、物流系统效率低下和机构能力薄弱又加剧了这些不利因素。", " 48. 48. 2003年至2009年,内陆发展中国家作为一个群体,其债务与国民总收入比率和还本付息比率大为改善(见下文图一)。 然而,这两个比率在2009年都有所增加。 与过境发展中国家相比,内陆发展中国家的债务总额和还本付息比率仍然较高。 2003年债务总额与国民总收入比率超过100个的内陆发展中国家数目从6个减少到2009年的1个;2003年比率为74比100的国家从11个减少到2009年的2个(见附件,表3)。 取得进展的部分原因是支持了13个内陆发展中国家的重债穷国倡议和多边减债倡议。 必须将类似形式的债务减免支助扩大到没有受益于这些举措的其他内陆发展中国家。", "图一", "内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家外债和还本付息", "[]", "资料来源:世界银行,《2011年世界发展指标》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿,2011年)。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 世贸组织多边贸易体系多哈回合的谈判进展缓慢。 国际社会必须加紧努力,以符合内陆发展中国家贸易、发展和金融需要的规定来完成贸易谈判。", " 50. 50. 发达经济体在优惠关税制度方面取得了一些进展,使内陆发展中国家受益(见下文图二)。 优惠关税为内陆发展中国家的产品在发达国家市场上提供了急需的价格优势。 然而,由于缺乏多样化、适用繁琐和不协调的原产地规则、高昂的运输费用和其他供应方的制约因素,它们的利用往往仍然有限。", "图二", "发达市场经济体对内陆发展中国家所有产品类别征收的平均关税", "[]", "资料来源:国际贸易中心数据库。", "51. 联合国 向内陆发展中国家提供的贸易援助继续增加,从2008年的47亿美元增加到2009年的60亿美元。 2009年,五个内陆发展中国家(阿富汗、乌干达、埃塞俄比亚、马里和布基纳法索)在贸易援助的前20个受援国中名列前茅。 从全球来看,贸易援助总额中的大部分用于建设生产能力,[9] 随后投资于基础设施建设[10] ,并协助能力建设,以制定贸易战略和谈判、政策条例以及与贸易有关的调整费用(见图三)。", "图三", "按类别分列的全球贸易援助总额使用情况", "[]", "资料来源:经济合作与发展组织-发展援助委员会数据库。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 其他一些发展中国家正日益成为向内陆发展中国家提供外部财政支助的重要来源,特别是恢复和发展公路和电力等重要基础设施。 2009年,发展中国家,特别是中国、印度和南非的跨国公司是内陆发展中国家外国直接投资的主要来源。", "E. 执行和审查", "53. 联合国 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处的任务是加强与联合国系统和其他利益攸关方的合作与协调,以确保有效执行《行动纲领》。 该方案已在国家、次区域、区域和全球各级得到实施(又见下文第四节)。", "54. 联合国 关于监测和审查,会员国编写了关于《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行情况的报告,作为对中期审查的贡献和对编写秘书长关于该问题的年度报告的投入。 在全球一级,内陆发展中国家每年在大会届会期间举行一次部长级会议。", "55. 国家 在区域一级,各区域委员会协调了区域审查。 亚太经社会与蒙古政府合作,于2011年4月在乌兰巴托举办了一次关于《阿拉木图行动纲领》执行情况和内陆发展中国家面临的其他发展差距的高级别亚太政策对话。 非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)贸易、区域合作和一体化委员会于2011年6月举行了第七届会议,会上审查了该区域在执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》中期审查会议的成果方面取得的进展。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 关于《行动纲领》中期审查的第63/2号决议第32段请大会在适当时候考虑全面审查《行动纲领》的执行情况。 由于《行动纲领》头十年于2013年结束,审查的筹备工作需要开始。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 需要进一步努力制定指标,用以衡量通过减少运输和其他贸易成本而在执行《行动纲领》方面取得的进展。 不同的国际组织目前正在制定不同的方法,以衡量走廊监测指标,例如走廊的时间成本-距离模型、后勤成本和可靠性方法以及时间成本方法。 统一这些指标将有助于对贸易走廊进行跨国和跨区域监测。", "58. 联合国 最近的全球金融和经济危机、粮食和能源价格的变化以及气候变化的影响表明内陆发展中国家在社会、经济和环境方面的脆弱性。 因此,必须通过制定一套内陆发展中国家可用于预警目的的脆弱性指标,对内陆发展中国家易受外部冲击的脆弱性进行研究。", "四、结 论 联合国系统及其他国际和区域组织为执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》而采取的行动", "59. (中文(简体) ). 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处继续通过动员国际和联合国全系统的支持并提高认识来协助内陆发展中国家。 为了加强内陆发展中国家的分析和谈判能力,外空事务厅支持了乌兰巴托内陆发展中国家国际智囊团,并与法律事务厅合作起草了关于设立该智囊团的多边协定,2010年9月在纽约举行的内陆发展中国家部长级会议核可了该协定。 该协定现已开放供内陆发展中国家在联合国签署。 办事处继续编制年度统计数据,并提供关于内陆发展中国家主要经济、社会和运输基础设施指标的最新现有数据。 该办公室同经济和社会事务部合作,印发了《2010年世界统计袖珍手册:内陆发展中国家》。", "60. 非洲经委会、非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行(非行)和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处继续开展合作,以达成一项政府间协定,通过开展研究来帮助制定法律框架来巩固跨非洲公路网。", "61. 国家 各区域委员会通过能力建设方案、咨询服务、支助发展运输基础设施以及促进与贸易和运输便利化有关的法律文书等方式,协助会员国执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》。 实质性贡献包括非洲经委会2010年出版物《评估非洲区域一体化四:加强非洲内部贸易》,其中一章专门讨论发展非洲内陆国家的贸易过境走廊。 欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)和欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)将于2011年推出《边境最佳做法手册》,非洲经委会、世界银行和非洲联盟委员会将出版与运输和贸易便利化有关的所有法律文书简编。", "62. 联合国 非洲经委会在内陆国家的主要过境港口举办了贸易便利化讲习班和考察旅行,并支助建立非洲电子商务联盟,这是一个交流贸易便利化信息和经验的框架,赞助了第一次技术讲习班和第二次大会。 同样地,由亚太经社会和欧洲经委会设立的联合国亚洲及太平洋无纸化贸易专家网络,作为亚洲和太平洋发展中国家和转型经济体专家的知识和实践共同体,支持国家、次区域和洲际单一窗口和无纸化贸易倡议。", "63. 国家 欧洲经委会在跨欧洲公路和跨欧洲铁路项目中支持发展运输基础设施,并与亚太经社会一起,在欧亚运输联系项目中促进运输投资的统一。 亚太经社会还继续努力促进成员国、国际金融机构和其他利益攸关方之间的协同增效,以探索亚洲公路和泛亚铁路沿线优先基础设施项目的融资机会。 2010年10月,拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)为拉丁美洲国家举办了一次可持续运输政策国际研讨会。 拉加经委会目前正在分析后勤费用及其对多民族玻利维亚国经济发展的影响。 欧洲经委会管理运输领域的57个国际协定和公约,为发展国际公路、铁路、内陆水道和联运提供了法律和技术框架。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在贸易援助领域,非洲经委会同非洲开发银行、世贸组织和西非经共体一道,为西非国家组织了一次贸易援助审查。 非洲经委会还同中部非洲各区域经济共同体合作,组织了一次关于贸易援助的筹备性审查讲习班,该讲习班产生了指导中部非洲成员国和区域组织参加捐助者圆桌会议的路线图,旨在为优先跨界基础设施方案调动资源。", "65. 国家 联合国开发计划署(开发署)完成了哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的贸易需要援助评估,并启动了阿塞拜疆和土库曼斯坦的评估。 2011年3月,开发署出版了题为 \" 如何在转型期国家开展贸易援助需求评估 \" 的指南。 开发署还向蒙古政府持续提供内陆发展中国家智囊团开办活动方面的支助。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)在其《2010年世界投资报告》中专门有一节分析了内陆发展中国家外国直接投资的近期趋势,并提供了关于贸易和运输便利化的能力建设和技术援助。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)同非洲经委会、粮农组织、农发基金、非行和非洲联盟委员会合作,制定了一项农业、农产企业和农产工业发展倡议,其重点是发展农村基础设施、技术、土地管理和水技术系统,并强调指出,必须增加私营部门的投资以及农民和农产企业之间以价值链方式建立伙伴关系。 工发组织还在区域和次区域两级开展贸易能力建设。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 世界银行通过国际复兴开发银行-国际开发协会,提供技术援助和知识产品,为执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》作出贡献。 2010年,发放了9.88亿美元的贷款,用于资助内陆发展中国家或过境国的海关改革、公路或铁路走廊和航空项目或解决与内陆局势有关的其他具体能力制约的项目。 贸易便利化融资机制是2009年设立的4 000万美元的多捐助方信托基金,旨在建设能力,以加快执行低收入国家的贸易和运输便利化项目和改革,特别是针对内陆发展中国家的需要。 正在进行的项目包括支持非洲和亚洲的走廊国家。 世界银行还实施了一系列知识产品,包括“内陆成本:供应链可靠性和后勤成本”和“内陆国家与市场连接:21世纪的贸易走廊”。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 世贸组织秘书处与其他国际组织合作,应要求向世贸组织成员和观察员提供技术援助,评估其贸易便利化需要和优先事项。 截至2010年10月,19个内陆发展中国家进行了此类评估。", "70. 联合国 世界海关组织继续其海关能力建设活动,特别是通过该组织的哥伦布方案,该方案旨在充分执行《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》以及海关管理领域的其他国际最佳做法。 世界海关组织在2010年组织了区域讲习班和国家讲习班及访问团,使非洲、亚洲和欧洲的内陆发展中国家受益。", "71. 联合国 国际贸易中心制定和执行了贸易促进和能力建设项目,如乍得执行综合框架的国家能力建设,或马拉维的南共体供应链和后勤方案。 执行了若干以一个或多个贸易相关学科为重点的多国方案,例如“非洲女商人参与国际贸易的ACESS”方案,该方案通过增加非洲女商人获得一揽子贸易支助服务的机会,解决了她们面临的特殊制约因素。 向联合国所有会员国提供了关于贸易和出口竞争力的信息和通信技术信息。", "72. 联合国 2010年,欧安组织举办了第十八届欧安组织经济和环境论坛,主题是“在欧安组织区域促进过境点的善政、改善陆路运输安全并便利国际公路和铁路运输”。 作为一项直接的后续行动,并为了提高对在过境点打击腐败的现有工具的认识并提供机会确定具体的国家后续活动,欧安组织同世界海关组织和欧安组织阿斯塔纳中心合作,组织了一次关于促进海关和边境服务廉正的区域研讨会。 此外,欧安组织杜尚别边境管理工作人员学院继续组织培训活动,涉及与边境管理有关的广泛问题。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 在新的欧亚公路运输倡议框架内开展的国际公路联盟阿富汗过境项目旨在通过吸引国际投资辅助基础设施和实施统一的海关程序,发展从欧洲和中国到阿富汗的公路运输。 欧洲经委会和该联盟合作制定了适用于在中亚地区执行《关于国际公路货运通行证制度下国际货物运输海关公约》(《国际公路货运公约》)的最佳做法,并将其纳入增订的《国际公路货运手册》。 欧盟和贸发会议于2010年4月签署了一项谅解备忘录,以更新信息技术/TIR风险管理工具更新海关数据自动化系统(ASYCUDA)世界,此外,ASYCUDA世界的过境模块现在纳入了促进和保证执行《公约》的最新工具。", "74. 国家 国际电信联盟通过了一项方案,具体侧重于内陆发展中国家的优先事项,其中包括协助各国从公共交换电话网络过渡到基于因特网协议的网络,建立多电信中心和采用宽带技术。 其他项目的重点是促进普遍获得电子应用程序和服务,以及在许多内陆发展中国家执行电子商务和电子政务项目,以使它们能够利用信息和通信技术作为贸易的催化剂。", "75. 国家 亚洲、南美洲和非洲各区域银行和区域经济共同体在汇集和支持执行区域基础设施方案方面发挥了主导作用。 亚行实施了各种技术援助和投资项目:在中亚经合方案下,亚行迄今在运输和贸易便利化部门投资了约40亿美元,在能源部门投资了约10亿美元。 在非洲,非洲开发银行正在牵头为非洲基础设施发展方案调动资源并提供支助。 在南美洲,美洲开发银行、世界银行和中美洲经济一体化银行正在支持南美洲区域基础设施一体化倡议。", "76. 联合国 东南非共同市场开展研究、方案和区域一体化安排,以协助其内陆成员促进区域通信和贸易。 例如,对北部和中部走廊进行了东非走廊诊断研究,以评估这些走廊的绩效,以拟订行动计划来消除已查明的运输物流障碍。 过境数据转移模块是便利海关当局之间交换过境申报单和过境保障信息的一个工具,目前正在赞比亚奇伦杜、边境站和刚果民主共和国卡苏马莱萨、边境站试行。 《区域海关过境保证》是在《过境贸易和过境设施议定书》主持下制定的一项文书,有助于推进东南非共同市场区域一体化。 2008年在北部走廊国家对该计划进行了试点测试,积极成果导致2010年和2011年推出该倡议。", " V. 结论和建议", "77. 国家 地处内陆对经济增长和实现发展目标构成重大制约。 由于出口多样化有限、生产能力有限、缺乏出口竞争力以及运输和过境成本高等原因,内陆发展中国家的经济仍然脆弱。", "78. 国家 国际社会应通过增加、及时和可持续的财政支持支持内陆发展中国家,以帮助它们加快实现千年发展目标并加强其减缓和适应气候变化的能力。", "79. 联合国 内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家应当加强有效合作,制定并统一相关政策,优先分配资源,以维护和恢复过境运输基础设施。 已证明成功的举措,如一站式边境站、陆港、黄卡以及使用信息和通信技术进行通关,应加以复制并得到充分资助。", "80个 请内陆和过境发展中国家批准并有效执行关于运输和贸易便利化的国际公约和协定以及区域和次区域协定。", "81个 国际社会应增加对内陆发展中国家和过境发展中国家过境运输基础设施、能源和信息和通信技术基础设施以及贸易便利化项目的财政支持,以加强区域内的连通性,完成缺失环节,并确保战略海洋走廊的正常运作。", "82. 有必要建立一个网络机制,以促进交流经验并向所有相关利益攸关方传播信息。", "83个 国际社会应当进一步支持内陆发展中国家加强其分析能力,以制定和执行连贯而全面的运输政策,为便利贸易所需的过境走廊提供支持,并加强其谈判技能以有效参与国际贸易。", "第八十四会. 鼓励非洲经济委员会、非洲联盟委员会、世界银行、非洲开发银行和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处进一步提供支持,以拟订并缔结一项关于跨非洲公路的政府间协定。", "85. 国际组织和其他研究机构应就内陆发展中国家易受外部冲击的脆弱性进行研究,并制订一套可用于预警目的的脆弱性指标。", "86号. 世界贸易组织关于贸易便利化的谈判对内陆发展中国家的国际贸易非常重要。 国际社会应当提供支持,加强内陆发展中国家在贸易便利化方面的谈判能力。", "87个 请发达国家考虑为原产于内陆发展中国家的货物提供更大的市场准入,并改进技术转让,以帮助减轻因地理位置不利而导致的高交易成本。", "88个 国际社会应增加对贸易援助倡议的支持,因为它正在提供关键支持,帮助内陆发展中国家执行国际协定,战略性地加强其生产能力,发展基础设施并增强全球市场的竞争力。", "89. 国家 鼓励资本出口国采取鼓励外国直接投资流向内陆发展中国家的政策和激励措施。 内陆发展中国家应促进有利的环境以吸引外国直接投资和私营部门的参与。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 请捐助国和国际金融及发展机构向为促进在阿拉木图举行的内陆和过境发展中国家与捐助国及国际金融和发展机构过境运输合作问题国际部长级会议的执行和后续行动而设立的信托基金提供自愿捐助。", "91. 联合国 根据大会第63/2号决议的要求,大会应考虑对《阿拉木图行动纲领》的执行情况进行一次十年全面审查。", "页:1", "表1 2000-2009年国内生产总值", "国内生产总值\n2005年人均年均定值估计数(目前增长率)", "2000年、2009年、2009年、2000-2003年、2008年、2009年 发展中国家", "阿富汗 2 733 9 037 11 075 457 25.9 2.3 22.5", "亚美尼亚 2 764 6 748 5 793 2 770 12.3 6.9-14.2", "阿塞拜疆 7 040 24 664 26 949 4 871 10.5 10.8 9.3", "不丹 559 1 076 1 144 1 783 7.6 5.0 6.3", "玻利维亚 8 201 11 107 11 480 1 758 2.3 6.1 3.4 (多民族国)", "博茨瓦纳 7 945 11 651 11 226 5 959 6.2 3.1-3.7", "布基纳法索 3 999 6 199 6 398 517 6.6 4.5 3.2", "布隆迪 967 1 218 1 260 151 1.8 4.3 3.5", "中非共和国 1 233 1 669 1 697 448 0.8 5.5 1.7 共和国", "乍得 2 944 5 912 5 818 610 11.4 0.3 - 1.6", "埃塞俄比亚 8 994 16 844 18 512 345 2.5 11.3 9.9", "哈萨克斯坦 34 877 70 914 71 770 6 981 10.9 3.3 1.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 2 043 2 985 3 055 835 4.1 8.4 2.3", "老挝人民民主共和国 2 016 3 781 4 065 884 5.8 7.8 7.5", "莱索托 1 162 1 505 1 527 780 3.2 4.4 1.4", "马拉维 2 359 3 513 3 778 318 1.1 9.0 7.5", "马里 4 026 6 322 6 603 679 7.9 5.0 4.4", "蒙古 1 685 3 006 2 957 1 577 4.9 8.9 - 1.6", "尼泊尔 6 960 9 255 9 856 436 3.2 4.7 6.5", "尼日尔 2 677 3 899 3 863 343 5.4 5.9-0.9", "巴拉圭 6 587 8 811 8 410 2 314 1.9 5.8-4.5", "摩尔多瓦共和国 2 122 3 478 3 252 1 500 6.9 7.8 6.5", "卢旺达 1 783 3 383 3 585 527 7.2 11.6 6.0", "斯威士兰 2 295 2 790 2 824 2 668 2.3 0.5 1.2", "塔吉克斯坦 1 457 2 864 2 962 716 10.5 7.9 3.4", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 5 421 6 735 6 685 4 662-0.3 5.0-0.7 马其顿共和国", "土库曼斯坦 6 768 11 922 12 414 3 397 2.6 10.5 4.1", "乌干达 7 296 12 680 13 576 523 5.7 9.2 7.1", "乌兹别克斯坦 10 490 17 638 18 873 1 199 4.4 9.0 7.0", "赞比亚 5 758 8 703 8 998 985 4.2 6.0 3.4", "津巴布韦 5 804 3 562 3 705 324 - 5.8 - 14.5 4.0", "内陆发展中国家", "过境发展中国家 4 937 668 8 433 8 793 2 808 5.0 6.1 4.3 国家 400 363", "资料来源:联合国统计司;见http://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Introduction.asp。 于2011年3月24日查阅.", "* 联合国 表格中使用的过境发展中国家名单及发达和发展中区域的组成,见www.ohrlls.org/en/orphan/349。", "表2 官方发展援助收入和捐助者对运输、储存和通信的援助", "官方捐助者援助 贸易援助促进运输、付款援助/储存和(百万美元的美国国家信息通报收入(百万美元,(百分比)美元定值美元,即时价格)", "官方发展援助收入净额(百万美元,现价) ^(a)", "内陆发展中国家 2005年、2008年、2009年、2009年、2003年、2009年、2007年、2009年", "阿富汗 2 818 4 865 6 070 94 764 984 1 711", "亚美尼亚 170 303 528 5.9 14 27 85 234", "阿塞拜疆 217 235 232 206 3 21 87 118", "不丹 90 87 125 9.5 11 16 29 40", "多民族玻利维亚国 643 628 726 4.4 27 75 136 221", "博茨瓦纳 48 720 280 2.4 0 13 15 22", "布基纳法索 693 1 001 1 084 13.5 46 57 283 226", "布隆迪 364 509 549 41.2 3 48 102 88", "中非共和国 89 256 237 11.9 3 15 30 26", "乍得 380 419 561 9.2 29 45 32 77", "埃塞俄比亚 1 927 3 328 3 820 13.4 125 256 502 1 117", "哈萨克斯坦 228 333 298 0.3 59 5 108 88", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 268 360 315 7.1 9 7 54 58", "老挝人民民主共和国 302 496 420 7.2 55 27 138 106", "莱索托 67 144 123 5.8 18 6 18 10", "马拉维 573 924 772 17.5 32 24 43 28", "马里 704 964 985 11.0 50 45 117 120", "蒙古 215 246 372 9.4 33 35 317 262", "尼泊尔 424 697 855 6.7 40 51 44 53", "尼日尔 520 607 470 8.9 22 39 65 123", "巴拉圭 51 134 148 1.0 2 24 117 174", "摩尔多瓦共和国 169 298 245 4.2 1 22 101 86", "卢旺达 577 933 934 18.7 9 29 26 83", "斯威士兰 47 70 58 2.1 2 0 93 158", "塔吉克斯坦 251 291 409 8.3 0 21 10 12", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 227 205 193 2.2 0 1 46 75", "土库曼斯坦 30 18 40 0.2 0 1 3", "乌干达 1 192 1 641 1 786 11.6 31 108 426 457", "乌兹别克斯坦 170 187 190 0.6 1 43 26 71", "赞比亚 1 172 1 116 1 269 11.1 55 36 108 129", "津巴布韦 373 612 737 .", "内陆发展中国家 14 999 22 624 24 831", "资料来源:经济合作与发展组织,发展合作局,《2011年发展合作报告》。 经合组织 “贸易援助一览:显示成果”(COM/DCD/TAD(2011年)3/ANN,2011年6月)。", "^(a) 包括来自发展援助委员会国家、多边组织和非发展援助委员会国家的官方发展援助净流量。", "^(b) 经合组织发展援助委员会和多边组织捐助者。", "^(c) 不包括多国方案和活动。", "表3 重债穷国倡议和多边债务减免倡议下的外债、还本付息和债务减免", "外债还本付息总额,减免额(百分比(货物和劳务总额及美国国民总收入))", "2003-2009年 内陆发展中国家 重债穷国", "阿富汗.", "亚美尼亚 64 28 55 10.8 13.3 20.9", "阿塞拜疆 25 12 6.7 0.9 1.7", "不丹 82 57 58 5.1 21.3 11.4", "多民族玻利维亚国 34 35 21.3 13.0 14.4 1 967 1 953", "博茨瓦纳 7 3 14 1.2 1.2 .", "布基纳法索 41 21 23 .", "布隆迪 230 24 39 63.5 13.3 .", "中非 92 49 20 .", "乍得 67 26 29 6.0 3.2 2.8 241", "埃塞俄比亚 86 11 18 7.2 3.1 3.1 2735 1 862", "哈萨克斯坦 78 94 113 34.9 42.0 80.2", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 109 49 66 21.6 11.8 14.0", "老挝人民民主共和国 114 94 96 21.8 刚果民主共和国", "莱索托 56 34 33 8.1 2.5 3.0", "马拉维.", "马里 74 24 30 6.5 2.6 792 1 308", "蒙古 103 36 56 33.9 2.7 4.8 651", "尼泊尔 50 29 10.1 8.3 10.4", "尼日尔 78 19 8.6 2.5 4.5 947 283", "巴拉圭 58 25 30 12.3 5.0 6.1", "摩尔多瓦共和国 88 52 60 11.4 14.8 14.9", "卢旺达 88 15 15.1 3.6 4.7 956 236", "斯威士兰 21 13 15 1.3 2.1", "塔吉克斯坦 79 46 51 8.3 7.1 38.4", "前南斯拉夫41 50 62 13.5 9.1 14.8 马其顿共和国", "土库曼斯坦. 30 4 3", "乌干达 79 16 9.8 2.1 2.0 1 509 2245", "乌兹别克斯坦. 49 14 12", "赞比亚 161 22 27 43.5 3.1 3.8 3 697 1962", "津巴布韦. 62", "内陆发展中国家 66 43 48 22.8 21.9 37.1 11 709 12 673个国家", "资料来源:世界银行,2011年世界发展指标。", "表4 国际商品贸易、进出口以及国际运费", "商品运输平衡(百万美元支付设备)\n贸易进口额占进口总额的百分比", "发展中国家", "阿富汗.", "亚美尼亚 670 1 055 684 1 237 4 101 3 175 9.5 4 7 4", "阿塞拜疆 2 592 47 756 14 689 2 626 7 162 6 119 3.2 13 17 13", "不丹 . 521 496 543 549 9", "玻利维亚 1 651 6 899 5 297 1 684 5 006 4 409 2.7 10 14 13 (多民族国)", "博茨瓦纳 3 802 4 951 3 456 3 964 5 211 4 728 5.5 13 11 13", "布基纳法索 314 . 796 786 . 1 870 9.7 11 8", "布隆迪 66 142 113 145 315 345 18.5 15 12 11", "中非共和国 66 114 81 100 185 212 9 9", "乍得. .", "埃塞俄比亚 513 1 602 1 618 2 686 8 680 7 974 9.5 10 6 7", "哈萨克斯坦 12 916 71 172 43 196 8 402 37 815 28 409 4.4 15 12", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 582 1 618 1 178 717 4 072 2 974 3.6 7 15 9", "莱索托 479 .", "马拉维 502 879 1 188 785 2 204 2 022. 12 16 10", "马里 1 007 1 918 1 271 3 339 11.9 11 7", "蒙古国. 616. 801. 5.3 11.", "尼泊尔 653. 886 1 802. 3 754. 6", "尼日尔 259 503 566 1 247 16.5 7 6", "巴拉圭 1 306 4 463 3 167 1 921 9 033 6 940 2.4 6 11 9", "摩尔多瓦共和国1 591 1 288 1 402 4 899 3 278 7.1 5 8 5", "卢旺达 51 250 261 262 1 036 1 112 21.4 12 7 6", "斯威士兰 1 655 1 457 0.6 8", "塔吉克斯坦. . 3.8 (中文(简体) ).", "前南斯拉夫共和国 1 367. 2 692 2 306 6 852 5 043 4.9 5 7", "乌干达 532 1 724 1 568 1 375 4 526 4 247 11.6 9 8 9", "乌兹别克斯坦.", "赞比亚 980 5 099 4 312 1 574 5 060 3 793 5.5 8 10 8", "津巴布韦.", "内陆 33 368 154 89 635 38 984 117 97 796 5.2 10 10 个发展中国家 492 139", "过境 933 854 2 647 2 173 883 065 2 495 2 057 3.6 6 6 发展中 218 467 852 021 国道", "资料来源:http://comtrade.un.org;www.infstatics.org/bop。", "^(a) 国际收支中的运费包括支付给国外企业或本国企业从国外收到的所有进出口运费除以进出口总值乘以100。 国内企业之间的运费不包括在内。", "表5 选定运输指标", "铁路 水道 管道 空运离境(千人)", "公里数 公里数", "内陆发展中国家 2000/2008 2000/2008 2000/2009 2007/2011 2006-20002009 国家", "阿富汗 42 150 29 . 1 200 466 3.4", "亚美尼亚 7 515 90 845 2 233 4 7.6", "阿塞拜疆 59 141 49 2 099 . 4 785 4.4", "不丹. .", "玻利维亚 62 479 7 2 866 10 000 8 994 21.6 19", "博茨瓦纳 25 798 33 888 6.7 6.1", "布基纳法索 92 495 4 622 .3.4 1.4", "布隆迪 12 322 10 . Lake. 坦噶尼喀语Name", "中部非洲 24 307 . 共和国", "乍得 40 000 1 季节性 250 1.5", "埃塞俄比亚 42 429 13 .", "哈萨克斯坦 93 123 90 14 205 4 000 24 740 8.0 18.8", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 34 000 91 417 600 270 6.1 5.5", "老挝人民民主共和国 29 811 13", "莱索托 5 940 18", "马拉维 15 451 45 797 700", "马里 18 709 18 734 1 800 . 1.5.", "蒙古 49 250 4 1 810 580 6.2 4.8(季节性)", "尼泊尔.", "尼日尔 18 951 21 . 300. 1.5 (季节性)", "巴拉圭 29 500 51 36^(a) 3 100 7.6 9.8", "摩尔多瓦共和国 12 755 86 1 156 424 1 906 3.7 5", "卢旺达 14 008 19. Lac Kivu (shallow)", "斯威士兰 3 594 30 300", "塔吉克斯坦 27 767 .", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 13 840 .", "土库曼斯坦 24 000 81 3 181 1 300 7 864 21.9 15.3", "乌干达 70 746 23 261个湖泊", "乌兹别克斯坦 81 600 87 4 230 1 100 10 574 30.1 23.2", "赞比亚 66 781 22 1 273 2 250 771 6.1", "津巴布韦 97 267 19 2 583 卡里巴湖 270 13.6 5.9", "内陆发展中国家 1 141 059 36 34 192 63 002 221.6 212.2个国家", "资料来源:2011年世界发展指标,世界银行和美国中央情报局《世界概况》。", "表6 选定的电信指标", "电话因特网线路和用户/每蜂窝100个用户/每100个用户", "主细胞线", "2000-2009年内陆发展中国家", "阿富汗 0.1 0.5 0.0 42.6 3.6", "亚美尼亚 17.3 20.4 0.6 85.0 6.8", "阿塞拜疆 9.9 15.9 5.2 87.8 27.4", "不丹 2.5 3.8 0.0 48.6 7.2", "玻利维亚(多民族国)", "博茨瓦纳 7.9 7.0 12.9 96.1 6.2", "布基纳法索 0.5 1.0 0.2 24.3 1.1", "布隆迪 0.3 0.3 10.1 1.9", "中非共和国 0.3 0.3 0.1 13.6 0.5", "乍得 0.1 0.5 0.1 20.4 1.5", "埃塞俄比亚", "哈萨克斯坦 12.3 24.7 1.3", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 7.6 9.1 0.2 81.8 40.0", "老挝人民民主共和国", "莱索托 1.2 1.9 1.1 32.0 3.7", "马拉维. 0.4 1.1 0.4 15.7 4.7", "马里 0.4 0.7 0.1 34.2 1.9", "蒙古 4.9 7.1 6.5 84.2 3.6", "尼泊尔 1.1 2.8 0.0 19.1 2.0", "尼日尔 0.2 0.4 0.0 17.0 0.8", "巴拉圭 5.3 6.1 15.3 88.5 17.4", "摩尔多瓦共和国", "卢旺达", "斯威士兰 3.0 3.7 3.1 55.4 7.6", "塔吉克斯坦 3.5 4.2 0.0 70.5 10.1", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "土库曼斯坦 8.1 9.4 0.2 29.4 1.6", "乌干达 0.3 0.7 0.5 28.7 9.8", "乌兹别克斯坦 6.7 6.8 0.2 59.7 17.1", "赞比亚 0.8 0.7 0.9 34.1 6.3", "津巴布韦 2.0 3.1 2.1 23.9 11.4", "内陆发展中国家 2.8 3.9 1.1 34.7 7.1 国家", "发展中区域", "资料来源:国际电信联盟;见www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/。", "表7 外国直接投资净流入额", "(单位:百万美元)", "外国直接投资净流入额", "2000-2009年内陆发展中国家", "阿富汗 0 300 185", "亚美尼亚 104 1 132 838", "阿塞拜疆 130 14 473", "不丹 0 30 36", "多民族玻利维亚国 736 513 423", "博茨瓦纳 57 521 239", "布基纳法索 23 - 137 171", "布隆迪. 12 - 14 10", "中非共和国 1 117 42", "乍得 115 234 462", "埃塞俄比亚 135-109 94", "哈萨克斯坦 1 284 15 775 12 649", "吉尔吉斯斯坦(2) 265 60", "老挝人民民主共和国 34 228 157", "莱索托. 32 - 56 48", "马拉维 40 - 170 60", "马里. 82 - 180 109", "蒙古 54 683 437", "尼泊尔(0)", "尼日尔 8 566 739", "巴拉圭 100 - 109 184", "摩尔多瓦共和国 128 708 86", "卢旺达. 8 - 103 119", "斯威士兰. 106 - 106 66", "塔吉克斯坦 24 376 8", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 215 587 248", "土库曼斯坦 131 820 1 355", "乌干达 181 787 799", "乌兹别克斯坦 75 711 750", "赞比亚 122 939 959", "津巴布韦. 23 - 52 60", "内陆发展中国家 3 956 26 340 21 900", "资料来源:联合国贸易和发展会议,见unctadstat.unctad.org。", "表8 选定的千年发展 目标指标", "贫穷:营养不良的入学率均等(人口百分比(百分比)比率(按土地面积计))低于每人每天活(百分比)出生的1.25 000美元\n内陆发展中国家 2003/2008 2005/2007 2009^ (a) 2009 2008 2000 2010 2010 发展中国家", "阿富汗.", "亚美尼亚 1.3 22 93 1.03 29 11 9", "阿塞拜疆 0 11 86 0.99 38 11 11", "不丹.", "玻利维亚 14 27 95 0.99 180 55 53 (多民族国)", "博茨瓦纳.", "布基纳法索 56.5 9 64 0.89 560 30 21", "布隆迪 81.3 62 99 0.97 970 8 7", "中非共和国 62.8 40 69 0.71 850 37 36", "乍得 61.9 37 . . . 0.70 1200 10 9", "埃塞俄比亚. 39 41 84 0.91 470 13 11", "哈萨克斯坦. 0.2 8 100 1.00 45 1 1", "吉尔吉斯斯坦 1.9 10 91 1.00 81 5 5", "老挝人民民主共和国", "莱索托 43.4 14 73 1.00 530 0.2 1", "马拉维 73.9 28 91 1.03 510 38 34", "马里51.4 12 80 0.84 830 11 10", "蒙古 22.4 26 100 0.99 65 7 7", "尼泊尔.", "尼日尔 65.9 20 59 0.80 820 1 1", "巴拉圭 5.1 11 86 0.97 95 49 44", "摩尔多瓦共和国 1.9 .", "卢旺达 76.8 34 96 1.01 540 14 18", "斯威士兰.", "塔吉克斯坦 21.5 30 98 64 3 3", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国.", "土库曼斯坦.", "乌干达 28.7 21 92 1.01 430 21 15", "乌兹别克斯坦 46.3 11 90 0.98 30 8 8", "赞比亚 64.3 43 92 0.99 470 60 67", "津巴布韦.", "18个发展中国家", "资料来源:世界银行2011年世界发展指标;联合国粮食及农业组织《世界粮食不安全状况》;联合国教育、科学及文化组织见http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/ReportFolders/ReportFolders.aspx;联合国2010年千年发展目标报告和粮农组织2011年世界森林状况。", "^(a) 在某些情况下,2007年或2008年的数据可能显示在没有2009年估计数的地方。", "[1] 在欧洲经济委员会的主持下,有57个国际公约、协定和议定书为协调和简化国际运输和过境的手续和程序提供框架。", "[2] 肯·格威廉等人, 维护的负担:撒哈拉以南非洲的道路(华盛顿特区,世界银行,2008年)。", "[3] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济体系,拉丁美洲和加勒比一体化有形基础设施(2011年)。", "[4] Jean-François Arvis等,《内陆发展中国家与市场的联系:21世纪的贸易走廊》(世界银行,2011年)。", "[5] 非洲经委会,“非洲内部贸易的进展”(亚的斯亚贝巴,2011年)。", "[6] 见http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/chair_texts11_e/chair_texts11_e.htm。", "[7] 《2010年世界投资报告:投资于低碳经济》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.II.D.2)。", "[8] 蒙古政府提供的投入。", "[9] 例如,企业发展、银行和金融服务援助、农业、林业、渔业、工业、矿产资源以及采矿和旅游业。", "[10]建设公路,铁路,港口和电信等有形基础设施." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 23 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Eradication of poverty and other development issues", "Human resources development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/218 on human resources development. It provides an overview of the impact of the global financial and economic crisis on human resources development and lessons learned from national experiences to prevent and overcome negative effects of the crisis. It also addresses emerging national challenges and opportunities in human resources development. Selected examples of innovative strategies for sustaining and developing human resources at the national level are provided. The report highlights the role of the international community, including the United Nations system and national Governments, and others, such as the private sector, in promoting human resources development, and includes recommendations for future steps. The report concludes with recommendations building on successful national interventions.", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/218, reviewed the experience of countries in implementing human resources development strategies, examining progress and challenges to date and prospects for the future. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report reviewing lessons learned from the global financial and economic crisis on the requirements for human resources development to help countries prevent and overcome the negative effects of crises and to progress towards a more sustainable path of development.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly acknowledged the importance of human resources development for achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and for expanding opportunities for all people, particularly the most vulnerable groups and individuals in society. It also recognized the need for more comprehensive, coherent and cross-sectoral approaches and mechanisms for human resources development premised on national development objectives.", "3. While considerable effort has been made, many countries, particularly developing countries, continue to face challenges in developing sufficient human resources capable of meeting national development needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often face difficulties in the formulation and implementation of effective human resources development strategies.", "4. The recent global financial and economic crisis further weakened countries’ capacity to address challenges in the area of human resources development at the very moment that increased investment in human resources was required to overcome the negative effects of the crisis. This difficulty has been compounded more recently by slow and uneven recovery, the growth in unemployment and high and volatile energy and food prices.", "5. The present report provides an overview of the main characteristics of the global financial and economic crisis and their interrelationship with human resources development. The implications of globalization, as well as high and volatile food and energy prices, for national human resources development efforts are analysed, and practical strategies for sustainable human resources development in a wide range of areas are identified. The report was prepared in consultation with the following organizations, although not all of their contributions have been fully incorporated owing to space and other considerations: the regional commissions, particularly the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children’s Fund, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the World Bank. The report concludes with specific recommendations for future action.", "II. Implications of the global financial and economic crisis for national human resources development", "A. Major characteristics of the financial and economic crisis", "6. Although its most acute phase appears to have passed, the effects of the global financial and economic crisis continue to be felt by countries in all regions. Moreover, after almost two years of fragile and uneven recovery, global economic recovery has started to decelerate and is expected to continue slowing down in the latter half of 2011 and in 2012, raising concerns of further downside risks.[1]", "7. High unemployment levels in advanced economies, especially for youth, continue to pose risks for world stability. Developing countries, especially in emerging economies, continue to recover, even though the pace varies across countries.", "8. Furthermore, the countercyclical measures taken by many Governments in the early stage of the global crisis have been abandoned in favour of fiscal austerity. Faced with widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt, many Governments have been phasing out stimulus measures, ostensibly for fiscal consolidation. This is jeopardizing Government-led recovery in many countries, increasing the risk of longer-term unemployment and further decelerating global recovery. Many Governments are cutting needed social expenditures, particularly in the areas of education and health, thus adversely affecting long-term human resources development.", "9. The growth of average monthly wages has slowed, from 2.8 per cent in 2007 to 1.5 per cent in 2008 and 1.6 per cent in 2009.[2] Wage growth has moderated and there was growing inequality, even prior to the crisis. Real wage declines have adversely affected the purchasing power and well-being of workers and their families, especially those in low-paid jobs. This trend, however, varies across regions. Asia has seen little adverse impact of the global crisis on real wage growth in 2008 (7.8 per cent) and 2009 (8.0 per cent). Latin America and the Caribbean observed continued growth in real wages in 2010/11 as a result of higher labour demand, increasing employment, the temporary shortage of skilled workers and increased labour productivity.", "10. Low-income developing countries and small middle-income countries, on the other hand, are expected to continue to experience negative effects of the global crisis. This is mainly because the flows of official development assistance (ODA), while still positive in 2010, are most likely to slow down in the near future owing to slow economic recovery in advanced economies. In addition, the external debt of developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased. Furthermore, many developing countries now face volatile primary commodity prices, particularly for oil and food, which soared during the first half of 2011.", "11. Many countries are also facing the emerging challenge of a “job-poor” recovery, with unemployment and underemployment remaining high. According to ILO, the number of unemployed was 205 million in 2010, 27.6 million higher than the pre-crisis level. The global unemployment rate stood at 6.2 per cent in 2010, up from 5.6 per cent in 2007.[3] Nearly 30 million jobs were lost worldwide between 2007 and the end of 2009, and at least 22 million new jobs need to be created to return to the pre-crisis level of global employment.", "12. Employment recovery generally lags behind economic recovery. Employment recovery is estimated to have taken three years following the 1997/98 Asian financial crisis, and the evidence shows that the recovery time to pre-recession employment levels has become successively longer. Since the recent global crisis caused a faster and steeper rise in unemployment, it is expected to take even longer for employment to recover. Furthermore, the job losses during the crisis risk becoming permanent, with unemployed workers needing to acquire different skills in new and growing sectors to secure jobs.", "13. Although job growth had rebounded and unemployment rates had fallen to pre‑crisis levels by the end of 2010, quick employment recovery is not guaranteed in developing countries for at least two reasons. First, most of the 47 million new workers worldwide entering labour markets each year are searching for jobs in developing countries. Second, economic recovery has to be driven by the productive sectors in order to sustain economic growth. However, many job losses have occurred in the dynamic export sectors, suggesting the need for widespread structural change.[4]", "14. In addition, there remain acute concerns about job quality and worker vulnerability. In response to rising unemployment levels, many countries have enhanced labour market flexibility. However, in the absence of strong labour institutions, labour market deregulation has often lowered wages and employment conditions. This focus on labour market flexibility also risks impairing long-term growth potential, with workers stuck in a low pay/low productivity trap. A high turnover of workers, owing to greater labour market flexibility, discourages workers from acquiring training that would enhance labour productivity.", "B. Impact of global crises on national human resources development", "15. The global financial and economic crisis continues to have significant negative implications for human resources development in almost all countries. In advanced economies, the impact has been mainly through two channels: the increase in unemployment and a decrease in budgetary resources devoted to government education and training programmes.", "16. Many developing countries, particularly middle-income countries, appear to have weathered the global financial crisis well. However, pre-existing socio-economic challenges are expected to adversely affect long-term human resources development in view of, inter alia, the job-poor economic recovery, high youth unemployment and volatile food and energy prices.", "Reduced fiscal investment in human resources development", "17. The fiscal positions of the advanced economies have deteriorated substantially as a result of the crisis. The sovereign debt of advanced economies is likely to increase drastically over the next few years, owing mainly to reduced revenues and large unfunded liabilities. To manage debt, many governments in developed countries are facing increasing pressures to reduce social expenditure in the medium term. In some countries, austerity-induced funding cuts have already taken effect, adversely affecting numerous social programmes supporting human resources development.", "18. For example, Latvia has made significant cuts in health and reduced public funding in education by half from the 2008 level. Ireland has raised prescription, hospital and nursing home payments, made numerous cuts in education and reduced support for job training programmes. Denmark has proposed to significantly reduce student grants. In the United States of America, most school districts have implemented cuts in education programmes, reducing the number of teachers and their salaries. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has proposed nearly doubling university fees after a 14 per cent cut in university budgets in 2010. Greece and Italy have implemented pay freezes on public sector workers, including those in education and health care. France has announced the elimination of 100,000 public sector jobs, many in education and health care, by replacing only half of those retiring and reducing public sector pay.", "19. While the majority of developing countries have managed to sustain social sector budgets, tightening fiscal policies have resulted in spending freezes or cuts in education, health and other human resources development expenditures in some countries.[5] The shrinking pool of financial resources for education is forcing some countries to delay or defer funds for education (e.g. early childhood education and literacy programmes) or withhold increases in education expenditure despite increasing enrolment, as well as cut spending for higher education.", "20. The decline in ODA flows may also adversely affect human resources development in developing countries. There are clear indications that health budgets have tightened in African countries as a result of reduced funding by donors, among other reasons.[6] This will have serious consequences, as many African countries rely on external funding for a substantial proportion of their health expenditure. In 2008, 23 countries received between 20.3 and 63.5 per cent of their total health funding from external sources. Also, the share of external assistance to basic education has been static since 2002, and decreased by 6 per cent between 2007 and 2008 in sub‑Saharan Africa.[7]", "21. In addition to having long-term consequences on human resources development, the depletion of resources also has a short-term effect on training and skills development. Most labour markets are already burdened by a surplus of unemployed and underemployed youth, due in part to mismatches between skills in demand and skills acquired. As such, it has become necessary to “retool”, retrain and to upgrade the skills of the unemployed and underemployed. In addition to strengthening employment policies and labour market institutions, upgrading skills through improved educational outcomes, vocational and on-the-job training and the acquisition of new technologies has become increasingly critical.", "High and volatile food and energy prices", "22. Recent high food and energy prices have put pressure on human resources development in many developing countries. Low-income food-deficit countries have been hit the hardest. While high food prices can potentially benefit producers, they harm net food buyers (those who do not produce enough to cover their food needs). Higher prices in international markets have not triggered positive supply responses by farmers in developing countries.", "23. At the community and household levels, high food and energy prices often lead to changes in consumption patterns. Growing difficulties in access to food may lead to risky coping strategies, including distress asset sales, the withdrawal of children from school, cutbacks of health-care expenses and worsening of diets and food intake. Nutritional deficiencies and chronic hunger are the most immediate consequences affecting people’s mental and physical abilities to work, which in turn lead to losses in productivity and income. The high cost of energy exacerbates the living conditions of poor households, especially those with already limited access to electricity, increasing their reliance on biomass for cooking. Higher oil prices increase farmers’ production costs and the processing and distribution of agricultural commodities, thus further increasing food prices.", "Reducing employability", "24. The global crisis has diminished the long-term employability of many entry-level workers. Young people are currently nearly three times more likely to be unemployed and are more likely to be in vulnerable jobs in most regions.[8] In both developed and developing countries, youth unemployment and underemployment rates have reached alarming levels. At the end of 2010, there were an estimated 77.7 million unemployed young people,[9] marginally down from 79.6 million in 2009, but still far more than the 73.5 million total in 2007. The rate of global youth unemployment stood at 12.6 per cent in 2010.³", "25. Even before the crisis, existing human resources were not fully utilized as a result of below-potential economic growth, poorly functioning labour market institutions and/or the mismatch between the skills of workforces and labour market demand. However, a new surge in the unemployed, especially among young people, will have long-term implications for national human resources development, not only because their inputs are not efficiently utilized, but also because their future productivity will be constrained.", "26. In addition, gender inequality is exacerbated by the global crisis, increasing risks, particularly for young women. When crises and other factors weaken young women’s capacity and undermine their social and economic advancement, it exacerbates chronic poverty, including by increasing the likelihood of transmitting poverty to the next generation.", "27. The economic capacity of those who are unable to get jobs declines over time, as they are more likely to be ill-equipped when the economy recovers. Higher unemployment also reduces the sources of income normally spent on food, health care and education, and thus reduces the overall capacity and well-being of the workforce. This has an especially negative impact on young people, as they are at the age when skills formation is normally high. Some youth, however, may pursue additional education because of the lack of available jobs. For example, several Latin American countries observed a fall in the labour supply among young people because they remained in the educational system longer after the crisis hit.", "28. Skills training can also help to delay entry into the labour market. Such training should, however, be designed to lead to employment and income-generating opportunities, through combination with on-the-job training, job search assistance, career guidance and counselling. Technical vocational education and training systems not only create an entry-level pathway from school to a skilled job, but also retool workers to improve their employability. Recognizing their potential to meet the needs of both youth and employers, an increasing number of countries are focusing on such systems as an important policy agenda.[10] Some Governments, in collaboration with the business community, legislatures and academia, have developed “retooling strategies” for youth that aim to identify likely skill gaps and shortages in the near future.", "III. Challenges and opportunities in national human resources development", "29. Globalization has created opportunities and challenges for human resources development. Information and communications technologies and other innovative technologies have lowered functional, hierarchical and geographical barriers and drastically changed how labour markets operate. Private and public institutions are now able to reach out to the most talented workers in a cost-effective manner, which has created opportunities for talented individuals and countries with skilled workforces. On the other hand, this may also lead to brain drains for developing countries, while unskilled workers in developed countries may face greater job insecurity as migrant workers enter labour markets or jobs are outsourced to other countries.", "30. Continuous investment in human resources development for sustaining skilled workforces attuned to the demands of increasingly competitive global markets is therefore critical. A competent human resources base enhances productivity and economic growth in all sectors. However, simply enhancing the skills, knowledge and abilities of individuals may not be sufficient, as national economic competitiveness is measured not only by the aggregate skills of a country’s workforce, but also by the flexibility and capacity of the workforce to adjust to changing needs with speed and efficiency.", "31. Different types of skills are required at different levels of development. For example, increasingly interactive, adaptable, analytical and cognitive skills are necessary to achieve higher levels of labour productivity. As workers shift from one type of skill to another in a fluid labour market, there is a need to build “soft skills”, involving adaptability and flexibility, beyond occupational skills. Even for the public sector, new types of skills and capacity are required in such areas as effective communication, knowledge assimilation and management, strategic planning and the ability to coordinate a wide range of stakeholders in public, private and civil society institutions. A shift towards a green economy also requires reconciling the need for creating green jobs with adjustments needed in other economic sectors.", "32. There is a growing recognition that many educational and training systems are not adequately preparing human resources for changing needs, thus creating a mismatch between demand and supply. Although recognizing the problem, many developing countries have not yet been able to integrate emerging skill needs into the school curricula, formal education or training programmes.", "A. Human resources development and underutilized subgroups", "33. Demographic trends, including the “youth bulge” of new job seekers in Africa and the Middle East and the shrinking labour forces in Europe and in Central and East Asia owing to low fertility rates and ageing populations, pose another set of challenges beyond creating new jobs.", "34. Integrating disadvantaged groups, such as women, youth, minorities, persons with disabilities, or indigenous peoples, into the labour market remains a challenge. The low utilization of human resources means lost opportunities in terms of productive output, social security, income tax contribution and savings through lower welfare payments. Improving the educational achievement and labour market performance of marginalized groups will not only enhance overall national human resources capacity, but also positively contribute to the national economy.", "35. Maximizing the use of labour resources requires policies that reduce gender-based barriers to education, training and employment. Across regions, women tend to have lower economic activity rates than men. They are concentrated in fewer, often low-paid occupations in the informal sector. Women work fewer hours in paid employment (owing to the higher prevalence of part-time work) and have more career interruptions due to family responsibilities. This gender segregation in the labour market reflects stereotypes in education and the gender roles prevailing in society.[11] The efficient use of the female labour force can be promoted by increasing women’s participation in a wide range of occupations in formal employment.", "36. In general, the agriculture sector suffers from low human resources capacity, gender inequality and a lack of investment in new technologies and infrastructure. In many developing countries, where women play a key role in agriculture,[12] improving women’s productivity will result in increased food availability and agricultural productivity. According to recent estimates of FAO, if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20-30 per cent. This could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5-4.0 per cent, which would in turn reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12-17 per cent.", "37. Child labour, common in many regions, deprives children and adolescents of the chance to acquire skills and education, often permanently compromising their prospects. Decreased education leads to low-skilled workforces with exposure to low wages and vulnerable jobs. The prevention and elimination of child labour, allowing all children to benefit from education and training, would increase the likelihood of their obtaining gainful jobs and better incomes as youth and adults.", "B. Migration and human resources development", "38. With rising unemployment, many host countries have tightened immigration controls and introduced tougher requirements for migrant workers. Also, migrant workers tend to lose their jobs more quickly than other workers as a consequence of national policies or public pressures, during periods of economic slowdown when immigrants are often targeted for ostensibly making the situation more difficult. Migration has a significant impact on human resources development through a number of transmission mechanisms. The remittances of migrant workers increase household incomes and improve education and health outcomes in the countries of origin. Information, knowledge and skills brought back by migrant workers help innovation and entrepreneurship in their home countries. At the same time, the migration of skilled workers can lead to shortages of skills in the countries of origin, while high unemployment rates create outmigration pressure for skilled workers. The complexity of issues related to migration and their implications for human resources development need to be further examined from multiple points of view.", "39. In 2010, an estimated 214 million workers migrated to other countries, of whom 49 per cent were female, up from 195 million in 2005; despite a slowdown because of the economic crisis, the number continues to increase.[13] Six out of every ten international migrants (128 million) reside in developed countries today, while the majority of international migrants (74 million) originated in developing countries (see A/65/203).", "40. In countries where the majority live in poor socio-economic conditions, globalization acts as a “pull” factor, with the promise of better jobs and higher pay. At the same time, low wages, combined with unsatisfactory and often hazardous working conditions, act as “push” factors for outmigration. As a result, some developing countries face the problem of brain drain, losing their highly skilled human resources developed over many years.", "41. The outmigration of skilled workers, owing to high unemployment or an inadequate job supply, can be regarded as a brain drain. In many countries with high outmigration, unemployment is a chronic problem. Promoting migration as a strategy for solving unemployment, however, could lead to a loss of skilled labour needed locally, especially when opportunities to migrate abroad are concentrated in certain professions. For example, migration in the Pacific region is more skewed towards the skilled, partly because of the policies of the main destination countries, which favour skilled workers in certain professions. High migration rates can eventually lead to high outflows of skilled workers, especially in health and education.", "42. According to the World Health Report 2006, a substantial number of health workers leave their home countries each year, either temporarily or permanently.⁶ The World Health Assembly, acknowledging the complex issues surrounding the mobility of health workers, adopted the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010.[14]", "43. Other migrant workers acquire knowledge and skills in the countries to which they migrate. These skills can ultimately improve the quality of the workforce in their home countries. As a result, several countries have reacted with domestic job creation programmes combined with incentives to assist returning migrants to reintegrate into communities. However, low-skilled workers usually engage in low-skill activities in destination countries, which provide little chance for acquiring or upgrading skills. Strategic human resources development planning for outgoing and returning low-skill migrant workers will help to maximize the development benefits gained by migrant workers.", "C. Remittances", "44. Remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries amounted to $316 billion in 2009, down from $336 billion in 2008 (see A/65/203). The decline in overall flows was due to a steep decline in remittances from the top remitting countries in Europe, the United States and the Russian Federation. Many countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, which rely heavily on remittances, experienced as much as a 21 per cent fall in remittances. North Africa has also been severely affected by high unemployment in oil-rich countries. However, remittances overall remained resilient against the economic downturn and have rebounded significantly, although not back to pre-crisis levels.", "45. Remittances are increasingly playing a key role in enhancing human resources development in countries of origin, as a substantial amount of this income is used to finance education and health expenditures. Reviews of household surveys show that once basic consumption needs are met, remittances are increasingly spent for investing in businesses as well as for education. Evidence from Pakistan, the Philippines and the Pacific island countries shows that remittance-receiving households can afford to keep their children in school longer and can afford private education, usually perceived as being of higher quality.", "IV. Practical strategies for sustainable human resources development: lessons learned from national experiences", "46. In response to the effects of the global financial and economic crisis, many countries have implemented various temporary, medium- and long-term measures to retain, support and retool their human resources. Longer-term human resources needs in such areas as information and communications technology, green economy, intellectual property, the design of effective social protection programmes, the reduction of urban/rural gaps in education and health services and productive agriculture and rural development have also been addressed.", "Measures taken to respond to the global financial and economic crisis", "47. In a job-poor recovery, some advanced countries have opted to reduce workforces or freeze employment, while others have chosen to negotiate with labour unions to reduce working hours and/or wages to contain job losses. Other countries have implemented active labour market policies to integrate the unemployed into the workforce or to encourage employers to retain human resources during the crisis. Examples of such measures include job-retention subsidies and recruitment incentives, subsidies for job-sharing programmes, reductions in non-wage labour costs for hiring the unemployed, job search assistance and matching, business start-up incentives, work experience programmes, training programmes and investment in information technology for managing human resources information and processes.", "48. Measures have also been taken to make human resources development more cost-effective by improving teacher training, curricula and vocational training. Adoption of good practices could save considerable resources.", "49. The European Union created a European Globalization Adjustment Fund in 2007 providing €500 million annually to help unemployed workers obtain new skills or start up their own businesses. The programme was amended in 2008 to help workers affected by the financial crisis. In addition, a “New skills for new jobs” initiative was launched in 2008 to upgrade skill levels, improve forecasts of future job needs and increase dialogue between the business community and education providers.", "Investing in human resources through social protection programmes", "50. Even before the global crisis, a growing number of countries had devised comprehensive strategies to enhance the human resources development and income of poor households. Often combined with poverty reduction and social inclusion strategies, such comprehensive social protection programmes have proven effective in both mitigating immediate economic shocks and contributing to human resources development.", "51. Successful social protection programmes, including conditional and non‑conditional cash transfers, social pensions and employment guarantee schemes, are well documented (see E/CN.5/2011/2). Typical conditional cash transfer programmes target poor families with children, and consist of small cash grants and transfers in kind conditional on children’s school attendance and regular health check-ups. By offsetting the costs of education and health care, such programmes are designed to increase school attendance and retention and prevent disease and malnutrition, thus contributing to a better-educated and healthier workforce. They also safeguard families from various risks caused by unemployment, sickness, disability, old age and natural disasters.", "52. The Bolsa Familia programme of Brazil, the largest conditional cash transfer programme, provides monthly subsidies to more than 12 million poor families, conditional on school attendance and antenatal and post-natal care. The Oportunidades programme of Mexico substitutes isolated income transfers, such as in kind services (a package of health, nutritional and educational benefits) and price discounts, with targeted income transfers under certain conditions. The programme covers 5 million families, or 25 per cent of the population, with a budget of $3.3 billion in 2007. Other programmes, such as Argentina’s Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados, conditional on school attendance and immunization, also offer training for participants to develop new vocational skills.", "53. A variety of social protection initiatives are emerging in Asia. China’s minimum living standards guarantee schemes provides regular cash and/or in kind support to poor households, covering 66 million, or nearly 5 per cent, of the population in 2008. The Benazir Income Support programme in Pakistan aims to increase the purchasing power of economically vulnerable families. The Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino programme of the Philippines is a comprehensive national poverty reduction and social development strategy, enabling poor families to invest in human resources by offsetting the costs of both health care and education.[15]", "54. In sub-Saharan Africa, social protection programmes target mainly the most vulnerable and often integrate cash transfers with service provisions. The Productive Safety Net programme of Ethiopia was shifting away from emergency food aid distribution, providing transfers to 8 million food-insecure households by the end of 2008. The programme provides transfers in cash and/or food in return for work and direct support to households with no labour or other means of support. In Kenya, a cash transfer programme for orphans and vulnerable children, covering 100,000 households and 230,000 orphans and vulnerable children, combines transfers to households in extreme poverty with conditionality on health care and school attendance.", "55. Various innovative initiatives are being implemented to improve employability and generate short- and long-term employment opportunities for vulnerable communities. Activities include small-scale labour-intensive public works, targeted schemes to support the employment of individuals belonging to marginalized groups and wage subsidy schemes for encouraging small- and medium-sized enterprises to hire job-seeking youth. Social protection programmes encourage labour market participation in low- and middle-income countries through guaranteed public work opportunities.[16]", "56. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme of India, the largest of its kind in the world, is based on a statutory right to 100 days of work annually at the minimum wage. In 2007-2008, it provided jobs for almost 34 million rural households at a cost of 0.3 per cent of gross domestic product. More than half the beneficiaries were agricultural and unskilled workers. The scheme enables families to acquire assets, such as livestock, and to increase spending on food and non-food items. The Expanded Public Works programme of South Africa (the second phase of which was launched in 2009) generates short- and medium-term employment by providing additional work opportunities (between 100 days and 24 months), combined with training in literacy, numeracy and vocational and business skills.", "57. Interventions to develop a healthy workforce may take years before results are observed; however, returns from such investments can be significant. Over the past 20 years, Brazil has trained and recruited more than 25,000 family health teams in remote and rural areas, covering approximately 60 per cent of the population. Ethiopia has trained 32,000 health extension workers since 2005 for deployment in remote health posts. Thailand introduced an integrated approach, called “local training and hometown placement”, which recruits students with a rural background to be trained as nurses and doctors in nearby communities. These efforts have reduced urban/rural gaps and improved health outcomes.", "Human resources development in emerging areas", "58. “Green growth” has been adopted as one of the regional strategies for achieving sustainable development in Asia and the Pacific. A series of regional green growth policy dialogues, training-of-trainers sessions, seminars and national workshops have been conducted for government officials, policymakers and practitioners to strengthen their capacity to develop and implement green growth policies, strategies and road maps.", "59. For example, Cambodia has established a national green growth secretariat, and its interministerial green growth working group has developed a national green growth road map. Kazakhstan has conducted a national study on the application of green growth policy tools in strategic management and planning. The Astana Green Bridge Initiative for the Europe-Asia-Pacific Partnership for Green Growth was endorsed at the sixth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Development in Asia and the Pacific in 2010. A pro-poor green business initiative based on the provision of renewable (biogas) energy, clean water and sanitation facilities has been developed in Samoa and replicated by other communities in Fiji, Vanuatu and other Pacific small island developing States.", "60. The need for information and communications technology (ICT) system capacity has increased, as ICT has become vital for socio-economic development in almost all countries. The use of ICT services has continued to grow despite the recent economic downturn. At the end of 2009, there were an estimated 4.6 billion mobile cellular subscribers globally. More than half of the total population in developing countries had access to mobile cellular services, and approximately 26 per cent of the world’s population had access to the Internet (64 per cent in developed countries and 18 per cent in developing countries or 14 per cent excluding China).[17] According to the World Bank, in Africa, access to telephone services, particularly mobile phones, escalated from 2 million users in 1998 to more than 400 million in 2010. The remarkable growth in Africa in the past decade, which attracted over $56 billion in private sector investment between 1998 and 2008, is due largely to the influx of mobile technologies.", "61. However, increasing Internet access requires addressing the challenge of providing universal access to broadband networks. Broadband is now seen as an essential element of national infrastructure, like transport, water and energy networks. The availability and use of broadband infrastructure enables Governments to transform service delivery and promote business, innovation and competitiveness. However, fully exploiting the potential benefits of a broadband economy requires the development of a broad range of new expertise and skills at different levels across societies, including formulating and implementing ICT policies.[18]", "62. To promote the adoption of broadband-friendly practices and policies, the Broadband Commission was established by ITU and UNESCO so that all people could take advantage of its benefits. The role of broadband for human resources development and education is a key topic for the Commission, and a working group on the issue has been established.", "63. Some countries have invested significant ICT resources in education. In Singapore, the third master plan for ICT in education (2009-2014) aims to strengthen competencies for deeper learning and to encourage knowledge creation through ICT use. Jordan, recognized as a regional technology hub, has been building its ICT infrastructure and promoting ICT as a tool to improve human resources and foster economic development. Since 2003, the Government has put strong emphasis on the application of ICT and invested significant budgetary resources through its national education strategies to improve Internet penetration to 50 per cent to increase ICT revenues and employment.", "64. Rapidly changing technologies and the complexity of Internet protocol systems pose challenges for national institutions. Access to protected intellectual property is increasingly necessary for the private sector, Governments and research institutions. As a result, the need to enhance skills for intellectual property policy evaluation and management has become acute, particularly in developing countries.", "V. Role of the international community in formulating and implementing national human resources development strategies", "A. Role of the international community", "65. ODA flows are expected to decline with continued fiscal austerity in developed countries owing to greater sovereign debt following the global financial and economic crisis. The international community can sustain a level of engagement and support developing countries in strengthening their human resources through more targeted and cost-effective approaches. Renewed focus should also be placed on the least developed countries and countries with small economies where human resources development needs are the greatest.", "66. United Nations organizations have supported human resources development in emerging areas, such as the green economy, ICT, intellectual property, international maritime rules and standards and the peaceful application of nuclear science and technology. In addition, more comprehensive and integrated approaches have emerged in social protection programmes, creating agricultural and rural employment and addressing urban/rural gaps in health and education.", "67. UNESCO has monitored the impact of the crisis on the education sector in its member States through an initial exploratory survey examining education budgets in 50 developing countries,⁵ a more detailed examination of economic growth, revenues and education budgets in 12 countries,[19] and other studies to assess the magnitude and nature of the impact of the crisis on day-to-day school activities.", "68. FAO has recently adopted a corporate strategy on capacity development, clearly shifting from its traditional approach of providing training for individuals to enhancing national capacity for managing long-term change in agriculture and rural development. In 2010, WHO issued global policy recommendations to address the rural/urban maldistribution of health workers. WHO is working with partners to support national efforts in implementing those guidelines.", "69. The World Bank has been assisting developing countries in investing in the ICT infrastructure necessary for creating jobs and expanding production, services and trade. The Regional Communications Infrastructure programme in East Africa is one such initiative. ITU extended a series of capacity-building activities to develop skilled Internet and “new broadband economy” professionals through its academic and learning events.", "70. The United Nations Public Administration Network[20] offers various free online training tools and learning resources on innovative practices in governance and public administration. Its country studies[21] facilitate mutual learning among Governments and international, regional and national institutions for capacity development in the public sector.", "71. WIPO provides comprehensive capacity-development opportunities for developing countries, including through its worldwide Academy, e-learning, training on PATENTSCOPE research and patent information, technology and innovation support centres and WIPO Lex,[22] a database that provides free access to intellectual property legislation.", "72. To respond to the shortage of qualified and experienced human resources in developing countries, the Integrated Technical Cooperation Programme of IMO aims to enhance human and institutional capacities in implementing IMO rules and standards. The International Atomic Energy Agency supported capacity-building in the peaceful use and application of nuclear energy. It provides training, at the interregional, regional and national levels, on nuclear law, energy system analysis and planning, nuclear safety and security and the application of nuclear science and technology in key areas such as food and agriculture, health, water resources management and monitoring and protection of marine and terrestrial environments.", "73. Examples of capacity-building initiatives supported by ESCAP include the “Academy of ICT Essentials for Government Leaders” training programme, online green growth training-of-trainers programmes, the green growth portal of the regional network of policymakers, the Asia-Pacific Research and Training Network on Trade and the United Nations Network of Experts for Paperless Trade.", "B. Role of the private sector", "74. The private sector has a critical role in driving economic growth in developing countries. Public-private partnerships have emerged as a major option for developing and maintaining large-scale public infrastructure, including broadband, or in making basic service delivery more efficient. While careful design is needed, public-private partnerships could offer viable options for further enhancing human resources development, particularly when austerity measures are being undertaken by major donor countries.", "75. The UNDP Public-Private Partnerships for Service Delivery programme[23] seeks to increase access by the poor to basic services such as water, waste removal, energy, education and health by promoting inclusive partnerships among local governments, businesses and communities. Other successful public-private partnerships in the health sector include the GAVI Alliance and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.", "76. In addition, inclusion of the private sector in the formulation of human resources development strategies can be beneficial in identifying future growth sectors and the new skills required. Collaboration with the private sector can be also sought in skills development, on-the-job training and the recruitment and retention of young workers.", "C. Role of national Governments and development partners", "77. National Governments have primary responsibility for human resources development. Their vision and political will make a great difference. The recent financial and economic crisis has posed challenges to Governments, but has also brought opportunities. The existence of a comprehensive and coherent strategy enables Governments to strategically prepare their human resources, ensuring that they are attuned to future labour market needs and ready to take advantage of opportunities brought about by new technologies and innovation. Furthermore, sustainable long-term investment by Governments in human resources development is indispensable.", "78. In addition to comprehensive human resources development strategies, sectoral polices and strategies need to incorporate human resources dimensions. Donor countries may revisit their development aid policies and consider allocating ODA to strengthen human resources development in developing countries, particularly the least developed countries. A review of ODA to examine the extent to which human resources development is supported through sectoral flows of ODA may also be helpful.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "Conclusions", "79. Human resources development lies at the heart of economic, social and environmental development. A skilled, educated, healthy, capable, productive and flexible workforce, equipped with knowledge of newly emerging areas, is the foundation for countries to achieve sustainable economic growth and social progress. As such, every country, regardless of economic status, needs to align human resources development with national development strategies.", "80. Many developing countries continue to face challenges in developing human resources sufficient to meet national economic and social needs. In addition, because of a lack of resources and capacity, developing countries often lag behind in formulating and implementing effective human resources development strategies.", "81. Underutilized human resources need to be fully integrated into labour markets. Effective use of ICT is also key to successful human resources development. As high and volatile food and energy costs continue to threaten food and energy security, particularly in rural areas, capacity to meet food and energy needs must be strengthened. Finally, comprehensive social protection programmes are integral to successful human resources development strategies.", "Recommendations", "82. The following recommendations should be considered:", "National level", "(a) Governments should place human resources development at the core of economic and social development and intervene effectively to enhance such development and to quickly and greatly reduce the share of the population in low-productivity jobs;", "(b) Upgrading human skills is necessary, as most jobs to be created are likely to be in new and innovative sectors, including in the “green economy”;", "(c) Countries with advanced economies should maintain or enhance measures to boost job-rich recovery, such as policies and incentives to enhance labour productivity and stimulate private investment, besides efforts to reduce budget deficits in the long term;", "(d) Governments should strengthen social protection systems to enhance human resources development;", "(e) Governments should better align education and training systems and labour market needs. School curricula and skills training programmes must be updated regularly in close consultation with employers;", "(f) Governments should strengthen labour institutions and regulations to respond in a timely manner to economic downturns by preserving jobs and protecting workers in vulnerable jobs;", "(g) Strategies to strengthen human resources development should incorporate efforts to invest in emerging sectors, particularly ICT and environmental enhancement;", "(h) Measures should be devised to reduce unemployment and underemployment among young men and women, who have been disproportionately affected by the job-poor recovery, including by providing incentives for recruiting, retaining and retooling, assistance in searching for jobs and matching jobs to skills, technical, vocational and on-the-job training and promoting youth entrepreneurship;", "(i) Efforts should be made to reduce barriers to employment, particularly gender barriers;", "(j) Innovative measures should be taken to maximize the benefits of migration while minimizing the negative effects. More integrated analysis should be carried out on migration patterns and the impact of migration from macroeconomic and labour market perspectives with a view to national human resources development;", "(k) Interlinkages among human resources development, energy, food security, agriculture and rural development should be better understood and addressed;", "International level", "(l) To align with national strategies, bilateral and multilateral donors should support developing countries in enhancing national human resources development. North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation should contribute to human resources development in developing countries;", "(m) Relevant United Nations entities and civil society actors, including the private sector, should shift their approach from training individuals to building institutional capacity to address long-term national human resources development needs;", "(n) Donors should consider dedicating more ODA to human resources development and study how sectoral aid could better support such development;", "(o) The feasibility of expanding public-private partnerships in developing countries should be examined, particularly for job creation and youth employment;", "(p) Efforts should be undertaken to lower remittance costs to maximize the benefits of migration for human resources development;", "(q) Governments, donors and United Nations organizations should support the Social Protection Floor initiative.[24]", "[1] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.2).", "[2] International Labour Organization, Global Wage Report 2010/11: Wage Policies in Times of Crisis (Geneva, 2010).", "[3] ILO, Global Employment Trends 2011: The Challenge of a Jobs Recovery (Geneva, 2011).", "[4] Report on the World Social Situation 2011: The Global Social Crisis (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.IV.12).", "[5] UNESCO, “The impact of the crisis on public expenditure on education: findings from the UNESCO quick survey”, Impact of the Global Financial and Economic Crisis on the Education Sector, No. 1 (Paris, 2009).", "[6] WHO, World Health Report 2006: Working Together for Health (Geneva, 2006).", "[7] UNESCO, Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2011: The Hidden Crisis: Armed Conflict and Education (Paris, 2011).", "[8] Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean/ILO, The Employment Situation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Bulletin No. 5, June 2011.", "[9] Defined as those 15-24 years of age.", "[10] ILO, Increasing the Employability of Disadvantaged Youth: Responding to the Impact of the Financial and Economic Crisis, Guidance Note (Geneva, 2010).", "[11] In the ECE region, women represent the large majority (three quarters) of tertiary students in health- and welfare-related subjects, but are a minority (one quarter) in engineering, manufacturing and construction.", "[12] FAO, The State of Food and Agriculture 2010-11: Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development (Rome, 2011).", "[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008).", "[14] WHO, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17-21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1).", "[15] ESCAP, The Promise of Protection: Social Protection and Development in Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, 2011).", "[16] UNICEF, Social Protection: Accelerating the MDGs with Equity, Social and Economic Policy Working Brief (New York, 2010).", "[17] ITU, Measuring the Information Society (Geneva, 2010).", "[18] ITU, The Role of ICT in Advancing Growth in Least Developed Countries: Trends, Challenges and Opportunities 2011 (Geneva, 2011).", "[19] See UNESCO, document 184 EX/10.", "[20] See www.unpan.org.", "[21] See www.unpan.org/unpacs.", "[22] See www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/.", "[23] See www.undp.org/pppsd.", "[24] See www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目23(c)", "消除贫穷和其他发展问题", "人力资源开发", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会关于人力资源开发的第64/218号决议提交的。报告概述全球金融和经济危机对人力资源开发的影响，并总结从各国预防和克服危机负面影响的做法中吸取的经验教训。报告还探讨各国人力资源开发面临的新挑战和新机遇。报告选列了若干国家在国家一级运用新型战略维持和开发人力资源的范例。报告重点指出包括联合国系统和各国政府在内的国际社会以及私营部门等其他实体在促进人力资源开发方面的作用，并就今后采取的步骤提出建议。最后，报告以各国成功实施的干预措施为基础，提出各项建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在第64/218号决议中审查了各国执行人力资源开发战略的经验，审视了执行进展情况、迄今遇到的挑战和今后的前景。大会请秘书长提交报告，探讨从全球金融和经济危机中吸取的关于人力资源开发方面需求的经验教训，以协助各国预防和克服危机的不利影响，并在较可持续的发展道路上取得进展。", "2. 大会在同一项决议中确认，对于实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标，以及为所有人民特别是社会的最弱势群体和个人增加机会，人力资源开发十分重要。大会还确认，各国的人力资源开发必须以国家发展目标为基础，采用较为全面、一致和跨部门的做法和机制。", "3. 虽然许多国家、特别是发展中国家做出了相当大的努力，但是仍需克服挑战，以发展能够满足本国发展需求的足够的人力资源。此外，发展中国家由于缺乏资源和能力，往往难以拟订和执行有效的人力资源开发战略。", "4. 就在各国需要增加人力资源投资以克服此次全球金融和经济危机不利影响之际，这次危机却进一步减弱了各国应对人力资源开发领域各项挑战的能力。最近，经济复苏缓慢而且不平衡，失业率上升，能源和粮食价格居高不下而且剧烈波动，这些情况使本已困难的局面雪上加霜。", "5. 本报告概述全球金融和经济危机的主要特征及其与人力资源开发的相互关系。报告分析全球化以及能源和食品价格居高不下而且剧烈波动对各国人力资源开发工作的影响，并确认在广泛领域中开展可持续人力资源开发的切实战略。报告是在同下列组织协商后编写的，但是考虑到篇幅和其他因素，没有完全采纳它们的所有贡献：各区域委员会，特别是欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)和西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)，国际原子能机构(原子能机构)，国际农业发展基金(农发基金)，国际劳工组织(劳工组织)，国际海事组织(海事组织)，国际电信联盟(国际电联)，联合国开发计划署(开发署)，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)，世界卫生组织(世卫组织)，世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)以及世界银行。最后，报告就今后的行动提出具体建议。", "二. 全球金融和经济危机对各国人力资源开发的影响", "A. 金融和经济危机的主要特征", "6. 虽然全球金融和经济危机最严重阶段似乎已经过去，但世界各地各国家仍感受到这场全球危机的冲击。并且在危机后的近两年里，全球经济复苏缓慢而且不平衡，现已开始减速，并预计将在2011年下半年和2012年继续减速，人们担心出现进一步下滑的风险。[1]", "7. 先进经济体失业率居高不下，特别是青年失业率居高不下，这继续威胁世界稳定。发展中国家、特别是新兴经济体继续恢复，但速度参差不齐。", "8. 此外，许多国家政府抛弃了危机初期采取的反周期措施，而代之以财政紧缩措施。面对财政赤字不断扩大，公共债务不断增加，许多国家政府以整顿财政为由逐步取消经济刺激措施。这种情况正在危害许多国家政府领导的复苏，增加了长期失业的风险，并进一步减缓了全球复苏的步伐。许多国家政府正在削减特别是教育和医疗卫生领域所需要的社会支出，从而对长期人力资源开发造成了不利影响。", "9. 平均月工资增长减缓，从2007年的2.8%降至2008年的1.5%和2009年的1.6%。[2] 甚至早在危机发生前就出现了工资增速减缓和不平等现象与日俱增的趋势。实际工资下跌，冲击工人特别是低薪工人及其家庭的购买力和福利。但是下跌趋势因区域而异。在亚洲，全球危机对2008年(7.8%)和2009年(8.0%)实际工资增长率影响微弱。在拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，由于劳动力需求增大、就业率上升、技术工人暂时短缺和劳动生产率提高，2010/11年实际工资保持着持续增长的势头。", "10. 另一方面，低收入发展中国家和中等收入小国预计将继续承受全球危机的不利影响。主要原因是，虽然官方发展援助的流动在2010仍积极增长，但迫于先进经济体的复苏缓慢，很可能将在近期减速。此外，发展中国家和经济转型国家的外债增多。还有许多发展中国家的初级商品价格剧烈波动，特别是石油和粮食价格在2011年上半年飙升。", "11. 许多国家还面临“低就业”复苏带来的新挑战，失业率和就业不足率居高不下。劳工组织的统计数据显示，2010年失业人口高达2.05亿，比危机前增多了2 760万。2010年全球失业率升至6.2%，高于2007年的5.6%。[3] 自2007年至2009年底，全世界丧失了近3 000万个工作岗位，需要创造至少2 200万个新的就业机会，才能使全球就业率恢复到危机前水平。", "12. 就业市场复苏总体落后于经济复苏。1997/98年亚洲金融危机后，就业市场复苏大概花了三年时间。还有证据显示，就业市场恢复到衰退前水平的所需时间只会一次比一次更久。由于此次全球危机造成的失业率上升比以往更为迅猛，就业复苏将更为漫长。此外，由于失业工人必须学习快速发展的新部门所需技能以保证就业，危机中损失的就业机会可能一去不复返。", "13. 虽然发展中国家的就业增长有所回升，失业率也在2010年底前回落到危机前水平，它们仍不能保证本国就业市场迅速复苏。原因至少有二：其一，全球每年有4 700万新工人进入劳动力市场，而大多数人在发展中国家寻找工作；其二，经济复苏必须由生产部门驱动，才能维持经济增长。然而，流失的许多就业机会出现在充满活力的出口部门，这说明需要广泛进行结构调整。[4]", "14. 此外，就业质量和工人的脆弱性仍倍受关注。许多国家为应对不断上升的失业率，增加了劳动力市场的灵活性。然而，在缺少强大劳动管理机构情况下，放松对劳动力市场的管制往往导致工资水平下降，就业条件恶化。这种重视劳动力市场灵活性的做法也可能使工人陷入低收入/低生产率的怪圈，从而损害长期的增长潜力。在灵活性较大的劳动力市场中，工人的更替率高，使其不愿接受培训以提高劳动生产率。", "B. 全球危机对各国人力资源开发的影响", "15. 全球金融和经济危机继续对几乎所有国家的人力资源开发造成重大不利影响。它主要在两个方面影响先进经济体：增加失业率和减少政府用于教育和培训方案的预算资源。", "16. 许多发展中国家、特别是中等收入国家表面上安然度过了全球金融危机。然而鉴于低就业经济复苏、高青年失业率以及粮食和能源价格剧烈波动等状况，既存的社会经济挑战将会对长期的人力资源开发产生不利影响。", "对人力资源开发的财政投资减少", "17. 危机导致先进经济体的财政状况严重恶化。主要由于财政收入减少和存在大笔无准备金的负债，先进经济体的主权债务可能在今后几年中激增。许多发达国家政府为了管理债务，在越来越大的压力下削减中期社会开支。在一些国家，紧缩政策所需的削减资金措施已经生效，冲击了许多支助人力资源开发的社会方案。", "18. 例如，拉脱维亚大量削减了医疗卫生资金，并将投入教育的公共资金减至2008年的一半。爱尔兰提高了处方药、医院和疗养院的收费，削减了多项教育资金，并减少了对职业培训方案的支助。丹麦拟议大量减少学生补助金。美利坚合众国的大部分学区削减了教育方案，并对教师进行减员降薪。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国拟议在2010年将大学预算削减14%，并将大学费用增加一倍。希腊和意大利冻结了教育和医疗卫生等公共部门工作者的薪资。法国宣布，将仅填补半数退休人员的职位，从而取消了10万个公共部门工作岗位，其中许多是教育和医疗卫生领域的岗位，并将降低公共部门薪资。", "19. 虽然大多数发展中国家设法维持了社会部门预算，但一些国家的财政紧缩政策导致冻结开支或削减教育、医疗卫生和其他人力资源开发的开支。[5] 教育资金日益减少，迫使一些国家暂缓或递延教育(例如幼儿教育和扫盲教育)拨款，或在入学人数增加的情况下依然抑制教育支出增长，并削减高等教育支出。", "20. 官方发展援助减少，也可能对发展中国家人力资源开发产生不利影响。有明显迹象显示，由于捐助方提供的资金减少等原因，非洲国家缩减了医疗卫生预算。[6] 这将导致严重的后果，因为许多非洲国家的医疗卫生开支有很大比例来自外部供资。2008年，23国得到的外部供资占本国医疗卫生资金总数的比例在20.3%和63.5%之间。此外，自2002年以来，外部援助占基础教育资金的比例保持不变，但2007至2008年间撒哈拉以南非洲地区的这项比例减少了6%。[7]", "21. 资源枯竭不仅对人力资源开发造成长期后果，也对培训和技能发展造成短期影响。由失业和未充分就业青年组成的剩余劳动力已使多数劳动力市场不堪重负，部分原因在于市场所需技能和工人所学技能不匹配。因此，对失业和未充分就业人口的技能进行调整、培训和改进是十分必要的。除加强就业政策和劳动力市场管理机构外，还必须通过提高教育成果、进行职业和在职培训以及获取新技术等途径提升技能，这变得越来越重要。", "粮食和能源价格居高不下，波动不定", "22. 最近粮食和能源价格居高不下，给许多发展中国家的人力资源开发带来了压力。低收入缺粮国遭受的打击最大。虽然高粮价可能会使生产者受益，却损害了粮食净购买者(指不能生产足够粮食满足自身粮食需求的人)。国际市场价格升高并未诱使发展中国家农民做出积极的供应反应。", "23. 在社区和家庭层面，粮食和能源价格居高不下往往导致改变消费形态。获得粮食日益困难，这可能催生冒险的应对战略，包括困难情况下急售资产、让孩子辍学、削减保健费用以及降低饮食和摄入食物的品质。最直接的结果就是营养不良和长期饥饿，在身心方面影响人们的工作能力，而这又导致生产力和收入减少。高能源成本使贫困家庭的生活条件恶化，尤其是使那些用电本来就很少的家庭的生活条件恶化，他们在做饭时只能越来越依赖生物能源。石油价格升高，增加了农民的生产成本以及农产品加工和分销成本，因而进一步推高了粮食价格。", "降低就业能力", "24. 全球危机减弱了许多初始职级工人的长期就业能力。当前青年人的失业几率是其他人的近3倍，并且在多数区域，青年从事易受伤害工作的可能性较大。[8] 在发达国家和发展中国家，青年失业率和就业不足率高得惊人。2010年年底，估计有7 770万青年人失业，[9] 比2009年的7 960万略有下降，但是仍然远高于2007年的7 350万。2010年全球青年人的失业率为12.6%。³", "25. 即使在危机爆发前，由于经济增长低于其自身潜力，劳动力市场体制运作不善，以及/或劳动力的技能和劳动力市场需求错配，现有的人力资源没有得到充分利用。然而，失业人口、尤其是青年失业人口再度激增，势必对各国人力资源开发产生长期影响，这不仅仅是因为他们的投入无法得到有效利用，也因为他们未来的生产力将受到限制。", "26. 另外，全球危机加剧性别不平等，从而增加了风险，尤其是青年妇女的风险。危机和其他因素削弱青年妇女的能力，降低她们的社会和经济地位，这将加剧长期存在的贫穷问题，包括增加将贫穷传递给下一代的可能性。", "27. 无法获得工作的人的经济能力逐渐下降，因为经济复苏时他们较可能准备不足。失业率上升也减少通常用于食物、保健和教育的收入来源，因此削弱劳动力的总体能力和福祉。这对青年人产生的不利影响尤其深刻，因为他们正处在形成技能的能力通常比较旺盛的年龄段。不过，一些青年人可能因为找不到工作而继续接受教育。例如，一些拉丁美洲国家发现青年劳动力减少了，原因是危机爆发后他们延长了留在教育体制中的时间。", "28. 技能培训也有助于人们延迟进入劳动力市场。然而，此类培训的设计应当是在职培训、协助寻找工作、职业指导和辅导相结合，创造就业和创收机会。技术与职业教育培训制度不仅创造了一条从学校通往需要熟练技能的工作岗位的初始职级途径，而且培养工人获得新的技能，提高其就业能力。越来越多的国家认识到自身具备满足青年人和雇主需求的潜力，正在专心完善此类制度，将其作为一项重要的政策议程。[10] 一些政府与企业界、立法机构和学术界合作，为青年人制订了“重塑战略”，目的是确认在不久的将来可能出现的技能差距和短缺。", "三. 各国人力资源开发的挑战和机遇", "29. 全球化为人力资源开发带来了机遇和挑战。信息和通信技术以及其他创新技术减少了职能、等级和地理障碍，并极大地改变了劳动力市场的运作方式。私营和公共机构现在能够以具有成本效益的方式联络最有才干的工人，这为有才干的人和拥有高技能劳动力的国家创造了机会。另一方面，这也可能导致发展中国家人才外流，与此同时，由于移民工人进入劳动力市场或工作外包到其他国家，发达国家非熟练工人的工作可能更加没有保障。", "30. 因此，必须持续投资人力资源开发，维持能够适应竞争日趋激烈的全球市场需求的技术工人队伍，这一点至关重要。建立有能力的人力资源基础可提高所有部门的生产力和经济增长率。然而，仅仅提高个人的技能、知识和能力可能还不够，因为国家经济竞争力不仅要看一国劳动力队伍的总体技能，还要看劳动力队伍是否具有灵活性，是否能够快速和有效地适应日益变化的需求。", "31. 不同的发展水平需要不同的技能。例如，要提高劳动生产力，就必须不断提高互动、适应、分析和认知技能。在不断变化的劳动力市场，工人需要交替使用不同类型的技能，因此需要培养“软技能”，即除职业技能外，还需要有适应能力和灵活性。即使在公共部门，在有效沟通、吸收和管理知识、战略规划以及协调公共、私营和民间社会机构各利益攸关方的能力等领域也需要新技能和能力。在向绿色经济转变过程中，也需要一方面顾及创造绿色工作的需求，另一方面顾及其他经济部门需要进行的调整。", "32. 人们越来越认识到，许多教育和培训体制并不能使人力资源充分满足不断变化的需求，从而导致供需错配。尽管许多发展中国家认识到这一问题，却仍未将新技能需求融入学校课程、正式教育或培训项目。", "A. 人力资源开发与未充分利用的亚群体", "33. 非洲和中东新求职者中“青年暴增”，欧洲、中亚和东亚劳动力因生育率低和人口老化而减少，这些以及其他人口趋势不仅产生创造新就业机会的挑战，而且还产生另一类挑战。", "34. 使妇女、青年人、少数民族、残疾人或土著人民等弱势群体融入劳动力市场仍然是一个挑战。低人力资源利用率意味着在生产力产出、社会保障、所得税缴纳和通过减少福利金增加节余方面错失机会。提高边缘群体教育成就和在劳动力市场上的表现不仅将提高国家总体人力资源能力，还将为国家经济做出积极贡献。", "35. 要最充分地利用劳动力资源，就必须制定政策，减少在教育、培训和就业方面存在的性别障碍。在各个区域，妇女的经济活动比率往往低于男人。她们通常集中在非正规经济部门，从事数量较少并且往往收入较低的职业。由于非全职工作在妇女中较为普及，因此其有酬工作的时间较少，并且由于肩负家庭责任，其职业中断次数较多。劳动力市场上这种性别隔离是教育中的定型观念和社会中盛行的性别角色的反映。[11] 可通过增加妇女在正规部门各行各业的就业人数，促进有效地利用女性劳动力。", "36. 一般而言，农业部门深受人力资源能力低、性别不平等以及对新技术和基础设施缺乏投资之害。在许多发展中国家，妇女在农业领域发挥关键作用，[12] 因此提高妇女的生产力将增加粮食供应，提高农业生产力。根据粮农组织近期的估计，如果妇女获得同男人一样的生产资源，她们能将农业产量提高20%至30%。这将使得发展中国家农业总产出提高2.5%至4%，而这反过来又会使世界饥饿人口减少12%至17%。", "37. 在许多区域司空见惯的童工现象剥夺了儿童和青少年获取技能和教育的机会，这往往永久性地毁坏他们的前程。低教育程度产生低技能工人，他们工资低，工作没有保障。必须制止和消除童工现象，让所有儿童获得教育和培训，这将增加他们在成为青年人和成年人后获得有酬工作和较高收入的可能性。", "B. 移民与人力资源开发", "38. 随着失业率攀升，许多东道国加紧了移民管制，对移民工人提出了更严苛的要求。而且在经济放缓时期，移民经常作为恶化经济形势的表面原因而被攻击，因此在国家政策或公众压力下，他们往往比其他工人更快失去工作。移民通过一些传输机制对人力资源开发产生重要影响。移民工人向原籍国汇款，增加原籍国的家庭收入，提高教育和卫生水平。移民工人带回信息、知识和技能，促进母国的创新和创业。同时，技术工人移民会导致原籍国技能短缺，而高失业率则对技术工人造成向外移民的压力。必须从多种角度进一步审查与移民相关问题的复杂性和这些问题对人力资源开发的影响。", "39. 2010年，移民至其他国家的工人从2005年的1.95亿增至约2.14亿，其中女性占总人数的49%；尽管经济危机使得移民增速放缓，但是移民总人数仍在继续增加。[13] 今天，每10个国际移民中就有6人(1.28亿人)居住在发达国家，而其中大多数国际移民(7 400万人)都来自发展中国家(见A/65/203)。", "40. 在大多数人社会经济状况较差的国家，全球化是一种“吸引”因素，有可能带来较好的工作和较高的薪酬。与此同时，低工资以及令人不满和往往充满危险的工作环境是“推斥”因素，推动向外移民。因此，一些发展中国家面临人才外流的问题，失去其花费多年开发的高技能人力资源。", "41. 失业率高或职位供应不足导致技术工人向外移民，这可视为人才流失。在许多向外移民率高的国家，失业是一个长期问题。然而，将促进移民作为解决失业问题的一项战略可能导致当地所需技术劳动力流失，如果移民海外的机会集中在某几种专业，这个问题就更加严重。例如，在太平洋区域，技术工人移民较多，一部分原因是，主要目的国的政策偏向某些专业的技术工人。高移民率最终可能导致技术工人大量外流，尤其是导致卫生和教育领域技术工人大量外流。", "42. 根据《2006年世界卫生报告》，每年有大批卫生人员暂时或永久离开母国。⁶ 2010年5月，世界卫生大会认识到与卫生人员流动相关的复杂问题，通过了《全球卫生人员国际招聘行为守则》。[14]", "43. 其他移民工人在其移民国获得知识和技能。这些技能可最终提高其母国劳动力的素质。因此，一些国家采取的对应办法是，一方面开展创造国内就业机会的方案，另一方面推出协助回国移民重新融入社区的激励措施。然而，低技术工人通常在目的国参与低技术活动，几乎没有机会获得或提高技能。需要针对出国和回国的低技术移民工人进行人力资源开发战略规划，这将促进最大限度地发挥移民工人对发展的作用。", "C. 汇款", "44. 2009年，流向中低收入国家的汇款额为3 160亿美元，低于2008年的3 360亿美元(见A/65/203)。总汇款额减少是因为来自欧洲汇款大国、美国和俄罗斯联邦的汇款额急剧下降。东欧和中亚许多国家严重依赖汇款，其汇款额下降了近21%。北非也受到了富油国高失业率的严重影响。然而，总体而言，汇款额抵御了经济衰退的影响并已显著反弹，不过还未回升至危机前水平。", "45. 汇款在促进原籍国人力资源开发方面日益发挥关键作用，因为有很大一部分汇款用于教育和卫生支出。户口调查审查显示，一旦基本消费需求得到满足，汇款将更多地用于投资商业以及教育。巴基斯坦、菲律宾和太平洋岛屿国家的证据显示，有汇款的家庭能延长子女在校学习的时间，并能负担通常被认为质量较好的私立教育。", "四. 可持续人力资源开发的实用战略：从各国经验中获得的经验", "46. 为应对全球金融和经济危机的影响，许多国家实施了多种临时、中期和长期措施，以保持、支持和调整本国的人力资源，并设法满足在诸如信息和通信技术、绿色经济、知识产权、设计有效社会保护方案、减少教育和卫生服务的城乡差距以及高产农业和农村发展领域的长期人力资源需要。", "为应对全球金融和经济危机而采取的措施", "47. 在低就业复苏期，一些先进国家选择削减职工总数或冻结就业，其它先进国家则选择与工会协商，通过减少工作时间和(或)工资遏制失业。其它国家在危机过程中实施了积极的劳工市场政策，将失业人员融入到劳动人口中或鼓励雇主保持人力资源。这些措施包括保持职位补贴和招聘奖励、分享职位补贴、减少因雇佣失业人员而产生的非工资劳动力成本、求职协助和职位匹配、启动企业补贴、工作经验方案、培训方案以及为管理人力资源信息和进程而投资信息技术。", "48. 一些国家还采取措施，通过改善教师培训、课程和职业培训，提高人力资源开发的成本效益。采用良好做法可节约大量资源。", "49. 欧洲联盟在2007年设立了欧洲全球化调整基金，每年提供5亿欧元，帮助失业工人获得新技能或自主创业。这一方案在2008年修订，以帮助受金融危机影响的工人。此外，2008年发起了“新技能、新工作”的倡议，以提高技能水平、改善未来职位需求预测以及增进企业界与教育提供者间的对话。", "通过社会保护方案投资人力资源", "50. 即使在全球危机到来之前，越来越多的国家已设计了全面战略，以加强人力资源开发和提高贫困家庭收入。这些全面社会保护方案常与减少贫困和社会包容战略相结合，已证明即可有效缓和直接经济冲击，又可促进人力资源开发。", "51. 已有文件充分记录有条件和无条件现金转移、社会养恤金以及就业保障计划等成功社会保护方案(见E/CN.5/2011/2)。典型的有条件现金转移方案针对的是有儿童的贫困家庭，包括小额现金补助和实物转移，以儿童上学和定期进行健康检查为条件。这些方案通过补偿教育和医疗保健开支，提高在学率和就学率，预防疾病和营养不良，进而促进提高劳动人口的教育程度和健康水平。这些方案还为家庭提供保护，抵御由失业、疾病、残疾、老龄和自然灾害带来的各种风险。", "52. 巴西的家庭补助金方案是最大的有条件现金转移方案，以在学以及接受产前和产后护理为条件，每月为超过1 200万贫困家庭提供补贴。墨西哥的机会方案以在某些情况下进行有针对性的收入转移取代使用实物(一揽子健康、营养和教育补贴)和价格折扣等孤立的收入转移。这项方案在2007年覆盖了500万个家庭(国家人口的25%)，预算为33亿美元。其它方案，比如阿根廷的失业户主计划，以在学和接受免疫接种为条件，同时也为参与者提供培训，以培养新的职业技能。", "53. 多种社会保护倡议在亚洲兴起。中国的最低生活保障标准计划定期为贫困家庭提供现金和(或)实物支持，在2008年覆盖了6 600万个家庭(国家人口的近5%)。巴基斯坦的贝娜齐尔收入支助方案旨在增加经济弱势家庭的购买力。菲律宾的Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino方案是一个全面的国家减少贫困和社会发展战略，通过补偿医疗保健和教育开支，使贫困家庭可投资人力资源。[15]", "54. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，社会保护方案主要针对最弱势人群，并经常将现金转移与提供服务相结合。埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案正在逐步减少分发援助紧急食品的工作，截至2008年年底，已向800万缺乏食品安全保障的家庭转移食品。这项方案提供以工作换取现金转移和(或)食品的机会，为无劳动力或其他支撑的家庭提供直接支持。在肯尼亚，一项针对孤儿和弱势儿童的现金转移项目覆盖了10万家庭以及23万孤儿和弱势儿童，该项目将接受医疗保健和在学作为对赤贫家庭转移现金的条件。", "55. 各国实施多种有创意的举措，以改善弱势群体的就业能力，为他们创造短期和长期就业机会。这样的活动包括小规模劳力密集型公共工程、支持雇用边缘群体成员的有针对性计划和鼓励中小型企业雇用求职青年的工资补贴计划。社会保护方案通过担保的公共工程机会，鼓励在中、低收入国家参与劳动力市场。[16]", "56. 印度的全国农村就业保障计划是世界上最大规模的该类计划，该计划的基础是一项法定权利，即每年至少有100个领取最低工资的工作日。在2007和2008年，这项计划以牺牲国内生产总值的0.3%为代价，为近3 400万个农村家庭提供了工作。超过半数的受益人是无技能的农工。该计划使家庭可获取家畜等资产，增加粮食和非粮食物品支出。南非的公共工程扩大方案(该方案的第二阶段在2009年展开)通过增加工作机会(100天至24个月)，创造短期和中期就业，与此同时，还提供读写能力、计算能力以及职业和商业培训。", "57. 为发展健康的劳动人口而进行的干预也许需要数年才能看到成果，但是，这些投资可得到可观的回报。在过去20年里，巴西在偏远和农村地区培训和雇佣了超过25 000个家庭保健队，覆盖了总人口的约60%。自2005年以来，埃塞俄比亚培训了32 000名保健推广员，为偏远地区卫生站配置人员。泰国采用了一项名为“本地培训，家乡安置”的统筹办法，雇佣有农村背景的学生，将他们培训为临近社区的护士和医生。这些努力缩小了城乡差距，改善了保健状况。", "新兴领域的人力资源开发", "58. “绿色增长”已成为亚洲及太平洋区域实现可持续发展的区域战略之一。该区域已为政府官员、决策者和实践者举办了一系列区域绿色增长政策对话、“训练培训员”培训、讨论会和国家讲习班，以加强其发展和实施绿色增长政策、战略和路线图的能力。", "59. 例如，柬埔寨建立了国家绿色增长秘书处，其部际绿色增长工作组制订了国家绿色增长路线图。哈萨克斯坦进行了一项有关在战略管理和计划中应用绿色增长政策工具的国家研究。2010年，第六届亚洲及太平洋环境和发展部长级会议核可了促进欧洲、亚洲和太平洋区域绿色增长伙伴关系的“阿斯塔纳绿色桥梁倡议”。萨摩亚发起了基于供应可再生(沼气)能源、清洁饮水和环卫设施且有利于贫民的绿色商业倡议，并得到了斐济、瓦努阿图和其它太平洋小岛屿发展中国家其他社区的效仿。", "60. 在几乎所有国家中，信息和通信技术均已成为关乎社会经济发展的重要因素，因此，对信息和通信技术系统能力的需求增加了。虽然近来遭遇经济衰退，但使用信息和通信技术服务的情形却持续增长。2009年年底，全球约有46亿移动电话用户。发展中国家超过半数的人口可使用移动电话服务，世界人口的约26%可使用因特网(发达国家为64%，发展中国家为18%(不包括中国则为14%))。[17] 根据世界银行提供的数据，非洲的电话用户、特别是移动电话用户从1998年的200万递增到2010年的4亿多。过去十年间，非洲实现了显著增长，其主要原因是引入了移动技术，在1998年至2008年期间，该地区吸引了超过560亿美元的私营部门投资。", "61. 然而，若要增加因特网接入，就必须解决普及宽带上网的挑战。如今，宽带已如运输网、供水网和能源网一样，被视为国家基础设施的重要组成部分。建立和使用宽带基础设施后，各国政府便可转变提供服务的方式，促进商业、创新和竞争。然而，若要充分发掘宽带经济的潜在利益，就必须在整个社会不同阶层中发展广泛的新知识和新技能，包括制订和实施信息和通信技术。[18]", "62. 为促进采取“宽带友好型”做法和政策，国际电联和教科文组织建立了宽带委员会，以促进人人享受宽带的好处。宽带在人力资源开发和教育中的作用是该委员会的一项重要主题，有关该问题的行动组已建立。", "63. 一些国家在教育领域投入了大量信息和通信技术资源。新加坡第三个教育领域信息和通信技术总计划(2009-2014年)的宗旨是，通过使用信息和通信技术，加强深入学习的能力，鼓励创造知识。被视为区域技术中心的约旦正在建造其信息和通信技术基础设施，并提倡信息和通信技术，将其作为改善人力资源和促进经济发展的工具。从2003年起，约旦政府特别强调信息和通信技术的应用，并通过其国家教育战略，投资大量预算资源，目的是将因特网覆盖率增至50%，以增加信息和通信技术收入和就业。", "64. 技术在飞速变化，因特网协议系统错综复杂，这给各国国家机构带来了挑战。私营部门、政府和研究机构日益需要获取受保护的知识产权。因此，各国、特别是发展中国家迫切需要提高评估和管理知识产权政策的技能。", "五. 国际社会在制定和实施国家人力资源开发战略方面的作用", "A. 国际社会的作用", "65. 在发生全球金融和经济危机后，主权债务增加，发达国家持续采取财政紧缩政策，因此，预计官方发展援助将减少。国际社会可保持一定程度的协作，通过采取针对性较强和成本效益较高的做法，支持发展中国家加强人力资源。此外，还应调整重点，重视人力资源开发需求最大的最不发达国家和小经济体国家。", "66. 联合国各组织一直在绿色经济、信息和通信技术、知识产权、国际海运规则和标准以及核科学与核技术的和平应用等新兴领域支持人力资源开发。此外，社会保护方案开始采取较全面和较具综合效力的做法，以创造农业和农村就业，处理医疗卫生和教育方面存在的城乡差别。", "67. 教科文组织对50个发展中国家的教育预算进行了初步探索性调查，⁵ 详细审查了12个国家的经济增长、收入和教育预算，[19] 并进行了其他研究，以评估危机对学校日常活动影响的规模和性质，从而监测危机对成员国教育部门造成的影响。", "68. 粮农组织最近制定了一项组织能力发展战略，一改培训个人的传统做法，努力加强各国管理农业和农村发展长期变化的能力。2010年，世卫组织发出了全球政策建议，处理保健工作者城乡分布不均的现象。世卫组织正在与各伙伴合作，支持各国努力实施这些准则。", "69. 世界银行一直在协助发展中国家在信息和通信技术基础设施方面进行投资，建设这些基础设施可以创造就业，扩大生产、服务和贸易。东非区域通信基础设施方案就是这样一项举措。国际电联开展了一系列能力建设活动，通过学术和学习活动，培养熟练的互联网和“新宽带经济”专业人员。", "70. 联合国公共行政网[20] 提供关于治理和公共行政创新做法的各种免费在线培训工具和学习资源。其国家研究报告[21] 可促进各国政府和国际、区域和国家机构相互学习，促进公共部门的能力建设。", "71. 知识产权组织为发展中国家提供全面的能力发展机会，其中包括世界学院、电子学习、关于在线检索(PATENTSCOPE)研究和专利信息的培训、技术和创新支持中心和可免费获取知识产权立法的知识产权组织法律数据库。[22]", "72. 发展中国家缺少合格和有经验的人力资源，为此，海事组织实施了综合技术合作方案，以提高个人和机构实施海事组织规则和标准的能力。国际原子能机构支持建设和平利用和运用核能的能力。它在区域间、区域和国家各级提供下述培训：核能法、能源系统分析和规划、核安全保障以及核科学技术在粮食和农业、保健、水资源管理以及海洋和陆地环境监测和保护等关键领域的应用。", "73. 亚太经社会支持各项能力建设倡议，例如，“政府领导人信息和通信技术基础学院”培训方案、在线绿色增长培训员培训方案、决策人员区域网络绿色增长门户网站、亚太贸易研究和培训网络和联合国无纸贸易专家网络。", "B. 私营部门的作用", "74. 私营部门在推动发展中国家经济增长方面具有关键作用。公私伙伴关系已成为开发和维护宽带等大规模公共基础设施或提高基本服务效率的一种重要办法。经过精心设计的公私伙伴关系可成为进一步加强人力资源开发的可行办法，在主要捐助国采取紧缩措施之际，这种办法尤其可行。", "75. 开发署公私合作提供服务方案[23] 努力推动地方政府、企业和社区建立包括各方的伙伴关系，以增加穷人获得水、清除废物、能源、教育和保健等基本服务的机会。保健部门其他成功的公私伙伴关系包括全球疫苗和免疫联盟和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金。", "76. 此外，让私营部门参与制定人力资源开发战略还有助于确认未来的经济增长行业和需要的新技能。而且，还可在技能发展、在职培训以及招聘和留住青年工人方面与私营部门合作。", "C. 各国政府和发展伙伴的作用", "77. 各国政府负有开发人力资源的首要责任。他们的视野和政治意愿极为重要。最近发生的金融和经济危机给各国政府提出了挑战，但同时也带来了机遇。如果各国政府已经制定全面和协调一致的战略，就能从战略角度培植其人力资源，确保他们适应未来劳动力市场的需求，能够利用新技术和创新带来的机会。此外，各国政府必须以可持续方式进行长期的人力资源开发投资，这是必不可少的。", "78. 除制定全面的人力资源开发战略外，部门政策和战略也需要纳入人力资源层面。捐助国或许可以重新审视其发展援助政策，考虑将部分官方发展援助用于加强发展中国家、特别是最不发达国家的人力资源开发。或许还可以审查官方发展援助，研究对各部门的官方发展援助对人力资源开发有哪些助益。", "六. 结论和建议", "结论", "79. 人力资源开发是经济、社会和环境发展的核心。一支掌握了新兴领域知识、有熟练技能、受过良好教育、健康、精干、高效和灵活的劳动力队伍是各国实现可持续经济增长和社会进步的基础。因此，每一个国家，无论经济状况如何，都需要根据国家发展战略，进行人力资源开发。", "80. 许多发展中国家仍然无法开发足够的人力资源，以满足国民经济和社会需要。此外，由于缺乏资源和能力，发展中国家往往在制定和实施有效人力资源开发战略方面落后。", "81. 必须将未充分利用的人力资源充分纳入劳动力市场。有效利用信息和通信技术也是成功开发人力资源的关键。由于食品和能源费用持续走高并且大幅波动，威胁粮食和能源保障，特别是在农村地区造成这种威胁，必须加强满足食品和能源需求的能力。最后，全面社会保障方案是顺利实施人力资源开发战略的关键。", "建议", "82. 应考虑以下建议：", "国家一级", "(a) 各国政府应该将人力资源开发作为经济和社会发展的核心，进行有效干预，以加强人力资源开发，并迅速和大幅度地降低从事低生产率工作人口的比例；", "(b) 必须提高人民的技能，因为今后创造的多数就业机会很可能出现在“绿色经济”等新兴和创新部门；", "(c) 经济发达国家除从长期着眼，努力减少预算赤字外，还应继续实施或加强措施，推动创造大量就业的复苏，例如，采取政策和奖励措施，提高劳动生产率和刺激私人投资；", "(d) 各国政府应加强社会保障系统，促进人力资源开发；", "(e) 各国政府应调整教育和培训系统，使其较好地适应劳动力市场的需求。必须与雇主密切协商，定期更新学校课程和技能培训方案；", "(f) 各国政府应加强劳动体制和法规，及时应对经济衰退，保护就业和保护处于弱势岗位的工人；", "(g) 加强人力资源开发的战略应包括努力在新兴行业投资，特别是在信息通信技术和改善环境领域投资；", "(h) 应采取措施，包括实施奖励办法，促进招人、留人和改造人，协助找工，将就业机会与技能匹配，进行职业培训和在职培训，促进青年创业，以减少青年男女失业和就业不足的情况，在缺少就业机会的复苏中，他们受到的影响超出了他们在人口中的比例；", "(i) 应努力减少就业障碍，尤其是性别障碍；", "(j) 应采取创新措施，最大限度地发掘移徙带来的益处，同时尽量减少其不利影响。应从宏观经济和劳动力市场的角度较全面地分析移徙模式和移徙影响，促进各国家人力资源开发；", "(k) 应该更好地理解和解决人力资源开发、能源、粮食保障、农业和农村发展之间的相互联系；", "国际一级", "(l) 双边和多边捐助者应支持发展中国家加强国家人力资源开发，以配合各国的国家战略。南北、南南和三角合作可促进发展中国家的人力资源开发；", "(m) 联合国相关实体和包括私营部门在内的民间社会行动者应该改变培训个人的做法，采取建设体制能力的做法，解决长期的国家人力资源开发需要；", "(n) 捐助者应考虑将较多的官方发展援助用于人力资源开发，并研究如何发挥对各部门的援助的杠杆作用，更好地支持人力资源开发；", "(o) 应研究在发展中国家扩大公私伙伴关系的可行性，尤其是扩大创造就业和促进青年就业的公私伙伴关系的可行性；", "(p) 应当努力降低汇款成本，以最大限度地发掘移徙对人力资源开发的益处；", "(q) 各国政府、捐助方和联合国各组织应支持社会保护最低标准倡议。[24]", "[1] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.2.)。", "[2] 国际劳工组织，《2010/11全球工资报告：危机时期的工资政策》(日内瓦，2010年)。", "[3] 劳工组织，《2011年全球就业趋势：工作复苏的挑战》(日内瓦，2011年)。", "[4] 《2011年世界社会状况报告：全球社会危机》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.10.IV.12)。", "[5] 教科文组织，《危机对公共教育开支的影响：教科文组织快速调查的结果》，全球金融和经济危机对教育部门影响的系列文件第1份文件(巴黎，2009年)。", "[6] 世卫组织，《2006年世界卫生报告：通力合作，增进健康》(日内瓦，2006年)。", "[7] 教科文组织，《2011年全民教育全球监测报告——隐藏的危机：武装冲突与教育》(巴黎，2011年)。", "[8] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会/劳工组织，《拉丁美洲和加勒比的就业形势》，第五号公报，2011年6月。", "[9] 定义为15至24岁年龄段的人。", "[10] 劳工组织，《提高弱势青年人的就业能力：应对金融和经济危机的影响》，指导说明，(日内瓦，2010年)。", "[11] 在欧洲经委会区域，绝大多数(四分之三)学习卫生和福利相关课程的高校学生为女性，但是只有少数(四分之一)学习工程、制造和建筑的高校学生为女性。", "[12] 粮农组织，《2010-11年粮食及农业状况：农业中的妇女：填平性别鸿沟，促进农业发展》(罗马，2011年)。", "[13] 经济和社会事务部人口司，《国际移民人数趋势》：2008年订正版(联合国数据库，POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008)。", "[14] 世卫组织，第六十三届世界卫生大会，日内瓦，2010年5月17日至21日，决议和决定，附件(WHA63/2010/REC/1)。", "[15] 亚太经社会，《保护承诺：亚洲及太平洋社会保护和发展》(2011年，曼谷)。", "[16] 儿基会，社会保护：加快公平实现千年发展目标，社会和经济工作简报(2010年，纽约)。", "[17] 国际电联，《衡量信息社会》(2010年，日内瓦)。", "[18] 国际电联，最不发达国家中信息和通信技术在促进增长方面所扮演的角色：2011年的趋势，挑战和机遇(2011年，日内瓦)。", "[19] 见教科文组织，第184 EX/10号文件。", "[20] 见www.unpan.org。", "[21] 见www.unpan.org/unpacs。", "[22] 见www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/。", "[23] 见www.undp.org/pppsd。", "[24] 见www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI/Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目23(c)", "消除贫穷和其他发展问题", "人力资源开发", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会关于人力资源开发的第64/218号决议提交的。 报告概述了全球金融和经济危机对人力资源开发的影响以及从国家经验中吸取的教训,以预防和克服危机的负面影响。 它还涉及人力资源开发方面新出现的国家挑战和机遇。 提供了在国家一级维持和发展人力资源的创新战略的一些例子。 报告强调了国际社会,包括联合国系统和各国政府以及私营部门等其他机构在促进人力资源开发方面的作用,并载有关于今后步骤的建议。 报告最后以成功的国家干预为基础提出了建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第64/218号决议审查了各国执行人力资源开发战略的经验,审查了迄今取得的进展和面临的挑战以及未来的前景。 大会请秘书长提交一份报告,审查从全球金融和经济危机中吸取的教训,说明为帮助各国预防和克服危机的负面影响并逐步走上更可持续的发展道路而需要的人力资源开发。", "2. 联合国 在同一决议中,大会确认人力资源开发对于实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,以及扩大所有人、特别是社会中最脆弱群体和个人的机会的重要性。 它还认识到,需要以国家发展目标为前提,采取更全面、更一致和跨部门的办法和机制来进行人力资源开发。", "3个 虽然已作出相当大的努力,但许多国家,特别是发展中国家,在开发足够的人力资源以满足国家发展需要方面继续面临挑战。 此外,由于缺乏资源和能力,发展中国家在制定和执行有效的人力资源开发战略方面往往面临困难。", " 4.四. 最近的全球金融和经济危机进一步削弱了各国应对人力资源开发领域挑战的能力,而此时需要增加对人力资源的投资来克服危机的负面影响。 最近,由于复苏缓慢而不均衡,失业率上升,能源和粮食价格高涨而起起伏不定,使这一困难更加严重。", "5 (韩语). 本报告概述了全球金融和经济危机的主要特点及其与人力资源开发的相互关系。 报告分析了全球化以及粮食和能源价格高涨和起伏不定对国家人力资源开发工作的影响,并确定了各个领域可持续人力资源开发的实际战略。 报告是与下列组织协商编写的,尽管由于篇幅和其他考虑,并非所有组织的贡献都充分纳入:各区域委员会,特别是欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)和西亚经济社会委员会、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构、国际农业发展基金、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、国际海事组织(海事组织)、国际电信联盟(国际电联)、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国儿童基金会、世界卫生组织(卫生组织)、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和世界银行。 报告最后就今后的行动提出具体建议。", "二. 全球金融和经济危机对国家人力资源开发的影响", "A类. 金融和经济危机的主要特点", "6. 国家 虽然其最尖锐的阶段似乎已经过去,但所有区域的国家继续感受到全球金融和经济危机的影响。 此外,全球经济复苏在经历了近两年的脆弱和不均衡的复苏后,开始减速,预计2011年下半年和2012年将继续减速,引起对进一步下滑风险的关切。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "7. 联合国 发达经济体高失业率,特别是青年高失业率,继续对世界稳定构成威胁。 发展中国家,特别是新兴经济体继续复苏,尽管各国的步伐各不相同。", "8. 联合国 此外,许多政府在危机初期采取的反周期措施被放弃,而倾向于财政紧缩。 面对日益扩大的财政赤字和不断上升的公共债务,许多国家政府正在逐步取消刺激措施,表面上是为了巩固财政。 这危及许多国家政府主导的复苏,使长期失业的风险增加,全球复苏进一步减缓。 许多政府正在削减必要的社会支出,特别是在教育和卫生领域,从而对人力资源的长期发展产生不利影响。", "9. 国家 平均月工资增长已经放缓,从2007年的2.8%降至2008年的1.5%和2009年的1.6%。 [2] 工资增长已经减缓,不平等日益加剧,甚至在危机之前。 实际工资下降对工人及其家庭的购买力和福利产生了不利影响,特别是那些从事低薪工作的人。 然而,这一趋势因区域而异。 2008年(7.8%)和2009年(8.0%),全球危机对亚洲的实际工资增长没有产生什么不利影响。 拉丁美洲和加勒比观察到,由于劳动力需求增加、就业增加、技术工人临时短缺和劳动生产率提高,2010/11年度的实际工资继续增长。", "10个 另一方面,低收入发展中国家和中等收入小国预计将继续遭受全球危机的负面影响。 这主要是因为官方发展援助的流动虽然在2010年仍然是积极的,但由于发达经济体的经济复苏缓慢,在近期内最有可能放缓。 此外,发展中国家和经济转型国家的外债也有所增加。 此外,许多发展中国家现在面临起伏不定的初级商品价格,特别是石油和粮食价格,2011年上半年价格暴涨。", "11个 许多国家还正面临“失业”复苏的新挑战,失业和就业不足现象仍然严重。 据劳工组织称,2010年失业人数为2.05亿,比危机前水平高2 760万。 2010年全球失业率为6.2%,高于2007年的5.6%。 [3] 2007至2009年底,全世界损失了近3 000万个就业机会,至少需要创造出2 200万个新的就业机会,以恢复危机前的全球就业水平。", "12个 就业复苏通常落后于经济复苏。 估计1997/98年亚洲金融危机后,就业复苏需要三年时间,证据显示,恢复到衰退前就业水平的时间相继延长。 由于最近的全球危机造成失业率更快和更大幅度地上升,就业复苏预计需要更长的时间。 此外,危机期间失业有可能永久化,失业工人需要在新兴和不断增长的部门获得不同的技能,以确保工作。", "13个 虽然就业增长回升,到2010年底失业率已降至危机前水平,但发展中国家由于至少两个原因不能保证就业快速恢复。 首先,全世界每年进入劳动力市场的4 700万新工人中的大多数正在发展中国家寻找工作。 第二,经济复苏必须由生产部门推动,以维持经济增长。 然而,活跃的出口部门出现了许多就业机会损失,这表明需要进行广泛的结构改革。 [4]", "14个 此外,人们对工作质量和工人的脆弱性仍然感到严重关切。 为应对失业率的上升,许多国家提高了劳动力市场的灵活性。 然而,由于缺乏强有力的劳工机构,劳动力市场放松管制往往会降低工资和就业条件。 这种注重劳动力市场灵活性的做法还有可能损害长期增长潜力,使工人陷入低工资/低生产率陷阱。 由于劳动力市场更加灵活,工人更替率高,不利于工人获得提高劳动生产率的培训。", "B. 全球危机对国家人力资源开发的影响", "15个 全球金融和经济危机继续对几乎所有国家的人力资源开发产生重大的负面影响。 在发达经济体,影响主要来自两个渠道:失业增加和用于政府教育和培训方案的预算资源减少。", "16号. 许多发展中国家,特别是中等收入国家,似乎经受了全球金融危机。 然而,除其他外,由于就业不足的经济复苏、青年失业率高以及粮食和能源价格起伏不定,先前存在的社会经济挑战预计将对长期人力资源开发产生不利影响。", "减少对人力资源开发的财政投资", "17岁。 发达经济体的财政状况因危机而严重恶化。 今后几年,发达经济体的主权债务可能急剧增加,主要原因是收入减少和大量无准备金负债。 为了管理债务,许多发达国家政府正面临越来越多的压力,要求在中期减少社会开支。 在一些国家,紧缩引起的资金削减已经产生效果,对许多支持人力资源开发的社会方案产生不利影响。", "18岁。 例如,拉脱维亚大幅削减了保健费用,并将公共教育经费从2008年的水平减少一半。 爱尔兰增加了处方、医院和护理家庭的付款,大量削减了教育,减少了对就业培训方案的支助。 丹麦提议大幅度减少学生补助金。 在美利坚合众国,大多数校区都削减了教育方案,减少了教师人数和薪水。 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提议,在2010年大学预算削减14%之后,大学费用几乎翻了一番。 希腊和意大利对公共部门的工人,包括教育和保健部门的工人实行冻结工资。 法国已宣布取消10万个公共部门的工作,其中许多是教育和保健工作,只取代了一半的退休人员,并减少了公共部门的工资。", " 19. 19. 虽然大多数发展中国家设法维持了社会部门预算,但紧缩的财政政策导致一些国家冻结或削减教育、保健和其他人力资源开发支出。 [5] 用于教育的财政资源储备不断减少,迫使一些国家推迟或推迟教育资金(例如幼儿教育和扫盲方案),或尽管入学人数增加,却不增加教育开支,并削减高等教育开支。", "20号. 官方发展援助流量的减少也可能对发展中国家的人力资源开发产生不利影响。 有明显迹象表明,由于捐助者减少供资等原因,非洲国家的保健预算收紧了。 [6] 这将产生严重后果,因为许多非洲国家的保健支出有很大一部分依靠外部供资。 2008年,23个国家从外部获得其保健资金总额的20.3%至63.5%。 此外,自2002年以来,对基础教育的外部援助份额一直保持不变,2007至2008年期间,撒哈拉以南非洲减少了6%。 [7]", "21岁 除了对人力资源开发产生长期影响外,资源枯竭还对培训和技能发展产生短期影响。 多数劳动力市场已经由于失业和就业不足青年的过剩而承受了负担,部分原因是需求技能和获得的技能不匹配。 因此,有必要“重新装备”、再培训和提高失业者和就业不足者的技能。 除了加强就业政策和劳动力市场机构外,通过改善教育成果、职业培训和在职培训以及获取新技术来提高技能也变得日益重要。", "粮食和能源价格高而起伏不定", "22号. 最近粮食和能源价格高涨,给许多发展中国家的人力资源开发造成压力。 低收入缺粮国家受到的打击最为严重。 虽然高粮价有可能使生产者受益,但它们会损害粮食净购买者(那些生产不足以满足其粮食需要的人)。 国际市场价格的上涨并没有引起发展中国家农民的积极供应反应。", "23. 联合国 在社区和家庭一级,粮食和能源价格高企往往导致消费模式的改变。 获取食物方面日益严重的困难可能导致危险的应对策略,包括危难资产出售、儿童辍学、削减保健费用以及饮食和食物摄取量恶化等。 营养不足和长期饥饿是影响人们身心工作能力的最直接后果,反过来又导致生产力和收入的损失。 高昂的能源成本加剧了贫困家庭的生活条件,特别是那些用电已经有限的家庭,使他们更依赖生物质来做饭。 高油价增加了农民的生产成本以及农产品的加工和分配,从而进一步提高了粮食价格。", "减少就业能力", "24 (韩语). 全球危机削弱了许多初级工人的长期就业能力。 目前,在大多数地区,青年人失业的可能性是失业的近三倍,而且更有可能从事弱势工作。 [8] 发达国家和发展中国家的青年失业率和就业不足率都达到了令人震惊的水平。 截至2010年底,估计有7 770万青年失业,[9] 与2009年的7 960万人相比略有下降,但仍远超过2007年的7 350万人。 2010年,全球青年失业率为12.6%。", "25岁 即使在危机之前,由于经济增长潜力不足、劳动力市场机构运作不良和(或)劳动力的技能与劳动力市场需求不匹配,现有的人力资源没有得到充分利用。 然而,失业人数,特别是青年人中失业人数的新增加,将对国家人力资源开发产生长期影响,这不仅是因为他们的投入没有得到有效利用,而且因为他们的未来生产力将受到限制。", "26. 联合国 此外,全球危机加剧了两性不平等,增加了风险,特别是年轻妇女的风险。 当危机和其他因素削弱年轻妇女的能力并破坏她们的社会和经济进步时,它会加剧长期贫穷,包括增加将贫穷传给下一代的可能性。", "27个 那些无法获得工作的人的经济能力会随着时间的推移而下降,因为当经济恢复时,他们更有可能装备不足。 失业率高还减少了通常用于粮食、保健和教育的收入来源,从而降低了劳动力的整体能力和福祉。 这尤其会给年轻人带来负面影响,因为他们的年龄通常在技能培养的高度。 然而,一些青年可能由于缺乏工作而寻求更多的教育。 例如,几个拉丁美洲国家观察到青年人的劳动力供应下降,因为他们在危机发生后长期留在教育系统。", "28岁 技能培训也有助于推迟进入劳动力市场。 然而,这种培训应当与在职培训、求职援助、职业指导和咨询相结合,以导致就业和创收机会。 技术职业教育和培训系统不仅创造了从学校到熟练工作的入门途径,而且还为工人提供了改进就业能力的手段。 越来越多的国家认识到它们有潜力满足青年和雇主的需要,因此把这种制度作为重要的政策议程。 [10] 一些国家政府与企业界、立法机构和学术界合作,为青年制定了“重新制定战略”,目的是在不久的将来查明可能的技能差距和短缺。", "三. 国家人力资源开发中的挑战和机遇", "29. 全球化为人力资源开发创造了机会和挑战。 信息和通信技术及其他创新技术降低了功能、等级和地理上的障碍,大大改变了劳动力市场的运作方式。 私营和公共机构现在能够以具有成本效益的方式接触最有才华的工人,这为有才华的个人和拥有熟练劳动力的国家创造了机会。 另一方面,这也可能导致发展中国家的人才外流,而发达国家的非熟练工人由于移徙工人进入劳动力市场或工作外包给其他国家,可能面临更大的工作无保障。", "30岁。 因此,必须不断投资于人力资源开发,以维持适应日益有竞争力的全球市场需求的熟练劳动力。 一个有能力的人力资源基础可提高所有部门的生产力和经济增长。 然而,仅仅提高个人的技能、知识和能力可能是不够的,因为衡量国家经济竞争力的标准不仅是一国劳动力的总体技能,而且还有劳动力以快速而高效地适应不断变化的需要的灵活性和能力。", "31岁 不同发展水平需要不同类型的技能。 例如,为了提高劳动生产率,必须具备日益互动、适应性强、分析和认知技能。 随着工人在流动的劳动力市场上从一种技能转向另一种技能,有必要建立“软技能”,包括适应性和灵活性,超越职业技能。 即使在公共部门,在有效沟通、知识同化和管理、战略规划以及协调公共、私营部门和民间社会机构广泛利益攸关方的能力等领域也需要新型技能和能力。 向绿色经济的转变还要求兼顾创造绿色就业的必要性和其他经济部门所需的调整。", "32. 联合国 人们日益认识到,许多教育和培训系统没有充分为不断变化的需要提供人力资源,从而造成供求不匹配。 许多发展中国家虽然认识到这一问题,但尚未能够将新出现的技能需要纳入学校课程、正规教育或培训方案。", "A. 人力资源开发和利用不足的分组", "33. (中文(简体) ). 人口趋势,包括非洲和中东新求职者的“青年人数激增”,以及欧洲和中亚及东亚由于生育率低和人口老化而缩小的劳动力,除了创造新的工作机会之外,还构成另一组挑战。", "34. 国家 将弱势群体,如妇女、青年、少数群体、残疾人或土著人民,纳入劳动力市场仍然是一个挑战。 人力资源利用率低意味着丧失了生产产出、社会保障、所得税缴款和通过降低福利付款所节省的机会。 提高边缘化群体的受教育成绩和劳动力市场业绩,不仅会提高国家总体人力资源能力,而且会为国民经济作出积极贡献。", "35. 联合国 要最大限度地利用劳动力资源,就必须制定政策,减少基于性别的教育、培训和就业障碍。 在各个地区,妇女的经济活动率往往低于男子。 她们集中在非正规部门较少、往往报酬低的职业上。 妇女从事有酬工作的时间较少(由于非全日制工作的普遍程度较高),而且由于家庭责任而中断了更多的职业。 劳动力市场上的这种性别隔离反映了教育中的陈规定型观念和社会上普遍存在的性别角色。 [11] 增加妇女在正规就业领域广泛职业的参与,可以促进有效利用女性劳动力。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 总的来说,农业部门人力资源能力低下,性别不平等和缺乏对新技术和基础设施的投资。 在许多发展中国家,妇女在农业中起关键作用,[12] 提高妇女的生产力将增加粮食供应和农业生产力。 根据粮农组织最近的估计,如果妇女获得与男子相同的生产资源,她们可以将农场的产量提高20%至30%。 这将使发展中国家的农业总产出增加2.5%至4.0%,进而将世界饥饿人口减少12%至17%。", "37. 联合国 在许多区域常见的童工剥夺了儿童和青少年获得技能和教育的机会,往往永久地损害他们的前景。 教育的减少导致低技能劳动力面临低工资和弱势工作。 防止和消除童工现象,使所有儿童都能从教育和培训中受益,将增加他们作为青年和成年人获得有酬工作的可能性并增加收入。", "B. 移徙与人力资源开发", "38. 国家 随着失业率的上升,许多东道国加强了移民管制,并对移徙工人提出了更严格的要求。 此外,由于国家政策或公共压力,移徙工人往往比其他工人更快地失去工作,在经济放缓期间,移民往往被以表面上使情况更加困难为目标。 移徙通过若干传播机制对人力资源开发有重大影响。 移徙工人的汇款增加了原籍国的家庭收入并改善了教育和保健成果。 移徙工人带回的信息、知识和技能有助于本国的创新和创业。 与此同时,技术工人的移徙可能导致原籍国技能短缺,而高失业率则会给技术工人造成向外移徙的压力。 需要从多种角度进一步审查与移徙有关的问题的复杂性及其对人力资源开发的影响。", "39. 联合国 2010年,估计有2.14亿工人移民到其他国家,其中49%是女性,比2005年的1.95亿人有所增加;尽管由于经济危机而减缓,但人数继续增加。 [13] 今天,每10名国际移徙者中有6名(1.28亿)居住在发达国家,而大多数国际移徙者(7 400万)来自发展中国家(见A/65/203)。", " 40. 40. 在大多数人生活在恶劣社会经济条件中的国家,全球化是一个“推倒”因素,它保证有更好的工作和更高的工资。 与此同时,低工资加上不令人满意的、往往有害的工作条件,成为向外移徙的“推”因素。 因此,一些发展中国家面临人才外流问题,失去了多年来开发的高技能人力资源。", "41. 国家 由于失业率高或工作供给不足,技术工人向外移徙可被视为人才外流。 在许多向外移民高的国家,失业是一个长期问题。 然而,促进移徙作为解决失业问题的战略,可能导致丧失当地所需的熟练劳动力,特别是当移徙国外的机会集中在某些职业时。 例如,太平洋地区的移徙更偏重于技术工人,部分原因是主要目的地国的政策有利于某些行业的熟练工人。 高移民率最终会导致技术工人大量外流,特别是在保健和教育领域。", "42. 国家 根据《2006年世界卫生报告》,每年有大量保健工作者暂时或永久地离开本国。 世界卫生大会认识到围绕卫生工作人员流动的复杂问题,于2010年5月通过了《国际征聘卫生人员全球业务守则》。", "43. 东帝汶 其他移徙工人在移徙所在国家获得知识和技能。 这些技能最终可以提高本国劳动力的质量。 因此,一些国家对国内创造就业方案作出了反应,并采取了鼓励措施来协助返回的移徙者重新融入社区。 然而,低技能工人通常在目的地国从事低技能活动,这为获得或提升技能提供了很少的机会。 对离开和返回的低技能移徙工人进行战略性的人力资源开发规划将有助于使移徙工人获得的发展利益最大化。", "C. 汇款", "44. 国家 流向中低收入国家的汇款从2008年的3 360亿美元(见A/65/203)降至2009年的3 160亿美元。 总流量下降的原因是欧洲、美国和俄罗斯联邦汇款最多国家的汇款急剧减少。 大量依赖汇款的东欧和中亚许多国家的汇款下降了21%。 北非也受到石油丰富的国家高失业率的严重影响。 然而,汇款总体上仍能抵御经济下滑,虽然没有回升到危机前的水平,但已大幅回升。", "45. 国家 汇款在加强原籍国人力资源开发方面正日益发挥关键作用,因为这一收入的一大部分用于教育和卫生支出。 对住户调查的审查表明,一旦满足了基本消费需要,汇款就越来越多地用于投资企业和教育。 来自巴基斯坦、菲律宾和太平洋岛屿国家的证据表明,接受汇款的家庭能够负担得起让子女上学的时间更长,并且能够负担通常被认为质量较高的私人教育。", "四、结 论 可持续人力资源开发的实用战略:从国家经验中吸取的经验教训", "46. 经常预算: 为应对全球金融和经济危机的影响,许多国家实施了各种临时、中长期措施来保留、支持并重新配置人力资源。 信息和通信技术、绿色经济、知识产权、设计有效的社会保护方案、缩小城乡教育和保健服务差距以及生产性农业和农村发展等领域的长期人力资源需要也得到了解决。", "为应对全球金融和经济危机而采取的措施", "47. 国家 在失业的复苏中,一些发达国家选择减少劳动力或冻结就业,而另一些国家则选择同工会谈判,以减少工作时间和/或工资,以控制失业。 其他国家实施了积极的劳动力市场政策,使失业者融入劳动力队伍,或鼓励雇主在危机期间保留人力资源。 此类措施的例子包括保留工作补贴和征聘奖励、对就业分担方案的补贴、减少雇用失业者的非工资劳动成本、求职援助和匹配、创业奖励、工作经验方案、培训方案和信息技术投资,以管理人力资源信息和流程。", " 48. 48. 还采取措施,通过改进教师培训、课程和职业培训,使人力资源开发更具成本效益。 采用良好做法可以节省大量资源。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 欧洲联盟于2007年设立了欧洲全球化调整基金,每年提供5亿欧元,帮助失业工人获得新技能或开办自己的企业。 2008年修订了该方案,以帮助受金融危机影响的工人。 此外,2008年发起了“新技能促进新工作”倡议,以提高技能水平,改进对未来工作需求的预测,并增加企业界与教育提供者之间的对话。", "通过社会保护方案对人力资源进行投资", " 50. 50. 甚至在全球危机爆发之前,越来越多的国家就已经制定了全面战略,以加强贫困家庭的人力资源开发和收入。 这种全面的社会保护方案往往与减贫和社会包容战略相结合,已证明既能有效地减轻眼前的经济冲击又能为人力资源开发作出贡献。", "51. 联合国 成功的社会保护方案,包括有条件和无条件的现金转移、社会养恤金和就业保障计划,都有详细记录(见E/CN.5/2011/2)。 典型的有条件现金转移方案针对有子女的贫困家庭,包括小额现金赠款和以儿童上学和定期体检为条件的实物转账。 通过抵消教育和保健费用,这些方案旨在增加入学率和保留率,并预防疾病和营养不良,从而帮助建立一支受过更好教育和更健康的劳动力队伍。 它们还保障家庭免受失业、疾病、残疾、老年和自然灾害等各种风险。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 巴西家庭补助方案是最大的有条件现金转移方案,每月向1 200多万个贫困家庭提供补贴,但以上学和产前及产后护理为条件。 墨西哥机会方案取代了孤立的收入转移,如实物服务(一揽子保健、营养和教育福利)和价格折扣,并在某些条件下有针对性地转移收入。 该方案覆盖了500万个家庭,占人口的25%,2007年的预算为33亿美元。 其他方案,如阿根廷的Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados计划,以上学和免疫为条件,还为参与者提供培训,以发展新的职业技能。", "53. 联合国 亚洲正在出现各种社会保护举措。 2008年,中国最低生活保障计划向贫困家庭定期提供现金和(或)实物支持,覆盖6 600万人口,占总人口的近5%。 巴基斯坦的Benazir收入支助方案旨在提高经济弱势家庭的购买力。 菲律宾的Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino方案是一项综合性的国家减贫和社会发展战略,通过抵消保健和教育费用,使贫困家庭能够投资于人力资源。 [15]", "54. 联合国 在撒哈拉以南非洲,社会保护方案主要针对最脆弱的群体,往往将现金转移与提供服务结合起来。 埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案正在从紧急粮食援助分配转向到2008年底向800万粮食无保障家庭转移。 该方案提供现金和/或粮食转移,以换取工作,并向没有劳动或其他支助手段的家庭提供直接支助。 在肯尼亚,孤儿和弱势儿童现金转移方案覆盖了10万个家庭和23万个孤儿和弱势儿童,将向赤贫家庭的现金转移与保健和上学条件相结合。", "55. 国家 正在实施各种创新举措来提高就业能力,为弱势社区创造短期和长期就业机会。 活动包括小规模劳动密集型公共工程、支持边缘化群体个人就业的定向计划以及鼓励中小企业雇用求职青年的工资补贴计划。 社会保护方案通过保障公共工作机会,鼓励中低收入国家参与劳动力市场。 [16]", "56. (中文(简体) ). 印度国家农村就业保障计划是世界上最大的此类计划,其基础是每年按最低工资享有100天工作的法定权利。 2007-2008年,它为将近3 400万个农村家庭提供了就业机会,费用为国内生产总值的0.3%。 一半以上的受益者是农业和非熟练工人。 该计划使家庭能够获得牲畜等资产,并增加食品和非食品支出。 南非扩大公共工程方案(第二阶段于2009年启动)通过提供更多的工作机会(从100天到24个月)以及识字、算术、职业和商业技能培训,创造了中短期就业。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 发展健康劳动力的干预措施可能需要几年时间才能看到结果;然而,这种投资可以产生巨大的收益。 在过去20年中,巴西在偏远和农村地区培训和招募了25 000多个家庭保健队,覆盖了大约60%的人口。 自2005年以来,埃塞俄比亚培训了32 000名保健推广人员,以部署到偏远的保健站。 泰国采用了一种称为“当地培训和家乡安置”的综合办法,招募有农村背景的学生在附近社区接受护士和医生培训。 这些努力缩小了城乡差距并改进了卫生成果。", "新兴领域的人力资源开发", "58. 联合国 “绿色增长”已被作为实现亚洲及太平洋可持续发展的区域战略之一。 为政府官员、决策者和从业人员举办了一系列区域绿色增长政策对话、培训员培训班、研讨会和国家讲习班,以加强他们制定和执行绿色增长政策、战略和路线图的能力。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 例如,柬埔寨已设立了国家绿色增长秘书处,其部际绿色增长工作组已制定了国家绿色增长路线图。 哈萨克斯坦开展了一项关于在战略管理和规划中应用绿色增长政策工具的国家研究。 2010年举行的第六次亚洲及太平洋环境与发展部长级会议核可了《欧洲-亚太绿色增长伙伴关系阿斯塔纳绿色桥梁倡议》。 萨摩亚制定了以提供可再生(生气)能源、清洁用水和卫生设施为基础的有利于穷人的绿色商业倡议,斐济、瓦努阿图和其他太平洋小岛屿发展中国家的其他社区也效仿了这一倡议。", "60. 联合国 由于信息和通信技术对几乎所有国家的社会经济发展都至关重要,因此对信息和通信技术系统能力的需求已经增加。 尽管最近出现经济衰退,但信通技术服务的使用继续增长。 截至2009年底,全球估计有46亿移动电话用户。 在发展中国家,一半以上的人口可以使用移动电话服务,全世界约26%的人口可以使用因特网(发达国家64%,发展中国家18%,不包括中国14%)。 [17] 据世界银行称,在非洲,获得电话服务,特别是移动电话的机会从1998年的200万用户增加到2010年的4亿多。 非洲在过去十年的显著增长,在1998至2008年期间吸引了560多亿美元的私营部门投资,这主要是由于移动技术的流入。", "61. 国家 然而,增加互联网接入需要应对普及宽带网络接入的挑战。 宽带现在被视为国家基础设施的一个基本要素,如运输、水和能源网络。 宽带基础设施的提供和使用使各国政府能够转变服务提供方式,促进商业、创新和竞争力。 然而,要充分利用宽带经济的潜在好处,就需要在全社会的不同层次上发展广泛的新的专门知识和技能,包括制定和执行信通技术政策。 [18]", "62. 联合国 为了促进采用方便宽带的做法和政策,国际电联和教科文组织设立了宽带委员会,使所有人都能利用其好处。 宽带对人力资源开发和教育的作用是委员会的一个关键专题,并已就该问题设立了一个工作组。", "63. 国家 有些国家在教育方面投入了大量信通技术资源。 在新加坡,第三个信通技术教育总计划(2009-2014年)旨在加强更深入地学习的能力,并用信通技术鼓励创造知识。 约旦被公认为区域技术枢纽,一直在建设其信通技术基础设施并推广信通技术,将其作为改善人力资源和促进经济发展的工具。 自2003年以来,政府大力强调应用信息和通信技术,并通过国家教育战略投入大量预算资源,将因特网普及率提高到50%,以增加信息和通信技术的收入和就业。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 技术的迅速变化和互联网协议系统的复杂性对国家机构提出了挑战。 私营部门、政府和研究机构越来越需要获得受保护的知识产权。 因此,加强知识产权政策评价和管理技能的必要性变得十分迫切,在发展中国家尤其如此。", " V. 国际社会在制订和执行国家人力资源开发战略方面的作用", "A类. 国际社会的作用", "65. 国家 由于全球金融和经济危机后主权债务增加,发达国家财政持续紧缩,预计官方发展援助流量会减少。 国际社会能够保持一定程度的参与并支持发展中国家通过更具针对性和成本效益的办法加强其人力资源。 还应重新将注意力集中在最需要人力资源开发的最不发达国家和小经济体国家。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国各组织支持了新兴领域的人力资源开发,如绿色经济、信通技术、知识产权、国际海洋规则和标准以及和平应用核科学技术。 此外,社会保护方案也出现了更全面和综合的办法,创造了农业和农村就业,并解决了保健和教育方面的城乡差距。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 教科文组织通过对50个发展中国家的教育预算进行初步探索性调查,5 更详细地审查12个国家的经济增长、收入和教育预算,[19] 以及评估危机对日常学校活动所产生影响的程度和性质的其他研究,监测了危机对其成员国教育部门的影响。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 粮农组织最近通过了一项关于能力发展的共同战略,从向个人提供培训的传统做法明确转向加强管理农业和农村发展长期变化的国家能力。 2010年,世卫组织发布了全球政策建议,以解决保健工作者在农村/城市分配不均的问题。 卫生组织正同伙伴合作,支持各国努力执行这些准则。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 世界银行一直在协助发展中国家投资于创造就业和扩大生产、服务和贸易所需的信通技术基础设施。 东非区域通信基础设施方案就是这样一项举措。 国际电联通过其学术和学习活动,开展了一系列能力建设活动,以发展熟练的互联网和“新宽带经济”专业人员。", "70. 联合国 联合国公共行政网[20]提供各种免费在线培训工具和关于治理和公共行政创新做法的学习资源。 其国别研究[21]促进了各国政府与国际、区域和国家机构在公共部门能力发展方面的相互学习。", "71. 联合国 知识产权组织为发展中国家提供全面的能力发展机会,包括通过其全球研究院、电子学习、PATENTSCOPE研究和专利信息培训、技术和创新支助中心以及知识产权组织Lex,[22] 一个免费获取知识产权立法的数据库。", "72. 联合国 为应对发展中国家缺乏合格和经验丰富的人力资源的问题,海事组织综合技术合作方案旨在加强执行海事组织规则和标准方面的人力和机构能力。 国际原子能机构支持和平利用核能方面的能力建设。 它在区域间、区域和国家各级提供核法、能源系统分析和规划、核安全与核安保以及核科学和技术在粮食和农业、保健、水资源管理以及海洋和陆地环境监测和保护等关键领域的应用方面的培训。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 亚太经社会支持的能力建设举措的例子包括“政府领导人信通技术基础知识学院”培训方案、在线绿色增长培训员培训方案、区域决策者网络的绿色增长门户、亚太贸易研究和培训网络以及联合国无纸贸易专家网络。", "B. 私营部门的作用", "74. 国家 私营部门在推动发展中国家的经济增长方面发挥着关键作用。 公私伙伴关系已成为发展和维持包括宽带在内的大规模公共基础设施或提高基本服务提供效率的主要选择。 虽然需要仔细设计,但公私伙伴关系可以为进一步加强人力资源开发提供可行的选择,特别是在主要捐助国采取紧缩措施时。", "75. 国家 开发署服务提供公私伙伴关系方案[23] 力求通过促进地方政府、企业和社区之间的包容性伙伴关系,增加穷人获得基本服务的机会,如水、废物清除、能源、教育和保健。 卫生部门其他成功的公私伙伴关系包括免疫联盟和全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金。", "76. 联合国 此外,让私营部门参与制定人力资源开发战略,有助于确定未来的增长部门和所需的新技能。 在技能开发、在职培训以及征聘和留住青年工人方面,还可以寻求与私营部门合作。", "C. 各国政府和发展伙伴的作用", "77. 各国政府对人力资源开发负有主要责任。 他们的远见和政治意愿大有作为。 最近发生的金融和经济危机给各国政府带来了挑战,但也带来了机遇。 一项全面而连贯的战略的存在,使各国政府能够从战略上准备人力资源,确保人力资源适应未来的劳动力市场需要,并随时准备利用新技术和创新带来的机会。 此外,各国政府对人力资源开发的可持续长期投资是必不可少的。", "78. 国家 除了全面的人力资源开发战略外,部门政策和战略需要纳入人力资源层面。 捐助国可重新考虑其发展援助政策,并考虑分配官方发展援助来加强发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家的人力资源开发。 对官方发展援助进行审查,审查通过部门性官方发展援助流动支持人力资源开发的程度,也可能是有益的。", "六、结 论 结论和建议", "结论", "79. 联合国 人力资源开发是经济、社会和环境发展的核心。 一支熟练、受过教育、健康、有能力、有生产力和灵活的劳动力队伍,具备新兴领域的知识,是各国实现可持续经济增长和社会进步的基础。 因此,每个国家,无论其经济状况如何,都需要使人力资源开发与国家发展战略相协调。", "80个 许多发展中国家在开发足以满足国家经济和社会需要的人力资源方面继续面临挑战。 此外,由于缺乏资源和能力,发展中国家在制定和执行有效的人力资源开发战略方面往往落在后面。", "81个 利用不足的人力资源需要充分融入劳动力市场。 有效利用信息和通信技术也是人力资源成功发展的关键。 由于粮食和能源成本高而多变继续威胁粮食和能源安全,特别是在农村地区,必须加强满足粮食和能源需要的能力。 最后,全面的社会保护方案是成功的人力资源开发战略的组成部分。", "建议", "82. 应考虑以下建议:", "国家一级", "(a) 各国政府应将人力资源开发置于经济和社会发展的核心,并进行有效干预,以加强这种发展,并迅速和大幅度地减少低生产力工作的人口比例;", "(b) 提高人的技能是必要的,因为创造的大多数工作很可能是在新的创新部门,包括“绿色经济”部门;", "(c) 发达经济体国家除了努力长期减少预算赤字外,还应维持或加强促进就业机会丰富的复苏的措施,例如提高劳动生产率和刺激私人投资的政策和奖励措施;", "(d) 各国政府应加强社会保护制度,以促进人力资源开发;", "(e) 各国政府应更好地调整教育和培训制度与劳动力市场需要。 必须与雇主密切协商,定期更新学校课程和技能培训方案;", "(f) 各国政府应加强劳工机构和条例,通过保留工作和保护弱势工作的工人来及时应对经济衰退;", "(g) 加强人力资源开发的战略应包括努力投资于新兴部门,特别是信息和通信技术及加强环境;", "(h) 应制定措施,减少受就业不足复苏影响特别大的青年男女的失业和就业不足问题,包括提供招聘、留用和再培训方面的奖励措施,协助寻找工作,使工作与技能、技术、职业培训和在职培训相匹配,以及促进青年创业;", "(一) 应努力减少就业障碍,特别是性别障碍;", "(j) 应采取创新措施以尽量扩大移徙的惠益并尽量减少其负面影响。 应从宏观经济和劳动力市场的角度,对移徙模式和移徙的影响进行更综合的分析,以期实现国家人力资源开发;", "(k) 应更好地了解并处理人力资源开发、能源、粮食安全、农业和农村发展之间的相互联系;", "国际一级", "(l) 国家 为了与国家战略保持一致,双边和多边捐助者应支持发展中国家加强国家人力资源开发。 南北合作、南南合作和三角合作应有助于发展中国家的人力资源开发;", "(m) 联合国相关实体和民间社会行为体,包括私营部门,应改变其做法,从培训个人转向建设机构能力,以满足国家人力资源开发的长期需要;", "(n) 捐助者应考虑将更多的官方发展援助用于人力资源开发并研究部门援助如何能更好地支持这种发展;", "(o) 应审查在发展中国家扩大公私伙伴关系的可行性,特别是在创造就业和青年就业方面;", "(p) 联合国 应努力降低汇款费用,以尽量扩大移徙对人力资源开发的好处;", "(q) 各国政府、捐助者和联合国各组织应支持社会保护最低标准倡议。", "[1] 《2011年世界经济状况和展望》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.C.2)。", "[2] 国际劳工组织,《2010/11年度全球工资报告:危机时期的工资政策》(日内瓦,2010年)。", "[3] 劳工组织,全球就业 2011年趋势:就业复苏的挑战(2011年,日内瓦)。", "[4] 《2011年世界社会状况:全球社会危机报告》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.IV.12)。", "[5] 教科文组织,“危机对教育公共支出的影响:教科文组织快速调查结果”,《全球金融和经济危机对教育部门的影响》,第1期(2009年,巴黎)。", "[6] 世卫组织,《2006年世界卫生报告:为卫生共同努力》(日内瓦,2006年)。", "[7] 教科文组织,《2011年全民教育全球监测报告:隐藏的危机:武装冲突与教育》(巴黎,2011年)。", "[8] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会/劳工组织,《拉丁美洲和加勒比的就业状况》,第5号公报,2011年6月。", "[9] 定义为15至24岁。", "[10] 劳工组织,《提高弱势青年的就业能力:应对金融和经济危机的影响》,指导说明(2010年,日内瓦)。", "[11] 在欧洲经委会区域,在与保健和福利有关的学科中,妇女占大学生人数的大多数(四分之三),但在工程、制造和建筑领域则占少数(四分之一)。", "[12] 粮农组织,《2010-11年粮食和农业状况:妇女参与农业:缩小性别差距以促进发展》(罗马,2011年)。", "[13] 经济和社会事务部人口司,《国际移徙人数趋势:2008年订正本》(联合国数据库,POP/DB/MIG/Rev.2008)。", "[14] 世卫组织,第六十三届世界卫生大会,日内瓦,2010年5月17日至21日,决议和决定,附件(WHA63/2010/REC/1)。", "[15] 亚太经社会,《保护的承诺:亚洲及太平洋的社会保护和发展》(曼谷,2011年)。", "[16] 儿童基金会,社会保护: 以公平、社会和经济政策工作简报加快实现千年发展目标(2010年,纽约)。", "[17] 国际电联,《衡量信息社会》(日内瓦,2010年)。", "[18] 国际电联,《信通技术在推动最不发达国家增长方面的作用: 趋势 《2011年挑战和机遇》(2011年,日内瓦)。", "[19] 见教科文组织,184 EX/10号文件。", "[20] 见www.unpan.org。", "[21] 见www.unpan.org/unpacs.", "[22] 见www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/。", "[23] 见www.undp.org/pppsd。", "[24] (简体中文). 见www.icsw.org/doc/SPF/SPFI_Brochure_Jun10_Eng.pdf." ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 4 of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Office for Project Services", "Annual statistical report on the procurement activities of the United Nations system, 2010", "Goods and services, international project personnel, United Nations volunteers, and fellowships", "Contents", "I. Introduction 3", "II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system 4", "III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010 5", "IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 7", "V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 8", "VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region 9", "VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations 10", "VIII. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 11", "I. Introduction", "1. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) is pleased to be tasked with the responsibility to collect and compile system-wide procurement data on behalf of the United Nations.", "2. The 2010 report analyses procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, and examines United Nations system performance, in response to General Assembly resolution 57/279 of January 2003 on procurement reform. This resolution encouraged United Nations organizations to increase opportunities for vendors in developing countries and countries with economies in transition. Significant progress has been made towards achieving that objective (see Figures 3-8 below).", "3. In addition, the 2010 report looks at procurement by United Nations organizations from vendors that support the “Global Compact”. The Compact measures engagement by the United Nations system with companies that take corporate social responsibility seriously, an increasingly important consideration in the global marketplace. While United Nations organizations give no preferential treatment to Compact signatories, the volume of procurement with registered Global Compact vendors shows an increase of 5 per cent over the period 2006-2009.", "4. The 2010 statistical report compiles information supplied by 36 United Nations organizations. Three agencies – the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) – submitted their data via the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD). UNOPS relies entirely on the cooperation of the reporting entities. In general, response rates were satisfactory, and data quality has improved due to better reporting tools.", "5. Data are reported on goods, based on country of supplier, and on services, depending on the location of contractors’ head offices. Procurement orders and service contracts are reported by contract amount rather than by expenditures incurred. Most United Nations entities are unable at present to report data based on the country of origin of goods, or on actual expenditures.", "6. The 2010 statistical report features an annual thematic supplement that focuses on current issues in procurement. For 2010, the focus of the supplement is on procurement and its contribution to the Millennium Development Goals. The supplement provides an overview of the international debate on the subject, as well as case studies and contributions from practitioners and experts.", "Figure 1. Total procurement of goods and services, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "[]", "II. Total procurement of goods and services for operational activities of the United Nations system", "7. The overall procurement volume (goods and services combined) of United Nations organizations during 2010 increased to $14.5 billion, from $13.8 billion in 2009 – a gain of 5.4 per cent. The total procurement of goods increased $681 million, an increase of 10.7 per cent, while procurement of services grew by $66 million, an increase of 0.9 per cent. Between 2006 and 2010, United Nations procurement volume increased from $9.4 billion to $14.5 billion, attributable to a $2.4 billion growth in the procurement of goods and a $2.7 billion growth in the procurement of services for the same period.", "8. From 2006 to 2010, the procurement of services by the United Nations system rose as a share of total procurement, slightly overtaking the procurement share of goods for the first time in 2006. In 2010, the share of services still exceeds that of goods albeit only by a margin of 2.8 per cent compared to 7.3 per cent in 2009.", "Figure 2. Proportion of goods and services procured, 2006-2010", "[]", "III. Top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations system, 2010", "9. The percentage share of total goods and services procured from the top 10 major countries of supply showed a promising decreasing trend between 2004 and 2006, denoting a broadening of the geographical spread of United Nations procurement. Between 2006 and 2009 (see Figure 3) this downward trend has reversed thereby increasing the procurement share of the top 10 countries of supply to the United Nations. During this period the percentage share has increased by 12 per cent; however, it declined by 0.9 per cent in 2010", "Figure 3. Percentage share of total procurement volume of the top 10 countries to supply the United Nations system", "[]", "10. The 10 major countries to supply United Nations organizations in 2010 (see Table 1) included four developing countries, with Afghanistan, Sudan, India and Pakistan accounting for 34.8 per cent of the total procurement volume of the top 10 countries of supply.", "11. Afghanistan is among the 10 major countries to supply the United Nations for the second year running, and increased its share of total United Nations procurement volume by 1.4 percentage points in 2010. Procurement from Afghanistan consisted primarily of construction, transport and demining services executed with national contractors by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNOPS.", "12. Sudan, also in its second year in this list, retained its position as the United Nations’ fourth largest supplier, despite a 0.6 percentage point drop in its share of total United Nations procurement volume. Procurement from Sudan also consisted of construction and transport services as well as fuel oils procured by the United Nations Procurement Division (UN/PD) and the World Food Programme (WFP).", "13. India has featured in this list since 2000, and in 2010 was the fifth largest supplier to the United Nations system, with a 3.9 per cent share of total United Nations procurement volume. This represented a decrease of 1 percentage point from 2009. Procurement from India included vaccines, pharmaceuticals and medical equipment procured primarily by UNICEF.", "14. Pakistan is on this list for the first time with a 3.2 per cent share of total procurement volume. Procurement from Pakistan consisted primarily of food supplies, shelter, tents and field equipment, fertilizers and seeds. These were procured by WFP, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) respectively.", "Table 1. Top 10 countries supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)", "Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n USA 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4", "Switzerland 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8", "Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Russian 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8 Federation", "United Kingdom 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4", "Denmark 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "France 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1", "Top 10 Total 3,128.1 3,495.1 6,623.1 45.5", "Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0", "IV. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010", "15. The following table lists the procurement volume of individual United Nations organizations in 2009 and 2010. Data are presented by the percentage share from developing countries and those with economies in transition, which has increased by 2.8 percentage points from 2009 to 2010. Total procurement volume from 2009 to 2010 has increased by $747 million, as 18 of the 36 reporting United Nations organizations increased their procurement volume over the previous year. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), WFP and UNOPS recorded the largest volume increases.", "Table 2. Procurement by United Nations organizations in 2009-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "2009 2010\n AGENCY GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%) GOODS SERVICES TOTAL (%)", "ESCAP 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08", "ESCWA 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88", "ECLAC 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "FAO 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "IAEA 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "IFAD 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "ILO 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23", "INSTRAW Data not   0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29 submitted", "ITC 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62", "ITU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "OPCW 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23", "PAHO 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30", "UNDP 610.02 2,000.91 2,610.93 79.89 649.08 2,279.37 2,928.44 79.47", "UNECA 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86", "UNESCO 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "UNFPA 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "UNHCR 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32", "UNICEF 1,829.12 0.00 1,829.12 40.46 1,823.74 0.00 1,823.74 40.89", "UNIDO 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "UN/PD 1,076.38 2,412.04 3,488.42 28.71 977.40 2,167.12 3,144.52 36.14", "UNOG 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "UNON 12.54 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89", "UNOPS 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1,015.52 79.62", "UNOV 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "UNRWA 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "UNU 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18", "UNV 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97", "UPU 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57", "WFP 1,180.01 1,388.61 2,568.62 78.34 1,451.75 1,265.28 2,717.03 75.80", "WHO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78", "WIPO 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "WMO 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "WTO 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "TOTAL 6,394.14 7,403.04 13,797.17 54.91 7,075.49 7,468.70 14,544.20 57.77", "V. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition", "16. General Assembly resolution 57/279 on procurement reform (specifically paragraph 6), encourages United Nations organizations to increase sourcing opportunities for suppliers from developing countries and countries with economies in transition. General Assembly resolution 61/246 (specifically paragraph 24), reiterates the request. In response, United Nations organizations have placed more orders with suppliers from these countries. The growth of such orders has steadily grown over the 2006 to 2010 period (as shown in Figure 4), representing an increase of 62.6 per cent for the same period.", "Figure 4. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "[]", "17. In 2010, procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition increased by $826 million over 2009, further building upon the $600 million increase from 2008 to 2009 and the $1.5 billion increase from 2007 to 2008. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition has increased from 54.9 per cent in 2009 to 57.7 per cent of total United Nations procurement volume in 2010, while procurement from industrialized countries decreased from 43.9 per cent in 2009 to 41.7 per cent in 2010. Procurement from unspecified countries decreased from $151 million to $79.5 million in 2010. Countries are unspecified when organizations cannot attribute the origin of the supplier in their management information systems. This has been a decreasing trend over the last three reporting years, indicating further improvements in the accuracy of agencies’ reporting mechanisms.", "Figure 5. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[][]", "VI. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by region", "18. Developing countries and countries with economies in transition in all regions experienced growth in their share of procurement from the United Nations organizations in 2010. Notably, the Asia and Pacific States and the Latin America and Caribbean States have increased their shares of procurement by $395 million and $334 million respectively. The Arab, Africa and Europe and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) regions enjoyed continued steady growth in the period from 2006 to 2010.", "[]Figure 6. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (in millions of dollars)", "19. Regional data from developing countries and countries with economies in transition show that all regions except the Arab and the European and CIS regions have seen an upward trend in procurement business. The percentage share of United Nations procurement from these regions decreased from 2009 to 2010 by 0.5 and 0.3 per cent respectively. The Latin American and Caribbean States experienced a decrease in procurement share from 2007 to 2009, but recovered by 1.8 per cent in 2010.", "Figure 7. United Nations procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition by region, 2006-2010 (percentage of total United Nations procurement)", "[]", "VII. Procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition, by top 10 United Nations organizations", "20. Figure 8 represents percentage of procurement volume for the 10 largest United Nations organizations (accounting for 93 per cent of total procurement), from developing countries and countries with economies in transition in 2010, as well as the percentage change compared with 2009. Organizations are listed in descending order by total volume, detailed in the section to the right in Figure 8.", "Figure 8. Top 10 United Nations organization percentage of procurement from developing countries and countries with economies in transition 2009-2010", "[]", "VIII. 20 developing countries and countries with economies transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010", "21. In total, procurement of goods and services from the top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition represents 36.8 per cent of overall United Nations procurement volume, an increase of 2.8 percentage points over 2009. For a detailed overview of procurement volume trends, categories of goods and services procured, and United Nations organizations shares for each of the countries listed in Table 3, please refer to the procurement profiles of these countries available in the 2010 Annual Statistical Report, page 40 and onwards.", "Table 3. Top 20 developing countries and countries with economies in transition supplying United Nations operations in 2010 (in millions of dollars)", "Countries Goods Services Total Percentage of total\n Afghanistan 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "Sudan 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "India 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "Pakistan 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "Argentina 248.1 96.4 344.5 2.4", "Kenya 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "Peru 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8", "Ethiopia 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "Brazil 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "South Africa 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4", "Ukraine 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4", "United Arab Emirates 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "Congo, Dem. Rep. 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1", "Jordan 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "China 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0", "Panama 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0", "Uganda 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9", "Haiti 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9", "Indonesia 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "Lebanon 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7", "Top 20 2,538.1 2,810.2 5,348.3 36.8", "Grand Total 7,075.5 7,468.7 14,544.2 100.0" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目4", "联合国项目事务厅", "2010年联合国系统采购活动年度统计报告：货物和服务、国际项目人员、联合国志愿人员和研究金", "摘要 项目厅执行主任依照执行局第2007/38号决定向执行局提交关于联合国系统采购数据的本报告。以原文印发的报告全文可通过联合国全球采购网向执行局秘书处索取。本报告按供应国分列提供了联合国系统采购的详细情况。 2010年期间联合国系统各种资金来源项下的采购总额为145亿美元，比上年增加7.47亿美元。在发展中国家采购的份额增加了2.9个百分点，增至57.7%。 2010年的完整报告包括： (a) 关于联合国在发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购趋势分析的执行摘要； (b) 对与《联合国全球契约》签署公司签订的联合国合同的分析； (c) 按供应国开列的联合国系统联合采购表格； (d) 按单个联合国组织和按供应国开列的采购表格； (e) 从经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会成员国进行采购的总表； (f) 获采购最多的前20个发展中国家和经济转型国家总表； (g) 联合国系统采购最多的10种货物和服务； (h) 联合国各机构所采购货物和服务种类的机构份额比较分析； (i) 一个列述联合国系统采购的主要货物和服务(3万美元以上)的章节； (j) 按国籍开列的项目人员总表； (k)一份补编，其专题重点是采购及其对千年发展目标的贡献，其中概述了国际上对该主题的辩论情况、案例研究及业者和专家的意见。 \n决定所含要素：执行局不妨注意到联合国系统各组织采购活动年度统计报告(DP/OPS/2011/4)并欢迎其中所载数据列报和分析以及专题补编的关联性。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.联合国系统业务活动的货物和服务采购总额 5\n3.2010年联合国系统的10大供应国 6\n4.联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况 8\n5.向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 9\n6.按区域开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 10\n7.按联合国10大组织开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 12\n8.2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家 13", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)很乐意接受负责代表联合国收集和汇编联合国全系统采购数据的任务。", "2. 为响应大会2003年1月关于采购改革的第57/279号决议的要求，2010年的报告分析了在发展中国家和经济转型国家进行采购的情况，并审查了联合国系统的业绩。该决议鼓励联合国各组织增加从发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商采购的机会。在实现该目标方面已取得长足进展(见下文图3至8)。", "3. 此外，2010年的报告审视了联合国各组织向支持《全球契约》的供应商采购的情况。《契约》衡量联合国系统与认真履行企业社会责任的公司互动协作的情况，这是全球采购中日益重要的一个考量。虽然联合国各组织对《契约》签署方并无任何优待，但2006-2009年期间向《全球契约》注册供应商采购的数量显示了5%的增幅。", "4. 2010年的统计报告汇编了联合国36个组织提交的资料。欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)和维持和平行动部(维和部)等3个机构通过联合国日内瓦办事处(日内瓦办事处)和联合国采购司提交了它们的数据。项目厅完全依赖各报告实体的合作。总体而言，回复率令人满意，由于改进了报告工具，数据质量也有所提高。", "5. 货物数据按供应国报告，服务数据则按合同商总部所在地报告。采购订单和服务合同均按订约数额而不按所产生的支出进行报告。联合国大多数实体目前都无法根据货物原产国或根据实际支出报告数据。", "6. 2010年统计报告还有一份以采购方面当前问题为重点的年度专题补编。2010年补编的重点是采购及其对千年发展目标的贡献。这份补编概述了国际上对该主题的辩论情况，以及案例研究及业者和专家的意见。", "图1 2006-2010年货物和服务采购总额", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "二. 联合国系统业务活动的货物和服务采购总额", "7. 联合国各组织的采购总量(包括货物和服务)从2009年的138亿美元增至2010年期间的145亿美元，增幅为5.4个百分点。货物采购总量增加了6.81亿美元，增幅为10.7个百分点，而服务采购增加了6 600万美元，增幅为0.9个百分点。2006年至2010年，联合国的采购量从94亿美元增至145亿美元，主要原因是这一期间的货物采购增长了24亿美元，服务采购增长了27亿美元。", "8. 2006年至2010年，联合国系统的服务采购在采购总量中的份额增加，2006年首次略微超过货物的采购份额。2010年，服务份额仍然超出货物，尽管超出份额仅为2.8%，而2009年是7.3%。", "图2 2006-2010年采购货物和服务的比例", "[]", "三. 2010年联合国系统的10大供应国", "9. 2004年至2006年，联合国系统10大供应国在采购货物和服务总额中所占百分比份额呈现出有希望的减少趋势，从而意味着拓宽了联合国采购的地理分布。在2006年至2009年期间这一减少趋势出现逆转(见图3)，从而增加了联合国10大供应国在采购中所占百分比份额。在此期间，该百分比份额增加了12%；不过，2010年的百分比下降了0.9%。", "图3 联合国系统10大供应国在采购总量中所占百分比份额", "[]", "10. 联合国组织2010年的10个主要供应国(见表1)包括4个发展中国家，即阿富汗、苏丹、印度和巴基斯坦，它们占10个主要供应国中采购总量的34.8%。", "11. 阿富汗连续第二年名列联合国10个主要供应国，2010年，该国占联合国采购总量份额的百分比增加1.4个百分点。从阿富汗采购的主要是联合国开发计划署(开发署)和项目厅通过该国承包商实施的建筑、运输和排雷服务。", "12. 苏丹也是第二次榜上有名，保住了联合国第四大供应国的地位，尽管其在联合国采购总量中所占份额下降0.6个百分点。从苏丹采购的也是建筑和运输服务以及联合国采购司和世界粮食计划署(粮食署)采购的燃料油。", "13. 印度自2000年以来就榜上有名，2010年为联合国系统第五大供应国，在联合国采购总量中所占份额为3.9%，比2009年下降1个百分点。向印度的采购包括主要是儿基会购买的疫苗、药品和医疗设备。", "14. 巴基斯坦是第一次上榜，占总采购量的3.2%。从巴基斯坦采购的主要有粮食供应、住所、帐篷和野外设备、化肥和种子。这些物品分别由粮食署、联合国难民事务高级专员(难民高专)和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)采购。", "表1 2010年联合国业务10大供应国", "(单位：百万美元)", "国家 货物 服务 共计 占总数的 百分比", "美利坚合众国 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4", "瑞士 499.7 341.7 841.4 5.8", "阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "俄罗斯联邦 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8", "联合王国 348.6 141.4 490.0 3.4", "丹麦 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "法国 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1", "前10个国家共计 3 128.1 3 495.1 6 623.1 45.5", "总计 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0", "四. 联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况", "15. 下表列出了2009年和2010年联合国各组织的采购量。数据按照向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的百分比份额开列，这一比例2009年至2010年增加了2.8%。2009年至2010年采购总量增加7.47亿美元，因为联合国36个提出报告的组织中，有18个的采购量都比上一年有所增加。泛美卫生组织、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、粮食署和项目厅采购量的增幅最大。", "表2 联合国各组织2009-2010年采购情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "2009年 2010年\n 机构 货物 服务 共计 (%) 货物 服务 共计 (%)", "亚太经社会 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 2.54 5.06 7.61 79.08", "西亚经社会 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88", "拉加经委会 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "粮农组织 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "原子能机构 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "农发基金 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "劳工组织 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23", "提高妇女地位研训所 未提交数据 0.05 0.08 0.13 85.29", "国贸中心 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 9.87 11.04 7.62", "国际电联 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "禁止化学武器组织 2.59 4.94 7.53 0.37 1.36 5.79 7.15 0.23", "泛美卫生组织 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30", "开发署 610.02 2 000.91 2 610.93 79.89 649.08 2 279.37 2 928.44 79.47", "非洲经委会 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86", "教科文组织 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "人口基金 131.60 226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "难民署 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32", "儿基会 1 829.12 0.00 1 829.12 40.46 1 823.74 0.00 1 823.74 40.89", "工发组织 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "联合国/采购司 1 076.38 2 412.04 3 488.42 28.71 977.40 2 167.12 3 144.52 36.14", "日内瓦办事处 21.48 82.78 104.25 1.31 14.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "内罗毕办事处 12.54 23.15 35.70 52.48 9.54 25.38 34.92 53.89", "项目厅 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1 015.52 79.62", "维也纳办事处 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "近东救济工程处 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "联合国大学 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18", "联合国志愿人员组织 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97", "万国邮联 0.37 0.00 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.00 0.83 74.57", "粮食署 1 180.01 1 388.61 2 568.62 78.34 1 451.75 1 265.28 2 717.03 75.80", "世卫组织 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 0.00 110.91 42.78", "知识产权组织 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "气象组织 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "世贸组织 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "共计 6 394.14 7 403.04 13 54.91 7 075.49 7 468.70 14 57.77 797.17 544.20", "五. 向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "16. 大会关于采购改革的第57/279号决议(特别是第6段)鼓励联合国各组织增加向发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商采购的机会。大会第61/246号决议(特别是第24段)重申了这一要求。作为回应，联合国各组织向这些国家的供应商发出了更多订单。2006年至2010年期间，这类订单稳定增长(见图4)，增加了62.6%。", "图4 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "17. 向发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购在2007年至2008年增加15亿美元和2008年至2009年增加6亿美元的基础上更上层楼，2010年又比2009年增加了近8.26亿美元。从发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购在联合国采购总量中所占份额从2009年的54.9%增至2010年的57.7%，而从工业化国家的采购从2009年的43.9%降至2010年的41.7%。从不明国别来源的采购从2009年的1.51亿美元减至2010年的7 950万美元。当有关组织的管理信息系统无法确定供应商原籍时，就不会列明国别。在过去3个提交报告的年度中，这方面一直呈下降趋势，这表明各机构报告机制的准确性有了进一步提高。", "图5 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(占联合国采购总量的百分比)", "[]", "[]", "六. 按区域开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "18. 2010年，所有区域的发展中国家和经济转型国家在联合国组织采购中所占份额都有所增加。较明显的是，亚太国家及拉丁美洲和加勒比国家在采购量中所占数量分别增加3.95亿美元和3.34亿美元。2006年至2010年，阿拉伯、非洲以及欧洲和独立国家联合体(独联体)等区域都享受了稳步的增长。", "图6 按区域开列2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "19. 来自发展中国家和经济转型国家的区域数据显示，除了阿拉伯和欧洲以及独联体外，所有区域的采购业务都呈上扬趋势。2009年至2010年，这些区域在联合国采购中所占的份额分别下降0.5和0.3个百分点。拉丁美洲和加勒比国家采购的百分比份额在2007年至2009年减少了，但2010年恢复了1.8个百分点。", "图7 按区域开列2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "(占联合国采购总量的百分比)", "[]", "七. 按联合国10大组织开列向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "20. 图8以百分比形式说明联合国采购量最大的10个组织(占采购总额93%)2010年向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况，以及与2009年相比的百分比变化。图8右栏以降序详细列出了各组织的总量。", "图8 按联合国10大组织开列2009-2010年向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的百分比", "[]", "八. 2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家", "21. 总体而言，从前20个发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的货物和服务占联合国采购总量的36.6%，比2009年增加了2.8个百分点。关于在表3所列各国的采购量趋势、所采购货物和服务的类别以及联合国各组织所采购份额的详细概述，请查阅《2010年联合国采购年度统计报告》第40页及以后各页提供的关于这些国家的采购简介。", "表3 2010年为联合国业务供应最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家", "(单位：百万美元)", "国家 货物 服务 共计 占总数百分比", "阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹 136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "阿根廷 248.1 96.4 344.5 2.4", "肯尼亚 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "秘鲁 135.9 131.0 266.8 1.8", "埃塞俄比亚 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "巴西 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "南非 111.2 98.9 210.1 1.4", "乌克兰 69.0 130.3 199.3 1.4", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "刚果民主共和国 62.0 95.8 157.8 1.1", "约旦 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "中国 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0", "巴拿马 60.6 80.0 140.6 1.0", "乌干达 74.3 53.3 127.6 0.9", "海地 35.8 88.6 124.3 0.9", "印度尼西亚 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "黎巴嫩 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7", "前20个国家 2 538.1 2 810.2 5 348.3 36.8", "总计 7 075.5 7 468.7 14 544.2 100.0" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目4", "联合国项目事务厅", "2010年联合国系统采购活动年度统计报告", "货物和服务、国际项目人员、联合国志愿人员和研究金", "目录", "一. 导言. 3", "二. 联合国系统业务活动货物和服务采购总额 4", "三. 2010年向联合国系统供应最多的10个国家", "四、结 论 2009-2010年联合国各组织的采购情况 7", " V. 从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购 8", "六、结 论 按区域分列的从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 9", "页:1 按联合国前10个组织分列的从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况 10", "第八编. 2010年供应联合国业务最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家 11", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)高兴地负责代表联合国收集和汇编全系统采购数据。", "2. 联合国 2010年报告根据大会2003年1月关于采购改革的第57/279号决议,分析了从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况并审查了联合国系统的业绩。 该决议鼓励联合国各组织增加发展中国家和经济转型国家供应商的机会。 实现这一目标已取得重大进展(见下文图3至图8)。", "3个 此外,2010年报告审查了联合国各组织向支持“全球契约”的供应商采购的情况。 《契约》衡量联合国系统与认真承担公司社会责任的公司的互动情况,这是全球市场中日益重要的考虑因素。 虽然联合国各组织不优待《全球契约》签署国,但与已登记的《全球契约》供应商的采购量显示,2006-2009年期间增加了5%。", " 4.四. 2010年统计报告汇编了36个联合国组织提供的信息。 欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)和维持和平行动部(维和部)这三个机构通过联合国日内瓦办事处(日内瓦办事处)和联合国采购司(采购司)提交了数据。 项目厅完全依靠报告实体的合作。 总的来说,答复率令人满意,由于改进了报告工具,数据质量得到提高。", "5 (韩语). 数据是根据供应国和根据承包商总部所在地点对服务进行汇报的。 采购订单和服务合同按合同金额而不是按发生的支出列报。 目前,大多数联合国实体无法报告基于货物原产地国或实际支出的数据。", "6. 国家 2010年统计报告有一份年度专题补编,重点介绍采购方面的当前问题。 2010年,补编的重点是采购及其对千年发展目标的贡献。 补编概述了关于这一主题的国际辩论以及案例研究和从业人员和专家提供的材料。", "图 1. 2006-2010年货物和服务采购总额(以百万美元计)", "[]", "二. 联合国系统业务活动货物和服务的采购总额", "7. 联合国 2010年联合国各组织的采购总量(货物和服务合计)从2009年的138亿美元增加到145亿美元,增长5.4%。 货物采购总额增加6.81亿美元,增长10.7%;服务采购增加6 600万美元,增长0.9%。 2006至2010年期间,联合国采购额从94亿美元增至145亿美元,原因是同期货物采购增加24亿美元,服务采购增加27亿美元。", "8. 联合国 从2006年到2010年,联合国系统的服务采购占采购总额的份额有所增加,2006年首次略高于采购货物的份额。 2010年,服务份额仍然超过货物份额,不过只有2.8%,而2009年为7.3%。", "图 2. 采购货物和服务的比例,2006-2010年", "[]", "三. 2010年向联合国系统供应最多的10个国家", "9. 国家 2004至2006年期间,从10个主要供应国采购的货物和服务占货物和服务总额的百分比呈有希望的下降趋势,这表明联合国采购的地域分布有所扩大。 2006至2009年期间(见图3),这一下降趋势已经扭转,从而增加了向联合国供应最多的10个国家的采购份额。 在此期间,百分比份额增加了12%;但2010年下降了0.9%。", "图 3. 供应联合国系统的前10个国家采购总量的百分比份额", "[]", "10个 2010年提供联合国组织的10个主要国家(见表1)包括4个发展中国家,阿富汗、苏丹、印度和巴基斯坦占供应最多的10个国家采购总量的34.8%。", "11个 阿富汗是连续第二年向联合国供应物资的10个主要国家之一,2010年阿富汗在联合国采购总量中的份额增加了1.4个百分点。 从阿富汗采购主要是由联合国开发计划署(开发署)和项目厅与国家承包商进行的建筑、运输和排雷服务。", "12. 苏丹也是在本名单上的第二年,它继续作为联合国第四大供应商的地位,尽管它在联合国采购总量中的份额下降了0.6%。 从苏丹采购的还包括联合国采购司和世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)采购的建筑和运输服务以及燃油。", "13个 印度自2000年以来一直名列榜首,2010年是联合国系统第五大供应商,占联合国采购总量的3.9%。 这比2009年减少了一个百分点。 从印度采购的疫苗、药品和医疗设备主要是由儿童基金会采购的。", "14个 巴基斯坦首次被列入这一名单,占采购总量的3.2%。 从巴基斯坦采购主要包括粮食供应、住所、帐篷和实地设备、化肥和种子。 这些物品分别由粮食计划署、联合国难民事务高级专员(难民署)和粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)采购。", "表1. 2010年提供联合国业务最多的10个国家(以百万美元计)", "占总额的百分比\n美国 409.1 1,109.9 1,519.0 10.4", "瑞士", "阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "俄罗斯联邦 66.0 486.1 552.1 3.8", "联合王国 348.6 14.1.4 490.0 3.4", "丹麦 348.1 121.8 469.9 3.2", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "法国 373.0 70.7 443.8 3.1", "总计 3 128.1 3 495.1 6 623.1 45.5", "总计", "四、结 论 2009-2010年联合国各组织的采购", "15个 下表列出2009年和2010年联合国各组织的采购量。 数据按发展中国家和经济转型国家所占的百分比列出,2009年至2010年增加了2.8个百分点。 2009年至2010年的采购总量增加了7.47亿美元,因为36个提交报告的联合国组织中有18个比上一年增加了采购量。 泛美卫生组织、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、粮食计划署和项目厅的数量增加幅度最大。", "图表 2. 2009-2010年联合国各组织的采购(百万美元)", "2009, 2010 (英语).\n货物服务总额(%)", "亚太经社会 6.20 7.74 13.94 81.77 5.54 7.06 7.61 79.08", "西亚经社会 1.77 1.17 2.95 69.82 0.43 1.44 1.87 83.88", "拉加经委会 3.05 5.20 8.24 83.86 2.58 6.29 8.87 84.02", "粮农组织 89.12 44.50 133.62 43.41 122.18 45.63 167.81 60.71", "原子能机构 87.60 48.23 135.84 13.26 66.06 79.13 145.19 12.24", "农发基金 1.69 45.61 47.30 8.70 0.91 46.19 47.09 11.71", "劳工组织 8.26 76.90 85.16 41.53 9.42 89.51 98.93 40.23", "提高妇女地位研训所未提交数据", "国贸中心 1.37 3.92 5.29 6.97 1.17 11.87 11.04 7.62", "国际电联 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.81 7.72 12.53 11.72", "禁化武组织", "泛美卫生组织 384.90 0.00 384.90 12.34 693.12 15.21 708.33 27.30", "开发署 610.02 2000.91 2 610.93 79.89 649.08 2 279.37 2 928.44 79.47", "非洲经委会 7.16 2.25 9.41 47.22 3.36 4.90 8.26 69.86", "教科文组织 58.70 126.97 185.67 33.39 43.02 139.49 182.51 62.54", "人口基金 131.60226.33 357.93 60.79 160.95 220.94 602.84 60.02", "难民署 239.53 167.00 406.53 68.32 244.43 178.38 422.81 69.32", "儿童基金会 1 829.12 0.00 1 829.12 40.46 1 823.74 0.00 1 823.74 40.89", "工发组织 16.91 69.56 86.47 40.13 30.47 41.49 71.96 48.27", "UN/PD 1 076.38 2 412.04 3 488.42 28.71 97.40 2167.12 3144.52 36.14", "日内瓦办事处 21.48 82.78 104.25 14.31 73.24 73.96 88.20 1.04", "内罗毕办事处", "项目厅 442.68 428.80 871.48 81.69 496.23 519.29 1015.52 79.62", "维也纳办事处 8.27 8.66 16.93 16.68 4.23 7.08 11.30 10.26", "近东救济工程处 168.35 96.92 265.27 78.99 144.42 76.48 220.90 87.67", "联合国大学 0.04 1.13 1.17 11.20 0.02 1.11 1.13 13.18", "志愿人员方案 0.45 11.25 11.70 1.12 0.53 14.89 15.42 0.97", "万国邮联 0.37 0.37 56.58 0.83 0.83 74.57", "WFP 1,180.01 1,388.61 2,568.62 78.34 1,451.75 1,265.28 2,717.03 75.80", "世卫组织 0.00 0.00 0.00 110.91 110.91 42.78", "知识产权组织 0.00 109.50 109.50 2.46 0.00 133.19 133.19 2.05", "气象组织 3.57 4.44 8.01 5.52 5.70 5.15 10.84 3.60", "世贸组织 0.40 4.52 4.92 8.98 0.03 3.29 3.32 11.74", "总计6 394.14 7 403.04 13 797.17 54.91 7 075.49 7 468.70 14 544.20 57.77", " V. 从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购", "16. 大会关于采购改革的第57/279号决议(特别是第6段)鼓励联合国各组织为发展中国家和经济转型国家的供应商提供更多的采购机会。 大会第61/246号决议(特别是第24段)重申了这一要求。 作为回应,联合国各组织向这些国家的供应商发出了更多的订单。 如图4所示,2006至2010年期间,此类订单稳步增长,同期增长了62.6%。", "图 4. 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购(以百万美元计)", "[]", "17岁。 2010年,从发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购比2009年增加8.26亿美元,进一步利用了2008至2009年增加的6亿美元和2007至2008年增加的15亿美元。 从发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购从2009年的54.9%增加到2010年的57.7%,而从工业化国家的采购从2009年的43.9%减少到2010年的41.7%。 2010年,从未说明的国家采购从1.51亿美元减至7 950万美元。 当各组织不能在其管理信息系统中说明供应商的来源时,则未指明国家。 在过去三年中,这一趋势呈下降趋势,表明各机构报告机制的准确性进一步提高。", "图 5. 2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家的采购(占联合国采购总额的百分比)", "[][]", "六、结 论 按区域分列的从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "18岁。 2010年,所有区域的发展中国家和经济转型国家从联合国各组织采购的份额有所增加。 值得注意的是,亚洲和太平洋国家以及拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的采购份额分别增加了3.95亿美元和3.34亿美元。 2006至2010年期间,阿拉伯、非洲和欧洲以及独立国家联合体(独联体)区域继续稳步增长。", "[图 按区域分列的2006-2010年联合国从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况(以百万美元计)", " 19. 19. 来自发展中国家和经济转型国家的区域数据表明,除阿拉伯和欧洲及独联体区域外,所有区域的采购业务都呈上升趋势。 2009至2010年,联合国从这些区域采购的百分比分别下降了0.5%和0.3%。 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的采购份额从2007年到2009年有所减少,但在2010年恢复了1.8%。", "图 按区域分列的2006-2010年联合国向发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况(占联合国采购总额的百分比)", "[]", "页:1 按联合国前10个组织分列的从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的情况", "20号. 图8显示2010年联合国10个最大组织(占采购总额的93%)从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购的百分比,以及与2009年相比的百分比变化。 各组织按总数依次排列,详见图8右节。", "图 8. 2009-2010年从发展中国家和经济转型国家采购最多的联合国组织百分比", "[]", "八. 2010年向联合国业务提供物资的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家", "21岁 采购最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家的货物和服务占联合国采购总量的36.8%,比2009年增加2.8个百分点。 关于表3所列每个国家的采购量趋势、所采购的货物和服务的类别以及联合国各组织所占份额的详细概述,请参考2010年年度统计报告第40页及其后各页所载的这些国家采购概况。", "表3. 2010年供应联合国业务最多的20个发展中国家和经济转型国家(以百万美元计)", "占总额的百分比\n阿富汗 65.0 604.2 669.2 4.6", "苏丹136.7 465.1 601.7 4.1", "印度 512.1 55.5 567.6 3.9", "巴基斯坦 369.7 98.8 468.5 3.2", "阿根廷 248.1", "肯尼亚 72.9 226.0 298.9 2.1", "秘鲁", "埃塞俄比亚 115.9 142.8 258.7 1.8", "巴西 97.1 130.1 227.2 1.6", "南非", "乌克兰", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 114.2 50.4 164.5 1.1", "刚果共和国", "约旦 30.3 123.4 153.6 1.1", "中国 101.9 47.6 149.5 1.0", "巴拿马", "乌干达", "海地 35.8 88.6 12.3 0.9", "印度尼西亚 87.0 32.1 119.1 0.8", "黎巴嫩 38.4 60.2 98.7 0.7", "前20名 2 538.1 2 810.2 5 348.3 36.8", "总计" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to forward to the latter the report of the Republic of Korea regarding paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 22 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Korea on the implementation of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is committed to faithfully implementing Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and has taken the following measures with regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "Arms embargo", "The Government of the Republic of Korea revised its Public Notice on Trade Restrictions for International Peace and Security under the Foreign Trade Act to prohibit the sale, supply or transfer to and procurement from Libya of arms and related materials, as provided in paragraphs 9 and 10 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011). The revised Public Notice took effect as of 2 May 2011. The exempted items in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011) can be considered for export to Libya upon the grant of permission by the Ministry of Knowledge Economy.", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has also notified relevant sectors of our industry about the United Nations Security Council sanctions against Libya and urged them to exercise vigilance when doing business with Libya.", "No arms-related export or import declarations have been submitted and no suspicious goods have been found since March 2011. The Government of the Republic of Korea will continue to enforce strict customs clearance procedures for export and import of goods to and from Libya in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011).", "Travel ban", "The Government of the Republic of Korea has listed the individuals named in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) on our entry prohibition list under the Korea Immigration Control Act. The individuals designated in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) were added to the entry prohibition list subsequently.", "Asset freeze", "The Government of the Republic of Korea is able to implement the asset freeze segment of resolution 1970 (2011) through the enforcement of its Guidelines on Payment and Receipt for Implementation of Duty to Keep International Peace and Security (the Guidelines) under the Foreign Exchange Transaction Act. The individuals and entities in annex II to resolution 1970 (2011) and annex II to resolution 1973 (2011) were listed as subject to financial sanctions under the Guidelines as of 22 March 2011 and 15 April 2011, respectively.", "Relevant authorities and agencies, including the Bank of Korea, the Financial Supervisory Service and all foreign exchange banks have been informed of the sanctions list and urged to take all necessary measures for its implementation. The information has also been published in the Official Journal of the Government in order to prevent Korean nationals, companies and financial institutions from engaging in business transactions with the designated individuals and entities." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大韩民国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会致意，谨向其转递大韩民国关于第1970(2011)号决议第25段的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "大韩民国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段执行情况的报告", "大韩民国政府承诺忠实执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议，根据决议第9、10、15和17段已采取以下措施。", "武器禁运", "大韩民国政府根据《对外贸易法》修订了其《关于为促进国际和平与安全而实行的贸易限制的公告》，按照安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段的规定禁止向利比亚销售、供应或转让以及从其购买武器和相关物资。经修订的《公告》于2011年5月2日生效。对于第1970(2011)号决议第9段所列豁免物项，可考虑经知识经济部批准而向利比亚出口。", "大韩民国政府还通知我国工业的相关部门，使其了解联合国安全理事会对利比亚的制裁，并敦促它们在与利比亚做生意时保持警惕。", "2011年3月以来，没有提出过任何与武器有关的进出口申报，也没有发现任何可疑物品。大韩民国政府将继续按照第1970(2011)号决议的规定，对出口到利比亚和从利比亚进口的货物执行严格的海关清关程序。", "旅行禁令", "大韩民国政府将第1970(2011)号决议附件一所列个人的名字列入《韩国移民管制法》的禁止入境名单。第1970(2011)号决议附件一所指认的个人后来也曾列入禁止入境名单。", "资产冻结", "大韩民国政府依照《外汇交易法》执行《履行义务维持国际和平与安全的收支准则》（《准则》），有能力执行第1970(2011)号决议关于资产冻结的规定。截至2011年3月22日和2011年4月15日第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列的个人和实体已经分别列为按照《准则》应受到金融制裁的对象。", "我国已将制裁名单通知包括韩国银行、金融监督局及所有外汇银行在内的相关机关和机构，并敦促它们采取一切必要的措施加以实施。这一信息还刊登在政府的《官方日刊》上，以便防止韩国国民、公司和金融机构同被指认的个人和实体进行商业交易。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大韩民国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会致意,并谨向该委员会转递大韩民国关于第1970(2011)号决议第25段的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月22日大韩民国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "大韩民国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段执行情况的报告", "大韩民国政府致力于忠实地执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议,并针对该决议第9、10、15和17段采取了以下措施。", "武器禁运", "大韩民国政府根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段的规定,修订了《关于根据对外贸易法限制国际和平与安全的公告》,以禁止向利比亚出售、供应或转让和从利比亚采购军火和相关材料。 修订后的《公告》自2011年5月2日起生效。 经知识经济部许可,可考虑向利比亚出口第1970(2011)号决议第9段规定的豁免物项。", "大韩民国政府还向我国工业的有关部门通报了联合国安全理事会对利比亚的制裁,并敦促它们在与利比亚做生意时保持警惕。", "自2011年3月以来,没有提交任何与武器有关的进出口申报,也没有发现任何可疑货物。 大韩民国政府将继续根据第1970(2011)号决议,对进出利比亚的货物实施严格的通关程序。", "旅行禁令", "大韩民国政府已将第1970(2011)号决议附件一所列个人列入韩国《移民管制法》禁止入境名单。 第1973(2011)号决议附件一所指认的个人后来被增列入禁止入境名单。", "资产冻结", "大韩民国政府能够执行第1970(2011)号决议的资产冻结部分,根据《外汇交易法》强制执行其《履行维护国际和平与安全义务的付款和收款准则》(《准则》)。 第1970(2011)号决议附件二和第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列个人和实体分别于2011年3月22日和2011年4月15日根据《准则》被列为金融制裁对象。", "已将制裁清单通知有关当局和机构,包括韩国银行、金融监督局和所有外汇银行,并敦促采取一切必要措施予以执行。 这些资料也已公布在《政府公报》上,以防止韩国国民、公司和金融机构同被指认的个人和实体进行商业交易。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 21 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Globalization and interdependence: science and technology for development", "* A/66/150.", "Science and technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 64/212, provides information on the work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. It also provides information on the activities carried out by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and other relevant organizations to assist developing countries in their efforts to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their respective national development plans and strategies.", "I. Introduction", "1. In resolution 64/212, the General Assembly reaffirmed its commitment to strengthen and enhance existing mechanisms and to support initiatives for research and development, including through voluntary partnerships between the public and private sectors, to address the special needs of developing countries in the areas of health, agriculture, conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and environmental management, energy, forestry and the impact of climate change. In this context, the Assembly also reaffirmed its commitment to support initiatives for a number of science and technology-related issues, including the transfer and diffusion of technologies; the promotion and development of national strategies for human resources and science and technology; the development of renewable sources of energy; the implementation of policies to attract both public and private investment, domestic and foreign, that enhances knowledge, transfers technology on mutually agreed terms and raises productivity; and the harnessing of new agricultural technologies with a view to increasing agricultural productivity through environmentally sustainable means.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to assist the Economic and Social Council in the system-wide follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society and to address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management. The Assembly encouraged UNCTAD, in collaboration with relevant partners, to continue to undertake science, technology and innovation policy reviews, with a view to assisting developing countries and countries with economies in transition in identifying the measures needed to integrate science, technology and innovation policies into their national development strategies.", "3. The present report has been prepared in response to paragraph 10 of the resolution, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution and recommendations for future follow-up, including lessons learned in integrating science, technology and innovation policies into national development strategies.", "II. Work of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management", "4. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development reasserted its unique role as an intergovernmental global forum for the examination of science and technology questions, the improvement of understanding of science and technology policies for development, and the formulation of recommendations and guidelines on science and technology matters within the United Nations system. In addition, the Commission continued to fulfil its mandate of assisting the Economic and Social Council in the follow-up to the World Summit on the Information Society[1] and the commitment set out in paragraph 60 of the 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1).", "5. The secretariat of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development has, through the sessions of the Commission and the projects undertaken by UNCTAD, undertaken a number of initiatives which address the special needs of developing countries in areas such as agriculture, rural development, information and communications technologies and environmental management.", "A. Thirteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "6. At its thirteenth session, held in Geneva from 17 to 21 May 2010, the Commission carried out a five-year review of the progress made in the implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society at the regional and international levels, and considered two priority themes, “Improvements and innovations in existing financial mechanisms” and “New and emerging technologies”.", "7. Participants noted that while rapid progress had been achieved in improving access to information and communications technologies at the global level, the significant gaps remaining within economies and societies affected the demand for and the ability to use such technologies. Participants identified some of the main impediments faced by developing countries in accessing the new technologies, including insufficient resources, infrastructure, education, capacity, investment and connectivity, as well as technology ownership, standards and flows. They called upon all stakeholders to provide adequate resources and to support efforts aimed at capacity-building and the transfer of technology to developing countries, particularly the least developed countries.", "8. Participants expressed their concern at the widening gap in broadband connectivity, which further marginalized the poor, rural communities and other disadvantaged groups, such as women, the disabled and the elderly. They commended initiatives aimed at achieving rapid broadband deployment and underscored the need to prioritize innovative approaches within national and regional development strategies. Also reiterated was the importance of indicators for information and communications technology as a monitoring and evaluation tool for measuring the digital divide among countries and within societies and for informing decision makers in the formulation of policies and strategies for social, cultural and economic development. Participants highlighted the importance of standardization and harmonization of reliable and regularly updated indicators which would capture the performance, efficiency, affordability and quality of goods and services.", "9. In addressing the priority theme on new and emerging technologies, the discussion focused on renewable energy technologies. It was recognized that such technologies must be part of the mix if energy security, climate change mitigation and increased energy access were to be achieved. It was also recognized that technology transfer was an important facet in the deployment of renewable energy technologies in developing countries. The transfer of the hardware must be complemented by the transfer of the skills and expertise to operate it and to adapt and modify it to local conditions. Where possible, technology options that maximize the use of existing local capabilities should be chosen. In addition, efforts to expand existing — and build new — local innovative capabilities by means of training centres and knowledge networks were viewed as important for the effective and sustainable deployment of renewable energy technologies. Participants noted that investors, project developers and consumers were disinclined to support renewable energy technologies because of the costs involved. Government policy could do much to rectify this. In particular, mechanisms such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs and the reduction of import duties could help to bring such technologies to the market. Importantly, the market must be nurtured to ensure its sustainability once financial mechanisms had been phased out. Given that there was no one-policy-fits-all approach, it was considered that a systemic review of a variety of approaches to the transfer of low-carbon technologies and the deployment of renewable energy technologies would be valuable.", "10. Participants called upon Governments to provide an enabling environment which would encourage the adoption of private and public sector initiatives in new and emerging technologies and in the generation and dissemination of renewable energy technologies. They recommended for consideration by national governments a number of policy measures to promote local innovative capabilities, namely: provision of support to universities and public research centres dedicated to renewable energy technologies; provision of support to community participation in decision-making; ensuring that communities have the requisite capabilities to manage the low-carbon technologies deployed in their area; provision of incentives for research, development and deployment; and establishment of business parks and innovation clusters. Governments were urged to adopt regulatory and procurement policies to foster competition and private sector development and to attract domestic and foreign direct investment. They were invited to consider the use of appropriate policy instruments, such as subsidy schemes, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, financial guarantees and the reduction of import duties to support technology deployment in niche markets and encourage joint ventures and foreign direct investment in the manufacture and use of renewable energy technologies. Participants also called upon the Commission on Science and Technology for Development to continue to serve as a platform for sharing examples of good practice and promoting North-South and South-South partnerships, especially in regard to new and emerging technologies and the transfer and deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "B. Fourteenth session of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development", "11. At its fourteenth session, held in Geneva from 23 to 27 May 2011, the Commission considered two priority themes, “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development” and “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”.[2] In addition, two ministerial round tables were held, one to review the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes and another to consider the harnessing of science and technology for development. During the session, a panel meeting was convened to discuss e-science, e-engineering and e-education.", "12. Participants highlighted the significant progress achieved in providing access to information and communications technologies, most notably mobile telephony and the Internet. It was, however, noted that the gap between developed and developing countries in regard to broadband access had widened. User-generated content has increased in the past few years but content was not necessarily available in all languages and for all groups in all parts of the world. The digital divide had therefore taken on new dimensions as regards the quality of access, information and skills that users could obtain and the value to be derived. Participants expressed concern that information and communications technologies and their applications were still unaffordable for most people, particularly those living in rural areas.", "13. In reviewing the progress made in the implementation of the Summit outcomes since 2005, participants observed that the important role of the private sector in driving the development of information and communications technologies and in building the related infrastructure had been supported by an enabling environment, created by Governments, which encompassed independent regulators; respect for the rule of law; protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights; legal, policy, and regulatory frameworks that encouraged competition; independent courts; and policies that promoted entrepreneurship. Participants highlighted a number of new and emerging areas which deserved policy attention, namely, the potential role of information and communications technologies in combating climate change; social networking; privacy protection; and cyber exploitation and abuse.", "14. In addressing the priority theme “Measuring the impact of information and communications technology for development”, participants called on the Partnership on Measuring Information and Communication Technologies for Development to further its work on measuring the impact of such technologies, particularly in developing countries, by establishing practical guidelines, methodologies and indicators. Participants encouraged national governments to collect relevant data, share country case studies and cooperate in regard to capacity-building. Participants encouraged the relevant United Nations entities and other agencies to promote assessments of the impact of information and communications technologies on poverty and in key sectors in order to identify the knowledge and skills needed to boost their impact. In addition, participants called upon international development partners to financially support capacity-building efforts.", "15. In addressing the priority theme “Technologies to address challenges in areas such as agriculture and water”, the discussion focused on the challenges faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries. It was noted that nearly 1 billion people were undernourished and that their number might further increase as a result of the global financial crisis, sustained high levels of unemployment, increased food price volatility and food shortages, and the predicted further widespread droughts and floods. Fortunately, a range of existing science and technology applications and farming practices at all stages of the agricultural process can significantly increase productivity. There was recognition that a shift was needed from conventional mono-crops to sustainable regenerative systems. It was also recognized that smallholders should be at the centre of policy and technology decisions. Smallholder farming was generally labour-intensive, did not rely heavily on external inputs and was more dependent on the local environment; the introduction of modern science and technology to smallholder farming should take these characteristics into account and be based on farmer knowledge networks, better infrastructure, and a system approach which involved crop rotation and integrated crop and feedstock production. Among smallholder farmers, greater emphasis should be placed on women who play a key role in agriculture but often face challenges in moving beyond subsistence farming as they lack access to key resources. Participants called upon the Commission to facilitate the exchange, dissemination and diffusion of examples of best practice in the area of agricultural science, technology and innovation and in regard to cooperation between countries.", "16. At the same session, the Commission took note of the outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, and extended its appreciation to the Turkish Government for its initiative in setting up an international science, technology and innovation centre dedicated to the least developed countries, which would serve also as a technology bank that would help them to utilize critical technologies. The Commission, UNCTAD and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey have since engaged in consultations on ways and means to implement the outcome of the Conference.", "C. Five-year review of the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society", "17. In November 2010, the Chair of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development launched an open, multi-stakeholder consultation on the progress made in the implementation of the outcomes of the World Summit on the Information Society. A questionnaire was sent to all Member States, regional and international entities of the United Nations system, associations and agencies in the information and communications technology sector, and private sector and civil society actors. The purpose of the review was to identify the areas which had registered the most progress, and those in which obstacles and constraints had been encountered and innovative measures to overcome them. In line with Economic and Social Council resolution 2006/46, the review also considered how changes in the information and communications technology landscape might call for increased or reduced attention to certain areas.", "18. The outcome of the consultation formed the basis of the report entitled Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future,[3] which was released during the fourteenth session of the Commission. The report observes that substantial progress has been made towards achieving the universal availability and use of basic telecommunications since 2005, and that the expansion of mobile telephony was particularly noteworthy. It notes that most of the progress achieved towards the 10 targets of the Summit was in ensuring that everyone has access to the information and communications technologies within their reach, and enabling access to such technologies in rural areas. Progress was also made in each of the action line thematic areas. However, while the digital divide in both voice telephony and basic Internet access had narrowed, there was increasing concern about the continuing, and perhaps even growing, divergence in the quality of access to communications, including the Internet, and the value derived from such access. A number of constraints had inhibited the achievement of the Summit outcomes, including the lack of affordable infrastructure and continuing weaknesses in investment and communications regulation. Users must be able to make use of communications services and to access relevant content in order to take full advantage of the potential of information and communications technologies. Policy approaches need to be rooted in a more holistic understanding of the changes taking place in society, the economy and the culture at the local, national and international levels. The Partnership on Measuring Information and Communications Technologies for Development has identified indicators which should improve our ability to measure progress prior to the comprehensive review to be undertaken in 2015. The report proposed undertaking potentially valuable inputs to the 2015 review, such as a comprehensive survey of the work of private sector and civil society organizations in the implementation of the World Summit outcomes, as well as a thorough analysis of wider social and economic developments in world society and the relationship between those developments and information and communications technologies.", "III. Work of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development in the area of science, technology and innovation", "A. Research and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation for sustainable development", "19. The Technology and Innovation Report is a new flagship series of studies issued by UNCTAD, drawing attention to the importance of technology and innovation for the economic development of countries. The series seeks to address in a comprehensive way issues in science, technology and innovation that are both topical and important for developing countries, with an emphasis on policy-relevant analysis and conclusions.", "20. The first report in the series[4] looked at how the current trend towards declining agricultural productivity in African countries can be reversed by what are known as agricultural innovation systems. The report identified risks to smallholder farms in African agriculture as both a result of external influences (e.g., World Trade Organization discussions, international seed companies and the growing privatization of agricultural knowledge) and internal pressures, such as malnutrition, hunger and poverty. Arguing that stagnant agricultural productivity in Africa has become a major development challenge for Africa, the report called for the building of agricultural innovation systems that would reverse declining agricultural productivity through an enabling framework not only for the adoption of existing technologies but the development of new ones suited for Africa’s needs. In this process, attention would be focused on the smallholders who represent the bulk of the continent’s farmers.", "21. The forthcoming second report in the series focuses on the greater use of renewable energies in developing countries, and seeks to join the ongoing international discourse on the need to promote the use of low-carbon technologies globally. The report analyses the important role of science, technology and innovation in the expanded application and wider acceptance of renewable energies, particularly in the context of developing countries.", "22. The report argues that sustained economic growth of the kind that leads to a continued improvement in the living standards of all people through poverty reduction rests on energy access for all. Such a global agenda requires a focus on energy efficiency that would also promote energy flexibility for all countries through the provision of newer or more cost-effective energy solutions. It also requires that more serious consideration be given to newer energy sources which could complement conventional sources in the quest to promote energy access for all. At the same time, such solutions need to take on board the overwhelming environmental challenge that mankind faces today, which is to limit the damage that economic activity inflicts on the planet’s environment. Joining with other United Nations agencies working in this area, the report submits that a mutually compatible response to the dual challenge of reducing energy poverty and promoting climate change-friendly solutions calls for a new energy paradigm. The new energy paradigm will have renewable energy technologies play a complementary role along with conventional energy sources with a view towards the eradication of energy poverty.", "23. In 2010, UNCTAD launched a new series, Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation,[5] which seeks to examine salient topics related to science, technology and innovation for development. The first in the series[6] provides an overview of some of the issues surrounding the use of renewable energy technologies to increase access to modern energy services in rural areas. Drawing on examples from Argentina, China, Eritrea, Guatemala, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Namibia and Nepal, the study concludes that the design and affordability of these technologies, the installation cost, lack of awareness, and lack of appropriate policy support from government represent some of the main barriers to their effective deployment. The challenge for Governments is to ensure that the deployment of renewable energy technologies is integrated into wider rural development strategies in order to meet local needs and priorities. National policies, for example, can support the provision of subsidies and the development and implementation of research projects, public awareness campaigns, programmes and regulations. The study underscores the need for technology transfer on the one hand, and the building of local capabilities on the other.", "24. The fourth study in the series,[7] examines the challenges related to agricultural water management in the context of climate change, increased demand for food production and environmental sustainability, and reviews the potential role of technologies in regard to water productivity, resilience in agricultural water management and sustainable livelihoods. It reviews a host of appropriate technologies and associated management practices, including traditional practices (such as water harvesting and storage) and new and emerging ones (such as geographical information systems), and discusses key areas for future action to accelerate the diffusion and adoption of those technologies and practices.", "25. In the latter part of 2011, UNCTAD will release a study on applying a gender lens to science, technology and innovation. The study notes that, although there is growing recognition that science, technology and innovation can have a significant impact on promoting development, the associated policies generally lack a gender perspective and therefore do not adequately address all development concerns. It argues that, given the role of women in the economy and society, taking into account the situations, needs and concerns of women as well as of men will enhance the efficiency of science, technology and innovation policies for development. The study highlights the need to integrate a gender perspective throughout the policymaking process, from diagnosis through policy design to implementation, monitoring and follow-up. It recommends that science, technology and innovation policies and programmes undergo a gender impact assessment to ensure that they deliver equality of opportunities to men and women. Prepared in collaboration with the Gender Advisory Board of the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the study identifies three entry points for applying a gender lens in science, technology and innovation policy, namely:", "(a) Science for women: developing science and technology which support women’s development and livelihood activities;", "(b) Women in science: promoting gender equality in science and technology education, careers and leadership;", "(c) Encouraging and supporting the role of women in innovation systems at the national and grass-roots levels.", "B. Expert meetings on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation", "26. The second expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 20 to 22 January 2010. The meeting focused on the design, monitoring, and assessment of entrepreneurship and science, technology and innovation policies that could support and drive economic development strategies. Participants stressed that science, technology and innovation was a major driver of knowledge-based economies and sustainable economic development and noted the value of developing coherent science, technology and innovation policies that are adapted to the realities and opportunities of developing countries. They encouraged UNCTAD to further develop its research and policy analysis on science, technology and innovation issues, to continue to serve as a forum for science, technology and innovation policy dialogue, and to continue to implement science, technology and innovation policy reviews in developing countries. Some of the key issues noted by experts regarding the use of science, technology and innovation indicators in the design and evaluation of evidence-based policies include:", "(a) Science, technology and innovation indicators need to be relevant and be adapted to the specific context of developing countries which cannot rely on indicators directly taken from the experience of developed countries;", "(b) The limited availability of internationally comparable science, technology and innovation indicators represents a problem for policymaking;", "(c) Developing countries have limited capacities to analyse science, technology and innovation data and to formulate evidence-based policies;", "(d) There is a need to promote the development of relevant science, technology and innovation for the purposes of policy design, implementation and evaluation. In that regard, the possibility of identifying a common list of science, technology and innovation indicators adapted to the realities of developing countries was discussed.", "27. The third expert meeting on enterprise development policies and capacity-building in science, technology and innovation was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 19 to 21 January 2011. Participants noted several common constraints related to educational and research institutions that affected the ability of developing countries to harness science, technology and innovation. One was the lack of national strategies on capacity-building, which led to weak educational infrastructure, a poor performance by educational systems in building science, technology and innovation capacity, and weak linkages among academia, research institutes and the private sector. Other constraints identified included: inadequate intellectual property policies and the absence of offices dedicated to technology transfer and of staff with the relevant skills and experience; a lack of entrepreneurial culture among researchers; a lack of understanding of the importance of science, technology and innovation for development and marginalization of the issue in national development agendas; and weaknesses in the technological capabilities of firms and in the infrastructure related to science, technology and innovation.", "28. Participants underlined the need to develop strong innovative capabilities, in combination with strong scientific and technological absorptive capabilities. Science, technology and innovation policy should provide the incentives for educational and research institutions to develop agendas that match more closely the requirements of domestic enterprises and local communities. In that regard, there was a need to ensure that science, technology and innovation policy considered educational and research institutions as central elements of national innovation systems, within which strong collaborative linkages should be established between academia and enterprises.", "29. Training scientists and engineers in key areas of interest with a view to the technological upgrading of developing countries should be a major focus of such collaboration. It was considered that the establishment and reinforcement of networks of centres of scientific and technological excellence willing to engage in such efforts could greatly contribute to increasing the outreach and effectiveness of capacity-building in science, technology and innovation. UNCTAD was encouraged to continue its work in this field.", "C. Expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development", "30. An expert meeting on green and renewable technologies as energy solutions for rural development was convened by UNCTAD in Geneva, from 9 to 11 February 2010. The aim of the meeting was on strategies to overcome challenges in using renewable energy technologies to catalyse rural development. Some 130 persons attended the meeting, representing over 53 countries and 31 intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations.", "31. The meeting concluded that renewable energy technologies could play a significant role in national poverty reduction strategies, enhanced energy security and access to affordable energy, as well as climate change mitigation. It was considered that scaled-up deployment of renewable energy technologies in rural areas could, notably, enhance agricultural supply capacity (both in quantitative and qualitative terms), support the development of artisanal business, strengthen export competitiveness, and open new opportunities for South-South cooperation and increased trade and investment. Participants emphasized the need to integrate deployment of renewable energy technologies into strategies for rural development and poverty reduction. They highlighted the importance of technology transfer and building local capabilities. Participants called upon UNCTAD to, inter alia, carry out research on integrated approaches to renewable energy technologies as a tool for pro-poor development, facilitate the exchange between countries and communities of experiences and best practices, and promote South-South cooperation in the area of renewable energy technologies for rural development, including trade and technology transfer aspects.", "D. Network of Centres of Excellence", "32. The Commission on Science and Technology for Development continued to collaborate with UNCTAD on the Network of Centres of Excellence project.[8] The project is executed through a group of scientific and technological institutions in developing countries, which are selected for their competence, state-of-the-art facilities’ and commitment to strengthen links and increase mobility within the scientific communities of developing countries.", "33. The Network organizes training courses and workshops on science and technology applications for scientists and engineers from developing countries, in particular African countries. The courses enable the scientists and engineers to update their professional expertise in a modern scientific environment. They also strengthen professional linkages within the scientific community and facilitate the mobility of science and technology professionals.", "34. The Network was launched in 2005, under a project funded by the Government of Italy. Since then, more than 120 scientists, engineers and academics from 25 African countries have benefited from the 11 training courses organized in China, Egypt, India, South Africa, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. Topics covered in the training activities are: biosafety and the detection of genetically modified organisms; molecular marker techniques and fingerprinting; advanced molecular biology; information technology in agriculture for Africa; bioinformatics; malaria-related research and training; animal biotechnology; advanced laboratory training in regard to infectious disease; molecular medicine; and cybersecurity.", "35. In November 2010, within the framework of the Network and in collaboration with the National Agency for Computer Security of Tunisia, UNCTAD organized a training session on cybersecurity in Hammamet, Tunisia. Several of the participants are members of the new national computer emergency teams currently being established in several African countries. Twelve participants from 11 African countries, including 8 least developed countries, benefited from the course.", "E. Science, technology and innovation policy reviews", "36. In its resolution 2009/8, the Economic and Social Council, in extending its appreciation to UNCTAD for undertaking science, technology and innovation policy reviews, encouraged it to continue to provide its expertise and analytical skills in that regard. In its resolution 2010/3, the Council encouraged UNCTAD to increase significantly its efforts to conduct such reviews in response to a high demand from member countries, in close collaboration with other relevant international organizations, particularly the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and with the Commission on Science and Technology for Development, the regional commissions and other appropriate stakeholders, including the World Bank and other international and regional development banks, with a view to assisting developing countries in strengthening their science, technology and innovation systems.", "37. The main focus of UNCTAD in its technical cooperation work in this area has been the implementation of science, technology and innovation policy reviews at the request of developing countries. The main objective of such reviews is to help Governments to ensure that their science, technology and innovation policies and programmes support national development agendas by enabling the emergence and development of national innovation systems. Such systems help national productive sectors become more competitive in a knowledge-based, global economy and therefore stimulate economic growth and help meet major development challenges. Policy reviews have been completed for Angola, Colombia, Ethiopia, Ghana, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Lesotho, Mauritania and Peru. UNCTAD undertook the policy review of Angola in collaboration with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); of Ghana with the World Bank; of Lesotho with UNDP and UNESCO; of Mauritania with UNESCO; and of Peru with the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). The policy reviews of El Salvador and the Dominican Republic, which will be finalized in 2011, have also been undertaken in collaboration with ECLAC.", "38. Lessons drawn from the African series of science, technology and innovation policy reviews have been applied to the more recent Latin American and the Caribbean series. Among these lessons are the critical role of the national counterpart and the importance of involving stakeholders in the process. The impact on policy is maximized when the review can be timed and orchestrated in such a way that it feeds into locally driven processes. Finally, political will and leadership at the highest levels are crucial for success, especially where cohesive inter‑ministerial cooperation is difficult to achieve.", "39. With a view to consolidating academic thinking and other viewpoints into the science, technology and innovation policy review programme, UNCTAD organized two expert meetings in 2010. The discussions at those meetings concerned conceptual and methodological issues relevant to the assessment of science, technology and innovation policies in developing countries. The outcome of the two meetings will be reflected in a set of guidelines for the implementation of the policy reviews, which will be released in 2011. Such guidelines are intended to enhance the effectiveness and consistency of the outcome of the policy reviews and should therefore facilitate the development of a repository of best practice in regard to science, technology and innovation policy in developing countries. The guidelines should give interested developing countries more precise information about the purposes of the process and the modalities for its implementation; this is expected to improve national ownership of the science, technology and innovation policy review and assist in the implementation of the recommendations arising from such reviews. The guidelines will also facilitate discussions with interested donor countries and cooperation with other international agencies active in the field of science, technology and innovation.", "40. The first expert meeting addressed the issue of science, technology and innovation indicators and the lack of up-to-date and relevant data in many client countries. Other related problems examined at the meeting included the issue of availability versus relevance, international comparability, and the importance of indicators in policy formulation. The challenge has been to design science, technology and innovation surveys that will lead to policies and measures that would in turn underpin innovation, particularly in countries for which science, technology and innovation is a relatively new concept. Indicators could, for example, be broadened to take impact into account and to capture innovation in the informal sector as well as in non-technology sectors. More specifically, human resource indicators could be given more emphasis. Another issue discussed was how to assess linkages among actors in national systems of innovation, particularly those between the private sector and government in the area of research and development.", "41. The second expert meeting focused on the conceptual framework, the thematic scope and content of and the production process for the policy reviews. It was generally agreed that national systems of innovation, including sectoral innovation systems analysis, provided a useful framework for the reviews. The UNCTAD reviews generally included an analysis of sectors critical in national development objectives and priorities. Given the varying degrees of development and the wide variance in national priorities and conditions, it was considered that there could be no one-size-fits-all template for the policy reviews. However, a number of issues that needed to be covered were identified, including education, linkages between knowledge producers and users, intellectual property regimes, industrial policies and practices in relation to the transfer of technology.", "42. The approach of the science, technology and innovation policy review programme is based on recognition of the central role of innovation in the process of economic development and of its essentially systemic nature. In this context, technological innovation is understood as a broad notion which includes not only the introduction by firms of products, marketing methods or productive processes that are not only new to the world, but new also to the market or the firm. Innovation can thus take place not only by pushing back the frontiers of knowledge, but also (and this is most frequently the case in developing countries) when firms learn to implement and use technologies that are already available elsewhere. For developing countries, technology acquisition, imitation and adaptation are key innovative processes which can be as important as research and development.", "43. The systems approach to innovation provides the basic conceptual framework for the production of science, technology and innovation policy reviews. The concept of the national system of innovation cuts across many institutional boundaries and involves a variety of links within and among many actors. The system is therefore necessarily complex and difficult to characterize by assessing its conformity with any particular model. This is all the more so in the case of developing countries in which the elements that integrate the ideal description of a national system of innovation and are found in the literature based on the experience of more advanced countries are either immature or non-existent. Therefore some adaptation to the standard national system of innovation framework is needed when it is applied in the context of a science, technology and innovation policy review.", "44. For countries at an early stage of development, generating the ability to access, use and diffuse foreign technologies is more important than putting in place a fully fledged national system of innovation. The needs of emerging innovation systems for absorption and adaptation are not the same as those needed at the frontier of innovation. Accordingly, the emphasis in the analysis of the policy review report is placed on the development of innovation, as opposed to merely strengthening research and development or particular technical capabilities. The discussion in the report also needs to avoid unnecessary technical or academic analysis or abstract language and instead concentrate on identifying the key policy issues and generating practical policy recommendations.", "45. A central concern in the context of most developing countries is how national systems of innovation enable the adoption, adaptation and diffusion of existing technologies, in particular through the transfer of technology at the international level, and the development of new technologies and their application. The national system of innovation framework should help policymakers to understand how policy that addresses systemic failures (coordination and networking problems, infrastructural deficiencies, rules and regulations, incentives and disincentives) and the capabilities of the various players can enhance technology absorption. The creation of absorptive capacity at the level of the firms, but also that of the national innovation system as a whole, is critical if the economy is to benefit from any increased exposure to the international knowledge and technology flows that may be gained through trade, investment or other mechanisms. Such absorptive capacity is defined by the availability of a wide range of skills and expertise and of material and non-material infrastructure. The aim is to develop capabilities to not only use and maintain more advanced equipment and techniques but also to dynamically adapt them to new processes or specific needs.", "46. Many other aspects of science, technology and innovation policymaking take on a different importance in a development context and are accordingly reflected in the approach adopted for the policy reviews. These include, for example, the optimization of trade and investment links with foreign sources of technology and the relationship between these links and the generation of endogenous technological capacities; the much greater importance of accelerating innovation in agriculture; a different balance with regard to the incentives and disincentives to innovation provided by the intellectual property regime; the importance of understanding and addressing innovation processes in the informal sector; and the need to consider the social consequences of rapid structural change induced by technological catch-up and innovation.", "47. A key conclusion is that the success of a science, technology and innovation policy review depends critically on the availability and involvement of a strong, credible, high-level counterpart in the process. The involvement of national academic centres in carrying out the review should be solicited. Members of legislative bodies could also be invited to take part in national workshops at the beginning and/or at the end of the review.", "[1] See, for example, A/66/64, and Implementing WSIS Outcomes: Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3), Geneva, May 2011.", "[2] See E/CN.16/2011/2, E/CN.16/2011/3 and Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2).", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3; available from www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf.", "[4] Technology and Innovation Report 2010: Enhancing Food Security in Africa through Science, Technology and Innovation, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.II.D.22 (UNCTAD/TIR/2009).", "[5] Available from www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1.", "[6] Renewable Energy Technologies for Rural Development, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 1 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4).", "[7] Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No. 4 (UNCTAD/DTL/ STICT/2011/2).", "[8] See www.unctad.org/noce." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目21(c)", "全球化和相互依存：科学和 技术促进发展", "科学和技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第64/212号决议提交的，它介绍了关于科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术和环境管理等领域的工作情况。报告还提供了资料，说明联合国贸易与发展会议(贸发会议)和其他有关组织在协助发展中国家努力把科学技术和创新政策纳入各自国家发展计划和战略方面开展的活动。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第64/212号决议重申承诺加强和增进现有机制，支持促进研究和开发的举措，包括通过公私部门之间自愿建立伙伴关系，满足发展中国家在卫生、农业、养护、可持续利用自然资源和环境管理、能源、林业和气候变化的影响等方面的特殊需要。就此，大会还重申承诺支持若干与科技相关问题的举措，包括转让和推广技术；促进和制订国家人力资源及科学和技术战略；开发可再生能源；执行政策，吸引本国和外国的公共和私营部门投资，以增强知识、按照相互商定的条件转让技术和提高生产力；利用农业新技术，以便通过环境可持续方式提高农业生产力。", "2. 在同一决议中，大会请科学和技术促进发展委员会继续协助经济及社会理事会在全系统落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果，并满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。大会鼓励贸发会议与相关伙伴协作，继续进行科学、技术和创新政策审查，以协助发展中国家和经济转型国家确定将科学、技术和创新政策纳入国家发展战略所需的措施。", "3. 本报告就是根据该决议第10段规定编制的，在第10段中，大会请秘书长就决议执行情况和未来后续行动建议，包括在将科学、技术和创新政策纳入国家发展战略方面的经验教训，向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "二. 科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的工作", "4. 科学和技术促进发展委员会重申其作为联合国系统内审查科学和技术问题、提高对科技政策促进发展的认识并就科学技术事项拟定建议和准则的一个政府间全球论坛的独特作用。此外，委员会继续履行为其规定的任务，协助经济及社会理事会落实信息社会世界首脑会议的成果[1] 并履行在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件第60段中所作的承诺(见大会第60/1号决议)。", "5. 科学和技术促进发展委员会秘书处通过委员会会议和贸发会议开展的项目采取了一些举措，满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。", "A. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十三届会议", "6. 委员会2010年5月17日至21日在日内瓦举行的第十三届会议对区域和国际层面贯彻落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果取得的进展情况进行了五年期审查，还审议了“现有筹资机制的完善和创新”和“新技术和新兴技术”这两个优先主题。", "7. 与会者指出，虽然在全球一级改善获得信息和通信技术方面取得了快速进展，但在各经济体和社会内部还存在的巨大差距影响了信息和通信技术的需求和使用能力。与会者说明了发展中国家获取新技术方面的主要障碍，包括资源、基础设施、教育、能力、投资和连通性以及技术所有权、标准和流动等方面存在不足。与会者呼吁所有利益攸关方为发展中国家、特别是最不发达国家提供足够的资源，并支持能力建设和技术转让方面的努力。", "8. 与会者关注宽带连通性方面的差距日益扩大，使穷人、农村社区以及妇女、残疾人和老年人等其他弱势群体进一步被边缘化。与会者赞扬旨在实现快速铺建宽带的举措，并强调需要在国家和区域发展战略内把创新方法置于优先地位。与会者还重申信息和通信技术指标的重要性，认为它们是衡量国家之间和社会内部数字鸿沟的监测和评估工具，让决策者能够在制定政策及社会、文化和经济发展战略时掌握情况。与会者强调，标准化及统一可靠和定期更新的指标至关重要，有助于掌握业绩、效率、负担能力以及货物和服务质量方面的情况。", "9. 在探讨有关新技术和新兴技术的优先专题时，讨论集中于可再生能源技术。会议确认，如果要实现能源安全、减缓气候变化和更便于取得能源，则这种技术必须成为能源组合的一部分。会议还确认，技术转让是在发展中国家利用可再生能源技术的一个重要方面。除了硬件的转让外，还必须转让技能和专门知识，以便操作这类硬件，并对其加以变通改造，使之适合当地条件。可能的话，应当选择能够最大限度地利用现有当地能力的技术方案。此外，通过培训中心和知识网络扩大现有的当地创新能力并建设新的创新能力，对于有效和可持续地利用可再生能源技术也很重要。与会者指出，由于所涉成本较高，投资者、项目开发人员和消费者都不愿意支持可再生能源技术。政府政策可在很大程度上纠正这种情况。特别是，诸如补贴计划、发电上网电价和降低进口税等机制，可有助于将可再生能源技术投入市场。但必须先培育市场，以确保这些技术在各财政机制逐步取消后的可持续性。由于并没有一个万能的政策办法，有人认为，对各种低碳技术转让和可再生能源技术使用办法进行系统审查非常重要。", "10. 与会者呼吁各国政府提供一个有利的环境，鼓励私人和公共部门采取举措利用新技术和新兴技术以及发展和传播可再生能源技术。他们建议各国政府考虑若干政策措施，以促进当地的创新能力，即：向专门从事可再生能源技术研究的大学和公共研究中心提供支持；支持社区参与决策；确保社区有必要的能力，管理各自所在地区采用的低碳技术；激励研发和实际利用；建立商业园区和创新集群。与会者敦促各国政府采取监管和采购政策，促进竞争和私营部门的发展，吸引国内和外国直接投资。与会者请政府考虑采用适当的政策工具，例如补贴办法、发电上网电价、税收减免、财政担保和减少进口税，以支持这种技术在利基市场的应用，鼓励可再生能源技术制造和使用领域的合资企业及外国直接投资。与会者还呼吁科学和技术促进发展委员会继续作为一个平台，交流良好做法的范例，并促进南北和南南伙伴关系的发展，特别是在新技术和新兴技术以及可再生能源技术转让和应用方面。", "B. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十四届会议", "11. 委员会2011年5月23日至27日在日内瓦举行的第十四届会议审议了“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”以及“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”这两个优先主题。[2] 此外，还举行了两次部长级圆桌会议，一次是审查信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况，另一次是审议利用科学和技术促进发展。届会期间，还召集了讨论电子科学、电子工程、电子教育的小组讨论会。", "12. 与会者强调了在提供信息和通信技术获取渠道方面取得的显著进展，最明显的就是移动电话和因特网方面的进展。但是，会议指出，发达国家和发展中国家在宽带接入方面的差距扩大了。在过去数年间，用户生成的内容增加了，但内容并不一定有所有语文版本，也不一定可供世界所有地区的所有群体使用。因此，数字鸿沟出现了新的层面，体现在用户可接入、获得信息和技能的质量及他们从中可以得到的价值，与会者表示关切的是，信息和通信技术及其应用对大多数人来说仍然负担不起，对那些在农村地区生活的人来说尤其如此。", "13. 在审查自2005年以来信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况时，与会者指出，私营部门在促进信息和通信技术发展和建设相关的基础设施方面所发挥的重要作用得到了下列因素的支持：政府、包括独立监管机构所建立的有利环境；尊重法治；保护和强制执行知识产权；鼓励竞争的法律、政策和监管框架；独立的法院；以及促进创业精神的政策。与会者还强调了一些需得到政策关注的新的和新兴的领域，即信息和通信技术在应对气候变化方面的潜力、社交网络、隐私保护及网络剥削和滥用。", "14. 针对优先主题“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”，与会者呼吁衡量信息和通信技术促进发展伙伴关系，通过拟订切实可行的导则、方法和指标进一步推动特别是在发展中国家衡量此类技术影响方面的工作。与会者鼓励各国政府收集有关数据，分享国别案例研究成果，并在能力建设方面进行合作。他们还鼓励联合国有关实体和其他机构促进评估信息和通信技术对贫穷的影响以及在关键领域里的影响，以确定加大影响所需的知识和技能。此外，他们呼吁国际发展伙伴向能力建设工作提供财政支持。", "15. 在讨论关于“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”的优先主题时，讨论集中在发展中国家小农所面临的挑战上。有人指出，有将近十亿人营养不足，鉴于全球金融危机、居高不下的失业率、食物价格波动加剧、食物短缺以及预测旱灾和水灾会进一步扩大，这个数字甚至还会进一步增加。幸运的是，农业流程各个阶段现有的一系列科学技术的应用和耕作方式可以大大提高生产率。与会者认识到，需要从传统的单一作物转向可持续再生系统。还认识到，小农应处于政策和技术决策的中心位置。小农耕作一般都是劳动密集型的，并不严重依赖外部投入，而是更加仰赖当地的环境。将现代科学技术引入小农耕作应该考虑到这些特点，并且立足于农作知识网、比较完善的基础设施以及一种将作物轮作、综合作物和原料生产结合起来的系统途径。在小农中，应更强调妇女，因为她们在农业领域发挥着关键作用，却因得不到关键资源而在力图跨出糊口农作方面经常遇到挑战。与会者呼吁委员会促进交流、传播和推广在农业科学、技术及创新领域和关于国家之间合作的最佳做法范例。", "16. 委员会在同届会议上注意到2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果文件，赞赏土耳其政府提出的设立专门针对最不发达国家的国际科学、技术及创新中心的倡议，该中心还将作为技术库，帮助最不发达国家利用至关重要的技术。在第十四届会议之后，委员会、贸发会议及土耳其科学和技术研究理事会就落实会议成果的方式方法进行了协商。", "C. 信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行情况五年审查", "17. 2010年11月，科学和技术促进发展委员会主席就信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行进展情况举行了公开的多利益攸关方磋商。向联合国所有会员国、联合国系统区域和国际实体、信息和通信技术部门的协会和机构、私营部门以及民间社会行为者散发了一份调查问卷。审查的目的在于查明进展最为明显的领域，遇到哪些障碍和限制，以及克服这类障碍和限制的创新措施。根据经济及社会理事会第2006/46号决议，该项审查还审议了信息和通信技术领域的变化可如何要求增加或减少对某些领域的关注。", "18. 磋商结果构成了委员会第十四届会议期间发布的题为“执行信息社会世界首脑会议成果：迄今的经验和未来展望”的报告[3] 的基础。报告指出，自2005年以来，为普及和普遍采用基本电信取得了实质性进展，特别值得一提的是移动电话的扩展。报告指出，为实现首脑会议10个目标取得的大部分进展是确保人人都可方便地获取信息和通信技术，并且使农村地区能够获得这种技术。在每个行动路线专题领域也取得了进展。然而，尽管语音电话和基本的因特网接入方面的数字鸿沟缩小了，但人们日益关切的是，通信手段、包括因特网的利用质量以及利用后得到的价值方面仍存在差异，这种差异也许甚至在扩大。一些制约因素抑制了落实首脑会议成果，其中包括缺乏负担得起的基础设施、投资和通信监管方面的问题还在持续。用户要充分利用信息和通信技术的潜力，则必须能够利用通信服务和查找相关内容。政策方针的制订需要植根于更全面地了解社会、经济和文化在地方、国家和国际层面的变化。衡量信通技术促进发展伙伴关系确定了2015年全面审查前应该有助于提高我们衡量进展能力的指标。报告建议对2015年审查提供具有潜在价值的投入，如全面调查私营部门和民间社会组织在落实世界首脑会议成果方面的工作，透彻分析国际社会更为广泛的社会经济发展情况以及这些事态发展与信息和通信技术之间的关系。", "三. 联合国贸易和发展会议在科学、技术和创新领域的工作", "A. 科学、技术和革新促进可持续发展方面的研究和能力建设", "19. 《技术和创新报告》是贸发会议印发的一个新的主要系列研究报告，其中提请注意技术和创新促进国家经济发展的重要性。该系列旨在全面探讨令人关注并对发展中国家十分重要的科学、技术和创新领域中的问题，其重点是与政策有关的分析和结论。", "20. 该系列的第一份报告[4] 审视了所知的农业创新体系可如何扭转非洲国家农业生产力不断下降的当前趋势。该报告确认，非洲农业中的小型农场面临的风险既来自外部影响(例如世界贸易组织的讨论、国际种子公司以及农业知识的不断私有化)，又来自营养不良、饥饿和贫穷等内部压力。该报告称非洲停滞不前的农业生产力已成为非洲的一个主要发展挑战，并呼吁建立一个农业创新体系，该体系将通过促进采用现有技术和开发适合非洲需求的新技术的有利框架，扭转下降的农业生产力。在此过程中，将侧重于占非洲农民大多数的小农。", "21.即将印发的该系列第二份报告侧重于在发展中国家更多地使用可再生能源，并努力加入当前有关在全球促进低碳技术使用必要性的国际讨论。该报告分析科学、技术和创新在更广泛使用和接受可再生能源、尤其是在发展中国家更广泛使用和接受可再生能源方面的重要作用。", "22. 该报告称，那种通过减贫使所有人的生活水平不断提高的经济持续增长取决于所有人都能获得能源。此种全球性议程要求，通过提供更新或更具成本效益的能源解决方案侧重于能源效率，而能源效率又能促进所有国家的能源灵活性。它还要求，对在促进所有人获得能源方面可以补充常规能源的较新的能源来源给予更认真的考虑。同时，这种解决方案需要考虑人类今天所面临的巨大环境挑战，即限制经济活动对地球环境造成的损害。该报告同意在这一领域开展工作的联合国其他机构的意见，提出要以相互兼容的方式应对减少能源贫困和推广有助于应对气候变化的解决方案这一双重挑战，就需要一个新的能源范式。新能源范式将使可再生能源技术发挥补充常规能源的作用，以消除能源贫困。", "23. 2010年，贸发会议推出了一个新的报告系列，涉及当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究，[5] 该系列试图研究与科学、技术和创新促进发展有关的重要专题。该系列中的第一份报告[6] 概述了与使用可再生能源技术使农村地区人民获得更多现代能源服务有关的一些问题。该报告列举了阿根廷、中国、厄立特里亚、危地马拉、老挝人民民主共和国、纳米比亚和尼泊尔的例子，得出结论认为，这些技术的设计和可负担性、安装费用、对其的认识不足以及缺少来自政府的适当政策支持是有效应用这些技术的一些主要障碍。政府面临的挑战是如何确保将可再生能源技术的应用纳入更广泛的农村发展战略，以满足当地的需求和优先事项。例如，国家政策可支持提供补贴和开展研究项目、开展提高公众认识的运动、方案制定和实施和法规。该研究报告强调，一方面需要技术转让，另一方面需要建设当地的能力。", "24. 该系列的第四份报告[7] 研究了与在气候变化背景下农业用水管理有关的挑战、对粮食生产和环境可持续性的更多需求，并审视了技术在水的生产力、农业用水管理的弹性和可持续生计方面的潜在作用。该报告审视了大量适当技术和相关管理做法，包括传统做法(如雨水集蓄和储存)以及新技术和新兴技术(例如地理信息系统),并讨论了为加速推广和采用这些技术和做法需要采取进一步行动的关键领域。", "25. 贸发会议将于2011年下半年发布一份关于用性别视角审视科学、技术和创新的报告。该研究报告指出，尽管人们越来越认识到，科学、技术和创新可以对促进发展产生重大影响，相关政策往往缺少一种性别视角，因此无法充分处理所有发展问题。该报告称，鉴于妇女在经济和社会中的作用，在考虑男子的境况、需求和关切事项的同时考虑到妇女的境况、需求和关切事项，将提高科学、技术和创新政策促进发展的效率。该研究报告强调，需要将性别观点纳入到从诊断到政策设计到执行、监测和开展后续工作的政策制定程序的整个过程。该报告建议，对科学、技术和创新政策和方案进行一次性别影响评估，以确保这些政策和方案对男子和妇女提供平等的机会。该研究报告是与科学和技术促进发展委员会性别咨询委员会合作编制的，它确定了三个在科学、技术和创新政策中运用性别视角的切入点，即：", "(a) 科学为妇女所利用：发展支持妇女发展和生计活动的科学和技术；", "(b) 妇女与科学：促进在科学和技术教育、职业和领导能力方面的性别平等；", "(c) 鼓励和支持妇女在国家和基层的创新体系中发挥作用。", "B. 关于企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新领域能力建设的专家会议", "26. 贸发会议于2010年1月20日至22日在日内瓦召开了关于企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新领域能力建设的第二次专家会议。该会议侧重于设计、监测和评估可能支持和推动经济发展战略的创业和科学、技术和创新政策。与会者强调，科学、技术和创新是知识性经济体和可持续发展的主要驱动力，并指出制定协调一致的适应发展中国家现实情况和机会的科学、技术和创新政策十分重要。与会者鼓励贸发会议进一步对科学、技术和创新问题进行研究和政策分析，继续充当科学、技术和创新政策对话的论坛，并继续在发展中国家执行科学、技术和创新政策审查。专家们指出了有关在设计和评价循证政策中使用科学、技术和创新指标的一些关键问题，其中包括：", "(a) 科学、技术和创新指标需要具有相关性并适应发展中国家的具体国情，因为发展中国家无法依赖直接根据发达国家经验制定的指标；", "(b) 在国际上具有可比性的科学、技术和创新指标有限，这是政策制定的一个问题；", "(c) 发展中国家分析科学、技术和创新数据以及制定循证政策方面的能力有限；", "(d) 需要促进相关的科学、技术和创新的发展，以进行政策设计、执行和评价。在此方面，讨论了确定一个适应发展中国家现实情况的科学、技术和创新指标通用清单的可能性。", "27. 贸发会议于2011年1月19日至21日在日内瓦召开了关于科学、技术和创新领域的企业发展政策及能力建设的第三次专家会议。与会者指出，影响发展中国家利用科学、技术和创新能力的与教育和研究机构有关的若干共同限制因素。一个因素是缺少有关能力建设的国家战略，这导致教育基础设施薄弱、教育系统在建设科学、技术和创新能力方面成绩不佳以及学术界、研究机构和私营部门之间的联系薄弱。确定的其他限制因素包括：缺乏知识产权政策，没有专门负责技术转让的办公室和具有相关技能和经验的工作人员；在研究人员中缺乏创业文化；缺少对科学、技术和创新促进发展的重要性的了解以及该问题在国家发展议程中的边缘化；公司的技术能力以及与科学、技术和创新有关的基础设施薄弱。", "28. 与会者强调，需要发展强有力的创新能力，以及强有力的科学和技术吸收能力。科学、技术和创新政策应为教育和研究机构提供激励，以制定更为满足国内企业和地方社区要求的议程。在此方面，需要确保科学、技术和创新政策将教育和研究机构视为国家创新体系的核心因素，在该体系中应建立学术界和企业之间的强有力的合作关系。", "29. 此种合作的一个主要重点，应当是在重要关注领域培训科学家和工程师，以实现发展中国家的技术提升。与会者认为，设立和加强愿意参与此种工作的科学和技术英才中心网络，可能会大大有助于提高能力建设在科学、技术和创新中的推广和效率。与会者鼓励贸发会议继续在此领域开展工作。", "C. 关于绿色可再生能源技术作为推动农村发展的能源解决办法的专家会议", "30. 贸发会议于2010年2月9日至11日在日内瓦召开了关于绿色可再生能源技术作为推动农村发展的能源解决办法的专家会议。该会议的目的是讨论应对在使用可再生能源技术推动农村发展方面挑战的战略。约130人参加了该会议，他们代表着53个以上的国家和31个政府间组织和非政府组织。", "31. 会议认为，可再生能源技术可以在国家减贫战略、加强能源保障、获得负担得起的能源和减缓气候变化方面发挥重要作用。与会者认为，在农村地区扩大采用可再生能源技术可以显著加强农业供应能力(在数量和质量这两方面)，支持个体商业的发展，加强出口竞争力，为南南合作以及更多的贸易和投资提供新的机会。与会者强调，需要将采用可再生能源技术纳入农村发展和减贫战略中。他们强调技术转让和进行地方能力建设的重要性。与会者呼吁贸发会议除其他外，开展关于可再生能源技术综合办法作为扶贫发展工具的研究，推动国家和社区交流经验和最佳做法，并在可再生能源技术促进农村发展、包括贸易和技术转让方面促进南南合作。", "D. 英才中心网络", "32. 科学和技术促进发展委员会继续与贸发会议就英才中心网络项目进行合作。[8] 该项目是通过一些发展中国家的科学和技术机构执行的，这些机构是因其能力、先进的设备以及承诺加强发展中国家科学界的内部联系和流动性而被选定的。", "33. 该网络为来自发展中国家、尤其是非洲国家的科学家和工程师举办有关科学和技术应用的培训课程和讲习班。这些课程使科学家和工程师能够在一个现代的科学环境中更新他们的专业知识，并加强科学界内部的专业联系，促进科学和技术专业人员的流动。", "34.该网络是2005年在一个由意大利政府供资的项目下推出的。此后，来自25个非洲国家的120多名科学家、工程师和学者从在中国、埃及、印度、南非、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国举办的11个培训课程中受益。培训活动包含的专题为：生物安全和转基因生物的检测；分子标记技术和指纹识别；高级分子生物学；非洲的农业信息技术；生物信息学；与疟疾有关的研究和培训，动物生物技术；与传染病有关的实验室高级培训；分子医学和网络安全。", "35. 2010年11月，贸发会议在该网络框架内，与突尼斯国家计算机安全局合作，在突尼斯哈马马特组织了一个网络安全培训班。多名参加者为目前在若干非洲国家设立的新的国家计算机应急小组的成员。来自11个非洲国家、包括8个最不发达国家的12名参加者从该课程中受益。", "E. 科学、技术和创新政策审查", "36. 经济及社会理事会在其第2009/8号决议中，赞赏贸发会议进行科学、技术和创新政策审查，鼓励贸发会议在此方面继续提供专门知识和分析方法。经社理事会在其第2010/3号决议中，鼓励贸发会议针对成员国的高需求，为协助发展中国家加强其科学、技术与工业系统，与其他有关国际组织密切协作，特别是与联合国教育、科学及文化组织，科学和技术促进发展委员会和各区域委员会以及包括世界银行及其他国际和区域开发银行在内的其他适当的利益攸关方的协作，加紧努力进行科技创新政策审查。", "37. 贸发会议在此领域的技术合作工作的主要侧重点一直是应发展中国家的请求进行科学、技术和创新政策审查。此种审查的主要目的是协助各国政府确保它们的科学、技术和创新政策和方案有利于国家创新体系的产生和发展，从而支持国家发展议程。此种体系有助于提高国家生产部门在以知识为基础的全球经济中的竞争力，从而刺激经济增长，有助于应对主要发展挑战。贸发会议已完成了对安哥拉、哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、牙买加、莱索托、毛里塔尼亚和秘鲁的政策审查。贸发会议与联合国开发计划署(开发署)合作对安哥拉进行了政策审查；与世界银行合作对加纳进行了政策审查；与开发署和教科文组织合作对莱索托进行了政策审查；与教科文组织合作对毛里坦尼亚进行了政策审查；与拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)合作对秘鲁进行了政策审查。将于2011年完成的对萨尔瓦多和多米尼加共和国的政策审查也是与拉加经委会合作进行的。", "38. 从对非洲国家进行的一系列科学、技术和创新政策审查中汲取的经验教训已经被应用到最近对拉丁美洲和加勒比国家进行的系列政策审查中。这些经验教训包括国家对应部门具有重要作用和必须使利益攸关者参与到该进程中。当审查的时间和安排方式使审查结果可以提供给当地驱动的进程中时，对政策能够产生最大的影响。最后，最高层的政治意愿和领导能力对于成功至关重要，尤其是在难以实现紧密的部际合作的情况下。", "39. 为将学术思维和其他观点纳入科学、技术和创新政策审查方案中，贸发会议于2010年举办了两次专家会议。在这些会议上的讨论涉及与评估发展中国家的科学、技术和创新政策有关的概念和方法问题。这两次会议的成果将反映在将于2011年发布的一套政策审查执行准则中。这一准则旨在加强政策审查结果的有效性和一致性，从而有助于形成一个与发展中国家的科学、技术和创新政策有关的最佳做法库。该准则应为感兴趣的发展中国家提供有关该进程的目的和执行模式的更为准确的资料；预计这将提高科学、技术和创新政策审查的国家自主权，并有助于执行此种审查产生的建议。该准则还将推动与有关捐助国的讨论和与活跃在科学、技术和创新领域的其他国际机构的合作。", "40. 第一次专家会议讨论了很多用户国家的科学、技术和创新指标和缺少最新的相关数据的问题。该会议研究的其他相关问题包括可用性与相关性、国际可比性以及指标在政策制定方面的重要性问题。所面临的挑战是设计科学、技术和创新调查，以此制定政策和措施，而这些政策和措施又将加强创新，尤其是在科学、技术和创新是一个相对较新的概念的国家中。例如，可以扩大指标,以顾及影响和反映非正规部门和非科技部门的创新。更为具体的是，可以更加重视人力资源指标。讨论的另一个问题是如何评估国家创新体系中行为体之间的联系，尤其是私营部门和政府在研究和发展领域之间的联系。", "41. 第二次专家会议集中讨论了政策审查的概念框架、专题范围和内容以及编制进程。与会者普遍认为，包括部门创新系统分析在内的国家创新体系为审查提供了一个有用的框架。贸发会议的审查一般包括对在国家的发展目标和优先事项至关重要的部门的分析。鉴于各国发展的不同程度和国家优先事项和条件大相径庭，与会者认为可能没有一个放之四海而皆准的政策审查模板。然而，与会者确认了政策审查需要包含的若干问题，包括教育、知识生产者和使用者之间的联系、知识产权制度，产业政策和有关技术转让的做法。", "42. 科学、技术和创新政策审查方案的方式是基于对创新在经济发展进程中的核心作用及其系统性的认识。在此方面，技术创新被理解为一个广泛的概念，不仅仅包括公司推出的对于世界、市场和公司都是全新的产品、市场营销方法或生产程序。因此，创新不仅可以在推迫知识前沿后退时产生，还可以(在发展中国家这是最常见的一种情况)在公司学习实施和运用在其他地方已经存在的技术时发生。对于发展中国家，技术获取、模仿和改造可能是与研究和开发同等重要的关键创新进程。", "43. 进行创新的系统方式提供了编制科学、技术和创新政策审查的基本概念框架。国家创新体系的概念跨越很多体制的界限，涉及很多行为体内部和之间的多种联系。因此，该体系一定是复杂的，难以通过评估其是否符合任何特定模式而确定其特性。在发展中国家更为如此，因为溶入对国家创新体系的理想描述的、见于根据更为先进国家的经验编制的资料中的因素要么不成熟，要么不存在。因此，在科学、技术和创新政策审查中使用标准国家创新体系框架时需要对其进行改造。", "44. 对于处在发展初级阶段的国家，形成获得、使用和推广外国技术的能力比建立一个完全成熟的国家创新体系更为重要。用于技术吸收和改造的新兴创新体系的需求与创新前沿的需求的不同。因此，政策审查报告分析的重点放在创新的发展上，而不是仅仅加强研究和开发工作或特定的技术能力。该报告中的讨论还需要避免不必要的技术或学术分析或抽象的语言，而应侧重于确认关键政策问题和提出切实的政策建议。", "45. 大多数发展中国家的核心关切事项是国家创新体系如何实现、特别是通过国际一级的技术转让实现现有技术的采用、改造和推广，以及新技术的开发和使用。国家创新体系框架应帮助政策制定者了解应对系统失灵的政策(协调和建立联系问题、基础设施不足、规则和条例、激励措施和抑制措施)和各行为体的能力如何能加强技术吸收。如果经济要得益于更多地接触从可能通过贸易、投资或其他机制获得的国际知识和技术流动，建立公司一级和整个国家创新体系的吸收能力就是至关重要的。此种吸收能力被界定为拥有各种技能和专业知识以及物质和非物质的基础设施。其目的是发展各种能力，从而不仅能使用和维护更为先进的设备和技术，并能积极将其改造，使其适应新的进程或具体需求。", "46. 科学、技术和创新政策制定的很多其他方面在发展背景下具有不同的重要性，并相应地反映在为政策审查采用的做法中。这些包括，优化与国外技术来源的贸易和投资联系以及这些联系与创造内在技术能力之间的关系；更为重视加速农业创新；在知识产权制度提供的创新激励政策和抑制政策方面的不同平衡；了解和应对非正规部门的创新进程的重要性；需要考虑技术赶超和创新带来的快速结构性变化的社会后果。", "47. 一个重要的结论是科学、技术和创新政策审查的成功在很大程度上取决于是否有强有力的、可信的、高水平的对应方和对应方是否参与该进程。应寻求国家学术中心参与开展审查。还可以在审查开始和(或)结束时邀请立法机构成员参加全国讲习班。", "[1] 例如，见A/66/64和Implementing WSIS Outcomes：Experience to Date and Prospects for the Future(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3)，日内瓦，2011年5月。", "[2] 见E/CN.16/2011/2、E/CN.16/2011/3和Water for Food: Innovative Water Management Technologies for Food and Poverty Alleviation, UNCTAD Current Studies on Science Technology and Innovation, No.4(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3；可见于www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf。", "[4] 《2010年技术和创新报告：通过科学、技术和创新加强粮食安全》,联合国出版物，出售品编号 E.09.II.D.22(UNCTAD/TIR/2009)。", "[5] 可在www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?intItemID=5492&lang=1上查阅。", "[6] 《可再生能源技术促进农村发展》，贸发会议当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究报告，第1号 (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4)。", "[7] 《粮食用水：创新用水管理技术促进粮食生产和减贫》，贸发会议当前关于科学、技术和创新的研究报告，第4号(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[8] 见www.unctad.org/noce。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目21(c)", "全球化和相互依存:科学和技术促进发展", "页:1", "科学和技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第64/212号决议提交的,介绍了科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术以及环境管理等领域开展的工作。 报告还介绍了联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)和其他有关组织为协助发展中国家努力将科学、技术和创新政策纳入各自的国家发展计划和战略而开展的活动。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第64/212号决议重申致力于加强和改进现有机制,支持研究和开发举措,包括通过公共部门和私营部门之间的自愿伙伴关系,满足发展中国家在卫生、农业、养护、可持续利用自然资源和环境管理、能源、林业和气候变化影响等领域的特殊需要。 在这方面,大会还重申致力于支持若干科技相关问题的举措,包括技术转让和传播;促进和制定国家人力资源和科学技术战略;开发可再生能源;执行吸引国内外公共和私人投资的政策,以增进知识,按照相互商定的条件转让技术并提高生产力;利用新的农业技术,以通过环境上可持续的手段提高农业生产力。", "2. 联合国 在同一决议中,大会请科学和技术促进发展委员会继续协助经济及社会理事会就信息社会世界首脑会议成果开展全系统后续行动,并满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术以及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。 大会鼓励贸发会议同有关伙伴协作,继续进行科学、技术和创新政策审查,以期协助发展中国家和经济转型国家确定将科学、技术和创新政策纳入其国家发展战略所需要采取的措施。", "3个 本报告是根据该决议第10段编写的,其中大会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,说明该决议的执行情况和今后的后续行动建议,包括在将科学、技术和创新政策纳入国家发展战略方面的经验教训。", "二. 科学和技术促进发展委员会在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术以及环境管理等领域的工作", " 4.四. 科学和技术促进发展委员会重申其作为政府间全球论坛的独特作用,审查科学和技术问题,增进对科学和技术促进发展政策的理解,并在联合国系统内就科学和技术事项拟订建议和准则。 此外,委员会还继续履行其协助经济及社会理事会就信息社会世界首脑会议采取后续行动的任务[1]和2005年世界首脑会议成果文件(见大会第60/1号决议)第60段所作出的承诺。", "5 (韩语). 科学和技术促进发展委员会秘书处通过委员会的届会和贸发会议开展的项目,采取了若干举措,满足发展中国家在农业、农村发展、信息和通信技术以及环境管理等领域的特殊需要。", "A. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十三届会议", "6. 国家 委员会在2010年5月17日至21日在日内瓦举行的第十三届会议上,对信息社会世界首脑会议成果在区域和国际两级的执行和后续行动方面取得的进展进行了五年期审查,并审议了两个优先主题:“现有金融机制的改进和创新”和“新技术和新兴技术”。", "7. 联合国 与会者指出,虽然在全球一级改善获得信息和通信技术的机会方面已迅速取得进展,但经济和社会内仍然存在的重大差距影响到对这些技术的需求和使用能力。 与会者指出了发展中国家在获取新技术方面面临的一些主要障碍,包括资源不足、基础设施、教育、能力、投资和连通性以及技术所有权、标准和流动。 他们呼吁所有利益攸关方提供充足的资源,并支持发展中国家特别是最不发达国家的能力建设和技术转让。", "8. 联合国 与会者对宽带连通性差距不断扩大表示关切,这进一步将穷人、农村社区和其他弱势群体,如妇女、残疾人和老年人边缘化。 他们赞扬旨在实现快速宽带部署的举措,并强调需要在国家和区域发展战略中优先考虑创新办法。 还重申了信息和通信技术指标的重要性,这些指标是衡量国家之间和社会内部数字鸿沟的监测和评价工具,有助于决策者在制定社会、文化和经济发展政策和战略时了解情况。 与会者强调,必须使可靠和定期更新的指标标准化和统一,这些指标将反映货物和服务的业绩、效率、可负担性和质量。", "9. 国家 在讨论关于新技术和新兴技术的优先主题时,讨论的重点是可再生能源技术。 人们认识到,如果要实现能源安全、减缓气候变化和增加获得能源的机会,这些技术必须成为混合技术的一部分。 会议还认识到,技术转让是在发展中国家部署可再生能源技术的一个重要方面。 硬件的转让必须辅之以技术和专门知识的转让,以便操作硬件,并使其适应当地条件。 在可能的情况下,应选择最大限度地利用当地现有能力的技术选择。 此外,人们还认为,通过培训中心和知识网络来扩大当地现有的创新能力并建立新的创新能力对于有效而可持续地利用可再生能源技术十分重要。 与会者指出,投资者、项目开发者和消费者由于所涉费用而不愿支持可再生能源技术。 政府政策可以大力纠正这种情况。 特别是,补贴计划、上网收费和减少进口税等机制有助于将这类技术带入市场。 重要的是,一旦金融机制被淘汰,就必须培育市场以确保其可持续性。 鉴于不存在一刀切的政策办法,有人认为,对转让低碳技术和部署可再生能源技术的各种办法进行系统审查是有价值的。", "10个 与会者呼吁各国政府提供有利的环境,鼓励在新技术和新兴技术以及可再生能源技术的产生和传播方面采取私营和公共部门的举措。 他们建议各国政府考虑采取若干政策措施,促进地方创新能力,即:向专门从事可再生能源技术的大学和公共研究中心提供支助;为社区参与决策提供支助;确保社区拥有管理部署在本地区的低碳技术的必要能力;为研究、开发和部署提供奖励;建立商业园区和创新集群。 敦促各国政府采取监管和采购政策,促进竞争和私营部门的发展并吸引国内和外国直接投资。 他们被邀请考虑使用适当的政策手段,例如补贴计划、上网收费、税收抵免、财政担保和减少进口税,以支持在特殊市场的技术部署,并鼓励合资企业和外国直接投资制造和使用可再生能源技术。 与会者还呼吁科学和技术促进发展委员会继续作为一个平台,分享良好做法实例,促进南北和南南伙伴关系,特别是在新技术和新兴技术以及可再生能源技术的转让和应用方面。", "B. 科学和技术促进发展委员会第十四届会议", "11个 在2011年5月23日至27日在日内瓦举行的第十四届会议上,委员会审议了两个优先主题:“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”和“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”。 [2] 此外,还举行了两次部长级圆桌会议,一次是审查在执行首脑会议成果方面取得的进展,另一次是审议利用科学技术促进发展的问题。 会议期间,举行了一次小组讨论电子科学、电子工程和电子教育。", "12个 与会者强调,在提供获得信息和通信技术,特别是移动电话和因特网的机会方面取得了重大进展。 然而,有人指出,发达国家与发展中国家在宽带接入方面的差距已经扩大。 在过去几年中,用户生成的内容有所增加,但内容不一定以所有语文提供,也不一定面向世界各地所有群体。 因此,数字鸿沟在用户可以获得的获取、信息和技能的质量以及获得的价值方面有了新的层面。 与会者表示关切的是,信息和通信技术及其应用对大多数人来说仍然负担不起,特别是生活在农村地区的人。", "13个 在审查自2005年以来在执行首脑会议成果方面取得的进展时,与会者注意到,私营部门在推动信息和通信技术的发展和建设相关基础设施方面的重要作用得到了政府创造的有利环境的支持,这种环境包括:独立的监管机构;尊重法治;保护和强制执行知识产权;鼓励竞争的法律、政策和监管框架;独立的法院;以及促进创业的政策。 与会者强调了一些值得政策关注的新兴领域,即信息和通信技术在应对气候变化方面的潜在作用;社交网络;隐私保护;以及网络剥削和滥用。", "14个 在讨论“衡量信息和通信技术促进发展的影响”这一优先主题时,与会者呼吁衡量信息和通信技术促进发展伙伴关系通过制定实用准则、方法和指标来推进其衡量这些技术的影响的工作,特别是在发展中国家。 与会者鼓励各国政府收集相关数据,分享国家案例研究,并开展能力建设方面的合作。 与会者鼓励联合国相关实体和其他机构促进评估信息和通信技术对贫穷和关键部门的影响,以确定增强这些影响所需的知识和技能。 此外,与会者还吁请国际发展伙伴为能力建设工作提供财政支持。", "15个 在讨论“应对农业和水等领域挑战的技术”这一优先主题时,讨论的重点是发展中国家小农面临的挑战。 有人指出,近10亿人营养不足,由于全球金融危机、持续高失业率、粮价波动加剧和粮食短缺以及预计会进一步蔓延的旱灾和水灾,他们的人数可能进一步增加。 所幸的是,在农业过程的各个阶段,各种现有的科学技术应用和耕作做法能够显著地提高生产力。 人们认识到,需要从传统的单一作物转向可持续的再生系统。 会议还认识到,小农户应处于政策和技术决定的中心。 小农耕作一般是劳动密集型的,不严重依赖外部投入,更依赖当地环境;在小农耕作中引进现代科学技术时,应考虑到这些特点并基于农民的知识网络、更好的基础设施以及涉及作物轮作和作物及原料综合生产的系统办法。 在小农中,应更加重视在农业中起关键作用但往往面临超越自给农作的挑战的妇女,因为她们无法获得关键资源。 与会者呼吁委员会促进交流、传播和传播农业科学、技术和创新领域以及国家间合作方面的最佳做法范例。", "16号. 在同届会议上,委员会注意到2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果,并表示赞赏土耳其政府主动设立一个专门面向最不发达国家的国际科学、技术和创新中心,该中心还将作为一个技术库来帮助它们利用关键技术。 此后,委员会、贸发会议和土耳其科学技术研究理事会就执行会议成果的方式方法进行了磋商。", "C. 信息社会世界首脑会议成果执行情况五年期审查", "17. 2010年11月,科学和技术促进发展委员会主席发起了一次公开的多利益攸关方协商会,讨论在执行信息社会世界首脑会议成果方面取得的进展。 向所有会员国、联合国系统的区域和国际实体、信息和通信技术部门的协会和机构以及私营部门和民间社会行为者发出了调查问卷。 审查的目的是查明取得最大进展的领域、遇到障碍和制约的领域以及克服障碍和制约的创新措施。 根据经济及社会理事会第2006/46号决议,审查还审议了信息和通信技术格局的变化如何要求增加或减少对某些领域的关注。", "18岁。 磋商的结果构成了题为 \" 落实信息社会世界首脑会议成果:到今天的经验和未来前景 \" 的报告的基础,[3] 该报告在委员会第十四届会议期间发表。 报告指出,自2005年以来,在实现基本电信的普及和使用方面已取得重大进展,移动电话的扩展尤其值得一提。 它指出,在实现首脑会议的10个目标方面取得的大部分进展是,确保每个人都能获得他们能够掌握的信息和通信技术,并使农村地区能够获得这些技术。 每个行动方针专题领域也取得了进展。 然而,虽然在语音和基本因特网接入方面的数字鸿沟已经缩小,但人们越来越关切在包括因特网在内的通信接入质量方面继续存在甚至日益扩大的差异,以及这种接入所产生的价值。 一些制约因素阻碍了首脑会议成果的实现,包括缺乏负担得起的基础设施以及投资和通信监管方面继续存在薄弱环节。 用户必须能够利用通信服务和获取相关内容,以充分利用信息和通信技术的潜力。 政策办法需要扎根于更全面地了解地方、国家和国际各级的社会、经济和文化正在发生的变化。 衡量信息和通信技术促进发展情况伙伴关系确定了一些指标,这些指标应可提高我们在2015年全面审查之前衡量进展情况的能力。 报告提议为2015年审查提供可能有价值的投入,如全面审查私营部门和民间社会组织在执行世界首脑会议成果方面的工作,并深入分析世界社会更广泛的社会和经济发展以及这些发展与信息和通信技术之间的关系。", "三. 联合国贸易和发展会议在科学、技术和创新领域的工作", "A类. 科学、技术和创新促进可持续发展的研究和能力建设", " 19. 19. 《技术和创新报告》是贸发会议发行的一套新的旗舰研究系列,提请注意技术和创新对各国经济发展的重要性。 该系列力求以全面的方式处理科学、技术和创新中对发展中国家既切题又重要的问题,重点是与政策有关的分析和结论。", "20号. 该系列的第一份报告[4]探讨了如何通过所谓的农业创新系统扭转非洲国家目前农业生产力下降的趋势。 该报告指出,非洲农业小农户面临的风险既是外部影响(如世界贸易组织的讨论、国际种子公司和农业知识日益私有化)的结果,也是营养不良、饥饿和贫穷等内部压力的结果。 报告认为,非洲农业生产力停滞不前已成为非洲的主要发展挑战,因此呼吁建立农业创新制度,通过一个有利的框架,不仅采用现有技术,而且开发出适合非洲需要的新技术,来扭转农业生产力下降的趋势。 在此过程中,将重点关注占非洲大陆农民多数的小农户。", "21岁 即将出版的系列第二份报告侧重于发展中国家更多利用可再生能源的问题,并寻求加入目前关于需要在全球推广使用低碳技术的国际讨论。 报告分析了科学、技术和创新在扩大应用和更广泛地接受可再生能源方面的重要作用,特别是在发展中国家。", "22号. 报告认为,持续经济增长导致通过减少贫穷而不断提高所有人的生活水平,这取决于人人享有能源。 这种全球议程要求注重能源效率,通过提供更新的或更具成本效益的能源解决方案来提高所有国家的能源灵活性。 它还需要更认真地考虑较新的能源,这些能源可以补充常规能源,以促进人人享有能源。 与此同时,这种解决办法需要考虑到人类今天面临的巨大的环境挑战,即限制经济活动对地球环境所造成的损害。 报告同在这一领域开展工作的其他联合国机构一道指出,要对减少能源贫穷和促进有利于气候变化的解决办法的双重挑战作出相互兼容的反应,就需要一种新的能源模式。 新能源模式将使可再生能源技术同传统能源一道起补充作用,以期消除能源贫穷。", "23. 联合国 2010年,贸发会议推出了新的系列《科学、技术和创新现状研究》[5],旨在审查与科学、技术和创新促进发展有关的突出议题。 该系列的第一部分[6]概述了与使用可再生能源技术以增加农村地区获得现代能源服务的机会有关的一些问题。 研究借鉴了阿根廷、中国、厄立特里亚、危地马拉、老挝人民民主共和国、纳米比亚和尼泊尔的例子,得出结论认为,这些技术的设计和可负担性、安装成本、缺乏认识和缺乏政府的适当政策支持是有效应用这些技术的主要障碍。 各国政府面临的挑战是确保将可再生能源技术的部署纳入更广泛的农村发展战略,以满足地方需要和优先事项。 例如,国家政策可以支持提供补贴以及制定和执行研究项目、提高公众认识运动、方案和条例。 研究报告强调,一方面需要技术转让,另一方面需要建设当地能力。", "24 (韩语). 该系列的第四份研究报告[7]审查了与气候变化背景下的农业水管理有关的挑战、对粮食生产和环境可持续性的需求增加的情况,并审查了技术在水生产率、农业水管理复原力和可持续生计方面的潜在作用。 报告审查了一系列适当的技术和相关的管理做法,包括传统做法(例如取水和蓄水)以及新的和正在出现的做法(例如地理信息系统),并讨论了今后采取行动加速传播和采用这些技术和做法的关键领域。", "25岁 在2011年下半年,贸发会议将发表关于将性别视角应用于科学、技术和创新的研究报告。 研究报告指出,尽管人们日益认识到科学、技术和创新可对促进发展产生重大影响,但相关政策一般缺乏性别观点,因此没有充分解决所有发展问题。 它指出,鉴于妇女在经济和社会中的作用,考虑到妇女和男子的情况、需要和所关切的问题,将提高科学、技术和创新政策促进发展的效率。 研究报告强调需要在整个决策进程中,从诊断到政策设计到执行、监测和后续行动,都纳入性别观点。 委员会建议对科学、技术和创新政策及方案进行性别影响评估,以确保它们为男女提供平等机会。 这项研究与科学和技术促进发展委员会性别问题咨询委员会合作编写,确定了在科学、技术和创新政策中应用性别观点的三个切入点,即:", "(a) 妇女的科学:发展支持妇女发展和生计活动的科学和技术;", "(b) 妇女参与科学:在科学和技术教育、职业和领导力方面促进两性平等;", "(c) 鼓励和支持妇女在国家和基层创新系统中的作用。", "B. 企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新能力建设专家会议", "26. 联合国 贸发会议于2010年1月20日至22日在日内瓦召开了第二次企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新能力建设专家会议。 会议重点讨论了能够支持和推动经济发展战略的创业和科学、技术和创新政策的设计、监测和评估。 与会者强调,科学、技术和创新是以知识为基础的经济和可持续经济发展的主要驱动力,并指出了制定符合发展中国家现实和机会的协调一致的科学、技术和创新政策的价值。 他们鼓励贸发会议进一步开展关于科学、技术和创新问题的研究和政策分析,继续作为科学、技术和创新政策对话的论坛,并在发展中国家继续开展科学、技术和创新政策审查。 专家们指出的一些关键问题涉及在设计和评价循证政策时使用科学、技术和创新指标,其中包括:", "(a) 科学、技术和创新指标需要具有相关性并适合不能直接取自发达国家经验的指标的发展中国家的具体情况;", "(b) 国家 具有国际可比性的科学、技术和创新指标有限,是决策方面的一个问题;", "(c) 发展中国家分析科学、技术和创新数据以及制定循证政策的能力有限;", "(d) 国家 要推动相关科技创新发展,以政策设计,实施和评价为目的. 在这方面,讨论了是否有可能确定一个适合发展中国家现实情况的科学、技术和创新指标共同清单。", "27个 贸发会议于2011年1月19日至21日在日内瓦召开了第三次企业发展政策及科学、技术和创新能力建设专家会议。 与会者指出,一些共同制约因素与影响发展中国家利用科学、技术和创新能力的教育和研究机构有关。 一是缺乏国家能力建设战略,导致教育基础设施薄弱,教育系统在建设科学、技术和创新能力方面表现不佳,学术界、研究机构和私营部门之间的联系薄弱。 查明的其他制约因素包括:知识产权政策不足,缺乏专门负责技术转让的办公室和具有相关技能和经验的工作人员;研究人员缺乏创业文化;对科学、技术和创新促进发展的重要性缺乏了解并将此问题纳入国家发展议程;公司技术能力以及与科学、技术和创新有关的基础设施薄弱。", "28岁 与会者强调,需要发展强有力的创新能力,同时发展强大的科学和技术吸收能力。 科学、技术和创新政策应激励教育和研究机构制定更符合国内企业和地方社区要求的议程。 在这方面,需要确保科学、技术和创新政策将教育和研究机构视为国家创新体系的核心要素,在这种体系中,学术界和企业之间应建立强有力的协作联系。", "29. 国家 对科学家和工程师进行关键关注领域培训,以提升发展中国家的技术水平,应当是这种合作的主要重点。 据认为,建立和加强愿意参与此种努力的科技英才中心网络可大大有助于加强科学、技术和创新能力建设的外联和效力。 鼓励贸发会议继续在这一领域开展工作。", "C. 绿色和再生技术作为农村发展能源解决办法专家会议", "30岁。 贸发会议于2010年2月9日至11日在日内瓦召开了一次关于绿色和再生技术作为促进农村发展的能源解决办法的专家会议。 会议的目的是制定战略来克服利用可再生能源技术促进农村发展方面的挑战。 约130人出席了会议,代表了53个以上国家和31个政府间组织和非政府组织。", "31岁 会议的结论是,可再生能源技术可在国家减贫战略、加强能源安全和获得负担得起的能源以及减缓气候变化方面发挥重要作用。 据认为,在农村地区扩大可再生能源技术的部署,可显著地提高农业供应能力(数量和质量两方面),支持发展个体企业,加强出口竞争力,为南南合作和增加贸易和投资提供新的机会。 与会者强调,需要将可再生能源技术的部署纳入农村发展和减贫战略。 他们强调了技术转让和建立当地能力的重要性。 与会者呼吁贸发会议,除其他外,对将可再生能源技术作为扶贫发展工具的综合方法进行研究,为各国和社区交流经验和最佳做法提供便利,并推进可再生能源技术促进农村发展领域的南南合作,包括贸易和技术转让方面。", "D. 英才中心网络", "32. 联合国 科学和技术促进发展委员会继续就英才中心网络项目与贸发会议合作。 [8] 该项目通过发展中国家一些科学和技术机构执行,这些机构是根据其能力、最先进的设施以及加强发展中国家科学界的联系并增加其流动性的承诺选定的。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 该网络为发展中国家,特别是非洲国家的科学家和工程师举办科学和技术应用培训班和讲习班。 这些课程使科学家和工程师能够在现代科学环境中更新其专业知识。 它们还加强科学界内部的专业联系并便利科学和技术专业人员的流动。", "34. 国家 该网络于2005年在意大利政府资助的一个项目下启动。 此后,来自25个非洲国家的120多位科学家、工程师和学者参加了在中国、埃及、印度、南非、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国举办的11个培训班。 培训活动的主题包括:生物安全和检测转基因生物;分子标记技术和指纹;高级分子生物学;非洲农业信息技术;生物信息学;与疟疾有关的研究和培训;动物生物技术;传染病方面的高级实验室培训;分子医学;网络安全。", "35. 联合国 2010年11月,在网络框架内,贸发会议与突尼斯国家计算机安全局合作,在突尼斯哈马马特组织了一次网络安全培训班。 几位与会者是几个非洲国家目前正在设立的国家计算机应急小组的成员。 来自11个非洲国家(包括8个最不发达国家)的12名学员从培训班中受益。", "页:1 科学、技术和创新政策审查", "36. (中文(简体) ). 经济及社会理事会第2009/8号决议赞赏贸发会议进行科学、技术和创新政策审查,鼓励贸发会议继续提供这方面的专门知识和分析技能。 理事会第2010/3号决议鼓励贸发会议与其他相关国际组织,特别是联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和科学和技术促进发展委员会、各区域委员会和其他相关利益攸关方,包括世界银行和其他国际和区域开发银行密切协作,根据成员国的大量需求,大力开展此类审查,以协助发展中国家加强其科学、技术和创新系统。", "37. 联合国 贸发会议在这一领域的技术合作工作的主要重点是应发展中国家的请求进行科学、技术和创新政策审查。 这种审查的主要目的是帮助各国政府确保其科学、技术和创新政策及方案能通过促成国家创新系统的出现和发展来支助国家发展议程。 这种系统有助于国家生产部门在以知识为基础的全球经济中更具竞争力,从而刺激经济增长并帮助应对重大的发展挑战。 对安哥拉、哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚、加纳、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、牙买加、莱索托、毛里塔尼亚和秘鲁的政策审查已经完成,贸发会议与联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、加纳与世界银行、莱索托与开发署和教科文组织、毛里塔尼亚与教科文组织、秘鲁与拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)合作,对安哥拉进行了政策审查。 对萨尔瓦多和多米尼加共和国的政策审查将于2011年完成,现已同拉加经委会合作进行。", "38. 国家 从非洲一系列科学、技术和创新政策审查中吸取的教训已应用于最近的拉丁美洲和加勒比系列。 这些经验教训包括国家对应方的关键作用以及让利益攸关方参与这一进程的重要性。 对政策的影响尽可能地扩大,因为审查的时间和安排方式必须有助于当地推动的进程。 最后,最高层的政治意愿和领导对于成功至关重要,特别是在难以实现部间协调一致合作的情况下。", "39. 联合国 为了将学术思想和其他观点纳入科学、技术和创新政策审查方案,贸发会议于2010年组织了两次专家会议。 这些会议的讨论涉及与评估发展中国家的科学、技术和创新政策有关的概念和方法问题。 两次会议的结果将反映在将于2011年发布的一套政策审查执行准则中。 这些准则的用意是提高政策审查结果的有效性和一致性,因此应有助于建立发展中国家科学、技术和创新政策最佳做法库。 准则应使感兴趣的发展中国家更准确地了解进程的目的及其执行方式;预期这将改善国家对科学、技术和创新政策审查的自主权,并协助执行这些审查所提出的建议。 准则还将促进与有关捐助国的讨论,并便利与活跃在科学、技术和创新领域的其他国际机构的合作。", " 40. 40. 第一次专家会议讨论了科学、技术和创新指标以及许多客户国缺乏最新和相关数据的问题。 会议审查的其他有关问题包括可用性和相关性问题、国际可比性以及指标在政策制定中的重要性。 挑战在于设计科学、技术和创新调查,从而制定政策和措施,进而支持创新,特别是在科学、技术和创新是一个相对较新的概念的国家。 例如,指标可以扩大,以考虑到影响,并吸收非正规部门和非技术部门的创新。 更具体地说,可以更加重视人力资源指标。 讨论的另一个问题是,如何评估国家创新制度中行为者之间的联系,特别是私营部门和政府在研发领域之间的联系。", "41. 国家 第二次专家会议重点讨论了政策审查的概念框架、专题范围和内容以及编制过程。 与会者普遍认为,国家创新体系,包括部门创新体系分析,为审评提供了一个有用的框架。 贸发会议的审查一般包括分析对国家发展目标和优先事项至关重要的部门。 鉴于发展程度不同,而且国家优先事项和条件相差很大,会议认为政策审查不可能有一刀切的模式。 然而,确定了需要涵盖的一些问题,包括教育、知识生产者与使用者之间的联系、知识产权制度、与技术转让有关的工业政策和做法。", "42. 国家 科技创新政策审查方案的方针,以确认创新在经济发展进程中的核心作用及其本质的系统性为基础. 在这方面,技术革新被理解为一个广义的概念,它不仅包括公司引进的产品、营销方法或生产过程,这些不仅对世界来说是新的,而且对市场或公司来说也是新的。 因此,创新不仅可以通过推倒知识前沿来实现,而且当企业学会实施和使用其他地方已有的技术时,也可以(在发展中国家最常见的情况)。 对发展中国家而言,技术的获取、模仿和适应是关键的创新进程,与研发同样重要。", "43. 东帝汶 系统创新办法为编写科学、技术和创新政策审查报告提供了基本的概念框架。 国家创新体系的概念跨越许多体制界限,涉及许多行为者内部和之间的各种联系。 因此,通过评估该系统是否与任何特定模式相符合,该系统必然是复杂而难以定性的。 对发展中国家来说尤其如此,因为根据较先进国家的经验编写的文献中包含的国家创新体系理想描述的要素要么不成熟要么不存在。 因此,在科学、技术和创新政策审查中适用国家标准创新制度框架时,需要对其作一些调整。", "44. 国家 对处于早期发展阶段的国家来说,创造获得、使用和传播外国技术的能力比建立成熟的国家创新体系更重要。 新兴创新体系对吸收和适应的需求与创新前沿的需求不同. 因此,分析政策审查报告的重点是发展创新,而不是仅仅加强研究与发展或特定的技术能力。 报告中的讨论还需要避免不必要的技术或学术分析或抽象语言,而应集中于确定关键政策问题并产生实际的政策建议。", "45. 国家 在大多数发展中国家中,一个主要关注的问题是国家创新制度如何能够采用、改造和传播现有技术,特别是通过国际一级的技术转让,以及新技术的开发及其应用。 国家创新框架体系应帮助决策者了解,解决系统性失败的政策(协调和联网问题、基础设施缺陷、规则和条例、激励和抑制措施)以及不同行为者的能力如何能够加强技术吸收。 要使经济从贸易、投资或其他机制可能获得的国际知识和技术流动的更大机会中获益,在公司一级以及整个国家创新体系一级建立吸收能力至关重要。 这种吸收能力的定义是具备广泛的技能和专长以及物质和非物质基础设施。 目的是发展能力,不仅使用和维护更先进的设备和技术,而且还能动态地使其适应新的过程或具体需要。", "46. 经常预算: 科学、技术和创新决策的其他许多方面在发展背景下具有不同的重要性,因此反映在政策审查所采用的方法中。 例如,这些包括优化与外国技术来源的贸易和投资联系,以及这些联系与创造内生技术能力之间的关系;加快农业创新的重要性更大;在知识产权制度对创新的激励和抑制方面保持不同的平衡;理解和处理非正规部门创新进程的重要性;以及需要考虑技术追赶和创新所引发的快速结构变化的社会后果。", "47. 国家 一个关键结论是,科学、技术和创新政策审查能否成功,关键取决于是否有一个强大、可信和高级别的对应方参与这一进程。 应争取国家学术中心参与审查。 审查开始时和/或结束时也可邀请立法机构成员参加国家讲习班。", "[1] 例如,见A/66/64和 \" 执行信息社会世界首脑会议成果:迄今的经验和未来前景 \" (UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3),2011年5月,日内瓦。", "[2] 见E/CN.16/2011/2,E/CN.16/2011/3和 \" 以水换粮食:创新水管理技术促进粮食和减贫 \" ,贸发会议关于科学技术和创新的当前研究,第4期(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[3] UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/3;可查阅www.unctad.org/en/docs/dtlstict2011d3_en.pdf。", "[4] 《2010年技术和创新报告:通过科学、技术和创新加强非洲的粮食安全》,联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.09.II.D.22(UNCTAD/TIR/2009)。", "[5] 可查阅www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.asp?int 项目ID=5492&lang=1。", "[6] 可再生能源技术促进农村发展,贸发会议关于科学、技术和创新的当前研究,第1号(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2009/4)。", "[7] 以水换粮食:创新水管理技术促进粮食和减贫,贸发会议科学技术和创新研究,第4期(UNCTAD/DTL/STICT/2011/2)。", "[8] 见www.unctad.org/noce。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and has the honour to transmit herewith its report pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) on the steps taken to implement paragraph 25 of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 17 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Implementation of sanctions", "1. Paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to report to the United Nations on the steps they have taken to implement the arms embargo, asset freeze and travel ban measures. The steps taken by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to paragraph 25 are outlined below.", "Arms embargo", "Export background", "2. The export from the United Kingdom, and in some circumstances the supply from third countries by United Kingdom nationals overseas, of all arms and related materiel is prohibited unless the export or supply has been authorized by a licence granted by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills. The relevant prohibitions and provisions for licensing are set out in the Export Control Order 2008. Licences are only granted after careful assessment against relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under sanctions imposed by the United Nations. Likewise, gifts of export licensable goods made by the Government of the United Kingdom to another Government or overseas end-users are usually assessed on a case-by-case basis against the relevant criteria, including the United Kingdom’s obligations under United Nations-imposed sanctions, and gifts will not be made in breach of the United Nations-imposed sanctions. As a result, the United Kingdom will not issue licences for export of arms and related materiel to Libya, or approve a gift by the Government of the United Kingdom, unless the export meets the conditions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) or is necessary to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under threat of attack in Libya.", "3. Further measures necessary to implement the arms embargo have been taken by the European Union and are set out in Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP and Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011, as amended. These instruments have direct effect in all member States and prohibit the sale, supply, transfer or export, directly or indirectly, to Libya of a list of equipment that could be used for internal repression and the provision, directly or indirectly, of technical or financial assistance or of brokering services related to arms or to equipment that could be used for internal repression. These measures apply to acts done within the European Union, on board any vessel or aircraft under the jurisdiction of a member State, to legal persons, bodies or entities established in the European Union, and to nationals of member States wherever they are located. Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 requires member States to lay down penalties for infringements of the measures contained in the Regulation. In the United Kingdom these penalties are set out in the Export Control (Libya) Order 2011.", "Enforcement", "4. The arms embargo in resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom’s overseas territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011, made by the Privy Council (except as regards Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). Separate legislation has been made in the Crown Dependencies: they have each brought into force domestic measures to implement resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011).", "5. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs continues to enforce existing controls on the export of military items and enforce the United Kingdom’s export licensing system on military goods and technology destined for Libya. This includes goods that are in transit or being trans-shipped through the United Kingdom. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency are also alert to the risk of controlled goods being exported to known diversionary destinations and, on the basis of good quality information, will examine and, where appropriate, detain and seize goods that are likely to be illegally diverted to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "6. As part of their enforcement responsibilities, Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs and the United Kingdom Border Agency also continue to enforce end-use controls. Where goods are suspected of requiring export licences from the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the consignment will be examined, and depending on the circumstances of the case, detained. If it is identified that an attempt has been made to breach controls, enforcement action may be taken which may include seizure and criminal investigation, where appropriate.", "7. Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs also enforces the prohibition on trafficking and brokering controls in relation to military goods both originating in, and destined for, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, where the trade activity is undertaken within the United Kingdom or by a United Kingdom national anywhere in the world, or by individuals acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them.", "8. The arms embargo is enforced in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories by their relevant authorities.", "Asset freeze", "9. Her Majesty’s Treasury is responsible for implementing financial sanctions within the United Kingdom. The financial sanctions element of resolution 1970 (2011) is implemented in the United Kingdom under the Libya (Financial Sanctions) Order 2011 (the “United Kingdom Order”) and under Council Regulation (EC) No. 204/2011 (the “European Union Regulation”), which has direct legal effect in the United Kingdom. Enforcement of the European Union Regulation is provided in the United Kingdom by the Libya (European Community Financial Sanctions) Regulations 2011 (the “United Kingdom Regulations”). The Security Council decided in resolution 1970 (2011) that asset-freezing measures should apply to various individuals and entities listed in annex II to that resolution or designated by the Sanctions Committee. Such individuals and entities are subject to the United Kingdom Order and the European Union Regulation, which provide for the freezing of funds, other financial assets and economic resources of those individuals and entities listed by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 24 of resolution 1970 (2011).", "10. The United Kingdom Order and the United Kingdom Regulations provide for:", "(a) Criminal penalties, including for any breaches of prohibitions on dealing with the funds of, or making funds available to, persons subject to asset freezes in accordance with resolution 1970 (2011) by United Kingdom citizens and legal bodies;", "(b) Licences to be granted by Her Majesty’s Treasury as the United Kingdom’s competent authority to allow funds, other financial assets or economic resources to be dealt with or made available, consistent with the exemptions set out in resolution 1970 (2011) and the European Union Regulation.", "11. Her Majesty’s Treasury publicizes information on financial sanctions on its website and through an alert system that updates approximately 8,000 subscribers. This assists financial institutions and others in freezing the funds and economic resources of listed persons and entities to ensure compliance with the obligations set out in resolution 1970 (2011).", "12. The Financial Services Authority regulates the financial services industry in the United Kingdom and takes an active approach to ensuring that firms have systems and controls in place to comply with resolution 1970 (2011).", "13. The asset-freeze provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) are implemented in the Overseas Territories by The Libya (Restrictive Measures) (Overseas Territories) Order 2011 (except for Gibraltar, which has legislated independently). The asset-freeze provisions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies.", "Travel ban", "14. The United Kingdom complies with the travel ban provisions in the Security Council resolutions by including them in the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 (“the 2000 Order”). This Order is made under section 8B of the Immigration Act 1971 (as amended) and came into force on 10 October 2000. The effect of including travel bans in the 2000 Order is that, unless subject to one of the exemptions set out in article 3 of the 2000 Order, a person named by or described in a designated travel ban is an excluded person and must be refused leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom, including transit through the United Kingdom. Any existing leave is automatically cancelled and any exemption from immigration control e.g. as a diplomat, ceases.", "15. The travel-ban provisions of the resolutions are implemented independently in the Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories.", "Implementation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011)", "16. Paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011) requires all Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the entry into or transit through their territories of the 16 individuals listed in annex I and of any individuals designated subsequently by the Sanctions Committee.", "17. The United Kingdom implemented this requirement by means of the Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) (Amendment) Order 2011 (Statutory Instrument 2011 No. 547). This Order was made on 27 February 2011 and came into force on 28 February 2011. The Order may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf. The Immigration (Designation of Travel Bans) Order 2000 may be viewed at: http://www.legislation. gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函附上按照第1970(2011)号决议提交的报告，说明联合王国为执行该决议第25段规定采取的步骤(见附件)。", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "制裁的执行情况", "1. 安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段要求所有会员国向联合国报告它们为执行武器禁运、冻结资产和旅行禁令的措施已采取的步骤。大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国根据第25段所采取的步骤概述如下。", "武器禁运", "出口背景情况", "2. 禁止从联合王国出口所有军火及相关材料，并禁止在某些情况下由联合王国海外国民从第三国供应所有军火及相关材料，除非这种出口或供应获得商业、创新和技术大臣批准的许可证加以授权。发放许可证的有关禁令和规定载于2008年的《出口管制法令》。只有根据相关标准，尤其是包括联合王国按照联合国实施的制裁所承担的义务仔细评估后才发放许可证。同样，联合王国政府向另一国政府或海外最终用户赠送的可发放许可证的出口货物的礼物，通常是按照有关标准，尤其是包括联合王国按照联合国实施的制裁所承担的义务，按个案加以评估，而且，不会在违反联合国实施的制裁情况下赠送礼物。因此，联合王国将不会发放向利比亚出口军火和有关材料的许可证，或批准一项由联合王国政府赠送的礼物，除非这项出口符合第1970(2011)号决议规定的条件，或者是保护在利比亚攻击威胁下的平民和平民聚居地区所必需的。", "3. 欧洲联盟已进一步采取必要措施实施武器禁运，这些措施载于欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定和经修订的(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例。这些文书对所有成员国直接有效，而且禁止直接或间接地向利比亚销售、供应、转让或出口一批可用于内部镇压的设备，并禁止直接或间接地向利比亚提供可用于内部镇压的技术或财政援助，或提供有关武器或设备的中介服务。这些措施适用于欧盟范围内在某成员国司法管辖下的任何船只或飞机上对法人、在欧盟设立的团体或实体，或对无论在何处的各成员国国民作出的行为。理事会(欧盟)第204/2011号条例要求成员国规定对违反该条例所载的各项措施的处罚。在联合王国，这些刑罚载于2011年《出口(利比亚)管制法令》。", "禁运的实施", "4. 第1970(2011)号决议实施的武器禁运是根据枢密院制定的《2011年利比亚(限制措施)(海外属地)法令》在联合王国的海外领土(立法独立的直布罗陀除外)加以执行。联合王国属地已单独立法：它们已各自实施国内措施，执行第1970(2011)号和1973年(2011)号决议。", "5. 联合王国税务及海关总署继续实施对军用品出口的现有控制，并实施联合王国对目的地为利比亚的军事物资和技术出口的许可证制度，其中包括在联合王国过境或中转的货物。联合王国税务及海关总署和联合王国边境管理局也注意监测受控制的货物出口到已知可能转移到其他地方的目的地，并根据可靠信息，检查和酌情扣留或没收可能非法转移到阿拉伯利比亚民众国的货物。", "6. 作为执法职责的一部分，联合王国税务及海关总署和联合王国边境管理局也继续实施最终用途管制。凡怀疑是需要从商业、创新和技术部出口许可证的货物，均需对运输的货物进行检查，并根据具体情况加以拘留。如发现有违反管制的企图，可采取执法行动，其中可能包括扣押和刑事调查。", "7. 对于在联合王国境内或由联合王国国民在世界任何地方，或由代表他们的个人或在他们的指示下，或由他们拥有或控制的实体开展的贸易活动，联合王国税务及海关总署还强制执行与来自或运往阿拉伯利比亚民众国的军用物资有关的贩运和中介管制禁令。", "8. 联合王国属地和海外领土由它们的有关当局执行武器禁运。", "冻结资产", "9. 联合王国财政部负责在联合王国实施金融制裁。第1970(2011)号决议实施的金融制裁，是根据《2011年利比亚(金融制裁)法令》(《联合王国法令》)，并根据(欧盟)第204/2011号理事会条例(即《欧盟条例》)在联合王国加以执行。这两项法律在联合王国具有直接的法律效力。联合王国根据《2011年利比亚(欧洲共同体金融制裁)法令》的规定实施《欧盟条例》。安理会第1970(2011)号决议规定，应对该决议附件二所列或由制裁委员会指定的个人和实体实施冻结资产措施。这些个人和实体应受到《联合王国法令》和《欧盟条例》规定的限制，这两项文书规定对安理会或制裁委员会根据第1970(2011)号决议第24段规定列出的个人和实体采取冻结资金和其他金融资产及经济资源的措施。", "10. 《联合王国法令》和《欧盟条例》规定：", "(a) 关于联合王国公民和法人机构处理根据第1970(2011)号决议应冻结其资产者的资金，或向其提供资金的禁令，如有任何违反行为，则可处以刑事惩罚；", "(b) 联合王国财政部作为联合王国主管当局，可根据第1970(2011)号决议和《欧盟条例》的免除管制规定发放许可证，以允许处理或提供资金、其他金融资产或经济资源。", "11. 联合王国财政部在其网站上公布金融制裁的资料，并通过警示系统向约8 000名用户提供最新资料。这有助于金融机构和其他机构冻结列入名单的个人和实体的资金和经济资源，以确保遵守第1970(2011)号决议所规定的义务。", "12. 联合王国金融服务管理局监管联合王国境内金融服务行业，并积极确保各公司建立各种制度和管制措施，遵守第1970(2011)号决议的规定。", "13. 联合王国海外领土是根据《2011年利比亚(限制措施)(海外领土)法令》执行第1970(2011)号决议关于冻结资产的规定(立法独立的直布罗陀除外)。联合王国属地单独实施冻结资产的规定。", "旅行禁令", "14. 联合王国遵守安全理事会实施旅行禁令规定的各项决议，将这些规定纳入《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》。该法令根据(经修订的)1971年《移民法》第8 B款拟订，并于2000年10月10日生效。将旅行禁令纳入2000年《法令》的结果是，被《法令》所指定禁令点名或述及的人即成为应拒绝入境人员，不得任由其进入联合王国或在联合王国停留，包括在联合王国过境，除非可对其适用2000年《法令》第3条的豁免规定。《法令》还规定自动取消已有的在联合王国停留的许可，并停止任何移民管制(如对外交官)的豁免。", "15. 联合王国属地和海外领土独立实施这项决议的旅行禁令规定。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15段的执行情况", "16. 第1970(2011)号决议第15段要求所有会员国采取必要措施，防止附件1所列16个人和随后由制裁委员会指定的任何个人进入其境内或过境。", "17. 联合王国通过《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》(修正案)(2011年第547号法定文书)实施这项规定。这项《法令》于2011年2月27日拟订，并于2011年2月28日生效。该《法令》可查阅：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/ 47/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf.《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)法令》可查阅：http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函转递其根据第1970(2011)号决议提交的关于为执行该决议第25段所采取步骤的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月17日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "制裁的执行情况", "1. 联合国 安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段要求所有会员国向联合国报告它们为执行武器禁运、资产冻结和旅行禁令措施而采取的步骤。 下文概述了大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国根据第25段采取的步骤。", "武器禁运", "导出背景", "2. 联合国 禁止从联合王国出口并在某些情况下禁止联合王国国民从第三国向海外供应所有军火和有关物资,除非经商业、创新和技能国务秘书颁发的许可证批准出口或供应。 2008年《出口管制令》规定了有关禁令和许可证规定。 只有在根据相关标准,包括联合王国在联合国制裁下的义务进行认真评估之后,才颁发许可证。 同样,联合王国政府向另一政府或海外最终用户发放出口许可证的礼品,通常根据相关标准,包括联合王国在联合国规定的制裁下的义务,逐案进行评估,而且礼品不会违反联合国规定的制裁。 因此,联合王国将不发放向利比亚出口军火和有关物资的许可证,也不批准联合王国政府的礼物,除非该出口符合第1970(2011)号决议规定的条件或是保护利比亚境内受袭击威胁的平民和平民居住区所必要的。", "3个 欧洲联盟已采取执行武器禁运所必要的进一步措施,这些措施载于理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定和经修正的理事会第204/2011号条例(欧盟)。 这些文书对所有成员国具有直接影响,并禁止直接或间接地向利比亚出售、提供、转让或出口可用于内部镇压的设备清单,并直接或间接地提供与武器或可用于内部镇压的设备有关的技术或财政援助或中介服务。 这些措施适用于在欧洲联盟内、在成员国管辖的任何船只或飞机上、在欧洲联盟内设立的法人、机构或实体以及在任何成员国国民所在地的行为。 理事会(欧盟)第204/2011号条例要求成员国对违反该条例所载措施的行为规定处罚。 联合王国2011年《出口管制(利比亚)令》规定了这些处罚。", "执行", " 4.四. 第1970(2011)号决议规定的武器禁运由枢密院颁布的《2011年利比亚(限制措施)(海外领土)令》在联合王国海外领土实施(直布罗陀除外,直布罗陀已独立立法)。 皇家属地已另行立法:它们各自使执行第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议的国内措施生效。", "5 (韩语). 英国税务和海关总署继续执行对军事物品出口的现有管制,并实行联合王国对运往利比亚的军事物品和技术的出口许可证制度。 这包括通过联合王国过境或转运的货物。 英国税务和海关总署以及联合王国边防局也警惕受管制货物被出口到已知的转移目的地的危险,并将根据高质量的资料,审查并酌情扣押和扣押可能被非法转移至阿拉伯利比亚民众国的货物。", "6. 国家 作为其执行责任的一部分,英国税务和海关总署和联合王国边境局也继续实行最终用途管制。 如果怀疑货物需要商业、创新和技能部颁发出口许可证,则将对该货物进行检查,并根据案情予以扣留。 如果发现有人企图违反管制,可采取执法行动,酌情包括扣押和刑事调查。", "7. 联合国 联合王国税务和海关总署还禁止贩运和中介活动管制原产于阿拉伯利比亚民众国并运往阿拉伯利比亚民众国的军用货物,因为贸易活动是在联合王国境内或由联合王国国民在世界任何地方进行,或由代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人或由他们拥有或控制的实体进行。", "8. 联合国 英国属地和海外领土的有关当局执行武器禁运。", "资产冻结", "9. 国家 英国财政部负责在联合王国境内实施金融制裁。 第1970(2011)号决议的金融制裁内容由联合王国根据2011年利比亚(金融制裁)令(“联合王国令”)和在联合王国具有直接法律效力的理事会第204/2011号条例(“欧洲联盟条例”)执行。 联合王国2011年《利比亚(欧洲共同体金融制裁)条例》(“联合王国条例”)规定了欧洲联盟条例的执行。 安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议决定,资产冻结措施应适用于该决议附件二所列或制裁委员会指认的各种个人和实体。 这些个人和实体必须遵守联合王国的命令和欧洲联盟条例,其中规定冻结安全理事会或制裁委员会根据第1970(2011)号决议第24段所开列的个人和实体的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源。", "10个 联合王国命令和联合王国条例规定:", "(a) 刑事处罚,包括违反禁止联合王国公民和法律机构根据第1970(2011)号决议冻结个人资金或向其提供资金的规定;", "(b) 英国财政部作为联合王国主管当局,根据第1970(2011)号决议和欧洲联盟条例规定的豁免,颁发许可证,允许处理或提供资金、其他金融资产或经济资源。", "11个 英国财政部在其网站上并通过一个警报系统公布有关金融制裁的信息,该系统向大约8 000名订户提供最新信息。 这有助于金融机构和其他机构冻结名单所列个人和实体的资金和经济资源,以确保遵守第1970(2011)号决议规定的义务。", "12个 金融服务管理局监管联合王国的金融服务行业,并积极确保各公司有遵守第1970(2011)号决议的系统和控制措施。", "13个 2011年《利比亚(限制性措施)(海外领土)令》在海外领土执行了第1970(2011)号决议的资产冻结规定(直布罗陀除外,直布罗陀已独立立法)。 英国属地独立执行资产冻结规定。", "旅行禁令", "14个 联合王国遵守安全理事会决议中的旅行禁令规定,将这些规定列入2000年《移民(指定旅行禁令)令》( \" 2000年令 \" )。 这项命令是根据1971年《移民法》(经修订)第8B条作出的,于2000年10月10日生效。 将旅行禁令列入2000年命令的后果是,除非2000年命令第3条所列豁免之一,否则,被指定旅行禁令所指名或其中所描述的人是被排除在外的人,必须拒绝允许进入或留在联合王国,包括通过联合王国过境。 任何现行休假自动被取消,任何免除移民管制,例如作为外交官的豁免,都将停止。", "15个 决议关于旅行禁令的规定在英国属地和海外领土独立执行。", "第1970(2011)号决议第15段的执行情况", "16. 第1970(2011)号决议第15段要求所有会员国采取必要措施,防止附件一所列16名个人和制裁委员会随后指认的任何个人入境或过境。", "17岁。 联合王国通过《2011年移民(指定旅行禁令)(修正)令》(2011年第547号法定文书)执行了这一要求。 这项命令于2011年2月27日下达,并于2011年2月28日生效。 该命令可在http://www.legislation查阅。 gov.uk/uksi/2011/547/pdfs/uksi_20110547_en.pdf. 《2000年移民(指定旅行禁令)令》可在http://www.legislation查阅。 : gov.uk/uksi/2000/2724/pdfs/uksi_20002724_en.pdf." ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Iraq to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Iraq on measures taken to implement resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 5 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Iraq to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "The Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Iraq instructed all authorities concerned to prevent the entry of the persons listed in the “travel ban”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), to enter Iraqi territories or transit through Iraq into other countries.", "The Central Bank of Iraq instructed all banks and money-transferring companies to freeze any accounts or deposits, which are subject to the freezing of assets, belonging to the persons listed in the “assets freeze”, attached to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨此转递伊拉克政府关于为执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的报告", "伊拉克共和国内政部已向各有关主管部门发出指示，防止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议关于“旅行禁令”的附件中列名人员入境，无论是进入伊拉克领土，还是在伊拉克过境前往其他国家。", "伊拉克中央银行已向各银行和汇款公司发出指示，冻结属于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议关于“资产冻结”的附件中列名人员、应予冻结资产的任何账户或存款。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "伊拉克共和国常驻联合国代表团向关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函转递伊拉克政府关于为执行第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月5日伊拉克常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "伊拉克共和国内政部指示所有有关当局防止安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所附“旅行禁令”所列人员进入伊拉克领土或经伊拉克过境进入其他国家。", "伊拉克中央银行指示所有银行和汇款公司冻结属于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所附“资产冻结”所列个人的任何账户或存款。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 5 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "In accordance with Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) and with reference to your letter dated 21 June 2011, in which States Members of the United Nations are reminded to inform the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution cited above, I have the pleasure to provide you with the information below.", "The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Turkey, with a view to implementing Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), has adopted a common decision (2011/2001) on 21 June 2011, in which all the obligations stemming from articles 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 9, 11 (no fly zone), 13-16 (enforcement of arms embargo), 17, 18 (ban on flights) and 19-21 (asset freeze) of resolution 1973 (2011) have been scrupulously depicted.", "With the decision of the Council of Ministers referred to above, all the obligations stipulated in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) have been incorporated into Turkish legislation and thus have immediate binding effect upon all domestic ministries, agencies and institutes, as well as with individuals.", "Furthermore, in accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been accorded the authority to coordinate the full, effective and timely implementation of the decision." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚 民众国的第1970(2011)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议以及你2011年6月21日的来信，我谨提供相关信息如下。你在信中提醒联合国会员国向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报他们为切实执行上述决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施。", "为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议，土耳其共和国部长理事会于2011年6月21日通过了一项共同决定(2011/2001)，其中对第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段、第1973(2011)号决议第6、7、8、9、11(禁飞区)、第13-16条(实施武器禁运)、第17、18(禁止飞行)和第19-21段(资产冻结)规定的义务做了仔细说明。", "根据上面提到的部长理事会的决定，安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的所有义务都已并入土耳其立法中，对国内各部委、机关和机构以及个人立即生效。", "此外，根据部长理事会的决定，授权外交部负责协调全面、有效和及时地执行该决定。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月5日土耳其常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "根据安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议并针对你2011年6月21日的信,其中提醒联合国会员国向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报它们为切实执行上述决议第9、10、15和17段已采取的步骤,谨向你提供以下资料。", "为了执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议,土耳其共和国部长理事会于2011年6月21日通过了一项共同决定(2011/2001),其中严格阐述了第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段以及第6、7、8、9、11(禁飞区)、13至16段(执行武器禁运)、第17、18段(禁止飞行)和第1973(2011)号决议第19至21段(资产冻结)所产生的所有义务。", "根据上述部长理事会的决定,安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的所有义务已纳入土耳其立法,因此立即对所有国内部委、机构和研究所以及个人具有约束力。", "此外,根据部长会议的决定,外交部有权协调全面、有效和及时执行该决定。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 秘书长谨按照大会议事规则第14条，请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措”的补充项目。", "2. 鉴于项目的性质，秘书长请求将此项目分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 秘书长谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求将题为“联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队经费的筹措”的补充项目列入第六十六届会议议程。", "2. 联合国 由于该项目的性质,秘书长还请求将其分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to request, pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of a supplementary item entitled “Financing of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan”.", "2. Owing to the nature of the item, the Secretary-General further requests that it be allocated to the Fifth Committee." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国南苏丹援助团经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 秘书长谨按照大会议事规则第14条，请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“联合国南苏丹援助团经费的筹措”的补充项目。", "2. 鉴于此项目的性质，秘书长请求将其分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "联合国南苏丹特派团经费的筹措", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 秘书长谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求将题为“联合国南苏丹特派团经费的筹措”的补充项目列入第六十六届会议议程。", "2. 联合国 由于该项目的性质,秘书长还请求将其分配给第五委员会。" ]

[ "Letter dated 28 July 2011 from President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/468) concerning your intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as your Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention contained in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年7月28日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月26日的信(S/2011/　468)。你在信中表示拟任命阿尔贝特·赫拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)担任秘书长科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)负责人。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月28日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月26日的信(S/2011/468)。 你在信中表示拟任命阿尔贝特·杰拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)为你的科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)负责人。 安理会成员注意到你信中的意向。", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), established on 4 April 2004 pursuant to resolution 1524 (2004) and recently extended by the Security Council in resolution 1981 (2011) until 31 July 2011.", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Albert Gerard Koenders (Netherlands) as my Special Representative for Côte d’Ivoire and Head of UNOCI. Mr. Koenders will replace Choi Young-jin (Republic of Korea), who will complete his assignment on 31 August 2011. I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude to Mr. Choi for his dedication during a very challenging period and for his effective leadership of UNOCI.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及根据安全理事会第1524(2004)号决议于2004年4月4日设立并最近一次由安全理事会第1981(2011)号决议将任务期延长至2011年7月31日的联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)。", "经例行协商，我谨通知你，我拟任命阿尔贝特·赫拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)担任秘书长科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联科行动负责人。肯德尔斯先生将接替2011年8月31日任满的崔英镇(大韩民国)。我愿借此机会感谢崔先生在一个非常具有挑战性的时期的奉献精神和他对联科行动的有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及2004年4月4日根据第1524(2004)号决议设立的、最近由安全理事会第1981(2011)号决议延长至2011年7月31日的联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)。", "经过例行协商,谨通知你我打算任命阿尔贝特·杰拉德·肯德尔斯(荷兰)为我的科特迪瓦问题特别代表兼联科行动团长。 Koenders先生将接替将于2011年8月31日完成任务的崔英镇(大韩民国)。 我谨借此机会感谢崔先生在极具挑战性期间的奉献精神和对联科行动的有效领导。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "I have the honour to submit herewith the report on the steps taken by the Republic of Poland on the implementation of the measures imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "If requested by the Committee, my Government stands ready to provide further information and to assist in the assessment of the implementation of the resolution.", "(Signed) Witold Sobków Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Poland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report on the implementation of resolution 1970 (2011) adopted by the Security Council on 26 February 2011, concerning restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "The Republic of Poland, in accordance with paragraph 25 of resolution 1970 (2011), would like to submit all measures which have been taken to implement effectively the above-mentioned resolution.", "Protection of the national border and securing the safety of shipping", "The Directors of the Maritime Offices were notified about the adoption of resolution 1970 (2011) and about the need to inform the Shipping Safety Department in the Ministry of Infrastructure of every case where a breach of paragraphs 9 and 10 (prohibition of the import and export of arms) is suspected on the part of a ship in the Polish maritime areas. So far no such cases have been noted.", "The National Border Guard Headquarters assured the correct implementation of resolution 1970 (2011), especially where paragraph 15 is concerned (the travel ban on persons listed in annex I to the resolution). The personal data of 16 citizens of Libya was placed in a database, which helps the National Border Guard to prevent their entry to or transit through Polish territory.", "Financial affairs", "Poland, as a member of the European Union, implements the restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya imposed by the Security Council in its resolution 1970 (2011) by direct application of the provisions set forth in Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya and following regulations amending the list of entities concerned. The aforesaid Regulation was adopted in line with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, providing a common approach to the issue and with a view to ensuring uniform application of the measures by all concerned.", "As explicitly stipulated in article 5 of the Regulation, it is mandatory for institutions to freeze assets belonging to, owned, held or controlled by the persons, entities and bodies listed in annexes II and III. Annex II includes the natural or legal persons, entities and bodies designated by the Security Council or by the Sanctions Committee in accordance with paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011), whereas annex III consists of natural or legal persons, entities and bodies not covered by annex II which, in accordance with article 6(l) of Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, have been identified by the Council of the European Union as being persons and entities involved in serious human rights abuses in Libya. The Regulation also provides for relevant exemptions laid down in line with articles 18 to 20 of the aforementioned resolution.", "It should also be noted that the Act of 16 November 2000 on counteracting money-laundering and financing of terrorism provides, at the national level, a procedure enabling the competent authority to release under enumerated circumstances frozen assets, and sets forth penalties for infringement of the obligation to freeze assets. As stated above, each institution is required by virtue of law to fulfil the obligation to freeze assets arising from the Regulation and to submit all the data pertinent to the freeze to the said authority.", "Arms export", "In the field of arms export, there is close cooperation between the appropriate services and institutions in the security sector. Since the entry into force of the resolution, there has been no notification about the transfer of equipment, armaments or ammunition to Libya from Poland. Furthermore, the Ministry of Economy had reviewed all permissions for the transfer of armaments abroad that were still valid and cancelled one of them, which related to the export of arms to Libya." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "谨随函附上关于波兰共和国为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议规定的措施已采取的步骤的报告(见附件)。", "如经委员会请求，我国政府愿意提供更多资料，并协助评估该决议的执行情况。", "常驻代表", "大使", "维托尔德·索布科(签名)", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "关于执行安全理事会2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议规定的对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的限制性措施的报告", "波兰共和国根据第1970(2011)号决议第25段的规定，提交关于为有效执行上述决议已采取的所有措施的报告。", "保护国家边界和确保航运安全", "波兰政府已通知各海事办公室主管关于安全理事会通过第1970(2011)号决议的情况，并告知它们需要将在波兰海域的船舶涉嫌违反第9和第10条(禁止进出口武器)规定的案件告知基础设施部船舶安全司。迄今为止，尚未发现这种案件。", "国家边防警卫局总部保证执行第1970(2011年)号决议，尤其是第15段的规定(对该决议附件一所列人员的旅行禁令)。这16名利比亚公民的个人资料已放在一个数据库中，协助国家边防警卫局防止他们进入波兰境内或在波兰过境。", "金融事项", "作为欧洲联盟(欧盟)的成员国，波兰通过直接实施2011年3月2日《(欧盟)理事会第204/2011号条例》关于利比亚局势的限制性措施的规定，以及后来修订有关实体名单的条例，来执行安理会第1970(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国实施的限制性措施。上述《条例》是根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定通过的，为该问题提供了一项共同解决方法，以确保所有有关各方统一执行这些措施。", "如《条例》第5条明确规定，各机构必须冻结附件二和附件三所列的个人、实体和机构所属的、拥有的、持有的或控制的资产。附件二包括安全理事会或制裁委员会按照第1970(2011)号决议第22段指定的自然人或法人、实体和机构，而附件三包括附件二没有涵盖的自然人或法人、实体和机构，欧盟理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定已确定这些个人和实体在利比亚参与严重侵犯人权的罪行。该《条例》还根据上述决议第18至20条的规定载有关于豁免的规定。", "还应当指出，2000年11月16日通过的《关于查禁洗钱和资助恐怖主义的法令》规定了在国家一级的程序，允许主管当局在列举的情况下释放冻结资产，并提出侵犯冻结资产义务的处罚规定。如上所述，各机构必须根据法律履行《条例》所规定的冻结资产义务，并向主管当局提交所有有关冻结资产的资料。", "军火出口", "在军火出口领域，安保部门的有关单位与各机构之间密切合作。自上述决议生效以来，尚未有关于从波兰向利比亚转让设备、武器或弹药的通知。此外，经济部已审查所有批准将军火转让到国外的仍然有效的许可证，并取消了其中一个将武器转让到利比亚的出口许可证。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "谨随函附上关于波兰共和国为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议规定的措施所采取步骤的报告(见附件)。", "如果委员会提出要求,我国政府随时准备提供进一步资料,协助评估决议的执行情况。", "维托德·索布科(签名)", "2011年6月24日波兰常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "关于安全理事会2011年2月26日通过的关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国采取限制性措施的第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "波兰共和国谨根据第1970(2011)号决议第25段,提交为有效执行上述决议而已采取的措施。", "保护国家边界和保障航运安全", "海事办事处主任获悉,第1970(2011)号决议已经通过,在波兰海域的一艘船涉嫌违反第9和10段(禁止进出口武器)时,必须通知基础设施部航运安全司。 迄今尚未发现此类案件。", "国家边防卫队总部保证正确执行第1970(2011)号决议,特别是第15段(对该决议附件一所列人员的旅行禁令)。 16名利比亚公民的个人数据被存入一个数据库,帮助国家边防卫队防止他们进入或从波兰领土过境。", "财务", "波兰作为欧洲联盟成员,直接适用2011年3月2日(欧盟)理事会关于鉴于利比亚局势采取限制性措施的第204/2011号条例并遵循修正有关实体名单的条例,执行了安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议规定的对阿拉伯利比亚民众国的限制性措施。 上述条例是依照理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定通过的,该决定规定了对这一问题的共同办法,旨在确保有关各方统一适用这些措施。", "如条例第5条所明确规定,各机构必须冻结附件二和三所列个人、实体和机构所属、拥有、持有或控制的资产。 附件二包括安全理事会或制裁委员会根据第1970(2011)号决议第22段指认的自然人或法人、实体和机构,而附件三由附件二未涵盖的自然人或法人、实体和机构组成,根据理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定第6(l)条,这些实体被欧洲联盟理事会认定为参与利比亚境内严重侵犯人权行为的个人和实体。 该条例还规定了与上述决议第18至20条相符合的相关豁免。", "还应指出,2000年11月16日关于打击洗钱和向恐怖主义提供资助的法律在国家一级规定了一项程序,使主管当局能够在列举的情况下释放被冻结资产,并规定对违反冻结资产义务的行为的惩罚。 如上所述,根据法律,每个机构都必须履行冻结该条例所产生资产的义务,并向该当局提交与冻结有关的所有数据。", "武器出口", "在武器出口领域,安全部门的有关部门和机构密切合作。 自该决议生效以来,没有关于从波兰向利比亚转让设备、武器弹药的通知。 此外,经济部审查了仍然有效的向国外转让军备的所有许可,并取消了其中与向利比亚出口军火有关的许可。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Sun Xiaobo \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The meeting was called to order at 5.30 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "Letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992) and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council (S/2011/433)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/470, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by France, Gabon, Germany and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/433, which contains a letter dated 18 July 2011 from the Chairman of the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 751 (1992)", "and 1907 (2009) concerning Somalia and Eritrea addressed to the President of the Security Council, transmitting the Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea.", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it.", "I shall now put the draft resolution to the vote.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2002 (2011).", "The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 5.35 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 孙晓波先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "下午5时30分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/470，其中载有法国、加蓬、德国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案的案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/433，其中载有2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信，信中转递了索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组的报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在就把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2002(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安全理事会将继续处理此案。", "下午5时35分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生\n巴西 邓洛普女士\n中国 孙晓波先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 博内先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 曼吉耶夫·辛格普里先生\n黎巴嫩 Ramadan先生\n尼日利亚 阿米耶奥福里先生\n葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "下午5时30分宣布开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "2011年7月18日安全理事会关于索马里和厄立特里亚的第751(1992)号和第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信(S/2011/433)", "主席(以英语发言):安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前有文件S/2011/470,其中载有法国、加蓬、德国和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案的文本。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/433,其中载有2011年7月18日安全理事会第751(1992)号决议所设委员会主席的来信。", "第1907(2009)号决议所设委员会给安全理事会主席的信,转递索马里和厄立特里亚问题监察组的报告。", "我的理解是,安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。", "我现在将该决议草案付诸表决。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成:", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言):有15票赞成。 决议草案获得一致通过,成为第2002(2011)号决议。", "安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。 安理会将继续处理此案。", "下午5时35分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Wittig\t(Germany) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Vukašinović\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Wang Min \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Bonne \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n\tIndia\tMr. Manjeev SinghPuri\n Lebanon Mr. Ramadan \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Pankin \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tSir Mark LyallGrant\n United States of America Mrs. DiCarlo", "Agenda", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The meeting was called to order at 6 p.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)", "The President: The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "Members of the Council have before them document S/2011/471, which contains the text of a draft resolution submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "I wish to draw the attention of Council members to document S/2011/422, which contains the report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422).", "It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I shall put the draft resolution to the vote now.", "There being no objection, it is so decided.", "A vote was taken by show of hands.", "In favour:", "Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, China, Colombia, France, Gabon, Germany, India, Lebanon, Nigeria, Portugal, Russian Federation, South Africa, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America.", "The President: There were 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been adopted unanimously as resolution 2003 (2011).", "I now give the floor to those members of the Council who wish to make statements following the adoption of the resolution.", "Mr. Sangqu (South Africa): The presence of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in Darfur is crucial, given that its mandate includes, among other things, contributing to the facilitation of the Darfur peace process and the protection of civilians. In that regard, South Africa has contributed troops and police to UNAMID and will continue to support the mission. South Africa will further assist in the search for lasting peace in Darfur through the African Union (AU) and bilaterally. It was for that reason that my delegation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of UNAMID for a further 12 months.", "This month has seen momentous events in the history of the Sudan and, indeed, of the entire continent. A new State, South Sudan, was established, marking another milestone in the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, through which the people of the Sudan committed themselves to resolving their decades-long conflict. As we celebrate this achievement, we remain hopefully that the Doha document for peace in Darfur will be signed by all parties to the conflict so that the people of Darfur are able to build on this positive momentum and move rapidly towards peace.", "Every effort must be employed to ensure that peace and stability are advanced in Darfur. South Africa welcomes the conclusion of the Doha peace process. It is indeed a significant step in building peace in Darfur.", "The African Union, meeting at its highest level in Malabo recently, endorsed the early launching of the Darfur political process as a process which provides", "“the best opportunity to consolidate gains made so far, ensure ownership by the Sudanese in resolving their own problems and empower the various stakeholders, as well as achieve an inclusive and comprehensive settlement addressing the interrelated issues of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur”.", "In this regard, South Africa expresses its full and unequivocal support for the efforts of the AU High-level Implementation Panel, with the support of UNAMID, to launch the Darfur political process as soon as possible.", "While acknowledging that the parties should do everything in their power to create an enabling environment, we do not view the creation of such an environment as a precondition to launching the Darfur political process. To do so would essentially hand a veto to any potential spoilers to the process. With this in view, the AU Peace and Security Council appealed to the Security Council to lend its support to the launching of the Darfur political process. This was done so that this Council could take into consideration and reflect the AU’s position in considering the mandate renewal of UNAMID.", "We wish to remind the Council that UNAMID was created as a hybrid operation in a partnership between the United Nations and the African Union. Given this important character and feature of UNAMID, it is critically important that both organizations value each others’ contribution to the success of the mission and to the attainment of enduring peace and stability in Darfur. We are therefore disappointed by the timid and qualified support for the AU’s request for the commencement of a Darfur-based political process.", "Given the proximity to and sustained involvement of Africans in resolving the conflict in Darfur, the international community would do well to heed Africa’s call and support the efforts of the African Union on the Darfur political process. We reiterate the importance and pre-eminence of Africa’s leadership in solving African problems. After all, that is in line with the provisions of the United Nations Charter as expressed in its Chapter VIII. Failure to implement the Darfur peace process in a timely manner would have a devastating effect by delaying peace further, condemning the people of Darfur to untold suffering.", "South Africa is satisfied with the commendable efforts deployed by Joint Special Representative Gambari and the AU High-level Implementation Panel under the leadership of former President Mbeki, with the support of stakeholders in the Sudan and the international community. We are convinced that their continued efforts will contribute significantly to bringing peace, stability and reconciliation to the people of Darfur. The Council should not waiver in its support to the people of Darfur. We dare not fail them.", "Mr. Amieyeofori (Nigeria): Nigeria voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011) because we believe in the indispensable role of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in the efforts to bring lasting peace and stability to Darfur and overall peace to the Sudan. We remain resolute in our conviction that the enduring partnership between the United Nations and the African Union (AU) in Darfur remains a solid foundation for preserving international peace and security.", "In the spirit of this partnership, we had hoped that the decision of the seventeenth AU Summit and the communiqué of the AU Peace and Security Council of 19 Judy 2011, stressing that the Darfur political process should constitute a priority in the new road map for Darfur and should be fully launched upon the positive outcome of the Doha process, would have been given due consideration.", "We are convinced that paragraph 7 of the resolution, specifying complicated enabling conditions that must be met, will constrain the inauguration of the Darfur political process. Indeed, making the launching of the Darfur political process contingent on the fulfilment of certain preconditions would be counterproductive. It could equip spoilers with the means to undermine the search for a comprehensive peace. It could also undermine the national ownership of the process.", "Nigeria’s view has consistently been that an internal political process is vital to inclusiveness and consensus-building in intercommunal relations in Darfur. As the Secretary- General notes in his latest report on UNAMID (S/2011/422), a Darfur peace process could also benefit from a Darfur-based internal dialogue and consultations that build popular support for local ownership and enhance the outcome of the Doha negotiation in the new road map.", "The elements that are enumerated in paragraph 7 are goals and not prerequisites. In our view, if we are serious about taking the critical first steps towards creating an enabling environment for the Darfur political process, then we should call for actions that are clearly feasible and can be easily implemented. That would be a more appropriate focus for the Council and the international community.", "We believe that the lifting of the emergency law in Darfur will greatly enhance the Darfur political process, as observed by the Joint Special Representative. It will serve as a critical confidence-building measure and be sufficient to kick-start the process.", "Finally, we believe that UNAMID has a critical role to play in ensuring a successful Darfur political process and in working closely with the Government of the Sudan to lift the state of emergency. We therefore discourage efforts to minimize its role or indeed to exclude UNAMID from the Darfur political process.", "Mr. Messone (Gabon) (spoke in French): We are still following, not without unease, the first steps of the State of South Sudan. The issue of peace in Darfur is one reason for that concern. The pursuit of peace and security in Darfur remains an ongoing concern of Gabon.", "In that regard, we commend the adoption by the Peace and Security Council of the African Union on 19 July of a communiqué in which it requests the Security Council to proceed to renew the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). UNAMID played an essential role in the Doha negotiations. It also improved its performance in the area of the protection of civilians.", "Resolution 2003 (2011), for which Gabon has just voted, meets its concern over seeing UNAMID continue to play a major role in restoring peace and stability in Darfur. Despite the progress made in the pursuit of peace in that region of the Sudan, the security and humanitarian situations in Darfur remain fragile and threaten the gains of the Doha process.", "Therefore, the Malabo African Union summit called for the launch of the Darfur peace process. We welcome that decision. We firmly believe that the Darfur political process, proposed by the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel, chaired by President Mbeki, then endorsed by the Malabo summit, would be the way to strengthen the positive results of the Doha process. Moreover, those two complementary processes must ultimately enable the Darfurians themselves to take true ownership of the restoration of peace, justice, reconciliation and development in their region.", "In that regard, while acknowledging the need to create a favourable security, humanitarian and political environment, Gabon is convinced that the launch and successful outcome of the Darfur peace process should not falter over preconditions that threaten to undermine even the pursuit of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur.", "The text that we have just adopted takes up consensus goals of the Council. Of course, it is still far from what was called for by the Malebo African Union summit, but it records the will to commit to the Darfur peace process.", "Mrs. DiCarlo (United States of America): The United States supports the peacekeepers of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), who continue to play a critical role in the safety and security of the people of Darfur.", "We are extremely concerned by the situation on the ground in Darfur. In the light of the dangerous situation, we are pleased that the Council has recognized that the enabling environment necessary for a Darfur-based political process does not yet exist. For any process to achieve lasting peace in Darfur, the ability of the participants to express their free will, without fear of harm or retribution, must be guaranteed. In Darfur, however, those who speak out are regularly arrested, tortured or killed.", "It is first and foremost the responsibility of the Government of the Sudan to create such enabling conditions. We strongly demand that all parties to the conflict agree to an immediate ceasefire and engage in direct negotiation.", "UNAMID’s role in bringing peace to Darfur is critical. The Mission has no higher priority than to protect civilians and to secure humanitarian access for millions of vulnerable people. We are pleased that resolution 2003 (2011) affirms that. Based on reporting from the field, including UNAMID’s reporting on political, civil and human rights, the Security Council, taking into account the views of the African Union, will determine whether the enabling conditions necessary for UNAMID to engage in further efforts related to the Darfur-based political process have been met.", "As civilians continue to be targeted and bombs continue to be dropped in Darfur, the United States welcomes UNAMID’s focus on protecting civilians and ensuring that humanitarians have the access that they need to provide lifesaving assistance. We call on the parties to the conflict to recommit themselves to serious and comprehensive political negotiations to bring an end to such atrocities.", "Mr. Pankin (Russian Federation) (spoke in Russian): The Russian Federation voted in favour of resolution 2003 (2011). We believe that the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) plays an important stabilizing role in that region of the Sudan. The Russian Federation views UNAMID as an integral component of a Darfur settlement.", "Significantly, the Mission’s mandate includes a broad set of political support tasks pertaining to the peace process and to the mediation efforts of the African Union and the United Nations. These include support for and monitoring of the implementation of the Darfur peace agreements, and assistance in the preparation and conduct of inter-Darfurian dialogue and consultations.", "On 14 July, the Government of the Sudan and the Justice and Equality Movement signed the Doha document for peace in Darfur, which we see as a very important step towards a Darfur settlement. In chapter 7 of that document, the parties agreed to engage in inter-Darfurian dialogue and stipulated that it should be undertaken with the assistance of UNAMID, the African Union and the Government of Qatar. The political process is designed to build a broad platform of civil society in Darfur for the implementation of the agreements.", "The need to launch the Darfur political process is recognized in a resolution adopted by the African Union Peace and Security Council on 19 July. Russia fully supports that position. We believe that inter-Darfurian dialogue is a core element of the new road map for a peaceful settlement in Darfur, as called for in resolution 2003 (2011).", "We highly value UNAMID’s activities and the efforts of its head, Joint Special Representative Gambari, to promote a settlement in Darfur. We believe that, in the difficult conditions prevailing in Darfur, the peacekeepers are doing their utmost to undertake the tasks assigned to them by the Security Council. We call on all parties in Darfur to support UNAMID’s activities.", "Mr. Wang Min (China) (spoke in Chinese): The Chinese delegation welcomes resolution 2003 (2011), just adopted by the Council. China voted in favour of the resolution.", "China has consistently supported the peace process in Darfur, the Sudan, and we hope for an early attainment of peace, prosperity and development in Darfur. China maintains that the issue of Darfur should be addressed through the dual-track strategy, with equal emphasis on peacekeeping deployment and the political process. We support the renewal of the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) in order to continue to implement the Security Council mandate.", "The African Union (AU) is an important partner of the United Nations in addressing questions related to the Sudan. The AU’s position on the Darfur political process merits close attention. China supports UNAMID playing an important role in supporting the political process in Darfur.", "Sir Mark Lyall Grant (United Kingdom): In supporting resolution 2003 (2011), extending the mandate of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) for 12 months, the United Kingdom is conscious that Darfur is entering a critical period in which its people need the support of both the United Nations and the African Union more than ever.", "We therefore welcome the essential work that UNAMID is doing to protect civilians and to provide security for humanitarian access in Darfur. Given the deterioration in the security situation and its impact on civilians, we encourage the Mission to maintain and enhance its robust approach to the delivery of these core tasks.", "We also recognize the vital importance of working towards a comprehensive peace for Darfur. We welcome the signature on 14 July by the Government of the Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement of the agreement on the adoption of the Doha document for peace in Darfur. We urge the Government of the Sudan and all the armed movements to engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha document.", "Further, we recognize the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based political process in engaging all Darfur stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue. However, we note that the elements of the necessary enabling environment for such a Darfur process, as identified by the United Nations Security Council and the African Union Peace and Security Council in their joint communiqué of 21 May, are not yet in place. We note that the Secretary-General made clear in his report (S/2011/422) that this enabling environment was paramount.", "As resolution 2003 (2011) makes clear, the Secretary-General and the Security Council will monitor developments very closely so that the proper assessments can be made and so that the Security Council can take the necessary decisions regarding the Darfur political process and UNAMID’s participation in it.", "We thank Joint Special Representative Ibrahim Gambari and the personnel of UNAMID for their work in support of peace and security in Darfur.", "The President: The Security Council has thus concluded the present stage of its consideration of the item on its agenda. The Council will remain seized of the matter.", "The meeting rose at 6.25 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 维蒂希先生 (德国) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 王民先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 博内先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n\t印度\t曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生\n 黎巴嫩 拉马丹先生 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n\t大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士\n 美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "下午6时开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前摆着文件S/2011/471，其中载有大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案案文。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/422，其中载有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告。", "我的理解是，安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。我现在把这项决议草案付诸表决。", "没有人反对，就这样决定。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成：", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言)：有15票赞成。决议草案获得一致通过，成为第2003(2011)号决议。", "我现在请希望在决议通过后发言的安理会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非)(以英语发言)：非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在达尔富尔的存在是至关重要的，因为除其他外，它的任务包括帮助推动达尔富尔和平进程和保护平民。在这方面，南非向达尔富尔混合行动派遣了部队和警察，并将继续支持该特派团。南非将通过非洲联盟(非盟)和双边努力，进一步协助实现达尔富尔的持久和平。正是出于这一原因，我国代表团对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，把达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月。", "本月发生了苏丹、乃至整个非洲大陆历史上的重大事件。一个新国家、南苏丹成立了，标志着《全面和平协议》执行工作中的又一个里程碑。苏丹人民根据该《协议》致力于解决长达数十年的冲突。在我们庆祝这一成就之际，我们仍然希望冲突各方将签署关于实现达尔富尔和平的多哈文件，以使达尔富尔人民能够扩大这一积极势头并迅速走向和平。", "必须作出一切努力，确保推动达尔富尔的和平与稳定。南非欢迎多哈和平进程的完成。这确实是朝着实现达尔富尔和平迈出的重大一步。", "非洲联盟最近在马拉博举行最高级会议，核可早日启动达尔富尔政治进程，认为该进程提供了", "“最好机会以巩固迄今取得的成果、确保苏丹人自主解决自己的问题和赋予各利益攸关者权利，以及实现包容性和全面的解决，以处理达尔富尔相互关联的和平、正义及和解问题”。", "在这方面，南非对非洲联盟高级别执行小组在达尔富尔混合行动的支助下，为尽快启动达尔富尔政治进程所作的努力表示充分和明确的支持。", "我们尽管认识到各方应当竭尽全力创造有利的环境，但是并不认为创造这样的环境是启动达尔富尔政治进程的先决条件。这样做实际上把否决权拱手给该进程的任何潜在破坏者。有鉴于此，非盟和平与安全理事会呼吁安全理事会支持启动达尔富尔政治进程。这样做是为了让安理会在审议延长达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限时，能够考虑并反映非盟的立场。", "我们要提醒安理会，达尔富尔混合行动是联合国和非洲联盟共同创建的一个混合行动。鉴于达尔富尔混合行动的这一重要特征和特点，两个组织珍视彼此对特派团的成功和实现达尔富尔持久和平与稳定所作的贡献，是极为重要的。因此，我们对于非盟有关启动达尔富尔政治进程的请求仅得到胆小、有条件的支持感到失望。", "由于非洲人邻近并持续参与解决达尔富尔的冲突，国际社会最好响应非洲的呼吁并支持非洲联盟关于达尔富尔政治进程的努力。我们重申，非洲在解决非洲问题方面发挥领导作用至关重要。毕竟，这符合《联合国宪章》第八章的规定。不及时执行达尔富尔和平进程将产生破坏性影响，进一步拖延和平，使达尔富尔人民遭受巨大痛苦。", "南非对联合特别代表甘巴里和姆贝基前总统领导的非盟高级别执行小组在苏丹和国际社会利益攸关者的支持下所作的努力感到满意。我们相信，他们的继续努力，将大大有助于为达尔富尔人民实现和平、稳定及和解。安理会不应当动摇其对达富尔人民的支持。我们不能辜负他们。", "阿米耶奥弗利先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：尼日利亚对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，因为我们相信非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在实现达尔富尔持久和平与稳定以及苏丹全面和平的努力中不可或缺的作用。我们仍然坚信，联合国同非洲联盟(非盟)在达尔富尔的持久伙伴关系，是维护国际和平与安全的坚实基础。", "本次这一伙伴精神，我们曾希望非盟第17次首脑会议的决定和2011年7月19日非盟和平与安全理事会的公报会得到考虑，(其中强调，达尔富尔政治进程应当成为达尔富尔新路线图的优先事项，并应当在多哈进程取得积极成果之后马上充分启动。", "我们相信，决议第7段所规定的必须满足的复杂的有利条件，将限制达尔富尔政治进程的启动。实际上，为启动达尔富尔政治进程规定某些必须满足的先决条件，将适得其反。这可能让破坏者获得阻碍实现全面和平的手段。这也可能损害该进程的国家自主权。", "尼日利亚一向认为，一个内部政治进程对于达尔富尔社区间关系中的包容性和达成共识，是至关重要的。正如秘书长在最近关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告中(S/2011/422)指出的那样，达尔富尔和平进程也可能受益于达尔富尔内部的对话和协商，这会建立对地方自主权的民意支持，并加强新路线图中的多哈谈判的成果。", "第7段所列的各项内容是目标，而不是先决条件。我们认为，如果我们真想跨出关键的第一步，为达尔富尔政治进程创造有利环境，那么我们就应当要求采取显然可行、并能够容易落实的行动。这将是安理会和国际社会更加合适的重点。", "我们认为，正如联合特别代表指出的那样，解除达尔富尔的紧急法，将大大推动达尔富尔政治进程。这将成为一个关键的建立信任措施，并足以快速启动该进程。", "最后，我们认为，达尔富尔混合行动可发挥关键作用，确保达尔富尔政治进程的成功，并同苏丹政府密切合作，取消紧急状态。因此，我们不鼓励旨在缩小达尔富尔混合行动的作用或实际上把它排除在达尔富尔政治进程之外的举措。", "梅索尼先生(加蓬)(以法语发言)：我们仍在不安地注视着南苏丹国家最初迈出的步伐。达尔富尔和平问题是令我们对此感到关切的一个原因。谋求实现达尔富尔和平与安全，仍然是加蓬持续关切的问题。", "在这方面，我们赞扬非洲联盟和平与安全理事会于7月19日通过一项公报；它在该公报中请安全理事会着手延长非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的任务期限。达尔富尔混合行动在多哈谈判中发挥了关键作用。它还改进了它在保护平民方面的工作成效。", "加蓬刚才对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票，因为该决议照顾到了加蓬的关切，那就是，它希望看到达尔富尔混合行动继续在恢复达尔富尔和平与稳定方面发挥重要作用。尽管在实现苏丹这个地区的和平方面取得了进展，但达尔富尔的安全和人道主义局势仍然脆弱，并且威胁到多哈进程所取得的成就。", "因此，马拉博非洲联盟首脑会议呼吁启动达尔富尔和平进程。我们欢迎这项决定。我们坚信，由姆贝基前总统担任主席的非洲联盟高级别执行小组提出、然后由马拉博首脑会议核可的达尔富尔政治进程，将是强化多哈进程取得的积极结果的途径。此外，这两个相互补充的进程最终必须使达尔富尔人自己能够真正主导恢复本地区和平、正义、和解与发展的进程。", "在这方面，加蓬确认需要营造一个有利的安全、人道主义和政治环境，同时坚信，达尔富尔和平进程的启动与成功结果不应当由于可能危害争取实现达尔富尔和平、正义与和解的努力的先决条件而受阻。", "我们刚才通过的案文中考虑到安理会的共识目标。当然，它距离马拉博非洲联盟首脑会议所提出的要求仍然相去甚远，但它表明了致力于达尔富尔和平进程的意愿。", "迪卡洛女士(美利坚合众国)(以英语发言)：美国支持非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的维和人员继续在达尔富尔人民的安全保障方面发挥至关重要的作用。", "我们对达尔富尔实地局势极感关切。鉴于局势危险，我们感到高兴的是，安理会已经确认，启动达尔富尔政治进程所需的有利环境尚不具备。任何进程要想实现达尔富尔持久和平，都必须保障参与者能够在不担心受到伤害或报复的情况下表达其自由意愿。然而，在达尔富尔，表明意愿的人通常会遭到逮捕、折磨或杀害。", "创造这种有利条件首先是苏丹政府的责任。我们强烈要求冲突各方同意立即停火，并进行直接谈判。", "达尔富尔混合行动在给达尔富尔带来和平方面所发挥的作用至关重要。该特派团的最高优先事项莫过于保护平民和确保数百万弱势民众得到人道主义援助。我们感到高兴的是，第2003(2011)号决议申明了这一点。根据来自实地的报告，包括达尔富尔混合行动关于政治权利、公民权利和人权的报告，安全理事会将在顾及非洲联盟看法的情况下确定让达尔富尔混合行动参与与达尔富尔政治进程有关的进一步努力所需的有利条件是否具备。", "由于平民继续遭到袭击，炸弹继续落入达尔富尔，美国欢迎达尔富尔混合行动注重保护平民并确保人道主义工作人员有提供救命援助所需的进出通道。我们呼吁冲突各方再次承诺进行认真和全面的政治谈判，以制止这种暴行。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言)：俄罗斯联邦对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票。我们认为，非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合(达尔富尔混合行动)在苏丹这个地区发挥着重要的稳定作用。俄罗斯联邦认为，达尔富尔混合行动是达尔富尔问题解决办法的组成部分。", "非常重要的是，达尔富尔混合行动的任务授权应包括一系列涉及和平进程以及非洲联盟和联合国调解努力的广泛政治支助任务。这些任务包括支助并监测达尔富尔和平协议的执行，以及协助达尔富尔人之间的对话与协商的筹备和进行。", "7月14日，苏丹政府与正义与平等运动签署了促进达尔富尔和平的多哈文件。我们将这视为是朝着解决达尔富尔问题方向迈出的非常重要的一步。在该文件第7章中，双方同意参与达尔富尔人之间的对话，并规定对话应在达尔富尔混合行动、非洲联盟和卡塔尔政府协助下进行。政治进程的目的是在达尔富尔搭建一个广泛的民间社会平台，以便执行有关协议。", "非洲联盟和平与安全理事会于7月19日通过的一项决议确认启动达尔富尔政治进程的必要性。俄罗斯全力支持这一立场。我们认为，达尔富尔人之间的对话是第2003(2011)号决议所要求的关于和平解决达尔富尔问题的新路线图的一项核心内容。", "我们高度珍视达尔富尔混合行动所开展的活动及其负责人、联合特别代表甘巴里为推动解决达尔富尔问题所作的努力。我们认为，在达尔富尔当前的艰难条件下，维和人员正在尽其最大努力执行安全理事会所赋予他们的任务。我们呼吁达尔富尔各方支持达尔富尔混合行动所开展的各项活动。", "王民先生(中国)：中国代表团欢迎安理会刚刚通过的第2003(2011)号决议。中方对该决议投了赞成票。", "中方一贯支持苏丹达尔富尔和平进程，希望达尔富尔早日实现和平、繁荣与发展。中方主张达尔富尔问题应坚持维持部署与政治进程并重的“双轨战略”，支持联非达团延期，继续履行安理会的授权。", "非盟是联合国处理苏丹相关问题的重要伙伴，非盟关于达尔富尔政治进程的立场值得高度重视。中方支持联非达团在支持达区政治进程问题上发挥重要作用。", "马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士(联合王国)(以英语发言)：在支持将非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)任务期限延长12个月的第2003(2011)号决议时，联合王国意识到，达尔富尔正进入一个关键时期，该地区人民现在比以往任何时候都更需要联合国和非洲联盟支助。", "因此，我们欢迎达尔富尔混合行动正在做重要的工作，以保护平民并为达尔富尔地区人道主义救援提供安全保障。鉴于安全局势恶化及其对平民的影响，我们鼓励特派团保持和强化执行这些核心任务的强有力办法。", "我们也确认，努力实现达尔富尔全面和平至关重要。我们欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动于7月14日签署了关于通过实现达尔富尔和平的多哈文件的协议。我们敦促苏丹政府和各武装运动立即、无条件地接触，尽一切努力在多哈文件的基础上达成永久停火，并达成一项全面和平解决方案。", "此外，我们认识到，在达尔富尔开展一个政治进程具有让所有利益攸关方参与富有建设性的公开对话的潜在辅助作用。但我们注意到，现在还不具备联合国安全理事会和非洲联盟和平与安全理事会5月21日联合公报中指出的在达尔富尔展开这样一个进程所需要的必要有利环境。我们注意到，秘书长在其报告(S/2011/422)中明确指出，这种有利环境至关重要。", "正如第2003(2011)号决议表明的那样，秘书长和安全理事会将十分密切地监测事态发展，以便能作出适当评估，并使安全理事会能够作出有关达尔富尔政治进程和达尔富尔混合行动参与该进程的必要决定。", "我们感谢联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里和达尔富尔混合行动人员为支持达尔富尔和平与安全所做的工作。", "主席(以英语发言)：安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。安理会将继续处理此案。", "下午6时25分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 维蒂希先生 (德国)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 武卡希诺维奇先生\n巴西 邓洛普女士\n中国 王敏先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 博内先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n印度 曼吉耶夫·辛格普里先生\n黎巴嫩 Ramadan先生\n尼日利亚 阿米耶奥福里先生\n葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 潘金先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 迪卡洛夫人", "议程项目", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "下午6时宣布开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)", "主席(以英语发言):安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "安理会成员面前有文件S/2011/471,其中载有大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国提交的一项决议草案的文本。", "我谨提请安理会成员注意文件S/2011/422,其中载有秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。", "我的理解是,安理会现在准备对其面前的决议草案进行表决。 我现在将决议草案付诸表决。", "没有人反对,就这样决定。", "进行了举手表决。", "赞成:", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、中国、哥伦比亚、法国、加蓬、德国、印度、黎巴嫩、尼日利亚、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、南非、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国。", "主席(以英语发言):有15票赞成。 决议草案获得一致通过,成为第2003(2011)号决议。", "我现在请希望在决议通过后发言的安理会成员发言。", "桑库先生(南非): 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在达尔富尔的存在至关重要,因为其任务除其他外包括促进达尔富尔和平进程并保护平民。 在这方面,南非向达尔富尔混合行动派遣了部队和警察,并将继续支持特派团。 南非将进一步通过非洲联盟(非盟)和双边方式协助在达尔富尔寻求持久和平。 因此,我国代表团对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票,将达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长了12个月。", "本月在苏丹乃至整个大陆历史上发生了重大事件。 南苏丹成立了一个新的国家,这是执行《全面和平协定》的另一个里程碑,苏丹人民通过该协定承诺解决他们长达数十年的冲突。 在我们庆祝这一成就时,我们仍然希望冲突所有各方将签署关于达尔富尔和平的多哈文件,使达尔富尔人民能够在这一积极势头上更上一层楼并迅速走向和平。", "必须尽一切努力确保达尔富尔的和平与稳定得到推进。 南非欢迎多哈和平进程的结束。 这确实是在达尔富尔建设和平的一个重要步骤。", "非洲联盟最近在马拉博举行最高级别会议,赞同早日启动达尔富尔政治进程,作为提供", "“这是巩固迄今取得的成果、确保苏丹人自主解决自身问题并赋予各利益攸关方权力,以及实现解决达尔富尔和平、正义与和解等相互关联问题的包容性全面解决方案的最佳机会”。", "在这方面,南非表示充分和明确地支持非盟高级别执行小组在达尔富尔混合行动支持下为尽快启动达尔富尔政治进程而作的努力。", "虽然我们承认各方应尽其所能创造一个有利的环境,但我们不认为创造这种环境是启动达尔富尔政治进程的先决条件。 这样做基本上将使任何潜在的破坏者否决这一进程。 有鉴于此,非盟和平与安全理事会呼吁安全理事会支持启动达尔富尔政治进程。 这样做是为了安理会在审议延长达尔富尔混合行动任务期限时能够考虑到并反映非盟的立场。", "我们要提醒安理会,达尔富尔混合行动是在联合国与非洲联盟的伙伴关系下作为一个混合行动设立的。 鉴于达尔富尔混合行动的这一重要性质和特点,至关重要的是,两个组织必须重视对方对特派团的成功和在达尔富尔实现持久和平与稳定的贡献。 因此,我们对非盟要求开始以达尔富尔为基地的政治进程的请求得到胆小而合格的支持感到失望。", "鉴于非洲人接近并持续参与解决达尔富尔冲突,国际社会最好听从非洲的呼吁,支持非洲联盟在达尔富尔政治进程上的努力。 我们重申非洲在解决非洲问题方面发挥领导作用的重要性和重要性。 毕竟,这符合《联合国宪章》第八章的规定。 不及时执行达尔富尔和平进程将产生破坏性影响,进一步拖延和平,使达尔富尔人民遭受难以形容的痛苦。", "南非对甘巴里联合特别代表和由前总统姆贝基领导的非盟高级别执行小组在苏丹利益攸关方和国际社会的支持下作出的可嘉努力感到满意。 我们相信,他们的持续努力将大大有助于给达尔富尔人民带来和平、稳定与和解。 安理会不应放弃对达尔富尔人民的支持。 我们不敢辜负他们。", "阿米耶奥福里先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言):尼日利亚对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票,因为我们相信非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在为达尔富尔实现持久和平与稳定以及苏丹全面和平的努力中发挥着不可或缺的作用。 我们仍然坚信,联合国和非洲联盟(非盟)在达尔富尔的持久伙伴关系仍然是维护国际和平与安全的坚实基础。", "本着这一伙伴关系的精神,我们曾希望第十七届非盟首脑会议的决定和2011年朱迪19日非盟和平与安全理事会公报将给予适当考虑,强调达尔富尔政治进程应成为达尔富尔新行进图的优先事项,并应根据多哈进程的积极成果全面启动。", "我们相信,决议第7段具体说明必须满足的复杂有利条件,将限制达尔富尔政治进程的启动。 事实上,使达尔富尔政治进程的启动取决于满足某些先决条件,将适得其反。 它可以为破坏者提供破坏寻求全面和平的手段。 它还会损害国家对这一进程的自主权。", "尼日利亚一贯认为,内部政治进程对于达尔富尔族裔间关系的包容性和建立共识至关重要。 正如秘书长在其关于达尔富尔混合行动的最新报告(S/2011/422)中指出的那样,达尔富尔和平进程也可受益于以达尔富尔为基础的内部对话和协商,这种对话和协商可建立民众对地方自主权的支持,并增强多哈谈判在新路线图中的成果。", "第7段列举的要素是目标,而不是先决条件。 我们认为,如果我们认真采取关键的第一步,为达尔富尔政治进程创造有利环境,那么,我们应当呼吁采取显然可行并易于执行的行动。 这将是安理会和国际社会更适当的重点。", "我们认为,如联合特别代表所指出,解除达尔富尔的紧急状态法将大大加强达尔富尔政治进程。 它将是一项重要的建立信任措施,足以启动这一进程。", "最后,我们认为,达尔富尔混合行动在确保达尔富尔政治进程取得成功以及与苏丹政府密切合作以解除紧急状态方面可以发挥关键作用。 因此,我们劝阻尽量减少其作用或实际上把达尔富尔混合行动排除在达尔富尔政治进程之外的努力。", "梅索尼先生(加蓬)(以法语发言): 我们仍然在关注南苏丹国的初步步骤,而不是不安。 达尔富尔和平问题是引起这种关切的原因之一。 争取达尔富尔的和平与安全仍然是加蓬持续关切的问题。", "在这方面,我们赞扬非洲联盟和平与安全理事会于7月19日通过一份公报,其中要求安全理事会着手延长非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的任务期限。 达尔富尔混合行动在多哈谈判中发挥了重要作用。 它还改进了保护平民方面的工作。", "加蓬刚刚投票赞成的第2003(2011)号决议,解决了它对看到达尔富尔混合行动继续在恢复达尔富尔和平与稳定方面发挥重要作用的关切。 尽管苏丹这一地区在寻求和平方面取得了进展,但达尔富尔的安全和人道主义局势仍然脆弱并威胁到多哈进程的成果。", "因此,马拉博非洲联盟首脑会议呼吁启动达尔富尔和平进程。 我们欢迎这一决定。 我们坚信,由姆贝基总统担任主席的非洲联盟高级别执行小组提出的、随后得到马拉博首脑会议核可的达尔富尔政治进程,将是加强多哈进程积极成果的途径。 此外,这两个相辅相成的进程最终必须使达尔富尔人自己能够真正当家作主地恢复本地区的和平、正义、和解与发展。", "在这方面,加蓬承认需要创造一个有利的安全、人道主义和政治环境,同时深信,达尔富尔和平进程的启动和成功结果不应因可能破坏在达尔富尔实现和平、正义与和解的前提条件而动摇。", "我们刚才通过的案文涉及安理会的协商一致目标。 当然,它仍然远远没有达到马莱博非洲联盟首脑会议的要求,但它记录了致力于达尔富尔和平进程的意愿。", "迪卡洛夫人(美利坚合众国): 美国支持非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的维和人员,他们继续在达尔富尔人民的安全和保障方面发挥关键作用。", "我们对达尔富尔当地的局势极为关切。 鉴于这一危险局势,我们感到高兴的是,安理会已认识到,达尔富尔政治进程所需的有利环境尚不存在。 为了在达尔富尔实现持久和平的任何进程,必须保证参与者能够表达其自由意愿,而不必担心受到伤害或报复。 然而,在达尔富尔,那些大声疾呼的人经常遭到逮捕、酷刑或杀害。", "苏丹政府首先有责任创造这种有利条件。 我们强烈要求冲突各方同意立即停火并进行直接谈判。", "达尔富尔混合行动在给达尔富尔带来和平方面的作用至关重要。 特派团的优先事项莫过于保护平民和确保数百万弱势群体获得人道主义援助。 我们感到高兴的是,第2003(2011)号决议确认了这一点。 根据实地报告,包括达尔富尔混合行动关于政治、公民和人权的报告,安全理事会将考虑到非洲联盟的意见,确定达尔富尔混合行动参与与达尔富尔政治进程有关的进一步努力所需的有利条件是否已得到满足。", "由于达尔富尔平民继续成为目标,炸弹继续被投掷,美国欢迎达尔富尔混合行动注重保护平民,并确保人道主义人员获得他们提供救生援助所需的准入。 我们呼吁冲突各方再次承诺进行认真和全面的政治谈判,以结束这种暴行。", "潘金先生(俄罗斯联邦)(以俄语发言): 俄罗斯联邦对第2003(2011)号决议投了赞成票。 我们认为,非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)在苏丹这一区域发挥着重要的稳定作用。 俄罗斯联邦认为,达尔富尔混合行动是达尔富尔解决方案的一个组成部分。", "重要的是,特派团的任务包括与和平进程以及非洲联盟和联合国的调解努力有关的一系列广泛的政治支持任务。 其中包括支持和监测《达尔富尔和平协议》的执行情况,以及协助筹备和进行达尔富尔人之间的对话和协商。", "7月14日,苏丹政府同正义与平等运动签署了《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》,我们认为该文件是朝向解决达尔富尔问题迈出的非常重要的一步。 在该文件第7章中,双方同意进行达尔富尔人之间的对话,并规定对话应在达尔富尔混合行动、非洲联盟和卡塔尔政府的协助下进行。 政治进程旨在为达尔富尔民间社会建立一个广泛的平台,以实施各项协定。", "7月19日非洲联盟和平与安全理事会通过的一项决议确认有必要启动达尔富尔政治进程。 俄罗斯完全支持这一立场。 我们认为,达尔富尔人之间的对话是第2003(2011)号决议所呼吁的和平解决达尔富尔问题新路线图的核心内容。", "我们高度重视达尔富尔混合行动的活动及其负责人甘巴里联合特别代表为促进达尔富尔问题的解决而作的努力。 我们认为,在达尔富尔目前的困难条件下,维持和平人员正在竭尽全力来完成安全理事会交给他们的任务。 我们呼吁达尔富尔各方支持达尔富尔混合行动的活动。", "王民先生(中国): 中国代表团欢迎安理会刚刚通过的第2003(2011)号决议。 中国对决议投了赞成票.", "中国一贯支持苏丹达尔富尔和平进程,我们希望早日实现达尔富尔和平、繁荣与发展。 中方认为,达尔富尔问题应通过双轨战略加以解决,同样重视维和部署和政治进程。 我们支持延长非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的任务期限,以继续执行安全理事会的任务。", "非洲联盟(非盟)是联合国处理与苏丹有关的问题的重要伙伴。 非盟对达尔富尔政治进程的立场值得密切关注。 中国支持达尔富尔混合行动在支持达尔富尔政治进程方面发挥重要作用。", "马克·莱尔·格兰特爵士(联合王国): 联合王国支持第2003(2011)号决议,将非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的任务期限延长了12个月,同时意识到达尔富尔正进入一个关键时期,其人民比以往任何时候都更需要联合国和非洲联盟的支持。", "因此,我们欢迎达尔富尔混合行动为保护平民和在达尔富尔提供人道主义准入安全而正在做的重要工作。 鉴于安全局势的恶化及其对平民的影响,我们鼓励特派团保持并加强其执行这些核心任务的有力办法。", "我们还认识到,为达尔富尔实现全面和平而努力至关重要。 我们欢迎苏丹政府同解放与正义运动于7月14日签署关于通过多哈达尔富尔和平文件的协定。 我们敦促苏丹政府和所有武装运动立即、无条件地参与,尽一切努力在多哈文件的基础上实现永久停火和全面和平解决。", "此外,我们认识到以达尔富尔为基础的政治进程在促使达尔富尔所有利益攸关方参与建设性和公开对话方面的潜在补充作用。 然而,我们注意到,联合国安全理事会和非洲联盟和平与安全理事会在5月21日的联合公报中所确定的达尔富尔进程的必要有利环境的要素尚未到位。 我们注意到,秘书长在其报告(S/2011/422)中明确表示,这一有利环境至关重要。", "第2003(2011)号决议明确指出,秘书长和安全理事会将非常密切地监测事态发展,以便进行适当的评估,使安全理事会能够就达尔富尔政治进程和达尔富尔混合行动参与该进程作出必要决定。", "我们感谢联合特别代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里和达尔富尔混合行动人员为支持达尔富尔的和平与安全而作的工作。", "主席(以英语发言):安全理事会就此结束现阶段对其议程项目的审议。 安理会将继续处理此案。", "下午6时25分散会。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Deiss\t(Switzerland)", "In the absence of the President, Mr. Mac-Donald (Suriname), Vice-President, took the Chair.", "The meeting was called to order at 11.05 a.m.", "Agenda item 162 (continued)", "Follow-up to the high-level meeting held on 24 September 2010: Revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations", "Mr. Ruiz Blanco (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): I would like to thank President Deiss for having convened this day of reflection on the Conference on Disarmament and on multilateral disarmament negotiations, during which we can exchange — and have been exchanging — views on challenges and opportunities and on how the Conference can resume its role of sole negotiating body on disarmament so that we can move towards the general and complete disarmament that all humankind desires.", "Commitment to disarmament and nuclear non‑proliferation is one of the principles of my country’s foreign policy, and we have therefore promoted the search for consensus in relevant multilateral forums in order to advance towards the achievement of these goals, highlighting the importance of these issues for peace and international security.", "For Colombia, it is very important that the negotiations of these issues be undertaken in the framework of the mechanisms and bodies of the United Nations. We therefore attach great importance to the Conference on Disarmament. However, we share the international community’s frustration at its stagnation. We believe that this situation cannot continue and requires immediate corrective measures. If all States demonstrate real political commitment, this situation can be overcome. Political commitment should be understood as flexibility and creativity — flexibility to yield a little in national positions so that we all win together, and creativity to advance in the search for new opportunities for commitment.", "During its presidency of the Conference on Disarmament from 30 May to 24 June, Colombia focused on a process of reflection on the current state of the Conference and courses of action to enhance its functioning. However, despite the efforts of the Colombian presidency and its predecessors, the forum remains paralysed.", "In document CD/1913, Colombia, in its national capacity, posited reasons for the deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament and how different factors inhibit its ability to move forward. However, it is clear that there is no justifiable reason for this paralysis. We do not consider it natural for a forum to remain without any concrete results for more than a decade or even progress on in-depth discussions of various topics in order to shed light on the points on which there are differences.", "With respect to the programme of work, we recall that it is only a tool designed to facilitate the activities of the Conference on Disarmament. An agreement on a programme of work does not ensure that the Conference will begin to make progress. The experience of 2009 proves this. The problem with the programme of work is not in its drafting, but in the commitments that we seek to undertake.", "To this we must add two additional obstacles: the methodology used to reach consensus on the programme of work, as this task is left exclusively to the rotating presidency, and the misunderstanding concerning its basic nature, as some insist that the programme of work should contain mandates. For this reason, at this juncture Colombia is promoting the idea of having a simplified programme of work, as foreseen in the rules of procedure.", "With regard to the Conference’s agenda and the issues for negotiation, my country believes that the next logical step is the negotiation of a fissile material cut-off treaty (FMCT). Colombia supports the start of negotiations on an FMCT on the understanding that the issue of stockpiles should be an integral part of the process. However, we believe that other issues — such as that of negative security assurances — are just as timely as the FMCT and would allow us to move towards disarmament and non-proliferation. Perhaps it makes sense at this juncture to take more than one step at a time.", "With respect to possible courses of action, I would like to highlight the following suggestions that have been made by some members of the Conference on Disarmament and that we believe to be both feasible and useful.", "First, we should appoint a special coordinator on the efficiency and methods of the Conference on Disarmament, who would analyse its procedures and make recommendations to its members.", "Secondly, we should consider streamlining the meetings of the Conference at each annual session, with the aim of holding plenary meetings only when necessary and of having ongoing processes at all times.", "Thirdly, we should reflect on the need to rationalize the expenses of the Conference.", "Fourthly, we should set up groups of technical experts on the items on the agenda in order to build confidence and to contribute to the start of a meaningful negotiating process.", "Fifthly, we should explore the possibility of expanding the membership of the Conference and promote greater interaction with civil society.", "Sixthly and lastly, we should continue discussion on the strengthening of the Conference on Disarmament and the revitalization of the disarmament machinery in the framework of the General Assembly, with the aim of considering other possible courses of action.", "In addition, given the overall paralysis on disarmament issues, Colombia reiterates its support for the swift convening of a fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament that would include a full review of the competent bodies of the United Nations system and take the decisions necessary to revitalize them.", "Mr. Korček (Slovakia): Allow me to begin by stating that Slovakia fully associates itself with the statement made by the European Union and the statement delivered by the Netherlands on behalf of the cross-regional group of 42 Member States. My delegation would also like to make a few national comments on this important occasion.", "We share the frustration and dissatisfaction of many delegations with the current state of affairs in the Conference on Disarmament, which has serious consequences for that multilateral forum in terms of its credibility and relevance in addressing the current security needs of us all. The time has come to revitalize and reinforce multilateral efforts so as to meet today’s security challenges with common and united global solutions.", "The Slovak Republic continues to see the Conference on Disarmament as the single multilateral negotiating forum for disarmament matters. We believe that this body is a key element of the disarmament machinery as a whole. What we need is to revitalize it and revive its potential. The Conference on Disarmament is so important that we cannot afford to let its inactivity and deadlock to continue. We understand that patience is needed, but we believe that after more than a decade of stalemate, action is imperative.", "The Conference on Disarmament has the responsibility of conducting multilateral disarmament negotiations. This responsibility lies primarily with the members of the Conference. Slovakia stands ready to work with a view to bringing the deadlock in the Conference to an end and to taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward.", "We share the view that, should the Conference on Disarmament not be able to start substantive work, we need to seek other ways and devise steps to overcome this stalemate.", "Slovakia joined the call on both the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General requesting a General Assembly plenary debate on follow-up to the high-level meeting, which, in our view, offers an opportunity to address the pressing issue of the disarmament machinery. The central issue we want to address is how the Conference on Disarmament can resume its functions and realize its potential in meeting the expectations of the wider international community.", "Slovakia supports the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty that would address the issue of a fissile-material ban. Indeed, we consider such a treaty as an indispensable step towards achieving our final goal of a world free of nuclear weapons.", "In building our future global security environment, we need to look beyond individual steps and focus on the final goal. We believe that we can achieve that goal through a framework of mutually reinforcing and guaranteed instruments. Such an approach would provide a perspective on, and thus allow for progress in, multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Restricting ourselves to a single approach that does not allow for any flexibility will not, even if it sets a high standard, move us forward. A uniform programme of work tailored to suit every occasion is unlikely to help us to move towards nuclear disarmament.", "We need an open mind and an approach that underlines and stresses the ultimate goal. It should also ensure that progress is made in developing an appropriate framework of relevant instruments for its achievement.", "Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): I associate New Zealand with the statement made earlier by the Netherlands on behalf of a number of States and reiterate New Zealand’s deep commitment to the cause of multilateral disarmament. We have always been an active and committed participant in discussions on these issues in the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral settings, because we believe that achieving effective and balanced multilateral solutions to disarmament challenges is essential to our collective security.", "For all who share those concerns, the ongoing deadlock in the Conference on Disarmament cannot fail to be of grave concern. It has been 15 years since the Conference was last able to fulfil its mandate as the United Nations disarmament negotiating body. Over that time, the Conference has failed to generate a single substantive output, but meanwhile, beyond its walls, disarmament issues have not stood still.", "This situation is unsustainable. It is unsustainable for us to continue portraying the Conference on Disarmament as the primary multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, when every significant disarmament negotiation of the past 15 years has either run aground in the Conference or has bypassed it altogether.", "It is unsustainable to expect those States deeply committed to multilateral disarmament to continue allowing their most pressing objectives and priorities — including steps vital to the effective implementation of the Action Plan of last year’s Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons — to be held hostage indefinitely to the procedural failings of the Conference on Disarmament. And it is unsustainable to expect States to continue to invest time, energy and resources in a body that repeatedly, year after year, cannot even agree on its annual programme of work.", "Make no mistake, the Conference on Disarmament faces a serious crisis. Its credibility, and possibly even its continued existence, are on the line. The current deadlock risks consigning the role of the Conference on multilateral disarmament to reproach, to ridicule, and, ultimately, to irrelevance. If that is to be averted, something fundamental must change.", "With those concerns in mind, we welcomed the Secretary-General’s decision to convene a high-level meeting here in New York last September. We also welcomed the efforts of our Geneva colleagues to analyse the root causes of the deadlock and consider possible solutions. These efforts are commendable, but they have yet to deliver any agreement on a viable course of action, or even the prospect of such agreement.", "We have heard a range of options proposed over the past two days for breaking this deadlock. Like other delegations, New Zealand would welcome a decision to proceed with a balanced and meaningful programme of work agreed within existing structures and procedures. Despite everything, we would like to hope that this still might be possible with a more flexible and pragmatic approach by some States. In particular, we stress that there is no future in tying ourselves in procedural knots by treating the programme of work as though it sets an overriding mandate for the work of the Conference on Disarmament. It does not, and treating it as such has been a major factor in preventing the Conference from fulfilling its mandate.", "However, we have seen little evidence that such a breakthrough is likely any time soon. To those who urge patience, claiming that the international environmental has yet to be conducive to progress, I simply ask: when do we expect it to be better? And how long are we prepared to leave priority disarmament objectives on hold while we wait for the stars to achieve some imaginary, and unlikely, alignment?", "In the absence of progress, or even the prospect of progress, on a way forward, we must ask whether more flexible working methods and rules of procedure might better serve our collective interests. Nor can we escape questions about the utility and role of the Conference on Disarmament, which is not an end in itself, and about possible alternative avenues for advancing priority disarmament objectives.", "I hope that it is evident that now, right now, there is considerable frustration — even an element of desperation — in my delegation’s attitude towards multilateral disarmament matters. We are running out of excuses and out of time if we are to convince ourselves, let alone the global community, that the Conference on Disarmament can still play a meaningful role in international disarmament negotiations.", "New Zealand retains an open mind as to how we might best get down to business on substantive disarmament negotiations, whether through existing arrangements, fine-tuning Conference on Disarmament working methods, or exploring alternative avenues for pursuing priority disarmament objectives. But that conversation must begin now, and it must be in earnest.", "The next six months could prove decisive for the long-term credibility, relevance and effectiveness of the United Nations disarmament machinery. After all the energy and urgency directed towards this issue over the past year, it would be deeply disappointing if next January we were to find ourselves back in the Conference on Disarmament without having made any progress and without having demonstrated the will to break through the current deadlock. As in the past, New Zealand will join any and all delegations in trying to chart a way out of the current impasse, and we hope that today’s discussions might mark the beginning of a process to do just that.", "Mr. Srivali (Thailand): At the outset, Thailand would like to express its appreciation to President Deiss and the Secretary-General for convening this important plenary meeting.", "Thailand associates itself with the statements made by the representatives of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement and of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament.", "Disarmament is a complex issue with complicated political factors and diverse security concerns. Achieving disarmament therefore requires strong political will, continued determination, flexibility and the concerted effort and commitment of all countries.", "Since disarmament is an issue of international concern, the Conference on Disarmament was created to serve as a key forum to negotiate multilateral disarmament treaties. It is regrettable, however, that there has been no progress in the Conference’s substantive work since the conclusion of negotiations on the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1996, and substantive work and critical issues on its agenda have been left unresolved. The persistent lack of progress in the work of the Conference has raised questions about the relevance of the Conference in addressing today’s fast-evolving security challenges.", "Efforts have been made to break the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, the most notable of which was the convening of the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament last September. At that Meeting, strong political commitment was expressed by United Nations Member States, members and non-members of the Conference, to move forward multilateral disarmament negotiations. However, the Conference concluded the second part of its 2011 session still unable to adopt a programme of work. We are therefore gathered here today to send a clear and strong message that this stagnation must not be allowed to continue.", "If the Conference is to maintain its authoritative status as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body, and if the international community is to be able to count on the Conference to address global security challenges, States members of the Conference should revive the forum from its long inactivity and work towards the commencement of its substantive work on the core issues. Meanwhile, we also hope that the Conference will intensify its efforts to address the concerns of its members equally, so that it can finally overcome the present stalemate and reach a consensus on its programme of work.", "Despite the lack of progress in the work of the Conference on Disarmament, its core issues remain relevant to the international security landscape. In this context, Thailand wishes to engage more in the work of the Conference. We are eager to work with its member States to contribute to its activities and help reinvigorate our collective efforts in the field of disarmament.", "As disarmament involves the security of all countries, they should have the right to participate in the discussion and negotiating process on an equal basis and in an inclusive manner. Thailand therefore reiterates the call of the informal group of observer States for the Conference to address the issue of expansion of its membership, which was clearly expressed in the Chairman’s summary of the High-level Meeting.", "Meanwhile, we wish to reiterate that the call for discussions on the issue of expansion should not be misinterpreted as distracting the Conference on Disarmament from its substantive work. We support expansion of membership in order to enhance the effectiveness of the Conference’s work, not just for the sake of a larger membership. We are certain that the issue of expansion can be pursued in parallel with the Conference’s substantive work and therefore represents one possible undertaking to revitalize the work of the Conference on Disarmament.", "Mr. Maes (Luxembourg) (spoke in French): I want to thank the President of the General Assembly through you, Sir, for having organized this meeting to follow up on the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament held last September.", "Luxembourg aligns itself fully with the statement made two days ago on behalf of the European Union and endorses the joint statement made by the representative of the Netherlands. Allow me to make a few remarks in my national capacity.", "Luxembourg attaches great importance to multilateral efforts in the field of disarmament and has consistently supported all efforts to limit nuclear weapons and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation. We commend the Secretary-General for having made disarmament one of his priorities and for his personal involvement in the debate.", "All of us here know the progress made in the past two years in the field of disarmament and non‑proliferation, such as the success of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the adoption of Security Council resolution 1887 (2009) on nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the New START treaty and the Washington, D.C., Summit on Nuclear Security.", "Still, despite the impetus provided by those major events and the political initiatives launched last September, no progress has been made in the international community’s only multilateral forum since the 2009 adoption of the programme of work of the Conference on Disarmament. We must regain that momentum and move from talking to taking concrete steps to unblock the impasse that has paralysed the Conference for more than a decade.", "Those who are serious about progress in international disarmament can no longer accept the absence of substantive negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament. In Geneva and New York, many States have demonstrated their political will to unlock the international disarmament machinery. We must all shoulder our responsibilities in international security and return to the negotiating table to implement the programme of work adopted in 2009.", "The first priority in our view remains the immediate launching of negotiations on an international, multilateral, non-discriminatory and verifiable fissile material cut-off treaty. As the Secretary-General recalled last September, broad agreement exists on this point. We join others in a solemn call for consensus. The creation of a group of scientific experts mandated to consider the technical aspects of a cut-off treaty could be a confidence-building measure that would facilitate the launch of negotiations. Luxembourg also attaches great importance to increasing the involvement of civil society in the Conference on Disarmament.", "Beyond such short-term measures, deeper consideration of the modus operandi of the Conference on Disarmament is needed. The consensus rule must be reinterpreted, while adjustments to the rules of procedure would contribute to improving is functioning.", "We hope that the various options proposed in this debate to unblock the Conference on Disarmament will be considered as soon as possible and lead to substantive and fruitful discussions in Geneva. It is important to keep in mind our ultimate objectives and to remain ambitious. What we all want is a safer world, and to that end we must redouble our efforts to work towards a world without nuclear weapons.", "Ms. Čubrilo (Serbia): Serbia aligns itself with the statements made by the observer of the European Union and the representative of Portugal on behalf of the informal group of observer States to the Conference on Disarmament. I would like, however, to make a few additional remarks on this matter from my country’s perspective.", "Serbia co-sponsored resolution 65/93 on the follow-up to the High-level Meeting held on 24 September 2010 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and was among the countries that initiated the plenary debate in the General Assembly on these important issues in the belief that it would provide an important additional stimulus to breaking the long-standing deadlock of the Conference.", "Productive multilateralism in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and disarmament is not only necessary but also attainable if we all work in a spirit of cooperation, compromise and flexibility, as well as strategic foresight. Political will is a first step, but it must be translated into concrete action. 1t is our strong conviction that this is the only way forward in a world of increasing interdependence and complexity in which common challenges require common solutions.", "Serbia believes that the most appropriate way to reaffirm the significance of the Conference on Disarmament as an indispensable element of the multilateral disarmament machinery is to make it more efficient and effective. Intensified efforts are required to overcome existing differences and enable the Conference to resume its original function as the world’s sole multilateral disarmament negotiating body. Serbia expects all States members of the Conference to demonstrate clear political will to engage, seriously and without delay, in substantive discussions on the core issues on its agenda in order to make a credible contribution to international peace and security.", "While acknowledging that the specific national security interests of Member States are often reflected in the work of the Conference, we expect all of them to work towards finding a compromise solution that, while not detrimental to those interests, will make it possible for us to overcome the ongoing stalemate and create the conditions required to bring the necessary dynamism to the work of the Conference.", "In pledging its support for this debate, Serbia was also guided by the need to regulate the status of the States observers to the Conference and to start negotiations on the questions contained in the action plan adopted at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The continued deadlock in the work of the Conference is a serious stumbling block to the implementation of the measures provided for by the action plan. Nonetheless, the success of the last year’s High-level Meeting makes it incumbent on us to invest new effort into achieving the goals of the plan.", "The results achieved within the Conference on Disarmament — of whose work Serbia, as an observer State, has been a staunch supporter — have universal importance. It is therefore essential to ensure that the Conference’s work reflects the complexity of the risks and challenges that all members of the United Nations face in a changing international security environment. Bearing that in mind, it will not be possible to revitalize the work of the Conference without addressing the question of its membership expansion. For Serbia, this is an issue of great importance, especially in light of our repeatedly expressed interest in becoming a member of the Conference.", "The danger of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery presents the greatest challenge to international peace and security today. The Conference on Disarmament faces many obligations which it has to address. It will be able to achieve its goals if it can begin to tackle these obligations in an effective way as the sole multilateral negotiating forum in the field of disarmament. There is no doubt that continuing the current state of stagnation in the work of the Conference will serve only to amplify requests that appropriate solutions be arrived at urgently.", "In conclusion, let me point out that Serbia believes that this debate will be an important step forward in revitalizing the work of the Conference and expanding its membership.", "Mr. Adejola (Nigeria): Nigeria welcomes the convening of this follow-up debate to the High-level Meeting on Revitalizing the Work of the Conference on Disarmament and Taking Forward Multilateral Disarmament Negotiations.", "At the outset, I wish to align myself with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement, as well as the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of 40 other cross-regional Member States. I would also, however, like to make the following statement in my national capacity.", "Nigeria commends the President for convening this debate, which provides an opportunity to assess the progress made since the adoption of resolution 65/93 on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, and to move beyond mere deliberations and rhetoric to action without further delay.", "It is regrettable that for more than a decade the multilateral disarmament machinery, and the Conference in particular, have not met the international community’s expectations, as expressed in the Outcome Document of the first special session on disarmament in 1978 (resolution(S-10/2) and in the decisions and recommendations contained in numerous resolutions, as well as in the outcome document of the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT/CONF. 2010/50 (Vol. I)). Nigeria notes that the Conference has not fulfilled its mandate to address the pressing security challenges facing the international community through effective multilateral arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation instruments.", "The convening of this plenary is a demonstration of our collective resolve to realize the vision of a world without nuclear weapons, and indeed a global society where the huge resources committed to the development, production and possession of nuclear and similar weapons of mass destruction are deployed for global good, growth and development. This is a token of the debt we owe to future generations and humankind as a whole.", "In the margins of the 2011 substantive session of the United Nations Disarmament Commission (UNDC), Nigeria joined more than 40 like-minded United Nations Member States in calling for the convening of today’s meeting. The moral impetus was the need to demonstrate the dangers that our failure to act today portend for tomorrow, including the fact that that we will then be left trying to persuade future generations of the need for disarmament. We must therefore seize both the momentum and the opportunity presented to us by this High-level Meeting to further reaffirm our commitment to promoting the ethos of multilateralism in disarmament and non-proliferation negotiations.", "Nigeria is convinced that functioning multilateral security institutions are a vital component of global security, and we find the stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament unacceptable. The lack of progress for several years on new multilateral disarmament instruments has unquestionably affected our shared security in the twenty-first century and weakened the multilateral disarmament system.", "Nigeria also notes the many concerns raised by Member States concerning the uninspiring Conference negotiations in Geneva. The Assembly will of course recall the increasing unease on the part of several member States over what was considered to be a deliberate ploy to slow down the process. This opinion was expressed and well documented on the occasion of President Deiss’ visit to Geneva in March 2011, as well as by the Secretary-General and members of his Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters.", "As an extension of this problem, the UNDC has also failed to promote recommendations to move the process in the envisaged direction. Despite what initially appeared to be the fair intentions of member States in April, Nigeria notes the rather painful inability of the three groups to produce concrete recommendations and/or reach a landmark consensus on the issues presented for consideration. In our estimation, this failure served as a clear reminder of the enormous challenges we collectively face in the wider multilateral disarmament machinery.", "Nigeria calls on nuclear-weapon States to consider, as a top priority, the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with relevant multilateral legal obligations. This approach will be understood as a measure of their readiness to implement their unequivocal undertakings in the year 2000 and at the 2010 Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference to accomplish the total elimination of nuclear weapons.", "Our inability to overcome this crisis is causing us to lose precious time. We should spare no effort to break the impasse as we approach the year 2012. Nigeria is supportive of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament. We also believe in the relevance of the United Nations Disarmament Commission as the only specialized deliberative body within the United Nations multilateral disarmament machinery. It is hoped that the Conference on Disarmament will advance the agenda of nuclear disarmament, including, inter alia, negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention, negative security assurances and the anticipated fissile materiel cut-off treaty.", "In this regard, our deliberations should provide us with a suitable platform to address, in a transparent and inclusive manner, all possible future options for taking multilateral disarmament negotiations forward in an effective manner and in an outcome-oriented spirit.", "In conclusion, Nigeria will continue to constructively engage Member States in this endeavour, with a view to assisting the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General to attain the lofty goals of multilateral disarmament negotiations.", "Mr. Loulichki (Morocco) (spoke in French): It is with real interest that my delegation is participating in this important debate. We align ourselves with the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement.", "The Kingdom of Morocco is fully convinced that the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free world necessarily will require the effective efforts of the United Nations disarmament machinery, in particular the Conference on Disarmament. We find it difficult to admit that, whereas multilateral initiatives thrive successfully at the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, Member States find themselves incapable of agreeing even on a programme of work for the Conference. It is imperative to unblock this anachronistic situation. I would therefore like to share the following considerations with the Assembly.", "First, it is frustrating and counterproductive to constantly bring the discussion within the Conference on Disarmament back to the starting point. After more than 30 years of discussions and negotiations, that forum has amassed a large number of proposals and ideas likely to move its work towards the attainment of its objectives.", "Secondly, it is equally unacceptable to claim that the Conference on Disarmament operates in isolation. Let us be clear — no body or instrument could be capable of guaranteeing effective progress in disarmament in the absence of real political will and a favourable international context.", "Thirdly, the rule of consensus was adopted to rally the maximum support behind decisions by making it possible for each Member State to influence the decision-making process. It must be stressed, however, that consensus should not be used as a blocking tool. While we respect the legitimate, sovereign right of member States to accept or reject proposed decisions, they must give proof of flexibility and responsibility.", "Fourthly, the Conference on Disarmament, which has proven itself to be effective and successful in the past, is still the appropriate framework to move negotiations on disarmament forward. To that end, that body is called upon to adopt a comprehensive, integrated and pragmatic approach. In an era of globalization, the security of a country or a region is more than ever closely linked to the security of the rest of the world. Similarly, international security cannot be preserved or strengthened without taking legitimate national or regional security considerations on board; hence, the great importance of adopting an approach that takes national, regional and global security into account.", "Fifthly and lastly, my country reiterates its attachment to the United Nations disarmament mechanisms. To that end, we call for caution with respect to the temptation to launch negotiations outside the Conference on Disarmament and other multilateral forums. While such a step could accelerate negotiations, it could risk leading to results that would not be recognized by several countries and of accentuating dissension in the international community concerning disarmament and non-proliferation, which, on the contrary, call for the broadest consensus possible.", "I now come to the essential elements of this consensus, which my delegation would describe as follows. The first component of consensus is responsibility, both shared and differentiated. Morocco believes that nuclear-weapon States have a particular responsibility in nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation. Practical steps are required to give new impetus to multilateral nuclear disarmament efforts. Essentially two actions would be involved. First, nuclear-weapon States would be invited to accept the establishment of a long-term framework that could guarantee confidence in this effort. Secondly, we would have to launch the process of implementing the 1995 resolution on the Middle East. In that regard, it is crucial to ensure the success of the 2012 international conference on the Middle East, which will have to be based on the action plan adopted by the Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.", "The second component of consensus is the parallel negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and an instrument for negative security assurances, which would constitute a major advance and a confidence-building measure that would give impetus to nuclear disarmament.", "The third component is the re-establishment and preservation of the Conference on Disarmament in its primary role as the sole multilateral negotiating body on disarmament.", "The fourth component of consensus is the strengthening of nuclear non-proliferation, security and safety, in scrupulous respect for the norms established by the competent international bodies, which could benefit from the support and expertise of regional and international initiatives. These standards should develop in response to the new global challenges. It is of paramount important to provide the International Atomic Energy Agency with the means to enable it to fully carry out its mandate.", "The fifth and final component of consensus consists in the promotion of the peaceful uses of nuclear energy by strengthening technical cooperation, whose financing should no longer be voluntary.", "My delegation has followed with interest the presentation of certain proposals on the revitalization of nuclear disarmament efforts, both at today’s debate and at the meeting held on 24 September 2010. My delegation remains ready to consider them in a spirit flexibility, compromise and commitment.", "Achieving peace through disarmament would benefit all humankind. We should spare no effort to realize a world free of nuclear weapons and less disposed to the arms race at the expense of the need to fight against poverty, epidemics and the degradation of our environment.", "Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): The delegation of Ecuador would like to start by affirming its endorsement of the statement made by the representative of Egypt on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries.", "The situation that currently prevails in the Conference on Disarmament is most certainly of concern to all States. In that regard, bold efforts will be needed to find a solution. It is necessary to bear in mind that such efforts must be governed, inter alia, by the principles of inclusion and multilateralism and that any other way to overcome that situation must arise from discussion and negotiation among all States.", "In that context, my delegation wonders why the same concern and interest are not shown with regard to all elements of the Conference on Disarmament’s programme of work, in which only one seems to have priority. For Ecuador, a fissile material cut-off treaty is as important as an agreement on nuclear weapons or negative security assurances. That is the reasoned position of a country that does not possess nuclear weapons as it believes that they are dreadful and that, like the vast majority of States, advocates a world without them. However, to date, the international community has not been able to envisage any instrument whereby nuclear States guarantee that they will refrain from using nuclear weapons against those States without them while the process to completely eliminate such weapons is concluded. That systematic refusal is an example of the scant political will towards States fulfilling their commitments and obligations in the area of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation.", "In that regard, the stagnation in the Conference on Disarmament also reflects that lack of political will. Besides the legal implications regarding their implementation, the nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation processes must be seen as interlinked. However, it would seem that within the Conference of Disarmament the sole interest and concern is to make progress on nuclear proliferation matters, relegating or, worse still, marginalizing any possibility of progress on nuclear disarmament.", "The solution to the stagnation that the Conference of Disarmament is experiencing would seem to stem not from its structure or its procedures. States will see themselves in that same situation in any other forum with a new structure or new procedures, since its causes are political. Hence, the efforts that I mentioned at the beginning of my statement must be directed at bringing the positions within the Conference on Disarmament closer together by means of clear and transparent communication that reflects the will of parties to start talks seeking to begin negotiations on all outstanding matters, that is, an agreement on nuclear weapons, negative security assurances, the prevention of an arms race in outer space and a fissile material cut-off treaty, which, in my delegation’s view, must deal with present and future stockpiles. Ecuador believes it appropriate and necessary to convene the fourth special session of the General Assembly devoted to disarmament.", "Finally, it is necessary to analyse to what extent doing away with consensus would help to bring about the desired universal agreements, since there is a risk of the various viewpoints on the effects and consequences of the outcome of the negotiations causing the lack of participation and accession of some of the actors concerned. That would seriously undermine the required effectiveness of agreements of such scope, sensitivity and significance.", "Mrs. Miculescu (Romania): At the outset, like other speakers, I would like to commend both the Secretary-General and the President of the General Assembly for convening this debate dedicated to revitalizing the Conference on Disarmament. Let me also express my delegation’s appreciation to the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters, which, at the request of the Secretary-General, met in Geneva for an in-depth analysis of the Conference on Disarmament’s current stalemate.", "Romania supports the statement delivered by the Acting Head of the Delegation of the European Union to the United Nations. Since Romania was one of the signatories of the letter requesting this plenary meeting to be convened (A/65/836, annex), we also support the statement made by the representative of the Netherlands on behalf of the signatory countries. It is my privilege to also present some brief remarks in my national capacity.", "Signing the letter asking for this debate and our presence here are clear signals of the importance that my country attaches to enhancing the multilateral disarmament agenda. Romania shares the conviction that, in today’s world, peace and security must be addressed from a global perspective. Disarmament and arms control are the keystones of any global security architecture. However, an efficient multilateral security system and effective multilateral disarmament machinery must be built on cooperation and a common understanding of our global challenges and threats.", "Since the beginning of 2010, we have witnessed positive premises for a global multilateral agenda. The signing of START II and the first Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., gave us hope that the vision of complete nuclear disarmament could be achieved. The successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Final Document called for enhanced action in the international disarmament and non-proliferation regime, including for the Geneva disarmament community.", "We also shared the international community’s expectations that last year’s High-level Meeting, held here in New York, should have given impetus to concrete and important developments for the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva to remain in tune with the current international environment. So far, the Conference on Disarmament has not met our expectations, but we must join efforts on further steps taking us in that direction.", "Romania strongly supports the Conference on Disarmament as a major framework for nuclear issues, acknowledging its value to international peace and to strengthening world security. Its negotiating role must be preserved and reinforced. We share the conviction that the Conference should move forward and resume its role as a negotiating forum. The long-term deadlock poses a serious problem and has to come to an end.", "For many years, we have witnessed continuous efforts to overcome the stalemate. We have been called upon to address the problem now. We are aware that in a forum of dialogue and negotiations with 65 members whose decisions are taken by consensus it is difficult to gain universal support. But it should not be impossible to at least agree on a programme of work. Although the current deadlock should not be exaggerated, we must be aware that States may turn to other ways and means of negotiating international disarmament agreements outside the Conference. Romania has stated many times that this scenario is in nobody’s interest.", "As the representative of Austria said in Geneva on 9 June, in a statement that the Romanian delegation supported, we do not have too many options within our grasp. On the one hand, we must examine the working methods of the Conference on Disarmament, including its procedures and operational principles. On the other hand, we must also seek other measures that can help us overcome this stalemate in the Conference, which has gone on too long.", "Romania is committed to serious involvement in the work of the Conference aimed at achieving the resumption of its mandate as a negotiating body and building on the programme of work (CD/1864) adopted by consensus in May 2009. In our view, one of the key issues for an irreversible nuclear disarmament process is the negotiations in the Conference on a fissile material cut-off treaty. The security concerns of all must be addressed through the negotiation process. That is the essence and value of multilateral diplomacy. The engagement in those negotiations of the whole Conference membership is crucial to the disarmament agenda.", "Let me conclude by reiterating that Romania still shares the conviction that the political support lent to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 September 2010, as well as our valuable contributions in this debate, are capable of giving the Conference the impetus to resume its role as a negotiating forum. Romania genuinely hopes that we will eventually identify the best way to witness, in the near future, the reinvigoration of multilateral disarmament.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this item. The Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 162.", "Agenda item 13 (continued)", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "The Acting President: The General Assembly will resume its consideration of agenda item 13 to discuss the challenges related to realizing the human right to water and sanitation in the context of the Millennium Development Goals. Members will recall that the Assembly held a debate on these challenges at the 114th plenary meeting on 27 July but did not exhaust its list of speakers.", "Mr. Peralta (Paraguay) (spoke in Spanish): At the outset, we congratulate the President of our brother Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, who, in taking the initiative to convene this meeting, has greatly helped to highlight the importance of the human right to water and sanitation.", "Every member of the international community has a duty and a responsibility to seek a fair balance between the development of our peoples, through sustainable economic growth, and respect for our natural resources as the source of life, with the aim of improving the people’s welfare in every area. With less than four years remaining until the date established by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for halving the percentage of people who have neither access to drinking water nor the material and financial resources needed for basic sanitation services, we note with concern that progress continues to be slow and inadequate. Currently, almost a third of the world’s population lacks the necessary access to sanitation, and about one seventh lacks, or cannot afford, access to a human right as vital as safe drinking water. In that context, the fact that more than 1.5 million children under five years of age die as a result of that lack of access is a harsh and unacceptable reality.", "In Paraguay we fully support the principle that access to and a supply of drinking water and basic sanitation are an indissoluble part of and absolutely essential to the full enjoyment of human rights. Our Government therefore has continued to commit all the resources necessary to ensure that those services are fully available to the entire population as soon as possible. Likewise, we urge the entire international community to redouble its efforts in this direction, particularly now at a time when we continue to feel the effects of the global economic crisis and the devastating results of natural disasters.", "For that reason, we firmly believe that the international community is at a historic crossroads in its rendezvous with destiny. We believe that the 2012 Rio+20 Conference on Sustainable Development should provide an unequalled occasion for reasserting, with all determination, our commitments and efforts in this area, so as to ensure that future generations can live in a world with a more harmonious balance between human development and the use of our environment’s resources.", "Mr. Tsiskarashvili (Georgia): As one of the sponsors of resolution 64/292, I would like to take this opportunity to welcome the adoption of that resolution, which recognized that the right to water and sanitation is essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights. I would like to express our gratitude to President Morales of Bolivia for his participation and insightful remarks two days ago, and to commend the leadership of the delegation of Bolivia as author of the resolution.", "Safe drinking water and sanitation are vitally important to preserving human health, particularly in children. The deaths of millions of children every year are caused by unsafe water and lack of adequate sanitation. As we speak, approximately 900 million people have no access to drinking water, while 2.6 billion, including almost 1 billion children, have no access to basic sanitation. The international community cannot ignore these dramatic figures.", "Over the years, my Government’s efforts have focused on improving both urban and rural water supplies and sanitation. Our experience underscores the importance of concurrent efforts by Government and donors. Here are some vivid examples of such collaboration.", "More than a year ago, the United Water Supply Company of Georgia was set up on the basis of our 62 municipal water supply enterprises. The company has collaborated successfully with two major donors in the water-supply sector, most notably the Millennium Challenge Corporation. A year ago an agreement was signed with the Asian Development Bank in the water management sector, encompassing the full rehabilitation of the water supply and sanitation systems for six urban centres in Georgia. Last year, another agreement was signed with the European Investment Bank. To implement those agreements, works are currently under way in 28 municipalities in Georgia. An important step was the creation of electronic maps of the country’s water-supply system. The system monitors and posts alerts for damage, reducing wastage and financial costs. Special measures are being taken to control river basin contamination. A new terminal for processing biological waste was recently constructed in south-east Georgia to ensure the protection of the river and nearby population.", "While noting this modest progress, we acknowledge the challenges still facing us. More needs to be done at both the national and international levels. In this regard, we support the efforts of the United Nations family and look forward to further discussions on the realization of the human right to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation and their impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "Mr. Stancanelli (Argentina) (spoke in Spanish): We would like to thank the President of the General Assembly for having convened this plenary meeting, as well as the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, for his initiative on the human right to water and sanitation.", "Argentina supports the progressive development of international human rights law, recalling that the principal international human rights treaties on civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights became cornerstones of the Argentinean legal system following the revision of the national Constitution in 1994.", "In this context, the importance of access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation services to the protection of human health and the environment has been recognized by several international documents supported by Argentina. Argentina also sees it as a principal responsibility of States to ensure their peoples’ right to water as a prerequisite for ensuring the right to life and an adequate standard of living.", "In keeping with this position, Argentina voted in favour of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation at the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly. Nevertheless, Argentina reiterates its statement on that occasion that the right to water and sanitation is a human right that each State must ensure for the individuals under its jurisdiction and not with respect to other States.", "This position is in keeping with resolution 1803 (XVII) on the permanent sovereignty of States over their natural resources, and, in the regional context, paragraph 33 of the Declaration of Caracas on the environment, adopted on 29 April on the occasion of the meeting of the Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, which states that the right to safe drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all human rights, and that the States of the region, in accordance with their respective national legal frameworks, will ensure this right for the individuals under their jurisdiction, ratifying sovereignty over their natural resources.", "Mr. Proaño (Ecuador) (spoke in Spanish): My delegation welcomed the presence of the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, on Wednesday, and thanks him for his focus on this fundamental issue one year after the adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation.", "The Constitution of Ecuador recognizes the human right to water as a fundamental and permanent right, and water as a strategic national asset for public use that is inalienable, imprescriptible, ineluctable and essential to life. Article 411 of the Constitution guarantees the conservation, recovery and comprehensive management of water resources and environmental flows.", "Articles 71 and 74 of the Constitution of Ecuador recognize the rights of nature and establish the right of persons, communities, peoples or nationalities to demand of public authorities the full respect for the existence, maintenance and regeneration of their life cycles, structures, functions and evolutionary processes. In this way, it seeks to ensure that persons, communities, peoples and nationalities can enjoy the benefits of water, and thereby live well.", "Through this approach, the Ecuadorian Government promotes policies aimed at realizing the human right to water enshrined in our Magna Carta, and addresses the need to safeguard the resources for sustainable human development and access to the elements that are essential for life, such as this vital liquid. These constitutional principles adopted by Ecuador reflect an appropriate vision of water that goes beyond the materialistic view of it as merchandise for use and consumption. The adoption of this concept as a human right undoubtedly represents an important step forward in Ecuadorian public policy. Our challenge is to ensure that water and biodiversity are treated as strategic assets.", "Managing water assets through a comprehensive and integrated approach to ensure the population’s access — a right shared by every human being — is a priority responsibility that has been fully assumed and requires the joint efforts of local Governments and society as a whole.", "Water is a special element in the traditions and lives of peoples and nations, their practices and relations with the environment. Water, territory and land are the basic materials allowing for the existence and reproduction of culture; the conservation of diverse identities depends on them, encouraging human beings to live in harmony with nature. It is therefore crucial that States ensure the quality of water and sanitation.", "Despite the historic progress attained in Ecuador, much remains to be done to put these principles into practice for the benefit of our country. Moreover, Ecuador hopes that these rights will be recognized and implemented by all nations, especially in the light of the danger humankind faces of losing its natural freshwater reserves.", "Finally, my delegation reiterates Ecuador’s commitment to this fundamentally important issue and our resolve to continue implementing the recommendations contained in resolution 64/292. We wish to underscore the need to further explore international cooperation to support States in their efforts.", "Mr. Cabral (Portugal): Portugal shares the views expressed in the statement made earlier in this debate by the observer of the European Union.", "We consider achieving the objective of halving the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation to be a top priority. The fact that almost 1 billion people still lack access to safe drinking water and that around 2.5 billion people do not have access to sanitation has enormous human, economic and development impact. Access to water and sanitation is a necessary precondition for the proper implementation of the human right to health, food and education and the rights of the child. Ultimately, it is essential to the realization of the fundamental principle of human dignity. Access to water and sanitation therefore cannot be considered without taking into account the perspective of human rights. Portugal therefore warmly welcomed the recent recognition of the human right to water and sanitation contained in resolution 64/292 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/9.", "The crucial difference that emerges when we talk of human rights in this field is that we move from simple charity to legal obligation, from simple desirability to accountability for ensuring that water and sanitation are accessible, safe, affordable and available to all without discrimination, with all countries bearing the responsibility for ensuring their continued efforts to realize the human right to water and sanitation within their available resources.", "In Portugal we are very much committed to implementing the human right to water and sanitation. My country has made great efforts to increase access to this human right. The numbers speak for themselves. Drinking water supplies and waste water treatment services to end-users are also legally classified as public essential services and subject to special regulations intended to protect users against possible abuses from providers.", "Our national water and waste services regulation has played a critical role in ensuring universal access to water and sanitation and has promoted best practices in implementing the human right to water and sanitation, aimed at controlling the affordability of water and sanitation services. Such measures are designed to meet the criteria of availability, accessibility, quality, safety, affordability, acceptability, non-discrimination, participation, accountability, impact and sustainability defined by the Special Rapporteur as essential aspects of the adequate realization of this human right. Respect for those criteria is also a guiding principle of our national strategic plan for water supply and waste water services.", "In conclusion, let me take this opportunity to express our thanks for the presence at the beginning of this meeting of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to water and sanitation. Portugal welcomes the extension, by consensus, of her mandate, granted at the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council, and we welcome her very relevant work, which includes the progress she has made in collecting information on best practices and for the comprehensive, transparent and inclusive consultations she has held with relevant and interested actors from every region for her thematic reports and during her country missions.", "Mr. Sydykov (Kyrgyzstan) (spoke in Russian): I would like to heartily welcome the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales, and to thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, Ms. Catarina de Albuquerque, for her informative statement.", "A year has passed since the Assembly’s adoption of resolution 64/292 on the human right to water and sanitation. As a developing country, we support its appeal to States and international organizations to share financial resources, build capacity and transfer technology through international cooperation and aid, particularly to developing countries, with the aim of enhancing efforts to provide safe, clean and accessible drinking water and sanitation services to all.", "Kyrgyzstan adheres strictly to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), including the goal of halving by 2015 the proportion of people who lack access to drinking water and sanitation services. We share the view of States that access to safe drinking water and sanitation services is integral to the right, enshrined in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, to a decent standard of living.", "More than 90 per cent of Kyrgyzstan consists of mountainous terrain containing glaciers that supply water for its people, livestock and crops. According to experts’ calculations, the supply of fresh water in Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers amounts to some 650 billion cubic metres. Over the past 40 years, as a result of global climate change, the surface area of our glaciers has shrunk by 20 per cent, and in another 20 years it may shrink by another 30 or 40 per cent. At that rate, by the year 2100 Kyrgyzstan’s glaciers may have disappeared altogether, and we run the risk of facing a catastrophic shortage of fresh water for the inhabitants of the entire region. Besides global warming, another factor affecting the security of water resources in Central Asia is the existence of more than 90 uranium tailings ponds in the region. The situation is complicated by the fact that many such ponds are located in seismically active zones and along the banks of rivers that flow into the Central Asian region’s extensive water basin. If toxic material were to enter the ground waters or rivers, it would be a catastrophe for the region’s drinking and irrigation water supplies.", "Today, with the active cooperation of donor countries and international organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, Kyrgyzstan is implementing a large number of projects designed to provide clean drinking water for its citizens, of which the biggest is the clean water project that is being implemented with the support from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and scheduled for completion in 2013. Thanks to this project, some 550 villages in Kyrgyzstan already have piped water, rates of infectious disease have been reduced and the country’s sanitation infrastructure has been improved. Further evidence of the State’s attention to the issue of drinking water is the enactment of special standard-setting laws such as a drinking water act and the Kyrgyz Republic’s code of water laws. Quite recently, on 30 May, Parliament enacted a technical regulation through a drinking water security law designed to protect people’s health and lives from the harmful results of contaminants in water.", "Kyrgyzstan supports rational water use and the cooperative development in the area of comprehensive use of Central Asia’s hydro-energy resources, including the introduction of the principles of integrated water resource management at the national and regional levels.", "Ms. Štiglic (Slovenia): Allow me first to align Slovenia with the statement delivered on behalf of the European Union.", "Water is without doubt the global challenge of the twenty-first century. As forecasts show, by 2025 1.8 billion people will live in areas affected by severe water stress as a combined result of climate change, environmental degradation and population growth. Consequently, providing safe water and access to adequate sanitation will become an even greater challenge for many countries.", "The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) call for halving by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. Water management and the provision of water resources, services and sanitation are some of the most cost-efficient ways of addressing all the MDGs. The issue of access to water and sanitation is closely linked to poverty. A lack of access to water and sanitation deprives billions of people, especially women and girls, of opportunities, dignity, safety and well-being. Moreover, access to drinkable and safe water decreases maternal and child mortality and prevents the causes and spread of disease.", "To alleviate water stress and achieve the water-related MDGs, improved water governance is necessary. Water governance is foremost about environmentally sustainable water use. However, it concerns more than merely technical measures and is essentially about political decision-making, the inclusiveness of this process, and the participation of all stakeholders. Social inclusion, respect for minorities and the promotion of gender equality are essential to ensuring equitable access to water and sanitation. The efficient use of natural resources, including water, is also at the core of the green economy and a priority for the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "In the course of 2010, the General Assembly recognized the human right to water and sanitation. Slovenia recognizes the human right to water and sanitation, derived from the right to an adequate standard of living and protected under article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.", "The human right to water and sanitation is inextricably related to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, as well as to the rights to life and human dignity. It requires that water and sanitation be available, accessible, affordable, acceptable and of good quality for everyone. The right to water and sanitation is also closely related to the enjoyment of other human rights, including the rights to education, work, health, housing and food.", "Water is essential to sustaining life and preserving human health and well-being. It is central to social and economic development and to the preservation of natural ecosystems. It is a major source of energy, necessary for agriculture and for many industrial processes. It is also for this reason that the protection of the environment, with a focus on sustainable water management, is one of the thematic priorities of Slovenian development cooperation. Slovenia has also consistently supported initiatives at the international level concerning the right to water and sanitation and fully supports the work of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, who visited Slovenia in May 2010 and will submit her report on that mission to the Human Rights Council in September.", "Mr. Ruiz (Colombia) (spoke in Spanish): Colombia thanks the President of the General Assembly for his welcome initiative to convene this important meeting marking the recognition of the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Colombia views the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation as an integral part of the social services that should be provided by a State. Under Colombian law, it is a duty of the State to ensure the effective provision of public services to all people living on the national territory, bearing in mind that such services are subject to the established legal regime and can be provided by the State directly or indirectly, by community organizations or by individuals. In all cases, the State regulates, controls and monitors the services.", "In Colombia, the right to water fit for human consumption is fundamental in the context of the full enjoyment of the rights to an adequate standard of living and to health. In this context, we have spared no effort in expanding coverage of the provision of services of the highest quality. Colombia is working through its national water plan to implement its comprehensive water resource management policy, which is divided into three phases — short-term, until 2014; medium-term, until 2018; and long-term, until 2022 — and takes into account the differences and problems specific to each region of my country.", "Through this policy, Colombia has set a number of targets, including the following: to conserve at least 80 per cent of the ecosystems that are key to the water supply; to measure and record 60 per cent of water consumption; to maintain at least 55 per cent of water in the good or acceptable categories on the quality index; to strengthen supply measures in all areas with high levels of water scarcity or affected by the El Niño and La Niña effects and climate change; and to halve the percentage of users to be legalized.", "The first phase of the national policy, 2010-2014, established 10 priority programmes, including the national pollution control and efficient water resource use programme, the programme to prevent risks linked to the supply and availability of water resources, and the national programme for the legalization of water users. Colombia has established five strategic policy plans at the national and regional levels, providing planning outlines for the management of renewable natural resources and environmental land use, and guidelines for the environmental development of human settlements and social, economic and service activities.", "With regard to water resource risk management, bearing in mind the effects of the most recent El Niño and La Niña phenomena, we are making progress in developing risk management in several areas: shortages of water for human consumption and use in other productive activities relating to supply and accessibility; drought, through the conservation of ecosystems linked to the reduction of rainwater; floods and mass movements linked to excess water, which can impact population and infrastructure; and marine and coastal risk management relating to population and infrastructure.", "The national Government has also drawn up a national plan for the management for municipal runoff water, identifying the critical drainage basins that exhaust the capacity to assimilate the resource and compromise its quality for different uses, jeopardizing public health, agricultural output, industrial activities, including electricity generation, and broader economic and social development in general. The aim of the plan is to increase the volume of municipal water that is treated and thereby to improve the quality of water resources in the short and medium terms.", "The commitment of the Government of Colombia to expanding the provision of safe drinking water and sanitation to its population is clear, and we therefore view it as highly valuable to highlight this topic at this plenary meeting.", "Ms. Cavanagh (New Zealand): New Zealand is pleased to speak in this important debate today.", "Few countries would deny the serious consequences of poor access to safe drinking water and sanitation. New Zealand believes that the most positive thing we can do is to take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation. Indeed, ensuring more sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation is essential to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).", "This morning, I would like to briefly focus on the situation within our own Pacific region. A recent report on achieving the MDGs in Pacific island countries noted that at the household level, the most pressing environmental issue for most Pacific island families in their daily lives is access to safe water and improved sanitation. The situation is made worse by climate change and its impacts. For example, sea-level rise could affect water supplies on atolls, while extreme weather events could potentially damage drinking water and sanitation infrastructure unless it is built to a standard that can withstand these events. Atoll communities are particularly vulnerable to climate change.", "In addition, growing populations in urban centres are placing pressure on freshwater supplies, creating a stronger need for efficient rainwater harvesting. However, particular care must be taken in these environments with the management of waste water and other sources of pollution. These are delicate ecosystems.", "In remote areas, limited financial resources and access to technical skills present challenges for building, operating and maintaining facilities. In towns, rapid urbanization and informal housing developments are putting pressure on facilities.", "New Zealand understands the importance of access to safe and clean drinking water and hygienic sanitation facilities. We are working with our Pacific neighbours to support their efforts in this area. For example, in the Cook Islands, we are promoting rainwater harvesting in remote communities and supporting improvements in sanitation facilities. We are also working to improve water supplies in Tokelau, Vanuatu and Kiribati.", "New Zealand recently completed two projects with the secretariat of the Pacific Community to improve water quality. Australia, New Zealand, the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank have also collaborated to develop a Pacific region infrastructure facility to assist Pacific island countries to address infrastructure requirements. Projects focus on the long-term challenges of maintaining and managing infrastructure, including in the water and sanitation sector.", "New Zealand acknowledges the need for continued hard work and collaboration in this crucial area. We will continue with efforts to help meet these challenges and take practical steps to provide access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation.", "Mr. Manjeev Singh Puri (India): At the outset, let me thank the President for organizing today’s debate.", "I would like to begin by joining others in expressing appreciation to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for leading our debate on the right to safe drinking water and sanitation.", "Access to safe and adequate drinking water and sanitation is among the keys to the well-being of our populations. Indeed, to reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to drinking water and sanitation has been recognized as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015.", "Sanitation has a strong connection not only with personal hygiene but also with human dignity and well-being, public health, nutrition and even education. Mahatma Gandhi once said “sanitation is more important than independence”. He made cleanliness and sanitation an integral part of the Gandhian way of life. His dream was total sanitation for all.", "It is estimated that 2.6 billion people still lack access to basic sanitation, including 1 billion children who lack access to effective sanitary facilities, resulting in avoidable infant mortality. We are also confronted with the challenge of approximately 12 per cent of our population still lacking access to safe drinking water. Given the strong correlation between sanitation and human development, this situation poses a major challenge for our development goals. In India, our Government has therefore taken up this issue as a matter of priority.", "In the Delhi Declaration adopted at the Third South Asian Conference on Sanitation in November 2008, it was recognized that access to sanitation and safe drinking water was a basic right. In the past five years, we have increased investment in rural sanitation by as much as six times. Under our total sanitation programme, the Government has reoriented its approach, with emphasis on the demand-side as a driver for change through the mobilization of local community leadership.", "In order to further strengthen programmatic efforts at the grassroots level, we have introduced an incentive-based scheme for local bodies called the Clean Village Award, which has led to community leadership taking up the campaign to bring about total sanitation in our villages as a priority. Local bodies in villages are competing with each other for the award. The programme has also caused an immense number of resources from private sector and civil society organizations to be mobilized in this effort.", "At the same time, the Government has also put special focus on expanding access to potable drinking water, which is one of the six core elements of the Government’s flagship Build India programme, under which nearly 300 villages are being added to the drinking water supply network every day.", "We are thus happy to say that, despite the challenges of its size and diversity, India is steadily making progress in achieving the targets set under MDG 7.", "Sanitation issues need to be given priority in our development policies. The role of community leadership in achieving total sanitation will be crucial, as India’s experience has shown. Sanitation must also be included in an integrated framework of public health policy to ensure that sanitation activities are indeed adequately funded. The provision of safe drinking water can also greatly help to contain the incidence of many waterborne diseases.", "At the same time, we need to develop affordable and sustainable sanitation technologies for diverse ecosystems, which is a technology challenge we must work on using both modern science and traditional wisdom and knowledge.", "While there is no internationally accepted definition of sanitation, States do have an obligation to create an enabling environment through the collection of disaggregated data, the adoption of national action plans, budgetary support, the recognition of human rights obligations, the raising of public awareness and a realization of human rights obligations to sanitation in a non-discriminatory manner, with special attention being given to disadvantaged groups and with an eye to gender equality.", "We joined other countries in supporting the resolution presented by Bolivia last year that recognized the right to access to clean water and sanitation as a human right that is essential for the full enjoyment of the right to life (resolution 64/292). We now will have to further strengthen the ongoing discussions on this issue in the Human Rights Council in Geneva.", "The lack of access to sanitation is an affront to human dignity. Our Prime Minister has rightly noted that good sanitation should be a basic birthright. It is our responsibility to ensure that.", "Mr. Errázuriz (Chile) (spoke in Spanish): I should like to begin by expressing my thanks to His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for being present at the beginning of this debate and for the leadership role he has played in this matter.", "We should also like to thank the President for having convened this important and timely discussion in order to establish a dialogue on the principal challenges linked to the achievement of the human right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) a year after the adoption of resolution 64/292.", "The issue of drinking water and sanitation from the point of view of human rights was the subject of both that resolution and of resolutions of the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and even of the World Health Organization where, on 24 May a resolution entitled “Drinking water, sanitation and health” was adopted.", "Chile has shown its willingness to work together with its partners on this issue so that instead of there being 884 million without access to drinking water there are none. The international community is faced with the challenge of supplying drinking water to a growing population. Every day this supply is further hampered by factors such as climate change and the demands for economic development, among other things.", "Chile recognizes the importance of drinking water and sanitation for human dignity and underscores the importance of the adoption of resolution 64/292 as an important instrument for the achievement of the MDGs. It is a significant step forward in promoting the population’s access to those vital resources in accordance with the administrative system of each State. Thus, in addition to voting in favour of resolution 64/292, in the Human Rights Council Chile co-sponsored the resolutions on the right to water and sanitation, the most recent of which was resolution 16/2, adopted by consensus in March.", "I underscore the emphasis that the latter resolution, like resolution 64/292 and the Abuja Declaration, signed at the First Africa-South America Summit from 26 to 30 November 2006, places on international cooperation. The Declaration puts particular emphasis on South-South cooperation with regard to water resources by promoting the exchange of information and experience between both regions in order to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. It also recognizes the importance of water as a natural State resource and an essential element for life, with socio-economic and environmental significance, as well as the need to promote its sustainable use for agricultural and industrial purposes.", "Resolution 16/2 of the Human Rights Council, together with the extension of the mandate of the Independent Expert on the issue of human rights obligations related to access to safe drinking water and sanitation, requests the Expert to draw up recommendations that ultimately go beyond the end of the process of the Millennium Development Goals, with particular reference to the full realization of the human right to drinking water and sanitation. It also requires the Expert to draw up additional proposals to help achieve the MDGs, in particular Goal 7, which ensures environmental sustainability.", "Cooperation and dialogue among States are essential to meeting the challenge of delivering the human right to drinking water and sanitation. Such dialogue and cooperation must take place at all levels, from families and communities to the international level. There is no single issue on the international agenda that countries can act on and resolve alone.", "Mr. Aslov (Tajikistan) (spoke in Russian): Today, we are discussing a priority issue to us all, since water is a irreplaceable and essential resource that is fundamental to sustainable development and the preservation of life on the planet and to ensuring the health and well-being of the world’s population. Given the growing impact of climate change on arid areas, in particular regions of the world prone to drought, the problem of providing water to the population is becoming increasingly acute.", "In that context, my delegation thanks the representative of Bolivia for the initiative of calling for a General Assembly meeting on the implementation of the human right to water and sanitation. We welcome the participation of His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, at this meeting.", "Water often causes political tension among States. A key task of the international community in the management of water resources should be the prevention of conflict through the existing machinery on water cooperation. In that regard, we believe that the adoption at this session, at Tajikistan’s proposal, of resolution 65/154 declaring the year 2013 the International Year of Water Cooperation to have been very timely. Such cooperation offers a unique opportunity for partnership in the area of water and sanitation. That partnership provides certain possibilities, although progress in that key area remains varied and uneven.", "We believe that resolutions 55/196 on declaring the International Year of Freshwater, 2003, and 58/217 declaring the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life” 2005-2015, adopted by consensus at Tajikistan’s initiative, played an important role in enhancing awareness, understanding and recognition of the importance of the exploitation and rational use of freshwater resources to achieve sustainable development.", "On 22 March 2010, the World Day for Water, at the initiative of the Republic of Tajikistan and pursuant to resolution 64/189, a high-level dialogue to discuss implementation of the International Decade was held in New York. That measure was the starting point for further discussions at the High-level International Conference on the Mid-term Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the International Decade, “Water for Life”, held in Dushanbe, Tajikistan, on 8 and 9 June 2010. We believe that the impact of those two events strengthened the belief that the issue of water merits greater attention on the United Nations agenda.", "The world’s freshwater reserves, in particular in the Central Asian region, have shrunk in recent decades owing to climate change, leading to an ever-sharper decrease in water resources. It is clear that water issues can be resolved only if the linkage between water and energy resources, food security and climate change are taken into account. Taking such major aspects of current and future global and regional water issues into account is key to their successful solution. In the case of Central Asia, it is clear that developing hydro-energy can help to solve the region’s current and future problems.", "It is widely known that in the second half of the twentieth century, the Central Asian region faced a grave environmental crisis: the drying up of the Aral Sea. Given the large-scale increase in new irrigated lowlands, whose surface area rapidly grew from 4 to more than 8 million hectares, the catchment of water from the region’s two key sources — the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya rivers — doubled. That led to a sharp decrease in the size of the Aral Sea, which has lost more than 90 per cent of its volume and 80 per cent of its surface to date.", "Today, to the countries of the region must use water resources more efficiently. Unfortunately, not everyone recognizes that the environment is no longer able to sustain large areas for the cultivation of water-intensive crops, such as cotton. Tajikistan calls for the careful use of water and the rehabilitation of outdated irrigation systems in the region, which use more than 50 per cent of Central Asia’s water supply on irrigation. Until concrete steps are taken, the region’s environmental situation will not improve.", "Given the rapid growth in the population of the countries of the region, the impact of global climate change and the degradation of the region’s water resources, there is only one solution for the countries of Central Asia, namely, the development of regular, multilateral and mutually advantageous cooperation on the rational and integrated use of water and energy resources. We must address the socio-economic issues of each country in particular, and the rehabilitation of the region’s environment in general.", "We believe that the issue of water should also be duly reflected in global agreements on climate change, which has already had a serious impact on freshwater resources. In that regard, the integrated management of water resources must be a key instrument in climate change adaptation. The lead role in this effort belongs to the countries and regions having problems regarding the availability of water resources. Regional and international emergency funds must be set up within the United Nations in order to remove obstacles and difficulties in the provision of access to clean water and sanitation. In that regard, Tajikistan believes that due attention must be paid to ensuring the right to water and sanitation at next year’s United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Mrs. Beck (Solomon Islands): I thank the President for convening this important meeting to discuss the human rights to water and sanitation in the context of resolution 64/292 and the global effort to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Solomon Islands was a sponsor of resolution 64/292.", "My delegation thanks His Excellency Mr. Evo Morales, President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, for his leadership in highlighting the need for our global community to recognize and make concrete efforts to ensure that the fundamental human right to water and sanitation is fully integrated into the sustainable development programmes for the achievement of the MDGs. We also thank the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation for her presentation in highlighting many of the challenges we face with respect to water and sanitation.", "Water is vital to life, and access to clean and safe drinking water and basic sanitation is essential to a dignified life. The debate we have had over the past two days on the human right to water and sanitation must also address the sustainability of environmental ecosystems that guarantee the availability of water for decent human living.", "For many in the least developed countries (LDCs), the mere access to clean and safe drinking water and better sanitation facilities is a survival challenge, especially among the women and children who have to travel long distances to collect water. For many of us in small island developing States, our water sources are becoming brackish due to salt water intrusion into ground water lenses as a result of sea level rise.", "We must find durable solutions to water poverty with tangible programmes and resources to enable millions in the LDCs and the developing world to realize their basic right to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation. Proactive management and sustainable use of water and water resources must be part of the overall development frameworks at all levels.", "Our focus should be to ensure timely and effective implementation of the commitments under the MDGs and that they are translated into concrete activities on the ground for eradicating poverty by 2015. Many of the LDCs, as we know today, are off track in meeting their targets under the MDGs, in particular with regard to the lack of access to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation, resulting in many of the problems of ill health that continue to plague their populations.", "The ongoing vitality of water resources for Solomon Islands and many small island developing States continues to be threatened by the impact of climate change due to rising sea levels, coastal erosion, salination of water sources, droughts, floods and king tides. The sustainable management of watersheds and water catchment areas is an integral part of our national effort to address climate change impacts on our fragile ecosystems and livelihoods. Whichever way we look at climate change, it remains a threat multiplier and undermines the sustainability of watersheds and water catchment ecosystems that provide water for human survival.", "To address the root causes of the climate change problem is to achieve an ambitious reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the global atmosphere. Current pledges on greenhouse gas emissions fall short of keeping the rise of global temperatures below 1.5° C. My delegation regrets that, although we continue to echo the importance of preserving environmental ecosystems that sustain water as a life giving resource, the number of countries that have announced their opting out of a second commitment under the Kyoto Protocol does not speak well of our global effort to preserve this vital resource for the survival of humankind. This situation weakens multilateralism and puts many of the LDCs and small island developing States — who make up the 884 million people lacking access to clean and safe drinking water — on the road to an uncertain future.", "Many of us in small island developing States and LDCs are already grappling with issues of water security, food security and energy security, inter alia, let alone meeting the internationally agreed development goals, including the MDGs. We must be bold and make the necessary shift in our mindset and political will to address the climate change problem in order to ensure that the health of our global environment is restored to a sustainable level. That will mean changing our current consumption patterns and the way we do business to include protection of our watersheds from extractive industries pollution, and promoting access to affordable clean technology in order to address environmental problems and set aside adequate resources in support of efforts to provide access to clean and safe drinking water and sanitation to the many for whom this vital human right still remains a remote goal.", "In conclusion, last May, the United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in Istanbul adopted the Programme of Action for the decade 2011-2020. A cooperative effort to support the full implementation of the Programme will not only address poverty eradication, but also guarantee the basic human right to clean and safe drinking water and proper sanitation for the millions of poor in these countries.", "The Acting President: I now give the floor to the observer of Palestine.", "Mr. Mansour (Palestine): We thank the President for convening this meeting, at the request of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, on the vital issue of the human right to water and sanitation.", "Palestine reaffirms that access to safe, clean drinking water and sanitation is a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights that all peoples are entitled to, including people living under foreign occupation. Water is also a primary natural resource over which the Palestinian people have permanent sovereignty in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, as reaffirmed in numerous relevant United Nations resolutions.", "As with all other rights, the Palestinian people’s right to water and sanitation continues to be violated by Israel, the occupying Power, which currently exploits 90 per cent of shared water resources while exerting control over the 10 per cent allowed for Palestinian use. Israel actively prevents Palestinian access to water resources by its ongoing illegal colonization and unilateral policies, including the annexation of Palestinian land through the construction of settlements and the annexation wall in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem. The result is a further reduction in the already meagre water supply available to the Palestinian civilian population.", "While Israelis consume an average of 280 litres of water per capita per day, Palestinians are limited to an average of just 60 litres. Most dramatically, in the West Bank, over 50,000 Palestinians in certain communities are forced to survive on a daily average of just 10 to 30 litres per capita, which means that daily water consumption per person is far below the minimum guidelines, set by the World Health Organization (WHO), of 100 litres per day, which has forced vulnerable Palestinians — often poor herding families — to abandon their land and traditional livelihoods and indigenous culture.", "The correlation between the lack of access to water and sanitation and forced migration has been clearly identified by the International Organization for Migration and the United Nations elsewhere in the world, but nowhere is this more evident than in Israeli policies and practices in the West Bank.", "In the Gaza Strip, where the illegal Israeli blockade has prevented the importation of spare parts and construction materials and the supply of the Palestinians’ equitable share of transboundary water resources, the civilian population is effectively being forced to rely on a drastically deteriorating resource. According to the World Bank, only 5 to 10 per cent of the portion of the aquifer underlying Gaza is drinkable, with more than 90 per cent of all 150 municipal wells having salt and nitrate levels above WHO standards, and thus unfit for human consumption.", "Palestinians consume far less water than Israelis because successive Israeli Governments have engineered artificial water shortages throughout the occupied Palestinian territory by stealing water that is rightfully ours, by preventing us from developing even the most basic water infrastructure and by routinely damaging or destroying the little infrastructure we have, such as water wells, rainwater cisterns and treatment plants.", "Since 28 July 2010, when the General Assembly voted on resolution 64/292, declaring access to clean water and sanitation to be a human right — a resolution that Israel did not support — the occupying Power has destroyed a total of 41 cisterns, 17 wells and 5 sanitation facilities in the occupied Palestinian territory, which includes 20 cisterns specifically destroyed following the 1 February statement by the United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Maxwell Gaylard, on the continuing demolition of water cisterns in the West Bank. The Humanitarian Coordinator asserted that", "“The removal of such critical infrastructure places serious strains on the resilience and coping mechanisms of these communities, who will become increasingly dependent on economically unsustainable sources such as tankered water. Such deliberate demolitions in occupied territory are also in contravention of Israel’s obligations under international law.”", "On numerous occasions, water provided in plastic tanks by humanitarian agencies is also confiscated or destroyed, denying vulnerable Palestinian families their human right to water. In recent months, the Israeli occupation forces have specifically targeted two cisterns in the community of Za'atara in the West Bank. Notably, each of these cisterns is over 2,000 years old. Yet, rather than allowing for them to be designated a treasure of antiquity to be protected by UNESCO, measures are being taken to make it difficult for the Palestinian community to respond to Israeli demands to prove ownership of the infrastructure.", "While we commend the United Nations for securing more than $3 million for emergency relief from water scarcity to be spent this summer on the tankering of water, the Palestinian leadership emphasizes that this financial commitment to emergency humanitarian responses might not be necessary if the United Nations and its Member States advocated more effectively for the protection of existing water and sanitation infrastructure as well as the development of new water and sanitation infrastructure as highlighted in relevant reports of the World Bank, the United Nations Environment Programme, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and B'Tselem.", "Israel’s violation of the Palestinian people’s right to clean water and sanitation negatively impacts many other human rights, including their right to food, health, livelihoods and development, thus impeding the Palestinian ability to achieve the Millennium Development Goals targets as an essential part of our effort towards achieving a viable and independent State of Palestine on the basis of the pre-1967 borders.", "Palestine reiterates its call to the international community to hold Israel accountable to comply with its legal obligations by respecting the human right to clean water and sanitation, the equitable and reasonable reallocation of shared water resources in accordance with customary international law and the 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses, and the demand for the immediate cessation of the destruction of Palestinian water and sanitation infrastructure in the occupied Palestinian territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, in flagrant violation of international humanitarian law.", "Simply stated, the Palestinian people are thirsting for justice and freedom and they call on all States to compel Israel, the occupying Power, to bring an end to this unjust and deplorable situation and finally bring an end to Israel’s 44-year ruthless military occupation of the Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem.", "The Acting President: We have heard the last speaker on this agenda item. The General Assembly has thus concluded this stage of its consideration of agenda item 13.", "Agenda item 6 (continued)", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session", "The Acting President: Members will recall that at its 104th plenary meeting on 22 June, the Assembly elected, in accordance with rule 30 of the rules of", "procedure of the General Assembly, 20 of the 21 Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly for the sixty-sixth session. There remained the election of one Vice-President from among the African States to take place at a later date.", "I have been informed by the Chairperson of the Group of African States for the month of July that Mauritius has been selected by the African States to fill one of the seats allocated to Africa as a Vice-President of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "In accordance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly decision 34/401, the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly by secret ballot will be dispensed with when the number of candidates corresponds to the number of seats to be filled. We shall proceed accordingly.", "Since there is only one candidate for the one seat to be filled by the African States, I declare Mauritius elected Vice-President of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. I therefore congratulate Mauritius on its election.", "Having elected the Chairpersons of the six Main Committees and the 21 Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, the General Committee of the General Assembly for its sixty-sixth session has been fully constituted in accordance with rule 38 of the rules of procedure.", "The meeting rose at 1.20 p.m." ]

[ "主席： 约瑟夫·戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席，副主席麦克唐纳先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午11时05分开会。", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动", "路易斯·布兰科先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：我谨感谢戴斯主席召开今天的会议，以便对裁军谈判会议和多边裁军谈判问题进行思考，使我们能够——而且也一直在——交换意见，探讨各种挑战和机遇，以及裁谈会如何能够恢复其作为唯一裁军谈判机构的作用，使我们能够朝着全人类所期盼的全面和彻底裁军目标迈进。", "致力于裁军与核不扩散是我国外交政策的原则之一，因此，我们一直力促在多边论坛中寻求达成共识，以推动实现这些目标，突出强调这些问题对国际和平与安全的重要性。", "哥伦比亚认为，在联合国的机制和机构范围内就这些问题进行谈判是非常重要的。因此，我们非常重视裁军谈判会议。然而，我们同国际社会一样，对它陷于停顿状态感到沮丧。我们认为，这种局面不能继续下去，需要立即采取纠正措施。如果所有国家作出真正的政治承诺，就能克服这种局面。政治承诺应当被理解为灵活性和创造性——灵活性指的是在国家立场上作一点小小的让步，使各方能够实现共赢，创造性指的是推动寻找新的努力方向。", "哥伦比亚在5月30日至6月24日担任裁军谈判会议主席期间，注重对裁谈会目前状况和加强其运作的行动方针进行一系列反思。然而，尽管轮值主席哥伦比亚及其前任作了种种努力，该论坛仍然陷于瘫痪。", "在文件CD/1913中，哥伦比亚以本国名义指出了裁军谈判会议陷于僵局的原因，以及各种不同因素如何限制了它取得进展的能力。但是，这种瘫痪显然是没有正当理由的。我们认为，一个论坛在十多年中未取得任何具体成果，甚至未在深入讨论有关各项议题以查明在哪些问题上存在分歧方面取得进展，这是不正常的。", "至于工作方案，我们回顾，它只不过是协助裁军谈判会议活动的一个工具。就工作方案达成协议，并不能确保裁谈会将开始取得进展。2009年的经验就是这方面的证明。工作方案的问题不在于它的起草，而在于我们谋求作出的承诺。", "此外还有另外两个障碍：为达成有关工作方案的共识所采取的方法，因为这项任务专门留给轮值主席去执行，以及对它的基本性质的误解，因为一些方面坚持认为，工作方案应当包含任务授权。为此原因，哥伦比亚目前提倡按照议事规则中所预见的那样，制定一项简化的工作方案。", "至于裁谈会的议程和有待谈判的问题，我国认为，下一个合理的步骤是谈判一项“裂变材料禁产条约”(禁产条约)。哥伦比亚支持就“禁产条约”开始谈判，但有一项谅解，即：裂变材料储存应当是这个进程的一个组成部分。然而，我们认为，其他问题——例如消极安全保证——同“禁产条约”一样适时，并将使我们能够促进裁军与不扩散。在目前阶段，同时采取多项步骤也许是有道理的。", "至于可能的行动方针，我谨强调裁军谈判会议一些成员提出的下列建议，我们认为它们是可行和有用的。", "首先，我们应当任命一位关于裁军谈判会议效率和工作方法问题的特别协调员，负责分析裁谈会的程序并向其成员国提出建议。", "第二，我们应当考虑精简裁谈会每年届会的会议，目的是只在必要时召开全体会议，并且在任何时候都有正在进行的活动。", "第三，我们应当思考使裁谈会开支合理化的必要性。", "第四，我们应当设立关于各议程项目的专家小组，以便建立信任并对启动有意义的谈判进程作出贡献。", "第五，我们应当探讨增加裁谈会成员数目和促进同民间社会扩大互动协作的可能性。", "第六，也是最后一点，我们应继续在大会框架内讨论加强裁军谈判会议和振兴裁军机制的问题，以研究其它可能的行动方案。", "此外，鉴于在裁军问题上陷于全面瘫痪，哥伦比亚重申，它支持迅速召开大会专门讨论裁军问题的第四届特别会议，该会议将包括全面审查联合国系统各主管机构，并作出必要决定以振兴这些机构。", "科尔切克先生(斯洛伐克)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我表示，斯洛伐克完全赞同欧洲联盟所作的发言以及荷兰以42个会员国组成的跨区域小组名义所作的发言。我国代表团还愿在本次重要会议上发表几点本国意见。", "我们和许多代表团一样，对裁军谈判会议当前的状况感到沮丧和不满，此种状况给这个多边论坛处理我们各国当前安全需求的公信力和现实作用造成严重后果。现在已经到了振兴和加强多边努力，以便采取共同和团结一致的全球解决办法来应对当今安全挑战的时候了。", "斯洛伐克共和国仍然认为裁军谈判会议是裁军问题上唯一的多边谈判论坛。我们认为，该机构是整个裁军机制中的一个重要组成部分。我们需要的是振兴它并激活它的潜力。裁军谈判会议极其重要，我们不能让它继续无所作为和陷于僵局。我们明白需要有耐心，但我们也相信，在僵局持续10多年后，必须采取行动。", "裁军谈判会议有责任开展多边裁军谈判。这一责任主要应由裁谈会的成员国承担。斯洛伐克随时准备做出努力，以打破裁谈会的僵局，并推进多边裁军谈判。", "我们赞同这样的观点，即：如果裁军谈判会议不能启动实质性工作，我们就需寻求其它办法并制定步骤，以打破这种僵局。", "斯洛伐克与其他各方一道，向大会主席和秘书长发出呼吁，请他们举办一次关于高级别会议后续行动的大会全体辩论会，我们认为，这为处理裁军机制的紧迫问题提供了机会。我们想要处理的核心问题是裁军谈判会议如何能够恢复其职能，并发挥其潜力，不辜负广大国际社会的期望。", "斯洛伐克支持立即开始就处理裂变材料禁产问题的条约进行谈判。事实上，我们认为，这样一项条约是实现我们的最终目标——一个没有核武器的世界——所不可或缺的一步。", "在建设我们全球未来安全环境的过程中，我们的眼光需超越单个步骤，而侧重于最终目标。我们认为，我们能够通过一个由彼此加强、有所保障的文书组成的框架来实现该目标。这种做法将使我们能够全面了解多边裁军谈判，并进而在这些谈判中取得进展。", "如果我们自己仅局限于采取不容许任何灵活度的某种单一做法，那么即使制定了高标准，该做法也不会推动我们向前迈进。一刀切式的统一的工作方案不大可能帮助我们朝着核裁军目标迈进。", "我们需要采取一种开放的心态和一种强调并注重最终目标的做法。它还应确保在制定适当的相关文书框架以实现该目标方面取得进展。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰)(以英语发言)：新西兰赞同荷兰早些时候以若干国家名义所做的发言，并重申新西兰坚定致力于多边裁军事业。我们始终积极和坚定地参与裁军谈判会议内和其它多边场合对这些问题的讨论，因为我们认为，找到有效和平衡的多边办法来解决裁军挑战对于我们的集体安全至关重要。", "对所有同样抱有这些关切的人来说，裁军谈判会议当前所处的僵局当然令人严重关切。自裁谈会作为联合国裁军谈判机构上一次完成其任务以来，15年时间已经过去。在这一期间，裁谈会一直未能达成任何实质性成果，然而与此同时，在裁谈会以外，裁军问题却并未停滞不前。", "这种局面是不可持续的。我们一方面继续将裁军谈判会议描述成主要的多边裁军谈判论坛，另一方面，过去15年来的每一项重要裁军谈判不是在裁谈会内触礁，就是完全绕过它进行的，这一现象是不可持续的。", "指望那些坚定致力于多边裁军的国家继续允许它们至为紧迫的目标与优先事项——其中包括对于有效执行去年不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会《行动计划》至关重要的步骤——无限期受制于裁军谈判会议程序中的缺陷，这是不可持续的。指望各国继续在一个年复一年一再甚至连其年度工作方案都无法商定的机构上投入时间、精力和资源，这也是不可持续的。", "必须认清的一点是，裁军谈判会议面临着严重危机。它的公信力，也许连它的继续存在都危在旦夕。当前的僵局有可能使裁谈会在多边裁军领域的作用沦为指责、嘲笑的对象，并最终失去现实意义。要想避免这一点，就必须改变一些根本性的东西。", "在铭记这些关切的同时，我们欢迎秘书长决定去年9月在纽约这里召开高级别会议。我们也欢迎我们日内瓦的同事努力分析造成僵局的根源并考虑可能的解决办法。他们的努力值得赞扬，但是他们尚未就一项可行的行动方案达成协议，甚至尚未就达成此种协议的可能性达成一致。", "我们听到有关各方在过去2天中提出了一系列旨在打破这种僵局的可能选择。新西兰和其它代表团一样，将欢迎着手在现有架构和程序框架内商定一项平衡而且具有实际意义的工作方案的决定。尽管存在各种挑战，我们仍希望一些国家会采取更加灵活和务实的做法，使这一点能够办到。特别是，我们强调，因程序性问题而捆住我们自己的手脚，将工作方案看作仿佛是为裁军谈判会议的工作制定了压倒一切的任务授权，这样的做法是不会有未来的。工作方案并不为裁军谈判会议的工作制定任务授权，但有人却如此看待它，这已成为裁谈会无法履行其任务授权的一个重要因素。", "但是，我们却几乎看不到有迹象显示近期可能取得突破。对那些呼吁保持耐心、声称国际环境仍不利于取得进展的人，我只想问一句：我们指望它什么时候会变得更好？我们准备把裁军优先目标搁置多长时间，等待天上的星星如天方夜谭一样排成一列？", "鉴于在确定今后方针方面没有取得进展，甚至看不到取得进展的前景，我们必须扪心自问，更加灵活的工作方式和议事规则是否有可能更好地服务于我们的集体利益？我们也无法回避关于裁军谈判会议——其本身并不是目的——作用与角色的问题，以及关于推进裁军优先目标可能备选道路的问题。", "我希望大家现在——此时此刻——可以明显看出，我国代表团对多边裁军事项的态度中存在相当严重的沮丧，甚至有一点绝望。我们已经没有借口和时间哪怕是使自己相信、更不用提使国际社会相信，裁军谈判会议仍可为国际裁军谈判发挥有益作用。", "在如何最妥善地启动实质性裁军谈判方面，无论是通过现有安排、微调裁军谈判会议的工作方式，还是探索实现裁军优先目标的备选道路，新西兰都保持着开放的心态。但是，这种对话必须现在就开始，而且必须抱着诚意。", "接下来的6个月对于联合国裁军机制长期的公信力、现实性及效力而言，可能是很关键的。在过去一年里，有关各方在这个问题上付出了大量精力并给予了紧急关注，因此，如果明年1月我们回到裁军谈判会议的时候仍发现没有取得任何进展，也没有表现出打破当前僵局的意愿，那将令人大失所望。像过去一样，新西兰将与各代表团一道，力求摸索出一条道路，打破目前的僵局，我们希望今天的讨论能代表着这样一个进程的开始。", "Srivali先生(泰国)(以英语发言)：首先，泰国愿赞赏戴斯主席及秘书长召开本次重要的全体会议。", "泰国赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义以及葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议非正式观察员国小组名义所作的发言。", "裁军是一个包含复杂政治因素和不同安全关切的错综复杂的问题。因此，实现裁军要求各国表现出坚定的政治意愿、持续下定决心、展现灵活度并做出协调一致的努力与承诺。", "裁军是一个引起国际关切的问题，有鉴于此成立了裁军谈判会议，作为谈判多边裁军条约的一个主要论坛。然而，令人遗憾的是，自1996年结束关于《全面禁止核试验条约》的谈判以来，裁谈会的实质性工作未取得任何进展，其议程上的实质性工作与重要问题仍悬而未决。裁谈会的工作持续缺乏进展，引发了对它是否仍适合处理当今快速变化的安全挑战的置疑。", "各方为打破裁军谈判会议的僵局做出了种种努力，最值得注意的是去年9月召开了关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议。在该会议上，联合国各会员国无论是不是裁谈会的成员国，都表现出了对推进多边裁军谈判的有力政治承诺。然而，在裁谈会结束其2011年第二期全会时，仍未能通过一项工作方案。因此，我们今天汇聚于此，以发出一个明确而有力的信息：绝不能允许这种停滞状况继续存在下去。", "要想使裁谈会保持其作为唯一多边裁军谈判机构的权威地位，国际社会要想指靠裁谈会处理全球安全挑战，那么裁谈会成员国就应将该论坛从旷日持久的无所作为状况中激活，为启动它在核心问题上的实质性工作而努力。同时，我们还希望裁谈会加紧努力，平等处理其成员的各种关切，以便最终打破当前的僵局，并就其工作方案达成共识。", "尽管裁军谈判会议的工作缺乏进展，但是其核心问题仍对国际安全格局具有现实意义。在这一背景下，泰国希望更多参与裁谈会的工作。我们渴望与其成员国合作，为其活动做出贡献，并协助振兴我们在裁军领域的集体努力。", "鉴于裁军事关各国的安全，因此各国应有权在平等基础上全体参与讨论和谈判进程。因此，泰国重申非正式观察员国小组的呼吁，呼吁裁谈会处理增加其成员数目的问题，主席在总结高级别会议时已对此作了明确表述。", "与此同时，我们愿重申，呼吁讨论增加成员数目的问题不应被误解为转移裁军谈判会议对其实质性工作的注意力。我们支持增加成员数目，是为了提高裁谈会工作的效力，而不只是为了增加成员。我们相信，可以在开展裁谈会的实质性工作时，同步处理扩大的问题，因此，它是振兴裁军谈判会议工作的一项可能事务。", "马斯先生(卢森堡)(以法语发言)：主席先生，我愿通过你感谢大会主席召开本次会议，就去年９月召开的振兴裁军谈判会议工作高级别会议采取后续行动。", "卢森堡赞同２天前以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言，并认可荷兰代表所作的合并发言。请允许我以我国代表身份发表几点意见。", "卢森堡高度重视裁军领域的多边工作，并一贯支持旨在限制核武器、降低核扩散风险的各种努力。我们赞扬秘书长将裁军问题作为其优先事项之一，并亲自参与辩论会。", "我们在座的各位都了解过去２年来在裁军和不扩散领域取得的进展，例如不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会取得圆满成功，安全理事会通过了关于核不扩散与裁军的第1887(2009)号决议，缔结了新的《裁武条约》，以及在华盛顿特区召开了核安全首脑会议。", "尽管这些重大事件和去年9月份启动的政治举措带来了势头，但是，国际社会的这个唯一多边论坛自2009年通过裁军谈判会议工作方案以来一直未取得任何进展。我们必须重拾这一势头，从空谈转入采取具体步骤，以打破10多年来使裁谈会陷于瘫痪的僵局。", "以严肃认真态度看待国际裁军进展的人再也无法接受裁军谈判会议不能进行实质性谈判的局面。在日内瓦和纽约，许多国家都表现出它们打破国际裁军机制僵局的政治意愿。我们所有人都必须承担起我们对国际安全肩负的责任，回到谈判桌前，落实2009年通过的工作方案。", "我们认为，首要的优先事项仍是立即启动就一项国际性、多边、非歧视和可核查的裂变材料禁产条约进行谈判。如秘书长去年9月呼吁的那样，在该问题上存在广泛一致。我们与其他各方一道，郑重呼吁达成共识。成立一个科学专家小组来负责审查禁产条约的技术层面，有可能成为促进启动谈判的一项建立信任措施。卢森堡还高度重视提高民间社会在裁军谈判会议中的参与度。", "除这些短期措施以外，还需更深刻地审查裁军谈判会议的工作方式。必须重新诠释协商一致规则，同时，调整议事规则也将有助于加强其运作。", "我们希望将尽快审议本次辩论会提出的打破裁军谈判会议僵局的各种可能办法，使日内瓦的讨论富于实质性和成果。重要的是，要铭记我们的最终目标，并继续保持雄心壮志。我们都想拥有一个更加安全的世界，为此，我们必须加倍努力，为实现一个没有核武器的世界而努力。", "丘布里洛女士(塞尔维亚)(以英语发言)：塞尔维亚赞同欧洲联盟观察员的发言以及葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。不过，我要从我国的角度就这个问题补充谈几点意见。", "塞尔维亚联署了关于“2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续行动”的第65/93号决议，也是发起本次大会全体辩论以讨论这些重要问题的国家之一，因为我们认为，本次会议将为打破裁军谈判会议的长期僵局提供重要的进一步的动力。", "军备控制、不扩散和裁军领域富有成效的多边主义不仅是必要的，而且，如果我们都本着合作、妥协和灵活的精神并带着战略远见开展工作，这个目标也是可以实现的。政治意愿是第一步，但是必须把它化作具体行动。我们坚信，在一个相互依存度和复杂性与日俱增，而且需要共同办法来解决共同挑战的世界中，这是向前迈进的唯一办法。", "塞尔维亚认为，重新确认裁军谈判会议作为多边裁军机制不可或缺部分重要性的最恰当方式是提高其效率和效力。必须加强努力，以便克服现有的分歧，使裁谈会能够恢复其作为世界上唯一多边裁军谈判机构的最初职能。塞尔维亚期望裁谈会所有成员国展示明确的政治意愿，认真和毫不拖延地就裁谈会议程上的核心问题进行实质性讨论，以便为国际和平与安全作出可信的贡献。", "我们承认，成员国的具体国家安全利益常常体现在裁谈会的工作中，但是，我们期望所有成员国为找到折衷解决办法而努力，这种办法在不损害这些利益的同时，将使裁谈会有可能克服目前的僵局，并且创造必要的条件，给裁谈会工作带来必要活力。", "塞尔维亚保证支持本次辩论，我们的指导思想是，必须就裁谈会观察国的地位作出规定，并且就不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会所通过行动计划中述及的问题开始谈判。裁谈会的工作持续处于僵局，严重阻碍执行行动计划规定的各项措施。不过，去年高级别会议的成功要求我们作出新的努力，以便实现这项计划的目标。", "在裁军谈判会议取得的成果具有普遍重要性，作为裁军谈判会议观察员国，塞尔维亚一直坚定支持裁军谈判会议。因此，至关重要的是应确保裁谈会的工作体现联合国所有会员国在不断变化的国际安全环境中所面临风险和挑战的复杂性。考虑到这一点，如果不解决增加裁谈会成员问题，就不可能振兴它的工作。对塞尔维亚来说，这个问题至关重要，特别是考虑到我们多次表示有兴趣成为裁谈会的成员。", "大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩散的风险是当今国际和平与安全面临的最大挑战。裁军谈判会议面临着它必须履行的众多义务。如果裁军谈判会议作为裁军领域的唯一多边谈判论坛，能够开始有效履行这些义务，它将能够实现它的目标。无疑，裁谈会工作目前所处的僵局如果持续下去，只会使人们更强烈地要求紧急找到恰当解决办法。", "最后，请允许我指出，塞尔维亚认为，本次辩论将是在振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和增加其成员方面向前迈出的重要一步。", "Adejola先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言)：尼日利亚欢迎召开关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的本次后续辩论。", "首先，我赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和荷兰代表以另外40个跨区域成员国的名义所作的发言。不过，我还要以本国代表的名义作以下发言。", "尼日利亚赞扬主席召开本次辩论，这为我们提供了一个机会，评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展，并且不再拖延地从空谈走向行动。", "令人遗憾的是，10多年来，多边裁军机制，特别是裁军谈判会议没有达到国际社会的期望，这些期望体现在1978年第一届裁军特别联大的成果文件(第S-10/2号决议)、载于多项决议中的决定和建议以及不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会的成果文件(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))中。尼日利亚注意到，裁谈会没有利用有效的多边军备控制、裁军和防扩散文书，履行其应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战的使命。", "本次全体会议的召开表明，我们有共同决心来实现一个无核武器世界的愿景，建立一个把原先用于发展、生产和拥有核武器和类似大规模毁灭性武器的大量资源用来促进全球公益、增长和发展的全球社会。这是我们对后世子孙和全人类负有的责任。", "在联合国裁军审议委员会2011年实质性会议的间隙，尼日利亚与40多个志同道合的联合国会员国一道，共同呼吁召开今天的会议。促使我们这样做的道义因素是：我们必须表明，我们今天如果不采取行动，就意味明天会面临危险，包括造成我们难以说服后世子孙相信裁军的必要性。因此，我们必须抓住本次高级别会议提供给我们的势头和机会，以进一步重申我们致力于在裁军和防扩散谈判中促进多边主义精神。", "尼日利亚坚信，行之有效的多边安全体制是全球安全的重要组成部分，我们认为，裁军谈判会议目前的僵局是不可接受的。在缔结新的多边裁军文书方面几年来缺乏进展，这无疑影响了我们在21世纪的共同安全，也削弱了多边裁军机制。", "尼日利亚也注意到，各会员国对于裁谈会的日内瓦谈判令人失望，表达了许多关切。大会当然会记得，一些会员国对它们认为是蓄意减慢该进程的做法日益感到不安。戴斯主席2011年3月在访问日内瓦时，以及秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员均表达了这一看法，并得到了详细记录。", "作为该问题的延伸，裁审会也未能推动采取建议，推动这项工作朝着设想的目标前进。尽管会员国最初在4月份时似乎抱有良好的意图，但尼日利亚注意到，三个小组费尽努力，仍未能在所审议的问题上拿出具体建议以及/或者达成具有标志性意义的共识。我们认为，这种失败明确地提醒我们，我们在更大范围的多边裁军机制领域共同面临着巨大挑战。", "尼日利亚要求核武器国家最优先考虑根据有关多边法律义务彻底销毁其核武器库的问题。如能这样做，人们将认为它们愿意履行在2000年和2010年不扩散条约审议大会作出的彻底销毁核武器的明确承诺。", "我们未能克服这场危机，致使我们丧失了宝贵时间。在2012年临近之际，我们应当不遗余力地打破僵局。尼日利亚支持裁军谈判会议，认为它是唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。我们也相信联合国裁军审议委员会具有现实意义，认为它是联合国多边裁军机制内唯一的专门议事机构。我们希望裁军谈判会议能够推进核裁军议程，其中包括谈判一项核武器公约、消极安全保证和期待之中的裂变材料禁产条约。", "在这方面，我们的审议应当为我们提供一个适当的平台，以透明和包容的方式讨论所有可能的未来做法，从而以切实有效的方式并本着注重成果的精神，推进多边裁军谈判。", "最后，尼日利亚将继续以建设性态度调动会员国参与这项努力，以便协助大会主席和秘书长实现多边裁军谈判的崇高目标。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言)：我国代表团抱着确实非常关心的态度参加本次重要的辩论会。我们赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义所作的发言。", "摩洛哥王国深信，建立无核武器世界必定要求联合国裁军机制特别是裁军谈判会议作出切实努力。我们感到难以接受的是，虽然多边倡议在裁军谈判会议的外围获得成功，但成员国就连裁谈会的工作方案都没能达成一致。这种不合时宜的状况必须消除。因此，我愿向大会谈谈以下几点看法。", "第一，让裁军谈判会议的讨论不断地回到起始点，这令人沮丧，而且会适得其反。该论坛历经30多年的讨论和谈判，已积累了有可能推动其实现工作目标的大量提议和设想。", "第二，同样不能接受的是，有人说裁军谈判会议是孤立运作的。我们要明确表示——在缺乏真正的政治意愿和有利国际环境的情况下，没有什么机构或文书能够保证裁军取得切实进展。", "第三，采取协商一致规则是为了使每个会员国能够影响决策过程，从而调动各国对决定的最大支持。然而，必须强调的是，协商一致不应被用作实施阻挠的工具。我们尊重会员国接受或反对拟议决定的正当主权，但它们必须拿出证明，表明自己的态度是灵活和负责任的。", "第四，过去已证明是行之有效的裁军谈判会议仍是推进裁军谈判的合适框架。为此，我们呼吁该机构采取全面、综合和务实做法。在全球化时代，一个国家或地区的安全与世界其它国家的安全愈发紧密地联系在一起。同样，不考虑国家或地区正当的安全考量，就不可能维护或加强国际安全。因此，必须采取考虑到国家、地区和全球安全的做法。", "第五也是最后一点，我国重申对联合国裁军机制的承诺。为此，我们要求谨慎提防在裁军谈判会议和其它多边论坛之外启动谈判的诱惑。此举虽会加快谈判进度，但有可能造成所取得的成果不为某些国家接受、国际社会对裁军和不扩散问题的分歧出现加剧的局面，而这些问题反而需要尽可能广泛的共识。", "我现在要谈谈这一共识的基本内容，我国代表团愿谈谈以下几点。这一共识的第一项内容是责任，这种责任既是共同的也是有区别的。摩洛哥认为核武器国家在核裁军和不扩散方面负有特殊责任。有必要采取实际步骤，为多边核裁军努力带来新的动力。这从根本上说会涉及两个行动。第一，将吁请核武器国家接受建立长期框架，从而保证对这项工作具有信心。第二，我们必须启动1995年中东问题决议的执行进程。在这方面，必须确保2012年中东问题国际会议圆满成功。该会议的基础必须是不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会通过的行动计划。", "这一共识的第二项内容是，要就核武器用裂变材料禁产条约和消极安全保证文书同步开展谈判，这将是一项重大进展和推动核裁军工作的一项建立信任措施。", "第三项内容是，重建和保持裁军谈判会议作为裁军问题唯一多边谈判机构的首要作用。", "第四项内容是加强核不扩散以及安保和安全，严格遵守国际主管机构所确立的规范，而这些机构可以获益于区域和国际倡议的支持和专长。应当针对新的全球挑战来制定这些标准。至关重要的是，要为国际原子能机构提供资源，使之能够充分履行授权。", "这一共识的第五也是最后一项内容是，通过加强技术合作，促进和平利用核能。技术合作的资金来源不应该再是自愿性质的。", "我国代表团饶有兴趣地注意到在今天辩论会上以及在2010年9月24日会议上就振兴核裁军工作提出了某些建议。我国代表团随时准备本着灵活、妥协和承诺的精神来审查那些建议。", "通过裁军实现和平将令全人类受益。我们应不遗余力地实现一个没有核武器的世界，一个不那么热衷于为进行军备竞赛而损害到消除贫困、防治流行病和应对环境恶化需求的世界。", "普罗亚尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：厄瓜多尔代表团愿首先申明它赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动国家名义所作的发言。", "裁军谈判会议的当前状况自然引起了各国的关切。在这方面，将需要作出大胆努力，以找到解决办法。有必要铭记，在开展这些努力时尤其必须以包容性和多边主义原则为指导，改变该局面的任何其它办法都必须来自各国间的讨论与谈判。", "在这一背景下，我国代表团不明白为什么不对裁军谈判会议工作方案中的所有要素都表现出同样的关切与兴趣，似乎只有其中一个要素受到了重视。对厄瓜多尔来说，“裂变材料禁产条约”与就核武器或消极安全保证达成协议同等重要。这是一个不拥有核武器国家的合理立场，因为它认为，核武器是可怕的，与绝大多数国家一样，它主张建设一个没有核武器的世界。但是，迄今为止，国际社会未能制定任何文书，使核国家作出保证，在完成彻底消除核武器进程的同时，不会对没有核武器的国家使用这些武器。这种一贯拒绝的态度表明，有关国家缺乏履行其核裁军与不扩散领域承诺与义务的政治意愿。", "在这方面，裁军谈判会议工作陷入停滞状态，也反映了缺乏政治意愿的情况。除了核裁军与核不扩散进程落实工作所牵涉的法律问题之外，必须将两者视为是彼此关联的。然而，在裁军谈判会议内部，似乎唯一的兴趣与关切是在核不扩散问题上取得进展，从而降低甚至忽视在核裁军方面取得进展的可能性。", "解决裁军谈判会议所面临停滞状况的办法似乎并非源自其架构或其程序。各国将发现，任何其它采取新架构或新程序的论坛都将面临同样处境，因为原因是政治性的。因此，在我发言一开始提及的那些努力必须侧重于采取明确透明、并反映各方愿意开始会谈以启动关于所有未决问题的谈判的沟通办法，拉近裁军谈判会议内部各方的立场。这些未决问题包括：一项关于核武器的协议，消极安全保证，防止外层空间的军备竞赛以及裂变材料禁产条约。我国代表团认为，该条约必须触及现有和未来的储存。厄瓜多尔认为，召开专门讨论裁军问题的大会第四届特别会议是适当和有必要的。", "最后，有必要分析放弃共识会在何种程度上帮助达成预期的普遍协议，因为对谈判结果的作用与影响的不同看法，有可能会导致一些有关行为体无法参与和加入。这将严重削弱范围如此广泛、内容如此敏感和重要的协议所需具有的效力。", "米库列斯库夫人(罗马尼亚)(以英语发言)：首先，我愿像其他发言者一样，赞扬秘书长和大会主席召开本次专门讨论振兴裁军谈判会议的辩论会。也请允许我表示我国代表团赞赏裁军事项咨询委员会应秘书长的请求，在日内瓦开会深入分析裁军谈判会议当前的僵局。", "罗马尼亚支持欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长所作的发言。由于罗马尼亚是请求召开本次全体会议的信函(A/65/836，附件)的签署国之一，我们也支持荷兰代表以签署国名义所做的发言。我还要荣幸地以本国代表的身份发表一些简短意见。", "签署请求召开本次辩论会的信函并在此出席会议，显然表明我国重视推进多边裁军议程。罗马尼亚赞同这样的信念，即在当今世界上，必须从全球的视角来处理和平与安全问题。裁军和军备控制是任何全球安全架构的基石。然而，一个高效率的多边安全体系和有成效的多边裁军机制必须建立在合作以及对我们全球挑战和威胁的共同理解之上。", "自2010年初以来，我们看到全球多边议程出现了积极前景。《第二阶段裁武条约》的签署以及在华盛顿特区召开的第一次核安全首脑会议都使我们对有可能实现全面消除核裁军的愿景充满希望。不扩散核武器条约缔约方2010年审议大会的成功及其《最后文件》呼吁国际裁军和不扩散制度包括日内瓦裁军界加紧行动。", "我们和国际社会抱有同样的期望，期待去年在纽约这里举行的高级别会议能推动裁军谈判会议在日内瓦取得具体和重要的进展，从而与当前的国际环境保持同步。迄今为止，裁军谈判会议尚未达到我们的期望，但是我们必须携手努力，进一步采取步骤，使我们沿此方向向前迈进。", "罗马尼亚大力支持裁军谈判会议作为核问题的一个主要框架，同时承认它对国际和平及加强世界安全具有的价值。它的谈判作用必须得到维护和加强。我们抱有同样的信念，即裁谈会应向前推进，并恢复它作为谈判论坛的作用。旷日持久的僵局造成了严重问题，必须结束这种僵局。", "多年来，我们看到各方为打破僵局做出了持续努力。我们现在需要处理这个问题。我们知道，在一个由65个成员组成，并且通过协商一致作出决定的对话和谈判论坛中，得到普遍支持是困难的。但是，至少商定一项工作方案并不是不可能的。尽管不应当夸大目前的僵局，但我们必须认识到，各国有可能转而利用在裁谈会之外进行国际裁军协定谈判的其它办法和途径。罗马尼亚已经多次指出，这种可能出现的情况对任何人都没有好处。", "正如奥地利代表6月9日在日内瓦所说的那样——罗马尼亚代表团支持那次发言——我们的手中并没有太多选择。一方面，我们必须审查裁军谈判会议的工作方法，包括其程序和运作原则。另一方面，我们也必须寻找能帮助我们克服裁谈会内已持续太长时间的僵局的其它措施。", "罗马尼亚致力于认真参与裁谈会的工作，力求使其恢复履行作为一个谈判机构的任务授权，并且在2009年5月以协商一致方式获得通过的工作方案(CD/1864号文件)基础上更进一步。我们认为，对于不可逆转的核裁军进程来说很关键的问题之一是裁军谈判会议中有关裂变材料禁产条约的谈判。必须通过谈判进程解决各方的安全关切。这是多边外交的实质和价值所在。裁军谈判会议所有成员参加谈判对裁军议程至关重要。", "最后，请允许我重申，罗马尼亚仍然坚信，2010年9月24日给予裁军谈判会议的政治支持以及我们在本次辩论中作出的宝贵贡献能够推动裁军谈判会议恢复其作为谈判论坛的作用。罗马尼亚真诚希望，我们将最终找到最佳办法，以便在不远的将来使多边裁军工作得到重振。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了有关这个议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目162的审议。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "代理主席(以英语发言)：大会将恢复其对议程项目13的审议，以便讨论与在千年发展目标背景下实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战。成员们记得，大会在7月27日第114次全体会议上曾就这些挑战进行过讨论，但其发言名单上的人尚未全部发言。", "佩拉尔塔先生(巴拉圭)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我们祝贺我们的兄弟国家多民族玻利维亚国的总统胡安·埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生，他倡议举行本次会议，并且对突出强调享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的重要性起到了极大帮助。", "国际社会每一个成员都有义务和责任通过可持续经济增长和尊重我们的自然资源，把它们作为生命之源，在我们各国人民的发展之间求得公正平衡，以便在各个领域改善民生。现在距离千年发展目标确定的把无法获得饮用水或者基本卫生设施所需物力和财力人口比例减半的最后期限还剩不到四年时间，我们关切地注意到，进展依然缓慢和不充分。目前，全世界近三分之一人口得不到必要的卫生设施，约有七分之一的人得不到或者负担不起安全饮用水，而享有安全饮用水本是一项至关重要的人权。在这一背景下，150多万名五岁以下儿童由于无法获得饮用水而死亡，这是一个残酷和令人无法接受的现实。", "巴拉圭完全支持这样一项原则，即：获得和提供饮用水及基本卫生设施对于充分享受人权来说，是固有的要素和绝对不可或缺的条件。因此，我国政府继续投入所有必要资源，以确保尽快为全国人口充分提供这些服务。同样，我们敦促整个国际社会在这方面加倍努力，特别是目前我们继续面临全球经济危机影响和各种自然灾害破坏性后果的时候。", "因此，我们坚信，国际社会现在正处于决定自己命运的历史关口。我们认为，2012年纪念里约会议二十周年的可持续发展大会应当给我们一个无以伦比的机会，无比坚定地重申我们在这方面的承诺和努力，以确保后世子孙能够生活在一个人类发展与自然资源的使用达到更和谐平衡的世界中。", "Tsiskarashvili先生(格鲁吉亚)(以英语发言)：作为第64/292号决议提案国之一，我谨借此机会对通过这项决议表示欢迎，这项决议确认，享有饮水和卫生设施是充分享受生活和所有人权所必不可少的一项权利。我要感谢玻利维亚总统莫拉莱斯两天前参加会议并且作了颇有见地的发言，并要赞扬玻利维亚代表团作为该决议起草者发挥的领导作用。", "安全的饮用水和卫生设施对于维护人的健康，特别是儿童的健康至关重要。每年有几百万儿童因为得不到饮用水而死亡，另外有26亿人，包括10亿儿童无法获得基本卫生设施。国际社会不能无视这些令人触目惊心的数字。", "多年来，我国政府的努力以改善城市和农村供水及卫生设施为重点。我们的经验突出表明，政府与捐助方共同努力至关重要。我要在这里举一些体现此类协作的生动事例。", "一年多以前，在我国62个市级供水企业的基础上成立了格鲁吉亚联合供水公司。该公司在供水领域与两个主要捐助方，特别是千年挑战公司，成功进行了协作。一年前，我们在水管理领域与亚洲开发银行签署了一项协议，包括为格鲁吉亚的六个城市中心全面修复供水和环卫系统。去年与欧洲投资银行签署了另外一项协定。为了执行这些协议，目前正在格鲁吉亚28个城市进行施工。一个重要步骤是绘制了全国供水系统的电子地图。这个系统的作用是监测和发布损失预警，从而减少浪费和财政费用。目前正在采取特别措施，控制河水流域的污染。在格鲁吉亚东南部最近修建了一座新的生物废料处理站，以确保保护河流和附近居民。", "我们注意到这一略微进展，但同时认识到，我们仍然面临挑战。在国家和国际层面都必须做更多工作。在这方面，我们支持联合国大家庭作出的努力，并且期待着进一步讨论实现享有安全清洁饮用水和卫生设施的人权及其对实现千年发展目标的影响的问题。", "斯坦卡内利先生(阿根廷)(以西班牙语发言)：我们谨感谢大会主席召开本次全体会议，也感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下提出享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的主张。", "阿根廷支持不断发展国际人权法，并要回顾，在阿根廷于1994年修订国家宪法之后，有关公民和政治权利以及经济、社会和文化权利的主要国际人权条约已成为其法律制度的基石。", "在这一背景下，获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施对于保护人的健康和环境的重要性得到若干获得阿根廷支持的国际文件的确认。阿根廷还认为，确保人民享有饮用水的权利是各国的主要责任，这是确保生命权和享有适当生活水准的权利的前提。", "根据这一立场，阿根廷在大会第六十四届会议上对有关享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议投了赞成票。不过，阿根廷当时重申，享有饮水和卫生设施的权利是各国必须确保其管辖下所有人都能享有的一项人权，与其他国家无关。", "这一立场符合有关各国对其自然资源拥有永久主权的第1803(XVII)号决议，而且，在我们这个区域，符合今年4月29日在拉丁美洲和加勒比环境部长会议上通过的关于环境问题的加拉加斯宣言第33段，该段指出享有安全饮水和卫生设施是充分享受生活和所有人权必不可少的一项人权，而且，本区域各国将根据各自的国家法律框架确保其管辖下的所有人享有这项权利，准许对它们的自然资源行使主权。", "普罗亚尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言)：我国代表团欣见多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席周三的会议，并且感谢他在通过关于享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议一年之后强调这一至关重要的问题。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》确认，享有饮用水的人权是一项基本和永久权利，而作为供公众使用的战略性国家资产，水对生命来说是不可剥夺、永恒、不可或缺和必不可少的。我国《宪法》第411条确保水资源和环境的养护、恢复和全面管理。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》第71条和第74条确认了自然的权利，并且确定，个人、社区以及各民族有权要求公共机关充分尊重他们的生命周期的存在、保持和再生、组织结构、作用以及演变进程。通过这样做，《宪法》寻求确保个人、社区以及各民族能够充分享受水的益处，从而很好地生活。", "厄瓜多尔政府通过这种办法推动各种政策，以便实现庄严载于我们的大宪章之中的享有饮水和卫生设施的人权，并且满足保护用于人类可持续发展的资源以及获取生命不可或缺的要素，例如水这一生命液体的需要。厄瓜多尔通过的这些宪法原则体现出对水的适当理解，超越了把水视为使用和消费商品的物质主义观。采纳把享有饮用水作为人权的理念，这无疑是在厄瓜多尔公共政策中向前迈出的重要一步。我们的挑战是确保把水和生物多样性作为战略性资产来对待。", "通过全面和综合办法管理水资源来确保人民能够获得饮水——这是所有人都享有的权利——是地方政府和全社会已经充分承担的重要责任，并且要求它们作出联合努力。", "水是各国人民和各个国家的传统和生活、他们的活动以及他们与环境的关系中的一个特殊要素。水、领土和土地是文化得以存在和生生不息的基本物品，保护多种多样的特点依靠这些要素，并且鼓励人类与自然和谐共处。因此至关重要的是，各国应当确保饮水和卫生设施的质量。", "尽管在厄瓜多尔取得了历史性的进展，但仍有许多工作要做，以便把这些原则付诸实施，造福我们的国家。此外，厄瓜多尔希望，所有国家都将确认和实现这些权利，特别是考虑到人类面临丧失其自然淡水储备资源的危险。", "最后，我国代表团重申，厄瓜多尔致力于这个十分重要的问题，我们决心继续执行载于第64/292号决议中的各项建议。我们要强调，必须进一步利用国际合作，支持各国作出努力。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙)(以英语发言)：葡萄牙赞同欧洲联盟观察员先前在本次辩论中表达的看法。", "我们认为，实现把无法可持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的目标，是重中之重。近10亿人仍然得不到安全饮用水，约25亿人无法获得卫生设施，这对人、经济和发展有巨大影响。获得饮水和卫生设施是妥善落实享有健康、食物和教育等人权以及儿童权利的一个必要的先决条件。归根结底，它对于实现人类尊严的根本原则至关重要。因此，不能脱离人权视角来考量获取饮水和卫生设施的问题。因此，葡萄牙欣见最近在第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议中承认享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "当我们谈论该领域的人权时，关键的不同在于我们从仅仅是慈善之举变成负有法律义务，从仅仅是渴望拥有变为有责任确保所有人都可以平等获取安全、负担得起并可为所有人利用的饮水和卫生设施，同时各国都有责任确保在其可利用资源的范围内持续努力，以实现享有饮水和卫生设施的人权。", "在葡萄牙，我们坚定致力于落实饮水和卫生设施的人权。我国为使更多人享有这项人权付出了巨大努力。数字本身就说明了问题。为最终用户提供饮用水和废水处理服务还被依法列入基本公共服务的范畴，并依据特别规定加以管理，以保护用户免受提供商可能的违规做法之害。", "我国的饮水和废物处理服务规定在确保普遍享有饮水和卫生设施方面发挥了关键作用，并促进了在落实饮水和卫生设施人权方面的最佳做法，以控制饮水和卫生设施价格低廉。这些措施的目的在于满足可用性、可获得性、质量、安全、承受能力、可接受性、非歧视、参与、问责、影响以及可持续性等标准，这些正是特别报告员制定的充分享受该人权所具有的基本层面。遵照这些标准也是我国水源供给和废水服务战略规划的一个指导原则。", "最后，请允许我借此机会，感谢享有饮水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员出席本次会议的开始部分。葡萄牙欢迎人权理事会第六次会议一致授权延长她的任务期限，我们也欢迎她所做的贴切工作，包括她在收集最佳做法信息方面取得进展，她还就其专题报告并在其国家访问期间与来自各区域感兴趣的有关行为体进行全面透明和包容各方的磋商。", "Sydykov先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以俄语发言)：我愿热烈欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生，并感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施人权问题特别报告员卡塔里娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士信息详实的发言。", "自大会通过关于饮水和卫生设施人权的第64/292号决议已过去一年时间。作为一个发展中国家，我们支持该决议呼吁各国及国际组织通过国际合作与援助，特别是向发展中国家的援助，来分享财政资源、建设其能力并向其转让技术，以加强为所有人提供安全、清洁和可获取的饮用水与卫生服务的工作。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦严格履行千年发展目标，包括到2015年将缺乏获取饮用水和卫生服务渠道的人口比例减少一半的目标。我们赞同各国的观点，认为享有安全饮用水和卫生服务与享有《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》中所载的体面生活水平权不可分割。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦90%以上是由山地组成的，其中包括为其人民、牲畜和农作物提供水源的冰川。根据专家的计算，吉尔吉斯斯坦冰川的淡水供应量达到约6 500亿立方米。在过去40多年中，由于全球气候变化，我国冰川面积缩减了20%，再过20年，它还可能再缩减30%或40%。按照这个速度，到2100年，吉尔吉斯斯坦的冰川有可能完全消失，整个区域的居民将会有面临淡水灾难性短缺的风险。除全球变暖以外，影响中亚水资源安全的另一个因素是该区域有90多个铀尾矿池。许多尾矿池位于地震活动频繁的地区或流入中亚区域广大水源盆地的河岸两侧，这一事实令情况更趋复杂。一旦有毒材料进入地下水或河流，区域的饮用和灌溉水供给将面临灭顶之灾。", "今天，在捐助国和包括联合国开发计划署在内的各国际组织的积极合作下，吉尔吉斯斯坦正在实施大量旨在为其公民提供清洁饮用水的项目，其中最大的一个项目是在世界银行和亚洲开发银行支助下实施并定于2013年完成的“清洁水源”项目。由于有了这个项目，吉尔吉斯斯坦约有550个村庄已用上管道水，传染病的患病率有所下降，我国的卫生基础设施得到改善。我国对饮用水问题的关注还可以从颁布特别的制定标准的法律，如饮用水法和吉尔吉斯共和国水法中得到进一步证实。就在最近，即5月30日，议会借助饮用水安全法实行了一项技术规定，旨在保护人民的健康和生命不受水源中污染物的有害影响。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦支持在统筹利用中亚水电资源方面合理利用水源并进行合作开发，包括在国家和区域等级推行水资源统筹管理的原则。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚)(以英语发言)：请允许我首先表示斯洛文尼亚赞同以欧洲联盟的名义所做的发言。", "毫无疑问，水是21世纪的一个全球性挑战。预测数据显示，到2025年，由于气候变化、环境恶化以及人口增加的共同影响，将有18亿人生活在水源严重紧张的地区。因此，提供安全水源和充足的卫生设施将成为许多国家面临的一个更加严峻的挑战。", "千年发展目标要求到2015年将不能持续获取安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减少一半。水源管理和提供水资源、服务以及卫生设施是处理所有千年发展目标成本效益最高的途径之一。获取饮水和卫生设施的问题与贫困问题紧密相联。缺乏饮水和卫生设施剥夺了几十亿人特别是妇女和女童的机会、尊严、安全与福祉。此外，获取安全饮用水还会降低孕产妇及儿童死亡率，防止疾病的发生与扩散。", "要缓解用水紧张状况，实现与用水有关的千年目标，就必须加强水资源管理。水资源管理首先是要以环境可持续方式利用水资源。然而，它不仅涉及到技术措施，而且从本质上说涉及到政治决策、该过程的包容性以及所有利益攸关方的参与问题。社会包容、尊重少数族裔和促进男女平等，对于确保公平用水和享有卫生服务是不可缺少的。高效利用包括水资源在内的自然资源，也是绿色经济的核心内容和2012年联合国可持续发展问题会议的优先议题。", "在2010年期间，大会承认了享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。斯洛文尼亚承认享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，这项人权源自享有适当生活水准的权利，并受到《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第十一条、《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的保护。", "享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权，与享有尽可能高水平的身心健康以及生命权和人类尊严权密不可分。它要求人人都能用得上、用得起饮用水和卫生设施，而且用得方便、质量要高。享有饮用水和卫生设施的权利也与享有其它人权，包括教育权、工作权、健康权、住房权和食物权密切相关。", "水是维持生命以及保持人类健康和福祉所必需的。它对于社会经济发展和保护自然生态系统具有核心意义。它是重要的能源，为农业和很多工业流程所必需。也正是因为这个原因，重点在于可持续水资源管理的保护环境工作是斯洛文尼亚发展合作的一个优先主题。斯洛文尼亚还一贯支持国际上关于享有饮用水和卫生设施权的各项倡议，并大力支持享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作。她于2010年5月访问了斯洛文尼亚，并将于9月份向人权理事会就此行提交报告。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言)：哥伦比亚感谢大会主席提出值得欢迎的倡议，召开本次重要会议，纪念享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利获得承认。", "哥伦比亚认为，提供安全饮用水和卫生设施是一个国家应当提供的社会服务的一部分。哥伦比亚法律规定，国家有义务确保向境内所有人切实有效地提供公共服务，铭记此类服务要遵守既定法律制度，可由国家直接或间接、由社区组织或个人提供。在所有情况下，都由国家规范、控制和监测此种服务。", "在哥伦比亚，享有适合人类使用的水源的权利，对于充分享有适当生活水准权和健康权具有重要意义。有鉴于此，我们不遗余力地扩大了提供最高质量服务的覆盖面。哥伦比亚正通过国家水资源计划，落实全面的水资源管理政策。该政策分为三个阶段——至2014年的短期阶段；至2018年的中期阶段；以及至2022年的长期阶段——并考虑到了我国各个地区所特有的不同和问题。", "哥伦比亚通过这项政策确定了若干目标，其中包括：养护对于水供应具有关键意义的至少80%的生态系统；测量并记录60%的用水量；使至少55%水源的质量指数保持在好或可接受的级别；在水资源极为匮乏或者受厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象影响和气候变化影响的所有地区加强供应措施；以及将需要获得合法权利的用户人数减少一半。", "国家政策的第一阶段，即2010-2014年，确定了10个优先方案，其中包括国家控制污染和高效利用水资源方案、防止与水资源供应有关的风险的方案，以及用水者合法化问题国家方案。哥伦比亚在国家和地区层面制定了五项战略政策计划，为可再生自然资源的管理和以环保方式利用土地制定了规划概要，为人类住区以及社会、经济和服务活动实现环保发展制定了指导方针。", "关于水资源风险管理，考虑到最近的厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象的影响，我们正在一些领域的风险管理方面取得进展。这些领域是：供人类在涉及供应和获取水资源等生产活动中使用的水源短缺；干旱，通过养护同雨水减少有关的生态系统；洪水以及与水量过剩有关的民众流动，它们可能对人口和基础设施造成影响；以及与人口和基础设施有关的海洋和沿海风险管理。", "国民政府还制定了城市径流水管理国家计划，确定了一些至关重要的排水区域。这些区域消耗了排水能力，影响到了各种用途的用水质量，同时危害到公众健康、农业产量、包括发电在内的工业活动，以及更大范围的整体经济和社会发展。该计划的目的在于增加处理过的城市用水量，从而在中短期提高水资源质量。", "哥伦比亚政府对于扩大提供安全饮用水和卫生设施的覆盖面作出了明确承诺，因此，我们认为在本次全体会议上突出该问题十分有价值。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰)(以英语发言)：新西兰高兴地在今天重要的辩论会上发言。", "很少有国家会否认难以获取安全饮用水和卫生设施所造成的严重后果。新西兰认为，我们所能做的最好的事情就是，采取实际步骤使人们用上安全、清洁的饮用水和卫生设施。实际上，能够以更加可持续的方式获取安全饮用水和卫生设施，对于实现千年发展目标(千年目标)至关重要。", "今天上午，我愿简要重点谈谈我国所在的太平洋地区的情况。最近的一份关于太平洋岛国实现千年目标情况的报告指出，从家庭来看，多数太平洋岛国家庭在日常生活中面临的最迫切环境问题就是获取安全水源和改进卫生服务状况。气候变化及其造成的影响加剧了这种状况。比如，海平面上升会影响到环礁上的水源供应，而极端天候有可能毁坏饮用水和卫生基础设施，除非基础设施的建设标准可以承受此类事件。环礁国家特别容易受到气候变化的影响。", "此外，城镇中心地区人口不断增加，也对淡水供应造成压力，更需高效采集雨水。然而，在这些环境下必须特别谨慎对待污水处理和其它污染源问题。这些生态系统较为脆弱。", "在边远地区，财力有限以及获取技能的手段有限，给建设、经营和维护有关设施带来挑战。在各城镇，快速的城市化与非正规住宅开发正给各种设施带来压力。", "新西兰了解获取安全清洁饮用水和个人卫生设施的重要性。我们正与我们的太平洋邻邦共同努力，支持它们在此领域的努力。例如，在库克群岛，我们提倡在偏远社区收集雨水，并支持改进卫生设施。我们还在努力改进托克劳群岛、瓦努阿图和基里巴斯的水源供给。", "最近，新西兰与太平洋共同体秘书处一道，完成了两个旨在提高水源质量的项目。澳大利亚、新西兰、世界银行以及亚洲开发银行还合作建立了一个太平洋区域基础设施融资机制，以帮助太平洋岛屿国家处理基础设施方面的需求。这些项目侧重于在维持和管理基础设施、包括在水源和卫生部门方面所面临的长期挑战。", "新西兰承认需要在这个关键领域持续努力并开展合作。我们将继续努力，帮助应对这些挑战，并采取切实步骤，以提供安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施。", "曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生(印度)(以英语发言)：首先，请允许我感谢主席组织今天的辩论会。", "我愿首先与其他代表一道，感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下主持我们关于享有安全饮用水和卫生设施权的辩论会。", "获取安全和充足的饮用水及卫生设施是保障我们各国人民福祉的关键之一。实际上，将无法可持续获取饮用水和卫生设施的人口比例减少一半已被认定为到2015年实现的千年发展目标之一。", "卫生设施不仅与个人卫生而且也与人类尊严和福祉、公共健康、营养乃至教育有着紧密关联。圣雄甘地曾说过“卫生比独立更加重要。”他使清洁卫生成为甘地式生活方式中不可分割的一部分。他的梦想是所有人都享有完善的卫生条件。", "据估计，仍有26亿人缺乏获取基本卫生设施的渠道，其中包括10亿儿童，他们缺乏获取有效卫生设施的渠道，这导致本来可以避免的婴儿死亡。我们还面临着我们人口中约有12%的人仍缺乏安全饮用水的挑战。鉴于卫生与人类发展关系密切，这种局面对实现我们的发展目标构成了严峻挑战。因此，在印度，我国政府将该问题作为一个优先事项。", "2008年11月在第三届南亚卫生大会上通过的《德里宣言》承认，享有卫生设施和安全饮用水是一项基本权利。在过去5年中，我们对郊区卫生设施的投资增加了多达6倍。根据我们的全面卫生方案，政府调整了其做法，将重点放在需求方面，通过动员当地社区的领导将需求作为变革的驱动力。", "为进一步加强基层的方案工作，我们在当地机构中推行了一项名为“清洁村庄奖”的激励性计划，它促使社区领导行动起来，把实现我们村庄的彻底清洁卫生作为优先事项。村庄中的本地机构为赢得该奖项而展开了竞争。该方案还导致从私营部门和民间社会组织中调集了大量资源，投入该项工作。", "与此同时，政府还特别注重扩大获取饮用水的渠道，这是政府“建设印度”旗舰方案中的6个核心要素之一。根据该方案，每天有将近300个村庄被纳入饮用水供给网络。", "因此，我们高兴地说，尽管面临巨大和多样性挑战，印度仍在实现千年发展目标7下制定的各项指标方面取得稳步进展。", "在我们的各项发展政策中，都需要优先考虑卫生问题。印度的经验表明，社区领导在实现全面清洁卫生方面发挥作用将是至关重要的。还必须将卫生纳入公共健康政策的综合框架，以确保卫生活动确实得到充分的资金。提供安全的饮用水还非常有助于遏制许多水传播疾病的发生。", "与此同时，我们还需为不同的生态系统开发负担得起和可持续的卫生技术，这是一个我们必须利用现代科学与传统智慧和知识来努力应对的技术挑战。", "尽管对卫生一词没有国际公认的定义，但是各国确实有义务通过收集分类信息、制定国家行动计划、提供预算支助、承认人权义务、提高公众认识并以非歧视的方式实现享有卫生设施的人权义务，同时特别关注弱势群体和男女平等，从而营造一个有利环境。", "我们与其它国家一道，支持玻利维亚去年提出的承认享有清洁饮水和卫生设施是一项对于充分享有生命权至关重要的人权的决议(第64/292号决议)。现在，我们必须进一步加强当前在日内瓦人权理事会就此问题展开的讨论。", "缺乏获取卫生设施的渠道是对人类尊严的侮辱。我国总理曾恰如其分地指出，享有良好的卫生设施应是一个与生俱来的基本权利。确保享有该权利是我们的责任。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言)：首先，我愿感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次辩论会的开始部分，也感谢他在该问题上发挥的领导作用。", "我们还要感谢主席召开本次重要和及时的讨论会，以便在第64/292号决议通过一年后，就与实现享有清洁和安全饮用水与卫生设施人权有关的主要挑战及其对千年发展目标的影响开展对话。", "从人权角度来看待饮用水和卫生设施问题是该决议也是日内瓦人权理事会多项决议乃至世界卫生组织的主题，世卫组织于5月24日通过了一项题为“饮用水、卫生与健康”的决议。", "智利表示它愿意与其伙伴就该问题进行合作，以实现人人享有饮用水，而不是8.84亿人无法获取饮用水。国际社会面临着为日益增多的人口提供饮用水的挑战。每天，诸如气候变化和经济发展需求等因素都在进一步阻碍水源的供给。", "智利承认饮用水和卫生设施对于人类尊严具有重要意义，并强调第64/292号决议获得通过十分重要，它是实现千年发展目标的一个重要工具。这是在根据各国行政体系促进人民获得这些至关重要资源方面向前迈出的重要一步。因此，智利除投票支持第64/292号决议外，还在人权理事会联署了有关享有饮水和卫生设施权利的各项决议，最近一项决议是今年3月以协商一致方式通过的第16/2号决议。", "我强调，第16/2号决议同第64/292号决议和在2006年11月26日至30日举行的首届非洲-南美领导人会议上签署的《阿布贾宣言》一样，对国际合作予以强调。《宣言》特别强调在水资源领域通过促进两个区域之间的信息和经验交流来开展南南合作，以便实现千年发展目标。《宣言》还确认，作为一种国家自然资源和生命不可或缺的要素，水十分重要，在社会经济和环境方面举足轻重，而且必须促进为农业和工业发展可持续利用水资源。", "人权理事会第16/2号决议除延长与享有安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的任务期限外，还要求该独立专家拟定有关千年发展目标进程结束之后工作的建议，特别提及充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。决议还要求独立专家拟定更多建议，以帮助实现千年发展目标，特别是确保环境可持续性的目标7。", "各国之间的合作与对话对于应对实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权方面的挑战至关重要。应当在从家庭到社区到国际各个层面上进行此类对话与合作。国际议程上没有一个问题是国家能够对其单独采取行动或者解决的。", "阿斯洛夫先生(塔吉克斯坦)(以俄语发言)：今天，我们正在讨论一个对我们所有人来说都是优先重点的问题，因为水是不可替代和不可或缺的资源，是可持续发展和保护地球上生命以及确保世界人民健康和福祉的基础所在。考虑到气候变化对干旱地区，特别是世界上易遭受旱灾区域的影响，为人民提供用水的问题正在变得日益严重。", "在这一背景下，我国代表团感谢玻利维亚代表倡议举行一次大会会议，讨论享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的落实情况。我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下与会。", "水常常导致各国之间的政治紧张。国际社会在水资源管理方面的一项关键任务应是通过现有的用水方面的合作机制来预防冲突。在这方面，我们认为，根据塔吉克斯坦的建议，在本届会议上通过宣布2013年为国际水合作年的第65/154号决议是非常及时的。这种合作提供了一个独特机会，以便建立用水和卫生设施领域的伙伴关系。这种伙伴合作提供了某些可能性，尽管这一关键领域的进展仍然各不相同、参差不齐。", "我们认为，在塔吉克斯坦倡议下以协商一致方式通过的宣布2003年为国际淡水年的第55/196号和宣布2005-2015“生命之水”国际行动十年的第58/217号决议，在提高对于为实现可持续发展开发和合理使用淡水资源的认识和理解以及承认其重要性方面发挥了重要作用。", "2010年3月22日，在“世界水日”之际，应塔吉克斯坦的倡议并根据第64/189号决议，在纽约举行了一次高级别对话，讨论国际十年的执行情况。这一举措是一个起点，之后在2010年6月8日和9日在塔吉克斯坦杜尚别举行的“生命之水”国际十年执行情况中期全面审查国际会议进行了进一步讨论。我们认为，这两次会议的影响加强了我们的信念，相信水的问题应当在联合国议程上得到更多关注。", "最近几十年来，全世界，特别是中亚区域的淡水储备由于气候变化已经减少，导致水资源急剧减少。显然，只有考虑水与能源资源、粮食安全以及气候变化之间的联系，才能解决水的问题。把目前和今后全球和区域水问题的这些主要方面纳入考虑是成功解决这些问题的关键所在。就中亚而言，发展水电显然能帮助解决该区域目前和今后的问题。", "众所周知，中亚区域在二十世纪下半叶面临严重的环境危机：咸海干涸。由于新增灌溉低地大规模增加，面积从400万公顷迅速增加到800多万公顷，来自该区域两大水源——阿姆河和锡尔河——的汇水面积增加了一倍。这导致咸海面积锐减，迄今为止水量已减少90%以上，面积也减少了80%。", "今天，对于中亚地区的国家而言，它们必须更加高效地利用水资源。遗憾的是，并非所有人都认识到，目前的环境不再能够维持大面积种植棉花等高耗水作物。塔吉克斯坦呼吁在该区域应当谨慎利用水资源，并且修复过时的灌溉系统，因为中亚50%的供水用于灌溉。在采取切实措施之前，该区域的环境状况将不会改善。", "考虑到中亚区域各国人口迅速增长、全球气候变化以及区域水资源退化的影响，对中亚各国来说只有一个解决办法，即，在合理和综合利用水资源和能源资源方面建立常规性多边互利互惠合作。我们必须具体方面解决各个国家的社会经济问题，整体上恢复区域环境。", "我们认为，水的问题在有关气候变化的全球协定中应当得到适当体现，气候变化已经对淡水资源产生严重影响。在这方面，水资源综合管理必须是适应气候变化影响的一个关键手段。在可用水资源方面存在问题的国家和区域应当在这一努力中发挥领导作用。必须在联合国内部设立区域和国际应急基金，以便消除获得清洁用水和卫生设施方面的障碍和困难。在这方面，塔吉克斯坦认为，在明年联合国可持续发展大会上必须适当关注确保享有用水和卫生设施的人权的问题。", "贝克夫人(所罗门群岛)(以英语发言)：我感谢主席召开本次重要会议，在第64/292号决议和全球努力实现千年发展目标的背景下，讨论享有饮水和卫生设施的权利。所罗门群岛是第64/292号决议提案国。", "我国代表团感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下发挥了领导作用，他强调我们国际社会需要承认并采取具体努力，以确保享有饮水和卫生设施的基本人权被充分纳入促进实现千年发展目标的各项可持续发展方案。我们还感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的发言，她突出强调了我们在饮水和卫生设施方面面临的诸多挑战。", "水对于生命至关重要，而享有清洁安全的饮用水和基本卫生设施是有尊严地生活的关键。过去２天来，我们就享有饮水和卫生设施的人权进行的辩论，还必须处理环境生态系统可持续的问题，因为这些系统保障了饮水的供给以过上体面生活。", "对于最不发达国家中的许多人来说，仅仅是获取清洁安全的饮用水和较好的卫生设施是一种生存挑战，妇女和儿童尤其如此，他们不得不长途跋涉去取水。对我们许多小岛屿发展中国家的人来说，我们的水源正变得带有咸味，这是因为海平面上升，导致盐水侵入地下水。", "我们必须借助切实的方案和资源，找到持久解决缺水问题的办法，使最不发达国家和发展中世界的数百万人实现其享有清洁安全饮用水和卫生设施的基本权利。主动积极的管理以及水和水资源的可持续利用，必须成为各级总体发展框架的一部分。", "我们的重点应放在确保及时有效落实对千年发展目标所做的承诺，并将其转化为到2015年消除贫困的实地具体活动。我们今天知道，许多最不发达国家无法如期实现它们根据千年发展目标制定的目标，特别是缺乏获取清洁安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的渠道，导致其人民继续受到许多健康不佳问题的困扰。", "由于海平面上升、海岸遭到侵蚀、水源盐渍化、旱灾、水灾以及巨浪，所罗门群岛和许多小岛屿发展中国家水资源的持续活力继续受到气候变化后果的威胁。流域和集水区的可持续管理，是我国处理气候变化对我们脆弱生态系统和生计影响的努力的组成部分。无论我们怎样看待气候变化，它都是一个使威胁倍增因素，削弱了为人类生存提供水源的流域和集水生态系统的可持续性。", "处理气候变化问题的根源就是实现大幅减少排入全球大气层的温室气体。目前关于温室气体排放的承诺无法将全球气温的上升控制在1.5摄氏度以下。我国代表团感到遗憾的是，尽管我们一直呼吁保护环境生态系统十分重要，因为它们维系着水源这个维持生命不可或缺的资源，然而很多国家宣布，它们选择不按照《京都议定书》做出第二项承诺。这说明我们全球为保护这个人类生存关键资源所做的努力还不够。这种局面削弱了多边主义，让最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的许多人——正是他们组成了缺乏清洁安全饮用水的8.84亿人——面临一个不确定的未来。", "我们小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家中的许多人已经在竭力应付水安全、粮食安全以及能源安全等问题，更不用提实现包括千年发展目标在内的各项国际商定发展目标了。我们必须大胆在心态和政治意愿上作出必要转变，以处理气候变化问题，确保我们的全球环境健康恢复到可持续水平。这将意味着改变我们当前的消费模式和从事商业的方法，其中包括保护我们的流域不受开采业的污染，并拓展人们获得负担得起的清洁技术的渠道，以便处理环境问题并拨出充足资源，支持为许多仍无法享有这一重要人权的人们提供清洁安全饮用水和卫生设施的工作。", "最后，去年5月，在伊斯坦布尔召开的联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过了2011-2020十年《行动纲领》。齐心协力支持《纲领》的充分执行，不仅将处理消除贫困问题，而且还将保障这些国家数以百万计人民享有清洁安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的基本人权。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我现在请巴勒斯坦观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦)(以英语发言)：我们感谢主席应多民族玻利维亚国的请求，召开本次关于享有饮水和卫生设施的人权这一重要问题的会议。", "巴勒斯坦重申，获得安全清洁的饮用水和卫生设施，是一项对充分享有生命权和其它各项人权至关重要的人权，所有人包括生活在外国占领下的人们都理应享有这些权利。正如无数联合国决议所重申的那样，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上，巴勒斯坦人民对水这一重要自然资源享有永久性主权。", "和其它各项权利一样，巴勒斯坦人民享有饮水和卫生设施的权利继续遭到占领国以色列的侵犯。目前，以色列占用了90%共用水资源，同时对允许巴勒斯坦人使用的10%的水资源实行控制。以色列持续实行非法的殖民化和单边政策，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上修建定居点和吞并墙来吞并巴勒斯坦土地，从而千方百计阻止巴勒斯坦人获取水资源。其结果是进一步减少了巴勒斯坦平民可得到的本已匮乏的饮水供应。", "以色列人平均每人每天消费280公升水，而巴勒斯坦人却被限制在平均每人每天只有60公升水。最严重的是，在西岸某些社区的5万多巴勒斯坦人被迫只能靠每人每天平均只有10到30公升水度日，这意味着每人日均水消费量远远低于世界卫生组织(世卫组织)制定的每天100公升水的最低标准，这迫使弱势的巴勒斯坦人——他们常常是贫穷的放牧家庭——放弃其土地和传统的生计以及土著文化。", "国际移民组织和联合国已在世界其它地方明确确定了缺乏饮水和卫生设施与被迫移民之间的相互关系，然而没有任何一个地方比以色列在西岸推行的政策与做法更清楚地显示出这种相互关系。", "在加沙地带，由于以色列的非法封锁阻止进口零部件和建材以及供应巴勒斯坦人民理应享有的跨界水资源，平民百姓实际上不得不依靠正在严重恶化的水源。据世界银行所称，加沙地下水只有5%至10%可以饮用，而全部150口市政水井中，90%的盐氮含量超过世界卫生组织的标准，因此不适合人饮用。", "巴勒斯坦人的用水量远比以色列人少，因为以色列历届政府通过盗取应当属于我们的水源，阻碍我们发展哪怕是最基本的水基础设施，并且习以为常地损毁或者毁坏我们仅有的基础设施，例如水井、雨水储水池以及水处理厂等，人为制造了整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上的缺水状况。", "自2010年7月28日大会表决通过宣布享有清洁饮水和卫生设施是一项人权的第64/292号决议——以色列没有支持这项决议——以来，占领国在巴勒斯坦被占领土摧毁了共计41个储水池、17口水井及5个环卫设施，其中包括在2月1日巴勒斯坦被占领土联合国驻地和人道主义事务协调员马克斯韦尔·盖拉尔德就西岸储水池遭到持续破坏问题发表声明之后被破坏的20个储水池。人道主义协调员指出：", "“破坏此类关键基础设施给这些社区的复原能力和应对机制带来巨大压力，人们将越来越多地依靠诸如罐装水这样经济上无法维持的水源。被占领土上的此类蓄意破坏活动也违反以色列根据国际法承担的义务。”", "在很多场合，人道主义机构用塑料罐提供的用水也遭到没收或者毁坏，导致巴勒斯坦弱势家庭无法享有他们获得用水的权利。最近几个月来，以色列占领军故意把西岸Za’atara社区的两个储水池作为目标。值得一提的是，这两个储水池都有两千多年的历史。然而，以色列不是使它们能够被指定为教科文组织保护的古代遗产，而是正在采取措施，使巴勒斯坦社区难以满足以色列提出的证明他们对这一基础设施所有权的要求。", "我们赞扬联合国确保筹措了300多万美元，以便紧急缓解缺水问题，在今年夏天购买罐装水。同时，巴勒斯坦领导人强调，如果联合国及其会员国像世界银行、联合国环境规划署、国际大赦组织、人权观察组织以及以色列维护占领区人权信息中心的若干报告所强调的那样，更加切实有效地倡导保护现有的饮水和环卫基础设施，并且发展新的用水和环卫基础设施，这笔用于人道主义应急的资金原本是不必要的。", "以色列侵犯巴勒斯坦人民享有清洁用水和卫生设施的权利，这种做法给其它多项人权，包括获得食物、享有健康、维持生计和发展等权利带来不利影响，由此影响巴勒斯坦人实现千年发展目标指标的能力，而此能力是我们建立一个以1967年前边界为基础、有生存能力和独立的巴勒斯坦国努力不可或缺的一部分。", "巴勒斯坦再次呼吁国际社会要求以色列必须遵守其法律义务，尊重享有清洁饮水和卫生设施的人权，根据国际习惯法和1997年《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》公平合理地重新分配共有水资源，并且满足我们的要求，立即停止其公然违反国际人道主义法，破坏被占巴勒斯坦领土，包括东耶路撒冷及其周边地区饮水和环境基础设施的做法。", "简而言之，巴勒斯坦人民渴望正义和自由，并且呼吁所有国家迫使占领国以色列结束这种不公正和令人痛惜的状况，并最终结束以色列对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的无情军事占领。", "代理主席(以英语发言)：我们听取了有关这个议程项目最后一位发言者的发言。大会就此结束现阶段对议程项目13的审议。", "议程项目6(续)", "选举大会副主席", "选举大会第六十六届会议副主席", "代理主席(以英语发言)：各位成员记得，大会在6月22日第104次全体会议上，根据大会议事规则第30条的规定选出大会第六十六届会议21名副主席中的20名。从非洲国家中产生另一名副主席的选举有待日后举行。", "7月份非洲国家集团主席通知我，非洲国家已遴选毛里求斯来填补分配给非洲的大会第六十六届会议副主席的一个席位。", "根据大会第34/401号决定第16段，在选举大会副主席时，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票。我们将依此进行。", "由于将由非洲国家填补的一个席位只有一位候选人，我宣布毛里求斯当选为大会第六十六届会议副主席。因此，我祝贺毛里求斯当选。", "在选出大会第六十六届会议六个主要委员会的主席和21名副主席之后，大会第六十六届会议总务委员会已按照议事规则第38条完整组成。", "下午1时20分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 戴斯先生 (瑞士)", "因主席缺席,副主席麦克唐纳先生(苏里南)主持会议。", "上午11时05分宣布开会", "议程项目162(续)", "2010年9月24日高级别会议的后续行动:振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判", "鲁伊斯·布兰科先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言): 我要感谢戴斯主席召集了这一天对裁军谈判会议和多边裁军谈判的反思会,在此期间,我们可以就各种挑战和机遇以及裁谈会如何能够恢复其作为唯一的裁军谈判机构的作用,以便我们能够朝着全人类所希望的全面彻底裁军迈进而交换看法。", "对裁军和核不扩散的承诺是我国外交政策的原则之一,因此,我们推动在有关多边论坛上寻求共识,以实现这些目标,并突出强调这些问题对和平与国际安全的重要性。", "对哥伦比亚来说,在联合国各机制和机构的框架内就这些问题进行谈判是非常重要的。 因此,我们非常重视裁军谈判会议。 然而,我们同国际社会一样对其停滞感到沮丧。 我们认为,这种情况不能继续下去,必须立即采取纠正措施。 如果所有国家都表现出真正的政治承诺,这种情况是可以克服的。 政治承诺应被理解为灵活性和创造性——灵活性,以产生一点国家立场,使我们共同赢得胜利;以及创造性,以推进寻找新的承诺机会。", "哥伦比亚在5月30日至6月24日担任裁军谈判会议主席期间,着重思考了裁谈会的现状和加强其运作的行动方针。 然而,尽管担任主席的哥伦比亚及其前身作出了努力,论坛仍然陷于瘫痪。", "在CD/1913号文件中,哥伦比亚以其国家身份提出了裁军谈判会议陷入僵局的原因,以及不同因素如何阻碍其向前迈进的能力。 然而,显然没有理由造成这种瘫痪。 我们认为,一个论坛在十多年里不取得任何具体成果,甚至不自然地在深入讨论各种议题上取得进展,以便阐明存在分歧的要点。", "关于工作方案,我们回顾,它只是一个旨在促进裁军谈判会议活动的工具。 就工作计划达成协议并不能确保裁谈会开始取得进展。 2009年的经验证明了这一点。 工作计划的问题不在于其起草,而在于我们力求作出的承诺。", "此外,我们必须再增加两个障碍:一种是就工作计划达成共识的方法,因为这项任务完全由轮值主席负责;另一种是对其基本性质的误解,因为有些人坚持认为,工作计划应当包含任务。 为此,哥伦比亚此刻正在推动按照议事规则的设想制定简化工作方案的想法。", "关于裁谈会的议程和谈判问题,我国认为,下一个合乎逻辑的步骤是谈判一项裂变材料禁产条约(禁产条约)。 哥伦比亚支持就《禁产条约》开始谈判,但有一项了解,即储存问题应当是这一进程的一个组成部分。 然而,我们认为,其他问题——例如消极安全保证问题——与《禁产条约》一样及时,将使我们能够向裁军和不扩散迈进。 也许此时此刻,一步一步多一点是有意义的。", "关于可能的行动方针,我想强调裁军谈判会议一些成员提出的下列建议,我们认为这些建议既可行又有用。", "首先,我们应任命一名关于裁军谈判会议的效率和方法问题的特别协调员,他将分析裁军谈判会议的程序并提出建议。", "第二,我们应当考虑精简裁谈会在每届年度会议上的会议,目的是只在必要的时候举行全体会议,并始终保持进程。", "第三,我们应该思考使裁谈会开支合理化的必要性。", "第四,我们应当就议程上的项目设立技术专家组,以建立信任并促成有意义的谈判进程的开始。", "第五,我们应探讨扩大裁谈会成员的可能性并增进同民间社会的互动。", "第六也是最后一点,我们应当继续讨论在大会框架内加强裁军谈判会议和振兴裁军机制的问题,以审议其他可能的行动方针。", "此外,鉴于裁军问题上的总体瘫痪状态,哥伦比亚重申支持迅速召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议,包括全面审查联合国系统的主管机构,并作出必要的决定来振兴这些机构。", "科尔切克先生(斯洛伐克): 首先,请允许我指出,斯洛伐克完全赞同欧洲联盟的发言和荷兰代表42个会员国跨区域集团所作的发言。 我国代表团还愿在此重要时刻发表几点国家意见。", "我们同许多代表团一样,对裁军谈判会议目前的事态感到失望和不满,这对这个多边论坛在解决我们大家当前的安全需要方面的信誉和相关性产生了严重后果。 现在是振兴和加强多边努力的时候了,以便用共同和统一的全球解决办法来迎接今天的安全挑战。", "斯洛伐克共和国继续将裁军谈判会议视为处理裁军问题的唯一多边谈判论坛。 我们认为,本机构是整个裁军机制的关键要素。 我们需要的是振兴它并恢复其潜力。 裁军谈判会议非常重要,我们不能让其无所作为和僵局继续下去。 我们理解需要耐心,但我们认为,在十年多的僵局后,必须采取行动。", "裁军谈判会议有责任进行多边裁军谈判。 这一责任主要由裁谈会成员承担。 斯洛伐克随时准备为结束裁谈会僵局并推进多边裁军谈判而努力。", "我们赞同这样的观点,即如果裁军谈判会议不能开始实质性工作,我们需要寻求其他途径并制订步骤来克服这种僵局。", "斯洛伐克也呼吁大会主席和秘书长要求就高级别会议的后续行动举行大会全体会议辩论,我们认为,这为处理裁军机制的紧迫问题提供了机会。 我们要处理的核心问题是裁军谈判会议如何能够恢复其职能并发挥其潜力,满足广大国际社会的期望。", "斯洛伐克支持立即就一项处理裂变材料禁止问题的条约开始谈判。 事实上,我们认为,这样一项条约是实现我们无核武器世界的最终目标的一个不可或缺的步骤。", "在建设我们未来的全球安全环境时,我们需要超越个别步骤,而注重最终目标。 我们认为,我们能够通过一个相辅相成和有保障的文书框架来实现这一目标。 这种做法将为多边裁军谈判提供一个视角,从而能够取得进展。", "将我们局限于一种不允许任何灵活性的单一方法,即使它确立了高标准,也不会推动我们前进。 适合各种情况的统一工作方案不大可能帮助我们实现核裁军。", "我们需要一种开明的思想和一种强调和强调最终目标的办法。 它还应确保在制定适当的相关文书框架以实现这一目标方面取得进展。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰): 我赞同荷兰早些时候代表一些国家所作的发言,并重申新西兰对多边裁军事业的坚定承诺。 我们始终是裁军谈判会议和其他多边场合讨论这些问题的积极和坚定的参与者,因为我们认为,实现有效而平衡的裁军挑战多边解决办法对我们的集体安全至关重要。", "对于所有同意这些关切的国家来说,裁军谈判会议目前陷入的僵局不能不令人严重关切。 裁谈会上次能够履行其作为联合国裁军谈判机构的任务已有15年了。 在此期间,裁谈会未能产生单一的实质性产出,但与此同时,除了其墙壁之外,裁军问题并没有停滞不前。", "这种情况是不可持续的。 我们继续将裁军谈判会议描绘成裁军问题的主要多边谈判论坛,这是不可持续的,因为过去15年的每一起重大裁军谈判要么在裁谈会中搁浅,要么完全绕过裁谈会。", "期望那些坚定致力于多边裁军的国家继续让其最紧迫的目标和优先事项——包括有效执行去年不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会《行动计划》所必不可少的步骤——无限期地被裁军谈判会议的程序失误所束缚,这是不可持续的。 指望各国继续将时间、精力和资源投入一个年复一年甚至无法商定其年度工作方案的机构是不可持续的。", "毫无疑问,裁军谈判会议面临着严重的危机。 其信誉,甚至可能继续存在,都已经上线。 目前的僵局有可能使裁谈会在多边裁军方面的作用受到指责、嘲弄,并最终失去相关性。 如果要避免这种情况,必须改变一些根本的东西。", "考虑到这些关切,我们欢迎秘书长决定今年9月在纽约召开高级别会议。 我们还欢迎我们的日内瓦同事努力分析僵局的根源并审议可能的解决办法。 这些努力是值得赞扬的,但它们尚未就可行的行动方针、甚至这种协议的前景达成任何协议。", "我们听取了过去两天中为打破这一僵局提出的一系列选择。 同其他代表团一样,新西兰欢迎决定在现有结构和程序范围内商定一个平衡而有意义的工作方案。 尽管如此,我们希望一些国家采取更灵活和务实的做法,仍有可能做到这一点。 我们特别强调,将工作计划视为为裁军谈判会议的工作设定了压倒一切的任务,将我们与程序束缚在一起是没有前途的。 裁谈会没有这样做,而且将其视为阻碍裁谈会完成其任务的一个主要因素。", "然而,我们没有看到多少证据表明,这种突破可能很快就会实现。 对那些声称国际环境尚未有利于进步而敦促耐心的人,我只想问:我们期望它何时更好? 我们准备在等待明星们实现某种想象的和不大可能的调整时,搁置优先裁军目标多久?", "在前进道路上没有进展,甚至没有取得进展的前景的情况下,我们必须问,更灵活的工作方法和议事规则能否更好地服务于我们的集体利益。 我们也不能回避关于裁军谈判会议的效用和作用(这本身不是目的)以及推进优先裁军目标的其他可能途径的问题。", "我希望,现在我国代表团对多边裁军问题的态度显然相当沮丧,甚至令人绝望。 如果我们要说服自己,更不用说说服国际社会,裁军谈判会议仍然能够在国际裁军谈判中起有意义的作用,那么,我们已没有借口和时间了。", "新西兰对如何最好地着手实质性裁军谈判持开放态度,无论是通过现有安排、微调裁军谈判会议的工作方法,还是探索实现优先裁军目标的其他途径。 但是,这种对话现在必须开始,必须认真。", "今后六个月将对联合国裁军机制的长期信誉、相关性和效力产生决定性影响。 在过去一年里,我们为这一问题付出了种种精力和紧迫感,如果明年一月我们回到裁军谈判会议,没有取得任何进展,也没有表现出打破目前僵局的意愿,那将令人深感失望。 同过去一样,新西兰将同任何代表团和所有代表团一道,努力找到摆脱目前僵局的办法。 我们希望,今天的讨论可能标志着一个这样做的进程的开始。", "斯里瓦利先生(泰国): 首先,泰国感谢戴斯主席和秘书长召开这次重要的全体会议。", "泰国赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动的名义和葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。", "裁军是一个复杂的问题,涉及复杂的政治因素和不同的安全关切。 因此,实现裁军需要所有国家的坚定政治意愿、持续的决心、灵活性和一致努力和承诺。", "由于裁军是一个国际关切的问题,所以设立裁军谈判会议是为了作为谈判多边裁军条约的重要论坛。 然而,令人遗憾的是,自1996年关于《全面禁止核试验条约》的谈判结束以来,裁谈会的实质性工作没有取得任何进展,实质性工作及其议程上的关键问题仍未得到解决。 裁谈会的工作一直缺乏进展,这使人们对裁谈会在处理当今迅速演变的安全挑战方面的相关性产生了疑问。", "已作出努力来打破裁军谈判会议的僵局,其中最值得注意的是去年9月召开了振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议。 在这次会议上,联合国会员国、裁谈会成员国和非成员国对推进多边裁军谈判表示了坚定的政治承诺。 然而,裁谈会结束了2011年届会第二期会议,仍然无法通过一项工作方案。 因此,我们今天聚集在这里,发出一个明确而强烈的信息,即这种停滞决不能继续下去。", "如果裁谈会要维持其作为唯一多边裁军谈判机构的权威地位,如果国际社会要能够依靠裁谈会应对全球安全挑战,裁谈会成员国就应当使论坛摆脱长期无所作为状态并努力就核心问题开始实质性工作。 同时,我们也希望裁谈会将加紧努力,平等地解决其成员所关切的问题,以最终打破目前的僵局并就其工作方案达成共识。", "尽管裁军谈判会议的工作缺乏进展,但其核心问题仍然与国际安全局势有关。 在这方面,泰国想更多地参与裁谈会的工作。 我们热切希望同其成员国合作,为其活动出力,帮助振兴我们在裁军领域的集体努力。", "由于裁军涉及所有国家的安全,它们应当有权以平等、包容的方式参与讨论和谈判进程。 因此,泰国重申裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的呼吁,即处理扩大成员数目的问题,主席对高级别会议的总结明确表明了这一点。", "同时,我们愿重申,关于讨论扩大问题的呼吁不应被误解为转移了裁军谈判会议对其实质性工作的注意力。 我们支持扩大成员数目,以提高裁谈会工作的效力,而不仅仅是为了扩大成员数目。 我们确信,扩大问题可以与裁谈会的实质性工作同时进行,因此是振兴裁军谈判会议工作的一项可能的工作。", "梅斯先生(卢森堡)(以法语发言): 主席先生,我要感谢大会主席通过你组织这次会议,以贯彻去年9月举行的振兴裁军谈判会议工作的高级别会议。", "卢森堡完全赞同两天前以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言并赞同荷兰代表的联合声明。 请允许我以我国代表的身份讲几句话。", "卢森堡高度重视裁军领域的多边努力,并一贯支持限制核武器和减少核扩散危险的一切努力。 我们赞扬秘书长将裁军作为其优先事项之一并亲自参与辩论。", "我们大家在这里都知道过去两年来在裁军和不扩散领域取得的进展,例如不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会的成功、安全理事会通过关于核不扩散与核裁军的第1887(2009)号决议、新裁武条约和哥伦比亚特区华盛顿核安全问题首脑会议等。", "然而,尽管这些重大事件和去年9月发起的政治倡议提供了动力,自2009年通过裁军谈判会议工作计划以来,国际社会唯一的多边论坛没有取得任何进展。 我们必须恢复这一势头,从谈论转向采取具体步骤来打破十多年来使裁谈会陷于瘫痪的僵局。", "那些认真对待国际裁军进展的人不能再接受裁军谈判会议缺乏实质性谈判。 在日内瓦和纽约,许多国家表现出了释放国际裁军机制的政治意愿。 我们大家必须承担起在国际安全方面的责任,回到谈判桌上来执行2009年通过的工作方案。", "我们认为,第一优先事项仍然是立即就一项国际、多边、非歧视性和可核查的裂变材料禁产条约展开谈判。 正如秘书长去年9月所回顾的那样,在这一点上存在着广泛的一致意见。 我们同其他人一道庄严地呼吁达成共识。 设立一个科学专家小组,负责审议停产条约的技术方面,可作为一项建立信任措施来推动启动谈判。 卢森堡还非常重视加强民间社会对裁军谈判会议的参与。", "除了这些短期措施外,还需要更深入地审议裁军谈判会议的工作方式。 协商一致规则必须重新解释,而对议事规则的调整有助于改进工作。", "我们希望,本次辩论中为解除裁军谈判会议的障碍而提出的各种备选办法将尽快得到审议,并在日内瓦导致实质性和富有成果的讨论。 必须牢记我们的最终目标并保持雄心壮志。 我们都希望有一个更安全的世界,为此我们必须加倍努力,为建立一个无核武器世界而努力。", "茹布里洛女士(塞尔维亚)(以英语发言):塞尔维亚赞同欧洲联盟观察员和葡萄牙代表以裁军谈判会议观察员国非正式小组的名义所作的发言。 然而,我想从我国的角度再谈几点。", "塞尔维亚是2010年9月24日关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议后续行动的第65/93号决议的共同提案国,也是大会就这些重要问题发起全体会议辩论的国家之一,相信这将为打破裁谈会的长期僵局提供重要的额外刺激。", "如果我们都本着合作、妥协和灵活以及战略远见的精神工作,军备控制、不扩散和裁军领域的富有成效的多边主义不仅是必要的,而且也是可以实现的。 政治意愿是第一步,但必须化为具体行动。 1. 我们坚信,这是在日益相互依存和复杂的世界中前进的唯一途径,在这个世界上,共同的挑战需要共同的解决办法。", "塞尔维亚认为,重申裁军谈判会议作为多边裁军机制所不可或缺的要素的重要性的最适当方式是提高它的效率和效能。 需要加紧努力来克服现有的分歧并让裁谈会能够恢复其作为世界上唯一多边裁军谈判机构的最初职能。 塞尔维亚期望裁谈会所有成员国表现出明确的政治意愿,认真和毫不拖延地就议程上的核心问题进行实质性讨论,为国际和平与安全作出可信的贡献。", "我们承认,各成员国的具体国家安全利益常常反映在裁谈会的工作中,但我们期望所有成员国都努力找到一种妥协的解决办法,这种解决办法虽然不损害这些利益,但使我们能够克服目前的僵局并创造必要的条件,为裁谈会的工作带来必要的活力。", "在承诺支持这次辩论时,塞尔维亚还以需要规范大会观察员的地位并开始就不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会所通过行动计划中的问题进行谈判为指南。 裁谈会工作的持续僵局是执行行动计划所采取措施的严重绊脚石。 然而,去年高级别会议的成功使我们有责任为实现该计划的目标作出新的努力。", "在裁军谈判会议内取得的成果具有普遍的重要性,塞尔维亚作为一个观察国一直是裁军谈判会议工作的坚定支持者。 因此,必须确保裁谈会的工作反映联合国所有会员国在不断变化的国际安全环境中所面临风险和挑战的复杂性。 考虑到这一点,如果不解决扩大成员的问题,就不可能振兴裁谈会的工作。 对塞尔维亚来说,这是一个非常重要的问题,特别是鉴于我们一再表示有兴趣成为裁谈会成员。", "大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩散的危险是当今国际和平与安全面临的最大挑战。 裁军谈判会议面临着它必须履行的许多义务。 如果它能够作为裁军领域的唯一多边谈判论坛有效地着手履行这些义务,它将能够实现其目标。 毫无疑问,裁谈会工作目前停滞不前的状况继续下去只会扩大紧急达成适当解决办法的要求。", "最后,我要指出,塞尔维亚认为,这次辩论将是重振裁谈会工作和扩大其成员的一个重要步骤。", "阿德乔拉先生(尼日利亚)(以英语发言):尼日利亚欢迎召开关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议的后续辩论会。", "首先,我赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言以及荷兰代表以其他40个跨区域会员国名义所作的发言。 然而,我还想以我国代表的身份作以下发言。", "尼日利亚赞扬主席召开本次辩论会,为评估自通过关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的第65/93号决议以来取得的进展提供了机会,并不再仅仅讨论和夸夸其谈,不再拖延地采取行动。", "令人遗憾的是,十多年来,多边裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议,没有达到国际社会在1978年第一届裁军特别会议《成果文件》(决议(S-10/2)和许多决议以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会《成果文件》(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))中表达的期望。 尼日利亚注意到,裁谈会没有完成通过有效的多边军备控制、裁军和不扩散文书来应对国际社会面临的紧迫安全挑战的任务。", "召开这次全体会议表明我们实现无核武器世界愿景的集体决心,也表明我们是一个致力于发展、生产和拥有核武器及类似大规模毁灭性武器的巨大资源被用于全球福祉、增长和发展的全球社会。 这是我们对后代和全人类所负债务的象征。", "在联合国裁军审议委员会2011年实质性会议期间,尼日利亚与40多个志同道合的联合国会员国一道呼吁召开今天的会议。 道义上的动力是,必须表明我们今天不采取行动对明天意味着的危险,包括我们随后将被迫试图说服后代需要裁军。 因此,我们必须抓住本次高级别会议给我们提供的势头和机会,进一步重申我们在裁军和不扩散谈判中促进多边主义精神的承诺。", "尼日利亚相信,正常运作的多边安全机构是全球安全的重要组成部分,我们认为裁军谈判会议的僵局是不可接受的。 几年来在新的多边裁军文书上缺乏进展无疑地影响了我们在二十一世纪的共同安全并削弱了多边裁军制度。", "尼日利亚也注意到,会员国对在日内瓦举行的无启发性会议谈判提出了许多关切。 大会当然会记得,一些成员国日益不安地认为是蓄意放慢这一进程。 在戴斯主席于2011年3月访问日内瓦时,以及秘书长及其裁军事项咨询委员会成员都表达了这一意见并作了详细记录。", "作为这个问题的延伸,联合国开发公司也未能推动建议,使这一进程朝着设想的方向发展。 尽管最初看来是成员国在4月份的公平意图,但尼日利亚注意到三个小组相当痛苦地无法就提交审议的问题提出具体建议和/或达成里程碑式的共识。 我们认为,这一失败清楚地提醒我们在更广泛的多边裁军机制中集体面临的巨大挑战。", "尼日利亚呼吁核武器国家考虑作为最高优先事项,根据相关多边法律义务彻底消除其核武库。 这种做法将被理解为一种措施,表明它们在2000年和2010年不扩散条约审议大会上准备履行它们关于彻底消除核武器的明确承诺。", "我们无力克服这场危机,正在使我们失去宝贵的时间。 随着2012年的临近,我们应该不遗余力地打破僵局。 尼日利亚支持裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构。 我们还相信联合国裁军审议委员会作为联合国多边裁军机制内唯一专门审议机构的重要性。 希望裁军谈判会议将推进核裁军议程,除其他外,包括谈判一项核武器公约、消极安全保证和预期的裂变材料禁产条约。", "在这方面,我们的审议应当为我们提供一个适当的平台,以透明和包容的方式处理以有效方式并本着注重结果的精神推进多边裁军谈判的所有未来可能选项。", "最后,尼日利亚将继续以建设性方式同会员国接触,以期协助大会主席和秘书长实现多边裁军谈判的崇高目标。", "卢利什基先生(摩洛哥)(以法语发言): 我国代表团怀着实际兴趣参加这次重要辩论。 我们赞同埃及代表以不结盟运动名义所作的发言。", "摩洛哥王国深信,建立一个无核武器世界必然需要联合国裁军机制,特别是裁军谈判会议的有效努力。 我们难以承认的是,虽然多边倡议在裁军谈判会议的会外成功兴起,但会员国甚至无法就裁谈会的工作计划达成一致。 必须打破这一不合时宜的局面。 因此,我要向大会介绍以下考虑。", "首先,不断使裁军谈判会议的讨论回到起点是令人沮丧和适得其反的。 经过30多年的讨论和谈判后,该论坛积累了大量建议和想法,这些提议和想法有可能推动其工作朝着实现其目标的方向前进。", "第二,声称裁军谈判会议孤立运作同样是不可接受的。 让我们明确一点——如果没有真正的政治意愿和有利的国际环境,任何机构或文书都无法保证裁军的有效进展。", "第三,通过了协商一致规则,通过使每个会员国能够影响决策进程,赢得最大程度的支持。 然而,必须强调,不应以协商一致为阻碍手段。 虽然我们尊重成员国接受或拒绝拟议决定的合法和主权权利,但它们必须证明灵活性和责任。", "第四,裁军谈判会议过去已证明是有效和成功的,它仍然是推进裁军谈判的适当框架。 为此,呼吁该机构采取全面、综合和务实的做法。 在全球化时代,一个国家或地区的安全比以往任何时候都更加同世界其他地区的安全密切相关。 同样,不考虑国家或区域安全的合理考虑,就无法维护或加强国际安全;因此,采取顾及国家、区域和全球安全的做法至关重要。", "第五也是最后一点,我国重申对联合国裁军机制的重视。 为此,我们呼吁谨慎对待在裁军谈判会议和其他多边论坛之外启动谈判的诱惑。 虽然这一步骤可以加速谈判,但有可能导致一些国家不承认的结果,并加剧国际社会在裁军和不扩散问题上的分歧,相反,这要求达成尽可能广泛的共识。", "我现在谈谈这一共识的基本要素,我国代表团将作如下描述。 共识的第一个组成部分是责任,既包括共同责任,也包括有区别的责任。 摩洛哥认为,核武器国家在核裁军和不扩散方面负有特殊责任。 必须采取实际步骤,为多边核裁军努力提供新的动力。 基本上将涉及两项行动。 首先,将请核武器国家接受建立一个长期框架,以保证对这项努力的信任。 第二,我们必须启动执行1995年中东问题决议的进程。 在这方面,必须确保2012年中东问题国际会议取得成功,该会议必须以不扩散核武器条约缔约国审议大会所通过行动计划为基础。", "共识的第二个组成部分是同时谈判一项禁止生产核武器用裂变材料的条约和一项消极安全保证文书,这将是一项重大进展和一项能推动核裁军的建立信任措施。", "第三个组成部分是恢复和维护裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判机构的主要作用。", "协商一致的第四个组成部分是加强核不扩散、安保和安全,严格遵守主管国际机构所制定的准则,这些准则可受益于区域和国际倡议的支持和专门知识。 应针对新的全球挑战制定这些标准。 向国际原子能机构提供使其能够充分执行任务的手段至关重要。", "协商一致的第五个也是最后一个组成部分是通过加强技术合作促进和平利用核能,技术合作的筹资不应再是自愿的。", "我国代表团感兴趣地注视着在今天的辩论会和2010年9月24日的会议上就振兴核裁军努力提出的某些建议。 我国代表团仍然愿意本着灵活、妥协和承诺的精神审议这些建议。", "通过裁军实现和平将使全人类受益。 我们应该不遗余力地实现一个没有核武器的世界,减少军备竞赛,而牺牲同贫困、流行病和我们环境恶化作斗争的必要性。", "普罗阿尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言): 厄瓜多尔代表团首先要申明赞同埃及代表以不结盟国家运动名义所作的发言。", "裁军谈判会议目前的局势无疑是所有国家所关切的问题。 在这方面,需要大胆的努力来找到解决办法。 必须铭记,这种努力除其他外,必须遵循包容和多边主义原则,克服这种情况的任何其他方式必须出自所有国家的讨论和谈判。", "在这方面,我国代表团想知道,为什么对裁军谈判会议工作方案的所有内容没有表现出同样的关切和兴趣,因为其中似乎只有一个优先。 对厄瓜多尔来说,裂变材料禁产条约与关于核武器或消极安全保证的协定同样重要。 这是一个不拥有核武器的国家的合理立场,因为它认为核武器是可怕的,并且同绝大多数国家一样,主张建立一个没有核武器的世界。 然而,迄今为止,国际社会未能设想任何文书,使核武器国家保证在完成彻底消除核武器的进程时不对没有核武器的国家使用核武器。 这种蓄意拒绝是各国履行其核裁军和不扩散领域承诺和义务的政治意愿不足的一个例子。", "在这方面,裁军谈判会议停滞不前也反映了缺乏政治意愿。 除了对其执行的法律影响外,核裁军和核不扩散进程必须被视为相互关联。 然而,看来在裁军谈判会议内,唯一关心和关心的就是在核扩散问题上取得进展,使核裁军取得进展的可能性降低或更糟糕地边缘化。", "解决裁军谈判会议所经历的停滞似乎并非源于其结构或程序。 各国将在任何其他具有新结构或新程序的论坛上看到自己处于同样状况,因为其根源是政治性的。 因此,我在发言开始时提到的各项努力必须旨在通过明确和透明的沟通,使裁军谈判会议内的立场更加接近,这种沟通应反映各方愿意开始谈判,以就所有悬而未决的问题开始谈判,即就核武器、消极安全保证、防止外层空间军备竞赛和裂变材料禁产条约达成协议,我国代表团认为,该条约必须处理目前和今后的储存问题。 厄瓜多尔认为召开大会第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议是适当和必要的。", "最后,有必要分析在多大程度上消除共识将有助于达成所期望的普遍协定,因为对于谈判结果的影响和后果存在着各种观点,造成一些有关行为者没有参与和加入。 这将严重损害此类范围、敏感性和重要性协定所需的效力。", "米库列斯库夫人(罗马尼亚): 首先,同其他发言者一样,我要赞扬秘书长和大会主席召开这次辩论会,致力于振兴裁军谈判会议。 我还要表示,我国代表团赞赏裁军事项咨询委员会应秘书长的要求在日内瓦开会,深入分析裁军谈判会议目前的僵局。", "罗马尼亚支持欧洲联盟驻联合国代表团代理团长的发言。 鉴于罗马尼亚是要求召开本次全体会议的信(A/65/836,附件)的签署国之一,我们也支持荷兰代表以签署国的名义所作的发言。 我还荣幸地以我国代表的身份作一些简短的发言。", "签署要求举行本次辩论并出席会议的信,是我国重视加强多边裁军议程的明确信号。 罗马尼亚同样相信,在当今世界,必须从全球角度处理和平与安全问题。 裁军和军备控制是任何全球安全架构的基石。 然而,一个有效的多边安全体系和有效的多边裁军机制必须建立在合作和对我们的全球挑战和威胁的共同理解的基础上。", "自2010年初起,我们看到全球多边议程的积极前提。 《第二阶段裁武条约》的签署和在华盛顿特区举行的第一次核安全首脑会议给我们带来了实现彻底核裁军愿景的希望。 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会及其《最后文件》的成功结果呼吁加强国际裁军和不扩散制度的行动,包括日内瓦裁军界的行动。", "我们也同国际社会一样,希望去年在纽约这里举行的高级别会议能够推动日内瓦裁军谈判会议的具体而重要的发展,使之与目前的国际环境保持一致。 迄今为止,裁军谈判会议没有达到我们的期望,但我们必须同心协力,进一步采取步骤,朝着这个方向前进。", "罗马尼亚坚决支持裁军谈判会议作为核问题的主要框架,承认它对国际和平和加强世界安全的价值。 必须保持和加强它的谈判作用。 我们同样相信,裁谈会应向前迈进并恢复其作为谈判论坛的作用。 长期僵局是一个严重问题,必须结束。", "多年来,我们看到为打破僵局而作的持续努力。 现在要求我们解决这一问题。 我们认识到,在一个与65个成员的对话和谈判论坛上,它们的决定是以协商一致方式作出的,很难获得普遍支持。 但是,至少商定一个工作方案并非不可能。 虽然不应夸大目前的僵局,但我们必须认识到,各国可能转向其他途径和方法来谈判裁谈会以外的国际裁军协定。 罗马尼亚曾多次表示,这种情况不符合任何人的利益。", "正如奥地利代表6月9日在日内瓦所说的那样,在罗马尼亚代表团支持的一次发言中,我们没有太多的选择。 一方面,我们必须审查裁军谈判会议的工作方法,包括其程序和业务原则。 另一方面,我们还必须寻求其他措施来帮助我们克服裁谈会的这种僵局,这种僵局已经持续了太久了。", "罗马尼亚致力于认真参与裁谈会的工作,以恢复其作为一个谈判机构的任务并借鉴2009年5月协商一致通过的工作方案(CD/1864)。 我们认为,不可逆转的核裁军进程的一个关键问题是裁谈会就裂变材料禁产条约进行的谈判。 必须通过谈判进程解决各方的安全关切。 这是多边外交的实质和价值。 裁谈会全体成员参与这些谈判对裁军议程至关重要。", "最后,我要重申,罗马尼亚仍然相信,2010年9月24日对裁军谈判会议的政治支持以及我们在本次辩论中作出的宝贵贡献,能够给裁谈会以恢复其作为谈判论坛的作用的动力。 罗马尼亚真诚希望,我们最终将找到在不远的将来重新振兴多边裁军的最佳途径。", "代理主席: 我们听取了关于这个项目的最后一位发言者的发言。 大会就此结束本阶段对议程项目162的审议。", "议程项目13(续)", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "代理主席(以英语发言):大会将恢复审议议程项目13,以讨论与在千年发展目标范围内实现享有水和卫生设施的人权有关的挑战。 各位成员记得,大会在7月27日第114次全体会议上就这些挑战进行了辩论,但发言名单上没有穷尽。", "佩拉尔塔先生(巴拉圭)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我们祝贺我们的兄弟多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生,他主动召开本次会议,极大地帮助强调了享有水和卫生设施的人权的重要性。", "国际社会每个成员都有责任和义务,通过可持续经济增长,在各国人民的发展与尊重我们作为生命来源的自然资源之间寻求一种公平的平衡,以期改善人民在各个领域的福利。 距离《千年发展目标》确定的将得不到饮用水或基本卫生服务所需的物质和财政资源的人口比例减少一半的日期还有不到四年的时间,我们关切地注意到,进展仍然缓慢和不足。 目前,世界上近三分之一的人口缺乏必要的卫生设施,大约七分之一的人口缺乏或负担不起像安全饮用水一样重要的人权。 在这方面,150多万5岁以下儿童因缺乏这种机会而死亡,是一个严峻和不可接受的现实。", "在巴拉圭,我们完全支持以下原则:获得和供应饮用水和基本卫生设施是充分享有人权不可分割的一部分,并且是绝对必要的。 因此,我国政府继续承诺提供所有必要资源,以确保尽快向全体人民充分提供这些服务。 同样,我们敦促整个国际社会在这方面加倍努力,特别是在我们继续感受到全球经济危机和自然灾害的毁灭性后果之时。", "为此,我们坚信,国际社会正处于与命运交汇的历史十字路口。 我们认为,2012年里约+20可持续发展会议应当提供一个不平等的机会,以坚定不移地重申我们在这一领域的承诺和努力,从而确保子孙后代能够生活在一个在人类发展和使用我们环境资源之间实现更和谐平衡的世界。", "齐斯卡拉什维利先生(格鲁吉亚): 作为第64/292号决议的提案国之一,我谨借此机会欢迎该决议的通过,该决议确认享有水和卫生设施的权利对于充分享受生活和所有人权至关重要。 我谨表示,我们感谢玻利维亚总统莫拉莱斯两天前参加会议并发表富有洞察力的讲话,并赞赏玻利维亚代表团作为决议起草者所发挥的领导作用。", "安全饮水和卫生对于保护人类健康,特别是儿童的健康至关重要。 每年有数百万儿童死亡,原因是水不安全和缺乏适当的卫生设施。 此时此刻,约有9亿人无法获得饮用水,26亿人,包括近10亿儿童,无法获得基本的卫生设施。 国际社会不能忽视这些引人注目的数字。", "多年来,我国政府的努力集中于改善城市和农村的供水和卫生。 我们的经验突出表明了政府和捐助者同时作出努力的重要性。 以下是一些这种合作的生动例子。", "一年多前,格鲁吉亚联合供水公司是在我们62个市政供水企业的基础上成立的。 该公司成功地同供水部门的两个主要捐助者合作,最显著的是千年挑战公司。 一年前,与亚洲开发银行在水管理领域签署了一项协定,其中包括全面恢复格鲁吉亚六个城市中心的供水和卫生系统。 去年,与欧洲投资银行签署了另一项协定。 为执行这些协定,目前正在格鲁吉亚28个市镇开展工作。 一个重要的步骤是制作国家供水系统的电子地图。 该系统监测并发出损坏警报,减少浪费和财政费用。 正在采取特别措施来控制河流流域的污染。 最近,在格鲁吉亚东南部建造了处理生物废物的新码头,以确保河流和附近居民得到保护。", "我们注意到这一微小进展,但我们承认我们仍然面临各种挑战。 需要在国家和国际一级做更多的工作。 在这方面,我们支持联合国大家庭的努力并期待着就实现享有安全和清洁饮水和卫生设施的人权及其对实现千年发展目标的影响进行进一步讨论。", "斯坦卡内利先生(阿根廷)(以西班牙语发言): 我们感谢大会主席召开本次全体会议,并感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下就享有水和卫生设施的人权提出的倡议。", "阿根廷支持逐步发展国际人权法,回顾1994年修订国家宪法后,关于公民权利和政治权利以及经济、社会和文化权利的主要国际人权条约成为阿根廷法律制度的基石。", "在这方面,获得安全饮用水和基本卫生服务对于保护人类健康和环境的重要性得到了阿根廷支持的若干国际文件的承认。 阿根廷还认为,国家的主要责任是确保人民享有水权,这是确保生命权和适足生活水准权的先决条件。", "根据这一立场,阿根廷在大会第六十四届会议上投票赞成关于享有水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议。 然而,阿根廷重申其当时的声明,即水和卫生设施权是每个国家必须确保在其管辖下的个人享有的一项人权,而不是对其他国家。", "这一立场符合关于各国对其自然资源的永久主权的第1803(XVII)号决议,在区域范围内,4月29日拉丁美洲和加勒比环境部长会议通过的《加拉加斯环境宣言》第33段申明,享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利是充分享受生命和所有人权所必不可少的一项人权,该区域各国将根据其各自的国家法律框架,确保在其管辖下的个人享有这一权利,并批准对其自然资源的主权。", "普罗阿尼奥先生(厄瓜多尔)(以西班牙语发言): 我国代表团欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下星期三与会,并感谢他在通过关于享有水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议一年后集中关注这一根本问题。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》承认水权是一项基本和永久的权利,水是公共使用的一项战略性国家资产,不可剥夺、不受限制、不可渗透和对生命至关重要。 《宪法》第411条保障水资源和环境流动的养护、恢复和综合管理。", "厄瓜多尔《宪法》第71和74条承认大自然的权利,并规定个人、社区、民族或民族有权要求公共当局充分尊重其生命周期、结构、职能和演变过程的存在、维持和再生。 这样,它力求确保个人、社区、民族和民族能够享受水的利益,从而过上良好的生活。", "通过这种办法,厄瓜多尔政府推行旨在实现我们《大宪章》所揭示的水权的政策,并解决保护可持续人类发展的资源和获得生命所必需的要素(如这一重要液体)的需要。 厄瓜多尔通过的这些宪法原则反映了对水的适当看法,超越了将水视为供使用和消费的商品的物质主义观点。 将这一概念作为一项人权无疑是厄瓜多尔公共政策向前迈出的重要一步。 我们面临的挑战是确保水和生物多样性被视为战略资产。", "通过全面而综合的办法管理水资产,确保人民获得水,这是每个人共有的权利,这是已经充分承担的一项优先责任,需要地方政府和整个社会共同努力。", "水是各民族和民族的传统和生活、其做法以及与环境的关系中的一个特殊因素。 水、领土和土地是允许文化存在和再生的基本材料;保护不同的特性取决于它们,鼓励人类同自然和谐相处。 因此,各国必须确保水和卫生设施的质量。", "尽管在厄瓜多尔取得了历史性进展,但为了我国的利益,实施这些原则仍有许多工作要做。 此外,厄瓜多尔希望所有国家承认并落实这些权利,特别是鉴于人类面临失去自然淡水储备的危险。", "最后,我国代表团重申,厄瓜多尔致力于这一极其重要的问题,并决心继续执行第64/292号决议所载的各项建议。 我们要强调,需要进一步探索国际合作,以支持各国的努力。", "卡布拉尔先生(葡萄牙): 葡萄牙赞同欧洲联盟观察员在本次辩论中早些时候所作的发言中表达的观点。", "我们认为,实现将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半的目标是一个最优先事项。 近10亿人仍然得不到安全的饮用水,约25亿人得不到卫生设施,这对人类、经济和发展产生了巨大影响。 获得水和卫生设施是适当落实健康权、食物权和教育权以及儿童权利的必要先决条件。 归根结底,它对实现人的尊严的基本原则至关重要。 因此,不能不考虑人权观点就考虑获得水和卫生设施的问题。 因此,葡萄牙热烈欢迎最近在第64/292号决议和人权理事会第15/9号决议中承认享有水和卫生设施的人权。", "当我们讨论这一领域的人权时,出现的关键区别是,我们从简单的慈善转向法律义务,从简单的可取性转向问责制,以确保所有人不受歧视地获得、安全、负担得起和获得水和卫生设施,所有国家都有责任确保继续努力,在其现有资源内实现享有水和卫生设施的人权。", "在葡萄牙,我们非常致力于落实享有水和卫生设施的人权。 我国为增加获得这项人权的机会作出了巨大努力。 数相能说. 向终端用户提供的饮用水供应和废水处理服务在法律上也被归类为公共基本服务,并须遵守旨在保护用户免受提供者可能滥用的特别条例。", "我们的国家水和废物服务条例在确保普遍获得水和卫生设施方面发挥了关键作用,并推广了落实享有水和卫生设施的人权的最佳做法,目的是控制水和卫生设施服务的可负担性。 这些措施旨在达到特别报告员界定的可提供性、可获取性、质量、安全、可负担性、可接受性、不歧视、参与、问责制、影响和可持续性等标准,这些是充分实现这一人权的基本方面。 遵守这些标准也是我们国家供水和废水服务战略计划的指导原则。", "最后,请允许我借此机会感谢享有水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员出席本次会议。 葡萄牙欢迎人权理事会第十六届会议以协商一致方式延长了她的任期,我们欢迎她非常相关地开展工作,包括在收集关于最佳做法的信息方面取得的进展,以及她在专题报告和国别访问期间与各区域相关和感兴趣的行为者进行的全面、透明和包容性协商。", "西季科夫先生(吉尔吉斯斯坦)(以俄语发言): 我要衷心地欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生,并感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员卡塔琳娜·德阿尔布克尔克女士所作的内容翔实的发言。", "大会通过关于享有饮水和卫生设施的人权的第64/292号决议已经一年了。 作为一个发展中国家,我们支持它呼吁各国和国际组织通过国际合作和援助分享财政资源、建设能力并转让技术,特别是向发展中国家转让,以加强努力,向所有人提供安全、清洁和可获得的饮用水和卫生服务。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦严格遵守千年发展目标,包括到2015年将缺乏饮用水和卫生服务的人口比例减半的目标。 我们同意各国的观点,即获得安全饮用水和卫生服务是《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》所揭示的享有体面生活水准的权利的组成部分。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦超过90%的地由多山地所组成,有冰川为人民、牲畜和农作物提供水源。 根据专家的计算,吉尔吉斯斯坦冰川中的淡水供应量约为6500亿立方米. 在过去40年中,由于全球气候变化,我们的冰川地表面积缩小了20%,再过20年,冰川可能再缩小30%或40%。 按照这一速度,到2100年,吉尔吉斯斯坦的冰川可能已完全消失,我们面临整个地区居民面临淡水灾难性短缺的风险。 除全球变暖外,影响中亚水资源安全的另一个因素是该区域有90多座铀尾矿池。 使情况更加复杂的是,许多此类池塘位于地震活跃区和流入中亚地区大流域的河岸一带。 如果有毒物质进入地下水或河流,将给该地区的饮水和灌溉供水带来灾难。", "今天,在捐助国和包括联合国开发计划署在内的国际组织的积极合作下,吉尔吉斯斯坦正在执行许多旨在为本国公民提供清洁饮用水的项目,其中最大的项目是在世界银行和亚洲开发银行的支持下实施的并定于2013年完成的清洁水项目。 由于这个项目,吉尔吉斯斯坦约550个村庄已经有自来水,传染病发病率已经降低,该国的卫生基础设施已经改善。 国家关注饮用水问题的又一证据是颁布了诸如饮用水法和吉尔吉斯共和国水法法典等特别标准制定法律。 最近,5月30日,议会通过饮用水安全法颁布了一项技术条例,旨在保护人民健康和生命免受水中污染物的危害。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦支持在全面使用中亚水能资源领域合理利用水资源并开展合作发展,包括在国家和区域一级实行水资源综合管理的原则。", "什蒂格利奇女士(斯洛文尼亚): 首先,请允许我赞同斯洛文尼亚以欧洲联盟名义所作的发言。", "水无疑是二十一世纪的全球挑战。 如预测所显示,到2025年,将有18亿人生活在受气候变化、环境退化和人口增长等综合后果所严重影响的缺水地区。 因此,对许多国家来说,提供安全饮水和获得适当的卫生设施将是一项更艰巨的挑战。", "千年发展目标呼吁到2015年将无法持续获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的人口比例减半。 水管理以及水资源、服务和卫生的提供是解决所有千年发展目标的一些最具成本效益的方法。 获得水和卫生设施的问题同贫穷密切相关。 缺乏水和卫生设施剥夺了数十亿人,特别是妇女和女童的机会、尊严、安全和福祉。 此外,获得可饮用的安全饮水可降低孕产妇和儿童死亡率并预防疾病的起因和蔓延。", "为了减轻水的压力并实现与水有关的千年发展目标,必须改善水治理。 水治理首先是环境上可持续的用水。 然而,它不仅仅涉及技术措施,而且主要涉及政治决策、这一进程的包容性以及所有利益攸关方的参与。 社会包容、尊重少数群体和促进两性平等对于确保公平地获得水和卫生设施至关重要。 有效利用自然资源,包括水,也是绿色经济的核心,也是2012年联合国可持续发展大会的优先事项。", "2010年期间,大会承认享有水和卫生设施的人权。 斯洛文尼亚承认享有水和卫生设施的人权,这项权利源于适足生活水准权并受《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《儿童权利公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十一条所保护。", "享有水和卫生设施的人权与可达到的最高身心健康标准以及生命权和人的尊严权密不可分。 它要求人人都能获得、可获得、负担得起、可接受和高质量的水和卫生设施。 水和卫生设施权也与享有其他人权密切相关,包括受教育权、工作权、健康权、住房权和食物权。", "水对维持生命和维护人类健康和福祉至关重要。 它对于社会和经济发展和保护自然生态系统至关重要。 它是农业和许多工业过程所必需的主要能源。 也是由于这个原因,以可持续水管理为重点的环境保护是斯洛文尼亚发展合作的优先主题之一。 斯洛文尼亚还一贯支持国际一级有关饮水和卫生设施权的倡议,并全力支持享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的工作,他于2010年5月访问了斯洛文尼亚,并将于9月向人权理事会提交访问报告。", "鲁伊斯先生(哥伦比亚)(以西班牙语发言): 哥伦比亚感谢大会主席采取受人欢迎的主动行动,召开这次重要会议,以确认享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的权利。", "哥伦比亚认为,提供安全饮水和卫生设施是国家应提供社会服务的一个组成部分。 根据哥伦比亚法律,国家有义务确保向生活在本国领土上的所有人有效提供公共服务,同时铭记这些服务受既定法律制度的制约,并且可由国家、社区组织或个人直接或间接提供。 在所有情况下,国家都管理、控制和监督这些服务。", "在哥伦比亚,在充分享有适足生活水准权和健康权方面,适合人类消费的水权至关重要。 在这方面,我们不遗余力地扩大提供高质量服务的覆盖面。 哥伦比亚正在通过其国家水计划努力实施其水资源综合管理政策,该政策分为三个阶段——短期,至2014年;中期,至2018年;长期,至2022年——并考虑到我国各地区特有的差异和问题。", "通过这项政策,哥伦比亚制定了若干目标,包括:保护至少80%的供水关键生态系统;衡量和记录60%的用水;在质量指数上至少将55%的用水保持在良好或可接受的类别;在所有缺水或受厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜效应及气候变化影响的地区加强供应措施;将合法化的用户比例减半。", "2010-2014年国家政策第一阶段制定了10个优先方案,包括国家污染控制和高效水资源利用方案、防止与水资源供应和供应有关的风险方案以及国家水使用者合法化方案。 哥伦比亚在国家和区域一级制定了五项战略政策计划,为管理可再生自然资源和环境用地提供了规划大纲,并为人类住区的环境发展以及社会、经济和服务活动提供了准则。", "关于水资源管理,考虑到最近的厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象的影响,我们正在若干领域制定风险管理方面取得进展:人类用水短缺,以及与供应和获取有关的其他生产活动使用用水短缺;干旱,通过保护与减少雨水有关的生态系统;洪水和与过剩水有关的大规模流动,这可能影响人口和基础设施;与人口和基础设施有关的海洋和沿海风险管理。", "国家政府还制定了管理城市径流水的国家计划,确定了耗尽资源同化能力、损害资源质量、损害公共卫生、农业产出、包括发电在内的工业活动以及更广泛的经济和社会发展的关键排水区。 该计划的目的是增加经处理的城市取水量,从而在中短期内改善水资源的质量。", "哥伦比亚政府对扩大向本国人民提供安全饮水和卫生的承诺是明确的,因此我们认为,在本次全体会议上强调这一问题是极有价值的。", "卡瓦纳女士(新西兰)(以英语发言):新西兰高兴地在今天这一重要辩论中发言。", "很少有国家否认缺乏安全饮用水和卫生设施所造成的严重后果。 新西兰认为,我们能够做的最积极的事情是采取切实步骤,提供安全和清洁的饮用水和卫生设施。 的确,确保更可持续地获得安全饮用水和卫生设施,对于实现千年发展目标至关重要。", "今天上午,我想简要地谈谈我们太平洋地区的局势。 最近一份关于太平洋岛屿国家实现千年发展目标的报告指出,在家庭一级,大多数太平洋岛屿家庭日常生活中最紧迫的环境问题是获得安全饮水和改善环境卫生。 气候变化及其影响使情况更加恶化。 例如,海平面上升可能影响环礁岛的供水,而极端天气事件可能会破坏饮用水和卫生设施基础设施,除非其建造达到能够承受这些事件的标准。 环礁社区特别容易受到气候变化的影响。", "此外,城市中心越来越多的人口对淡水供应造成压力,因而更需要高效地收集雨水。 然而,在这些环境中必须特别注意废水和其他污染源的管理。 这些都是脆弱的生态系统。", "在偏远地区,财政资源和获得技术技能的机会有限,对设施建设、运营和维护构成挑战。 在城镇,快速城市化和非正规住房发展给设施带来了压力。", "新西兰理解获得安全和清洁的饮用水和卫生设施的重要性。 我们正在同我们的太平洋邻国一道支持它们在这方面的努力。 例如,在库克群岛,我们正在促进偏远社区的雨水收集,并支持改善卫生设施。 我们还正在努力改善托克劳、瓦努阿图和基里巴斯的供水。", "新西兰最近同太平洋共同体秘书处一道完成了两个改善水质的项目。 澳大利亚、新西兰、世界银行和亚洲开发银行还合作开发了太平洋区域基础设施设施,以协助太平洋岛屿国家满足基础设施需求。 项目的重点是维护和管理基础设施,包括水和卫生部门基础设施的长期挑战。", "新西兰承认,在这一关键领域需要继续辛勤工作和协作。 我们将继续努力帮助应对这些挑战,并采取具体步骤,提供安全和清洁的饮用水及卫生设施。", "曼杰夫·辛格·普里先生(印度): 首先,我要感谢主席组织今天的辩论会。", "首先,我要同其他人一道,感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下领导了我们关于安全饮用水和卫生设施权的辩论。", "获得安全和适当的饮用水和卫生设施是我们人民福祉的关键之一。 事实上,将无法持续获得饮用水和卫生设施的人口比例减半已被确认为到2015年将实现的千年发展目标之一。", "卫生设施不仅与个人卫生密切相关,而且与人的尊严和福祉、公共卫生、营养甚至教育也密切相关。 圣雄 甘地曾说“卫生比独立更重要”。 他使清洁和卫生成为甘地生活方式的一个组成部分。 他的梦想就是为所有人提供完全的卫生设施。", "据估计,26亿人仍然缺乏基本的卫生设施,包括10亿儿童缺乏有效的卫生设施,导致可以避免的婴儿死亡率。 我们还面临着大约12%的人口仍然得不到安全饮用水的挑战。 鉴于环境卫生与人类发展密切相关,这种情况对我们的发展目标构成重大挑战。 因此,在印度,我国政府把这个问题作为优先事项。", "2008年11月第三次南亚卫生会议通过的《德里宣言》承认,获得卫生设施和安全饮用水是一项基本权利。 在过去五年中,我们对农村环境卫生的投资增加了六倍多。 在我们的整个环境卫生方案下,政府重新调整了方针,强调需求方通过动员地方社区领导人推动变革。", "为了进一步加强基层的方案努力,我们为地方机构推行了一项奖励计划,称为 \" 清洁村奖 \" ,促使社区领导开展这项运动,将实现我们村庄的完全卫生设施作为优先事项。 村里的地方机构正相互竞争,争取这个奖项. 该方案还调动了来自私营部门和民间社会组织的大量资源。", "同时,政府还特别重视扩大获得饮用水的机会,这是政府旗舰 \" 建设印度 \" 方案的六个核心要素之一,根据该方案,饮用水供应网络每天增加近300个村庄。", "因此,我们高兴地说,尽管印度面临规模和多样性的挑战,但印度正在稳步地实现千年发展目标7所设定的目标。", "卫生问题需要在我国的发展政策中得到优先考虑。 正如印度的经验所显示的,社区领导在实现全面卫生方面的作用将是至关重要的。 卫生也必须纳入公共卫生政策的综合框架,以确保卫生活动确实得到充分的资金。 提供安全饮用水也大大有助于控制许多由水传播的疾病的发病率。", "与此同时,我们需要为各种生态系统开发负担得起的可持续环境卫生技术,这是我们必须努力利用现代科学以及传统智慧和知识的一项技术挑战。", "虽然没有国际公认的卫生设施定义,但各国确实有义务通过收集分类数据、通过国家行动计划、提供预算支助、承认人权义务、提高公众认识和以不歧视的方式实现卫生设施的人权义务来创造一个有利的环境,同时特别关注弱势群体并着眼于性别平等。", "我们与其他国家一道,支持玻利维亚去年所提交的决议,该决议承认获得清洁用水和卫生设施的权利是一项人权,对充分享有生命权至关重要(第64/292号决议)。 我们现在必须进一步加强日内瓦人权理事会目前对这一问题的讨论。", "缺乏卫生设施是对人类尊严的侮辱。 我国总理正确地指出,良好的卫生条件应当是一项基本的出生权利。 我们有责任确保这一点。", "埃拉苏里斯先生(智利)(以西班牙语发言): 首先,我要感谢多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下出席本次辩论会并发挥领导作用。", "我们还要感谢主席召开这次重要而及时的讨论,以便在第64/292号决议通过一年之后,就与实现享有清洁和安全饮水和卫生设施的人权有关的主要挑战及其对千年发展目标的影响开展对话。", "从人权的角度来看,饮用水和卫生设施问题既是该决议的主题,也是人权理事会在日内瓦通过的决议的主题,甚至是世界卫生组织的决议,5月24日通过了一项题为“饮用水、卫生设施和健康”的决议。", "智利已表示愿意同其伙伴就该问题进行合作,这样,没有8.84亿人得不到饮用水,而是没有他们。 国际社会面临着向越来越多的人口提供饮用水的挑战。 气候变化和经济发展需求等因素进一步阻碍了这种供应。", "智利认识到饮用水和卫生设施对人类尊严的重要性,并着重指出通过第64/292号决议作为实现千年发展目标的重要工具的重要性。 这是在按照每个国家的行政制度促进人民获得这些重要资源方面向前迈出的重要一步。 因此,除了在人权理事会投票赞成第64/292号决议外,智利还共同提出了关于享有饮水和卫生设施权的决议,最近一项是3月以协商一致方式通过的第16/2号决议。", "我强调,后一项决议同第64/292号决议和2006年11月26日至30日在第一次非洲-南美洲首脑会议上签署的《阿布贾宣言》一样,都强调国际合作。 《宣言》特别强调水资源方面的南南合作,促进两个区域之间的信息和经验交流,以实现千年发展目标。 它还认识到水作为天然国家资源和生命基本要素的重要性,具有社会经济和环境意义,以及需要促进水被可持续用于农业和工业目的。", "人权理事会第16/2号决议,连同延长与享有安全饮用水和卫生设施有关的人权义务问题独立专家的任期,请独立专家起草最终超越千年发展目标进程的建议,并特别提及充分实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权。 它还要求专家起草其他建议来帮助实现千年发展目标,特别是确保环境可持续性的目标7。", "各国之间的合作和对话对于应对实现享有饮用水和卫生设施的人权的挑战至关重要。 这种对话与合作必须在各级进行,从家庭和社区到国际一级。 国际议程上没有各国能够单独采取行动和解决的问题。", "阿斯洛夫先生(塔吉克斯坦)(以俄语发言): 今天,我们正在讨论我们大家的优先问题,因为水是一种不可替代和必不可少的资源,对可持续发展和保护地球上的生命以及确保世界人口的健康和福祉至关重要。 鉴于气候变化对干旱地区,特别是世界易发干旱地区的影响越来越大,向民众提供水的问题正变得越来越严重。", "在这方面,我国代表团感谢玻利维亚代表倡议召开大会关于落实享有水和卫生设施的人权的会议。 我们欢迎多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯·艾玛先生阁下参加本次会议。", "水往往引起国家间的政治紧张。 国际社会在水资源管理方面的一项关键任务是通过现有的水合作机制来预防冲突。 在这方面,我们认为,根据塔吉克斯坦的建议,本届会议通过第65/154号决议,宣布2013年为国际水合作年是非常及时的。 这种合作为在水和卫生领域建立伙伴关系提供了独特的机会。 这种伙伴关系提供了某些可能性,尽管在这一关键领域取得的进展仍然参差不齐。", "我们认为,在塔吉克斯坦的倡议下以协商一致方式通过的关于宣布2003年国际淡水年的第55/196号决议和宣布2005-2015 \" 生命之水 \" 国际行动十年的第58/217号决议,在提高对淡水资源开采和合理利用以实现可持续发展的重要性的认识、理解和认识方面发挥了重要作用。", "2010年3月22日,在塔吉克斯坦共和国的倡议下并根据第64/189号决议,在纽约举行了一次高级别对话,以讨论国际十年的执行情况。 这一措施是2010年6月8日和9日在塔吉克斯坦杜尚别举行的“生命之水”国际十年执行情况中期审查高级别国际会议进一步讨论的起点。 我们认为,这两起事件的影响使人们更加相信,水问题值得在联合国议程上得到更多的关注。", "近几十年来,由于气候变化,世界淡水储量已经减少,特别是在中亚地区,导致水资源日益减少。 显然,只有考虑到水与能源、粮食安全和气候变化之间的联系,才能解决水问题。 考虑目前和未来的全球和区域水问题的这些主要方面是成功解决这些问题的关键。 就中亚而言,发展水能显然有助于解决该区域目前和未来的问题。", "众所周知,在二十世纪下半叶,中亚地区面临着严重的环境危机:咸海干涸. 由于新的灌溉低地的面积从400万公顷迅速增加到800多万公顷,该地区的两个重要水源 -- -- 阿姆河和锡尔河 -- -- 的集水量翻了一番。 这导致咸海面积急剧缩小,迄今为止咸海已丧失了90%以上的面积和80%的地表。", "今天,该区域各国必须更有效地利用水资源。 不幸的是,并非每个人都认识到,环境不再能够维持大片种植高水分作物,如棉花。 塔吉克斯坦呼吁谨慎地使用水并恢复该区域已过时的灌溉系统,这些系统利用了中亚50%以上的供水进行灌溉。 在采取具体措施之前,该区域的环境状况不会得到改善。", "鉴于本区域各国人口的迅速增长、全球气候变化的影响以及本区域水资源的退化,中亚各国只有一个解决办法,即在合理和综合利用水资源和能源资源方面发展经常、多边和互利的合作。 我们必须特别处理每个国家的社会经济问题,并全面恢复该区域的环境。", "我们认为,水问题也应适当地反映在关于气候变化的全球协定中,因为气候变化已经对淡水资源产生了严重影响。 在这方面,水资源的综合管理必须成为适应气候变化的重要工具。 在这项努力中,牵头作用属于水资源供应方面有问题的国家和区域。 必须在联合国内部设立区域和国际紧急基金,以消除在提供清洁用水和卫生设施方面的障碍和困难。 在这方面,塔吉克斯坦认为,明年的联合国可持续发展会议必须适当注意确保饮水和卫生设施权。", "贝克夫人(所罗门群岛): 我感谢主席召开本次重要会议,结合第64/292号决议和实现千年发展目标的全球努力,讨论享有水和卫生设施的人权。 所罗门群岛是第64/292号决议的提案国。", "我国代表团 谢谢 多民族玻利维亚国总统埃沃·莫拉莱斯先生阁下发挥领导作用,强调全球社会需要承认和作出具体努力,确保将享有水和卫生设施的基本人权充分纳入实现千年发展目标的可持续发展方案。 我们还感谢享有安全饮用水和卫生设施的人权问题特别报告员的发言,她强调了我们在水和卫生设施方面面临的许多挑战。", "水对生活至关重要,获得清洁和安全的饮用水和基本卫生设施对有尊严地生活至关重要。 过去两天我们就享有饮水和卫生设施的人权所展开的辩论,还必须讨论环境生态系统的可持续性问题,以确保为体面的人类生活提供水。", "对许多最不发达国家来说,仅仅获得清洁和安全的饮用水以及更好的卫生设施是生存的挑战,在必须长途跋涉取水的妇女和儿童中尤其如此。 对我们小岛屿发展中国家的许多人来说,由于海平面上升,盐水侵入地下水镜片,我们的水源正在变得咸淡。", "我们必须以切实的方案和资源找到解决水贫穷问题的持久解决办法,使最不发达国家和发展中世界的数百万人能够实现其享有清洁、安全饮水和卫生设施的基本权利。 水和水资源的积极管理和可持续利用必须成为各级总体发展框架的一部分。", "我们的重点应当是确保及时和有效地履行千年发展目标下的承诺,并将这些承诺转化为到2015年消除贫困的具体实地活动。 我们今天知道,许多最不发达国家在实现《千年发展目标》下的目标方面偏离了轨道,特别是在缺乏清洁和安全的饮用水和适当的卫生设施方面,导致许多健康问题继续困扰着其人民。", "所罗门群岛和许多小岛屿发展中国家水资源的持续活力继续受到海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、水源盐碱化、干旱、洪水和干潮等气候变化影响的威胁。 分水岭和集水区的可持续管理是我国应对气候变化对我们脆弱的生态系统和生计所产生影响的努力的一个组成部分。 无论我们以何种方式看待气候变化,它仍然是威胁的倍增效应,并破坏为人类生存提供水源的流域和集水生态系统的可持续性。", "解决气候变化问题的根源是实现雄心勃勃地减少全球大气中温室气体排放。 目前关于温室气体排放的承诺未能使全球气温上升保持在1.5°以下 C C. 我国代表团感到遗憾的是,尽管我们继续赞同保护环境生态系统的重要性,这些生态系统维持水作为一种生命资源,但宣布退出根据《京都议定书》作出的第二项承诺的国家数目并不很好地说明我们为维护这一人类生存的重要资源而作的全球努力。 这种情况削弱了多边主义,使许多最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家——它们构成8.84亿人缺乏清洁和安全的饮用水——走上了通往不确定未来的道路。", "我们小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家中许多人已经在努力解决水安全、粮食安全和能源安全等问题,更不用说实现国际商定的发展目标了,包括千年发展目标。 我们必须大胆行事,在解决气候变化问题的心态和政治意愿方面作出必要的转变,以确保我们全球环境的健康恢复到可持续的水平。 这将意味着改变我们目前的消费模式和我们的业务方式,包括保护我们的分水岭免受采掘业污染,促进获得负担得起的清洁技术,以便解决环境问题,并拨出足够的资源支持努力向这项重要人权仍然遥不可及的许多人提供清洁和安全的饮用水和卫生设施。", "最后,今年5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的联合国最不发达国家问题会议通过了《2011-2020十年行动纲领》。 支持全面执行《纲领》的合作努力不仅会解决消除贫穷问题,而且会保障这些国家数百万穷人享有清洁和安全饮用水和适当卫生设施的基本人权。", "代理主席(以英语发言):我现在请巴勒斯坦观察员发言。", "曼苏尔先生(巴勒斯坦): 我们感谢主席应多民族玻利维亚国的请求召开本次会议,讨论享有水和卫生设施的人权这一重要问题。", "巴勒斯坦重申,获得安全、清洁的饮用水和卫生设施是一项人权,是所有人,包括生活在外国占领下的人充分享受生活和所有其他人权所必不可少的。 正如联合国许多有关决议所重申的那样,水也是巴勒斯坦人民在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土拥有永久主权的主要自然资源。", "同所有其他权利一样,巴勒斯坦人民的用水和卫生设施权继续被占领国以色列所侵犯。 占领国以色列目前开采90%的共有水资源,同时控制允许巴勒斯坦人使用的10%。 以色列正在推行非法殖民化和单边政策,包括通过在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上建造定居点和并吞墙来并吞巴勒斯坦土地,从而积极阻止巴勒斯坦人获得水资源。 其结果是,巴勒斯坦平民本已微薄的供水进一步减少。", "虽然以色列人平均每天人均消耗280升水,但巴勒斯坦人平均只消耗60升水。 最引人注目的是,在西岸,某些社区的50 000多名巴勒斯坦人被迫每天仅人均10至30升,这意味着每人每天用水量远远低于世界卫生组织(卫生组织)规定的每天100升的最低准则,这迫使脆弱的巴勒斯坦人——往往是贫穷的放牧家庭——放弃自己的土地和传统生计以及土著文化。", "国际移徙组织和世界其他地方的联合国都明确查明了缺乏水和卫生设施与强迫移徙之间的相互关系,但这一点在西岸的以色列政策和做法中最为明显。", "在加沙地带,以色列的非法封锁阻止了备件和建筑材料的进口并阻止了巴勒斯坦人公平分享跨界水资源的供应,平民实际上被迫依赖急剧恶化的资源。 据世界银行称,加沙地下含水层只有5%至10%可饮用,在150口城市水井中,90%以上的水井的盐和硝酸盐含量高于世卫组织标准,因此不适合人类消费。", "巴勒斯坦人比以色列人消耗的水要少得多,因为历届以色列政府通过偷取我们理应拥有的水,阻止我们发展甚至最基本的水基础设施,以及经常地破坏或摧毁我们拥有的小型基础设施,如水井、雨水蓄水池和处理厂,在整个被占巴勒斯坦领土上制造了人为的缺水。", "自28起 2010年7月,大会就第64/292号决议进行表决,宣布获得清洁用水和卫生设施是一项人权——以色列不支持这一决议——占领国在巴勒斯坦被占领土上共摧毁了41个蓄水池、17口水井和5个卫生设施,其中20个蓄水池是继2月1日联合国巴勒斯坦被占领土驻地和人道主义协调员马克斯韦尔·盖拉德关于继续拆除西岸蓄水池的声明后被具体摧毁的。 人道主义协调员称,", "“这些关键基础设施被拆除,对这些社区的复原力和应对机制造成严重压力,这些社区将越来越依赖经济上不可持续的水源,例如自来水。 这种蓄意在被占领土上拆毁房屋的行为也违反了以色列根据国际法承担的义务。 “", "人道主义机构用塑料罐提供的水也多次被没收或被摧毁,剥夺了弱势巴勒斯坦家庭获得水的人权。 最近几个月,以色列占领军在西岸的Za'atara社区专门以两个蓄水池为目标。 值得注意的是,每个蓄水池都有2000多年的历史。 然而,巴勒斯坦社区并没有允许他们被指定为教科文组织保护的古老财富,而是正在采取措施,使巴勒斯坦社区难以满足以色列关于证明拥有基础设施的要求。", "虽然我们赞扬联合国确保了300多万美元,用于今年夏天用于取水的紧急救济,但巴勒斯坦领导人强调,如果联合国及其会员国更有效地倡导保护现有的水和卫生基础设施,并发展世界银行、联合国环境规划署、大赦国际、人权观察社和B'Tselem等有关报告中所强调的新的水和卫生基础设施,那么这种对紧急人道主义反应的财政承诺可能没有必要。", "以色列侵犯巴勒斯坦人民享有清洁用水和卫生设施的权利,对许多其他人权,包括他们的食物权、健康权、生计权和发展权产生了不利影响,从而阻碍了巴勒斯坦实现千年发展目标各项指标的能力,而这是我们为在1967年以前边界基础上建立一个有生存能力和独立的巴勒斯坦国而作的努力的重要组成部分。", "巴勒斯坦再次呼吁国际社会责成以色列履行其法律义务,尊重享有清洁用水和卫生设施的人权,根据习惯国际法和1997年《联合国国际水道非航行使用法公约》,公平和合理地重新分配共有水资源,并要求立即停止公然违反国际人道主义法,毁坏被占领巴勒斯坦领土,包括东耶路撒冷及其周围的巴勒斯坦用水和卫生设施基础设施。", "简言之,巴勒斯坦人民渴望正义和自由,他们呼吁所有国家迫使占领国以色列结束这种不公正和可悲的局势,并最后结束以色列对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的无情军事占领。", "代理主席: 我们听取了关于这个议程项目的最后一位发言者的发言。 大会就此结束本阶段对议程项目13的审议。", "议程项目6(续)", "选举大会副主席", "选举大会第六十六届会议副主席", "代理主席(以英语发言):各位成员记得,在6月22日第104次全体会议上,大会根据《大会议事规则》第30条选出", "大会第六十六届会议21名副主席中的20名。 从非洲国家中选举一名副主席的工作将在晚些时候进行。", "非洲国家集团7月份主席通知我,非洲国家已选举毛里求斯填补分配给非洲的一个席位,担任大会第六十六届会议副主席。", "根据大会第34/401号决定第16段,在候选人数与所要填补席位相等时,将免去以无记名投票方式选举大会副主席的职务。 我们将照此进行。", "由于非洲国家只有一个候选国,我宣布毛里求斯当选为大会第六十六届会议副主席。 因此,我祝贺毛里求斯当选。", "在选举了大会第六十六届会议六个主要委员会的主席和21名副主席之后,已根据议事规则第38条充分组建了大会第六十六届会议总务委员会。", "下午1时20分散会。" ]

[ "Resumed substantive session for 2011", "New York", "Agenda item 1", "Adoption of the agenda and other organizational matters", "Election of six members of the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Executive Board of the World Food Programme has 36 members, elected from among the States Members of the United Nations and the States members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). In accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/266 of 7 March 2011 and FAO Conference resolution 7/2011 of 2 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council and the Council of FAO elect 18 members of the Executive Board each, according to the pattern set out in Assembly resolution 65/266.", "2. The Economic and Social Council is to elect, at its resumed substantive session for 2011, six members of the Executive Board for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 to fill the vacancies that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of the following members: Angola, China, Czech Republic, Guatemala, Japan and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "3. The six members are to be elected according to the following pattern:[1]", "(a) One member from the States included in List A;", "(b) One member from the States included in List B;", "(c) One member from the States included in List C;", "(d) Two members from the States included in List D;", "(e) One member from the States included in List E.", "4. The 18 members of the Executive Board elected by the Economic and Social Council are listed in annex I to the present note. Annex II lists the members of the Executive Board elected by the FAO Council for the information of the Economic and Social Council. Annex III lists the States Members of the United Nations and member States of FAO for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme.", "Annex I", "Eighteen members elected by the Economic and Social Council to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "(Three-year term)", "Membership in 2011", "Four seats for States on List A", "Angola[2] (2011), Burkina Faso (2012), Morocco (2013), Sudan (2013)", "Four seats for States on List B", "China* (2011), India (2012), Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2012), Republic of Korea (2013)", "Two seats for States on List C", "Cuba (2013), Guatemala* (2011)", "Six seats for States on List D", "Australia (2013), France (2012), Japan* (2011), Norway (2013), Spain (2012), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland* (2011)", "Two seats for States on List E", "Czech Republic* (2011), Russian Federation (2012)", "Annex II", "Eighteen members elected by the Council of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme", "(Three-year term)", "Membership in 2011", "Four seats for States on List A", "Cameroon (2013), Egypt[3] (2011), Kenya (2012), South Africa (2013)", "Three seats for States on List B", "Jordan (2012), Philippines (2012), Saudi Arabia (2013)", "Four seats for States on List C (three regular seats and one rotating seat)", "Brazil* (2011), Colombia* (2011), Haiti (2013), Mexico (2012)", "Six seats for States on List D", "Canada (2013), Denmark* (2011), Germany (2013), Ireland* (2011), Netherlands (2012), United States of America (2012)", "One seat for States on List E", "Slovenia* (2011)", "Annex III", "Lists of States Members of the United Nations and members of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations for election to the Executive Board of the World Food Programme[4]", "1. Developing countries and territories", "List A", "Algeria Eritrea Namibia \n Angola Ethiopia Niger \n Benin Gabon Nigeria \n Botswana Gambia Rwanda \n Burkina Faso Ghana Sao Tome and Principe\n Burundi Guinea Senegal \n Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Seychelles \n Cape Verde Kenya Sierra Leone \nCentral AfricanRepublic\tLesotho\tSomalia\n Chad Liberia South Africa \nComoros\tLibyan ArabJamahiriya\tSudan\n Congo Madagascar Swaziland \n Côte d’Ivoire Malawi Togo \nDemocratic Republicof\tMali\tTunisia\n the Congo Mauritania Uganda \nDjibouti\tMauritius\tUnited Republic ofTanzania\n Egypt Morocco Zambia \n Equatorial Guinea Mozambique Zimbabwe", "List B", "Group I", "Afghanistan Kuwait Syrian Arab Republic \n Bahrain Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan \nIran (IslamicRepublic of)\tLebanon\tTurkmenistan\n Iraq Oman United Arab Emirates \n Jordan Qatar Uzbekistan \n Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Yemen", "Group II", "Bangladesh Malaysia Philippines \n Bhutan Maldives Republic of Korea \n Brunei Darussalam Marshall Islands Samoa \nCambodia\tMicronesia(Federated\tSingapore\n China States of) Solomon Islands \n Cook Islands Mongolia Sri Lanka \n Democratic People’s Myanmar Thailand \n Republic of Korea Nauru Timor-Leste \n Fiji Nepal Tonga \n India Niue Tuvalu \n Indonesia Pakistan Vanuatu \n Kiribati Palau Viet Nam \nLao People’sDemocratic\tPapua New Guinea\t\n Republic", "List C", "Antigua and Barbuda Dominican Republic Paraguay \n Argentina Ecuador Peru \n Bahamas El Salvador Saint Kitts and Nevis\n Barbados Grenada Saint Lucia \n Belize Guatemala Saint Vincent and the\n Bolivia Guyana Grenadines \n Brazil Haiti Suriname \n Chile Honduras Trinidad and Tobago \n Colombia Jamaica Uruguay \n Costa Rica Mexico Venezuela (Bolivarian\n Cuba Nicaragua Republic of) \n Dominica Panama", "2. Economically developed countries", "List D", "Andorra Iceland Norway \n Australia Ireland Portugal \n Austria Israel San Marino \n Belgium Italy Spain \n Canada Japan Sweden \n Cyprus Liechtenstein Switzerland \n Denmark Luxembourg Turkey \nFinland\tMalta\tUnited Kingdom ofGreat\n France Monaco Britain and Northern \n Germany Netherlands Ireland \nGreece\tNew Zealand\tUnited States ofAmerica", "List E", "Albania Estonia Romania \n Armenia Georgia Russian Federation \n Azerbaijan Hungary Serbia \n Belarus Latvia Slovakia \nBosnia andHerzegovina\tLithuania\tSlovenia\n Bulgaria Montenegro The former Yugoslav \n Croatia Poland Republic of Macedonia\n Czech Republic Republic of Moldova Ukraine", "[1] The members are elected from lists set out in the Basic Texts of the World Food Programme. The lists are reproduced in annex III to the present note.", "[2] * Retiring member.", "[3] * Retiring member.", "[4] * From appendix A to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme. In the event of a change in the membership of the United Nations or the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the appropriate change will be made by the secretariats of the United Nations and FAO, respectively, after the necessary consultations with Member States." ]

[ "2011年实质性会议续会", "纽约", "议程项目1", "通过议程和其他组织事项", "选举世界粮食计划署执行局六名成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 世界粮食计划署执行局有36名成员，从联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员国中选出。按照大会2011年3月7日第65/266号决议及粮农组织大会2011年7月2日第7/2011号决议，经济及社会理事会和粮农组织理事会依大会第65/266号决议规定的方式，各选出执行局的18 名成员。", "2. 经济及社会理事会将在2011年实质性会议续会上选出执行局六名成员，从2012年1月1日起任期三年，以填补下列成员将于2011年12月31日任期届满后出现的空缺：安哥拉、中国、捷克共和国、危地马拉、日本和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "3. 这六名成员将按下列方式选出：[1]", "(a) 名单A 所列国家一名成员；", "(b) 名单B 所列国家一名成员；", "(c) 名单C 所列国家一名成员；", "(d) 名单D 所列国家两名成员；", "(e) 名单E 所列国家一名成员。", "4. 经济及社会理事会选出的执行局18 名成员名单见本说明附件一。附件二载列粮农组织理事会选出的执行局成员名单，供经济及社会理事会参考。附件三载列供选举粮食计划署执行局成员所用的联合国会员国和粮农组织成员国名单。", "附件一", "经济及社会理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局十八名成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "安哥拉^(*) (2011)、布基纳法索(2012)、摩洛哥(2013)、苏丹(2013)", "名单B国家四席", "中国^(*) (2011)、印度(2012)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2012)、大韩民国(2013)", "名单C国家两席", "古巴(2013)、危地马拉^(*) (2011)", "名单D国家六席", "澳大利亚(2013)、法国(2012)、日本^(*) (2011)、挪威(2013)、西班牙(2012)、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国^(*) (2011)", "名单E国家两席", "捷克共和国^(*) (2011)、俄罗斯联邦(2012)", "^(*) 即将卸任成员。", "附件二", "联合国粮食及农业组织理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局十八名成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "喀麦隆(2013)、埃及^(*) (2011)、肯尼亚(2012)、南非(2013)", "名单B国家三席", "约旦(2012)、菲律宾(2012)、沙特阿拉伯(2013)", "名单C国家四席(三个正常席位和一个轮流席位)", "巴西^(*) (2011)、哥伦比亚^(*) (2011)、海地(2013)、墨西哥(2012)", "名单D国家六席", "加拿大(2013)、丹麦^(*) (2011)、德国(2013)、爱尔兰^(*) (2011)、荷兰(2012)、美利坚合众国(2012)", "名单E国家一席", "斯洛文尼亚^(*) (2011)", "^(*) 即将卸任成员。", "附件三", "^(*) 摘自《世界粮食计划署总条例》附录A。如果联合国会员国或联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员国有变动，联合国和粮农组织各自的秘书处将在同会员国进行必要协商后作出适当的更改。", "供选举世界粮食计划署执行局成员使用的联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织成员名单^(*)", "1. 发展中国家和领土", "名单A", "阿尔及利亚 加蓬 卢旺达", "安哥拉 冈比亚 圣多美和普林西比", "贝宁 加纳 塞内加尔", "博茨瓦纳 几内亚 塞舌尔", "布基纳法索 几内亚比绍 塞拉利昂", "布隆迪 肯尼亚 索马里", "喀麦隆 莱索托 南非", "佛得角 利比里亚 苏丹", "中非共和国 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 斯威士兰", "乍得 马达加斯加 多哥", "科摩罗 马拉维 突尼斯", "刚果 马里 乌干达", "科特迪瓦 毛里塔尼亚 坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "刚果民主共和国 毛里求斯 赞比亚", "吉布提 摩洛哥 津巴布韦", "埃及 莫桑比克", "赤道几内亚 纳米比亚", "厄立特里亚 尼日尔", "埃塞俄比亚 尼日利亚", "名单B", "第一组", "阿富汗 科威特 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "巴林 吉尔吉斯斯坦 塔吉克斯坦", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 黎巴嫩 土库曼斯坦", "伊拉克 阿曼 阿拉伯联合酋长国", "约旦 卡塔尔 乌兹别克斯坦", "哈萨克斯坦 沙特阿拉伯 也门", "第二组", "孟加拉国 马来西亚 菲律宾", "不丹 马尔代夫 大韩民国", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 马绍尔群岛 萨摩亚", "柬埔寨 密克罗尼西亚联邦 新加坡", "中国 蒙古 所罗门群岛", "库克群岛 缅甸 斯里兰卡", "朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 瑙鲁 泰国", "斐济 尼泊尔 东帝汶", "印度 纽埃 汤加", "印度尼西亚 巴基斯坦 图瓦卢", "基里巴斯 帕劳 瓦努阿图", "老挝人民民主共和国 巴布亚新几内亚 越南", "名单C", "安提瓜和巴布达 多米尼加共和国 巴拉圭", "阿根廷 厄瓜多尔 秘鲁", "巴哈马 萨尔瓦多 圣基茨和尼维斯", "巴巴多斯 格林纳达 圣卢西亚", "伯利兹 危地马拉 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯", "玻利维亚 圭亚那 苏里南", "巴西 海地 特立尼达和多巴哥", "智利 洪都拉斯 乌拉圭", "哥伦比亚 牙买加 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "哥斯达黎加 墨西哥", "古巴 尼加拉瓜", "多米尼克 巴拿马", "2. 经济发达国家", "名单D", "安道尔 冰岛 挪威", "澳大利亚 爱尔兰 葡萄牙", "奥地利 以色列 圣马力诺", "比利时 意大利 西班牙", "加拿大 日本 瑞典", "塞浦路斯 列支敦士登 瑞士", "丹麦 卢森堡 土耳其", "芬兰 马耳他 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "法国 摩纳哥 美利坚合众国", "德国 荷兰", "希腊 新西兰", "名单E", "阿尔巴尼亚 爱沙尼亚 罗马尼亚", "亚美尼亚 格鲁吉亚 俄罗斯联邦", "阿塞拜疆 匈牙利 塞尔维亚", "白俄罗斯 拉脱维亚 斯洛伐克", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 立陶宛 斯洛文尼亚", "保加利亚 黑山 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "克罗地亚 波兰 乌克兰", "捷克共和国 摩尔多瓦共和国", "[1] 执行局成员是从世界粮食计划署《基本文件》所列名单中选出。这些名单载于本说明附件三。" ]

[ "2011年实质性会议续会", "纽约", "议程项目1", "通过议程和其他组织事项", "选举世界粮食计划署执行局六名成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 世界粮食计划署执行局有36个成员,从联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员国中选出。 根据大会2011年3月7日第65/266号决议和粮农组织大会2011年7月2日第7/2011号决议,经济及社会理事会和粮农组织理事会按照大会第65/266号决议规定的方式,各选举18名执行局成员。", "2. 联合国 经济及社会理事会将在其2011年实质性会议续会上选举执行局六名成员,自2012年1月1日起任期三年,以填补下列成员于2011年12月31日任满后出现的空缺:安哥拉、中国、捷克共和国、危地马拉、日本和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "3个 六名成员将按以下方式选出:[1]", "(a) 国家 名单A所列国家一名成员;", "(b) 国家 名单B所列国家一名成员;", "(c)) 名单C所列国家一名成员;", "(d) 国家 名单D所列国家2名成员;", "(e) 协助 名单E所列国家一名成员。", " 4.四. 经济及社会理事会选出的执行局18名成员列于本说明附件一。 附件二列出粮农组织理事会选出的执行局成员名单,供经济及社会理事会参考。 附件三列出供选举世界粮食计划署执行局成员的联合国会员国和粮农组织成员国名单。", "页:1", "经济及社会理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局18个成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "安哥拉[2](2011)、布基纳法索(2012)、摩洛哥(2013)、苏丹(2013)", "名单B国家四席", "中国*(2011年)、印度(2012年)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2012年)、大韩民国(2013年)", "名单C国家两个席位", "古巴(2013年)、危地马拉*(2011年)", "名单D国家六席", "澳大利亚(2013)、法国(2012)、日本*(2011)、挪威(2013)、西班牙(2012)、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国*(2011)", "名单E国家两个席位", "捷克共和国*(2011年)、俄罗斯联邦(2012年)", "页:1", "联合国粮食及农业组织理事会选出的世界粮食计划署执行局十八个成员", "(任期三年)", "2011年成员", "名单A国家四席", "喀麦隆(2013)、埃及[3](2011)、肯尼亚(2012)、南非(2013)", "名单B国家三席", "约旦(2012)、菲律宾(2012)、沙特阿拉伯(2013)", "名单C国家四个席位(三个经常席位和一个轮流席位)", "巴西*(2011年)、哥伦比亚*(2011年)、海地(2013年)、墨西哥(2012年)", "名单D国家六席", "加拿大(2013年)、丹麦*(2011年)、德国(2013年)、爱尔兰*(2011年)、荷兰(2012年)、美利坚合众国(2012年)", "名单E国家一席", "斯洛文尼亚*(2011年)", "联合国", "供选举世界粮食计划署执行局的联合国会员国和联合国粮食及农业组织成员名单[4]", "1. 联合国 发展中国家和领土", "名单A", "阿尔及利亚 厄立特里亚\n安哥拉 埃塞俄比亚\n尼日利亚\n博茨瓦纳 冈比亚 卢旺达\n布基纳法索 加纳 圣多美和普林西比\n塞内加尔\n喀麦隆 几内亚比绍 塞舌尔\n开普 佛得角 肯尼亚 塞拉利昂\n中非共和国 莱索托\n南非\n科摩罗 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 苏丹\n刚果 马达加斯加\n科特迪瓦 马拉维\n刚果民主共和国 马里 突尼斯\n乌干达\n吉布提 毛里求斯\n赞比亚\n赤道几内亚 津巴布韦", "名单B", "第一组", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国\n吉尔吉斯斯坦 塔吉克斯坦\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国 黎巴嫩\n阿拉伯联合酋长国\n约旦 卡塔尔\n哈萨克斯坦 沙特阿拉伯 也门", "第二组", "孟加拉国 马来西亚 菲律宾\n大韩民国\n文莱达鲁萨兰国 马绍尔群岛 萨摩亚\n柬埔寨 密克罗尼西亚联邦 新加坡\n中国 所罗门群岛\n库克群岛 蒙古国 斯里兰卡\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国 泰国\n大韩民国 瑙鲁 东帝汶\n斐济 尼泊尔 汤加\n印度 纽埃 图瓦卢\n瓦努阿图\n基里巴斯 帕劳 越南\n老挝人民民主共和国 民主党 巴布亚新几内亚\n共和国", "名单C", "安提瓜和巴布达 多米尼加共和国\n阿根廷 厄瓜多尔 秘鲁\n巴哈马 萨尔瓦多 圣基茨和尼维斯\n圣卢西亚\n伯利兹 危地马拉 圣文森特和格林纳丁斯\n玻利维亚 圭亚那\n苏里南\n特立尼达和多巴哥\n乌拉圭\n科斯塔语 委内瑞拉\n古巴 尼加拉瓜 共和国\n多米尼加 巴拿马", "2. 联合国 经济发达国家", "名单D", "安道尔 挪威\n葡萄牙\n奥地利 以色列 圣马力诺\n比利时 意大利\n加拿大 日本 瑞典\n瑞士\n卢森堡 土耳其\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n法国 摩纳哥\n爱尔兰\n新西兰", "名单E", "爱沙尼亚 罗马尼亚\n亚美尼亚 俄罗斯联邦\n塞尔维亚\n白俄罗斯 拉脱维亚\n波斯尼亚和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 斯洛文尼亚\n保加利亚 黑山 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国\n波兰 马其顿共和国\n摩尔多瓦共和国", "[1] 成员由世界粮食计划署《基本文本》所列名单选出。 这些名单载于本说明附件三。", "[2] * 即将卸任的成员。", "[3] * 即将卸任的成员。", "[4] * 取自《世界粮食计划署总条例》附录A。 如果联合国会员国或联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)成员发生变化,联合国秘书处和粮农组织将在同会员国进行必要的协商后分别作出适当的改变。" ]

[ "Report by the Secretary-General concerning the credentials of the alternate representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the Security Council", "Pursuant to rule 15 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the Secretary-General wishes to report that he has received a letter dated 16 February 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations stating that Mr. Simon Day has been appointed alternate representative of the United Kingdom on the Security Council.", "In the opinion of the Secretary-General, this letter constitutes adequate provisional credentials." ]

[ "秘书长关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定，秘书长谨报告，他收到大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表2011年2月16日的来函，内称西蒙·戴先生已被任命为联合王国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为，这份来文构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "秘书长关于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国出席安全理事会候补代表的全权证书的报告", "依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第15条的规定,秘书长谨报告,他收到大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表2011年2月16日的信,内称已任命西蒙·戴先生为联合王国出席安全理事会的候补代表。", "秘书长认为,这封信构成适当的临时全权证书。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan", "Note verbale dated 30 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Colombia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan and takes this opportunity to provide information on the steps taken by the Republic of Colombia to implement the measures imposed by resolutions 1591 (2005) and 1556 (2004).", "In accordance with the provisions of resolution 1945 (2010), the Permanent Mission of Colombia wishes to report that:", "• “Colombia has transmitted to the relevant national bodies the Security Council resolutions concerning the Sudan, with the request that they take the necessary measures for the implementation of those resolutions.", "• “Colombia has set up an inter-agency committee for the purpose of examining the requirements set out in the sanctions resolutions adopted by the United Nations Security Council, promoting domestic compliance with those resolutions and ensuring their follow-up. The committee serves as a standing technical body for consultation, exchange of information and technical advice on matters relating to the various types of sanctions imposed by the Security Council. The members of the committee are:", "– Ministry of the Interior and Justice", "– Ministry of Foreign Affairs", "– Ministry of National Defence", "– Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism", "– Ministry of Mining and Energy", "– Administrative Department of Security (DAS)", "– Office of the Prosecutor-General", "– Directorate of National Taxes and Customs (DIAN)", "– Financial Intelligence and Analysis Unit (UIAF)", "– Colombia’s military industry", "– Department of Arms Trade Control", "– Superintendence of Notaries and Registries", "– Superintendence of Financial Institutions", "– Superintendence of Companies.", "As of this date, the national Government has not received any information on cases involving a request to transfer or sell conventional weapons and related materiel to the non-governmental entities and individuals referred to in Security Council resolutions 1556 (2004) and 1591 (2005). Nor has it received any information about requests for entry into or transit through the national territory from individuals included in the list of persons subject to the measures imposed in pursuance of paragraph 3 of Security Council resolution 1591 (2005).”" ]

[ "安全理事会关于苏丹的 第1591(2005)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月30日哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于苏丹的第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨借此机会说明哥伦比亚共和国为执行安全理事会第1591(2005)号和第1556(2004)号决议所规定措施而采取的各项步骤。", "根据第1945(2010)号决议的规定，哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团谨报告如下：", "• 哥伦比亚已向各相关国家机构转发了安全理事会关于苏丹的决议，要求它们采取必要措施执行这些决议。", "• 哥伦比亚设立了一个机构间委员会，目的是审议联合国安全理事会所通过制裁决议的规定，促进国内机构遵守这些决议，确保予以落实。委员会作为常设协商技术机构，交换有关安全理事会所实施各类制裁措施的信息和技术意见。委员会成员包括：", "• 迄今为止，政府没有接到任何资料，显示有向安全理事会第1556(2004)号和第1591(2005)号决议所列非政府实体和个人转让或出售常规武器和相关物资的情况。它也没有收到任何须接受安全理事会第1591(2005)号决议第3段所述措施人员名单中的个人入境或从本国领土过境的信息。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的", "第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月30日哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于苏丹的第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并借此机会提供哥伦比亚共和国为执行第1591(2005)号和第1556(2004)号决议所采取措施的资料。", "根据第1945(2010)号决议的规定,哥伦比亚常驻代表团谨报告:", "• “哥伦比亚已经向有关国家机构转递了安全理事会关于苏丹的各项决议,请它们采取必要措施执行这些决议。", "• “哥伦比亚已设立一个机构间委员会,以审查联合国安全理事会所通过制裁决议中提出的要求,促进国内遵守这些决议并确保其后续行动。 该委员会是一个常设技术机构,就与安全理事会所实施的各种制裁有关的事项进行协商、交流信息和技术咨询。 委员会成员是:", "- 内政和司法部", "- 外交部", "- 国防部", "- 贸易、工业和旅游部", "- 采矿和能源部", "- 安全行政部", "- 检察长办公室", "- 国家税务和海关局", "- 金融情报和分析股", "- 哥伦比亚的军事工业", "- 军火贸易管制部", "- 公证人和登记署", "- 金融机构监管局", "- 公司监管局。", "截至该日,国家政府尚未收到任何关于请求向安全理事会第1556(2004)和1591(2005)号决议提及的非政府实体和个人转让或出售常规武器和相关物资的案件的资料。 它也没有收到任何资料,说明受安全理事会第1591(2005)号决议第3段所定措施制裁者名单所列个人要求入境或过境的情况。 “" ]

[ "Letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "On behalf of the Group of 77 and China, I have the pleasure to write to you, in your capacity as President of the Security Council for the month of July, to present the concern of the Group regarding the open debate entitled “Maintenance of international peace and security: impact of climate change”, scheduled for Wednesday, 20 July 2011. In this regard, I hereby transmit the position of the Group as will be delivered during the aforementioned open debate (see annex).", "I would like to request that the present letter and its annex be circulated as a document of the Council.", "(Signed) Jorge Argüello Ambassador Permanent Representative Chair of the Group of 77", "Annex to the letter dated 19 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Argentina to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I would like to thank the Secretary-General and Mr. Steiner for their statements. I also particularly welcome the presence here today of His Excellency the President of the Republic of Nauru, Mr. Marcus Stephen.", "I have the honour to deliver this statement on behalf of the Group of 77 and China in the context of today’s open debate, held in accordance with the letter dated l July from the Permanent Representative of Germany to the Council (S/2011/408), on the subject of the impact of climate change on the maintenance of international peace and security. The Group of 77 and China wishes to reaffirm its position on this subject.", "The Council’s primary responsibility is the maintenance of international peace and security, as set out in the Charter of the United Nations. Other issues, including those related to economic and social development, are assigned by the Charter to the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly. The ever-increasing encroachment by the Security Council on the roles and responsibilities of other principal entities of the United Nations represents a distortion of the principles and purposes of the Charter, infringes on their authority and compromises the rights of the general membership of the United Nations.", "The Group of 77 and China underlines how important it is that the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council work within their respective mandates, as set out in the Charter.", "General Assembly resolution 63/281 recognized the respective responsibilities of the principal organs of the United Nations, including the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security conferred upon the Security Council and the responsibility for sustainable development issues, including climate change, conferred upon the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council, and invited the relevant organs of the United Nations, as appropriate and within their respective mandates, to intensify their efforts in considering and addressing climate change, including its possible security implications. The relevant bodies in the field of sustainable development are the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the relevant subsidiary bodies, including the Commission on Sustainable Development and the United Nations Environment Programme.", "The Group of 77 and China is of the view that it is vital for all Member States to promote sustainable development in accordance with the Rio Principles, in particular the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and fully implement Agenda 21 and the outcomes of other relevant United Nations conferences in the economic, environmental and social fields, including the Millennium Declaration.", "We further emphasize the critical role of the international community in the provision of adequate, predictable, new and additional financial resources, the transfer of technology and capacity-building to developing countries.", "We maintain that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the primary international intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change. In that context, we would recall that an appropriate response to this challenge should address not only the consequences but also the roots of the problem. Let me emphasize that there is a strong case for emission reductions and mitigation actions on the part of developed countries so as to avert the adverse impacts of climate change.", "In this context, we are extremely concerned that under current climate change negotiations, there has not yet been any clear indication on the part of the developed countries that they will adopt a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Moreover, current mitigation pledges from developed countries participating in the UNFCCC negotiations are not sufficient to reduce global greenhouse-gas emissions enough to hold the increase in global average temperature at a level that would accord with what is required by science. Developed countries must be more ambitious in this respect.", "We reiterate the need to coordinate international efforts and mobilize partners to assist the observation networks through regional initiatives such as the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project and the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre. In this regard, we call on the relevant agencies and organs of the United Nations, including the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, to reinforce regional broadcasting systems to help island communities during a disaster and increase the effectiveness of observation in those regions. Any measures taken in this context must ensure that an integrated approach is adopted in responding to environmental emergencies.", "The response to the impacts of climate change and disasters must include the strengthening of the Hyogo Framework for Action for disaster risk reduction, as well as an increase in assistance to developing countries and affected States, including by supporting efforts to enhance their national and regional capacities for the implementation of plans and strategies for preparedness, rapid response, recovery and development.", "The Group would like to underline the fact that developing countries continue to suffer from the adverse impacts of climate change and the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Developing countries are the most vulnerable to climate change, and support for their efforts needs to be stepped up. In this regard, we call for the full and effective implementation of the commitments under the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the Mauritius Declaration and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.", "We reiterate that sea-level rise continues to pose a significant risk to small island developing States and to their efforts to achieve sustainable development and that, for some, it represents the gravest of threats to their survival and viability.", "The Group of 77 and China will continue to pursue the achievement of sustainable development and the eradication of poverty, which are our first and overriding priorities, as well as the fulfilment of the commitments made by developed countries in all relevant bodies.", "We strongly reiterate our expectation that the initiative of the Council to hold this debate will not create a precedent that undermines the authority or mandate of the relevant bodies, processes and instruments that already address these issues in all their complexity." ]

[ "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "适逢你担任安全理事会7月份主席，谨代表77国集团加中国给你写信，提出本集团对定于2011年7月20日星期三举行的题为“维护和平与安全：气候变化的影响”的公开辩论的关切。为此，我就此转达本集团将在上述公开辩论中表述的立场(见附件)。", "请将本信及其附件作为安理会的文件分发为荷。", "77国集团主席", "常驻代表", "大使", "豪尔赫·阿圭略(签名)", "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "谨此感谢秘书长和施泰纳先生的发言。我还特别欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统阁下马库斯·斯蒂芬先生今天的光临。", "我荣幸地代表77国集团加中国在今天的公开辩论中发言，本次辩论是依据7月1日德国常驻代表给安理会的信(S/2011/408)召开的，该信涉及气候变化对维护国际和平与安全的影响的议题。77国集团加中国希望重申其对这一议题的立场。", "按照《联合国宪章》的规定，安理会的首要责任是维护国际和平与安全。《宪章》把其他问题，包括有关经济和社会发展的问题，交给经济及社会理事会和大会。安全理事会日益僭越联合国其他主要实体的作用和责任，是对《宪章》原则和宗旨的歪曲，侵犯了它们的权力，并且削弱了联合国全体会员的权利。", "77国集团加中国强调，大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会按照《宪章》规定在各自受权范围内工作非常重要。", "大会第63/281号决议认识到联合国各主要机关各自承担的责任，包括赋予安全理事会的维护国际和平与安全的主要负责和赋予大会和经济及社会理事会的处理可持续发展问题、其中包括气候变化问题的责任，并请联合国有关机关酌情根据各自的任务规定加紧努力，审议和处理气候变化问题，包括它可能对安全产生的影响。可持续发展领域的相关机构是大会、经济及社会理事会和各附属机构，其中包括可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署。", "77国集团加中国认为，所有会员国必须按照里约原则，特别是共同但有区别的责任原则，促进可持续发展；全面贯彻落实《21世纪议程》和联合国经济、环境和社会领域其他相关会议成果，包括《千年宣言》。", "我们还强调国际社会在向发展中国家提供足够、可预测、新的和额外的财政资源、转让技术和能力建设方面的重要作用。", "我们认为，《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)是谈判达成气候变化全球对策的首要政府间国际论坛。我们谨此指出，对这一挑战的适当对策不仅应该解决问题的后果，而且应当解决问题的根源。我强调，完全有理由要求发达国家减排和采取减缓行动，以避免气候变化产生的不良影响。", "在这方面，我们非常担心，在目前的气候变化问题谈判中，发达国家方面尚无任何明确迹象显示它们将根据《京都议定书》通过第二个承诺期。而且，参加气候公约谈判的发达国家已经做出的现有减缓保证不足以适当减少全球温室气体的排放量，以使全球平均气温上升能被控制在符合科学要求的程度内。在这方面，发达国家必须加大力度。", "我们重申，需要协调国际努力并动员合作伙伴，通过如南太平洋海平面上升和气候监测项目和加勒比共同体气候变化中心等区域举措，协助各种观测网络。在这方面，我们呼吁联合国各有关机构和组织，包括人道主义事务协调厅，加强区域广播系统，在灾难期间帮助岛屿社区，并提高这些地区监测工作的实效。在这方面采取的任何措施都必须确保采用综合办法应对环境紧急状况。", "应对气候变化和灾害的影响，必须包括加强关于减少灾害风险的《兵库行动框架》，以及增加对发展中国家和受灾国家的援助，包括支持努力加强这些国家和地区执行备灾、快速反应、恢复和发展计划及战略的能力。", "本集团希望强调这样一个事实，即发展中国家继续受到气候变化和极端气候事件日渐频繁和剧烈的不利影响。发展中国家最容易受气候变化的影响，需要加强对其努力的支持。在这方面，我们呼吁充分和有效地执行根据《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》、《毛里求斯宣言》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》做出的各项承诺。", "我们重申，海平面上升继续严重威胁小岛屿发展中国家及其实现可持续发展的努力，对其中有些国家的生存和活力构成最严重的威胁。", "77国集团加中国将继续追求实现可持续发展和消除贫困，这是我们压倒一切的首要任务，并将继续争取发达国家履行在所有相关机构中作出的承诺。", "我们再次强烈表示，期望安理会举行本次辩论会的举措不会造成先例，破坏已在处理这些问题的各个复杂方面的相关机构、程序和文书的权威或任务规定。" ]

[ "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨以安全理事会7月份主席的身份,代表77国集团加中国写信给你,说明该集团对定于2011年7月20日星期三举行的题为“维护国际和平与安全:气候变化的影响”的公开辩论的关切。 在这方面,我谨转达专家组将在上述公开辩论中表达的立场(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "豪尔赫·阿圭略(签名) 77国集团主席", "2011年7月19日阿根廷常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "我要感谢秘书长和施泰纳先生的发言。 我也特别欢迎瑙鲁共和国总统马库斯·斯蒂芬先生阁下今天与会。", "我谨代表77国集团加中国就今天的公开辩论发言,这次辩论是根据7月1日德国常驻代表就气候变化对维护国际和平与安全的影响问题给安理会的信(S/2011/408)进行的。 77国集团和中国想重申其在这一问题上的立场。", "安理会的主要责任是按照《联合国宪章》的规定维持国际和平与安全。 其他问题,包括与经济和社会发展有关的问题,由《宪章》分配给经济及社会理事会和大会。 安全理事会日益侵犯联合国其他主要实体的作用和责任,歪曲了《宪章》的原则和宗旨,侵犯了它们的权威并损害了联合国广大会员国的权利。", "77国集团加中国强调,大会、安全理事会和经济及社会理事会按照《宪章》的规定在各自任务范围内开展工作,是多么重要。", "大会第63/281号决议确认联合国各主要机关各自的责任,包括赋予安全理事会的维护国际和平与安全的主要责任和赋予大会和经济及社会理事会的包括气候变化在内的可持续发展问题的责任,并请联合国相关机构酌情在各自任务范围内加紧努力,审议和应对气候变化,包括其可能对安全产生的影响。 可持续发展领域的相关机构是大会、经济及社会理事会以及相关的附属机构,包括可持续发展委员会和联合国环境规划署。", "77国集团和中国认为,所有会员国都必须根据里约原则,特别是共同但有区别的责任原则,促进可持续发展,并充分执行《21世纪议程》和联合国经济、环境和社会领域其他有关会议的成果,包括《千年宣言》。", "我们进一步强调,国际社会在向发展中国家提供充足、可预见、新的和额外的财政资源、技术转让和能力建设方面发挥着关键作用。", "我们认为,《联合国气候变化框架公约》(气候公约)是谈判全球应对气候变化的主要国际政府间论坛。 在这方面,我们要回顾,应对这一挑战的适当对策不仅应处理问题的后果,而且还应处理问题的根源。 让我强调,发达国家有充分的理由采取减排和减缓行动,以避免气候变化的不利影响。", "在这方面,我们极为关切的是,在目前的气候变化谈判中,发达国家尚未明确表明它们将根据《京都议定书》通过第二个承诺期。 此外,参加《气候公约》谈判的发达国家目前作出的缓解承诺不足以减少全球温室气体排放,使全球平均气温的上升保持在符合科学要求的水平上。 在这方面,发达国家必须更加雄心勃勃。", "我们重申需要协调国际努力并动员合作伙伴通过南太平洋海平面和气候监测项目以及加勒比共同体气候变化中心等区域倡议来协助观测网络。 在这方面,我们呼吁联合国有关机构和机关,包括人道主义事务协调厅,加强区域广播系统,以便在灾害期间帮助岛屿社区,并增强这些区域的观察效力。 在这方面采取的任何措施都必须确保在应对环境紧急情况时采取综合办法。", "应对气候变化和灾害的影响,必须包括加强《兵库行动框架》以减少灾害风险,并增加对发展中国家和受灾国的援助,包括支持努力加强其国家和区域能力,以实施备灾、快速反应、复原和发展的计划和战略。", "本集团想强调,发展中国家继续遭受气候变化的不利影响,极端天气事件日益频繁和严重。 发展中国家最容易受到气候变化的影响,必须加大对其努力的支持力度。 在这方面,我们呼吁全面而有效地履行根据《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》、《毛里求斯宣言》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》所作出的承诺。", "我们重申,海平面上升继续对小岛屿发展中国家及其实现可持续发展的努力构成重大风险,对一些国家来说,这是对其生存和生存能力的最大威胁。", "77国集团和中国将继续努力实现可持续发展和消除贫穷,这是我们的首要和压倒一切的优先事项,并履行发达国家在所有相关机构中作出的承诺。", "我们强烈地重申,我们期望安理会举行本次辩论的倡议不会开创一个先例,破坏已经处理所有复杂问题的有关机构、进程和文书的权威或授权。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 73 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International CriminalTribunal for the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible for Genocide andOther Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of Rwandaand Rwandan Citizens Responsible forGenocide and Other Such ViolationsCommitted in the Territory ofNeighbouring States between 1 Januaryand 31 December 1994", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and to the members of the Security Council the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, submitted by the President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda in accordance with article 32 of its statute (see Security Council resolution 955 (1994), annex), which states:", "The President of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda shall submit an annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "Letter of transmittal", "President of the General Assembly", "United Nations", "New York", "President of the Security Council", "United Nations", "New York", "28 July 2011", "Excellencies,", "I have the honour to submit the sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, dated 28 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 32 of the statute of the International Tribunal.", "Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "(Signed) Khalida Rachid Khan", "President", "Sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "Summary", "The present annual report outlines the activities of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "During the past year, the Tribunal continued its efforts to complete its remaining workload at the trial and appeals levels expeditiously. Despite major difficulties, in particular regarding staff retention and recruitment, the Tribunal made significant progress, delivering six trial judgements during the reporting period. Six trial judgements involving 10 accused remain to be delivered. Completion of the first instance work is expected by the first quarter of 2012.", "The Appeals Chamber rendered four judgements in single-accused cases, bringing the total number of persons whose judgements have been completed at the appellate level to 35. Completion of the appeals work is expected by the first quarter of 2014.", "The Office of the Prosecutor succeeded in arresting one fugitive during the reporting period through close cooperation with Member States in the region, bringing the number of fugitives down to nine. The Prosecutor also focused on providing support to national authorities in the prosecution of crimes relating to the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Continuous support was also extended to the Rwandan authorities to assist them in meeting the conditions for the transfer of cases from the Tribunal.", "The Registry maintained a high level of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. It ensured the cooperation and assistance of Member States with the Tribunal and further strengthened its outreach and capacity-building activities in Rwanda. Trial proceedings continued to receive support from the various units and sections of the Judicial and Legal Services Division. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued its work to ensure the efficient management of the Tribunal’s downsizing process.", "All organs of the Tribunal are undertaking their best efforts to complete the work of the Tribunal expeditiously and to prepare for a smooth transition to the Residual Mechanism. Those efforts require essential cooperation and support from Member States: nine fugitives remain to be arrested, the three acquitted persons need countries for relocation and the Tribunal needs to be provided with sufficient resources to be in a position to complete its tasks in the expected time frame. The Tribunal relies on the ongoing support of Member States to achieve its goals.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 of the \nTribunal A.Activities 5 of the \nPresident B.Activities 6 of coordination \nmechanisms C.Activities 7 of the \nChambers D.Activities 12 of the Office of the \nProsecutor E.Activities 13 of the \nRegistry III. Conclusion 20 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The sixteenth annual report of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1994 (“the Tribunal”) outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011.", "2. The Tribunal, through the Office of the President, the Chambers, the Office of the Prosecutor and the Office of the Registrar, has continued its efforts to meet the goals of its Completion Strategy, as endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003), with intense trial and appeals activity and judgement drafting.", "II. Activities of the Tribunal", "3. The Tribunal consists of two Trial Chambers, one Appeals Chamber, the Office of the Prosecutor and a Registry. On 27 May 2011, Judge Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan) was elected President, and Judge Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis) was elected Vice-President.", "A. Activities of the President", "1. Judicial activity", "4. During the reporting period, the President made decisions on the transfer of five convicted persons to Member States for the enforcement of their sentences. It is expected that those transfers will be completed shortly. The President also issued orders on a variety of other matters, including State cooperation and conditions of detention.", "2. Completion Strategy", "5. In close cooperation with the Prosecutor and the Registrar, the President has continued to implement the Tribunal’s Completion Strategy. On 6 December 2010 and 6 June 2011, the President presented the six-monthly Completion Strategy reports to the Security Council. In the course of the reporting period, the Tribunal issued six judgements at the trial level and four judgements at the appeals level, representing a total of 18 accused. Judgement remains to be delivered in six cases at the trial level. The evidence phase has been completed in all but two trials and judgements are expected this year in all but two cases. In those two cases, judgement is expected by the first quarter of 2012.", "6. Staff attrition remains one of the major impediments to the timely achievement of Completion Strategy goals. Between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011, a total of 152 staff members left the Tribunal for more stable jobs within the United Nations or other organizations: 18 staff members left the Chambers, 14 from the Office of the Prosecutor, and the remainder from the Administration and other sections of the Registry. The replacement of departing staff members is a lengthy process, which even in a best-case scenario would result in delays and cannot compensate for the continuous loss of institutional memory. Moreover, many staff are on temporary contracts that will need to be exceptionally extended beyond the 729-day limit. The Security Council, in resolution 1955 (2010), reiterated its call upon the Secretariat and other relevant United Nations bodies to continue to work with the Registrar of the Tribunal in order to find practicable solutions to address the staffing situation.", "7. The Security Council, in resolution 1966 (2010) establishing the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals (“the Mechanism”), requested the Secretary-General to make the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have been working jointly since February 2011 to implement that mandate. The initial priority was to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013 and a draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence. Both were successfully submitted to the Office of Legal Affairs by July 2011. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work from 1 July 2012.", "3. Diplomatic relations and other representation", "8. The President maintained regular contact with United Nations Headquarters and the diplomatic community in the host country, at the seat of the United Nations and in other countries. The United Nations Secretariat, and in particular the Office of Legal Affairs, provided important legal advice and diplomatic support to ensure smooth cooperation between the Tribunal, the Security Council and the General Assembly.", "9. On the occasion of their briefings of the Security Council, both the President and the Prosecutor of the Tribunal participated in meetings of the Informal Working Group on International Tribunals of the Security Council. That allowed for comprehensive and open discussions with the legal advisers of the members of the Security Council.", "B. Activities of coordination mechanisms", "1. Coordination Council", "10. The Coordination Council, consisting of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar, met regularly to discuss issues affecting the entire Tribunal, such as the Completion Strategy, the Residual Mechanism, staffing and budgetary matters.", "2. Bureau", "11. The Bureau, composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the two Trial Chambers, was consulted by the President in regular meetings and through written exchanges on issues relating to the functioning of the Tribunal.", "3. Plenary sessions", "12. During the reporting period, the Tribunal’s Judges met in a plenary session on 1 April 2011 to discuss a variety of issues. The plenary adopted an amendment to rule 11 bis of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, allowing for a Chamber to proprio motu monitor and revoke a case referred to a national jurisdiction.", "4. Rules Committee", "13. The Rules Committee submits or discusses proposals for amendments to the Rules of Procedure and Evidence. It is composed of Judges Joensen (Chair), Tuzmukhamedov and Park, and assisted by Legal Officers from the Chambers. For matters relevant to the general conduct of trials, the Committee sits in an extended format, supported by representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor and Defence Counsel. The Committee met regularly to discuss the amendment to rule 11 bis and worked, in close cooperation with the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, on providing comments to the draft Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the Residual Mechanism to the Office of Legal Affairs.", "C. Activities of the Chambers", "1. Composition of the Chambers", "14. The Chambers comprise two Trial Chambers and one Appeals Chamber and are currently composed of 12 permanent judges and 10 ad litem judges.", "15. Five of the permanent judges and all the ad litem judges sit in the two Trial Chambers. One permanent judge, Judge Asoka de Silva (Sri Lanka), and two ad litem judges, Judges Joseph Masanche (United Republic of Tanzania) and Taghrid Hikmet (Jordan), left the Tribunal after the completion of their final cases. Judge Robert Fremr (Czech Republic), an ad litem judge, returned to the Tribunal in September 2010.", "16. Seven permanent judges sit on the Appeals Chamber. Two of them, Judges Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), are from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and the five other judges are from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "17. The Trial Chambers are currently composed of Judges Khalida Rachid Khan (Pakistan), Dennis Byron (Saint Kitts and Nevis), William H. Sekule (United Republic of Tanzania), Arlette Ramaroson (Madagascar) and Bakhtiyar Tuzmukhamedov (Russian Federation) as permanent judges, and Solomy Balungi Bossa (Uganda), Lee Gacuiga Muthoga (Kenya), Florence Rita Arrey (Cameroon), Emile Francis Short (Ghana), Seon Ki Park (Republic of Korea), Gberdao Gustave Kam (Burkina Faso), Vagn Joensen (Denmark), Mparany Rajohnson (Madagascar), Aydin Sefa Akay (Turkey) and Robert Fremr (Czech Republic) as ad litem judges.", "18. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Patrick Robinson (Jamaica) as Presiding Judge, Mehmet Güney (Turkey), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Andrésia Vaz (Senegal), Theodor Meron (United States of America) and Carmel Agius (Malta).", "19. The Tribunal takes note of General Assembly resolution 65/258 (2011) reviewing the conditions of service and compensation for the ad litem judges serving at the ad hoc Tribunals and granting a one-time ex gratia payment to those who have been in full-time uninterrupted service for longer than three years, and thanks the General Assembly for its efforts in this endeavour.", "2. Principal activities of the Trial Chambers and the Appeals Chamber", "(a) Trial Chamber I", "20. The work before this Trial Chamber is complete.", "(b) Trial Chamber II", "21. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber II delivered judgement in four cases, and continued judgement drafting in two cases involving five accused. One single-accused trial is ongoing.", "Judgement in Nyiramasuhuko et al. (“Butare”)", "22. On 24 June 2011, the Chamber, composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Ramaroson and Bossa, delivered judgement in the Butare case. The trial involved six accused: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (former Minister of Family and Women’s Development); Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (alleged leader of an Interahamwe group in Butare in April 1994); Sylvain Nsabimana (préfet of Butare from 19 April to 17 June 1994); Alphonse Nteziryayo (préfet of Butare from 17 June to July 1994); Joseph Kanyabashi (former bourgmestre of Ngoma commune in Butare préfecture); and Elie Ndayambaje (former bourgmestre of Muganza commune in Butare préfecture). The Chamber convicted the six accused of various crimes including genocide and crimes against humanity, sentencing Nyiramasuhuko, Ntahobali and Ndayambaje to life imprisonment, Nsabimana to 25 years’ imprisonment, Kanyabashi to 35 years’ imprisonment, and Nteziryayo to 30 years’ imprisonment. During the trial, the Chamber heard 189 witnesses over the course of 714 trial days.", "Judgement in Ndindiliyimana et al. (“Military II”)", "23. On 17 May 2011, a Chamber, composed of Judges de Silva, presiding, Hikmet and Park, delivered Judgement in the Military II trial. The case involved four accused, François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye (former Commander of the Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Bizimungu (former Chief of Staff of the Rwandan Army); Augustin Ndindiliyimana (former Chief of Staff of the Gendarmerie nationale); and Innocent Sagahutu (former Commander of Squadron A, Reconnaissance Battalion of the Rwandan Army). Ndindiliyimana was sentenced to time already served and was ordered to be released immediately. Bizimungu was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment, while Nzuwonemeye and Sagahutu were each sentenced to 20 years’ imprisonment. The Chamber heard 217 witnesses over the course of 393 trial days. The Chamber heard the parties’ closing arguments on 24, 25 and 26 June 2009.", "Judgement in Hategekimana", "24. On 6 December 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Ramaroson, presiding, Hikmet and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Ildephonse Hategekimana, former commander of Ngoma Military Camp. Hategekimana was convicted of genocide as well as murder and rape as crimes against humanity and was sentenced to life imprisonment. The accused was found not guilty of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 43 trial days, the Chamber heard 40 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 26 April 2010.", "Judgement in Kanyarukiga", "25. On 1 November 2010, a Chamber, composed of Judges Hikmet, presiding, Park and Masanche, delivered Judgement in the case of The Prosecutor v. Gaspard Kanyarukiga, a businessman. Kanyarukiga was convicted of genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity and was sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. The accused was acquitted of complicity in genocide. Over the course of 28 trial days, the Chamber heard 34 witnesses. Closing arguments were heard on 24 May 2010.", "One multi-accused in judgement drafting: Bizimungu et al. (“Government II”)", "26. The Government II case before Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Short concerns four former Rwandan ministers of the Interim Government of 9 April 1994 — Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Prosper Mugiraneza and Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka. The trial spanned 404 trial days, during which 171 witnesses testified and over 8,000 pages of exhibits were entered into evidence. During the reporting period, the Chamber has been involved in deliberations and judgement drafting and has issued 6 decisions and orders. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the second half of 2011.", "Ongoing Trial Ngirabatware", "27. The case of Augustin Ngirabatware (former Minister of Planning) is being heard by a Chamber composed of Judges Sekule, presiding, Bossa and Rajohnson. The defence case is expected to be completed by the end of 2011. Judgement delivery is anticipated for the first quarter of 2012. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard 23 witnesses and rendered 43 decisions.", "(c) Trial Chamber III", "28. During the reporting period, Trial Chamber III rendered two judgements, completed trial proceedings in one multi-accused trial, commenced proceedings in two further cases, prepared for trial in two cases and began conducting preservation of evidence hearings.", "Judgement in Ntawukulilyayo", "29. On 3 August 2010, Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in the case of the former sous-préfet of Gisagara, Dominique Ntawukulilyayo. The Chamber convicted the accused of genocide and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment, and acquitted him of direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Trial Chamber heard 35 witnesses over the course of 33 trial days. Closing arguments were heard on 14 June 2010. During the course of the proceedings, the Chamber rendered 38 decisions.", "Judgement in Gatete", "30. On 29 March 2011, a Chamber composed of Judges Khan, presiding, Muthoga and Akay delivered Judgement in The Prosecutor v. Jean-Baptiste Gatete, a director in the Rwandan Ministry of Women and Family Affairs in 1994, and previously a bourgmestre of Murambi commune. The Chamber sentenced Gatete to life imprisonment for genocide and extermination as a crime against humanity. Closing Arguments were heard on 8 November 2010. During the course of the trial, 49 witnesses were heard over 30 trial days.", "One case awaiting closing arguments: Karemera et al.", "31. In the Karemera et al. case, the Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, continued hearing evidence involving Édouard Karemera, former Minister of the Interior, and Matthieu Ngirumpatse, former President of the Mouvement républicain national pour la démocratie et le développement (MRND). The Chamber heard the presentation of Matthieu Ngirumpatse’s case from 23 August 2010 to 18 February 2011. During this reporting period, the Chamber sat for 57 trial days, heard 39 witnesses and issued 95 decisions. Closing arguments are scheduled to be heard from 22 August 2011. The Judgement is expected to be delivered in December 2011.", "Three ongoing trials: Nzabonimana, Ndahimana and Nizeyimana", "32. The Chamber composed of Judges Bossa, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Rajohnson continued hearing evidence in the case against Callixte Nzabonimana, the former Minister of Youth. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 19 witnesses and issued 41 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected in December 2011.", "33. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Tuzmukhamedov and Akay, began hearing evidence in the case against Grégoire Ndahimana, a former bourgmestre, on 6 September 2010. During the reporting period, the Trial Chamber heard 45 witnesses and issued 14 written decisions. Judgement delivery is expected by November 2011.", "34. The Chamber composed of Judges Muthoga, presiding, Park and Fremr began hearing evidence in the case against Ildéphonse Nizeyimana, former second-in-command in charge of intelligence and military operations at the École des sous-officiers during 1994. The Prosecution case commenced on 17 January and closed on 25 February 2011. The Defence case commenced on 9 May 2011 and closed on 13 June 2011. The Prosecution will present its rebuttal case on or about 7‑8 September 2011. During the reporting period, the Chamber heard the evidence of 76 witnesses and rendered 74 decisions. Judgement delivery is anticipated in the first quarter of 2012.", "Pre-trial matters", "35. During the reporting period, the Pre-Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Byron, presiding, Kam and Joensen, began its work in the case against Jean Uwinkindi, and rendered five decisions.", "36. Bernard Munyagishari was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 and transferred to Arusha on 14 June 2011. Munyagishari made his initial appearance before Judge Byron on 20 June 2011, where he pleaded not guilty to the five counts against him.", "Referral applications and preservation of evidence hearings", "37. A Chamber, composed of Judges Arrey, presiding, Short and Fremr, rendered its decision on 29 June 2011, referring the case against Jean Uwinkindi to the courts of Rwanda. Another Chamber, composed of Judges Joensen (presiding), Kam and Rajohnson, deferred hearing the referral applications of fugitives Charles Sikubwabo and Fulgence Kayishema until the accused are arrested or until a final decision is rendered in the Uwinkindi case.", "38. Preservation of evidence hearings pursuant to rule 71 bis began in the case of The Prosecutor v. Félicien Kabuga and are being heard by Judge Joensen. Hearings for two other high-level fugitives are planned to commence before the end of 2011.", "(d) Appeals Chamber", "39. During the reporting period, the Appeals Chamber was seized of appeals from 12 judgements concerning 17 persons, 10 interlocutory appeals, and 10 motions for review or reconsideration. The Appeals Chamber rendered 4 judgements, 9 interlocutory appeal decisions, 7 decisions related to review or reconsideration, and 131 pre-appeal orders and decisions.", "Appeal Judgements: Rukundo, Kalimanzira, Renzaho and Muvunyi", "40. Trial Chamber II convicted Emmanuel Rukundo, a military chaplain, of genocide and of murder and extermination as crimes against humanity on 27 February 2009 and sentenced him to 25 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 15 June 2010. In its Judgement of 20 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber affirmed Rukundo’s convictions for genocide and for murder and extermination as crimes against humanity but did so on the basis of his responsibility for aiding and abetting those crimes rather than committing them, as the Trial Chamber had found. In addition, the Appeals Chamber reversed Rukundo’s conviction for genocide in relation to causing serious mental harm. The Appeals Chamber reduced Rukundo’s sentence to 23 years’ imprisonment.", "41. Callixte Kalimanzira, a former senior official of the Ministry of Interior, was convicted on 22 June 2009 by Trial Chamber III of genocide and direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 14 June 2010 and, on 20 October 2010, it affirmed Kalimanzira’s conviction for aiding and abetting genocide. However, the Appeals Chamber reversed Kalimanzira’s remaining convictions and, accordingly, reduced his sentence from 30 to 25 years’ imprisonment.", "42. On 14 July 2009, Trial Chamber I convicted Tharcisse Renzaho, the former Prefect of Kigali-ville préfecture, of genocide, and murder and rape as crimes against humanity and serious violations of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Trial Chamber sentenced Renzaho to imprisonment for the remainder of his life. The Appeals Chamber heard Renzaho’s appeal on 16 June 2010. On 1 April 2011, the Appeals Chamber reversed some of Renzaho’s convictions while affirming convictions for genocide and murder as a crime against humanity and a serious violation of article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II thereto. The Appeals Chamber also affirmed Renzaho’s sentence.", "43. Following a retrial, on 11 February 2010, Trial Chamber III convicted Tharcisse Muvunyi, a former Lieutenant Colonel in the Rwandan Army, of direct and public incitement to commit genocide and sentenced him to 15 years’ imprisonment. The Appeals Chamber heard the parties’ appeals on 21 October 2010 and, in its Judgement of 1 April 2011, affirmed the conviction and the sentence.", "Further appeals from Judgement", "44. Théoneste Bagosora, Aloys Ntabakuze and Anatole Nsengiyumva appealed against their Trial Judgement. The Appeals Chamber heard Bagosora’s and Nsengiyumva’s appeals from 30 March through 1 April 2011. Owing to unavailability of Ntabakuze’s counsel for the scheduled hearing of his appeal, the Appeals Chamber severed his case and decided to hear his appeal later. Deliberations are now in progress in the Bagosora and Nsengiyumva case. The Appeals Chamber is also deliberating on the parties’ appeals in the Setako and Munyakazi cases, which it heard in March 2011. The Appeals Chamber is also seized of appeals in the Ntawukulilyayo, Kanyarukiga, Hategekimana and Gatete cases, which are being prepared for hearings, and of the Ndindiliyimana et al. case, in which the briefing of the appeals has not yet begun.", "D. Activities of the Office of the Prosecutor", "45. The Office of the Prosecutor has continued to focus its efforts on the completion of the ongoing trials, the commencement of one new trial and the preparation of another from the two recently arrested fugitives, the transfer of cases of fugitives to national jurisdictions under rule 11 bis and the implementation of rule 71 bis evidence preservation proceedings in respect of three top-level fugitives: Félicien Kabuga, Protais Mpiranya and Augustin Bizimana. Furthermore, the Office continues with the intensification of tracking efforts to arrest the remaining fugitives, the conduct of final as well as interlocutory appeals, the management of archives and records to be transferred to the Residual Mechanism and the provision of assistance to national prosecuting authorities in respect of cases being investigated or prosecuted by them.", "46. Rigorous tracking efforts led to the arrest of the fugitive Bernard Munyagishari on 25 May 2011 by the Democratic Republic of the Congo in cooperation with officers from the tracking team of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Efforts continue for the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, and especially of the three top-level fugitives earmarked for trial at the Tribunal. The Prosecutor is confident that the continued cooperation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo will facilitate the arrest of those fugitives, the majority of whom are believed to be in that territory.", "47. In conjunction with his efforts to strengthen international cooperation between Member States in the region and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor held constructive consultations with the Executive Secretary of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. However, while the work of the joint International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda-Kenya Police Task Force has been reactivated since November 2010, progress on the Félicien Kabuga file remains slow. The Prosecutor continues to urge the Government of Kenya to expedite work on the tracking and arrest of this top-level fugitive. A concerted effort by States members of the Great Lakes Region in collaboration with the Tribunal promises to bring to account the remaining fugitives.", "48. In the framework of implementing the referral strategy of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, the Prosecutor visited a number of European States in April 2011 and held discussions with senior officials to encourage their Governments to consider accepting cases for trial from the Tribunal. A positive response will greatly assist the Tribunal to realize its objective for the expeditious completion of its mandate. Meanwhile, much effort has been invested in the three applications filed in November 2010, seeking the referral to Rwanda of the cases of the arrestee Uwinkindi and the fugitives Sikubwabo and Kayishema. The Prosecutor also continued to provide assistance to Rwanda in its efforts to try 25 other suspects who were investigated but not indicted by the Tribunal, and their files were handed over to Rwanda in 2010.", "49. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), establishing the Arusha Branch of the Residual Mechanism on 1 July 2012, the Office of the Prosecutor has focused on the preparations for a smooth transition to an efficient and effective mechanism. In addition to system-wide coordination within and between the Tribunals, the Offices of the Prosecutors of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda have also set up an intra-Office of the Prosecutor coordination team that has agreed on the structure and staffing of the common Office of the Prosecutor in line with the objectives of the resolution for a lean and effective mechanism.", "50. During the reporting period, there has been a positive signal for international cooperation against impunity and for accountability at the highest levels. Several Member States have continued to enhance their efforts to bring to trial, within their national jurisdictions, the Rwandan suspects appearing on the INTERPOL wanted list. For the effective prosecution of those suspects, the Office of the Prosecutor continues to provide mutual legal assistance and information to national prosecuting authorities. As a result, requests to the Prosecutor for information from the Office’s extensive database have increased substantially over the reporting period.", "E. Activities of the Registry", "1. Office of the Registrar", "51. The Office of the Registrar continued to act as the channel of communication between the organs of the Tribunal as well as its diplomatic arm. As such, the Office of the Registrar maintained high-level diplomatic contacts with Member States, international organizations and non-governmental organizations. During the reporting period, the Office of the Registrar transmitted more than 540 notes verbales and other correspondence related to the operations of the Tribunal, in particular, to secure support and cooperation from Member States with respect to ongoing trials. The Registry dealt with an increased number of inquiries and requests for legal assistance from national jurisdictions.", "52. Rwanda continued to cooperate with the Tribunal by facilitating the flow of witnesses from Kigali to Arusha and by providing relevant documents for use in trial proceedings.", "53. An agreement with respect to enforcement of sentences was signed with the Republic of Senegal on 22 November 2010. On 18 July 2010, the Tribunal transferred one convicted person to a Member State to serve the remainder of his sentence. The Registry is taking the necessary measures to implement four decisions rendered by the President ordering transfer of convicted persons to another Member State in May 2011. Two additional decisions are expected shortly. The relocation of convicted persons who have served their sentence remains an issue of concern calling for a sustainable solution which requires the increased cooperation of Member States.", "54. Similarly, the issue of the relocation of persons acquitted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda continues to be a matter of grave concern for the Tribunal. To date, three acquitted persons remain in Arusha, under the protection of the Tribunal, without proper immigration status as they await relocation to a safe country. The challenge to their relocation is the unfortunate result of the absence of a formal mechanism to secure the support of Member States to accept these persons within their territories. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is seriously concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation. This view was shared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a UNHCR-ICTR expert meeting organized in Arusha in April 2011. One of the conclusions of the joint expert meeting recognized that the Security Council is where the plight of the acquitted persons belongs, and that the Tribunal has no other choice but to call upon the assistance of the Council to find a sustainable solution to this issue.", "55. The External Relations and Strategic Planning Section was successful in raising voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund, enabling the Tribunal to carry on its capacity-building and outreach activities. These activities form an important part of the Tribunal’s mandate and legacy and are a vital tool for bridging the information gap between the Tribunal and the people of Rwanda at the grass-roots level.", "56. The Tribunal welcomed a total number of 3,073 visitors, including high-level United Nations and government officials, academics, civil society, non‑governmental organizations and the general public. During the current downsizing phase, the Tribunal has attracted a higher number of visitors.", "57. The Information and Documentation Centre in Kigali (Umusanzu) and 10 additional provincial information centres located across Rwanda continue to play a key role in information dissemination, improved communication and access to the jurisprudence of the Tribunal and other legal materials. The centres are visited daily by members of the Rwandan judiciary, students, researchers and the public, who are provided with informative materials and have access to briefings, training, library services, video screenings and the Internet. During the reporting period, the Information Centre in Kigali received approximately 36,000 visitors, while the provincial information centres received approximately 18,000 visitors.", "58. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda engaged in several outreach activities. One of the flagship outreach projects relates to youth sensitization and genocide prevention education in the Great Lakes Region, through an essay and drawings competition for East African students, sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany. The students were asked to address questions of international justice, the fight against impunity, and the contribution of the Tribunal to national reconciliation. The winners were announced in October 2010. The youth sensitization project also involves the publishing of a cartoon book on the work of the Tribunal. The cartoon book is expected to be finalized shortly before the end of 2011. The Tribunal launched the 2011 Official Awareness Raising Programme in Huye District, Southern Region of Rwanda, on 28 and 29 April 2011. The programme included the display of the Genocide Exhibition Panels and posters of the winning essays and drawings.", "59. Additionally, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, in collaboration with the National Commission for the Fight against Genocide and the Kigali Memorial Centre, conducted an exhibition in commemoration of the seventeenth anniversary of the Rwandan genocide from 4 to 15 April 2011. From May to July 2011, with funds from the Department of Public Information in New York, Awareness Raising Programmes for Lessons Learned from the Genocide of 1994 were successfully conducted in six major prisons throughout Rwanda. Approximately 29,799 prison inmates and officials attended. The Tribunal has continued to undertake capacity-building activities for about 700 legal professionals in Rwanda, with the aim of further strengthening the Rwandan justice sector in areas such as investigation, witness protection, evidence and information management, and oral and written advocacy skills. Those activities were mostly organized to equip the Rwandan judiciary with the necessary tools for successfully taking up cases that may be referred from the Tribunal. Some examples of the many initiatives that the Tribunal conducted are online legal research training for law students, and two similar trainings for members of the Rwandan judiciary at the Institute for Legal Practice and Development and the Huye Intermediate Court. The Tribunal conducted a training-of-trainers session in Rwanda with respect to increasing library collections through online resources. In May 2011, the fourth Training Workshop and Moot Competition for members of the Kigali Bar Association was conducted.", "60. To sum up, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has actively continued to organize training and workshops aimed at strengthening the capacity of the Rwandan judiciary and raising awareness of the work of the Tribunal among the Rwandan public. Additional capacity-building and outreach programmes have been planned for this reporting period and could be implemented subject to availability of funds, which are extrabudgetary, for various communes in Rwanda for approximately 5,000 participants, as well as for over 28,000 students and teachers from Rwandan schools.", "61. Through its Communication Cluster, the External Relations and Strategic Planning Section has ensured the wide dissemination of information about the Tribunal’s activities by press meetings, newsletters and press releases, as well as the website, films and information brochures, in English, French and Kinyarwanda. The unit also processed numerous local and international media inquiries and broadcast trial proceedings via satellite. It launched exhibitions on the work of the Tribunal in East Africa, the Gambia and Senegal and organized film screenings, talks and discussions in several African capitals as well as throughout Rwanda. An open line of communication is maintained with universities and other educational institutions in the region.", "62. During the reporting period, the Gender Focal Point prepared proposals for soliciting funds to replenish the depleted Trust Fund for the Support Programme for Witnesses. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda set up a clinic for witnesses thanks to voluntary contributions from Member States for ensuring the provision of physical and psychological care to witnesses residing in Rwanda, in particular those living with HIV/AIDS as a result of sexual violence suffered during the genocide. The campaign received a contribution from the Government of Spain during the reporting period. Regrettably, the funds have been depleted and without any immediate injection of resources, the clinic will be forced to halt the provision of its services and life-saving treatment. In addition, witnesses residing in Rwanda continued to benefit from the gender-sensitive counselling provided by the nurse psychologists resident at the Tribunal’s clinic in Rwanda.", "63. The Internship Programme welcomed 197 interns to the Tribunal during this reporting period; 165 were assigned to either Chambers or the Office of the Prosecutor. In addition, the Pro bono Legal Researchers Programme was able to utilize the services of four qualified lawyers in Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor. Furthermore, 15 Legal Researchers from 12 African countries benefited from the funding made available from the European Union, and were able to assist in the work of the Tribunal. However, as donors have stopped funding this programme, no further Legal Researchers will be made available to assist the Tribunal. These programmes have assisted the implementation of the Completion Strategy, especially following the abolition of regular posts Tribunal-wide.", "64. The Legal Services and Internship Programme Unit also continued to play an important legal advisory role for issues pertaining to the proper implementation and interpretation of United Nations administrative rules, and for cases relating to the immunities and privileges of staff regarding civil and criminal cases, in addition to interpreting and reviewing agreements. During the reporting period, the Unit mediated and settled 21 cases between staff members and local law enforcement offices, as well as domestic employees.", "2. Judicial and Legal Services Division", "65. The Court Management Section provided support services to the judicial processes of the Tribunal, including provision of real-time transcripts of proceedings, support for site visits to Rwanda, certification of witness statements, depositions and video-link hearings from various countries. As part of its role in the capacity-building and outreach activities of the Tribunal, the Section continued to conduct training sessions for representatives of various African countries, including demonstrations on the Tribunal’s system for the instantaneous production of transcripts. It also conducted specialized training sessions aimed at strengthening the institutional capacity of the judicial sector in Rwanda. As a major component of the Tribunal’s preparations for the transition to the Residual Mechanism, the Court Management Section contributed to drafting the policies and guidelines for the records and archives to be transferred and managed by the Residual Mechanism. It also continued its work on the redaction and digitization of the collection of audio-visual recordings of the Tribunal’s proceedings.", "66. The Defence Counsel and Detention Management Section continued to provide essential and improved support services to the Registry, Chambers and the Prosecutor. The Section improved the supporting services to detainees, prisoners and their Counsel to guarantee the detainees’ and prisoners’ right to legal representation. The legal aid programme proved efficient, effective and economical. During the period under review, the electronic billing system was tested and proved feasible.", "67. During the reporting period, judgements for 18 accused were rendered by the Trial and Appeals Chambers of the Tribunal. Among them, one detainee was sentenced to time served and was released forthwith. Over the same period, the United Nations Detention Facility accommodated 19 detained witnesses from Rwanda and one prisoner witness from Mali who were called to testify in various trials.", "68. On 18 July 2010, one prisoner was transferred to a Member State to serve his sentence. On 1 July 2010, one detainee died at an Arusha hospital following a long illness. One detainee who was arrested in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 25 May 2011 was transferred and admitted to the United Nations Detention Facility on 14 June 2011.", "69. As of 30 June 2011, the population of inmates at the United Nations Detention Facility was a total of 36 detained persons (12 detainees and 24 convicted persons).", "70. The International Committee of the Red Cross visited the United Nations Detention Facility on 15 June 2011 and interviewed detainees. The Committee commended the Facility’s management for the accomplishment of its goals, particularly the good condition of the detention.", "71. During the reporting period, the Witness and Victims Support Section ensured the timely availability of 216 witnesses brought from 21 countries. Threat assessments were conducted for some witnesses. In accordance with protective measures ordered by the Chambers, transcripts were redacted to expunge identifying information concerning witnesses or their family members, prior to the transcripts being made public. The Section has intensified its post-trial monitoring activities in the countries of residence of witnesses who appeared before the Tribunal. Several witnesses residing in Rwanda received assistance aimed at improving their medical and psychological rehabilitation. The Section enjoyed the cooperation of several Member States, which issued temporary travel documents enabling witnesses to travel to and from Arusha, and of offices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in a number of African countries, which assisted in facilitating the movement and protection of witnesses. Some Member States also provided assistance in escorting witnesses. The Section conducted two trainings on witness protection for Rwandan judiciary and Tanzanian law enforcement and judicial officers.", "72. The Language Services Section provided interpretation, translation and reproduction services to the Chambers, the parties and the Registry. During the reporting period, seven trial judgements and four appeals judgements, a significant number of decisions as well as of other documents such as pre-trial and closings briefs, and motions were translated. The roster of translators, interpreters and proofreaders established with a view to pre-empting any potential disruption of trials was kept in place and was used on one occasion to bring two Kinyarwanda interpreter-translators on board. In addition, documents for translation were outsourced, and freelance revisers were recruited to alleviate the heavy workload of the Section.", "73. The Legal Library and Reference Section continues to play a crucial role in delivering legal materials needed to support the judicial process. In addition, the Legal Library released the new versions of the full-text searchable “ICTR basic documents and case law”, covering the period 1995-2010 for the DVD and the year 2010 for the CD-ROM.", "3. Division of Administrative Support Services", "74. The process of downsizing continued to pose major challenges to the operations of the entire Tribunal. The Division of Administrative Support Services continued to respond to those challenges in a proactive and flexible manner.", "75. The staff members of the Tribunal come from 72 countries and, as of 29 June 2011, the Tribunal had 666 staff members against an authorized complement of 827 posts, with 161 vacant posts, a 19 per cent vacancy rate. Based on the current attrition rate trend as staff members continue to look for more stable jobs elsewhere, it is anticipated that the vacancy rate will be above 20 per cent by the end of 2011. The gender ratio of staff at the Professional level and above is 64 per cent male and 36 per cent female.", "76. During the downsizing phase, attracting and retaining competent staff continues to pose a major challenge. The short duration of contracts issued to staff members has contributed to increased uncertainty and has continued to have a negative impact on productivity. The Division put in place measures aimed at retaining staff and is closely working with the Office of Human Resources Management on the modality of issuing contracts in line with the judicial calendar as a way of issuing contracts of longer durations to those whose services will still be required. In parallel, the consultative staff retention exercise continues to be conducted in order to determine the number and composition of staff to be retained until the completion of the Tribunal’s work. It should be noted that the current limitation of duration of temporary appointments has the potential of impacting negatively on the Completion Strategy. The Tribunal’s Management is consulting with the Office of Human Resources Management with the aim of instituting flexibility measures to address this concern.", "77. The Career Resource Centre has been organizing career development workshops and training to support staff in their professional aspirations. The Human Resources Planning Section continues to actively assist staff who are leaving the Tribunal. In May 2011, a series of presentations and individual consultations were organized in collaboration with the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund to inform staff about their pension entitlements. The Section also organized another Job Fair in June 2011, and has once again issued an online compendium of skills (e‑fact sheets) in an attempt to support all categories of staff in securing employment beyond their assignment with the Tribunal. The Section also continues to provide advice to staff members and judges on their final entitlements and on the implications of the new contractual arrangements and Staff Rules.", "78. The Security and Safety Section continued to update and test its contingency plans in order to ensure the safety and security of the Tribunal’s staff, premises, assets and operations through dedicated interaction with the host country’s security services and with the Office of the Security Advisor of the United Republic of Tanzania. During the reporting period, no major incidents occurred. The United Nations security guidelines were fully implemented and safety and security information was shared with the staff regularly and in a timely manner.", "79. The Information Technology Services Section continued to provide vital support to the Tribunal. The Electronic Data Processing Unit maintains the information and technology infrastructure of the Tribunal, supporting and meeting the computing needs of the various business units. During the reporting period, a number of business process systems were brought online that added efficiency and timelines to standard administrative procedures within the Division of Administrative Support Services. Infrastructure upgrades were made to the network and data centre to replace obsolete equipment and add capacity to support the critical audio-visual digitization and other legacy projects. The Audio-visual Unit provides video coverage of all court proceedings and videoconferencing services for remote witness testimonies and meetings. The Telecommunications Unit supports the operation and maintenance of the telephone network, two satellite earth stations, rural telephone links and two-way radio networks and the telephone billing and switchboard operator services.", "80. The Health Services Unit provided curative, preventive and trauma counselling support and performed medico-administrative duties for judges and staff members and their dependants, as well as for detainees, witnesses and victims. The Unit monitored clients’ health through four sub-units: two in Kigali and two in Arusha. In Kigali, witnesses received a full medical check-up and medical care before transfer to Arusha for testimony. In Arusha, the United Nations Detention Facility sub-unit cared for detainees, prisoners and prisoner-witnesses. At the headquarters clinic, clients received medicines, laboratory services and immunization free of charge.", "81. The Counselling and Welfare Unit addressed psychosocial issues of staff members and recognized family members, and implemented welfare activities for the wellness of all staff. The Unit also continued to provide trauma counselling to witnesses and professional psychological support to staff and their families. The services of the Staff Counsellor were available on a 24-hour basis.", "82. In the area of resources management, the Budget Unit continued to provide expertise on proper planning, control and monitoring of the utilization of available resources. The Finance Section continued to provide timely and reliable services to staff members and clients of the Tribunal.", "83. The General Services Section and the Procurement Section provided vital support to the Tribunal. The Building Management Services, in line with the Completion Strategy, started to relocate surplus accommodation containers from Kigali to Arusha for use as offices, thus allowing for the return of some regular rental space to the landlord. The Asset Management Services improved the reception and inspection of goods purchased by the Tribunal. Efforts were made to introduce the Galileo Inventory Management System. The Unit has also accelerated the process for the disposal of old and obsolete property. The recently acquired warehouse facilities in the context of the scaling down of the Tribunal operations is serving as a central point for commercial disposal of written-off assets. In order to monitor and control the use of the official vehicles, the Transport Services Unit has fitted almost all of the Tribunal’s vehicles with Global Positioning System tracking. These devices offer real-time information on fuel utilization, the actual location of a vehicle, and the speed at which it is driven. This not only enhanced discipline on the roads but also made possible the quick recovery of a stolen official vehicle. The Central Registry/Mail/Pouch and Archives Services continued to provide services to the entire house. The Central Archives Facility continued archiving records generated by sections/units of the Division and scanning and entering metadata into the Tower Records Information Management database. A functional archiving structure was established for Kigali records of the Division of Administrative Support Services. The Procurement Section continued to ensure that the goods and services required by the Tribunal to undertake its activities effectively were provided on time and within budget. It also worked closely with units such as Transport to identify possible outsourcing of services such as repair and maintenance of vehicles. The Section also handled successfully the commercial disposal of some of the Tribunal’s furniture, vehicles and equipment.", "III. Conclusion and recommendations", "84. The Tribunal made significant progress during the past year towards achieving the goals of the Completion Strategy despite a very heavy workload: six trial judgements representing 14 accused were delivered. At the trial level, the delivery of judgements in all remaining cases, except for two, is expected before the end of 2011.", "85. State cooperation remains the cornerstone of the Tribunal’s ability to complete its mandate, and the Tribunal appreciates the continued trust and support of Member States.", "86. With the close cooperation of Member States, one fugitive was arrested in the region during the reporting period. Additional efforts will have to be made, however, both by the Tribunal and by Member States, to ensure the arrest of the remaining nine fugitives, in particular the three high-ranking accused earmarked for trial before the Tribunal who have evaded justice for over 17 years.", "87. The Tribunal reiterates its call for urgent action to help to find host countries for the three acquitted persons who remain in a safe house in Arusha under the Tribunal’s protection. For one of those individuals, it has been over four years since the confirmation of his acquittal by the Appeals Chamber. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda considers the resettlement of persons acquitted by an international criminal tribunal to be a fundamental expression of the rule of law and is concerned about the consequences of failing to fulfil this obligation.", "88. Finally, maintaining an adequate level of experienced staff remains the key challenge for the Tribunal as an organization approaching the end of its mandate. The Tribunal appreciates all the support given by Member States to efforts to address this pressing situation.", "89. The Tribunal has been engaged in work directly related to the Rwandan genocide for more than 17 years. The genocide has greatly affected everyone at the Tribunal, and seeking justice for the victims continues to drive our commitment to the goal of ensuring that never again will such atrocities occur. We call for the support of the international community to provide us with the necessary resources to accomplish our mandate, and we hope that our work will lead the way in the continued fight against impunity." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目73", "起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间 在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际 人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国 境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的 卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的报告", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员和安全理事会成员转递卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告。该报告是卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭庭长依照法庭规约第32条(见安全理事会第955(1994)号决议附件)提交的。该条规定：", "卢旺达问题国际法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交卢旺达问题国际法庭年度报告。", "送文函", "谨依照本国际法庭规约第32条，向大会和安全理事会提交起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭2011年7月28日的第十六次年度报告。", "庭长", "哈立达·拉希德·汗(签名)", "2011年7月28日", "纽约", "联合国", "大会主席", "纽约", "联合国", "安全理事会主席", "起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的第十六次年度报告", "摘要", "本年度报告概述卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "在过去一年里，法庭继续努力，以求尽早完成处于审判和上诉阶段的剩余案件。在本报告所述期间，虽然遇到各种重大困难，特别是在留住和征聘工作人员方面遇到重大困难，法庭仍然取得了重大进展，作出了6项审判判决。尚需作出涉及10名被告的6项审判判决。预计将于2012年第一季度完成初审工作。", "上诉分庭对4个单一被告人案件作出了判决，使得到上诉判决的总人数达到35人。预计将于2014年第一季度完成上诉工作。", "在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室与区域内各会员国密切合作，成功逮捕了1名逃犯，使在逃犯人数下降到9人。检察官办公室还重点支持各国家当局起诉与1994年卢旺达种族灭绝事件有关的罪行。检察官办公室还持续支持卢旺达当局，以协助建立将案件从法庭移交卢旺达当局的条件。", "书记官长处继续向法庭提供高级别行政和司法支助。它确保会员国向法庭提供合作和协助，并进一步加强了在卢旺达开展的各种外联和能力建设活动。司法和法律事务司各股和各科继续为审判程序提供支助。行政支助事务司继续努力，以确保有效管理法庭的缩编进程。", "法庭所有机关都在尽最大努力，以尽早完成法庭工作，并为顺利过渡到余留事项处理机制作准备。这些努力离不开会员国的必要合作和支持：9名在逃犯仍未逮捕，3个被宣告无罪的人需要能够迁居的国家，法庭需要足够的资源，以便能够在预期时间内完成任务。法庭期待会员国持续提供支持，以实现其目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.法庭的活动 5\nA.庭长的活动 5\nB.协调机制的活动 6\nC.各分庭的活动 7\nD.检察官办公室的活动 12\nE.书记官长的活动 13\n3.结论和建议 19", "一. 导言", "1. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭(法庭)的第十六次年度报告概述法庭在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "2. 法庭通过庭长办公室、各分庭、检察官办公室和书记官长处，继续努力实现安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议核准的《完成工作战略》的目标，全力以赴开展审判和上诉活动，起草判决书。", "二. 法庭的活动", "3. 法庭由2个审判分庭、1个上诉分庭、检察官办公室和书记官长处组成。2011年5月27日，哈立达·拉希德·汗法官(巴基斯坦)当选为法庭庭长，丹尼斯·拜伦法官(圣基茨和尼维斯)当选为副庭长。", "A. 庭长的活动", "1. 司法活动", "4. 在本报告所述期间，庭长作出了关于将5名被定罪者移送到会员国服刑的裁决。预计不久之后就会完成移送工作。庭长还就包括国家合作和拘留条件在内的各种其他事项发布了命令。", "2. 完成工作战略", "5. 庭长与检察官和书记官长密切合作，继续执行法庭《完成工作战略》。庭长于2010年12月6日和2011年6月6日向安全理事会提交了半年期《完成工作战略》报告。在本报告所述期间，法庭发布了6项审判判决和4项上诉判决，共涉及18名被告。尚需对6个案件作出审判判决。除2项审判外，其他所有审判都已完成举证工作；除2个案件外，预计将在今年内发布对所有其他案件的判决。至于这2个案件，预计将于2012年第一季度公布判决。", "6. 留不住工作人员仍然是在及时实现《完成工作战略》目标方面存在的主要障碍之一。2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，共有152名工作人员因在联合国内部或其他组织找到了较稳定的工作而离开法庭：其中18人离开了各分庭，14人离开了检察官办公室，其余离开的人不是行政部门的就是书记官长处各科室的。补充离任工作人员是一个漫长的过程，即使在最好的情况下也会导致延误，也无法弥补机构记忆的持续丧失。此外，许多工作人员持的是临时合同，需要作超过729天限制之后的例外延长。安全理事会在第1955(2010)号决议中再次呼吁秘书处和联合国其他有关机构继续与法庭书记官长合作，以便找到能解决工作人员配置问题的切实可行方案。", "7. 安全理事会在关于设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(“余留机制”)的第1966(2010)号决议中，请秘书长为余留机制开展工作做出实际可行的安排。自2011年2月以来，前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一直通力协作执行该授权任务。最初的优先事项是拟订2012-2013两年期拟议预算和《程序和证据规则》(草案)。这两项文件都已于2011年7月顺利提交法律事务厅。接下来的工作重点是协调两个法庭的政策、程序和运作，以确保余留机制能从2012年7月1日开始工作。", "3. 外交关系和其他交往", "8. 庭长在东道国、联合国所在地和其他国家与联合国总部和外交使团保持经常接触。联合国秘书处尤其是法律事务厅提供了重要法律咨询和外交支持，以确保法庭、安全理事会和大会顺利进行合作。", "9. 法庭庭长和检察官每次向安全理事会通报情况时都参加了安全理事会关于各国际法庭问题的非正式工作组会议，因此有机会与安全理事会成员的法律顾问进行全面和公开讨论。", "B. 协调机制的活动", "1. 协调委员会", "10. 协调委员会由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成，定期举行会议，讨论涉及整个法庭的问题，如《完成工作战略》、余留机制、人员配置和预算事项。", "2. 主席团", "11. 主席团由庭长、副庭长和两个审判分庭的主审法官组成。庭长在定期会议中，并通过关于法庭运作问题的书信来往与主席团协商。", "3. 全体会议", "12. 在本报告所述期间，法庭法官于2011年4月1日举行了一次全体会议，讨论各种问题。这次全体会议通过了对法庭《程序和证据规则》规则11(之二)的一项修正案，允许分庭自行监测和撤销转发给国家管辖的案件。", "4. 规则委员会", "13. 规则委员会提交或讨论关于修订《程序和证据规则》的提案。该委员会由约恩森法官(主席)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和朴宣基法官组成，并得到各分庭法律干事的协助。在涉及一般审案事项时，该委员会举行扩大会议，并得到检察官办公室和辩护律师代表的支助。委员会定期开会，讨论对规则11(之二)的修正案，并与前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭密切合作，就《余留机制程序和证据规则》(草案)向法律事务厅提出评论意见。", "C. 各分庭的活动", "1. 各分庭的组成", "14. 分庭包括2个审判分庭和1个上诉分庭，目前由12名常任法官和10名审案法官组成。", "15. 5名常任法官和所有审案法官担任2个审判分庭的法官。1位常任法官，阿索卡·德席尔瓦法官(斯里兰卡)，和2位审案法官，约瑟夫·马桑切法官(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和塔格里德·希克迈特法官(约旦)，在完成其最后案件后离开法庭。1位审案法官，罗伯特·弗雷姆尔法官(捷克共和国)，于2010年9月返回法庭。", "16. 7位常任法官担任上诉分庭法官。其中两人是卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)，其他5位法官来自前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭。", "17. 目前，审判分庭由哈立达·拉希德·汗法官(巴基斯坦)、丹尼斯·拜伦法官(圣基茨和尼维斯)、威廉·塞库莱法官(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)、阿莱特·拉马鲁松法官(马达加斯加)和巴赫季亚尔·图兹穆哈梅多夫法官(俄罗斯联邦)担任常任法官；索洛米·巴隆吉·博萨法官(乌干达)、李·加库伊加·穆索加法官(肯尼亚)、弗洛朗斯·丽塔·阿雷法官(喀麦隆)、埃米尔·弗朗西斯•肖特法官(加纳)、朴宣基法官(大韩民国)、格贝道·古斯塔夫·卡姆法官(布基纳法索)、瓦格恩·约恩森法官(丹麦)、姆帕拉尼·拉约翰松法官(马达加斯加)、艾登·塞法·阿卡伊法官(土耳其)和罗伯特·弗雷姆尔法官(捷克共和国)担任审案法官。", "18. 上诉分庭由下列法官组成：主审法官帕特里克·鲁滨逊(牙买加)、穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)、福斯托·波卡尔法官(意大利)、刘大群法官(中国)、安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)、西奥多·梅龙法官(美利坚合众国)和卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(马耳他)。", "19. 法庭注意到大会第65/258号决议审查了为特设法庭服务的审案法官的服务条件和报酬问题，并同意对连续全职服务3 年以上的审案法官一次性发放一笔惠给金；为此感谢大会在这方面作出了努力。", "2. 各审判分庭和上诉分庭的主要活动", "(a) 第一审判分庭", "20. 该审判分庭的工作业已完成。", "(b) 第二审判分庭", "21. 在本报告所述期间，第二审判分庭对4个案件作出判决，并继续起草涉及5名被告的2个案件的判决书。一个单一被告人案件正在审理中。", "对Nyiramasuhuko等人(“布塔雷”)案的判决", "22. 2011年6月24日，由塞库莱法官(主审)、拉马鲁松法官和博萨法官组成的分庭对“布塔雷”案作出判决。该次审判涉及6名被告：Pauline Nyiramasuhuko (前家庭和妇女发展部部长)、Arsène Shalom Ntahobali (被指控为1994年4月在布塔雷的联攻派民兵领导人)、Sylvain Nsabimana (1994年4月19日至6月17日的布塔雷省长)、Alphonse Nteziryayo (1994年6月17日至7月的布塔雷省长)、Joseph Kanyabashi (布塔雷省恩戈马市前市长)和Elie Ndayambaje (布塔雷省穆甘萨市前市长)。分庭判定6名被告犯下包括灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪在内的各种罪行，判决Nyiramasuhuko、Ntahobali和Ndayambaje无期徒刑、Nsabimana有期徒刑25年、Kanyabashi有期徒刑35年，Nteziryayo有期徒刑30年。在审判过程中，法庭在714个审案日期间听取了189名证人的证词。", "对Ndindiliyimana等人(“军事第二号”)案的判决", "23. 2011年5月17日，由德席尔瓦法官(主审)、希克迈特法官和朴宣基法官组成的一个分庭对“军事第二号”案作出判决。该案件涉及4名被告：François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye(卢旺达陆军侦察营前指挥官)、Augustin Bizimungu (卢旺达陆军前参谋长)、Augustin Ndindiliyimana(前国家宪兵参谋长)和Innocent Sagahutu(卢旺达陆军侦察营A中队指挥官)。Ndindiliyimana被判的刑期与他被拘押的时间相当，因此被命令立即予以释放。Bizimungu被判有期徒刑30年，Nzuwonemeye和Sagahutu均被判有期徒刑20年。分庭在393个审案日期间听取了217名证人的证词。分庭于2009年6月24日、25日和26日听取了各方的结辩。", "对Hategekimana案的判决", "24. 2010年12月6日，由拉马鲁松法官(主审)、希克迈特法官和马桑切法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉恩戈马军营前指挥官Ildephonse Hategekimana”案作出判决。Hategekimana被判定犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪，判处无期徒刑。判定被告未犯共谋灭绝种族罪。在43个审案日期间，分庭听取了40个证人的证词。在2010年4月26日听取了结辩。", "对Kanyarukiga案的判决", "25. 2010年11月1日，由希克迈法官(主审)、朴宣基法官和马桑切法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉商人Gaspard Kanyarukiga”案作出判决。Kanyarukiga被判定犯下灭绝种族罪和因杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处有期徒刑30年。判定被告未犯共谋灭绝种族罪。在28个审案日期间，分庭听取了34个证人的证词。在2010年5月24日听取了结辩。", "正在起草判决书的一起多被告案：Bizimungu等人(“政府第二号”)案", "26. 汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和肖特法官审理的“政府第二号”案涉及1994年4月9日成立的卢旺达临时政府4名前部长：Casimir Bizimungu、Justin Mugenzi、Prosper Mugiraneza和Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka。在404个审案日期间，共有171名证人作证，8 000多页文件被列为物证。在本报告所述期间，分庭进行审议，起草判决书，并发布了6项裁决和命令。预计将在2011年下半年作出判决。", "正在审理的Ngirabatware案", "27. 由塞库莱法官(主审)、博萨法官和拉约翰松法官组成的一个分庭听取了Augustin Ngirabatware(前规划部长)案。预计辩方陈述将于2011年底前结束。预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。在本报告所述期间，分庭听取了23个证人的证词，并作出了43项裁决。", "(c) 第三审判分庭", "28. 在本报告所述期间，第三审判分庭作出了2项判决，完成了1个涉及多名被告的审判案件的审判程序，开始审理另外2个案件，为2个案件的审判工作做好准备，并开始保全证据听证材料。", "对Ntawukulilyayo案的判决", "29. 2010年8月3日，汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和阿卡伊法官对Gisagara县前县长Dominique Ntawukulilyayo案作出判决。分庭判定被告犯下灭绝种族罪，判处有期徒刑25年，并判定他未犯下直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。审判分庭在33个审案日期间听取了35个证人的证词。在2010年6月14日听取了结辩。在审判期间，分庭作出了38项裁决。", "对Gatete案的判决", "30. 2011年3月29日，由汗法官(主审)、穆索加法官和阿卡伊法官组成的一个分庭对“检察官诉Jean-Baptiste Gatete”案作出判决。Jean-Baptiste Gatete在1994年曾在卢旺达妇女和家庭事务部担任司长并曾担任穆拉姆比市市长。分庭判定Gatete犯下灭绝种族罪和因杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处无期徒刑。在2010年11月8日听取了结辩。在审判过程中，在30个审案日期间听取了49个证人的证词。", "1个正在等待结辩的案件：Karemera等人案", "31. 在Karemera等人案中，由拜伦法官(主审)、卡姆法官和约恩森法官组成的分庭继续听取涉及前内政部长Édouard Karemera和前全国民主与发展共和运动主席Matthieu Ngirumpatse的证词。分庭从2010年8月23日至2011年2月18日听取了有关Matthieu Ngirumpatse案的陈述。在本报告所述期间，分庭举行了57天的审讯，听取了39个证人的证词，并发出了95项裁决。定于2011年8月22日听取结辩。预计将于2011年12月作出判决。", "正在进行中的3项审判：Nzabonimana、Ndahimana和Nizeyimana", "32. 由博萨法官(主审)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和拉约翰松法官组成的分庭继续听取针对前青年事务部长Callixte Nzabonimana案的证词。在本报告所述期间，审判分庭听取了19个证人的证词，发布了41项书面裁决。预计将于2011年12月作出判决。", "33. 由阿雷法官(主审)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和阿卡伊法官组成的另一个分庭于2010年9月6日开始听取针对前市长Grégoire Ndahimana案的证词。在本报告所述期间，审判分庭听取了45个证人的证词，并发布14项书面裁决。预计将于2011年11月作出判决。", "34. 由穆索加法官(主审)、朴法官和弗雷姆尔法官组成的分庭开始听取针对Ildéphonse Nizeyimana案的证词。Nizeyimana在1994年期间曾担任负责士官学校情报和军事行动的副指挥官。检方的案情陈述于2011年1月17日开始，2月25日结束。辩方的案情陈述于2011年5月9日开始，2011年6月13日结束。检方将于2011年9月7日至8日前后进行反驳。在本报告所述期间，分庭听取了76个证人的证词，并作出74项裁决。预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。", "预审事项", "35. 在本报告所述期间，由拜伦法官(主审)、卡姆法官和约恩森法官组成的预审分庭就Jean Uwinkindi案展开工作，并作出了5项裁决。", "36. Bernard Munyagishari于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内被逮捕，并于2011年6月14日移交给阿鲁沙方面。Munyagishari于2011年6月20日在拜伦法官面前初次出庭，并对针对他的5项指控作了无罪申辩。", "移案申请和保全证据听证材料", "37. 由阿雷法官(主审)、肖特法官和弗雷姆尔法官组成的一个分庭于2011年6月29日作出一项裁决，将针对Jean Uwinkindi的案件移交给卢旺达的法院。由约恩森法官(主审)、卡姆法官和拉约翰松法官组成的另一个分庭将听取有关逃犯Charles Sikubwabo和Fulgence Kayishema的移案申请日期延后，直至被告被逮捕或直至对Uwinkindi案作出最终裁决。", "38. 在“检察官诉Felicien Kabuga”案中开始根据规则71(之二)开展保全证据听证材料工作，约恩森法官听取了证词。计划在2011年底前开始听取有关另2个高级别逃犯的证词。", "(d) 上诉分庭", "39. 在本报告所述期间，上诉分庭审理了对涉及17个人的12项判决提出的上诉、10项中间上诉，以及10项复核或复议申请。上诉分庭作出了四项判决、9项中间上诉裁决、7项关于复核或复议的裁决，以及131项上诉前命令和裁决。", "对下列上诉案作出的判决：Rukundo、Kalimanzira、Renzaho和Muvunyi", "40. 第二审判分庭于2009年2月27日判定随军牧师Emmanuel Rukundo犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，判处有期徒刑25年。上诉分庭于2010年6月15日听取了各方的上诉陈述。在其2010年10月20日的判决中，上诉分庭确认Rukundo犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和杀戮行为犯下危害人类罪，但正如审判分庭所发现的，确认他犯下这些罪的原因在于他要承担协助和煽动犯这些罪的责任，而并非直接犯下了这些罪行。此外，上诉分庭撤销了对Rukundo在灭绝种族罪中有关造成严重精神伤害的有罪判定。上诉分庭将Rukundo的刑期减至有期徒刑23年。", "41. 第三审判分庭于2009年6月22日判定内政部前高级官员Callixte Kalimanzira犯下灭绝种族罪及直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。上诉分庭于2010年6月14日听取了各方的上诉陈述，并于2010年10月20日确认Kalimanzira犯下协助和煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行。但是，上诉分庭撤销了对Kalimanzira的其他有罪判定，并据此将他的刑期从有期徒刑30年减至25年。", "42. 第一审判分庭于2009年7月14日判定基加利省前省长犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪和严重违反《日内瓦四公约》及其《第二附加议定书》共同第3条的规定。审判分庭判处Renzaho在监狱内度过余生。上诉分庭于2010年6月16日听取了Renzaho的上诉陈述。上诉分庭于2011年4月1日撤销了对Renzaho的一些有罪判定，同时确认他犯下灭绝种族罪及因谋杀和强奸行为犯下危害人类罪和严重违反《日内瓦四公约》及其《第二附加议定书》共同第3条的规定。上诉分庭还确认了对Renzaho的刑期。", "43. 在进行重审之后，审判分庭于2010年2月11日判定卢旺达陆军前中校Tharcisse Muvunyi犯下直接和公开煽动犯灭绝种族罪的罪行，判处他有期徒刑15年。上诉分庭于2010年10月21日听取了各方的上诉陈述，并在其2011年4月1日的判决中确认有罪判定和刑期。", "对判决提出的其他上诉", "44. Théoneste Bagosora、Aloys Ntabakuze和Anatole Nsengiumva对他们的审判判决提出了上诉。上诉分庭从2011年3月30日至4月1日听取了Bagosora和Nsengiumva的上诉陈述。由于Ntabakuze的顾问不能出席排定的对他上诉陈述的听证会，上诉分庭决定分离审理他的案子，并决定延后听取他的上诉陈述。现正在审议Bagosora和Nsengiumva的案子。上诉分庭还于2011年3月听取了Setako和Munyakazi的上诉陈述，现正在审议各方的上诉陈述。上诉分庭还在处理Ntawukulilyayo、Kanyarukiga、Hategekimana和Gatetge案件的上诉申请，并正准备进行听询；以及Ndindiliyimana等人案的上诉申请，但尚未开始上诉的简报工作。", "D. 检察官办公室的活动", "45. 检察官办公室继续将工作重点放在以下几个方面：完成正在进行的审判、开始一个新的审判并准备另一个对最近被捕的2个逃犯的审判、根据规则11(之二)将逃犯案件移交给国家管辖，以及就3个最高级别逃犯(Félicien Kabuga、Protais Mpiranya和Augustin Bizimana)实施规则71(之二)的证据保全程序。此外，办公室继续加紧作出追捕努力以逮捕尚未落网的逃犯，展开最终和中间上诉工作，管理将向余留机制移交的档案和记录，以及就国家检察机关正在调查或起诉的案件向它们提供协助。", "46. 在卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭追捕小组警员的合作下，经过大力追捕，最终于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内逮捕了逃犯Bernard Munyagishari。仍在继续作出努力，以逮捕尚未落网的9个逃犯，特别是指定在法庭进行审判的其中3个最高级别的逃犯。检察官相信，刚果民主共和国的继续合作将有利于逮捕这些逃犯，因为据信其中大多数逃犯就在该国境内。", "47. 检察官在作出努力以加强该区域会员国和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭之间国际合作的同时，不时与大湖区问题国际会议执行秘书进行磋商。虽然自2010年11月以来重新启动了卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭-肯尼亚联合工作队的工作，但是有关Félicien Kabuga一案的进展仍然缓慢。检察官继续敦促肯尼亚政府加快追捕该最高级别逃犯的工作。只要大湖区会员国和法庭合作作出协调努力，就一定能将尚未落网的逃犯绳之以法。", "48. 在执行卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭移交战略的工作框架内，检察官自2011年4月以来访问了一些欧洲国家，与高级官员进行讨论，以鼓励这些国家的政府考虑接受对法庭移交过来的案件进行审判。若能得到积极回应则将极大地有助于法庭实现尽快完成其授权任务的目标。同时，对2010年11月提出3项申请作了很多努力，以寻求向卢旺达移交涉及已被捕的Uwinkindi及逃犯Sikubwabo和Kayishema的案件。检察官还继续协助卢旺达作出努力，以对被法庭调查但未被起诉的其他25个嫌疑人进行审判，有关他们的档案已于2010年移交给卢旺达。", "49. 根据安全理事会关于在2012年7月1日设立余留机制阿鲁沙分支机构的第1966(2010)号决议的规定，检察官办公室把重点放在为平稳过渡到一个有效率和有效力的机制做好准备。除了在两个法庭内部及之间进行全系统范围的协调外，前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的两个检察官办公室还设立一个检察官办公室间协调小组，并根据该决议就建立一个精干和有效的机制所设的各项目标，商定了共同检察官办公室的结构和人员配置。", "50. 在本报告所述期间，最高层出现了进行国际合作以消除有罪不罚现象和促进问责制的积极信号。一些会员国继续加强努力，在各自的国家管辖范围内，将出现在国际刑警组织通缉名单上的卢旺达嫌疑犯绳之以法。为对这些嫌疑犯进行有效起诉，检察官办公室继续向各国检察机关提供法律互助和信息。因此，在本报告所述期间，向检察官提出的从该办公室存有广泛资料的数据库提供信息的要求数目出现大幅度增加。", "E. 书记官长的活动", "1. 书记官长处", "51. 书记官长处继续发挥作为法庭各机关之间交流渠道及法庭外交臂膀的作用。因此，书记官长处同会员国、国际组织和非政府组织保持高级别外交联系。在本报告所述期间，书记官长处发出了与法庭运作有关的540多份普通照会和信函，特别是为了确保就正在进行的审判事宜得到会员国的合作。书记官长处所处理的各国司法机关提出要求提供法律协助的询问和要求越来越多。", "52. 卢旺达继续与法庭合作，协助将证人从基加利送往阿鲁沙，并为审判程序提供有关文件。", "53. 2010年11月22日与塞内加尔共和国签署了一项关于强制执行刑期的协定。2010年7月18日，法庭向一个会员国移交了一名被定罪人，以服完其剩余的刑期。书记官长处正采取必要措施，执行庭长有关命令在2011年5月将被定罪人移交给另一个会员国的4项裁决。预计很快就有2项新的裁决。如何重新安置已服完刑期的被定罪人仍然是一个令人关切的问题，需要会员国加强合作，以找到一项可持续的解决办法。", "54. 同样，如何重新安置被卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭无罪开释的人继续是法庭一项严重关注的事项。到目前为止，还有3个被无罪开释的人仍在法庭的保护下滞留在阿鲁沙，他们缺乏适当的移民身份，等待被重新安置到一个安全的国家。对他们进行重新安置一事成为难题，是因为缺乏一个正式的机制来确保使会员国支持接受这些人进入它们的国境；出现这一现象令人遗憾。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为重新安置被国际法庭无罪开释的人员是法治的一种基本表现，并对因无法履行这一义务造成的后果深感关切。联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在2011年4月在阿鲁沙举行的难民署-卢旺达问题国际法庭专家会议上表达了同样的看法。专家联席会议达成的其中一个结论认为，被无罪开释人员的困境的根由在安全理事会，法庭除呼吁安理会协助找出对这个问题的可持续解决办法之外别无他法。", "55. 对外关系和战略规划科成功地提高了对信托基金的自愿捐款，使法庭得以继续其能力建设和外联活动。这些活动是法庭任务和遗产的重要组成部分，是消除法庭和卢旺达基层人民之间信息差距的重要工具。", "56. 法庭接待了总共3 073名访客，其中包括联合国和政府高级官员、学者、民间社会团体成员、非政府组织成员和普通民众。在当前的缩编阶段，法庭吸引的访客比以往更多。", "57. 在基加利(乌姆桑祖)的信息和文献中心及在卢旺达各地的另外10个省级信息中心继续在传播信息、改善交流和提供法庭的判例和其他法律材料方面发挥关键作用。每天都有卢旺达的司法界人员、学生、研究人员和公众到这些中心来，他们获得翔实的材料，并能聆听简报会，接受培训，得到图书馆服务，观看录像及上网。在本报告所述期间，在基加利的信息中心接待了近3.6万名访客，省级信息中心接待了近1.8万名访客。", "58. 在本报告所述期间，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭开展了多项外联活动。其中一个外联旗舰项目是通过为东非学生举办一次由德意志联邦共和国赞助的作文和绘画竞赛，对大湖区青年进行敏感性和预防灭绝种族事件方面的教育。学生们探讨了国际司法、打击有罪不罚现象和法庭促进民族和解等问题。在2010年10月宣布了获奖人名单。青年敏感性项目还包括出版一本关于法庭工作的漫画书。预计该漫画书将在接近2011年底时完成。法庭于2011年4月28日和29日在卢旺达南部区域的胡耶地区启动了2011年官方提高认识方案。该方案包括展示有关灭绝种族罪的展板和有关获奖作文和绘画的海报。", "59. 此外，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在国家打击灭绝种族罪现象委员会和基加利纪念中心的协作下于2011年4月4日至15日举办了一个纪念卢旺达灭绝种族事件17周年的展览。2011年5月至7月，利用纽约新闻部提供的资金，在卢旺达6个主要监狱成功地开展了从1994年灭绝种族事件汲取教训的提高认识方案。参加的囚犯和官员人数接近29 799人。法庭继续对卢旺达国内大约700名法律专业人员进行能力建设活动，目的是进一步加强卢旺达司法部门内的如下领域：调查、证人保护、证据和信息管理，以及口头和书面辩护技能。组织的这些活动大多数是要使卢旺达司法部门具备必要工具，以便成功地接管法庭可能移交的案件。法庭采取了许多举措，如对法律专业学生进行在线法律研究培训，以及在法律实践和发展研究所和胡耶中级法院为卢旺达司法部成员举办两场类似的培训。法庭在卢旺达举办了一期通过在线资源增加图书馆藏书的培训员培训班。2011年5月，为基加利律师协会成员举办了第四次培训讲习班和模拟竞赛。", "60. 总之，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一直继续积极组织旨在加强卢旺达司法能力和提高卢旺达公众对法庭工作了解的培训班和讲习班。已为本报告所述期间规划了新的能力建设和外联方案，只要有预算外资金，就可针对卢旺达各城市大约5 000名参与者和来自卢旺达各个学校的2.8万名学生和教师开展这些方案。", "61. 通过其交流小组，对外关系和战略规划科确保通过记者招待会、通讯和新闻稿以及网站、电影和资料手册，用英文、法文和基尼亚卢旺达文广泛宣传法庭的活动信息。该科还处理了大量地方和国际媒体的查询，并通过卫星播出案件审理过程。该科在东非、冈比亚和塞内加尔举办了关于法庭工作的展览，并在几个非洲国家首都及卢旺达各地组办电影放映会、讲座和讨论会。与该区域的大学和其他教育机构一直保持着一条开放的交流渠道。", "62. 在本报告所述期间，两性平等问题协调中心提出了筹集资金以补充耗尽的证人支助方案信托基金的提案。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭利用来自会员国的自愿捐款设立了一个为证人服务的诊所，以确保向居住在卢旺达的证人、特别是那些在灭绝种族事件期间因性暴力而感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的证人提供身心护理。在本报告所述期间，该项活动收到了西班牙政府的一笔捐款。令人遗憾的是，现有的资金已告罄，如果不立即注入资源，该诊所将被迫停止提供服务和救命治疗。此外，居住在卢旺达的证人继续受益于法庭驻卢旺达诊所心理咨询护士提供的对性别问题有敏感认识的咨询。", "63. 在本报告所述期间，实习方案接待了到法庭实习的197名实习生，其中165名被分配到各分庭或检察官办公室。此外，无偿法律研究人员方案能利用各分庭和检察官办公室4个合格律师提供的服务。另外，来自12个非洲国家的15名法律研究人员得益于欧洲联盟提供的资金，能协助法庭开展工作。但是，由于捐助方已停止为该方案提供资金，因此将无法提供新的法律研究人员来协助法庭开展工作了。这些方案有助于执行《完成工作战略》，特别是在取消了法庭常设员额的情况下更是如此。", "64. 法律事务和实习方案股除阐释和复核协议外，继续就联合国行政规则的恰当实施和阐释问题及就与工作人员在民事和刑事案件中的豁免和特权有关的案件发挥重要的法律咨询作用。在本报告所述期间，该股调解和解决了工作人员与当地执法机关及与家庭雇员之间的21个案件。", "2. 司法和法律事务司", "65. 法庭管理科向法庭的司法程序提供支助服务，包括提供实时诉讼程序记录、支持对卢旺达进行实地访问、证明证人陈述、庭外取证和各国的视频连接听证会。作为法庭能力建设和外联活动的组成部分，该科继续为非洲各国的代表举办培训班，包括法庭即时编制记录誊本系统的演示。该科还举办旨在加强卢旺达司法部门机构能力的专门培训班。作为法庭为过渡到余留机制所作准备的一个重要组成部分，法庭管理科协助起草将移交给余留机制管理的记录和档案的政策和导则。该科还继续对法庭诉讼过程的录音录像藏品进行数字化处理和编辑。", "66. 辩护律师和拘留管理科继续向书记官长处、各分庭和检察官提供基本和更好的支助服务。该科改进了向被拘留者、囚犯及其顾问提供的支助服务，以保障被拘留者和囚犯获得法律代理人的权利。法律援助方案经证明是有效率、效力和省钱的。在本报告所述期间，电子计费系统经过测试，证明是可行的。", "67. 在本报告所述期间，法庭的各审判分庭和上诉分庭对18名被告作了判决。其中，1名被拘留者的刑期与其被拘押时间相当，因此立即得到释放。在同一时期，联合国拘留所收纳了来自卢旺达的19名被拘留证人和1名来自马里的囚犯证人，该证人被要求在不同的审判中作证。", "68. 2010年7月18日，将1名囚犯移交给一个会员国以便服刑。2010年7月1日，1名被拘留者在长期患病后在阿鲁沙的一家医院死亡。1名于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国境内被捕的被拘留者已被移交，于2011年6月14日进入联合国拘留所。", "69. 截至2011年6月30日，联合国拘留所共有36名被拘押的人(12名被拘留者和24名被定罪者)。", "70. 红十字国际委员会于2011年6月15日探访了联合国拘留所，并与被拘留者面谈。该委员会表扬拘留所管理部门实现了各项目标，特别是使拘留所具有良好条件的目标。", "71. 在本报告所述期间，证人和被害人支助科共确保了来自21个国家的216名证人及时到庭。对几名证人进行了威胁评估。依照各分庭规定的保护措施，修改了记录誊本，以删去可识别证人或其家庭成员的信息，然后再将之公布于众。该科在那些到法庭作证的证人居留国加强了审判后监测活动。住在卢旺达的几名证人得到了旨在改进其医疗和心理复原的各种援助。该科得到了若干会员国的合作，提供临时旅行证件使证人得以进出阿鲁沙；联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在若干非洲国家的办事处也配合工作，协助为证人的迁移和保护提供便利。一些国家还协助护送证人。该科为卢旺达司法部门和坦桑尼亚执法和司法官员举办了2次关于保护证人的培训。", "72. 语文事务科向各分庭、各方和书记官长处提供口译、笔译和印制服务。在本报告所述期间，翻译了7项审判判决和4项上诉判决、大量的裁决和其他文件，如审判前简报及结案简报和动议。笔译、口译和校对员的名册已确立，以免出现审判可能中断的情况；已用过一次，以雇佣2名基尼亚卢旺达语的口译-笔译员。此外，将有些需要翻译的文件外包，并聘用自由从业的审校，以减轻该科的繁重工作量。", "73. 法律图书馆和参考资料科在提供支助司法进程所需的法律资料方面发挥必不可少的作用。此外，法律图书馆发行了新版的“卢旺达问题国际法庭基本文件和判例法”全文检索DVD(1995年至2010年)和CD-ROM(2010年)。", "3. 行政支助事务司", "74. 缩编进程继续对整个法庭工作构成重大挑战。行政支助事务司继续采取积极主动和灵活的态度应对这些挑战。", "75. 法庭的工作人员来自72个国家。截至2011年6月29日，法庭有666名工作人员，而核定编制为827个员额，空缺员额161个，空缺率为19%。根据当前的减员率趋势，加上工作人员继续另谋更稳定的工作，预计到2011年年底，空缺率将超过20%。专业人员职等及以上的工作人员性别比例是男性占64%，女性占36%。", "76. 在缩编阶段，如何吸引和留住称职的工作人员仍然是一项重大挑战。向工作人员发放短期合同进一步增进不稳定状况，并继续对生产力产生不利影响。该司已制订了一些旨在留住工作人员的措施，并正与人力资源管理厅密切合作，协商根据审案日程表发放合同的办法，以向那些仍需要其提供服务者发放较长期合同。同时，关于留住人员的协商工作在继续进行，以确定法庭工作结束前要留用的工作人员人数和组成。应指出，目前这种限制临时任命期限的做法可能会对《完成工作战略》产生不利影响。", "77. 职业资源中心组织了几个职业发展讲习班和培训班，以协助工作人员实现他们的职业志向。人力资源规划科继续积极协助即将离开法庭的工作人员。在联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的协作下，于2011年5月组织了一系列演讲和个别协商，以使工作人员了解其养恤金福利。该科还于2011年6月举办了另一次招工介绍会，并再次发布了一个在线技能汇编(电子概况介绍)，以帮助所有职类的工作人员在结束在法庭的任职之后能获得就业。该科还继续向工作人员和法官提供咨询，解释他们最后应享的权利和新的合同安排及《工作人员细则》所产生的影响。", "78. 安保和安全科通过与东道国安保机构和坦桑尼亚联合共和国安保顾问办公室进行较有针对性的互动协作，继续更新和测试各种应急计划，以确保法庭工作人员、房地、资产和业务的安全和安保。在本报告所述期间，未发生重大事件。联合国安保准则得到全面实施，并与工作人员定期和及时分享了安保信息。", "79. 信息技术事务科继续向法庭提供关键支助。电子数据处理股维护法庭的信息技术基础设施，支持和满足各业务单位的计算需求。在本报告所述期间，若干业务处理系统上网，提高了行政支助事务司标准行政程序的效率和及时性。网络和数据中心基础设施得到更新，以取代过时设备并提高能力，为重要的音频视频数字化处理和其他遗留项目提供支助。视听股提供所有法庭诉讼程序的录像，并为远程证人作证和会议提供视像会议服务。电信股为电话网络、2个卫星地球站、农村电话连结和双向无线网络及电话账单和交换台操作服务的作业和维护提供支助。", "80. 医务股向法官和工作人员及其受扶养人以及被拘留者、证人和受害人提供治疗、预防和创伤咨询支助，并行使医疗行政职能。医务股通过四个下级单位监测客户健康：2个设在基加利，2个设在阿鲁沙。在基加利，证人得到全面体检和医护后才转移到阿鲁沙作证。在阿鲁沙，联合国拘留所下级单位看护被拘留者、囚犯及囚犯证人。在总部诊所，客户免费得到药物、化验服务和免疫接种。", "81. 咨询和福利股处理工作人员和获得认可的家庭成员的心理社会问题，并为所有工作人员的健康开展福利活动。该股还继续向证人提供创伤咨询，并向工作人员及其家属提供专业的心理辅助。工作人员顾问24小时提供服务。", "82. 在资源管理领域，预算股继续提供专门知识，说明如何适当规划、控制和监测现有资源的利用。财务科继续向法庭工作人员及其他当事人提供及时和可靠的服务。", "83. 总务科和采购科向法庭提供重要支助。依照《完成工作战略》，房舍管理处开始将多余的集装箱式住所从基加利运到阿鲁沙，将其用作办公室，因而可以向房东退还一部分经常性租用房地。资产管理处改善了对法庭购置的货物的接收和检查。目前正在努力引进伽利略存货管理系统。该单位还加快了老旧过时财产的处置进程。最近在法庭业务缩减情况下获得的仓库设施成了对注销资产进行商业处置的中心。运输事务股为了监测和控制公务用车的使用，在法庭的几乎所有车辆上都安装了跟踪车辆行踪的全球定位系统。这些装置可就车辆的油耗、实际位置和行车速度提供实时信息。这不仅加强了道路纪律，而且还能很快找回被窃的公务用车。中央登记/邮件/邮袋和档案处继续向整个法庭提供服务。中央档案设施继续将行政支助事务司各科/股生成的记录归档，继续将元数据输入塔沃尔记录信息管理数据库。在基加利为行政支助事务司基加利记录材料设立了职能性档案机构。采购科继续确保及时和在预算范围内提供法庭为有效开展活动所需的物品和服务。该科与包括运输股在内的各单位密切合作，确定可进行外包的服务，如车辆的修理和维护工作。该科还对法庭的部分家具、车辆和设备成功地进行了商业处置。", "三. 结论和建议", "84. 在过去一年中，在工作量很大的情况下，法庭在实现《完成工作战略》各项目标方面取得了重大进展：作出了涉及14名被告的6项审判判决。在审判层面，预计2011年底前，将对除2个案件外的所有剩余案件作出判决。", "85. 国家合作仍然是法庭有能力完成其任务的基石。法庭赞赏会员国给予持续信任和支持。", "86. 在本报告所述期间，在会员国密切合作下，在该地区逮捕了1名逃犯。然而，法庭和各会员国必须进一步努力，以确保逮捕余下的9名逃犯，特别是逮捕指定由法庭审判、逃避司法达17年以上的3名高级别被告。", "87. 法庭再次呼吁采取迫切行动，帮助为无罪开释但仍在法庭保护之下住在位于阿鲁沙的安全房里的3名人员找到接收国。对其中一人来说，自上诉分庭确认他无罪后已过去了4年多。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为重新安置被国际法庭无罪开释的人员是法治的一种基本表现，并对因无法履行这一义务造成的后果深感关切。", "88. 最后，法庭作为一个即将结束其任务的组织，要维持适当数目的有经验工作人员仍然是一项关键挑战。法庭赞赏会员国对解决这个紧迫问题所作努力给予的所有支持。", "89. 法庭17年来一直从事与卢旺达灭绝种族事件直接有关的工作。灭绝种族事件对法庭所有人都造成极大影响，为被害者伸张正义仍然是驱动我们的动力，使我们致力于确保实现绝不让这种暴行再次发生这一目标。我们呼吁国际社会提供支持，给我们必要的资源以完成我们的任务；我们希望，我们的工作将为对有罪不罚现象进行的持续战斗指明方向。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议 临时议程* 项目73\n起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的报告", "页:1", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员和安全理事会成员转递卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告,该报告由卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭庭长根据法庭规约第32条(见安全理事会第955(1994)号决议,附件)提交,其中规定:", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭年度报告。", "联合国", "大会主席", "联 合 国", "纽约", "安全理事会主席", "联 合 国", "纽约", "2011年7月28日,纽约", "阁下,", "谨依照《国际法庭规约》第32条的规定,向大会和安全理事会提交起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭2011年7月28日第十六次年度报告。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "哈立达(签名) 拉希德·汗", "庭长", "起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭第十六次年度报告", "内容提要", "本年度报告概述了卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "在过去一年里,法庭继续努力从速完成其余的审判和上诉工作量。 尽管存在重大困难,特别是在留住和征聘工作人员方面,法庭仍取得重大进展,在本报告所述期间作出了六项审判判决。 涉及10名被告的6起审判判决仍有待作出。 一审工作预计将于2012年第一季度完成。", "上诉分庭对单一被告案件作出了四项判决,使完成上诉一级判决的人总数达到35人。 上诉工作预计将于2014年第一季度完成。", "在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室通过与该区域会员国的密切合作,成功逮捕了一名逃犯,使逃犯人数降至9人。 检察官还重点协助国家当局起诉与1994年卢旺达种族灭绝有关的罪行。 还继续向卢旺达当局提供支助,以协助它们满足法庭移交案件的条件。", "书记官处向法庭提供高水平的行政和司法支助。 它确保会员国与法庭合作并提供协助,并进一步加强了法庭在卢旺达的外联和能力建设活动。 审判程序继续得到司法和法律事务司各单位和科的支助。 行政支助事务司继续努力确保有效管理法庭缩编进程。", "法庭所有机关正在尽最大努力,以迅速完成法庭的工作并准备向余留事项处理机制平稳过渡。 这些努力需要会员国提供必要的合作和支持:仍有9名逃犯需要逮捕,3名无罪释放者需要国家重新安置,需要向法庭提供足够的资源,使其能够在预期的时间框架内完成任务。 法庭依靠会员国的持续支持来实现其目标。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言. 5 联合国的活动5\nA. 法庭的活动 全体会议\nB. 协调活动 6\nC. 活动 第7次会议\nD. 检察官办公室的活动 12\n检察官\n书记官处 结论20和\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭(法庭)第十六次年度报告概述了法庭2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动。", "2. 法庭通过庭长办公室、各分庭、检察官办公室和书记官长办公室,继续努力实现安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议所认可的《完成工作战略》的各项目标,并开展密集的审判和上诉活动并起草判决书。", "二. 法庭的活动", "3个 法庭由两个审判分庭、一个上诉分庭、检察官办公室和一个书记官处组成。 2011年5月27日,哈立达·拉希德·汗法官(巴基斯坦)当选为庭长,丹尼斯·拜伦法官(圣基茨和尼维斯)当选为副庭长。", "A类. 主席的活动", "1. 联合国 司法活动", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间,庭长决定将5名被定罪人移交会员国执行判决。 预计这些转让将很快完成。 总统还就各种其他事项发布了命令,包括国家合作和拘留条件。", "2. 《完成工作战略》", "5 (韩语). 庭长同检察官和书记官长密切合作,继续执行法庭的《完成工作战略》。 2010年12月6日和2011年6月6日,庭长向安全理事会提交了六个月的《完成工作战略》报告。 在本报告所述期间,法庭发布了6项审判判决和4项上诉判决,共计18名被告。 6起审判案件仍有待作出判决。 除两起审判外,所有案件都已完成了举证阶段,预计今年除两起案件外,所有案件都将作出判决。 在这两个案件中,预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。", "6. 国家 工作人员自然减员仍然是及时实现《完成工作战略》目标的主要障碍之一。 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间,共有152名工作人员离开法庭,在联合国或其他组织内从事更稳定的工作:18名工作人员从分庭离职,14名从检察官办公室离职,其余工作人员从行政部门和书记官处其他部门离职。 更换即将离职的工作人员是一个漫长的过程,即使在最好的情况下,也会造成延误,无法弥补机构记忆的持续损失。 此外,许多工作人员持有临时合同,需要例外地延长729天。 安全理事会在第1955(2010)号决议中再次呼吁秘书处和联合国其他有关机构继续与法庭书记官长合作,以找到切实可行的办法解决人员配置问题。", "7. 联合国 安全理事会在设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(余留机制)的第1966(2010)号决议中请秘书长作出必要的实际安排,使余留机制开始运作。 在法律事务厅的指导下,自2011年2月以来,前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一直在共同努力执行这项任务。 最初的优先事项是编制2012-2013两年期拟议预算和《程序和证据规则》草案。 在2011年7月之前,这两个提案都顺利提交给了法律事务厅。 下一步的重点是统一两个法庭的政策、程序和运作,以确保余留机制能够从2012年7月1日开始工作。", "3个 外交关系和其他代表", "8. 联合国 主席与联合国总部和东道国、联合国所在地和其他国家的外交界保持经常联系。 联合国秘书处,特别是法律事务厅,提供了重要的法律咨询和外交支助,以确保法庭、安全理事会和大会之间的顺利合作。", "9. 国家 在向安全理事会通报情况时,法庭庭长和检察官都参加了安全理事会国际法庭问题非正式工作组的会议。 这允许同安全理事会成员的法律顾问进行全面和公开的讨论。", "B. 协调机制的活动", "1. 联合国 协调委员会", "10个 由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成的协调委员会定期举行会议,讨论影响整个法庭的问题,如《完成工作战略》、余留机制、人员配置和预算事项等。", "2. 主席团", "11个 庭长主席团由两个审判分庭的庭长、副庭长和主审法官组成,庭长在常会上和通过就与法庭运作有关的问题进行书面交流,征求了他们的意见。", "3个 全体会议", "12个 在本报告所述期间,法庭法官于2011年4月1日举行了一次全体会议,讨论各种问题。 全体会议通过了对《程序和证据规则》第11条之二的修正,允许分庭自行监测和撤销移交国家管辖的案件。", "4. 规则委员会", "13个 规则委员会提出或讨论修正《程序和证据规则》的建议。 它由约恩森法官(主席)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和朴法官组成,由分庭法律干事协助。 关于与审判的一般进行有关的事项,委员会以扩大的形式开庭,由检察官办公室代表和辩护律师提供支助。 委员会定期开会讨论第11条之二的修正案,并同前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭密切合作,向法律事务厅提供对余留机制程序和证据规则草案的评论。", "C. 各分庭的活动", "1. 联合国 分庭的组成", "14个 这些分庭由两个审判分庭和一个上诉分庭组成,目前由12名常任法官和10名审案法官组成。", "15个 5名常任法官和所有审案法官参加了两个审判分庭。 一名常任法官Asoka de Silva法官(斯里兰卡)和两名审案法官Joseph Masanche法官(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和Taghrid Hikmet法官(约旦)在完成最后案件后离开了法庭。 审案法官罗伯特·弗雷姆尔法官(捷克共和国)于2010年9月返回法庭。", "16号. 上诉分庭有7名常任法官。 其中穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)来自卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭,另外五名法官来自前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭。", "17岁。 审判分庭目前由下列法官组成:哈立达·拉希德·汗(巴基斯坦)、丹尼斯·拜伦(圣基茨和尼维斯)、威廉·塞库莱(坦桑尼亚联合共和国)、阿莱特·拉马鲁松(马达加斯加)和巴赫季亚尔·图兹穆哈梅多夫(俄罗斯联邦)为常任法官;索洛米·巴隆吉·博萨(乌干达)、李·加库伊加·穆索加(肯尼亚)、佛罗伦萨·丽塔·阿雷(喀麦隆)、埃米尔·弗朗西斯·肖特(加纳)、朴宣基(大韩民国)、格贝道·古斯塔夫·卡姆(布基纳法索)、瓦格恩·约恩森(丹麦)、姆帕拉尼·拉约翰松(马达加斯加)、艾丁·塞法·阿卡伊(土耳其)和罗伯特·弗雷姆尔(捷克共和国)为审案法官。", "18岁。 上诉分庭由帕特里克·鲁滨逊法官(牙买加)担任主审法官、穆罕默德·居内伊法官(土耳其)、福斯托·波卡尔法官(意大利)、刘大群法官(中国)、安德列西亚·瓦斯法官(塞内加尔)、西奥多·梅龙法官(美利坚合众国)和卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(马耳他)组成。", " 19. 19. 法庭注意到大会第65/258(2011)号决议,其中审查了在特设法庭任职的审案法官的服务条件和报酬,并给予连续服务超过三年的全职法官一次性惠给金,法庭感谢大会为此作出的努力。", "2. 审判分庭和上诉分庭的主要活动", "(a) 第一审判分庭", "20号. 本审判分庭的工作已经完成。", "(b) 第二审判分庭", "21岁 在本报告所述期间,第二审判分庭对4个案件作出判决,并继续起草涉及5名被告的两个案件的判决。 一个单一被告的审判正在进行中。", "Nyiramasuhuko等人(“Butare”)案的判决", "22. 2011年6月24日,由塞库莱(主审)、拉马鲁松和博萨法官组成的分庭对布塔雷案作出判决。 审判涉及六名被告: Pauline Nyiramasuhuko(前家庭和妇女发展部长);Arsène Shalom Ntahobali(1994年4月在布塔雷据称是联攻派领导人);Sylvain Nsabimana(1994年4月19日至6月17日为布塔雷省省长);Alphonse Nteziryayo(1994年6月17日至7月为布塔雷省省长);Joseph Kanyabashi(布塔雷省恩戈马县前市长);Elie Ndayambaje(布塔雷省穆干萨县前市长)。 分庭判定六名被告犯有灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪等各种罪行,判处Nyiramasuhuko、Ntahobali和Ndayambaje无期徒刑,Nsabimana25年徒刑,Kanyabashi35年徒刑,Nteziryayo30年徒刑。 在审判期间,分庭在714个审判日中听取了189名证人的证词。", "Ndindiliyimana等人案判决(“军事二号”)", "23. 联合国 2011年5月17日,由德席尔瓦法官(主审)、希克梅特法官和朴法官组成的分庭对军事二号案作出判决。 该案涉及四名被告:François-Xavier Nzuwonemeye(前卢旺达军队侦察营指挥官)、Augustin Bizimungu(前卢旺达军队参谋长)、Augustin Ndindiliyimana(前国家宪兵参谋长)和Innocent Sagahutu(前卢旺达军队侦察营A中队指挥官)。 Ndindiliyimana被判处已服刑的时间并被命令立即释放。 Bizimungu被判处30年徒刑,而Nzuwonemeye和Sagahutu各被判处20年徒刑。 在393个审判日中,分庭听取了217名证人的证词。 分庭于2009年6月24日、25日和26日听取了双方的最后陈述。", "Hategekimana案的判决", "24 (韩语). 2010年12月6日,由主审法官拉马鲁松、希克迈特和马桑切组成的分庭对检察官诉恩戈马军营前指挥官伊尔德蓬塞·哈特盖基马纳案作出判决。 Hategekimana被判定犯有灭绝种族罪以及谋杀和强奸等危害人类罪并被判处无期徒刑。 被告被认定犯有共谋灭绝种族罪。 在43个审判日期间,分庭听取了40名证人的证词。 2010年4月26日听取了终结辩论。", "对Kanyarukiga案的判决", "25岁 2010年11月1日,由Hikmet(主审)、Park和Masanche法官组成的分庭对检察官诉Gaspard Kanyarukiga(商人)案作出判决。 Kanyarukiga被判定犯有灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪并被处以30年监禁。 被告被宣告犯有共谋灭绝种族罪。 在28个审判日中,分庭听取了34名证人的证词。 2010年5月24日听取了终结辩论。", "正在起草判决书的一名多名被告: 比齐蒙古等. (“政府二”)", "26. 联合国 由Khan法官(主审)、Muthoga法官和肖特法官审理的政府二号案涉及1994年4月9日临时政府四名前卢旺达部长——Casimir Bizimungu、Justin Mugenzi、Prosper Mugiraneza和Jérôme-Clément Bicamumpaka。 审判历时404个审判日,共有171名证人作证,8 000多页的物证被作为证据。 在本报告所述期间,分庭参与了审议和判决的起草工作并发布了6项裁决和命令。 预计2011年下半年作出判决。", "正在进行的Ngirabatware审判", "27个 Augustin Ngirabatware案(前规划部长)由Sekule(主审)、Bossa和Rajohnson法官组成的分庭审理。 辩方陈述预计将于2011年底完成。 预计2012年第一季度作出判决。 在本报告所述期间,分庭听取了23名证人的证词并作出了43项裁决。", "(c) 第三审判分庭", "28岁 在本报告所述期间,第三审判分庭作出了两项判决,完成了对一宗多名被告案件的审判程序,开始对另外两起案件提起诉讼,为两起案件的审判做准备,并开始进行证据保全听讯。", "Ntawukulilyayo案的判决", "29. 国家 2010年8月3日,Khan法官(主审)、Muthoga法官和Akay法官对Gisagara前副院长Dominique Ntawukulilyayo案作出判决。 分庭判定被告犯有灭绝种族罪并判处他25年徒刑,并宣布他犯有直接和公开煽动实施灭绝种族罪的罪行。 在33个审判日中,审判分庭听取了35名证人的证词。 2010年6月14日听取了终结辩论。 在诉讼过程中,分庭作出了38项裁决。", "Gatete案的判决", "30岁。 2011年3月29日,由Khan法官(主审)、Muthoga法官和Akay法官组成的分庭对检察官诉Jean-Baptiste Gatete案作出判决,Jean-Baptiste Gatete是1994年卢旺达妇女和家庭事务部主任,以前是Murambi乡的乡长。 分庭判处Gatete无期徒刑,罪名是灭绝种族罪和危害人类罪。 2010年11月8日听取了闭幕辩论。 在审判期间,在30个审判日中听取了49名证人的证词。", "等待终结辩论的一宗案件: 卡来梅拉等.", "31岁 在Karemera等人案中,由拜伦(主审)、卡姆和约恩森法官组成的分庭继续听取涉及前内政部长Édouard Karemera和前全国民主与发展共和运动主席Matthieu Ngirumpatse的证据。 2010年8月23日至2011年2月18日,分庭听取了Matthieu Ngirumpatse一案的陈述。 在本报告所述期间,分庭开庭57个审判日,听取了39名证人的证词并作出了95项裁决。 总结辩论定于2011年8月22日开始。 预计将于2011年12月作出判决。", "3起正在进行的审判:Nzabonimana、Ndahimana和Nizeyimana", "32. 联合国 由博萨法官(主审)、图兹穆哈梅多夫法官和拉约翰松法官组成的分庭继续听取对前青年部长卡利克斯特·恩扎博尼马纳案的证据。 在本报告所述期间,审判分庭听取了19名证人的证词并作出了41项书面裁决。 预计2011年12月作出判决。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 由Arrey(主审)、Tuzmukhamedov和Akay法官组成的另一分庭于2010年9月6日开始审理对Grégoire Ndahimana(前市长)一案的证据。 在本报告所述期间,审判分庭听取了45名证人的证词并作出了14项书面裁决。 预计将于2011年11月作出判决。", "34. 国家 分庭由Muthoga法官(主审)、Park法官和Fremr法官组成,1994年开始审理Ildéphonse Nizeyimana案的证据。 Ildéphonse Nizeyimana是前副指挥,负责县官学校的情报和军事行动。 检方陈述于2011年1月17日开始,2月25日结束。 辩方于2011年5月9日开始陈述案情,2011年6月13日结束。 检方将于2011年9月7日或大约8日提出反驳。 在本报告所述期间,分庭听取了76名证人的证词并作出了74项裁决。 预计将于2012年第一季度作出判决。", "预审事项", "35. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,由拜伦法官(主审)、卡姆法官和约恩森法官组成的预审分庭开始了对让·乌温金迪案的工作并作出了五项裁决。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 伯纳德·穆尼亚吉沙里于2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国被捕,于2011年6月14日被移送阿鲁沙。 Munyagishari于2011年6月20日在拜伦法官面前初次出庭,他对指控他的五项指控表示不服罪。", "移交申请和证据保存听讯", "37. 2011年6月29日,由Arrey(主审)、Short和Fremr法官组成的分庭作出裁决,将Jean Uwinkindi案提交卢旺达法院。 另一个分庭由约恩森法官(主审)、卡姆法官和拉约翰松法官组成,推迟审理逃犯Charles Sikubwabo和Fulgence Kayishema的移交申请,直至被告被捕或对Uwinkindi案作出最后裁决。", "38. 国家 检察官诉菲利西安·卡布加案开始根据规则第71条之二进行证据保全听讯,约恩森法官正在审理此案。 计划在2011年底前开始审理另外两名高级别逃犯。", "(d) 上诉分庭", "39. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,上诉分庭审理了对涉及17人的12起判决提出的上诉、10起中间上诉和10起复审或复议动议。 上诉分庭作出了4项判决、9项中间上诉裁定、7项与复审或复议有关的裁定以及131项上诉前命令和裁定。", "上诉判决:Rukundo、Kalimanzira、Renzaho和Muvunyi", "40. 第二审判分庭于2009年2月27日判定军事牧师Emmanuel Rukundo犯有灭绝种族罪、谋杀和灭绝等危害人类罪并判处他25年徒刑。 上诉分庭于2010年6月15日听取了双方的上诉。 上诉分庭在2010年10月20日的判决中确认Rukundo犯有灭绝种族罪、谋杀和灭绝等危害人类罪,但这样做的依据是他有责任协助和教唆这些罪行,而不是如审判分庭所认定的那样实施这些罪行。 此外,上诉分庭推翻了Rukundo因造成严重精神伤害而被判的灭绝种族罪。 上诉分庭将Rukundo的刑期减为23年监禁。", "41. Callixte Kalimanzira是内政部前高级官员,2009年6月22日被第三审判分庭判定犯有灭绝种族罪和直接和公开煽动灭绝种族罪。 上诉分庭于2010年6月14日听取了双方的上诉,并于2010年10月20日确认对Kalimanzira协助和教唆灭绝种族罪的定罪。 然而,上诉分庭推翻了对Kalimanzira的其余定罪,因此将他的刑期从30年减为25年。", "42. 2009年7月14日,第一审判分庭判定基加利-维尔省前省长Tharcisse Renzaho犯有灭绝种族罪以及谋杀和强奸等危害人类罪行并严重违反了日内瓦四公约及其第二附加议定书共同第三条。 审判分庭判处Renzaho终身监禁。 上诉分庭于2010年6月16日审理了Renzaho的上诉。 2011年4月1日,上诉分庭推翻了Renzaho的一些定罪,同时确认对灭绝种族罪和谋杀罪的定罪为危害人类罪并严重违反了日内瓦四公约共同第3条及其第二附加议定书。 上诉分庭还维持了Renzaho的判决。", "43. 东帝汶 在重审之后,第三审判分庭于2010年2月11日判定卢旺达军队的一名前中校Tharcisse Muvunyi犯有直接和公开煽动灭绝种族罪并判处他15年徒刑。 上诉分庭于2010年10月21日听取了双方的上诉,并在2011年4月1日的判决中维持定罪和判刑。", "对判决的进一步上诉", "44. 国家 Théoneste Bagosora、Aloys Ntabakuze和Anatole Nsengiyumva对其审判判决提出上诉。 2011年3月30日至4月1日,上诉分庭审理了Bagosora和Nsengiyumva的上诉。 由于Ntabakuze的律师不能出席预定审理他的上诉,上诉分庭将他的案件分开,决定以后再审理他的上诉。 目前正在审议Bagosora和Nsengiyumva案。 上诉分庭还在审议双方在Setako和Munyakazi案中的上诉,并于2011年3月审理了这两个案件。 上诉分庭还正在审理Ntawukulilyayo、Kanyarukiga、Hategekimana和Gatete等案的上诉(正在准备审理)和Ndindiliyimana等案的上诉(其中上诉的案情陈述尚未开始)。", "D类. 检察官办公室的活动", "45. 国家 检察官办公室继续集中努力完成正在进行的审判,开始一宗新审判,并为最近被捕的两名逃犯准备另一起审判,根据规则第11条之二将逃犯案件移交国家司法机关,并对三名高级逃犯(菲利西安·卡布加、Protais Mpiranya和Augustin Bizimana)执行规则第71条之二证据保全程序。 此外,检察官办公室继续加紧追踪逮捕其余逃犯的工作,进行最后和中间上诉,管理移交余留事项处理机制的档案和记录,并就国家检察机关正在调查或起诉的案件向其提供协助。", "46. 经常预算: 2011年5月25日,刚果民主共和国与卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭追踪小组的官员合作,严厉追踪逃犯贝尔纳·穆尼亚吉沙里。 继续努力逮捕其余9名逃犯,特别是指定由法庭审判的3名高级逃犯。 检察官相信,刚果民主共和国的继续合作将有利于逮捕这些逃犯,据信,他们中的大多数在该国境内。", "47. 国家 在他努力加强该区域会员国同卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的国际合作的同时,检察官同大湖区问题国际会议执行秘书进行了建设性的协商。 然而,虽然卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭-肯尼亚警察联合工作队的工作自2010年11月以来已重新启动,但菲利西安·卡布加案的进展仍然缓慢。 检察官继续敦促肯尼亚政府加快追查和逮捕这名高级逃犯的工作。 大湖区成员国同法庭合作作出一致努力,保证将其余逃犯绳之以法。", " 48. 48. 在执行卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭移交战略的框架内,检察官于2011年4月访问了一些欧洲国家,同高级官员进行了讨论,鼓励他们的政府考虑接受法庭的审判。 积极的反应将大大有助于法庭实现其迅速完成任务的目标。 同时,在2010年11月提交的三份申请中投入了很大努力,寻求将被捕者Uwinkindi和逃犯Sikubwabo和Kayishema的案件移交卢旺达。 检察官还继续协助卢旺达努力审判25名其他被法庭调查但未起诉的嫌疑人,他们的档案已于2010年移交卢旺达。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 根据2012年7月1日设立余留事项处理机制阿鲁沙分会的安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议,检察官办公室侧重于为顺利过渡到一个高效和有效的机制进行筹备工作。 除了两个法庭内部和相互之间的全系统协调外,前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭检察官办公室还设立了一个检察官办公室内部协调小组,该小组已根据该决议的目标,商定了共同检察官办公室的结构和人员配置,以便建立一个精干而有效的机制。", " 50. 50. 在本报告所述期间,出现了一个积极的信号,即开展国际合作,打击有罪不罚现象并追究最高级别的责任。 一些会员国继续加强努力,在本国管辖范围内审判国际刑警组织通缉名单上的卢旺达嫌犯。 为了有效起诉这些嫌疑人,检察官办公室继续向国家检察机关提供司法协助和信息。 因此,在本报告所述期间,要求检察官提供检察官办公室广泛数据库资料的请求大量增加。", "页:1 书记官处的活动", "1. 联合国 书记官长办公室", "51. 联合国 书记官长办公室继续充当法庭各机构及其外交部门之间的沟通渠道。 因此,书记官长处与会员国、国际组织和非政府组织保持高级别外交联系。 在本报告所述期间,书记官长办公室转交了540多份普通照会和与法庭业务有关的其他来函,特别是为了在进行中的审判方面争取会员国的支持与合作。 书记官处处理了更多的查询和国家司法机关提出的法律援助请求。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 卢旺达继续与法庭合作,为证人从基加利前往阿鲁沙提供便利,并提供有关文件供审判程序使用。", "53. 联合国 2010年11月22日与塞内加尔共和国签署了关于执行判决的协定。 2010年7月18日,法庭将一名被定罪人移送一个会员国服刑。 书记官处正在采取必要措施,执行庭长作出的四项决定,命令于2011年5月将被定罪人移交另一个会员国。 预计不久将再作出两项决定。 已服满刑期的被定罪人的重新安置仍然是一个令人关切的问题,需要找到可持续的解决办法,这需要会员国加强合作。", "54. 联合国 同样,被卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭宣告无罪的人的重新安置问题仍然是法庭严重关切的问题。 迄今为止,在法庭的保护下,有3名被宣告无罪的人仍然留在阿鲁沙,在等待迁移到安全国家时没有适当的移民身份。 对他们迁移的挑战是一个不幸的结果,因为缺乏一个正式机制,以确保会员国支持在其领土内接受这些人。 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为,重新安置国际法庭宣告无罪的人是法治的基本体现,并严重关切未能履行这一义务的后果。 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处在2011年4月于阿鲁沙举行的难民署-卢旺达问题国际法庭专家会议上也赞同这一观点。 联合专家会议的一项结论承认,被宣告无罪者的困境属于安全理事会,法庭别无选择,只能呼吁安理会协助找到这一问题的可持续解决办法。", "55. 国家 对外关系和战略规划科成功地为信托基金筹集了自愿捐款,使法庭能够开展能力建设和外联活动。 这些活动是法庭任务和遗产的重要组成部分,是缩小法庭同卢旺达基层人民之间的信息差距的重要工具。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 法庭共接待了3 073名来访者,包括联合国高级官员和政府官员、学术界人士、民间社会、非政府组织和一般公众。 在目前缩编阶段,法庭吸引了更多的来访者。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 基加利(乌曼苏)信息和文件中心以及卢旺达各地另外10个省级新闻中心继续在信息传播、改善沟通和查阅法庭判例及其他法律材料方面发挥关键作用。 卢旺达司法机构成员、学生、研究人员和公众每天访问这些中心,向他们提供信息材料,并获得简报、培训、图书馆服务、录像放映和因特网。 在本报告所述期间,基加利新闻中心接待了大约36 000名来访者,省级新闻中心接待了大约18 000名来访者。", "58. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭开展了若干外联活动。 一个旗舰外联项目涉及大湖区的青年宣传和防止灭绝种族教育,由德意志联邦共和国赞助,为东非学生举办作文和绘画比赛。 他们要求学生讨论国际司法、打击有罪不罚现象和法庭对民族和解的贡献等问题。 2010年10月宣布获奖者. 青年宣传项目还包括出版一本关于法庭工作的漫画书。 该漫画书预计将在2011年年底前完成。 法庭于2011年4月28日和29日在卢旺达南部地区Huye地区启动了2011年官方提高认识方案。 该方案包括展示种族灭绝展览小组和获奖作文和绘画的海报。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 此外,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭同国家打击灭绝种族罪国家委员会和基加利纪念中心合作,于2011年4月4日至15日举办了一次纪念卢旺达灭绝种族十七周年的展览会。 2011年5月至7月,利用纽约新闻部提供的资金,在卢旺达全国六所大监狱成功实施了1994年种族灭绝事件经验教训提高认识方案。 大约29,799名囚犯和官员出席了会议。 法庭继续为卢旺达约700名法律专业人员开展能力建设活动,以进一步加强卢旺达司法部门在调查、证人保护、证据和信息管理以及口头和书面宣传技能等领域的能力。 这些活动主要是为了使卢旺达司法部门具备必要的工具,以便成功地处理法庭可能移交的案件。 法庭开展的许多举措的一些实例包括:为法律学生提供在线法律研究培训;在法律实践和发展研究所和Huye中级法院为卢旺达司法人员提供两次类似的培训。 法庭在卢旺达举办了关于通过在线资源增加图书馆藏书的培训员培训班。 2011年5月,为基加利律师协会成员举办了第四次培训讲习班和模拟辩论赛。", "60. 联合国 总之,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭继续积极组织培训和讲习班,以加强卢旺达司法机构的能力并增强卢旺达公众对法庭工作的认识。 在本报告所述期间,已计划为卢旺达各市镇以及卢旺达学校的28 000多名学生和教师举办更多的能力建设和外联方案,这些方案可视是否有预算外资金而定。", "61. 国家 对外关系和战略规划科通过其传播小组,确保通过新闻发布会、通讯和新闻稿以及网站、电影和新闻小册子,以英文、法文和基尼亚卢旺达文广泛传播关于法庭活动的信息。 该股还处理了许多当地和国际媒体的询问,并通过卫星广播审判程序。 它在东非、冈比亚和塞内加尔举办了关于法庭工作的展览会,并在几个非洲国家首都以及整个卢旺达组织了电影放映、会谈和讨论会。 与本区域的大学和其他教育机构保持了开放的沟通渠道。", "62. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,性别问题协调中心为筹集资金以补充已耗尽的证人支助方案信托基金拟订了提案。 由于会员国提供自愿捐助,确保向居住在卢旺达的证人,特别是因种族灭绝期间遭受性暴力而感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的人提供身心护理,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭设立了一个证人诊所。 在本报告所述期间,该运动收到了西班牙政府的捐款。 令人遗憾的是,资金已经用完,如果不立即注入资源,诊所将被迫停止提供服务和救生治疗。 此外,居住在卢旺达的证人继续受益于住在卢旺达法庭诊所的心理护士提供的对性别问题有敏感认识的咨询。", "63. 国家 在本报告所述期间,实习方案接待了法庭197名实习生;165人被分配到分庭或检察官办公室。 此外,无偿法律研究人员方案能够利用各分庭和检察官办公室4名合格律师的服务。 此外,来自12个非洲国家的15名法律研究人员从欧洲联盟提供的资金中受益,并能够协助法庭的工作。 但是,由于捐助者已停止资助这一方案,将不再提供法律研究人员协助法庭。 这些方案已协助执行《完成工作战略》,特别是在整个法庭裁撤了经常员额之后。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 法律事务和实习方案股除了解释和审查协议外,还继续在以下方面发挥重要的法律咨询作用:适当执行和解释联合国行政规则;工作人员在民事和刑事案件方面的豁免和特权。 在本报告所述期间,该股调解和解决了21起工作人员与地方执法办公室以及家庭佣工之间的案件。", "2. 司法和法律事务司", "65. 国家 法庭管理科为法庭的司法程序提供支助服务,包括提供诉讼的实时记录、支助卢旺达的实地访问、核证证人证词、证词和各国视频连接听讯。 作为法庭能力建设和外联活动的一部分,该科继续为非洲各国代表举办培训班,包括演示法庭即时制作记录誊本的系统。 它还举办了专门培训班,旨在加强卢旺达司法部门的机构能力。 作为法庭向余留事项处理机制过渡筹备工作的一个主要部分,法庭管理科协助起草了由余留事项处理机制移交和管理的记录和档案的政策和准则。 它还继续进行编辑法庭诉讼程序音像记录并将其数字化的工作。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 辩护律师和拘留管理科继续向书记官处、各分庭和检察官提供经改进的必要支助服务。 该科改进了对被拘留者、囚犯及其律师的支助服务,以保证被拘留者和囚犯获得法律代表的权利。 事实证明,法律援助方案是高效、有效和经济的。 在本报告所述期间,对电子计费系统进行了测试并证明可行。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,法庭审判分庭和上诉分庭对18名被告作出判决。 其中一名被拘留者被判处服刑时间并立即获释。 在同一时期,联合国拘留设施收容了来自卢旺达的19名被拘押证人和来自马里的1名囚犯证人,他们在各种审判中被传唤作证。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 2010年7月18日,一名囚犯被转移到一个会员国服刑。 2010年7月1日,一名被拘押者因长期患病在阿鲁沙医院死亡。 2011年5月25日在刚果民主共和国被捕的一名被拘留者被移送,并于2011年6月14日被收押入联合国拘留设施。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 截至2011年6月30日,联合国拘留设施的囚犯总数为36名被拘押者(12名被拘押者和24名被定罪者)。", "70. 联合国 2011年6月15日,红十字国际委员会访问了联合国拘留设施并约谈了被拘留者。 委员会赞扬该设施管理层实现其目标,特别是拘留条件良好。", "71. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,证人和被害人支助科确保及时提供来自21个国家的216名证人。 对一些证人进行了威胁评估。 根据各分庭命令的保护措施,在将记录誊本公布之前,编辑了记录誊本,以删除有关证人或其家庭成员的识别资料。 该科加强了在法庭出庭证人居住国的审判后监测活动。 一些居住在卢旺达的证人得到了旨在改善其医疗和心理康复的援助。 该科得到若干会员国的合作,它们发放了临时旅行证件,使证人能够往返阿鲁沙;该科还得到联合国难民事务高级专员驻若干非洲国家办事处的合作,协助便利证人的移动和保护证人。 一些会员国还协助护送证人。 该科为卢旺达司法和坦桑尼亚执法和司法官员举办了两次证人保护培训。", "72. 联合国 语文事务科向各分庭、当事方和书记官处提供口译、笔译和复制服务。 在本报告所述期间,翻译了7起审判判决和4起上诉判决、大量裁定以及审前和结案书状等其它文件和动议。 为了预先防止审判可能中断而编制的笔译员、口译员和校对员名册一直保留下来,有一次用来安排两名基尼亚卢旺达语口译笔译员。 此外,翻译文件外包,并征聘了自由应聘审校,以减轻该科的繁重工作量。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 法律图书馆和参考资料科在提供支持司法程序所需的法律材料方面继续发挥关键作用。 此外,法律图书馆发布了可检索的全文 \" 卢旺达问题国际法庭基本文件和判例法 \" 的新版本,涵盖1995-2010年期间的DVD和2010年期间的光盘。", "3. 行政支助事务司", "74. 国家 缩编进程继续给整个法庭的运作带来重大挑战。 行政支助事务司继续以积极主动和灵活的方式应对这些挑战。", "75. 国家 法庭工作人员来自72个国家,截至2011年6月29日,法庭有666名工作人员,核定编制为827个员额,161个空缺员额,空缺率为19%。 根据目前的自然减员率趋势,工作人员继续在其他地方寻找更稳定的工作,预计到2011年底,空缺率将超过20%。 专业及专业以上职等工作人员的性别比为男性64%,女性36%。", "76. 联合国 在缩编阶段,吸引和留住有能力的工作人员仍然是一项重大挑战。 发给工作人员的合同期限很短,增加了不确定性,继续对生产力产生不利影响。 该司制定了旨在留住工作人员的措施,并正同人力资源管理厅就按照司法日历签发合同的方式密切合作,以此向那些仍然需要服务的人签发较长期限的合同。 与此同时,继续举行工作人员留用协商会,以确定在法庭工作完成之前应留用的工作人员的人数和组成。 应当指出,目前临时任用期限的限制有可能对《完成工作战略》产生不利影响。 法庭管理部门正同人力资源管理厅协商,以制订灵活措施来解决这一问题。", "77. 国家 职业资源中心一直在组织职业发展讲习班和培训,以支持工作人员实现其专业愿望。 人力资源规划科继续积极协助即将离开法庭的工作人员。 2011年5月,与联合国合办工作人员养恤基金合作,组织了一系列情况介绍和个人协商,向工作人员介绍其应领养恤金。 该科还于2011年6月举办了另一次工作博览会,并再次发布在线技能简编(电子概况介绍),以试图支持所有职类工作人员在法庭外找到工作。 该科还继续就工作人员和法官的最后应享待遇以及新的合同安排和《工作人员细则》的影响向其提供咨询。", "78. 国家 安保和安全科继续更新和测试其应急计划,以便通过与东道国安保部门以及坦桑尼亚联合共和国安保顾问办公室的专门互动,确保法庭工作人员、房地、资产和业务的安全和安保。 在本报告所述期间,没有发生重大事件。 联合国安保准则已得到充分执行,并与工作人员定期并及时分享安全和安保信息。", "79. 联合国 信息技术事务科继续向法庭提供重要支助。 电子数据处理股维护法庭的信息和技术基础设施,支持和满足各业务单位的计算需要。 在本报告所述期间,一些业务流程系统被上线,提高了行政支助事务司内部标准行政程序的效率和时限。 对网络和数据中心进行了基础设施升级,以取代过时的设备并增加能力来支助重要的视听数字化和其他遗留项目。 视听股为所有法庭诉讼提供视频报道,并为远程证人证词和会议提供视频会议服务。 电信股支助电话网络、两个卫星地面站、农村电话连接和双向无线电网络的运营和维护以及电话账单和交换机操作服务。", "80个 保健服务 该股为法官和工作人员及其家属以及被拘留者、证人和受害人提供治疗、预防和创伤咨询支助并履行医疗行政职责。 该股通过四个分股监测客户的健康:两个在基加利,两个在阿鲁沙。 在基加利,证人在转到阿鲁沙作证之前接受了全面的体检和医疗。 在阿鲁沙,联合国拘留设施分股照顾被拘留者、囚犯和囚犯证人。 在总部诊所,客户免费获得药品、实验室服务和免疫。", "81个 咨询和福利股处理工作人员和得到承认的家庭成员的心理社会问题,并为所有工作人员的福利开展福利活动。 该股还继续向证人提供创伤咨询,并向工作人员及其家属提供专业心理支助。 工作人员顾问24小时提供服务。", "82. 在资源管理领域,预算股继续提供关于适当规划、控制和监测现有资源使用情况的专门知识。 财务科继续向法庭工作人员和客户提供及时和可靠的服务。", "83个 总务科和采购科向法庭提供重要支助。 房舍管理处根据《完成工作战略》,开始将剩余住宿集装箱从基加利搬迁到阿鲁沙用作办公室,从而将一些固定的租赁空间归还房东。 资产管理处改进了对法庭所采购货物的接收和检查。 已努力采用伽利略存货管理系统。 该股还加快了处理陈旧和陈旧财产的进程。 由于法庭业务规模缩小,最近购置的仓库设施是商业处置已注销资产的中心点。 为了监测和控制公务车辆的使用,运输事务股为法庭几乎所有车辆配备了全球定位系统跟踪装置。 这些装置提供了燃料利用率、车辆实际位置和行驶速度的实时信息。 这不仅加强了对道路的纪律约束,而且使一辆被窃公务车辆得以迅速取回。 中央登记处/邮件/邮袋和档案服务处继续向全院提供服务。 中央档案设施继续将该司各科/股生成的记录归档,并扫描元数据并输入塔楼记录信息管理数据库。 为行政支助事务司的基加利记录建立了职能档案结构。 采购科继续确保及时并在预算范围内提供法庭有效开展活动所需的货物和服务。 它还同运输等单位密切合作,查明可能外包的服务,例如车辆的维修和保养。 该科还成功地处理了法庭的一些家具、车辆和设备的商业处置。", "三. 结论和建议", "第八十四会. 在过去一年里,尽管工作量非常繁重,法庭在实现《完成工作战略》的目标方面取得了重大进展:作出了6起审判判决,涉及14名被告。 在审判一级,除两个案件外,所有剩余案件预计将在2011年底前作出判决。", "85. 国家合作仍然是法庭完成任务能力的基石,法庭赞赏会员国的持续信任和支持。", "86号. 在本报告所述期间,在会员国的密切合作下,该区域逮捕了一名逃犯。 然而,法庭和会员国都必须作出更多努力,确保逮捕其余9名逃犯,特别是指定由法庭审判的、已逃避司法审判已超过17年的3名高级被告。", "87个 法庭再次呼吁采取紧急行动,帮助找到东道国,帮助留在阿鲁沙一个安全屋的三名被宣告无罪的人,他们受到法庭的保护。 对其中一人而言,上诉分庭确认他无罪已经四年多。 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭认为,重新安置被国际刑事法庭宣告无罪的人是法治的基本表现,并关切未能履行这一义务的后果。", "88个 最后,维持足够的有经验的工作人员仍然是法庭面临的主要挑战,因为法庭是一个即将结束其任务的组织。 法庭赞赏会员国对解决这一紧迫局势的努力提供的所有支持。", "89. 国家 法庭从事同卢旺达种族灭绝直接有关的工作已超过17年。 种族灭绝严重影响了法庭中的每一个人,为受害者伸张正义继续促使我们致力于确保不再发生这种暴行的目标。 我们呼吁国际社会提供支持,为我们提供必要的资源来完成我们的任务。 我们希望,我们的工作将引导我们继续打击有罪不罚现象。" ]

[ "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the end of the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS), which has started its liquidation process in accordance with Security Council resolution 1997 (2011). Following the usual consultations, it is my intention to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as my Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan, as of 1 August 2011.", "Mr. Menkerios has served as my Special Representative for the Sudan since 1 March 2010, and will, in his new capacity, continue to assist the parties reach a negotiated settlement to residual Comprehensive Peace Agreement and post-secession issues.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)任务的结束。根据安全理事会第1997(2011)号决议，该特派团已启动清理结束进程。经例行协商，我拟任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)担任秘书长苏丹和南苏丹问题特使，任期从2011年8月1日开始。", "门克里欧斯先生自2010年3月1日以来担任秘书长苏丹问题特别代表，并将在新职位上继续协助各方通过谈判就《全面和平协议》余留问题和分离后问题达成解决方案。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月27日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及已根据安全理事会第1997(2011)号决议开始清理结束进程的联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)任务结束。 经例行磋商后,我打算任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)自2011年8月1日起担任我的苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。", "门克里欧斯先生自2010年3月1日起担任我的苏丹问题特别代表,并将以新的身份继续协助各方通过谈判解决剩余的《全面和平协议》和分裂后问题。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 27 July 2011 (S/2011/474) concerning your decision to appoint Mr. Haile Menkerios (South Africa) as your Special Envoy for the Sudan and South Sudan has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the decision contained in your letter.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月27日的信(S/2011/ 474)。你在信中表示决定任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)担任秘书长苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的决定。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年7月27日的信(S/2011/474)。 你在信中决定任命海尔·门克里欧斯先生(南非)为你的苏丹和南苏丹问题特使。 安理会成员注意到你信中的决定。", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 28 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women: implementation of the outcome of the Fourth World Conference on Women and of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Measures taken and progress achieved in follow-up to the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/191, provides a review of the follow-up to and implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session. It focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective in their work. The report concludes with recommendations for further measures to enhance the implementation of gender equality mandates.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report responds to General Assembly resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to report annually to it on the follow-up to and progress made in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session, with an assessment of progress in gender mainstreaming, including information on key achievements, lessons learned and good practices, and recommendations on further measures to enhance implementation. The report also responds to the request of the Economic and Social Council, in resolution 2006/9, that the Secretary-General include in the report an assessment of the impact of the input of the Commission on the Status of Women to discussions within the United Nations system.", "2. The report focuses on selected intergovernmental processes of the United Nations, and assesses the extent to which they integrate a gender perspective.[1] The report is divided into seven sections. Following the introduction, section II discusses the rationale for integrating a gender perspective in intergovernmental work. Section III outlines the methodology used in the report. Section IV presents the findings of the analysis on the extent to which a gender perspective has been reflected in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions. The section also assesses the extent to which gender perspectives have been mainstreamed in the resolutions adopted by these bodies. Section V examines the attention given to gender equality issues in the preparations for, and when applicable, the outcomes of three high-level intergovernmental events: the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing. Section VI specifically addresses the contributions of the Commission on the Status of Women and section VII provides a summary and conclusion of the report and outlines recommendations for further action.", "II. Rationale for mainstreaming a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes", "3. The General Assembly has repeatedly affirmed the role of the intergovernmental process of the United Nations in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women. In its resolution 65/191, the Assembly reaffirmed that gender mainstreaming was a globally accepted strategy for promoting the empowerment of women and achieving gender equality by transforming structures of inequality. It also reaffirmed the commitment to actively promote the mainstreaming of a gender perspective into the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and social spheres, as well as the commitment to strengthen the capabilities of the United Nations system in the area of gender equality. In paragraph 15 of the resolution, the Assembly called upon all bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes, including the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries in 2011, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, at the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.", "4. Of particular relevance to the focus of the present report is paragraph 18 of resolution 65/191, in which the Assembly requested that reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies systematically address gender perspectives through qualitative gender analysis, sex- and age-disaggregated data and, where available, quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, in order to facilitate gender-sensitive policy development.", "5. The United Nations intergovernmental process is complex. Intergovernmental bodies differ in their mandates, and they receive and examine a diverse set of written inputs, including reports of the Secretary-General, Member States, other intergovernmental bodies, special envoys and rapporteurs, among others. Reports vary widely in form, content and coverage. They may integrate submissions from several contributors — typically Member States and United Nations entities — but also intergovernmental, regional, or non-governmental organizations. Reports feed into the discussions of Member States, which may be conducted through general debates, panel discussions and other events. Intergovernmental meetings allow policymakers to exchange information on progress, challenges and good practices, and help to heighten Governments’ commitment to empowering women. Intergovernmental work often, but not always, results in outcome documents such as declarations, resolutions and decisions, or in the case of the Security Council, presidential statements. Outcome documents often provide recommendations for action on an issue. These could be policy guidance for Member States and other stakeholders, or additional mandates to continue to examine and analyse a situation, or to convene further meetings or a high-level event on the issues at stake. Inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process all thus present opportunities to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of respective intergovernmental bodies, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 65/191.", "III. Methodology of the present report", "6. Through a content analysis, the present report reviews a number of inputs, events and outputs of the intergovernmental process for evidence of the incorporation of a gender perspective, as determined by the presence of the words: gender, sex, woman, man, girl, boy, female, male, sexual, reproductive and maternal (including their plural forms). Documents with at least one occurrence of a keyword were considered to have included a gender perspective. False positive results, for instance “man-made disaster”, were discounted.", "7. While the list of words selected excludes others that could be argued to reflect a gender perspective, the selected words are those most often found in reports and documents that address gender equality issues. To ensure that the assessment of the inclusion of a gender perspective went beyond the mere mention of these keywords, documents that passed this first filter were analysed in more depth to assess the extent to which a gender perspective was indeed reflected.", "8. All reports of the Secretary-General for, and resolutions of, the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly and the 2010 sessions of the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were examined. The three events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191 — the 2011 Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, the 2012 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and the 2013 review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002 — were also examined. Particular attention was paid to the analysis of preparatory documentation, and when applicable, outcomes. Documents available in the United Nations Official Document System as at 15 June 2011 were examined. Resolutions and reports of the Secretary-General were considered even if they belonged to an agenda item or sub-item which focused specifically on gender equality issues. Where documents were submitted to more than one intergovernmental body, each occurrence was counted since the consideration by each intergovernmental body was considered as an additional opportunity for mainstreaming gender equality issues in the intergovernmental process.", "IV. Findings", "A. Overview", "9. Based on the number of resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports before the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, there were multiple opportunities for the incorporation of gender perspectives into the work of these intergovernmental bodies. The Assembly alone received and reviewed 244 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 270 resolutions. The Council at its 2010 session received and reviewed 20 reports of the Secretary-General and adopted 38 resolutions. A partial list of the reports and resolutions of the functional commissions suggests there were at least 38 reports and 38 resolutions.[2] While a number of these opportunities were clearly used, as demonstrated in the findings of the present report, many remained as untapped potential to catalyse the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session by promoting gender mainstreaming in the work of the United Nations system.", "1. General Assembly", "(a) Resolutions", "10. The analysis of resolutions of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly revealed a gender perspective in nearly a third of all resolutions. Table 1 sets out the distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee. The Third Committee, which focuses on social, humanitarian and cultural issues, was the most likely to integrate a gender dimension in its resolutions. The Second Committee, responsible for economic and financial matters, as well as the General Assembly meeting in plenary, also reflected gender perspectives, with over a third of their respective resolutions likely to integrate such a concern. A gender perspective was found in every fifth resolution of the Fourth Committee, which examines special political and decolonization issues.", "11. The Fifth Committee, responsible for administrative and budgetary matters, and particularly the First and Sixth Committees, which respectively handle disarmament and international security and legal questions, seldom adopted resolutions that integrated references to gender equality issues. Despite this, it is noteworthy that the First Committee adopted a draft resolution on “Women, disarmament, non‑proliferation and arms control”, the first it ever adopted on this topic (see General Assembly resolution 65/69).", "Table 1 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the General Assembly that include a gender perspective, by Main Committee", "Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the reports of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)", "General 270 85 31 244 146 60 Assembly", "Plenary 55 20 36 46 36 78", "First 55 4 7 28 11 39 Committee", "Second 39 15 38 25 15 60 Committee", "Third 55 37 67 48 36 75 Committee", "Fourth 25 5 20 24 13 54 Committee", "Fifth 24 3 13 87 44 51 Committee", "Sixth 17 1 6 16 6 38 Committee", "Note: Out of the 244 reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly, some were considered under more than one agenda item, and some agenda items were allocated to more than one committee. The breakdown by committee thus does not match the total number of Secretary-General’s reports submitted to the Assembly.", "12. Figure I indicates how all General Assembly resolutions that have a gender perspective are distributed across the Main Committees. Although the Third Committee was responsible for only 20 per cent of all resolutions of the General Assembly, it accounted for nearly half of all resolutions of the Assembly that reflected gender perspectives. The Third Committee thus compensated for the much lower likelihood of other committees (First, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth) to adopt a draft resolution that reflects a gender perspective. The breakdown by committee is consistent with findings from past years and shows that despite repeated calls by the General Assembly for a gender perspective to be mainstreamed into all issues, gender equality issues continue to be little reflected in resolutions dealing with other issues than social and economic matters.", "Figure I Distribution of all General Assembly resolutions which reflect a gender perspective, by Main Committee in which the resolution was adopted", "[]", "13. With respect to trends, compared to previous years,[3] there has been little growth in the overall share of General Assembly resolutions that integrate a gender perspective (see figure II). This share has remained fairly low across sessions of the General Assembly, although there is a slight upward trend.", "Figure II Trends in percentage of General Assembly documents that include a gender perspective", "[]", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General", "14. A gender perspective was more likely to be found in reports of the Secretary-General than in resolutions. Sixty per cent of reports included a gender perspective. However, there were variations between the Main Committees that match the variations found for resolutions. Reports submitted to the General Assembly meeting in plenary and to the Second and Third Committees were most likely to include a gender perspective, while reports submitted to the First and Sixth Committees were least likely to do so.", "15. With respect to trends, between the sixty-fifth and the sixty-sixth sessions, there was a 10 percentage point increase in the number of reports of the Secretary-General that included a gender perspective (see figure II). The concentration of high-profile events related to gender equality and the empowerment of women which took place in 2010 may account for this. These include the 15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action held during the fifty-fourth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, the annual ministerial review of the Economic and Social Council on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women, the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals and the tenth anniversary of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women, peace and security. Further, the General Assembly’s discussion of proposals on a new gender equality entity and the eventual adoption of resolution 64/289 on 2 July 2010 helped to create a momentum for the inclusion of a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies.", "2. Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions", "(a) Resolutions", "16. The Economic and Social Council at its 2010 session reflected a gender perspective in half of its resolutions (see table 2). The functional commissions of the Council together, excluding the Commission on the Status of Women, reflected a gender perspective in nearly a third of their resolutions. While there are wide variations among the functional commissions, the small size of the sample makes it difficult to interpret the data.", "Table 2 Number and percentage distribution of resolutions of, and Secretary-General’s reports to, the 2010 session of the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions that include a gender perspective", "Number of Number of Proportion of Number of Number of reports Proportion of resolutions resolutions resolutions reports of the of the reports of the that include that include a Secretary-General Secretary-General Secretary-General a gender gender that include a that include a perspective perspective gender perspective gender perspective (percentage) (percentage)", "Economic and 38 19 50 20 17 85 Social Council", "Functional 38 12 32 38 24 63 commissions of the Economic and Social Council^(a)", "Commission on 13 4 31 6 4 67 Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "Commission on 17 1 6 3 1 33 Narcotic Drugs^(b)", "Commission on 1 1 100 4 4 100 Population and Development", "Commission on 2 2 100 4 4 100 Science and Technology for Development", "Commission for 5 4 80 4 4 100 Social Development", "Commission on 0 — — 9 6 67 Sustainable Development", "Statistical 0 — — 8 1 13 Commission", "^(a) These results do not include the Commission on the Status of Women, owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues, or the United Nations Forum on Forests, which did not have a session in 2010.", "^(b) The Commission on Narcotics Drugs considers reports of the Secretariat, which were analysed in lieu of reports of the Secretary-General.", "17. With respect to trends (see figure III), a comparison of the 2010 with the 2009 session of the Economic and Social Council (see A/65/204) reveals only a 4 per cent increase in the share of resolutions that included a gender perspective. This minimal increase is similar to the trend identified for General Assembly resolutions. A similar comparison could not be carried out for the functional commissions owing to the lack of comparable data for 2009.", "Figure III Percentage of Economic and Social Council documents that include a gender perspective (2009 and 2010 sessions)", "[]", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General", "18. Similar to findings for the General Assembly, reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Economic and Social Council and its functional commissions were more likely than resolutions to include a gender perspective. Most (85 per cent) reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the Council, and close to two thirds (63 per cent) of reports to the functional commissions, included a gender perspective.", "19. There is a trend towards an increased reflection of a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General that were submitted to the Economic and Social Council with an eight percentage point increase over the year. This finding is consistent with the trend identified for reports of the Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly. Limited data did not permit an analysis of trends for the functional commissions.", "B. In-depth analysis", "20. While reports and resolutions may reflect a gender perspective as defined for the present report, they often vary greatly in the level of attention they give to gender equality issues. Focusing on the reports and resolutions that did include a gender perspective, the present section examines the placement of references within documents, and then considers the qualitative strength of the language in those references.", "1. Placement", "21. The placement of references to gender issues within intergovernmental documents determines their prominence and the likelihood of follow-up actions. Reports of the Secretary-General draw more attention to gender equality issues when they mention them not only in the body of the report, but also in the conclusion and the recommendations. Resolutions give more emphasis to gender equality issues by referring to them in both preambular and operative paragraphs. By addressing gender equality issues in both preambular and operative paragraphs, resolutions first frame the issue, and then indicate a specific action or recommendation to address it.", "22. Twenty and 17 per cent, respectively, of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council included references to gender in their preamble only, with no gender-related recommendation being made in operative paragraphs.[4] However, the Council was more likely than the Assembly to reflect a gender perspective in both the preambular and the operative parts of resolutions: 45 per cent of Assembly resolutions included references to gender in both parts, compared with 61 per cent of Council resolutions.", "23. Reports of the Secretary-General also differ in the placement of gender equality issues. Of the 123 reports to the General Assembly that included a conclusion and/or recommendations for further action, only 28 per cent combined a gender perspective in the body of the report with a reference in the conclusions and/or the recommendations. Reports submitted to the Economic and Social Council were much more likely to have gender issues mentioned in both the body and conclusion/recommendations of the report: 64 per cent, or 9 of the 14 reports to the Council that had a conclusion and/or recommendations section, included references in the body and in one or both of these parts.", "2. Qualitative assessment", "24. Although gender equality issues may be incorporated in key sections of a report or resolution, their impact depends on the strength of the language used in the reference. In an attempt to capture this dimension, intergovernmental documents were reviewed against qualitative variables. Reports of the Secretary-General were assessed qualitatively against two variables: “coverage” of gender equality issues, and the “quality” of the gender discussion. The analysis was carried out on General Assembly documents only, because there was an adequate number to support the analysis.", "25. With respect to coverage, reports that included a specific section on gender equality issues as well as several references throughout the rest of the report were considered to have high coverage. A single reference or a few short references were defined as low coverage. Medium coverage fell somewhere in between.", "26. The quality analysis of reports characterized cursory references such as “including women” as low quality, while reports that provided precise facts, including sex-disaggregated quantitative data, and/or gender analysis ranged from medium to high quality. For instance, the following excerpt from a report was considered high quality, as it analyses the impact of an event on women and men, taking into account their different circumstances: “It is likely that females represented the greatest share of casualties, as many women were at home when the earthquake struck, whereas men were at work and children were on their way home from school” (A/65/335, para. 4). Another example considered to be of high quality is as follows: “Monthly meetings of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General with national leaders of political parties, quarterly meetings with female political party representatives and civil society organizations including women’s organizations” (A/65/746, following para. 29).", "27. Resolutions, which tend to be shorter than reports, were analysed against one variable only, and categorized as having a low, medium or high focus on gender equality issues. A resolution considered to have a high focus on gender equality issues was identified by the occurrence of a keyword in more than one paragraph and/or with specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls. Resolutions that included a single, superficial reference were considered to reflect a low focus.", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General", "28. Figure IV sets out the distribution of reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly across the two variables, coverage and quality. Thirty per cent of reports (45 out of 146) were of both high coverage and quality, while 21 per cent were of both low coverage and quality. While the reports varied widely both in the coverage of gender equality issues and in the characteristics of these inclusions, there tended to be a general correlation between coverage and quality. Overall, reports were more likely than not to have medium or high coverage of gender equality issues; 49 per cent of reports were rated as high/high or medium/high, compared with the 30 per cent of reports considered as low/low or medium/low.", "Figure IV Coverage and quality of gender references in reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly, by frequency", "[]", "29. Further review showed that about 40 per cent of reports included sex-disaggregated quantitative data. The level of precision of the data provided, however, varied. Some reports provided absolute numbers (for example, the number of female political representatives without specifying the total number of representatives) while others presented relative data (for example, the share of women who benefited from a programme). In some cases, reports drew attention to the fact that quantitative data were not available. For example, the report entitled “Composition of the Secretariat: gratis personnel, retirees and consultants” (A/65/350/Add.1), which provides extensive data disaggregated by sex and other variables, scrupulously indicates when, for which office and for how many persons sex-disaggregated data are missing.", "(b) Resolutions", "30. While only a third of General Assembly resolutions included a gender perspective, the 85 resolutions that did tended to do so in a fairly clear manner. Nearly 80 per cent of those resolutions integrated a high or medium focus on gender equality issues (see figure V). This means that the keywords indicating a gender perspective were found in more than one paragraph and/or there was specific language on the situation and needs of women and girls.", "Figure V", "Extent of focus on gender equality issues in General Assembly resolutions that include a gender perspective", "[]", "31. Many of the medium- and high-focus resolutions included paragraphs expressing recognition of the specific situation of women and girls and containing proposals for actions to take into account their needs. For example, in General Assembly resolution 65/220 on the right to food, the Assembly expressed concern that women and girls are disproportionately affected by hunger, food insecurity and poverty, in part as a result of gender inequality and discrimination, and called for measures to ensure the full and equal realization of the right to food and ensuring that women have equal access to resources, including income, land and water and their ownership, as well as full and equal access to education, science and technology, to enable them to feed themselves and their families.", "32. Notwithstanding the progress made in mainstreaming a gender perspective in reports of the Secretary-General and resolutions of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and functional commissions, many reports continue to address development challenges within communities in a gender-neutral way. For example, a large number of references to forms of violence, in particular sexual exploitation and abuse, and trafficking in persons, omitted to specify the sex of the victims and of the perpetrators. Gender-neutral terms such as “persons”, “children”, or “humanitarian and peacekeeping personnel” were generally used, obliterating sex-related patterns and hiding possible changes over time. Knowing which groups are affected, and in which proportion, is key for intergovernmental bodies to devise appropriate policy responses.", "33. Few of the reports and resolutions integrating a gender perspective included references to men and boys. Integrating a gender perspective means assessing the situation and needs of women and men, and girls and boys, as well as the implications of planned action on each of these groups.[5] Ensuring that gender-sensitive analysis not only focuses on women, but also considers issues from a male perspective, can help to broaden support for a gender-based approach.", "34. The frequent absence of an age dimension is also worth noting. Resolutions and reports typically referred to women or to children, but rarely had more specific references to ages or age groups; specific reference to girls was often not made. Girls face particular forms of discrimination, and their identification in reports, when applicable, would help to sharpen policy intervention. Similarly documents that referred to youth rarely broke the term down by sex or age, rendering effective policymaking on the issues addressed difficult.", "35. While the approach to the qualitative assessments used in the present section undoubtedly has limitations, these findings constitute an important step in understanding progress in incorporating a gender perspective in the work of intergovernmental bodies and the United Nations, as a whole.", "V. United Nations high-level intergovernmental events as opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective", "36. Apart from the resolutions and Secretary-General’s reports which are products of the regular sessions of intergovernmental bodies, the United Nations also holds a number of high-level events each year. These events — summits, conferences and special sessions, as well as their follow-up processes — provide important opportunities to promote gender equality and the empowerment of women. Their preparation offers many prospects for highlighting gender equality issues, and the events can be occasions for Governments to make visible commitments to women’s empowerment, or in the case of follow-up processes, to renew earlier commitments.", "37. The present section examines these opportunities in light of the three high-level events cited in General Assembly resolution 65/191: the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in 2011; the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012; and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, to be held in 2013.", "38. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was an important occasion to raise awareness of the needs of women and girls living in poverty. Held from 9 to 13 May 2011 in Istanbul, the Conference attracted many Heads of State and Government, as well as Members of Parliament, heads of United Nations entities, and senior representatives from non-governmental organizations and the private sector. The Under-Secretary-General and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women) addressed the opening session of the Conference, and one of the six high-level interactive thematic debates focused on human and social development, gender equality and empowerment of women.", "39. In addition, 5 of 45 special events focused specifically on gender equality issues, in connection to trade, sustainable development, economic empowerment, migrant care workers, and migration and remittances. Among the material available at the Conference was a set of key messages drafted by UN-Women, which provided a gender perspective on the various issues under discussion.", "40. The Conference resulted in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020 (see A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1), which includes several references to gender equality issues. That outcome document, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/280, outlines new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries.", "41. Importantly, the second section of the outcome document, which reviews the implementation of the previous programme of action, reports on progress made in empowering women, and notes as a lesson learned the relevance of gender and other broad issues to poverty eradication. The third section, entitled “renewed and strengthened partnership for development”, lists gender equality among both the objectives of the new programme of action and the principles to implement it. The fourth section sets out eight priority areas for action, five of which integrate references to gender equality issues. Under the “human and social development” priority area, a specific subsection is dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women.", "42. In comparison, the 2001-2010 programme of action, endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 55/279, incorporated references to gender equality in all of its seven priority areas. It also included references to gender equality issues in subsections discussing trade, climate change and disaster mitigation. In the 2011‑2020 programme of action, the priority areas on “trade”, “commodities” and “multiple crises and other emerging challenges” make no mention of women. In that respect, the outcome document of the Fourth Conference fell somewhat short, and it could have included a stronger gender perspective.", "43. The upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, provide an opportunity for a fuller incorporation of a gender perspective. These two events are still in their preparatory phase: the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held in June 2012 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, will take place during the fifty-first session of the Commission for Social Development, in 2013.", "44. The level of attention given to gender equality issues in the outcome document of a high-level event depends to a large extent on the inclusion of a gender perspective throughout the preparation of the event. The preparatory process of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries started in 2009 and included a large number of activities to assess the results of the previous programme of action and to devise new measures and strategies for the sustainable development of the least developed countries. However, a review of preparatory documents shows that the gender dimension was not always strongly reflected. In addition, none of the 16 pre-conference thematic events focused exclusively on gender equality issues, and the document summarizing the outcomes of 15 of these events (A/CONF.219/IPC/10) refers to gender equality issues in only two events.", "45. United Nations entities play a key role in organizing and coordinating preparatory activities, and as such can use that opportunity to promote the inclusion of a gender perspective in high-level events. In particular, they have the opportunity to influence the process at an early stage, as the preparation for the second global review and appraisal of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing, 2002, illustrates. In December 2010, the United Nations Population Fund, with the cooperation of the Department for Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat and the World Health Organization, convened an expert group meeting to elaborate a set of indicators that countries could use in their reporting of progress for the review and appraisal exercise. In this list, nearly all of the indicators that assess the quality of life of older persons call for data disaggregated by sex.[6] This inclusion is significant, as the data provided will influence the subsequent preparatory activities and reports.", "46. The participation of civil society groups active in promoting women’s rights can also be a decisive element in the inclusion of a gender perspective in preparatory processes and high-level events. The many activities that are typically undertaken at the national, regional and international level to gather inputs and raise awareness ahead of the event provide many avenues for these organizations to make their voices heard and influence the outcome document.", "47. Specific efforts to harness the contribution of civil society yield the best results in their level of engagement. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development formally engages nine recognized major groups (see General Assembly resolution 64/236), one of which is women. This has helped to ensure the participation of women’s organizations in the preparatory process. For instance, women’s organizations were well-represented among major groups at the May 2010 and March 2011 meetings of the Preparatory Committee and delivered numerous interventions. The women’s major group also provided a position paper on one of the two themes of the conferences, “a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”. Although the preparation for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries was guided by three General Assembly resolutions (resolutions 65/171, 64/213 and 63/227) that called for the participation of civil society, women’s groups were not specifically mentioned, thus possibly limiting their impact on the outcome document.", "48. The establishment of UN-Women, with its mandate to lead and coordinate the United Nations system work on gender equality can serve as a bridge to ensuring the full incorporation of a gender perspective in high-level intergovernmental processes. UN-Women has been involved in the preparatory process of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and has collaborated with the Steering Committee of the women’s major group. In addition, it has planned a number of activities to keep gender equality issues at the forefront of discussions in the preparatory process and at the Conference.", "VI. Contribution of the Commission on the Status of Women", "49. In paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/191, the General Assembly acknowledged the catalytic role of the Commission on the Status of Women in promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women based on the full implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and in promoting and monitoring gender mainstreaming within the United Nations system. While the Commission on the Status of Women was not included in the content analysis reported in the present report to avoid biasing the results, given the Commission’s exclusive focus on gender equality issues, this body holds the primary responsibility for the follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and has continued to play a major role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming.", "50. At its fifty-fourth session, the Commission commemorated the fifteenth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women and contributed significantly to the work of the Economic and Social Council. The Commission transmitted summaries of its high-level round table and of three panel discussions to the Council as an input to the annual ministerial review on implementing the internationally agreed goals and commitments in regard to gender equality and empowerment of women. The report of the Secretary-General on the review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session and its contribution to shaping a gender perspective towards the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2), originally submitted to the Commission, also served as a basis for the high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council. The 2010 ministerial declaration that the Economic and Social Council adopted directly drew on the findings and recommendations of that report. In those respects, the Commission’s work undoubtedly influenced the extent to which a gender perspective was incorporated in the work of other bodies and in the United Nations system as a whole, in response to Council resolution 2006/9.", "51. UN-Women, which serves as the substantive secretariat to the Commission on the Status of Women, is expected to further strengthen the Commission’s capacity to play a catalytic role in promoting gender mainstreaming. In particular, the strengthened country presence of UN-Women should lead to the enrichment of the reports of the Secretary-General to the Commission, as well as the General Assembly, by bringing in the perspectives from the operational work, and thus contributing to bridging the gap between the normative guidance elaborated by the Commission, and implementation work on the ground.", "52. The Commission on the Status of Women thus remains a crucial actor whose work can help to increase attention to gender equality issues in high-level events. In the exercise of its role in promoting the strategy of gender mainstreaming, it held an interactive panel discussion on gender equality and sustainable development, during its fifty-fifth session in March 2011, as an input to the preparation of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. It also adopted at that session its first-ever resolution on mainstreaming gender equality and promoting empowerment of women in climate change policies and strategies (see E/2011/27, resolution 55/1), which can serve as a basis for further work on the topic.", "VII. Conclusions and recommendations", "53. The intergovernmental work of the United Nations continues to provide multiple opportunities for mainstreaming a gender perspective into the work of the Organization and that of Member States. The analysis contained in the present report suggests that there has been some progress in incorporating a gender perspective in these intergovernmental processes. There has been particular progress in ensuring that reports of the Secretary-General to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council reflect a gender perspective. With respect to resolutions, progress has been more limited. High-level events continue to offer good opportunities for incorporating a gender perspective in intergovernmental processes and for reflecting them in major outcome documents. In addition, the in‑depth review of intergovernmental documents conducted as part of the analysis for the report suggests that in the majority of cases, the inclusion of a gender perspective, as defined by the mention of the keywords, reflects a genuine focus on gender equality issues.", "54. Despite these positive steps, intergovernmental processes have not been optimally used to mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under the consideration of intergovernmental bodies and within their mandates. The share of resolutions of the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council, and the functional commissions of the Economic and Social Council that include a gender perspective remains low, and even high-level events which entail longer advance planning and discussion, thus providing more opportunities to include a gender perspective, do not always give sufficient attention to gender equality issues. References to gender equality and the empowerment of women issues continue to be most strongly evidenced in the intergovernmental processes focusing on social and economic issues. Within the General Assembly, therefore, a gender perspective continues to be most likely to be found in the processes of the Second and Third Committees.", "55. In light of the progress and the constraints noted in the present report, and taking into account the critical role of intergovernmental bodies in promoting and monitoring progress in the achievement of global commitments on gender equality, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Reiterate its call to all intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations to fully mainstream a gender perspective into all issues under their consideration and within their mandates, as well as in all United Nations summits, conferences and special sessions and in their follow-up processes; and call on them to systematically ask for the inclusion of a gender perspective when requesting reports of the Secretary-General and other inputs to the intergovernmental process;", "(b) Request the Secretary-General to ensure that his reports to intergovernmental bodies systematically include a gender perspective through gender analysis and the provision of sex- and age-disaggregated quantitative data, in particular through concrete conclusions and recommendations for further action on gender equality and the empowerment of women, and in this regard to convey the importance of reflecting a gender perspective to all contributors who provide inputs to his reports;", "(c) Encourage Governments to improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of data disaggregated by sex, and age; enhance capacity-development in this regard; and develop relevant gender-sensitive indicators to support policymaking;", "(d) Emphasize the important role and contribution of civil society, in particular non-governmental organizations and women’s organizations, in the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session;", "(e) Call upon Governments and the United Nations system to encourage and support the participation of women’s groups and non-governmental organizations specialized in gender equality issues in intergovernmental processes through increased outreach, funding and capacity-development.", "[1] The present report complements the annual report to the Economic and Social Council on mainstreaming a gender perspective into all policies and programmes of the United Nations system (E/2011/114), and the annual report to the Commission on the Status of Women focused on actions of Member States for gender mainstreaming at the national level (see E/CN.6/2011/5).", "[2] The Commission on the Status of Women (owing to its exclusive focus on gender issues) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (which did not have a session in 2010) are excluded.", "[3] These earlier findings are based on the analysis carried out for previous reports of the Secretary-General: A/62/178, A/63/217, A/64/218 and A/65/204. It must be noted that results up to the sixty-third session of the General Assembly are not fully comparable, as the content analysis relied on a smaller list of words (gender, sex, woman, girl, female and sexual).", "[4] The findings on preambular and operative paragraphs pertain to 82 resolutions of the Assembly and 18 resolutions of the Council, as the analysis did not apply to resolutions in which a declaration or an outcome document from a high-level event was adopted or endorsed.", "[5] This understanding is based on the agreed conclusion 1997/2 of the Economic and Social Council on gender mainstreaming.", "[6] See http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目28(b)", "提高妇女地位：第四次妇女问题世界会议和 大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况", "执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动中采取的措施和取得的进展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告按照大会第65/191号决议提交，内容是审查《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动和执行情况。报告侧重说明特定的联合国对政府间进程，并评估了这些进程将性别观点纳入其工作的情况。报告最后提出了关于进一步采取措施加强两性平等工作的建议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告应大会第65/191号决议的要求提出。大会在该决议中请秘书长继续每年向大会提出报告，说明执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动及进展情况，评估性别观点主流化方面的进展，包括载列关于重大成就、经验教训和良好做法的资料，并就加强执行工作的进一步措施提出建议。本报告也是应经济及社会理事会第2006/9号决议的要求提出，该决议请秘书长在报告中列入关于妇女地位委员会对联合国系统内各种讨论提供的投入所造成影响的评估。", "2. 本报告侧重说明特定的联合国政府间进程，同时评估了这些进程将性别观点纳入其工作的情况。[1] 报告分七节。继导言后，第二节讨论了将性别观点纳入政府间工作的主流的理由。第三节说明了本报告所使用的方法。第四节介绍了分析秘书长提交大会的报告以及经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会报告所反映性别观点的情况所得出的结论。这一节还评估了将性别观点纳入这些机构所通过的决议中的情况。第五节审查了筹备2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会以及2013年对《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的第一次审查和评价等三项高级别活动期间对两性平等问题给予的关注，以及可能的话，这方面的结果。第六节具体述及妇女地位委员会的贡献，第八节概述了报告的总结和结论，并对进一步行动所提建议作了说明。", "二. 将性别观点纳入政府间工作的主流的理由", "3. 大会一再申明联合国政府间进程在促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面的作用。大会在第65/191号决议中重申，性别主流化是通过改变不平等结构推动增强妇女权能和实现两性平等的普遍接受的战略，并重申坚定致力于积极促使在制定、执行、监测和评价政治、经济和社会所有领域的政策和方案时将性别观点主流化，并致力于加强联合国系统在两性平等领域中的能力。大会在该决议的第15段中呼吁联合国所有机构把两性平等观点充分纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流，以及充分纳入联合国各次首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流，包括2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会和2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议对2012年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价。", "4. 同本报告的重点特别相关的是第65/191号决议的第18段，大会在该段中请秘书长在提交大会和经济及社会理事会及其附属机构的报告中，通过性别问题定性分析、按性别和年龄分列的数据以及可获得的定量数据，特别是通过有关两性平等和增强妇女权能的具体结论和进一步行动建议，系统地处理两性平等观点，以帮助制定对性别问题有敏感认识的政策。", "5. 联合国政府间进程错综复杂。政府间机构的任务各不相同，这些机构收到并审查各种不同的书面意见，包括秘书长、其他政府间机构、特使和报告员等的报告。报告在形式、内容和覆盖面方面都非常不同。这些报告有可能收录几个撰稿者、特别是会员国和联合国实体提出的意见，但也会收录政府间、区域或非政府组织提出的意见。这些报告将提交会员国讨论，这些讨论可能通过一般性辩论、小组讨论会和其他活动进行。政府间会议让决策者能够就进展、挑战和良好做法交流信息，帮助加强政府对赋予妇女权力的承诺。政府间工作往往导致成果文件，例如宣言、声明和决定，或者是安全理事会的主席声明，但也并非一律如此。成果文件提出就某一问题采取行动的建议。这些建议可能是对会员国和其他的政策指导，或是继续审查和分析某一局势的新任务，或是就利益攸关的问题召集进一步的会议或高级别活动。因此，政府间进程的投入、活动和产出为将性别观点纳入各政府间机构根据大会第65/191号决议所审议各项问题的主流提供了机会。", "三. 本报告的方法", "6. 通过内容分析，本报告审查了政府间进程的一些投入、活动和产出，并根据性别、性、妇女、男人、女童、男童、女性、男性、性、生殖和产孕妇等词(包括复数形式)，列为纳入性别观点的证据。至少出现过一次关键词的文件被视为包括了性别观点。假的阳性结果，例如“人为灾害”不计算在内。", "7. 尽管所选择的词汇不包括可能被认为反映性别观点的其他词汇，但所选择的词汇都是报告和文件中涉及两性平等问题的最常见词汇。为确保对纳入性别观点的评估超出仅仅提及这些词汇，对通过了这种第一次过滤过程的文件进行了更深入的分析，以便评估性别观点得到切实反映的程度。", "8. 审查了所有秘书长报告和大会第六十五届会议的决议以及经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会2010年的会议。还审查了大会第65/191号决议提到的三项活动，即：2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会以及2013年对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的第一次审查和评价。特别注意到对于筹备文件以及视情还有成果的分析。审查了截至2011年6月15日联合国正式文件系统中的现有文件。决议和秘书长报告即便是属于具体侧重述及两性平等问题的议程项目或分项目也都作了审查。在文件提交不止一个政府间机构的情况下，每种情形均被计算在内，原因是每一政府间机构的审议都被视为将两性平等问题纳入政府间进程主流的一个新机会。", "四. 结论", "A. 概览", "9. 根据提交大会、经济及社会理事会和职司委员会的决议和秘书长报告的数量，存在多种将性别观点纳入这些政府间机构的工作的主流的机会。仅大会便收到并审查了244份秘书长报告，通过了270项决议。经社理事会在2010年届会上收到并审查了20份秘书长报告，通过了38项决议。[2] 尽管本报告的结论显示，显然利用了其中一些机会，但在通过促进将性别观点纳入联合国系统工作主流，推动全面执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲领》和第二十三届特别会议的成果方面，很多报告和决议仍然大有尚待发挥的潜力。", "1. 大会", "(a) 决议", "10. 对大会第六十五届会议的决议所作分析显示，在所有决议中，将近三分之一的决议有性别观点。表1按各主要委员会列出了纳入了性别观点的大会决议和秘书长提交大会的报告的分布情况。重点关注社会、人道主义和文化问题的第三委员会最有可能将性别问题纳入其决议。负责经济和财政事项的第二委员会以及举行全体会议的大会也反映了性别观点，它们的三分之一的决议有可能纳入这一问题。在审查特别政治和非殖民化问题的第四委员会的决议中，每五个就有一个述及性别观点。", "11. 负责行政和预算事项的第五委员会以及特别是分别处理裁军和国际安全以及法律问题的第一和第六委员会，很少通过包括提及两性平等问题的决议。尽管如此，值得注意的是，第一委员会通过了关于“妇女、裁军、不扩散和军备控制”的决议草案，这是就这一议题通过的第一项决议(见大会第65/69号决议)。", "表1 按各主要委员会分列的纳入了性别观点的大会决议和秘书长提交大会的报告的数量和百分比分布", "决议数量 纳入了性别观点的 纳入了性别观点的决议的机构 秘书长报告数量 包括了性别观点的 包括了性别观点的 决议数量 (百分比) 秘书长报告数量 秘书长报告的机构 (百分比)", "大会 270 85 31 244 146 60", "全体会议 55 20 36 46 36 78", "第一委员会 55 4 7 28 11 39", "第二委员会 39 15 38 25 15 60", "第三委员会 55 37 67 48 36 75", "第四委员会 25 5 20 24 13 54", "第五委员会 24 3 13 87 44 51", "第六委员会 17 1 6 16 6 38", "注：在244份提交大会的秘书长报告中，一些是在不止一个议程项目下进行审议的，一些议程项目分配给不止一委员会审议。因此，按委员会的细目与提交大会的秘书长报告总数不对应。", "12. 图一显示纳入性别观点的所有大会决议在各主要委员会之间分配的情况。尽管第三委员会仅负责大会所有决议的20%，但该委员会却占了反映出性别观点的所有大会决议的将近一半。因此，第三委员会抵消了其他委员会(第一、第四、第五和第六)通过反映出性别观点的决议草案的可能较低可能性。按委员会分列的细目与过去几年的结果相符，同时显示，尽管大会一再呼吁将性别观点纳入所有问题的主流，但除了社会经济事项外，其他问题仍旧很少反映两性平等问题。", "图一 反映性别观点的大会所有决议的分布情况，按通过决议的各主要委员会分列", "[]", "13. 关于趋势，同以往各年相比，[3] 纳入性别观点的大会决议的总体上说机构增加不多(见图二)。大会历届会议中这一份额一直较低，尽管略呈上升趋势。", "图二 纳入了性别观点的大会决议百分比趋势", "[]", "(b) 秘书长报告", "14. 性别观点出现在秘书长报告而不是决议中的可能性更大。60%的报告列入了性别观点。但是，各主要委员会之间有差别，这些差别与各决议间的差别相符。提交大会全体会议以及第二和第三委员会的报告包括性别观点的可能性最大，而提交第一和第六委员会的报告包括性别观点的可能性最小。", "15. 关于趋势，在第六十五届会议和第六十六届会议之间，包括性别观点的秘书长报告的数量增加了10个百分点(见图二)。2010年集中举行的同两性平等和赋予妇女权力相关的高级别活动，可能是发生这种情况的原因。这些活动包括妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议期间举行的北京行动纲要执行情况15年期审查、经济及社会理事会关于落实两性平等和妇女赋权方面的国际商定目标和承诺的年度部长级审查、大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议以及安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全问题的第1325(2000)号决定十周年。此外，大会对就新的两性平等实体提出提案进行的讨论以及2010年7月2日最终通过第64/289号决议，帮助创造了将性别观点纳入政府间机构工作的势头。", "2. 经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会", "(a) 决议", "16. 经济及社会理事会2010年届会一半的决议反映了性别观点(见表2)。除妇女地位问题委员会外，经社理事会各职司委员会将近三分之一的决议反映了性别观点。尽管各职司委员会的情况大不一样，但由于实例的数量少，很难对数据作出解读。", "表2 纳入了性别观点的经济及社会理事会2010年届会和职司委员会的决议以及秘书长向其提交的报告的数量和百分比分布情况", "决议数量 包括性别观点的 包括性别观点的 秘书长报告的 包括性别观点的 包括性别观点的秘书长报告的机构 决议的数量 决议的机构 数量 秘书长报告的 (百分比) (百分比) 数量", "经济及社会理事会 38 19 50 20 17 85", "经济及社会理事会职司委员会^(a) 38 12 32 38 24 63", "预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会 13 4 31 6 4 67", "麻醉药品委员会^(b) 17 1 6 3 1 33", "人口与发展委员会 1 1 100 4 4 100", "科学和技术促进发展委员会 2 2 100 4 4 100", "社会发展委员会 5 4 80 4 4 100", "可持续发展委员会 0 — — 9 6 67", "统计委员会 0 — — 8 1 13", "^(a) 这些结果不包括妇女地位委员会(由于其单纯地重点关注性别问题)以及联合国森林论坛(该论坛2010年未举行届会)。", "^(b) 麻醉药品委员会审议秘书处的报告，因此，不分析秘书长报告。", "17. 关于趋势(见图三)，将经济及社会理事会2010年届会与2009年届会(见A/65/204)相比较显示，包括了性别观点的决议的份额仅增加4%。这种小幅度增加与大会决议呈现的趋势类似。由于缺少2009年的可比较数据，无法对职司委员会进行类似的比较。", "图三 包括了性别观点的经济及社会理事会文件的百分比(2009年和2010年届会)", "[]", "(b) 秘书长报告", "18. 与大会的结论相类似，提交经济及社会理事会及其职司委员会的秘书长报告较决议包括性别观点的可能性更大。大多数(85%)提交经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告以及将近三分之二(63%)提交各职司委员会的秘书长报告包括了性别观点。", "19. 提交经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告呈现了更多反映出性别观点的趋势，一年内增加了8个百分点。这一结果与提交大会的秘书长报告呈现的趋势相符。由于数据有限，无法对各职司委员会的趋势进行分析。", "B. 深入分析", "20. 虽然报告和决议有可能反映出本报告所确定的性别观点，但报告和决议在关注两性平等问题的程度上往往大不一样。本节侧重讨论包括了性别观点的报告和决议，审查文件中提到的情况，随后考虑文字在提到时所体现的定性力度。", "1. 提及", "21. 政府间文件中提到性别问题的位置，决定性别问题的突出地位和可能采取的后续行动。秘书长报告通过不仅在报告的正文、而且在结论和建议中均提及两性平等问题，提请更多关注两性平等问题。决议通过在序言部分和执行部分均提及两性平等问题的方式，对两性平等问题作更多的强调。决议通过在序言部分和执行部分中均强调两性平等问题，首先确定问题的框架，随后指出为解决问题需要采取的具体行动或建议。", "22. 大会和经济及社会理事会通过的决议，分别有20%和17%仅在序言部分包括对性别问题的提及，而执行部分没有与性别问题相关的建议。[4] 但是，经济及社会理事会在决议的序言部分和执行部分反映性别观点的可能性大于大会：大会45%的决议在序言和执行部分均包括对性别问题的提及，而经济及社会理事会的决议为61%。", "23. 秘书长报告在提及两性平等问题的位置上也有所不同。在包括了要求采取进一步行动的结论和(或)建议的123份提交大会的文件中，只有28%既在报告的正文中述及、又在结论和(或)建议中提及性别观点。提交经济及社会理事会的报告在报告的正文和(或)建议中均提到性别问题的可能性更大：在经社理事会带有结论和(或)建议一节的报告中，有64%的报告(或14份报告中有9份报告)包括了在正文以及一个或者两个部分都提及的情况。", "2. 定性评估", "24. 虽然两性平等问题有可能被纳入报告或决议的主要章节，但其影响取决于提及时所使用语言的力度。为了描述这方面的问题，对照质量上的可变量对政府间文件进行了审查。对照以下两个可变量对秘书长报告进行了质量评估：两性平等问题的“覆盖面”，以及性别问题讨论的“质量”。对大会文件仅仅进行了分析，原因是已有支持分析的足够数量。", "25. 关于覆盖面，包括两性平等问题的具体章节的报告以及报告的其他部分数次提及，被视为覆盖面高。提及一次或少数简短地提及被定为覆盖面低。中等程度的覆盖面介于两者之间。", "26. 报告的质量分析将“包括妇女”等粗略的提及定为低质量，而提供了确切的事实，包括按性别分列的定量数据以及(或)性别分析的报告定为中等质量到高质量。例如，以下报告的节录被视为高质量，原因是在顾及各自不同情况的同时，分析了活动对于妇女和男子的影响：“很可能女性的伤亡人数最多，因为发生地震时许多妇女都在家里，而男人们则在工作，子女们正在从学校回家的路上”(A/65/335，第4段)。另一个被视为高质量的实例是：“秘书长特别代表每月与全国政治党派领导人举行会议，每季度与女性政党代表和包括妇女组织在内的民间社会组织举行会议”(A/65/746，紧接第29段)。", "27. 决议往往较报告的篇幅短。仅对照一个可变量对决议进行了分析，并将这些决议分为对两性平等问题给予了甚少重视、中等重视和高度重视。被视为高度重视两性平等问题的决议的确定，系通过不止一个段落中出现过一个关键词，并且(或)出现过关于局势以及妇女和女童的需要的具体文字。包括了一次、粗浅提及的决议，被视为反映出不甚重视。", "(a) 秘书长报告", "28. 图四显示提交大会的秘书长报告的覆盖面和质量两项可变量的分布情况。30%的报告(146份报告中有5份)为高覆盖面和高质量，21%的报告为低覆盖面和低质量。尽管报告在两性平等问题的覆盖面以及这些结论的特性方面大不一样，但一般而言，覆盖面和质量之间有关联。总体而言，报告在两性平等问题上的覆盖面为中等或高等的可能性更大；49%的报告被评为高/高或中/高，30%的报告被评为低 /低或中/低。", "图四 提交大会的秘书长报告提及性别问题的覆盖面和质量，按频率分列", "[]", "29. 进一步的审查显示，大约40%的报告包括了按性别分列的定量数据。但所提供数据的精确程度各异。一些报告提供了绝对数字(例如，女性政治代表的人数，但未提及代表的总人数)，而其他的报告提供的是相对数据(例如，从某一方案中受惠的妇女机构)。在一些情况下，报告提请注意无法得到量化数据的情况。例如，题为“秘书处的组成：免费提供的人员、退休人员和咨询人”的报告(A/65/350/Add.1)，该报告提供了按性别和其他可变量分列的大量数据，详细地指出何时、哪个办公室以及多少人缺少按性别分列的数据。", "(b) 决议", "30. 虽然只有三分之一的大会决议包括了性别观点，但包括了性别观点的85项决议看来以非常清楚的方式包括了性别观点。在这些决议中，将近80%的决议对两性平等问题给予高度或中等程度的重视(见图五)。这意味着，不止一个段落出现过表示性别观点的关键词，并且(或)出现过关于局势以及妇女和女童的需要的具体文字。", "图五 包括了性别观点的大会决议对于两性平等问题的重视程度", "[]", "31. 很多中等程度和高度重视的决议包括了表示承认妇女和女童的具体情况的段落，并载有要求采取行动考虑她们的需要的建议。例如，在关于“食物权”的大会第65/220号决议中，大会表示关切太多妇女和女孩受到饥饿、粮食无保障和贫穷的影响，部分原因在于两性不平等和歧视，并呼吁采取措施，确保充分、平等地落实食物权，并确保妇女有平等机会获得资源，包括收入、土地和水及其所有权以及在获得教育、科学和技术方面享有充分、平等的机会，使她们能够养活自己和家人。", "32. 尽管在将性别观点纳入秘书长报告以及大会决议和经济及社会理事会及职司委员会的主流方面取得了进展，但很多报告继续以性别上中立的方式处理社区内的发展挑战。例如，在提及暴力的形式，特别是性剥削和性虐待以及贩运人口的很多时候，都没有指明受害人的性别和肇事者的性别。通常使用的是“人”、“儿童”或“人道主义和维持和平人员”等中性的提法，不提与性别相关的模式，回避随着时间的推移可能出现的变化。了解哪些群体受到影响及其机构，是政府间机构制定适当对策的一个关键。", "33. 在纳入了性别观点的报告和决议中，很少包括男人和男童的提法。纳入性别观点意味着评估妇女和男人以及女童和男童的情况和需要以及计划采取的行动对每一群体的影响。[5] 确保对性别问题有敏感认识的分析不仅注重妇女，而且从男性的观点考虑问题，能够有助于让基于性别的办法获得更多的支持。", "34. 同样值得注意的是经常缺少年龄因素这一情况。决议和报告通常提到妇女或儿童，但很少具体提及年龄或年龄组；不具体提及女童的情况经常发生。女童常常遇到特殊形式的歧视，根据情况在报告中指出这种情况，能够有助于加强政策干预的效果。同样，提及青年的文件很少按性别或年龄将“青年”一词再加细分，让人难于就所处理的问题作出有效的决策。", "35. 尽管本节所使用的定性评估办法无疑有其局限性，但这些结论是了解将性别观点纳入政府间机构和整个联合国工作方面所取得进展的重要一步。", "五. 联合国高级别政府间活动为性别观点主流化提供了机会", "36. 除了作为政府间机构常会的产出的决议和秘书长报告外，联合国每年还举行一系列的高级别活动。这些高级别活动——首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程——为促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力提供了机会。这些活动的筹备工作在很多方面为强调两性平等问题带来了前景，这些活动可以成为各国政府展示对赋予妇女权力的承诺的场合，就后续进程来说，可以成为重申先前承诺的场合。", "37. 本节对照大会第65/191号决议提到的以下三项高级别活动对这些机会作一审查：2011年举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会以及将于2013年举行的对马德里老龄问题国际行动计划的审查和评价。", "38. 第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议是提高对于社会在贫困中的妇女和女童需要的认识的一个重要场合。这次会议于2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行。出席会议的有很多国家元首和政府首脑、议员、联合国实体负责人以及非政府组织和私人部门的高级代表。秘书长和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)执行主任在会议的开幕式上致辞，六次高级别交互专题辩论中，一次辩论的焦点是人类和社会发展，性别平等和妇女增权扩能。", "39. 此外，45项特别活动中有5项活动联系贸易、可持续发展、赋予经济权力、照料移民工作者以及移徙与汇款，具体侧重讨论了两性平等问题。在提交会议的材料中，有妇女署起草的一套关键信息，这套信息阐述了讨论中的各个问题所涉性别问题。", "40. 会议产生了《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(见A/CONF.2/9/3/Rev.1)，其中几次提到两性平等问题。经大会第65/280号决议核可的这一成果文件，说明了促进最不发达国家可持续发展的新措施和战略。", "41. 成果文件的第二节审查了以往行动纲领的执行情况。重要的是，这一节报告了在赋予妇女权力方面取得的进展，同时作为所汲取的经验教训指出性别及其他广泛的问题对于减贫的重要性。题为振兴和加强发展伙伴关系的第三节在新行动纲领的目标以及执行目标的原则中列入了两性平等。第四节提出了8个优先行动领域，其中5个优先行动领域提到两性平等问题。在人类发展和社会发展这一优先领域下，一具体小节专门述及性别平等和妇女赋权。", "42. 相比之下，经大会第55/279号决议核可的2001-2010年行动纲领在所有7个优先领域提到了两性平等。上诉行动纲领还在涉及贸易、气候变化和减少灾害的小节中提到两性平等。在2011-2020年行动纲领中，关于贸易、商品和多重危机及其他新出现的挑战的优先领域均未提及妇女。在这方面，第四次会议的成果文件存在某些欠缺，原本应该包括较明确的性别观点。", "43. 即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会以及对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价，为更全面地纳入性别观点提供了机会。这两项活动仍处于筹备阶段：联合国可持续发展大会将于2012年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行，而对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价，将于2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议期间举行。", "44. 高级别活动成果文件关注两性平等问题的程度，很大程度上取决于活动的整个筹备期间纳入性别观点的情况。联合国第四次最不发达国家问题会议筹备进程于2009年开始，包括了大量评估以往行动纲领成果的活动，并制订了最不发达国家可持续发展的新措施和战略。但是，对筹备文件所作审查显示，性别层面并没有始终得到突出的反映。此外，大会前的16项专题活动没有将重点放在两性平等问题上，而总结这15项活动的成果的文件(A/CONF.219/IPC/10)只在两项活动中提及两性平等问题。", "45. 联合国实体在组织和协调筹备活动方面发挥了关键作用，因此，可以利用这一机会推动高级别活动纳入性别观点。特别是，正如2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》第二次审查和评价的筹备工作所表明的，这些实体有机会在初期影响进程。2010年12月，联合国人口基金与秘书处经济和社会事务部以及世界卫生组织合作，召集了一次专家组会议，详细拟订各国可以用于报告审查和评价工作所取得进展的一套指标。在这份清单中，几乎所有评估老年人生活质量的指标都要求按性别分列数据。[6] 这一结论十分重要，因为所提供的数据将影响嗣后的筹备活动和报告。", "46. 民间社会团体参与促进妇女权利，也可以成为将性别观点纳入筹备进程和高级别活动的一个决定性要素。各项活动之前，为收集意见和提高认识，通常在国家、区域和国际各级举行的很多活动。这些活动为这些组织提供了很多表达意见和影响成果文件的渠道。", "47. 为借助民间社会的贡献而进行的具体努力，在参与的层面上取得了最佳的成果。联合国可持续发展大会正式聘请了9个公认的主要群体(见大会第64/236号决议)，其中之一是妇女。这帮助确保妇女组织参与了筹备工作。例如，很多妇女组织同各主要团体一道出席了筹备委员会2010年5月和2011年3月的会议，并多次发言。主要妇女团体还就大会两项主题之一提交了立场文件“可持续发展和消除贫困背景下的绿色经济”。尽管联合国第四次最不发达国家大会的筹备工作在大会的三项决议(见第65/171、第64/213和第63/227号决议)下指导进行，且这些决议要求应该有民间社会的参与，但没有具体提及妇女团体，因此，有可能限制了大会对于成果文件的影响。", "48. 妇女署的设立和肩负领导和协调联合国系统的两性平等工作的任务，能够发挥桥梁的作用，确保将性别观点全面纳入高级别政府间进程。妇女署参与了联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程，并同主要妇女团体的指导委员会进行了协作。此外，该署还计划开展一些活动，继续将两性平等问题放在筹备进程和大会讨论的最重要位置。", "六. 妇女地位委员会的贡献", "49. 大会在第65/191号决议执行部分的第3段承认，在充分执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果基础上促进实现两性平等和增强妇女权能方面以及在促进和监督两性平等观点在联合国系统内的主流化方面，妇女地位委员会发挥着催化作用。虽然为了避免影响结果，妇女地位委员会没有列入本报告所报告的内容分析，但鉴于该委员会对两性平等问题的集中关注，该机构对第四次世界妇女大会的后续活动具有主要的责任，并一直在促进性别主流化方面继续发挥主要作用。", "50. 委员会在其第五十四届会议上庆祝了第四次世界妇女大会十五周年，并对经济及社会理事会的工作作出了重大贡献。委员会转交了高级别圆桌会议和经社理事会三次小组讨论的摘要，作为对国际商定的两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面的目标和承诺的年度部长级审查的投入。原提交给妇女地位委员会的秘书长关于审查《北京宣言和行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况及其对塑造两性平等观点以求全面实现千年发展目标的贡献的报告(E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2)，也是经济及社会理事会高级别会议的基础。经济及社会理事会通过的2010年部长级宣言直接借鉴了该报告的结论和建议。在这些方面，委员会的工作无疑影响了根据经济及社会理事会第2006/9号决议将性别观点纳入其他机构以及整个联合国系统的工作的程度。", "51. 妇女署发挥妇女地位委员会的实质性秘书处的作用。妇女署预期将进一步加强委员会在促进性别主流化方面发挥促进作用的能力。特别是，妇女署强化在国家的存在应该导致秘书长提交委员会和大会的报告内容更加丰富，引进义务工作中的观点，从而弥补委员会制订的规范性指导与实地执行工作之间的差距。", "52. 因此，妇女地位委员会仍然是重要的行为者，其工作能够有助于提高高级别活动对于性别观点的关注。在行使其促进性别主流化的战略时，委员会在2011年3月第五十五届会议期间就两性平等和可持续发展举行了互动小组讨论，作为对于联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的投入。委员会还在该届会议上第一次通过了关于“将性别平等和增强妇女权能纳入应对气候变化政策和战略主流”的决议(见E/2011/27，第55/1号决议)，这一决议可以作为就这一议题做进一步工作的基础。", "七. 结论和建议", "53. 联合国政府间工作继续为将性别观点纳入本组织和会员国的工作的主流提供多种机会。本报告所载分析认为，在将性别观点纳入这些政府间进程方面取得了某些进展。在确保提交大会和经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告反映性别观点方面尤其取得了进展。关于决议，进展比较有限。高级别活动继续为把性别观点纳入政府间进程和在主要成果文件中反映性别观点提供了良好的机会。此外，作为本报告分析的一部分对政府间文件进行的深入审查说明，在大多数情况下，根据提及关键词所确定的纳入性别观点，反映对两性平等问题的真正重视。", "54. 尽管采取了这些积极的步骤，但还没有最好地利用政府间进程将性别观点纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流。纳入了性别观点的大会、经济及社会理事会以及经济及社会理事会职司委员会的决议的机构仍然很低；即便是很久前便预先作出规划和讨论、因而能够为纳入性别观点提供更多机会的高级别活动，也没有始终如一地对两性平等问题给予充分的注意。集中关注社会和经济问题的政府间进程，继续明确地显示了对于两性平等和赋予妇女权力问题的提及。因此，在大会内，最有可能体现性别观点的仍然是第二和第三委员会的进程中。", "55. 鉴于本报告提到的进展和制约，并考虑到政府间机构在促进和监测实现两性平等的全球承诺所取得进展方面的重要作用，大会不妨：", "(a) 再次呼吁联合国所有政府间机构将性别观点充分纳入其所审议的所有问题和其授权任务的主流，以及充分纳入所有联合国首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流；并呼吁政府间机构在请秘书长提出报告和要求政府间进程的其他投入时，有计划有步骤地要求其纳入性别观点；", "(b) 请秘书长确保其提交政府间机构的报告通过性别分析以及提供按性别和年龄分列的量化数据，特别是通过两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面进一步行动的具体结论和建议，有计划有步骤地包括性别观点；并在这方面向为秘书长报告提供意见的所有撰稿者传达反映性别观点的重要性；", "(c) 鼓励各国政府改进按性别和年龄分列的数据的收集、分析和传播；加强这方面的能力建设；并制订对性别问题有敏感认识的相关指标以支持决策；", "(d) 强调民间社会、特别是非政府组织和妇女组织在执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》和第二十三届特别会议的成果方面的重要作用和贡献；", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和联合国系统通过加强外联、提供资金和能力建设，鼓励和支持两性平等问题方面的妇女团体和非政府组织参与政府间进程。", "[1] 本报告补充经济及社会理事会关于将性别观点纳入联合国系统的所有政策和方案的年度报告(E/2011/114)，以及妇女地位委员会关于会员国为在国家一级将性别平等观点纳入主流采取行动的年度报告(见E/CN.6/2011/5)。", "[2] 不包括妇女地位委员会(由于其单纯地重点关注性别问题)以及联合国森林论坛(该论坛2010年未举行届会)。", "[3] 这些初期结果系根据对秘书长以往的以下报告所作分析得出：A/62/178、A/63/217、A/64/218和A/65/204。应注意的是，大会第六十三届会议之前的结果无法充分可比，原因是内容分析依赖的词汇清单较小(性别、行、妇女、女童、女性和性)。", "[4] 序言和执行部分的结论涉及82项大会决议和18项经社理事会决议，因为本分析不适用于通过或认可某一宣言或某一高级别活动的成果文件的决议。", "[5] 这一理解系根据经济及社会理事会关于性别主流化问题的第1997/2号商定结论。", "[6] 见http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目28(b)", "提高妇女地位:第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况", "执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》及大会第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动中采取的措施和取得的进展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/191号决议提交的,审查了《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动和执行情况。 报告重点介绍联合国选定的政府间进程,并评估这些进程在何种程度上将性别观点纳入其工作。 报告最后就加强执行两性平等任务的进一步措施提出了建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第65/191号决议编写的,大会在该决议中请秘书长继续每年就执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》及第二十三届特别会议成果的后续行动和进展情况向大会提出报告,并评估性别平等主流化方面的进展,包括说明重大成就、经验教训和良好做法,并就如何进一步采取措施加强执行工作提出建议。 本报告也是应经济及社会理事会第2006/9号决议的要求编写的,该决议要求秘书长在报告中评估妇女地位委员会对联合国系统内讨论的投入所产生的影响。", "2. 联合国 报告侧重于联合国的某些政府间进程,并评估了这些进程纳入性别观点的程度。 [1] 报告分为七节. 在导言后,第二节讨论了将性别观点纳入政府间工作的理由。 第三节概述了报告采用的方法。 第四节介绍了关于秘书长给大会、经济及社会理事会及其各职司委员会的报告在何种程度上反映性别观点的分析结果。 本节还评估了将性别观点纳入这些机构所通过的决议的主流的程度。 节次 五. 审查在筹备并适用三项高级别政府间活动成果时对两性平等问题的关注:2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会和2013年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评估。 第六节具体述及妇女地位委员会的贡献,第七节概述了报告并作出结论,并概述了采取进一步行动的建议。", "二. 将性别观点纳入政府间进程主流的理由", "3个 大会一再申明了联合国政府间进程在促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力方面的作用。 大会第65/191号决议重申,性别平等主流化是通过改变不平等结构来推动增强妇女权能并实现两性平等的全球公认战略。 它还重申致力于积极促进将性别观点纳入所有政治、经济和社会领域政策和方案的设计、执行、监测和评价的主流,并致力于加强联合国系统在两性平等领域的能力。 大会在该决议第15段中吁请联合国所有机构将性别平等视角充分纳入其审议中的所有问题及其职权范围内,并纳入联合国所有首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流,包括2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会以及2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议对《2002年马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评估。", " 4.四. 与本报告重点特别有关的是第65/191号决议第18段,其中大会请秘书长向大会和经济及社会理事会及其附属机构提交的报告,通过性别定性分析、按性别和年龄分列的数据以及现有的定量数据,特别是通过关于性别平等和增强妇女权能的具体结论和进一步行动的建议,系统地处理性别观点问题,以促进对性别问题有敏感认识的政策制定。", "5 (韩语). 联合国政府间进程是复杂的。 政府间机构的任务各不相同,它们收到并审查了一系列不同的书面意见,包括秘书长、会员国、其他政府间机构、特使和报告员等的报告。 报告的形式、内容和覆盖面差别很大。 它们可以将一些捐助者——通常是会员国和联合国实体——以及政府间、区域或非政府组织提交的文件综合起来。 报告为会员国的讨论提供了资料,讨论可以通过一般性辩论、小组讨论和其他活动进行。 政府间会议使决策者能够就进展、挑战和良好做法交流信息,并有助于加强政府对赋予妇女权力的承诺。 政府间工作往往但并不总是产生诸如宣言、决议和决定等成果文件,或者安全理事会的主席声明。 成果文件往往就某一问题提出行动建议。 这些可以是会员国和其他利益攸关方的政策指导,也可以是继续检查和分析某一局势或就所涉问题召开更多会议或高级别活动的额外任务。 因此,根据大会第65/191号决议,政府间进程的投入、活动和产出都为将性别观点纳入各政府间机构审议的所有问题的主流提供了机会。", "三. 本报告的方法", "6. 国家 本报告通过内容分析,审查政府间进程的一些投入、活动和产出,以证明纳入性别观点,这些投入、活动和产出由下列词语的存在决定:性别、性别、妇女、男子、女孩、男孩、妇女、男子、性、生殖和产妇(包括其多元形式)。 至少有一个关键词的文件被认为包括了性别观点。 错误的积极成果,例如“人为灾难”,被低估了。", "7. 联合国 虽然所选的词语清单排除了其他可以用来反映性别观点的词语,但所选的词语往往是在涉及两性平等问题的报告和文件中出现的词语。 为确保对纳入性别公平观的评估超越仅仅提及这些关键词,对通过第一次过滤的文件进行了更深入的分析,以评估性别公平观得到切实反映的程度。", "8. 联合国 审查了秘书长提交大会第六十五届会议和经济及社会理事会2010年届会及其各职司委员会的所有报告和决议。 还审查了大会第65/191号决议所引述的三项活动,即2011年第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议、2012年联合国可持续发展大会和2013年审查和评估《2002年马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》。 特别注意对筹备文件的分析,以及酌情分析结果。 审查了截至2011年6月15日联合国正式文件系统提供的文件。 秘书长的决议和报告即使属于专门侧重于两性平等问题的议程项目或分项目,也得到了审议。 在向一个以上政府间机构提交文件时,每次提交都算在内,因为每个政府间机构的审议被视为将两性平等问题纳入政府间进程主流的另一个机会。", "四、结 论 调查结果", "A类. 概览", "9. 国家 根据提交给大会、经济及社会理事会和各职司委员会的决议和秘书长报告的数目,有多种机会将性别观点纳入这些政府间机构的工作。 仅大会就收到并审查了秘书长的244份报告并通过了270项决议。 理事会2010年届会收到并审查了秘书长的20份报告并通过了38项决议。 各职司委员会的报告和决议的一部分清单显示,至少有38份报告和38项决议。 [2] 本报告的结论表明,其中一些机会已明确得到利用,但其中许多机会仍然具有未开发的潜力,可通过促进将性别观点纳入联合国系统工作的主流来推动全面执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及第二十三届特别会议的成果。", "1. 联合国 大 会", "(a) 决议", "10个 对大会第六十五届会议各项决议的分析显示,在所有决议中,近三分之一的决议都含有性别观点。 表1按主要委员会列出了包括性别观点的大会决议和秘书长给大会的报告的分发情况。 第三委员会侧重于社会、人道主义和文化问题,最有可能将性别层面纳入其决议中。 负责经济和财政事项的第二委员会以及大会全体会议也反映了性别观点,它们各自三分之一以上的决议可能将这种关切纳入其中。 第四委员会每五份决议都载有性别观点,审查特别的政治和非殖民化问题。", "11个 负责行政和预算事项的第五委员会,特别是分别处理裁军和国际安全及法律问题的第一委员会和第六委员会,很少通过综合提及两性平等问题的决议。 尽管如此,值得注意的是,第一委员会通过了关于“妇女、裁军、不扩散和军备控制”的决议草案,这是它就这一主题通过的第一份决议草案(见大会第65/69号决议)。", "表1 按主要委员会开列的载有性别观点的大会决议和秘书长给大会的报告的数目和百分比分布情况", "决议决议对包括秘书长在内的报告中的性别报告的比例(百分比)", "大会 270 85 31 244 146 60", "全体会议 55 20 36 46 36 78", "委员会", "委员会第二届会议 39 15 38 25 15 60", "委员会", "委员会第四届会议 25 5 20 24 13 54", "委员会", "第六批 17 1 6 16 6 38", "注:在秘书长提交大会的244份报告中,有的在一个以上议程项目下审议,有的分配给一个以上委员会。 因此,按委员会分列的细目与秘书长向大会提交的报告总数不符。", "12. 图一显示所有具有性别观点的大会决议如何在各主要委员会中分配。 虽然第三委员会只负责20%的大会决议,但它占反映性别观点的大会决议的近一半。 因此,第三委员会补偿了其他委员会(第一、第四、第五和第六委员会)通过一项反映性别观点的决议草案的可能性要低得多。 按委员会分列的情况与过去几年的调查结果一致,表明尽管大会一再呼吁将性别观点纳入所有问题的主流,但两性平等问题仍然很少反映在涉及社会和经济事项以外的其他问题的决议之中。", "图一 按通过该决议的主要委员会开列的反映性别观点的大会所有决议分布情况", "[]", "13个 关于趋势,与往年相比,[3] 纳入性别观点的大会决议的总份额没有增加(见图二)。 在大会各届会议期间,这一比例一直相当低,尽管有略微上升的趋势。", "图二 纳入性别观点的大会文件的百分比趋势", "[]", "(b) 秘书长的报告", "14个 在秘书长的报告中比在决议中更有可能找到性别观点。 60%的报告纳入了性别观点。 然而,各主要委员会之间的差别与决议的差别一致。 提交给大会全体会议以及第二和第三委员会的报告最有可能包含性别观点,而提交给第一和第六委员会的报告最不可能包含性别观点。", "15个 关于趋势,在第六十五届至第六十六届会议期间,秘书长包含两性平等观点的报告数量增加了10个百分点(见图二)。 2010年开展的与性别平等和妇女赋权有关的高知名度活动的集中可能就是原因。 其中包括妇女地位委员会第五十四届会议期间对《北京行动纲要》执行情况进行的15年审查、经济及社会理事会关于执行两性平等和妇女赋权方面的国际商定目标和承诺的年度部长级审查、大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议和安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议十周年。 此外,大会讨论关于一个新的两性平等实体的建议并最终于2010年7月2日通过第64/289号决议,有助于为将性别观点纳入政府间机构的工作创造势头。", "2. 经济及社会理事会及其各职司委员会", "(a) 决议", "16号. 经济及社会理事会2010年届会有一半的决议反映了性别观点(见表2)。 除妇女地位委员会外,理事会各职司委员会在其近三分之一的决议中都反映了性别观点。 虽然各职司委员会之间差异很大,但抽样规模小,难以解释数据。", "表2 纳入性别观点的经济及社会理事会2010年届会和职司委员会的决议和秘书长向它们提交的报告的数目和百分比", "决议决议与包括秘书长在内的报告中包含性别平等内容的决议报告的比例(百分比)", "经济及社会理事会", "经济及社会理事会的\"(a)\"", "预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会", "麻醉药品委员会", "人口与发展委员会", "科学技术促进发展委员会", "社会发展委员会", "章 次 页 次", "统计 0 - 8 1 13", "^(a) 这些成果不包括妇女地位委员会,因为其专门侧重于性别问题,也不包括2010年没有届会的联合国森林论坛。", "^(b) 麻醉药品委员会审议秘书处的报告,这些报告的分析代替了秘书长的报告。", "17岁。 关于趋势(见图三),2010年与经济及社会理事会2009年届会的比较(见A/65/204)显示,包含两性平等观点的决议份额只增加了4%。 这一最低增加额与为大会决议确定的趋势相类似。 由于缺乏2009年的可比数据,无法对各职司委员会进行类似的比较。", "纳入性别观点的经济及社会理事会文件的百分比(2009和2010年届会)", "[]", "(b) 秘书长的报告", "18. 与对大会的调查结果相类似,秘书长提交经济及社会理事会及其各职司委员会的报告比决议更有可能纳入性别观点。 秘书长提交给理事会的多数报告(85%)和提交给各职司委员会的近三分之二的报告(63%)都纳入了性别观点。", " 19. 19. 在提交经济及社会理事会的秘书长报告中,出现了更多地反映性别观点的趋势,这一年增加了八个百分点。 这一结论符合秘书长向大会提交报告时确定的趋势。 由于数据有限,无法分析各职司委员会的趋势。", "B. 深入分析", "20号. 虽然报告和决议可能反映本报告所界定的性别观点,但它们对两性平等问题的重视程度往往大相径庭。 本节着重讨论确实包含性别观点的报告和决议,审查参考文献在文件中的位置,然后审议参考文献中语言的质量优势。", "1. 联合国 安置情况", "21岁 在政府间文件中提及性别问题,决定了其重要性和采取后续行动的可能性。 秘书长的报告不仅在报告正文中,而且在结论和建议中都提到两性平等问题,因而引起更多的注意。 决议在序言部分和执行部分都提到两性平等问题,从而更加强调两性平等问题。 通过在序言部分和执行段落中讨论两性平等问题,决议首先规定了这一问题,然后提出了解决这一问题的具体行动或建议。", "22号. 在大会和经济及社会理事会所通过的决议中,分别有20%和17%的决议只在其序言中提及性别问题,而执行部分没有提出与性别有关的建议。 [4] 然而,理事会比大会更有可能在决议的序言部分和执行部分反映性别观点:45%的大会决议在两部分都提到性别问题,而理事会决议的这一比例为61%。", "23. 联合国 秘书长的报告在两性平等问题的位置方面也有所不同。 在提交大会的123份包含结论和(或)进一步行动的建议的报告中,只有28%的报告将性别观点与结论和(或)建议中的参考内容结合起来。 提交给经济及社会理事会的报告更有可能在报告的正文和结论/建议中都提到性别问题:在提交理事会的14份报告中,有结论和(或)建议一节提到性别问题的占64%,即9个。", "2. 定性评估", "24 (韩语). 虽然两性平等问题可以纳入报告或决议的主要章节,但其影响取决于参考用语的力度。 为了抓住这一方面,对照质量变量审查了政府间文件。 根据两个变量对秘书长的报告进行了质量评估:两性平等问题的“涵盖”和性别问题讨论的“质量”。 分析仅以大会文件进行,因为有足够的数字来支持分析。", "25岁 关于覆盖面,报告包括一个有关两性平等问题的专门章节,以及报告其余部分的多处提及,被认为涵盖面很广。 单一的提及或几处简短的提及被界定为覆盖面低。 中等覆盖率介于两者之间。", "26. 联合国 报告的质量分析将“包括妇女”等粗略的提法定性为低质量,而提供准确事实的报告,包括按性别分列的定量数据和(或)性别分析,质量从中到高不等。 例如,一份报告的以下节选被认为是高质量的,因为它分析了某一事件对妇女和男子的影响,同时考虑到他们的不同情况: “在伤亡人数中,女性所占比例可能最大,因为地震发生时,许多妇女在家中,而男子在工作,儿童正在从学校回家的路上。” (原始内容存档于2018-09-25) (中文(简体) ). 4, C. 据认为质量高的另一个例子是: \" 秘书长特别代表每月同各政党国家领导人举行会议,同妇女政党代表和包括妇女组织在内的民间社会组织举行季度会议 \" (A/65/746,第29段后)。", "27个 决议往往比报告短,但只根据一个变量加以分析,并归类为对两性平等问题重视程度低、中或高。 通过在不止一个段落中出现关键词和(或)在妇女和女童的状况和需要方面使用具体语言,确定了一项被认为高度关注两性平等问题的决议。 决议只提到一个肤浅的字眼,这被认为反映出重点不够突出。", "(a) 秘书长的报告", "28岁 图四显示秘书长向大会提交的报告在覆盖面和质量这两个变量上的分布情况。 30%的报告(146份报告中的45份报告)的覆盖面高,质量高,21%的报告覆盖率低,质量低。 虽然报告在两性平等问题的涵盖范围和这些纳入的特征方面差别很大,但覆盖面和质量之间往往普遍相关。 总体而言,报告对两性平等问题的覆盖面可能达到中或高;49%的报告被评为高/高或中/高,而30%的报告被认为是低/低或中/低。", "图四 按频率分列的秘书长给大会的报告中有关性别问题的报导和质量", "[]", "29. 国家 进一步审查表明,约40%的报告包含按性别分列的数量数据。 然而,所提供的数据的精确程度各不相同。 一些报告提供了绝对数字(例如,女性政治代表的人数没有具体说明代表的总数),而另一些报告则提供了相对数据(例如,受益于某一方案的妇女所占比例)。 在有些情况下,报告提请注意没有定量数据。 例如,题为“秘书处的组成:免费提供的人员、退休人员和咨询人”的报告(A/65/350/Add.1)提供了按性别和其他可变因素分列的大量数据,并严格指明了何时、哪个部门以及有多少人缺少按性别分列的数据。", "(b) 决议", "30岁。 虽然只有三分之一的大会决议纳入了性别观点,但85项决议往往以相当明确的方式纳入了性别观点。 近80%的决议将两性平等问题纳入高度或中等重点(见图五)。 这意味着说明性别观点的关键词出现在不止一个段落和/或关于妇女和女童状况和需要的具体语言中。", "图五", "纳入性别观点的大会决议对两性平等问题的重视程度", "[]", "31岁 许多中等重点和高度重点的决议包括一些段落,表示承认妇女和女童的具体情况并载有考虑到其需要的行动建议。 例如,在关于食物权的大会第65/220号决议中,大会表示关切的是,饥饿、粮食不安全和贫穷对妇女和女孩的影响特别大,部分原因是两性不平等和歧视,大会呼吁采取措施,确保充分而平等地实现食物权,确保妇女有平等机会获得资源,包括收入、土地和水及其所有权,以及充分和平等地获得教育、科学和技术,使她们能够养活自己和家人。", "32. 联合国 尽管在将两性平等观点纳入秘书长报告以及大会和经济及社会理事会及各职司委员会决议的主流方面取得了进展,但许多报告继续以不分性别的方式处理社区内的发展挑战。 例如,大量提到暴力形式,特别是性剥削和性虐待,以及贩运人口,但没有提到受害者和犯罪者的性别。 通常使用“人”、“儿童”或“人道主义和维持和平人员”等不分性别的术语,消除了与性别有关的模式并掩盖了随着时间的推移可能发生的变化。 了解哪些群体受到影响以及受影响比例是政府间机构制定适当对策的关键。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 纳入性别观点的报告和决议很少提到男子和男孩。 纳入性别观点意味着评估妇女和男子以及女孩和男孩的状况和需要,以及计划采取的行动对这些群体的影响。 [5] 确保对性别问题有敏感认识的分析不仅注重妇女,而且注重从男性角度考虑问题,有助于扩大对基于性别的方法的支持。", "34. 国家 经常缺乏年龄因素也值得一提。 决议和报告通常提到妇女或儿童,但很少更具体地提到年龄或年龄组;往往没有具体提到女孩。 女童面临特殊形式的歧视,在适当时在报告中确认女童身份将有助于强化政策干预。 提及青年的类似文件很少按性别或年龄划分,因此很难就所处理的问题进行有效的决策。", "35. 联合国 虽然本节采用的定性评估方法无疑有局限性,但这些结论是了解将性别观点纳入政府间机构和整个联合国工作进展情况的一个重要步骤。", " V. 联合国高级别政府间活动作为将性别观点纳入主流的机会", "36. (中文(简体) ). 除了作为政府间机构常会成果的决议和秘书长的报告外,联合国每年还举行一些高级别活动。 这些活动——首脑会议、会议和特别会议及其后续进程——为促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力提供了重要机会。 它们的筹备工作为突出两性平等问题提供了许多前景,这些活动可以是各国政府对赋予妇女权力作出明确承诺的机会,或者在后续进程中重申早先的承诺的机会。", "37. 联合国 本节参照大会第65/191号决议所引述的三项高级别活动审查这些机会:2011年举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议;2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会;2013年举行的《2002年马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》审查和评估。", "38. 国家 第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议是提高对贫穷妇女和女童需要的认识的一个重要场合。 会议于2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行,吸引了许多国家元首和政府首脑以及议会议员、联合国各实体负责人、非政府组织和私营部门的高级代表参加。 副秘书长兼联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)执行主任在会上致开幕词,6个高级别互动专题辩论之一重点讨论了人类和社会发展、性别平等和增强妇女权能问题。", "39. 联合国 此外,45个特别活动中有5个专门讨论了与贸易、可持续发展、经济赋权、移民护理工人、移徙和汇款有关的两性平等问题。 会议获得的材料包括由妇女署起草的一套关键信息,其中从性别平等角度介绍了正在讨论的各种问题。", " 40. 40. 会议产生了《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》(见A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1),其中多次提到两性平等问题。 大会第65/280号决议所核可的该成果文件概述了促进最不发达国家可持续发展的新措施和战略。", "41. 国家 重要的是,成果文件第二节审查了上一个行动纲领的执行情况,报告了在赋予妇女权力方面取得的进展,并总结了性别问题和其他广泛问题与消除贫穷的相关性。 题为“更新和加强发展伙伴关系”的第三节将两性平等列为新行动纲领的目标和执行纲领的原则。 第四节列出了八个优先行动领域,其中五个领域涉及两性平等问题。 在“人类和社会发展”优先领域下,有一个具体分节专门讨论两性平等和赋予妇女权力问题。", "42. 国家 相比之下,大会第55/279号决议所核可的2001-2010年行动纲领在其所有七个优先领域都提到两性平等。 报告还在讨论贸易、气候变化和减灾的分节中提到两性平等问题。 在2011-2020年行动纲领中,关于“贸易”、“商品”和“多重危机和其他新出现的挑战”的优先领域没有提到妇女。 在这方面,第四次会议的成果文件有些不足,它本可以包括更强有力的性别观点。", "43. 东帝汶 即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会和2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评价为更充分地纳入性别观点提供了机会。 这两个活动仍处于筹备阶段:联合国可持续发展大会将于2012年6月在巴西里约热内卢举行;对2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》的审查和评估将于2013年社会发展委员会第五十一届会议期间进行。", "44. 国家 高级别活动成果文件对两性平等问题的关注程度在很大程度上取决于在筹备活动的整个过程中是否纳入了性别观点。 第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的筹备工作始于2009年,包括大量活动,以评估上一个行动纲领的成果并制订新的措施和战略,促进最不发达国家的可持续发展。 然而,对筹备文件的审查表明,性别层面并非总是得到有力的反映。 此外,16个会前专题活动没有一次专门讨论两性平等问题,总结其中15个活动成果的文件(A/CONF.219/IPC/10)仅在两个活动中提到两性平等问题。", "45. 国家 联合国各实体在组织和协调筹备活动方面起关键作用,因此可以利用这一机会促进将性别观点纳入高级别活动。 特别是,它们有机会在早期阶段影响这一进程,2002年《马德里老龄问题国际行动计划》第二次全球审查和评估的筹备工作就说明了这一点。 2010年12月,联合国人口基金与秘书处经济和社会事务部和世界卫生组织合作,召开了一次专家组会议,以拟订一套指标,供各国报告审查和评估工作的进展情况。 在这个清单中,几乎所有评估老年人生活质量的指标都需要按性别分列的数据。 [6] 这一列入很重要,因为所提供的数据将影响随后的筹备活动和报告。", "46. 经常预算: 积极促进妇女权利的民间社会团体的参与也可成为将性别观点纳入筹备进程和高级别活动的一个决定性因素。 通常在国家、区域和国际各级为收集投入和在活动前提高认识而开展的许多活动为这些组织提供了许多渠道,使它们能发表意见并影响成果文件。", "47. 国家 利用民间社会贡献的具体努力,在参与程度方面产生最佳结果。 联合国可持续发展大会正式邀请了9个公认的主要群体参加(见大会第64/236号决议),其中之一是妇女。 这有助于确保妇女组织参与筹备进程。 例如,在2010年5月和2011年3月筹备委员会会议上,妇女组织在主要群体中的代表人数很多,并多次发言。 妇女主要群体还就会议的两个主题之一 \" 可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济 \" 提供了一份立场文件。 虽然第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的筹备工作是以三项大会决议(第65/171号、第64/213号和第63/227号决议)为指导的,这些决议呼吁民间社会的参与,但没有具体提及妇女团体,从而可能限制它们对成果文件的影响。", " 48. 48. 妇女署的任务是领导和协调联合国系统的性别平等工作,妇女署的设立可成为确保将性别平等观点纳入高级别政府间进程的桥梁。 妇女署一直参与联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程,并与妇女主要群体指导委员会合作。 此外,它还计划开展一些活动,使两性平等问题成为筹备进程和会议讨论的重点。", "六、结 论 妇女地位委员会的贡献", "49. (中文(简体) ). 大会第65/191号决议第3段确认妇女地位委员会在充分执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》及第二十三届特别会议成果的基础上,在促进两性平等并赋予妇女权力方面以及在推动和监测联合国系统内性别平等主流化方面发挥的催化作用。 虽然妇女地位委员会没有列入本报告所汇报的内容分析,以避免对结果产生偏见,但鉴于该委员会专门关注两性平等问题,该机构对第四次妇女问题世界会议的后续行动负有主要责任,并继续在促进将性别观点纳入主流的战略中起主要作用。", " 50. 50. 委员会第五十四届会议纪念了第四次妇女问题世界会议十五周年并大大促进了经济及社会理事会的工作。 委员会向理事会转递了高级别圆桌会议和三次小组讨论的摘要,作为对两性平等和妇女赋权方面国际商定目标和承诺执行情况年度部长级审查的投入。 秘书长关于审查《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》及第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况及其对塑造两性平等观点以实现千年发展目标的贡献的报告(E/2010/4-E/CN.6/2010/2)最初提交委员会,也是经济及社会理事会高级别部分的基础。 经济及社会理事会通过的2010年部长级宣言直接借鉴了该报告的结论和建议。 在这些方面,毫无疑问,委员会的工作影响了按照理事会第2006/9号决议将性别观点纳入其他机构和整个联合国系统工作的程度。", "51. 妇女署是妇女地位委员会的实务秘书处,预计将进一步加强该委员会在促进性别平等主流化方面发挥催化作用的能力。 特别是,妇女署加强国家存在应有助于丰富秘书长提交委员会和大会的报告,从业务工作的角度出发,从而帮助缩小委员会所拟订的规范指导与实地执行工作之间的差距。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 因此,妇女地位委员会仍然是一个重要的行动者,其工作有助于在高级别活动中加强对两性平等问题的关注。 为发挥其促进性别平等主流化战略的作用,它在2011年3月第五十五届会议期间举行了一次关于性别平等和可持续发展的互动小组讨论,作为对联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的投入。 该届会议还通过了关于将两性平等和促进妇女赋权纳入气候变化政策和战略主流的第一项决议(见E/2011/27,第55/1号决议),该决议可作为就这一专题开展进一步工作的基础。", "页:1 结论和建议", "53. 联合国 联合国的政府间工作继续为将性别观点纳入本组织和会员国工作的主流提供多种机会。 本报告的分析表明,在将性别观点纳入这些政府间进程方面取得了一些进展。 在确保秘书长向大会和经济及社会理事会提交的报告反映性别观点方面已经取得了特别的进展。 关于决议,进展较为有限。 高级别活动继续为将性别观点纳入政府间进程并反映在主要成果文件中提供良好机会。 此外,作为报告分析的一部分对政府间文件进行的深入审查表明,在多数情况下,通过提及关键词来界定的纳入性别观点反映了对两性平等问题的真正关注。", "54. 联合国 尽管采取了这些积极步骤,但政府间进程并没有被最佳地用来将性别观点纳入政府间机构审议的所有问题的主流并纳入其任务规定。 大会、经济及社会理事会和经济及社会理事会各职司委员会的决议纳入性别观点的比例仍然很低,甚至高级别活动也需要较长的预先规划和讨论,从而提供更多纳入性别观点的机会,但并不总是充分注意两性平等问题。 在注重社会和经济问题的政府间进程中,提及两性平等和增强妇女能力的问题继续得到最有力的证明。 因此,在大会内,性别观点仍然最有可能出现在第二和第三委员会的进程中。", "55. 国家 鉴于本报告所述的进展和制约因素,并鉴于政府间机构在促进和监测全球两性平等承诺的履行进展情况方面的关键作用,大会不妨:", "(a) 再次呼吁联合国所有政府间机构将性别观点充分纳入其审议中的所有问题和其任务规定的主流,并纳入所有联合国首脑会议、大型会议和特别会议及其后续进程的主流;吁请它们有系统地要求在要求秘书长的报告和向政府间进程提供的其他投入时纳入性别观点;", "(b) 请秘书长确保他提交政府间机构的报告通过性别分析和提供按性别和年龄分列的定量数据,特别是通过关于两性平等和赋予妇女权力的具体结论和建议,系统地纳入性别观点,并在这方面向为他的报告提供投入的所有撰稿者转达反映性别观点的重要性;", "(c) 鼓励各国政府改进按性别和年龄分列的数据的收集、分析和传播;加强这方面的能力发展;并制订对性别问题有敏感认识的相关指标来支助决策;", "(d) 强调民间社会,特别是非政府组织和妇女组织在执行《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及第二十三届特别会议成果方面的重要作用和贡献;", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和联合国系统鼓励和支持专门从事两性平等问题的妇女团体和非政府组织通过增加外联、筹资和能力建设,参与政府间进程。", "[1] 本报告补充了提交经济及社会理事会的关于将性别观点纳入联合国系统所有政策和方案主流的年度报告(E/2011/114),并补充了提交妇女地位委员会的年度报告,该报告的重点是会员国在国家一级为将性别观点纳入主流而采取的行动(见E/CN.6/2011/5)。", "[2] 妇女地位委员会(由于只注重性别问题)和联合国森林论坛(2010年没有届会)被排除在外。", "[3] 这些先前的调查结果以秘书长前几份报告(A/62/178、A/63/217、A/64/218和A/65/204)的分析为依据。 必须指出,到大会第六十三届会议为止的结果并不完全可比,因为内容分析依赖于一个较小的词列表(性别、性别、妇女、女孩、女性和性)。", "[4] 关于序言部分和执行段落的调查结果涉及大会82项决议和理事会18项决议,因为分析不适用于通过或核准高级别活动宣言或成果文件的决议。", "[5] 这一理解基于经济及社会理事会关于将性别观点纳入主流的第1997/2号商定结论。", "[6] 见http://social.un.org/index/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=rxM-regd7PM%3d&tabid=1261." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 28 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Advancement of women: advancement of women", "Violence against women migrant workers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/139, provides information on measures taken by Member States and the United Nations system to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. It concludes with recommendations for future action.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.The 3 \ncontext III.Measures 5 reported by Member \nStates A. International 5 \ninstruments B.Data 7 collection and \nresearch \nC.Legislation 7\nD.Policies 8E.Preventive 9 measures, training and \ncapacity-building F.Protection 9 and \nassistance G.Bilateral, 10 regional, international and other \ncooperation IV. Activities 11 of the United Nations \nsystem A.Global 11 legal and policy \ndevelopment B.Initiatives 14 of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national \nefforts V.Conclusions 16 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 64/139 on violence against women migrant workers, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution; and called on Governments to take measures to protect the human rights of women migrant workers, address and prevent violence against women migrant workers, provide victims with assistance and protection, strengthen preventive efforts, punish perpetrators, and enhance data collection and bilateral, regional and international cooperation.", "2. The present report, which responds to the calls for action contained in resolution 64/139, covers the two-year period from June 2009 to June 2011 following the submission of the previous report on this topic (A/64/152). It incorporates submissions from 23 Member States,[1] 5 United Nations entities,[2] and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). Concluding observations and general recommendations and comments of human rights treaty bodies and reports of the Human Rights Council special procedures system were also consulted.", "3. The report provides the context within which the subject of women migrant workers may be considered; summarizes measures taken by Member States, the United Nations system and IOM to implement General Assembly resolution 64/139; and draws conclusions and recommends measures for preventing violence against women migrant workers and protecting them from violence.", "II. The context", "4. Globally, the number of international migrants in 2010 has been estimated at 214 million,[3] of which 93 per cent are economic migrants.[4] Women constitute 49 per cent of the international migrants. The proportion of female migrants is highest in Europe (52.3 per cent), followed by Oceania (51.2 per cent) and Latin America and the Caribbean and North America (50.1 per cent in both regions). In the other two major areas, male migrants still outnumber female migrants: in 2010, in Asia, they constituted 55.4 per cent of migrants and in Africa, 53.2 per cent.[5] Large numbers of women move independently as temporary migrant workers for specific service activities, including in the domestic work and care sectors, as well as for entertainment work.[6]", "5. International migration can be an empowering experience for women: women may leave situations where they have limited options for ones where they exercise greater autonomy over their own lives, thereby benefiting themselves as well as their families and communities.[7] However, many women who migrate for reasons including work find themselves at risk for gender-based violence, discrimination and exploitation.", "6. Those risks were summarized by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in its general recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers.[8] The Committee highlighted women migrant workers’ vulnerability to physical and sexual violence by their employers, and the added risk of domestic violence, as well as economic abuse and exploitation, to which those with an irregular immigration status are particularly vulnerable; and noted that access to justice for women migrant workers may be limited, thereby preventing them from obtaining remedies for employment discrimination or violence. On the other hand, where remedies and services are available, migrant women workers may face barriers to accessing them, including lack of information or language skills, restrictions on freedom of movement by employers, and fear of loss of immigration or residence status. Migrants may start off their lives in destination countries in a state of debt, financial hardship and dependency owing to high recruitment fees. Poor reintegration services, especially those characterized by a lack of gender sensitivity, may lead to further hardship for women migrants after they return to their country of origin.[9]", "7. Migrant domestic workers face special issues and concerns owing to the isolation and dependence associated with their employment. The legal and practical gaps in protection of this group of migrants were highlighted by the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in its general comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers.[10] Both Committees have addressed recommendations to States parties with respect to ensuring compliance with treaty obligations.", "8. Women migrant workers are active contributors to development in countries of origin and destination.[11] Violence and discrimination against them constitute a human rights violation, and imposes costs on individual women migrant workers, their families, communities and States,[12] thereby adversely affecting economic and social development and the achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment.", "9. Sections III and IV below review the steps and measures taken by States to empower women migrant workers and prevent and reduce their vulnerability to violence and abuse, as well as the activities of the United Nations system undertaken to support such national efforts.", "III. Measures reported by Member States", "10. In their contributions to the present report, Member States highlighted a range of measures taken to combat discrimination and violence against women migrant workers, including efforts in areas such as data collection and research, legislation, policy measures, preventive measures, and protection and assistance, as well as bilateral and multilateral cooperation and adherence to the provisions of international instruments. Noting the links between discrimination and violence against women migrant workers and trafficking in women and girls, States also provided information on anti-trafficking policies and programmes.[13]", "A. International instruments[14]", "11. The international legal framework guides States on protecting women migrant workers and establishes a framework for collaboration towards this end. Since the 2009 report (A/64/152), the number of States parties to international instruments relevant to combating discrimination and violence against women migrant workers has increased. As at June 2011, 161 States had ratified or acceded to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[15] (up from 149 in 2009), 144 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[16] (up from 130), and 127 States had ratified or acceded to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime[17] (up from 119). Among the reporting States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are parties to the Convention and the two Protocols thereto and Chad, Jordan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates are parties to the Convention and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.", "12. As at 10 June 2011, 44 States were party to the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[18] (up from 41). Of the reporting Member States, Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mexico and the Philippines had become parties to that Convention. Many of the States providing input to the present report are party to relevant ILO conventions, including Convention No. 97 concerning Migration for Employment (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Germany, the Philippines, Portugal, Serbia, Trinidad and Tobago and the United Kingdom); Convention No. 111 concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom); and Convention No. 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Cyprus, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom).", "13. A new international instrument of particular significance for migrant women workers was adopted by the General Conference of the International Labour Organization on 16 June 2011: the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the accompanying Recommendation. The Convention proposes measures to ensure effective protection of domestic workers against all forms of abuse, harassment and violence, including by employment agencies; and promotion and protection of their human and labour rights, including fair wages, weekly rest and paid leave, decent working conditions, protection of security and health, and the availability of complaint mechanisms, labour inspections and sanctions against abusive employers. It encourages States to conclude bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements to further protect overseas domestic workers. The new Convention will come into force after two countries have ratified it.", "14. Adherence to regional instruments addressing violence against women can also contribute to preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers. This is, for example, the case for the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women (Convention of Belém do Pará) (Argentina and Trinidad and Tobago) and the Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence, recently adopted by the Committee of Ministers at the Council of Europe (Germany).", "B. Data collection and research", "15. Data are critical for developing sound policies and programmes addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. However, little information about the scope and availability of specific data was received. Some States noted a lack of data on cases of violence against women migrant workers and of sex-disaggregated data on migrant workers. Only Bosnia and Herzegovina and Portugal drew attention to available data on trafficking of migrant women and violence against women migrant workers. The Russian Federation collected data on women migrant workers, while Argentina disaggregated data on migrants by variables such as sex, nationality and age. Indonesia collected data on returnees and undocumented migrants. Several States, including Japan, Mexico and Trinidad and Tobago, reported on their data on violence against women in general.", "16. In order to strengthen the knowledge base, some States had introduced procedures or tasked institutions with data collection and research related to the employment of migrants, including women migrant workers. Greece, for example, had established an observatory on employment for migrants to inform immigration policies. The United Arab Emirates announced the establishment of a statistics centre, which is also expected to provide information on the problems encountered by domestic workers.", "17. Efforts to enhance research and analysis on women migrant workers’ concerns continued. Argentina, for example, had implemented two UNFPA-supported research projects, one on the situation of migrant domestic workers from Paraguay and the other on the challenges Bolivian migrant women encounter with respect to Argentina’s health system. Mexico carried out a study on care services currently provided by its consulates in the United States of America to Mexican migrant women who were victims of domestic violence.", "C. Legislation", "18. States have in place a range of general legal measures that can be used to protect women migrant workers from discrimination and violence and to penalize perpetrators. Constitutional law, anti-discrimination and employment acts, equal treatment and equal opportunities laws, and labour and migration laws can protect women migrant workers from discrimination, abuse and harassment. Examples of such protection were noted by Argentina, Chad, Greece, Japan, Jordan, Lithuania, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Serbia, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago. Similarly, provisions in penal codes established to address and punish sexual assault and abuse, sexual exploitation and domestic violence can also offer protection for women migrant workers, as was noted by Japan, Portugal and Qatar. In addition to their general legal frameworks, some countries (Argentina, Cyprus, Mexico, Portugal, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates) have in place specific laws designed to protect and support all women, including women migrant workers, against crimes such as sexual and domestic violence, slavery and human trafficking. Some States (Indonesia and the Philippines) reported on laws that aim to protect a country’s own nationals who migrate overseas, without specifically targeting women.", "19. Some countries reported immigration laws and labour legislation, ministerial decisions, regulations and agreements that protect domestic workers, including migrant domestic workers. For example, the labour law of the United Arab Emirates protects female domestic workers from hazardous working conditions, while Jordan’s labour law provides domestic workers with the same legal protection granted to other workers. Jordan, Lebanon and the United Arab Emirates have introduced standard labour contracts specifying the rights of domestic workers, such as wages, working hours, paid leave and health care, and the responsibilities of employers. States have also strengthened regulation of recruitment agencies and employers by imposing sanctions and penalties for abuse of migrant workers (Lebanon) and by granting workers the right to find another employer (Jordan). The immigration legislation of the United Kingdom, on the other hand, specifically addresses exploitation of women migrant domestic workers.", "20. The promotion of legal migration is a priority for Greece, whose immigration law promotes legal employment of foreigners and the regularization of irregular migrants. Labour inspectorates play a significant role in monitoring implementation, and compliance by employers.", "21. While legislation and related regulations are key elements in preventing and addressing violence against women migrant workers, the information received gave little indication of the application, or impact, of existing general legal provisions for addressing violence against migrant women workers. There was no discussion of any particular challenges that certain groups of women migrant workers, such as domestic workers, may face when seeking the protection of the law against discrimination and violence.", "D. Policies", "22. Some countries, including Argentina, Malta and Portugal, emphasized the importance, given the growing numbers of migrant women, including women migrant workers, of having in place gender-sensitive and human rights-based policies. Towards this end, some States have included measures to address violence against women migrant workers in various national action plans and strategies. Cyprus, Japan, Portugal, Serbia and Slovakia included women migrant workers within the scope of policies on violence against women and trafficking. Other States addressed violence against migrant women but without a specific focus on women migrant workers. For example, a number of Portugal’s national plans, including those on domestic violence, incorporated measures on violence against migrant women such as awareness-raising for immigrant communities, specialized training for authorities and services for survivors. Slovakia’s action plan on violence against women included prevention activities targeting the special needs of migrant women.", "23. While lack of a specific budget allocation was reported as an obstacle to the effective implementation of plans, there was little mention of other challenges, nor of positive impacts or results achieved in addressing violence against women migrant workers through the implementation of such policies and plans.", "E. Preventive measures, training and capacity-building", "24. While prevention is integral to efforts addressing violence against women migrant workers, reported prevention measures, in Cyprus, Greece, Malta, Mexico, Japan, Serbia and Slovakia, focused more broadly on eliminating violence against women and on human trafficking. In those countries, preventive measures included general awareness-raising, information dissemination and education through conferences, seminars, publications and brochures. These initiatives were often undertaken with partners, and in multiple languages. In Portugal, awareness-raising activities on violence against women and the rights of migrant women who were victims of violence specifically targeted immigrant communities.", "25. Information on the rights of migrants and immigration procedures that is easily accessible to migrants can help diminish risks of abuse and exploitation. To that end, Mexico created a women migrants portal providing information on migration processes and the rights of migrant women. In Lithuania, information on immigration procedures is available in several languages. Lebanon and Jordan produced guides and brochures on the rights and responsibilities related to the employment of domestic workers. States also reported on awareness-raising for their nationals migrating overseas with regard to the benefits and risks of migration through annual campaigns (the Philippines) and pre-departure training sessions (Indonesia).", "26. Migrant women, including women migrant workers, can become victims of xenophobia and racism, for example, through media portrayals. A number of States have taken steps to counter such risks by sensitizing the media (Greece) and monitoring radio and television programmes that promote negative, racist or sexist stereotypes (Argentina), and in this regard, focusing especially on the portrayal of migrant women.", "27. In addition to awareness-raising, States (Indonesia, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal, Qatar, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) have conducted training programmes for government officials, the police, the judiciary, medical staff and other service providers to ensure gender-sensitive policy implementation and service provision in the context of violence against women, human trafficking, gender equality, protection of migrant workers and other related issues. Portugal has implemented training for personnel staffing support centres and helplines for immigrants. Lebanon and Qatar have organized training programmes for labour inspectors so as to ensure compliance with labour legislation. The United Arab Emirates established a centre for training of governmental officials on violence against women, trafficking and illegal immigration.", "28. Indonesia undertook steps to strengthen institutional capacities in support of migrant workers abroad, including the protection of and assistance to women migrant workers who were victims of violence. This involved the establishment as well of a dedicated unit within its Ministry of Foreign Affairs.", "F. Protection and assistance", "29. Migrant women who are victims of violence need a range of services to help them recover from the trauma of their experience and to ensure that violence is not repeated. A number of States (including Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cyprus, Greece, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia and the United Arab Emirates) reported on the protection and assistance available to this group of women, including shelters, hotlines, legal assistance, psychological and medical services, and the provision of information on services, vocational training and redress. This support was often available in several languages and was provided in cooperation with non-governmental organizations. However, no data were provided on the numbers or cases of women migrant workers victims of violence who used available services. In addition, States drew attention to the persistent challenge of the lack of or insufficient services for women victims of violence in general.", "30. Progress continues to be made in providing protection and support under immigration laws and work-permit arrangements for foreign nationals, which can also be of benefit to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Portugal reported that immigrant women survivors of domestic violence can acquire a residence permit independently from their husbands. Argentina, Greece, Lebanon, Mexico, Portugal and Slovakia highlighted provisions in labour and immigration laws providing foreign nationals with access to medical care, education and economic aid. Portugal also extends medical care and education to the children of undocumented migrants. Greece, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, the Philippines, Qatar and Slovakia reported having redress mechanisms for receiving, investigating and addressing complaints of discrimination and violence against migrant workers, including domestic workers. Indonesia, Japan, the Philippines, Slovakia and Trinidad and Tobago reported monitoring and inspecting workplaces to ensure compliance with labour laws.", "31. Indonesia and the Philippines provided reintegration services to returnees. A special terminal exists at Indonesia’s international airport whose function is to provide assistance.", "G. Bilateral, regional, international and other cooperation", "32. Bilateral and multilateral cooperation is key to addressing violence against women migrant workers. A number of States (Indonesia, Jordan, Lebanon, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates) reported on bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding between countries of origin and countries of destination aimed at improving protection of migrant workers. Such agreements and memorandums covered a range of issues, including the regulation of recruitment and employment agencies and the protection of potential migrants from illegally operating agencies, the use of official employment contracts, and wage scales of migrant workers.", "33. Regional cooperation included a project involving Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Tajikistan, which aimed at providing services to migrants. The project was supported by the United Kingdom, and implemented by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), IOM and the World Bank. Several States hosted or participated in regional and international conferences on migration, combating violence against women and human trafficking.", "34. Slovakia reported collaboration with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) on protecting migrant women from abuse; and Indonesia reported collaboration with IOM on training government officials to deal with protection issues affecting migrants.", "IV. Activities of the United Nations system", "35. Intergovernmental processes, global meetings and expert bodies continue to address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. United Nations entities and IOM work to promote and protect the rights of women migrant workers in support of national efforts.", "A. Global legal and policy development", "1. Resolutions and recommendations", "36. Legal and policy development continued through resolutions and recommendations adopted by United Nations intergovernmental and expert bodies. At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/228 on strengthening crime prevention and criminal justice responses to violence against women, in which the Assembly emphasized the importance of preventing violence against migrant women by recognizing the needs and special vulnerabilities of migrant women and implementing measures to combat racism, xenophobia and related forms of intolerance.", "37. Since the finalization of the previous report, the Human Rights Council has adopted several resolutions that also address the situation of migrant women and children, and of women migrant workers. These include: resolution 15/16 on the human rights of all migrants (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), calling for the effective promotion and protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all migrants, including, in particular, the right to life and physical integrity, especially that of women and children, and information campaigns to enable informed decision-making and reduce vulnerability to trafficking, transnational organized smuggling and criminal networks; resolution 15/23 on the elimination of discrimination against women (see A/65/53/Add.1, chap. I), addressing elimination of discrimination against women in vulnerable situations, such as migrant women; resolution 14/12 on accelerating efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. III.A), calling for ensuring due diligence in preventing and addressing all forms of discrimination, including racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination and disadvantage that can lead to targeting or vulnerability to violence of some women and girls, including migrant women; resolution 13/20 on the rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. II.A), urging protection of migrant children from sexual violence and abuse and providing victims with special protection and assistance; and resolution 12/6 on human rights of migrants: migration and human rights of the child (see A/65/53 and Corr.1, chap. I.A), calling for ensuring that migrant children, regardless of their legal status, enjoy all human rights and urging integration of a gender perspective into migration policies and programmes so as to better protect migrant girls.", "38. Along the same lines, the Commission on the Status of Women has adopted agreed conclusions and resolutions that address the situation of women and girl migrant workers. The agreed conclusions on women’s and girls’ access to and participation in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women’s equal access to full employment and decent work (E/2011/27, chap. I.A), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fifth session (12 March 2010, 22 February-4 March and 14 March 2011), called for the implementation of gender-sensitive policies and programmes for women migrant workers, the provision of safe and legal migration channels which recognize their skills and education, the facilitation of their productive employment, decent work and labour-force integration, including in the fields of education, science and technology, and steps to ensure that all women, including care workers, are legally protected against violence and exploitation. In its resolution 54/4 on women’s economic empowerment (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), adopted by the Commission at its fifty-fourth session (13 March and 14 October 2009 and 1-12 March 2010), the Commission urged countries of origin, transit and destination to incorporate gender perspectives into migration policies and programmes, promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by women migrants, and address discrimination, all forms of exploitation, ill treatment, unsafe working conditions and violence, including sexual violence and trafficking in women and girls. In resolution 54/7 on ending female genital mutilation (see E/2010/27 and Corr.1, chap. I.D), the Commission urged States to take targeted measures for refugee and migrant women and their communities in order to protect girl children from female genital mutilation, including when the practice occurs outside the country of residence.", "39. The human rights treaty bodies established under the international human rights treaties continued to address violence against women migrant workers. At its thirteenth session (22 November-3 December 2010), the Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families adopted General Comment No. 1, on migrant domestic workers, comprehensively addressing social, economic, cultural, civil, political and labour rights violations against them. The General Comment called for the promotion and protection of the rights of domestic workers at all stages, decent work for domestic workers, and proper regulation of such work by national labour legislation so as to ensure that domestic workers enjoy the same level of protection as other workers, and have effective access to justice and remedies.", "40. During the period covered in the present report, the Committee against Torture, at its forty-third and forty-fourth sessions, highlighted, in particular, in its concluding observations on the reports of States parties, the dire situation of undocumented migrant women who were victims of gender-based violence; the widespread physical, psychological and sexual abuse of women migrant domestic workers; migrant women victims of domestic violence who seldom sought protection for fear of losing residence status; and the absence of comprehensive or disaggregated data on complaints, investigations, prosecutions and convictions in cases of ill treatment of migrant workers (see A/65/44). The Committee consequently urged States parties to prevent violence and abuse against women migrant workers by ensuring their right to lodge complaints and the imposition of sanctions against abusive employers; and also urged States parties to consider enacting legislation that would enable migrant women victims of violence to seek protection without forfeiting their residence permit, and to compile disaggregated statistical data and information on cases of ill treatment of migrant workers.", "41. Special rapporteurs of the Human Rights Council highlighted the vulnerability of women migrant workers to violence and links to the exercise of other rights. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants pointed out that migrants were often subject to violence, threatening their health and safety, with limited information about risks and access to health services (see A/HRC/14/30). Migrant domestic workers were especially vulnerable to such violence owing to their exclusion from forms of legal protection (ibid., paras. 29-30). The Special Rapporteur posited a link between violence and the right to adequate housing, noting that live-in migrant domestic workers seldom reported abuse, as they thereby risked deportation, loss of employment, homelessness and vulnerability to further violence, such as sexual exploitation and trafficking (ibid., para. 55). The Special Rapporteur recommended that States provide migrants with free information and advice on relevant laws and policies to help them exercise their rights (ibid., para. 74); adequate, appropriate and specialized medical assistance (ibid., para. 82); and accommodation for those wanting to leave abusive employers (ibid., para. 90). He also recommended that mechanisms be put in place to monitor workplace conditions. The Special Rapporteur emphasized the importance of protection for migrant children, especially girls, considering their numbers and high vulnerability to sexual violence and gendered human rights violations (A/HRC/17/33 para. 32), including in his reports on his missions to Japan (A/HRC/17/33/Add.3), Romania (A/HRC/14/30/Add.2) and the United Kingdom (A/HRC/14/30/Add.3).", "42. In her report on her mission to Zambia, the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, pointed out that women migrant workers were often sexually abused, but seldom approached law enforcers and health workers for assistance because of their irregular status (see A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, para. 28).", "43. The Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, recommended that specialized assistance should be given to trafficked persons regardless of their immigration status, and that the granting of residency status and access to services should not depend on their participation in criminal proceedings (A/HRC/14/32).", "2. Intergovernmental meetings", "44. The Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) is a State-led process established following the General Assembly High-level Dialogue on International Migration and Development held in 2006. During the period covered by this report, the Forum held two meetings, in Greece in 2009 and in Mexico in 2010. These meetings underscored the importance of protecting the human rights of women migrant workers and ensuring gender-sensitive migration and development policies. Key recommendations adopted at these meetings focused on the collection of sex-aggregated data and the development of gender-sensitive guidelines for policies, programmes and budgets, with appropriate targets and indicators. In September 2010, UN-Women co-organized with the Government of Mexico (Global Forum Chair in 2010), a pre-Forum IV high-level consultation on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, which contributed to the outcomes of the Forum 2010 round table on gender, family, migration and development. UN‑Women co-wrote with IOM the annex to the official Government background paper for the round table, entitled “Uncovering the interfaces between gender, family, migration and development: the global care economy and chains”. Also, at this round table, UN‑Women co‑presented with the Government of Portugal a paper on women migrant workers’ labour rights, and actively supported civil society participation. The Chair of the 2011 Global Forum (Switzerland) has identified “Global care workers at the interface of migration and development” as a sub-theme under “Labour mobility” for the current year. The Chair has further requested UN‑Women to provide technical and organizational assistance in support of three regional meetings on this theme, with a focus on expanding good practices, which are being organized in partnership with IOM and ILO. The Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which was held in Istanbul from 9 to 13 May 2011, included migrant remittances and diaspora investment for development and the protection of migrant workers as key priorities in its Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011-2020.[19]", "B. Initiatives of United Nations entities and the International Organization for Migration in support of national efforts", "1. Research and data collection", "45. United Nations and related entities support the increased availability of data on migrant women and on the violence directed against them. UNFPA supported the collection by national institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina of sex- and age-disaggregated migration data and data on gender-based violence. UN-Women supported the generation by national authorities in India of data on violence against women migrant workers; also in India, UNFPA will support research on violence against migrant women and children.", "46. UN-Women supported the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs in its commissioning of a research study on analysing the trends and patterns in the activities of South Asian women migrant workers in the Gulf and Arab States, designed to inform gender-sensitive and rights-based policy formation, including a pre-departure orientation programme for awareness-raising and capacity-building. UNESCO promoted research on the human rights situation of women migrant workers and published essays on prevention of trafficking and on victim protection. The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) undertook case studies on migrant populations along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries with a view to informing rights-based policy formulation aimed at protecting migrants, especially women and youth, from violence. IOM conducted research on women’s international labour migration, trafficking and gender-based violence.", "47. A 2010 ILO publication on international labour migration highlighted, among other issues, the vulnerability of women migrant domestic workers and the vulnerability of women and young temporary migrant workers. A 2011 report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) on the involvement of organized criminal groups in the smuggling of migrants from West Africa to the European Union (EU) area noted the sometimes overlapping nature of trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, and the fact that those who were most clearly victims of trafficking were overwhelmingly women.", "2. Support for legislative and policy development", "48. Entities of the United Nations system have collaborated with national authorities in developing tools supporting improvement of laws and policies that address violence against women migrant workers and promote their human rights. UN-Women and ECLAC organized an expert group meeting in September 2010 in Trinidad and Tobago, which resulted in the creation of a model framework for national action plans on violence against women. Set out therein were recommendations accompanied by explanatory commentaries and good practice examples designed to assist States in revising, developing or updating relevant plans.[20] The framework stresses that national action plans should recognize that women’s experience of violence is shaped by many variables, including migrant or refugee status, and that strategies and actions should address the specific concerns faced by different groups of women, while aiming for equality of outcomes for all women.", "49. IOM undertook efforts to foster inter-State dialogue and cooperation on protecting women migrant workers. Jointly with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), IOM implemented a project aimed at increasing gender sensitivity in future labour migration policies of OSCE member States. Towards this end, IOM, OSCE and ILO facilitated training workshops in Kazakhstan, Sweden and Austria. UN-Women supported the incorporation of a gender perspective in migration policies and management in Nepal and Viet Nam. In Nepal, UN-Women supported the development by national partners of the new draft migration policy and is also supporting the inclusion of women migrant workers’ concerns in the development of the five-year national strategy and plan of action of the Ministry of Labour and Transport Management, and a strategy to explore alternative forms of decent employment outside domestic work. In Viet Nam, UN‑Women supported the incorporation by the Department of Overseas Labour of a gender-sensitive, development-oriented perspective in migration management, including initiatives covering, inter alia, pre-departure training and services, strengthening hotline and shelter services and facilitating savings and remittances through official banking services.", "3. Awareness-raising, capacity-building and other prevention measures", "50. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM supported advocacy, awareness-raising and capacity-building efforts to promote the human rights of women migrant workers. For example, IOM sensitized migrant communities in Zimbabwe on gender-based violence and abusive labour practices and organized campaigns promoting safe and regular migration. UNFPA implemented a project to prevent reproductive rights abuses and gender-based violence against migrant women along the borders of 10 Latin American and Caribbean countries. UN‑Women supported awareness-raising on violence against women migrant workers in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic; sensitized journalists in Thailand on discrimination and violence against women migrant workers at all stages of migration; and supported information dissemination on safe migration for potential women migrants through community radio in Indonesia, and recommended measures to be taken when there is a threat of violence.", "51. Entities of the United Nations system and IOM provided or supported training for different stakeholders on protecting women migrant workers’ human rights. In 2010, the five regional commissions and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat launched a project aimed at strengthening national capacities to deal with international migration and, in particular, at maximizing development benefits and minimizing negative impact of the phenomenon. The issue of violence against women migrant workers is being addressed in a number of national case studies that are currently under preparation. In several countries in Asia, including Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and Viet Nam, UN-Women partnered with different government ministries, non‑governmental organizations and United Nations entities to increase capacity and generate awareness; and in Cambodia, contributed to the production of pre‑departure training manuals which addressed, inter alia, gender-based violence and women migrants’ access to justice issues. IOM ran training programmes on protecting the human rights of women migrant victims of abuse and trafficking for law enforcement, immigration and border officials, prosecutors, service providers and non-governmental organizations in many countries. In 2009, ILO produced a guidebook, available in several languages, for domestic workers in Thailand. The guidebook aims at promoting the rights and responsibilities of domestic workers, explains the benefits and risks associated with domestic work and offers workers advice on how to interact with their employer so as to establish a mutually satisfactory working environment and system of remuneration and benefits for the worker.", "4. Protection and support for victims of violence", "52. United Nations and related entities supported national efforts to increase protection and services for women migrants who were victims of violence, which in some instances were targeted specifically at women migrant workers. For example, IOM, in partnership with several stakeholders in many countries, provided accommodation, counselling, legal and medical services, and skills-building. The Organization helped establish repatriation and reintegration schemes for abused women returnees and trafficked women. UN-Women supported community-based organizations in Indonesia in documenting cases of rights violations and violence against women migrant workers, with a view to increasing their access to legal assistance.", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "53. Action has been taken nationally, regionally and internationally to address violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. The number of States parties to relevant international instruments has increased. The adoption of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers has resulted in a major addition to the international human rights framework relevant to the protection of women migrant workers.", "54. States, sometimes with the support of the entities of the United Nations system and IOM, have continued to strengthen legal frameworks, policies, national action plans and strategies that contribute to preventing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. Particularly promising actions in this regard include: extending labour laws so as to cover domestic workers, introducing standardized contractual arrangements for domestic workers, regulating and monitoring recruitment agencies in order to prevent abusive and illegal practices, disseminating information to potential migrant women so as to promote legal migration, training officials, raising public awareness with respect to combating violence, racism and xenophobia against women migrant workers, and providing services to women migrant workers who are victims of violence. Bilateral and multilateral agreements and cooperation provide a strong basis for addressing discrimination and violence against women migrant workers.", "55. At the same time, key gaps persist in respect of implementing global normative and policy frameworks related to protecting women migrant workers against discrimination, violence and violations of their rights. While this group of women may benefit from existing general legal and policy frameworks governing migration, gender equality, violence against women and labour, there is a lack of targeted measures to specifically address discrimination and violence against women migrant workers. The knowledge base remains inadequate, and gaps persist in data collection and dissemination, and in the research and analysis needed to inform policy and programme interventions. By the same token, where laws, policies and other measures are in place, there is little reporting on the impact of measures taken and results achieved in regard to women migrant workers. Undocumented women migrant workers remain particularly vulnerable to violence, exploitation and discrimination.", "56. Against this background, States should continue to ratify and implement international instruments, with a special focus on early ratification of the Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers and the Recommendation related thereto. States should enhance gender-sensitive data collection, research, analysis and dissemination on migration profiles, and on violence and violations of migrant women’s rights at all stages of the migration process; on migrant women workers’ contribution to development; on remittances (based on macrodata); and on costs of violence against women migrant workers, for appropriate policy and programme formulation and implementation.", "57. National labour laws should protect women migrant workers, including domestic workers, and should include robust monitoring and inspection mechanisms in line with relevant ILO Conventions and other instruments, so as to ensure compliance of States parties with their international obligations. Immigration laws should incorporate gender perspectives so as to prevent discrimination against women, in particular in regard to independent migration, and should permit migrant women victims of violence to apply for residency permits independently of abusive employers and spouses.", "58. States should ensure policy coherence among migration, labour and anti‑trafficking policies and programmes that are gender-sensitive and rights-based. They should promote safe and legal migration, prevent violence and protect the human rights of all women migrant workers throughout the migration process. Such policies should be based on good data and analysis and the institutionalized engagement of women migrant workers throughout the policy process; should be adequately resourced; should include measurable targets and indicators, timetables, and monitoring and accountability measures, in particular for recruiting and employment agencies, employers and public officials; and should provide for impact assessments and ensure multisector coordination within and among countries of origin, transit and destination through appropriate mechanisms.", "59. States should continue to conclude and implement bilateral and multilateral arrangements to ensure the protection of the rights of all women migrant workers and facilitate effective action in law enforcement and prosecution, prevention, capacity-building, victim protection and support, exchange of information and good practices that combat violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should work to reduce the transaction costs of remittances; facilitate woman-friendly, safe, convenient and efficient modes of transfer and receipt; and encourage the establishment of gender-sensitive channels of productive investment. They should also expand the availability of comprehensive reintegration and support services for women migrant workers and their families.", "60. Education programmes, awareness-raising and other prevention efforts directed at migrant women, recruiting and employment agencies, employers, the media, public officials and the population in general, should continue in origin and destination countries, and should be conducted in ways that are appropriate to the target groups. They should include a focus on promoting and protecting the rights of women migrant workers, draw attention to existing laws and support for migrant women, highlight the opportunities and risks of migration, and be multilingual, where appropriate. Pre-departure orientation and training for potential women migrant workers should be gender-sensitive and rights-based, and should focus on rights protection and obligations. Gender-sensitive training programmes for police, immigration officials, judicial personnel, and social and health workers should be strengthened and institutionalized, to ensure effective responses to violence and discrimination against women migrant workers, with full respect for their human rights. Such programmes should be governed by standardized procedures, and include gender-sensitive performance criteria, for greater impact.", "61. States should strengthen support systems for victims of violence and ensure their access to them in accordance with human rights standards, irrespective of their immigration status. Such support should be linguistically and culturally appropriate, and should include provision of information on women migrant workers’ rights, their access to redress, legal, psychological, medical and social assistance, access to shelters and compensation for damages. Women migrant workers should not be penalized for lodging complaints.", "62. The United Nations system and related entities have provided support to national authorities and civil society in addressing violence and discrimination against women migrant workers. They should continue these efforts and coordinate them in such a way as to support effective implementation, enhance their impact and strengthen positive outcomes for women migrant workers.", "[1] Sixteen submissions received by 10 June 2011 (from Cyprus, Germany, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Malta, Mexico, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkmenistan and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 7 submissions received after the deadline for submission for the previous report (A/64/152) (from Argentina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Chad, Greece, Indonesia, Serbia and the United Arab Emirates).", "[2] The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). Information about the work of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was retrieved from their websites.", "[3] See the report of the Secretary-General on international migration and development (A/65/203).", "[4] See Dilip Ratha, “Leveraging the migration and remittances for development” (World Bank, 17 May 2011). Available from http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha.pdf.", "[5] See “Trends in international migrant stock: the 2008 revision”, CD-ROM documentation (2009), United Nations database (POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008). Available from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf.", "[6] See Jayati Ghosh, “Migration and gender empowerment: recent trends and emerging issues”, United Nations Development Programme Human Development Research Paper, No. 2009/4 (April 2009). Available from http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/ HDRP_2009_04.pdf.", "[7] See 2004 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Women and International Migration (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.04.IV.4). Available from http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf. See also United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), Claim and Celebrate Women Migrants’ Human Rights through CEDAW: The Case of Women Migrant Workers, UNIFEM Briefing Paper prepared by Jean D’Cunha (2005).", "[8] A/64/38, part one, annex I.", "[9] Ibid.; see, in particular, paras. 9-22.", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1.", "[11] See Crossing Borders II; Migration and Development from a Gender Perspective (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.09.III.C.2 P); and UNIFEM, “The gender dimensions of remittances: a study of Indonesian domestic workers in East and Southeast Asia” (2009).", "[12] For the costs of violence against women in general, see the Secretary-General’s in-depth study on all forms of violence against women (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1).", "[13] Separate reports of the Secretary-General on trafficking in women and girls have been submitted to the General Assembly on a biennial basis, most recently at its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/209, A/63/215, A/59/185 and Corr.1, A/57/170 and A/55/322). The next report on trafficking in women and girls will be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, as requested in resolution 65/190.", "[14] Information in the present section is taken from Government submissions, the multilateral treaties website of the Office of Legal Affairs and the websites of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.", "[15] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2225, No. 39574.", "[16] Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[17] Ibid., vol. 2241, No. 39574.", "[18] Ibid., vol. 2220, No. 39481.", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1.", "[20] See http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目28(a)", "提高妇女地位：提高妇女地位", "暴力侵害移徙女工行为", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是依照大会第64/139号决议提交的，就会员国和联合国系统为解决移徙女工遭受暴力侵害和歧视而采取的措施提供资料。最后列出了供今后采取行动的各项建议。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.背景情况 3\n3.会员国汇报的措施 5\nA.国际文书 5\nB.数据收集和研究 6\nC.立法 7\nD.政策 8\nE.预防措施，培训和能力建设 8\nF.保护和援助 9\nG.双边、区域、国际和其他合作 9\n4.联合国系统的活动 10\nA.全球法律和政策发展 10\nB.联合国各实体和国际移民组织支助国家努力的各项倡议 13\n5.结论和建议 15", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其关于暴力侵害移徙女工行为的第64/139号决议请秘书长就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告，和吁请各国政府采取措施保护移徙女工的人权、处理和预防对移徙女工的暴力侵害、向受害人提供援助和保护、加强预防努力，惩治犯罪和加强数据的收集以及双边、区域和国际合作。", "2. 本报告就是响应第64/139号决议的要求提交的。期间涵盖关于同一课题的前一份报告(A/64/152)提交之后的两年，即2009年6月至2011年6月。报告综合来自23个会员国、[1] 5个联合国实体[2] 和国际移民组织(移民组织)的来文编写的。还咨询了人权条约机构的总结意见和一般建议/评论以及人权理事会特殊程序系统的报告。", "3. 本报告阐述了审议移徙女工问题的背景；扼要说明会员国、联合国系统和组织为执行第64/139号决议可采取的措施；并就如何预防对移徙女工暴力侵害和保护她们免遭暴行提出了结论和建议。", "二. 背景情况", "4. 2010年全球国际移民人数估计高达2.14亿人。[3] 其中93%是出于经济原因的移徙。[4] 妇女占国际移民的49%。女性移民在欧洲所占的比例最高(52.3%)，续之以大洋洲区域(51.2%)和拉丁美洲和加勒比以及北美洲两个区域均占(50.1%)。在其他两个地区，男性移民的人数仍超过女性：2010年，他们在亚洲移民中占55.4%，在非洲占53.2%。[5] 数目庞大的妇女作为临时移民工人单身移徙，从事特定的服务活动，包括从事家务工作和在护理部门工作，还包括为娱乐业工作。[6]", "5. 对妇女而言，国际移徙可能成为赋权的经历，妇女离开选择有限的环境，转换到对自己生活拥有较大自主权的环境，从而对她们本身及其家属和社区都有好处。[7] 然而，许多移徙妇女，由于包括工作在内的各种理由，发现她们面对了基于性别的暴力、歧视和剥削的风险。", "6. 消除对妇女歧视委员会在其关于移徙女工的第26号一般性建议[8] 中综述了这些风险。委员会强调指出，移徙女工容易遭受：雇主对身体的伤害和性暴行、加重的家庭暴力，以及经济虐待和剥削，而移民身份不合规定的移徙女工处境尤为脆弱。它指出，移徙女工向司法求助的机会有限，使她们无法对就业的歧视或暴行获得补救。另一方面，即使有机会获得补救和服务，移徙女工在设法求助时，或许会面对种种障碍，包括缺乏信息和语言能力、雇主限制自由和行动、或恐惧丧失移民或居留身份。由于招聘费用高昂，移徙也可能使她们在目的地国开始生活时就面对债务、财务困难和依赖协助。为重新融入社会而提供的服务不足，特别是有些服务根本不顾及性别因素，或会导致移徙女工在回到原籍国之后面对更多困难。[9]", "7. 由于与其工作相关的孤立无助和依赖性，移徙家庭佣工面对特别的问题和关注。保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际委员会关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论就强调说明在保护这一类移民方面存在的法律和实际缺口。[10] 这两个委员会都向会员国提出了建议，以确保遵守条约义务。", "8. 对原籍国和目的地国而言，移徙女工都对其发展作出了积极贡献。[11] 对她们的暴力侵害和歧视都构成对人权的侵害，给个别的移徙女工、其家属、社区和国家都带来了负担，[12] 从而对经济和社会发展，以及两性平等和赋予妇女权能，造成了不利影响。", "9. 本报告以下各节审查了各国为赋予移徙女工权能、预防她们遭受暴力侵害和虐待并减轻这种风险，以及联合国系统为支助此种国家努力而进行的活动。", "三. 会员国汇报的措施", "10. 在为本报告提供资料时，会员国着重说明它们为打击对移徙女工的歧视和暴行所采取的种种措施。其中包括在下列领域的努力：数据收集与研究、立法、政策措施，预防措施和保护与援助。进行活动的其他领域还包括：双边和多边合作，以及遵守国际文书。注意到对移徙女工的歧视和暴行同贩运妇女和女孩之间的联系，各国还就打击贩运的措施和方案提供了资料。[13]", "A. 国际文书[14]", "11. 国际法律框架就如何保护移徙女工向各国提供指引，并为此目的制订了合作框架。自从提交2009年的报告(A/64/152)以来，就有关打击对移徙女工歧视和暴行问题的国际文书而言，缔约国数目已见增多。截至2011年6月，已有161个国家批准或加入《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》[15] (比2009年的149个国家增多)，144个国家批准或加入补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口，特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》[16] (比2009年130个国家增多)，和有127个国家批准或加入补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》[17] (比2009年的119国增多)。在提交报告的国家当中，阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克，特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国都是《公约》及其两项《议定书》的缔约国，而乍得、约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和卡塔尔则为《公约》和《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口，特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》的缔约国。", "12. 截至2011年6月10日为止，已有44个国家加入《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》[18] 为缔约国(比之前的41国有所增加)。在提交报告的会员国当中，阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、墨西哥和菲律宾已加入该《公约》为缔约国。向本报告提供资料的许多国家都是劳工组织各项有关公约的缔约国，其中包括《关于为就业而移徙的第97号公约》(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、菲律宾、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚、特立尼达和多巴哥和联合王国)；《关于在就业和职业方面歧视的第111号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国)、以及《关于禁止最恶劣形式的童工并立即采取行动的第182号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国)。", "13. 2011年6月16日，国际劳工组织大会通过了一项对移徙女工特别重要的新的国际文书，即《关于家庭佣工体面工作的公约》及其伴随的各项建议。《公约》建议为下列目的采取措施：确保有效保护家庭佣工免受包括通过职业介绍机构进行的一切形式的虐待、骚扰和暴行；促进和保护其人权和劳工权利，包括公平的工资、每周休息和带薪休假、体面的工作条件、安全与健康受到保护；以及提供投诉机制、劳工监查和制裁虐待工人的雇主。它鼓励各国缔结双边、区域或多边协定，以便进一步保护海外家庭佣工。这项新公约将在两个国家批准之后生效。", "14. 遵守为解决对妇女暴力侵害而制订的各项区域文书也有助于预防和解决对移徙女工的暴力行为。举例来说，《美洲防止、惩罚和消除对妇女暴力行为公约》(《贝伦杜帕拉公约》(阿根廷和特立尼达和多巴哥)和经欧洲理事会部长委员会通过的关于预防和打击对妇女暴力和家庭暴力的公约(德国)。", "B. 数据收集和研究", "15. 就制订健全的政策和方案，解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴行而言，数据是必不可少的。然而，关于特定数据的范围和可得性，收到的资料还相当少。有些国家政府指出，有关对移徙女工施暴案例和按性别分列的有关移徙工人的数据，十分短缺。只有波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和葡萄牙提请注意，对于贩运移徙女工和对移徙女工的暴行，已有数据可查。俄罗斯联邦收集了关于移徙女工的数据，而阿根廷按各种变量，诸如性别、国籍和年龄，分列出关于移民的数据。印度尼西亚收集了关于返国者和无证移民的数据。有几个国家，包括日本、墨西哥和特立尼达和多巴哥提出了有关对妇女暴力行为的一般数据。", "16. 为了加强知识基础，有些国家推出程序或责成国家机构收集和研究与移民，包括移徙女工就业有关的数据。举例来说，希腊设立一个关于移民就业情况的观察机构，以便为移民政策提供信息。阿拉伯联合酋长国宣布，建立一个统计中心，还预期该中心将就家庭佣工所遭遇的问题提供信息。", "17. 仍在继续努力，加强关于移徙女工的研究和分析。举例来说，阿根廷已执行了两项人口基金支助的研究项目，一项涉及来自巴拉圭的移徙家庭佣工的境况而另一项涉及玻利维亚移徙妇女在阿根廷保健体系面临的挑战。墨西哥正在进行一项研究，涉及该国驻美利坚合众国领事馆目前向受家庭暴力侵害的墨西哥移徙女工提供的护理服务。", "C. 立法", "18. 各国已经采取了各种各样的一般性法律措施，可用来保护移徙女工免受歧视和暴行，并惩处违规者。宪法、反歧视和就业方案、平等对待和均等机会法规、劳工和移民法都可以保护移徙女工，使他们免受歧视、虐待和骚扰。下列国家推出了提供此种保护的案例：阿根廷、乍得、希腊、日本、约旦、立陶宛、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、土库曼斯坦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥。同样地，在刑法中制订条款，处理和惩罚性攻击和性虐待、性剥削和家庭暴力，也可以保护移徙女工。下列国家提出了这方面的报告：日本、葡萄牙和卡塔尔。除了一般性法律框架之外，有些国家(阿根廷、塞浦路斯、墨西哥、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)都制订了具体法律，旨在保护和支援所有妇女，包括移徙女工，使她们免受诸如性暴力和家庭暴力，奴役和人口贩运之类的罪行。有些国家(印度尼西亚和菲律宾)提出报告，说明旨在保护本国移居海外国民的法律，并非专门针对妇女。", "19. 有些国家就移民法和劳工法规，以及关于保护家庭佣工包括移徙家庭佣工的部长决定、法规和协定提交了报告。举例来说，阿拉伯联合酋长国劳工法保护女性家庭佣工避免有危险的工作情况，约旦劳工法规定，家庭佣工受到与其他工人同等的法律保护。约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯联合酋长国推出标准劳工合同，明确规定家庭佣工的权利，例如工资、工作时间、带薪休假、医疗保健和雇主的责任。各国还加强对招聘机构和雇主的条例，对虐待移徙工人者施加制裁和惩罚(黎巴嫩)，和给予工人寻找另一名雇主的权利(约旦)。另一方面，联合王国移民法规具体规定了如何处理对移徙家庭女工的剥削。", "20. 倡导合法移民是希腊的优先事项，该国的移民法促进外国人合法就业和协助身份不正常的移徙者将身份正规化。劳工监察部门在监测执行情况和促使雇主遵守规定方面发挥了重大作用。", "21. 尽管法规和相关条例在预防和解决对移徙女工的暴力侵害方面都是关键要素，收到的资料完全没有指出，为解决对移徙女工暴力侵害问题的现行一般性法律规定的应用情况或所生的影响。根本没有讨论某些群组的移徙女工，例如家庭佣工在面对如何寻求法律保护，以避免歧视和暴行时可能面对的任何特殊挑战。", "D. 政策", "22. 鉴于移徙妇女，包括移徙女工的人数日益增高，有些国家，包括阿根廷、马耳他和葡萄牙强调，迫切需要制订敏感顾及性别问题和基于人权的政策。为此目的，有些国家在其各种国家行动计划和战略中列入一些措施，针对对移徙女工的暴行。塞浦路斯、日本、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克将移徙女工纳入其关于对妇女施暴和贩运妇女政策的范畴。其他国家也在处理对移徙妇女暴行这项问题，但并没有特别着重移徙女工。举例而言，葡萄牙的若干国家计划，包括关于家庭暴力的计划，纳入了关于移徙女工的措施，诸如提高移民社区的认识、对主管当局的特殊培训和向幸存者提供服务。斯洛伐克关于对妇女暴行的行动计划列入一些预防活动，重点针对移徙妇女的特别需要。", "23. 虽然有些报告称，预算没有拨供专款是有效执行计划的一项障碍，但很少提到其他挑战，也没有说明，在解决对移徙女工的暴力侵害方面，执行这些计划和政策，会产生哪些正面影响或获得什么成果。", "E. 预防措施，培训和能力建设", "24. 尽管对致力解决对移徙女工的暴行而言，预防是不可分割的要素，塞浦路斯、希腊、马耳他、墨西哥、日本、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克汇报的各项预防措施却更广泛地侧重消除对妇女的暴力侵害和人口贩运。在这些国家内，预防措施包括：一般性的提高认识、通过会议、研讨会、出版物和小册进行的信息传播和教育。这些举措经常会同伙伴一起，并以多种语文执行。在葡萄牙，针对对妇女暴行和沦为暴行受害者的移徙妇女的权利而进行的提高认识活动特别针对移民社区。", "25. 让移民很容易获得关于移民权利和移民程序的信息，有助于减轻遭受虐待和剥削的风险。为此目的，墨西哥建立了一个妇女移民门户网站，提供关于移民程序和移民妇女权力的信息。在立陶宛，以数种语文提供了关于移民程序的信息。黎巴嫩和约旦编制了关于家庭雇工就业的权利和责任的准则和小册。各国还提出了报告，说明通过每年进行宣传运动，为其移居海外国民提高对移民海外的好处和风险的认识(菲律宾)和离境前培训课程(印度尼西亚)。", "26. 移徙妇女，包括移徙女工有可能成为仇外心理和种族主义行径的受害者。例如通过媒体作出这种描述。若干国家专门着重针对对移徙妇女的描述，采取步骤，消除此种风险：例如使媒体敏感顾及这项问题(希腊)和在这方面监测传播不良的种族主义或性别主义定型观念的无线电和电视节目(阿根廷)，特别着重对移民妇女的描述。", "27. 除了提高认识之外，有些国家(印度尼西亚、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)为政府官员、监察、执法人员、医疗工作人员和其他服务提供者举办了培训方案，以确保关于对妇女暴行，人口贩运，男女平等、保护移徙工人和其他相关问题的政策得以以敏感顾及性别的方式执行并提供服务。葡萄牙为各移民支助中心和求助热线的工作人员提供了培训。黎巴嫩和卡塔尔为劳动监察员举办了培训方案，以确保遵守劳动法规。阿拉伯联合酋长国就对妇女暴行、人口贩运和非法移民的问题，为政府官员设立了培训中心。", "28. 印度尼西亚采取步骤，加强体制能力，以支援海外的移民工人，包括向遭受暴行的受害移徙女工提供保护和援助。这项工作涉及在其外交部内设立一个专责单位。", "F. 保护和援助", "29. 成为暴行受害者的移徙妇女需要各种各样的服务来帮助她们从经历的创伤中恢复，并确保暴行不会再度发生。若干国家(包括阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)汇报了可供这个妇女群组利用的保护和援助，包括庇护中心、热线电话、法律援助、心理和医疗服务，以及提供关于服务、培训和补救的信息。这些支助经常在非政府组织的合作下，以几种语文提供。然而，对于成为暴力受害者的移徙女工利用这些现有服务的人数和案例，并没有提供数据。此外，各国提请注意，一般来说，向暴行的妇女受害者提供的服务短缺或不足，持续成为一项挑战。", "30. 在根据民法和工作许可安排，向外国国民提供保护和支助方面，继续取得了进展，这种情况对成为暴力行为受害者的移徙女工也有助益。葡萄牙报称，成为家庭暴力幸存者的移徙妇女不需要通过丈夫申请，即可自力获得居留许可证。阿根廷、希腊、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙和斯洛伐克强调，劳工法和移民法的条款规定，外国国民有机会利用医疗照顾、教育和经济援助。葡萄牙还向无证移民的子女提供医疗照顾和教育。希腊、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、菲律宾、卡塔尔和斯洛伐克报称，它们已制定了补救机制，以便收受、调查和处理对移徙工人，包括家庭佣工的歧视和暴行投诉。印度尼西亚、日本、菲律宾、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥报称，正在监测和检查工作场所，以确保遵守劳工法。", "31. 印度尼西亚和菲律宾向返国者提供重新融入社会的服务。印度尼西亚国际机场专门设立一个特别终点站来提供援助。", "G. 双边、区域、国际和其他合作", "32. 双边和多边合作是解决对移徙女工暴力行为的关键。若干国家(印度尼西亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔和阿拉伯联合酋长国)就旨在改善对移徙工人的保护、在原籍国和目的地国之间缔结的双边协定和谅解备忘录提出了报告。这种协定和备忘录范围涵盖各种各样的问题，包括招聘和就业机构的条例和保护潜在移民不受非法营业机构的欺骗、如何利用正式就业合同和移徙工人的工资水平。", "33. 区域合作包括一个旨在向移民提供服务的项目，涉及哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和塔吉克斯坦。该项目由联合王国支助，促进男女平等和妇女赋权的联合国实体(联合国妇女)、国际移民组织和世界银行执行。有几个国家主办或参与了关于移徙、打击对妇女暴行和人口贩运的区域或国际会议。", "34. 斯洛伐克报告说，同联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作，保护移徙妇女免受虐待，印度尼西亚报告称，它同国际移民组织合作，就影响移民的保护问题向政府官员提供培训。", "四. 联合国系统的活动", "35. 政府间程序、全球会议和专家机构继续处理对移徙女工歧视和施暴的问题。联合国各实体和国际移民组织支援各国努力，致力推动和保护移徙女工的权利。", "A. 全球法律和政策发展", "1. 决议和建议", "36. 继续通过联合国政府间机构和专家机构所通过的决议和建议继续推进法律和政策发展。大会在其第六十五届会议上通过了关于加强预防犯罪和刑事司法，以应对对妇女暴行的第65/228号决议。该决议强调，切需通过确认移民妇女的需要和特殊的脆弱性，预防对移民妇女的暴行，和执行各项措施来打击种族主义、仇外心理和相关的各种形式不容忍。", "37. 自从上一份报告定稿以来，人权理事会通过了几项决议，这些建议也论及移民妇女和儿童以及移徙女工的境况。这些建议包括：关于所有移民人权的第15/16号决议(见A/65/53/Add.1，第一章)，其中吁请有效鼓吹和保护所有移民的人权和基本自由，特别是妇女和儿童生命和人身安全的权利，并开展宣传活动，以便有能力作出明智的决定和减少为人口贩运、跨国有组织走私和犯罪网络所害的脆弱性；关于消除对妇女歧视的第15/23号决议(见A/65/53/Add.1，第一章)，论及消除对处境脆弱的妇女，诸如移徙妇女的歧视；关于加紧努力，消除对妇女一切形式暴行的第14/12号决议(见A/65/53，第三章)，呼吁确保预防、应付一切形式的歧视，包括种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍，以及可以导致某些妇女和女孩，包括移徙妇女成为对象或容易遭受暴力侵害的多重或严重形式的歧视和不良待遇；关于儿童权利的第13/20号决议(见A/65/53，第二 A章)，敦促保护移民儿童免受性暴力和虐待，以及向受害人提供特别保护和援助；和关于移民人权的第12/6号决议(见A/65/53，第一 A章)，吁请确保移民儿童，不论其法律身份为何，享受所有人权，并敦促将性别观点纳入移民政策和方案，以便更有效地保护移民女孩。", "38. 沿袭同一思路，妇女地位委员会通过了商定结论和决议，其中也论及移徙妇女和女孩的境况。关于妇女和女孩有机会接受和参与教育、培训、科学和技术的商定结论，包括促进妇女有均等机会获得充分就业和体面的工作(E/2011/27，第一 A章)(委员会第五十五届会议(2010年3月12日，2011年2月22日至3月4日和3月14日)通过这项结论，其中要求为移徙女工执行敏感顾及性别的政策和方案、提供承认她们技能和教育的安全合法的移徙渠道，促进她们生产性的就业、体面的工作和包括在教育、科学和技术领域融入劳动力，以及采取步骤确保所有妇女，包括护理工人都得到法律保护，免遭暴力和剥削。委员会第五十四届会议(2009年3月13日和10月14日和2010年3月1日至12日)通过关于对妇女经济赋权的第54/4号决议(见E/2011/27和Corr.1，第一 D章)。委员会在决议中敦促各原籍国、过境国和目的地国把性别观点纳入其移民政策和方案、促进移徙妇女充分享受人权和基本自由、解决歧视、一切形式的剥削、虐待、不安全的工作环境和暴力，包括性暴力和贩运妇女和女孩。委员会在其关于制止切割女性生殖器的第54/7号决议(见E/2011/27和Corr.1，第一 D章)中敦促对难民和移民妇女及其社区采取目标明确的措施，以便保护女孩免遭切割生殖器的做法，当这种做法在居留国以外发生时亦然。", "39. 根据国际人权条约设立的人权条约机构继续审理对移徙女工的暴行问题。保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会在其第三十届会议上(2010年11月22日至12月3日)通过了关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性评论，综合讨论了侵害他们社会、经济、文化、公民、政治和劳动权利的问题。一般性评论呼吁：在各个阶段促进和保护家庭佣工的权利、家庭佣工的体面工作、通过国家劳动法规适当监管此类工作，以确保家庭佣工享受同其他工人同等的保护，和有机会求助于司法和补救。", "40. 在本报告所述期间，禁止酷刑委员会第四十三和第四十四届会议在其对各国报告的结论意见中特别强调，无证移徙妇女面对基于性别暴力成为受害人的悲惨境况；对移徙家务女工广泛的生理、心理和性虐待、受家庭暴力危害的移徙妇女由于恐惧失去居留身份很少寻求保护；以及对移徙女工受虐待的案例，还没有编制关于投诉、调查、起诉和定罪的综合性或按性别分列的数据 (见A/65/44)。委员会从而敦促各缔约国确保移徙女工提出投诉的权利和确保对虐待女工的雇主施加制裁，以预防对她们的暴行和虐待。它还敦促各缔约国考虑颁布法规，使遭受暴力侵害的移徙女工能够在不丧失其居留许可的情况下寻求保护，和汇编关于移徙工人受虐待案件的分类统计数据和信息。", "41. 人权理事会特别报告员强调，移徙女工容易遭受暴力行为的侵害和这种情况同行使其他权利之间的关系。关于移民人权问题的特别报告员指出，移民经常遭受暴行，威胁他们的健康和安全、对风险和如何获得保健服务的信息所知不多(见A/HRC/14/30)。移徙家庭佣工由于被排除在各种形式的法律保护之外，特别容易遭到这些暴行(同上，第29至30段)。特别报告员假定，暴力同适当住房的权利有联系，并指出住在家中的移徙家庭佣工很少提出受虐待的申诉，因为他们面对被驱逐出境、失去职业，无家可归和容易遭到更多暴行的风险，例如性剥削和人口贩运(同上，第55段)。特别报告员建议，各国免费向移民提供信息和相关的法律和政策咨询，协助他们行使其权利(同上，第74段)；充分、适当和专门的医疗援助(同上，第82段)；和向那些想要离开虐待他们的雇主的人提供住宿(同上，第90段)。他还建议，应制订机制，以便监测工作地点的情况。特别报告员在其访问下列三国的报告中强调，亟需保护移徙儿童，特别是女孩，鉴于她们人数众多和很容易遭到性暴行和基于性别的人权侵害(A/HRC/17/33，第32段)：日本(A/HRC/17/33/Add.3)；罗马尼亚(A/HRC/14/30/Add.2)和联合王国(A/HRC/14/ 30/Add.3)。", "42. 关于暴力侵害妇女、其因果问题特别报告员在其访问赞比亚的报告中指出，移徙女工经常遭受性虐待，但因为她们的身份不正常，很少向执法人员和保健工作人员求助(见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4，第28段)。", "43. 关于特别是妇女和儿童的人口贩运问题特别报告员建议，应向被贩运的人提供特别援助，不论其移民身份为何，而是否给予居留身份和是否可利用各项服务不应取决於他们是否参与刑事诉讼程序(A/HRC/14/32)。", "2. 政府间会议", "44. 全球移徙与发展论坛是2006年关于国际移徙和发展问题的大会高级别对话之后建立的一个由国家主导的进程。在本报告所述期间，论坛分别于2009年在希腊和2010年在墨西哥举行了两次会议。这些会议强调，亟需保护移徙女工的人权，并确保制订敏感顾及性别的移民和发展政策。在这几次会议上通过的重要建议，着重针对：收集按性别分列的数据和为政策、方案和预算制订敏感顾及性别问题的准则，并确定适当的目标和指标。2010年9月，联合国妇女和墨西哥政府(全球论坛2010年的主席)共同主办了第四次论坛之前进行的关于宣扬和保护移徙女工权利的高级别协商。这项活动有助于2010年关于性别、家庭、移民和发展的圆桌会议取得成果。联合国妇女同国际移民组织共同撰写了圆桌会议政府官方背景文件的附件，题为“发现性别、家庭、移民和发展之间的接口：全球护理经济和链条”，在圆桌讨论会上，联合国妇女同葡萄牙政府一同提出了关于移徙女工劳工权利的一份文件和支持民间社会参与。2010年世界论坛主席(瑞典)指定“在移徙和发展接口上的全球护理工作人员”作为该年度“劳工流动情况”下的一个分主题。主席还请联合国妇女提供技术和组织援助，以支助关于这项主题的三次区域会议，重点针对扩大良好做法、同移民组织和劳工组织结为伙伴。2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家会议，在其行动纲领中，将移民汇款、散居国外者促进发展的投资和保护移徙工人列为《2011-2020十年最不发达国家行动纲领》[19] 的重要优先事项。", "B. 联合国各实体和国际移民组织支助国家努力的各项倡议", "1. 研究和数据收集", "45. 联合国和各有关实体主张提供更多关于移徙妇女和对其施暴的数据。人口基金支助波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家机构收集按性别和年龄分列的移徙数据和基于性别暴行的数据。联合国妇女支助印度国家当局编制关于对移徙女工施加暴行的数据，人口基金也在印度支助对移徙妇女和儿童施暴的研究。", "46. 联合国妇女支助印度海外事务部委托进行的一项研究调查，分析南亚移徙女工在海湾和阿拉伯国家活动的趋势和形态，旨在为制订敏感顾及性别问题和基于权利的政策提供资料，其中包括离境前的情况简介方案，以助提高认识和能力建设。教科文组织大力推动关于移徙女工人权情况的研究，并出版了关于预防人口贩运和保护受害者的论文。拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)就拉丁美洲和加勒比10国边境一带移徙人口进行了案例研究，以期为保护移民，特别是妇女和青年免受暴行制订基于权利的政策提供资料。国际移民组织对女工的国际移徙、人口贩运和基于性别的暴行等问题进行了研究。", "47. 2010年国际劳工组织关于国际劳工移民的出版物强调，妇女家庭佣工容易受到侵害和妇女和年轻的临时移民工人处境脆弱。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处(禁毒办)2011年关于有组织犯罪集团参与将移民从西非走私到欧洲联盟地区的一份报告指出，人口贩运和偷运移民有时是交叠的罪行，而事实上，贩运人口最明显的受害者绝大多数是妇女。", "2. 支助立法和政策发展", "48. 联合国系统各实体与国家当局合作，开发工具，支助法律和政策，消除对移徙女工的暴力和促进其人权。联合国妇女和拉加经委会于2010年9月在特立尼达和多巴哥举办一次专家小组会议，导致为关于对妇女暴力行为的国家行动计划创建一个示范框架，提出的各项建议伴随解释性评论和良好做法的例子，以协助各国修订，拟订或更新有关计划。[20] 该框架强调，国家行动计划应认识到，妇女经受暴力的体验是由许多变数决定的，其中包括：移民或难民的身份，战略和行动应处理不同妇女群体所面对的具体关注，旨在使所有妇女都能取得相同成果。", "49. 国际移民组织进行了努力，促进国家间对话与合作，以保护移徙女工。国际移民组织与欧洲安全与合作组织。欧安组织合作，共同实施一个项目，旨在促进欧安组织成员国在今后的劳工移民政策中更加敏感顾及性别问题。为此，国际移民组织，欧洲安全与合作组织和国际劳工组织向在哈萨克斯坦、瑞典和奥地利举行的培训讲习班提供便利。在尼泊尔和越南，联合国妇女支助将性别观点纳入关于移民的政策和管理。在尼泊尔，联合国妇女支持国家合作伙伴拟订新的移民政策草案。它还支持将移徙女工的关注纳入劳工和运输管理部五年国家战略和行动计划的拟订工作，并拟订一项战略，探索家庭佣工之外的替代形式的体面就业。在越南，联合国妇女支持海外劳工部将敏感顾及性别问题，面向发展的观点纳入移民管理，包括下列举措，诸如离境前的培训和服务，加强热线和住房服务，并通过官方银行服务，促进储蓄和汇款等等。", "3. 提高认识，能力建设和其他预防措施", "50. 联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织支助宣传，提高认识和能力建设，努力促进移徙女工的人权。例如，国际移民组织促使津巴布韦移民社区敏感地注意到基于性别的暴力和虐待劳工的行径，和组织宣传活动，促进安全和与正规移民。人口基金实施一个项目，在拉丁美洲和加勒比各国边界沿线禁止对移民妇女生殖权利的侵犯和基于性别的暴力。在老挝人民民主共和国，联合国妇女提供支助，提高对暴力侵害移徙女工问题的认识；在泰国，促使记者敏感注意到在移徙的所有阶段对移徙女工的歧视和暴行，并通过在印度尼西亚的社区广播向潜在的妇女移民传播关于安全移民的信息，并在面对暴力威胁时，建议如何采取措施。", "51. 联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织向各种不同的利益攸关方提供或支助有关保护移徙女工人权的培训。2010年，五个区域委员会和联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部(经社部)推出一个项目，旨在加强国家能力，以处理国际移徙，特别是尽量扩大发展效益，最大限度地减少这种现象的负面影响。目前正在进行筹备、将在一些国家进行案例研究，针对暴力侵害移徙女工的问题。在一些亚洲国家，包括孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚和越南，联合国妇女正在同政府和各部会，非政府组织和联合国实体合作，以便加强能力和提高认识。在柬埔寨，它们正在协力编制离境前的培训手册，其中除别的以外，论及基于性别的暴力和妇女移民获得司法保护等问题。国际移民组织正在许多国家执行针对执法，移民和边境官员，检察官，服务提供者和非政府组织的培训方案，指导他们如何保护受虐待和被贩运妇女受害者的人权。2009年，国际劳工组织为泰国国内的家庭佣工编写了一本指南，以几种语文印发。这本指南旨在：促进家庭佣工的权利和责任，解释与家庭佣工相关的福利和风险，并提供了关于如何与其雇主交涉，以达到一个双方都满意的工作环境和工人的薪酬及福利制度。", "4. 保护和支持暴行的受害者", "52. 联合国各有关实体支助各国致力加强对移民妇女暴力受害者提供的保护和服务，在某些情况下，更专门针对移徙女工。例如，国际移民组织在许多国家同一些利益攸关方结为伙伴，提供住宿，辅导，法律和医疗服务，和技能建设。对于受虐待的妇女回返者和被贩卖的妇女，该组织协助制订遣返和重返社会计划。在印度尼西亚，联合国妇女支助以社区为基础的组织，将移徙女工权利受侵害和受虐待的案例记录在案，以期加强她们获得法律援助的机会。", "五. 结论和建议", "53. 已在国家，区域和国际各级采取行动，设法解决对移徙女工的暴力和歧视问题。有关国际文书的缔约国数目不断增加。《家庭佣工体面劳动公约》的通过，就保护移徙女工有关的国际人权框架而言，是又一项重大的新行动。", "54. 国家，有时得到联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织的支持，继续加强有助于防止对移徙女工施加暴力和歧视的法律框架，政策，国家行动计划和战略。在这方面特别有希望的行动是：将各项劳工法的适用范围扩及家庭佣工，开始对家庭佣工推行标准化合约安排，规范和监督招聘机构，以防止舞弊及非法行为，向潜在的移民妇女传播信息，以促进合法移民，培训官员，提高公众关于打击对移徙女工的暴力行为，种族主义和仇外心理的认识，和对成为暴力受害者的移民女工提供服务。双边和多边协定和合作为设法解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴行提供了有力的依据。", "55. 同时，就有关保护移徙女工免受歧视，暴行和侵权行径的全球规范和政策框架而言，仍然还有一些重大缺口。虽然这一妇女群体，可能受益于规范移民、男女平等、对妇女暴行和劳工的一些现行一般性法律和政策框架，但特别旨在解决对移徙女工歧视和施暴的针对性措施，尚付厥如。知识基础仍然不足，在数据的收集和传播和在进行必要的研究和分析以便向政策和方案措施提供参考方面，差距仍然存在。同样地，即使法律，政策和其他措施已经到位，也很少提出报告，论及对移徙女工所采取的措施取得了那些成果和产生了什么影响。无证移徙女工仍特别容易遭受暴力，剥削和歧视之害。", "56. 在此背景下，各国应继续批准和执行国际文书，特别注重尽早批准《家庭佣工体面工作公约》及其有关的各项建议。各国应加强：收集敏感顾及性别问题的数据、关于移民概况和在移民程序所有阶段对移徙女工施暴和侵害其权利的研究、分析和传播、移徙女工对发展的贡献：关于汇款的宏观经济数据，和对移徙女工暴行所造成的代价，以便拟订和实施适当的政策和方案。", "57. 国家劳工法应保护移徙女工，包括家庭佣工，还应根据国际劳工组织有关的公约和其他文书，制定强有力的监督和检查机制，以确保缔约国遵守其国际义务。移民法应纳入性别观点，以防止对妇女的歧视，特别是对单身的移民，并应允许受暴行之害的移徙妇女，能不需借助虐待她们的雇主和配偶，自力申请居留证。", "58. 各国应确保，有关移民，劳工和打击人口贩运的政策和方案相互协调一致，并应敏感顾及性别问题和以权利为基础。它们应倡导安全合法移民，在整个移民过程中防止暴力和保护所有移徙女工的人权。这样的政策应以准确的数据和分析作为基础，移徙女工在整个政策过程都能有制度化的参与；应获得充裕的资源；应制订可计量的目标和指标，时间表，监测和问责措施，特别是针对招聘和就业机构，雇主和政府官员；应提供影响评估，并通过适当的机制确保在原籍国，过境国和目的地国之间进行多部门协调。", "59. 各国应继续缔结和实施双边和多边安排，以确保保护所有移徙女工的权利，并促进下列各方面的有效行动：执法和检控，预防，能力建设，对受害者的保护和支助，交流可以打击对移徙女工施暴和歧视的信息和良好做法。它们应努力降低汇款的交易成本，促进方便妇女，安全，便捷，高效的转拨和收款模式；和鼓励促进建立生产性投资、敏感顾及性别问题的渠道。它们还应扩大向移徙女工及其家属提供更多全方位的重返社会和支助服务。", "60. 针对移民妇女，招聘和就业机构，雇主，媒体，政府官员和一般民众的教育计划，提高认识和其他预防努力，应继续以对目标群体适当的方式，在原籍国和目的地国进行。它们应包括：重点针对促进和保护移徙女工的权利，提请注意现行法律和对移民妇女的支援，强调移民的机遇和风险，并酌情以多种语文提供。向潜在的移徙女工提供的离境前概况介绍和培训，应敏感顾及性别问题并且以权利为基础，并注重权利的保护和各项义务。为确保有效应对对移徙女工施暴和歧视的问题，应加强对警察，移民官员，司法人员，社会和卫生工作者提供敏感顾及性别问题的培训计划并使之制度化，充分尊重她们的人权。此种方案应通过标准化程序管理，并应包括对性别问题敏感的业绩标准，以便促成更大的影响。", "61. 各国应加强对暴力受害者的支援系统，并确保她们能依照人权标准加以利用，不论其移民身份为何。这种支援在语言和文化两方面都应当是适宜的，并应包括提供下列有关信息：移徙女工的权利，如何获得法律补救，心理，医疗和社会援助，庇护所和赔偿损失。移徙女工，不应因提出投诉而受到惩罚。", "62. 联合国系统和有关实体向国家当局和民间社会提供支助，设法解决对移徙女工施暴和歧视的问题。它们应继续这些努力并加以协调，众而得以支持有效实施，扩大其影响，并加强其对移徙女工的积极成果。", "[1] 截至2011年6月10日，共收到十六份来文(塞浦路斯、德国、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、特里尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)，连同上次报告(A/64/152)提交来文截止日期后收到的7份来文(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、希腊、印度尼西亚、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)，都已纳入参考。", "[2] 从下列组织各自的网站检索的信息：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济和社会委员会(亚太经社会)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体的，联合国妇女和联合国人口基金(人口基金)。国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)。", "[3] 见秘书长关于国际移徙与发展的报告(A/65/203)。", "[4] 见DilipRatha，“扩大移民和汇款的作用以促进发展”(世界银行，2011年5月17日)，可参阅：http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011_symposium/Migration_and_Youth_Ratha. pdf)。", "[5] 见“国际移民趋势：2008年修订本”CD-ROM文件(2009)，联合国数据库(POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008)。 可参阅：http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf。", "[6] 见Jayati Ghosh“移民和性别赋权：最近的趋势和正在出现的问题”(联合国开发计划署人类发展研究报告第2009/4号)，(2009年4月)，可参阅：http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ global/hdr2009/papers/HDRP_2009_04.pdf。", "[7] 见2004年关于妇女在发展中的作用世界概览：妇女和国际移民。http://www.un.org/womenwatch/ daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf；又见联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)，《通过《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》索取和庆祝移徙妇女人权》：《移徙女工案例》，妇发基金，Jean D’Cunha编写的简报文件(2005年)。可参阅联合国出版物，销售品编号E.04.IV.4。", "[8] A/64/38，第一部分，附件一。", "[9] 同上。见特别是第9-22段。", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1。", "[11] 见《跨越国界二，从性别观点考察迁移和发展》。(联合国出版物，销售品编号E.09.III，C.2 P)。和妇发基金“汇款的性别层面：研究在东亚和东南亚的印尼籍家庭佣工”(2009年)。", "[12] 关于对妇女暴力行为的代价，一般情况，参看秘书长关于对妇女所有形式暴力侵害的深入研究，A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1。", "[13] 关于贩卖妇女和女孩的单独报告每两年提交大会，最近一次是在第六十五届会议(A/65/209、A/63/215、A/59/185、A/57/170和A/55/322)。关于贩卖妇女和女孩的下一份报告将根据第65/190号决议的要求，提交大会第六十七届会议。", "[14] 本节中的信息摘录自政府的来文，法律事务厅的多边条约网站和国际劳工组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的网站。", "[15] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2225卷，第39574号。", "[16] 同上，第2237卷，第39574号。", "[17] 同上，第2241卷，第39574号。", "[18] 同上，第2220卷，第39481号。", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1。", "[20] 见http://www.unwomen.org/publications/handbook-for-national-action-plans-on-vi olence-against-women/。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目28(a)", "提高妇女地位:提高妇女地位", "暴力侵害移徙女工行为", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据大会第64/139号决议提交,介绍了会员国和联合国系统为解决暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工行为所采取措施的情况。 报告最后就今后的行动提出了建议。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 3\n三. 成员国报告的措施5\nA. 国际. 5\nB. 数据 7\n研究\nC. 立法. 7\nD. 政策 8E. 预防措施 9\nF. 保护 9 - 10 4\nG. 双边、10个区域、国际和其他\n合作 联合国的活动11\nA. 全球11个法律和政策\nB. 联合国实体和国际移徙组织为支持国家\n五、结论16和结论\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会关于暴力侵害移徙女工行为的第64/139号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况;并吁请各国政府采取措施,保护移徙女工的人权,处理和防止暴力侵害移徙女工行为,向受害者提供援助和保护,加强预防工作,惩罚行为人,并增进数据收集和双边、区域和国际合作。", "2. 联合国 本报告回应了第64/139号决议提出的行动呼吁,涵盖2009年6月至2011年6月期间,即上次提交关于这一专题的报告(A/64/152)之后的两年期。 其中包括23个会员国、[1] 5个联合国实体[2] 和国际移徙组织(移徙组织)提交的材料。 还参考了人权条约机构的结论性意见、一般性建议和评论以及人权理事会特别程序制度的报告。", "3个 本报告介绍了审议移徙女工问题的背景;概述了会员国、联合国系统和国际移民组织为执行大会第64/139号决议而采取的措施;并得出结论并提出了防止暴力侵害移徙女工并保护她们免遭暴力的措施。", "二. 二. 背景情况", " 4.四. 2010年全球国际移民人数估计为2.14亿,[3] 其中93%是经济移民。 [4] 妇女占国际移徙者的49%。 欧洲女性移民的比例最高(52.3%),其次是大洋洲(51.2%)以及拉丁美洲和加勒比及北美(这两个区域50.1%)。 在另外两个主要领域,男性移徙者的人数仍然超过女性移徙者:2010年,在亚洲,她们占移徙者的55.4%,在非洲,占53.2%。 [5] 大量妇女作为临时移徙工人独立流动,从事特定服务活动,包括家政和护理部门以及娱乐工作。 [6]", "5 (韩语). 国际移徙可以是增强妇女能力的经验:妇女可能离开她们对自身生活行使更大自主权的有限选择,从而使自己以及家庭和社区受益的情况。 [7] 然而,许多因工作等原因而移徙的妇女发现自己有可能遭受基于性别的暴力、歧视和剥削。", "6. 国家 消除对妇女歧视委员会在其关于移徙女工的第26号一般性建议中概述了这些风险。 [8] 委员会强调移徙女工易受其雇主的人身暴力和性暴力之害,以及遭受家庭暴力以及经济虐待和剥削的更大危险,那些具有非正常移民身份的妇女尤其容易受到这种危险;并指出移徙女工诉诸司法的机会可能有限,从而使她们无法就就业歧视或暴力获得补救。 另一方面,在可获得补救和服务的情况下,移徙女工在获得补救和服务方面可能面临障碍,包括缺乏信息或语言技能,雇主限制行动自由,害怕丧失移民或居留身份。 由于招聘费高,移徙者可能在目的地国开始其生活时处于债务、财政困难和依赖的状态。 不良的重返社会服务,特别是缺乏性别敏感性的服务,可能导致女性移民在返回原籍国后更加困难。 [9]", "7. 联合国 移徙家政工人由于与就业有关的孤立和依赖性而面临特殊的问题和关切。 保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会在其关于移徙家庭佣工的第1号一般性意见中强调了保护这一类移徙者的法律和实际差距。 [10] 两个委员会都向缔约国提出了关于确保遵守条约义务的建议。", "8. 联合国 移徙女工对原籍国和目的地国的发展作出了积极贡献。 [11] 对他们的暴力和歧视构成对人权的侵犯,对移徙女工个人、其家庭、社区和国家造成代价,从而对经济和社会发展以及实现两性平等和赋予妇女权力产生不利影响。", "9. 国家 下文第三节和第四节审查了各国为增强移徙女工的能力并预防和减少她们受暴力和虐待的脆弱性而采取的步骤和措施,以及联合国系统为支持这类国家努力而开展的活动。", "三. 会员国报告的措施", "10个 在为本报告提供的材料中,会员国重点介绍了为打击对移徙女工的歧视和暴力行为而采取的一系列措施,包括在数据收集和研究、立法、政策措施、预防措施、保护和援助以及双边和多边合作和遵守国际文书规定等领域所作的努力。 各国注意到对移徙女工的歧视和暴力与贩运妇女和女孩之间的联系,还就打击贩运的政策和方案提供了资料。 [13]", "A. 国际文书[14]", "11个 国际法律框架指导各国保护移徙女工,并为此目的建立了合作框架。 自2009年报告(A/64/152)以来,与打击对移徙女工的歧视和暴力有关的国际文书的缔约国数目有所增加。 截至2011年6月,已有161个国家批准或加入了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》[15] (自2009年的149个起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起起 在提交报告的国家中,阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国是《公约》及其两项议定书的缔约国,乍得、约旦、卡塔尔和阿拉伯联合酋长国是《公约》和《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》的缔约国。", "12个 截至2011年6月10日,有44个国家加入了《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》[18] (从41个增加到41个)。 在提交报告的会员国中,阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、墨西哥和菲律宾已成为该公约的缔约国。 为本报告提供投入的许多国家是劳工组织相关公约的缔约国,其中包括《关于移徙就业的第97号公约》(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、德国、菲律宾、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚、特立尼达和多巴哥和联合王国);《关于就业和职业歧视的第111号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、希腊、约旦、黎巴嫩、希腊、印度尼西亚、约旦、立陶宛、马耳他、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国);《关于禁止和立即行动消除最恶劣形式的童工劳动的第182号公约》(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、塞浦路斯、德国、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和联合王国)。", "13个 国际劳工组织大会于2011年6月16日通过了一项对移徙女工特别重要的新的国际文书:《家政工人体面工作公约》及其所附建议。 《公约》建议采取措施,确保有效保护家庭佣工免遭一切形式的虐待、骚扰和暴力侵害,包括就业机构实施的虐待、骚扰和暴力侵害;并促进和保护其人权和劳工权利,包括公平工资、每周休息和带薪休假、体面的工作条件、保障安全和健康,以及提供投诉机制、劳动监察和对虐待雇主的制裁。 它鼓励各国缔结双边、区域或多边协定,以进一步保护海外家庭佣工。 新公约将在两个国家批准后生效。", "14个 遵守处理暴力侵害妇女行为的区域文书也有助于防止和处理暴力侵害移徙女工行为。 例如,《美洲防止、惩罚和根除对妇女暴力行为公约》(《贝伦杜帕拉公约》)(阿根廷和特立尼达和多巴哥)以及欧洲委员会部长理事会最近通过的《防止和打击暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭暴力公约》(德国)就是这种情况。", "B. 数据收集和研究", "15个 数据对于制定处理对移徙女工的歧视和暴力行为的健全政策和方案至关重要。 然而,关于具体数据的范围和可获得性的资料很少。 一些国家指出,缺少关于暴力侵害移徙女工案件的数据以及关于移徙工人的按性别分列的数据。 只有波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和葡萄牙提请注意关于贩运移徙妇女和暴力侵害移徙女工行为的现有数据。 俄罗斯联邦收集关于移徙女工的数据,而阿根廷则按性别、国籍和年龄等变量分列关于移徙者的数据。 印度尼西亚收集关于回返者和无证件移徙者的数据。 一些国家,包括日本、墨西哥和特立尼达和多巴哥,报告了它们关于一般暴力侵害妇女行为的数据。", "16号. 为了加强知识库,一些国家引入了与移民就业,包括移徙女工就业有关的数据收集和研究程序或授权机构。 例如,希腊建立了一个移民就业观察站,为移民政策提供信息。 阿拉伯联合酋长国宣布建立一个统计中心,预计该中心还将提供关于家庭佣工所遭遇问题的信息。", "17岁。 继续努力加强对移徙女工所关切的问题的研究和分析。 例如,阿根廷实施了两个由人口基金支助的研究项目,一个是关于巴拉圭移徙家庭佣工的状况,另一个是关于玻利维亚移徙妇女在阿根廷保健系统方面面临的挑战。 墨西哥对目前由驻美利坚合众国领事馆向遭受家庭暴力的墨西哥移徙妇女提供的护理服务进行了研究。", "C. 立法", "18岁。 各国已制定了一系列一般性的法律措施,可用来保护移徙女工免遭歧视和暴力并惩罚犯罪者。 宪法、反歧视和就业法、平等待遇和平等机会法以及劳工和移民法可以保护移徙女工免遭歧视、虐待和骚扰。 阿根廷、乍得、希腊、日本、约旦、立陶宛、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、土库曼斯坦、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥都提到了这种保护的例子。 同样地,如日本、葡萄牙和卡塔尔所指出,为处理和惩罚性攻击和性虐待、性剥削和家庭暴力而制订的刑法条款也可为移徙女工提供保护。 除一般法律框架外,一些国家(阿根廷、塞浦路斯、墨西哥、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)制定了具体法律,旨在保护和支持所有妇女,包括移徙女工,打击性暴力和家庭暴力、奴役和贩运人口等犯罪。 一些国家(印度尼西亚和菲律宾)报告了旨在保护移民到海外的本国国民而不特别针对妇女的法律。", " 19. 19. 一些国家报告了保护家政工人,包括移徙家政工人的移民法和劳动法、部长决定、条例和协定。 例如,阿拉伯联合酋长国的劳动法保护家庭女佣免受危险工作条件的影响,而约旦的劳动法为家庭女佣提供了给予其他工人的同样法律保护。 约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯联合酋长国制定了标准劳动合同,具体规定了家政工人的权利,如工资、工作时间、带薪休假和保健以及雇主的责任等。 各国还加强了对招聘机构和雇主的监管,对虐待移徙工人的行为实行制裁和处罚(黎巴嫩)并给予工人寻找另一雇主的权利(约旦)。 另一方面,联合王国的移民法专门处理剥削移徙家政女工的问题。", "20号. 促进合法移徙是希腊的一个优先事项,希腊的移民法促进外国人的合法就业和非正规移民的合法化。 劳动监察员在监督执行情况和雇主遵守规定方面发挥着重要作用。", "21岁 虽然立法和有关条例是预防和处理暴力侵害移徙女工行为的关键因素,但收到的资料很少说明现有处理暴力侵害移徙女工行为的一般法律规定的适用情况或影响。 没有讨论某些移徙女工群体,如家庭佣工,在寻求法律保护免遭歧视和暴力时可能面临的任何特殊挑战。", "D. 政策", "22号. 包括阿根廷、马耳他和葡萄牙在内的一些国家强调,鉴于包括移徙女工在内的移徙妇女人数日增,必须制定对性别问题有敏感认识的基于人权的政策。 为此,一些国家在各种国家行动计划和战略中纳入了解决暴力侵害移徙女工问题的措施。 塞浦路斯、日本、葡萄牙、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克将移徙女工纳入关于对妇女的暴力行为和贩卖人口的政策范围。 其他国家讨论了对移徙妇女的暴力问题,但没有具体侧重于移徙女工。 例如,葡萄牙的一些国家计划,包括关于家庭暴力的计划,纳入了针对移徙妇女的暴力的措施,例如提高移民社区的认识、对当局的专门培训和对幸存者的服务。 斯洛伐克关于对妇女的暴力行为的行动计划包括针对移徙妇女特殊需要的预防活动。", "23. 联合国 虽然据报告,缺乏具体的预算拨款是有效执行计划的障碍,但很少提到其他挑战,也没有提到通过执行这些政策和计划在处理暴力侵害移徙女工行为方面产生的积极影响或取得的成果。", "页:1 预防措施、培训和能力建设", "24 (韩语). 虽然预防是解决暴力侵害移徙女工问题工作的组成部分,但据报告,塞浦路斯、希腊、马耳他、墨西哥、日本、塞尔维亚和斯洛伐克的预防措施更广泛地侧重于消除暴力侵害妇女行为和人口贩运。 在这些国家,预防措施包括通过会议、研讨会、出版物和小册子进行普遍提高认识、传播信息和教育。 这些举措往往是与合作伙伴一起以多种语言开展的。 在葡萄牙,关于暴力侵害妇女行为和受暴力侵害的移徙妇女权利的提高认识活动专门针对移民社区。", "25岁 关于移徙者权利和移民程序的信息,如果移徙者易于获取,可有助于减少被虐待和剥削的风险。 为此,墨西哥建立了一个妇女移民门户网站,提供关于移民进程和移民妇女权利的信息。 在立陶宛,有关移民程序的信息有几种语言。 黎巴嫩和约旦编写了有关家庭佣工的权利和责任的指南和小册子。 各国还报告了通过年度运动(菲律宾)和离境前培训班(印度尼西亚),提高海外移民国民对移徙好处和风险的认识的情况。", "26. 联合国 移民妇女,包括移徙女工,可以通过媒体形象等手段成为仇外心理和种族主义的受害者。 一些国家已采取步骤,通过提高媒体(希腊)的认识并监测宣传负面、种族主义或性别歧视定型观念的广播和电视节目(阿根廷)来应对这种风险,并在这方面特别注重移徙妇女的形象。", "27个 除了提高认识外,各国(印度尼西亚、日本、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)还为政府官员、警察、司法人员、医务人员和其他服务提供者举办了培训方案,以确保在暴力侵害妇女、贩运人口、两性平等、保护移徙工人和其他相关问题方面执行对性别问题有敏感认识的政策和提供服务。 葡萄牙对人员配备支助中心和移民求助热线进行了培训。 黎巴嫩和卡塔尔为劳动监察员组织了培训方案,以确保遵守劳动立法。 阿拉伯联合酋长国为政府官员设立了一个关于暴力侵害妇女行为、贩运和非法移民的培训中心。", "28岁 印度尼西亚采取步骤,加强机构能力,支持海外移徙工人,包括保护和援助受暴力侵害的移徙女工。 这包括在其外交部内设立一个专门单位。", "F. 保护和援助", "29. 国家 受暴力侵害的移徙妇女需要一系列服务,帮助她们从所经历的创伤中恢复过来,并确保不再发生暴力行为。 一些国家(包括阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞浦路斯、希腊、印度尼西亚、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和阿拉伯联合酋长国)报告了为这批妇女提供的保护和援助,包括收容所、热线、法律援助、心理和医疗服务,以及提供有关服务、职业培训和补救的信息。 这种支助往往以几种语文提供,是与非政府组织合作提供的。 但是,没有提供关于移徙女工暴力受害者人数或案件的数据,她们利用了现有的服务。 此外,各国还提请注意对一般受暴力侵害的妇女缺乏服务或服务不足这一长期挑战。", "30岁。 在根据移民法和工作许可安排向外国国民提供保护和支助方面继续取得进展,这也有利于遭受暴力的移徙女工。 葡萄牙报告说,家庭暴力的移民妇女幸存者可以独立于丈夫获得居留证。 阿根廷、希腊、黎巴嫩、墨西哥、葡萄牙和斯洛伐克强调了劳动法和移民法中为外国国民提供医疗、教育和经济援助的规定。 葡萄牙还向无证移民的子女提供医疗和教育。 希腊、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、菲律宾、卡塔尔和斯洛伐克报告说,它们建立了受理、调查和处理对移徙工人,包括家庭佣工的歧视和暴力行为投诉的补救机制。 印度尼西亚、日本、菲律宾、斯洛伐克和特立尼达和多巴哥报告监测和检查工作场所,以确保遵守劳动法。", "31. 印度尼西亚和菲律宾向回返者提供重返社会服务。 印度尼西亚国际机场设有专门的航站楼,其功能是提供援助。", "G. 双边、区域、国际和其他合作", "32. 双边和多边合作是处理暴力侵害移徙女工行为的关键。 一些国家(印度尼西亚、约旦、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔和阿拉伯联合酋长国)报告了原籍国和目的地国之间旨在改善对移徙工人保护的双边协定和谅解备忘录。 这些协议和备忘录涉及一系列问题,包括招聘和就业机构的监管、保护潜在移民免受非法经营机构的侵害、使用官方就业合同以及移民工人的工资等级。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 区域合作包括一个涉及哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯联邦和塔吉克斯坦的项目,其目的是向移徙者提供服务。 该项目得到联合王国的支持并由联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、国际移民组织和世界银行执行。 一些国家主办或参加了关于移徙、打击暴力侵害妇女行为和贩运人口问题的区域和国际会议。", "34. 斯洛伐克报告了与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)在保护移徙妇女免受虐待方面的合作;印度尼西亚报告了与国际移民组织在培训政府官员处理影响移徙者的保护问题方面的合作。", "四、结 论 联合国系统的活动", "35. 联合国 政府间进程、全球会议和专家机构继续处理对移徙女工的歧视和暴力问题。 联合国各实体和国际移民组织努力促进和保护移徙女工的权利,以支持各国的努力。", "A. 全球法律和政策发展", "1. 联合国 决议和建议", "36. (中文(简体) ). 通过联合国政府间机构和专家机构通过的决议和建议,法律和政策的制定工作继续进行。 大会第六十五届会议通过了关于加强针对暴力侵害妇女行为的预防犯罪和刑事司法对策的第65/228号决议,其中大会强调必须通过认识到移徙妇女的需要和特殊脆弱性并采取措施打击种族主义、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为来防止暴力侵害移徙妇女的行为。", "37. 联合国 自上次报告定稿以来,人权理事会已经通过了若干决议,也涉及移徙妇女和儿童以及移徙女工的境况。 其中包括:关于所有移徙者人权的第15/16号决议(见A/65/53/Add.1,第一章,A节)。 该决议呼吁有效促进和保护所有移徙者的人权和基本自由,特别包括生命权和人身安全权,特别是妇女和儿童的生命权和人身安全权,并开展宣传运动,以便作出知情的决策并减少易受贩运、有组织跨国犯罪和犯罪网络之害的可能性; (一) 关于加紧努力消除一切形式暴力侵害妇女行为的第14/12号决议(见A/65/53和Corr.1,第三章,A节),呼吁确保尽职尽责地防止和处理一切形式的歧视,包括种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为,以及可能导致包括移徙妇女在内的一些妇女和女童成为暴力目标或易受暴力侵害的多重或严重形式的歧视和不利处境; 报告呼吁确保移徙儿童无论其法律地位如何都享有所有人权,并敦促将性别观点纳入移徙政策和方案,以更好地保护移徙女孩。", "38. 国家 同样,妇女地位委员会也通过了商定结论和决议,涉及移徙女工和移徙女工的境况。 委员会第五十五届会议(2010年3月12日、2011年2月22日至3月4日和3月14日)通过的关于妇女和女孩获得和参与教育、培训和科学技术,包括促进妇女平等获得充分就业和体面工作的商定结论(E/2011/27,第一章A节)呼吁为移徙女工执行对性别问题有敏感认识的政策和方案,提供安全和合法的移徙渠道,承认她们的技能和教育,促进她们的生产性就业、体面工作和劳动力融合,包括教育、科学和技术领域的融合,并采取步骤确保所有妇女,包括护理工作者,得到法律保护,免遭暴力和剥削。 委员会在其第五十四届会议(2009年3月13日和10月14日和2010年3月1日至12日)上通过的关于赋予妇女经济权力的第54/4号决议(见E/2010/27和Corr.1,第一章D节)中,敦促原籍国、过境国和目的地国将两性平等观点纳入移徙政策和方案,促进移徙妇女充分享受人权和基本自由,并处理歧视、一切形式的剥削、虐待、不安全的工作条件和暴力,包括性暴力和贩卖妇女和女孩等问题。 委员会在关于终止残割女性生殖器做法的第54/7号决议(见E/2010/27和Corr.1,第一章,D节)中敦促各国针对难民和移徙妇女及其社区采取有针对性的措施,以保护女童免遭残割女性生殖器做法之害,包括当这种做法发生在居住国境外时。", "39. 联合国 根据国际人权条约设立的人权条约机构继续处理暴力侵害移徙女工的问题。 保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会第十三届会议(2010年11月22日至12月3日)通过了关于移徙家政工人的第1号一般性意见,全面处理侵犯其社会、经济、文化、公民、政治和劳工权利的行为。 一般性意见呼吁促进和保护家庭雇工在所有阶段的权利,为家庭雇工提供体面工作,并由国家劳工立法对此类工作进行适当管制,以确保家庭雇工享有与其他工人同等的保护,并切实获得司法和补救。", " 40. 40. 在本报告所述期间,禁止酷刑委员会第四十三届和第四十四届会议在其关于缔约国报告的结论性意见中特别强调了无证移徙妇女的悲惨处境,她们是基于性别的暴力的受害者;移徙家政女工普遍受到身心和性虐待;遭受家庭暴力的移徙妇女很少因害怕失去居留身份而寻求保护;在虐待移徙工人的案件中,没有关于申诉、调查、起诉和定罪的全面或分类数据(见A/65/44)。 因此,委员会敦促缔约国确保移徙女工有权提出申诉并制裁虐待她们的雇主,以此防止对移徙女工的暴力和虐待;还敦促缔约国考虑颁布立法,使受暴力侵害的移徙妇女能够寻求保护而无需没收其居留证,并汇编关于移徙工人受虐待案件的分类统计数据和资料。", "41. 国家 人权理事会的特别报告员强调了移徙女工易受暴力侵害以及与行使其他权利的联系。 移徙者人权问题特别报告员指出,移徙者经常遭受暴力,威胁到他们的健康和安全,关于风险和获得保健服务的信息有限(见A/HRC/14/30)。 移徙家庭佣工特别容易受到这种暴力,因为他们被排除在各种形式的法律保护之外(同上,第29-30段)。 特别报告员认为暴力和适足住房权之间有联系,指出住家的移徙家庭佣工很少报告受到虐待,因为他们因此有可能被驱逐、失业、无家可归并容易遭受进一步的暴力,例如性剥削和贩卖(同上,第55段)。 特别报告员建议各国向移民提供免费资料和咨询意见,以帮助他们行使权利(出处同上,第74段);提供充分、适当和专门的医疗援助(出处同上,第82段);为希望离开虐待雇主的人提供住宿(出处同上,第90段)。 他还建议建立监测工作场所条件的机制。 特别报告员强调了保护移徙儿童,特别是女童的重要性,因为移徙儿童的人数很多,而且极易受到性暴力和性别化侵犯人权行为之害(A/HRC/17/33, 第32段),包括他在访问日本(A/HRC/17/33/Add.3)、罗马尼亚(A/HRC/14/30/Add.2)和联合王国(A/HRC/14/30/Add.3)的报告。", "42. 国家 暴力侵害妇女、其原因及后果问题特别报告员在访问赞比亚的报告中指出,移徙女工往往受到性虐待,但很少因身份不正常而向执法人员和保健工作者求助(见A/HRC/17/26/Add.4, 第28段)。", "43. 东帝汶 贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员建议向被贩运者提供专门援助,不论其移民身份如何,给予居住身份和获得服务的机会不应取决于他们是否参与刑事诉讼(A/HRC/14/32)。", "2. 政府间会议", "44. 国家 全球移徙与发展论坛(移徙与发展论坛)是继2006年举行的大会国际移徙与发展高级别对话后由各国主导的进程。 在本报告所述期间,论坛分别于2009年和2010年在希腊和墨西哥举行了两次会议。 这些会议强调,必须保护移徙女工的人权,确保制定对性别问题有敏感认识的移徙与发展政策。 这些会议通过的主要建议侧重于收集按性别分列的数据和为政策、方案和预算制定对性别问题有敏感认识的准则,并有适当的目标和指标。 2010年9月,妇女署同墨西哥政府(2010年全球论坛主席)共同举办了第四届论坛前促进和保护移徙女工权利高级别协商会,为2010年论坛关于性别、家庭、移徙与发展的圆桌会议的成果做出了贡献。 妇女署与国际移民组织共同撰写了题为“消除性别、家庭、移徙与发展之间的相互作用:全球护理经济和连锁关系”的政府官方圆桌会议背景文件附件。 在这次圆桌会议上,妇女署与葡萄牙政府共同提交了一份关于移徙女工劳工权利的文件,并积极支持民间社会的参与。 2011年全球论坛主席(瑞士)将“处于移徙与发展交汇点的全球护理工作者”确定为本年度“劳动力流动”的分主题。 主席还请求妇女署提供技术和组织援助,支持与国际移民组织和劳工组织合作举办的关于这一主题的三次区域会议,重点是推广良好做法。 2011年5月9日至13日在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议将移民汇款和侨民投资促进发展和保护移徙工人作为其《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》的主要优先事项。", "B. 联合国各实体和国际移徙组织为支持各国的努力而提出的倡议", "1. 联合国 研究和数据收集", "45. 国家 联合国和有关实体支持提供更多关于移徙妇女和针对她们的暴力行为的数据。 人口基金支持波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那国家机构收集按性别和年龄分列的移徙数据和性别暴力数据。 妇女署支持印度国家当局编制关于暴力侵害移徙女工的数据;在印度,人口基金也将支持关于暴力侵害移徙妇女和儿童的研究。", "46. 妇女署支持海外印第安人事务部委托进行一项研究,分析南亚移徙女工在海湾和阿拉伯国家的活动趋势和模式,目的是为制定对性别问题有敏感认识的和以权利为本的政策提供信息,包括一项出发前提高认识和能力建设指导方案。 教科文组织促进关于移徙女工人权状况的研究并出版了关于预防贩运和保护受害者的论文。 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)对10个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家边界沿线的移徙人口进行了个案研究,以便为旨在保护移徙者,特别是妇女和青年免遭暴力的基于权利的政策制定提供信息。 移徙组织对妇女国际劳工移徙、贩运和基于性别的暴力进行了研究。", "47. 国家 劳工组织2010年关于国际劳工移徙的出版物特别强调了移徙家政女工的脆弱性以及妇女和青年临时移徙工人的脆弱性等。 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)2011年关于有组织犯罪集团参与从西非向欧洲联盟(欧盟)地区偷运移民的一份报告指出,人口贩运和偷运移民有时具有重叠性质,而且最明显的贩运受害者绝大多数是妇女。", "2. 联合国 支持立法和政策发展", " 48. 48. 联合国系统各实体同国家当局合作,开发各种工具,支持改进法律和政策,解决对移徙女工的暴力行为并增进她们的人权。 妇女署和拉加经委会于2010年9月在特立尼达和多巴哥组织了一次专家组会议,最终制定了暴力侵害妇女行为国家行动计划示范框架。 其中载列各项建议并附有解释性评注和良好做法实例,以协助各国修订、制定或更新相关计划。 [20] 框架强调,国家行动计划应认识到,妇女遭受暴力的经历是由许多变数所决定的,包括移民或难民地位,各项战略和行动应解决不同妇女群体所面临的具体问题,同时力求实现所有妇女结果的平等。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 移徙组织努力促进国家间关于保护移徙女工的对话和合作。 移徙组织同欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)一道,实施了一个项目,旨在提高欧安组织成员国未来劳工移徙政策对性别问题的敏感性。 为此,移徙组织、欧安组织和劳工组织协助在哈萨克斯坦、瑞典和奥地利举办了培训讲习班。 妇女署支持在尼泊尔和越南将性别平等观点纳入移徙政策和管理。 在尼泊尔,妇女署支持国家伙伴制定新的移徙政策草案,并正在支持将移徙女工的关切纳入劳动和运输管理部五年国家战略和行动计划的制定工作,以及探索家政工作以外体面工作替代形式的战略。 在越南,妇女署支持海外劳工部在移徙管理中纳入对性别问题敏感并注重发展的视角,包括除其他外涵盖出发前培训和服务、加强热线和住所服务以及通过官方银行服务促进储蓄和汇款的举措。", "3个 提高认识、能力建设和其他预防措施", " 50. 50. 联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织支持促进移徙女工人权的宣传、提高认识和能力建设工作。 例如,移徙组织使津巴布韦的移民社区认识到基于性别的暴力和虐待劳工的做法,并组织了促进安全和正常移徙的运动。 人口基金在10个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家的边境实施了一个项目,防止侵犯生殖权利和针对移徙妇女的性别暴力。 妇女署支持在老挝人民民主共和国提高对暴力侵害移徙女工行为的认识;在泰国提高记者对移徙各阶段对移徙女工的歧视和暴力行为的认识;支持通过印度尼西亚的社区电台传播关于潜在移徙女工安全移徙的信息,并建议在面临暴力威胁时采取措施。", "51. 联合国 联合国系统各实体和移徙组织为不同的利益有关者提供或支持关于保护移徙女工人权的培训。 2010年,五个区域委员会和联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部启动了一个项目,旨在加强各国处理国际移徙问题的能力,特别是最大限度地扩大发展效益并尽量减少这一现象的负面影响。 目前正在编写一些国家案例研究报告,探讨暴力侵害移徙女工的问题。 在亚洲一些国家,包括孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚和越南,妇女署与政府各部委、非政府组织和联合国实体合作,提高能力并提高认识;在柬埔寨,妇女署协助编写了离境前培训手册,其中特别涉及基于性别的暴力和移徙妇女诉诸司法的问题。 移徙组织为许多国家的执法、移民和边境官员、检察官、服务提供者和非政府组织举办了关于保护受虐待和被贩卖的移徙妇女人权的培训方案。 2009年,劳工组织为泰国的家庭佣工编制了一本指南,有几种语文版本。 指导手册旨在促进家政工人的权利和责任,解释与家政工作有关的福利和风险,并就如何与雇主互动向工人提供建议,以建立双方满意的工作环境和工人薪酬和福利制度。", "4. 保护和支持暴力受害者", "52. 联合国和有关实体支持各国努力增加对受暴力侵害的移徙妇女的保护和服务,在某些情况下,特别针对移徙女工。 例如,移徙组织与许多国家的若干利益攸关方合作,提供住宿、咨询、法律和医疗服务以及技能建设。 本组织帮助为受虐待的妇女回返者和被贩卖妇女制定遣返和重返社会计划。 妇女署支持印度尼西亚的社区组织记录侵犯移徙女工权利和暴力案件,以增加她们获得法律援助的机会。", " V. 结论和建议", "53. 联合国 国家、区域和国际各级已采取行动,解决暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工的问题。 有关国际文书的缔约国数目已经增加。 《关于家政工人体面工作的公约》的通过对保护移徙女工的国际人权框架作了重大补充。", "54. 联合国 各国有时在联合国系统各实体和国际移民组织的支持下,继续加强有助于防止暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工的法律框架、政策、国家行动计划和战略。 这方面特别有希望的行动包括:扩大劳动法,以涵盖家政工人;对家政工人实行标准化的合同安排;管理和监督招聘机构,以预防虐待和非法行为;向潜在的移民妇女传播信息,以促进合法移徙;培训官员;提高公众对打击暴力侵害移徙女工、种族主义和仇外心理的认识;以及向受暴力侵害的移徙女工提供服务。 双边和多边协定与合作为解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴力行为提供了坚实的基础。", "55. 国家 与此同时,在执行与保护移徙女工不受歧视、暴力和侵犯其权利有关的全球规范和政策框架方面,仍然存在重大差距。 虽然这些妇女群体可能受益于关于移徙、性别平等、暴力侵害妇女行为和劳工的现有一般法律和政策框架,但缺乏有针对性的措施来具体解决对移徙女工的歧视和暴力问题。 知识基础仍然不足,在数据收集和传播方面以及在为政策和方案干预提供信息所需的研究和分析方面仍然存在差距。 同样,在制定了法律、政策和其他措施的情况下,很少报告针对移徙女工采取的措施的影响和取得的成果。 无证移徙女工仍然特别容易受到暴力、剥削和歧视。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 在此背景下,各国应继续批准和执行国际文书,并特别注重尽早批准《家庭工人体面工作公约》及其有关建议。 各国应加强对性别问题敏感的数据收集、研究、分析和传播工作,以了解移徙概况,以及在移徙过程的各个阶段对移徙妇女权利的暴力和侵犯;移徙女工对发展的贡献;汇款(根据宏观数据);以及对移徙女工的暴力行为的代价,以便制定和执行适当的政策和方案。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 国家劳动法应当保护移徙女工,包括家庭佣工,并应当包括符合劳工组织相关公约和其他文书的强有力的监测和检查机制,以确保缔约国遵守其国际义务。 移民法应纳入性别观点,以防止对妇女的歧视,特别是在独立移徙方面,并应允许受暴力侵害的移徙妇女独立于虐待雇主和配偶之外申请居住许可。", "58. 联合国 各国应确保移徙、劳工和打击贩运的政策和方案在政策上的一致性,这些政策和方案对性别问题具有敏感认识并注重权利。 它们应在整个移徙过程中促进安全和合法的移徙,防止暴力并保护所有移徙女工的人权。 这种政策应基于良好的数据和分析,以及移徙女工在整个政策进程中的制度化参与;应有充足的资源;应包括可衡量的目标和指标、时间表以及监测和问责措施,特别是针对招聘和就业机构、雇主和政府官员的措施;并应提供影响评估,确保原籍国、过境国和目的地国内部和之间通过适当机制进行多部门协调。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 各国应继续缔结并执行双边和多边安排,以确保保护所有移徙女工的权利,并便利在执法和起诉、预防、能力建设、受害者保护和支助、交流信息和良好做法方面采取有效行动,以打击暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工的行为。 它们应努力降低汇款的交易成本;为方便妇女、安全、方便和有效的转移和接收方式提供便利;鼓励建立对性别问题敏感的生产性投资渠道。 它们还应扩大向移徙女工及其家庭提供全面的重返社会和支助服务。", "60. 联合国 针对移徙妇女、招聘和就业机构、雇主、媒体、公职人员和一般民众的教育方案、提高认识和其他预防工作,应在原籍国和目的地国继续进行,并应以适合目标群体的方式进行。 它们应包括注重促进和保护移徙女工的权利,提请注意现行法律并支助移徙妇女,强调移徙的机会和风险,并酌情使用多种语文。 对潜在移徙女工的离境前指导和培训应对性别问题有敏感认识并注重权利,并注重权利的保护和义务。 应加强警察、移民官员、司法人员以及社会和卫生工作者的对性别问题有敏感认识的培训方案并使之制度化,以确保有效应对暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工的行为,并充分尊重她们的人权。 这类方案应遵循标准化程序,并包括对性别问题有敏感认识的业绩标准,以产生更大的影响。", "61. 国家 各国应加强对暴力受害者的支助系统,并确保他们能够按照人权标准获得援助,无论其移民身份如何。 这种支助应在语言和文化上适当,应包括提供关于移徙女工权利、她们获得补救、法律、心理、医疗和社会援助、获得收容所和损害赔偿的信息。 移徙女工不应因提出申诉而受到惩罚。", "62. 联合国 联合国系统和相关实体为国家当局和民间社会解决暴力侵害和歧视移徙女工的问题提供了支助。 它们应继续这些努力并进行协调,以支持有效执行,增强其影响并增强对移徙女工的积极成果。", "[1] 截至2011年6月10日,共收到16个划界案(塞浦路斯、德国、日本、约旦、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、马耳他、墨西哥、菲律宾、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克、特立尼达和多巴哥、土库曼斯坦和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)和上次报告(A/64/152)提交截止日期后收到的7个划界案(阿根廷、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、乍得、希腊、印度尼西亚、塞尔维亚和阿拉伯联合酋长国)。", "[2] 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)、亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)和联合国人口基金(人口基金)。 有关国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)工作的信息从其网站上检索。", "[3] 见秘书长关于国际移徙与发展的报告(A/65/203)。", "[4] 见Dilip Ratha, “利用移徙和汇款促进发展”(世界银行,2011年5月17日)。 可查阅http://www.globalmigrationgroup.org/uploads/news/2011-symposium/Migration_并_Youth_Ratha.pdf。", "[5] 见“国际移徙存量的趋势:2008年修订本”,光盘文件(2009年),联合国数据库(POB/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2008)。 可查阅http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/UN_MigStock_2008.pdf。", "[6] 见Jayati Ghosh,“移徙和赋予妇女权力:最近的趋势和新出现的问题”,联合国开发计划署《人类发展研究文件》,第2009/4号(2009年4月)。 可查阅http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/papers/。 HDRP_2009_04.pdf (中文(简体) ).", "[7] 见《2004年关于妇女在发展中的作用的世界概览:妇女与国际移徙》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.04.IV.4)。 可查阅http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/WorldSurvey2004-Women&Migration.pdf。 另见联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金),《通过消除对妇女歧视公约主张并庆祝移徙妇女的人权:移徙女工的情况》,让·登哈编写的妇发基金简报文件(2005年)。", "[8] A/64/38,第一部分,附件一。", "[9] 同上;特别见《同上》,第40-40段。 9–22 (英语).", "[10] CMW/C/GC/1 (中文(简体) ).", "[11] 见《从性别角度看待移徙与发展》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.09.III.C.2 P)和妇发基金,“汇款的性别层面:对东亚和东南亚印度尼西亚家庭佣工的研究”(2009年)。", "[12] 关于暴力侵害妇女行为的一般代价,见秘书长关于一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为的深入研究报告(A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1)。", "[13] 秘书长关于贩运妇女和女孩的单独报告每两年向大会提交一次,最近一次是在大会第六十五届会议上(见A/65/209、A/63/215、A/59/185和Corr.1、A/57/170和A/55/322)。 将按照第65/190号决议的要求向大会第六十七届会议提交关于贩运妇女和女童问题的下一份报告。", "[14] 本节所提供的信息取自各国政府提交的资料、法律事务厅的多边条约网站以及国际劳工组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的网站。", "[15] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2225卷,第39574号。", "[16] 同上,第2237卷,第39574号。", "[17] 同上,第2241卷,第39574号。", "[18] 同上,第2220卷,第39481号。", "[19] A/CONF.219/3/Rev.1。", "[20] 见http://www.unwomen.org/publications/ handbook- for-national-action-plans-on-violence-against-women/. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-02." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 82 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization", "Implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in compliance with paragraph 16 of General Assembly resolution 65/31. It highlights arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions; the operational changes that have occurred in the light of the shift in focus in the Security Council and its sanctions committees towards targeted sanctions; and recent developments concerning the activities of the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions. The present report has been prepared in compliance with that request.", "II. Measures for further improvement of the procedures and working methods of the Security Council and its sanctions committees related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "2. As noted in previous reports of the Secretary-General (A/62/206 and Corr.1, A/63/224, A/64/225 and A/65/217), the Chair of the Security Council Informal Working Group on General Issues of Sanctions transmitted the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex) to the Security Council. Several of the recommendations and best practices set out in that report related to improved sanctions design and monitoring, but the report did not contain any recommendations that explicitly referred to ways to assist third States affected by the unintended impact of sanctions. By its resolution 1732 (2006), the Council decided that the Working Group had fulfilled its mandate as contained in document S/2005/841, took note with interest of the best practices and methods set out in the report of the Working Group and requested its subsidiary bodies to take note of them also.", "3. During the period under review, and in keeping with the shift of the Security Council from comprehensive economic sanctions to targeted sanctions, there were no pre-assessment reports or ongoing assessment reports concerning the likely or actual unintended impact of sanctions on third States.", "4. In a periodic report delivered to the Council on 24 June 2011, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya stated that the Committee had answered, or was in the process of answering, a total of 15 requests for guidance concerning the scope and implementation of the assets freeze.[1] In several of those requests, the Committee’s advice was sought on how to minimize the potential unintended consequences of that measure in third States.", "5. In nearly every case in which the Security Council has decided that States shall freeze the assets owned or controlled by designated individuals and entities, the Council has also adopted exceptions by which States can signal to the relevant sanctions committee their intention to authorize access to frozen funds for a variety of basic and extraordinary expenses.[2] Such expenses can include tax payments, insurance premiums and public utility charges; reasonable professional fees and reimbursement of expenses associated with the provision of legal services; and fees or service charges, in accordance with national laws, for routine holding or maintenance of frozen funds, other financial assets and economic resources.", "6. Furthermore, in paragraph 15 of its resolution 1737 (2006), and paragraph 21 of its resolution 1970 (2011), the Security Council decided that the assets freeze imposed under those resolutions would not prevent a designated person or entity from making payment due under a contract entered into prior to the listing of such a person or entity, provided that certain conditions had been met, and after notification by the relevant States to, respectively, the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) of the intention to make or receive such payments or to authorize, where appropriate, the unfreezing of funds, other financial assets or economic resources for that purpose, 10 working days prior to such authorization.", "7. To date, through his 90-day reports to the Security Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) has informed the Council of a total of 48 such notifications received.[3] Similarly, in a periodic report to the Council, the Chair of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) informed the Council of a total of 25 notifications received.[4] Thus the provisions of paragraph 15 of resolution 1737 (2006) and paragraph 21 of resolution 1970 (2011), as well as the exceptions to the assets freeze for basic and extraordinary expenses,² can help to mitigate economic burdens arising from the implementation of Council assets freezes.", "III. Recent developments related to the role of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council in the area of assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "8. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 59/45, the Assembly and the Economic and Social Council have continued to play their respective roles in mobilizing and monitoring, as appropriate, the economic assistance efforts of the international community and the United Nations system on behalf of third States affected by the application of sanctions.", "A. General Assembly", "9. The Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization met from 28 February to 4 March and on 7 and 9 March 2011. The report of the Special Committee contains a summary of the discussions on the question of the implementation of the Charter provisions related to assistance to third States affected by sanctions (A/66/33, chap. III.A).", "B. Economic and Social Council", "10. At the opening meeting of its substantive session of 2011, on 4 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council approved its programme of work (E/2011/L.12) and decided to include in the agenda of the general segment of the session a sub-item, 13 (j), entitled “Assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions”. No advance documentation was requested. The Council considered the matter on 27 July 2011 but took no action under that sub-item.", "IV. Arrangements in the Secretariat related to assistance to third States affected by the application of sanctions", "11. In accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly,[5] the competent units within the Secretariat have maintained their capacity to monitor and evaluate information pertaining to any special economic problems arising from the carrying out of preventive or enforcement measures imposed by the Security Council, to identify solutions to the special economic problems of those States, and to evaluate any appeals to the Security Council made by such affected third States under the provisions of Article 50 of the Charter of the United Nations.", "12. One of the objectives of such monitoring and evaluation exercises is to develop and strengthen capacity within the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to refine and improve the modalities, technical procedures and guidelines for the coordination of technical assistance to affected third States (A/64/225, para. 12). As mentioned in previous reports, the shift from comprehensive to targeted sanctions in recent years has reduced the incidence of unintended harm to third States. In fact, no official appeals have been conveyed to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to monitor or evaluate since June 2003.", "13. Effective and targeted sanctions are focused financial and travel sanctions and arms embargoes which are designed to minimize the potential economic, social and humanitarian impact in targeted as well as non-targeted countries, if they are implemented properly. The shift to targeted sanctions has implied that changes need be introduced to the methodological approaches used to assess the economic problems of third States caused by this type of sanction. These changes would involve detailed case-by-case assessments of targeted sanctions and the possible adverse economic, social and humanitarian impact in individual countries, both those that were targeted and those that were not, which would need to be evaluated against the baseline assessments drawn from recent historical trends in humanitarian conditions in the country or region.[6]", "14. Little progress could be made in developing and applying specific methodologies to make such assessments, since these can be elaborated properly only on a case-by-case basis. Assessments can be initiated only following corresponding requests by third States. As mentioned above, no such appeals have been referred to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs since June 2003. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, however, will continue to seek opportunities for collaborative work with other relevant parts of the Secretariat, as well as with other international organizations and academic institutions, so as to keep abreast of similar and related methodologies assessing the impact of sanctions more in general and to be responsive when appeals are made.", "[1] See S/PV.6566.", "[2] See Security Council resolutions 1452 (2002) (as amended by resolution 1735 (2006)), 1532 (2004), 1572 (2004), 1591 (2005), 1596 (2005), 1636 (2005), 1718 (2006), 1737 (2006), 1844 (2008), 1907 (2009) and 1970 (2011).", "[3] See S/PV.5702, 5743, 5807, 5853, 5909, 5973, 6142, 6235, 6280, 6384, 6442, 6502 and 6563. The 90-day report of 9 September 2009, which is also relevant, was not delivered at a public meeting; the text is however available on the Committee’s website: www.un.org/sc/committees/1737.", "[4] See S/PV.6566.", "[5] See resolutions 50/51, 51/208, 52/162, 53/107, 54/107, 55/157, 56/87, 57/25, 58/80, 59/45, 60/23, 61/38, 62/69, 63/127, 64/115 and 65/31.", "[6] For the methodology for designing, implementing and evaluating sanctions, see the report of the Working Group (S/2006/997, annex), and the Sanctions Assessment Handbook published by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, available from www.humanitarianinfo.org/ sanctions/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用 特别委员会的报告", "《联合国宪章》有关援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的条款的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/31号决议第16段提交。报告重点阐述秘书处有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排；业务工作因安全理事会及其各制裁委员会的重点改为定向制裁而发生的变化；大会和经济及社会理事会在援助受实施制裁影响的第三国方面的活动近况。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第65/31号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，说明《联合国宪章》有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的条款的执行情况。本报告就是根据该要求编写的。", "二. 进一步改进安全理事会及其制裁委员会援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的有关程序和工作方法的措施", "2. 如秘书长前几次报告(A/62/206和Corr.1、A/63/224、A/64/225和A/65/217)所述，安全理事会制裁一般性问题非正式工作组主席向安全理事会转递了工作组的报告(见S/2006/997，附件)。该报告中的几项建议和最佳做法涉及如何改进制裁的制定和监测，但报告并没有就援助受制裁意外影响的第三国的方式提出明确建议。安理会在第1732(2006)号决议中认定，工作组已经完成了S/2005/841号文件所载的任务，感兴趣地注意到工作组报告中所列的最佳做法和方法，并请安理会各附属机构也予以注意。", "3. 在本报告所述期间，鉴于安全理事会由全面经济制裁转变为定向制裁，没有关于制裁对第三国可能造成或实际造成意外影响的评估前报告或现行评估报告。", "4. 安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在2011年6月24日送交安理会的定期报告中指出，委员会已经或正在对共15份希望得到关于资产冻结措施的规模和实施的指导的请求做出答复。[1] 其中几项请求征询委员会对如何尽量减轻这一措施可能给第三国造成的意外影响的意见。", "5. 安全理事会每次决定会员国应冻结被指认的个人和实体拥有或控制的资产时，几乎都规定了例外情况，会员国可以据此向相关的制裁委员会表示它们打算批准动用被冻结资金，以支付各种基本和特别费用。[2] 这些费用可包括纳税、保险费、水电费；合理的专业服务费和偿付与提供法律服务有关的费用；或国家法律规定的按惯例置存或保管冻结的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源应收取的费用或服务费。", "6. 另外，安全理事会在第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段中决定，根据这些决议实施的资产冻结措施不会阻止被指认的个人或实体支付按照他们在被列入名单前签订的合同应该支付的款项，但必须满足某些条件，且相关国家应提前十个工作日，将其进行支付或接受付款或为此目的合理批准解冻资金、其他金融资产或经济资源的打算，分别通知第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会和第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会。", "7. 第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席迄今已通过提交安全理事会的90天报告告知安理会，共收到了48份这类通知。[3] 同样，第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在提交安理会的定期报告中告知安理会，共收到了25份通知。[4] 因此，第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段的规定，以及允许用被冻结资产支付基本和特别费用的例外规定，² 可以帮助缓解执行安理会冻结资产规定带来的经济负担。", "三. 大会和经济及社会理事会在援助受实施制裁影响的第三国方面的作用的近况", "8. 根据大会第59/45号决议第7段，大会和经济及社会理事会继续在酌情调动和监测国际社会和联合国向受实施制裁影响的第三国提供经济援助的努力方面发挥各自的作用。", "A. 大会", "9. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会于2011年2月28日至3月4日及3月7日和9日举行了会议。特别委员会的报告(A/66/33，第三章A节)概述了对《宪章》有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的条款执行情况的讨论。", "B. 经济及社会理事会", "10. 2011年7月4日，经济及社会理事会在2011年实质性会议开幕会议上核准其工作方案(E/2011/L.12)，并决定将题为“援助受实施制裁影响的第三国”的分项目13(j)列入实质性会议常务部分议程。未要求预先编写文件。理事会于2011年7月27日审议了该事项，但未在这一分项目下采取行动。", "四. 秘书处有关援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排", "11. 秘书处内主管单位根据大会有关决议，[5] 继续负责监测和评价因安全理事会实施预防性或执行措施而引起的一切特殊经济问题的相关信息以找出解决这些国家的特殊经济问题的办法并评价此类受影响的第三国根据《联合国宪章》第五十条规定向安全理事会所提一切申诉。", "12. 这种监测和评价工作的一个目标是，发展和加强经济和社会事务部内的能力，以完善和改进协调对受影响的第三国的技术援助的方式、技术程序和准则(A/64/225，第12段)。如先前报告所述，最近几年从全面制裁转变为定向制裁，减少了对第三国造成意外损害的发生。实际上，2003年6月以来，没有国家向经济和社会事务部提出关于监测和评价的正式申诉。", "13. 有效定向制裁的重点是金融和旅行制裁及武器禁运，如果执行恰当，会尽量减少可能对目标和非目标国家造成的经济、社会和人道主义影响。转为定向制裁意味着需要改变用于评估这类制裁给第三国带来的经济问题的方法。这种改变涉及对定向制裁及其可能对各国——包括作为目标和非目标的国家——产生的不良经济、社会和人道主义影响逐个进行详细评估，并需要参照依据该国或区域人道主义状况的最近历史趋势的基线评估加以评价。[6]", "14. 制定和使用这种评估的特定方法的工作进展不大，因为这些方法只能视具体情况予以适当拟订。只有在第三国提出相应请求后才能启动评估。如上文所述，自2003年６月以来没有向经济和社会事务部提出过这类申诉。不过，经济和社会事务部将继续寻找机会，同秘书处的其他有关部门及其他国际组织和学术机构合作，不断了解评估普通制裁影响的相关方法，一旦有申诉即可作出回应。", "[1] 见S/PV.6566。", "[2] 见安全理事会第1452(2002)(经第1735(2006)号建议修正)、1532(2004)、1572(2004)、1591(2005)、1596(2005)、1636(2005)、1718(2006)、1737(2006)、1844(2008)、1907(2009)和1970(2011)号决议。", "[3] 见S/PV.5702、5743、5807、5853、5909、5973、6142、6235、6280、6384、6442、6502和6563。在公开会议上没有提交与此相关的2009年9月9日的90天报告，但可查阅委员会网页： www.un.org/sc/ committees/1737。", "[4] 见S/PV.6566。", "[5] 见第50/51、51/208、52/162、53/107、54/107、55/157、56/87、57/25、58/80、59/45、60/23、61/38、62/69、63/127、64/115和65/31号决议。", "[6] 制定、实施和评价制裁的方法，见工作组报告(S/2006/997，附件)和人道主义事务协调厅出版的《制裁评估手册》，可查阅www.humanitarianinfo.org/sanctions/handbook/docs_ handbook/iascsanchb.pdf。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目82", "联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会的报告", "执行《联合国宪章》中有关援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的规定", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/31号决议第16段提交的。 报告重点介绍秘书处援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排;安全理事会及其制裁委员会将重点转向定向制裁后出现的业务变化;大会和经济及社会理事会援助受实施制裁影响的第三国领域的最新活动。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/31号决议请秘书长就《联合国宪章》有关援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的规定的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 本报告是根据这一要求编写的。", "二. 进一步改善安全理事会及其制裁委员会援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国的程序和工作方法的措施", "2. 联合国 正如秘书长前几次报告(A/62/206和Corr.1、A/63/224、A/64/225和A/65/217)所指出,安全理事会制裁的一般性问题非正式工作组主席将工作组的报告(S/2006/997,附件)转交给了安全理事会。 该报告提出的一些建议和最佳做法涉及改进制裁的设计和监测,但报告中没有任何建议明确提到如何援助受制裁意外影响影响的第三国。 安理会第1732(2006)号决议决定,工作组已履行S/2005/841号文件所载任务,并感兴趣地注意到工作组报告中提出的最佳做法和方法,并请其附属机构也予以注意。", "3个 在本报告所述期间,随着安全理事会从全面经济制裁转向定向制裁,没有关于制裁对第三国可能或实际产生的意外影响的预评估报告或持续评估报告。", " 4.四. 2011年6月24日,关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在提交安理会的定期报告中说,委员会已答复或正在答复15项关于资产冻结的范围和执行的指导请求。 [1] 在其中几项请求中,有人要求委员会就如何尽量减少该措施在第三国可能产生的意外后果提供意见。", "5 (韩语). 在安全理事会决定各国应冻结被指认的个人和实体所拥有或控制的资产的几乎所有情况下,安理会还通过了例外情况,各国可据此向有关制裁委员会表明它们打算授权动用被冻结的资金,以支付各种基本和非常费用。 [2] 这类费用可包括税款、保险费和公用事业费;合理的专业费和与提供法律服务有关的费用偿还;以及根据国家法律,为日常持有或维持被冻结的资金、其他金融资产和经济资源收取的费用或服务费。", "6. 国家 此外,安全理事会在其第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段中决定,根据这两项决议所实施的资产冻结措施,不妨碍被指认的个人或实体根据在将这些人或实体列入名单之前订立的合同支付应付款,条件是满足某些条件,且相关国家在向第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会和第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会分别通知打算支付或接受此种付款或酌情授权为此目的解冻资金、其他金融资产或经济资源后,须在核准前10个工作日支付。", "7. 联合国 迄今为止,第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席通过向安全理事会提交的90天报告,已通知安理会共收到48个此类通知。 [3] 同样,第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席在给安理会的定期报告中告知安理会,共收到25个通知。 [4] 因此,第1737(2006)号决议第15段和第1970(2011)号决议第21段的规定以及基本和非常费用资产冻结的例外情况,2 有助于减轻执行安理会资产冻结所产生的经济负担。", "三. 大会和经济及社会理事会在援助受实施制裁影响的第三国方面的作用方面的最新事态发展", "8. 根据大会第59/45号决议第7段,大会和经济及社会理事会继续在酌情调动和监测国际社会和联合国系统为受实施制裁影响的第三国提供经济援助的努力方面发挥各自的作用。", "A. 大会", "9. 国家 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会于2011年2月28日至3月4日以及3月7日和9日举行了会议。 特别委员会的报告载有关于执行《宪章》有关援助受制裁影响的第三国的规定的讨论摘要(A/66/33,第三章A节)。", "B. 经济及社会理事会", "10个 经济及社会理事会2011年7月4日实质性会议开幕会议核准了其工作方案(E/2011/L.12)并决定将题为“援助因实施制裁而受影响的第三国”的分项13(j)列入常会常务部分议程。 没有要求预发文件。 2011年7月27日,理事会审议了这一事项,但没有在该分项下采取行动。", "四、结 论 秘书处援助受实施制裁影响的第三国的安排", "11个 根据大会的有关决议,[5]秘书处内的主管单位维持其监测和评价与执行安全理事会所实施的预防性或强制性措施所引起的任何特殊经济问题有关的资料的能力,查明解决这些国家特殊经济问题的办法,并评价这些受影响的第三国根据《联合国宪章》第五十条的规定向安全理事会提出的任何呼吁。", "12个 这种监测和评价活动的目标之一是发展和加强经济和社会事务部的能力,以完善和改进协调向受影响的第三国提供技术援助的方式、技术程序和准则(A/64/225,第12段)。 如前几次报告所述,近年来从全面制裁转向定向制裁,减少了对第三国意外伤害的发生率。 事实上,自2003年6月以来,没有向经济和社会事务部发出过正式呼吁,要求进行监测和评价。", "13个 有效和有的放矢的制裁是重点明确的金融和旅行制裁和武器禁运,如果制裁得到适当执行,旨在将目标国家和非目标国家的经济、社会和人道主义影响减少到最低程度。 转向定向制裁意味着需要对评估这类制裁给第三国造成的经济问题所采用的方法进行修改。 这些变化将涉及对目标明确的制裁和可能对个别国家造成的不利经济、社会和人道主义影响进行详细的逐案评估,无论是针对目标国家还是非目标国家,都需要根据从该国或区域最近人道主义状况历史趋势得出的基线评估来评估这些影响。 [6]", "14个 在制定和应用具体方法进行这种评估方面进展甚微,因为这些方法只能在个案基础上适当拟订。 只有在第三国提出相应要求后才能开始评估。 如上所述,自2003年6月以来,没有向经济和社会事务部提出过此类呼吁。 但是,经济和社会事务部将继续寻找机会,同秘书处其他有关部门以及同其他国际组织和学术机构合作,以便跟上评估制裁影响的类似和相关方法,并在发出呼吁时作出反应。", "[1] 见S/PV.6566。", "[2] 见安全理事会第1452(2002)号决议(经第1735(2006)号决议修正)、第1532(2004)号、第1572(2004)号、第1591(2005)号、第1596(2005)号、第1636(2005)号、第1718(2006)号、第1737(2006)号、第1844(2008)号、第1907(2009)号和第1970(2011)号决议。", "[3] 见S/PV.5702、5743、5807、5853、5909、5973、6142、6235、6280、6384、6442、6502和6563。 2009年9月9日的90天报告也与此相关,但没有在公开会议上提交;然而,该案文可在委员会网站www.un.org/sc/committees/1737上查阅。", "[4] 见S/PV.6566。", "[5] 见第50/51、51/208、52/162、53/107、54/107、55/157、56/87、57/25、58/80、59/45、60/23、61/38、62/69、63/127、64/115和65/31号决议。", "[6] 关于设计、执行和评价制裁的方法,见工作组的报告(S/2006/997,附件)和人道主义事务协调厅出版的制裁评估手册,可查阅www.humanitalinfo.org/medication/handbook/docs_handbook/iascsanchb.pdf。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 107", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba has issued a statement concerning the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011, a copy of which is attached hereto (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 107.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 27 July 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cuba", "Havana, 23 July 2011", "Cuba strongly repudiates the acts of violence perpetrated in Norway on 22 July 2011 against the Government compound in Oslo and against the youths on the island of Utøya, which have thus far resulted in 92 fatalities.", "The Cuban people, which has suffered the consequences of terrorism for more than 50 years, condemns this scourge in all its forms and manifestations.", "The Cuban Government and people extend their condolences to the Norwegian Government and people, particularly the families of the victims, for the loss of life and the damage caused by these criminal actions, while expressing their solidarity and support." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目107", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨向你通报，古巴共和国外交部就2011年7月22日在挪威发生的暴力事件发表了一份声明(见附件)。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目107的文件分发为荷。", "古巴常驻联合国代表团", "大使", "临时代办", "鲁道夫·贝尼特斯·韦尔森(签名)", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部的声明", "2011年7月23日，哈瓦那", "古巴坚决谴责2011年7月22日在挪威奥斯陆发生的针对政府大楼和在乌托亚岛针对青少年的暴力事件，事件总共造成92人死亡。", "五十多年来，古巴人民饱受恐怖主义的严重后果，我们谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义危害。", "古巴政府和人民向挪威政府和人民，特别是遇难者家属，对因这些犯罪行为造成的生命损失和损害表示哀悼，并向挪威政府和人民表示声援和支持。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目107", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,古巴共和国外交部已就2011年7月22日在挪威所犯暴力行为发表声明(见附件)。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目107的文件分发为荷。", "古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办", "2011年7月27日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部的声明", "2011年7月23日,哈瓦那", "古巴强烈谴责2011年7月22日在挪威发生的针对奥斯陆政府大院和乌托亚岛青年的暴力行为,这些行为已造成92人死亡。", "古巴人民遭受了50多年以来的恐怖主义后果,谴责这种祸害的一切形式和表现。", "古巴政府和人民就这些犯罪行为造成的生命损失和破坏向挪威政府和人民,特别是受害者家属表示慰问,同时表示声援和支持。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-sixth year Item 74 of the provisional agenda* \nReport of the International Tribunalfor the Prosecution of PersonsResponsible for Serious Violations ofInternational Humanitarian LawCommitted in the Territory of theFormer Yugoslavia since 1991", "Report of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "* A/66/150.", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly and the members of the Security Council the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, submitted by the President of the International Tribunal in accordance with article 34 of the statute of the Tribunal (see S/25704 and Corr.1, annex), which states that:", "The President of the International Tribunal shall submit an annual report of the International Tribunal to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "Letter of Transmittal", "31 July 2011", "Excellencies,", "I have the honour to submit the eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991, dated 31 July 2011, to the General Assembly and the Security Council, pursuant to article 34 of the statute of the International Tribunal.", "Please accept, Excellencies, the assurances of my highest consideration.", "(Signed) Patrick Robinson", "President", "President of the General Assembly", "United Nations", "New York", "President of the Security Council", "United Nations", "New York", "Eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia Since 1991", "Summary", "The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "The Tribunal continued to focus upon the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case.", "President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.", "The Office of the Prosecutor made progress towards the completion of the Tribunal’s mandate at both the trial and appellate levels. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to further develop interaction with the authorities of the States of the former Yugoslavia to encourage cooperation with the Tribunal and support domestic war crimes prosecutions.", "Under the authority of the President, the Registry continued to play a crucial role in the provision of administrative and judicial support to the Tribunal. The Immediate Office of the Registrar coordinated the work of the various Registry sections and dealt with a vast range of legal, policy and operational matters, including the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals and the enhancement of the capacity for the enforcement of sentences imposed by the Tribunal. The Communications Service carried out a diverse range of activities with a view to increasing the profile of the Tribunal and bringing its judgements to the relevant communities. The Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial, five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services of the highest quality in the working languages of the Tribunal, as well as the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Macedonian and Albanian languages. The Victims and Witnesses Section facilitated and supported close to 500 witnesses travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters serviced multiple defence teams in cases in pretrial, trial and appellate proceedings, as well as amici curiae appointed by Chambers, and provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with other sections of the Registry. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to operate at a high level of activity and provided the highest levels of security and custodial care to all detained persons. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013, was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, and worked closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.", "All organs of the Tribunal faced significant challenges during the reporting period in meeting the objectives of the completion strategy owing to the devastating impact of staff attrition. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work.", "To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The report that follows details the activities of the Tribunal during the reporting period and demonstrates the Tribunal’s focus on its goal of completing its proceedings as soon as possible, without sacrificing due process.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Activities 5 involving the entire \nTribunal \nA. President 5\nB.Bureau 7C.Coordination 7 \nCouncil D.Plenary 7 \nsessions E. Rules 7 \nCommittee III.Activity 8 of \nChambers A.Composition 8 of the \nChambers B. Principal 8 activity of the Trial \nChambers C. Principal 12 activity of the Appeals \nChamber IV.Activity 13 of the Office of the \nProsecutor A.Completion 13 of trials and \nappeals \nB.Cooperation 14C.Transfer 16 of cases and investigative \nfiles D.Supporting 16 national \nprosecutions V.Activity 17 of the \nRegistry A.Office 17 of the \nRegistrar B.Judicial 18 support services \nsections C.Division 19 of \nAdministration", "I. Introduction", "1. The eighteenth annual report of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 outlines the activities of the Tribunal for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "2. During the reporting period, the Tribunal continued to implement its completion strategy endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1503 (2003). The Tribunal continued to focus on the completion of all trials and appeals. At the close of the reporting period, 16 persons are in appeal proceedings, 14 persons are on trial, and 5 are at the pretrial stage. The Trial Chambers delivered Judgements in the Gotovina et al. and Đorđević cases. The Appeals Chamber delivered one Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case and one appeal Judgement in the Hartmann case. To date, the Tribunal has concluded proceedings against 126 of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal.", "3. President Patrick Robinson (Jamaica); Vice-President O-Gon Kwon (Republic of Korea); the Prosecutor, Serge Brammertz; and the Registrar, John Hocking, continued to fulfil their duties at the Tribunal.", "4. Measures were taken during the reporting period to reform the Tribunal’s procedures in order to maximize efficiency.", "5. The pace of the Tribunal’s trials and appeals continued to be affected by staffing shortages and the loss of highly experienced staff members. Despite resolutions by the General Assembly and the Security Council on the issue of staff retention, this problem persists. In response, the President urged the Security Council to take measures to help the Tribunal to find practicable solutions to address this issue as the Tribunal approaches the completion of its work. Without practical and effective staff retention measures, the estimates for the completion of the core work of the Tribunal may have to be revised.", "II. Activities involving the entire Tribunal", "A. President", "6. President Robinson continued to focus his efforts on the core functions of the Tribunal — trial and appeals. He also instituted internal reforms, pursued capacity-building and legacy projects, conducted diplomatic relations, and carried out the judicial responsibilities of the Office of the President.", "1. Internal reforms", "7. The Tribunal amended rule 94 (B) in order to clarify the law pertaining to the judicial notice of adjudicated facts, in order to ensure efficient use of the Rules by the parties to the proceedings.", "8. During the last reporting period, the President reconstituted the Working Group on Speeding Up Trials to undertake a third review of the Tribunal’s practices in order to assess whether further improvements could be implemented into the work of the Chambers. The Working Group submitted its report on 21 May 2010 and recommended a number of reforms to the Tribunal’s procedures. On 7 June 2010, the Judges adopted those recommendations and decided to integrate them into the ongoing proceedings. During this reporting period, the Judges continued to implement the recommendations of the Working Group into their proceedings.", "9. A new, more empirical methodology has been applied to appeal projections, the aim of which is to generate timelines for appeals that, it is hoped, will largely remain the same until the end of the work of the Tribunal. Moreover, the Appeals Chamber has implemented a number of reforms of its working methodology in order to augment the efficiency of its proceedings, including the limitation of amendments to grounds of appeal, the organization of Judgement drafting, and the prioritization of work.", "2. Capacity-building and legacy", "10. The President continued to advance the capacity-building of national jurisdictions as a priority of the Tribunal’s legacy strategy. On 28 September 2010, the Tribunal, the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute officially launched the joint 18‑month “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade. Encouraged by the fruitful outcome of the Tribunal’s conference “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY”, which explored aspects of the Tribunal’s legacy, particularly in the former Yugoslavia, the Tribunal will convene a second conference on 15 and 16 November 2011, concentrating on the Tribunal’s global legacy. The Tribunal is also preparing for the establishment of information centres under local ownership in the former Yugoslavia.", "3. Diplomatic relations", "11. President Robinson was actively involved in cooperation, outreach and reporting activities to secure support for the Tribunal’s work and increase its international profile.", "12. On 1 September 2010, the President welcomed a group of judges and prosecutors from Serbia on a three-day study visit to the Tribunal. The visit was part of the Tribunal’s ongoing efforts to strengthen cooperation and knowledge-sharing with members of the judiciary in the former Yugoslavia. President Robinson and other Tribunal Judges met with the visiting members of the Serbian judiciary to discuss topics including witness protection, plea bargaining, sentencing practice, case management, the appeals process, and legal standards in war crimes adjudication.", "13. On 28 September, the President launched the “War Crimes Justice Project” in Belgrade to facilitate transfer of the Tribunal’s unique institutional knowledge and specialized skills to jurisdictions in the region and ensure that those jurisdictions have access to the Tribunal’s materials in a useable format.", "14. On 8 October, the President addressed the General Assembly regarding the Tribunal’s seventeenth annual report (A/65/205-S/2010/413).", "15. On 6 December, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fourteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2010/588).", "16. On 6 June 2011, the President addressed the Security Council regarding the fifteenth report of the Tribunal on its completion strategy (S/2011/316).", "17. On 21 and 22 June 2011, President Robinson and the Registrar, John Hocking, attended a two-day meeting in Zagreb of the Informal Consultative Working Group on the Establishment of Information Centres in the Former Yugoslavia. The goal of the meeting was to further discuss the establishment of information and documentation centres across the region, as well as access to the Tribunal’s judicial archives.", "4. Judicial activity", "18. By virtue of the powers vested in him by the statute, the Rules, and the Practice Directions of the Tribunal, the President issued numerous orders assigning cases to Chambers and reviewed several decisions of the Registrar. The President also granted two requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of persons convicted by the Tribunal, and rejected seven such applications.", "B. Bureau", "19. Pursuant to rule 23 of the Rules, the Bureau is composed of the President, the Vice-President and the Presiding Judges of the Trial Chambers. The President consulted the Bureau on requests for pardon, commutation of sentence, and early release of convicted persons serving their sentences.", "C. Coordination Council", "20. Pursuant to rule 23 bis of the Rules, the Coordination Council consists of the President, the Prosecutor and the Registrar. During the reporting period, the Council met to discuss, inter alia, staff retention, capacity-building and legacy activities, and the Tribunal’s contribution to the creation of and smooth transition to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals.", "D. Plenary sessions", "21. During the reporting period, the Judges held two regular plenary sessions. At the 39th plenary session, on 8 December 2010, the Judges repealed rule 23 ter, the Management Committee; amended rule 15 ter (C), Reserve Judges; adopted new rules 75 bis, Requests for Assistance of the Tribunal in Obtaining Testimony, and 75 ter, Transfer of Persons for the Purpose of Testimony in Proceedings Not Pending Before the Tribunal; and amended rule 94 (B), Judicial Notice. At the 40th plenary session, on 16 June 2011, the Judges discussed proposed amendments to rules 65, 75 bis and 75 ter.", "E. Rules Committee", "22. The judicial membership of the Rules Committee comprises Judge Carmel Agius (Chair), President Patrick Robinson, Vice-President O-Gon Kwon, and Judges Alphons Orie and Christoph Flügge. The non-voting members include the Prosecutor, the Registrar and a representative of the Association of Defence Counsel. During the reporting period, the Rules Committee met three times on the following dates to discuss proposals to the Rules and make recommendations to the Judges: 5 October 2010 and 4 February and 5 April 2011.", "III. Activity of Chambers", "A. Composition of the Chambers", "23. The Tribunal currently has 25 Judges from 23 countries. The Chambers are composed of 13 permanent Judges, 2 permanent Judges from the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda serving in the Appeals Chamber, and 10 ad litem Judges.", "24. The permanent Judges are Patrick Robinson (President, Jamaica), O-Gon Kwon (Vice-President, Republic of Korea), Christoph Flügge (Germany), Alphons Orie (Netherlands), Fausto Pocar (Italy), Liu Daqun (China), Theodor Meron (United States of America), Carmel Agius (Malta), Jean-Claude Antonetti (France), Bakone Justice Moloto (South Africa), Burton Hall (Bahamas), Howard Morrison (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), and Guy Delvoie (Belgium). The permanent Judges from the Tribunal serving in the Appeals Chamber are Mehmet Güney (Turkey) and Andrésia Vaz (Senegal). Judge Kevin Parker (Australia) also served as a permanent Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 28 February 2011.", "25. During the reporting period, the following have served as ad litem Judges: Árpád Prandler (Hungary), Stefan Trechsel (Switzerland), Antoine Kesia-Mbe Mindua (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Frederik Harhoff (Denmark), Flavia Lattanzi (Italy), Pedro David (Argentina), Michèle Picard (France), Elizabeth Gwaunza (Zimbabwe), Melville Baird (Trinidad and Tobago) and Prisca Matimba Nyambe (Zambia). Judge Uldis Ķinis (Latvia) also served as an ad litem Judge during the reporting period, but resigned from the Tribunal on 18 April 2011.", "26. The following Judges served in the Trial Chambers during the reporting period: Judges Kwon (presiding), Parker (presiding), Flügge (presiding), Orie (presiding), Antonetti (presiding), Moloto (presiding), Hall (presiding), Morrison, Delvoie, Prandler, Trechsel, Mindua, Harhoff, Lattanzi, David, Picard, Ķinis, Gwaunza, Baird and Nyambe.", "27. The Appeals Chamber is composed of Judges Robinson (presiding), Güney, Pocar, Liu, Vaz, Meron and Agius.", "B. Principal activity of the Trial Chambers", "1. Trial Chamber I", "(a) Pretrial", "Mladić", "28. Ratko Mladić was arrested on 26 May 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 31 May 2011. The initial appearance was held before Judges Orie (presiding), Flügge and Moloto on 3 June. The accused did not enter a plea at that time. A further appearance was held on 4 July, at which the Presiding Judge entered a plea of not guilty on the accused’s behalf.", "(b) Trial", "Gotovina, Čermak and Markač", "29. The Judgement was rendered on 15 April 2011. The Trial Chamber convicted Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač on eight counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war and sentenced them to 24 and 18 years’ imprisonment, respectively. The Trial Chamber acquitted Ivan Čermak on all counts.", "Perišić", "30. Momčilo Perišić is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Sarajevo and Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina), as well as in Zagreb (Croatia) between August 1993 and November 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), David and Picard. The trial commenced on 2 October 2008. The Prosecution concluded its case on 25 January 2010. The Defence started its case on 22 February 2010 and concluded its case on 11 January 2011. Final briefs were filed on 4 March 2011, and final arguments were heard on 28 March 2011. The case is currently in Judgement drafting.", "J. Stanišić and Simatović", "31. Jovica Stanišić and Franko Simatović are charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina between April 1991 and December 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Orie (presiding), Picard and Gwaunza. The trial commenced on 28 April 2008, but was adjourned by order of the Appeals Chamber of 16 May 2008 because of the health of Stanišić. The trial recommenced on 2 June 2009. The Prosecution concluded its case on 5 April 2011. The Stanišić Defence started its case on 14 June 2011.", "(c) Contempt", "Kabashi", "32. On 5 June 2007, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment against Shefqet Kabashi. On 11 December 2007, the Trial Chamber referred the case to the Prosecution to further investigate and prosecute the matter. On 18 February 2008, the Trial Chamber granted the Prosecution leave to amend the indictment. No trial has started since the accused is at large.", "2. Trial Chamber II", "(a) Pretrial", "Haradinaj et al. retrial", "33. On 21 July 2010, the Appeals Chamber granted the Prosecution’s request for a reversal of the Trial Chamber’s decision to acquit Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj and Lahi Brahimaj on certain counts in the indictment and ordered a partial retrial of the case. The retrial indictment, as confirmed by the Appeals Chamber, charges the accused with six counts of war crimes committed in Kosovo in 1998. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. The retrial is scheduled to commence on 18 August 2011.", "Hadžić", "34. Goran Hadžić was arrested on 20 July 2011 and transferred to the seat of the Tribunal on 22 July 2011. On 21 July 2011, the President of the Tribunal had assigned the case to a bench consisting of Judge Delvoie (presiding), Hall and Mindua. On 25 July 2011, the initial appearance was held. The case is in the very early stages of pretrial preparation.", "(b) Trial", "Đorđević", "35. Vlastimir Đorđević was charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Kosovo in 1999. Đorđević was arrested on 17 June 2007, and the trial commenced on 27 January 2009. The Trial Chamber, composed of Judges Parker (presiding), Flügge and Baird, issued its Judgement on 23 February 2011. It found Đorđević guilty of five counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war committed through his participation in a joint criminal enterprise and for having aided and abetted the murder of 724 Kosovo Albanians, specifically named in the schedule to the Judgement, the deportation and forcible transfer of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanians from more than 60 locations listed in the Judgement, and the destruction of Kosovo Albanian religious and cultural property. The Chamber sentenced the accused to 27 years’ imprisonment.", "M. Stanišić and Župljanin", "36. Mićo Stanišić and Stojan Župljanin are both charged with 10 counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in April through December 1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Hall (presiding), Delvoie and Harhoff. Trial commenced on 14 September 2009, and the Prosecution closed its case on 2 February 2011. The Defence of Mićo Stanišić opened its case on 11 April 2011 and is expected to close shortly, to be followed by the Župljanin defence case.", "Tolimir", "37. Zdravko Tolimir is charged with genocide, conspiracy to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and a violation of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Flügge (presiding), Mindua and Nyambe. The trial commenced on 26 February 2010, and the Prosecution’s case-in-chief is now close to completion.", "(c) Contempt", "Šešelj", "38. On 3 February 2010, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for having disclosed in a book information which may identify 11 protected witnesses in violation of orders of a Chamber. The trial proceedings began on 22 February 2011 and ended on 8 June 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.", "Šešelj", "39. On 9 May 2011, the Trial Chamber issued an order in lieu of indictment charging Vojislav Šešelj with contempt for failing to remove from his website confidential information in violation of an order of a Chamber. The Chamber will prosecute the matter itself. The initial appearance was held on 6 July 2011.", "3. Trial Chamber III", "(a) Pretrial", "40. There are no pretrial cases pending before Trial Chamber III.", "(b) Trial", "Karadžić", "41. Radovan Karadžić is charged under 11 counts with genocide, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Kwon (presiding), Morrison, Baird and Lattanzi (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 October 2009. The case is currently hearing the Prosecution’s case-in-chief.", "Šešelj", "42. Vojislav Šešelj is charged with crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vojvodina (Serbia) between August 1991 and September 1993. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Harhoff and Lattanzi. The trial started anew on 7 November 2007, but then was adjourned on 11 February 2009. The trial resumed on 12 January 2010. After the close of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief, the Trial Chamber on 4 May 2011 ruled under rule 98 bis that there was enough evidence to support the counts alleged in the indictment. On 9 June 2011, the Trial Chamber ordered the accused to file the lists of witnesses he intends to call and exhibits he intends to tender as evidence during his defence case. These are expected to be filed the first week of August 2011, with the defence case expected to start thereafter.", "Prlić et al.", "43. Jadranko Prlić, Bruno Stojić, Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petković, Valentin Ćorić and Berislav Pušić are charged with grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions, crimes against humanity, and violations of the laws or customs of war allegedly committed between November 1991 and April 1994 in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Antonetti (presiding), Prandler, Trechsel and Mindua (reserve). The trial commenced on 26 April 2006, and the defence case was completed in May 2010. On 7 January 2011, the parties filed their final briefs. The presentation of closing arguments began on 7 February and ended on 2 March 2011. The Judgement is being prepared.", "(c) Contempt", "Rašić", "44. Jelena Rašić, a former member of the Milan Lukić defence team, is charged with contempt of the Tribunal for allegedly procuring false statements in exchange for money from three persons to be called as witnesses for the Milan Lukić defence in Prosecutor v. Milan Lukić and Sredoje Lukić (Case No. IT-98-32/1-T). The Trial Chamber is composed of Judges Morrison (presiding), Hall and Delvoie. On 22 September 2010, Rašić pleaded not guilty on all counts of the indictment. The trial is expected to be held in early autumn 2011.", "4. Rule 11 bis Referral Bench", "45. The Rule 11 bis Referral Bench has transferred all low- and mid-level accused from its trial docket in accordance with Security Council resolution 1503 (2003).", "5. Rule 75 (H) Bench", "46. The Rule 75 (H) Bench, composed of Judges Moloto (presiding), Flügge and Morrison, continued to function in an efficient manner, rendering 23 decisions during the reporting period on requests under rule 75 (G) and (H) for confidential information for use in national proceedings and under rule 75 bis for persons under the authority of the Tribunal to testify in national proceedings.", "C. Principal activity of the Appeals Chamber", "Interlocutory appeals", "47. Thirteen decisions on interlocutory appeals were issued in the following cases: Haradinaj et al. (4); Prlić et al. (3); Stanišić and Simatović (2); Gotovina et al. (1); Šešelj (1); and Stanišić and Župljanin (2).", "Contempt appeals", "48. One contempt appeal Judgement was rendered in the Hartmann case.", "Appeals on the merits", "49. The Appeals Chamber did not render any final Judgements during the reporting period.", "50. There are three appeals — Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, and Popović et al. — currently pending before the Appeals Chamber from previous reporting periods, and two new appeals from Judgements were filed before the Appeals Chamber in the Đorđević and Gotovina and Markač cases. Pre-appeal activity is ongoing in these cases.", "51. A total of 75 pre-appeal decisions and orders were issued during the reporting period.", "Review", "52. The Appeals Chamber rendered a Judgement on review in the Šljivančanin case.", "Other appeals", "53. The Appeals Chamber rendered one decision in the Borovčanin case.", "IV. Activity of the Office of the Prosecutor", "A. Completion of trials and appeals", "54. During the reporting period, significant advances were made in establishing accountability for the crimes committed during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Foremost among them were the arrests of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011. Ratko Mladić had evaded for 16 years capture and transfer to The Hague. Goran Hadžić was a fugitive of justice for seven years. Both were the last fugitives remaining at large out of the 161 persons indicted by the Tribunal. The Prosecution expressed its commitment to moving ahead expeditiously with the trials.", "55. During the reporting period, the Prosecution finalized a large component of its trial work. By the end of the period, the presentation of the Prosecution’s case-in-chief had been completed in all but four cases (Mladić, Karadžić, Tolimir, and the Haradinaj et al. retrial). Three cases were in the defence phase of the proceedings (Šešelj, (Jovica) Stanišić and Simatović, and (Mićo) Stanišić and Župljanin), and two cases had concluded and were awaiting Judgement (Prlić et al. and Perišić). That progress was achieved notwithstanding problematic rates of staff attrition in the Office of the Prosecutor, which has left remaining staff to shoulder unsustainably heavy burdens. The Prosecutor expressed concern that staffing difficulties would likely escalate in the next reporting period given the absence of incentives for staff to remain.", "56. The Office of the Prosecutor began shifting the focus of its attention and resources to the appeals phase of proceedings to ensure that it is effectively positioned to deal with the upcoming appellate caseload. By the end of the reporting period, there were five cases on appeal (Šainović et al., Lukić and Lukić, Popović et al., Đorđević, and Gotovina and Markač). The Appeals Division also absorbed work arising out of the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Rašić contempt trial.", "57. The multiple contempt proceedings ongoing before the Tribunal, particularly those concerning the Šešelj case, continued to generate a significant amount of additional work for the Office of the Prosecutor. Šešelj’s lack of compliance with court orders required continuous monitoring to ensure the protection of witnesses, constituted a drain on the Tribunal’s resources, and presented a challenge for the Tribunal’s effective functioning.", "58. The Office of the Prosecutor worked at full capacity to finalize the remaining trials and appeals. The Prosecution continuously re-evaluated its working methods to identify ways to further expedite the proceedings. A consistent methodology was applied across all cases for streamlining the presentation of evidence in court. That methodology focused on narrowing the issues in dispute with defence teams as much as possible and presenting evidence in written form. Efficient use was made of key evidence contained in the wartime notebooks and associated tapes of Ratko Mladić, which were located by the Serbian authorities in February 2010. The Office of the Prosecutor established a task force to uniformly and expeditiously handle all issues related to the Mladić materials.", "59. With the completion of trial activities, the Office of the Prosecutor abolished corresponding posts and proceeded with downsizing the Office. At the same time, preparations began for the transition of functions to the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals in accordance with Security Council resolution 1966 (2010).", "B. Cooperation", "1. International cooperation", "60. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to depend on the full cooperation of States to fulfil its mandate. The cooperation of the States of the former Yugoslavia remained especially vital in the areas of (a) access to archives, documents and witnesses; (b) the protection of witnesses; and (c) efforts to locate, arrest and transfer the remaining fugitive as well as taking measures against those who have supported fugitives from the Tribunal.", "2. Cooperation of Serbia", "61. With the arrest of Ratko Mladić on 26 May 2011 and his transfer to the Tribunal on 31 May 2011 and the arrest of Goran Hadžić on 20 July 2011 and his transfer on 22 July 2011, Serbia met a key obligation towards the Tribunal. The Office of the Prosecutor acknowledged the important work done by the Serbian authorities who brought about the arrests, particularly the National Security Council, the Action Team established to track the fugitives, and the operatives from the security services. With those arrests, the Prosecutor recognized Serbia’s genuine commitment to cooperating with the Tribunal. He also encouraged Serbia to provide information on how the fugitives were able to evade justice for so long and help the public to understand why they must stand trial.", "62. Prior to Mladić’s arrest, the Prosecutor had strongly encouraged Serbia to critically reassess its failing strategy for apprehending the fugitives. He urged Serbia to address all operational shortcomings and to widen the scope of the investigation. Certain recommendations were implemented, which contributed to the arrests of Mladić and Hadžić.", "63. The Government of Serbia was further asked to intensify action against individuals in the networks that have supported fugitives from the Tribunal, including Mladić and Hadžić. The Prosecutor welcomed Serbia’s statement that it would investigate and prosecute the networks that supported Ratko Mladić during his time in hiding. On 10 May 2011, the War Crimes Department of Belgrade’s High Court accepted guilty pleas from six people who helped Stojan Župljanin while he was a fugitive from the Tribunal. Aside from that, action taken against individuals accused of helping the fugitives yielded few results.", "64. Concerning the Tribunal’s ongoing cases, Serbia’s responses to the requests of the Office of the Prosecutor for access to documents, archives and witnesses were generally timely and adequate. Serbia’s National Council for Cooperation continued to improve cooperation among different government bodies handling requests from the Office of the Prosecutor. The Council facilitated Prosecution requests to reclassify Supreme Defence Council documents in the Perišić case as public documents. As a result, in March 2011, the Prosecutor informed the Perišić Trial Chamber that the Supreme Defence Council documents could be made public. The Office of the Prosecutor will continue to seek the assistance of Serbia in providing access to government documents and archives and facilitating the access of witnesses during trials and appeals.", "3. Cooperation of Croatia", "65. During the reporting period, Croatia was generally responsive to requests made by the Office of the Prosecutor. However, the Office’s long-standing request for important military documents relating to Operation Storm — requested for the Gotovina et al. case — remained outstanding. The inter-agency task force established in October 2009 to locate or account for the missing documents continued its administrative investigation. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor asked Croatia to address a number of inconsistencies and questions in connection with the Task Force’s findings, which remained unresolved.", "66. On 15 April 2011, the Trial Chamber rendered its Judgement in Gotovina et al. and found Gotovina and Markač guilty of crimes based on the evidence submitted at trial. The Prosecutor expressed disappointment that, in the aftermath of the Judgement, the highest State officials had failed to comment objectively on the outcome of the case.", "4. Cooperation of Bosnia and Herzegovina", "67. During the reporting period, the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina responded promptly and adequately to requests for documents as well as access to archives and witnesses.", "68. The authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina were asked to step up efforts against fugitive networks.", "69. Throughout the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support the work of the State Prosecutor and the Special Department for War Crimes in processing cases and investigative files transferred by the Tribunal. However, structural difficulties impeded the implementation of the National War Crimes Strategy. Political initiatives in Bosnia and Herzegovina that sought to undermine the work of the State Prosecutor’s Office and the State War Crimes Court were of deep concern.", "5. Cooperation between States of the former Yugoslavia in judicial matters", "70. Cooperation in judicial matters between the States of the former Yugoslavia remained critical to completing the Tribunal’s mandate. Judicial institutions in the former Yugoslavia continued to face challenges in coordinating their activities, which in turn imperilled the rule of law and reconciliation in the region. There were some improvements in war crimes information and evidence-sharing between prosecutors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Serbia. However, legal barriers to the extradition of suspects and the transfer of evidence across State borders, as well as parallel investigations, continued to obstruct effective proceedings. While regional prosecutors expressed a commitment to addressing the problem of parallel investigations, the Prosecutor called for urgent action at the political and operational levels as well.", "6. Cooperation of other States and organizations", "71. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to rely on States and international organizations to provide documents, information and witnesses for trials and appeals.", "72. The Office of the Prosecutor expressed appreciation for the support of States as well as international and regional organizations, such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Council of Europe and the European Union. The arrest of Ratko Mladić underscored the potential of conditionality policies to promote positive outcomes for international justice. The support of non-governmental organizations, including those active in the former Yugoslavia, continued to facilitate the work of the Office.", "C. Transfer of cases and investigative files", "73. All cases transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia pursuant to rule 11 bis have been finalized. The Judgement in the last of these cases — against Milorad Trbić, who was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment — was confirmed on appeal on 14 January 2011.", "74. The Kovačević case, which was transferred from the Tribunal to Serbia, remained suspended owing to the ill health of the accused. There was no indication of when, or if, the accused would be fit to stand trial. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to monitor the situation.", "75. The fact that convicted war criminal Radovan Stanković (transferred from the Tribunal to Bosnia and Herzegovina pursuant to rule 11 bis) remains at large almost four years after he escaped from prison in Foča was identified as a serious concern. The Prosecutor encouraged the authorities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as neighbouring States, particularly Serbia, to take all necessary steps to capture Stanković and to sanction those who facilitated his escape.", "D. Supporting national prosecutions", "76. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to work actively on strengthening the capacity of national authorities to handle the remaining war crimes cases effectively. To that end, the Office engaged in ongoing dialogue with its counterparts throughout the former Yugoslavia. It also supported training, the development of best practices, and information exchanges.", "77. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor continued to support national prosecutions by facilitating access to investigative material and evidence from Tribunal case files as well as its database in The Hague. In addition, the “liaison prosecutors” project funded by the European Union was a key mechanism for strengthening working relationships between the State Prosecutor’s Offices in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia and the War Crimes Prosecutor’s Office in Serbia.", "V. Activity of the Registry", "78. During the reporting period, the Registry continued to discharge its statutory responsibilities by providing operational support to the Chambers and the Office of the Prosecutor, assisting the defence, and providing diplomatic and administrative support for the Tribunal.", "A. Office of the Registrar", "79. The Immediate Office of the Registrar assisted the Registrar and the Deputy Registrar in formulating the strategic direction for the Judicial Support Services and the Division of Administration, and in coordinating and supervising their work. It supported the Registrar in his role as focal point for diplomatic relations, and maintained contact with embassies, Member States, the United Nations and other international organizations. That included relations with the host State. The Office also negotiated agreements for the enforcement of the Tribunal’s sentences with States, thereby ensuring that persons convicted by the Tribunal were transferred to serve their sentences. Focused efforts were made to raise the awareness of Member States regarding the current lack of sufficient enforcement capacity and the ensuing risk to a successful completion of the Tribunal’s mandate.", "80. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 1966 (2010), in which the Council established the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, the Immediate Office of the Registrar has been heavily involved in the practical arrangements necessary for the commencement of the Mechanism’s operations. Under the direction of the Office of Legal Affairs, the two International Tribunals worked jointly to develop a budget proposal for the biennium 2012-2013, a proposal for an information security and access regime for the archives of the Tribunals and the Mechanism, and the Rules of Procedure and Evidence for the Mechanism. The next steps will focus on harmonizing the policies, procedures and operations of the two Tribunals in order to ensure that the Mechanism is able to commence its work on 1 July 2012.", "81. The Tribunal’s Communications Service managed major media events, such as the arrest of Ratko Mladić, which brought about increased interest from the media, victims, diplomatic community, academics and the general public.", "82. Outreach and communication with audiences in the former Yugoslavia is one of the Registry’s strategic priorities for the current biennium. Since the end of 2010, the outreach programme has been implementing a new strategy that focuses on promoting the Tribunal’s achievements and its positive legacy through a wide range of events. In the past year, the programme has coordinated more than 20 visits from the region, including more than 400 visitors and 230 international group visits (comprising more than 5,700 visitors), and has participated in and organized 35 conferences and events across the region. The focus on engaging young people continued with a round of presentations in 13 Kosovo high schools involving more than 680 students. The outreach programme produced and distributed a publication entitled “Assessing the Legacy of the ICTY” in languages of the region. The programme furthermore expanded its reach to the region and international audiences through the Tribunal’s official accounts on YouTube and Twitter. The popularity of these sites has been confirmed with over 2,000 followers on Twitter and over 300,000 views on YouTube, of which almost half come from the region. The Tribunal depends upon external funding in order to implement its outreach programme. A munificent contribution from the European Commission for the next biennium has ensured the continued existence of the outreach programme, and Finland has already generously supported youth education projects. The Tribunal also notes the generous support and cooperation of the Mission to Serbia of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/253, adopted on 24 December 2010, in which the Assembly reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources, the Tribunal will be approaching Member States and other donors in the coming months for more support.", "83. The Tribunal’s website continued to be a key strategic communications tool. The month of May 2011 was a record breaker for the Tribunal’s website — with 400,000 page views, the site’s highest ever monthly total since its launch in 2008. The internal communication portal Tribunet was further developed as a reference platform on all issues related to the completion strategy and staff downsizing.", "B. Judicial support services sections", "84. In the reporting period, the Court Management and Support Services Section supported 10 cases at trial (including the Haradinaj et al. retrial and the Mladić and Hadžić cases, which are currently in the pre-trial phase), five cases on appeal, and four contempt cases. It provided Court Officer support for seven videoconference links, nine rule 92 bis missions, and three site visits. The Section also provided support through its Pro Se Legal Liaison Officers for three self-representing accused, facilitating solutions to issues arising in the course of the proceedings. The Court Records Assistants, Court Officers and Court Ushers processed 6,922 filings (approximately 92,000 pages) submitted by parties and others in proceedings before the Tribunal.", "85. The Conference and Language Services Section continued to provide interpretation, translation, and court reporting services for all the organs of the Tribunal. The Translation Units translated approximately 66,000 pages into English, French, Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian, Albanian and Macedonian. The Interpretation Unit registered approximately 4,500 conference interpreter days. The Court Reporting Services produced over 88,000 pages of transcript. Interpretation services were also provided for official meetings, witness proofing sessions, and missions away from the seat of the Tribunal, including in the region.", "86. The Victims and Witnesses Section consists of three main units. The Section’s Operations and Support Units assisted 494 witnesses, and accompanying support persons, travelling to The Hague to give evidence. The Protection Unit coordinated professional responses to an increased number of threats to witnesses before, during and after their appearances to give evidence in Tribunal proceedings. Under appropriate circumstances, the Protection Unit worked to relocate protected witnesses.", "87. The Office for Legal Aid and Detention Matters continued to manage the legal aid system of the Tribunal in serving over 470 defence team members, thereby ensuring that the accused’s right to counsel was respected. The majority of accused who are in the Tribunal’s custody receive legal aid. The Office managed facilities granted to defence team members of all cases tried at the Tribunal; of those cases, 60 per cent were of the highest complexity level. The Office continued to ensure the rights of the accused by responding to complaints and concerns of detainees held at the United Nations Detention Unit, processing visits to the Unit and acting as a liaison between defence counsel and the Tribunal. The Office provided facilities to self-represented accused in cooperation with the Pro Se Legal Liaison Office and the United Nations Detention Unit and managed the assignment of amicus curiae investigators and prosecutors and the resources provided thereto.", "88. The United Nations Detention Unit continued to provide security and care to the 37 detainees under the authority of the Tribunal. Many of the detainees required medical care, including specialist medical care. The Unit facilitated the detainees’ presence at court hearings, whether in person or through videoconference link. It facilitated a large number of requests for provisional releases of various durations, as ordered by the Chambers. It facilitated the right of accused persons to self‑represent by providing extra storage and office space to self-representing accused, granting computer and database access suited to a detention environment, and allowing for witness interviews and proofing in exceptional circumstances. The Unit accommodated detained witnesses and detainees charged with contempt of the Tribunal, and it facilitated contact between detainees and the media, where appropriate.", "C. Division of Administration", "89. By resolution 65/253, the General Assembly, having considered the reports of the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the revised estimates under the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Tribunal a total amount of $320,511,800 gross ($290,087,500 net) for the biennium 2010-2011.", "90. During the biennium 2010-2011, extrabudgetary resources are estimated at $3,319,900 to be utilized for a variety of Tribunal activities. As of 15 June 2011, cash donations of approximately $48.9 million had been received for the Voluntary Fund to support the activities of the Tribunal. For the period from 15 June 2010 to 15 June 2011, the Tribunal received and administered $2,393,376 in voluntary cash contributions.", "91. The Division of Administration remained actively engaged in the implementation of the downsizing and comparative review process, which was formulated in consultation with staff representatives. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Tribunal downsized 170 posts. The Division of Administration is currently working closely with staff representatives in the implementation of the second comparative review exercise.", "92. The Division of Administration coordinated the preparation of the revised estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Division was heavily involved in the formulation of the first budget of the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals. Following the closure of one of the three office buildings in The Hague, the Division of Administration finalized an office space allocation master plan in order to ensure the smooth relocation of personnel and archives to the remaining two buildings of the Tribunal." ]

[ "大会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十六年", "临时议程[1] 项目74", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反 国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的报告", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的报告", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各会员国和安全理事会各理事国转交起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告。该报告由国际法庭庭长根据《法庭规约》第34条(见S/25704和Corr.1，附件)提交，该条规定：", "“国际法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交国际法庭年度报告。”", "送文函", "2011年7月31日", "纽约联合国大会主席阁下，", "纽约联合国安全理事会主席阁下，", "根据起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭《规约》第34条的规定，谨向大会和安全理事会递送2011年7月31日国际法庭第十八次年度报告。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "庭长", "帕特里克·鲁滨逊(签名)", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告", "摘要 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。 法庭继续集中力量完成所有审判和上诉案件。在报告所述期间结束时，16人已进入上诉程序，14人正在接受审理，还有5名被告处于预审阶段。审判分庭对格托维纳等人案和乔尔杰维奇案作出了判决。上诉分庭对什利万查宁案的复核作出了判决，并对哈特曼案作出了上诉判决。 帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长(牙买加)、权敖昆副庭长(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行其法庭职责。 检察官办公室在完成法庭的审判和上诉任务方面取得进展。检察官办公室继续进一步发展与前南斯拉夫各国当局的联系，鼓励各国当局与法庭合作，并支持在国内法院起诉战争罪行。 \n书记官处继续在庭长领导下发挥重要作用，向法庭提供行政和司法支助。书记官长直属办公室除协调书记官处各科室的工作外，还处理各类法律、政策和业务事项，包括启动刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制和提高执行法庭判决的能力所需的实际安排。交流服务处开展了各种各样的活动，以期增大法庭的知名度，向有关社区宣传法庭的判决。法庭管理和支助服务科为10起在审案件、5起上诉案件和4起藐视法庭的案件提供支助。会议和语文服务科继续以法庭的工作语言及波斯尼亚语、克罗地亚语、塞尔维亚语、马其顿语和阿尔巴尼亚语提供最高质量的口译、笔译和法庭记录服务。受害人和证人科促成和协助近500名证人到海牙作证。法律援助和拘留事务办公室在案件预审、审判和上诉阶段向许多辩方成员及各分庭指定的法庭之友提供服务，并与书记官处其他科合作为自辩被告提供设施。联合国拘留所继续承担大量工作，同时为所有被羁押者提供最高级别的安保和监护。行政司协调编写了2010-2011两年期订正预算估计和2012-2013两年期拟议预算，大量参与了刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制第一次预算的制订工作，继续积极参与执行缩编进程和比较审查进程，并与工作人员代表密切合作，开展第二次比较审查。\n在报告所述期间，由于自然减员带来严重后果，法庭所有机关在实现完成工作战略各项目标方面遇到重大挑战。随着法庭完成工作的期限日益临近，庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施，帮助法庭找到切实解决该问题的办法。\n迄今为止，法庭在其起诉的161人中，已结束对126人的诉讼程序。本报告将详细介绍法庭在报告所述期间的活动，并表明法庭已集中力量在不牺牲适当程序的情况下尽早实现完成诉讼的目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 6\n2.涉及整个法庭的活动 6\nA.庭长 6\nB.庭长会议 8\nC.协调委员会 8\nD.全体会议 8\nE.规则委员会 8\n3.分庭的活动 8\nA.分庭的组成 8\nB.审判分庭的主要活动 9\nC.上诉分庭的主要活动 13\n4.检察官办公室的活动 14\nA.完成审判和上诉 14\nB.合作 15\nC.移交案件和调查档案 17\nD.支持各国的起诉工作 17\n5.书记官处的活动 17\nA.书记官长办公室 17\nB.司法支助服务科 18\nC.行政司 19", "一. 导言", "1. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告概述了2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。", "2. 在本报告所述期间，法庭继续执行安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议核准的《完成工作战略》。法庭继续集中力量完成所有审判和上诉案件。在报告所述期间结束时，16人已进入上诉程序，14人正在接受审理，还有5名被告处于预审阶段。审判分庭对格托维纳等人案和乔尔杰维奇案作出了判决。上诉分庭对什利万查宁案的复核作出了判决，并对哈特曼案作出了上诉判决。迄今为止，法庭在其起诉的161人中，已结束对126人的诉讼程序。", "3. 庭长帕特里克·鲁滨逊(牙买加)、副庭长权敖昆(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行其法庭职责。", "4. 在报告所述期间，采取了一系列举措改革法庭的程序，以实现效率最大化。", "5. 法庭的审理和上诉工作的步伐仍然受到工作人员短缺和高度有经验人员流失的影响。尽管大会和安全理事会通过了多项有关留用工作人员的决议，但这一问题仍持续存在。随着法庭完成工作的期限日益临近，庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施，帮助法庭找到切实解决该问题的办法。如果不采取切实有效的措施来挽留工作人员，完成法庭核心工作的时间估计可能不得不加以修正。", "二. 涉及整个法庭的活动", "A. 庭长", "6. 鲁滨逊庭长继续集中力量履行法庭的核心职能，即审判和上诉。他还采取了内部改革措施，实施了能力建设与遗产项目，开展了外交活动，并执行了庭长办公室的司法责任。", "1. 内部改革", "7. 法庭对规则第94 (B)条进行了修正，以澄清关于已裁定事实的司法认知的法律，并确保诉讼的各个当事方有效利用规则。", "8. 在上一报告期间，庭长恢复组建加速审判工作组，对法庭惯例进行第三次审查，以评估进一步改进各分庭工作的可能性。工作组于2010年5月21日提交报告，建议对法庭程序进行一系列改革。2010年6月7日，法官们采纳了这些建议并决定在当前诉讼程序中加以执行。在报告所述期间，法官们继续在其诉讼程序中执行工作组的建议。", "9. 法庭采用了更基于经验的新方法，用于预计将审理的上诉案件，其目标是为上诉案件确定时限，希望在法庭结束工作之前总体上保持不变。此外，上诉分庭还实施了一系列的工作方法改革，包括限制修改上诉理由、组织判决书起草工作和确定工作的优先次序，以提高其诉讼程序的效率。", "2. 能力建设和遗产", "10. 庭长继续推动各国司法机关的能力建设，作为法庭遗产战略的一个优先事项。2010年9月28日， 法庭、欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室以及联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所在贝尔格莱德正式推出了为期18个月的“战争罪司法项目”。法庭关于“评估前南问题国际法庭的遗产”的会议探讨了法庭遗产的各个方面(特别是在前南斯拉夫的遗产)，成果颇丰。受这次会议的鼓舞，法庭将于2011年11月15日和16日召开第二次会议，集中探讨法庭的全球遗产问题。法庭还准备在前南斯拉夫设立归地方所有的新闻中心。", "3. 外交关系", "11. 鲁滨逊庭长积极参加合作、外联和报告活动，以确保法庭工作得到支持并提升法庭的国际形象。", "12. 2010年9月1日，庭长欢迎一组来自塞尔维亚的法官和检察官对法庭进行了为期三天的考察访问。法庭正在加强与前南斯拉夫司法机构成员的合作和知识共享，这次访问是法庭在这方面持续开展的努力的一个组成部分。鲁滨逊庭长和法庭的其他法官与来访的塞尔维亚司法机构成员举行了会议，双方讨论的主题包括证人保护、认罪求情协议、判决惯例、个案管理、申诉程序以及审判战争罪的法律标准。", "13. 9月28日，庭长在贝尔格莱德正式推出了“战争罪司法项目”，以推动向该区域的司法机构转移法庭独有的机构知识和专门技能，并确保以可使用的格式向这些司法机构提供法庭材料。", "14. 10月8日，庭长向大会介绍法庭第十七次年度报告(A/65/205-S/2010/ 413)。", "15. 12月6日，庭长向安全理事会介绍法庭完成工作战略第十四次执行情况报告(S/2010/588)。", "16. 2011年6月6日，庭长向安全理事会介绍法庭完成工作战略第十五次执行情况报告(S/2011/316)。", "17. 2011年6月21日和22日，鲁滨逊庭长和约翰·霍金书记官长出席了在前南斯拉夫地区设立新闻中心问题非正式协商工作组在萨格勒布举行的为期两天的会议。会议的目的是进一步讨论在该区域各地设立新闻中心和文件中心的问题，以及获取法庭的司法档案的问题。", "4. 司法活动", "18. 庭长依照法庭规约、规则和程序指示赋予的权力，发布了许多向各分庭分配案件的命令，并复核了书记官长的几项决定。庭长还批准了2项关于免罪、减刑和提早释放被法庭定罪者的请求，同时驳回了7项此类请求。", "B. 庭长会议", "19. 依照规则第23条，庭长会议由庭长、副庭长和审判分庭主审法官组成。关于免罪、减刑和提早释放服刑人员的请求，庭长要与庭长会议成员协商。", "C. 协调委员会", "20. 依照规则第23条之二，协调委员会由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成。在报告所述期间，除其他外，委员会定期讨论了工作人员留用、能力建设与遗产活动以及法庭为创建和过渡到刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制作出贡献等议题。", "D. 全体会议", "21. 在报告所述期间，法官们举行了2次全体常会。在2010年12月8日举行的第39次全体会议上，法官们废除了规则第23条之三(管理委员会)；修正了规则第15条之三(C)(后备法官)；新通过了规则第75条之二(法庭请求在获取证词方面提供协助)和规则第75条之三(为在非法院当前审判程序诉讼中作证而转移证人)；并修正了规则第94 (B)条(司法认知)。在2011年6月16日举行的第40次全体会议上，法官们讨论了对规则第65条、第75条之二和第75条之三的拟议修正。", "E. 规则委员会", "22. 规则委员会司法成员由卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(主席)、帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长、权敖昆副庭长、阿方斯·奥里法官和克里斯托夫·弗吕格法官组成。无表决权的成员包括检察官、书记官长以及辩护律师协会的一名代表。在报告所述期间，规则委员会在下列日期举行了3次会议，讨论规则提案并向法官提出建议：2010年10月5日、2011年2月4日和4月5日。", "三. 分庭的活动", "A. 分庭的组成", "23. 法庭现有来自23个国家的25名法官。分庭由13名常任法官、两名来自卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在上诉分庭工作的常任法官以及10名审案法官组成。", "24. 常任法官包括：帕特里克·鲁滨逊(庭长，牙买加)、权敖昆(副庭长，大韩民国)、克里斯托夫·弗吕格(德国)、阿方斯·奥里(荷兰)、福斯托·波卡尔(意大利)、刘大群(中国)、西奥多·梅龙(美利坚合众国)、卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯(马耳他)、让-克洛德·安托内蒂(法国)、巴克内·贾斯蒂斯·莫洛托(南非)、伯顿·霍尔(巴哈马)、霍华德·莫里森(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)和居伊·德尔瓦(比利时)。两名来自卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭在上诉分庭工作的常任法官是穆罕默德·居内伊(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯(塞内加尔)。凯文·帕克法官(澳大利亚)在本报告所述期间也担任常任法官，但于2011年2月28日从法庭辞职。", "25. 在本报告所述期间，下列法官曾担任审案法官：阿帕德·普兰德勒(匈牙利)、斯特凡·特雷希塞尔(瑞士)、安托万·凯西亚-姆贝·明杜瓦(刚果民主共和国)、弗雷德里克·哈霍夫(丹麦)、弗拉维亚·拉坦齐(意大利)、佩德罗·戴维(阿根廷)、米歇尔·皮卡尔(法国)、伊丽莎白·瓜温扎(津巴布韦)、梅尔维尔·贝尔德(特立尼达和多巴哥)和普里斯卡·马蒂姆巴·尼亚姆贝(赞比亚)。乌尔迪斯·基尼斯法官(拉脱维亚)在本报告所述期间也担任审案法官，但于2011年4月18日从法庭辞职。", "26. 在本报告所述期间，下列法官在审判分庭任职：权(主审)、帕克(主审)、弗吕格(主审)、奥里(主审)、安托内蒂(主审)、莫洛托(主审)、霍尔(主审)、莫里森、德尔瓦、普兰德勒、特雷希塞尔、明杜瓦、哈霍夫、拉坦齐、戴维、皮卡尔、基尼斯、瓜温扎、贝尔德和尼亚姆贝。", "27. 上诉分庭由鲁滨逊(主审)、居内伊、波卡尔、刘、瓦斯、梅龙和阿吉乌斯法官组成。", "B. 审判分庭的主要活动", "1. 第一审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "姆拉迪奇案", "28. 拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕，于2011年5月31日移交法庭所在地。6月3日初次出庭，法官是奥里(主审)、弗吕格和莫洛托。被告当时没有对指控作出辩护。7月4日再次出庭时，主审法官代表被告人作出不认罪辩护。", "(b) 审判", "格托维纳、切尔马克和马尔卡奇案", "29. 2011年4月15日作出判决。审判分庭判定安特·格托维纳和姆拉登·马尔卡奇犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等8项罪行，并分别判处他们24年和18年有期徒刑。审判分庭就伊万·切尔马克受到的所有指控作出无罪判决。", "佩里希奇案", "30. 莫姆契洛·佩里希奇被控于1993年8月至1995年11月期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的萨拉热窝和斯雷布雷尼察以及克罗地亚的萨格勒布犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由莫洛托(主审)、戴维和皮卡尔法官组成。2008年10月2日开审。检方于2010年1月25日完成案件陈述，辩方于2010年2月22日开始案件答辩，并于2011年1月11日结束答辩。结案摘要于2011年3月4日提交，2011年3月28日听取了最后辩论。该案目前正处于判决书起草阶段。", "约·斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案", "31. 约维察·斯塔尼希奇和弗兰科·西马托维奇被控于1991年4月至1995年12月期间在克罗地亚及波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由奥里(主审)、皮卡尔和瓜温扎法官组成。2008年4月28日开审，但由于斯塔尼希奇的健康状况，上诉分庭于2008年5月16日下令休庭。2009年6月2日重新开审。检方于2011年4月5日完成案件陈述，辩方于2011年6月14日开始案件答辩。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "卡巴希案", "32. 2007年6月5日，审判分庭就谢夫克特·卡巴希藐视法庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令。2007年12月11日，审判分庭将案件移交检方，以便对此事作进一步的调查和起诉。2008年2月18日，审判分庭批准检方修改起诉书的请求。因为被告仍未归案，所以审判尚未开始。", "2. 第二审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "哈拉迪纳伊等人案(重审)", "33. 2010年7月21日，上诉分庭推翻了审判分庭认定拉穆什·哈拉迪纳伊、伊德里兹·巴拉伊和拉希·卜拉希马伊在几项被起诉的罪行上无罪的判决，下令对案件进行部分重审。经上诉分庭确认，重审起诉书指控被告于1998年在科索沃犯下6项战争罪行。审判分庭由莫洛托(主审)、霍尔和德尔瓦法官组成。预计将于2011年8月18日开始重审。", "哈迪奇案", "34. 戈兰·哈迪奇于2011年7月20日被捕，2011年7月22日移交法庭所在地。2011年7月21日，法庭庭长指派德尔瓦(主审)、霍尔和明杜瓦法官负责审理此案。2011年7月25日首次出庭。案件现处于预审准备的初期阶段。", "(b) 审判", "乔尔杰维奇案", "35. 弗拉斯蒂米尔·乔尔杰维奇被控于1999年在科索沃犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例行为。被告人于2007年6月17日被逮捕，2009年1月27日开审。审判分庭由帕克(主审)、弗吕格和贝尔德法官组成,分庭于2011年2月23日作出判决。分庭判定乔尔杰维奇犯下危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等5项罪行，他的具体行动是参与一犯罪团伙并协助和教唆他人谋杀(在判决书附表中一一列出的)724名科索沃阿族人、从判决书中列出的60多个地方驱逐和强迁成千上万的科索沃阿族人，破坏科索沃阿族宗教和文化财产。分庭判处被告27年徒刑。", "斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案", "36. 米乔·斯塔尼希奇和斯托扬·茹普利亚宁均被控涉嫌于1992年4月至12月在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等10项罪行。审判分庭由霍尔(主审)、德尔瓦和哈霍夫法官组成。审判于2009年9月14日开始，检方于2011年2月2日完成案件陈述。米乔·斯塔尼希奇的案件答辩于2011年4月11日开始，预计将在短期内结束，茹普利亚宁的案件答辩将随即开始。", "托利米尔案", "37. 兹德拉夫科·托利米尔被控涉嫌于1995年在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、共谋实施灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例行为。审判分庭由弗吕格(主审)、明杜瓦和尼亚姆贝法官组成。审判于2010年2月26日开始，检方的举证现在即将结束。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "舍舍利案", "38. 2010年2月3日，审判分庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令，指控沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利藐视法庭，即他写书披露可导致证人身份外泄的机密资料，这违反了法庭的有关命令。审判于2011年2月22日开始，2011年6月8日结束。判决书正在准备之中。", "舍舍利案", "39. 2011年5月9日，审判分庭发布了一项代替起诉书的命令，指控沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利藐视法庭，即舍舍利没有从其网站删除违反分庭命令而泄露的机密资料。总审判分庭将直接就此事进行起诉。初次出庭于2011年7月6日进行。", "3. 第三审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "40. 目前第三审判分庭没有待处理的预审案件。", "(b) 审判", "卡拉季奇案", "41. 拉多万·卡拉季奇被控于1992年至1995年期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等11项罪状。审判分庭由权(主审)、莫里森、贝尔德和拉坦齐(后备)法官组成。2009年10月26日开审，此案目前正听取检方举证。", "舍舍利案", "42. 沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利被控于1991年8月至1993年9月期间在克罗地亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及塞尔维亚的伏伊伏丁那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法律或惯例罪行。审判分庭由安托内蒂(主审)、哈霍夫和拉坦齐法官组成。2007年11月7日重新开审,但随后于2009年2月11日休庭。审判于2010年1月12日继续进行。检方举证结束后，审判分庭于2011年5月4日根据规则第98条之二裁定，有足够的证据支持起诉书中所列的指控罪名。2011年6月9日，审判分庭命令被告提交其在案件辩护中打算使用的证人名单和打算用作证据的物证。上述两项应在2011年8月的第一周提交，预计辩方随后将开始举证。", "普尔利奇等人案", "43. 亚得兰科·普尔利奇、布鲁诺·斯托伊奇、斯洛博丹·普拉利亚克、米利沃伊·佩特科维奇、瓦伦丁·乔里奇和贝里斯拉夫·普希奇被控于1991年11月至1994年4月期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那严重破坏日内瓦四公约、犯有危害人类罪以及违反战争法规或惯例。审判分庭由安托内蒂(主审)、普兰德勒、特雷希塞尔和明杜瓦(后备)法官组成。2006年4月26日开审，辩方于2010年5月完成案件答辩。2011年7月1日起，双方提交其结案摘要。结案陈词于2011年2月7日开始，3月2日结束。判决书正在准备之中。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "拉希奇案", "44. 米兰·卢基奇案辩方团队前成员耶莱娜·拉希奇被控藐视法庭，据指控，此人以金钱购买换取三人在检察官诉米兰·卢基奇和斯雷多耶·卢基奇案(案件号：IT-98-32/1-T)中充作米兰·卢基奇的辩护证人，进行虚假陈述。审判分庭由莫里森(主审)、霍尔和德尔瓦法官组成。2010年9月22日，拉希奇对起诉书所列所有罪状提出不认罪回应。审判预计将于2011年初秋举行。", "4. 规则第11条之二移案法官组", "45. 规则第11条之二移案法官组已按照安理会第1503(2003)号决议移交了其待审案件目录内所有涉及中、低级被告的案件。", "5. 规则第75(H)条法官组", "46. 规则第75(H)条法官组由莫洛托(主审)、弗吕格和莫里森法官组成，继续高效开展工作，在本报告所述期间做了23项裁定。这些裁定分别涉及根据规则第75(G)条和(H)条提出的关于在国内诉讼中使用机密资料的请求，以及根据规则第75条之二提出的关于法庭管辖人员在国内诉讼中作证的请求。", "C. 上诉分庭的主要活动", "中间上诉", "47. 在下列案件中发布了13项中间上诉裁定：哈拉迪纳伊等人案(4)；普尔利奇等人案(3)；斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案(2)；格托维纳等人案(1)；舍舍利案(1)；斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案(2)。", "对藐视法庭提出的上诉", "48. 在哈特曼案中发布了一项对藐视法庭所提上诉的判决。", "对实质内容提出的上诉", "49. 在本报告所述期间, 上诉分庭未做任何终审判决。", "50. 从上一报告期延续而来的有三项上诉(沙伊诺维奇等人案、卢基奇和卢基奇案以及波波维奇等人案)目前待上诉庭裁定，另在乔尔杰维奇以及格托维纳和马尔卡奇案中有两项新的对判决的上诉有待上诉分庭裁定。这些案件的上诉前活动正在进行。", "51. 在本报告所述期间共发布了75项上诉前裁定和命令。", "复议请求", "52. 上诉分庭就希尔杰万卡宁案的复议做出判决。", "其他上诉", "53. 上诉分庭对在博罗夫恰宁案中提出的一项其他上诉做了裁定。", "四. 检察官办公室的活动", "A. 完成审判和上诉", "54. 在本报告所述期间，在追究对在前南斯拉夫战争期间犯下的罪行的责任方面取得了重大进展。其中最重要的进展是于2011年5月26日逮捕拉特科·姆拉迪奇和于2011年7月20日逮捕戈兰·哈季奇。拉特科·姆拉迪奇逃捕和躲避被移交海牙长达16年。戈兰·哈季奇在逃七年。两人均为被法庭起诉的161人中最后一批尚未归案的逃犯。检方表示将力争尽快推进审判。", "55. 在本报告所述期间，检方已结束了其审判工作的较大部分。在这一期间结束前，除四个案件(姆拉迪奇案、卡拉季奇案、托利米尔案和哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审案)外，所有案件的检方举证均已完成。三个案件现处于诉讼辩护阶段(舍舍利案、(约维察)斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇案以及(米乔)斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁案)，另有两个案件已结束审判，正在等待判决(普尔利奇等人案和佩里希奇案)。尽管检察官办公室减员情况严重，导致剩下的工作人员承受不可持续的沉重负担，但是在这种情况下，仍取得了上述进展。检察官表示关切，鉴于没有留住员工的激励手段，在下一报告期内，人员缺乏的困难可能更加严重。", "56. 检察官办公室开始将其关注和资源的重点转移至诉讼的上诉阶段，以确保它有能力有效应对即将到来的上诉案件数量。截至本报告所述期间结束之时，共有五个上诉案件(沙伊诺维奇等人案、卢基奇和卢基奇案、波波维奇等人案、乔尔杰维奇案以及格托维纳和马尔卡奇案)。上诉庭也吸收消化了因哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审和拉希奇藐视法庭案审判而产生的工作。", "57. 法庭受理的多项藐视法庭诉讼，特别是与舍舍利案有关的藐视法庭诉讼继续给检察官办公室造成大量的额外工作。因为舍舍利不遵守法庭命令，所以需要对其进行持续监测，以确保对证人的保护，这造成了法庭资源的消耗，给法庭的有效运行带来了挑战。", "58. 检察官办公室满负荷工作，以完成余下的审判和上诉。检察机关不断重新评估其工作方法，以确定如何进一步加快诉讼。现在对所有案件均采用了一致的方法，以简化在法庭上出示证据的过程。这一方法侧重于缩小与辩方团队的争议问题范围以及以书面形式提出证据。另外，还有效利用了塞尔维亚当局于2010年2月找出的拉特科·姆拉迪奇的战争时期笔记和相关磁带中所含关键证据。检察官办公室成立了工作队，负责统一和尽快处理所有有关姆拉迪奇材料的问题。", "59. 审判活动结束后，检察官办公室裁撤了相应的员额，并着手精简该办公室。与此同时，按照安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议的规定，已开始准备将有关职能移交给刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制。", "B. 合作", "1. 国际合作", "60. 检察官办公室继续依靠各国的全面合作来完成其任务。前南斯拉夫各国的合作在以下领域仍然特别重要：(a) 调用档案、文件和证人，(b) 保护证人，和(c) 努力查找、逮捕和移交剩余逃犯，并对支持逃犯逃避法庭逮捕的人采取措施。", "2. 塞尔维亚的合作", "61. 由于拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕并于2011年5月31日移交法庭，戈兰·哈季奇于2011年7月20日被捕并于2011年7月22日移交法庭，塞尔维亚履行了对法庭的一个重要义务。检察官办公室承认进行这些逮捕的塞尔维亚当局所做的重要工作，尤其是国家安全委员会、为追踪逃犯而成立的行动小组和安全部门的特工人员。由于这些逮捕，检察官承认塞尔维亚真正致力于与法庭合作。他还鼓励塞尔维亚提供信息，说明逃犯为何能够逍遥法外如此之久，并帮助公众理解这些人为什么必须受到审判。", "62. 在姆拉迪奇被捕前，检察官曾大力鼓励塞尔维亚认真重新评估自己在逮捕逃犯方面的失败战略。他敦促塞尔维亚解决在行动方面的所有缺点，并扩大调查范围。某些建议得到了执行，这有助于逮捕姆拉迪奇和哈季奇的工作。", "63. 检察官进一步请塞尔维亚政府针对属于支持包括姆拉迪奇和哈季奇在内的逃犯逃避法庭逮捕的网络的个人加强行动。检察官欢迎塞尔维亚发表声明，宣布将调查和起诉在拉特科·姆拉迪奇在逃期间对他提供支持的网络。2011年5月10日，贝尔格莱德高等法院的战争罪司接受了六个人的认罪，这六个人曾在斯托扬·茹普利亚宁逃避法庭逮捕时帮助过他。除此之外，对被控帮助逃犯的个人采取的行动鲜有结果。", "64. 关于法庭正在审理的案件，对于检察官办公室调用文件、档案和证人的请求，塞尔维亚一般都及时给予恰当的答复。塞尔维亚全国合作委员会继续改善处理检察官办公室要求的不同政府机构间的合作。该委员会对检方将佩里希奇案中最高国防委员会文件重新归类为公开文件的请求提供方便。因此，2011年3月，检察官通知佩里希奇案审判分庭，最高国防委员会的文件可以公开。在调用政府文件和档案并方便在审判和上诉期间接触证人方面，检察官办公室将继续寻求塞尔维亚的协助。", "3. 克罗地亚的合作", "65. 在报告所述期间，对于检察官办公室提出的要求，克罗地亚一般都能做出回应。不过，检察官办公室长期以来一直要求调阅有关“风暴行动”的重要军事文件(为格托维纳等人案提出的要求)，却至今未获回应。2009年10月为找到或说明失踪文件而设立的机构间工作队继续进行行政调查。在报告所述期间，检察官请克罗地亚处理与工作队的调查结果有关的一些不一致和问题，至今仍未解决。", "66. 2011年4月15日，审判分庭下达了格托维纳等人案的判决书，并根据在审判中提出的证据，判决格托维纳和马尔卡奇有罪。检察官对最高国家官员在判决书下达后没有客观地评论案件的结果表示失望。", "4. 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的合作", "67. 在报告所述期间，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局对有关文件以及查阅政府档案和接触证人的要求迅速作出适当回应。", "68. 要求波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局加强打击逃犯网络的工作。", "69. 在整个报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续支持国家检察官和战争罪特别司处理法庭移交的案件和调查档案。然而，结构方面的困难阻碍《战争罪行国家战略》的执行。在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那寻求破坏国家检察官办公室和国家战争罪法庭工作的政治举措引起深切关注。", "5. 前南斯拉夫各国之间的司法事务合作", "70. 前南斯拉夫各国间的司法事务合作仍然是完成法庭任务的关键。前南斯拉夫的司法机构在协调其活动方面继续面对挑战，这反过来又危及到该区域的法治与和解。波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚和塞尔维亚的检察官之间在战争罪行的资料和证据分享方面取得了某些进展。然而，在引渡嫌疑人和跨国转移证据以及平行调查方面存在法律障碍，这继续阻碍有效进行起诉。该区域的检察官们表示将致力于解决平行调查问题，法庭检察官则呼吁在政治和业务两级紧急采取行动。", "6. 其他国家和组织的合作", "71. 检察官办公室继续依靠各国和国际组织提供审判和上诉所需的文件、资料和证人。", "72. 检察官办公室赞赏各国以及欧洲合作与安全组织、欧洲委员会和欧洲联盟等国际和区域组织提供支持。拉特科·姆拉迪奇的被捕突显了有条件支持政策在促进国际司法取得积极成果方面的潜力。非政府组织的支持，包括那些在前南斯拉夫开展活动的非政府组织的支持，继续促进检察官办公室的工作。", "C. 移交案件和调查档案", "73. 根据规则第11条之二法庭向波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及克罗地亚移交的所有案件已经完成。这些案件中的最后一个是米洛拉德·尔比奇案，他被判决犯有灭绝种族罪，并被判处30年徒刑，该案的判决书在2011年1月14日由上诉确认。", "74. 由法庭移交塞尔维亚的科瓦切维奇案因被告人健康状况不佳仍然悬而未决。没有迹象表明被告何时适合接受审判。检察官办公室继续对局势进行监测。", "75. 已定罪的战争罪犯拉多万·斯坦科维奇(根据规则第11条之二由法庭移交波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)从Foča 的监狱逃跑几乎四年后依然在逃，这个问题引起严重关切。检察官鼓励波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及邻国，特别是塞尔维亚当局，采取一切必要措施，以抓获斯坦科维奇，并惩罚那些为其逃跑提供便利的人。", "D. 支持各国的起诉工作", "76. 检察官办公室继续积极努力加强国家当局有效处理剩余战争罪案件的能力。为此目的，检察官办公室与其在整个前南斯拉夫的同行开展对话。它还支持培训、发展最佳做法和交换信息。", "77. 在报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续支持各国的检察官，为从法庭的案件卷宗以及其在海牙的数据库调阅调查材料和证据提供便利。此外，欧洲联盟供资的“联络检察官”项目是加强波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及克罗地亚的国家检察官办公室与塞尔维亚的战争罪行检察官办公室之间工作关系的重要机制。", "五. 书记官处的活动", "78. 在报告所述期间，书记官处继续履行其法定责任，为各分庭和检察官办公室提供业务支助，援助被告，为法庭提供外交和行政支助。", "A. 书记官长办公室", "79. 书记官长直属办公室协助书记官长和副书记官长为司法支助服务科和行政司制订战略方向，协调和监督它们的工作。它协助书记官长发挥外交关系协调人的作用，并保持与各使馆、会员国、联合国和其他国际组织的联系。这包括与东道国的关系在内。该办公室还负责与各国谈判实施法庭判决的协定，从而确保被法庭定罪的个人被移交去服刑。集中努力提高会员国对目前缺乏充足的执法能力因而可能危及圆满完成法庭任务的意识。", "80. 在决定建立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制的安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议通过后，书记官长直属办公室大量参与该机制开始运作所需的实际安排。在法律事务厅的指导下，两个国际法庭共同努力编制了2012-2013两年期拟议预算、为两法庭和余留机制的档案建立信息安全和取用制度的提案、以及余留机制的程序和证据规则。以后的步骤将侧重于统一两个法庭的政策、程序和运作，以确保该机制能够于2012年7月1日开始工作。", "81. 法庭的交流服务处负责管理重大的媒体活动，例如拉特科·姆拉迪奇的被捕，它使得媒体、受害者、外交界、学术界和普通公众的兴趣大增。", "82. 书记官处本两年期的战略重点之一是与前南斯拉夫受众联系和交流。自2010年底以来，外联方案一直在执行一个新战略，它侧重通过广泛的一系列活动，宣传法庭的成就及其积极的遗产。在过去一年里，该方案协调了来自该区域的20多批包括400多名来访者的访问，以及230个国际团体访问(包括5 700多名来访者)，并在全区域参加和举办了35次会议和活动。继续侧重年轻人的参与，为科索沃13所高中680多名学生进行了一轮情况介绍。外联方案用当地语言制作和分发了一份题为“评估前南问题国际法庭的遗产”的出版物。该方案通过法庭正式的YouTube和Twitter 账户，扩大对区域和国际读者的宣传。它在Twitter 上有2 000名跟帖者，在YouTube上的访问人次达30多万(其中半数来自该地区)，因而证实了这些网页的受欢迎程度。法庭依靠外部供资来执行其外联方案。下一个两年期来自欧洲联盟委员会的大量捐款保证了外联方案的继续存在，芬兰则已经对青年教育项目提供慷慨支助。法庭还注意到欧洲安全与合作组织驻塞尔维亚特派团的慷慨支助和合作。在2010年12月24日通过的大会第65/253号决议中，大会重申实施有效的外联方案至关重要，并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，募集充足的自愿资源。根据这一决议，法庭将在今后几个月与会员国和其他捐助者接触，以获取更多支持。", "83. 法庭的网站继续是重要的战略交流工具。对法庭的网站来说，2011年5月是创纪录的月份，访问页数达40万页，是2008年网站启动以来最高的一个月。内部交流门户Tribunet进一步发展成为一个参考平台，覆盖所有与《完成工作战略》和工作人员缩编有关的问题。", "B. 司法支助服务科", "84. 在报告所述期间，法庭管理和支助服务科为10起初审(包括哈拉迪纳伊等人案的重新审判以及姆拉迪奇案和哈季奇案，后两个案件目前处于审前阶段)、5起上诉案和4起藐视法庭案提供了支助。该科向法庭干事提供了7个电视会议链接，并向9个规则第92条之二代表团和3个实地访问提供了协助。该科还通过其自辩案法律联络干事为三名选择自我辩护的被告人提供支助，为解决诉讼过程中出现的问题提供便利。法庭记录助理、法庭干事和法庭传达员处理了当事方及其他方面在诉讼期间向法庭提交的6 922份(约92 000页)文件。", "85. 会议和语文服务科继续为法庭所有机关提供口译、笔译和法庭记录服务。笔译股将大约66 000页文件翻译成英文、法文、波斯尼亚文/克罗地亚文/塞尔维亚文、阿尔巴尼亚文和马其顿文。口译股记录的口译员会议工作日将近4 500天。法庭记录服务出产了多于88 000页的记录。还为正式会议、证人作证前单独听证和法庭出访团，包括对该区域的出访团提供了口译服务。", "86. 受害人和证人科由三个主要单位组成。业务和支助股为494名证人(及随行支助人员)前往海牙作证提供了便利。保护股负责协调对证人在出庭作证前后和出庭期间受到的日益增多的威胁做出专业回应。在适当情况下，保护股设法转移受保护的证人。", "87. 法律援助和拘留事务办公室继续管理法庭的法律援助系统，向470多名辩护组成员提供服务，从而确保被告聘请法律顾问的权利得到尊重。法庭羁押的多数被告都获得了法律援助。该办公室管理向在法庭审判的所有案件的辩护组成员提供的设施。这些案件中有60%极其复杂。该办公室继续确保被告的权利，对在联合国拘留所羁押的被拘留者的举报和关注作出回应，处理对该股的访问，并在被告律师与法庭之间发挥联络作用。该办公室还与自辩案法律联络办公室和联合国拘留所合作，为选择自我辩护的被告提供方便，并管理法庭之友调查员和检察官的分配和向他们提供的资源。", "88. 联合国拘留所继续向被法庭羁押的37人提供安全和照顾。许多被羁押者需要医疗护理，包括专科医疗护理。该股为被羁押者出席法院听证，无论是亲自出席还是通过电视会议出席提供便利。它还为法庭命令的时间各异的大量假释申请提供便利。它促进被告自我辩护的权利，向选择自我辩护的被告提供额外的储存和办公空间，提供适于拘留环境的电脑和数据库，并在特殊情况下允许证人面谈和作证。该拘留所满足被羁押证人和被控藐视法庭而遭羁押者提出的要求，在适当时为被羁押者与媒体的接触提供方便。", "C. 行政司", "89. 大会第65/253号决议审议了秘书长和行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2010-2011两年期预算订正估计数的报告,决定国际法庭2010-2011两年期特别账户的批款总额为毛额320 511 800美元(净额290 087 500美元)。", "90. 2010-2011两年期预算外资源估计为3 319 900美元，将用于法庭的各类活动。截至2011年6月15日，自愿基金收到支持法庭活动的现金捐款约有4 890万美元。2010年6月15日至2011年6月15日，法庭收到和经管的自愿现金捐款为2 393 376美元。", "91. 行政司按规定与工作人员代表协商，积极参与执行缩编进程和比较审查进程。2010-2011两年期期间，法庭削减了170个员额。行政司目前正在与工作人员代表密切合作，执行第二次比较审查行动。", "92. 行政司协调编写了2010-2011两年期订正估计数和2012-2013两年期拟议预算。该司大量参与编制刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制的第一个预算。在海牙的三栋办公楼关闭一栋后，行政司确定了办公空间分配总计划，以确保人员和档案向法庭剩余的两栋办公楼顺利迁移。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "大会第六十六届会议 临时议程* 项目74\n起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的报告", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的报告", "页:1", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员和安全理事会成员转递起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告,该报告由国际法庭庭长根据法庭规约第34条提交(见S/25704和Corr.1,附件)。", "国际法庭庭长应向安全理事会和大会提交国际法庭年度报告。", "送文函", "2011年7月31日,纽约", "阁下,", "谨根据《国际法庭规约》第34条,向大会和安全理事会提交起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭2011年7月31日第十八次年度报告。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "帕特里克·鲁滨逊(签名)", "庭长", "大会主席", "联 合 国", "纽约", "安全理事会主席", "联 合 国", "纽约", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告", "内容提要", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告涵盖2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间。", "法庭继续注重完成所有审判和上诉。 在本报告所述期间结束时,有16人正在上诉程序中,14人正在受审,5人处于预审阶段。 审判分庭对格托维纳等人案和乔尔杰维奇案作出判决。 上诉分庭就Šljivančanin案的复审作出了一项判决,就Hartmann案作出了一项上诉判决。", "帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长(牙买加)、权敖昆副庭长(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行在法庭的职责。", "检察官办公室在完成法庭的审判和上诉任务方面取得了进展。 检察官办公室继续进一步发展同前南斯拉夫国家当局的互动,以鼓励同法庭合作并支助国内战争罪起诉。", "在庭长的领导下,书记官处继续在向法庭提供行政和司法支助方面发挥重要作用。 书记官长直属办公室协调书记官处各科的工作并处理广泛的法律、政策和业务事项,包括为启动刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制和加强执行法庭判刑的能力作出必要的实际安排。 通信处开展了各种活动,以提高法庭的形象,并让有关社区了解法庭的判决。 法庭管理和支助事务科支助了10起审判案件、5起上诉案件和4起藐视法庭案件。 会议和语文事务科继续以法庭工作语文以及波斯尼亚/克罗地亚/塞尔维亚语、马其顿语和阿尔巴尼亚语提供质量最高的口译、笔译和法庭报告服务。 受害人和证人科协助并支持将近500名证人前往海牙作证。 法律援助和拘留事务办公室在预审、审判和上诉程序中为多个辩护小组以及分庭指定的法庭之友提供服务,并与书记官处其他科室合作,为自我辩护的被告提供设施。 联合国拘留所继续以高水平的活动运作,为所有被拘留者提供最高水平的安全和拘留护理。 行政司协调编制2010-2011两年期订正概算和2012-2013两年期拟议预算,大量参与编制刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制的第一个预算,继续积极参与实施缩编和比较审查进程,并与工作人员代表密切合作实施第二次比较审查工作。", "在本报告所述期间,由于工作人员自然减员的破坏性影响,法庭所有机关在实现完成工作战略的目标方面都面临重大挑战。 对此,庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施,在法庭即将完成工作时,帮助法庭找到解决这一问题的切实可行的解决办法。", "迄今为止,法庭已完成对法庭起诉的161人中的126人的诉讼程序。 报告详述了法庭在报告所述期间的活动,并表明法庭的重点是在不牺牲适当程序的情况下尽快完成诉讼程序的目标。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言. 5 活动5\n法庭\nA. 庭长. 5\nB. 主席团 7 C. 协调 7\n理事会全体会议 7\nE. 第7条\n第三委员会\n分庭\nB. 审判的主要8项活动\nC. 上诉的12个主要活动\n第四分庭。 高级专员办事处的活动13\nA. 完成13项审判和\n上诉\nB. 合作 14 C. 移交16起案件和调查\nD. 支持16个国家\n五、《公约》的活动 17\nA. 书记官处17个办公室\nB. 司法18个支助事务\nC. 第19项\n行政部门", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭第十八次年度报告概述了法庭2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。", "2. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,法庭继续执行安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议核可的完成工作战略。 法庭继续注重完成所有审判和上诉。 在本报告所述期间结束时,有16人正在上诉程序中,14人正在受审,5人处于预审阶段。 审判分庭对格托维纳等案和乔尔杰维奇案作出判决。 上诉分庭就Šljivančanin案的复审作出了一项判决,就Hartmann案作出了一项上诉判决。 迄今为止,法庭已完成对法庭起诉的161人中的126人的诉讼程序。", "3个 帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长(牙买加)、权敖昆副庭长(大韩民国)、检察官塞尔日·布拉默茨和书记官长约翰·霍金继续履行在法庭的职责。", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间,已采取措施改革法庭的程序,以最大限度地提高效率。", "5 (韩语). 法庭审判和上诉的速度继续受到人员短缺和高度有经验的工作人员流失的影响。 尽管大会和安全理事会就工作人员留用问题作出了决议,但这一问题依然存在。 对此,庭长敦促安全理事会采取措施,在法庭即将完成工作时,帮助法庭找到解决这一问题的切实可行的解决办法。 如果没有实际有效的工作人员留用措施,完成法庭核心工作的估计数可能必须修订。", "二. 涉及整个法庭的活动", "A. 庭长", "6. 国家 鲁滨逊庭长继续把工作重点放在法庭的核心职能——审判和上诉。 他还实行内部改革,推行能力建设和遗产项目,进行外交关系,并履行总统办公室的司法职责。", "1. 联合国 内部改革", "7. 联合国 法庭修正了规则94(B),以澄清关于已裁定事实的司法通知的法律,以确保诉讼各方有效利用《规则》。", "8. 联合国 在上个报告所述期间,庭长改组了加快审判工作组,对法庭的做法进行第三次审查,以评估是否可以进一步改进各分庭的工作。 工作组于2010年5月21日提交了报告,并建议对法庭程序进行若干改革。 2010年6月7日,法官们通过了这些建议并决定将这些建议纳入正在进行的诉讼程序。 在本报告所述期间,法官们继续在其诉讼中执行工作组的建议。", "9. 国家 在预测上诉时采用了新的、更具经验的方法,其目的是为上诉规定时限,希望这种时限在法庭工作结束前基本保持不变。 此外,上诉分庭对其工作方法进行了若干改革,以提高诉讼程序的效率,包括限制对上诉理由的修正、安排判决书的起草和确定工作的优先次序。", "2. 能力建设和遗产", "10个 庭长继续推动国家司法机构的能力建设,将其作为法庭遗产战略的优先事项。 2010年9月28日,法庭、欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室以及联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所在贝尔格莱德正式启动了为期18个月的联合“战争罪司法项目”。 法庭题为 \" 评估前南问题国际法庭遗产 \" 的会议探讨了法庭遗产的各个方面,特别是在前南斯拉夫,会议取得了丰硕成果,对此感到鼓舞,法庭将于2011年11月15日和16日召开第二次会议,集中讨论法庭的全球遗产问题。 法庭还正在准备在前南斯拉夫建立由当地拥有的新闻中心。", "3. 外交关系", "11个 鲁滨逊庭长积极参与合作、外联和报告活动,以确保支持法庭的工作并提高其国际形象。", "12个 2010年9月1日,庭长欢迎塞尔维亚一批法官和检察官对法庭进行为期三天的考察访问。 这次访问是法庭为加强与前南斯拉夫司法机构成员的合作和知识共享而正在作出的努力的一部分。 鲁滨逊庭长和法庭其他法官同塞尔维亚司法部门来访成员会晤,讨论包括证人保护、认罪求情谈判、判决做法、案件管理、上诉程序和战争罪判决的法律标准等专题。", "13个 9月28日,庭长在贝尔格莱德启动了 \" 战争罪司法项目 \" ,以便利将法庭独特的机构知识和专门技能转让给该区域的管辖机构,并确保这些管辖机构能够以可用格式查阅法庭的材料。", "14个 10月8日,庭长就法庭第十七次年度报告(A/65/205-S/2010/413)在大会发言。", "15个 12月6日,庭长就法庭关于完成工作战略的第十四次报告(S/2010/588)向安全理事会发言。", "16号. 2011年6月6日,庭长就法庭关于完成工作战略的第十五次报告(S/2011/316)在安全理事会发言。", "17. 2011年6月21日和22日,鲁滨逊总统和书记官长约翰·霍金出席了在萨格勒布举行的前南斯拉夫设立新闻中心问题非正式协商工作组为期两天的会议。 会议的目的是进一步讨论在整个区域建立资料和文件中心以及查阅法庭司法档案的问题。", "4. 司法活动", "18岁。 庭长根据《规约》、《规则》和《法庭程序指示》赋予他的权力,发出许多命令,将案件分配给分庭,并审查了书记官长的几项决定。 庭长还批准了两项赦免、减刑和提前释放被法庭定罪者的请求,并驳回了七项此类请求。", "B. 主席团", " 19. 19. 根据《规则》第23条,庭长会议由庭长、副庭长和审判分庭主审法官组成。 庭长就赦免、减刑和提前释放服刑的被定罪人的请求与主席团进行了磋商。", "C. 协调委员会", "20号. 根据《规则》第23条之二,协调委员会由庭长、检察官和书记官长组成。 在本报告所述期间,安理会举行会议,除其他外,讨论了工作人员留用、能力建设和遗产活动,以及法庭对设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制并顺利过渡的贡献。", "D类. 全体会议", "21岁 在本报告所述期间,法官们举行了两次全体常会。 在2010年12月8日第39次全体会议上,法官们废除了规则23之三(管理委员会);修正了规则15之三(后备法官);通过了新的规则75之二(请求法庭协助取得证词)和规则75之三(为在法庭未审理的诉讼中作证而移交人员);并修正了规则94(B)(司法通知)。 在2011年6月16日第40次全体会议上,法官们讨论了对规则65、75之二和75之三的拟议修正。", "E. 规则委员会", "22号. 规则委员会的司法成员包括卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯法官(主席)、帕特里克·鲁滨逊庭长、权敖昆副庭长以及阿方斯·奥里和克里斯托夫·弗吕格法官。 无表决权的成员包括检察官、书记官长和辩护律师协会的一名代表。 在本报告所述期间,规则委员会在下列日期举行了三次会议来讨论对《规则》的提议并给法官提出建议:2010年10月5日;2011年2月4日和4月5日。", "三. 分庭的活动", "A. 分庭的组成", "23. 联合国 法庭目前有来自23个国家的25名法官。 分庭由13名常任法官、2名在上诉分庭任职的卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭常任法官和10名审案法官组成。", "24 (韩语). 常任法官有:帕特里克·鲁滨逊(庭长,牙买加)、权敖昆(副庭长,大韩民国)、克里斯托夫·弗吕格(德国)、阿方斯·奥里(荷兰)、福斯托·波卡尔(意大利)、刘大群(中国)、西奥多·梅龙(美利坚合众国)、卡梅尔·阿吉乌斯(马耳他)、让-克洛德·安托内蒂(法国)、巴克内·贾斯蒂斯·莫洛托(南非)、伯顿·霍尔(巴哈马)、霍华德·莫里森(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)和盖伊·德尔瓦(比利时)。 在上诉分庭任职的法庭常任法官是穆罕默德·居内伊(土耳其)和安德列西亚·瓦斯(塞内加尔)。 凯文·帕克法官(澳大利亚)也在本报告所述期间担任常任法官,但于2011年2月28日从法庭辞职。", "25岁 在本报告所述期间,下列人员担任了审案法官:阿尔帕德·普兰德勒(匈牙利)、斯特凡·特雷希塞尔(瑞士)、安托万·凯西亚-姆贝·明杜瓦(刚果民主共和国)、弗雷德里克·哈霍夫(丹麦)、弗拉维亚·拉坦齐(意大利)、佩德罗·戴维(阿根廷)、米歇尔·皮卡尔(法国)、伊丽莎白·瓜恩扎(津巴布韦)、梅尔维尔·贝尔德(特立尼达和多巴哥)和普里斯卡·马廷巴·尼亚姆贝(赞比亚)。 乌尔迪斯·基尼斯法官(拉脱维亚)在本报告所述期间还出任审案法官,但于2011年4月18日从法庭辞职。", "26. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,下列法官在审判分庭任职:权法官(主审法官)、帕克法官(主审法官)、弗吕格法官(主审法官)、奥里法官(主审法官)、安托内蒂法官(主审法官)、莫洛托法官(主审法官)、霍尔法官(主审法官)、莫里森法官、德尔瓦法官、普兰德勒法官、特雷克塞尔法官、明杜瓦法官、哈霍夫法官、拉坦齐法官、戴维法官、皮卡尔法官、基尼斯法官、瓜恩扎法官、贝尔德法官和尼亚姆贝法官。", "27个 上诉分庭由鲁滨逊法官(主审)、居内伊法官、波卡尔法官、刘法官、瓦斯法官、梅龙法官和阿吉乌斯法官组成。", "B. 各审判分庭的主要活动", "1. 联合国 审判分庭 一、导 言", "(a) 预审", "姆拉迪奇语", "28岁 拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕,于2011年5月31日被移送法庭所在地。 6月3日,奥里法官(主审)、弗吕格法官和莫洛托法官初次出庭。 被告当时没有认罪。 7月4日再次出庭,主审法官代表被告表示不认罪。", "(b) 审判", "格托维纳、切尔马克和马尔卡奇", "29. 国家 2011年4月15日作出判决。 审判分庭判定安特·格托维纳和姆拉登·马尔卡奇犯有8起危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例罪,分别判处24年和18年徒刑。 审判分庭对所有罪状宣告伊万·切尔马克无罪。", "佩里希奇", "30岁。 Momčilo Perišić被控于1993年8月至1995年11月期间在萨拉热窝和斯雷布雷尼察(波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)以及萨格勒布(克罗地亚)犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例的罪行。 审判分庭由莫洛托法官(主审)、戴维法官和皮卡尔法官组成。 审判于2008年10月2日开始。 检方于2010年1月25日结束陈述。 辩方于2010年2月22日开始陈述案情,并于2011年1月11日结束陈述。 最后案情摘要于2011年3月4日提交,最后辩论于2011年3月28日听取。 目前该案正在起草判决书。", "J. Stanišić和Simatović案", "31岁 Jovica Stanišić和Franko Simatović被控1991年4月至1995年12月期间在克罗地亚和波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例罪。 审判分庭由奥里法官(主审)、皮卡尔法官和瓜恩扎法官组成。 审判于2008年4月28日开始,但由于斯塔尼希奇的健康状况,上诉分庭于2008年5月16日下令暂停。 审判于2009年6月2日重新开始。 检方于2011年4月5日结束陈述。 Stanišić辩方于2011年6月14日开始陈述案情。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "卡桥", "32. 联合国 2007年6月5日,审判分庭发布命令,取代对Shefqet Kabashi的起诉。 2007年12月11日,审判分庭将此案移交检方进一步调查和起诉。 2008年2月18日,审判分庭准许检方修改起诉书。 由于被告在逃,没有开始审判。", "2. 第二审判分庭", "(a) 预审", "哈拉迪纳伊等. 重审", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2010年7月21日,上诉分庭同意检方关于推翻审判分庭对起诉书中某些罪状宣布Ramush Haradinaj、Idriz Balaj和Lahi Brahimaj无罪的裁决的请求,并下令部分重审此案。 经上诉分庭确认的重审起诉书指控被告于1998年在科索沃犯有六项战争罪。 审判分庭由莫洛托法官(主审)、霍尔法官和德尔瓦法官组成。 重审定于2011年8月18日开始。", "哈季奇语Name", "34. Goran Hadžić于2011年7月20日被捕,并于2011年7月22日被移送法庭所在地。 2011年7月21日,法庭庭长将此案分配给由德尔瓦法官(主审)、霍尔法官和明杜瓦法官组成的法官席。 2011年7月25日,首次出庭. 该案处于预审准备工作的初期阶段。", "(b) 审判", "乔尔杰维奇", "35. 联合国 弗拉斯蒂米尔·乔尔杰维奇被控于1999年在科索沃犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例。 乔尔杰维奇于2007年6月17日被捕,审判于2009年1月27日开始。 由帕克法官(主审)、弗吕格法官和贝尔德法官组成的审判分庭于2011年2月23日作出判决。 法院裁定乔尔杰维奇犯有5起危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例的罪行,他参与一个共同犯罪事业,协助并教唆了724名科索沃阿族人被谋杀,在判决书附表中具体点名,将数十万科索沃阿族人从判决书所列60多个地点驱逐出境并强行转移,并毁坏了科索沃阿族的宗教和文化财产。 分庭判处被告27年徒刑。", "斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁", "36. Mićo Stanišić和Stojan Župljanin均被控于1992年4月至12月在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有10起危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例罪。 审判分庭由霍尔法官(主审)、德尔瓦法官和哈霍夫法官组成。 审判于2009年9月14日开始,检方于2011年2月2日结束陈述。 米乔·斯塔尼希奇的辩护人于2011年4月11日开始陈情,预计不久会结束,然后是茹普利亚宁的辩护人。", "托利米尔", "37. 联合国 兹德拉夫科·托利米尔被控1995年在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、共谋实施灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等罪行。 审判分庭由弗吕格法官(主审)、明杜瓦法官和尼亚姆贝法官组成。 审判于2010年2月26日开始,检方主案陈述现已接近完成。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "舍舍利岛", "38. 国家 2010年2月3日,审判分庭发出命令,以代替起诉书,指控Vojislav Šešelj藐视法庭,因为他违反分庭的命令,在书中披露了11名受保护证人的身份。 审判程序从2011年2月22日开始,至2011年6月8日结束. 判决书正在编写中。", "舍舍利岛", "39. 联合国 2011年5月9日,审判分庭发布命令,代替起诉书,指控Vojislav Šešelj藐视法庭,因为他违反分庭的命令,没有从网站上删除机密信息。 分庭将自行起诉此事。 初次出庭于2011年7月6日举行.", "3个 第三审判分庭", "(a) 预审", " 40. 40. 第三审判分庭没有待审案件。", "(b) 审判", "卡拉季奇", "41. 国家 Radovan Karadžić被控1992至1995年期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等11项罪行。 审判分庭由权法官(主审)、莫里森法官、贝尔德法官和拉坦齐法官(后备法官)组成。 审判于2009年10月26日开始。 此案目前正在审理检方主案。", "舍舍利岛", "42. 国家 沃伊斯拉夫·舍舍利被控于1991年8月至1993年9月期间在克罗地亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和伏伊伏丁那(塞尔维亚)犯有危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例罪。 审判分庭由安托内蒂法官(主审)、哈霍夫法官和拉坦齐法官组成。 审判于2007年11月7日重新开始,后于2009年2月11日休庭。 审判于2010年1月12日恢复。 2011年5月4日,检方主案结束,审判分庭根据规则第98条之二裁定,有足够的证据支持起诉书所指控的罪名。 2011年6月9日,审判分庭命令被告提交他打算在辩护期间传唤的证人名单并出示证据。 预计这些证据将在2011年8月的第一个星期提交,辩方将在此后开始辩护。", "普尔利奇等人案", "43. Jadranko Prlić、Bruno Stojić、Slobodan Praljak、Milivoj Petković、Valentin Ćorić和Berislav Pušić被控于1991年11月至1994年4月期间在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那犯有严重违反日内瓦四公约、危害人类罪和违反战争法规或惯例等罪行。 审判分庭由安托内蒂(主审)、普兰德勒、特雷克塞尔和明杜瓦(后备)法官组成。 审判于2006年4月26日开始,辩方于2010年5月完成。 2011年1月7日,双方提交了最后案情摘要。 终结辩论于2011年2月7日开始,至3月2日结束。 判决书正在编写中。", "(c) 藐视法庭", "拉希奇岛", "44. 国家 米兰·卢基奇辩护小组前成员耶莱娜·拉希奇被控告藐视法庭,罪名是涉嫌获取虚假陈述,以换取检察官诉米兰·卢基奇和斯雷多耶·卢基奇案(案件号:IT-98-32/1-T)中三个人作为米兰·卢基奇辩护方的证人传唤的钱财。 审判分庭由莫里森法官(主审)、霍尔法官和德尔瓦法官组成。 2010年9月22日,Rašić对所有指控表示不认罪。 审判预计将于2011年初秋进行。", "4. 第11条之二移案法官组", "45. 国家 规则第11条之二移案法官已根据安全理事会第1503(2003)号决议,将所有中低级别被告从审案目录中移出。", "5. 第75(H)条规则", "46. 经常预算: 第75(H)条规则由莫洛托法官(主审)、弗吕格法官和莫里森法官组成,继续高效率地开展工作,在本报告所述期间,根据规则75(G)和(H)提出的供国家诉讼程序使用的机密资料请求以及根据规则75之二提出的供法庭授权的人在国家诉讼程序中作证的请求,作出了23项决定。", "C. 上诉分庭的主要活动", "中间上诉", "47. 国家 对下列案件作出了13项中间上诉决定:Haradinaj等。 (4) Prlić等人案。 (3) Stanišić和Simatović案(2);Gotovina等案。 (1) 舍舍利(1);和斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁(2)。", "藐视法庭上诉", " 48. 48. 哈特曼案作出了一项藐视法庭上诉判决。", "就案情提出上诉", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,上诉分庭没有作出任何最后判决。", " 50. 50. 有三项上诉,即Šainović等案、Lukić和Lukić等案和Popović等案,目前由上诉分庭在前几次报告所述期间待审,对乔尔杰维奇和格托维纳及马尔卡奇案的判决提出了两项新的上诉。 这些案件的上诉前活动正在进行中。", "51. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,共发布了75项上诉前裁定和命令。", "审查", "52. (中文(简体) ). 上诉分庭就Šljivančanin案的复审作出判决。", "其他上诉", "53. 联合国 上诉分庭就Borovčanin案作出了一项裁决。", "四、结 论 检察官办公室的活动", "A. 完成审判和上诉", "54. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,在追究前南斯拉夫战争期间所犯罪行的责任方面取得了重大进展。 其中最重要的是拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕和戈兰·哈季奇于2011年7月20日被捕。 拉特科·姆拉迪奇被俘并移送海牙16年。 Goran Hadžić在逃7年。 在法庭起诉的161名逃犯中,两人都是最后在逃的逃犯。 检方承诺迅速推进审判工作。", "55. 国家 在本报告所述期间,检方完成了大部分审判工作。 在本期间结束时,除4个案件(姆拉迪奇案、卡拉季奇案、托利米尔案和哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审案)外,检方主案陈述工作已全部完成。 3个案件(Šešelj、(乔维察)斯塔尼希奇和西马托维奇以及(米乔)斯塔尼希奇和茹普利亚宁)处于诉讼的辩护阶段,2个案件已经结束并等待判决(Prlić等人和Perišić)。 尽管检察官办公室的工作人员自然减员率有问题,但仍取得了这一进展,这使其余工作人员承受了难以承受的沉重负担。 检察官表示关切的是,由于缺乏对工作人员留用的奖励措施,人员配置方面的困难在下一个报告期间可能升级。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 检察官办公室开始将注意力和资源的重点转移到诉讼的上诉阶段,以确保它能够有效地处理即将到来的上诉案件。 在本报告所述期间结束时,有5起上诉案件(沙伊诺维奇等案、卢基奇和卢基奇案、波波维奇等案、乔尔杰维奇案和格托维纳和马尔卡奇案)。 上诉司还承担了哈拉迪纳伊等人案重审和拉希奇藐视法庭案审判所产生的工作。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 法庭正在进行的多起藐视法庭诉讼,尤其是涉及舍舍利案的诉讼,继续为检察官办公室带来大量的额外工作。 舍舍利不遵守法庭命令的情况需要不断监测,以确保保护证人,这是法庭资源的消耗,是对法庭有效运作的挑战。", "58. 联合国 检察官办公室全力完成其余的审判和上诉。 检方不断重新评估其工作方法,以确定如何进一步加快诉讼程序。 在所有案件中都采用了一致的方法来简化在法庭上提交证据的程序。 这种方法的重点是尽可能缩小与辩护小组有争议问题的范围并以书面形式提出证据。 有效利用了塞尔维亚当局2010年2月发现的拉特科·姆拉迪奇战时笔记本和相关磁带中的关键证据。 检察官办公室设立了一个工作队,以统一和迅速处理与姆拉迪奇案材料有关的所有问题。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 随着审判活动的完成,检察官办公室裁撤了相应的员额并着手缩编办公室。 与此同时,根据安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议,开始为向刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制移交职能做准备。", "B. 合作", "1. 联合国 国际合作", "60. 联合国 检察官办公室继续依靠各国的充分合作来完成其任务。 前南斯拉夫各国的合作在以下领域仍然特别重要:(a) 查阅档案、文件和证人;(b) 保护证人;(c) 努力寻找、逮捕和移交其余逃犯,并对那些支持从法庭逃犯的人采取措施。", "2. 塞尔维亚的合作", "61. 国家 由于拉特科·姆拉迪奇于2011年5月26日被捕,他于2011年5月31日被移送法庭,而戈兰·哈季奇于2011年7月20日被捕,2011年7月22日被移送,塞尔维亚履行了对法庭的一项关键义务。 检察官办公室确认塞尔维亚当局,特别是国家安全委员会、为追踪逃犯而成立的行动小组以及安全部门特工人员开展的重要工作。 由于这些逮捕,检察官承认塞尔维亚真正致力于同法庭合作。 他还鼓励塞尔维亚提供资料,说明逃犯如何在如此长的时间内逃避司法,并帮助公众了解他们为什么必须接受审判。", "62. 联合国 在姆拉迪奇被捕之前,检察官大力鼓励塞尔维亚严格重新评估其逮捕逃犯的失败战略。 他敦促塞尔维亚解决所有业务缺陷并扩大调查范围。 某些建议已经得到落实,有助于逮捕姆拉迪奇和哈季奇。", "63. 国家 还请塞尔维亚政府加强行动,打击支持法庭逃犯的网络中的个人,包括姆拉迪奇和哈季奇。 检察官欢迎塞尔维亚声明将调查和起诉在拉特科·姆拉迪奇躲藏期间支持他的网络。 2011年5月10日,贝尔格莱德高等法院战争罪部接受了6人的认罪,这些人在斯托扬·茹普利亚宁是法庭逃犯期间帮助他。 除此之外,对被控帮助逃犯的个人采取的行动没有取得什么成果。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 关于法庭正在审理的案件,塞尔维亚对检察官办公室要求查阅文件、档案和证人的请求所作的答复总的来说是及时和充分的。 塞尔维亚国家合作委员会继续改进处理检察官办公室请求的不同政府机构之间的合作。 委员会协助检方请求将Perišić案的最高国防委员会文件重新分类为公开文件。 因此,2011年3月,检察官通知Perišić审判分庭,最高国防委员会的文件可以公开。 检察官办公室将继续寻求塞尔维亚的协助,提供查阅政府文件和档案的机会,并便利证人在审判和上诉期间查阅。", "3个 克罗地亚的合作", "65. 国家 在本报告所述期间,克罗地亚普遍响应了检察官办公室的请求。 但是,该厅长期以来一直要求提供与 \" 风暴行动 \" 有关的重要军事文件——要求提供格托维纳等人的文件。 案件尚未结案。 2009年10月为查找或查明失踪文件而成立的机构间工作队继续进行行政调查。 在本报告所述期间,检察官请克罗地亚处理与工作队调查结果有关的一些不一致之处和问题,这些问题仍未解决。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 2011年4月15日,审判分庭对Gotovina等人作出判决,根据审判时提交的证据判定Gotovina和Markač有罪。 检察官感到失望的是,在判决之后,国家最高官员没有客观地评论案件的结果。", "4. 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的合作", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局对索取文件以及查阅档案和接触证人的要求作出了迅速而充分的响应。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 要求波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局加紧努力打击逃犯网络。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室继续支持国家检察官和战争罪特别司处理法庭移交的案件和调查档案的工作。 然而,结构性困难阻碍了国家战争罪行战略的执行。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那企图破坏国家检察官办公室和国家战争罪法院工作的政治倡议令人深感关切。", "5 (韩语). 前南斯拉夫各国在司法事务上的合作", "70. 联合国 前南斯拉夫各国之间在司法事务方面的合作对于完成法庭的任务仍然至关重要。 前南斯拉夫的司法机构在协调其活动方面继续面临挑战,这反过来又危及该区域的法治与和解。 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、克罗地亚和塞尔维亚的检察官之间在战争罪信息和证据分享方面有所改进。 然而,引渡嫌疑人和跨越国界移交证据的法律障碍以及平行调查继续阻碍有效诉讼。 虽然区域检察官表示致力于解决平行调查的问题,但检察官呼吁在政治和业务层面也采取紧急行动。", "6. 国家 其他国家和组织的合作", "71. 联合国 检察官办公室继续依靠各国和国际组织为审判和上诉提供文件、资料和证人。", "72. 联合国 检察官办公室感谢各国以及欧洲安全与合作组织、欧洲委员会和欧洲联盟等国际和区域组织的支持。 拉特科·姆拉迪奇被捕突出表明,有条件的政策有可能促进国际司法的积极成果。 非政府组织,包括在前南斯拉夫开展活动的非政府组织,继续提供支助,为办事处的工作提供方便。", "C. 移交案件和调查档案", "73 (中文(简体) ). 根据《规则》第11条之二从法庭移交波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那和克罗地亚的所有案件均已结案。 2011年1月14日,上诉确认对最后一起案件的判决——对Milorad Trbić的判决,此人被判定犯有灭绝种族罪并被判处30年监禁。", "74. 国家 Kowačević案从法庭移交给塞尔维亚,但由于被告身体不适而暂停审理。 没有任何迹象表明被告何时或是否适合接受审判。 检察官办公室继续监测局势。", "75. 国家 已定罪的战争罪犯Radovan Stanković(根据《规则》第11条之二从法庭移交波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那)在Foča出狱近四年后仍然逍遥法外,这是令人严重关切的问题。 检察官鼓励波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那当局以及邻国,特别是塞尔维亚,采取一切必要步骤,抓获斯坦科维奇并制裁协助他逃跑的人。", "D. 支持国家起诉", "76. 联合国 检察官办公室继续积极努力加强国家当局有效处理其余战争罪案件的能力。 为此,该办公室同前南斯拉夫各地的对应方不断进行对话。 它还支持培训、制定最佳做法和交流信息。", "77. 国家 在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室继续支持国家起诉工作,协助查阅法庭案卷及其在海牙的数据库的调查材料和证据。 此外,欧洲联盟资助的 \" 联络检察官 \" 项目是加强波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那及克罗地亚的国家检察官办公室同塞尔维亚战争罪行检察官办公室之间工作关系的关键机制。", " V. 书记官处的活动", "78. 国家 在本报告所述期间,书记官处继续履行其法定职责,向各分庭和检察官办公室提供业务支助,协助辩方,并为法庭提供外交和行政支助。", "A类. 书记官长办公室", "79. 联合国 书记官长直属办公室协助书记官长和副书记官长为司法支助事务和行政司制定战略方向,并协调和监督其工作。 它支持书记官长发挥外交关系协调中心的作用,并与大使馆、会员国、联合国和其他国际组织保持联系。 这包括与东道国的关系。 检察官办公室还同各国谈判达成执行法庭判决的协定,从而确保被法庭定罪的人被移送服刑。 已作出重点努力,使会员国进一步认识到目前缺乏足够的执法能力以及随之而来的成功完成法庭任务的风险。", "80个 安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议设立了刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制。 该决议通过后,书记官长直属办公室大量参与为余留机制开始运作所必要的实际安排。 在法律事务厅的指导下,两个国际法庭共同制定了2012-2013两年期拟议预算、两法庭和余留机制档案信息安全和查阅制度提案以及余留机制程序和证据规则。 下一步的重点是统一两个法庭的政策、程序和运作,以确保余留机制能于2012年7月1日开始工作。", "81个 法庭通讯处管理重大媒体活动,如逮捕拉特科·姆拉迪奇,这引起了媒体、受害者、外交界、学术界和公众的更大兴趣。", "82. 与前南斯拉夫受众的外联和沟通是书记官处本两年期的战略优先事项之一。 自2010年底起,外联方案一直在执行一项新战略,重点是通过广泛活动来宣传法庭的成就及其积极遗产。 去年,该方案协调了来自该区域的20多起访问,包括400多名来访者和230名国际团体访问(包括5 700多名来访者),并参加和组织了该区域各地的35个会议和活动。 重点继续是吸引年轻人参与,在科索沃13所高中举办了一轮讲座,有680多名学生参加。 外联方案以该区域的语文编制并分发了题为“评估前南问题国际法庭遗产”的出版物。 该方案还通过法庭在YouTube和推特上的官方账号,将其覆盖面扩大到区域和国际受众。 这些网站的受欢迎程度已经得到证实,在推特上有2 000多名追随者,在YouTube上有30多万次浏览,其中近一半来自该区域。 法庭依靠外部资金执行外联方案。 欧洲联盟委员会对下一个两年期的慷慨捐助确保了外联方案的继续存在,芬兰已经慷慨地支持了青年教育项目。 法庭还注意到欧洲安全与合作组织驻塞尔维亚特派团的慷慨支持与合作。 大会2010年12月24日通过的第65/253号决议重申开展有效外联方案的重要性并鼓励秘书长继续探讨筹集充足自愿资源的措施。 根据这一决议,法庭将在今后几个月与会员国和其他捐助方接触,争取更多的支持。", "83个 法庭的网站仍然是一个重要的战略传播工具。 2011年5月是法庭网站破纪录的一年,有400 000页浏览,是网站自2008年启用以来每月访问次数最多的一年。 内部通信门户网站Tribunet被进一步开发为与完成工作战略和工作人员缩编有关的所有问题的参考平台。", "B. 司法支助事务科", "第八十四会. 在本报告所述期间,法院管理和支助事务科支助了10起审判案件(包括哈拉迪纳伊等人案和姆拉迪奇和哈季奇案(目前处于预审阶段)),5起上诉案件和4起藐视法庭案件。 它为7个视频会议链接、9个第92条之二特派团和3个实地访问提供了法院干事的支助。 该科还通过Pro Se法律联络干事为3名自我辩护的被告提供支助,协助解决诉讼过程中出现的问题。 法院记录助理、法院干事和法院Ushers在法庭诉讼程序中处理了当事方和其他方面提交的6 922份档案(约92 000页)。", "85. 会议和语文事务科继续为法庭所有机关提供口译、笔译和法庭报告服务。 翻译股将大约66 000页翻译为英文、法文、波斯尼亚文/克罗地亚文/塞尔维亚文、阿尔巴尼亚文和马其顿文。 口译股登记了大约4 500个会议口译日。 法院报告处制作了88 000多页的记录誊本。 还为正式会议、证人证明会议和法庭所在地以外的特派团,包括该区域的特派团提供口译服务。", "86. 被害人和证人科由三个主要单位组成。 该科的业务股和支助股协助494名证人和陪同支助人员前往海牙作证。 保护股协调专业人员对证人出庭前、出庭期间和出庭后面临的越来越多的威胁作出应对。 在适当情况下,保护股努力迁移受保护的证人。", "87个 法律援助和拘留事务办公室继续管理法庭的法律援助制度,为470多名辩护小组成员服务,从而确保被告聘请律师的权利得到尊重。 法庭拘留的大多数被告都得到法律援助。 检察官办公室管理法庭审理的所有案件的辩护小组成员的设施,其中60%属于最复杂的案件。 该办公室继续确保被告的权利,对联合国拘留所被拘留者的投诉和关切作出回应,处理对拘留所的访问,并担任辩护律师与法庭之间的联络人。 该办公室与Pro Se法律联络处和联合国拘留所合作,为自我辩护的被告提供了设施,并管理了法庭之友调查员和检察官的指派工作以及为此提供的资源。", "88个 联合国拘留所继续为法庭管辖下的37名被拘留者提供安全和照顾。 许多被拘留者需要医疗,包括专科医疗。 该股协助被拘留者亲自或通过视频会议联系出席庭审。 根据各分庭的命令,它为大量关于临时释放各期限的请求提供了便利。 它通过为自我代表被告提供额外的储存和办公空间,允许使用适合拘留环境的计算机和数据库,允许在特殊情况下与证人面谈并进行举证,从而便利被告自我代表的权利。 该股收容了被控藐视法庭而被拘留的证人和被拘留者,并酌情为被拘留者与媒体接触提供便利。", "C. 行政司", "89. 国家 大会第65/253号决议审议了秘书长和行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2010-2011两年期预算订正估计数的报告, 决定为2010-2011两年期法庭特别账户批款共计毛额320 511 800美元(净额290 087 500美元)。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 2010-2011两年期预算外资源估计为3 319 900美元,用于法庭的各项活动。 截至2011年6月15日,自愿基金已收到用于支持法庭活动的现金捐款约4 890万美元。 2010年6月15日至2011年6月15日期间,法庭收到并管理了2 393 376美元自愿现金捐款。", "91. 联合国 行政司继续积极参与执行与工作人员代表协商制定的缩编和比较审查进程。 在2010-2011两年期,法庭裁减了170个员额。 行政司目前正在同工作人员代表密切合作,开展第二次比较审查工作。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 行政司协调编制2010-2011两年期订正估计数和2012-2013两年期拟议预算。 该司积极参与了刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制第一个预算的编制工作。 在海牙关闭了三所办公楼之一后,行政司最后确定了办公空间分配总计划,以确保人员和档案顺利搬迁到法庭其余两所大楼。" ]

[ "Committee on Conferences", "Substantive session of 2011", "6-12 September 2011", "* A/AC.172/2011/1.", "Agenda item 2 (b)*", "Calendar of conferences and meetings", "Adoption of the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings for 2012 and 2013", "Note by the Secretariat", "1. The present document contains the draft biennial calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, which includes meetings of organs of the United Nations, their subsidiary bodies, special conferences and expert groups (see annex). Conferences and meetings of the main legislative and executive bodies of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations are also listed for information.", "2. After review by the Committee on Conferences at its substantive session, the draft biennial calendar will be included in the report of the Committee to the General Assembly together with any updates and/or comments.", "3. The Economic and Social Council considered and approved the provisional calendar of conferences and meetings in the economic, social and related fields (E/2011/L.10) at its 41st meeting, on 22 July 2011. As the 2011 substantive session concluded on 29 July, which is also the date of submission of the present document, new mandates or changes to existing mandates adopted by the Council at its 2011 substantive session will be reflected in the updated draft calendar as mentioned in paragraph 2 above.", "Annex", "Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations and of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations for 2012 and 2013", "The following abbreviations are used in the present annex:", "In the column headed “Organ”", "ECA Economic Commission for Africa", "ECE Economic Commission for Europe", "ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean", "ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific", "ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICSC International Civil Service Commission", "IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMF International Monetary Fund", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification", "UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law", "UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNEP United Nations Environment Programme", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNU United Nations University", "UN-Women United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "In the column headed “Membership”", "G Governments", "E Experts", "ST Secretariat or secretariats", "In the column headed “Servicing”", "I Interpretation", "T Translation", "PV Verbatim records", "SR Summary records", "A Arabic", "C Chinese", "E English", "F French", "R Russian", "S Spanish", "A. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2012", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Treaty bodies.", "^(c) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.", "^(d) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).", "^(e) For plenary meetings only.", "^(f) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.", "^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of decision 19/32 of the Governing Council of UNEP, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies, and the European Union, accredited to UNEP, whether based in Nairobi or elsewhere.", "^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2012 falls on 13 April.", "^(i) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(j) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.", "^(k) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.", "B. List of bodies whose mandates are to be presented for renewal to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session", "Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation\tMembership\tServicing^(a) Periodicity \n1.\tAd Hoc Committeeestablished by GeneralAssembly resolution51/210 [General Assemblyresolutions 59/46 and65/34]\t9-12April\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n2.\tAd Hoc Open-EndedInformal Working Groupon Marine Biodiversity[General Assemblyresolutions 19/24 and65/37]\t10-14September\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT \n3.\tAd Hoc Working Group onthe Revitalization ofthe General Assembly[General Assemblyresolution 63/309]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n4.\tAd Hoc Committee onCriminal Accountabilityof United NationsOfficials and Experts onMission [GeneralAssembly resolution62/63]\tTobe determined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n5.\tOpen-ended Working Groupon the Question ofEquitable Representationon and Increase in theMembership of theSecurity Council andOther Matters Related tothe Security Council[General Assemblyresolution 48/26]^(b)\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n6.\tSpecial Committee toInvestigate IsraeliPractices Affecting theHuman Rights of thePalestinian People andOther Arabs of theOccupied Territories[General Assemblyresolution 2443 (XXIII)and 62/106]\tTo bedetermined\tGeneva\t3G\tI(AEF)\tT\tPV^(c)\t\n7.\tSpecial Committee on theCharter of the UnitedNations and on theStrengthening of theRole of the Organization[General Assemblyresolution 3349 (XXIX)and 65/31]\t21February-2March\tNewYork\t193G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—\t\n8.\tWorking Group on theFinancing of the UnitedNations Relief and WorksAgency for PalestineRefugees in the NearEast [General Assemblyresolution 2656 (XXV)]\tTo bedetermined\tNewYork\t9G\tI(ACEFRS)\tT\t—", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(c) For oral hearings only.", "C. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the United Nations, 2013", "(as at 29 July 2011)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) The languages in which interpretation will be provided are indicated. Languages in which translation and meeting records will be provided vary according to the rules of procedure applicable to the body concerned and, in the case of some working groups and similar bodies, according to the actual requirements when these are less than would be provided under the rules of procedure.", "^(b) Conference services are funded from outside the regular budget of the United Nations.", "^(c) Treaty bodies.", "^(d) For plenary meetings only.", "^(e) In accordance with resolution 19/1 of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall be open to all Permanent Representatives of States Members of the United Nations and members of the specialized agencies that are accredited to UN-Habitat.", "^(f) Open to the participation of all interested States members of UNCTAD (UNCTAD resolution 80 (III), para. 9).", "^(g) In accordance with paragraph (h) of Governing Council decision 19/32, the Committee of Permanent Representatives shall consist of the representatives of all States Members of the United Nations and members of its specialized agencies, and the European Community, accredited to the United Nations Environment Programme, whether based in Nairobi or outside.", "^(h) Pursuant to paragraph 4 of General Assembly resolution 53/208 A, and as decided by the Assembly previously, United Nations intergovernmental bodies are requested to avoid holding meetings on Orthodox Good Friday, which in 2013 falls on 3 May.", "^(i) Subject to the approval of the General Assembly.", "^(j) Verbatim records are provided for plenary meetings of the General Assembly and its First Committee.", "^(k) Conference services will be provided from those allocated to the General Assembly.", "^(l) Modalities will be finalized during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "D. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2012", "Organ\tDates(2012)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 130th session\t16-23January\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 195th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-eight session\t6-24February(tentative)\tVienna4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t13February\tVienna \n5.\tUPU, Council of Administration\t13February-2March\tBern \n6.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\t13February-2March\tBern \n7.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-fifthsession\t20-24February\tRome \n8.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-seventhsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n9.\tICAO, Council, 195th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n10.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t5-9 March\tVienna \n11.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,313th session\t15-30March\tGeneva \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 105th session\t9-13 April\tRome \n13.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n14.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,fortieth session\t14-18 May(tentative)\tVienna \n15.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\t7-11 May\tVienna \n16.\tWHO, Sixty-fifth World Health Assembly\t21 May\tGeneva \n17.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, first part\t21-25 May(tentative)\tVienna\n18.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session\t29 May-8June(tentative)\tVienna19.\tILO, General Conference, 101st session\t30 May-15June\tGeneva \n20.\tICAO, Committee, 196th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n21.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-eighthsession\tMay\tTheHague \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 131st session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t4-8 June\tVienna \n24.\tFAO, Council, 144th session\t11-15 June\tRome \n25.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-eighth session\t11-15 June(tentative)\tVienna \n26.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,314th session\t15 June\tGeneva \n27.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fourth session\t17-27 June\tGeneva \n28.\tIMO, Council, 108th session\t18-22 June\tLondon \n29.\tICAO, Council, 196th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n30.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-thirdsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n31.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,eighteenth session\t9-27 July\tKingston \n32.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, sixty-ninthsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n33.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, thirty-ninth session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna34.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 106th session\t10-14September\tRome \n35.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-eighth session\t5-6September\tVienna \n36.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t10-14September\tVienna \n37.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-sixthsession\t17-21September\tVienna \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t24September\tVienna \n39.\tITU, Council\tSeptember\tGeneva \n40.\tICAO, Committee, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n41.\tICAO, Council, 197th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-second session\t3-5October(tentative)\tVienna45.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\t12-14October\tWashington,D.C. \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventiethsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,thirty-ninth session\tOctober\tVienna \n48.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n49.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n50.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,315th session\t1-16November\tGeneva \n51.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-first session\t19-23November(tentative)\tVienna52.\tFAO, Council, 145th session\t26-30November\tRome \n53.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\t26-28November\tVienna \n54.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\t29-30November\tVienna \n55.\tIMO, Assembly, 29th session\tNovember\tLondon \n56.\tIMO, Council, 109th session\tNovember\tLondon \n57.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fourthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n58.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons,seventeenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague59.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 107th session\t10-14December\tRome \n60.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n61.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n62.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna", "E. Draft calendar of conferences and meetings of the principal organs of the specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency and treaty bodies established under the auspices of the United Nations, 2013", "Organ\tDates(2013)\tLocation \n1.\tWHO, Executive Board, 132nd session\tJanuary\tGeneva \n2.\tICAO, Committee, 198th session\tJanuary-February\tMontreal,Canada \n3.\tIFAD, Governing Council, thirty-sixthsession\t11-15February\tRome \n4.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tFebruary\tVienna \n5.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-firstsession\tFebruary\tTheHague \n6.\tICAO, Council, 198th session\tFebruary-March\tMontreal,Canada \n7.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, fortieth session\tFebruary-March\tVienna8.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tFebruary-March\tBern \n9.\tUPU, Postal Operations Council\tFebruary-March\tBern \n10.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,316th session\tMarch\tGeneva \n11.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tMarch\tVienna \n12.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 108th session\t8-12 April\tRome \n13.\tFAO, Council, 146th session\t22-26April\tRome \n14.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tApril\tParis \n15.\tUNIDO, Programme and Budget Committee,twenty-ninth session\t21-24 May(tentative)\tVienna \n16.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, Programme andBudget Committee\tMay\tVienna \n17.\tICAO, Committee, 199th session\tMay\tMontreal,Canada \n18.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-secondsession\tMay\tTheHague \n19.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, first part\tMay\tVienna\n20.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-third session\tMay\tVienna21.\tWHO, Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly\tMay\tGeneva \n22.\tWHO, Executive Board, 133rd session\tMay\tGeneva \n23.\tILO, General Conference, 102nd session\tMay-June\tGeneva \n24.\tFAO, Conference, thirty-eighth session\t15-22 June\tRome \n25.\tFAO, Council, 147th session\t24-25 June\tRome \n26.\tUNIDO, Industrial Development Board,forty-second session\t24-28 June(tentative)\tVienna \n27.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tJune\tVienna \n28.\tICAO, Council, 199th session\tJune\tMontreal,Canada \n29.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,317th session\tJune\tGeneva \n30.\tIMO, Council, 110th session\tJune\tLondon \n31.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,fortieth session\tJune\tVienna \n32.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-fifthsession\tJune\tTo bedetermined \n33.\tWMO, Executive Council, sixty-fifth session\tJune\tGeneva \n34.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-thirdsession\tJuly\tTheHague \n35.\tInternational Seabed Authority, Assembly,nineteenth session\tJuly/August\tKingston \n36.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group B and informal/expertmeetings, forty-first session, second part\tAugust-September\tVienna37.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 109th session\t16-20September\tRome \n38.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n39.\tIAEA, General Conference, fifty-seventhsession\tSeptember\tVienna \n40.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tSeptember\tVienna \n41.\tICAO, Committee, 200th session\tSeptember-October\tMontreal,Canada \n42.\tWIPO, Assemblies of Member States\tSeptember/October\tGeneva \n43.\tUNESCO, General Conference\tSeptember/October\tParis \n44.\tAnnual meetings of the Boards of Governorsof the World Bank Group and IMF\tOctober\tWashington,D.C. \n45.\tITU, Council\tOctober\tGeneva \n46.\tOrganization for the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, Executive Council, seventy-fourthsession\tOctober\tTheHague \n47.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,Working Group A and informal/expertmeetings, forty-fourth session\tOctober\tVienna48.\tPreparatory Commission for the ComprehensiveNuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization,forty-first session\tOctober\tVienna \n49.\tUNESCO, Executive Board\tOctober\tParis \n50.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-sixthsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n51.\tUNWTO, General Assembly, twentieth session\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n52.\tUNWTO, Executive Council, ninety-seventhsession\tOctober/November\tTo bedetermined \n53.\tUPU, Council of Administration\tOctober-November\tBern \n54.\tICAO, Council, 200th session\tOctober-November\tMontreal,Canada \n55.\tFAO, Council, 148th session\t25-29November\tRome \n56.\tILO, Governing Body and its committees,318th session\tNovember\tGeneva \n57.\tIAEA, Board of Governors, TechnicalAssistance and Cooperation Committee\tNovember\tVienna \n58.\tIAEA, Board of Governors\tNovember\tVienna \n59.\tIMO, Assembly\tNovember\tLondon \n60.\tIMO, Council, 111th session\tNovember\tLondon \n61.\tConference of the States Parties to theConvention on the Prohibition of ChemicalWeapons, eighteenth session\tNovember-December\tTheHague \n62.\tUNIDO, General Conference, fifteenth session\t2-6December(tentative)\tVienna63.\tIFAD, Executive Board, 110th session\t9-13December\tRome \n64.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n65.\tAssembly of States Parties to the RomeStatute of the International Criminal Court,Budget and Finance Committee\tTo bedetermined\tTheHague \n66.\tConference on Facilitating the Entry intoForce of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-BanTreaty\tTo bedetermined\tVienna" ]

[ "会议委员会", "2011年实质性会议", "2011年9月6日至12日", "议程项目2(b)^(*)", "会议日历", "通过2012年和2013年双年度会议日历草案", "秘书处的说明", "1. 本文件载有联合国双年度会议日历草案，其中包括联合国各机关、其附属机构、特别会议和专家组的会议(见附件)。专门机构、国际原子能机构以及在联合国主持下设立的条约机构的主要立法和行政机关的会议一并载入以供参考。", "2. 双年度日历草案在会议委员会实质性会议审查之后，将连同所有更新内容和(或)评论意见，一并列入委员会向大会提交的报告。", "3. 经济及社会理事会在2011年7月22日第四十一次会议上审议并核准了经济、社会和有关领域暂定会议日历(专/2011/L.10)。由于2011年实质性会议于7月29日结束，这一天也是提交本文件的日期，因此将在上文第2段所述更新的日历草案中反映理事会在2011年实质性会议上通过的新任务或对现有任务规定的改动。", "^(*) A/AC.172/2011/1。", "附件", "2012年和2013年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "本附件所用简称如下：", "在“机构”一栏内", "非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会", "欧洲经委会 欧洲经济委员会", "拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会", "亚太经社会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会", "西亚经社会 西亚经济社会委员会", "粮农组织 联合国粮食及农业组织", "原子能机构 国际原子能机构", "民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "公务员制度委员会 国际公务员制度委员会", "农发基金 国际农业发展基金", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "基金组织 国际货币基金组织", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "电信联盟 国际电信联盟", "防治荒漠化公约 联合国防治荒漠化公约", "贸易法委员会 联合国国际贸易法委员会", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "环境署 联合国环境规划署", "教科文组织 联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "气候公约 联合国气候变化框架公约", "人口基金 联合国人口基金", "人居署 联合国人类住区规划署", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿基会 联合国儿童基金会", "工发组织 联合国工业发展组织", "训研所 联合国训练研究所", "项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国大学 联合国大学", "妇女署 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "世旅组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "万国邮联 万国邮政联盟", "粮食计划署 世界粮食计划署", "世卫组织 世界卫生组织", "知识产权组织 世界知识产权组织", "气象组织 世界气象组织", "在“成员”一栏内", "政 政府", "专 专家", "秘 秘书处", "在“服务”一栏内", "口 口译", "笔 笔译", "逐 逐字记录", "简 简要记录", "阿 阿拉伯文", "中 中文", "英 英文", "法 法文", "俄 俄文", "西 西班牙文", "A. 2012年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "机构\t日期(2012年)\t地点\t成员\t服务^(a) 周期 \n1.\t军事参谋团[《宪章》]\t1月6日，其后每两周1次\t纽约\t5政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t逐\t每隔1周的星期五\n2.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，选举主席团成员[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议以及经济及社会理事会第2007/221号决定]\t1月9日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n3.\t经济及社会理事会，选举主席团成员[《宪章》]\t1月11日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n4.\t联合国人口奖委员会，组织会议[大会第36/201号决议]\t1月11日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n5.\t公民及政治权利国际公约缔约国第三十次会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t1月16日\t纽约\t145政\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n6.\t儿童权利委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t1月16日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n7.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议，联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书执行情况工作组，第二届会议[缔约方会议第5/5号决议]^(b)\t1月23日至27日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n8.\t妇女署，执行局，第一届常会[大会第64/289号议]^(c)\t1月23日至27日\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n9.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十三届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t1月23日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n10.\t裁军谈判会议，第一期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t1月23日至3月30日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n11.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t1月24日至4月27日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n12.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，第一届常会[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t1月30日至2月2日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届 \n13.\t人权理事会，情况工作组，第九届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t1月30日至2月3日\t日内瓦\t5政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n14.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零三届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t1月30日至2月3日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n15.\t非政府组织委员会，常会[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议及第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t1月30日至2月8日\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n16.\t社会发展委员会，第五十届会议[经济及社会理事会第10(II)、1139(XLI)和1996/7号决议]\t2月1日至10日\t纽约\t46政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n17.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局、儿基会执行局、粮食署执行局和妇女署执行局联席会议[大会第52/12B和65/176号决议]\t2月3日和6日\t纽约\t36政/36政/36政/41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n18.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n19.\t贸易法委员会，第二工作组(仲裁与调解)，第五十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n20.\t联合国援助土著居民自愿基金，董事会，第二十五届会议[大会第40/131号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n21.\t联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金，董事会，第三十六届会议[大会第36/151号决议]\t2月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n22.\t粮食署，执行局，第一届常会[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t2月6日至10日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n23.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，科技小组委员会，第四十九届会议[大会第1472A(XIV)号决议]\t2月6日至17日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n24.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十二届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t2月7日至10日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n25.\t经济及社会理事会，组织会议[《宪章》]\t2月7日至10日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n26.\t儿基会，执行局，第一届常会[大会第48/162和57(I)号决议]\t2月7日至10日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n27.\t联合国人口奖委员会，第一届常会[大会第36/201号决议]\t2月10日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n28.\t联合国武器贸易条约会议筹备委员会，第四届会议[大会第63/240和64/48号决议]\t2月13日至15日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n29.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十一届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t2月13日至3月2日\t日内瓦\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n30.\t消除种族歧视委员会，第八十届会议[大会第2106A(XX)号决议]^(b)\t2月13日至3月9日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n31.\t贸易法委员会，第四工作组(电子商务)，第四十五届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t2月13日至17日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n32.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十七届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t2月15日至17日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n33.\t贸发会议，投资、企业和发展委员会，第四届会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t2月20日和21日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n34.\t环境署，理事会/全球部长级环境论坛，第十二届特别会议[大会第2997(XXVII)、42/185和53/242号决议]\t2月20日至22日\t内罗毕\t58政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t隔一年一届常会，隔一年一届特别会议\n35.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十六届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》，第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t2月20日至24日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n36.\t人权理事会咨询委员会，第八届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t2月20日至24日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n37.\t维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组，实质性会议[大会第2006(XIX)号决议]\t2月21日至3月16日\t纽约\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n38.\t裁军事项咨询委员会，第五十七届会议[大会第37/99K号决议]\t2月22日和24日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n39.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展委员会，第四届会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t2月23日至24日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n40.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，网络犯罪问题专家组会议，第二届会议[大会第65/230号决议和经济及社会理事会第2010/18号决议]\t2月27日至3月2日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n41.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t2月27日至3月2日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n42.\t人权理事会，第十九届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t2月27日至3月23日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n43.\t妇女地位委员会，第五十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1999/257号决定]\t2月27日至3月9日\t纽约\t45政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n44.\t国际公务员制度委员会，第七十四届会议[大会第3357(XXIX)号决议]\t2月27日至3月9日\t曼谷\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n45.\t统计委员会，第四十三届会议[经济及社会理事会第1999/8号决议]\t2月28日至3月2日\t纽约\t24政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n46.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t2月(1天)\t待定\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n47.\t给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会[大会第1654(XVI)号决议]\t2月/3月\t纽约\t28政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n48.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十一届会议(方案预算)[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t3月5日和6日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n49.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十三届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t3月5日至9日\t日内瓦\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n50.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零四届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t3月5日至9日\t纽约\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n51.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十四次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t3月7日\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n52.\t联合国人口奖委员会，第二届常会[大会第36/201号决议]\t3月8日\t纽约\t10政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t\n53.\t发展政策委员会，第十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第1998/46号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t纽约\t24专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n54.\t麻醉药品委员会，第五十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第9(I)和1991/39号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t维也纳\t53政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n55.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十六届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t3月12日至16日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n56.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零四届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t3月12日至30日\t纽约\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n57.\t经济及社会理事会与布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和贸发会议举行的高级别特别会议[大会第50/227和61/16号决议和经济及社会理事会第2005/211号决定]\t3月13日和14日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n58.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，科技小组委员会，第五十一届会议[大会第1472(XIV)号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t一年一届\n59.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十五届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n60.\t联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行进度会议筹备委员会[大会第65/64号决议]\t3月19日至23日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n61.\t筹备联合国可持续发展会议第三次非正式闭会期间会议[大会第65/152号决议]\t3月26日和27日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n62.\t强迫失踪问题委员会，第二届会议[大会第61/177号决议]\t3月26日至30日(待定)\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n63.\t人权理事会，非洲人后裔问题专家工作组，第十一届会议[人权理事会第5/1和9/14号决议]\t3月26日至30日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n64.\t大陆架界限委员会，第二十九届会议[《联合国海洋法公约》，附件二第二条第五款]\t3月26日至4月5日\t纽约\t21专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n65.\t非洲经委会，非洲财政、计划和经济发展部长会议，经委会第四十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第671(XXV)号决议]\t3月\t亚的斯亚贝巴\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n66.\t非洲经委会，非洲财政、计划和经济发展部长会议专家委员会，第三十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第671(XXV)号决议]\t3月\t亚的斯亚贝巴\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n67.\t大会，第五委员会，续会[《宪章》]\t3月(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n68.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百一十八次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t3月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n69.\t联合国巴勒斯坦问题国际会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t3月/4月^(h)(3天)\t日内瓦\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n70.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议，联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约及其议定书执行情况工作组，第二届会议续会[缔约方会议第5/5号决议]^(b)\t4月2日至5日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n71.\t裁军审议委员会[大会第S-10/2号决议]\t4月2日至20日^(h)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n72.\t贸易法委员会，第五工作组(破产法)，第四十一届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t4月9日至12日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n73.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十八届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t4月10日至12日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n74.\t公共行政专家委员会，第十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第2001/45和2003/60号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t纽约\t24专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n75.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国政府专家小组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t4月16日至20日\t日内瓦\t114专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n76.\t人权理事会，来文工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n77.\t贸易法委员会，第一工作组(采购)，第二十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t4月16日至20日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n78.\t保护所有移徙工人及其家属权利委员会，第十六届会议[大会第45/158号决议]^(b)\t4月16日至27日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n79.\t贸发会议，第十三届会议[大会第60/184号决议]\t4月21日至26日\t多哈\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每四年一届80.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分杀伤力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第二修正议定书缔约国专家小组和第五议定书缔约国专家会议[CCW/AP.II/CONF.12/6和CCW/\t4月23日和24日\t日内瓦\t92专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届 \n P.V/CONF/2010/11]^(c) \n81.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，第二十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第1992/1号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n82.\t人口与发展委员会，第四十五届会议[经济及社会理事会第150(VII)、87(LVII)和1995/55号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t纽约\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n83.\t人权理事会，发展权不限成员名额工作组，第十三届会议[人权理事会第9/3号决议]\t4月23日至27日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 一年一届\n84.\t人权领域技术合作自愿基金，董事会，第三十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1993/283号决定]\t4月23日至27日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n85.\t新闻委员会，第三十四届会议[大会第33/115C号决议]\t4月23日至5月4日\t纽约\t112政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n86.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第五议定书缔约国政府专家小组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t4月25日至27日\t日内瓦\t72专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n87.\t方案和协调委员会，组织会议[经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第31/93号决议]\t4月26日\t纽约\t34政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n88.\t经济及社会理事会，组织会议续会[《宪章》]\t4月26日和27日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n89.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十三届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t4月30日至5月4日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n90.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十四届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t4月30日至5月11日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n91.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第四十八届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t4月30日至5月8日(待定)\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n92.\t不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会，第一届会议[大会第55/33D号决议]^(b c)\t4月30日至5月11日\t维也纳\t190政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n93.\t残疾人权利委员会，第七届会议[大会第61/106号决议和《残疾人权利公约》第34条]^(b)\t4月^(h)(1周)\t日内瓦\t12专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n94.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，跨国有组织犯罪的新形式和范围问题专家组会议[预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第24/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第5/6号决议]\t4月^(h)(待定)\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n95.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，火器问题工作组，[大会第55/255号决议和缔约国会议第5/4号决议]\t4月^(h)(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n96.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，[大会第248(III)号决议]\t4月/5月^(h)(1次会议)\t纽约\t12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年两届，每届一次会议\n97.\t联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，第一届常会[经济及社会理事会第2001/321号决定]\t4月/5月^(h)\t待定\t26秘\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n98.\t亚太经社会，第六十八届会议[经济及社会理事会第37(IV)、69(V)和723B(XXVIII)号决议]\t4月/5月^(h)\t曼谷\t53政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n99.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会，第七十一届会议\t5月1日至3日\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年至多四届，共计12个工作日\n100.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零四届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t5月7日至18日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n101.\t土著问题常设论坛，第十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第2000/22号决议]\t5月7日至18日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n102.\t禁止酷刑委员会，第四十八届会议[大会第39/46和65/204号决议]^(b)\t5月7日至6月1日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n103.\t国际法委员会，第六十四届会议[大会第174(II)号决议]\t5月7日至7月20日\t日内瓦\t34专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n104.\t裁军谈判会议，第二期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t5月14日至6月29日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n105.\t促进和保护人权国家机构国际协调委员会，第二十五届会议[人权委员会第1994/54号决议]\t5月14日至16日\t日内瓦\t92政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n106.\t讨论国际合作和援助等主要执行问题和主题的不限成员名额政府专家会议[大会第63/72号决议]\t5月14日至18日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n107.\t贸易法委员会，第六工作组(担保权益)，第二十一届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t5月14日至18日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n108.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t5月15日至6月30日\t纽约和联合国其他工作地点\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n109\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，会前工作组，第四十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t5月21日至25日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n110.\t科学和技术促进发展委员会，第十五届会议[大会第46/235号决议和经济及社会理事会第2002/37和2006/46号决议和第2003/291号决定]\t5月21日至25日\t日内瓦\t43政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n111.\t审议可否拟订一项关于监管、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的国际规章框架问题不限成员名额政府间工作组，第二届会议[人权理事会第15/26号决议]\t5月21日至25日(待定)\t日内瓦\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n112.\t贸易法委员会，第三工作组(网上解决争议)，第二十五届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t5月21日至25日\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n113.\t联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第913(X)号决议]\t5月21日至25日\t维也纳\t21政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n114.\t非政府组织委员会，续会[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议和第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t5月21日至30日\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n115.\t联合国可持续发展会议不限成员名额筹备委员会第三次会议[大会第64/236号决议]\t5月28日至30日\t巴西里约热内卢\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n116.\t气候公约，公约缔约方会议附属机构会议[大会第62/86号决定]\t5月29日至6月9日\t德国波恩\t189政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n117.\t儿童权利委员会，第六十届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t5月29日至6月15日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n118.\t人权理事会，第二十届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t5月29日至6月15日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n119.\t西亚经社会，第二十六届部长级会议[经济及社会理事会第1818(LV)，2089(LXIII)和1994/26号决议]\t5月\t贝鲁特\t13政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n120.\t大会，第五委员会，续会[《宪章》]\t5月(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n121.\t投资委员会，[大会第248(III)号决议]\t5月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n122.\t根据第二个铲除殖民主义十年审查非自治领土情况的区域讨论会[大会第54/91和63/110号决议]\t5月(3天)\t待定\t28政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n123.\t联合国可持续发展大会[大会第64/236号决议]\t6月4日至6日\t巴西里约热内卢\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n124.\t粮食署，执行局，年度会议[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t6月4日至8日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n125.\t联合国海洋法公约缔约国，第二十二届会议[大会第37/66、49/28和65/37号决议]^(b)\t6月4日至15日\t纽约\t138政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n126.\t会费委员会，第七十二届会议[大会第14(I)A号决议]\t6月4日至22日\t纽约\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n127.\t和平利用外层空间委员会，第五十五届会议[大会第1472A(XIV)号决议]\t6月11日至15日\t维也纳\t69政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n128.\t儿基会，执行局，年度会议[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t6月11日至15日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n129.\t方案和协调委员会，第五十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第31/93号决议]\t6月11日至7月6日\t纽约\t34政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n130.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十七届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》，第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n131.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十一届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n132.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十七届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n133.\t人权理事会，情况工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t日内瓦\t5政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n134.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，联合国反腐败公约执行情况检查组，第三次会议[大会第58/4号决议和缔约国会议第3/1号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n135.\t联合国海洋事务和海洋法不限成员名额非正式协商进程，第十三次会议[大会第60/30、63/111和65/37号决议]\t6月18日至22日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n136.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，年度会议[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t6月18日至29日\t日内瓦\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n137.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，保护文化财产免遭贩运问题专家组会议[经济及社会理事会第2010/19号决议]\t6月25日至29日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n138.\t人权条约机构主席会议，第二十四届会议[大会第46/111和49/178号决议]\t6月25日至29日\t日内瓦\t8专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n139.\t人权理事会工作组特别报告员、特别代表、独立专家和主席会议，第十九届会议[人权委员会第2002/84号决议和第2005/113号决定]\t6月25日至29日\t日内瓦\t待定\t(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n140.\t危险货物运输问题专家小组委员会，第四十一届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t6月25日至7月4日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n141.\t经济及社会理事会，实质性会议[《宪章》]\t6月25日至7月20日\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n142.\t第十七次消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约缔约国会议[大会第34/180号决议]^(b)\t6月26日\t纽约\t186政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n143.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十五次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t6月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n144.\t拉加经委会，第三十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第106(VI)和2010/4号决议及第1985/188号决定]\t6月\t萨尔瓦多\t42政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n145.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百一十九次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t6月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次会议\n146.\t妇女署，执行局，年度会议[大会第64/289号决议]^(c)\t6月(1周)\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n147.\t裁军事项咨询委员会，第五十八届会议[大会第37/99K号决议]\t6月至7月(3天)\t纽约\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n148.\t贸易法委员会，第四十五届会议[大会第2205(XXI)号决议]\t6月至7月(3周)\t纽约\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n149.\t第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议不限成员名额工作组，组织会议[大会第65/66号决议]^(i)\t6月/7月(1天)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n150.\t给予殖民地国家和人民独立宣言执行情况特别委员会[大会第1654(XVI)号决议]\t6月/7月(至多20次会议)\t纽约\t28政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t\n151.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零五届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t7月2日至6日\t日内瓦\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n152.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十三届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月3日至6日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n153.\t全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家小组委员会，第二十三届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t7月4日至6日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n154.\t贸发会议，竞争法和竞争政策政府间专家组，第十二届会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议的决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t7月9日至12日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n155.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国政府专家组[缔约国决定，2001年12月]^(c)\t7月9日至13日\t日内瓦\t114专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年内可最多25天会议\n156.\t人权理事会，土著人民权利专家机制，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/36号决议]\t7月9日至13日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n157.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十二届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月9日至27日\t纽约\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n158.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零五届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t7月9日至27日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n159.\t联合国审计委员会，第六十六届常会[大会第74/(I)号决议]\t7月10日至12日\t纽约\t3专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n160.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第十九届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t7月16日至18日\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n161.\t公务员制度委员会，第七十五届会议[大会第3357(XXIX)号决议]\t7月16日至27日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n162.\t外层空间透明度和建立信任措施问题政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第65/68号决议]\t7月23日至27日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n163.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t7月23日至27日\t纽约\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n164.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十四届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t7月30日至8月3日\t纽约\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n165.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十六届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t7月30日至8月3日\t纽约\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n166.\t大陆架界限委员会，第三十届会议[《联合国海洋法公约》，附件二第二条第五款]\t7月30日至8月10日\t纽约\t21专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n167.\t裁军谈判会议，第三期会议[大会第1722(XVI)、S-10/2和34/83L号决议]\t7月30日至9月14日\t日内瓦\t61政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届，每届三期\n168.\t国际法讨论会[大会第49/51号决议]\t7月(3周)\t日内瓦\t30专\t口(英法西)\t—\t—\t一年一届\n169.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t7月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n170.\t联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会，第五十九届会议[大会第248(III)、46/200和61/240号决议]\t7月\t纽约\t33专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n171.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，精算师委员会[大会第1561(XV)号决议，第二十九条]\t7月\t纽约\t5专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n172.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会，常设委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t7月(1次会议)\t纽约\t15专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n173.\t联合国地名专家组，第二十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第715A(XXVII)和1314(XLIV)号决议］\t8月6日和17日\t纽约\t80专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n174.\t信息和电信领域的发展与国际安全问题政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第61/54、62/17、63/37、64/25和65/41号决议]\t8月6日至10日\t纽约\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n175.\t人权理事会，咨询委员会，第九届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t8月6日至10日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n176.\t消除种族歧视委员会，第八十一届会议[大会第2106A(XX)号决议]^(b)\t8月6日至31日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n177.\t第十届联合国地名标准化会议[经济及社会理事会第2008/241号决议]\t8月7日至16日\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每五年一届\n178.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议、不限成员名额的反腐问题政府间工作组，第二次会议[大会第58/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第3/2号决议]\t8月27日至29日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n179.\t联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行进度大会[大会第65/64号决议]\t8月27日至9月7日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n180.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，不限成员名额的资产回收问题政府间工作组，第四次会议[大会第58/4号决议和联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议第3/3号决议]\t8月30日和31日\t维也纳\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n181.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十四届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t8月27日至31日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n182.\t人权理事会，来文工作组，第十一届会议[人权理事会第5/1号决议]\t8月27日至31日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n183.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，第二届常会[大会第2029(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t9月4日至7日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n184.\t行政和预算问题咨询委员会[大会第14(I)、173(II)、32/103和64/243号决议]\t9月4日至14日\t纽约\t16专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n185.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十二届会议(技术合作)[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t9月5日至9日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n186.\t公民及政治权利国际公约缔约国第三十一次会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t9月6日\t纽约\t145政\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n187.\t儿基会，执行局，第二届常会[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t9月10日至13日\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n188.\t保护所有移徙工人及其家属权利委员会，第十七届会议[大会第45/158号决议]^(b)\t9月10日至14日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n189.\t联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金，董事会，第十七届会议[大会第46/122号决议]\t9月10日至14日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n190.\t人权理事会，第二十一届会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t9月10日至28日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年不少于三届\n191.\t妇女署，执行局，第二届常会[大会第64/289号决议]^(c)\t9月17日至19日^(j)\t纽约\t41政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n192.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展理事会，第五十九届会议[大会第1995(XIX)号决议和贸发会议第114(V)号决议]\t9月17日至28日\t日内瓦\t153政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n193.\t儿童权利委员会，第六十一届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t9月17日至10月5日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n194.\t大会，第六十七届会议[《宪章》]\t9月18日至12月\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐/简^(k)\t\n195.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，根据公约任择议定书设立的来文工作组，第二十四届会议[大会第55/70和62/218号决议]^(b)\t9月26日至28日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n196.\t会议委员会，实质性会议[大会第43/222B号决议]\t9月(5天)\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n197.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十六次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t9月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n198.\t残疾人权利委员会，第八届会议[大会第61/106号决议和《残疾人权利公约》第三十四条]^(b)\t9月(1周)\t日内瓦\t12专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n199.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百二十次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t9月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n200.\t近东救济工程处，咨询委员会[大会第302/2(IV)号决议]\t9月(1天)\t安曼\t10政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n201.\t人权理事会，经济、社会和文化权利闭会期间论坛(社会论坛)，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/13号决议]\t10月1日至3日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n202.\t难民署，执行委员会，第六十三届会议[大会第1166(XII)和62/123号决议]\t10月1日至5日\t日内瓦\t78政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n203.\t在法律和实践中歧视妇女问题工作组[人权理事会第15/23号决议]\t10月1日至5日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n204.\t人权理事会，全球定期审查工作组，第十五届会议[人权理事会第1/103号决定和第5/1号决议]\t10月1日至12日\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n205.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，第五十三届会议[大会第34/180和62/218号决议]^(b)\t10月1日至19日\t日内瓦\t23专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n206.\t儿童权利委员会，会前工作组，第六十二届会议[大会第44/25、47/112和49/211号决议]^(b)\t10月8日至12日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n207.\t人权委员会，会前来文工作组，第一百零六届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t10月8日至12日\t日内瓦\t9专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n208.\t贸发会议，国际会计和报告准则政府间专家工作组，第二十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/67号决议]\t10月15日至18日\t日内瓦\t34专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n209.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，第六届会议[大会第55/25号决议和联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约第三十二条]^(b)\t10月15日至19日\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n210.\t联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金，董事会，第三十七届会议[大会第36/151号决议]\t10月15日至19日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n211.\t人权理事会拟订种族主义方面补充标准特设委员会，第五届会议[人权理事会第3/103号决定和第6/21号决议]\t10月15日至26日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n212.\t人权事务委员会，第一百零六届会议[大会第2200A(XXI)号决议]^(b)\t10月15日至11月2日\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n213.\t消除对妇女歧视委员会，会前工作组，第五十五届会议[大会第45/124、47/94和62/218号决议]^(b)\t10月22日至26日\t日内瓦\t4专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n214.\t人权理事会，利用雇佣军侵犯人权并阻挠人民行使自决权利问题工作组，第十七届会议[人权理事会第7/21号决议]\t10月22日至26日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n215.\t人权领域技术合作自愿基金，董事会，第三十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第1993/283号决定]\t10月29日至11月2日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n216.\t人权理事会，有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组，第十届会议[人权理事会第1/5号决议]\t10月29日至11月9日\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n217.\t禁止酷刑委员会，第四十九届会议[大会第39/46号决议]^(b)\t10月29日至11月23日\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n218.\t国际麻醉品管制局，第一百零五届会议[1961年《麻醉药品单一公约》第十一条]^(b)\t10月30日至11月16日\t维也纳\t13专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届或三届\n219.\t国际税务合作专家委员会，第八届会议[经济及社会理事会第1273(XLIII)、1765(LIV)和2004/69号决议]\t10月(1周)\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n220.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，技术援助问题工作组，第六届会议[缔约国会议第2/6号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n221.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，引渡、司法互助和就没收行动开展国际合作问题的不限成员名额政府专家工作组，第四届会议[缔约国会议第2/2和3/2号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n222.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，偷运移民问题工作组，第一届会议[缔约国会议第5/3号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n223.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约国会议，贩运人口问题工作组，第四届会议[缔约国会议第5/2号决议]^(b)\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t160政 笔\t—\t\n224.\t联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约缔约方会议第四次会议，技术援助和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题工作组[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第一部分第二条和人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t10月(1天)\t日内瓦\t57政\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n225.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会，第七十二届会议\t10月/11月(3天)\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年至多四届，共计12个工作日\n226.\t贸易法委员会，第二工作组(仲裁与调解)，第五十七届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n227.\t贸易法委员会，第四工作组(电子商务)，第四十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n228.\t贸易法委员会，第一工作组(采购)，第二十三届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n229.\t贸易法委员会，第五工作组(破产法)，第四十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t10月/11月(待定)\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n230.\t联合国工作人员养恤金委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t10月/11月(1次会议)\t纽约\t12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年两届，每届一次会议\n231.\t联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，第二届常会[经济及社会理事会第2001/321号决定]\t10月/11月\t纽约\t26秘\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n232.\t人权理事会，强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，第九十八届会议[人权理事会第7/12号决议]\t11月1日至9日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n233.\t裁军审议委员会，组织会议[大会第S-10/2号决议]\t11月5日^(j)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n234.\t强迫失踪问题委员会，第三届会议[大会第61/177号决议]\t11月5日至9日(待定)\t日内瓦\t10专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n235.\t联合国反腐败公约缔约国会议，联合国反腐败公约执行情况检查组，第三届会议续会[大会第58/4号决议和缔约国会议第3/1号决议]\t11月5日至9日\t维也纳\t144政\t(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n236.\t粮食署，执行局，第二届常会[经济及社会理事会第1995/227号决定和大会第50/8号决议]^(c)\t11月5日至9日\t罗马\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n237.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第五议定书缔约国会议[订正议定书第十条]^(c)\t11月9日和10日\t日内瓦\t72政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n238.\t联合国发展活动认捐会议[大会第32/197号决议]\t11月12日\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n239.\t禁止酷刑委员会，防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，第十七届会议[《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》第一部分第二条，以及人权理事会的报告(A/61/53)]^(b)\t11月12日至16日\t日内瓦\t25专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年三届\n240.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，第四十九届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t11月12日至30日(待定)\t日内瓦\t18专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年两届\n241.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约第二订正议定书缔约国第十四届年度会议[订正议定书第十三条第一款]^(c)\t11月14日\t日内瓦\t92政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n242.\t人权理事会，任意拘留问题工作组，第六十五届会议[人权理事会第6/4号决议]\t11月14日至23日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年三届\n243.\t禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国年度会议[《公约》]^(c)\t11月15日和16日\t日内瓦\t114政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t一年一届\n244.\t贸发会议，战略框架和方案预算工作队，第六十三届会议[贸发会议第114(V)号决议和贸易和发展理事会第156(XVII)号决定]\t11月19日至23日\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n245.\t气候公约，公约缔约方会议，第十八届会议和附属机构会议[大会第62/86号决议]\t11月27日至12月8日\t待定\t189政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n246\t巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会，声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日特别会议[大会第32/40B和32/28号决议]\t11月29日\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t一年一届\n247.\t人权理事会，少数民族问题论坛，第五届会议[人权理事会第6/15号决议]\t11月29日至30日\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n248.\t联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案咨询委员会，第四十五届会议[大会第2009(XX)号决议]\t11月(2天)\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n249.\t投资委员会[大会第248(III)号决议]\t11月(1天)\t纽约\t11-12专\t—\t—\t—\t一年四次或五次会议\n250.\t集束弹药公约缔约国，第三次会议[大会第64/36号决议]^(c)\t11月(1周)\t待定\t59政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n251.\t贸易法委员会，第三工作组(网上解决争议)，第二十六届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t11月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n252.\t禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约缔约国会议[缔约国在第六次审查大会上做出的决定]^(c)\t11月/12月(1周)\t日内瓦\t164政\t(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n253.\t联合国、专门机构及国际原子能机构外聘审计团[大会第347(IV)和1438(XIV)号决议]\t11月/12月\t待定\t9专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n254.\t关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约缔约国，第十二届会议[《公约》第十一条第二款]\t11月/12月(1天)\t待定\t156政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n255.\t联合国审计委员会，特别会议[大会第74/(I)号决议]\t11月/12月\t待定\t3专\t口(中英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n256.\t经济、社会和文化权利委员会，会前工作组，第五十届会议[经济及社会理事会第1982/33、1985/17和1995/39号决议]\t12月3日至7日(待定)\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n257.\t危险货物运输问题专家小组委员会，第四十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t12月3日至11日\t日内瓦\t22政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n258.\t宣布向近东救济工程处提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会[大会第1729(XVI)号决议]\t12月4日^(j)\t纽约\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n259.\t麻醉药品委员会，第五十五届会议重新召开的会议[经济及社会理事会第9(I)和1991/39号决议]\t12月6日\t维也纳\t53政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n260.\t预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，第二十一届会议重新召开的会议[经济及社会理事会第2009/251号决议]\t12月7日\t维也纳\t40政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n261.\t宣布向难民专员方案提供自愿捐款的大会特设委员会[大会第55/75号决议]\t12月11日\t日内瓦\t195政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一次会议\n262.\t全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家小组委员会，第二十四届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和1999/65号决议]\t12月12日至14日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届或两届\n263.\t危险货物运输和全球化学品统一分类标签制度专家委员会，第六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1989/104和第1999/65号决议]\t12月14日\t日内瓦\t23政\t口(中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n264.\t儿童权利公约缔约国，第十四次会议[大会第44/25号决议]^(b)\t12月18日^(j)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n265.\t独立审计咨询委员会，第二十届会议[大会第61/275号决议]\t12月18日至20日^(j)\t纽约\t5专\t口(英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n266.\t参加人居署的常驻代表委员会，第四十七次会议[大会第56/206号决议]\t12月\t内罗毕\t^(f)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四次\n267.\t贸易法委员会，第六工作组(担保权益)，第二十二届会议[大会第33/92号决议]\t12月\t维也纳\t60政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n268.\t环境署，常驻代表委员会，第一百二十一次会议[理事会第19/32号决定]\t12月\t内罗毕\t^(g)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年四届\n269.\t联合国大学，理事会，第五十九届会议[大会第3081(XXVIII)号决议]\t12月(1周)\t东京\t28专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n270.\t会议委员会[大会第43/222B号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n271.\t东道国关系委员会[大会第2819(XXVI)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n272.\t巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会[大会第3376(XXX)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t25政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n273.\t欧洲经委会，委员会和工作组[经济及社会理事会第36(IV)号决议]\t视需要\t日内瓦\t55政\t待定\t笔\t—\t视需要\n274.\t经济及社会理事会，正式/非正式会议[《宪章》和大会第50/227和61/16号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t54政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t视需要\n275.\t开发署/人口基金/项目厅执行局，通报和非正式磋商[大会第2020(XX)、48/162和65/176号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n276.\t人权理事会，组织和闭会期间会议和特别会议[大会第60/251号决议]\t视需要\t日内瓦\t47政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简^(e)\t视需要\n277.\t起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭[安全理事会第955(1994)号决议]\t视需要\t坦桑尼亚联合共和国，阿鲁沙\t11专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n278.\t起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭[[安全理事会第808(1993)号决议和大会第47/235号决议]\t视需要\t海牙\t11专\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n279.\t建设和平委员会[大会第60/180号决议和安全理事会第1645(2005)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t31政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n280.\t安全理事会[《宪章》]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐\t视需要\n281.\t安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)和1989(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n282.\t安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n283.\t安全理事会第1518(2003)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n284.\t安全理事会关于利比里亚的第1521(2003)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n285.\t安全理事会关于刚果民主共和国的第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n286.\t安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n287.\t安全理事会关于科特迪瓦的第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n288.\t安全理事会关于苏丹的第1591(2005)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n289.\t安全理事会第1636(2005)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n290.\t安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n291.\t安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n292.\t安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n293.\t安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n294.\t安全理事会关于索马里的第751(1992)号决议所设委员会\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n295.\t安全理事会，专家委员会[安全理事会第1次会议(1946年)的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n296.\t安全理事会，安理会在总部以外地点开会问题委员会[安全理事会第1625次会议的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n297.\t安全理事会，接纳新会员国委员会[安全理事会第42次会议(1946年)的决定]\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n298.\t安全理事会，安全理事会第692(1991)号决议所设联合国赔偿委员会理事会\t视需要\t日内瓦\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t视需要\n299.\t安全理事会预防和解决非洲冲突特设工作组(S/2002/207)\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n300.\t安全理事会第1566(2004)号决议所设工作组(基地组织和塔利班)\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n301.\t安全理事会第1612(2005)号决议所设儿童与武装冲突问题工作组\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n302.\t安全理事会根据S/PRST/2001/3所设维持和平行动工作组\t视需要\t纽约\t15政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n303.\t维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组[大会第2006(XIX)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t144政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n304.\t托管理事会(和起草委员会)[《宪章》]\t视需要\t纽约\t5政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t逐^(e)\t视需要\n305.\t贸发会议，秘书长的协商以及贸易和发展理事会主席的协商[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多30次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n306.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展理事会执行会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(3天)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n307.\t贸发会议，其他商品大会和商品会议[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议的决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多30次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n308.\t贸发会议，讨论会和研究小组[贸易和发展理事会第十三届执行会议决定(1996年7月8日)和大会第51/167号决议]\t视需要(至多20次会议)\t日内瓦\t^(d)\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n309.\t儿基会，执行局，情况介绍和非正式协商[大会第57(I)和48/162号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t36政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n310.\t联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会[大会第194(III)号决议]\t视需要\t纽约\t3政\t口(英法)\t笔\t—\t视需要\n311.\t印度洋特设委员会[大会第299(XXVIII)和62/14号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t43政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t每两年一届\n312.\t联合国武器贸易条约大会[大会第63/309号决议]武器贸易条约\t待定(4周)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n313.\t麻醉药品委员会，非洲区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第二十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1985/11号决议]\t待定\t亚的斯亚贝巴或该区域另一国首都\t53政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n314.\t麻醉药品委员会，亚洲和太平洋区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第三十六届会议[经济及社会理事会第1985/11和1988/15号决议]\t待定\t曼谷或该区域另一国首都\t51政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n315.\t麻醉药品委员会，拉丁美洲和加勒比区域各国禁毒执法机构负责人第二十二届会议[经济及社会理事会第1987/34和1988/15号决议]\t待定\t圣地亚哥或该区域另一国首都\t41政\t口(英法西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n316.\t麻醉药品委员会，近东和中东非法贩运毒品及有关事项小组委员会，第四十七届会议[经济及社会理事会第1776(LIV)号决议]\t待定\t该地区的一国首都\t23政\t口(阿英俄)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n317.\t会议委员会，组织会议[大会第43/222B号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t21政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n318.\t非政府组织委员会，组织会议[经济及社会理事会第3(II)和1296(XLIV)号决议以及第1995/304和1997/297号决定]\t待定\t纽约\t19政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n319.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第一委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t逐^(k)\t\n320.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第二委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n321.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第三委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n322.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第四委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n323.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第五委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n324.\t大会，第六十七届会议，第六委员会[大会第173(II)和47/233号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t简\t\n325.\t关于联合国系统秘书处代表与阿拉伯国家联盟总秘书处及其各专门组织代表之间合作的大会(大会第61/14号决议)\t待定\t纽约\t待定\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n326.\t联合国系统组织和机构与伊斯兰会议组织及其附属机构之间合作的大会[大会第61/49号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t待定\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n327.\t审查常规武器登记册运作和进一步发展政府专家组，第一届会议[大会第64/54号决议]\t待定(5天)\t日内瓦\t15专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n328.\t禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约政府专家组[缔约国在第六次审查大会上做出的决定]^(c)\t待定(2周)\t日内瓦\t164政\t(阿中英法俄西) \n329.\t联合国财政情况高级别不限成员名额工作组[大会第49/143号决议]^(i)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n330.\t人权理事会，非洲人后裔问题专家工作组，第十二届会议[人权理事会第5/1和9/14号决议]\t待定\t日内瓦\t5专\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年两届\n331.\t和平纲领不限成员名额非正式工作组及/或其小组[大会第47/120号决议]^(i)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n332.\t第十九届联合国亚洲及太平洋区域制图会议[经济及社会理事会第2010/240号决议]\t待定\t曼谷\t51政\t口(中英法俄)\t笔\t—\t每三年一届\n333.\t第四届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议不限成员名额工作组，第一届会议[大会第65/66号决议]^(i)\t待定(5天)\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n334.\t防治荒漠化公约，公约执行情况审查委员会，第十一届会议[大会第62/193号决议]^(b)\t待定(8天)\t待定\t185政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t每两年一届\n335.\t贸发会议，投资、企业和发展委员会专家会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t待定(3天)\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n336.\t贸发会议，贸易和发展委员会专家会议[2008年4月20日至25日在阿克拉举行的贸发会议第十二届会议通过的《阿克拉协定》第四部分B节]\t待定(3天)\t日内瓦\t待定\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n337.\t训研所，董事会，第五十一届会议[大会第1934(XVIII)和47/227号决议]^(c)\t待定(2至3天)\t日内瓦\t28专\t口(阿英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t一年一届\n338.\t联合国上诉法庭[大会第61/261、62/228、63/253、64/233和65/251号决议]\t待定\t纽约/日内瓦/内罗毕\t待定\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n339.\t联合国争议法庭[大会第61/261、62/228、63/253、64/233和65/251号决议]\t待定\t纽约/日内瓦/内罗毕\t待定\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n340.\t联合国向巴勒斯坦人民提供援助讨论会[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(2天)\t待定\t193政\t待定\t笔\t—\t\n341.\t联合国巴勒斯坦问题亚洲和太平洋会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(3天)\t待定\t193政\t英法\t笔\t—\t\n342.\t联合国支持以色列与巴勒斯坦和平进程国际会议[大会第65/13和65/14号决议]\t待定(3天)\t待定\t193政\t口(阿英法西)\t笔\t—", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 条约机构。", "^(c) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(d) 凡贸发会议成员国愿意参加的都可以参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议第9段)。", "^(e) 仅适用于全体会议。", "^(f) 根据人居署理事会第19/1号决议的规定，所有联合国会员国常驻代表以及经人居署认可的专门机构成员均可参加常驻代表委员会。", "^(g) 按照环境署理事会第19/32号决定(h)段，常驻代表委员会的组成如下：驻在内罗毕或其外核准参加联合国环境规划署活动的联合国所有会员国代表、各专门机构成员代表和欧洲联盟成员代表。", "^(h) 依照大会第53/208 A号决议第4段并根据大会以往作出的决定，要求联合国各政府间机构避免在2012年4月13日东正教耶稣受难节举行会议。", "^(i) 将从分配给大会的会议服务资源中提供会议服务。", "^(j) 须经大会核准。", "^(k) 大会及其第一委员会的全体会议有逐字记录服务。", "B. 需要大会第六十六届会议延长任务期限的机构名单", "机构\t日期(2012年)\t地点\t成员\t提供服务^(aa) 周期性 \n1.\t大会第51/210号决议所设特设委员会[大会第59/46和65/34号决议]\t4月9日至12日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n2.\t海洋生物多样性不限成员名额非正式特设工作组[大会第19/24和65/37号决议]\t9月10日至14日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔 \n3.\t振兴大会特设工作组[大会第63/309号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n4.\t追究联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任问题特设委员会[大会第62/63号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n5.\t安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及与安全理事会有关的其他事项不限成员名额工作组[大会第48/26号决议]^(b)\t待定\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n6.\t调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会[大会第2443(XXIII)和62/106号决议]\t待定\t日内瓦\t3政\t口(阿英法)\t笔\t逐^(c)\t\n7.\t联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会[大会第3349(XXIX)和65/31号决议]\t2月21日至3月2日\t纽约\t193政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—\t\n8.\t联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处经费筹措问题工作组[大会第2656(XXV)号决议]\t待定\t纽约\t9政\t口(阿中英法俄西)\t笔\t—", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 将从分配给大会的会议服务资源中提供会议服务。", "^(c) 仅限口头听证。", "C. 2013年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "[TABLE]", "^(a) 将按所示语文提供口译服务。将提供口译服务的语文见文内标示。笔译和会议记录用何种语文，视各有关机构适用的议事规则不同而有所差异。对于某些工作组和类似机关，如实际所需服务少于议事规则规定可提供的服务，则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(c) 条约机构。", "^(d) 仅适用于全体会议。", "^(e) 根据人居署理事会的第19/1号决议，所有联合国会员国常驻代表以及经人居署认可的专门机构成员均可参加常驻代表委员会。", "^(f) 凡贸发会议成员国愿意参加的都可以参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议第9段)。", "^(g) 按照环境署理事会第19/32号决定(h)段，常驻代表委员会的组成如下：驻内罗毕或其外核准参加环境署活动的联合国所有会员国代表、各专门机构成员代表和欧洲共同体成员代表。", "^(h) 依照大会第53/242号决议第4段并根据大会以往作出的决定，要求联合国各政府间机构避免在2013年5月3日东正教耶稣受难节举行会议。", "^(i) 须征得大会的核准。", "^(j) 为大会和第一委员会的全体会议提供逐字记录服务。", "^(k) 仅限口头听证。", "^(l) 将在大会第六十六届会议期间确定筹备方式。", "D. 2012年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机构 日期(2012年) 地点 \n1.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十届会议\t1月16日至23日\t日内瓦 \n2.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十五届会议\t1月至2月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n3.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十八届会议\t2月6日至24日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n4.\t原子能机构，理事会\t2月13日\t维也纳 \n5.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t2月13日至3月2日\t伯尔尼 \n6.\t万国邮联，邮政业务理事会\t2月13日至3月2日\t伯尔尼 \n7.\t农发基金，理事会，第三十五届会议\t2月20日至24日\t罗马 \n8.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十七届会议\t2月\t海牙 \n9.\t民航组织，理事会，第一百九十五届会议\t2月至3月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n10.\t原子能机构，理事会\t3月5日至9日\t维也纳 \n11.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十三届会议\t3月15日至30日\t日内瓦 \n12.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零五届会议\t4月9日至13日\t罗马 \n13.\t教科文组织，执行局\t4月\t巴黎 \n14.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十届会议\t5月14日至18日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n15.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t5月7日至11日\t维也纳 \n16.\t世卫组织，第六十五届世界卫生大会\t5月21日\t日内瓦 \n17.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十九届会议\t5月21日至25日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n18.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议\t5月29日至6月8日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n19.\t劳工组织，大会，第一百零一届会议\t5月30日至6月15日\t日内瓦 \n20.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十六届会议\t5月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n21.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十八届会议\t5月\t海牙 \n22.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十一届会议\t5月\t日内瓦 \n23.\t原子能机构，理事会\t6月4日至8日\t维也纳 \n24.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十四届会议\t6月11日至15日\t罗马 \n25.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第三十八届会议\t6月11日至15日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n26.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百十四届会议\t6月15日\t日内瓦 \n27.\t气象组织，执行理事会，第六十四届会议\t6月17日至27日\t日内瓦 \n28.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百零八届会议\t6月18日至22日\t伦敦 \n29.\t民航组织，理事会，一百九十六届会议\t6月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n30.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十三届会议\t6月\t待定 \n31.\t国际海底管理局，大会，第十八届会议\t7月9日至27日\t金斯敦 \n32.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第六十九届会议\t7月\t海牙 \n33.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第三十九届会议，第二期会议\t8月至9月\t维也纳 \n34.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零六届会议\t9月10日至14日\t罗马 \n35.\t工发组织，方案和预算委员会，第二十八届会议\t9月5日和6日\t维也纳 \n36.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月10日至14日\t维也纳 \n37.\t原子能机构，大会，第五十六届会议\t9月17日至21日\t维也纳 \n38.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月24日\t维也纳 \n39.\t国际电联，理事会\t9月\t日内瓦 \n40.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十七届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n41.\t民航组织，理事会，一百九十七届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n42.\t知识产权组织，成员国大会\t9月至10月\t日内瓦 \n43.\t教科文组织，大会\t9月至10月\t巴黎 \n44.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十二届会议\t10月3日至5日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n45.\t世界银行集团和基金组织理事会年会\t10月12日至14日\t哥伦比亚特区华盛顿 \n46.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十届会议\t10月\t海牙 \n47.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第三十九届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n48.\t教科文组织，执行局\t10月\t巴黎 \n49.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t10月至11月\t伯尔尼 \n50.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十五届会议\t11月1日至16日\t日内瓦 \n51.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十一届会议\t11月19日至23日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n52.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十五届会议\t11月26日至30日\t罗马 \n53.\t原子能机构，理事会，技术援助合作委员会\t11月26日至28日\t维也纳 \n54.\t原子能机构，理事会\t11月29日和30日\t维也纳 \n55.\t海事组织，大会，第二十九届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n56.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百零九届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n57.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十四届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n58.\t化学武器公约缔约国会议，第十七届会议\t11月至12月\t海牙 \n59.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零七届会议\t12月10日至14日\t罗马 \n60.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会\t待定\t海牙 \n61.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会，预算和财务委员会\t待定\t海牙 \n62.\t促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议\t待定\t维也纳", "E. 2013年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机构 日期(2013年) 地点 \n1.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十二届会议\t1月\t日内瓦 \n2.\t国际民航组织，委员会，第一百九十八届会议\t1月至2月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n3.\t农发基金，理事会，第三十六届会议\t2月11日至15日\t罗马 \n4.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t2月\t维也纳 \n5.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十一届会议\t2月\t海牙 \n6.\t民航组织，理事会，第一百九十八届会议\t2月至3月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n7.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十届会议\t2月至3月\t维也纳 \n8.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t2月至3月\t伯尔尼 \n9.\t万国邮联，邮政业务理事会\t2月至3月\t伯尔尼 \n10.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十六届会议\t3月\t日内瓦 \n11.\t原子能机构，理事会\t3月\t维也纳 \n12.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零八届会议\t4月8日至12日\t罗马 \n13.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十六届会议\t4月22日至26日\t罗马 \n14.\t教科文组织，执行局\t4月\t巴黎 \n15.\t工发组织，方案和预算委员会，第二十九届会议\t5月21日至24日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n16.\t原子能机构，理事会，方案和预算委员会\t5月\t维也纳 \n17.\t民航组织，委员会，第一百九十九届会议\t5月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n18.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十二届会议\t5月\t海牙 \n19.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议，第一期会议\t5月\t维也纳 \n20.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十三届会议\t5月\t维也纳 \n21.\t世卫组织，第六十六届世界卫生大会\t5月\t日内瓦 \n22.\t世卫组织，执行委员会，第一百三十三届会议\t5月\t日内瓦 \n23.\t劳工组织，大会，第一百零二届会议\t5月至6月\t日内瓦 \n24.\t粮农组织，大会，第三十八届会议\t6月15日至22日\t罗马 \n25.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十七届会议\t6月24日和25日\t罗马 \n26.\t工发组织，工业发展理事会，第四十二届会议\t6月24日至28日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n27.\t原子能机构，理事会\t6月\t维也纳 \n28.\t国际民航组织，理事会，第一百九十九届会议\t6月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n29.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十七届会议\t6月\t日内瓦 \n30.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百一十届会议\t6月\t伦敦 \n31.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第四十届会议\t6月\t维也纳 \n32.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十五届会议\t6月\t待定 \n33.\t气象组织，执行理事会，第六十五届会议\t6月\t日内瓦 \n34.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十三届会议\t7月\t海牙 \n35.\t国际海底管理局，大会，第十九届会议\t7月至8月\t金斯敦 \n36.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十一届会议，第二期会议\t8月至9月\t维也纳 \n37.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百零九届会议\t9月16日至20日\t罗马 \n38.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月\t维也纳 \n39.\t原子能机构，大会，第五十七届会议\t9月\t维也纳 \n40.\t原子能机构，理事会\t9月\t维也纳 \n41.\t国际民航组织，委员会，第二百届会议\t9月至10月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n42.\t知识产权组织，成员国大会\t9月至10月\t日内瓦 \n43.\t教科文组织，大会\t9月至10月\t巴黎 \n44.\t世界银行集团和基金组织理事会年会\t10月\t哥伦比亚特区华盛顿 \n45.\t国际电联，理事会\t10月\t日内瓦 \n46.\t禁止化学武器组织，执行理事会，第七十四届会议\t10月\t海牙 \n47.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，B工作组和非正式/专家会议，第四十四届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n48.\t全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会，第四十一届会议\t10月\t维也纳 \n49.\t教科文组织，执行局\t10月\t巴黎 \n50.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十六届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n51.\t世旅组织，大会，第二十届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n52.\t世旅组织，执行委员会，第九十七届会议\t10月至11月\t待定 \n53.\t万国邮联，行政理事会\t10月至11月\t伯尔尼 \n54.\t国际民航组织，理事会，第二百届会议\t10月至11月\t加拿大，蒙特利尔 \n55.\t粮农组织，理事会，第一百四十八届会议\t11月25日至29日\t罗马 \n56.\t劳工组织，理事会及其各委员会，第三百一十八届会议\t11月\t日内瓦 \n57.\t原子能机构，理事会，技术援助合作委员会\t11月\t维也纳 \n58.\t原子能机构，理事会\t11月\t维也纳 \n59.\t海事组织，大会\t11月\t伦敦 \n60.\t海事组织，理事会，第一百一十一届会议\t11月\t伦敦 \n61.\t化学武器公约缔约国会议，第十八届会议\t11月至12月\t海牙 \n62.\t工发组织，大会，第十五届会议\t12月2日至6日(暂定)\t维也纳 \n63.\t农发基金，执行局，第一百一十届会议\t12月9日至13日\t罗马 \n64.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会\t待定\t海牙 \n65.\t国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会，预算和财务委员会\t待定\t海牙 \n66.\t促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议\t待定\t维也纳" ]

[ "会议委员会", "2011年实质性会议", "2011年9月6日至12日,纽约", "* A/AC.172/2011/1。", "议程项目2(b)*", "会议日历", "通过2012和2013两年期会议日历草案", "秘书处的说明", "1. 联合国 本文件载有联合国两年期会议日历草案,其中包括联合国各机构及其附属机构、特别会议和专家小组的会议(见附件)。 各专门机构、国际原子能机构和在联合国主持下设立的条约机构的主要立法和执行机构的大小会议也列于清单供参考。", "2. 联合国 会议委员会实质性会议审查后,两年期日历草案将连同任何最新情况和(或)评论一并列入委员会提交大会的报告。", "3个 经济及社会理事会2011年7月22日第41次会议审议了经济、社会及有关领域的暂定会议日历(E/2011/L.10)。 由于2011年实质性会议于7月29日结束,也是本文件的提交日期,理事会2011年实质性会议通过的新任务或对现有任务的修改将反映在上文第2段所述的更新日历草案中。", "页:1", "2012年和2013年联合国及各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "本附件所用简称如下:", "在“组织”一栏内", "非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会", "欧洲经委会 欧洲经济委员会", "拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会", "亚太经社会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会", "西亚经社会", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "原子能机构 国际原子能机构", "民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "公务员制度委员会 国际公务员制度委员会", "农发基金 国际农业发展基金", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "货币基金组织 国际货币基金组织", "国际海事组织(海事组织)", "国际电联 国际电信联盟", "《联合国防治荒漠化公约》", "联合国国际贸易法委员会", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "开发计划署 联合国开发计划署", "环境规划署 联合国环境规划署", "联合国教科文组织.", "《联合国气候变化框架公约》", "联合国人口基金", "联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿童基金会 联合国儿童基金会", "联合国工业发展组织", "训研所 联合国训练研究所", "项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国大学 联合国大学", "妇女署 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "世旅组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "万国邮联 万国邮政联盟", "粮食计划署 世界粮食计划署", "WHO 世界卫生组织", "世界知识产权组织", "气象组织 世界气象 组织", "在“成员”一栏内", "G 政府", "E 专家", "秘书处", "在“服务”一栏内", "口 译", "T 翻译", "PV 逐字记录", "简要记录", "阿拉伯语", "中文", "联合国", "法语", "俄语", "西班牙语", "A类. 2012年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "[表", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文如下: 笔译和会议记录用何种语文,视各有关机构适用的议事规则而有所不同;对于某些工作组和类似机构,如实际需要的服务少于议事规则规定可以提供的服务,则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 条约机构。", "^(c) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(d) 开放给贸发会议所有有关成员国参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议,第3段)。 第9条。", "^(e) 只限全体会议。", "^(f) 根据人居署理事会第19/1号决议,常驻代表委员会应向所有联合国会员国常驻代表和经人居署认可的专门机构成员开放。", "^(克) 根据环境署理事会第19/32号决定(h)段,常驻代表委员会由派驻内罗毕或其他地方的环境署的联合国所有会员国、各专门机构成员和欧洲联盟的代表组成。", "^(h) 根据大会第53/208 A号决议第4段并根据大会以前的决定,请联合国政府间机构避免在2012年4月13日东正教受难节举行会议。", "^(一) 将从分配给大会的会议服务中提供会议服务。", "^(j) 须经大会核准。", "^(k) 为大会及其第一委员会的全体会议提供逐字记录。", "B组. 任期将提交大会第六十六届会议延长的机构名单", "机构日期(2012年)\n1. 联合国 大会第51/210号决议所设特设委员会[大会第59/46和65/34号决议] 编号 -\n海洋生物多样性问题不限成员名额特设工作组[大会第19/24和65/37号决议]\n3个 振兴大会特设工作组[大会第63/309号决议] 待定 纽约 193G I(ACEFRS) 编号 -\n 4.四. 联合国官员和特派专家刑事责任问题特设委员会[大会第62/63号决议] 待定的纽约克 193G I(ACEFRS) 编号 -\n5 (韩语). 安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及与安全理事会有关的其他事项不限成员名额工作组[大会第48/26号决议] 编号 -\n6. 调查以色列做法特别委员会 调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会[大会第2443(XXIII)和62/106号决议] 待定 日内瓦 3G I(AEF) T PV^(c)\n7. 联合国宪章和加强联合国作用特别委员会[大会第3349(XXIX)和65/31号决议] 编号 -\n联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处经费筹措问题工作组[大会第2656(XXV)号决议] 待定的New York 9G I(ACEFRS) 编号 -", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文如下: 笔译和会议记录用何种语文,视各有关机构适用的议事规则而有所不同;对于某些工作组和类似机构,如实际需要的服务少于议事规则规定可以提供的服务,则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 将从分配给大会的会议服务中提供会议服务。", "^(c) 只用于口头听证。", "C. 2013年联合国会议日历草案", "(截至2011年7月29日)", "[表", "^(a) 将提供口译服务的语文如下: 笔译和会议记录用何种语文,视各有关机构适用的议事规则而有所不同;对于某些工作组和类似机构,如实际需要的服务少于议事规则规定可以提供的服务,则依实际需要提供。", "^(b) 会议服务由联合国经常预算外供资。", "^(c) 条约机构。", "^(d) 只限全体会议。", "^(e) 根据人居署理事会第19/1号决议,常驻代表委员会应向所有联合国会员国常驻代表和经人居署认可的专门机构成员开放。", "^(f) 开放给贸发会议所有感兴趣的成员国参加(贸发会议第80(III)号决议,第3段)。 第9条。", "^(克) 根据理事会第19/32号决定(h)段,常驻代表委员会由派驻内罗毕或外部联合国环境规划署的联合国所有会员国及其专门机构成员和欧洲共同体的代表组成。", "^(h) 根据大会第53/208 A号决议第4段并根据大会以前的决定,请联合国政府间机构避免在2013年5月3日东正教受难节举行会议。", "^(一) 须经大会核准。", "^(j) 大会及其第一委员会的全体会议有逐字记录。", "•(k) 将从分配给大会的会议服务中提供会议服务。", "页:1 方式将在大会第六十六届会议期间最后确定。", "D. 2012年各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机关日期(2012年)\n1. 联合国 卫生组织,执行局,第130届会议\n2. 国际民航组织,委员会,第195届会议,1月至2月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n3个 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 B和非正式/专家会议,第三十八届会议,2月6日至24日(暂定),维也纳4。 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳 2月13日\n5. 万国邮联行政理事会 2月13日至3月2日 伯尔尼\n6. 万国邮联,邮政业务理事会 2月13日至3月2日 伯尔尼\n农发基金,理事会,第三十五届会议,2月20日至24日,罗马\n8. 联合国 禁止化学武器组织,执行理事会,第六十七届会议\n9. 民航组织,理事会,第195届会议,2月至3月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n10. 原子能机构,理事会,3月5日至9日,维也纳\n11个 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,第313届会议\n12. 农发基金,执行局,第105届会议,4月9日至13日,罗马\n13个 教科文组织执行局\n14个 工发组织,工业发展理事会,第四十届会议,5月14日至18日(暂定) 维也纳\n15个 原子能机构,理事会,方案和预算委员会\n16. 卫生组织,第六十五届世界卫生大会,5月21日,日内瓦\n17. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 B和非正式/专家会议,第三十九届会议,第一期会议,5月21日至25日(暂定) 维也纳\n18岁。 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 A和非正式/专家会议,第四十一届会议,5月29日至6月8日(暂定),维也纳19。\n20号. 民航组织,委员会,第196届会议,5月 加拿大蒙特利尔\n21岁 禁止化学武器组织,执行理事会,第六十八届会议\n22号. 卫生组织,执行局,第131届会议\n23. 联合国 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n24. 粮农组织,理事会,第144届会议,6月11日至15日,罗马\n25岁 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,第三十八届会议(暂定) 维也纳\n26. 联合国 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,314届会议 6月15日,日内瓦\n27个 气象组织,执行理事会,第六十四届会议,6月17日至27日,日内瓦\n海事组织理事会,第108届会议,6月18日至22日,伦敦\n29. 国家 国际民航组织,理事会,第196届会议,加拿大蒙特利尔\n30岁。 世旅组织,执行理事会,第九十三届会议 6月份 待定\n31岁 国际海底管理局,大会,第十八届会议\n32. 联合国 禁止化学武器组织,执行理事会,第六十九届会议\n33. (中文(简体) ). 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 B和非正式/专家会议,第三十九届会议,第二期会议,8月至9月,维也纳34。 农发基金,执行局,第106届会议 9月10日至14日,罗马\n35. 联合国 工发组织,方案预算委员会,第二十八届会议\n36. (中文(简体) ). 原子能机构,理事会 9月10日至14日 维也纳\n37. 联合国 原子能机构,大会,第五十六届会议\n38. 国家 原子能机构,理事会,9月24日 维也纳\n39. 联合国 国际电联,理事会,9月,日内瓦\n 40. 40. 民航组织,委员会,第197届会议,9月至10月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n41. 国家 民航组织,理事会,第197届会议,9月至10月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n42. 国家 知识产权组织,成员国大会\n43. 东帝汶 教科文组织,大会,9月/10月,巴黎\n44. 国家 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 A和非正式/专家会议,第四十二届会议(暂定) 世界银行集团和货币基金组织理事会年会\n46. 经常预算: 禁止化学武器组织执行理事会第七十届会议\n47. 国家 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,第三十九届会议 10月 维也纳\n 48. 48. 教科文组织执行局\n49. 万国邮联,行政理事会,伯尔尼\n 50. 50. 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,315届会议\n51. 联合国 工发组织,工业发展理事会,第四十一届会议,11月19日至23日(暂定)\n53. 联合国 原子能机构,理事会,技术援助与合作委员会\n54. 联合国 原子能机构,理事会,11月29日至30日 维也纳\n55. 国家 海事组织,大会,第29届会议,伦敦\n56. 海事组织理事会,第109届会议,伦敦\n57. 萨尔瓦多 世旅组织,执行理事会,第九十四届会议,10月/11月 待定\n58. 联合国 《禁止化学武器公约》缔约国会议,第十七届会议,11月至12月。 农发基金,执行局,第107届会议,罗马\n60. 联合国 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》缔约国大会\n61. 国家 国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会预算和财务委员会\n62. 联合国 促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议 待定 维也纳", "页:1 2013年各专门机构主要机关、国际原子能机构和联合国主持设立的条约机构的会议日历草案", "机关日期(2013年)\n1. 联合国 卫生组织,执行局,第132届会议,日内瓦\n2. 国际民航组织,委员会,第198届会议,加拿大蒙特利尔,1月至2月\n3. 农发基金,理事会,第三十六届会议 2月11日至15日,罗马\n4. 原子能机构,理事会,方案和预算委员会\n5 (韩语). 禁止化学武器组织执行理事会第七十一届会议\n6. 民航组织,理事会,第198届会议,加拿大蒙特利尔\n7. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 8 万国邮联,行政理事会,伯尔尼\n9. 万国邮联,邮政业务 理事会\n10个 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,316届会议\n11个 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n12. 农发基金,执行局,第108届会议,4月8日至12日,罗马\n13. 粮农组织,理事会,第146届会议,4月22-26日,罗马\n14个 教科文组织执行局\n15个 工发组织,方案预算委员会,第二十九届会议,5月21日至24日(暂定) 维也纳\n16. 原子能机构,理事会,方案和预算委员会\n民航组织,委员会,第199届会议,5月 加拿大蒙特利尔\n18岁。 禁止化学武器组织,执行理事会,第七十二届会议\n19. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 B和非正式/专家会议,第四十一届会议,第一期会议 5月 维也纳\n20号. 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 A和非正式/专家会议,第四十三届会议,5月,维也纳21日。\n22号. 卫生组织,执行局,第133届会议,日内瓦\n23. 劳工组织,大会,第102届会议,5月至6月,日内瓦\n24 (韩语). 粮农组织,大会,第三十八届会议,6月15日至22日,罗马\n25. 粮农组织,理事会,第147届会议,6月24日至25日,罗马\n26. 联合国 工发组织,工业发展理事会,第四十二届会议\n27个 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n28岁 民航组织,理事会,第199届会议,加拿大蒙特利尔\n29. 国家 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,317届会议\n30岁。 海事组织,理事会,第110届会议,伦敦\n31岁 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,第四十届会议 6月 维也纳\n32. 联合国 世旅组织,执行理事会,第九十五届会议 6月份 待定\n33. (中文(简体) ). 气象组织,执行理事会,第六十五届会议 6月 日内瓦\n34. 国家 禁止化学武器组织,执行理事会,第七十三届会议\n35. 国际海底管理局,大会,第十九届会议,7月/8月 金斯敦\n36. (中文(简体) ). 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 B和非正式/专家会议,第四十一届会议,8月至9月第二期会议。 农发基金,执行局,第109届会议\n38. 国家 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n39. 联合国 原子能机构,大会,第五十七届会议 9月 维也纳\n 40. 40. 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n41. 国家 民航组织,委员会,第200届会议,9月至10月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n42. 国家 知识产权组织,成员国大会\n43. 东帝汶 教科文组织,大会,9月/10月,巴黎\n44. 国家 世界银行集团和货币基金组织理事会年会\n45. 国家 国际电联,理事会,10月,日内瓦\n46. 经常预算: 禁止化学武器组织执行理事会第七十四届会议\n47. 国家 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,工作组 A和非正式/专家会议,第四十四届会议,10月 维也纳48。 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会,第四十一届会议 10月 维也纳\n49. (中文(简体) ). 教科文组织执行局\n 50. 50. 世旅组织,执行理事会,第九十六届会议 待定\n51. 联合国 世旅组织,大会,第二十届会议,10月/11月 待定\n52. (中文(简体) ). 世旅组织,执行理事会,第九十七届会议,10月/11月 待定\n53. 万国邮联,行政理事会,伯尔尼\n54. 联合国 民航组织,理事会,第200届会议,10-11月,加拿大蒙特利尔\n55. 粮农组织,理事会,第148届会议,11月25日至29日,罗马\n56. (中文(简体) ). 劳工组织,理事会及其各委员会,318届会议\n57. 萨尔瓦多 原子能机构,理事会,技术援助与合作委员会\n58. 联合国 原子能机构,理事会,维也纳\n59. (中文(简体) ). 海事组织,大会,伦敦,11月\n60. 联合国 海事组织,理事会,第111届会议,伦敦\n61. 国家 禁止化学武器公约缔约国会议,第十八届会议\n62. 工发组织,大会,第十五届会议,12月2日至6日(暂定),维也纳63。\n64. (中文(简体) ). 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》缔约国大会\n65. 国家 国际刑事法院罗马规约缔约国大会预算和财务委员会\n66. (中文(简体) ). 促进全面禁止核试验条约生效会议 待定 维也纳" ]

[ "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to respond to your letter dated 26 July 2011 (S/2011/477) in which you referred to paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999), by which the mandate of the High-level Coordinator for missing Kuwaitis and third-country citizens and missing Kuwaiti property was established.", "Members of the Council reiterate their continuing support for the important work of the High-level Coordinator.", "I wish to inform you that the Security Council has decided to earmark $214,600 from the operating reserves and the fund balance of the escrow account intended for administrative and operational costs to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011.", "(Signed) Peter Wittig President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨此回复你2011年7月26日的来信(S/2011/477)，其中提及安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段，该段规定了高级协调员在失踪科威特人和第三国公民以及失踪科威特财产方面的任务。", "安理会成员重申，将继续支持高级协调员的这一重要工作。", "我谨通知你，安全理事会已决定从业务准备金和代管账户资金结余中专门划拨214 600美元，用于支付行政和业务费用，为高级协调员及其支助工作人员继续开展活动提供经费，直到2011年12月31日为止。", "安全理事会主席", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月29日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨答复你2011年7月26日的信(S/2011/477),你在信中提及安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段,其中规定了失踪科威特人和第三国公民及失踪科威特财产问题高级协调员的任务。", "安理会成员重申继续支持高级协调员的重要工作。", "谨通知你,安全理事会已决定从代管账户的业务准备金和基金余额中拨出214 600美元,用作行政和业务费用,为高级协调员及其支助人员继续开展活动提供经费,直至2011年12月31日。", "彼得·维蒂希(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 26 July 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I should like to inform the members of the Council about the activities undertaken to fulfil the mandate outlined in paragraph 14 of Security Council resolution 1284 (1999) and requested in a letter dated 26 March 2008 from the President of the Security Council to the Secretary-General (S/2008/206). Expenditures for such activities amounted to $168,405 from 1 January to 30 June 2011. The funds were provided through transfers from the Iraq escrow account.", "I have taken note of the statement made to the press on 22 June 2011 by the Security Council on Iraq/Kuwait, in which the Council noted the agreement of its members to finance the continuation of the activities of the High-level Coordinator for a further period of six months.", "All parties should translate political statements of goodwill into concrete actions to enable progress during the coming months to resolve outstanding issues. Therefore, the period ahead will require further intensification of the activities of the High-level Coordinator. To that end, it would be necessary to allocate resources sufficient to finance the activities of the High-level Coordinator and his support staff until 31 December 2011 in the amount of $214,600. It is suggested that these funds be earmarked from the fund balance of the escrow account created pursuant to Security Council resolution 1958 (2010).", "Should the Council agree with this proposal, the funds will be transferred within the escrow account and made available to the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, which backstops the activities of the High-level Coordinator.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present letter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨向安理会成员通报为履行安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段规定的任务开展的活动，2008年3月26日安全理事会主席在给秘书长的信(S/2008/206)中也要求开展这些活动。2011年1月1日至6月30日期间,这些活动的支出共计168 405美元。资金是通过从伊拉克代管账户转账提供的。", "我注意到2011年6月22日安全理事会关于伊拉克/科威特问题的新闻稿，其中安理会注意到安理会成员同意为高级协调员继续开展活动再提供为期6个月的经费。", "各方应把所表达的政治善意化为具体行动，以便能够在今后六个月取得进展，解决未决问题。因此，在下一个时期必须进一步加强高级协调员的活动。为此，有必要划拨足够资源，为高级协调员及其支助工作人员的活动提供214 600美元的经费，直到2011年12月31日为止。根据建议，将从依照安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议所设代管账户的资金结余专门提供这些资金。", "如安理会赞同这一建议，将在代管账户内进行资金转账，提供给为高级协调人的活动提供支肋的秘书处政治事务部。", "请将此信提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年7月26日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "我谨向安理会成员通报为执行安全理事会第1284(1999)号决议第14段概述并在2008年3月26日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信(S/2008/206)中要求的任务而开展的活动。 2011年1月1日至6月30日期间,这些活动的支出为168 405美元。 这些资金是通过从伊拉克代管账户转账提供的。", "我注意到安全理事会2011年6月22日就伊拉克/科威特问题向新闻界发表的声明,其中安理会注意到安理会成员同意为高级协调员的活动再持续六个月提供经费。", "所有各方都应将善意的政治声明转化为具体行动,使今后几个月能够取得进展,解决悬而未决的问题。 因此,今后一段时期将需要进一步加强高级协调员的活动。 为此,必须拨出足够资源,为高级协调员及其支助人员的活动提供经费,直至2011年12月31日,数额为214 600美元。 建议从根据安全理事会第1958(2010)号决议设立的代管账户的资金余额中指定这些资金。", "如果安理会同意这一提议,资金将在代管账户内转移,并提供给秘书处政治事务部,该部支持高级协调员的活动。", "请将本函提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Resolution 2003 (2011)", "Adopted by the Security Council at its 6597th meeting, on 29 July 2011", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,", "Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,", "Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,", "Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,", "Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,", "Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,", "Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,", "Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to cooperate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,", "Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;", "2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;", "3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;", "4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;", "5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;", "6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;", "7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;", "9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;", "10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;", "11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;", "12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;", "13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;", "14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;", "15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;", "17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;", "18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;", "19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;", "20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;", "21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;", "22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;", "24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;", "25. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "第2003(2011)号决议", "安全理事会2011年7月29日第6597次会议通过", "安全理事会，", "重申以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明并强调全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性，", "重申对苏丹主权、统一、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺以及在充分尊重苏丹主权的基础上与苏丹政府合作以协助处理苏丹境内各种挑战的决心，", "又回顾以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议尤其重申联合国世界首脑会议成果文件的相关规定；回顾关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议；回顾关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议，并回顾第1325(2000)号决议以及关于妇女、和平与安全和关于儿童与武装冲突的相关决议，", "回顾安理会决议重申，没有公正就没有和平，并回顾安理会认为结束有罪不罚现象和惩处在达尔富尔犯下的罪行至关重要，", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》及其1966年12月16日的附加议定书，以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题的某些特定方面的公约》和2009年10月29日的《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》，", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84)，包括报告提出的建议，回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5)，并回顾秘书长2011年7月5日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413)，", "表示坚定承诺并决心支持卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程，痛惜一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程，并大力敦促它们立即不带先决条件地加入这一进程，", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔全体利益攸关方会议的成果，欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动(解放运动)7月14日签署了关于通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议，因为这是推进和平进程的一个重要步骤，是对在必要的有利环境中启动公平的达尔富尔政治进程进行协商的基础，呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动全力做出努力，在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上实现全面和平解决，并立即商定永久停火，", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国主持的落实执行工作委员会，欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国携手支持一个获得国际社会、包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动协助的达尔富尔和平进程，鼓励非盟和联合国积极做出努力，", "在不损害安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面的首要责任的同时，强调联合国与非洲联盟(非盟)根据《联合国宪章》第八章携手在非洲、尤其是在苏丹维护和平与安全的重要性，并特别欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组在姆贝基总统领导下与达尔富尔混合行动合作，采用全面和包容的方式，努力应对在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的挑战，", "欣见秘书长7月8日关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)，", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采用严格的战略性做法，以便提高维持和平特派团的效力；欢迎并鼓励达尔富尔混合行动更加全面地执行第七章规定的任务，为此强调指出，必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的需要，使它能够根据《联合国宪章》，制止对执行任务和对行动维和人员的安全保障的威胁，", "深为关切如秘书长报告所述，达尔富尔的一些地方的安全局势出现恶化，包括发生违反停火行为、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空袭、发生部族间的交战以及对人道主义人员和维和人员进行袭击，致使人道主义人员和物资进出弱势平民居住的冲突地区受到限制，并有成千上万人流离失所，呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动，包括停止所有针对平民的暴力行为，迅速协助人道主义人员和物资不受阻碍地通行，", "关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派恢复敌对行动，以及苏丹政府、苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派和正义与平等运动之间目前有敌对行动，重申达尔富尔冲突不可能用军事手段解决，要重建和平就要有一个包容各方的政治解决办法，", "再次谴责在达尔富尔发生的和与达尔富尔有关的所有侵犯国际人权和人道主义法的行为，呼吁所有各方履行它们根据国际人权法和人道主义法承担的义务，强调需要将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法，敦促苏丹政府履行它在这方面的义务，", "再次关注达尔富尔目前发生的暴力行为对整个苏丹和对该区域产生的不利影响，欣见在苏丹和乍得两国间的关系有所改善，并在边界沿线部署了一支接受联合指挥的联合部队，包括中非共和国的部队，鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续开展合作，以便在达尔富尔和更大的区域中实现和平与稳定，", "对达尔富尔的武装运动据说与达尔富尔之外的团体有联系表示关切，", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月，到2012年7月31日为止；", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算与非洲联盟协商，审查达尔富尔混合行动所需军警人员，以保证最高效和最有效地执行该特派团的任务，请秘书长最迟于本决议通过后180天内，根据上文第13段所述框架就此问题提出报告；", "3. 着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力，在决定使用现有能力和资源时优先注重：(a) 保护达尔富尔各地平民，包括在冲突易发地区进行预防性部署和巡逻，保护境内流离失所者营地及其周边地带，并执行一项全特派团的早期预警战略和建设有关能力；(b) 确保人道主义人员和物资安全、及时和不受阻碍地进出，确保人道主义人员和活动的安全保障，以便有助于通行无阻地向达尔富尔各地运送人道主义援助；并请达尔富尔混合行动尽量利用其能力，与联合国国家工作队以及其他国际行为体和非政府行为体合作，执行全特派团的综合战略来实现这些目标；", "4. 重申必须推动非盟和联合国牵头的达尔富尔和平与政治进程，欢迎优先注重使达尔富尔混合行动按照下文第6、7和8段的规定，继续努力支持和补充这项工作，并欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面进行的努力；", "5. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的《联合国宪章》第七章任务，即，执行核心任务，保护平民，同时不妨碍苏丹政府为此担负的首要责任，并确保达尔富尔混合行动自己的人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全；", "6. 要求冲突所有方面，包括所有武装运动，立即在不提出任何先决条件的情况下做出保证，尽一切努力达成永久停火，并在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上达成全面和平解决办法，以实现该区域的稳定和持久和平；", "7. 在这方面确认非盟和联合国牵头的基于达尔富尔的政治进程可发挥补充作用，呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动帮助创造必要的有利环境以推动基于达尔富尔的政治进程，使所有达尔富尔利益攸关方都能不断系统地参加所有建设性的公开对话；注意到尽管在和平进程中取得了一些积极发展，但是为基于达尔富尔的政治进程所必需的有利环境中的一些重要条件尚未到位，这些条件包括，但不限于：尊重参加者的公民权利和政治权利，使其能够在不必担心报复的情况下发表意见；尊重言论自由和结社自由，以允许公开协商；参加者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由；达尔富尔人之间比例相称的参加；免于骚扰、强制逮捕和恐吓；不受政府或武装运动的干涉；", "8. 请秘书长在下文第13段提到的定期报告中评估上文第7段所提出的条件，使安理会可以在考虑到非盟意见的情况下，决定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持基于达尔富尔的政治进程的方式；", "9. 欢迎秘书处打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定一项路线图，请秘书长在这方面与非盟密切协商，酌情征求苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行工作后续行动委员会的意见，同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段，并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就该路线图向安理会提出报告；", "10. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方做出的贡献；强烈谴责所有对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击；强调指出，不能接受任何对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击或袭击威胁；要求不再发生这种袭击；强调需要加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障，需要结束袭击维和人员的人逍遥法外的局面，并为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力，将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法；", "11. 赞扬三方机制开展了可信的工作，但深表关切的是，达尔富尔混合行动的通行和行动继续受到限制，特别是在最近发生冲突的地区受到限制；呼吁达尔富尔各方消除所有障碍，让达尔富尔混合行动充分切实执行任务，包括保障它的安全和让它自由通行；在这方面要求苏丹立即全面遵守部队地位协定，尤其是在飞行和装备放行方面遵守协定，取消在使用达尔富尔混合行动空中资产方面设置的所有障碍，并及时为达尔富尔混合行动人员发放签证；谴责在向他们发放签证方面继续拖延，因为这种拖延很可能损害特派团执行任务的能力；敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺，清理积压的签证申请；对苏丹政府违反部队地位协定，拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员深表关切，并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动人员在部队地位协定下的权利；", "12. 要求按照部队地位协定向达尔富尔混合行动颁发使用其无线电发射机的许可，以便其不受限制地与达尔富尔有关利益攸关方进行联络；", "13. 请秘书长继续每隔90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔各地执行任务的进展，包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进度和遇到的障碍，并比照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二中的基准，评估进展情况以及安全和人道主义局势(包括境内流离失所者所在地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势)、人权状况、违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为、早期恢复情况和各方履行其国际义务的情况；", "14. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止对平民、维和人员和人道主义人员的暴力和攻击，并遵守其根据人权法和国际人道主义法承担的义务；在这方面申明，安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为；呼吁立即停止敌对行动，呼吁各方承诺实现持续和永久停火；请秘书长与有关各方磋商，以建立更有效的停火监督机制；强调达尔富尔混合行动有必要就有损各方充分、建设性和平努力的重大暴力事件提出报告；", "15. 表示严重关切达尔富尔部分地区人道主义状况恶化，人道主义组织继续遭受威胁，以及由于局势更加不安全、人道主义工作者遭受袭击和冲突各方拒予进入，人道主义人员和物资进出达尔富尔受到限制，呼吁充分执行《苏丹政府和联合国关于为达尔富尔境内人道主义活动提供便利的联合公报》，包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可，并要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救援人员能够全面、安全和无阻碍地进出，人道主义援助能够交付给有此需要的民众，并强调在提供人道主义援助时必须秉持中立、公正和独立的原则；", "16. 谴责达尔富尔境内涉及达尔富尔的侵犯人权行为，包括任意逮捕和羁押，表示深切关注所有被任意羁押者，包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境，并强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内，以及其他相关组织有能力监测此类案件，吁请苏丹政府充分遵守义务，包括履行承诺撤销达尔富尔紧急状态，释放所有政治囚犯，允许自由表达意见，以及切实努力确保追究严重侵犯国际人权和人道主义法行为的责任，无论这些行为由谁实施，并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须主动促进人权，提醒当局注意侵犯行为，并将严重侵犯行为报告给安全理事会；", "17. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突会影响苏丹其他地区乃至更广大区域，敦促联合国在该区域的各特派团，包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹共和国援助团(南苏丹援助团)，密切协调，并请秘书长确保特派团之间的有效合作；", "18. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者寻找有尊严的持久解决办法，确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理，要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件，让难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或融入当地社会，注意到如秘书长报告所述，一些关于境内流离失所者自愿返回原籍村庄和地点的报告可能令人鼓舞，强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性，并表示深切关注损害该机制有效性和独立性的一些官僚主义障碍；", "19. 注意到行动安全和自由对早期恢复举措和达尔富尔回归常态大有助益，强调在达尔富尔开展早期恢复工作的重要性，并为此鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内协助联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔开展早期恢复和重建工作，包括提供地区安全保障；吁请所有各方保证进出无阻碍，苏丹政府撤销所有进出限制，努力消除达尔富尔危机的根本起因，并增加对早期恢复活动的投入；", "20. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆召开的达尔富尔水问题国际会议取得成果，这是逐步实现持久和平的一个步骤，并吁请达尔富尔混合行动根据其任务范围，所有其他联合国机构，特别是儿童基金会、开发计划署、环境规划署，以及国际行为体和捐助方，履行他们在该会议上作出的承诺；", "21. 表示深切关注局部冲突和暴力行为仍有发生并对平民产生影响，但在这方面注意到部族间摩擦有所减少，并吁请所有各方结束此类摩擦和寻求和解；表示深切关注武器特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散，并为此请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制，根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务监测达尔富尔境内是否有任何武器或相关物资，并为此继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，为他们的工作提供便利；", "22. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施，不让平民，包括妇女和儿童遭受一切形式性暴力的侵害；并请达尔富尔混合行动报告有关性暴力和性别暴力的情况，评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展，又强调需要将保护妇女和儿童免受性暴力和性别暴力侵害，作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分，并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定，包括通过任命妇女保护顾问让妇女参与，并在他给安理会的报告中列入这方面的资料；", "23. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，继续监测和报告儿童的处境，并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话，以制订有时限的行动计划，制止招募和使用儿童兵以及其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法侵害儿童的行为；", "24. 请秘书长根据安全理事会相关决议所述的特派团任务，定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则，并作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，向安全理事会和部队派遣国报告这方面的情况；", "25. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "第2003(2011)号决议", "2011年7月29日安全理事会第6597次会议通过", "安全理事会,", "重申其以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明,并着重指出全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性,", "重申坚决致力于维护苏丹的主权、统一、独立和领土完整,并决心同苏丹政府合作,在充分尊重其主权的情况下,协助解决苏丹境内的各种挑战,", "又回顾其以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议,其中除其他外,重申《联合国世界首脑会议成果文件》的相关规定;关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议;关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议;和关于妇女、和平与安全以及儿童与武装冲突的相关决议,", "回顾其各项决议重申没有正义就不可能有和平,并回顾安理会重视结束有罪不罚现象和确保对在达尔富尔所犯罪行进行司法审判,", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》 及其1966年12月16日附加议定书, 以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题某些特定方面的公约》 和2009年10月29日《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》,", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84),包括其建议,并回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5),并回顾2011年7月5日秘书长关于苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413),", "表示坚决承诺并决心支持由卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程,对一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程表示遗憾,并强烈敦促它们不再拖延、不设先决条件地加入这一进程,", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔所有利益攸关方会议的成果,以及7月14日苏丹政府同解放与正义运动(解放运动)签署关于通过《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的协议,这是和平进程中向前迈出的重要一步,也是在必要有利环境内就公正达尔富尔和平文件进行协商的基础,呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动尽一切努力,以《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》为基础达成全面和平解决,并毫不拖延地商定永久停火,", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国担任主席的执行后续行动委员会,欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国接触,支持由国际社会推动的达尔富尔和平进程,包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动;鼓励非盟和联合国积极努力,", "在不影响安全理事会维护国际和平与安全的主要责任的情况下,强调联合国和非盟根据《联合国宪章》第八章在非洲、特别是苏丹维持和平与安全方面建立伙伴关系的重要性,并特别欢迎由姆贝基总统领导的非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组同达尔富尔混合行动合作,以全面和包容的方式应对达尔富尔和平、正义与和解的挑战,", "欢迎7月8日秘书长关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422),", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采取严格的战略性办法,以期提高维持和平特派团的效力;欢迎并进一步鼓励达尔富尔混合行动日益全面执行第七章规定的任务;为此着重指出,必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的要求,使其能够根据《联合国宪章》制止对执行任务的威胁并保障其维持和平人员的安全和安保,", "表示深为关切如秘书长报告所述,达尔富尔一些地区的安全局势不断恶化,包括违反停火、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空中轰炸、部落间战斗、人道主义人员和维和人员被袭击,限制了人道主义人员和物资进入弱势平民所居住的冲突地区,并造成数以万计的平民流离失所,呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动,包括停止针对平民的一切暴力行为,并紧急为人道主义援助畅通无阻提供便利,", "表示关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派(苏丹解放军/米纳维派)之间恢复敌对行动,苏丹政府和苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派(苏丹解放军/瓦希德派)与正义与平等运动(正义运动)之间继续发生敌对行动,重申达尔富尔冲突无法以军事方式解决,包容各方的政治解决对重建和平至关重要,", "再次谴责在达尔富尔和与达尔富尔有关的所有违反国际人权和人道主义法的行为,呼吁所有各方遵守国际人权和人道主义法规定的义务,强调必须将犯下这些罪行的人绳之以法,并敦促苏丹政府履行这方面的义务,", "重申关切达尔富尔持续发生的暴力对整个苏丹和该区域的稳定产生不利影响,欣见苏丹和乍得之间的关系有所改善,并沿边界部署了一支联合部队,包括中非共和国部队,由联合指挥,鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续合作,以在达尔富尔和更广泛的区域实现和平与稳定,", "表示关切达尔富尔各武装运动与达尔富尔境外各团体之间据称有联系,", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月,至2012年7月31日为止;", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算同非洲联盟协商,审查达尔富尔混合行动所需的军警人员,以确保以最有效率和最有成效的方式执行该特派团的任务,并请秘书长在本决议通过后180天内,在第13段所定框架内就此问题提出报告;", "3个 14. 强调达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力,在决定如何利用现有能力和资源时,优先考虑:(a) 在达尔富尔全境保护平民,包括在有高冲突风险的地区进行积极主动的部署和巡逻,确保境内流离失所者营地和相邻地区的安全,并执行一项全特派团的预警战略和能力;(b) 确保人道主义人员和人道主义活动的安全、及时和不受阻碍地通行,并保障其安全保障,以利在达尔富尔全境不受阻碍地提供人道主义援助;请达尔富尔混合行动与联合国国家工作队和其他国际及非政府行为体合作,在执行全特派团实现这些目标的全面战略时,最大限度地利用其能力;", " 4.四. 重申必须促进非盟-联合国领导的达尔富尔和平与政治进程,并欣见达尔富尔混合行动根据下文第6、7和8段,继续优先支持和补充这项工作,并欣见非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面的努力;", "5 (韩语). 2. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的第七章任务,即执行保护平民的核心任务,而不妨碍苏丹政府的首要责任,并确保达尔富尔混合行动本身人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全;", "6. 国家 3. 要求冲突各方,包括所有武装运动,立即无条件地参与,尽一切努力在《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的基础上达成永久停火和全面和平解决,以给该区域带来稳定和持久的和平;", "7. 联合国 13. 在这方面认识到非盟和联合国领导的以达尔富尔为基地的政治进程可能起补充作用;呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动协助为达尔富尔人民党创造必要的有利环境,使达尔富尔所有利益攸关方能够系统和持续地参与建设性和公开的对话;注意到,尽管和平进程取得了一些积极进展,但为达尔富尔人民党创造必要有利环境的重要因素尚未到位,这些要素包括但不限于尊重参与者的公民权利和政治权利,以便他们能够行使自己的意见而不必担心报复、言论自由和集会自由允许公开磋商、参与者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由、达尔富尔人之间的比例参与、不受骚扰、任意逮捕和恐吓以及不受政府或武装运动干涉;", "8. 联合国 4. 请秘书长在下文第13段所述的定期报告中评估上文第7段所列各项内容,使安理会能考虑到非盟的意见,确定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持达尔富尔规划主任的工作;", "9. 国家 欢迎秘书长打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定行进图,在这方面请秘书长同非盟密切协商,并酌情同苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行后续行动委员会协商,同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段,并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就行进图向安理会提出报告;", "10个 5. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方所作的贡献;强烈谴责对达尔富尔混合行动的所有袭击;着重指出,对达尔富尔混合行动的任何袭击或袭击威胁都是不可接受的;要求不再发生此类袭击;强调必须加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障;需要终止袭击维和人员者逍遥法外的现象;为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力将任何此类罪行的实施者绳之以法;", "11个 6. 赞扬三方机制的可信工作,但深为关切达尔富尔混合行动的行动和行动继续受到限制,特别是在最近发生冲突的地区;呼吁达尔富尔所有各方消除阻碍达尔富尔混合行动充分和适当执行任务的一切障碍,包括确保其安全和行动自由;在这方面,要求苏丹政府充分和毫不拖延地遵守《部队地位协定》,特别是在飞行和装备许可方面,消除达尔富尔混合行动空中资产使用上的所有障碍并及时向达尔富尔混合行动人员提供签证;痛惜继续拖延提供这种签证,这有严重危及特派团执行任务的能力;敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺,结清积压的签证申请;并深为关切苏丹政府违反《部队地位协定》拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员,并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动工作人员根据部队地位协定所享有的权利;", "12个 3. 要求按照《部队地位协定》的规定,向达尔富尔混合行动颁发其无线电发射机许可证,以便它能够与达尔富尔所有利益攸关方自由沟通;", "13个 请秘书长继续每90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔全境执行任务的进展情况,包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进展和障碍,并包括对照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二所列基准和指标评估进展情况,以及安全和人道主义局势,包括境内流离失所者营地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势、人权、违反国际人道主义法和人权法行为、早日恢复以及所有各方遵守其国际义务的情况;", "14个 4. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止暴力,停止攻击平民、维和人员和人道主义人员,并遵守其根据国际人权和人道主义法所应承担的义务;在这方面申明安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为;要求立即停止敌对行动,并要求所有各方承诺实现持续和永久停火;请秘书长同有关各方协商,以建立一个更有效的停火监测机制;并着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要就破坏各方为实现和平而作的全面和建设性努力的重大暴力事件提出报告;", "15个 3. 表示严重关切达尔富尔一些地区的人道主义局势恶化,人道主义组织继续受到威胁,由于不安全情况加剧,人道主义工作人员遭到袭击,冲突各方无法进入达尔富尔,人道主义准入受到限制;要求全面执行《苏丹政府与联合国关于为达尔富尔人道主义活动提供便利的公报》,包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可证;要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救济人员能够充分、安全和不受阻碍地进出,并向需要援助的民众提供人道主义援助;强调必须在提供人道主义援助时坚持中立、公正和独立的原则;", "16号. 谴责在达尔富尔境内和与达尔富尔有关的侵犯人权行为,包括任意逮捕和拘留,对所有被拘留者,包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境深表关切,强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其现有任务范围内,以及其他有关组织能够监测此类案件;呼吁苏丹政府充分尊重其各项义务,包括履行承诺,解除达尔富尔的紧急状态,释放所有政治犯,允许自由表达意见并作出有效努力,确保追究严重违反国际人权法和人道主义法行为的责任,无论这些行为是何人所为,并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须采取行动促进人权,将虐待行为提请当局注意并向安全理事会报告严重违反情况;", "17岁。 5. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突影响到苏丹其他地区和更广泛的区域;敦促联合国在该区域的特派团,包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹特派团(南苏丹特派团)密切协调,并请秘书长确保特派团之间开展有效的合作;", "18岁。 14. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者找到有尊严和持久的解决办法,确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理,要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件,使难民和境内流离失所者能自愿、安全、有尊严地和可持续地回返或融入当地社会;注意到如秘书长的报告所指出,境内流离失所者有些自愿回返村庄和原籍地的报告可能令人鼓舞,强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性,并深为关切一些有损其效力和独立性的官僚障碍;", " 19. 19. 10. 注意到安全和行动自由将大大促进达尔富尔的早期恢复举措和恢复正常状态;强调在适宜采取干预措施时,必须尽早在达尔富尔开展恢复工作,在这方面鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其现有任务范围内为联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔的早期恢复和重建工作提供方便,特别是提供地区安全;呼吁所有各方提供畅通无阻的准入,呼吁苏丹政府解除所有准入限制,努力解决达尔富尔危机的根源并增加对早期恢复活动的投资;", "20号. 4. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆举行的达尔富尔国际水事会议的成果,认为这是向可持续和平迈出的一步,呼吁达尔富尔混合行动在符合其任务的情况下,并吁请所有其他联合国机构,特别是儿童基金会、开发署、环境署以及国际行为体和捐助方履行在该次会议上作出的承诺;", "21岁 3. 深为关切持续存在的地方性冲突和暴力及其对平民的影响,但在这方面注意到部落间冲突有所减少,呼吁所有各方停止这种冲突并寻求和解;表示深为关切武器、特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散,并在这方面请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制,根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务,监测达尔富尔是否存在任何武器或相关材料,并在此方面继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家小组合作,以利其工作;", "22号. 8. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施,保护平民,包括妇女和儿童,使其免遭一切形式的性暴力;请达尔富尔混合行动就性暴力和基于性别的暴力提出报告,并评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展,还强调必须将保护妇女和儿童免遭性暴力和性别暴力作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分,并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定,包括通过任命保护妇女顾问让妇女参与,并在他向安理会提交的报告中列入这方面的信息;", "23. 联合国 11. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分,继续监测和报告儿童状况,并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话,以制订有时限的行动计划,终止招募和使用儿童兵的行为和其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为;", "24 (韩语). 请秘书长根据安全理事会有关决议规定的特派团任务,定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则,并将其作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分,向安全理事会和出兵国报告有关情况;", "25岁 5. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: draft resolution", "The Security Council,", "Reaffirming all its previous resolutions and presidential statements concerning the situation in Sudan and underlining the importance of full compliance with these,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, unity, independence and territorial integrity of Sudan and its determination to work with the Government of Sudan, in full respect of its sovereignty, to assist in tackling the various challenges in Sudan,", "Recalling also its previous resolutions 1674 (2006) and 1894 (2009) on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, which reaffirm, inter alia, the relevant provisions of the United Nations World Summit outcome document; 1612 (2005) 1882 (2009), and 1998 (2011) on children and armed conflict; 1502 (2003) on the protection of humanitarian and United Nations personnel, and 1325 (2000) and associated resolutions on women, peace and security and children and armed conflict,", "Recalling its resolutions reaffirming that there can be no peace without justice, and recalling the importance that the Council attaches to ending impunity and to ensuring justice for crimes committed in Darfur,", "Bearing in mind the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees of 28 July 1951 and its additional protocol of 16 December 1966, along with the 1969 Convention of the Organization of African Unity governing the specific aspects of refugee problems in Africa, as well as the African Union Convention of 29 October 2009, on the Protection of and Assistance to of internally displaced persons in Africa,", "Recalling the report on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 10 February 2009 (S/2009/84), including its recommendations, and recalling the conclusions endorsed by the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan (S/AC.51/2009/5), and recalling the report of the Secretary-General on Children and Armed Conflict in Sudan dated 5 July 2011 (S/2001/413),", "Expressing its strong commitment and determination to support the African Union (AU)-UN Darfur peace process hosted by the State of Qatar, and deploring the fact that some groups continue to refuse to join this process and strongly urging them to do so without further delay or preconditions,", "Welcoming the outcome of the 31 May 2011 All Darfur Stakeholders Conference (ADSC), and the signature on 14 July of the Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) on the adoption of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD) as a important step forward in the peace process, and as a basis for consultations on an impartial DPP held in the necessary enabling environment, and calling on the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements to make every effort to reach a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur, and to agree a permanent ceasefire without delay,", "Welcoming the establishment of the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), chaired by the State of Qatar, and Qatar’s continued engagement with the AU and the UN to support an internationally facilitated Darfur peace process, including the Government of Sudan and all the armed movements; encouraging the AU and the UN actively to pursue their efforts,", "Underlining, without prejudice to the Security Council’s primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the importance of the partnership between the UN and the AU, consistent with Chapter VIII of the UN Charter, with regard to the maintenance of peace and security in Africa, particularly in Sudan, and welcoming, in particular, the efforts of the AU High Level Implementation Panel for Sudan under the leadership of President Mbeki working in cooperation with UNAMID, to address in a comprehensive and inclusive manner the challenges of peace, justice and reconciliation in Darfur,", "Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 08 July (S/2011/422) on UNAMID,", "Stressing the need for the Council to pursue a rigorous, strategic approach to peacekeeping deployments, with a view to enhancing the effectiveness of peacekeeping missions; welcoming and further encouraging the increasingly full implementation by UNAMID of its Chapter VII mandate, and underlining, in this regard, the importance of addressing the requirement for UNAMID to be able to deter threats to the implementation of its mandate, and the safety and security of its peacekeeping personnel in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Expressing deep concern at the deteriorating security situation in some parts of Darfur, including ceasefire violations, attacks by rebel groups, aerial bombardment by the Government of Sudan, inter-tribal fighting, attacks on humanitarian personnel and peacekeepers, which have restricted humanitarian access to conflict areas where vulnerable civilian populations reside, as contained in the report in the Secretary-General, and the displacement of tens of thousands of civilians, and calling on all parties to cease hostilities, including all acts of violence committed against civilians, and urgently facilitate unhindered humanitarian access,", "Expressing its concern at the return to hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Minni Minawi faction (SLA/MM), and the ongoing hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan Liberation Army, Abdul Wahid faction (SLA/AW), and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), and reiterating that there can be no military solution to the conflict in Darfur, and that an inclusive political settlement is essential to re-establishing peace,", "Reiterating its condemnation of all violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur and in relation to Darfur, calling on all parties to comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law, emphasizing the need to bring to justice the perpetrators of such crimes, and urging the Government of Sudan to comply with its obligations in this respect,", "Reaffirming its concern over the negative effect of the ongoing violence in Darfur on the stability of Sudan as a whole as well as the region, welcoming improved relations between Sudan and Chad, as well as the deployment of a joint force, including forces from the Central African Republic (CAR) under a joint command along the border, and encouraging Sudan, Chad and CAR to continue to co-operate in order to achieve peace and stability in Darfur and the wider region,", "Expressing concern about alleged links between armed movements in Darfur and groups outside Darfur,", "Determining that the situation in Sudan constitutes a threat to international peace and security,", "1. Decides to extend the mandate of UNAMID as set out in resolution 1769 (2007) for a further 12 months to 31 July 2012;", "2. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to review, in consultation with the African Union, the uniformed personnel required for UNAMID to ensure the most efficient and effective implementation of the mission’s mandate, and requests the Secretary-General to report on this issue within the framework set out in paragraph 13 and no later than 180 days from the adoption of this resolution;", "3. Underlines the need for UNAMID to make full use of its mandate and capabilities, giving priority in decisions about the use of available capacity and resources to (a) the protection of civilians across Darfur, including through proactive deployment and patrols in areas at high risk of conflict, securing IDP camps and adjacent areas, and implementation of a mission-wide early warning strategy and capacity and (b) ensuring safe, timely and unhindered humanitarian access, and the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and humanitarian activities, so as to facilitate the unimpeded delivery of humanitarian assistance throughout Darfur; and requests UNAMID to maximise the use of its capabilities, in cooperation with the UN Country Team and other international and non governmental actors, in the implementation of its mission-wide comprehensive strategy for the achievement of these objectives;", "4. Reaffirms the importance of promoting the AU-UN led peace and political process for Darfur, and welcomes the priority given to UNAMID’s continuing efforts to support and complement this work in accordance with paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 below, and welcomes the efforts of the AU High Level Panel for Sudan in this regard;", "5. Emphasizes UNAMID’s Chapter VII mandate, as defined in resolution 1769, to deliver its core tasks to protect civilians without prejudice to the primary responsibility of the Government of Sudan and to ensure the freedom of movement and security of UNAMID’s own personnel and humanitarian workers;", "6. Demands that all parties to the conflict, including all armed movements engage immediately and without preconditions to make every effort to reach a permanent ceasefire and a comprehensive peace settlement on the basis of the Doha Document for Peace in Darfur (DDPD), in order to bring a stable and durable peace to the region;", "7. Recognizes, in this context, the potential complementary role of a Darfur-based Political Process (DPP) led by the AU and the UN; calls on the Government of Sudan and the armed movements to contribute to the creation of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP that allows the systematic and sustained engagement of all Darfurian stakeholders in constructive and open dialogue; notes that, despite some positive developments in the peace process, important elements of the necessary enabling environment for a DPP, including but not limited to respect for the civil and political rights of participants, such that they can exercise their views without fear of retribution, freedom of speech and assembly to permit open consultations, freedom of movement of participants and UNAMID, proportional participation among Darfurians, freedom from harassment, arbitrary arrest, and intimidation, and freedom from interference by the Government or the armed movements, are not yet in place;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his regular reports referred to in paragraph 13 below, assessments of the elements set out in paragraph 7 above to enable the Council, taking into account the views of the AU, to determine UNAMID’s further engagement in support of the DPP;", "9. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to develop a roadmap for the Darfur peace process, and requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, to work in close consultation with the AU, also consulting, as appropriate, all Sudanese stakeholders and the Implementation Follow-up Committee (IFC), and taking into account paragraphs 6, 7 and 8 above, and requests the Secretary-General to report to the Council on the roadmap in his next 90-day report;", "10. Commends the contribution of troop and police contributing countries and donors to UNAMID; strongly condemns all attacks on UNAMID; underlines that any attack or threat of attack on UNAMID is unacceptable; demands that there be no recurrence of such attacks, stresses the need to enhance the safety and security of UNAMID personnel, as well as the need to bring an end to impunity for those who attack peacekeepers, and in this regard urges the Government of Sudan to do its utmost to bring the perpetrators of any such crimes to justice;", "11. Commends the credible work of the Tripartite Mechanism but expresses deep concern at continuing restrictions placed upon UNAMID movement and operations, particularly to areas of recent conflict; calls on all parties in Darfur to remove all obstacles to UNAMID’s full and proper discharge of its mandate, including by ensuring its security and freedom of movement; and in this regard, demands that the Government of Sudan comply with the Status of Forces Agreement fully and without delay, particularly regarding flight and equipment clearances, the removal of all obstacles to the use of UNAMID aerial assets, and the timely provision of visas for UNAMID personnel; deplores the continued delays in the provision of such visas, which threaten seriously to undermine the ability of the mission to implement its mandate and urges the Government of Sudan to deliver on its welcome commitment to clear the backlog of visa applications; and expresses deep concern that UNAMID national staff members were detained by the Government of Sudan in violation of the Status of Forces Agreement, and demands that the Government of Sudan respect the rights of UNAMID personnel under the SOFA;", "12. Demands that UNAMID be given a licence for its own radio transmitter in line with the provisions of the Status of Forces Agreement, so that it can communicate freely with all Darfuri stakeholders;", "13. Requests the Secretary-General to continue reporting to the Council every 90 days on progress made towards implementing UNAMID’s mandate across Darfur, including on progress towards and obstacles to the implementation of the strategy referred to in paragraph 3 above, also including an assessment of progress against the benchmarks and indicators set out in Annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 16 November 2009 as well, the security and humanitarian situation, including in the IDP sites and refugee camps, human rights, violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, and early recovery and all parties compliance with their international obligations;", "14. Demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur immediately end violence, attacks on civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian personnel, and comply with their obligations under international human rights and humanitarian law; affirms, in this context, the Council’s condemnation of serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law; calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and for all parties to commit themselves to a sustained and permanent ceasefire; requests the Secretary-General to consult with relevant parties with a view to developing a more effective ceasefire monitoring mechanism; and underlines the need for UNAMID to report on major instances of violence which undermines the parties’ full and constructive efforts towards peace;", "15. Expresses its serious concern at the deterioration of the humanitarian situation in some parts of Darfur, the continued threats to humanitarian organisations, and the restricted humanitarian access in Darfur resulting from increased insecurity, attacks against humanitarian workers, denial of access by the parties to the conflict, calls for the full implementation of the Communiqué between the Government of Sudan and the United Nations on Facilitation of Humanitarian Activities in Darfur, including regarding the timely issuance of visas and travel permits for humanitarian organisations; and demands that the Government of Sudan, all militias, armed groups and all other stakeholders ensure the full, safe and unhindered access of humanitarian organizations and relief personnel and the delivery of humanitarian assistance to populations in need and underscores the importance of upholding the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence in the provision of humanitarian assistance;", "16. Condemns human rights violations in, and relating to, Darfur, including arbitrary arrests and detentions, expresses deep concern about the situation of all those so detained, including civil society members and IDPs, and emphasizes the importance of ensuring UNAMID, within its current mandate, and other relevant organisations’ ability to monitor such cases; calls on the Government of Sudan fully to respect its obligations, including by fulfilling its commitment to lift the state of emergency in Darfur, releasing all political prisoners, allowing free expression and undertaking effective efforts to ensure accountability for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, by whomsoever perpetrated, and emphasizes the importance of UNAMID acting to promote human rights, bring abuses to the attention of the authorities, and to report gross violations to the Security Council;", "17. Notes that conflict in one area of Sudan affects other areas of Sudan and the wider region; and urges close co-ordination among UN missions in the region, including UNAMID, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), and requests the Secretary-General to ensure effective inter-mission cooperation;", "18. Stresses the importance of achieving dignified and durable solutions for refugees and internally displaced persons, and of ensuring their full participation in the planning and management of these solutions, demands that all parties to the conflict in Darfur create the conditions conducive to allowing the voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return of refugees and internally displaced persons or their local integration; notes potentially encouraging reports of some voluntary returns of IDPs to their villages and places of origin, as indicated in the report of the Secretary-General, stresses the importance of the Joint Verification Mechanism in verifying the voluntariness of returns and expresses deep concern over some bureaucratic obstacles that undermine its effectiveness and independence;", "19. Notes that security and freedom of movement will greatly facilitate early recovery initiatives and a return to normalcy in Darfur; stresses the importance of early recovery efforts in Darfur when such interventions are suitable, and in this respect encourages UNAMID, within its current mandate, to facilitate the work of the UN Country Team and expert agencies on early recovery and reconstruction in Darfur, inter alia through the provision of area security; calls on all parties to provide unhindered access and on the Government of Sudan to lift all access restrictions, work to resolve the root causes of the Darfur crisis and to increase investment in early recovery activity;", "20. Commends the outcome of the Darfur International Conference on water held in Khartoum on 27 and 28 June 2011 as a step towards sustainable peace, and calls on UNAMID, where consistent with its mandate, and all other UN agencies in particular UNICEF, UNDP, UNEP, as well as international actors and donors to meet their commitments made in that conference;", "21. Expresses deep concern over the persistent localized conflicts and violence and their effect on civilians, but, in this context, notes a reduction in inter tribal clashes and calls on all parties to put an end to such clashes and to pursue reconciliation; expresses deep concern over the proliferation of arms, in particular small arms and light weapons, and, in this regard, requests UNAMID to continue to support local conflict resolution mechanisms, to monitor whether any arms or related material are present in Darfur in accordance with its mandate as set out in paragraph 9 of resolution 1769, and in this context, to continue to cooperate with the Panel of Experts established by resolution 1591 (2005) in order to facilitate their work;", "22. Demands that the parties to the conflict immediately take appropriate measures to protect civilians, including women and children, from all forms of sexual violence, in line with resolution 1820 (2008); and requests UNAMID to report on sexual and gender based violence, as well as to assess progress towards the elimination of sexual and gender-based violence, and further emphasizes the need to include protection to women and children from sexual violence and gender based violence, as part of the mission-wide Protection of Civilians strategy identified in paragraph 3 above, and requests the Secretary-General to ensure that the relevant provisions of resolutions 1325 (2000), 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009), 1889 (2009) and 1960 (2010) are implemented by UNAMID, including the participation of women through the appointment of women protection advisors, and to include information on this in his reporting to the Council;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure (a) continued monitoring and reporting, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, of the situation of children and (b) continued dialogue with the parties to the conflict towards the preparation of time bound action plans to end the recruitment and use of child soldiers and other violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law against children;", "24. Requests the Secretary-General periodically to review and update the concept of operations and rules of engagement of UNAMID in line with the mission’s mandate under relevant Security Council resolutions and to report, as part of the reports referred to in paragraph 13 above, on this to the Security Council and troop-contributing countries;", "25. Decides to remain seized of the matter." ]

[ "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国：决议草案", "安全理事会，", "重申以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明并强调全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性，", "重申对苏丹主权、统一、独立和领土完整的坚定承诺以及在充分尊重苏丹主权的基础上与苏丹政府合作以协助处理苏丹境内各种挑战的决心，", "又回顾以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议尤其重申联合国世界首脑会议成果文件的相关规定；回顾关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议；回顾关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议，并回顾第1325(2000)号决议以及关于妇女、和平与安全和关于儿童与武装冲突的相关决议，", "回顾安理会决议重申，没有公正就没有和平，并回顾安理会认为结束有罪不罚现象和惩处在达尔富尔犯下的罪行至关重要，", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》及其1966年12月16日的附加议定书，以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题的某些特定方面的公约》和2009年10月29日的《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》，", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84)，包括报告提出的建议，回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5)，并回顾秘书长2011年7月5日关于苏丹境内儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413)，", "表示坚定承诺并决心支持卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程，痛惜一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程，并大力敦促它们立即不带先决条件地加入这一进程，", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔全体利益攸关方会议的成果，欢迎苏丹政府和解放与正义运动(解放运动)7月14日签署了关于通过《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的协议，因为这是推进和平进程的一个重要步骤，是对在必要的有利环境中启动公平的达尔富尔政治进程进行协商的基础，呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动全力做出努力，在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上实现全面和平解决，并立即商定永久停火，", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国主持的落实执行工作委员会，欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国携手支持一个获得国际社会、包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动协助的达尔富尔和平进程，鼓励非盟和联合国积极做出努力，", "在不损害安全理事会在维护国际和平与安全方面的首要责任的同时，强调联合国与非洲联盟(非盟)根据《联合国宪章》第八章携手在非洲、尤其是在苏丹维护和平与安全的重要性，并特别欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组在姆贝基总统领导下与达尔富尔混合行动合作，采用全面和包容的方式，努力应对在达尔富尔实现和平、公正与和解的挑战，", "欣见秘书长7月8日关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)，", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采用严格的战略性做法，以便提高维持和平特派团的效力；欢迎并鼓励达尔富尔混合行动更加全面地执行第七章规定的任务，为此强调指出，必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的需要，使它能够根据《联合国宪章》，制止对执行任务和对行动维和人员的安全保障的威胁，", "深为关切如秘书长报告所述，达尔富尔的一些地方的安全局势出现恶化，包括发生违反停火行为、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空袭、发生部族间的交战以及对人道主义人员和维和人员进行袭击，致使人道主义人员和物资进出弱势平民居住的冲突地区受到限制，并有成千上万人流离失所，呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动，包括停止所有针对平民的暴力行为，迅速协助人道主义人员和物资不受阻碍地通行，", "关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派恢复敌对行动，以及苏丹政府、苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派和正义与平等运动之间目前有敌对行动，重申达尔富尔冲突不可能用军事手段解决，要重建和平就要有一个包容各方的政治解决办法，", "再次谴责在达尔富尔发生的和与达尔富尔有关的所有侵犯国际人权和人道主义法的行为，呼吁所有各方履行它们根据国际人权法和人道主义法承担的义务，强调需要将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法，敦促苏丹政府履行它在这方面的义务，", "再次关注达尔富尔目前发生的暴力行为对整个苏丹和对该区域产生的不利影响，欣见在苏丹和乍得两国间的关系有所改善，并在边界沿线部署了一支接受联合指挥的联合部队，包括中非共和国的部队，鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续开展合作，以便在达尔富尔和更大的区域中实现和平与稳定，", "对达尔富尔的武装运动据说与达尔富尔之外的团体有联系表示关切，", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁，", "1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月，到2012年7月31日为止；", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算与非洲联盟协商，审查达尔富尔混合行动所需军警人员，以保证最高效和最有效地执行该特派团的任务，请秘书长最迟于本决议通过后180天内，根据上文第13段所述框架就此问题提出报告；", "3. 着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力，在决定使用现有能力和资源时优先注重：(a) 保护达尔富尔各地平民，包括在冲突易发地区进行预防性部署和巡逻，保护境内流离失所者营地及其周边地带，并执行一项全特派团的早期预警战略和建设有关能力；(b) 确保人道主义人员和物资安全、及时和不受阻碍地进出，确保人道主义人员和活动的安全保障，以便有助于通行无阻地向达尔富尔各地运送人道主义援助；并请达尔富尔混合行动尽量利用其能力，与联合国国家工作队以及其他国际行为体和非政府行为体合作，执行全特派团的综合战略来实现这些目标；", "4. 重申必须推动非盟和联合国牵头的达尔富尔和平与政治进程，欢迎优先注重使达尔富尔混合行动按照下文第6、7和8段的规定，继续努力支持和补充这项工作，并欢迎非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面进行的努力；", "5. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的《联合国宪章》第七章任务，即，执行核心任务，保护平民，同时不妨碍苏丹政府为此担负的首要责任，并确保达尔富尔混合行动自己的人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全；", "6. 要求冲突所有方面，包括所有武装运动，立即在不提出任何先决条件的情况下做出保证，尽一切努力达成永久停火，并在《促进达尔富尔和平多哈文件》的基础上达成全面和平解决办法，以实现该区域的稳定和持久和平；", "7. 在这方面确认非盟和联合国牵头的基于达尔富尔的政治进程可发挥补充作用，呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动帮助创造必要的有利环境以推动基于达尔富尔的政治进程，使所有达尔富尔利益攸关方都能不断系统地参加所有建设性的公开对话；注意到尽管在和平进程中取得了一些积极发展，但是为基于达尔富尔的政治进程所必需的有利环境中的一些重要条件尚未到位，这些条件包括，但不限于：尊重参加者的公民权利和政治权利，使其能够在不必担心报复的情况下发表意见；尊重言论自由和结社自由，以允许公开协商；参加者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由；达尔富尔人之间比例相称的参加；免于骚扰、强制逮捕和恐吓；不受政府或武装运动的干涉；", "8. 请秘书长在下文第13段提到的定期报告中评估上文第7段所提出的条件，使安理会可以在考虑到非盟意见的情况下，决定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持基于达尔富尔的政治进程的方式；", "9. 欢迎秘书处打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定一项路线图，请秘书长在这方面与非盟密切协商，酌情征求苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行工作后续行动委员会的意见，同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段，并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就该路线图向安理会提出报告；", "10. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方做出的贡献；强烈谴责所有对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击；强调指出，不能接受任何对达尔富尔混合行动的袭击或袭击威胁；要求不再发生这种袭击；强调需要加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障，需要结束袭击维和人员的人逍遥法外的局面，并为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力，将犯有这些罪行的人绳之以法；", "11. 赞扬三方机制开展了可信的工作，但深表关切的是，达尔富尔混合行动的通行和行动继续受到限制，特别是在最近发生冲突的地区受到限制；呼吁达尔富尔各方消除所有障碍，让达尔富尔混合行动充分切实执行任务，包括保障它的安全和让它自由通行；在这方面要求苏丹立即全面遵守部队地位协定，尤其是在飞行和装备放行方面遵守协定，取消在使用达尔富尔混合行动空中资产方面设置的所有障碍，并及时为达尔富尔混合行动人员发放签证；谴责在向他们发放签证方面继续拖延，因为这种拖延很可能损害特派团执行任务的能力；敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺，清理积压的签证申请；对苏丹政府违反部队地位协定，拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员深表关切，并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动人员在部队地位协定下的权利；", "12. 要求按照部队地位协定向达尔富尔混合行动颁发使用其无线电发射机的许可，以便其不受限制地与达尔富尔有关利益攸关方进行联络；", "13. 请秘书长继续每隔90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔各地执行任务的进展，包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进度和遇到的障碍，并比照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二中的基准，评估进展情况以及安全和人道主义局势(包括境内流离失所者所在地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势)、人权状况、违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为、早期恢复情况和各方履行其国际义务的情况；", "14. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止对平民、维和人员和人道主义人员的暴力和攻击，并遵守其根据人权法和国际人道主义法承担的义务；在这方面申明，安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为；呼吁立即停止敌对行动，呼吁各方承诺实现持续和永久停火；请秘书长与有关各方磋商，以建立更有效的停火监督机制；强调达尔富尔混合行动有必要就有损各方充分、建设性和平努力的重大暴力事件提出报告；", "15. 表示严重关切达尔富尔部分地区人道主义状况恶化，人道主义组织继续遭受威胁，以及由于局势更加不安全、人道主义工作者遭受袭击和冲突各方拒予进入，人道主义人员和物资进出达尔富尔受到限制，呼吁充分执行《苏丹政府和联合国关于为达尔富尔境内人道主义活动提供便利的联合公报》，包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可，并要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救援人员能够全面、安全和无阻碍地进出，人道主义援助能够交付给有此需要的民众，并强调在提供人道主义援助时必须秉持中立、公正和独立的原则；", "16. 谴责达尔富尔境内涉及达尔富尔的侵犯人权行为，包括任意逮捕和羁押，表示深切关注所有被任意羁押者，包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境，并强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内，以及其他相关组织有能力监测此类案件，吁请苏丹政府充分遵守义务，包括履行承诺撤销达尔富尔紧急状态，释放所有政治囚犯，允许自由表达意见，以及切实努力确保追究严重侵犯国际人权和人道主义法行为的责任，无论这些行为由谁实施，并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须主动促进人权，提醒当局注意侵犯行为，并将严重侵犯行为报告给安全理事会；", "17. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突会影响苏丹其他地区乃至更广大区域，敦促联合国在该区域的各特派团，包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹共和国援助团(南苏丹援助团)，密切协调，并请秘书长确保特派团之间的有效合作；", "18. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者寻找有尊严的持久解决办法，确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理，要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件，让难民和境内流离失所者自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地回返或融入当地社会，注意到如秘书长报告所述，一些关于境内流离失所者自愿返回原籍村庄和地点的报告可能令人鼓舞，强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性，并表示深切关注损害该机制有效性和独立性的一些官僚主义障碍；", "19. 注意到行动安全和自由对早期恢复举措和达尔富尔回归常态大有助益，强调在达尔富尔开展早期恢复工作的重要性，并为此鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其当前任务范围内协助联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔开展早期恢复和重建工作，包括提供地区安全保障；吁请所有各方保证进出无阻碍，苏丹政府撤销所有进出限制，努力消除达尔富尔危机的根本起因，并增加对早期恢复活动的投入；", "20. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆召开的达尔富尔水问题国际会议取得成果，这是逐步实现持久和平的一个步骤，并吁请达尔富尔混合行动根据其任务范围，所有其他联合国机构，特别是儿童基金会、开发计划署、环境规划署，以及国际行为体和捐助方，履行他们在该会议上作出的承诺；", "21. 表示深切关注局部冲突和暴力行为仍有发生并对平民产生影响，但在这方面注意到部族间摩擦有所减少，并吁请所有各方结束此类摩擦和寻求和解；表示深切关注武器特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散，并为此请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制，根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务监测达尔富尔境内是否有任何武器或相关物资，并为此继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家组合作，为他们的工作提供便利；", "22. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施，不让平民，包括妇女和儿童遭受一切形式性暴力的侵害；并请达尔富尔混合行动报告有关性暴力和性别暴力的情况，评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展，又强调需要将保护妇女和儿童免受性暴力和性别暴力侵害，作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分，并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定，包括通过任命妇女保护顾问让妇女参与，并在他给安理会的报告中列入这方面的资料；", "23. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，继续监测和报告儿童的处境，并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话，以制订有时限的行动计划，制止招募和使用儿童兵以及其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法侵害儿童的行为；", "24. 请秘书长根据安全理事会相关决议所述的特派团任务，定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则，并作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分，向安全理事会和部队派遣国报告这方面的情况；", "25. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国:决议草案", "安全理事会,", "重申其以往关于苏丹局势的所有决议和主席声明,并着重指出全面遵守这些决议和主席声明的重要性,", "重申坚决致力于维护苏丹的主权、统一、独立和领土完整,并决心同苏丹政府合作,在充分尊重其主权的情况下,协助解决苏丹境内的各种挑战,", "又回顾其以往关于武装冲突中保护平民的第1674(2006)号和第1894(2009)号决议,其中除其他外,重申《联合国世界首脑会议成果文件》的相关规定;关于儿童与武装冲突的第1612(2005)号、第1882(2009)号和第1998(2011)号决议;关于保护人道主义人员和联合国人员的第1502(2003)号决议;和关于妇女、和平与安全以及儿童与武装冲突的相关决议,", "回顾其各项决议重申没有正义就不可能有和平,并回顾安理会重视结束有罪不罚现象和确保对在达尔富尔所犯罪行进行司法审判,", "铭记1951年7月28日《关于难民地位的公约》 及其1966年12月16日附加议定书, 以及1969年《非洲统一组织关于非洲难民问题某些特定方面的公约》 和2009年10月29日《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》,", "回顾2009年2月10日关于苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2009/84),包括其建议,并回顾安全理事会苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题工作组认可的结论(S/AC.51/2009/5),并回顾2011年7月5日秘书长关于苏丹儿童与武装冲突问题的报告(S/2001/413),", "表示坚决承诺并决心支持由卡塔尔国主持的非洲联盟(非盟)-联合国达尔富尔和平进程,对一些团体继续拒绝加入这一进程表示遗憾,并强烈敦促它们不再拖延、不设先决条件地加入这一进程,", "欢迎2011年5月31日达尔富尔所有利益攸关方会议的成果,以及7月14日苏丹政府同解放与正义运动(解放运动)签署关于通过《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的协议,这是和平进程中向前迈出的重要一步,也是在必要有利环境内就公正达尔富尔和平文件进行协商的基础,呼吁苏丹政府和所有武装运动尽一切努力,以《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》为基础达成全面和平解决,并毫不拖延地商定永久停火,", "欢迎设立由卡塔尔国担任主席的执行后续行动委员会,欢迎卡塔尔继续与非盟和联合国接触,支持由国际社会推动的达尔富尔和平进程,包括苏丹政府和所有武装运动;鼓励非盟和联合国积极努力,", "在不影响安全理事会维护国际和平与安全的主要责任的情况下,强调联合国和非盟根据《联合国宪章》第八章在非洲、特别是苏丹维持和平与安全方面建立伙伴关系的重要性,并特别欢迎由姆贝基总统领导的非盟苏丹问题高级别执行小组同达尔富尔混合行动合作,以全面和包容的方式应对达尔富尔和平、正义与和解的挑战,", "欢迎7月8日秘书长关于达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422),", "强调安理会需要对维持和平行动的部署采取严格的战略性办法,以期提高维持和平特派团的效力;欢迎并进一步鼓励达尔富尔混合行动日益全面执行第七章规定的任务;为此着重指出,必须满足达尔富尔混合行动的要求,使其能够根据《联合国宪章》制止对执行任务的威胁并保障其维持和平人员的安全和安保,", "表示深为关切如秘书长报告所述,达尔富尔一些地区的安全局势不断恶化,包括违反停火、反叛团体发动袭击、苏丹政府进行空中轰炸、部落间战斗、人道主义人员和维和人员被袭击,限制了人道主义人员和物资进入弱势平民所居住的冲突地区,并造成数以万计的平民流离失所,呼吁所有各方停止敌对行动,包括停止针对平民的一切暴力行为,并紧急为人道主义援助畅通无阻提供便利,", "表示关切苏丹政府和苏丹解放军明尼·米纳维派(苏丹解放军/米纳维派)之间恢复敌对行动,苏丹政府和苏丹解放军阿卜杜勒·瓦希德派(苏丹解放军/瓦希德派)与正义与平等运动(正义运动)之间继续发生敌对行动,重申达尔富尔冲突无法以军事方式解决,包容各方的政治解决对重建和平至关重要,", "再次谴责在达尔富尔和与达尔富尔有关的所有违反国际人权和人道主义法的行为,呼吁所有各方遵守国际人权和人道主义法规定的义务,强调必须将犯下这些罪行的人绳之以法,并敦促苏丹政府履行这方面的义务,", "重申关切达尔富尔持续发生的暴力对整个苏丹和该区域的稳定产生不利影响,欣见苏丹和乍得之间的关系有所改善,并沿边界部署了一支联合部队,包括中非共和国部队,由联合指挥,鼓励苏丹、乍得和中非共和国继续合作,以在达尔富尔和更广泛区域实现和平与稳定,", "表示关切达尔富尔各武装运动与达尔富尔境外各团体之间据称有联系,", "认定苏丹局势对国际和平与安全构成威胁,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定将第1769(2007)号决议规定的达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限再延长12个月,至2012年7月31日为止;", "2. 欢迎秘书长打算同非洲联盟协商,审查达尔富尔混合行动所需的军警人员,以确保以最有效率和最有成效的方式执行该特派团的任务,并请秘书长在本决议通过后180天内,在第13段所定框架内就此问题提出报告;", "3个 14. 强调达尔富尔混合行动需要充分利用其任务规定和能力,在决定如何利用现有能力和资源时,优先考虑:(a) 在达尔富尔全境保护平民,包括在有高冲突风险的地区进行积极主动的部署和巡逻,确保境内流离失所者营地和相邻地区的安全,并执行一项全特派团的预警战略和能力;(b) 确保人道主义人员和人道主义活动的安全、及时和不受阻碍地通行,并保障其安全保障,以利在达尔富尔全境不受阻碍地提供人道主义援助;请达尔富尔混合行动与联合国国家工作队和其他国际及非政府行为体合作,在执行全特派团实现这些目标的全面战略时,最大限度地利用其能力;", " 4.四. 重申必须促进非盟-联合国领导的达尔富尔和平与政治进程,并欣见达尔富尔混合行动根据下文第6、7和8段,继续优先支持和补充这项工作,并欣见非盟苏丹问题高级别小组在这方面的努力;", "5 (韩语). 2. 强调第1769号决议为达尔富尔混合行动规定的第七章任务,即执行保护平民的核心任务,而不妨碍苏丹政府的首要责任,并确保达尔富尔混合行动本身人员和人道主义工作人员的行动自由和安全;", "6. 国家 3. 要求冲突各方,包括所有武装运动,立即无条件地参与,尽一切努力在《多哈达尔富尔和平文件》的基础上达成永久停火和全面和平解决,以给该区域带来稳定和持久的和平;", "7. 联合国 13. 在这方面认识到非盟和联合国领导的以达尔富尔为基地的政治进程可能起补充作用;呼吁苏丹政府和各武装运动协助为达尔富尔人民党创造必要的有利环境,使达尔富尔所有利益攸关方能够系统和持续地参与建设性和公开的对话;注意到,尽管和平进程取得了一些积极进展,但为达尔富尔人民党创造必要有利环境的重要因素尚未到位,这些要素包括但不限于尊重参与者的公民权利和政治权利,以便他们能够行使自己的意见而不必担心报复、言论自由和集会自由允许公开磋商、参与者和达尔富尔混合行动的行动自由、达尔富尔人之间的比例参与、不受骚扰、任意逮捕和恐吓以及不受政府或武装运动干涉;", "8. 联合国 4. 请秘书长在下文第13段所述的定期报告中评估上文第7段所列各项内容,使安理会能考虑到非盟的意见,确定达尔富尔混合行动进一步参与支持达尔富尔规划主任的工作;", "9. 国家 欢迎秘书长打算为达尔富尔和平进程制定行进图,在这方面请秘书长同非盟密切协商,并酌情同苏丹所有利益攸关方和执行后续行动委员会协商,同时考虑到上文第6、7和8段,并请秘书长在其下一份90天报告中就行进图向安理会提出报告;", "10个 5. 赞扬达尔富尔混合行动的部队和警察派遣国和捐助方所作的贡献;强烈谴责对达尔富尔混合行动的所有袭击;着重指出,对达尔富尔混合行动的任何袭击或袭击威胁都是不可接受的;要求不再发生此类袭击;强调必须加强达尔富尔混合行动人员的安全保障;需要终止袭击维和人员者逍遥法外的现象;为此敦促苏丹政府竭尽全力将任何此类罪行的实施者绳之以法;", "11个 6. 赞扬三方机制的可信工作,但深为关切达尔富尔混合行动的行动和行动继续受到限制,特别是在最近发生冲突的地区;呼吁达尔富尔所有各方消除阻碍达尔富尔混合行动充分和适当执行任务的一切障碍,包括确保其安全和行动自由;在这方面,要求苏丹政府充分和毫不拖延地遵守《部队地位协定》,特别是在飞行和装备许可方面,消除达尔富尔混合行动空中资产使用上的所有障碍并及时向达尔富尔混合行动人员提供签证;痛惜继续拖延提供这种签证,这有严重危及特派团执行任务的能力;敦促苏丹政府兑现其值得欢迎的承诺,结清积压的签证申请;并深为关切苏丹政府违反《部队地位协定》拘留达尔富尔混合行动本国工作人员,并要求苏丹政府尊重达尔富尔混合行动工作人员根据部队地位协定所享有的权利;", "12个 3. 要求按照《部队地位协定》的规定,向达尔富尔混合行动颁发其无线电发射机许可证,以便它能够与达尔富尔所有利益攸关方自由沟通;", "13个 请秘书长继续每90天向安理会报告达尔富尔混合行动在达尔富尔全境执行任务的进展情况,包括上文第3段所述战略的执行进展和障碍,并包括对照秘书长2009年11月16日报告附件二所列基准和指标评估进展情况,以及安全和人道主义局势,包括境内流离失所者营地和难民营的安全和人道主义局势、人权、违反国际人道主义法和人权法行为、早日恢复以及所有各方遵守其国际义务的情况;", "14个 4. 要求达尔富尔冲突各方立即停止暴力,停止攻击平民、维和人员和人道主义人员,并遵守其根据国际人权和人道主义法所应承担的义务;在这方面申明安理会谴责严重违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为;要求立即停止敌对行动,并要求所有各方承诺实现持续和永久停火;请秘书长同有关各方协商,以建立一个更有效的停火监测机制;并着重指出达尔富尔混合行动需要就破坏各方为实现和平而作的全面和建设性努力的重大暴力事件提出报告;", "15个 3. 表示严重关切达尔富尔一些地区的人道主义局势恶化,人道主义组织继续受到威胁,由于不安全情况加剧,人道主义工作人员遭到袭击,冲突各方无法进入达尔富尔,人道主义准入受到限制;要求全面执行《苏丹政府与联合国关于为达尔富尔人道主义活动提供便利的公报》,包括及时向人道主义组织发放签证和旅行许可证;要求苏丹政府、所有民兵、武装团体和所有其他利益攸关方确保人道主义组织和救济人员能够充分、安全和不受阻碍地进出,并向需要援助的民众提供人道主义援助;强调必须在提供人道主义援助时坚持中立、公正和独立的原则;", "16号. 谴责在达尔富尔境内和与达尔富尔有关的侵犯人权行为,包括任意逮捕和拘留,对所有被拘留者,包括民间社会成员和境内流离失所者的处境深表关切,强调必须确保达尔富尔混合行动在其现有任务范围内,以及其他有关组织能够监测此类案件;呼吁苏丹政府充分尊重其各项义务,包括履行承诺,解除达尔富尔的紧急状态,释放所有政治犯,允许自由表达意见并作出有效努力,确保追究严重违反国际人权法和人道主义法行为的责任,无论这些行为是何人所为,并强调达尔富尔混合行动必须采取行动促进人权,将虐待行为提请当局注意并向安全理事会报告严重违反情况;", "17岁。 5. 注意到苏丹一个地区的冲突影响到苏丹其他地区和更广泛的区域;敦促联合国在该区域的特派团,包括达尔富尔混合行动、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)和联合国南苏丹特派团(南苏丹特派团)密切协调,并请秘书长确保特派团之间开展有效的合作;", "18岁。 14. 强调必须为难民和境内流离失所者找到有尊严和持久的解决办法,确保他们充分参与这些解决办法的规划和管理,要求达尔富尔冲突各方创造有利条件,使难民和境内流离失所者能自愿、安全、有尊严地和可持续地回返或融入当地社会;注意到如秘书长的报告所指出,境内流离失所者有些自愿回返村庄和原籍地的报告可能令人鼓舞,强调联合核查机制在核查回返是否自愿方面的重要性,并深为关切一些有损其效力和独立性的官僚障碍;", " 19. 19. 10. 注意到安全和行动自由将大大促进达尔富尔的早期恢复举措和恢复正常状态;强调在适宜采取干预措施时,必须尽早在达尔富尔开展恢复工作,在这方面鼓励达尔富尔混合行动在其现有任务范围内为联合国国家工作队和专家机构在达尔富尔的早期恢复和重建工作提供方便,特别是提供地区安全;呼吁所有各方提供畅通无阻的准入,呼吁苏丹政府解除所有准入限制,努力解决达尔富尔危机的根源并增加对早期恢复活动的投资;", "20号. 4. 赞扬2011年6月27日和28日在喀土穆举行的达尔富尔国际水事会议的成果,认为这是向可持续和平迈出的一步,呼吁达尔富尔混合行动在符合其任务的情况下,并吁请所有其他联合国机构,特别是儿童基金会、开发署、环境署以及国际行为体和捐助方履行在该次会议上作出的承诺;", "21岁 3. 深为关切持续存在的地方性冲突和暴力及其对平民的影响,但在这方面注意到部落间冲突有所减少,呼吁所有各方停止这种冲突并寻求和解;表示深为关切武器、特别是小武器和轻武器的扩散,并在这方面请达尔富尔混合行动继续支持地方解决冲突机制,根据第1769号决议第9段规定的任务,监测达尔富尔是否存在任何武器或相关材料,并在此方面继续与第1591(2005)号决议所设专家小组合作,以利其工作;", "22号. 8. 要求冲突各方立即根据第1820(2008)号决议采取适当措施,保护平民,包括妇女和儿童,使其免遭一切形式的性暴力;请达尔富尔混合行动就性暴力和基于性别的暴力提出报告,并评估在消除性暴力和性别暴力方面取得的进展,还强调必须将保护妇女和儿童免遭性暴力和性别暴力作为上文第3段所述全特派团保护平民战略的一部分,并请秘书长确保达尔富尔混合行动执行第1325(2000)号、第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号、第1889(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议的相关规定,包括通过任命保护妇女顾问让妇女参与,并在他向安理会提交的报告中列入这方面的信息;", "23. 联合国 11. 请秘书长确保(a) 作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分,继续监测和报告儿童状况,并(b) 继续与冲突各方对话,以制订有时限的行动计划,终止招募和使用儿童兵的行为和其他违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为;", "24 (韩语). 请秘书长根据安全理事会有关决议规定的特派团任务,定期审查和更新达尔富尔混合行动的行动构想和接战规则,并将其作为上文第13段所述报告的一部分,向安全理事会和出兵国报告有关情况;", "25岁 5. 决定继续处理此案。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6597th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Friday, 29 July 2011, at 6 p.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan", "Report of the Secretary-General on the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (S/2011/422)." ]

[ "安全理事会第6597次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月29日星期五下午6时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6597次会议临时议程", "定于2011年7月29日星期五下午6时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 秘书长关于苏丹的报告", "秘书长关于非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动的报告(S/2011/422)。" ]