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[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 85 of the provisional agenda*", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "* A/66/150.", "The law of transboundary aquifers", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "II. Comments and observations received from Governments", "Chile", "1. Chile has no specific bilateral or regional agreements regarding transboundary aquifers.", "2. Due to the importance of the aquifers as a subject of study and regulation in Chile, it is considered useful and convenient to start negotiating a multilateral treaty to establish fundamental principles on this matter on the basis of the draft articles of the International Law Commission.", "3. The discussion of the issue should focus on the general principles, the character of a framework agreement for the execution of specific agreements, respect of the sovereign rights of each State to promote the management, oversight and sustainable exploitation of water resources of an aquifer in its territory, the use of such resources under the criteria of rational and sustainable use and respect of the duty of a State not to harm other States or the environment." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目85", "跨界含水层法", "跨界含水层法", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "智利", "1. 智利没有关于跨界含水层的具体双边或区域协定。", "2. 由于含水层在智利是一个重要的研究主题和规范对象，智利认为不妨开始一项多边条约的谈判，以便在国际法委员会的条款草案基础上，制定关于此事的基本原则。", "3. 在讨论这一问题时应该着重一般原则，执行具体协议的框架协定特点，尊重每个国家促进其境内含水层水资源管理、监督和可持续利用的主权权利，按照合理和可持续使用的标准使用这种资源，履行不伤害其他国家或环境的国家义务。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目85", "跨界含水层法", "页:1", "跨界含水层法", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "二. 从各国政府收到的评论和意见", "邮件地址", "1. 联合国 智利没有关于跨界含水层的具体双边或区域协定。", "2. 联合国 由于含水层作为智利的研究和管制主题的重要性,开始谈判一项多边条约,以在国际法委员会条款草案的基础上就这一事项确立基本原则被认为是有益和方便的。", "3个 对这一问题的讨论应侧重于一般原则、执行具体协定的框架协定的性质、尊重每个国家促进管理、监督和可持续开发其境内的含水层水资源的主权权利、根据合理和可持续使用的标准使用这些资源以及尊重一国不危害其他国家或环境的义务。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 84 of the provisional agenda*", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Contents", "PageII.Scope 2 and applicationofuniversal jurisdictionon thebasisof the relevant domesticlegalrules,applicableinternational treaties and judicialpractice: commentsby \nGovernments IV.Natureof 3 theissue for discussion: specific \ncommentsbyStates \nTables 3. 4 Relevant treatieswhich were referredtoby Governments,including treatiescontainingaut dedere aut \njudicareprovisions", "II. Scope and application of universal jurisdiction on the basis of the relevant domestic legal rules, applicable international treaties and judicial practice: comments by Governments", "Dominican Republic", "The offences subject to the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction are crimes that affect the international community and thus violate the rules and provisions of international law. In such cases, the gravity of the issue in itself justifies prosecution by any member State of the international community.", "Under article 26 of its 2010 Constitution, the Dominican Republic as a member State of the international community, is open to cooperation and bound to adhere to the provisions of international law: (a) it recognizes and applies the provisions of general international law and American law, insofar as its public authorities have adopted them; (b) the provisions of the international conventions that it has ratified shall be applicable as domestic law following their official publication.", "Article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants Dominican courts the competence to exercise universal jurisdiction over certain crimes, which are committed fully or partially in the national territory or which produce effects therein, unless otherwise provided in international treaties or conventions adopted by public organs or in the principles recognized by general international law and American law. The national courts have the authority to prosecute cases involving genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, wherever committed, provided that the accused person is resident, even temporarily, in the country or that the acts caused harm to Dominicans.", "In addition, article 62 of the Code establishes the competent tribunal for the application of the principle of universal jurisdiction, indicating that: “The Santo Domingo court of first instance shall have competence for cases in which a national court must investigate offences committed outside the national territory”.", "The Supreme Court has ruled on the principle of universal jurisdiction on several occasions. For instance, in the 16 December 2009 judgement of the Criminal Chamber (now Division) of the Supreme Court of Justice, it stated: “with regard to the jurisdiction and competence of the Dominican criminal courts, article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure grants our courts the legal capacity to investigate and prosecute only offences of which Dominican or foreign persons are accused and which were committed fully or partially in the national territory or produced effects therein … Furthermore, article 62 of the Code of Criminal Procedure provides that Dominican courts may investigate offences committed outside of the national territory — which thus fall into the category of universal jurisdiction — and although that provision does not specify the offences in question, it is clear that these are very serious crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, money-laundering, international drug trafficking, etc., which do not apply in this case.”", "The judgement also states that owing to the “universal nature of some offences committed by organized crime, which were, until recently, unheard of, and to the extreme seriousness and transboundary nature that define them as crimes against humanity, all the States that have fallen victim to these offences must be permitted to prosecute and sentence the perpetrators”. Universal jurisdiction has become a necessary tool for combating impunity for certain actions or offences, the seriousness of which justifies the application of justice at the international level. The judiciary of the Dominican Republic therefore applies and considers universal jurisdiction on a case-by-case basis.", "IV. Nature of the issue for discussion: specific comments by States", "Cuba", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be discussed by all Member States in the framework of the General Assembly, primarily to prevent this principle from being invoked inappropriately. Unwarranted use of the principle of universal jurisdiction has negative effects on the rule of law at the international level, as well as on international relations.", "The scope and application of the principle of universal jurisdiction should be limited, first and foremost, by absolute respect for the sovereignty and national jurisdiction of Member States. The principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, in particular the sovereign equality and political independence of States and non-interference in the internal affairs of States, must be scrupulously respected in judicial proceedings.", "The unilateral and selective exercise of extraterritorial criminal and civil jurisdiction by national courts has no basis in international norms or treaties. In that connection, Cuba condemns the adoption at the national level of politically motivated laws targeting other States.", "The application of universal jurisdiction should be regulated internationally in order to prevent abuses and safeguard international peace and security. International regulation should consider the possibility that, when a State wishes to invoke the principle of universal jurisdiction, it should first obtain the consent of the State in which the violation took place or the country or countries of which the accused is a national. It should also establish requirements for the regulation and use of this principle, as well as its compatibility with the Charter of the United Nations, and should define it as exceptional and secondary in nature.", "Its application should not violate the immunity granted under international law to Heads of State, diplomatic personnel and other serving high-level officials. Issuing charges and detention orders against such officials irrespective of their functional immunity undermines the principle of the sovereign equality and independence of States. The principle of universal jurisdiction should not be invoked to diminish respect for a country’s national jurisdiction, to denigrate the integrity and values of its legal system, or for political ends, in violation of the rules and principles of international law.", "Universal jurisdiction must be secondary to the action and national jurisdiction of each State. Therefore, when a case is being investigated and prosecuted by the national judicial system, universal jurisdiction should not apply. Universal jurisdiction should be exercised only under exceptional circumstances that warrant its use, and from the perspective of coexistence with national statutory and case law.", "Universally acceptable international regulations must specify the crimes for which universal jurisdiction may be invoked and must define the bases for its application. Such crimes should be restricted to crimes against humanity and universal jurisdiction should be invoked only when it has been recognized that no other means of bringing a criminal action against the perpetrators exist.", "Universal jurisdiction cannot be analysed without also considering the obligation to extradite or prosecute, since the purpose of both concepts is to combat impunity for certain types of crimes defined in international legal instruments. The international community has been identifying a body of crimes for which both concepts may be invoked, but it has yet to determine whether all or only a subset of these crimes are subject to both universal jurisdiction and the obligation to extradite or prosecute.", "Table 3 Relevant treaties which were referred to by Governments, including treaties containing aut dedere aut judicare provisions", "A. Universal instruments", "Internationalhumanitarian law\tGeneva Conventionsof 1949\tCuba (stating that itintroduced theapplication ofuniversaljurisdiction toviolationscharacterized asgrave breaches)" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目84", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "秘书长的报告", "目录", "页次2.以相关国内法律规则、适用的国际条约和司法实践为依据的普遍管辖权的 2 \n范围和适用：各国政府的评论意见 \n4.所讨论问题的性质：各国的具体意见 3\n 表 3. 4 \n政府提及的有关条约，包括载有引渡或起诉条款的条约", "二. 以相关国内法律规则、适用的国际条约和司法实践为依据的普遍管辖权的范围和适用：各国政府的评论意见", "多米尼加共和国", "普遍管辖原则所适用的行为是影响到国际社会并违反国际法准则和规定的罪行。在这种情况下，问题本身的严重性使得国际社会任何国家都有充分理由提出起诉。", "多米尼加共和国作为国际社会一员，根据其2010年《宪法》第26条，愿意进行合作，并且有义务遵守国际法的规定：(a) 凡公共当局已采纳，均承认和适用一般国际法和美洲法律的各项规定；(b) 经批准的国际公约的规定，应在公布之后作为国内法适用。", "《刑事诉讼法》第56条授权多米尼加法院对全部或部分在本国境内实施或产生影响的某些罪行，行使普遍管辖权，除非公共当局在其采纳的国际条约或公约中另有规定，或一般国际法和美洲法律所确认的原则中另有规定。国家法院有权对涉及种族灭绝罪、战争罪或危害人类罪的案件提出起诉，无论何处实施，只要被告在多米尼加,即使是暂时的,或其行为对多米尼加人造成伤害。", "此外，该法第62条确定了负责适用普遍管辖原则的主管法庭，指出：“如遇国家法院必须调查国家境外犯罪的案件，圣多明各初审法院应当有此权限”。", "最高法院已多次就普遍管辖权原则作出裁定。例如，最高法院刑事庭(现为部)在其2009年12月16日的判决中指出：“就多米尼加刑事法院的管辖和权限而言，《刑事诉讼法》第56条仅授权我国法院调查和起诉被控全部或部分在国家境内实施或产生影响的罪行的多米尼加人或外国人……此外，《刑事诉讼法》第62条规定，多明尼加法院可调查国家境外实施的罪行——因而这也属于普遍管辖权类别。虽然该条文没有明确限定有关罪行，但显然所指的都是非常严重的罪行，如种族灭绝、危害人类罪、洗钱、国际贩毒等，所以在此并不适用”。", "该判决还指出，由于“有些有组织犯罪具有直到最近尚属闻所未闻的普遍性，再加上其极端严重性和跨国界性质，因此被定义为危害人类罪，必须允许所有受害国起诉行为人，给罪犯判刑。”鉴于某些行为或犯罪性质严重，有理由适用国际司法，因此普遍管辖权已成为打击某些有罪不罚现象的必要工具。多米尼加共和国的司法部门应视具体情况适用并考虑普遍管辖权。", "四. 所讨论问题的性质：各国的具体意见", "古巴", "普遍管辖原则的范围和适用应由所有会员国在大会框架内进行讨论，主要是为了防止这一原则被不恰当援引。普遍管辖原则的不当使用已在国际层面上以及对国际关系产生了负面影响。", "普遍管辖原则的适用范围首要应受对会员国的主权和国家管辖的绝对尊重的限制。《联合国宪章》所包含的原则，特别是主权平等和国家政治独立，以及不干涉各国内部事务等，在司法程序中必须得到严格遵守。", "国家法院单方面有选择地行使域外刑事和民事管辖权，在国际规范或条约中没有依据。就此，古巴谴责在国家一级通过针对其他国家的带有政治动机的法律的做法。", "普遍管辖权的适用应受到国际监管，以防止滥用并维护国际和平与安全。在国际监管中应该考虑到的是，当一个国家要援引普遍管辖原则时，它可能首先要获得发生违法行为的国家或被告的国籍国的同意。此外还应该确立这一原则的监管和适用规定，要求符合《联合国宪章》，并应将其定为例外和辅助性的。", "适用普遍管辖权不应侵犯根据国际法给予国家元首、外交人员和其他现任高级官员的豁免权。无视其职务豁免而对此类官员提出指控和发布拘留令，就损害了主权平等和国家独立的原则。不应援引普遍管辖原则来削弱对国家的国家管辖的尊重，贬低本国法律制度的完整性和价值，或出于政治用意，违反国际法规定和原则。", "相对于每个国家的行动和国家管辖，普遍管辖权必须是辅助性的。因此，国家司法系统就一起案件进行调查并提出起诉时，不应适用普遍管辖权。普遍管辖权只有从国家成文法和判例法共存角度来看有必要适用的特殊情况下才应行使。", "在普遍接受的国际法规中，必须指定可以援引普遍管辖权的犯罪，并且明确提出其适用的依据。这种罪行应只限于危害人类罪，而且只有在认识到没有其他手段可以将行为人绳之以法时，才可援引普遍管辖权。", "如果不同时考虑引渡或起诉的义务，则无法对普遍管辖权进行分析，因为两个概念都是为了打击国际法律文书中界定某些类型的罪行的有罪不罚的现象。国际社会已经确定可援引两个概念的一系列犯罪行为，但目前尚未确定是国家应当对所有罪行还是仅对其中一部分罪行既适用普遍管辖权，又承担引渡或起诉的义务。", "表3 政府提及的有关条约，包括载有引渡或起诉条款的条约", "A. 国际文书", "国际人道主义法 1949年日内瓦公约 古巴(称古巴对性质严重的违法行为适用普遍管辖权)", "——————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目84", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用", "秘书长的报告", "目录", "第二页. 第2段和根据有关的国内法律规则、可适用的国际条约和司法惯例适用普遍管辖权:\n四、供讨论的问题:\n各国的评论\n表3. 政府提及的相关条约,包括载有引渡或起诉条约的条约\n审判规定", "二. 根据有关的国内法律规则、可适用的国际条约和司法实践,普遍管辖权的范围和适用:各国政府的评论", "多米尼加共和国", "适用普遍管辖权原则的罪行是影响国际社会并因此违反国际法规则和规定的罪行。 在这种情况下,问题的严重性本身就证明国际社会任何成员国有理由提出起诉。", "根据2010年《宪法》第26条,多米尼加共和国作为国际社会的一个成员国,愿意进行合作并有义务遵守国际法的规定:(a) 承认并适用其公共当局通过的一般国际法和美国法律的规定;(b) 其批准的国际公约的规定在正式公布后将作为国内法适用。", "《刑事诉讼法》第56条规定,多米尼加法院有权对某些罪行行使普遍管辖权,这些罪行全部或部分发生在国家领土内,或在该国境内产生效力,除非公共机构通过的国际条约或公约或一般国际法和美国法律承认的原则另有规定。 国家法院有权起诉涉及灭绝种族罪、战争罪或危害人类罪的案件,不论在何处发生,只要被告居住在该国,甚至暂时居住在该国,或这些行为对多米尼加人造成损害。", "此外,《法典》第62条规定了适用普遍管辖权原则的主管法庭,规定:“圣多明各初审法院有权审理国家法院必须调查在境外所犯罪行的案件”。", "最高法院曾多次就普遍管辖权原则作出裁决。 例如,最高法院刑事庭(现为分庭)在2009年12月16日的判决中说:“关于多米尼加刑事法院的管辖权和权限,《刑事诉讼法》第56条赋予我国法院仅调查和起诉多米尼加人或外国人被指控的、全部或部分在多米尼加境内所犯或在其中产生效果的罪行的法律能力。 此外,《刑事诉讼法》第62条规定,多米尼加法院可以调查在国境外犯下的罪行——因此属于普遍管辖权的范畴——虽然该条款没有具体说明有关罪行,但显然这些罪行是灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪、洗钱、国际贩毒等非常严重的罪行,并不适用于本案。 “", "判决还指出,由于“有组织犯罪所犯下的一些罪行的普遍性,直到最近才闻所未闻,而且将这些罪行界定为危害人类罪的极端严重和跨界性质,必须允许所有受这些罪行之害的国家起诉并判决犯罪者”。 普遍管辖权已成为打击某些行为或罪行不受惩罚现象的必要工具,其严重性使得有理由在国际一级伸张正义。 因此,多米尼加共和国的司法机构逐案适用并审议普遍管辖权。", "四、结 论 供讨论的问题的性质:各国的具体评论", "古巴", "所有会员国都应在大会框架内讨论普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用问题,主要是为了防止不适当地援引这一原则。 任意使用普遍管辖权原则对国际一级的法治以及对国际关系有负面影响。", "普遍管辖权原则的范围和适用首先应受到绝对尊重会员国主权和国家管辖权的限制。 在司法程序中必须严格遵守《联合国宪章》所揭示的原则,特别是各国主权平等和政治独立以及不干涉各国内政的原则。", "国家法院单方面和有选择地行使域外刑事和民事管辖权,在国际准则或条约中没有依据。 在这方面,古巴谴责在国家一级通过针对其他国家的有政治动机的法律。", "普遍管辖权的适用应受到国际管制,以防止滥用,并维护国际和平与安全。 国际条例应考虑这样一种可能性,即当一国想援引普遍管辖权原则时,它应首先征得发生侵权行为的国家或被告为其国民的国家的同意。 它还应规定对这项原则的管制和使用以及它同《联合国宪章》的相容性的要求,并应将其界定为例外和次要性质。", "其适用不应违反国际法给予国家元首、外交人员和其他现任高级官员的豁免。 对这类官员发出指控和拘留令,无论其职能豁免如何,都有损于各国主权平等和独立的原则。 不应援引普遍管辖权原则来削弱对一国国家管辖权的尊重,诋毁其法律制度的完整性和价值,或为政治目的而违反国际法规则和原则。", "普遍管辖权必须从属于每个国家的行动和国家管辖权。 因此,在国家司法系统对案件进行调查和起诉时,普遍管辖权不应适用。 只有在需要使用普遍管辖权的例外情况下,并从与国家成文法和判例法共存的角度行使普遍管辖权。", "普遍接受的国际条例必须具体说明可援引普遍管辖权的罪行,并必须规定适用普遍管辖权的依据。 这种罪行应限于危害人类罪行,只有在认识到不存在对犯罪者提起刑事诉讼的其他手段时,才应援引普遍管辖权。", "在分析普遍管辖权时,不能不考虑引渡或起诉的义务,因为这两个概念的目的是打击对国际法律文书所定义的某些类型的罪行的有罪不罚现象。 国际社会一直在查明可以援引这两个概念的一系列罪行,但国际社会尚未确定这些罪行中的全部或仅有的一部分是否同时受到普遍管辖权和引渡或起诉义务的约束。", "表3 各国政府提及的相关条约,包括载有引渡或起诉条款的条约", "A. 国际文书", "1949年《日内瓦四公约》,古巴(规定对严重违反情事适用普遍管辖权)" ]

[ "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a report on the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia in April 2011 (see annex).", "The document was prepared under my responsibility, after consultation with the other members of the Security Council.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Néstor Osorio Ambassador Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations", "Annex to the letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Colombia to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Assessment of the work of the Security Council during the presidency of Colombia (April 2011)", "Introduction", "Under the presidency of Colombia in April 2011, the Security Council held 35 meetings, including 18 consultations, eight informational meetings, two open debates and two meetings with countries contributing troops and police forces to peacekeeping operations. The Council adopted five resolutions and two presidential statements and issued four statements to the press.", "Africa", "Côte d’Ivoire", "On 4, 8 and 11 April, informal consultations were held on developments in the political and humanitarian situation in Côte d’Ivoire, as well as the implementation of the Council’s decisions on its situation.", "On 13 April, the Security Council received the twenty-seventh progress report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (S/2011/211) and heard briefings by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Chief of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire, Choi Young-jin; the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Valerie Amos; and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay. The Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire, Ambassador Youssoufou Bamba, also made a statement. After holding informal consultations, the members of the Council adopted a statement to the press, in which, inter alia, they welcomed the fact that President Alassane Dramane Ouattara was in a position to assume his responsibilities as Head of State of Côte d’Ivoire, urged the parties to work together to promote national reconciliation and restore sustainable peace, and expressed appreciation to the United Nations, the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States for the roles they had played in resolving the conflict.", "On 28 April, the Council, by resolution 1980 (2011), decided, inter alia, to renew until 30 April 2012 the measures imposed by paragraphs 7 to 12 of resolution 1572 (2004), paragraph 5 of resolution 1946 (2010), paragraph 12 of resolution 1975 (2011) and paragraph 6 of resolution 1643 (2005), concerning the arms embargo, travel ban, freezing of assets and blocking of financial transactions and restrictions on transactions involving rough diamonds, respectively. By resolution 1980 (2011), the Council likewise extended until 30 April 2012 the mandate of the Group of Experts as set out in paragraph 7 of resolution 1727 (2006), requesting the Group to submit a midterm report to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1572 (2004) by 15 October 2011 and to submit a final report to the Council through the Committee 15 days before the end of its mandate period. After the adoption of the resolution, the Permanent Representative of Côte d’Ivoire made a statement.", "Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "On 4 April, the Council heard the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Abdel-Elah Mohamed Al-Khatib, who gave a briefing on the activities carried out in fulfilment of his mandate. The Special Envoy reported on his participation in the London Conference on Libya of 29 March, at which the International Contact Group on Libya was established, and also informed the Council about the meetings held in Tripoli and Benghazi. He also made reference to the meeting held by the African Union on 31 March for the purpose of analysing various options to resolve the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the informal consultations that followed the informational meeting, the members of the Council exchanged views on the question and analysed the unfolding events.", "In accordance with paragraph 12 of resolution 1973 (2011), closed consultations were held on 28 April, at which the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, B. Lynn Pascoe, gave a briefing on the situation in Libya and the status of implementation of resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011). The Under-Secretary-General provided a summary of recent events and highlighted the efforts of the Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs to address the growing humanitarian crisis and of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to resolve the situation and, in accordance with his mandate, to find a political solution to the crisis. The members of the Council subsequently exchanged views on the question.", "Western Sahara", "On 18 April, a private meeting was held at which the Council and the countries contributing troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) received a briefing by the Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, after which it adopted an official communiqué (S/PV.6516).", "On 19 April, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross, and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Western Sahara and Chief of MINURSO, Hany Abdel-Aziz, updated the Council on their activities and submitted the report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (S/2011/249). The members of the Council held an exchange of views on the question.", "Later, on 27 April, by resolution 1979 (2011), the Council extended the mandate of MINURSO until 30 April 2012 and called upon the parties to continue to show political will and work in an atmosphere propitious for dialogue in order to enter into a more intensive and substantive phase of negotiations. The representatives of South Africa, Nigeria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and Gabon made statements at the meeting.", "Somalia", "On 11 April, by resolution 1976 (2011) concerning piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia, the Council decided to urgently consider the establishment of specialized Somali courts to try suspected pirates both in Somalia and in the region, including an extraterritorial Somali specialized anti-piracy court, as referred to in the recommendations contained in the report of the Special Adviser to the Secretary-General on Legal Issues Related to Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, Jack Lang (S/2011/30, annex), consistent with applicable human rights law. The Secretary-General was requested to report within two months on the modalities of such prosecution mechanisms.", "Sudan", "On 14 April, the Council held a private meeting with the countries that contribute troops and police forces to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS). The Director of the Africa I Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Margaret Carey, gave a briefing, which was followed by an exchange of views and information, in addition to the adoption of an official communiqué (S/PV.6514).", "On 20 April, an informational meeting was held, followed by informal consultations, at which the Assistant Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Atul Khare, discussed the reports of the Secretary-General (S/2011/239 and S/2011/244). The Assistant Secretary-General briefed the Council on recent events in the Sudan and the activities of UNMIS and the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The members of the Council exchanged views on the question.", "On 21 April, the Council adopted a presidential statement (S/PRST/2011/8), and on 27 April it unanimously adopted resolution 1978 (2011), extending the mandate of UNMIS until 9 July 2011.", "Asia", "Afghanistan", "On 1 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Alain LeRoy, briefed the Council on the attack that occurred in Mazar-e-Sharif against personnel of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), in which eight United Nations staff members died. The members of the Council issued a statement to the press condemning the attack and all types of incitement to violence. At the same time, they called on the Government of Afghanistan to bring those responsible to justice and take all possible steps to protect the staff of UNAMA.", "Iraq", "On 8 April, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Iraq and Chief of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), Ad Melkert, gave an informational briefing on the execution of the mandate of the Mission and the situation in Iraq. The Special Representative noted progress in the formation of a new coalition government, while drawing attention to the ongoing legitimate concerns of the Iraqi people regarding the lack of jobs, basic services and institutional commitment. He underlined the high-level visits made by delegations from Kuwait to Iraq and vice versa. With reference to UNAMI, he highlighted the close collaboration with the Council of Representatives and the Government in the establishment of an independent human rights commission, and also expressed his concern at the reports of violent incidents occurring in the Ashraf camp.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine", "On 21 April, the Council held an open debate to consider the situation in the Middle East, including the question of Palestine. The Council heard a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs.", "The Under-Secretary-General expressed regret at the stalemate in negotiations between Israel and Palestine. He underlined the importance of preventing violent expressions that undermined political efforts and reported that on 13 April in Brussels, at the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, the United Nations had expressed the view that the governmental functions were adequate for a viable State Government in the areas in which it participated with the Palestinian Authority (good governance; the rule of law and human rights; means of subsistence and productive sectors; education and culture; health care; social protection; and infrastructure and water). He noted that, Israeli measures to facilitate movement had also supported economic activity and access to basic services. The Under-Secretary-General reiterated that settlement activities ran counter to international law and the commitments made by Israel under the road map.", "Regarding the situation in Lebanon, he expressed concern that, several months after the nomination of Najib Mikati as Prime Minister, a new Government had not yet been formed. He said that the overall situation in the area of operations of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon had remained generally stable.", "The Permanent Representative of Israel and the Permanent Observer of Palestine also made statements, and 41 other speakers took part in the meeting.", "Americas", "Haiti", "An open debate on Haiti was held on 6 April, chaired by the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, who explained that the purpose of the meeting convened by his country was to promote the stabilization and strengthening of the rule of law in Haiti. He regretted the slow progress on rebuilding the country physically and institutionally and emphasized that the international community had a duty to fulfil its commitments to Haiti’s reconstruction in a coordinated and coherent manner, seeking specific, sustainable and long-term achievements aimed at strengthening institutions and improving transparency.", "The Council was briefed by the Secretary-General, who commended the people of Haiti for taking an important step towards the consolidation of democracy with the peaceful conduct of the second round of polling. The Secretary-General highlighted the progress made towards security and respect for basic freedoms and stressed that the Haitian National Police was becoming a more capable and trusted institution, which was making progress against the advance of criminal gangs and other security threats. He urged the next Government of Haiti to build on the considerable progress made without disregarding the major challenges faced by the country, such as the deterioration in its economy and the incapacity of public institutions to deliver essential services. The United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, William J. Clinton, highlighted the role of the Interim Haiti Reconstruction Commission established by the President and the Parliament to coordinate the work of the Government of Haiti with that of international donors and the community of non-governmental organizations involved in reconstruction, making sure that all projects approved were consistent with the Government of Haiti’s own development plan and that resources were used transparently. the Special Envoy said that over 87 projects had been approved, which, when completed, would help 2 million Haitians. The President of Haiti, René Garcia Préval, invited the United Nations to reflect on the effectiveness of its interventions, and, recognizing that military deterrence was only one aspect of the quest for stability, suggested that peacekeeping missions should be reoriented to include the work of other specialized institutions, such as the World Bank and the United Nations funds and programmes. He stressed that stability in Haiti could be achieved only through the efforts of Haitians themselves, with, obviously, the support and solidarity of the international community, particularly in building those institutions essential to the rule of law. Forty speakers took part in the meeting.", "The Council adopted a presidential statement on 6 April (S/PRST/2011/7), in which it reaffirmed its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Haiti, and emphasized that the Government and people of Haiti bore the primary responsibility for the attainment of peace and stability, and for the recovery efforts in Haiti. The Council acknowledged the contribution that the international community was making to support the stabilization process in Haiti, including the strengthening of its legislative, judicial and executive institutions. It also recognized the interconnected nature of the challenges in Haiti, and reaffirmed that sustainable progress on security, institutional capacity-building, including rule of law, as well as consolidation of national government structures, democracy, promotion and protection of human rights and development, were mutually reinforcing.", "Thematic issues", "Women and peace and security", "On 12 April, the Council held an open meeting to hear a briefing by the Under-Secretary-General for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Executive Director of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), Michelle Bachelet. In the closed consultations conducted immediately afterwards, the members of the Council heard additional comments by the Under-Secretary-General and put questions to her. Most members expressed their support for the activities and programmes of UN-Women and the need to make progress in the implementation of the relevant Council decisions.", "On 14 April, an open meeting on sexual violence was held, followed by closed consultations. The Council was briefed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, Margot Wallström. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media on a number of elements agreed by the members of the Council. In particular, it was stated that the members took note of the Special Representative’s assessment of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and at the border between that country and Angola, as well as her recommendations for addressing situations of sexual violence in the region; that the members noted with satisfaction the announcements regarding cooperation between the two Governments and the implementation of measures to prevent acts of sexual violence and end the associated impunity; that the Council had also heard her briefing on meetings with the African Union and the progress made in the implementation of Council resolution 1960 (2010); and that the members welcomed the announcement regarding increased cooperation between the United Nations and the African Union on that matter and expressed their full support for the Special Representative’s efforts to end situations of sexual violence in armed conflict.", "Small arms", "On 25 April, the Council held closed consultations on small arms. The United Nations High Representative for Disarmament Affairs, Sergio de Queiroz Duarte, introduced the second report of the Secretary-General on small arms (S/2011/255), submitted pursuant to the presidential statement of 29 June 2007 (S/PRST/2007/24). The Council members thanked the High Representative for the report. That presentation was followed by closed consultations, during which some speakers referred to the negotiations under way on an arms trade treaty, which should establish the highest possible standards for governing the arms trade, while others referred to the importance of cooperation, assistance and national capacity-building and the need to implement fully the 2001 Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.", "Peace and security in Africa (Kenya)", "On 8 April, the Council held consultations regarding Kenya’s request that the Council, pursuant to article 16 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, should request the Court to defer certain proceedings against Kenyan citizens initiated proprio motu by the Prosecutor in November 2009. Following the consultations, the President read a statement to the media, on behalf of the Council members. In particular, he highlighted that, after receiving the request from Kenya, the Council had held an interactive dialogue in March and informal consultations in April; that the Council had also taken into consideration the position expressed by the African Union; and that, after in-depth consideration, the Council members had been unable to reach agreement on the matter. The President was also instructed to transmit the agreed elements and the letter to the Permanent Representative of Kenya and the Permanent Observer of the African Union, which was done.", "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "On 20 April, the Council, by resolution 1977 (2011), extended the mandate of the Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) for a period of 10 years, until 25 April 2021, and provided for two reviews, one after five years and the other prior to the end of the mandate. By that resolution, the Council reiterated its call for States to appropriately implement effective measures to counter the threat posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery in the hands of non-State actors. It also reaffirmed the need for all Member States to comply with their obligations and fulfil their commitments in relation to arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation in all its aspects of all weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and recognized that the proliferation of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, as well as their means of delivery, constituted a threat to international peace and security. The Council also stressed the need for full implementation of resolution 1540 (2004) by all States, and emphasized the importance of providing States, in response to their requests, with effective assistance that meets their needs.", "Briefing by the Department of Political Affairs", "On 18 April, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs briefed the Council on a high-level consultative meeting held in Nairobi on 12 and 13 April, with the aim of initiating a consultation process within the framework of the Transitional Federal Charter of Somalia and the Djibouti Peace Agreement on the future of Somalia after the transition period ending in August 2011. The Under-Secretary-General also referred to the report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka, submitted to the Secretary-General on 12 April. He said that the report would be made public in due course." ]

[ "2011年8月11月哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函附上安全理事会在2011年4月哥伦比亚担任主席期间的工作报告(见附件)。", "本文件是由我本人负责，在与安全理事会其他成员磋商后编写的。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表", "大使", "内斯托·奥索里奥(签名)", "2011年8月11月哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "安全理事会在哥伦比亚担任主席期间工作的评估(2011年4月)", "导言", "在2011年4月哥伦比亚担任主席期间，安全理事会举行了35次会议，包括18次磋商、8次信息交流会、2次公开辩论、以及与维持和平行动部队和警察派遣国的2次会议。安全理事会通过了5项决议和2项主席声明，并发布了4项新闻声明。", "非洲", "科特迪瓦", "4月4日、8日和11日举行了非正式磋商，讨论科特迪瓦政治和人道主义局势的发展、以及安全理事会关于该国局势的各项决定实施情况。", "4月13日，安全理事会收到秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十七次进度报告(S/2011/211)，并听取了秘书长特别代表和联合国科特迪瓦行动负责人崔英镇、主管人道主义事务副秘书长瓦莱丽·阿莫斯和联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱的通报；科特迪瓦常驻代表优素福·班巴大使也发了言。安全理事会成员在举行非正式磋商后，发表新闻声明，在声明中，除其他外，他们表示欣见阿拉萨纳·德拉马纳·瓦塔拉总统得以履行其作为科特迪瓦国家元首的职责，并敦促各方共同努力，促进民族和解和恢复可持续和平，并表示赞赏联合国、非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体在解决冲突过程中发挥的作用。", "4月28日，安全理事会在第1980(2011)号决议中，除其他外，决定将第1572(2004)号决议第7至12段、第1946(2010)号决议第5段和第1975(2011)号决议第12段规定的军火措施和金融及旅行措施延至2012年4月30日，还决定将第1643(2005)号决议第6段规定的防止任何国家从科特迪瓦进口任何毛坯钻石的措施延至2012年4月30日。安全理事会在第1980(2011)号决议中还决定将第1727(2006)号决议第7段规定的专家组任期延长至2012年4月30日，请专家组至迟于2011年10月15日向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会提交中期报告，并在任务期结束15天前通过委员会向安全理事会提交最后报告。决议通过后，科特迪瓦常驻代表优素福·班巴大使发了言。", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "4月4日，安全理事会听取了秘书长阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题特使，阿卜杜勒-埃拉赫·埃拉穆罕默德·哈提卜关于为履行其任务而进行的活动的通报。特使报告了他3月29日参加伦敦利比亚问题会议的情况，在该会议上成立了利比亚问题国际联络小组。他还介绍了在的黎波里和班加西举行的会议的情况。他还提到3月31日举行的非洲联盟会议，该会议分析了各种解决在阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的方案。在信息交流会后进行的非正式磋商中，安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见，并分析了正在发生的事件。", "4月28日，按照1973(2011)号决议第12段的规定，举行了闭门磋商，听取主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科的通报，介绍了利比亚局势以及第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的执行状况。副秘书长总结了最近发生的事件，并着重介绍了主管人道主义事务副秘书长为解决日益严重的人道主义危机而进行的努力，以及秘书长阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题特使如何解决这一问题，以及如何根据他的任务寻求政治解决危机的办法。安全理事会成员随后就这一问题交换了意见。", "西撒哈拉", "4月18日安全理事会举行了与联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)部队和警察派遣国的非公开会议，听取维持和平行动部欧洲和拉丁美洲司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德·韦伯先生的通报，之后发表正式公告(见S/PV.6516)。", "4月19日，秘书长西撒哈拉问题个人特使克里斯托弗·罗斯和秘书长西撒哈拉问题特别代表兼联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团团长哈尼·阿卜杜勒·阿齐兹介绍了各自活动的最新情况，并提交了秘书长关于西撒哈拉局势的报告(S/2011/249)。安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见。", "此后，4月27日，安理会在第1979(2011)号决议中将西撒特派团的任务期限延至2012年4月30日，并呼吁各方继续表现出政治意愿，努力创造一个有利于对话的气氛，以进入一个更深入的和实质性的谈判阶段。南非、尼日利亚、英国、法国和加蓬的代表在会上作了发言。", "索马里", "4月11日，安全理事会在关于索马里沿海海盗和海上武装抢劫的第1976(2011)号决议中决定紧急考虑依循适用的人权法，按秘书长索马里沿海海盗行为所涉法律问题特别顾问杰克·兰报告中的建议(S/2011/30，附件)所述，设立索马里特别法庭，包括在索马里境外设立一个反海盗特别法庭，以审判索马里和该区域的海盗嫌犯，请秘书长在两个月内报告这一起诉机制的模式。", "苏丹", "4月14日安全理事会与联合国苏丹特派团部队和警察派遣国举行了非公开会议，听取了维持和平行动部非洲一司司长玛格丽特·凯里所作通报。之后，进行了意见和信息交换，并发表正式公告(见S/PV.6514)。", "4月20日召开信息会议，之后进行了非正式磋商，主管维持和平行动助理秘书长，阿图尔·哈雷先生讨论了秘书长的报告(S/2011/239和S/2011/244)。助理秘书长介绍了最近在苏丹发生的事件以及联苏特派团和非洲联盟——联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的活动。安全理事会成员就这一问题交换了意见。", "4月21日，安全理事会通过主席声明(S/PRST/2011/8)，并于4月27日一致通过第1978(2011)号决议，将联苏特派团的任务延长至2011年7月9日。", "亚洲", "阿富汗", "4月1日，主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊作了介绍会发生在马扎里沙里夫对联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)的袭击，袭击中有8名联合国人员工作人员死亡。安全理事会成员发表新闻声明，谴责袭击和所有类型的煽动暴力行为。同时，他们呼吁阿富汗政府将肇事者绳之以法，并采取一切可能的步骤来保护联阿援助团工作人员。", "伊拉克", "4月8日秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长阿德·梅尔克特通报了该团任务的执行情况和伊拉克局势。特别代表指出，在建立一个新的联合政府方面取得了进展，同时提请注意当前伊拉克人民对缺乏就业、基本服务和机构承诺的正当关切。他强调了科威特与伊拉克之间高级代表团的互访。在谈到联伊援助团时，他着重介绍，该团与伊国民议会和政府在建立独立人权委员会问题上进行了密切合作，同时表达了他对据报在阿什拉夫营地发生的暴力事件的关注。", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题", "4月21日，安全理事会举行公开辩论，审议中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题。安全理事会听取了主管政治事务副秘书长的通报。", "副秘书长对以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的谈判陷入僵局表示遗憾。他强调，必须预防破坏政治努力的暴力表达方式，并报告称，4月13日在布鲁塞尔协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议上，联合国表示，在联合国与巴勒斯坦权力机构参加的六个方面(善政、法治和人权、生活资料和生产部门、教育和文化、医疗保健、社会保障、以及基础设施和水)，政府职能已经具备，足以建立一个有生存能力的国家政府。他指出，以色列为方便通行而采取的措施也有助于进行经济活动和获得基本服务。副秘书长重申，定居点活动违背了国际法以及以色列根据“路线图”应兑现的承诺。", "关于黎巴嫩局势，他表示关注的是，在总理纳吉米卡提获提名数月后，新政府仍未形成。他说，在联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队行动区内，整体局势大致保持稳定。", "以色列常驻联合国代表和巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员也发了言，41名其他发言者参加了会议。", "美洲", "海地", "4月6日举行了关于海地问题的公开辩论，辩论由哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯·卡尔德龙主持。他解释说，哥伦比亚召集这次会议的目的是促进海地稳定和加强海地法治。他感到遗憾的是，在国家的实物重建和制度重建上进展缓慢，并强调，国际社会有责任以协调一贯的方式履行其对海地重建的承诺，争取具体、可持续和长期的成就，旨在加强机构和改善透明度。", "安理会听取了秘书长的通报，秘书长赞扬海地人民和平完成第二轮投票，朝着巩固民主的方向迈出重要一步。秘书长着重介绍了在安全和尊重基本自由方面取得的进展，并强调，海地国家警察已成为一个更强大和值得信赖的机构，它在打击犯罪团伙和其他安全威胁方面取得了进展。他敦促海地未来政府在已取得的可观进展基础上再接再厉，同时也不要无视该国面临的重大挑战，如其经济恶化和公共机构无法提供基本服务等。联合国海地问题特使威廉·克林顿强调了总统和议会设立的重建海地临时委员会的作用，即协调海地政府与参与重建的国际捐助者及非社会政府组织的工作，确保所有核准的项目与海地政府的自身发展规划一致以及资源得到透明使用。特使说，已批准了超过87个项目，这些项目完成时将会帮助200万海地人。海地总统勒内·加西亚·普雷瓦尔请联合国思考一下其干预措施的有效性，并认识到军事威慑只有一个追求稳定的一个方面，建议维持和平特派团应重新调整，以包括其他专门机构，如世界银行和联合国各基金和方案的工作。他强调，要在海地实现稳定，只能通过海地人自己的努力，当然也需要国际社会的支持和声援，特别是在建设必要的法治机构方面。40位发言者参加了会议。", "4月6日，安全理事会通过了一项主席声明(S/PRST/2011/7)，其中重申安全理事会重申它坚决致力维护海地的主权、独立、领土完整和统一，强调海地政府和人民对在海地实现和平与稳定和开展恢复工作负有主要责任。安理会确认国际社会正提供协助，支持海地的稳定进程，包括加强海地的立法、司法和行政机构。安全理事会认识到海地面临的挑战是相互关联的，重申在安全、机构能力建设(包括法治)以及巩固国家政府机构、推行民主、促进和保护人权和实现发展问题上取得持久进展是相辅相成的。", "专题问题", "妇女与和平与安全", "4月12日，安全理事会举行公开会议，听取主管两性平等和增强妇女权能的副秘书长兼联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(联合国妇女署)执行主任米歇尔·巴切莱特的通报。在随即进行的闭门磋商中，安全理事会成员听取了副秘书长的补充意见并向她提问。大多数成员表示，他们支持联合国妇女署的活动，表示有必要在执行安全理事会有关决定方面取得进展。", "4月14日，举行了关于性暴力的公开会议，随后进行闭门磋商。安全理事会听取了负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表玛戈·瓦尔斯特伦的通报。经过磋商后，主席宣读了一份对媒体的声明，说明了安全理事会成员达成的若干要点。特别是，其中指出，安全理事会成员注意到特别代表对刚果民主共和国局势以及该国与安哥拉边境局势作出的评估，以及她关于处理该地区性暴力情况的建议；安全理事会成员满意地注意到，有关方面宣布两国政府之间将进行合作，并采取了措施，以防止性暴力行为，结束相关的有罪不罚现象；安理会还听取了她关于与非洲联盟会晤以及安理会第1960(2010)号决议的执行进展情况的通报；另外，安理会成员欢迎有关方面宣布联合国联合国和非洲联盟之间就这一问题的合作有所加强，并表示全力支持特别代表为结束武装冲突中性暴力现象而作出的努力。", "小武器", "4月25日安全理事会举行关于小武器问题的闭门磋商。联合国裁军事务高级代表塞尔吉奥·杜阿尔特介绍了根据2007年6月29日的主席声明(S/PRST/2007/24)第五段规定提交的秘书长关于小武器问题的第二份报告(S/2011/255)。安理会成员感谢高级代表介绍报告。介绍后进行了闭门磋商，其间，一些发言者提到了正在进行中关于武器贸易条约的谈判，该条约应设立武器贸易的最高标准，而其他人则提到合作、援助和国家能力建设的重要性、以及全面执行2001年《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的必要性。", "非洲和平与安全(肯尼亚)", "4月8日，安全理事会举行磋商，讨论肯尼亚关于请求联合国安全理事会根据国际刑事法院《罗马规约》第十六条要求国际刑事法院推迟检察官2009年11月对肯尼亚公民启动的某些法律程序一事。经过磋商，主席代表安全理事会成员宣读了一份对媒体的声明。他特别强调，收到肯尼亚的请求后，安全理事会在3月份举行了互动对话，4月举行了非正式磋商；安理会还考虑到了非洲联盟所表达的立场；经深入审议后，安全理事会成员未能就此事达成一致意见。安理会还指示主席将商定的要点和该信转给肯尼亚常驻代表及非洲联盟常驻观察员。此事已办。", "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会", "4月20日，安全理事会在第1977(2011)号决议中决定将第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会的任务期限延长10年，即延至2021年4月25日，并在五年后和在其任务期限结束前分别进行一次审查。在这项决议中，安全理事会再次呼吁各国适当地采取有效措施，以应对非国家行为者手中的大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具扩散所构成的威胁。安全理事会还重申所有会员国都需要在军备控制、裁军和在所有方面不扩散大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具方面充分遵守义务和履行承诺，并认识到核武器、化学武器和生物武器及其运载工具的扩散对国际和平与安全构成威胁。安理会还着重指出，需要所有国家全面实施第1540(2004)号决议，并强调必须应各国要求向它们提供有效的援助，以满足其需求。", "政治事务部的通报", "4月18日主管政治事务副秘书长介绍了4月12日和13日在内罗毕举行的一次高级别协商会议情况，会议旨在在《索马里过渡联邦宪章》和《吉布提和平协议》框架内发起关于过渡期于2011年8月结束后索马里前途的协商进程。副秘书长还提到秘书长斯里兰卡问责专家小组的报告，该报告于4月12日提交秘书长。他说，该报告将适时公布。" ]

[ "2011年8月11日哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨随函转递2011年4月哥伦比亚担任安全理事会主席期间安全理事会工作的报告(见附件)。", "这份文件是在同安全理事会其他成员协商后由我负责编写的。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "内斯托·奥索里奥(签名)", "2011年8月11日哥伦比亚常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "哥伦比亚担任主席期间(2011年4月)安全理事会工作的评估", "导言", "在2011年4月哥伦比亚担任主席期间,安全理事会举行了35次会议,包括18次磋商会、8次情况交流会、2次公开辩论会和2次与维持和平行动部队和警察派遣国的会议。 安理会通过了五项决议和两项主席声明并向新闻界发表了四项声明。", "非洲", "科特迪瓦", "4月4日、8日和11日,就科特迪瓦政治和人道主义局势的发展以及安理会关于科特迪瓦局势的各项决定的执行情况举行了非正式磋商。", "4月13日,安全理事会收到了秘书长关于联合国科特迪瓦行动的第二十七次进度报告(S/2011/211)并听取了秘书长特别代表兼联合国科特迪瓦行动负责人崔英镇、主管人道主义事务副秘书长瓦莱丽·阿莫斯和联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱的通报。 科特迪瓦常驻代表优素福·班巴大使也发了言。 在举行非正式磋商后,安理会成员通过了一项新闻谈话,其中除其他外,欢迎阿拉萨内·德拉马内·瓦塔拉总统能够承担他作为科特迪瓦国家元首的责任,敦促各方共同努力,促进民族和解并恢复可持续和平,并赞赏联合国、非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体在解决冲突方面发挥的作用。", "4月28日,安理会通过第1980(2011)号决议,除其他外,决定将第1572(2004)号决议第7至12段、第1946(2010)号决议第5段、第1975(2011)号决议第12段和第1643(2005)号决议第6段规定的措施延长至2012年4月30日,这些措施分别涉及武器禁运、旅行禁令、冻结资产和阻止涉及毛坯钻石的金融交易和限制交易。 安理会第1980(2011)号决议还将第1727(2006)号决议第7段规定的专家组任期延长至2012年4月30日,请专家组于2011年10月15日前向第1572(2004)号决议所设委员会提交一份中期报告,并在任期结束前15天通过委员会向安理会提交最后报告。 决议通过后,科特迪瓦常驻代表发了言。", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "4月4日,安理会听取了秘书长阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题特使阿卜杜勒-埃拉·穆罕默德·哈提卜的简报,他介绍了为执行任务而开展的活动。 特使报告了3月29日参加利比亚问题伦敦会议的情况,会上设立了利比亚问题国际联络小组,并向安理会通报了在的黎波里和班加西举行的会议。 他还提到非洲联盟3月31日为分析解决阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的各种备选办法而举行的会议。 在情况通报会后进行的非正式协商中,安理会成员就该问题交换了意见并分析了正在发生的事件。", "根据第1973(2011)号决议第12段,4月28日举行了闭门磋商,主管政治事务副秘书长林恩·帕斯科就利比亚局势和第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议的执行情况作了通报。 副秘书长概述了最近的事件,并着重指出了主管人道主义事务副秘书长为处理日益严重的人道主义危机而作的努力,以及秘书长驻阿拉伯利比亚民众国特使为解决这一问题并根据其任务授权为危机寻求政治解决办法而作的努力。 安理会成员随后就此问题交换了意见。", "西撒哈拉", "4月18日,安理会和联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)的部队和警察部队派遣国举行非公开会议,听取了维持和平行动部亚洲和中东司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德-韦伯的简报,随后安理会通过了一项正式公报(S/PV.6516)。", "4月19日,负责西撒哈拉问题的秘书长个人特使克里斯托弗·罗斯和负责西撒哈拉问题的秘书长特别代表兼西撒特派团团长哈尼·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹向安理会通报了活动的最新情况并提交了秘书长关于西撒哈拉局势的报告(S/2011/249)。 安理会成员就该问题交换了意见。", "后来,4月27日,安理会第1979(2011)号决议将西撒特派团的任务期限延长至2012年4月30日,并呼吁双方继续表现出政治意愿,在有利于对话的气氛中开展工作,以进入更密集和更实质性的谈判阶段。 南非、尼日利亚、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、法国和加蓬的代表在会上作了发言。", "索马里", "4月11日,安理会通过关于索马里沿海海盗和海上武装抢劫的第1976(2011)号决议,决定根据适用的人权法,紧急考虑设立索马里专门法院,审判索马里和该区域的海盗嫌犯,包括设立一个境外的索马里反海盗专门法院,如秘书长索马里沿海海盗所涉法律问题特别顾问杰克·朗报告(S/2011/30,附件)所建议。 要求秘书长在两个月内就这种起诉机制的模式提出报告。", "苏丹", "4月14日,安理会同联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)部队和警察派遣国举行了一次非公开会议。 维持和平行动部非洲一司司长玛格丽特·凯里作了简报,随后除了通过正式公报(S/PV.6514)外,还交换了意见和资料。", "4月20日,举行了一次情况交流会,随后进行了非正式磋商,主管维持和平行动助理秘书长阿图尔·哈雷在会上讨论了秘书长的报告(S/2011/239和S/2011/244)。 助理秘书长向安理会通报了苏丹最近发生的事件以及联苏特派团和非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)的活动。 安理会成员就该问题交换了意见。", "4月21日,安理会通过一项主席声明(S/PRST/2011/8),并一致通过了第1978(2011)号决议,将联苏特派团的任务期限延长至2011年7月9日。", "亚洲", "阿富汗", "4月1日,主管维持和平行动副秘书长阿兰·勒罗伊向安理会通报了在马扎里沙里夫发生的对联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)人员的袭击,8名联合国工作人员在袭击中丧生。 安理会成员向新闻界发表谈话,谴责这次袭击和各种煽动暴力的行为。 与此同时,他们呼吁阿富汗政府将责任人绳之以法,并采取一切可能步骤保护联阿援助团工作人员。", "伊拉克", "4月8日,秘书长伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长阿德·梅尔克特就援助团任务执行情况和伊拉克局势作了情况通报。 特别代表注意到在组建新的联合政府方面取得的进展,同时提请注意伊拉克人民对缺乏工作、基本服务和机构承诺的持续合理关切。 他强调科威特代表团对伊拉克的高级别访问,反之亦然。 关于联伊援助团,他强调在建立独立人权委员会方面与国民议会和政府密切合作,并对阿什拉夫难民营发生暴力事件的报告表示关切。", "中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题", "4月21日,安理会举行公开辩论,审议中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题。 安理会听取了主管政治事务副秘书长的简报。", "副秘书长对以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的谈判陷入僵局表示遗憾。 他强调了防止破坏政治努力的暴力言论的重要性,并报告说,4月13日在布鲁塞尔举行的协调向巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议上,联合国表示,在它与巴勒斯坦权力机构共同参与的领域(善政;法治和人权;生计和生产部门的手段;教育和文化;保健;社会保护;以及基础设施和水),政府职能足以成为一个可行的国家政府。 他指出,以色列便利流动的措施也支持经济活动和获得基本服务。 副秘书长重申,定居点活动违反国际法和以色列根据路线图作出的承诺。", "关于黎巴嫩局势,他表示关切的是,在纳吉布·米卡提被提名为总理几个月后,新政府尚未成立。 他说,联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队行动区的总体局势总体上保持稳定。", "以色列常驻代表和巴勒斯坦常驻观察员也发了言,另有41名发言者参加了会议。", "美洲", "海地", "4月6日,在哥伦比亚总统胡安·曼努埃尔·桑托斯·卡尔德龙的主持下,就海地问题举行了一次公开辩论,他解释说,哥伦比亚召开会议的目的是促进海地的稳定和加强法治。 他对海地重建在物质和体制上进展缓慢表示遗憾,并强调指出,国际社会有义务以协调一致的方式履行其对海地重建的承诺,并寻求具体、可持续和长期的成就,以加强体制并提高透明度。", "秘书长向安理会通报了情况,他赞扬海地人民通过和平进行第二轮投票,朝着巩固民主迈出了重要一步。 秘书长着重指出了在安全和尊重基本自由方面取得的进展,并强调指出,海地国家警察正在成为一个更有能力和更受信任的机构,在打击犯罪团伙和其他安全威胁方面取得进展。 他敦促下届海地政府在已取得的重大进展的基础上再接再厉,同时不忽视该国面临的主要挑战,如经济恶化和公共机构没有能力提供基本服务等。 联合国海地问题特使威廉·克林顿强调了由总统和议会设立的海地重建临时委员会的作用,该委员会的目的是协调海地政府同国际捐助者和参与重建的非政府组织界的工作,确保所有核准的项目都符合海地政府自己的发展计划并透明地使用资源。 特使说,超过87个项目已获核准,一旦完成,将有助于200万海地人。 海地总统勒内·加西亚·普雷瓦尔请联合国思考其干预的有效性,并认识到军事威慑只是寻求稳定的一个方面,他建议调整维持和平特派团的方向,使其包括世界银行和联合国各基金和方案等其他专门机构的工作。 他强调说,海地的稳定只有通过海地人自己的努力才能实现,显然需要国际社会的支持和声援,特别是在建设法治必不可少的机构方面。 40名发言者参加了会议。", "安理会于4月6日通过主席声明(S/PRST/2011/7),重申对海地主权、独立、领土完整和统一的坚定承诺,并强调指出,海地政府和人民对实现和平与稳定以及海地的恢复努力负有主要责任。 安理会确认国际社会为支持海地的稳定进程所作出的贡献,包括加强其立法、司法和行政机构。 会议还确认海地面临的挑战相互关联,重申在安全、包括法治在内的机构能力建设以及巩固国家政府结构、民主、促进和保护人权与发展等方面取得的可持续进展是相辅相成的。", "专题问题", "妇女与和平与安全", "4月12日,安理会举行公开会议,听取主管性别平等和增强妇女权能事务副秘书长兼联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)执行主任米歇尔·巴切莱特的通报。 在紧接其后的闭门磋商中,安理会成员听取了副秘书长的补充评论并提出了问题。 大多数成员表示支持妇女署的活动和方案,并表示支持需要在执行安理会有关决定方面取得进展。", "4月14日,就性暴力问题举行了一次公开会议,随后进行了闭门磋商。 安理会听取了负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表玛戈·瓦尔斯特伦的情况通报。 磋商后,主席就安理会成员商定的若干内容向媒体宣读了一项声明。 他们特别指出,安理会成员注意到特别代表对刚果民主共和国局势以及该国同安哥拉之间边界局势的评估,以及她关于处理该区域性暴力局势的建议;安理会成员满意地注意到关于两国政府合作以及采取措施防止性暴力行为并终止相关有罪不罚现象的公告;安理会还听取了特别代表关于与非洲联盟举行的会议和执行安理会第1960(2010)号决议所取得进展的通报;安理会成员欢迎关于增进联合国与非洲联盟之间在此问题上合作的公告,并表示完全支持特别代表为结束武装冲突中性暴力局势而作的努力。", "小武器", "4月25日,安理会就小武器问题举行了闭门磋商。 联合国裁军事务高级代表塞尔吉奥·德凯罗斯·杜阿尔特介绍了秘书长根据2007年6月29日主席声明(S/PRST/2007/24)提交的关于小武器的第二次报告(S/2011/255)。 安理会成员感谢高级代表提交报告。 在介绍之后进行了闭门磋商,在磋商中,一些发言者提到正在进行的关于武器贸易条约的谈判,该条约应当为武器贸易确立尽可能高的标准,而另一些发言者则提到合作、援助和国家能力建设的重要性以及充分执行2001年《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》的必要性。", "非洲和平与安全(肯尼亚)", "4月8日,安理会就肯尼亚请求安理会根据《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第16条请求法院推迟2009年11月检察官自行对肯尼亚公民提起的某些诉讼一事举行了磋商。 磋商后,主席代表安理会成员向媒体宣读了一项声明。 他特别强调,在收到肯尼亚的请求后,安理会于3月和4月举行了互动对话和非正式磋商;安理会还考虑到非洲联盟表达的立场;在深入审议后,安理会成员未能就此事达成协议。 主席还奉命向肯尼亚常驻代表和非洲联盟常驻观察员转递商定的要点和信函。", "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议 所设委员会", "4月20日,安理会第1977(2011)号决议将第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会的任务期限延长了10年,至2021年4月25日,并规定进行两次审查,一次在五年后,另一次在任务期限结束前进行。 安理会在该决议中再次呼吁各国适当采取有效措施,应对大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具在非国家行为者手中的扩散所构成的威胁。 它还重申所有会员国需要遵守它们在军备控制、裁军和不扩散所有大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具的所有方面方面的义务并履行其承诺,并承认核生化武器及其运载工具的扩散对国际和平与安全构成威胁。 安理会还强调,所有国家都需要全面执行第1540(2004)号决议,并强调指出,必须应各国请求提供能满足其需要的有效援助。", "政治事务部的简报", "4月18日,主管政治事务副秘书长向安理会通报了4月12日和13日在内罗毕举行的一次高级别协商会议的情况,目的是在《索马里过渡联邦宪章》和《吉布提和平协定》的框架内,就2011年8月结束的过渡时期之后索马里的未来启动一个协商进程。 副秘书长还提及秘书长斯里兰卡问责制专家小组于4月12日提交秘书长的报告。 他说,将在适当时候公布该报告。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 115 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Appointments to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs", "and other appointments", "Appointment of members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. Rules 155 and 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly provide as follows:", "“Rule 155", "“The General Assembly shall appoint an Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions consisting of sixteen members, including at least three financial experts of recognized standing.", "“Rule 156", "“The members of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be selected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience and shall serve for a period of three years corresponding to three calendar years. Members shall retire by rotation and shall be eligible for reappointment. The three financial experts shall not retire simultaneously. The General Assembly shall appoint the members of the Advisory Committee at the regular session immediately preceding the expiration of the term of office of the members or, in case of vacancies, at the next session.”", "2. The present membership of the Advisory Committee is the following:", "Aïcha Afifi (Morocco)*", "Renata Archini (Italy)*", "Jasminka Dinić (Croatia)**", "Vladimir A. Iosifov (Russian Federation)*", "Collen V. Kelapile (Botswana)**", "Namgya C. Khampa (India)***", "Peter Maddens (Belgium)***", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu (Mexico)***", "Richard Moon (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)***", "Stafford Oliver Neil (Jamaica)**", "Akira Sugiyama (Japan)***", "Mohammad Mustafa Tal (Jordan)**", "Alejandro Torres Lépori (Argentina)*", "David Traystman (United States of America)* Nonye Udo (Nigeria)**", "Zhang Wanhai (China)***", "* Term of office expires on 31 December 2011.", "** Term of office expires on 31 December 2012.", "*** Term of office expires on 31 December 2013.", "3. Since the terms of office of Ms. Afifi, Ms. Archini, Mr. Iosifov, Mr. Torres Lépori and Mr. Traystman will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint five persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The persons so appointed will serve for a period of three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "4. At previous sessions, the Fifth Committee submitted to the General Assembly a draft decision containing the names of the persons recommended for appointment. It is suggested that a similar procedure be followed at the sixty-sixth session." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目115(a)", "任命各附属机构成员以补空缺, 并作出其他任命", "任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 《大会议事规则》第一五五和第一五六条规定如下：", "“第一五五条", "“大会应任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会,成员十六人,其中至少应包括有公认地位的财政专家三人。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "“第一五六条", "“行政和预算问题咨询委员会的成员不得有两人同为一国国民，成员应在广泛的地域代表性、个人资格和经验的基础上选出，任期三年，为三个历年。成员轮流任满，但可连任。三位财政专家不应同时任满。大会应在咨询委员会成员任期即将届满前的一届常会上任命新的成员，如出现空缺，则在下届常会上任命。”", "2. 行预咨委会现任成员如下：", "艾舍·阿菲菲(摩洛哥)^(*)", "雷纳塔·阿尔基尼(意大利)^(*)", "亚斯明卡·迪尼奇(克罗地亚)^(**)", "弗拉基米尔·约瑟福夫(俄罗斯联邦)^(*)", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(博茨瓦纳)^(**)", "纳姆加·坎帕(印度)^(***)", "彼得·马登斯(比利时)^(***)", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌(墨西哥)^(***)", "理查德·穆恩(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)^(***)", "斯塔福德·奥利弗·尼尔(牙买加)^(**)", "杉山明(日本)^(***)", "穆罕默德·穆斯塔法·塔尔(约旦)^(**)", "亚历杭德罗·托雷斯·莱波里(阿根廷)^(*)", "戴维·特雷斯特曼(美利坚合众国)^(*)", "农耶·乌多(尼日利亚)^(**)", "张万海(中国)^(***)", "^(*) 2011年12月31日任满。", "^(**) 2012年12月31日任满。", "^(***) 2013年12月31日任满。", "3. 鉴于阿菲菲女士、阿尔基尼女士、约瑟福夫先生、托雷斯·莱波里先生和特雷斯特曼先生的任期将于2011年12月31日届满，大会第六十六届会议需任命五人，以填补空缺。获任命者任期三年，自2012年1月1日起。", "4. 在以往各届会议上，第五委员会都向大会提出一项决定草案，其中载有被推荐任命者的姓名。兹建议第六十六届会议遵循同样程序。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目115(a)", "任命各附属机构成员以补空缺,", "并作出其他任命", "任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 大会议事规则第155和156条规定如下:", "“第155条", "“大会应任命行政和预算问题咨询委员会,由十六名成员组成,其中至少包括具有公认地位的财政专家三人。", "“第156条", "“行政和预算问题咨询委员会成员不得有两人为同一国国民,各成员应在广泛的地域代表性和个人资格和经验的基础上选出,任期三年,相当于三个历年。 成员轮流任满,但可连任。 三位财务专家不应同时任满。 大会应在咨询委员会成员任期即将届满前的一届常会上任命其成员,如出现空缺,则在下届常会上任命。 “", "2. 联合国 咨询委员会现任成员如下:", "阿伊查·阿菲菲(摩洛哥)*", "雷纳塔·阿尔基尼(意大利)*", "亚斯明卡·迪尼奇(克罗地亚)* * 联合国", "弗拉基米尔·约西福夫(俄罗斯联邦)*", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(博茨瓦纳)* * 联合国", "纳姆加·坎帕(印度)***", "彼得·马登斯(比利时)***", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌(墨西哥)** * 联合国", "理查德·穆恩(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)* * 联合国 * 联合国", "斯塔福德·奥利弗·尼尔(牙买加)* * 联合国", "杉山秋日(日本)** * 联合国", "穆罕默德·穆斯塔法·塔尔(约旦)* * 联合国", "亚历杭德罗·托雷斯·莱波里(阿根廷)*", "戴维·特雷斯曼(美利坚合众国)* 农耶·乌多(尼日利亚)* * 联合国", "张万海(中国)***", "* 联合国 2011年12月31日任满。", "页:1 2012年12月31日任满。", "页:1 2013年12月31日任满。", "3个 由于Afifi女士、Archini女士、Iosifov先生、Torres Lepori先生和Traystman先生的任期将于2011年12月31日届满,大会第六十六届会议需要任命五人以补空缺。 获任命者任期三年,自2012年1月1日起。", " 4.四. 2. 在以往各届会议上,第五委员会都向大会提出一项决定草案,其中载有推荐任命的人士的姓名。 兹建议第六十六届会议遵循同样程序。" ]

[ "UnitedNations A/66/308 []\tGeneralAssembly Distr.: General16 August 2011 \n Original: English", "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards”.", "* A/66/150.", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "[]", "United Nations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "Original: ENGLISH", "PREPAREDNESS OF UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONS FOR THEINTERNATIONAL PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTING STANDARDS \n (IPSAS)", "Prepared by", "Gérard Biraud", "Joint Inspection Unit", "[]", "United Nations, Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the transition to and implementation status of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations and to show how this process has been carried out by each organization, with a focus on identifying best practices and possible risks.", "Following 25 years of attempts to harmonize financial reporting practices across United Nations system organizations and allow for better comparability of their financial statements, namely through the use of a specific set of United Nations accounting standards, in 2006 the General Assembly endorsed the recommendation of the CEB and approved the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS. Other United Nations organizations soon followed, as the IPSAS standards were recognized as being the most appropriate for non-profit intergovernmental organizations.", "The adoption of IPSAS is seen as a key reform element within the United Nations System and it continues to receive support from governing bodies and senior management. Since 2006 United Nations system organizations have made headway in aligning themselves with IPSAS requirements. Yet they have become increasingly aware that this undertaking would be more arduous and complex than initially foreseen. Of 22 organizations reviewed, one (WFP) has already been receiving unqualified (i.e. favourable) opinion from its external auditor on its financial statements for 2008 and 2009, presented as IPSAS compliant. (Its experience and best practices are presented in annex IV); eight - ICAO, IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO - have introduced IPSAS by the original target of 2010, and their external auditors will determine in the course of 2011 whether they are indeed compliant, two (IAEA and UPU) expect to implement IPSAS in 2011, nine (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA and WHO in 2012 and two (United Nations and UNWTO) in 2014.", "The review demonstrates that the adoption of IPSAS is beginning to have a major impact on United Nations system organizations, extending well beyond accounting. The conversion to IPSAS should allow for enhanced management of resources and business processes and improve results-based management across the United Nations system. Depending on the organizations’ initial readiness for IPSAS requirements, the transition to IPSAS has been a major undertaking for most organizations as it is impacting accounting, financial reporting and associated information technology systems and should lead to a new approach to planning, decision-making, budgeting and financial reporting. It is expected that the reporting of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses in accordance with independent international standards will significantly improve the quality, comparability and credibility of United Nations System financial statements to Member States, donors and staff, enhancing accountability, transparency and governance.", "Many organizations underestimated the concerted efforts and resources that would be required and failed to undertake initial preparedness and risk assessments. The review also found that successful transition to IPSAS hinges on strong senior management support and engagement, dedicated intra-departmental task forces and the adoption of a project management approach.", "A system-wide project under the authority of the High Level Committee on Management (HLCM) has been critical to support the IPSAS projects of United Nations system organizations. The project, coordinated by a Task Force on Accounting Standards, encompassed the development of accounting guidance, training material, and experience sharing among IPSAS teams (as reflected by the Secretary-General’s progress reports and Accounting Standards website, etc.) and involvement in the standard-setting work of the IPSAS Board (IPSASB).", "In addition to outlining the benefits expected from the application of IPSAS, this report identifies and addresses a number of risks that executive heads should consider in order to ensure a successful transition to IPSAS.", "The report recommends that executive heads ensure implementation of the following set of sixteen best practices as identified in this report in addition to the two recommendations made to their respective legislative bodies. The Inspector is aware that most of these recommended practices are being or have already been implemented by many organizations.", "Set of 16 Best Practices for Implementing a Smooth Transition to IPSAS:", "1. Set up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. The committee should have a multi-year mandate and include staff specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "2: Conduct an in-depth analysis of gaps between existing business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and the requirement and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3: In the case of a major shift in the project environment, reassess the initial IPSAS adoption strategy and adjust this as necessary.", "4. Apply proven project planning and implementation methodologies including clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "5. Develop a strategy for producing IPSAS-compliant opening balances for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "6. With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "7. Determine and budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity to maintain future IPSAS compliance.", "8. Ensure that financial resources are made available for training, where feasible, of in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts.", "9. Thoroughly analyze existing (legacy) information systems for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements and, as a major element of the initial gap analysis, appreciate the changes that an ERP system must undergo to support IPSAS.", "10. Communicate awareness on the transition to IPSAS through all available means of communication, training and documentation. This can be achieved through personal contact, presentations, and testimonies from persons involved in successful cases outside the entity, retreats, practical exercises and other training materials comparing present and new accounting policies.", "11. Ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and supply chain and finance staff, are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific documentation (manuals) and training.", "12. Adopt risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "13. Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "14. Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures, as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "15. Perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data.", "16. Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "Taking all those best practices into account, the first two of the recommendations set out below are addressed specifically to the legislative bodies of United Nations system organizations and the third to their Executive Heads: all are aimed at enhancing accountability, effectiveness and efficiency in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 1", "The legislatives bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. iii\n\tABBREVIATIONS. ix\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-8\t1-3\n\tA.\tOrigin\t2-3\t1\n\tB.\tObjectives\t4-5\t2\n\tC.\tMethodology\t6-8\t2\nII.\tTOWARDSIPSAS. 9-28\t4-8\tA.\tWhy financial reporting needsinternational accounting\t9-13\t4 \n standards \n\tB.\tThe dilemma facing United Nations systemorganizations\t14\t4\n\tC.\tA first and elusive solution: the UnitedNations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)\t15-18\t5\n\tD.\tA new solution to an old dilemma: theInternational Public Sector AccountingStandards (IPSAS)\t19-21\t6\n\tE.\t2005-2007: The political decisions toadopt IPSAS\t22-28\t7\nIII.\tTHEIMPACTOFIPSASONTHEORGANIZATIONS:KEYISSUES. 29-72\t9-20\n\tA.\tThe major change to accrual-basedaccounting\t29-37\t9\n 1. Novelty 29-30 9 \n 2. Challenges 31-35 9 \n 3. Benefits 36-37 10 \n\tB.\tOther issues relating to IPSASimplementation\t38-51\t11\n 1. Reputational risk 38-40 11 \n 2. Potential risks 41-43 12 \n 3. Change management 44 12 \n 4. IPSAS is time and money consuming 45-46 13 \n 5. Cultural aspects 47-48 13 \n 6. Political aspects 49-51 14 \n\tC.\tSome accounting changes with most impact\t52-72\t15\n 1. Presentation of financial statements 53 15 \n 2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plantand Equipment\t54-59\t15\n 3. Employee benefits 60-64 16 \n 4. The budget issue 65-69 18 \n 5. Revenue recognition 70 19 \n 6. Fund accounting 71 19 \n 7. Foreign exchange rates and timing offinancial statements\t72\t19 \nIV.\tIPSASPROJECTSIMPLEMENTATIONINTHEUNITEDNATIONSSYSTEM. 73-163\t21-47\n\tA.\tThe system-wide (CEB) project\t74-83\t21\n 1. An inter-agency undertaking 74-76 21 \n 2. Deliverables and services 77-83 22 \n\tB.\tThe organizations’ projects: strategicissues and diversity\t84-157\t23\n 1. Governance and change management 84-94 23 \n 2. Gap analysis and users 95-96 25 \n 3. A phased and planned strategy 97-102 26 \n 4. Project management 103-108 27 \n 5. Enterprise Resource Planning 109-111 29 \n 6. Keeping up with the governing body andits initial expectations\t112-113\t29\n 7. Human resources 114-116 31 \n 8. Financial resources 117-118 32 \n 9. ERP and its interactions with IPSASimplementation\t119-129\t32\n 10. Awareness and communications 130-133 36 \n 11. Training 134-139 37 \n 12. Risk assessment 140-143 39 \n 13. Oversight 144-155 41 \n\tC.\tA key indicator: expected compliancedate by organization\t156-163\t45\nV.\tIPSASANDTHEFINANCIALANDECONOMICCRISIS 164-168\t48-49\nVI.\tCONCLUSION 169-171\t50 \n \nANNEXES \nI.\tListofIPSAS(2010IFACHandbookofInternationalPublicSectorAccountingPronouncements) 51\nII.\tPerceivedimportanceofeachIPSASasidentifiedbyparticipatingorganizations 52\nIII.\tProcessFlowfortransitiontoIPSASImplementation. 53\nIV.\tAsuccessstory:theWFPProcess 1-37\t54-61\nV.\tOverviewofactiontobetakenbyparticipatingorganizationsonJIUrecommendations 62", "ABBREVIATIONS", "AC Audit Committee", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "ACC Administrative Coordination Committee", "ASHI After-service health insurance", "BoA United Nations Board of Auditors", "CCAQ Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CCAQ (FB) Finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CNC Conseil National de la Comptabilité", "EC European Commission", "ED Exposure drafts", "ERP Enterprise Resource Planning", "FASB Financial Accounting Standards Board", "FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "FBN Finance and Budget Network", "FEE Federation des Experts-Comptables Européens", "FS Financial statements", "GAAP Generally Accepted Accounting Principles", "HLCM High Level Committee on Management", "IAS International Accounting Standards", "IASB International Accounting Standards Board", "IASC International Accounting Standards Committee", "ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization", "ICT Information and communication technology", "IFAC International Federation of Accountants", "IFRIC International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee", "IFRS International Financial Reporting Standards", "ILO International Labour Organization", "IMIS Integrated Management Information System", "IMO International Maritime Organization", "IPSAS International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "IPSASB International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board", "ITU International Telecommunication Union", "NAO British National Audit Office", "NGO Non‑governmental organization", "OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development", "PAHO Pan American Health Organization", "PoEA Panel of External Auditors", "PPE Property, plant and equipment", "SG Secretary General", "TF Task Force on Accounting Standards", "ULO Un-liquidated obligation", "UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNFPA United Nations Population Fund", "UNGA United Nations General Assembly", "UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees", "UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund", "UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services", "UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "UNSAS United Nations System Accounting Standards", "UNWTO United Nations World Tourism Organization", "UPU Universal Postal Union", "WFP World Food Programme", "WHO World Health Organization", "WINGS WFP Information Network and Global System", "WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization", "WMO World Meteorological Organization", "I. INTRODUCTION", "1. As part of its programme of work for 2008, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) undertook a review entitled “Implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in United Nations system organizations”. The present review, which is directed at a broad audience, seeks to tackle a number of complex and interrelated issues and provide a comprehensive overview. Given the size and highly technical nature of the IPSAS project (the full texts of all IPSAS standards fill more than 1,000 pages) it was a major challenge to synthesize the review into a readable and as concise as possible a report. The information in this report is therefore provided in relatively short sections suitable for individual study as necessary. Readers are encouraged to use the table of contents to guide them to issues of their own special interest:", "understand the raison d’être of the reform;", "UNSAS and how IPSAS requirements and benefits will impact the organizations;", "challenge in different environments; on the ingredients for success or failure; on the project team that supported the organizations at the interagency level; and on best practices, an area in which both executive heads and Member States have an important role to play;", "IPSAS compliance in the United Nations system.", "A. Origin", "2. Since 1980, and more so since 2004, United Nations system organizations have recognized the need for a concerted process for an orderly transition toward compliance with common and internationally recognized accounting standards. Reviewing this common process provides an exceptional opportunity for the JIU to fulfil its mandate of ensuring that optimum use is made of resources made available to the organizations, in particular through greater coordination between them.[1] This review commenced in 2008, with most research and drafting being undertaken in 2009.", "3. Unsurprisingly, the urgency of undertaking this reform was first felt by experts in international accounting from across the United Nations system. The Inspector recalls the harsh assessment of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), which pointed out that “despite the importance of good quality financial reporting and accounting standards to improvements in governance, accountability and transparency, most of the United Nations system management reform reports have not linked financial reporting or accounting standards to these three reform aims” [2] (with the exception of the World Food Programme (WFP) Governance Project). In concrete terms, had IPSAS been applied in the last decades, there would have been no unpleasant surprises about the necessity and cost of the Capital Master Plan, the liabilities on after-service health insurance (ASHI), or about millions of unaccounted assets, especially in peacekeeping missions.", "B. Objectives", "4. Given that all in principle decisions to adopt IPSAS had already been made in 2006 and 2007, this report will not dwell on their appropriateness but rather seek to propose ways and means to have these implemented in the most efficient manner. Consequently, the objectives of the report are to:", "decided to transit to IPSAS, with the main benefits, challenges and difficulties involved;", "changes in accounting and management practices across the United Nations system; and", "legislative bodies, executive heads and managers of United Nations system organizations to assess the implementation status of their IPSAS project and, if necessary, rethink their adoption strategy.", "5. This report seeks to increase IPSAS awareness among delegates and officials of the various secretariats, who mostly do not have a professional background in accounting. The inspector feels it is essential to make this very technical accounting reform as understandable as any other management reform so that Member States and officials alike may appreciate the benefits to be expected from the adoption of IPSAS. A further objective is to help decision makers to fully take into account the most relevant success factors for attaining their common goal of producing IPSAS-compliant set of financial statements (FS) as soon as possible, in accordance with the decisions taken in 2004 and 2005 by the directors of accounting and finance of United Nations system organizations and subsequently by their legislative bodies in 2006 and 2007.", "C. Methodology", "6. The review covers IPSAS implementation in all participating organizations between 2006 and mid-2010[3]. In accordance with the internal standards and guidelines of the JIU and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included a preliminary desk review, interviews and in-depth analysis. The JIU was given access to responses to the semi-annual questionnaires circulated by the Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) of the United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). In addition, a detailed questionnaire was sent by the JIU to all participating organizations. On the basis of the responses received, the Inspector conducted interviews with officials of participating organizations. He also sought the views of the CEB Secretariat and organizations which have already adopted IPSAS, including the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Commission (EC) and the World Bank. The views of the IPSAS Board, IFAC, the United Nations Board of Auditors (BoA) and the French Government were also sought.", "7. Substantive comments from participating organizations on the draft report have been sought and taken into account in finalizing the report. In accordance with article 11.2 of the JIU Statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, annex V contains a table indicating whether the report is submitted to the organizations concerned for action or for information. The table identifies those recommendations relevant for each organization, specifying whether they require a decision by the organization’s legislative or governing body or can be acted upon by the organization’s executive head. The Inspector wishes to express his appreciation to all who assisted him in the preparation of this report, and particularly to those who participated in the interviews and shared their knowledge and expertise.", "8. This report is dedicated to the memory of Jean François des Robert, whose lecture to the JIU inspired this project and who, despite being a recognized specialist in the implementation of IFRS and IPSAS in various countries of Africa, Asia and Central Europe, modestly accepted to work for this project as a JIU Research Officer from January 2008 until the final days of his life in April of that year.[4] He is deeply missed as an expert and as an exemplary human being. This project was then suspended for one year.", "II. TOWARDS IPSAS", "A. Why financial reporting needs international accounting standards", "9. Until they decided to migrate from UNSAS to IPSAS, most United Nations system organizations had few accountants and little understanding of the substantive role that accountants can play in improving the financial management of public services and ensuring greater value for money.", "10. The objective of financial statements (FS) is to provide structured basic information on a private or public entity’s performance and financial position (i.e. its health and wealth) both for internal and external users.[5]", "11. In order to be useful, FS have to be understood in an equal manner by all users and should therefore apply common accounting principles, policies or rules developed by authoritative and independent specialists - hence the concept of accounting standards. With the development of international trade, finance and investments exchanges, the need for common tools to assess the value of commercial entities required international recognition of these standards.", "12. Initially felt in the private sector, this need has been addressed primarily by accountants who had first met nationally and then internationally to establish and maintain standard-setting bodies such as the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC)[6] and its successor, the London-based 15-member International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).[7] Its International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), derived from the International Accounting Standards (IAS), were made mandatory by the European Union for all listed companies in 2005 and they, or their national equivalents, are progressively becoming mandatory in other countries including India, South Africa, Turkey and the United States.", "13. “The philosophy underlying international accounting standards is that they set a series of principles against which the decisions about the recording of particular transactions should be judged. The application and audit of such standards is based on the assumption that they will be applied by persons who have a thorough knowledge of accounting theory and practice and be audited by persons who have a similar background.”[8]", "B. The dilemma facing United Nations system organizations", "14. It took 25 years for United Nations system organizations to progress from a situation where the absence of a common framework for accounting and financial reporting prevented comparison of financial statements between organizations towards the progressive adoption of the same internationally recognized accounting standards. The major steps in this evolution have been as follows:", "1980 Creation of a working party on the harmonization of FS by the finance and budget sector of the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (CCAQ (FB)) and its agreement that the recommendations of the IASC should serve as useful guidelines.", "1981: Adoption by the ACC of several principles of common sense, drawn from the “Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” (GAAP), which draw on standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording transactions and preparing FS. In particular, the principles relate to continuity (“going concern”), consistency, prudence, substance over form, disclosure of significant accounting policies, materiality, sincerity, periodicity and regularity. The same year the Consultative Committee on Administrative Questions (Finance and Budget) (CCAQ (FB)) made the disclosure of accounting policies mandatory for United Nations system organizations.", "1980s There were two opposing schools of thought as to the difficulty (CCAQ (FB)) or the necessity (Panel of External Auditors) of developing a body of accounting standards which would apply specifically to United Nations system organizations.", "1991: The Panel of External Auditors (PoEA) clearly described the challenge facing United Nations system organizations: “There are, of course, many reasons why standards developed specifically for application to the needs of businesses and commercial accounting cannot be read across for direct application in the very different circumstances of the United Nations organizations (…) More generally, the aims and objectives of United Nations organizations, the appropriate disclosure requirements, the interests and needs of the organizations preparing the financial statements and of the various users of the final accounts are in many respects significantly different from those appropriate to commercial bodies.” [9] A Standards Committee was established the same year.", "C. A first and elusive solution: the United Nations Accounting Standards (UNSAS)", "15. Finally, in response to a request by the General Assembly to PoEA[10] dated 21 December 1990, the annex to the Secretary-General’s 1993 report on accounting standards[11] was the first version of the United Nations System Accounting Standards (UNSAS). Although these standards have been subject to a series of revisions and continued to be applied by most United Nations system organizations at the time of the JIU review, their objectives have remained unchanged.", "16. The use of UNSAS was a major step towards the adoption of common language and terminology among accountants of United Nations system organizations, but their objectives had only been partially met.", "17. Whatever efforts might be deployed to revise UNSAS, three major flaws will remain, the price to be paid for their flexibility and adaptability to the various needs of United Nations system organizations:", "I. UNSAS leave ample room for interpretation since the very text establishing them recognized the principle of freedom for the authority competent for financial matters, thus allowing the organizations to dispense with strict discipline;[12]", "II. As a consequence, they are not truly “in force”, “common” or, by extension, credible.", "III. From an auditor’s point of view, they may give rise to a conflict of interest since they have been promulgated by an authority representing the very organizations whose accounts are to be audited in accordance with their own standards.", "18. While the United Nations system was proceeding with repeated revisions of its own standards in a bid to modernize its accounting practices, accounting trends were evolving rapidly in civil society, especially at the turn of the century in the wake of several scandals (Enron, WorldCom, etc.) which turned public opinion in favour of strengthening accounting regulations and policies and their international convergence. It thus became increasingly clear that the only way to ensure consistent and comparable financial reporting and accounting processes across the United Nations system was to make sure that all financial disclosures complied with the same set of standards issued by an independent external authority with an international composition and adapted to the needs of non-profit entities.", "D. A new solution to an old dilemma: the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "19. Fortunately, following and complementing the success of the IFRS, an initiative to meet these needs was launched in 1996. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) [13] established the Public Sector Council (PSC), later renamed the IPSAS Board (IPSASB), in Toronto, with a view to developing International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), underpinned by an independent and transparent due process[14] similar to that followed by IASB.[15] The aim was to develop high quality accounting standards to be used in the preparation of general purpose FS by public sector entities worldwide. Public sectors entities include national Governments, regional and local Governments and their component entities. Intergovernmental organizations were not included within the original scope of the standards. The IPSASB works with a very limited staff as an independent standard-setting body under the auspices of the IFAC. It achieves its objectives by:", "(IPSASs) and other pronouncements[16];", "accounting standards; and", "public sector.", "20. Basically, the IPSAS standards set out recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure requirements relating to transactions and events to be synthesized in general purpose FS. The full texts of IPSAS standards employ some new terminology[17] and provide examples of the application of the standards to particular transactions in order to enhance understanding of their requirements. In order to help introduce the necessary changes required by a system-wide adoption of IPSAS, interpretations of the standards and guidelines have been discussed by the Task Force on Accounting Standards. By the end of 2007, the system-wide project team had developed a portfolio of IPSAS-compliant policies and guidelines that has been accepted by United Nations system organizations as providing a stable platform for facilitating harmonization of IPSAS-compliant financial reporting across the United Nations system. In 2008 and 2009, further system-wide guidance papers were accepted, approved or endorsed. But interpretation of accounting standards is a subject of continuous debate, even within the same organization, and evolves over the years. (In this regard, the WFP, as an early adopter, could not benefit from the guidance of others.).", "21. Like IFRS, IPSAS requires full compliance. No FS can be claimed as being IPSAS-compliant if any of the IPSAS requirements has not been met in full. Nevertheless, in order to pave the way for progressive implementation of IPSAS, HLCM proposed, on the basis of the TF recommendation, (see para. 26 below), that until the completion of the transition UNSAS be applied in a flexible manner and accommodate accounting policies and practices already in line with IPSAS requirements.", "E. 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "22. In order to focus attention on the need to revamp the United Nations accounting system a Task Force on Accounting Standards (TF) was established in 2002. This inter-agency group, consisting of accountants from United Nations system organizations, was set up by the then Director of the Accounts division of the United Nations (now Deputy Controller) who continues to chair it in addition to co-chairing the Finance and Budget Network (FBN) of the CEB.[18] The HLCM approved the establishment of a joint “project” on international accounting standards, as recommended by the TF. Once a qualified team leader and joint funding were identified, the project provided the organizations the opportunity to exchange ideas and experiences through questionnaires and comments on various deliverables (position papers, draft guidances, etc.), issued according to a tight schedule.", "23. The first basic questions the TF members were asked by the CEB project team concerned the best accounting standards for the United Nations system and the criteria against which these should be assessed. Four options were proposed:", "and New Zealand", "several exemptions for situations specific to the United Nations.", "24. Of the 28 organizations contacted, the 12 formal replies received (of which some were from the largest organizations), gave considerable weight to the criteria of “international character, strong due process and full accruals” (see paras. 29-37). Interestingly, organizations were almost equally divided between a “practical” school of thought favouring the IFRS - the set of international standards widely used by large private companies in many countries, known to most accountants and on which comprehensive information and training material existed - and those belonging to the “logic” school, who favoured the new set of IPSAS standards, which they deemed particularly well-suited to the specific needs of public sector entities. In the end, there was no clear majority for either approach (11 for IPSAS and 10 for IFRS).", "25. To the question: “Do you agree with the paper’s suggestion that full adoption of an external set of accounting standards may not be possible for UN System organizations within the short to medium term?” as of June 2005, 10 out of 12 respondents did agree. Consequently, considerable system-wide efforts were deployed to promote the view that a transition to international standards could be completed in the medium term. These efforts were a vital component of the TF drive, supported by HLCM, to hasten the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS. Logically, each organization should have conducted an in-depth analysis of its level of preparedness in 2005. This would have necessitated a good understanding of IPSAS requirements by all the organizations, which was hardly the case. Instead a system-wide preparedness study was conducted. Based on its results and on the successful experiences drawn from the OECD, EC and NATO, five years was selected as the (tight) standard timeframe for transition. Furthermore, three organizations were identified as likely to be able to adopt the international standards as early as 2008, while it was expected that the others would be ready for compliance in 2010. Although technically the feasibility and lack of flexibility of this deadline should have been questioned, the organizations came under pressure in the summer of 2005 to adhere to it. On the other hand, it should be recognized that, at that initial stage, establishing a challenging deadline helped draw the attention of senior management and governing bodies to this transition and created a momentum to secure project resources and commitment to invest efforts in change management.", "26. This explains why only five months later, on 30 November 2005, the HLCM unanimously approved the following recommendations:", "(a) United Nations system organizations should adopt IPSAS", "(b) United Nations system organizations should develop their implementation timetables, with all organizations adopting IPSAS effective no later than reporting periods beginning on 1 January 2010, and 1 July 2010 for the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.", "(c) Support, coordination and leadership for this system-wide change should continue to be provided through the TF, under the auspices of the FBN, together with continuation of project resources to ensure consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the System.", "(d) The following sentence would be added to UNSAS at the end of paragraph 3:", "“Where an organization departs from the practices set out below in order to apply an IPSAS standard or IPSAS standards the organization is deemed to comply with UNSAS.”", "(e) Inter-agency funding and other support would continue to be provided to ensure effective United Nations System representation on the IPSASB. [19]", "27. In light of relevant reports of the Secretary-General[20] and exchanges with Secretariat officials, the ACABQ endorsed the recommendation with a degree of enthusiasm most unusual for this body: “It is clear to the Advisory Committee that the Organization should move from UNSAS to IPSAS.”[21] In parallel however it cautiously and rightly warned against an unrealistic timeline, stressing that implementation needed to be synchronized with the introduction of a new information technology system.", "28. On 7 July 2006, the General Assembly followed ACABQ on both counts and decided to approve the adoption by the United Nations of IPSAS, though it refrained from imposing the target date proposed by the Secretary-General. In addition, in accordance with the recommendation of ACABQ, it approved the resources requested by the Secretary-General to begin the implementation process. [22] In less than two years, all the organizations followed in the footsteps of the United Nations and commenced their transition to IPSAS, a most remarkable achievement.", "III. THE IMPACT OF IPSAS ON THE ORGANIZATIONS: KEY ISSUES", "The major change to accrual-based accounting", "1. Novelty", "29. In 2000, ACABQ was able to attend one of the annual accruals symposiums held by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for finance experts from its Member States to discuss the introduction of a new basis for accounting: “accrual”, as opposed to “cash”[23]. Since then it has become accepted professional convention that accrual-based accounting is the best method to meet the needs of modern financial reporting and the most suited to provide a full picture of an entity’s financial situation, giving insight into its actual assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in a given year. Nowadays all international accounting standards require compliance with this method of recording transactions.", "30. Under accrual-based accounting transactions and other events are recognized when they occur (and not only when cash or its equivalent is received or paid). Consequently, transactions and events are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the FS of the periods to which they relate. While very often transaction dates and payment dates differ, under the new method each of these events is recognized at its actual date and has to be accounted for in the FS of the financial period in question. Therefore, accounting treatment will differ. The elements recognized under accrual-based accounting are assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses (IPSAS 1).", "2. Challenges", "31. The use of accrual-based accounting in public management has an impact which extends well beyond financial matters as it affects regular work practices, from political decision-making to daily operations. Indeed, the adoption of this method amounts to no less than a cultural revolution. Some United Nations system organizations have long been using accrual-based accounting to record certain revenues or expenses, and are therefore better placed for IPSAS implementation. But for others such change needs to be assimilated not only by their accountants, but also by delegates and managers who need to consult existing FS, or have to contribute to generating new ones.", "32. The change could be as frightening as for a singer or a television director to go from a recording studio to a live public show. In traditional cash-based accounting transactions are recorded on the basis of payments made; but by using the accrual method they are recorded when income becomes due and expenditure is incurred (rather than when cash is received or paid) and reported in the FS of the periods to which they relate. Transaction and payment dates often do not agree and their accounting treatment is therefore different under each method.", "Example A: Purchase of service from a consultant", "The signing of the contract will have no accounting impact. However, the date of delivery/provision of the service bought will become the only accounting reference, instead of the reservation of the budget funds. Receipt of the payment request will become the key event (unless a single date can be set for delivery and likewise for the purchase of property), with the liabilities charged to the financial period. This presupposes that compliance with intermediary payment conditions has been verified in full. It will no longer be a matter of liquidating a funds reservation, but of recording each event once it has actually occurred.[24]", "Example B", "Shipment of goods", "When an entity procures 900 tents for subsequent distribution to beneficiaries, under cash-based accounting the transaction will recognize expenditure at the time a payment for shipment is made to the supplier, whenever actual delivery of shipment took place (payment usually follows delivery of goods). Under accrual-based accounting the receipt of shipment will first be recorded in the inventory (assets) account as an increase in asset value representing addition of inventory by 900 tents stored in the entity’s warehouse. Thereafter, at the time of distribution to beneficiaries, second or consequent transactions will record reduction in inventory (asset) value and increase in expenses to represent the value of tents distributed. Thus, distribution of 200 tents to beneficiaries will result in a reduction of inventory (assets) value by equivalent of 200 tents, leaving the balance of 700 tents, but the value of 200 tents will be expensed.", "33. Under IPSAS, it is no longer possible to make even minor adjustments to accounting records since any event which impacts the reporting entity’s wealth must be recognized at the time it occurs.", "34. Under traditional cash-based accounting methods expenses and revenues need not be recorded in the period to which they relate; expenses and revenues, together with capital spending are booked in total in the year in which the capital purchase or disposal is made. In addition, cash-based accounts do not fully recognize assets and liabilities. By contrast, accrual-based accounting measures an entity’s performance and financial position by recognizing economic events at the time when transactions occur (instead of when payments are made). As a result, FS prepared on an accrual basis should provide information about elements such as the resources controlled by the reporting entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), cash flow and other useful financial information about its performance and financial resilience.", "35. Given that in many organizations budget information (monitoring of the execution of the adopted budget) will continue to be presented on a cash basis, the transition to IPSAS will lead to a marked dissociation between accounting and financial data (paras. 65-69).", "1. Benefits", "36. Once the appropriate conditions are created, accrual-based accounting offers many benefits, which largely make up for the initial inconveniences:", "controls and the deployment of those resources;", "entity; and", "with, the entity.[25]", "and by definition remove the scope for manipulating payments and receipts in order to suit specific reporting and control objectives;", "management and decision-making and help organizations make more efficient use of resources (with cash-based accounting, spending on what is used over many years is recorded only when the money is spent and no subsequent account is taken of whether the asset is still in use, has reached the end of its useful life, or has been sold[26])", "efficient cost accounting features and to change organizational behaviour through the use of incentives and penalties including comparisons of the costs of services provided by the private and public sectors; as well as", "not impacted by the vagaries of the timing of cash payments and receipts and which include information about fixed and current assets and liabilities;", "entity’s financial health.", "37. In sum, the implementation of IPSAS means:", "a. Improved internal control and transparency with respect to all assets and liabilities;", "b. More comprehensive and consistent information about costs and income, which will better support governance, in particular Results-Based Management (RBM);", "c. Integration of non-expendable equipment (NEE) into the accounting system, with better accuracy and completeness of NEE records;", "d. Improved consistency and comparability of financial statements over time and across organizations;", "e. Adoption of best accounting practices through the application of credible and independent international accounting standards.", "B. Other issues relating to IPSAS implementation", "1. Reputational risk", "38. A fundamental question is whether the implementation target dates set by United Nations system organizations are realistically achievable and whether the organizations will be able to receive unqualified audit opinion on their first set of IPSAS-compliant FS.", "Risk: The risk is that if their financial statements purport to be IPSAS compliant but this proves to be only partly the case, their external auditor will issue a qualified opinion on their disclosures.", "39. In financial terms, some of the accounting changes required to implement IPSAS are expected to significantly reduce the equity value[27] (fund balance) of the organizations and may even result in negative equity, as was the case of those few Governments, with the exception of New Zealand, who have opted for accrual-based FS. For European Commission officials it was a startling revelation to discover that the Commission’s first FS on a full accrual basis reported a total of accrued charges of €64 million against a total of accrued income of €2.5 million and €54 million due from Member States, instead of a positive €13.5 million, as reported previously. Such changes result from the recognition of full employee benefits liabilities, in particular after-service health insurance ASHI (paras. 60-64). It was estimated that as at 31 December 2007 United Nations liability for ASHI benefits covering all participants was $2,430 billion across all funding sources.[28] These unexpectedly large liabilities in FS do not entail new charges. They are simply a full disclosure of existing liabilities which had not been previously recognized, i.e. quantified on the face of FS.", "40. Some United Nations system organizations have already partly disclosed in their FS employee benefits payable in the future (though earned in previous accounting periods). Since there was no disclosure requirement under UNSAS, these liabilities were only reflected in notes to FS. Although technically it may appear that a reporting organization is insolvent, experience shows that the recognition of these liabilities following the adoption of accrual-based accounting often subjects both Governments and organizations to negative equity. On the other hand, as noted in the IFAC report “Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities”, the recognition of liabilities:", "acknowledge and plan for the payment of recognized liabilities;", "future resources;", "liabilities; and", "whether they can sustain their activities.", "2. Potential risks", "41. IPSAS adoption is a complex and comprehensive change management process. While it offers numerous benefits over the medium and long term, it also entails short-term costs and challenges that need to be seriously addressed by the executive heads of all the organizations concerned.", "42. The full potential of using accrual-based information can be realized only if managers are convinced of the value of accrual-based data and are able to act on it so as to improve management processes. Accrual-based accounting should not be an end in itself.", " Risks: According to the FEE the main risks inherent to IPSAS are related more to perceptions than substance:", "the issues that are raised;", "addressed;", "evolving.” [29]", "43. The IPSAS reform will impact operating procedures, reporting practices, and hence governance and relations with Member States. In addition to providing useful information for better management and decision-making, IPSAS will also expose managers to greater public scrutiny and therefore make them more accountable for the efficiency and effectiveness of their programmes.", "3. Change management", "44. Inevitably, the introduction of IPSAS will come at some price for every organization. As pointed out in a 2002 communication by the European Commission, “experience in the Member States shows that reforming public accounting systems represents a major upheaval both in terms of the introduction of new practices and in human terms, not to mention the financial resources required.” [30]", "4. IPSAS is time and money consuming", "45. The adoption of IPSAS compliant accounting methods requires additional commitment of time and effort from staff. During the transition phase, depending on their available resources, the organizations will have either to rely for an extended period of time on support from existing staff working in addition to their regular duties or recruit many additional staff. In this respect, the recommendation of UNESCO’s external auditor applies for all IPSAS projects: “When estimating the time involved to effect changes required by an IPSAS, organizations should allow extra time to avoid the risk of under-estimating the time involved. Often the full extent of the implementation task only emerges once the task is in progress”[31]. Once compliance is achieved, new accounting areas will require permanent attention. For instance, while providing essential information on assets owned and their remaining useful lives, IPSAS 17 Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE), will require PPE items to be controlled, recognized, measured, depreciated and disclosed in notes to the FS, as opposed to the practice of immediately charging them to expenditures, as stipulated in UNSAS. This permanent control over PPE will require organizations to designate staff and establish systems to ensure a full accounting cycle for PPE.", "Inventory[32]accounts will be particularly time and labour-intensive: compliance with IPSAS 12 will require that the inventory be capitalized[33] and disclosed at appropriate value. The inventory will be transferred to expenses when control on it is relinquished for the benefit of final recipients (such as NGOs or target populations). This new disclosure will allow for better control over inventories, but will also require additional efforts to count them (also physically), assess their value and determine when to expense them.", "46. Preparing accurate opening balances for inventories was a major challenge for WFP. Preparations for inventory counting were started more than a year before the opening balance date of 1 January 2008, involving some 1,000 people in 700 WFP locations.", "Risks:", "expertise; and managerial tools which focus on fixed assets.", "IPSAS.", "5. Cultural aspects", "47. The adoption of IPSAS will result in a cultural change, impacting key accounting treatments and the way some business transactions are carried out. For instance, one major difference between UNSAS and IPSAS concerns the “delivery principle”. Under UNSAS an expense is recognized at the point of issuing a purchase order, which initiates recording of unliquidated obligation (ULO)[34]. Thus, a ULO is recorded in advance of receiving goods or services. The existing practice (under UNSAS) of treating it as expenditure means that intentions are reported as implementation. By contrast, IPSAS allows recognition of expenses only when delivery has actually occurred. This major change will remove the necessity for reporting ULOs in FS and result in a more accurate match of expenses and authorized budget in the period to which they relate. However, for the sake of reporting, ULOs will still be recorded in the budgetary and procurement systems and one practice to follow is to disclose them in the notes to the financial statements.", "48. The adoption of IPSAS will promote useful practices such as cost accounting and data sharing among departments or services that have so far worked in isolation in order to provide accountants with complete, accurate and reliable information to produce FS according to the new standards. It may also usher in a common chart of accounts. Inventory receipts and distributions will need to be reflected in a timely manner in the general ledger in order to accurately disclose inventory balances.", "6. Political aspects", "49. Politically the most sensitive requirement is contained in IPSAS 6–Consolidated[35] and Separate Financial Statements, which stipulates that an entity shall present FS in which it consolidates all the entities it controls[36]. The application of this stipulation raises several key questions for an organization like the United Nations, including whether all United Nations funds and programmes should be considered as subsidiaries of the Organization and whether the concept of consolidation should be applied to joint initiatives and if so which organization should be designated as their parent entity. These are important, legal, financial and political considerations that need to be addressed and agreed upon, ideally during an early preparation phase, as recommended by the Board of Auditors (BoA).[37] On the basis of the recommendation of the Advisory Committee[38] a Secretary-General’s report addressed this issue and confirmed the complexity of IPSAS compliance for the United Nations[39]. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team observed that IPSAS 6 is not prescriptive as to the identification of the “core” reporting entity, which can be an administrative arrangement without legal identity. Hence the United Nations and its related entities, including the Funds and Programmes, would not need to undertake a formal consolidation, thus allowing a pragmatic approach in such a grey area. The United Nations IPSAS implementation project team eventually agreed not to present consolidated data.", "50. Two other politically sensitive issues relate to revenue recognition: the treatment of delays in collection of outstanding contributions and the Recording of Voluntary Contributions. With regard to the former, while under UNSAS an organization may make provision for such delays, IPSAS requires all assets (including receivables) to be carried at their fair value. Therefore, in cases where contributions are unlikely to be received, their value will have to be adjusted accordingly. This may generate a political debate on whether some Member States may be excused from paying their assessed contributions because of arrears in payments and whether other Member States will have to cover the resulting shortfall. IFAD had to solve a similar problem to comply with the IFRS. The TF issued a paper on the matter in December 2009. The BoA suggested in June 2008 that with the advent of IPSAS it may become necessary for the organizations to make provision for non-recoverable or late-paying debtors.", "51. The transition to full accrual-based accounting means that United Nations system organizations will have to rapidly determine the criteria to be applied to legal commitments underpinning voluntary contributions. Implementation of IPSAS 23 means that the terms of the commitments will have to be studied carefully in order to identify the date and amount that will be posted in the FS. Donors’ commitments can vary considerably according to the project or the State concerned. It is therefore important to define the degree of formalization of the commitment: the status of the signatory and type of document (contract, pledge, budgetary document, etc.).", "C. Some accounting changes with most impact", "52. In a survey conducted by the TF (see annex II) respondents identified the standards which they perceived as having the most significant impact on their organizations. Three standards were named by all the organizations: IPSAS 1–Presentation of financial statements, (most indispensable); IPSAS 17–Property, Plant and Equipment; and IPSAS 24–Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements. Other important impacts were expected from the adoption of IPSAS 3–Net Surplus or Deficit for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies; IPSAS 12–Inventories; IPSAS 18–Segment Reporting; IPSAS 19–Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets; IPSAS 23–Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers); IPSAS 25–Employee benefits; and IPSAS 31–Intangible Assets. Comments on issues of particular interest to United Nations system organizations are presented below.", "1. Presentation of financial statements", "53. According to IPSAS 1–Presentation of Financial Statements, “financial statements shall be presented at least annually” [40] because their “usefulness … is impaired if they are not made available to users within a reasonable period after the reporting date. An entity should be in a position to issue its financial statements within six months of the reporting date.”[41] This requirement will be challenging for all organizations and their external auditors since almost all financial reporting has so far been done on a biennial or multi-year basis.", "2. Treatment of assets: Property, Plant and Equipment (PPE)", "54. According to the basic principle of IPSAS 17 (revised), assets which are utilized over more than one financial period should be “capitalized” in the balance sheet. This standard allows entities to initially recognize PPE items either at their historical cost[42] or their fair value[43], which is then charged to expenses over the period of use of each asset. The use of fair value is justified by the difficulty of reliably substantiating the acquisition cost of PPE items held by an entity for a long period of time, transferred between field offices, etc. Either method will have to be backed by supporting documentation, thus requiring significant effort, including work to identify and classify all PPE items using an appropriate valuation methodology. For subsequent measurement of PPE, IPSAS allows for a choice between the cost model and the revaluation model. The costs to be capitalized must be distinguished from those to be expensed: a difficult exercise in the case of a complex operation such as the Capital Master Plan for the United Nations Headquarters in New York. Regarding this case, the BoA recommended that the Accounts Division should consider capitalizing renovation work carried out on the United Nations Organization’s assets.", "55. The threshold level for PPE recognition was a subject of heated debate among United Nations organizations, with some arguing for a higher threshold to reduce the administrative costs of capturing and maintaining data, and others advocating a lower one to ensure better control over PPE. The level recommended by the TF is US$5,000. Currently, there is no requirement for the recognition of heritage assets[44].", "56. Accrual-based accounting requires that PPE items be depreciated over their useful lives. A depreciation charge is made periodically against an individual PPE item to gradually decrease its value. The accounting treatment of depreciation under IPSAS will allow management to make informed decisions on matters such as construction and renovation works, sometimes years in advance. In practice, this will require the development of an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system module capable of automatically carrying out calculations and making corresponding records in the accounting system.", "57. Although in the context of the United Nations it is often difficult to determine the nature of project assets and inventories[45] it is important that they be recognized in the FS. While the IPSAS standards provide definitions of “asset” and “control”, the application of these definitions is complex and may lead to different interpretations. For instance, control over assets transferred from a funding entity to an implementing partner may depend on the subtle language of implementation agreements and/or the use of the assets.", "58. The IPSASB has included transitional provisions for the initial adoption of certain standards in order to give new adopters additional time to fully meet the standards’ requirements. For instance, the transitional provisions of IPSAS 17 provide relief from the requirement to recognize all PPE in FS during the first five years of expected compliance. Since most organizations have numerous PPE items which are expected to fully depreciate by the end of the five-year transitional period, the invocation of the transitional provisions will relieve them from the requirement of ever having to recognize these items in their FS. WFP, for example, has invoked these provisions in 2008, recognizing only those tangible assets whose useful lives exceeded five years from its initial IPSAS adoption date.", "59. By introducing integrated capitalized assets and inventory modules into financial accounting software, the organizations could improve existing management controls over the location and condition of their assets worldwide. They would also have the capability to disclose capitalized asset values in accordance with international standards. The social benefit of such capitalization for public-sector organizations and citizens, relative to its costs, has been questioned by some accountants, in particular on the grounds that “Governments [and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)] do not exist for commercial reasons but to provide services, fundamentally social in nature and those other services that the commercial sector is not willing to venture into for economic reasons”[46].", " Risk: In the first countries where accrual accounting was adopted (1991-1992), such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, particular “concerns have been raised about the efficacy of capital charges, when rules are enforced by top-level management rather than through the integration and education of users of such information”.[47]", "3. Employee benefits", "60. The HLCM had acknowledged the magnitude of the implications of IPSAS adoption, especially the impact of a full recognition of liabilities for employee benefits, such as after-service health insurance (ASHI), annual leave and the repatriation grant. Indeed, HLCM noted that although IPSAS would only require recognition and reporting of such liabilities, the issue of funding would have to be addressed with concurrent and similarly urgent attention.[48]", "61. This issue was first raised by the ACABQ in 1997, long before IPSAS adoption decisions were envisaged. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a precursor, recognized ASHI since 2001. However, now with implementation of IPSAS under way, full ASHI liabilities will have to be recognized in the FS. Considering their magnitude, in spite of the serious margin of uncertainties affecting estimates which use different parameters[49], it becomes increasingly important to identify present and future sources of funding. At the 60th and 61st sessions of the General Assembly[50], the Secretary-General recommended that the United Nations recognize full ASHI liabilities in its FS and that a funding strategy aiming towards full funding within a 30-year time frame be put into place. While the General Assembly deferred a decision on the subject, several organizations, including FAO, UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, WHO and WMO, had already taken steps to secure – although never fully – the funds required to cover these liabilities.[51] Other organizations remained undecided about the most suitable funding arrangements, stressing the need for further harmonization of funding mechanisms and for clear commitment from Member States, as it is they which will ultimately have to determine the modalities for financing these costs. In this regard, Member States are advised to be consistent in their decisions across all the organizations of which they are members, especially if a common system-wide solution can be devised. For the present, each organization will have to consider the following two options when assessing the long-term impact of this liability with their inherent risks:", "with IPSAS requirements should ensure fund management in a fund which contains Member States’ contributions over time and which earns investment income, facilitating future payments to the former employees; and", "affected by the state of the economy and the management of public funds, not only by the Member State concerned, but by all the Member States of the organization, who would all have to pay significant amounts in the future to the organization’s budget to cover actual obligations to former employees.", "62. Where there is an agreed-to funding strategy, IPSAS will highlight the responsibility of Member States by disclosing the level of liabilities compared to the assets of the accumulated fund. In the absence of such a strategy, Member States’ accountability will be lessened. There are uncertainties in both cases and the recent financial crisis demonstrates that there is no risk-free option. An agreed-to funding strategy could be a safer choice if investments are well managed as appears to be the case in another context with the UNJSPF.", "63. Currently, most liabilities to employees are paid out on a “pay-as-you-go” basis, with any unfunded portions being met from resources available in the period during which payments are made. This means that subsequent accounting periods generally bear some costs incurred in earlier periods for liabilities that had not been previously recognized and accrued for.[52] The recent financial crisis demonstrated the need for long-term planning.", "64. The funding of ASHI liabilities is made even more complex by the fact that many trust funds are of a short-term nature. After their closure they cannot provide any funding for after-service benefits to former employees who, for example, have taken up employment with another organization. This means that future liabilities will have to be covered in their entirety by the receiving organization.", "3. The budget issue", "65. IPSAS 24 (Presentation of the budget information in financial statements) prescribes mandatory presentation of budget amounts against accounting data. Two main options are available when making the transition from UNSAS (“modified cash basis”) to accrual-based accounting:", "(1) To fully apply the principle of accrual-based accounts to both the budget and general accounts (in which case the budgetary balance will correspond to the difference between budgetary entitlements and obligations established in the course of the financial year, irrespective of the amount that may be disbursed or collected);", "(2) To apply the accrual principle to the general accounts only, while budget implementation remains subject to the cash principle (in which case a “dual” system exists, whereby a reconciliation has to be made on a yearly basis, published in notes to FS and certified by the auditor). One of the main challenges of IPSAS adoption is matching FS information to budgets, a practice which may help to better assess the performance of the reporting organization. This will require an explicit yearly (or quarterly) reconciliation of budget and FS. For example, the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) was invited by its external auditor to link accounts and budget more closely.[53] The challenge is how to encourage programme managers to analyze accrual-based data and make good use of the findings.", "66. By 2006, only two out of eight European countries who officially adopted accrual-based accounting had taken up that double challenge: the United Kingdom (which took 13 years to complete the transition) and Switzerland.", "67. For the time being, most IGOs which have already moved to accrual-based accounting (including the EC) find it difficult to introduce accrual-based budgeting, at least in the short term. They will continue with cash-based budget presentation, arguing that accrual-based budgeting will not be easily accepted by their member States. Cash-based budget presentations, however, have to be made on the basis of an annual financial period; while most United Nations system organizations have biennial or even multi-annual budgets. Another argument used for that choice is that the implementation phase of IPSAS requires significant financial and human resources, affecting their ability to undertake another large-scale project. Additionally, accrual budgeting is more suitable for a stable environment such as that of the United Nations Secretariat, but to a lesser extent to rapidly changing conditions, as in Peacekeeping operations.", "68. Although accrual-based budgeting is not a requirement under IPSAS, the practice is championed by several accounting authorities, including the FEE, which stated in 2006 that “It is important to note that the benefits of accrual accounting can only be fully realized and embedded if budgets are also prepared on an accruals basis. Without accrual-based budgets, financial managers will not be disposed to manage their key indicators on an accruals basis and thus are less likely to operate a fully accruals based finance function. They are also less likely to exploit the full potential of accrual-based financial information as an in-year financial management tool.”[54]", "69. Upgrading ERP systems to allow for simultaneous recording of each expense in the “accrual” and “cash” ledgers, as already done by some vendors, will facilitate the comparison between actual and original amounts. The preparation of comparative schedules will require a joint effort by staff from accounts and budget, who have so far worked apart and lack experience in this new area.", "5. Revenue recognition", "70. Revenue recognition is another technically demanding area. IPSAS 23 Revenue from non‑exchange transactions[55] (as opposed to revenue from sales or leasing) determines when revenue should be recognized and how it should be measured. The difficulty for United Nations system organizations, versus the private sector, arises mainly from the predominance (80-90 per cent) of such non-exchange transactions in the case of these organizations and the requirement to distinguish between the various types of such revenue transactions, which need to be recorded in different ways. While assessed contributions will be subject to similar treatment across the organizations, the different types of voluntary funding agreements and pledges call for a specific treatment of the accounts, to be determined only after careful review and interpretation of the funding agreements. [56] The thousands of trust funds agreed upon in the United Nations system raise a real issue in this regard[57].", "4. Fund accounting", "71. Funds represent a pool of resource set aside for the carrying on of specific activities or attaining certain objectives in accordance with legislative or other regulatory restrictions placed on the use of those resources. Most United Nations system organizations report using fund accounting under UNSAS: Accordingly, FS should provide breakdowns and disclosures by fund, specifying “the nature of each capital fund and reserve account, the authority for establishing it, its authorized level, its source of funding, and movements in its constituent funds should be separately disclosed.” [58] “In presenting data in the columns, organizations should show clearly which funds are at the disposal of the member States of the reporting organization (e.g. regular budget, working capital funds, etc.), and which are not (e.g. funds received from donors to finance projects)[59]” However, these issues are not addressed under IPSAS, which are silent on fund accounting, another sign that IGOs needs were not in the minds of IPSAS drafters.. A harmonized approach has been recommended by the TF, but at the time of the JIU review no common solution had been found due to different arrangements with donors and conflicting interpretations of the “Trust Fund” concept. Thereafter, it will be an issue of implementation for each organization to discuss and agree to with their external auditors.", "5. Foreign exchange rates and timing of financial statements", "72. According to IPSAS 4–The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, “a foreign currency transaction shall be recorded, on initial recognition in the functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction”. This IPSAS provision was highlighted by the National Audit Office (NAO), the external auditors of WFP, to demonstrate that the existing system of setting the monthly United Nations operational rate of exchange (UNORE) was not sufficient for IPSAS requirements since the “spot exchange rate is the exchange rate for immediate delivery[60] ”. According to the standards, “an average rate for a week or a month might be used for all transactions occurring during that period” as long as the exchange rates do not fluctuate significantly. However, this problem was resolved by the TF in 2009. It was decided that organizations wishing to use the UNORE (United Nations official exchange rate) instead of the spot exchange rate would need to demonstrate that this does not create any material discrepancy. As a follow-up to that decision, procedures were put in place to minimize differences between UNORE and spot exchange rates, including mid-month adjustments when given thresholds are met. It was further decided that based on the spot rates a revised UNORE would be issued at the end of June and December to ensure that there were no rate differences at the balance sheet date.", "IV. IPSAS PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM", "73. Once adopted by all the Organizations of the United Nations system, the principle of transition to IPSAS resulted in a two-level strategy where projects would coexist and interact:", "establishing its own project team and for dedicating sufficient human and financial resources to ensure successful IPSAS implementation. Their concerted initial strategy foresaw two phases: some “early adopters” targeted compliance effective 2008 (with only one meeting this target), while other organizations aimed for 2010.", "team is tasked with developing accounting policies to promote and foster a consistent understanding of the IPSAS requirements across the system, and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies[61].", "A. The system-wide (CEB) project", "1. An inter-agency undertaking", "74. Once the choice of IPSAS had been made it became necessary to translate each IPSAS requirement into guidelines and policy papers to be used by each organization for its own project and specific needs. Inter-agency cooperation was essential. Indeed, as stated by the former External Auditor of UNIDO, “It is of key importance that the Organization participates in the various meetings and contributes to the development of consistent interpretation and application of IPSAS requirements across the system.[62] ”", "75. As part of the jointly funded activities in the United Nations Budget, a first project, known as “the accounting standards project” was started in 2005 to determine the way forward for the United Nations system to align with appropriate accounting standards[63] . This project ended in November 2005 with the recommendation to adopt IPSAS. A new project was approved by HLCM for the period 2006-2009 with an annual budget of US$1.160.000 million per year[64] to support IPSAS implementation at the system-wide level and to ensure harmonized implementation and economies of scale. The project was extended until 2011, but reduced to $1.33 million for the biennium. It provides for one team leader and two professionals. The New York-based system-wide team, also severely reduced in number, reports to a Steering Committee, formed from two organizations from each of the main United Nations system centres (New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome) meeting on a bi-monthly basis – accountable to the TF – composed of senior finance staff from United Nations system organizations and tasked with setting project priorities, defining deliverables, and reviewing IPSAS progress. The team developed broad accounting policies to support consistency and harmonization and facilitate consideration of common implementation issues where there is scope for a system-wide approach that would generate efficiencies and improve the quality of financial reporting. It has also developed a review process involving four regional focus groups comprising accounting professionals from United Nations system organizations. These “focus groups”, established in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Rome, review the accounting policies and guidance papers prepared by the Team and provide recommendations and comments which the team analyses and then submits to the TF for review and approval. In 2010 inter-agency working groups were established to share knowledge and experience on specific IPSAS key requirements such as employee benefits, controlled entities, common services, inventories and donated rights to use premises under joint arrangements[65], while the system-wide team was providing policy guidance and support. Finally, the team is also responsible for representing United Nations accounting issues to IPSASB, with the limited influence of a mere observer in a club.", "76. While most of the organizations’ accountants interviewed in 2009 found that this inter-agency cooperation was very useful, some expressed concerns about what they considered to be an excessive standardization drive even in instances where it was not proven that “one size fits all”. It was further observed that the harmonization process had delayed the achievement of consensus on key IPSAS policies such as treatment of revenue, expenses and project assets. Taking these critical observations into account the TF decided in May 2010 to allow and manage the emerging accounting policies diversity among organizations, arising from differences in their regulatory frameworks, institutional arrangements, mandates, business processes etc.: a baseline of policies and practices would be established where necessary, and system-wide processes established for further monitoring and further harmonization.", "1. Deliverables and services", "77. In 2006, the Team produced its first set of IPSAS accounting policies and guidance for review by four regional focus groups. Since then, it has produced briefing notes, papers and guidelines detailing proposals for harmonizing IPSAS compliant accounting policies/guidance. By December 2009, the Team’s papers and briefing notes and related minutes of meetings had resulted in 59 accounting policy papers and guidelines, which were reviewed by the TF and subsequently approved by the FBN and the HLCM.[66]", "78. The Team is also charged with maintaining and constantly updating the CEB accounting standards webpage and servicing the semi-annual meetings of the TF. The JIU team was invited to attend its May 2009 meeting in Rome and made a presentation on the preparation of the JIU review.", "79. The Team engages with the organizations, tracking their progress toward IPSAS compliance by using a checklist questionnaire that is sent to them on a regular basis. It also communicates with the organizations’ external auditors, providing them with copies of its papers and guidelines. In addition, it has established a formal process of communication with the Technical Group of the Panel of External Auditors to solicit its views on accounting policies and guidance[67] .", "80. An important achievement of the Team was the development of IPSAS training courses for system-wide use. After a delay of several years, all 18 courses have now been completed. They comprise seven computer-based training (CBT) and eleven instructor-led training (ILT) courses, now available on Internet and CD-ROM. While each individual organization is responsible for developing its own IPSAS training plan and rolling out training according to that plan, these courses are open to participants from all the organizations.", "81. The training products range from general IPSAS topics to the technically specialized. As outlined in the CEB IPSAS progress report, comments received on the courses have been very positive. These courses are expected to be run for several years, depending on each organization’s training plans and implementation timeline.", "82. The work ahead includes: resolution of any issues arising; formal evaluation of training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translation of the courses into French and Spanish. The HLCM approved resources for 2010-2011 for the administration and communication of IPSAS adoption information, further development of accounting policies and guidance and involvement in the IPSASB, but made no provisions for further work on IPSAS training.", "83. Despite its small size (one P5 team leader and three professionals in 2008, reduced to one P5 team leader, two full-time professionals and a part-time general service position for 2010-2011), there is a general consensus that the Team plays a significant role in facilitating the CEB IPSAS interagency work.", "B. The organizations’ projects: strategic issues and diversity", "1. Governance and change management", "84. According to the Federation of European Accountants[68], several key conditions need to pre-exist in public sector entities to ensure that the introduction of accrual-based accounting would not only be technically successful, but also improve the quality of financial management and increase the independence and transparency of the financial reporting process. These conditions should include:", " Risks: The absence of any of these conditions poses a serious risk.", "85. The Inspector believes that it is now difficult to know whether these conditions existed in United Nations system organizations between 2005 and 2007, when individual and collective decisions were being taken on the adoption of IPSAS as of 2010.", "86. The notion of “acceptance” is of particular relevance in the case of this reform and means, in the present context, the willingness of civil servants to accept that reforms would change the role of those responsible for financial management, with significantly changing influence and responsibilities. Acceptance has to go beyond a relatively small group of technocrats. Management must be convinced that such a decision, if seriously followed, will provide clear and concrete benefits to the Organization, compensating for the difficulties and complexities involved in such a transition. Given the critical nature of the project, the full commitment of senior management and finance officials is essential, especially since such an undertaking requires a significant change in professional behaviour and is likely to encounter resistance.", "87. Resistance is inherent to the process of change. As John P. Kotter, one of the world’s leading experts on business leadership noted “whenever human communities are forced to adjust to shifting conditions, pain is ever present”. [69] Based on his observation of common errors made in leading change, he defined an interesting eight-stage process, which can be summarized as follows:", "88. The first three stages fit particularly well within the context of the transition to IPSAS: In order to set change in motion within an organization, a strong guiding coalition is needed. The right composition of individuals, level of trust and a shared vision are key factors in the success of this team and in breaking through the forces that support the status quo. Furthermore, one strong leader alone cannot make change happen. This team must also possess significant credibility within the organization in order to be effective.", "89. It is imperative that all senior managers should understand the importance, scope and benefits to be expected from the transition to IPSAS.", "Best Practice 1", "Successful IPSAS implementation requires the setting up an inter-departmental IPSAS project steering committee or equivalent body tasked with ensuring that senior management understand the goals and vision driving the transition to IPSAS. Such a committee should be entrusted with a multi-year mandate and include staff or consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems.", "90. Most organizations have adopted a standard project governance structure (see fig. 1 below) comprising a sponsor, in most cases (providing strategic and political leadership); a steering committee/project board (meeting at least monthly, advising on strategic and political issues and providing support at the “top level”); an internal and/or external oversight body (providing feedback to the steering committee); a project leader and a project team (carrying out implementation work).", "91. The project team is generally supported by working groups, consisting of professionals from all the relevant functional areas, assigned with the task of providing technical expertise based on their organization’s specific business activities.", "[]Figure 1: A Common Project Governance Structure", "92. One good practice is to create a full-time position of project leader, reporting directly to senior management and given the authority needed to overcome the resistance that the imposition of a major reform of organizational practices and reporting culture will inevitably generate. The United Nations IPSAS project governance structure appears in a chart of the ACABQ report (A/63/496).", "93. Some organizations, including ILO and WIPO, have not put in place a formal project implementation structure. Their implementation teams were informal groups reporting to the Comptroller or Director of Finance. The Inspector is doubtful that such support structures are efficient and concurs with those experts who consider that a powerful coalition at the top of each organization should support projects of such magnitude and communicate their vision and urgent nature.", "94. Many organizations have a significant IT component in their project team given that IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS (see Chapter III Section B 4). However, they have also kept their IPSAS implementation project separate from a significantly larger ERP element. Good practices consist in placing the two distinct projects under the same authority, e.g. a common project board; as done by United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), or a common leader (WFP). ITU is implementing a joint IPSAS-ERP streamlining project. WHO is the only organization that has not undertaken a separate implementation project since IPSAS is an integral part of its ERP project, at the risk of neglecting some aspects of the transition to IPSAS.", "2. Gap analysis and users", "95. It is critical to first assess the scope and magnitude of planned action. The transition to international accounting standards requires a significant amount of review and analysis of organizational processes, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance. At some stage each implementing agency or organization has to draft its own policies, in line with its own business process and goals. In accordance with the ancient Greek proverb: “know thyself”, planning should be based on a clear vision of the goals assigned to the entity concerned and an in-depth knowledge of its existing activities, processes and accounting flows. A good practice is to define from the very beginning the content of reporting under IPSAS by integrating operational and financial reporting and identifying current and potential users of future financial reports. Internal users include senior managers, authorizing services and internal auditors. As of June 2010, 81 per cent of the organizations had reviewed the standards and identified the impact of each. The United Nations Organization was not in that number.", "96. External users include members of the governing body, Governments, external auditors, political and financial analysts, rating agencies, the media and the public at large. Users should be provided with financial information about such matters as the resources controlled by the entity, the cost of its operations (cost of providing goods and services), enhanced cash flow information and other financial data useful for assessing the entity’s financial position and changes in it, and for determining whether it is operating economically and efficiently. Users may also use financial reports to assess the organization’s stewardship of resources and its compliance with legislation. In sum, the quality of the information provided in financial reports determines the usefulness of those reports to users. In this respect, accrual-based accounting requires entities to maintain complete records of assets and liabilities on their balance sheets and identify and record any off-balance sheet transactions.", "Best practice 2", "For a successful transition to IPSAS, it is critical to first undertake a gap analysis of business processes, procedures, financial reporting and functionalities developed under UNSAS and to subsequently conduct an in-depth analysis of the requirements and impact of each IPSAS standard.", "3. A phased and planned strategy", "97. The organizations should not claim to be IPSAS-compliant until they have put in place and tested all the policies and procedures governing the application of the standards. As part of the adoption strategy, every organization should have planned a feasible timeline to make the requisite policy and procedural changes, opting either for a “big-bang”, a D-Day implementation date well planned in advance, or progressive implementation, by groups of standards. The collective response of the United Nations system was a “big bang phased approach”; with early adopters setting (1 January) 2008 for compliance and others (1 January) 2010. In fact however, some organizations’ strategies were ill-defined and the length of the transition period depended on the specific environment and constraints. In some cases it was heavily influenced by the recommendations of consulting firms.", "98. The experience of the countries that first migrated to IPSAS (New Zealand, Canada, United States and United Kingdom) shows that their transition took on average 10 years. The French transition, of the “big bang” type, took only five (2001-2006), thanks to a clear separation of responsibilities (authorizing and certifying services), benchmarking suggested by British, American and Canadian experts, and, above all, the assistance for three years of a specialized team of 15 experts.", "99. Like OECD, during the same period (2000-2005) and with the same degree of success, the EC has experimented with a well-prepared accelerated process. It complied with the deadlines set out in its financial regulations for the preparation of FS compliant with international standards; conducting feasibility and financial studies in 2002; accounting studies in 2003; and in 2004 collecting all the necessary information for an opening balance on 1 January 2005. This shows that a “big-bang strategy” is not only compatible with rigorous planning, but may also warrant it.", "100. The “big-bang” approach offers several clear advantages and can help organizations to become IPSAS compliant more quickly. However, it does entail more risks as, in view of the instant changeover, a series of simultaneous actions needs to be undertaken, a difficult situation for a small project team or a complex organization. The United Nations IPSAS implementation team has chosen to progressively incorporate IPSAS requirements to the extent allowed by the current information systems of the Organization, conscious that the year 2013 will be particularly difficult, with some offices accounting under UNSAS and others under IPSAS requirements. A solution is being sought with the Umoja team. However this casts a doubt on the feasibility of the 2014 compliance target. Whatever their strategic choice, and especially when adopting this approach, the organizations are encouraged to undertake, in consultation with their external auditors, a set of “dry-run” accounts covering a nine-month period prior to the presentation of their first annual IPSAS-compliant FS, in order to test their preparedness level for IPSAS. This will give them important feedback on the magnitude of amendments and improvements needed to obtain an unqualified audit opinion on their year-end IPSAS compliant FS. They should also regularly update their IPSAS adoption plans and budgets, in line with the BoA recommendation to UNHCR[70] and UNRWA[71] .", "101. This raises another question, namely whether IPSAS-compliant processes can be run in parallel with traditional accounting methods. In the view of the Inspector, there is a serious and probable risk of current activities being sacrificed to ensure future compliance and staff are overburdened with IPSAS-related work on top of their usual duties. The quality of tasks accomplished on both counts could be negatively affected, preventing any valid comparison between current and subsequent financial periods.", "102. Competition among management initiatives might represent other serious risks which should be taken into account by senior management and governing bodies. In 2009, UNDP, with the approval of its Executive Board, decided to defer its IPSAS implementation from 2010 to 2012. It also decided to change its implementation approach for all the IPSAS standards from a phased to a “big bang” approach. The key consideration was the mitigation of risks arising from multiple competing organization-wide change initiatives, particularly the system-wide implementation of United Nations Contractual Reform and the new system of Administration of Justice, both mandated by the General Assembly and scheduled to take effect in July 2009. The rescheduling also ensured that UNDP invested adequate time and resources for the delivery of a comprehensive change management programme (e.g. extensive training and communication), and to allow sufficient time for country offices to prepare for the implications of the adoption of IPSAS, for example by achieving appropriate staffing levels and the required skill sets. This would avoid overburdening country offices during 2008 when they were expected to be engaged in several other large initiatives, such as implementation of results-based budgeting and strategic plans.", "Best Practice 3", "In the case of a major shift in the project’s environment, it is important that organizations reassess their initial adoption strategy, adjusting it as necessary.", "2. Project management", "103. Sound management, ownership of the project, clear definition of responsibilities and assignment of tasks, high involvement of all parties concerned and synergies between sub-projects are key to a smooth transition to IPSAS. In the words of an EC official commenting on the successful EC experience, “the main issue is neither the standards, nor the accounting policies, it is project management”.", "104. As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had a detailed timetable and project plan (81 per cent as of December 2009). Some organizations (e.g. UNICEF, UNDP, WFP, UNESCO and ICAO) have formal project management processes, often the fruit of lessons learned from managing previous projects and strategic initiatives. Others (e.g. the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS)) have adopted standardized project management tools such as “PRINCE2”[72]. The main features of the latter are:", "stages; and", "105. Many project teams have a significant IT component since IT systems need to be upgraded to support IPSAS. This is creating a real mutual dependence between projects, and for example, the difficulty in funding the ERP project of the United Nations has been a major reason for delays in the IPSAS project. There were others, and the BoA had to recommend finalizing the detailed timetable and project plan for IPSAS implementation.[74]", "106. In addition to the adoption of accrual-based accounting principles, measures required to achieve conformity with IPSAS include the development of a new integrated accounting system. Such a system should provide the requisite tools for presenting accrual-based accounts, including information on accounting methods, valuation rules and the accounting principles adopted. This should lead to improved quality of financial reporting and a more accurate picture of an organization’s financial situation in terms of assets and liabilities, budget implementation and cash flow.", "107. To this end a full set of accounting policies needs to be developed. According to the EC it is necessary to:", "policies prior to final approval;", "policies will be required;", "policies. (Minimal guidance is appropriate when employees are familiar with accrual-based accounting and the standards applied);", "will be appropriate under the new basis of accounting;", "specific accounting transactions and events;", "balance sheet;", "control[75] procedures to guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the data;", "put in place by management to guarantee the legality and regularity of transactions, notably by ensuring the safeguarding of assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information);", "108. The inspector found that project teams worked best when they followed the following principles:", "multi-disciplinary team;", "Risks:", "committee;", "supervisory board).", "Best Practice 4", "The implementation of IPSAS works best if it is treated as a full-fledged and distinct project. To facilitate implementation, proven project planning and implementation methodologies should be adopted, containing such elements as clearly defined strategic objectives, deliverables, timelines, milestones and monitoring procedures.", "3. Enterprise Resource Planning", "109. The development of new ERP systems is a prerequisite for the phased implementation of IPSAS by United Nations system organizations. At present, these systems are either fully ready and operational, or in the process of being rolled out to field offices. A comprehensive gap analysis should be accompanied by a realistic estimate of the tasks associated with the required changes. As much as possible, the IPSAS and ERP projects should then combine their efforts and cooperate closely [78].", "110. In the pioneering cases of the EC and WFP, even establishing the opening balances proved to be a daunting task. Opening balances for IPSAS-compliance as of 1 January of year Y will be based on the account balances as of 31 December of year Y-1 restated[79] from UNSAS to IPSAS.", "111. A telling example of the challenges to be faced in this regard is provided by the EC. All the information necessary for accrual-based accounting was uploaded into the EC central accounting system in January 2005. This included over 7,000 invoices or cost claims, 30,000 pre-financing entries, 92,000 assets and 3,100 guarantees. Each service[80] was asked to verify the accuracy of these uploads by 1 May 2005, and in July 2005 more than fifty Directors-General (DG) and Heads of Service were requested to formally validate their opening operational balances. After verifications and controls, each DG validated the figures but requested some corrections to ensure the quality of the data. The last validation was received in January 2006. In 2005 the bulk of work for the transition was to finalize the opening accrual balances as at 1 January 2005, which proved to be an arduous task for DG Budget and all services alike. Reviews and coherence checks were performed by DG Budget to ensure the quality of data.", "Best Practice 5", "In order to minimize potential transitional problems, it makes good sense to develop a strategy for producing the opening balances in IPSAS for the targeted implementation date (first day of the first year of compliance) as well as the closing balance for the previous day, based on the previous accounting standard (UNSAS), but easily translatable into IPSAS terms for the opening balance of the targeted year.", "4. Keeping up with the governing body and its initial expectations", "112. Member States have made the decision to adopt IPSAS on the basis of expected benefits for their respective organizations and allocated specific resources to this end. The governing bodies are therefore entitled to be kept informed on the planned and effective progress achieved during the transition phase; even if this means investing efforts in drafting reports which simplify some highly technical issues. In particular, Managers should share their own expectations and compare them to achievements, in a results-based management spirit.", "113. Replies from secretariats to the JIU questionnaire show that the main benefits that United Nations system organizations expected from the transition to IPSAS were: improved FS in terms of transparency (84.2 per cent of respondents), standardization, harmonization and consistency (57.9 per cent), quality (52.6 per cent); comparability (47.4 per cent), improved internal controls (36.8 per cent), as well as other benefits as illustrated in Figure 2.", "Figure 2: Expected benefits from IPSAS compliance", "[]", "Source: Replies to the JIU questionnaire", "Best Practice 6", "With a view to ensuring continued engagement of governing bodies in the change process and acquiring their commitment, regularly update the governing bodies on progress made in the implementation of IPSAS and request that they adopt the relevant decisions, in particular with regard to amendments required to financial regulations and allocation of resources for the project.", "The following recommendations are expected to enhance accountability, effectiveness and efficiency:", "Recommendation 1", "The legislative bodies should request their respective executive heads to issue regular progress reports on the implementation status of IPSAS.", "Recommendation 2", "The legislative bodies should provide the appropriate support, staffing and funding required to ensure successful and effective transition to IPSAS.", "5. Human resources", "114. According to data from the January 2009 TF questionnaire, 52 per cent of the organizations had a full-time project leader, 33 per cent had a part-time project leader, whereas 14 per cent were yet to appoint either a full- or part-time project leader (a percentage reduced to 5 per cent in June 2010). As of June 2009, 68 per cent of respondents to the JIU questionnaire reported that they had the requisite human resources to work exclusively on IPSAS implementation. As of June 2010, only 88 per cent of the organizations expecting a 2010 compliance had appointed a project manager. IPSAS projects are usually supported by a small team (maximum four staff members) and a project leader assigned to work on a full-time basis. The other team members usually work on the project on a part-time basis, in addition to their existing tasks. It is essential that all the organizations analyze the changes required and identify possible gaps within their existing human resources. They need to decide whether the required expertise can be tapped from existing staff and/or whether external experts need to be recruited to handle the emerging tasks and challenges. For some teams, time to be dedicated to the IPSAS project had to be negotiated in advance (e.g. Universal Postal Union (UPU)). In 2009 and 2010, the lack of a properly staffed IPSAS team was one of the main reasons given by the organizations for their need to revise their implementation dates. The movement of IPSAS team members from one organization to another does not help with the general problem. As of June 2010, six organizations did not yet have a fully staffed IPSAS team.", "115. Based on lessons learnt to date, it is key to start the IPSAS undertaking with a basic gap analysis and skills inventory in order to take stock of the existing expertise and experience of in-house accounting and finance professionals and determine to what extent, and for how long, external expertise is needed to complement in-house capacity.", "Risk: A strategy that does not take into account the human resources requirements of IPSAS may result in the disengagement of staff when their regular duties conflict with those of the project.", "Best practice 7", "During the transition towards IPSAS, organizations should determine and subsequently budget for the additional human resources required in the administrative, budgetary and finance areas to ensure not only effective implementation of the transition to IPSAS but also adequate capacity for maintaining future IPSAS compliance. If needed, additional funding should be obtained from governing bodies or other sources while avoiding any conflict of interest.", "Best practice 8", "It is essential to take into account the cost of training staff for successful transition to IPSAS. Financial resources should be made available for training in-house experts in accounting, business and change management or for the recruitment of external experts", "116. Most organizations stated in their replies to the JIU questionnaire that they had either “sufficient” or “partly sufficient” human resource capacity. However, given their tight timelines, they encountered difficulties identifying IPSAS experts. FAO, UNIDO, UNHCR and UNOPS all had insufficient staff to successfully implement IPSAS. In addition, the simultaneous demand for IPSAS experts (a new specific profile) by Governments, municipalities and organizations made their recruitment more difficult and costly. Although the success of the project depends on available expertise, the organizations can usually offer only short-term contracts due to budgetary constraints, thus making contractual conditions less attractive. Some organizations, including the United Nations, UNICEF and WFP, felt that including certified accountants in their project teams would be advantageous. Reacting to a concern about future human resources requirements, the United Nations representative at a TF meeting stressed the need to immediately start hiring certified/chartered accountants and also work out how to retain them, at least for the duration of the implementation stage. The Board of Auditors, in its rigorous analysis of the IPSAS-related issues at the United Nations had to recommend increasing the staffing of the project team[81]. Examples of good practices are provided by UNICEF and UNESCO. The former has developed an informal network of professionals in order to involve in-house experts in the project whereas the latter expects to achieve a high degree of staff involvement throughout the process. Its policy aims to ensure that full understanding of the UNESCO structure and operations is applied to the adoption process, and also facilitates the retention of IPSAS knowledge within the Organization. As such, the key role of the Project Management Team is performed internally. The consultants and international firm of accountants PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC) provide support, primarily in the form of ongoing advice and assistance in managing the project and technical inputs, following the review of IPSAS documentation.", "6. Financial resources", "117. Despite funding difficulties, almost all the organizations have been working within the budgets allocated for their IPSAS implementation projects, sometimes involving major difficulties for the staff concerned. In order to fund the project, organizations have been using their regular budget, extra-budgetary funds, reserve funds, carry-over and budgetary surpluses from previous years. While some secretariats have been very accurate in their estimates, others underestimated the needs for the IPSAS project.", "118. The analysis of available but not quite comparable data on IPSAS and ERP budgets shows that while larger organizations such as UNDP and FAO had substantial implementation budgets in absolute figures (given their size and their many field offices) the IPSAS+ERP budgets of smaller organizations such as WMO, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the Universal Postal Union (UPU) represented a significant portion of their overall annual budgets. At WHO, the IPSAS project was not considered to be specific. Furthermore, securing funding for the project proved particularly difficult for some smaller organizations, especially when fund allocations could only be provided from budgetary “carry-over” (e.g. ICAO) or through surpluses from previous years (second-best solutions in the case of restricted budgetary policy or non-aligned budget cycles). Since June 2010, all organizations have had an approved budget for their transition to IPSAS The BoA recommended to the Fifth Committee of the United Nations a close monitoring of costs to prevent their excessive and unnecessary escalation (12 May 2009).", "7. ERP and its interactions with IPSAS implementation", "119. An Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system integrates all data and processes into a unified IT system. This includes consolidation of several or all of the organization’s software applications, including finance, human resources, logistics, procurement, inventory, etc. For instance, when a purchase order is made, a procurement process is initiated, a supplier is selected, goods are ordered and received in the warehouse and an invoice is received and paid. Data on this activity flows through the different functional units of an entity. Each unit captures details relevant to its operations and eventually contributes to the preparation of the FS. The advantage of ERP is that users can retrieve relevant information in the same system at any time instead of having to search for it in many separate applications. This is why IPSAS standards requiring inputs from many functional areas within an entity are best served by an ERP system.", "120. The transition to IPSAS requires a specific gap analysis of all existing (legacy) information systems, with a view to ascertaining whether they can support the production of accrual-based accounts (including inventory ledgers and client and supplier ledgers); interface with other systems; and provide effective security. As of June 2009, 91 per cent of the organizations had conducted evaluations of the changes required to their information systems.", "121. Most organizations had to update their existing ERP systems or replace their legacy systems (e.g. the Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) used by the United Nations) to achieve an IPSAS-compliant environment. Changes in accounting procedures to achieve IPSAS compliance offer the opportunity to introduce new optimized processes by developing, adapting or replacing existing legacy systems. The reasons for introducing a new ERP system include the need to integrate various systems or the fact that most of the legacy systems are no longer capable of accommodating certain processes required under IPSAS, especially since their original objective was to mechanize manual activities rather than to modernize business processes. This explains why large, decentralized organizations such as WHO, FAO and the United Nations decided to link IPSAS implementation to ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices. As of June 2010, 90 per cent of the organizations had carried out assessments of their systems’ changes.", "require manual intervention which will increase the risk of inaccuracy and incompleteness of the data obtained partly manually and used for the preparation of FS.", "On the other hand, linking IPSAS projects closely with major new ERP projects involving field and decentralized offices raises the risk of significant delays coupled with uncertain timelines, as their implementation is conditional on funding and project management of ERP projects.", "122. Taking into account the specificities of each organization and the state of its IT architecture, a strategic short, medium and long-term cost benefit analysis should weigh the following alternative options:", "(a) Continued use of the present system;", "(b) Single commercial package approach (standard package or package accompanied by compatible modules;", "(c) New integrated system with a core integrated package plus sectoral systems maintained or developed within the overall architecture.", "The ideal situation would be to have all functionalities fully integrated so as to ensure data consistency at all times. Three commercial ERP packages have been widely adopted by large-scale organizations and companies. They are produced by PeopleSoft (recently acquired by Oracle), SAP and Oracle. Second-tier systems such as Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards are some of the packages most widely used by mid-size entities. Because they were developed for IFRS compliance, most recent ERP systems can support IPSAS requirements, provided that the necessary setups are configured. The choice of an ERP system is, however, primarily based on an entity’s requirements, functionality and the value for money offered by the provider. For a large-scale multifunctional system like the United Nations it may take significant time to develop an ERP system. A basic problem is that these different ERP systems cannot interface with each other.", "123. ERP systems adopted by different United Nations system organizations (based on the available data) are presented in Figure 3.", "Figure 3: Choice of ERP across the United Nations system", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption checklists and the JIU questionnaire", "124. The deployment of ERP system in large entities calls for the commitment of staff and consultants specialized in the pre-design, design and implementation of ERP systems and may take several years to complete.", "125. ERP systems in each United Nations system organization are at different implementation stages (see Figure 4 below). A majority of organizations with operational ERP systems are in the upgrading phase but may still need to adjust the latest version or add a module to become IPSAS compliant. Also, some organizations, repeating a major weakness of the IMIS at the United Nations, have not yet rolled out their ERP system to their offices outside headquarters. At the beginning of 2009, the United Nations selected and initiated a new ERP project called “Umoja”. The first Umoja progress report[82] projected a pilot deployment during the fourth quarter of 2011 and a fully functional ERP system Organization-wide by the end of 2013, giving hope for an IPSAS-compliant FS for 2014. However, if some of the findings of the United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) audit report dated 24 August 2010 on the Human Resources Management in the office of the ERP project director are reassuring, in particular on the organizational structure of the ERP and the experience and expertise of the staff hired, some serious breaches of HR, financial and procurement regulations posed a reputation risk for the ERP project, to which the IPSAS project is tightly linked.", "Figure 4: ERP Implementation Progress Level", "[]", "Source: Replies to the CEB adoption check-lists and the JIU questionnaire", "126. At the beginning of 2009, 76.2 per cent of organizations were in the process of assessing or had finished assessing the compliance of their ERP systems with IPSAS requirements. UNDP, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and UNOPS have a joint ERP platform; and UNFPA and UNOPS are dependent on the outcome of UNDP analysis.", "127. By early 2009, following a thorough analysis of their legacy systems for their compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, several organizations had upgraded their ERP systems while others had to purchase a new IPSAS-compliant ERP system. As of June 2009, 86 per cent of the organizations had completed studies to determine the required ERP systems upgrades and approved their implementation. The rest had to revise their IPSAS implementation target date, as implementation can take place only in parallel with the upgrading of existing ERP systems. However, UNHCR and WFP indicated that IPSAS could be implemented in time even in the case of belated upgrading of their ERP systems, explaining that their current ERP versions were able to support IPSAS with some manual operations and could be updated after IPSAS implementation (see WFP in annex IV).", "128. Challenges with IPSAS implementation and related ERP capability were encountered by some organizations with field presence such as ILO. This organization, which by the time of the JIU review had completed the deployment of its ERP system, does not have adequate ERP infrastructure at field level and would need to process accounting data manually in order to comply with IPSAS. This is not an isolated case. The EC also faced difficulties in introducing new systems and providing training in geographically dispersed locations. It is therefore crucial to factor in field requirements at an early stage of the project.", "129. Data cleansing is the process of cleaning the existing Legacy data, ensuring that the data that is being migrated to new ERP system is valid, correct and agrees with the required new format. Often, data cleansing continues in the project’s final or post implementation stage. Organizations tend to underestimate the effort and time required to accomplish this process.", "Best practice 9", "Existing (legacy) systems must be thoroughly analyzed for compatibility and synergy with IPSAS requirements, fully taking into account field needs and capacities.", "8. Awareness and communications", "130. Awareness of the change process should be developed through communication and training. The objective of awareness training is to “communicate the upcoming changes and their impact on the Organization to all stakeholders, encourage staff to start thinking about the implications for their own areas of work, and build “buy in” for the change to IPSAS. Awareness training is seen as a key component of the overall change management process”[83]. The magnitude of the IPSAS implementation projects implies expanding awareness to governing bodies and senior management. Getting the right message across to the right people, in the right place, and at the right time is key to effective communication, which itself has three rules: communicate often, communicate openly and communicate to all. Thus, awareness training to these target groups is an even more important activity than that directed to the user community who will experience the new environment.", "Best practice 10", "In order to create a sense of collective ownership of the project, organizations should invest time and effort in ensuring that all stakeholders understand the vision behind the transition to IPSAS. This can be done in various forms: training, retreats, presentations to staff, information products and testimonies of people closely involved in successful cases elsewhere.", "131. Thanks to awareness raising “senior managers and programme managers will have the tools to generate better information on the financial impact of decisions; they will be in a better position to explain financial results and be more accountable and motivated to take a longer view of plans and finances” Line managers should learn how to use the new system and achieve its expected benefits. They will also appreciate how “control” will change, from a focus on “time” (manipulated in order to meet the budget provisions), to a focus on resources used and the price paid. This move is akin to and fits well with the trend towards Results-Based Management (RBM).", "132. Organizational transitions are critical to an organization’s change efforts, but without individual transitions, the likelihood of the organization’s change effort being successful is severely diminished. Managers and individual employees play different roles in these transitions. The managers’ role is to convince stakeholders (including employees) of the need for the changes. To achieve success in the final transition, every individual employee is important.[84] As of June 2010, 86 per cent of the organizations had prepared a communication plan, major progress since December 2009 (48 per cent) which probably comes too late.", "133. Communication tools in international organizations include the use of Internet or Intranet websites, broadcasts, press releases, electronic newsletters, bulletin board messages, expert lectures to permanent missions and staff, special events, presentations, conferences, etc. As of June 2009, only 63.6 per cent of the organizations had IPSAS project communication plans, and, paradoxically, a higher percentage (68.2 per cent) had de facto started awareness-raising activities. Target recipients of communication activities are presented in Figure 5 below:", "Figure 5: Communication Plans by Targeted Audience", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Training", "134. According to a 2007 system-wide survey, 36,000 staff across the United Nations system required IPSAS-related training, of which 65 per cent needed awareness training, 25 per cent basic conceptual training, and 10 per cent specialist conceptual training.[85] In 2008 and 2009 the division of labour between the system-wide IPSAS project team and individual organizations regarding the development of training products was somewhat blurred and needed to be clarified. The second progress report of the Secretary General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations clarified that the organizations were responsible for developing their IPSAS training plans and rolling out their training according to plan, adding that a system-wide approach to training had been developed to support organizations’ IPSAS training. This approach consisted of three phases: training needs assessment; procurement of training courses; and deployment of training.[86]", "135. Following a Request for Proposal issued in September 2007, a winning bidder was identified (International Business and Technical Consultants, Inc) and it was expected that a contract would be concluded shortly.[87] However, interviews conducted in 2009 by the JIU team confirmed that due to lack of resources the training materials would not be available before the end of 2009. Despite this, the United Nations IPSAS team, with the support of the external service provider, was able to finalize the training content, design and delivery. According to the CEB survey on the IPSAS adoption progress, covering the period up to the end of December 2009, 77 per cent of the 21 responding organizations had completed a training needs analysis and 59 per cent had completed their training plans. However, a higher percentage (52 per cent in June 2009, according to the JIU survey) had already started to provide training although only 32 per cent had completed their training plans by that time.", "136. Among the issues affecting the roll-out of training were the need to conduct a formal evaluation of the training materials; course maintenance (amendments in response to IPSAS developments); and translations of the training products into French and Spanish. A preliminary assessment by UNDP was that the translation of courses would require significant resources and time. In the Inspector’s opinion, this requires political will, as shown by WFP, which had successfully developed training material in English, French, Spanish and Arabic.", "Best practice 11", "Organizations should ensure that existing and future staff, in particular managers and finance and procurement personnel are fully familiarized with the new procedures and requirements through the use of specific communications tools, including manuals and training products in the appropriate languages.", "137. The JIU survey of March 2009 showed that 88.2 per cent of the organizations had already provided awareness training without using CEB support team material. 70.6 per cent of training courses on offer were conceptual; 41.2 per cent were “hands on” (often with the assistance of the ERP provider); and another 23.5 per cent were unspecified IPSAS-related modules, including project management training. Replies from 17 organizations to the JIU questionnaire are presented in Figure 6 below.", "Figure 6: IPSAS Training Started (March 2009)", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "138. According to the organizations interviewed, training and communication must be synchronized with implementation.", " Risk: Training delivered prior to the deployment of the relevant systems may demotivate staff.", "139. Figure 7 below shows distribution by type of training offered to the various beneficiaries as of March 2009, relative to the total number of responding organizations. It is essential that senior management receive awareness-training early in the project life to help ensure that they fully support implementation. The delegates governing bodies concerned should be encouraged to take part in such training. However, as of Spring 2009, in nearly half of the organizations, senior management and the governing bodies had not yet received awareness training, which puts in doubt their ability to lead important and necessary reforms.", "Figure 7: Training Beneficiaries and Type of Training Offered", "[]", "Source: replies to the JIU questionnaire", "11. Risk assessment", "140. The organizations were also requested to share the conclusions of risk assessments they have undertaken, if any, considering that an exercise of this type is an important factor in successful project implementation. According to their responses to the TF implementation checklist of January 2009, more than one third (38.1 per cent) had not undertaken any risk assessment for their IPSAS project. This category included:", "into their ERP projects (WHO, WIPO); and", "implementation (United Nations, UNWTO).", "141. Where risk assessments were conducted they were not always supported by a formal risk assessment methodology such as COSO 2[88]. The Inspector wishes to highlight that risk assessment is a prerequisite for risk management and key to ensuring that project objectives are met, as confirmed by the BOA to UNDP[89] and UNFPA[90]. A positive example in this regard is WIPO, which had undertaken an assessment to determine the requirements to meet the 2010 implementation date and what could possibly cause delays.", "142. The information collected by the JIU team confirms the risk factors mentioned in the second progress report of the Secretary-General on the adoption of IPSAS by the United Nations[91]. The report added another relevant factor: “an improved appreciation of the scale and complexity of the work involved after completing a diagnosis of required procedures and system changes”. The main reasons for deferred implementation of IPSAS are the following:", "requirements (70 per cent of respondents to the survey). For instance, the obsolete United Nations Secretariat “homemade” Integrated Management and Information System (IMIS), developed in the late 1980s and expanded in the mid-1990s, required a complex revamping leading to a Request For Proposal and a contract award in mid-2009 to replace it as part of the overall management project “Umoja”; The United Nations IPSAS Implementation Project Team worked closely with the Umoja Project Functional Team Leaders to ensure that the information system requirements for IPSAS were incorporated in the ERP software selection process (see the above-mentioned report, para. 51 and forthcoming progress reports)", "necessary technical expertise (30 per cent of respondents). Retaining people with institutional knowledge was listed as a related challenge;", "respondents).", "level, turning focus away from IPSAS (15 per cent of respondents). For instance, UNICEF had identified 12 ongoing major organizational initiatives for 2009‑2011 besides IPSAS; UNHCR was in the process of implementing a new RBM system, which had an implementation priority over IPSAS, limiting the availability of staff to work on IPSAS; and at ICAO two other simultaneous initiatives were the introduction of a new ERP system and the implementation of Results Based Budgeting (RBB).", "(10 per cent of respondents); and", "subsidiary entities on IPSAS compliance at headquarters; uncertainty over opening balances and initial recognition of property; delay in the preparation of training materials; uncertainties over re-configuration of business processes; and security issues (5 per cent of respondents).", " Risk: The absence of an adequate risk mitigation strategy.", "143. UNESCO and WMO offer examples of best practices in this regard. UNESCO published an internal control policy framework which captures in a single document the revised framework for the financial policies, procedures and processes. The framework provides the basis for developing specific rules, policies and processes to comply with IPSAS requirements and gives a common understanding of internal control issues to all staff. WMO published a comprehensive table of risk assessment relating to its IPSAS project.", "Figure 8: Risk factors as perceived by organization", "[]", "Source: replies to the CEB adoption checklists", "Best practice 12", "Risk assessment, management and mitigation strategies and practices for project implementation should be adopted by all organizations transitioning to IPSAS, in accordance with the project’s objectives.", "12. Oversight", "144. The transition to IPSAS and the presentation of accrual-based FS will have a significant impact on oversight tasks.", "145. To ascertain IPSAS compliance, auditors, internal and external, will need to determine whether appropriate internal controls and corresponding testing procedures were put in place by management, as well as how effective these are.", "146. Both external and internal auditors will also have to invest, to gain and/or refresh (depending on their experience and professional certifications) accrual accounting and IPSAS-specific knowledge, as well as adapt their audit practices to the new control environment and changes in management practices, to align their practices to the new environment. For instance, the new cut-off procedures[92] make the closing of operations more complex, thereby increasing the scope and detail level of audit procedures.", "A. External Auditors", "147. The Inspector agrees with the view of the organizations that external auditors have an important role in reviewing and commenting on accounting policy developments, especially during a transition from one accounting standard to another. After the claimed IPSAS compliant financial period, external auditors will have to independently decide whether to give a qualified or unqualified opinion on overall IPSAS compliance. Their decision would conclude a technical and human relationship which should have accompanied the transition to IPSAS over the years. On the basis that no one has absolute knowledge in an area as new as the application of IPSAS to IGOs, the only viable way forward is a readiness from both sides to learn together from the standards, but also from the interpretations translating these into accounting policies (in particular the work of the TF) and also from the concrete reality of an organization. The WFP-NAO relationship, as described in annex IV, is an example of this process.", "148. Interestingly, at the Rome meeting of the TF, the BoA identified the following potentially critical issues for thorough consideration by the organizations:", "versus spot rate;", "interim) to an organization before FS are completed;", "followed from the beginning of year).", "149. Several organizations (ICAO, IMO, UNIDO, WFP, WIPO, WHO, WMO) prepared their interim (mock) FS to be reviewed by their external auditors prior to the presentation of their first IPSAS-compliant FS. For instance, WFP had its accounts reviewed twice at an interim stage. However, as was rightly underlined by the BOA, formal audit opinions cannot be provided for interim FS. Yet the Inspector believes that it is imperative that organizations identify and resolve in a timely manner any outstanding issues that may lead to a qualified audit opinion.", "Best practice 13", "Plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises.", "150. Further, there will likely be inconsistencies in the audit opinions given by the ten Supreme Audit Institutions engaged in auditing the accounts of United Nations system organizations[93], as they have varying degrees of experience in auditing IPSAS-based accounts. A few have been involved in such audits to date: the Swiss Federal Audit Office (Swiss public entities use IPSAS as their accounting standards); the National Audit Office (NAO) of United Kingdom (IPSAS are used in the United Kingdom government accounts and NAO audited the IPSAS-based accounts of WFP); the French Cour des Comptes also benefits from its fresh experience of certifying the French Government’s accounts guided by an IPSAS-type approach.", "151. Hence, guidance is of utmost importance. The NAO has developed tools to help external auditors to audit compliance with IPSAS. It has also published an “IPSAS compliance guide” designed to assist client organizations understand the prerequisite for an unqualified audit opinion; it includes a step-by-step checklist to help practitioners ensure that accounts have been prepared in accordance with IPSAS requirements. The guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided. In the case of United Nations system organizations, the guidance approved by CEB is, of course, the yardstick. However, there is still a need for a framework to guide the interactions of the organizations with their external auditors. The framework adopted by the TF should be discussed by the PoEA. The Inspector refrained from making any recommendations to this body, which would have been unusual for the JIU, but he hopes that the framework would make the performance of best practices 13 and 14 easier.", "Best practice 14", "Establish and maintain, as soon as feasible, a bilateral dialogue between the organization and its external auditor(s) on the transition to IPSAS to help ensure that both external and internal auditors gain in-depth understanding of the new system and its impact on control procedures as the implementation of IPSAS would require migration to accrual-based accounting.", "B. Internal Auditors", "152. Increased engagement on IPSAS issues by internal auditors is a factor in ensuring that adequate procedures were designed to allow for an objective view of the financial position and performance of the organizations. Unfortunately, the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) Guidelines for Internal Control Standards for the Public Sector, as updated in 2004 and approved by INTOSAI, can only be of limited value for practical use.", "153. During the review, the Inspector observed that the degree of internal auditors’ engagement in the change process varied considerably across organizations, depending on the openness and commitment and the project team’s policy. In some organizations, the internal auditors were not involved at all or given an observer role only, while in others, they participated actively and followed progress made, discussed the project’s difficulties and exchanged views on risk areas with project team members. When they met with the Inspector, internal auditors were involved as follows:", "UNICEF and WFP);", "UNDP, UPU, WMO, UNESCO);", "to be brought to the Financial Regulations or Rules (ILO, ITU, UNFPA, WIPO, WMO, UNOPS);", "and engaging in discussions with external auditors (UNFPA);", "accounting policies, coordinating with BoA and approving training plans (UNRWA);", "(UNHCR);", "IPSAS team, the external auditor playing the major oversight role.", "strengthened, with a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator, thus reducing reliance on consultants and providing stability for major managerial functions.", "154. A subgroup of internal auditors presented a detailed paper on the role of internal audit in adoption of IPSAS to the UN-RIAS meeting of September 2008 in Washington[94]. The paper defined core internal audit roles in IPSAS conversion to give assurance that risks related to IPSAS conversion are correctly evaluated and managed through verifying the results of the gap analysis at an early stage; and doing assurance work through a series of reviews of the IPSAS project at various phases such as project initiation, milestones, and deliverables where internal auditors can provide value-added advice to management in the transition to IPSAS. For them those roles might include guidance on governance and risk management; project deliverables and agreed upon dates; opening balance sheet, systems upgrade and project close-out, all of which cover most of the IPSAS project components. The paper also proposed potential internal audit roles in the transition phase while at the same time noting that “the advisory role of internal audit and the timing of the various reviews can themselves pose risks for internal audit objectivity”. Consequently, in order to safeguard their independence and objectivity, internal auditors were advised not to get involved in decision-making on IPSAS conversion or implementation, by, for instance “undertaking the gap analysis or dictating accounting policies”.", "155. The topic of IPSAS was again addressed in 2009 by the UN-RIAS on the firm basis of recent experience and lessons learned. Later, the UN-RIAS subgroup on IPSAS insisted on the responsibility of management (of the organizations and in particular of the IPSAS and ERP projects), which is accountable for the continuous testing of new internal controls installed during the preliminary implementation stage. Again, internal auditors from 14 organizations are rightly warning against taking on the responsibilities of management in this regard.", "Best practice 15", "During the preliminary IPSAS implementation phase business process owners should regularly test internal controls so as to ensure the accuracy of data.", "Best practice 16", "Ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion.", "C. A key indicator: expected compliance date by organization", "156. According to IPSAS entities Organizations can only be considered as fully compliant with IPSAS once they receive from their external auditors an unqualified opinion on their FS. For this reason, the BOA, when auditing the FS of the United Nations for the biennium 2006-2007, recommended that the Organization continually review its milestones towards IPSAS implementation. The adoption progress report of February 2010 showed that only eight organizations were on track to become IPSAS-compliant in 2010. In light of written replies to the JIU questionnaire and interviews he conducted during his first missions, the Inspector expressed serious doubts, which were subsequently confirmed, about the system-wide target of 2010 compliance.", "157. In 2009 76 per cent of responding organizations stated that their governing bodies were aware of the implications of the implementation when they voted to adopt IPSAS in 2006 and 2007. At that time, following the TF and CEB recommendations, most organizations targeted the financial period ending on 31 December 2010 as compliance deadline, while a few “early adopters” aimed for 2008.", "158. Initially, the TF provided only a brief and generic description of the common benefits and implications of IPSAS, stating that the “adoption would have major implications on the accounting, financial reporting and associated IT systems of the organizations; it would also have important implications for the budgeting, funding and management systems of organizations”[95]. However, none of the organizations was at the same starting point in 2006 and the document used by most secretariats and issued with their own respective logos to mobilize their governing body did not – and probably could not - give an idea of either the degree of preparedness of each organization for IPSAS or the magnitude and duration of the changes required from many to achieve compliance.", "159. The Inspector can confirm that implementation levels differed significantly among organizations due to their different size and circumstances, as well as the compatibility of their ERP systems in 2005-2006 with IPSAS requirements.", "160. The decisions of the TF, HLCM, CEB and the Secretary-General of 2005 and 2006 [96] can be criticized in that they pressed all organizations to opt for the same year of compliance, regardless of their actual readiness level. Instead, sufficient time should have been allocated to carry out a feasibility study first. Indeed, many more papers were necessary to inform governing bodies of the prerequisites for a successful transition to IPSAS.", "Figure 9: Planned and Expected Year of Full IPSAS Implementation as of February 2010, based on information provided by the organizations.[97]", "[]", "Sources: Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS implementation", "161. Of the three planned “early adopters”, only WFP fully implemented IPSAS for the year ending 31 December 2008 as planned, thanks to favourable initial conditions and concerted efforts (see annex IV for details); WHO, which had adopted several individual IPSAS standards since 2008, closely linked with the deployment of its ERP system, is now expecting to become compliant in 2012, after its ERP system is rolled out to the rest of the Organization. ICAO, whose procurement has been accrual-based since January 2008, when the first phase of its ERP roll-out was completed and the delivery principle adopted, expects IPSAS compliance as of 2010.", "162. Of the 19 other organizations reviewed, seven are expected to be IPSAS-compliant on 1 January 2010 as planned: IMO, ITU, PAHO, UNESCO, UNIDO, WIPO and WMO. Of the remaining 12, two are now expecting to adopt IPSAS in 2011 (IAEA and UPU); eight in 2012 (FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNFPA, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNOPS, UNRWA); and two in 2014 (United Nations and UNWTO).[98] This should not come as a surprise, given the unexpected complexity and scale of preparations and changes required by the transition to full IPSAS compliance, and, in the case of many organizations, the simultaneous adoption of other challenging management initiatives. This shows that jolting organizations into adopting IPSAS as early as four years after the political decision of the General Assembly – as was advocated in 2005 by the proponents of the 2010 target, was neither technically feasible nor realistic. All the more so for those organizations that lagged far behind in accrual-based accounting, had inadequate ERP systems and a shortage of trained staff. According to a key actor interviewed by the Inspector in 2008, “migration in 2010 is but a slogan”.", "163. Delays in their milestones obliged some organizations to revise the timeframe for the project in 2009 or 2010, a revision fully encouraged by the HLCM. The United Nations, for instance, has rescheduled adoption to 2014, to allow it more time to synchronize implementation with the introduction of a new ERP system, stating that “the single most important issue with respect to the adoption of IPSAS is the information systems requirements for successful IPSAS adoption and the synchronization of implementation plans for IPSAS adoption and the ERP project”[99]. As of June 2009, 62 per cent of the organizations, having foreseen implementation delays, had decided to adopt a progressive approach (implementing standard by standard). In some cases the decision to postpone the deadline was also influenced by the availability of resources.", "V. IPSAS AND THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS", "164. The global financial and economic crisis has been affecting the project in several ways:", "and sometimes too modest to be fully effective, even harder to obtain and more contingent on the understanding and goodwill of senior management and the legislative bodies, especially in the context of a simultaneous adoption of several competing management initiatives and increasing demands of Member States, ever reluctant to approve additional expenditure and human resources;", "financial strength of the organizations and the related risks they faced. The credit crisis has increased the need for accountability in the public sector and transparency in its financial transactions.", "pro-cyclical impact of international financial reporting standards and how fair value[100] should be measured in times of crisis. This is embedded in particular in IAS 39 and IPSAS 15 on financial instruments, disclosure and presentation. The former has been criticized for contributing to greater balance sheet volatility due to its requirement that a wide variety of assets be measured at fair value.", "165. Spurred into action by political pressure in the wake of the Lehman Brothers collapse, then by the G20 meetings, accountants have taken the issue very seriously. IFAC organized several seminars at its Global Council Meeting to discuss the causes of the financial crisis and what the accountancy profession, regulators and Governments could do to prevent future crises. The IASB and the FASB agreed to work jointly and expeditiously towards common standards that deal with off-balance sheet activity and accounting for financial instruments. Furthermore, they agreed to issue proposals to replace their respective financial instruments standards with a common standard “in a matter of months, not years”[101]. Both clarified that firms were not obliged to use market prices in distressed conditions. For its part, the IPSASB has recently developed additional IPSAS standards (28, 29 and 30) based on the models of IAS 32, 39 and 7 and dealing with the same issues of presentation, recognition and measurement and disclosure.", "166. Like any other accounting standards, the IPSAS standards are subject to continued improvements and modifications, entailing corresponding changes in the accounting policies of United Nations system organizations. In April 2009, the G20 called upon FASB and IASB to “make significant progress towards a single set of high-quality global accounting standards” by the end of the year”[102]. The Inspector welcomes the efforts made by the IASB and the FASB for the convergence of the IFRS and GAAPs in the private sector, promoting “accounting standards convergence”, one of the accounting profession’s ideals.", "167. This, however, invites the question of how a single set of accounting standards conceived for the service of the private profit-making sector could possibly meet the specific needs of public sector entities and non-profit organizations where most of the transactions are not based on exchange but on asymmetric transactions for both revenues and expenses. The question needs to be followed closely by the United Nations observers (United Nations Secretariat and UNDP) on the IPSASB, as this body officially supports the convergence of IPSAS and IFRS. Since the IPSASB is not accountable before any governing body within the United Nations system and because the “United Nations” observers have no delegated authority to speak for the system, should they simply accept, endorse, promote or remain silent in view of the will for such a convergence? An informed debate among the United Nations stakeholders should take place and make the issue and stakes understandable and understood by all actors. Let us recall that the very reason why IPSAS were chosen is that they were better suited than IFRS to the specific nature of public entities. The IPSAS standards have already embraced most of the features of the IFRS standards, conceived for the private companies. The Inspector shares the view of the International Director of the French Conseil National de la Comptabilité (National Council for Accounting) that “it is regrettable that mainly due to time constraints most IPSAS standards were copied from IFRS and were only partially compatible with the realities of the public sector”. As long as there are “non-exchange transactions”, the “Accounting of Princes” will have to remain distinct from the “Accounting of Merchants”.", "168. The guiding principle in the future development and implementation of IPSAS should be accountability, which IFAC defines concisely and correctly as “an obligation to answer for a responsibility conferred”[103]. An important task similar to that performed by the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) in the area of IFRS could be executed by a special committee charged by IFAC with assisting public sector entities, in particular international organizations, in harmonizing and interpreting the IPSAS standards, especially in the first years of implementation process as they venture into uncharted territories. Such a committee would continue the work accomplished by the TF, but its scope could be much broader, with representatives from States, cities and non-profit organizations, in accordance with the principles of due process.", "VI. CONCLUSION", "169. The transition of all United Nations system organizations to IPSAS is certainly one of the most ambitious management initiatives ever undertaken at the system-wide level. It is an initiative that cannot be dispensed with if the organizations are to move towards informed management. This report has endeavoured to highlight the obstacles, constraints and risks in the transition from UNSAS to IPSAS, be they the time required to select the best or to upgrade the existing ERP systems, poor dialogue with legislative bodies, lack of vision and sense of collective ownership of the change process or lack of commitment of senior management.", "170. Few, if any of the organizations realized back in 2005 the magnitude of changes required. There are many reasons why, out of 22 organizations, only one achieved acknowledged compliance by the initial deadline and eight others plan to attain this in 2010. Based on the review, the Inspector must conclude that a majority of organizations misjudged the monumental changes required at many different levels and that some were slow to recognize that only by making this effort a corporate priority would they be able to follow this through. Nor did the initial commitment to achieve IPSAS compliance by 2010 reflect the fact that each organization had a completely different starting point, which made the move towards IPSAS a major undertaking for some organizations. Early pioneers such as OECD, the EC and WFP have demonstrated that with sufficient will and determination the enormous task could be achieved. However, lessons need to be learned from their experiences so as to help other organizations to achieve IPSAS compliance within the coming years.", "171. Following a momentum lasting several years during which a series of important political decisions were taken, it is now clear that it would take more time for some organizations to attain the goal of producing unqualified IPSAS compliant FS.[104] Disillusion and discouragement are now the major risks to be prevented, all the more so since the beneficial effects of the transition will become apparent only once the transition is completed and managers will need time to grasp the new requirements. The review identified a number of best practices (listed in the Executive Summary) based on the experiences of the United Nations organizations or other early implementers outside the United Nations system. The inspector believes that applying them will help ensure that the transition towards IPSAS is done in a strategic, comprehensive and timely manner. Taking them all into account, the Inspector considers that the following recommendation should enhance effectiveness, efficiency and accountability in the transition of each and every organization of the United Nations system to IPSAS implementation.", "Recommendation 3", "The Executive Heads should ensure that the set of 16 best practices identified in the present JIU report is applied when implementing the IPSAS project.", "Annex I", "List of IPSAS", "(2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements)", "Scope of the Handbook", "This handbook brings together for continuing reference background information about the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and the currently effective pronouncements for the public sector issued by IFAC as of", "January 15, 2010.", "Volume I", "CONTENTS", "Page", "Changes of Substance from the 2009 Handbook 1", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board – Interim Terms of Reference 3", "International Federation of Accountants 8", "Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards 11", "Introduction to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards 20", "IPSAS 1—Presentation of Financial Statements 21", "IPSAS 2—Cash Flow Statements 82", "IPSAS 3—Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors 104", "IPSAS 4—The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates 135", "IPSAS 5—Borrowing Costs 160", "IPSAS 6—Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements 172", "IPSAS 7—Investments in Associates 207", "IPSAS 8—Interests in Joint Ventures 227", "IPSAS 9—Revenue from Exchange Transactions 251", "IPSAS 10—Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies 274", "IPSAS 11—Construction Contracts 288", "IPSAS 12—Inventories 314", "IPSAS 13—Leases 333", "IPSAS 14—Events After the Reporting Date 369", "IPSAS 15—Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation 385", "IPSAS 16—Investment Property 443", "IPSAS 17—Property, Plant and Equipment 476", "IPSAS 18—Segment Reporting 517", "IPSAS 19—Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets 548", "IPSAS 20—Related Party Disclosures 592", "IPSAS 21—Impairment of Non–Cash Generating Assets 613", "IPSAS 22—Disclosure of Information about the General Government Sector 652", "IPSAS 23—Revenue from Non-Exchange Transactions (Taxes and Transfers) 678", "IPSAS 24—Presentation of Budget Information in Financial Statements 735", "IPSAS 25—Employee Benefits 763", "Volume II", "CONTENTS", "Page", "IPSAS 26—Impairment of Cash-Generating Assets 845", "IPSAS 27—Agriculture 904", "IPSAS 28—Financial Instruments: Presentation 933", "IPSAS 29—Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement 1022", "IPSAS 30—Financial Instruments: Disclosures 1287", "IPSAS 31—Intangible Assets 1337", "Cash Basis IPSAS—Financial Reporting Under the Cash Basis of Accounting 1388", "Glossary of Defined Terms in IPSAS 1 to IPSAS 26 1389", "Guideline 2—Applicability of International Standards on Auditing to Audits", "of Financial Statements of Government Business Enterprises 1514", "Summary of Other Documents 1555", "IFAC Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants 1558", "Annex II", "Perceived importance of each IPSAS in per cent as identified by participating organizations", "[]", "Annex III", "Process Flow for transition to IPSAS Implementation", "[]", "Annex IV", "A SUCCESS STORY: THE WFP PROCESS", "1. This is only one of over twenty detailed accounts of IPSAS projects in the JIU participating organizations. It is the first, and for the moment (2010), the only success story, from which the Inspector believes there is much to draw. The WFP is far from the only agency where good practices have been found, but in April 2009 the WFP succeeded in having its financial statements for 2008, presented as IPSAS compliant, certified by its external auditor, less than three years after its Board decided (in June 2006) to comply with IPSAS, a success repeated for the next financial period and worthy of detailed description. This section is mostly based on official texts from the WFP Executive Director, (including the six progress reports on the project), the accounts published and the reports and statements by the External Auditor. For the sake of brevity, few references have been given in the present text; the others are available on request.", "2. The deadline for the beginning of the financial period projected as IPSAS compliant allowed the WFP IPSAS Project team only 18 months to prepare itself. Starting from scratch and building one block at a time, the introduction of IPSAS has been a multifaceted, time-bound, complex project. Thanks to effective leadership and careful risk management it has finally been successfully delivered as originally envisaged. Because the WFP was in the end the only so-called IPSAS “Early Adopter” it was ahead of the United Nations system as a whole in the formulation of technical accounting issues related to IPSAS. This major initiative involved a comprehensive review of all financial policies and many revisions to these, the preparation of a related Policy Guidance Manual and extensive staff training.", "A. Setting up the financial management as a preparatory step", "3. This remarkable achievement also crowns an overall process of transformation of the financial management of the whole organization, the origins of which are to be found at least as far back as the biennium 2002-2003, when, at the instigation of its external auditor (NAO) and its top management, the WFP undertook to improve its financial administration.", "4. An IPSAS project is built on the shared motivation, knowledge and accountability of all those in the finance functions of the entity, at all levels of headquarters, regional and field offices: an active network had to be created among them all to ensure a full understanding and implementation of the organization business model and a fertile ground receptive to the necessary reforms. To this end, essential posts must be filled in a timely manner with staff in the required numbers and with the required qualifications. The training of finance managers and staff, and the mixture of employees from these different levels is a key factor for success as a prerequisite for the creation of a modern accounting culture.", "5. In 2004-2005, the WFP leadership introduced a number of initiatives aiming at improved quality and timeliness in the financial reporting for its Board, donors and management. Those management priorities included the following:", "(known as the WFP Information Network and Global System or WINGS, subsequently WINGS II after it was enhanced);", "additional finance officers in the field (an increase of 61 per cent and 68 per cent respectively) and 5 regional financial analysts to support the new business model resulting from a business process review;", "finance staff on WFP business and financial processes, in particular in the field offices, with a monthly closure reporting package;", "their responsibilities for internal controls and effective financial management;", "regional bureaus and country offices to discuss strategic issues on financial management and to clarify roles and responsibilities;", "country offices, to prepare for the closure of the biennial financial accounts, introduce new initiatives, review audit response follow-up and provide advanced training to WINGS;", "on financial policies and procedures, while reports on the management and the financial implementation of projects were produced by WINGS;", "the basis of an analysis of the exposure of the WFP;", "analysis and internal controls.", "B. Choice of accounting standards: a resolutely proactive position", "6. In January 2005 the WFP External Auditor observed that WFP already provided an almost complete set of financial statements (FS) as required by either the IAS/IFRS or the IPSAS. After the presentation of the External Auditor’s report on financial reporting standards to the Board, through which the External Auditor was encouraging the WFP Board to accept universally accepted international accounting standards, the Executive Director established a steering committee and a task force to manage the transition in that direction. After discussions with external organizations and with experts in accounting standards, they made a preliminary review of those WFP regulations and rules that might require revision before WFP could fully adopt international accounting standards. Changes toward accrual accounting being a requirement common to all modern accounting standards, their implementation would significantly prepare the entity to implement any of the standards. In 2007, WFP recognized that the present WINGS, which supported some aspects of IPSAS, had allowed WFP in recent years to introduce systematic improvements into its financial reporting, including accrual-based income recognition, investments recognition at market rate, expense recognition based on the delivery principle and annual financial reporting. In this respect, WFP had already achieved an advanced level of readiness for IPSAS.", "7. But this had not been easy: IPSAS is principles based. WFP being the first in the United Nations and among the first organizations in the world to implement IPSAS, its IPSAS team had to draft many policies, often before the discussion and publication of any guidance by the inter-agency Task Force. Some of the very difficult policies to draft were, inter alia, the inventory capitalization, expensing, and measurement, financial instruments, services in kind, PPE, intangibles, and, in particular, revenue recognition, which was particularly difficult given the major differences between WFP and the private sector, but which also assessed contributions-based organizations and States. Comparing the previous UNSAS-compliant FS and the present IPSAS-compliant FS gives a measure of the impact and the difficulties faced in the accounting policies.", "8. The WFP attitude toward the supporting work carried out by the System-wide team and TF was full proactive participation and a resolute move ahead, and even ahead of the team if necessary, as with the training materials (where WFP went ahead by creating its own training material without waiting for the delayed CEB training kit). As an early adopter, the perspectives and experience of WFP with regard to IPSAS implementation are very relevant to other United Nations system organizations. In circumstances where United Nations discussions had not yet matured enough to be able to pronounce on all IPSAS issues, management interpreted them as they saw fit, in agreement with the External Auditor. Where no IPSAS was available, the IFRS were used. As the “trail blazer”, WFP could not always count on the United Nations to provide practical advice and counsel on the wide range of issues faced during the transition. Indeed, other United Nations organizations looked to WFP for guidance and example. WFP also had contacts with other IPSAS pioneers such as the EC, NATO and the Government of Switzerland.", "9. When, during the summer of 2005, the TF discussed the matter with the CEB project development team and turned to IPSAS, at an accelerating pace, WFP, which had prepared itself for such a transition, positioned itself as ready to play a leading role as an early adopter. It thus set out two basic documents which demonstrate in-depth autonomous thinking about its own situation: a tentative timetable for the transition to international accounting standards from 2005 to 2008 and a table on all changes required from the entity according to its gap analysis, IPSAS by IPSAS. They constituted the backbone of the WFP IPSAS project. The business plan approved in June 2006 by the Executive Board included timelines, milestones, coordination with the WINGS II project and the estimated costs, budget and funding options to enable WFP to implement IPSAS from 2008 on, as recommended.", "C. Full measurement and realization of the tasks to be implemented", "10. According to an excerpt from the WFP external auditors’ report on preparedness on two major projects: IPSAS and WINGS II, adherence to international accounting standards required considerably more than revision and improvement of the presentational aspects of financial reporting as seen through the organization’s annual accounts. Improvements were required in business procedures and SOPs, for example on how WFP manages and accounts for assets and liabilities; and on how income and expenditure are accounted for and reported. They require major business process and financial management changes in WFP operational infrastructure and financial procedures, which the Secretariat has been taking forward.", "11. WFP, which, more than other entities of the United Nations system, was already prepared to comply with many of these changes, as observed above, chose a fast track: a transition in eighteen months from where it was, well prepared as it was, with probably the shortest path to the target among all organizations of the United Nations system. A full set of (UNSAS compliant) annual FS was prepared for the first time at WFP in 2006. That enabled the Programme to position itself for the introduction of annual accounts and a full audit, as an advance exercise for the annual financial period which became mandatory from 2008 onwards. While its area would be most directly affected by IPSAS, the WFP financial reporting unit played a key role in the challenge of their implementation. WFP launched a series of “dry runs” over 6-month and 9-month periods, as “IPSAS compliant” parts of the future 2008 accounts.", "D. A fully fledged project", "1. Outline", "12. Following the Board’s decision in November 2005, the Secretariat developed a comprehensive workplan for the accounting standards project. The plan outlined the approach to identifying and addressing changes to WFP Rules and Regulations, accounting policies and administrative procedures affected by the implementation of IPSAS. Milestones were set for the different phases of the project, including analysis, proposals for revised policies and procedures, endorsement by management, the External Auditor and the Board, preparation of guidelines and the training of Headquarters and field staff. The Secretariat also prepared budgetary estimates of implementation costs.", "2. Governance", "13. Governance for the transition was first conceived as a relatively small team (four finance consultants, one project management consultant, one other consultant, two finance staff and four others) under the leadership of a full-time project manager reporting to the Chief Finance Officer, who was also in charge of the WINGS II project and thus able to monitor the WINGS II/IPSAS synergies. In 2007, a “Project Governance Board” was established to provide high-level oversight, guidance and advice to the IPSAS project. Further to internal audit recommendations and risk assessment, a change management coordinator and a project management coordinator were added to the project staff. This reduced reliance on consultants and provided stability in communications and training and in monitoring and updating the budget and workplan.", "3. Funding", "14. Thanks to its renewed financial management culture, WFP was very soon (September 2005) able to produce detailed cost estimates and planned budgetary requirements for:", "i. transition to international accounting standards;", "ii. change in organization process flows;", "iii. asset management; and", "iv. preparation of policies, procedures and guidance manuals.", "(workshops etc.)", "review, together with the formulation of policies and procedure guidance.", "15. The first move toward funding the project was to try to identify savings by seeking possible absorption of the additional costs. The second was to seek out synergy with an already existing and related project. The third was merely to look for new forms and sources of funding.", "16. In June 2006 the Board authorized an allocation of US$3.7 million from the Programme Support and Administration line, to cover for two years the cost of a timely introduction of IPSAS for the 2008 financial period. Two years later, a retrospective analysis of the project expenditures highlighted an overall actual level of expenditures similar to the planned amount, showing some under-budgeting in staff costs (which are governed by the United Nations common system), offset by savings in most of the other items and particularly travel. The cost of consultants was kept at the remarkably low level of US$0.3 million, over the whole duration of the project, compared to a projected US$0.5 million, itself relatively modest in comparison with some other organizations.", "4. Human resources", "17. The project plan provided for the creation of a dedicated team to implement the accounting standards project with support from WFP staff, which would provide expertise relevant to their areas of competence and responsibility. A project manager had been identified to lead the project, which drew on in-house expertise, specialist staff and specially recruited consultants to ensure that WFP had the capacity to make a successful transition to IPSAS. But staffing was difficult: when the project began trying to hire staff experts in the IPSAS field in 2006, there were virtually none. Many accountants were experts in IFRS or New Zealand or Australian Standards, but hardly any had expertise in IPSAS implementation. Only those who worked with pioneering organizations such as OECD and EC would have had IPSAS experience. Also, many consultants had theoretical experience in IPSAS but no implementation experience. The project manager opted at the end to hire professional accountants and to give them the time necessary to familiarize themselves with IPSAS, investing in them, so that, over time, they built up an expert implementation knowledge of IPSAS.", "5. Content and deliverables", "18. The team developed comprehensive implementation documents covering all IPSAS and IPSAS exposure drafts, including the new draft accounting requirements and practices under which the WFP FS would be prepared from 1 January 2008, to guide business users and systems developers. Detailed implementation plans for each area of accounting were linking implementation documents to the practical adoption of IPSAS, including the establishment of opening balances for 1 January 2008 for inventories, employee benefits and property, plant and equipment, and the accounting of revenue under IPSAS. An implementation manual was to be developed for business units and finance professionals.", "E. A motivated Organization: communication, training and change management", "1. Communication and training support", "19. As part of its communication programme the WFP set up a special website page dedicated to the transition to IPSAS and produced an additional series of six “progress reports” on the subject, from 2006 to 2008, where all the relevant information on past and forthcoming decisions was explained or proposed, submitted to the Board for information, consideration or approval, thereby keeping it fully informed, motivated and active in the interests of the smooth progress of the transition process.", "20. This IPSAS project Intranet website, much used by WFP staff, provided information on the UNSAS, International Accounting Standards, IPSAS and the IPSAS adoption process. It served as a one-stop information source for users seeking information or guidance on IPSAS. As part of the communications strategy, bimonthly bulletins were distributed to finance officers and other staff members, mainly to inform field staff members about the project’s progress. IPSAS and financial experts with experience of IPSAS implementation projects in other organizations held workshops to familiarize WFP staff with the nature of IPSAS implementation. During the latter half of 2006 and in early 2007, workshops were held at all regional offices to brief regional directors, country directors and finance officers about IPSAS implementation activities and major impacts on WFP. Additional training workshops and sessions were arranged as IPSAS-compliant processes became available.", "21. In the same way, the maintenance of a communication flow to top management, middle management and staff with provision for feedback was necessary to create awareness and support. The IPSAS implementation team embarked on an organizational communications and training strategy to ensure wide coverage of IPSAS awareness and knowledge within WFP. This was coordinated with WINGS II and the Human Resources Division’s training unit to ensure efficiency and economies of scale. At the beginning of 2008, regular IPSAS training in Headquarters and field offices had already been given to 1,400 staff members. Refresher courses would be offered throughout 2008 for stakeholders such as Board members and participants in United Nations workgroups and events. Coordination with the New York IPSAS team continued as specialized training materials on accrual accounting applicable to the United Nations were being developed, but were either not yet published or not usable.", "22. Altogether, training, communication, discussions, workshops, meetings and workgroups required a considerable amount of time to convert people's behaviours from UNSAS to IPSAS, and IPSAS was seen as (and in fact is) more difficult and more demanding. Therefore, changing behaviour, especially that of the “non-believers” was extremely difficult and called for the use of various means.", "2. “Tuning” with the Executive Board", "23. WFP established and maintained close relations in communication on its IPSAS project with its Executive Board (EB), composed of 36 member States of United Nations and FAO, donors and recipient countries. Despite this diversity, from 2005 to 2009, the External Auditor and the Secretariat of WFP played a “duet” for the Board, with various reports relating to their respective roles. They brought converging views on the transition to international accounting standards, thus creating a climate of trust, explaining at every stage the situation, risks, proposals made, and their expected benefits. Raising and retaining such interest and support in the administrative and financial area, often considered less attractive to Member States delegates, is a major achievement. Concerns were raised regarding the level of understandability of the new IPSAS compliant FS versus previous FS produced under UNSAS, which used the budgetary financial reporting format. They were addressed through ongoing discussion, briefings, informal consultations, finance seminars and guest speakers’ events.", "24. Communication with the legislative body (the Executive Board) was also carried out by various means, including a special series of six progress reports as mentioned above. This permitted in particular the initial funding of posts to strengthen the finance administration, and thereafter the relatively straightforward funding of the IPSAS and WINGS projects, thus allowing their respective teams to fully dedicate themselves to the substantive activities associated with the projects without wasting their energy on fund-raising. As a result, the EB endorsed the various steps toward IPSAS as proposed. But obtaining funding is easier than changing deeply entrenched working and managing processes of management and staff. This was very difficult at WFP, as in other organizations.", "F. A project in a network", "1. Institutional Partnerships", "25. The WFP never worked in isolation. Just as it had organized thinking and training internally, it was keen to make the most of profitable linkages with existing external partners.", "26. The first of these partners was the External Auditor of the WFP, from the National Audit Office (NAO) of the United Kingdom, who very soon proved to be a driving force in the introduction of internationally recognized accounting standards, in particular in his report on the subject for the consideration of the Executive Board.[105] The External Auditor and the Executive Director of WFP regularly underlined their valuable collaboration in their respective reports until they could proudly share in 2009 the honour of having achieved the first set of FS prepared under IPSAS for 2008 and presented these to the Executive Board without any qualification in the opinion of the External Auditor, as repeated for the next annual financial period. The Inspector considers that it is fair to mention, in addition to the local involvement of the External Auditor, the enormous efforts made by the NAO in terms of education and information with regard to the use of IPSAS, including two important and detailed “guides” downloadable from the NAO website at www.nao.org.uk :", "step-by-step checklist to ensure accounts conform to the requirements of the Standards;", "specifically to assist international organizations in understanding what their External Auditor will require to support an unqualified audit opinion against the requirements of IPSAS. In the foreword, NAO claims that “the guidance sets out the circumstances required and the evidence needed by external auditors from management; and gives illustrations of the audit issues and problems that can arise and which need to be avoided.”", "27. Another important institutional partner was the Audit Committee (AC), which, according to its annual report issued in 2009, “devoted considerable time and attention to the oversight of this challenging project. At each meeting, implementation plans and potential obstacles, including changes in key project personnel, were monitored. The AC noted key milestones (e.g. June and September 2008 \"dry runs\") and assessed the results produced by management and the reports on progress provided independently by the NAO and the Office of Internal Audit. It advised on how to deal effectively with obstacles encountered and reinforced management’s commitment to the project. The AC’s views and advice were conveyed to management. It suggested changes and reviewed management’s response during the implementation process and when discussing the final versions of the draft FS”.", "28. As mentioned above, WFP played more than its part in the interaction with the other agencies of the United Nations system through its active participation in the TF and the related Rome “focus group”. Once again, the Inspector stresses that, without wishing to downplay its merits in this successful transition, it is fair to say that WFP was probably among the best prepared organizations, in particular through its financial corporate culture.[106]", "2. Internal partnerships", "29. Another, no less important partnership was internal, with the conception and realization of the coordinated planning and running of two interrelated IPSAS and WINGS II projects. From the outset, synergy and continuous interaction to identify and initiate new and improved business processes were essential to avoid duplication of effort or the omission of processes necessary to ensure compliance with IPSAS. But the need to prepare WINGS II to IPSAS requirements represented a high level of demand from the modestly sized WFP IPSAS project team.", "30. Partnership not only involves institutional partners but, just as importantly, various components of the secretariat. Distinct but synergetic roles were to be attributed to the IPSAS and the ERP projects, in mutual respect and collaboration for the overriding common goal of better management of the organization. In this type of situation there should be no domination, no competition and no confusion, leaving the way clear for systematic ongoing development. The same is true for the community of all users and staff affected in their jobs by the changing business processes.", "G. Legal framework and accounting policies", "31. The project team identified the General Regulations, General Rules and Financial Regulations that required amendment as a result of the implementation of IPSAS. This initial assessment of changes had been re-evaluated throughout the project. The main change affecting the General Regulations is the move to annual financial reporting. No other accounting policy change requiring Board approval was identified. In this regard, the case of WFP can be considered particularly favourable, because with the exception of this amendment and some funding such a major transition process was legally mostly in the hands of the executive head.", "32. From 2005 on, the WFP kept its accounting policies under review, and introduced changes resulting in improved standards of financial reporting. Examples included changes in the income recognition policy, from cash to accrual, and in the recognition of after-service medical liabilities for WFP staff.", "33. Key changes from the previous standards (UNSAS) included the capitalization of PPE, recording of inventories, recording of employee benefits and recognition of income. But IPSAS reform is a continuous process: nearly one year after the opening balance date of the 2008 IPSAS compliant accounts, the year 2008 was still considered by the project team as a “transition year”, implying that there was room for further progress.", "H. Final situation, risks and dividends arising from the transition", "34. In June 2008, the capacity built into the IPSAS adoption team needed to be maintained, subject to resource availability, at least until WINGS II went live in early 2009 and the first IPSAS-compliant FS was submitted for Board approval in June 2009. It was expected that IPSAS adoption would be completed in June 2009 and the capacity built by the project then mainstreamed as far as possible, taking into account resource constraints.", "35. Major challenges that persisted included inventory accounting, PPE recognition and completeness, revenue recognition and other accounting policies, calculation of employee benefits related to those staff members administered in the field by organizations other than WFP, intangible assets identification and management and budget reconciliation. The many associated risks of all kinds - internal and external, stakeholders’ risks, and IPSAS Board risks had been assessed and were to be managed. The greatest stress and pressure related to senior management support, IPSAS-compliant ERP system availability, sustained staff capacity and knowledge of IPSAS, Governing Body support, effective communications with the External Auditor, effective communications and training and TF involvement. Coming from an agency which had already given much importance to all those factors, and at a time when the first year of compliance was completed, this demonstrates how vulnerable such a project is and remains, until everyone is accustomed to the new roles assigned. The retrospective analysis of risks contained in the sixth and last progress report concludes: “Challenges included the scarcity of qualified candidates who would commit themselves to a project of short duration, the tight adoption timeline, the lack of specialized training materials and the lack of internal capacities at the early stages of the project.”[107]", "36. In other words, the main challenges were to continuously brief the governing body, deal with internal stakeholders, communicate with the external auditor, manage differences in opinion with internal auditors, deal with difficulties and differences of opinion within the interagency TF on accounting standards and still continue with the implementation. Countless hours were spent on ironing out differences and trying to come up with all sorts of solutions and risk mitigations.", "37. The WFP and its External Auditor are rightly proud of their achievement regarding IPSAS compliance and a June 2009 brochure on the subject was titled: WFP Leads the Way: enhanced credibility and transparency in the United Nations system accounting practices – A glance at WFP’s 2008 Financial Statements under IPSAS, while the Report of the external Auditor on the IPSAS dividend prepared for the February 2010 session of the EB is subtitled: “Strengthening Financial Management”[108]. Far from considering the success of the WINGS II and IPSAS projects as ends, in either sense of that word, it recommends that their benefits for financial reporting be used in order to:", "including on key areas of financial management risks or interest, to enhance and focus their monitoring function at the corporate level and inform decision-making", "outcomes", "management group.", "Annex V", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on JIU recommendations", "JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ", "E: Recommendation for action by executive head (*in case of the CEB by the Chair of the CEB)", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization", "Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance", "e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other", "** Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-HABITAT, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] Article 5 of the JIU Statute", "[2] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13: Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective, August 2001", "[3] Although the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) considers itself to be the Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO) for the Americas, it is not a participating organization of the JIU. However, it appears among the 22 organizations participating (including financially) in the interagency project and the Task Force on Accounting Standards and was reviewed in the Secretary-General’s progress reports on IPSAS.", "[4] His publications included Normes IFRS et PME (2004) and Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008), the latter published posthumously by Dunod, Paris. An English translation was planned.", "[5] In addition to preparing general purpose financial statements, an entity may prepare financial statements for parties who can demand financial statements tailored to meet their specific information needs (e.g. governing bodies, the legislature and other parties who perform an oversight function). Such statements are referred to as “special purpose financial statements.”", "[6] Established in 1973", "[7] Established in 1991 as an independent privately funded accounting standard setter.", "[8] Fédération des Experts Comptables Européens (FEE): The adoption of accrual accounting and budgeting by Governments (July 2003), hereinafter referred to as “FEE 2003”.", "[9] A/46/341, paras. 9 and 10", "[10] In A/RES/45/235, para. 5", "[11] A/48/530", "[12] For example, para. 4 reads: “If these fundamental accounting assumptions are not followed, that fact should be disclosed together with the reasons.”", "[13] IFAC is comprised of 159 members and associates in 124 countries and jurisdictions, representing over 2.5 million accountants.", "[14] See www.ifac.org , “Preface to International Public Sector Accounting Standards, 2008, para. 30-35.", "[15] It is worth noting that this initiative was supported not only by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, but also by the United Nations and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).", "[16] See Annex I for the table of contents of the 2010 IFAC Handbook of International Public Sector Accounting Pronouncements", "[17] For example, “income” becomes “revenue” and “expenditures”, “expenses”, with minor differences in meaning.", "[18] The TF members select their Chair with the endorsement of the FBN and HLCM.", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, paras. 25 (a) to (e).", "[20] A/60/846 and A/60/846/Add.3 and supplementary information transmitted to the ACABQ.", "[21] A/60/870, para. 42", "[22] A/RES/60/283, section IV", "[23] Or “modified cash”, a notion used in the United Nations system, but never explained satisfactorily.", "[24] 180 EX/33, Part I Rev", "[25] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Transition to the Accrual Basis of Accounting: Guidance for Governments and Government Entities (2003), para. 1.19, p. 7", "[26] IFAC Public Sector Committee, Resource Accounting: Framework of Accounting Standard Setting in the UK Central Government Sector (2002).", "[27] Equity or net asset value is the net value of an entity’s assets after deduction of its liabilities. Most States which have begun using IPSAS have negative equity, with New Zealand one of the few exceptions.", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4", "[29] Ibid, para. 5.3", "[30] COM 2002 755 final: Modernization of the Accounting System of the European Communities, Brussels, 17-12-2002", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] “Inventories are assets: (a) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed in the production process; (b) in the form of materials or supplies to be consumed or distributed in the rendering of services; (c) held for sale or distribution in the ordinary course of operations; or (d) in the process of production for sale or distribution” (IPSAS 12).", "[33] To capitalize is “to record expenditure as an asset rather than as an expense” (www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp)", "[34] ULO – Unliquidated Obligation is a type of accounting transaction under UNSAS, which recognizes future liability for goods or services ordered (either delivered or not). ULOs may or may not materialize during the financial period.", "[35] Consolidation is the process of presenting the financial statements of all entities that make up the reporting entity as if they were the financial statements of a single entity. It involves adding together all items on a line-by-line basis and eliminating any transactions or balances between members of the reporting entities. The entities need to conform to", "the standard policies and classifications when providing financial information for consolidation (IPSAS 6).", "[36] Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of another entity so as to benefit from its entities.", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II, para. 10(a) and 27.", "[38] A/63/496, para. 7.", "[39] A/64/355 paras. 12 and 45-47.", "[40] IPSAS 1, para. 66.", "[41] Ibid., para. 69", "[42] Historical cost: an asset value based on the actual purchase cost.", "[43] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction (IPSAS 9). It is approximated by the market value.", "[44] Heritage assets are assets bearing cultural, environmental, educational and historical significance (IPSAS 17) such as the Palais des Nations in Geneva or the ECA building in Addis Ababa.", "[45] See definition above, footnote 43.", "[46] The Ben Chu, former Deputy Accountant General of Malaysia, “Accrual accounting in the Public Sector”, Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) International Public Sector Bulletin, issue 11, February 2008", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff Business School (BS) and Neil Marriot, Winchester BS, “Resource accounting in the Public Sector: Problems of implementation”, ibid.", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24", "[49] See A/65/5(vol. I), paras. 164-180", "[50] A/60/450 and A/61/730.", "[51] A/60/450, annex I.", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1", "[53] IAEA, The Agency’s Accounts for 2007, GC(52)/11, para. 100", "[54] Féderation des Experts Comptables Européens, “Accrual Accounting for more effective public policy” (February 2006)", "[55] When an entity receives value from another entity without directly giving approximately equal value in exchange (e.g. grants, donations, contributions).", "[56] For instance, a donor may impose a condition on the transferred asset, requesting that resources be used within a two-year period and demanding that the unused portion be refunded.", "[57] See JIU report 2010/7 “Policies and procedures for the administration of trust funds in the United Nations system organizations.", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, (01-01-2007) para. 56.", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, para. 9.", "[60] IPSAS 4", "[61] A/62/806", "[62] UNIDO, Report of the External Auditor on the accounts of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization for the financial period 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, IDB.35/3, para. 13", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21", "[64] See table in A/64/355", "[65] For example the Vienna International Center, that Austria authorized some organizations of the UN system to use, free of charges other than maintenance, or the provisions found in the Status of Force (or Mission) Agreements (SOFAs, SOMAs) signed by the UN/Department of Peace Keeping Operations. The IPSAS did not provide for such situations.", "[66] List available in the respective annexes I of the progress reports A/62/806 and A/64/355.", "[67] A/62/806", "[68] FEE, 2003, ibid.", "[69] Leading change: Why transformation efforts fail. John P. Kotter. Harvard Business Review, 1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, chap. II, para. 52.", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, chap. II, para. 51.", "[72] PRINCE2 (PRojects IN Controlled Environments) is a process-based method for effective project management - a standard used extensively by the United Kingdom Government and the private sector.", "[73] See http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp", "[74] A/65/5 (Vol.1), para. 33.", "[75] Internal control in the context of accounting is broadly defined as the overall set of policies and procedures conceived and put in place by an organization’s management to safeguard assets and information, the quality of accounting records and the timely production of reliable financial and management information.", "[76] See Commission of the European Communities, Communication from the Commission, COM (2002)", "[77] The Steering Committee comprises participants from Finance, Budget, HR, IT, Training, External Relations, field users, and Audit.", "[78] See ACABQ report A/64/531, end of para. 12.", "[79] The FS for the previous year have to be restated to express financial information according to IPSAS.", "[80] A service is an administrative unit within the EC.", "[81] A/65/5(Vol.1), para. 33.", "[82] A/64/380", "[83] A/64/355, para. 68", "[84] Mastering the transformation – New public management accrual accounting and budgeting, Deloitte, Netherlands 2004", "[85] A/64/355, para. 19", "[86] Ibid, para. 19", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7", "[88] Name used successively for a model of framework for the management of internal controls (COSO 1992), then a model of risk management (COSO 2, 2004), from the Committee Of Sponsoring Organizations of the National Commission on Fraudulent Financial Reporting (Treadway Commission) after the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1 (Supp.), para. 191", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7 (Supp.), para. 47", "[91] A/64/355, para. 27", "[92] Audit procedures used for determining whether a transaction took place prior to or after the end of an accounting period, and therefore ensuring that transactions are recorded in the accounting records and recognized in the financial statements of the periods to which they relate.", "[93] Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, South Africa, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.", "[94] “UNSAS to IPSAS conversion – adoption of IPSAS by the UN: what should be the role of Internal Audit Service?”", "[95] November 2005: recommendation 25 to the HLCM, para. 4", "[96] See Chap. II.5 above, 2005-2007: The political decisions to adopt IPSAS", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26", "[99] A/62/806", "[100] Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm's length transaction. (IPSAS terminology)", "[101] Joint FASB-IASB press release,(24 March 2009)", "[102] For details, see Risk, May 20-2009", "[103] International Federation of Accountants, Study 13 Governance in the Public Sector: A Governing Body Perspective (August 2001)", "[104] See for example the Progress Report on the Adoption of IPSAS at UNDP, UNFPA and UNOPS: Briefing to the Executive Board (1 June 2009), available at www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt", "[105] Report of the external auditor on financial reporting standards of the World Food Programme (WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)", "[106] See JIU/REP/2009/7 Management and Administration Review of the World Food Programme", "[107] Sixth progress report on the Implementation of IPSAS (WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1), para. 31", "[108] Report of the External Auditor on the IPSAS Dividend: Strengthening Financial Management (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况”的报告。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门 会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "撰 写 人", "Gérard Biraud", "联合检查组", "2010年，日内瓦", "[]", "联 合 国", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门 会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "撰 写 人", "Gérard Biraud", "联合检查组", "[]", "联 合 国 2010年，日内瓦", "执行摘要\n 联合国系统各组织为采用国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况 JIU/REP/2010/6", "本报告的目的是综合介绍联合国系统各组织向国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)过渡和实施的现状，并说明每个组织是如何开展这一进程的，重点放在指出最佳做法和可能的风险。", "在经过25年的努力试图在全联合国系统各组织统一财务报告做法并使其财务报表更有可比性(即，使用一套专门的联合国会计准则)之后，大会于2006年核可了行政首长协委会的建议，并批准联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则 (IPSAS)。其他联合国组织也很快仿效，因为国际公共部门会计准则是公认的最适合非盈利的政府间组织的。", "采用国际公共部门会计准则被看作是联合国系统内的一项关键的改革内容并继续得到理事机构和高级管理层的支持。自2006年以来，联合国系统各组织在向国际公共部门会计准则的要求看齐方面取得了进展。然而，它们也越来越认识到这项工作比最初预期的要艰巨和复杂得多。在审查的22个组织中，一个(粮食规划署)已经得到其外部审计员对于其2008年和2009年财务报表的无条件的(即，有利的)意见，作为国际公共部门会计准则达标单位介绍(其经验和最佳做法见附件四)；八个――国际民航组织、海事组织、电联、泛美卫生组织、教科文组织、工发组织、知识产权组织和气象组织――已经引进了国际公共部门会计准则，最初目标定为2010年，其外部审计员将在2011年内确定它们是否确实已经达标；两个(原子能机构和邮联)预计在2011年实施国际公共部门会计准则；九个(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发计划署、人口基金、难民署、儿童基金、项目厅、近东救济工程处和卫生组织)在2012年，以及两个(联合国和世界旅游组织)在2014年实施。", "审查显示，国际公共部门会计准则的采用正在开始对联合国系统各组织产生重大影响，其范围远远超过会计核算。转向国际公共部门会计准则应使全联合国系统得以强化对资源和业务流程的管理和改进基于成果的管理。视一个组织对于国际公共部门会计准则要求的最初准备条件而定，对大多数组织而言，向国际公共部门会计准则过渡是一项重大事业，因为它影响到会计核算、财务报告和与此相关的信息技术系统，并会导致对规划、决策、预算编制和财务报告采取新的做法。预计根据独立的国际标准报告资产、债务、收入和支出将大大提高联合国系统对于成员国、捐助方和工作人员的财务报表的质量、可比性和可信性，从而强化问责、透明度和管治。", "许多组织低估了所要求的共同努力和资源的重要性，没有能够对最初的准备情况和风险进行评估。审查中还发现，向国际公共部门会计准则成功过渡的关键在于高级管理层的强有力的支持和参与，敬业的部门间专题工作队和采用项目管理做法。", "在高级别管理委员会(HLCM)主持下的全系统范围项目对于支持联合国系统各组织的国际公共部门会计准则项目至关重要。该项目由会计准则专题工作队协调，内容包括制定会计指南、培训材料和在国际公共部门会计准则小组之间开展经验交流(如联合国秘书长的进展报告和会计准则网站等所反映的)，并参与国际公共部门会计准则委员会(IPSASB)的准则制定工作。", "本报告除了简要介绍实行国际公共部门会计准则预计会带来的惠益之外，还指出并阐述了为确保向国际公共部门会计准则成功过渡，行政首长应考虑的若干风险。", "报告建议，除了向各相关立法机构提出的两条建议之外，各行政首长应确保实施在本报告中指出的以下十六种最佳做法。本检查员知道，许多组织正在实施或已经落实了大多数这些推荐做法。", "实施向国际公共部门会计准则顺利过渡的16种最佳做法：", "1： 建立部门间国际公共部门会计准则项目指导委员会或相当的机关，负责确保高级管理层理解能推动向国际公共部门会计准则过渡的目标和远景。该委员会应有多年期授权，配备具有机构资源规划的前期设计、设计和实施专长的工作人员。", "2： 对根据联合国系统会计准则制定的现行业务流程、程序、财务报告和功能与每一项国际公共部门会计准则的要求和影响之间的差距进行深入分析。", "3： 如项目环境出现重大变化，应对国际公共部门会计准则的最初采用战略进行重新评估并做出必要调整。", "4： 应用成熟的项目规划和实施方法，包括明确界定的战略目标、可交付的成果、时间序列、阶段性目标和监测程序。", "5： 制定一项战略，根据以往的会计准则(联合国系统会计准则)，为目标实施日期(遵守标准头一年的第一天)确定遵守国际公共部门会计准则的期初余额以及前一日的期终余额，但要能很容易地将目标年的期初余额变为国际公共部门会计准则的表述。", "6： 为了确保理事机关持续参与变革进程，定期向理事机关通报实施国际公共部门会计准则的进展情况并要求其通过相关决定，特别是关于对财务条例的必要修改和为项目调拨资源的决定。", "7： 确定行政、预算和财务领域所需要的额外人力资源并列入预算，以确保不仅有效实施向国际公共部门会计准则的过渡，而且有充足的能力保持今后对国际公共部门会计准则的遵守。", "8： 确保提供资金，在可行的情况下，内部培训会计、业务和变革管理的专家，或招聘外部专家。", "9： 透彻地分析现有(传下来的)信息系统，以了解其与国际公共部门会计准则要求的一致性和协同情况，并且，作为差距初步分析的主要内容，弄懂为支持国际公共部门会计准则，机构资源规划系统所必须经历的改革。", "10：通过一切可利用的通信手段、培训和文件，开展关于向国际公共部门会计准则过渡的宣传。这可通过以下途径实现：个人接触、宣讲会、来自本单位外的参与了成功实例的人的介绍、休假地会议、实际操作和将目前的会计政策与新政策作比较的培训材料等。", "11：通过利用专门的文件(手册)和培训，确保现有的和将来的工作人员，尤其是管理人员、供应链和财务人员，充分熟悉新的程序和要求。", "12：根据项目目标，为项目的实施采用风险评估、管理和缓解战略和做法。", "13：为避免令人不愉快的意想不到局面，应在最后实施日期之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查。", "14：在组织和其外部审计员之间就向国际公共部门会计准则过渡问题尽早建立和保持双边对话，以帮助确保外部和内部审计员都对新系统及其对控制程序的影响有深入的理解，因为要实施国际公共部门会计准则，就需要向应计制会计转换。", "15：在国际公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段，对内部监控措施进行连续的测试，以确保数据的准确性。", "16：确保在项目接近尾声时对系统进行独立的和全面的验证和核查。", "考虑到所有这些最佳做法，下文所列建议的前两条是专门针对联合国系统各组织的立法机关的，第三条是给其行政首长的：所有建议都旨在强化联合国系统的每一个组织在向实施国际公共部门会计准则的过渡中的问责、效果和效率。", "建议1", "立法机关应要求各自组织的行政首长定期发布关于国际公共部门会计准则实施情况的进展报告。", "建议2", "立法机关应提供所需的支助、工作人员和资金，以确保向国际公共部门会计准则的成功和有效的过渡。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保在实施国际公共部门会计准则项目时，本联检组报告中所介绍的16种最佳做法都得到实行。", "目录", "页次", "执行摘要 4", "缩略语 9", "章次 段次", "一. 导言 1-8 11", "A. 缘起 2-3 11", "B. 目的 4-5 12", "C. 方法 6-8 12", "二. 走向国际公共部门会计准则 9-28 14", "A. 为什么财务报告需要会计准则 9-13 14", "B. 联合国系统各组织面临的困境 14 15", "C. 最初的没有实现的解决办法：联合国会计准则(UNSAS) 15-18 15", "D. 老大难问题的新解决办法：国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS) 19-21 16", "E. 2005-2007：采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定 22-28 17", "三. 国际公共部门会计准则对各组织的影响：主要问题 29-72 20", "A. 向应计制会计的重大转变 29-37 20", "1. 新颖之处 29-30 20", "2. 挑战 31-35 20", "3. 好处 36-37 21", "B. 与实施国际公共部门会计准则相关的其他问题 38-51 23", "1. 声誉风险 38-40 23", "2. 潜在的风险 41-43 24", "3. 改变管理 44 24", "4. 国际公共部门会计准则费时又费钱 45-46 24", "5. 文化方面 47-48 25", "6. 政治方面 49-51 26", "C. 一些影响最大的会计变化 52-72 27", "1. 财务报表的提交 53 27", "2. 资产的处理：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE) 54-59 27", "3. 工作人员福利 60-64 29", "4. 预算问题 65-69 30", "5. 岁入确认 70 31", "6. 基金会计制度 71 32", "7. 外汇汇率和财务报表的时间 72 32", "四. 国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)项目在联合国系统的实施 73-163 33", "A. 全系统范围的(CEB)项目 74-83 33", "1. 一项机构间事业 74-76 33", "2. 可交付的成果和服务 77-83 34", "B. 各组织的项目：战略问题和多样性 84-155 35", "1. 管治和管理变革 84-94 35", "2. 差距分析和用户 95-96 38", "3. 分阶段、有计划的战略 97-102 39", "4. 项目管理 103-108 40", "5. 机构资源规划 109-111 42", "6. 跟上理事会及其最初预期 112-113 43", "7. 人力资源 114-116 45", "8. 财政资源 117-118 46", "9. 机构资源规划及其与IPSAS实施工作的互助 119-129 47", "10. 提高认识和宣传 130-133 50", "11. 培训 134-139 52", "12. 风险评估 140-143 54", "13. 监督 144-155 57", "C. 一个关键指标：组织的预期达标日期 156-163 60", "五. IPSAS与金融和经济危机 164-168 64", "六. 结论 169-171 66", "附件", "一. IPSAS一览表(2010年IFAC国际公共部门会计公告手册)手册的范围 67", "二. 参加组织认定的每一条IPSAS标准用百分比表示的重要性 69", "三. 向IPSAS实施过渡的流程 70", "四. 一个成功的例子：粮食署的经验 1-37 71", "五. 关于联检组建议有待各参加组织采取的行动一览表 80", "缩略语", "AC 审计委 审计委员会\n ACABQ 行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "ACC 行政协调委员会", "ASHI 退休后健康保险", "BoA 联合国审计员委员会", "CCAQ 行政问题协商委员会", "CCAQ (FB) 行政问题协商委员会财务和预算小组委员会", "CEB 联合国行政首长协调委员会", "CNC 全国会计理事会", "EC 欧洲委员会", "ED 征求意见稿", "ERP 机构资源规划", "FASB 财会准则委员会 财务会计准则委员会", "FAO 粮农组织 联合国粮食和农业组织", "FBN 财政和预算网", "FEE 欧洲会计专家联合会", "FS 财务报表", "GAAP 普遍公认的会计原则", "HLCM 高级别管理委员会", "IAS 国际会计准则", "IASB 国际会计准则理事会", "IASC 国际会计准则委员会", "ICAO 民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "ICT 信通技术 信息和通信技术", "IFAC 国际会计师联合会", "IFRIC 国际财务报告解读委员会", "IFRS 国际财务报告标准", "ILO 劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "IMIS 综合管理信息系统", "IMO 海事组织 国际海事组织", "IPSAS 国际公共部门会计准则", "IPSASB 国际公共部门会计准则委员会", "ITU 电联 国际电信联盟", "NAO 英国审计局", "NGO 非政府组织", "OECD 经合发组织 经济合作和发展组织", "PAHO 泛美卫生组织", "PoEA 外部审计小组", "PPE 财产、固定资产和设备", "SG 秘书长", "TF 会计准则专题工作队", "ULO 未清偿债务", "UNESCO 教科文组织 联合国教育、科学和文化组织", "UNDP 开发计划署 联合国开发计划署", "UNFPA 人口基金 联合国人口活动基金", "UNGA 大会 联合国大会", "UNHCR 难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员", "UNICEF 儿童基金 联合国儿童基金会", "UNIDO 工发组织 联合国工业发展组织", "UNOPS 项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "UNRWA 近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "UNSAS 联合国系统会计准则", "UNWTO 世界旅游组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "UPU 邮联 万国邮政联盟", "WFP 粮食署 世界粮食规划署", "WHO 卫生组织 世界卫生组织", "WINGS 粮食规划署信息网和全球系统", "WIPO 知识产权组织 世界知识产权组织", "WMO 气象组织 世界气象组织", "一. 导言", "1. 作为2008年工作方案的一部分，联合检查组(联检组)开展了题为“国际公共部门会计准则在联合国系统各组织的实施情况”的审查工作。本审查报告面向广泛的读者，力求阐述若干复杂而又互相关联的问题，提供一份全面的综述。鉴于国际公共部门会计准则项目的规模和高度技术性(国际公共部门会计所有准则的全文长达1,000多页)，要把审查内容综合成一份具有可读性并且尽可能简练的报告决非易事。因此，在本报告中，资料被分成相对短的部分加以阐述，以便利酌情个别研究。欢迎读者利用目录寻找自己特别感兴趣的问题：", "第二章专门针对希望了解改革的目的的读者；", "第三章解释国际公共部门会计准则与联合国系统会计准则之间的一些具体差别，以及国际公共部门会计准则的要求和好处会如何影响各组织；", "第四章阐述各组织如何在不同的环境中对付同样的挑战；造成成功或失败的因素；在机构间层面支持各组织的项目工作队；以及最佳做法――行政首长和成员国都有重要作用可发挥的领域；", "第五章是国际公共部门会计准则大画面的简述；", "第六章集中介绍联合国系统中国际公共部门会计准则达标的第一个、也是迄今为止唯一的一个成功例子。", "A. 缘起", "2. 自1980年以来，尤其是自2004年以来，联合国系统各组织认识到有必要实行一种共同的进程，朝着遵守国际上公认的通用会计准则有序过渡。对这一共同进程的审查为联检组完成其任务提供了特殊的机会，即，要确保各组织最佳利用其所掌握的资源，特别是通过它们之间更好的协调来做到这一点。[1] 本审查始于2008年，而大多数的研究和起草工作是在2009年进行的。", "3. 进行这一改革的紧迫性首先是由来自联合国系统的国际会计领域的专家所感受到的，这并不奇怪。检查员还记得国际会计师联合会(IFAC)的严酷评估，它指出，“尽管高质量的财务报告和会计准则对于改进管治、问责和透明度十分重要，但联合国系统管理改革报告大多没有将财务报告和会计准则同这三项改革目标联系起来”[2] (世界粮食规划署管治项目除外)。具体的说，要是国际公共部门会计准则在过去几十年就实施的话，就不会有关于资本总体计划的必要性和成本、关于退休后健康保险(ASHI)的赔偿责任、或数以百万计的资产特别是在维和团中下落不明的不愉快的、令人感到出乎意外的局面。", "B. 目的", "4. 鉴于关于采用国际公共部门会计准则的所有原则决定都已在2006年和2007年做出，本报告将不对其是否恰当进行论述，而是力求提出如何将其最有效的加以落实的方式方法。因此，本报告的目的是：", "5. 本报告力求提高大多没有会计专业背景的各国代表和秘书处官员对国际公共部门会计准则的认识。检查员感到必须使这一非常技术性的会计工作改革像任何其他管理改革一样容易理解，以便成员国和官员们都能理解采用国际公共部门会计准则后所预期的好处。另一个目的是帮助决策者充分考虑到，根据2004年和2005年联合国系统各组织会计和财务主任的决定和随后由各自立法机关在2006年和2007年做出的决定，尽快实现其制作符合国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表的共同目标所涉及的最相关的成功因素。", "C. 方法", "6. 本审查覆盖2006年至2010年年中所有参加组织的国际公共部门会计准则的实施情况。[3] 根据联检组的内部标准和准则及其内部工作程序，本报告编写过程中采用了以下方法：初步的案头审查，访谈和深入分析。联检组查阅了联合国行政首长协调委员会(CEB)会计准则专题工作队散发的半年期调查问卷的答复。此外，联检组向所有参加组织发出了一份详细的调查问卷。在所收到的答复的基础上，检查员与参加组织的官员进行了访谈。他还征求了行政协调会秘书处和已经采用了国际公共部门会计准则的组织的意见，其中包括经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)、欧洲委员会和世界银行。还征求了国际公共部门会计准则委员会、国际会计师联合会、联合国审计员委员会和法国政府的意见。", "7. 在报告定稿时，征求并考虑了参加组织对报告草稿的实质性意见。根据联检组章程第11.2条，为用本组的集体智慧检验报告的结论和建议，本报告在检查员之间进行了商讨，然后定稿。为便利对报告的把握及其建议的实施和监测，附件五载有表格，显示本报告是否已提交有关组织以采取行动或供参考。表格列出了与每一个组织相关的建议，具体说明是否要求该组织的立法机关或理事会做出决定，或可由该组织的行政首长采取行动。检查员向所有曾协助其编写本报告的人表示感谢，特别是那些参加访谈和分享其所知和专门知识的人。", "8. 谨将本报告献给已故的Jean François des Robert, 他给联检组的讲座引起了本项目的开展，并且，尽管他是公认的在非洲、亚洲和中欧各不同国家实施国际财务报告标准和国际公共部门会计准则的专家，但只是谦虚地接受作为联检组的研究官员为本项目工作，从2008年1月直到同年4月他生命的最后日子。[4] 他作为一位专家和人类的表率被人们深深地怀念。此后，本项目暂停了一年。", "二. 走向国际公共部门会计准则", "A. 为什么财务报告需要会计准则", "9. 联合国系统大多数组织在决定从联合国系统会计准则过渡到国际公共部门会计准则之前，只有极少会计师对于会计师可在改进公共服务的财务管理和确保钱发挥更大的价值方面扮演重要的角色有些微的理解。", "10. 财务报表(FS)的目的是就私营或公共实体的业绩和财务状况(即，其健康状况和财富)提供有结构的基本信息，供内部和外部用户使用。[5]", "11. 为了有用处，财务报表必须使所有用户以相等的方式理解，因此，要应用由权威的、独立的专家制定的通用会计原则、政策或规则――由此产生了会计准则的概念。随着国际贸易、金融和投资交换的发展，应用通用的工具来估算商业实体的价值的必要性就要求这些准则得到国际公认。", "12. 这一需要最初是在私营部门感受到的，会计师们首先在国内，然后在国际上开会处理这一问题，建立和维持了一些制定准则的机构，如国际会计准则委员会(IASC)[6] 及其后继机构，设在伦敦的15个成员的国际会计准则理事会(IASB)。[7] 其国际财务报告标准(IFRS)衍生自国际会计准则(IAS)，于2005年被欧洲联盟规定为对所有上市公司的强制性准则，并且，这些准则，或其相当的国家准则，正在其他国家变为强制性的，其中包括印度、南非、土耳其和美国。", "13. “支撑国际会计准则的基本原理是这些准则规定了一系列原则，据此对关于特定交易记录的决定进行判断。这些准则的应用和审计是基于这样的假设：应用它们的人在理论上和实践上对其有透彻的了解，审计的人也有类似的背景。”[8]", "B. 联合国系统各组织面临的困境", "14. 联合国系统各组织花了25年的时间才从缺乏一个共同的会计和财务报告框架从而无法在各组织之间进行比较的状况走向逐步采用同样的国际公认的会计准则。这一演变的主要步骤如下：", "1980：行政问题协商委员会财务和预算小组委员会设立了一个工作组，并同意国际会计准则委员会的建议应作为有用的指南。", "1981：行政协调委员会通过了一些来自“普遍公认的会计原则”的常识性原则，其基础是会计师在记录交易和编制财务报告时所遵循的标准、惯例和规则。特别是以下方面的原则：连续性(“继续中的关系”)、前后一致性、审慎性、实质重于形式、披露重要的会计政策、物质性、真实性、定期和经常性。行政问题协商委员会(财务和预算)(CCAQ(FB))于同年规定披露会计政策对于联合国系统各组织是强制性的。", "1980s关于制定一套专门适用于联合国系统各组织的会计准则的困难(CCAQ (FB))或必要性(外部审计小组)存在两个对立的学派。", "1991：外部审计小组(PoEA)清楚地阐述了联合国系统各组织所面临的挑战：“当然，有很多理由说明为什么专门用于企业需要和商业会计而制定的准则不能直接应用于联合国各组织的非常不同的情况(……)更广义的说，联合国各组织的宗旨和目标、编制财务报表的组织和年终结算各种用户的适当的披露要求、利益和需要在许多方面都大大不同于适用于商业机构的东西。”[9] 同年设立了准则委员会。", "C. 最初的没有实现的解决办法：联合国会计准则(UNSAS)", "15. 最后，应大会1990年12月21日对外部审计小组[10] 的要求，秘书长1993年关于会计准则的报告[11] 附件是联合国系统会计准则的第一稿。虽然这些准则经过了一系列的修改并在联检组审查时仍继续被大多数联合国系统组织在应用，其目标仍未改变。", "16. 使用联合国系统会计准则是朝着联合国系统各组织的会计采用共同的语言和专业术语迈出的第一步，但其目标只是实现了一部分。", "17. 不管为修改联合国系统会计准则作了多大的努力，三大缺陷仍将存在，也就是为适应联合国系统各组织的各种需求而对其采取的灵活性和适应性所要付出的代价：", "(a) 联合国系统会计准则留下了充分的解释余地，因为确立这些准则的案文本身就承认财务主管人员的自由原则，这样就允许各组织放弃严格的纪律；[12]", "(b) 因此，它们并非真正的“生效”，“通用”，或推而广之，可信的；", "(c) 从审计员的角度看，它们会引起利益的冲突，因为它们是由账目是按照自己的标准审计的组织的当局所颁布的。", "18. 联合国在反复修改其自己的准则，力求将其会计实务现代化，而与此同时，在民间社会，会计趋势在迅速演变，特别是在本世纪之交出现了几件丑闻(安然、世通等丑闻)使公众舆论赞成强化会计条例和政策及其国际趋同之后。因此，人们日益清楚地看到，确保联合国全系统财务报告和会计流程的前后一致性和可比性的唯一办法是，确保所有的财务报表都要符合由独立的、国际成员组成的外部权威机构所颁布的同一套、并按非营利实体的需要做了调整的标准。", "D. 老大难问题的新解决办法：国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)", "19. 值得庆幸的是，在国际财务报告标准取得成功之后，作为补充，于1996年启动了一项举措以满足这些需要。国际会计师联合会(IFAC)[13] 在多伦多设立了公共部门理事会(PSC)，后改名为国际公共部门会计准则理事会(IPSASB)，旨在制订由一个独立透明的、类似于国际会计准则理事会所遵循的正当程序[14] 所支撑的国际公共部门会计准则。[15] 目标是制订高质量的会计准则，供全世界公共部门实体在编制一般目的财务报表时使用。公共部门实体包括国家政府、地区和地方政府及其组成部分的实体。政府间组织没有包括在准则的最初范围内。国际公共部门会计准则理事会以数量很有限的工作人员，作为独立的准则制订机构在国际会计师联合会领导下开展工作。它通过以下方法实现其目标：", "20. 从基本上说，国际公共部门会计准则针对应综合反映在一般目的财务报表中的交易和事件规定了确认、衡量、表述和披露的要求。国际公共部门会计准则的全文使用了一些新的术语[17] 并提供了将这些准则应用于某些交易的例子，以便人们更好地理解这些要求。为帮助实行全系统采用国际公共部门会计准则所需的必要改革，会计准则专题工作队讨论了准则和准则的解释问题。2007年底，全系统范围项目组制定了国际公共部门会计准则遵守政策和指南大纲，已被联合国系统各组织所接受，承认是推动全联合国系统协调统一遵守国际公共部门会计准则的财务报告的一个稳定的平台。2008年和2009年，又有进一步的全系统范围的指导文件被接受、批准或认可。但是，会计准则的解释问题仍是不断辩论的议题，甚至在同一个组织内也是这样，而且这些年来在不断演变。(在这方面，粮食规划署作为最早的采用单位，无法受益于其他组织的引导。)", "21. 如同国际财务报告标准，国际公共部门会计准则要求完全遵守。如果有任何国际公共部门会计准则未被完全遵守，就不能声称财务报表是遵守国际公共部门会计准则的。然而，为便利循序渐进地实施国际公共部门会计准则，高级别管理委员会建议，在会计准则专题工作队建议的基础上(见下文第26段)，在过渡完成之前，可灵活应用联合国系统会计准则并容纳已经符合国际公共部门会计准则要求的会计政策和做法。", "E. 2005-2007：采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定", "22. 为了集中关注彻底改造联合国会计系统的需要，于2002年设立了会计准则专题工作队(TF)。这一机构间小组由来自联合国系统各组织的会计师组成，由当时的联合国账目司司长(现任副总会计师)组建并仍继续担任主席，还兼任行政协调会财务和预算网的共同主席。[18] 高级别管理委员会批准设立由专题工作队所建议的国际会计准则联合“项目”。一旦找到了合格的组长并落实了联合资金，该项目就能为各组织提供机会，通过按照紧张的时间表发出的调查问卷和关于各种可交付的成果(立场文件、指南草稿等)的评论，交流看法和经验。", "23. 行政协调会项目组向专题工作队成员提出的第一批基本问题涉及联合国系统最佳会计准则问题以及对其评估的标准。提出了四个备选方案：", "24. 从所联系的28个组织中已收到12份正式答复(其中有一些来自最大的组织)，都相当重视“国际性、牢固的正当流程和完全的应计制”等准则(见第29-37段)。有意思的是，各组织几乎是平分为两派：一派是“务实”派，赞成国际财务报告标准――一套在许多国家被大型私人公司广泛使用的国际标准，是大多数会计师知道的、并存在全面的资料和培训材料；另一派是“逻辑”派，赞成新的国际公共部门会计准则，认为其特别适合公共部门实体的特殊需要。最后，两种观点都没有明显的多数(赞成国际公共部门会计准则的有11家，赞成国际财务报告标准的有10家)。", "25. 对问题“你是否同意文件的说法――全面采用外部会计准则在短期和中期内联合国系统各组织可能做不到？”，截至2005年6月，12份答复中有10份确实同意这一说法。因此，在全系统范围内投入了相当大的努力宣传向国际准则过渡可在中期内完成的观点。这些努力是专题工作队工作的关键内容，在高级别管理委员会的支持下，推动加快从联合国系统会计准则向国际公共部门会计准则的过渡。顺理成章的是，每个组织本应在2005年对其准备程度进行一次深入的分析。这就使所有组织必须对国际公共部门会计准则的要求有很好的理解，然而，情况并非如此。相反，只是进行了全系统范围准备情况的研究。根据研究的结果和经合法组织、欧洲委员会和北约的成功经验，选定五年为过渡的标准(紧的)时间框架。此外，有三个组织被认定有可能早在2008年就采用国际准则，与此同时，预计其他组织将在2010年做好达标的准备。虽然从技术上说，这一截止时间的可行性和缺乏灵活性本应受到质疑，但各组织在2005年夏受到压力要遵守它。另一方面，应当承认，在最初阶段，确定一个有挑战性的截止时间有助于引起高级管理层和理事会对这一过渡的重视，并能造成一种势头以确保项目资源和对改革管理投入努力的承诺。", "26. 这就解释了为什么五个月之后，在2005年11月30日，高级别管理委员会一致通过了以下建议：", "(a) 联合国系统各组织应采用国际公共部门会计准则。", "(b) 联合国系统各组织应制定其实施时间表，所有组织采用国际公共部门会计准则的生效日期不得晚于从2010年1月1日――对于联合国维和行动而言，则为2010年7月1日――开始的报告期。", "(c) 应通过专题工作队在财务和预算网领导下继续为全系统范围的这一变革提供支持、协调和领导，并继续提供项目资源以确保国际公共部门会计准则要求的解释和实施在全系统保持一致。", "(d) 在联合国系统会计准则第3段末加上以下句子：", "“一个组织为实行国际公共部门会计准则而背离下文所列做法时，该组织应被视为遵守了联合国会计准则。”", "(e) 继续提供机构间资助和其他支助，以确保联合国系统在国际公共部门会计准则委员会的有效代表性。[19]", "27. 根据秘书长的相关报告[20] 和与秘书处官员的交流，行预咨委会以该机构少有的热情核可了这些建议：“对于咨委会而言，显然本组织应从联合国系统会计准则转为国际公共部门会计准则”[21] 然而，同时又谨慎和正确地警告不要搞不现实的时间表，并强调实施工作需要与引进新的信息技术系统同步。", "28. 2006年7月7日，大会采纳了咨委会的两方面的意见，决定批准联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则，但并没有规定秘书长建议的目标日期。此外，根据咨委会的建议，大会批准了秘书长提出的资源要求，以开始实施进程。[22] 在不到两年的时间里，所有组织都追随了联合国的脚步，开始向国际公共部门会计准则过渡，这是一个了不起的成就。", "三. 国际公共部门会计准则对各组织的影响：主要问题", "A. 向应计制会计的重大转变", "1. 新颖之处", "29. 2000年，行预咨委员会参加了由经济合作和发展组织(经合发组织)为其成员国财务专家举行的年度应计项目专题讨论会，讨论采用会计的新基础：相对于“现金”的“应计项目”问题[23]。自那时以来，已形成了一种专业共识，即，应计制会计是满足现代财务报告需要的最佳方法，最适合提供一个实体的财务状况的全貌，能深入了解一个年份的实际资产、负债、岁入和支出情况。现在，所有国际会计准则都要求遵守这一记录交易的方法。", "30. 根据应计制会计，交易和其他事件在其发生时就被承认(不只是在收付现金或其相当物时)。因此，交易和事件被记录在会计账册中，并在其相关的时期的财务报表中得到确认。虽然交易日期和付款日期往往不在同一天，但在新方法下，每一件事件都在实际发生之日被记录并在相关财务期的财务报表中有所交待。因此，会计处理会有所不同。在应计制会计下要确认的内容是：资产、负债、岁入和支出(IPSAS 1)。", "2. 挑战", "31. 在公共管理中使用应计制会计所产生的影响远远超过财务范围，因为它影响了通常的工作惯例，从政治决策到日常的运作，范围广泛。确实，采用这一方法不亚于一场文化革命。一些联合国系统的组织早就在使用应计制会计来记录某些岁入或支出，因此，更有条件实施国际公共部门会计准则。但对其他组织而言，这种变化不仅需要其财会人员适应，而且还需要查阅现有财务报表、或要为制作新报表做贡献的各国代表和管理人员适应。", "32. 这种变化就像一位歌手或电视播音员从录音间转向现场直播那样吓人。在传统的基于现金的会计中，交易是根据已付的款项记录的；但使用应计制会计，在收入到期和支出产生时(而不是收付现金时)就记录交易了，并在其相关的时期的财务报表中报告。交易日和付款日往往不一样，因此，在每一种方法下，它们的会计处理也是不一样的。", "例A：向顾问购买服务", "合同的签署并没有会计影响。但是，所购买的服务的交付/提供的日期将成为唯一的会计参考，而不是预算资金的留存。支付要求的收到将成为关键的事件(除非能为交付和同样为财产的购买确定一个单一的日子)，负债归入财务期。这就预先假定了对中间付款条件的遵守已得到完全核实。这将不再是一个清算资金储备的问题，而是在每一个事件一旦确实发生就将其记录下来的问题。[24]", "例B：货物的运送", "当一个实体购买900顶帐篷随后要分配给受益者时，在基于现金的会计制度下，在运送货物的款项支付给供货商时，交易将确认支出，无论实际交货发生在何时(通常在货物交付后付款)。而在应计制会计下，货物的收到将首先记录在库存(资产)账目中，作为资产值的增加，代表存在本实体仓库中的900顶帐篷对库存的增加。此后，在向受益者分发时，第二次或随后的交易将记录库存(资产)值的减少和支出的增加，以反映所分发的帐篷的价值。这样，分发200顶帐篷给受益者会导致库存(资产)值等同200顶帐篷的减少，剩下余额700顶帐篷，但200顶帐篷的价值将被归入支出。", "33. 在国际公共部门会计准则下，再也不可能哪怕是对会计记录作小小的调整，因为任何影响到报告实体的财富的事件必须在其发生时就予以确认。", "34. 在传统的基于现金的会计方法下，支出和岁入不需要在其相关的时期内记录；支出和岁入与资本开支一起记录在资本购买和处理发生的当年的总数中。此外，基于现金的账目并不完全确认资产和负债。与此相反的是，应计制会计通过在交易发生时(而不是付款时)确认经济事件来衡量一个实体的业绩和财务状况。因此，按应计制编制的财务报表应能提供以下内容：报告实体所掌控的资源情况，其运作成本(提供货物或服务的成本)，现金流动情况，和其他关于其业绩和财务复原能力的其他有用的财务信息。", "35. 鉴于在许多组织中，预算信息(监测已通过的预算的执行情况)将继续以现金为基础表述，向国际公共部门会计准则过渡将导致会计和财务数据的明显分离(第65-69页)。", "3. 好处", "36. 一旦创造了合适的条件，应计制会计将会带来许多好处，基本上弥补了最初的不便：", "○ 评估报告实体掌控的所有资源及其部署的问责情况；", "○ 评估实体的业绩、财务状况和现金流动情况；和", "○ 就是否向该实体提供资金，或是否与其做生意做出决定。[25]", ")；", "37. 总之，实施国际公共部门会计标准意味着：", "a. 能改进对所有资产和负债的内部掌控和透明度；", "b. 关于费用和收入的更全面、更连贯的信息，从而更好地支持管治，特别是基于成果的管理(RBM)；", "c. 将非消耗性设备(NEE)纳入会计系统，使这类设备的记录更准确更完整；", "d. 改进财务报表的前后一致性，使其在时间上和各组织之间更有可比性；", "e. 通过应用可信的、独立的国际会计准则实行最佳会计做法。", "B. 与实施国际公共部门会计准则相关的其他问题", "1. 声誉风险", "38. 一个根本性的问题是：联合国系统各组织确定的实施目标日期是否现实地可行，以及各组织是否能收到关于其第一批遵守国际公共部门会计准则的财务报表的无保留的审计意见。", "A 风险：风险在于，如果其财务报表号称是遵守国际公共部门会计准则的，而实际只是部分遵守，其外部审计员则会就其披露的财务事项给出有保留的意见。", "39. 从财务角度说，为实施国际公共部门会计准则而需要进行的一些会计改革预计会大大减少相关组织的资产净值[27] (基金余额)并甚至会导致负资产净值，如同那少数几个选择应计制财务报表的国家(新西兰除外)的情况那样。对于欧洲委员会官员来说，他们大吃一惊地发现，委员会首份完全应计制财务报表报告了累计支出总金额为6,400万欧元，而累计总收入为250万欧元和成员国应缴的5,400万欧元，而不是如以往报告的那样是1,350万欧元结余。这一变化是因为确认了雇员的全部福利负债，特别是退休后健康保险(第60-64段)。据估算，截至2007年12月31日，覆盖所有参保人员的联合国退休后健康保险的负债为24,300亿美元，涉及所有资金来源。[28] 这些在财务报表上出人意外的巨额负债并不需要承担新的费用。它们只不过是对以往并没有确认的，即，没有在财务报表面上量化的，现有债务的全部披露而已。", "40. 一些联合国系统的组织已经在其财务报表中部分披露了将来应付的(虽然是在以前的财务期内积累的)工作人员福利。由于联合国系统会计准则没有披露的要求，这些负债仅反映在财务报表的注解中。虽然从技术上说，似乎一个组织看上去是破产了，但经验表明在采用应计制会计后确认这些负债往往会使政府和相关组织服从负资产。另一方面，如国际会计师联合会报告“向应计制会计过渡：政府和政府实体指南”中指出的，确认负债：", "2. 潜在的风险", "41. 采用国际公共部门会计准则是一个复杂而又全面的变革管理的过程。虽然在中期和长期会带来许多好处，但也需要付出短期的代价和带来需要所有相关组织的行政首长认真对付的挑战。", "42. 要充分发挥使用应计制会计资料的潜力，管理人员就必须确信应计制会计数据的价值并能据此采取行动以改进管理流程。应计制会计本身不应是目的。", " 风险：据欧洲会计专家联合会的意见，国际公共部门会计准则所固有的主要风险更多的是与观念而不是与实质内容相关：", "43. 国际公共部门会计准则改革将影响运营程序、报告惯例――进而管治和与成员国的关系。除了可提供有用的信息进行更好的管理和决策外，国际公共部门会计准则还会使管理人员面对更广泛的公众检查，从而使他们对其方案的效率和效果负起更大的责任。", "3. 改变管理", "44. 采用国际公共部门会计准则不可避免地会使每一个组织付出一定的代价。如欧洲委员会在2002年来文中所指出的，“成员国的经验表明，改革公共会计制度，无论从采用新的做法的角度还是从人的角度，都是一个大变动，更不用说所需要的财政资源了。”[30]", "4. 国际公共部门会计准则费时又费钱", "45. 采用遵守国际公共部门会计准则的会计方法要求工作人员投入额外的时间和精力。在过渡阶段，视现有的资源情况而定，各组织将必须比较长期地或是依靠现有的工作人员在正常工作以外的额外支持，或是招聘许多额外的工作人员。在这方面，教科文组织的外部审计员的建议适用所有的国际公共部门会计准则项目：“在估算实行国际公共部门会计准则所要求的变革所需的时间时，各组织应留出额外的时间，以避免低估所需时间的风险。往往是在工作进行中，实施工作的全貌才会呈现出来”[31]。一旦做到了遵守，新的会计领域将要求永久性的关注。例如，在提供关于所拥有的资产及其剩余的使用寿命的基本信息的同时，国际公共部门会计准则17, “财产、固定资产和设备”(PPE)，将要求对这类物品进行监控、确认、衡量、折旧和在财务报表的注释中披露，而不是如联合国系统会计准则规定的立即将其归入支出的做法。这种对PPE的永久性监控将要求各组织指定专人和建立制度以确保PPE完整的会计周期。", "库存[32] 账目将特别费时费力：遵守IPSAS 12将要求库存资本化[33] 和以适当的价值披露。当为了最后的接受者(如，非政府组织或目标人口)的利益而放弃对其的掌控时，库存将转到开支。这一新的财务公开做法将得以更好地掌控库存，但也需要额外的工作以清点(也包括体力上的)，估算其价值和决定何时归为支出。", "46. 准备库存的期初结余对粮食规划署是个大的挑战。在2008年1月1日期初结余日之前1年多就开始了库存清点的准备，涉及粮食规划署700个地点的约1,000人。", " 风险：", "5. 文化方面", "47. 采用国际公共部门会计准则将导致文化变革，影响到主要的会计处理做法和一些商业交易的进行方式。例如，联合国系统会计准则(UNSAS)与国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)之间的一大差别是“交付原则”。在UNSAS下，一项支出在发出采购订单时被确认，开始了未清偿债务(ULO)[34] 的记录。这样，ULO在收到货或服务之前被记录下来。现行处理做法(联合国系统会计准则下的)将其作为开支就意味着，把意图作为实施报告了。与此相反，国际公共部门会计准则只有在交付确实发生时才允许确认支出。这一重大改变消除了在财务报表中报告未清偿债务的必要性，导致支出和核准预算在其相关的时期内更加准确的吻合。但是，为报告起见，未清偿债务仍将在预算和采购系统中被记录下来，可采用的一种做法是在财务报表的说明中予以披露。", "48. 采用国际公共部门会计准则将促进有益的做法，如成本核算和迄今为止各自为战的部门和单位直接分享数据，以便根据新的标准为会计师提供完整、准确和可靠的资料来制作财务报表。这也可能迎来一种通用的账目表。库存的收发将需要及时的反映在总账中，以便准确地披露库存结余。", "6. 政治方面", "49. 政治上最敏感的要求包含在IPSAS 6――“合并的[35] 和单独的财务报表”中，其中规定一个实体须提出汇总其控制[36] 的所有实体的财务报表。这一规定的实施对像联合国这样的组织提出了一系列问题，其中包括是否所有联合国基金和方案都应被认为是本组织的附属机构，以及汇总的概念是否应适用于联合举措，如果是的话，哪个组织应被指定为母体实体。这些都是需要处理和商定的重要的法律、财政和政治考虑因素，最好是在早期准备阶段――如联合国审计委员会(审计委)建议的那样。[37] 在咨询委员会[38] 建议的基础上，秘书长的报告论及了这个问题并肯定了遵守国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)对于联合国的复杂性。[39] 联合国IPSAS实施项目组指出，对于确定“核心”报告实体，IPSAS 6并不是规定性的，这一实体可以是一种没有法律身份的行政安排。因此，联合国及其相关实体，包括基金会和方案，不需要进行正式的合并，从而允许在这种灰色地带采取务实的做法。联合国IPSAS实施项目组最终同意不提出汇总数据。", "50. 另外两个政治敏感问题涉及岁入的补登记：收缴会费拖延的处理和记录自愿捐款。关于前者，在联合国系统会计准则下，一个组织可以对这种拖延做出垫付，而国际公共部门会计准则要求所有资产(包括应收账款)都要以公平价值结转。因此，在会费可能收不到时，其价值就得做出相应的调整。这可能会引起一场政治辩论：由于拖欠付款，一些成员国是否可被允许不缴分摊的会费，以及其他成员国是否得支付所造成的短缺。农发基金不得不解决一个类似的问题以符合国际财务报表的要求。专题工作队于2009年12月就此事发了一份文件。审计委在2008年6月提出，随着国际公共部门会计准则的到来，各组织也许有必要为死账或拖延支付的借方垫付。", "51. 向全面应计制会计过渡意味着，联合国系统各组织将必须很快决定适用于支撑自愿捐款的法律承诺的标准。实施IPSAS 23意味着必须仔细地研究承诺的期限，以确定要列入财务报表的日期和数额。捐助方的承诺可因项目或有关国家的不同而有相当大的差异。因此，必须界定承诺的正式程度：签署人的身份和文件的类型(合同、认捐书、预算文件等)。", "C. 一些影响最大的会计变化", "52. 在专题工作队进行的一项调查(见附件二)中，答复者指出了他们认为对其组织影响最大的一些准则。有三条准则是所有组织都提到的：IPSAS 1――财务报表的提交(最不可缺少的)；IPSAS 17――财产、固定资产和设备；和IPSAS 24――预算资料在财务报表中的表述。其他重要影响预计来自：IPSAS 3――一个时期的纯余额和赤字，会计政策的基本错误和修改；IPSAS 12――库存；IPSAS 18――业务分类报告；IPSAS 19――垫付、意外债务和偶发资产；IPSAS 23――非汇率交易的岁入(税和转账)；IPSAS 25――工作人员福利；和IPSAS 31――无形资产。以下介绍对联合国系统各组织特别有关的一些问题的评述。", "1. 财务报表的提交", "53. 根据IPSAS 1――财务报表的提交，“财务报表须至少每年提交” [40] ，因为其“用处……会受损――如果不能在报告日期后合理的期间向用户提供的话。一个实体应在报告日期后6个月之内发表其财务报表。”[41] 由于到目前为止所有财务报告都是在两年或多年的基础上做的，这一要求对所有组织及其外部审计员都是一个挑战。", "2. 资产的处理：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)", "54. 根据IPSAS 17(修订版)的基本原则，使用一个财政期以上的资产应在资产负债表中加以“资本化”。这就使实体得以将PPE项目或是以其历史成本[42] 、或是以其公平价值[43] 加以初步确认，然后归入各项资产被使用的时期的支出。使用公平价值的理由是，很难可靠地证明由实体持有了很长时期、在实地办事处之间转来转去等情况的PPE物品的购买成本。无论何种办法都必须有证明文件的支持，这就需要很多的工作，包括使用适当的评价方法努力查明所有PPE项目并加以分类。对于随后的PPE衡量，国际公共部门会计准则允许在成本模式和重新估价模式之间作选择。要资本化的成本必须与要归入开支的成本区别开来：在像联合国纽约总部基建总体计划这样的复杂情况中，这是一项困难的工作。关于这种情况，审计委建议，账目司应考虑将在联合国组织的资产中进行的装修工程加以资本化。", "55. PPE列账的临界水平是联合国各组织激烈辩论的一个议题，有的认为应提高门槛以减少捕捉和维持数据的行政成本，有的主张降低水平以确保对PPE更好的监控。专题工作队建议的水平是5,000美元。目前，对于遗产资产[44] 列账没有要求。", "56. 应计制会计要求PPE项目应随着使用寿命折旧。定期对各PPE物品扣除折旧费以逐渐降低其价值。国际公共部门会计准则下的折旧会计处理使管理层得以就建设和装修工程做出知情的决定，有时可提前数年做出。在实际中，这将要求制定一种能自动进行计算并在会计系统中做相应记录的机构资源规划(ERP)系统模型。", "57. 虽然在联合国的情况下常常难以确定项目资产和库存[45] 的性质，但重要的是它们必须在财务报表中确认。虽然国际公共部门会计准则提供了“资产”和“掌控”的定义，但其应用是个复杂的问题，并可导致不同的解释。例如，资产的掌控权从一个供资实体如何转交给执行伙伴可能要取决于执行协议的微妙的措词和(或)资产的用途。", "58. 为了给新采用者更多的时间以完全达到准则的要求，国际公共部门会计准则委员会纳入了最初采用某些准则的临时条款。例如，IPSAS 17的临时条款规定，在预期遵守的头5年内可不实行在财务报表中确认所有财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)的要求。由于大多数组织都有许许多多预计到5年过渡期结束时将全部折旧完毕的PPE物品，实行临时条款将使其无须在其财务报表中确认这些物品。例如，粮食规划署在2008年援引了这些条款，只将使用寿命从国际公共部门会计准则最初实施日算起超过5年的有形资产入账。", "59. 通过在财务会计软件中引进资本化资产和库存综合程序块，各组织就能改进其全世界范围资产的地点和状况的现行管理控制。它们还会有能力根据国际准则公布资本化的资产价值。一些会计师对这种资本化为公共部门组织和公民带来的相对于成本的社会效益提出了质疑，尤其是，理由是“政府[政府间组织]并不是为商业理由而存在，而是为了提供服务――从根本上说是社会性的，以及商业部门因经济原因不愿意从事的其它服务”[46]。", " 风险：在首批采用应计制会计的国家(1991-1992)中，如联合王国和新西兰，特别对“资本费用的效果提出了关切，尤其是在规则是由最高管理层强制实施而不是通过对这类资料用户的宣传和教育时。”[47]", "3. 工作人员福利", "60. 高级别管理委员会承认采用国际公共部门会计准则所涉影响的严重性，特别是完全确认对工作人员福利的负债，例如，退休后健康保险(ASHI)、年假和返籍费等。高级别管理委员会注意到，虽然国际公共部门会计准则只要求确认和报告这类负债，但资金筹措问题必须要同时以同样紧迫的关注来处理。[48]", "61. 这个问题最初由行预咨委会在1997年提出，在决定采用国际公共部门会计准则的设想很久以前。粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)，一个先驱者，自2001年起就确认了退休后健康保险。然而，现在随着国际公共部门会计准则的实施，退休后健康保险的全部负债将必须在财务报表中确认。考虑到其规模巨大，尽管因采用不同的参数在估算上会有很大的不确定性[49] ，查明目前和将来的资金来源已变得越来越重要。在第60和61届大会[50] 上，秘书长建议联合国在财务报表中确认退休后健康保险的全部负债并实施旨在30年时间框架内全额供资的筹资战略。虽然大会推迟了关于此议题的决定，包括粮农组织、开发计划署、儿童基金、粮食署、卫生组织和气象组织在内的一些组织已经采取步骤确保――虽然决不是全额――所需的资金来偿付这些负债。[51] 其它一些组织对于最合适的资金安排仍举棋不定，强调需要进一步协调统一筹资机制以及需要成员国的明确承诺，因为是成员国最终得决定支付这些费用的方式。在这方面，提请成员国在作决定时应在其所参加的所有组织保持一致，特别是如果能制定一种全系统范围的共同解决办法的话。至于目前，每个组织在评估这一带有固有风险的负债的长期影响时不得不考虑以下两种备选方案：", "62. 在有商定的筹资战略的情况下，国际公共部门会计准则通过公布负债水平与积累资金资产的比较，突出成员国的责任。如果没有这一战略，成员国的问责就会减少。这两种情况都有不确定因素，最近的金融危机表明，没有无风险的备选方案。如果投资管理有方，商定的筹资战略是更安全的选择，联合国合办职工养恤基金似乎就是这种情况。", "63. 目前，对工作人员的债务大多按“你离职就支付”的方式支付，资金无着落的部分由付款时期的可动用资金补上。这就意味着，随后的会计时期一般要承担一些以往时期没有入账或没有应计的债务所产生的成本。[52] 最近的金融危机表明了长期规划的必要性。", "64. 由于许多信托基金是短期性质的，这使退休后健康保险的供资问题变得更加复杂。在基金关闭后，它们就不能为――比如在另一个组织就业的――前职工提供任何退休后福利资金。这就意味着未来的债务必须由接受组织全额承担。", "4. 预算问题", "65. IPSAS 24(预算资料在财务报表中的表述)规定强制性地表述针对会计数据的预算数额。从联合国系统会计准则(“变通的现金基础”)向应计制会计过渡时主要有两种备选方案可供选择：", "(1) 将应计制会计原则全面应用到预算和一般账目(这样，预算余额就会与财政年度内确立的预算权利和义务之间的差别相应，无论可能收付的数额如何)；", "(2) 将应计原则只用到一般账目，而预算实施仍服从现金原则(这样，就存在“双重”制度，这就要按年度调整，公布在财务报表的说明中并由审计员证明)。采用国际公共部门会计准则的一个主要的挑战是将财务报表的数据与预算对上，这会有助于更好地评估报告组织的业绩。这要求每年(或每季)对预算和财务报表作明的调整。例如，国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的外部审计员请该组织将账目和预算更紧密地联系起来。[53] 难题在于如何鼓励方案经理人员分析应计制数据并对结论加以很好的利用。", "66. 到2006年，正式采用应计制会计的八个欧洲国家只有两个应对了这一双重挑战：联合王国(完成过渡用了13年)和瑞士。", "67. 暂时地，大多数已经转为应计制会计的政府间组织(包括欧洲委员会)会发现难以采用应计制预算编制，至少在短期内是如此。它们将继续基于现金的预算表述，理由是应计制预算编制不大容易被其成员国接受。但是，基于现金的预算表述必须在年度财政期的基础上提出；而联合国系统大多数组织是两年期或甚至多年期预算。作这种选择的另一个理由是国际公共部门会计准则的实施阶段要求大量的财政和人力资源，会影响其开展其它大规模项目的能力。此外，应计制预算编制更适合像联合国秘书处那样的稳定环境，而不大适合像维和行动那样的迅速变化的环境。", "68. 虽然应计制预算编制不是国际公共部门会计准则所要求的，包括欧洲会计专家联合会在内的一些会计组织支持这种做法，并在2006年指出，“必须指出，只有在预算是在应计制基础上编制的情况下才能充分实现和体现应计制预算编制的好处。没有应计制预算，财务经理就没有在应计制的基础上管理关键指数的意愿，因此，就不大可能发挥完全应计制的财务功能。他们也不大可能充分挖掘应计制财务信息作为年内财务管理工具的潜力。”[54]", "69. 将机构资源系统升级以允许在“应计”和“现金”分类账中同时记录每一笔支出已经被一些商业公司所采用，这将便利实际和原始数额之间作比较。编制比较表会要求账目科和预算科的工作人员共同努力，而迄今为止他们是分开工作的，在这一新领域缺乏经验。", "5. 岁入确认", "70. 岁入确认是又一个技术要求很高的领域。IPSAS 23来自非交换交易的岁入[55] (相对于来自销售和出租的岁入)决定岁入应何时被确认以及如何衡量。联合国系统各组织(相对于私营部门)的困难主要来自这种非交换交易占绝对主导地位(80%-90%)，以及将这类岁入交易的、须以不同方式记录的不同类型加以区分的要求。虽然分摊的会费在所有组织都以类似的方法处理，但不同类型的自愿供资协议和认捐要求对账目作特殊处理，而这需要在仔细审查和解读供资协议之后才能决定。[56] 在联合国系统内达成的数以千计的信托基金在这方面是个真正的大问题。[57]", "6. 基金会计制度", "71. 基金是为了进行特定的活动或实现某种目标而单列的资源库，要服从对其资源的使用而设定的立法或其他限制规定。据报告，联合国系统大多数组织都使用联合国系统会计准则下的基金会计制度：据此，财务报表应提供基金的细目账和分类账，具体说明“每一项资本资金和储备账的性质、设立的授权、授权的额度、资金来源、及其子基金流动的情况，这些都应分别披露。”[58] “在栏目内列出数据时，各组织应清楚地说明哪些资金是由报告组织的成员国掌握的(如，经常预算、周转资金等)，以及哪些不是(如，来自捐助方资助项目的资金)[59]。”但是，这些问题在国际公共部门会计准则下并没有处理，也没有关于基金会计制度的内容，这是又一个迹象，表明国际公共部门会计准则的起草者并没有考虑政府间组织的需要。专题工作队提出了一个协调的做法，但在联检组审查时，由于同捐助方的不同安排以及对“信托基金”概念的互相冲突的解释，尚未找到共同的解决办法。此后，这将成为一个实施问题，由各组织与其外部审计员讨论并达成一致意见。", "7. 外汇汇率和财务报表的时间", "72. 根据IPSAS 4――外汇汇率变化的影响，“外汇交易，须通过以功能货币与外汇之间于交易当日的即期外汇汇率将外汇金额折算成功能货币，记录下来做最初确认”。这一IPSAS规定被粮食署的外部审计英国国家审计局所强调，以表明现行的每月一次的联合国业务汇率(UNORE)对国际公共部门会计准则的要求来说是不够的，因为“即期外汇汇率是用于立即交付的汇率[60] ”。根据该标准，只要汇率波动不是太大，“一周或一个月的平均汇率可用于该时期的所有交易”。但是，这个问题被专题工作队在2009年解决了。决定，希望使用UNORE(联合国官方汇率)而不是即期汇率的组织需表明这不会造成任何实质性的出入。作为这一决定的后续，确立了一定的程序，以尽量减少UNORE与即期汇率之间的差别，包括在达到既定临界点后的月中调整。此外还进一步决定，在6月底和12月底，将发布根据即期汇率做了调整的UNORE, 以确保在决算截止日没有汇率差别。", "四. 国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)项目在联合国系统的实施", "73. 一旦被联合国系统的所有组织采纳，向IPSAS过渡的原则将会导致一种两级战略，各项目得以共存并互动：", "A. 全系统范围的(CEB)项目", "1. 一项机构间事业", "74. 一旦选定了国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)就有必要将每一条IPSAS的要求变为指导原则和政策文件，供每一个组织用于自己的项目和具体需要。机构间的合作不可或缺。确实，如工发组织前外部审计员所指出的，“至关重要的是相关组织要参加各种会议并积极制定全系统一致的关于IPSAS要求的解释和应用。[62]”", "75. 作为联合国预算中联合供资活动的一部分，第一个项目――俗称“会计准则项目”――于2005年启动，以确定联合国向适当的会计准则看齐的前进之路[63]。该项目于2005年11月结束，提出了采用国际公共部门会计准则的建议。高级别管理委员会批准了一个期限为2006-2009年的新项目，每年[64] 年度预算为116万美元，以支持国际公共部门会计准则在全系统一级的实施，和确保协调一致的实施和规模经济效益。项目被延长到2011年，但预算削减到两年期133万美元。提供一位组长和两名专业人员。设在纽约的全系统工作队也大大削减了人数，向一个指导委员会报告；指导委员会由联合国系统主要中心(纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马)每个中心的两个组织的代表组成，每两个月开一次会，向专题工作队负责，该工作队由联合国系统各组织的资深财务人员组成，任务是确定项目优先事项、规定可交付的成果、和审查国际公共部门会计准则的进展情况。工作队制定了广泛的会计政策以支持一致性和协调统一，并推动审议有采取全系统做法的空间并能提高效率和改进财务报告质量的带有共同性的实施问题。它还制定了一个审查程序，涉及四个区域联系组，由来自联合国系统各组织的会计专业人员组成。这些“联系组”设在纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马，负责审查由工作队制定的会计政策和指导文件，并提出建议和意见供工作队分析然后提交专题工作队审批。2010年，成立了机构间工作组，就国际公共部门会计准则的主要具体要求，如工作人员福利、有控制的实体、共同服务、库存和捐助的根据共同安排使用馆舍的权利[65] 等，分享知识和经验，而全系统的工作队则提供政策指导和支持。最后，工作队还负责将联合国的会计问题提交国际公共部门会计准则委员会，但只是俱乐部里的一个观察员，影响有限。", "76. 虽然在2009年访谈的各组织的会计师大多数都认为这一机构间合作非常有益，但一些人对他们认为是过渡的标准化运动甚至是在尚未被证明存在“一灵百灵”的地方推行表示关切。有人进一步认为，协调统一进程拖延了关于主要的IPSAS政策――如，岁入、支出和项目资产的处理――的共识的达成。考虑到这些批评意见，专题工作队于2010年5月决定，允许并管理由于各组织在管理框架、体制安排、授权、业务流程等方面的差异而产生的正在出现的会计政策的多样性：政策和做法的基线是在必要的地方确立全系统范围的进程，以进一步监测和推进协调统一。", "2. 可交付的成果和服务", "77. 2006年，工作队制定了第一套IPSAS会计政策和指导原则供四个区域联系小组审议。此后，又搞了简报要点、文件和指南，详细说明了关于协调统一IPSAS达标会计政策/指导原则的建议。到2009年12月，工作队的文件、简报要点和相关会议记录产生了59份会计政策文件和指导原则，这些都得到会计准则专题工作队的审议并随后被财政和预算网及高级别管理委员会批准。[66]", "78. 工作队还负责维持和不断更新行政协调会会计标准网页并向专题工作队半年度会议提供服务。联检组被邀请参加其2009年5月在罗马召开的会议并就联检组审查的准备情况做了介绍。", "79. 工作队与各组织接触，定期发出核对清单式调查问卷，以跟踪其IPSAS达标情况。此外，还与其外部审计员沟通，向他们提供其文件和指导原则的副本。除此以外，还建立了与外部审计小组技术组的正式联系渠道，以征求其对会计政策和指导原则的意见[67]。", "80. 工作队的一项重要成绩是制定了国际公共部门会计准则培训课程供全系统使用。在耽误了几年之后，所有18套课程现已完成。它们由7课基于电脑的培训和11课老师讲课的培训组成，现在已上了互联网和刻成光盘。虽然各组织自己负责制定其IPSAS培训计划并按照计划开展培训，这些课程是向所有组织的参加者开放的。", "81. 培训产品从一般IPSAS课题到技术性专门问题，范围广泛。如行政协调会国际公共部门会计准则进展报告中所简要介绍的，所收到的关于课程的评语都是很正面的。这些课程预计要进行几年，要看各组织的培训计划和实施时间表而定。", "82. 今后的工作包括：解决任何出现的问题；对培训材料进行正式评价；课程维护(根据IPSAS的发展进行修改)；和将课程译成法文和西班牙文。高级别管理委员会已批准了2010-2011年的资源，用于实施IPSAS的信息的行政管理和传播、进一步制定会计政策和指导原则、和参加国际公共部门会计准则委员会，但对IPSAS培训的进一步工作没有做出规定。", "83. 尽管规模小(2008年，一名P5级组长和三名专业人员，而2010-2011年减少到一名P5级组长、两名专业人员和一名总务人员小时工的员额)，但普遍的共识是工作队在推进行政协调会IPSAS机构间工作方面发挥了重大作用。", "B. 各组织的项目：战略问题和多样性", "1. 管治和管理变革", "84. 根据欧洲会计师联合会[68] 的说法，有几个关键条件需要在公共部门实体中预先存在，以确保采用应计制会计不仅在技术上成功，而且还能改进财务管理的质量和提高财务报告过程的独立性和透明度。这些条件应包括：", " 风险：任何这些条件的缺少都构成严重的风险。", "85. 检查员认为，现在难以了解2005年至2007年期间联合国系统组织各自做出决定从2010年起采用IPSAS时是否存在这些条件。", "86. “接受”一词在这一改革的情况下特别有意义，在目前状况下指的是，公务员愿意接受改革将改变那些负责财务管理的人的角色，其影响和责任将发生重大变化。接受必须超越技术官僚的相对小圈子。管理层必须相信，这样的决定，如果认真落实的话，必将给组织带来清楚具体的效益，足以补偿这一过渡中所涉及的困难和复杂性。鉴于项目的重要性质，高层管理人员和财务官员的全面承诺不可或缺，特别是，因为这样一项事业要求在专业行为上作大的改变并很可能遇到抵制。", "87. 抵制是变革进程所固有的。如一位商业领导问题世界顶级专家John P. Kotter所指出的，“在人类群体被迫适应变化的环境时，痛苦始终存在”。[69] 根据对引导变革中所犯的共同错误的观察，他界定了很有意思的一种八阶段过程，可归纳如下：", "88. 前三个阶段特别适合向IPSAS过渡的情况：为了在一个组织内让变革开展起来，需要有一个强有力的指导联盟。恰当的人员组成、信任的程度和共同的愿景是这一团队成功和打破支持维持现状的力量的关键因素。此外，单靠一个强有力的领导人是无法实现变革的。这个团队还必须在组织内拥有很高的声誉才能有效力。", "89. 所有高级管理人员必须理解向IPSAS过渡的重要性、范围和预期效益。", "最佳做法1", "要成功实施IPSAS就必须成立部门间IPSAS项目指导委员会，或相当的机关，负责确保高级管理层理解推动向IPSAS过渡的目标和愿景。这一委员会应有多年期的授权，配备在机构资源规划系统的前期设计、设计和实施方面有专长的工作人员或顾问。", "90. 大多数组织采用了准则项目管治结构(见下文图1)，其组成为：主办者――大多数情况下(提供战略和政治领导)；指导委员会/项目委员会(至少每月开会一次，就战略和政治问题提供咨询并在“最高层面”提供支持)；内部和(或)外部监督机关(向指导委员会提供反馈)；一个项目领导和项目团队(开展实施工作)。", "91. 项目团队一般得到工作组的支助，工作组由来自所有职能领域的专业人员组成，任务是根据各自组织的特定业务活动提供技术专门知识。", "[][][][][]图1 共同的项目管治结构", "92. 一种好的做法是设立一个项目领导人全职职位，直接向高级管理层汇报并有必要的权力克服对实施组织做法和报告文化重大改革不可避免的阻力。联合国IPSAS项目管治机构出现在行预咨委会报告(A/63/496)的图表中。", "93. 一些组织，包括劳工组织和知识产权组织，没有建立正式的项目实施结构。其实施团队是非正式的小组，向财务总监或主任报告。检查员怀疑这种支持结构是否足够，并同意那些专家的意见，即，每个组织最高层的权力强大的联盟应支持这种规模的项目并宣传其设想和紧迫性。", "94. 鉴于信息技术系统需要升级以支持IPSAS, 许多组织在其项目团队里都有不少的信息技术成员(见第三章第B4节)。但是，它们也将其IPSAS实施项目与大得多的机构资源规划(ERP)内容分开。好的做法是将这两个单独的项目置于同一领导之下，如，共同的项目委员会(如联合国儿童基金做的那样)，或共同的领导人(粮食署)。电联正在实施IPSAS-ERP联合精简项目。卫生组织是唯一没有搞单独实施项目的组织，因为IPSAS是其ERP项目的有机组成部分，这是冒着忽视向IPSAS过渡的某些内容的风险的。", "2. 差距分析和用户", "95. 先评估所计划的行动的范围和规模至关重要。向国际会计准则过渡要求对本组织各种程序进行大量的检查和分析，并制定政策和程序指南。在某些阶段，各执行机构或组织必须根据自己的业务流程和目标起草自己的政策。按照古希腊言谚语“了解你自己”，规划应以对相关实体的目标设想为基础并深入了解其现有的活动、程序和会计流程。好的做法是从一开始就通过将运营和财务报告结合起来并查明财务报告的目前用户和今后报告的潜在用户，从而界定IPSAS下的报告内容。内部用户包括高级管理人员，授权科室和内部审计员。截至2010年6月，81%的组织已审查了准则并查明了每条准则的影响。联合国组织不在其中。", "96. 外部用户包括理事机构的成员、政府、外部审计员、政治和财政分析人员、评级机构、媒体和一般公众。应向用户提供关于以下方面的财政信息：实体掌控的资源、运营成本(提供货物或服务的成本)、强化的现金流动信息和其它对评估实体的财务状况及其变化，以及对确定其是否经济地高效率地运作有用的财务数据。用户也可利用财务报告来评估该组织对资源的支配情况及其守法情况。总之，财务报告中提供的资料的质量决定了这些报告对用户的用处。在这方面，应计制会计要求实体在其资产负债表上保持资产和负债的完整记录，并查明和记录任何资产负债表的交易。", "最佳做法2", "要成功地向IPSAS过渡，必须首先对按联合国会计准则制定的业务流程、程序、财务报告和各种职能进行差距分析，并随后对每一条IPSAS准则的要求和影响进行深入分析。", "3. 分阶段、有计划的战略", "97. 在确立并检验了所有规范标准的应用的政策和程序之前，各组织不应声称自己已经IPSAS达标。作为应用战略的一部分，每个组织应规划一个可行的进行必要的政策和程序变更的时间框架，或是选择提前做好计划的“大爆炸”式的“胜利日”实施日期，或是循序渐进的、按标准类别的实施。联合国系统的集体反应就是“大爆炸式分阶段做法”；早实施者确定2008年(1月1日)开始遵守，其它的则在2010年(1月1日)。但实际上，一些组织的战略并不周全，过渡期的长短取决于具体的环境和制约因素。在一些情况下，受咨询公司建议的影响很大。", "98. 首批过渡到IPSAS的国家(新西兰、加拿大、美国和联合王国)的经验表明，其过渡时间平均为10年。法国的过渡，“大爆炸”式的，只花了5年(2001-2006年)，那是由于对责任(授权和认证)做了明确的划分并采用了英国、美国和加拿大专家建议的基准制定，以及更重要的是一个由15名专家组成的专家团队为时3年的协助。", "99. 如同经合法组织，欧洲委员会在同一时期(2000-2005年)试验了一种准备充分的加速进程，并取得了同等程度的成功。它遵守了关于编制符合国际标准的财务报表的财务条例所规定的截止时间；在2002年进行了可行性和财务研究；2003年，会计研究；2004年，为2005年1月1日的期初结余收集了所有必要的资料。这表明，“大爆炸战略”不仅符合严格的规划，而且可能值得一试。", "100. “大爆炸”做法有一些明显的优势，有助于组织更快地IPSAS达标。但它也确实含有更多的风险，因为，从立即转变的角度说，需要采取一系列同步行动，而这对于一个小的项目团队或复杂的组织来说是个难题。联合国IPSAS实施工作队选择了循序渐进地、在本组织目前的信息系统允许的程度内纳入IPSAS的要求，并意识到，2013年将是特别困难的年份，因为一些部门的会计工作根据联合国系统会计标准进行，而另一些部门则按照国际公共部门会计标准进行。正在与Umoja小组寻求解决办法。然而，这给2014年达标的目标的可行性提出了疑问。无论其战略选择如何，特别是在采取这一做法时，鼓励各组织在与其外部审计员协商下，进行一些“模拟演习”账目，覆盖其提交首次IPSAS达标年度财务报表之前的九个月时期，以检验其IPSAS的准备程度。这将给相关组织带来重要的反馈，从而了解需要修改的规模和获得关于其年终IPSAS达标财务报表的无保留的审计意见所需要的改进之处。它们还应根据审计委给难民署[70] 和近东救济工程处[71] 的建议，定期更新IPSAS实施计划和预算。", "101. 这就提出了另一个问题，即，IPSAS达标过程是否能与传统会计方法平行进行。检查员认为，存在这样的严重而又可能的风险：牺牲目前的活动以确保今后的遵守和工作人员在日常的工作之外还要承受IPSAS相关工作的过渡负担。两种做法所完成的任务的质量会受到负面影响，阻碍了在目前财政期和随后的财政期之间做任何有效的比较。", "102. 各种管理举措之间的竞争代表了另一些风险，是高级管理层和理事会应予以考虑的。2009年，开发计划署在其执行局批准下决定将IPSAS实施工作从2010年推迟到2012年，并还决定改变其所有IPSAS标准的实施做法，从分阶段的改为“大爆炸”式的。主要的考虑因素是减轻风险――这些风险来自多种互相竞争的全组织范围的变革举措，特别是全系统范围的实施联合国合同改革和新的执法制度，这两者都是大会授权的并定于2009年7月生效。这一时间改动也确保了开发计划署能投入足够的时间和资源以实施全面的管理变革方案(如，广泛培训和沟通)，和允许国别办事处有足够的时间为采用IPSAS所涉影响做好准备，例如，争取到适当的人员编制和所需的技能组合。国别办事处在2008年要参与其他几个大的举措，例如，实施基于成果的预算编制和战略计划，而这样做就可避免给它们增加过渡的负担。", "最佳做法3", "如果项目环境发生重大变化，相关组织必须重新评估其最初的实施战略，做出必要调整。", "4. 项目管理", "103. 健全的管理、项目的所有权、责任的清楚界定和任务分配明确、所有有关方的高度参与和次级项目之间的协同增效等，都是向IPSAS顺利过渡的关键因素。用欧洲委员会关于欧洲委员会成功经验的正式评论的话来说，“主要问题既不是标准，也不是会计政策，而是项目管理”。", "104. 截至2010年6月，86%的组织已经有了详细的时间表和项目计划(截至2009年12月是81%)。一些组织(如，儿童基金、开发计划署、粮食规划署、教科文组织和民航组织)有正式的项目管理流程，往往是吸取了以往项目和战略举措管理教训的成果。其他组织(如，联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅))已采用了标准化的项目管理工具，如“PRINCE2”[72]。其主要特点如下：", "105. 由于信息技术(IT)系统需要升级以支持IPSAS, 许多项目团队有相当多的 信息技术成员。这在项目之间形成了真正的互相依存，例如，联合国机构资源规划项目资金困难是IPSAS项目拖延的一个主要原因。还有其他一些情况，审计委得建议敲定IPSAS实施详细的时间表和项目计划。[74]", "106. 要实现IPSAS达标，除了采用应计制会计原则外，所要求的措施还包括发展一种新的综合会计制度。这一制度应能为应计制会计账目的表述提供必要的工具，包括会计方法的信息、估值规则和所采用的会计原则。这会使财务报告的质量得到改进，并从资产、负债、预算实施和现金流动的角度更准确的说明相关组织的财务状况。", "107. 为此，需制定一整套会计原则。根据欧洲委员会，有必要：", "程序以确保数据的准确性和完整性；", "108. 检查员发现只要项目团队遵循以下原则，就能处于最佳工作状态：", "A 风险：", "最佳做法4", "IPSAS的实施如能作为一个完整的独立的项目对待，则运作最佳。为推动实施，应采用经证明的项目规划和实施方法，其中要包含以下要素：有明确界定的战略目标、可交付成果、时间界限、阶段和监测程序。", "5. 机构资源规划", "109. 制定新的机构资源规划(ERP)制度是联合国系统各组织分阶段实施国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)的先决条件。目前，这些制度有的已完全就绪投入运作，有的则处于向实地办事处推广的过程中。进行全面的差距分析的同时，还要现实地估计所需要的改革所涉及的任务。然后，IPSAS项目和ERP项目应将其工作尽量结合起来并紧密合作[78]。", "110. 像欧洲委员会和粮食规划署这样的开路先锋的情况下，哪怕确定期初余额也被证明是一项艰难的任务。自某年1月1日起的期初余额将以前一年12月31日的从联合国系统会计标准转为IPSAS的重新编制[79] 的账户结余为基础。", "111. 欧委会提供了在这方面要面临的挑战的颇能说明问题的例子。应计制会计的所有必要资料于2005年1月上载欧委会中央会计系统。这包括了7,000多份缴款单或费用申报单，30,000条付款前入账登记，92,000项资产和3,100份担保。每个处[80] 都被要求在2005年5月1日前核实这些上载资料的准确性，并且在2005年7月，有50多位总司长和科室主任被要求正式验证其期初运营余额。在核实和检查之后，各总司长验证了数字，但要求作一些纠正以确保数据的质量。最后一份验证是2006年1月收到的。2005年，过渡工作的重头戏是最终确定截至2005年1月1日的期初应计制余额，事实证明，这对总司预算处和所有部门都是一项艰巨的任务。总司预算处承担了所有检查和前后统一工作，以确保数据的质量。", "最佳做法5", "为尽量减少潜在的过渡问题，值得一做的是制定一项战略，为目标实施日(达标的第一年的第一天)提出符合国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)的期初余额，以及前一天的根据以往会计标准(UNSAS)的、为目标年期初余额的IPSAS易转换的期终余额。", "6. 跟上理事会及其最初预期", "112. 成员国在IPSAS对各自组织的预期效益的基础上做出了采用的决定，并为此拨出了专门资源。因此，理事会有权随时了解过渡期内所计划的和所取得的进展情况；哪怕这意味着要投入努力起草将一些高度技术性的问题简化的报告。特别是，管理人员应交流自己期待什么并本着基于成果的管理精神将其与实际成绩比较。", "113. 各秘书处给联检组调查问卷的答复表明，联合国系统各组织对于向IPSAS 过渡所期待的主要好处是：在以下方面改进财务报表：透明度(占答复者84.2%)，标准化、协调统一和前后一致(57.9%)，质量(52.6%)，可比性(47.4%)，改进内部监控(36.8%)，以及如图2所示的其他好处。", "图2 对IPSAS 达标所预期的好处", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "最佳做法6", "为确保理事会继续参与变革进程和获得其承诺，应定期向理事会介绍实施IPSAS的最新进展情况并要求其通过相关决定，特别是关于对财务条例作必要修订的决定，和为项目拨出资源。", "以下建议可望强化问责制，提高效果和效率：", "建议1", "立法机关应要求各自的行政首长就IPSAS的实施状况定期发布进展报告。", "建议2", "立法机关应提供适当的支持、所需的人员配备和资金，以确保成功、有效地向IPSAS过渡。", "7. 人力资源", "114. 根据2009年1月专题工作队问卷调查提供的数据，52%的组织有一名全职项目领导人，33%有半职项目领导人，而14%尚有待任命一名全职或半职项目领导人(2010年6月，此百分比降低到5%)。截至2009年6月，联检组调查问卷的68%的答复者报告说他们已经有必要的人力资源广泛开展IPSAS的实施工作。截至2010年6月，预计2010年达标的只有88%的组织任命的项目经理。IPSAS项目通常由一个小团队支持(最多四名工作人员)和一名被指定要全职工作的项目领导人。团队其他成员除了做现有的工作之外，通常为项目半职工作。至关重要的是，所有组织都要对必要的改革进行分析，查明现有人力资源中的缺口。需要确定所需的专门知识是否可从现有工作人员中发掘和(或)是否需要外聘专家来对付新出现的任务和挑战。对一些团队来说，必须事先谈定要投入IPSAS项目的时间(如，万国邮政联盟(邮联))。在2009年和2010年，各组织对于需要修改其实施日期给出的主要理由是缺乏有适当人员配备的IPSAS团队。IPSAS团队成员从一个组织转到另一个组织无助于总的问题的解决。截至2010年6月，有6个组织还没有人员配备齐全的IPSAS团队。", "115. 根据迄今为止的经验教训，关键是IPSAS事业一开始就要进行差距分析和列出技能清单，以便了解内部会计和财务专业人员的现有专门知识和经验，并决定为补充内部能力在多大程度上需要外部专门人才以及需要多久。", " 风险：没有考虑到IPSAS的人力资源要求的战略可能导致工作人员的日常工作与项目任务发生冲突的情况。", "最佳做法7", "在向IPSAS过渡期间，各组织应决定行政、预算和财务领域所需的额外人力资源并随后作出预算，以确保不仅有效实施向IPSAS的过渡，而且有足够的能力在今后维持对IPSAS的遵守。如有必要，应从理事会或其他来源获得额外的资金，同时要避免任何利益冲突。", "最佳做法8", "必须考虑到为成功向IPSAS过渡而培训工作人员的费用。应落实培训内部会计、业务和改革管理专家、或招聘外部专家的资金。", "116. 大多数组织在给联检组问卷调查的答复中指出，它们有“足够的”或“部分足够的”人力资源能力。但是，鉴于其紧张的时间框架，它们遇到了物色IPSAS专家的困难。粮农组织、开发计划署、难民署和项目厅在成功实施IPSAS方面都人手不够。此外，政府、城市和各组织都同时需求IPSAS专家(一个新的特定情况)，使得招聘更加困难和成本高昂。虽然项目的成功取决于专业人才的情况，各组织由于预算的制约通常只能提供短期合同，这样就减少了合同条件的吸引力。有些组织，包括联合国、儿童基金和粮食规划署，认为将注册会计师纳入项目团队是有好处的。在回答对今后人力资源要求的关切时，联合国的代表在一次专题工作队会议上强调有必要立即开始聘用注册/执照会计师并想办法如何留住他们，至少在实施阶段期间要留住。审计委在对联合国IPSAS相关问题的严格分析中不得不建议增加项目团队的人员配备[81]。儿童基金和教科文组织提供了良好做法的例子。前者发展了一个专业人员非正式网络，以便使内部专家参与项目，而后者则预计实现工作人员高度参与整个过程。其政策旨在将对教科文组织的结构和业务的充分理解应用到实施进程，并也要推动在本组织内留住IPSAS知识。这样，项目管理组的关键作用是在内部发挥的。顾问和国际会计事务所PricewaterhouseCoopers(PWC)，在审查了IPSAS文件后，主要以随时咨询和协助管理项目和技术投入的方式提供支助。", "8. 财政资源", "117. 尽管存在资金困难，几乎所有组织都在拨给IPSAS实施项目的预算内开展工作，有时给有关工作人员造成大的困难。为给项目供资，各组织动用了经常预算、预算外资金、储备资金、历年的结转和预算余额。一些秘书处的估算很准确，另一些则低估了IPSAS项目的需要。", "118. 对IPSAS和机构资源规划(ERP)预算现有的但不太可比的数据的分析表明，较大的组织，如，开发计划署和粮农组织，在绝对数上有大量的实施预算(鉴于其规模和许多实地办事处)，而较小的组织，如，气象组织、国际海事组织(海事组织)和万国邮政联盟(邮联)，其IPSAS加ERP的预算占了总的年度预算的很大一部分。在卫生组织，IPSAS项目并不被看作是特定的。此外，对较小的组织来说，为项目落实资金特别困难，尤其是资金拨款只能从预算的“结转”提供时(如，民航组织)，或通过来自历年的余额时(在限制性预算政策或非配套预算周期情况下的次好解决办法)。自2010年6月以来，所有组织都有向IPSAS过渡的核定预算。审计委向联合国第五委员会建议严格监督费用以防过度的和不必要的增长(2009年5月12日)。", "9. 机构资源规划及其与IPSAS实施工作的互动", "119. 机构资源规划(ERP)系统将所有数据和流程纳入一个统一的信息技术系统。这包括合并本组织的几个或所有软件应用程序，包括财务、人力资源、后勤、采购、库存等。例如，在做采购订单时就启动了采购程序，选择了供应商，货物被订购并在库房中收取，收到付款通知并付款。关于这些活动的数据流过实体的不同的职能单位。每个单位都捕捉了与其业务相关的细节并最终提供给财务报表的制作。ERP的优势在于用户可在任何时候在同一系统中检索相关的资料，而不是在许多单独的应用程序中搜寻这些资料。这就是为什么IPSAS标准的要求同一实体内许多职能领域提供投入的做法由ERP系统来做最合适。", "120. 向IPSAS过渡要求对所有现有(传下来的)信息系统进行具体的差距分析，以确定其是否能支持制作应计制账目(包括库存分类账和客户和供应商分类账)；与其他系统连接；和提供有效的安全。截至2009年6月，91%的组织已对其信息系统所需的改动进行了评估。", "121. 大多数组织必须更新其现有的ERP系统或换掉传下来的系统(如，联合国使用的综合管理信息系统(IMIS))，以实现IPSAS达标的环境。为实现IPSAS达标而改变会计程序提供了一个机会：可以通过开发、改造或替换现有的传下来的系统，引进新的优化的程序。采用新的ERP系统的理由包括需要将各种系统合成一体，或因为大多数传下来的系统不再有能力容纳某些IPSAS所要求的程序，特别是，其原来的目的是将手工操作机械化，而不是将业务流程现代化。这解释了为什么像卫生组织、粮农组织和联合国这样的大的、权力分散的组织决定将IPSAS的实施与涉及到实地、权力下放的办事处的ERP项目连起来。截至2010年6月，90%的组织已经对其系统的改动进行了评估。", "A. 风险：保留这些传下来的系统并试图加以升级可能需要一些手工操作，这就增加了部分手工获取的、用于编制财务报表的数据的不准确和不完整的风险。", "另一方面，将IPSAS项目与涉及到实地、权力下放的办事处的新的ERP大项目紧密连接起来，会引起严重延误的风险加上时间的不确定性，因为其实施要取决于ERP项目的资金和项目管理情况。", "122. 一个考虑到各组织的特点及其IT系统状况的短、中、长期战略成本效益分析，应衡量以下备选方案：", "(a) 继续使用现有系统；", "(b) 单一商业性软件包做法(标准软件包或软件包加上兼容的程序块)；", "(c) 新的集成系统，有一个核心集成软件包，加上在总体结构内维持或开发的部门系统。", "最理想的情况是将所有职能完全合为一体，以确保数据始终前后一致。有三种商业性ERP软件包被大规模组织和公司所广泛采用。它们是PeopleSoft(最近被甲骨文公司收购)，SAP和甲骨文公司的产品。第二级系统，如Exact Software, Agresso Worldwide and JD Edwards, 是中等规模实体使用最广泛的软件包。由于它们是针对国际财务报告标准(IFRS)而开发的，最新的ERP 系统可支持IPSAS的要求，但须配置必要的设置。但是，ERP系统的选择，首先要根据实体的要求、职能和供应商报价的货币值。对于像联合国这样的大规模多职能系统来说，部署ERP系统可能需要相当多的时间。这些ERP系统无法互相连接是个根本性的问题。", "123. 图3显示联合国系统不同组织采用ERP系统的情况(根据现有数据)。", "图3 全联合国系统对ERP的选择情况", "资料来源：对CEB采用清单和联检组调查问卷的答复", "124. 在大型实体部署ERP系统，要求工作人员和专门从事ERP系统的前期设计、设计和实施的顾问全力以赴，并可能需要几年才能完成。", "125. ERP系统在联合国系统各组织处于不同的实施阶段(见下文图4)。有ERP系统运行的多数组织正处于升级阶段，但仍须对最新版进行调整，或增加一个程序块以做到IPSAS达标。此外，正在重复联合国IMIS系统的主要弱点，尚未将其ERP系统推广到总部以外的办事处。2009年年初，联合国选择并启动了称为“Umoja”的新的ERP系统。第一份“Umoja”进展报告[82] 预报在2011年第四季度进行试点部署，到2013年年底实现全系统范围ERP系统投入全面运行，并希望在2014年做到财务报表IPSAS达标。但是，如果联合国内部事务监督厅(监督厅)2010年8月24日关于ERP项目主任办公室的人力资源管理，尤其是ERP的组织结构和所雇用人员的经验和专门知识的审计报告是让人放心的话，人力资源、财务和采购条例的一些严重违规会对ERP项目的声誉构成风险，而IPSAS项目是紧密与其相连的。", "图4 ERP实施进展水平", "资料来源：对CEB采用清单和联检组调查问卷的答复", "126. 2009年年初，76.2%的组织正在或已经结束了对其ERP系统的IPSAS要求达标情况的评估。开发署、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和项目厅有一个联合的ERP平台；而人口基金和项目厅则要依赖开发署的分析结果。", "127. 到2009年上半年，在对其传下来的系统进行与IPSAS要求的兼容和协同情况的详尽分析之后，几个组织对其ERP系统进行了升级，而其他一些组织则不得不采购新的IPSAS达标的ERP系统。截至2009年6月，86%的组织完成了研究，从而确定了ERP系统所需要的升级并批准其实施。其他组织得修改其IPSAS实施的目标日期，因为实施只能与现有ERP系统的升级同时进行。但是，难民署和粮食规划署表示，在其ERP系统升级迟了的情况下，IPSAS是可以实施的，并解释说，其ERP的目前版本能够支持IPSAS, 但要进行一些手工操作，并可在IPSAS实施后加以更新。(见附件四，粮食规划署)。", "128. 一些有实地办事处的组织，如劳工组织，遇到了IPSAS实施和相关的ERP能力方面的挑战。该组织在联检组审查时已完成了ERP系统的部署，但在实地一级没有足够的ERP基础设施，需要手工操作处理会计数据以便符合IPSAS的要求。这并不是孤立的案例。欧委会在地理上分散的地点引进新系统和提供培训方面也面临着困难。因此，在项目的早期阶段就纳入实地的要求十分重要。", "129. 数据清理是清选现有遗留数据的过程，以确保转到新的ERP系统的数据都是有效、正确并与所要求的新格式一致的。经常的情况是，数据清理在项目的最后阶段或实施后阶段仍在继续。各组织往往低估完成这一过程所需的工作量和时间。", "最佳做法9", "为做到符合IPSAS的要求并产生协同效应，必须对现有的(传下来的)系统进行彻底分析，并要充分考虑到实地的需要和能力。", "10. 提高认识和宣传", "130. 应通过宣传和培训提高人们对变革进程的认识。认识培训的目的是“向所有利益攸关方宣传即将进行的改革及其对本组织的影响，鼓励工作人员开始思考对其自身工作领域的影响，并为向IPSAS转变形成“买进”。认识培训被视为是总体变革管理过程的一个关键组成部分”[83]。IPSAS实施项目的规模之大意味着应将提高认识的工作扩大到理事会和高级管理层。将恰当的信息在恰当的时间和地点传达到恰当的人，是有效宣传的关键所在，其本身有三条规则：经常宣传，公开宣传，宣传到每个人。因此，给这些目标群体的提高认识培训甚至比针对将体验新环境的用户群体的培训更加重要。", "最佳做法10", "为形成对项目的集体所有感，各组织应投入时间和精力确保所有利益攸关方理解向IPSAS过渡的前景设想。这可用不同形式进行：培训、休假地会议、给工作人员办讲座、信息产品和密切参与了其他地方成功例子的人的介绍等。", "131. 由于提高了认识，“高级管理人员和方案主管人员将会有工具更好地了解所做的决定涉及的财务影响；能有更好的条件来解释财务结果和更有责任心，并更主动地对计划和财务作长远考虑”。行业管理人员应学会使用新系统和实现其预期的效益。他们还将体会到“掌控”如何从关注“时间”(通过调整来满足预算的规定)转变为关注所使用的资源和所付的代价。这一变动近似于并很适合向基于成果的管理(RBM)转变的趋势。", "132. 组织的过渡对于一个组织的变革努力十分重要，但如无个人的过渡，组织变革努力的成功可能性就会严重减小。管理人员和员工个人在过渡中扮演不同的角色。管理人员的作用是使利益攸关方(包括员工)相信变革的必要性。要取得过渡的最后成功，每个员工个人都是重要的。[84] 截至2010年6月，86%的组织准备了宣传计划，是自2009年12月(48%)以来的重大进步，但可能来得太晚了一点。", "133. 国际组织的宣传工具包括：利用互联网或网站，广播，新闻发布稿，电子新闻通讯，告示栏公告，专家给常驻使团和工作人员开讲座，特别活动，报告会，各种会议等。截至2009年6月，只有63.6%的组织搞了IPSAS项目宣传计划，并且，矛盾的是，有更高的百分比(68.2%)事实上已经开始了提高认识的活动。下文图5显示宣传活动的对象群体：", "图5 按对象群体划分的宣传计划", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "11. 培训", "134. 根据2007年全系统调查，全联合国系统有36,000名工作人员需要IPSAS相关的培训，其中65%需要提高认识培训，25%需要基本概念培训，10%需要专家的概念培训。[85] 在2008年和2009年，全系统IPSAS项目团队和各组织之间关于编制培训产品的分工有点模糊不清，需要加以厘清。秘书长关于联合国采用IPSAS的第二份进度报告做了澄清，各组织负责制定各自的IPSAS培训计划并按计划开展培训，并补充说，已经制定了全系统范围的培训做法，以支持各组织的IPSAS培训。这一做法包括三个阶段：培训需要评估；采购培训课程；部署培训。[86]", "135. 在2007年发出招标后，确定了中标者(国际商业和技术咨询公司)，预计将很快签订合同。[87] 但是，联检组在2009年进行的访谈确定，由于缺乏资源，在2009年年底之前无法提供培训材料。尽管如此，联合国IPSAS专题工作队在外部服务供应商的支持下，得以最后敲定了培训内容、设计和交付。根据行政协调会关于到2009年12月底IPSAS采用进展情况的调查，在答复的21个组织中，有77%已完成了培训需求分析，59%已完成了培训计划的制定。但是，开始提供培训的百分比更高(据联检组的调查，2009年6月为52%)，尽管当时完成培训计划制定的只有32%。", "136. 影响培训铺开的问题包括：需要对培训材料进行正式评价；课程的更新维护(根据IPSAS的发展动态进行修改)；以及将培训产品译成法文和西班牙文。开发署的初步估算是课程的翻译将需要大量资源和时间。检查员认为，这需要有政治意愿，如粮食规划署所显示的，该署已成功地开发了英文、法文、西班牙文和阿拉伯文的培训材料。", "最佳做法11", "各组织应确保现有的和未来的工作人员，特别是管理人员及财务和采购人员，要通过使用特定的交流工具，包括适当文字的手册和培训产品，完全熟悉新的程序和要求。", "137. 联检组2009年3月的调查显示，88.2%的组织在没有使用行政协调会支助工作队材料的情况下，已经提供了提高认识培训。70.6%的主动提供的培训课程是概念性的；41.2%是“动手”的(往往是在机构资源规划提供者的协助下)；以及另外23.5%是没有特别指出的IPSAS相关的程序块，包括项目管理培训。下文图6介绍17个组织给联检组调查问卷的答复情况。", "图6 开始的IPSAS培训(2009年3月)", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "138. 根据被采访的组织，培训和宣传必须与实施同时进行。", " 风险：在相关系统部署之前提供培训可能会使工作人员减少积极性。", "139. 下文图7显示，相对于响应组织的总数，截至2009年3月向不同的受益者提供的培训按类型的分布情况。高级管理层在项目生命的早期就接受提高认识培训至关重要，这有助于确保其完全支持实施工作。应鼓励各国代表的相关理事机关参加这种培训。然而，截至2009年春，近一半组织的高级管理层和理事会尚未接受提高认识培训，这就对其是否有能力领导重要而又必要的改革提出了疑问。", "图7 培训受益者和所提供的培训类型", "资料来源：给联检组调查问卷的答复", "12. 风险评估", "140. 各组织还应分享它们所开展的风险评估(如果有的话)的结论，因为这类活动是项目成功实施的一个重要因素。根据对专题工作队2009年1月的实施核查清单的答复，有三分之一以上(38.1%)尚未对其IPSAS项目进行过任何风险评估。属于这一类的组织有：", "141. 在进行了风险评估的地方，评估也不总是以正规的评估方法，如COSO 2 [88]进行的。检查员谨希望强调，风险评估是风险管理的先决条件和确保实现项目目标的关键，这是审计委向开发署[89] 和人口基金[90] 确认无疑的。知识产权组织是这方面的一个正面例子，该组织进行了一项评估以确定2010年实施日期须满足什么样的要求以及什么情况下会造成延误。", "142. 联检组收集到的资料肯定了秘书长关于联合国采用IPSAS的第二份进展报告中提到的风险因素[91]。报告还补充了一个相关的因素：“在完成对所需的程序和系统变革的诊断后改进对所涉工作的规模和复杂性的理解”。推迟实施IPSAS的主要原因如下：", "A 风险：缺乏足够的风险缓解战略", "143. 在这方面，教科文组织和气象组织提供了最佳做法的例子。教科文组织公布了内部控制政策框架，在单一的文件里纳入了财务政策、程序和流程的修订框架。框架提供了制定IPSAS要求达标的具体规则、政策和流程的基础，并使所有工作人员对内部控制问题有一个共同的理解。气象组织公布了关于IPSAS项目的风险评估的全面的表格。", "图8 组织眼里的风险因素", "资料来源：对行政协调会发出的采用情况核查清单的答复", "最佳做法12", "所有向IPSAS过渡的组织都应根据项目的目标采用项目实施的风险评估、管理和缓解战略和做法。", "13. 监督", "144. 向IPSAS过渡和提出应计制会计的财务报表将对监督任务产生重要影响。", "145. 为检查IPSAS的遵守情况，无论内部和外部审计员都需要确定管理层是否建立了适当的内部监控和相应的检验程序，以及效果如何。", "146. 内部和外部审计员还必须投入、获得和(或)复习(取决于其经验和专业证书)应计制会计和IPSAS专门知识，并调整其审计做法以适应新的监控环境和管理做法的变化，使其做法与新的环境接轨。例如，新的截止程序[92] 使业务结账更加复杂，从而增加了审计程序的范围和详细程度。", "A 外部审计员", "147. 检查员同意一些组织的看法，即，外部审计员在审查和评论会计政策发展情况，特别是在从一种标准向另一种标准的过渡期间可发挥重要作用。在声称IPSAS达标的财务期后，外部审计员将必须独立地决定对IPSAS总体遵守情况给出合格或不合格的意见。其决定将总结多年来应伴随了向IPSAS过渡的一种技术和人员的关系。在将IPSAS应用到政府间组织这样的新领域，没有人有绝对的知识，在此基础上，唯一可行的办法是两边都做好准备，一起向标准学习，向将标准变为会计政策的解读学习(特别是专题工作队的工作)，以及向一个组织的具体现实学习。附件四中所介绍的粮食署－北约关系就是这种过程的一个例子。", "148. 有趣味的是，在专题工作队的罗马会议上，审计委指出了以下潜在的紧要问题供各组织仔细审议：", "149. 一些组织(民航组织、海事组织、工发组织、粮食署、知识产权组织、卫生组织、气象组织)在提交第一份IPSAS达标的财务报表之前编制了临时(模拟)财务报表请其外部审计员审查。例如，粮食署在临时阶段让其账目经过了两次审查。但是，正如审计委正确地强调的那样，对临时财务报表是不能提供正式的审计意见的。然而，检查员相信各组织必须及时查明并解决一切可能导致有保留的审计意见的悬而未决的问题。", "最佳做法13", "在最后实施日之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查，以避免不愉快的让人有突然的感觉。", "150. 此外，在参与审计联合国系统各组织的账目的十个最高审计机构给出的审计意见中很可能会有不一致的地方[93]，因为它们在审计基于国际公共部门会计标准的账目方面经验程度各不相同。少数迄今一直参与了这种审计：瑞士联邦审计局(瑞士的公共实体使用国际公共部门会计标准作为其会计标准)；联合王国国家审计局(NAO)(联合王国政府账目使用IPSAS, NAO审计了粮食署的基于IPSAS的账目)；法国审计法院从其核准法国政府按IPSAS做法指导下做的账目的新鲜经验中也有收获。", "151. 因此，指导是最重要的。联合王国国家审计局研发了工具以帮助外部审计员审计IPSAS达标情况。它还发表了“IPSAS达标指南”，以协助客户组织理解无保留审计意见的前提条件；其中包括一步一步走的核查清单，以帮助从业人员确保账目的制作是符合IPSAS要求的。指南列出了所需的情况和外部审计员需要管理人员提供的证据；并举例说明了可能出现并应避免的审计问题和难题。就联合国系统各组织的情况而言，行政协调会批准的指南当然是一种衡量标准。但是，仍然需要有一种框架来指导各组织与其外部审计员的互动。专题工作队通过的框架应由外部审计小组进行讨论。检查员不便向该小组提任何建议，因为这不是联检组通常的做法，但检查员希望，框架将使最佳做法13和14的实施更容易。", "最佳做法14", "就IPSAS过渡问题，尽可能快的建立并保持组织与其外部统计员的双边对话，以确保外部和内部审计员对新系统及其对监控程序的影响都获得深入的了解，因为IPSAS的实施会要求向应计制会计过渡。", "B： 内部审计员", "152. 内部审计员更多地参与IPSAS问题是确保程序设计充分的一个因素，从而可对组织的财务状况和业绩有个客观的看法。不幸的是，高级审计研究所国际组织(INTOSAI)公共部门内部监控标准指南的2004年更新的并经INTOSAI批准的版本对于实际使用价值有限。", "153. 在审查期间，检查员观察到内部审计员对于改革进程的参与程度在各组织之间差别相当大，这都取决于项目团队的政策的公开程度和承诺程度。在一些组织，内部审计员根本不介入，或只是给了观察员的角色，而在另一些组织，内部审计员积极参加，跟踪所取得的进展，与项目团队成员讨论项目的困难并就风险领域交换意见。内部审计员在与检查员谈的时候谈到他们参与的情况如下：", "154. 一个内部审计员分组就内部审计在采用IPSAS中的作用问题向2008年9月在华盛顿举行的联合国－内部审计事务代表组织会议[94] 提交了一份详细的文件。文件对IPSAS转换中的内部审计核心作用做了界定，以保证与IPSAS转换相关的风险通过在早期阶段对差距分析结果的核实能得到正确的评估和管理，并通过在不同阶段――如项目启动、阶段性成果阶段――对IPSAS项目的一系列审查，和通过IPSAS过渡时期内部审计员可对管理层提供增值咨询的可交付成果，开展保证工作。对于他们来说，这些作用可包括就管治和风险管理提供指导；项目的可交付成果和商定的日期；期初余额平衡表，系统升级和项目结账等，所有这些涵盖了IPSAS项目内容的大部分。文件还提出了在过渡阶段内部审计的潜在作用，并同时指出，“内部审计的咨询作用和各种审查的时间本身可能对内部审计的客观性构成风险”。因此，为保障其独立性和客观性，内部审计员最好不要参与关于IPSAS转换和实施的决策，例如，通过“进行差距分析或口授会计政策”进行参与。", "155. 在最近的经验和所吸取的教训的坚实基础上，联合国――内部审计事务代表组织(UN-RIAS)于2009年再一次审议了IPSAS议题。后来，UN-RIAS的关于IPSAS问题的分组坚持(一个组织的，特别是IPSAS和机构资源规划项目的)管理层的责任，要对在初步实施阶段安装的新的内部监控手段持续测试负起责任。来自14个组织的内部审计员再一次正确地警告不要承担在这方面的管理责任。", "最佳做法15", "在IPSAS初步实施阶段，业务流程的拥有方应定期测试内部监控手段，以确保数据的准确性。", "最佳做法16", "确保在系统完成的尾声对系统进行独立全面的验证和核实。", "C. 一个关键指标：组织的预期达标日期", "156. 根据IPSAS实体，一个组织只有在收到其外部审计员关于其财务报表的无保留的意见后才能被认为是IPSAS完全达标。因此，审计委在审计联合国2006-2007年两年期财务报表时建议，该组织应不断审查IPSAS实施的阶段性成绩。2010年2月采用情况进展报告表明，2010年只有8个组织进入了IPSAS达标的轨道。检查员根据联检组调查问卷的书面答复和他第一次访问期间进行的访谈，对全系统2010年达标的目标表示严重的怀疑，这后来被确定了。", "157. 2009年，答复的组织中有76%指出，其理事机关在2006年和2007年表决采用IPSAS时是知道实施所涉及的影响的。当时，大多数组织听从了专题工作队和行政协调会的建议，把2010年12月31日结束的财务期定为达标的最后期限，而少数几个“早采用者”则把目标定在2008年。", "158. 最初，专题工作队只是一般性地简要描述了IPSAS的通常的好处和所涉及的影响，指出“采用之后会对相关组织的会计、财务报告和相关的信息技术系统产生重大影响；还会对组织的预算编制、资金和管理系统造成重要影响” [95]。然而，在2006年，各组织并没有在同一个出发点上，而且，大多数秘书处所使用和以各自标识印发的动员其理事机关的文件并没有――也许无法――说明各自组织为IPSAS的准备已达到什么程度，或者达标所要求的变革的规模有多大和时间要多久。", "159. 检察员可以肯定，各组织在实施水平方面差别甚大，这是因为其规模和条件不同，以及在2005-2006年各自的ERP系统与IPSAS要求的一致程度不同。", "160. 2005年和2006年[96] 专题工作队、高级别管理委员会、行政协调会和秘书长的决定给所有组织施加压力，要求将达标选在同一年，这是欠妥的，因为它不顾各组织的实际准备的就绪程度。而是应拨出足够的时间先进行可行性研究。确实，还有必要搞许多文件让理事机关了解向IPSAS成功过渡需要什么先决条件。", "图9 截至2010年2月，IPSAS全面达标的计划和预计年份(根据各组织提供的资料 [97] )", "资料来源：秘书长关于IPSAS实施情况的进展报告", "161. 在三个计划要“早采用”的组织中，只有粮食署按计划在2008年12月31日结束的年份完全实施了IPSAS, 那是由于起始的条件有利和共同的努力(详细情况见附件四)；卫生组织从2008年起就采用了几条个别的、与其ERP系统的部署紧密相连的IPSAS标准，现在预计在其ERP系统推广到该组织的其余部分后于2012年达标。民航组织的采购自2008年1月起就采用应计制会计，当时其ERP推广工作的第一阶段已经完成并采用了交付原则，预计到2010年IPSAS达标。", "162. 在审查的其他19个组织中，有7个预计将按计划于2010年1月1日IPSAS达标：海事组织，电联，泛美卫生组织，教科文组织，工发组织，知识产权组织和气象组织。剩下的12个组织中，两个现在预计在2011年采用IPSAS (原子能机构和邮联)，8个在2012年(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发计划署、人口基金、难民署、儿童基金、项目厅、近东救济工程处)，以及两个在2014年(联合国和世界旅游组织)。[98] 鉴于向IPSAS全面达标过渡所要求的准备和变革的复杂性和规模都出乎意外，并且，许多组织都同时采用其他有挑战性的管理举措，所以，这一情况并不奇怪。这表明，猛推各组织早在大会通过政治决议四年之后就采用IPSAS――正是2010年目标鼓吹者在2005年所主张的――在技术上既不可行，也不现实。对于那些在应计制会计远远落后、ERP系统不足和训练有素的工作人员短缺的组织来说更是如此。用检查员在2008年访谈的一位重要的行为者的话说，“2010年过渡只是一句口号而已”。", "163. 阶段性成果的延误迫使一些组织在2009年或2010年不得不修改项目的时间框架，这一修改是高级别管理委员会完全鼓励的。例如，联合国将采用时间改为2014年，以便有更多的时间将实施工作与引进新的ERP系统同步，并指出，“在采用IPSAS方面最最重要的问题是成功采用IPSAS的信箱系统要求和IPSAS实施计划与ERP项目的协调同步”[99]。截至2009年6月，有62%的组织预见到实施工作会延误，决定采用循序渐进的做法(一条一条地实施标准)。在有些情况下，推迟截至时间的决定也受到资源情况的影响。", "五. IPSAS与金融和经济危机", "164. 全球金融和经济危机在几个方面使项目受到影响：", "在危机时期如何衡量问题的争议。这已体现在国际会计标准IAS 39和关于财务文书、披露和表述的IPSAS 15中。前者由于其要求范围广泛的资产必须以公平值加以衡量而造成资产负债表更大的不确定性而受到批评。", "165. 在雷曼兄弟倒闭事件后被政治压力，然后又被20国集团会议催促而采取行动的会计师们非常严肃地对待这个问题。国际会计师联合会在其全球理事会会议期间组织了几次研讨会，讨论金融危机的原因，以及为避免今后发生危机， 会计行业、管理人员和政府能做些什么。国际会计标准委员会和财会标准委员会同意开展合作，迅速制定共同的标准来对付资产负债表外活动和为金融手段的会计。此外，还同意提出建议，“几个月内，而不是几年内”[101] 用一种共同的标准来取代各自的金融手段标准。这两个组织都澄清，企业在紧急的状况下并不必须使用市场价格。而国际公共部门会计标准委员会最近也在IAS 32, 39和7的基础上另又制定了IPSAS标准(28, 29和30)，都是针对同样的表述、确认和衡量及披露问题的。", "166. 如同任何其他会计标准，IPSAS标准须不断改进和调整，这就使联合国系统各组织须在会计政策上做出相应的变动。2009年4月，20国集团呼吁财会标准委员会和国际会计标准委员会“在年底前在制定单一的高质量全球会计标准方面取得重要进展”[102]。检查员欢迎这两个组织努力使国际财务报告标准和普遍公认的会计原则在私营部门统一起来，促进“会计标准的统一”这一会计行业的理想。", "167. 然而，这又引出了这样一个问题：一套为追求利润的私营部门服务的会计标准怎么可能满足公共部门实体和非盈利组织的特殊需要――在那里，大多数交易不是基于交换而是基于岁入和支出都不对称的交易。联合国观察员们(联合国秘书处和开发计划署)应在国际公共部门会计标准委员会密切关注这一问题，因为该机构正式支持国际公共部门会计标准(IPSAS)和国际财务报表标准(IFRS)的统一。由于国际公共部门会计标准委员会并不向联合国系统内任何理事机关负责，而且，由于“联合国”观察员并没有被授权代表系统说话，他们是否应根据意愿对这种统一干脆表示接受、认可、促进、抑或沉默呢？联合国各利益攸关方应展开知情的辩论，使问题和利害关系可被理解并被所有角色理解。我们记得，之所以选择国际公共部门会计标准是因为它比国际财务报告标准更适合公共实体的特定性质。IPSAS已经包括了为私营公司设计的IFRS标准的大部分特点。检查员同意法国全国会计理事会国际部主任的意见，“遗憾的是，主要因为时间紧，大多数IPSAS标准都是从IFRS标准抄来的，只是部分地与公共部门的现实吻合”。只要有“非交换交易”，“王子的会计”就得同“商人的会计”保持区别。", "168. 今后制定和实施IPSAS的指导原则应是问责，国际会计师联合会将其简明正确地定义为“一种回答所赋予责任的义务”[103]。与国际财务报告解读委员会在国际财务报告标准领域履行的任务相类似的一项重要任务可由一个特别委员会来执行，由国际会计师联合会责成其协助公共部门实体，特别是国际组织协调统一和解释IPSAS标准，特别是在实施过程的最初几年，在前人没有走过地方自己摸索的时候。这一委员会将继续特别工作队完成的工作，但范围要广得多，由来自国家、城市和非盈利组织的代表根据应有程序的原则参与。", "六. 结论", "169. 联合国系统所有组织向IPSAS过渡当然是在全系统一级所开展过的最雄心勃勃的管理举措之一。如果各组织要走向知情的管理，这一举措就并非可有可无。本报告力求着重说明从UNSAS向IPSAS过渡所涉及的障碍、制约因素和风险，即，选择最佳ERP系统或将现有系统升级所需的时间、与立法机关的对话不够、缺乏远景规划和对变革进程的集体拥有感、或缺乏高级管理层的承诺。", "170. 几乎没有什么组织在2005年的时候就意识到所需要的变革的规模。为什么会这样有许多原因，在22个组织中，只有一个按最初的截止时间实现了被确认的达标，还有8个计划2010年实现这一目标。根据审查情况，检查员必须得出这样的结论：多数组织对于许多不同层面所需要的大量改革判断有误，有的迟迟不能承认只有使这一工作成为机构的优先事项他们才能将其进行到底。到2010年实现IPSAS达标的最初承诺也没有反映如下事实：每一个组织都有完全不同的起始点，这使得向IPSAS过渡对某些组织而言是个重大的事业。行动早的开路先锋，如，经合发组织、欧委会和粮食署，向世人展示，只要有足够的意愿和决心，这一艰巨的任务是可以完成的。然而，也须吸取其经验教训，以便帮助其他组织在今后几年实现IPSAS达标。", "171. 在一个持续了几年的势头――期间做过一系列重要决定――之后，现在很清楚，对于一些组织而言，要花更多的时间才能实现制作IPSAS完全达标的财务报表的目标。[104] 幻想和泄气是目前要预防的主要风险，由于过渡的好处只有在过渡完成之后才变得明显，并且管理人员需要时间去把握新的要求，情况就更是如此。审查根据联合国各组织或联合国系统外其他先行的实施者的经验，指明了若干最佳做法(已在执行摘要中列出)。检查员相信，应用这些做法将有助于确保战略性地、全面地和及时地开展向IPSAS的过渡。考虑到所有这一切，检查员认为，以下建议应有助于联合国系统每一个组织在向IPSAS实施的过渡中提高效果、效率和问责。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保本联检组报告中指出的16种最佳做法在实施IPSAS项目时都加以应用。", "附件一", "IPSAS一览表(2010年IFAC国际公共部门会计公告手册) 手册的范围", "本手册系国际会计师联合会(IFAC)背景资料和截至2010年1月15日IFAC发布的目前仍有效的公共部门公告的汇编，供日常参考。", "第一卷", "目录", "页次", "2009年手册的实质性改动 1", "国际公共部门会计标准委员会――临时职权范围 3", "国际会计师联合会 8", "国际公共部门会计标准序言 11", "国际公共部门会计标准前言 20", "IPSAS 1――提交财务报表 21", "IPSAS 2――现金流动报表 82", "IPSAS 3――会计政策，会计估算和误差的修改 104", "IPSAS 4――外汇汇率变动的影响 135", "IPSAS 5――借贷成本 160", "IPSAS 6――合并的和单独的财务报表 172", "IPSAS 7 ――在联营企业的投资 207", "IPSAS 8――在合资企业的利益 227", "IPSAS 9――来自交换交易的岁入 251", "IPSAS 10――超通膨经济体的财务报告 274", "IPSAS 11――建筑合同 288", "IPSAS 12――库存 314", "IPSAS 13――租赁 333", "IPSAS 14――报告日之后的事件 369", "IPSAS 15――财务手段：披露和表述 385", "IPSAS 16――投资财产 443", "IPSAS 17――财产、固定资产和设备 476", "IPSAS 18――业务分类报告 517", "IPSAS 19――准备金，不确定债务和偶发资产 548", "IPSAS 20――相关方披露 592", "IPSAS 21――不产生现金的资产的亏损 613", "IPSAS 22――政府一般部门资料的披露 652", "IPSAS 23――来自非交换交易(税收和转让)的岁入 678", "IPSAS 24――财务报表中预算资料的表述 735", "IPSAS 25――员工福利 763", "第二卷", "目录", "页次", "IPSAS 26――产生现金的资产的亏损 845", "IPSAS 27――农业 904", "IPSAS 28――财务手段：表述 933", "IPSAS 29――财务手段：入账和衡量 1022", "IPSAS 30――财务手段：披露 1287", "IPSAS 31――无形资产 1337", "基于现金的IPSAS――基于现金的会计制度下的财务报告 1388", "IPSAS 1至IPSAS 26中确定定义的术语词汇表 1389", "准则2――国际审计标准对于政府商业企业财务报表审计的适用性 1514", "其他文件摘要 1555", "IFAC专业会计师职业道德准则 1558", "附件二", "参加组织认定的每一条IPSAS标准用百分比表示的重要性", "附件三", "向IPSAS实施过渡的流程", "附件四", "一个成功的例子：粮食署的经验", "1. 本文仅是联检组参加组织IPSAS项目二十多份详细介绍中的一份。这是第一个，此刻(2010年)也是唯一的一个成功例子，检查员相信可从中吸取许多东西。粮食署远不是被发现有良好做法的唯一机构，但在2009年4月，粮食署在其理事会决定(2006年6月)遵守IPSAS标准后不到三年，成功地将其2008年财务报表以IPSAS达标的方式提交，并得到其外部审计员的认证，这一成功在下一个财政年度又被重复，因此值得详细介绍。本节主要依据粮食署执行主任的正式文件(包括关于项目的6份进展报告)，公布的材料和外部审计员的报告和声明。为简洁起见，本文仅提供极少的参考来源；其他的参考来源可应要求提供。", "2. 预计IPSAS达标的财务期开始日的最后期限给粮食署IPSAS项目组只有18个月的准备时间。采用IPSAS的工作从零开始，一次搞一块，是个多方面的、有时限的复杂项目。由于领导得力和仔细的风险管理，项目最后按原来的设想成功实施。因为粮食署最终是唯一的所谓“先行者”，它在有关IPSAS的会计技术问题的制定方面走在了整个联合国系统的前面。这一重大的举措涉及：全面审查所有的财务政策并对其进行许多修改，编制相关的政策指南手册、和广泛的工作人员培训。", "A. 作为筹备工作的第一步，建立财务管理", "3. 这一了不起的成就也引领了整个组织财务管理改革的总体进程，其起源至少早在2002-2003年两年期就存在了，当时，在其外部审计员(英国国家统计局)及其最高管理层的鼓动下，粮食署保证改进其财务行政管理。", "4. 在该实体总部各级、地区办事处和实地办事处财务职能部门所有人共同的促动因素、知识和问责的基础上建立了IPSAS项目：在他们之间必须创立一个活跃的网络以确保对组织的业务模式的全面了解和实施，以及一片乐于接受必要改革的肥沃的土地。为此，关键职位必须以足够数量的、具备所需资格的工作人员及时填补。培训财务管理人员和工作人员，以及这些不同级别的人员组合，是成功的一个关键因素，是创造现代会计文化的一个前提条件。", "5. 2004-2005年，粮食署的领导向其理事会、捐助方和管理层推出了一系列旨在改进财务报告的质量和及时性的举措。这些管理优先事项包括以下方面：", "随后在升级后称为WINGS II)；", "B. 会计标准的选择：坚定的积极立场", "6. 2005年1月，粮食署外部审计员认为，粮食署已经提供了IAS/IFRS或IPSAS所要求的几乎完整的一套财务报表。外部审计员向理事会提交了财务报告标准报告，其中外部审计员鼓励粮食署理事会接受普遍公认的国际会计标准， 之后，执行主任设立了一个指导委员会和一个专题工作队，以驾驭过渡朝着这个方向进行。在与外部组织和会计标准专家讨论之后，他们对可能需要修改的粮食署的条例和细则进行了逐步审查，以便粮食署全面采用国际会计标准。朝着应计制会计改变是所有现代会计标准的共同要求，其实施会大大有助于实体实施任何这些标准。2007年，粮食署认识到，其目前的、支持IPSAS某些方面的信息网和全球系统使粮食署近年来得以对其财务报告进行了系统的改进，包括应计制的收入确认、按市场价确认投资、按交付原则确认支出和年度财务报告。在这方面，粮食署已经达到了IPSAS准备就绪的先进水平。", "7. 但这来得并不容易：IPSAS是以原则为基础的。粮食署是联合国里第一个实施IPSAS的，也是全世界第一批实施组织中的一个，其IPSAS团队经常不得不在机构间工作队讨论和公布任何指导原则之前就要起草许多政策。一些非常难起草的政策包括：库存的资本化，归入支出和衡量问题，财务手段，实物服务，财产、固定资产和设备，无形资产，和尤其是，岁入的确认――鉴于粮食署和私营部门之间有很大的差别，这是特别困难的，但这也要评估基于会费的组织和国家的情况。将以前UNSAS达标的财务报表同目前IPSAS达标的财务报表作一比较，就能大致了解会计政策方面所面临的冲击和困难。", "8. 粮食署对于全系统范围工作队和专题工作队的支助工作的态度是全面积极参与和坚决向前推进，如有必要的话，甚至走在工作队前面，就像培训材料的情况那样(粮食署对于延误的行政协调会的培训包不是靠等，而是自己制作培训材料向前走)。作为先走一步的采用者，粮食署关于IPSAS实施工作的看法和经验对于联合国系统各组织是非常实用的。在联合国的讨论还不够成熟无法就所有IPSAS问题拿出意见时，管理层就按自己的看法，对这些标准作出与外部审计员的意见一致的解释。在没有IPSAS的地方，就用国际财务报告标准(IFRS)。作为“开路先锋”，粮食署不能总是依赖联合国就过渡期间面临的范围广泛的问题提供实际的意见和咨询。实际情况是，其他联合国组织把粮食署作为方向和榜样。粮食署也同其他IPSAS的先驱保持联系，如，欧洲委员会、北约和瑞士政府。", "9. 2005年夏季，专题工作队同行政协调会的项目开发组讨论了此事并加快了转向IPSAS的步伐，当时，粮食署对这一过渡已经做好准备并摆出先走一步的姿态，准备发挥领头作用。它出了两份基本文件，对其自身的情况提出了自主的深入想法：一个从2005年到2008年向国际会计标准过渡的暂定时间表和在逐条对照IPSAS标准进行差距分析基础上提出的本组织所需要的所有改革的一览表。它们构成了粮食署IPSAS项目的骨干内容。执行委员会于2006年6月批准的业务计划包括：时间框架、阶段性成果、与WINGS II项目的协调和估计费用、预算和筹资选择，以使粮食署能以如建议的那样从2008年开始实施IPSAS。", "C. 全面衡量和实现要实施的任务", "10. 根据粮食署外部审计员关于两大项目：IPSAS和WINGS II准备情况的报告的摘录，从该组织的年度账目看，遵守国际会计标准所要求的远不止是财务报告的表述方面的修改和改进而已。在业务程序和目的声明(SOPs)方面需要改进，例如，粮食署如何管理和说明资产和负债；和如何对收入和支出做出说明和报告。这些都要求在粮食署的运作结构和财务程序上对业务流程和财务管理进行重大变动，这些都由秘书处在推进中。", "11. 如上所述，粮食署在进行许多这样的变革的准备方面比联合国系统其他实体都更充分，因此选择了快车道：从其起点，做了充分的准备，18个月完成过渡，也许是联合国系统所有组织中最短的达标路线。2006年，粮食署第一次准备了整套的(UNSAS达标)年度财务报表。这使该组织能够采用年度账目和全审计的做法作为年度财务期的预演，并从2008年起变为强制性的要求。这一领域受IPSAS的影响最直接，粮食署的财务报告股在应对实施挑战方面发挥了重要作用。粮食署启动了一系列为期6个月和9个月的“演习”，作为今后2008年账目的“IPSAS达标”部分。", "D. 一个成熟的项目", "1. 概况", "12. 根据委员会2005年11月的决定，秘书处为会计标准项目制定了全面的工作计划。该计划简要说明了查明和处理因实施IPSAS而须修改粮食署条例和细则、会计政策和行政程序的做法。为项目的不同阶段提出了阶段性成就，包括：分析工作、政策和程序修改建议、管理层、外部审计员和委员会核可、制定指导原则和培训总部和实地办事处工作人员。秘书处也编制了实施费用的概算。", "2. 管治", "13. 过渡的管治最初设想为一个相对较小的团队(4名财务顾问、1名项目管理顾问、1名其他方面顾问、两名财务工作人员和4名其他人员)，在一位全职项目经理领导下工作，向首席财务官报告，该财务官也负责WINGS II项目，因此能监测WINGS II/IPSAS的协同增效情况。2007年，设立了“项目管治委员会”，向IPSAS项目提供高级别的监督、指导和咨询。为落实内部审计建议和风险评估，在项目工作人员中又增加了一名变革管理协调员和一名项目管理协调员。此举减少了对顾问的依赖，提高了通信和培训的稳定性和监测和更新预算和工作计划方面的稳定性。", "3. 筹资", "14. 粮食署由于更新了财务管理文化很快(2005年9月)便能为以下方面编制详细的成本概算和预算计划要求：", "一. 向国际会计标准过渡；", "二. 本组织工作流程的变动；", "三. 资产管理；和", "四. 制定政策、程序和指导手册。", "15. 为项目筹资的第一步是查明通过内部消化额外的费用而可节省开支的地方。第二步是寻求与已经存在的、相关的项目的协同。第三步就是寻找新形式的资金来源。", "16. 2006年6月，委员会授权从方案支助和行政额度中拨款370万美元，以支付2008年财政期及时引进IPSAS的为期两年的费用。两年后，对项目开支的追溯性分析突出表明总体开支水平与计划的数额相似，说明工作人员费用(受联合国共同制度所支配)的预算不足被大部分其他项目，尤其是旅差费的节省所弥补。在整个项目期，顾问的费用保持在30万美元的特低水平，而预计是50万美元――其本身与其他一些组织比较也是相对较低的。", "4. 人力资源", "17. 项目计划规定要建立一个敬业的团队在粮食署工作人员的配合下实施会计标准项目，在其主管和负责的领域提供相关的专门知识。物色到了一名项目经理来领导项目，吸收了内部专门人才、编内专家并专门招聘了顾问以确保粮食署有能力向IPSAS成功过渡。但人员配备碰到了困难：当项目在2006年开始聘用IPSAS领域的编内专家时，几乎一个都没找到。许多会计师是国际财务报告标准或新西兰或澳大利亚标准的专家，但在IPSAS实施方面几乎没什么经验。只有那些曾在经合发组织和欧委会等先驱组织工作的人才会有IPSAS经验。此外，许多顾问只有IPSAS的理论经验，但没有实践经验。最后，项目经理选择了聘用专业会计师并给他们必要的时间熟悉IPSAS, 在他们身上投资，以便随着时间的推移，他们能掌握实施IPSAS的专门知识。", "5. 内容和可交付成果", "18. 该团队制定了全面的实施文件以指导业务用户和系统开发者，其内容覆盖所有IPSAS和IPSAS征求意见稿，包括新的会计要求和实务草案，从2008年1月1日起粮食署财务报表的编制便以此为依据。会计各个领域的详细的实施计划将实施文件与实际采用IPSAS联系起来，包括为库存、员工福利、以及财产、固定资产和设备及按IPSAS标准的岁入的核算，确定2008年1月1日的期初余额。将为业务单位和财务专业人员编制一份实施手册。", "E. 一个有抱负的组织：宣传、培训和变革管理", "1. 宣传和培训支持", "19. 作为宣传计划的一部分，粮食署建立了一个IPSAS过渡专题特别网页，并另外制作了关于该主题的从2006年到2008年的“进展报告”系列共6份，对所有过去和即将到来的决定的相关资料做了解释或建议，提交委员会供参考、审议或批准，从而使委员会充分知情、胸有抱负并为顺利推进过渡进程积极行动。", "20. 粮食署工作人员使用频繁的IPSAS项目互联网网页提供关于以下方面的资料：联合国会计标准、国际会计标准、国际公共部门会计标准及其采用过程。对于用户检索IPSAS资料或指南，它是一站式信息来源。作为宣传战略的一部分，向财务官员及其他工作人员分发了半月刊简报，主要是向实地工作人员通报项目的进展情况。具有IPSAS项目在其他组织实施经验的IPSAS专家和财务专家为粮食署的工作人员举办讲习班，使他们熟悉IPSAS实施工作的性质。在2006年下半年和2007年年初，在所有地区办事处都举办了讲习班，向地区主任、国别办事处主任和财务官员简要介绍IPSAS的实施活动和对粮食署的主要影响。随着IPSAS达标进程的到来，安排了更多的培训讲习班和培训班。", "21. 同样，有必要维持信息向最高管理层、中级管理层和工作人员的流动并得到反馈，以便提高认识和形成支持。IPSAS实施团队采用了组织宣传和培训战略，以确保在粮食署内部IPSAS的认识和知识有广泛的覆盖面。这项工作与WINGS II和人力资源司培训股进行了协调，以确保效率和规模经济效益。2008年初，在总部和实地办事处的定期IPSAS培训已经培训了1,400名工作人员。2008年一整年将为委员会成员、和联合国工作组和活动的参加者等利益攸关方开办复习课程。与纽约IPSAS工作队的协调在继续进行，编制了适用联合国的应计制会计专题培训材料，但尚未出版，或尚不可用。", "22. 培训、宣传、讨论、讲习班、会议和工作组，这些合在一起需要大量的时间，才能把人们的行为从UNSAS转变为IPSAS, 并且，IPSAS被认为是(事实上也是)更难、要求更高。因此，转变行为，尤其是那些“不信者”的行为，是极困难的，需要使用各种手段。", "2. 与执行委员会保持“一致”", "23. 粮食署就IPSAS项目与其由联合国和粮农组织36个成员国和捐助国和接受国组成的执行委员会建立并保持了密切的联络关系。尽管执行委员会成员多样，从2005年到2009年，外部审计员和粮食署秘书处就各自的作用提出了各种报告，为委员会演了“二重奏”。对向国际会计标准过渡问题提出了相近的看法，这样就创造了信任的气氛，在情况的每一阶段对风险、所提的建议和预期效益作了解释。在行政和财务领域提高并保持这种兴趣和支持――往往被认为对成员国代表吸引力较小――是一个重大成就。对于相对于以往按联合国财务标准编制的、使用预算财务报告格式的财务报表来说，关于新的IPSAS达标的财务报表的可懂程度问题有人表示关切。这类问题通过不断进行的讨论、吹风会、非正式磋商、财务问题研讨会和客座专家讲座等活动来解决。", "24. 还通过不同方式与立法机关(执行委员会)进行沟通，包括上文提到的6份进展报告的特别系列。这尤其为加强财务行政管理争取到了一些职位的最初的资金，以及此后的相对直截了当的IPSAS和WINGS的资金，从而使各团队无需浪费精力在筹措资金上，而能专心致志于与项目有关的实质性活动。结果，执行委员会核可了所建议的走向IPSAS的各个步骤。然而，获得资金还是比改变管理层和工作人员根深蒂固的工作和管理流程要容易。这在粮食署，就像在其它组织一样，十分困难。", "F. 在网络中的一个项目", "1. 机构伙伴关系", "25. 粮食署从来不是孤立地工作的。就像其在内部组织了提高思想认识和培训活动一样，它也非常愿意最大限度地利用与现有的外部合作伙伴的有利的联系。", "26. 其中，第一个伙伴是来自联合王国国家统计局的粮食署外部审计员，他很快就被证明是采用国际公认的会计标准的推动力量，特别是在他就这个主题提出的供执行委员会审议的报告中。[105] 外部审计员和粮食署执行主任经常在各自的报告中强调他们的宝贵合作，直至2009年他们自豪地分享了实现IPSAS达标的2008年第一套财务报表的荣誉，并以外部审计员毫无保留的意见将这些财务报表提交执行委员会，而且，在下一个财政期又重复了这一情况。检查员认为有必要提到，除了外部审计员在当地的参与外，英国统计局在关于IPSAS的应用的教育和信息方面做了巨大的努力，包括从该局网站www.nao.org.uk下载的两份重要、详细的“指南”：", "27. 另一个重要的机构伙伴是审计委员会(AC)，据其2009年发表的年度报告，“投入了相当多的时间和注意力监督这一具有挑战性的项目。在每一次会议上，都审查实施计划和研究潜在的障碍，包括项目主要人员的变动。委员会指出了关键的阶段性成果(2008年6月和9月的“演习”)，评估管理所产生的结果，并就英国统计局和内部审计办公室独立提出的进展情况提出报告。就如何有效对付所遇到的障碍提出意见，并强化管理层对项目的承诺。委员会的看法和咨询意见均被转告管理层。在实施过程中和讨论财务报表草稿最后一稿时，委员会提出修改建议并审议管理层的反应。”", "28. 如上所述，粮食署由于积极参加专题工作队和相关的罗马“重点组”，在与联合国系统其它机构的互动方面发挥了超过其本身的作用。检查员再次强调，平心而论，粮食署特别是通过其机构财务文化，也许是准备最充分的组织――此说并无意贬低其在这一成功过渡中的功劳。[106]", "2. 内部伙伴关系", "29. 随着两个相互关联的项目IPSAS和WINGS II的协调规划和运行的构想和实施，另一个重要性绝不差的伙伴关系是内部伙伴关系。从一开始，协同增效和持续互动以查明并启动新的改进的业务流程对于避免工作重复或避免遗漏确保IPSAS达标的必要环节是至关重要的。但是，为WINGS II达到IPSAS的要求做准备，对于规模不大的粮食署IPSAS项目团队来说是更高水平的要求。", "30. 伙伴关系不仅涉及机构伙伴，而且，同样重要的是，秘书处的各组成部分。要在改善本组织的管理这一压倒一切的共同目标下，互相尊重，互相协作，在IPSAS和ERP项目上发挥各自独特而又互相协同的作用。在这种情况下，不应分主次、不应有竞争和混乱，要为有系统的不断发展扫清道路。对于所有用户和工作受到业务流程变化影响的工作人员来说也是这样。", "G. 法律框架和会计政策", "31. 项目团队查明了由于实施IPSAS而需要修改的总则、一般规则和财务条例。这一关于修改的初步评估受到重新评价，贯穿项目始终。影响到总则的主要修改是向年度财务报告的转变。没有找到需要委员会批准的其它会计政策修改。在这方面，粮食署的例子可说是特别有利的，因为，除了这一修改是例外，如此重大的过渡进程的一些资金在法律上就大部分在行政首长手中了。", "32. 从2005年起，粮食署就不断对其会计政策进行审查并作了修改，从而改进了财务报告的标准。例如，修改了收入确认政策，从现金改为应计收支，和修改了粮食署工作人员退休后健康保险负债的确认等。", "33. 与以往的标准(UNSAS)的主要不同包括：财产、固定资产和设备(PPE)的资本化，库存的记录，员工福利的记录和收入的确认。但是，IPSAS改革是一个持续的过程：在2008年IPSAS达标账目期初余额日之后几乎一年后，项目团队仍认为2008年是“过渡年”，言下之意，仍有进一步前进的余地。", "H. 最后情况，过渡带来的风险和红利", "34. 2008年6月，在资源允许的情况下，应保持IPSAS实施团队的能力，至少到2009年初WINGS II项目运转和2009年6月第一份IPSAS达标的财务报表提交委员会批准时。预计，IPSAS实施将于2009年6月完成，然后，项目生成的能力在顾及资源制约因素的情况下尽可能纳入主流。", "35. 仍然存在的主要挑战包括：库存会计，PPE的确认和完整性，岁入的确认和其它会计政策，与在实地由粮食署以外的组织管理的工作人员有关的员工福利的计算，无形资产的查实和管理，以及预算调节等。各种――内部的和外部的――利益攸关方的风险的许多连带风险，和IPSAS委员会的风险，都得到了评估并要加以管理。最大的紧张和压力关系到以下方面：高级管理层的支持，IPSAS达标的ERP系统的存在情况，维持工作人员的IPSAS的能力和知识，理事会的支持，与外部审计员的有效沟通，有效的宣传、培训和专题工作对的参与等。这一项目所在的机构已经十分重视所有这些因素，并且已是达标整整一年的时候，这些情况表明项目是，并且仍然是多么脆弱，这要到每个人都习惯了自己承担的新角色为止。在第六份也是最后一份进展报告中提出的追溯性风险分析的结论是：“挑战包括：愿意投身于一个短期项目的合格人员稀少，实施的时间紧，缺乏专门的培训材料，以及在项目初期阶段缺乏内部能力。” [107]", "36. 换言之，主要挑战是：不断给理事机关吹风，与内部利益攸关方打交道，与外部审计员沟通，处理与内部审计员的意见分歧，处理机构间专题工作队内部关于会计标准的困难和意见分歧，和仍然继续实施下去。为消除分歧和试图提出形形色色的解决办法和风险缓解办法花费了无数的时间。", "37. 粮食署及其外部审计员有理由为其成就自豪：实现了IPSAS达标和2009年6月关于这一主题的小册子，标题是：“粮食署引领道路：提高联合国系统会计实务的信誉和透明度――粮食署2008年IPSAS达标的财务报表一瞥”，而外部审计员为2010年2月执行委员会会议编写的关于IPSAS红利的报告的小标题是：“加强财务管理”[108]。报告没有把WINGS II和IPSAS项目的成功看作是目的，而是顾名思义，建议利用其给财务报告带来的好处，以便：", "附件五", "关于联检组建议有待各参加组织采取的行动一览表JIU/REP/2010/6", "[TABLE]", "图例： L： 供立法机构作决定的建议", "E： 供行政首长采取行动的建议(*在行政协调会则由行政协调会主席)", "：： 无需该组织采取行动的建议", "预定影响： a： 强化问责 b：推广最佳做法 c：加强协调与合作 d：加强监控和遵守 e：提高效力 f：节省大量资金 g：提高效率 o：其他", "** 包括ST/SGB/2002/11中所列所有实体，但贸发会议、毒品和犯罪办、环境署、人居署、难民署、近东救济工程处除外。", "[1] 联检组章程第5条。", "[2] 国际会计师联合会，研究报告13：公共部门的管治：理事会的视角，2001年8月。", "[3] 虽然泛美卫生组织(PAHO)认为自己是世界卫生组织(卫生组织)的美洲区域办事处，但不是联检组的参加组织。但是，它出现在参加(包括财务上)机构间项目和会计准则专题工作队的22个组织中，并在秘书长关于国际公共部门会计准则的进展报告中受到审查。", "[4] 他的著作包括Normes IFRS et PME (2004)和Les Normes IPSAS et le Secteur Public (2008)，后者由巴黎Dunod追认发表。已计划译成英文。", "[5] 除了制定一般目的财务报表外，一个实体可为要求量身定做财务报表以满足其特殊信息需要的用户编制财务报表(如，政府机关，立法和履行监督职能的其他方面)。这种报表称为“特殊目的财务报表”。", "[6] 于1973年成立。", "[7] 于1991年成立，作为独立的私人资助的会计准则制定机构。", "[8] 欧洲会计专家联合会 (FEE)：政府采用应计制会计和预算编制(2003年7月)，此后简称为“FEE 2003”。", "[9] A/46/341, 第9和10段。", "[10] A/RES/45/235, 第5段。", "[11] A/48/530。", "[12] 例如，第4段说：“如果这些根本的会计假设没有被采用，则应披露该事实并说明理由。”", "[13] 国际会计师联合会由124个国家和管辖区的159名会员和非正式会员组成，代表250多万会计师。", "[14] 见www.ifac.org，“国际公共部门会计准则序言”，2008年，第30-35页。", "[15] 值得指出的是，这一举措不仅得到世界银行和国际货币基金的支持，而且还得到联合国和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)的支持。", "[16] 2010年国际会计师联合会国际公共部门会计通报手册目录见附件一。", "[17] 例如，“收入”变成“岁入”和“支出”，“开支”，在含义上略有差别。", "[18] 专题工作队成员自己选举主席，须得到财务和预算网和高级别管理委员会认可。", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, 第25(a)至(e)。", "[20] A/60/846 和A/60/846/Add.3及提交行预咨委会的补充资料。", "[21] A/60/870, 第42段。", "[22] A/RES/60/283, 第IV节。", "[23] 或“变通现金”，一种在联合国系统使用的说法，但从来没有令人满意地解释过。", "[24] 180 EX/33, 第一部分，修订本。", "[25] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会，向应计制会计过渡：政府和政府实体指南(2003年)，第7页，第1.19段。", "[26] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会，资源核算：联合王国中央政府部门会计准则制定大纲(2002年)。", "[27] 资产净值或纯资产值是一个实体的资产在扣除了负债后的净值。开始采用国际公共部门会计准则的大多数国家都是负资产净值，而新西兰是极少数几个例外之一。", "[28] A/64/7/Add.4。", "[29] 同上，第5.3段。", "[30] COM 2002 755最后稿：欧洲共同体会计制度现代化，布鲁塞尔，2002年12月17日。", "[31] 180 EX/33第一部分，修订本。", "[32] “库存是资产：(a) 以要在生产过程中消耗的材料或用品的形式出现；(b) 以要在提供服务的过程中消耗或分配的材料或用品的形式出现；(c) 在普通的经营过程中留作销售或分配的；或(d) 在生产过程中用于销售或分配的”(IPSAS 12)。", "[33] 资本化是“将支出作为资产而不是费用记录”(www.reallifeaccounting.com/dictionary.asp)。", "[34] ULO――未清偿债务是UNSAS下的一种会计交易，承认所订购的货物或服务(无论是否已经交付)的将来的债务。在财务期内可能出现或不出现。", "[35] 合并财务报表是将构成报告实体的所有实体的财务报表的表述过程，将其作为一个单一实体的财务报表处理。这涉及逐行将所有项目加在一起，消掉报告实体成员之间的任何交易或结余。这些实体在提供财务资料供审议时需要遵从标准政策和分类(IPSAS 6)。", "[36] 控制是支配另一个实体的财务和经营政策以便从其实体受益的权力。", "[37] A/63/5 (Vol.I)，第二章，第10(a)和27段。", "[38] A/63/496第7段。", "[39] A/64/355第12和45-47段。", "[40] IPSAS 1, 第66段。", "[41] 同上，第69段。", "[42] 历史成本：基于实际购买成本的资产值。", "[43] 公平价值是在知情的、愿意的双方在近距离交易中资产可与之交换、或了结债务的数额(IPSAS 9)。是按市场价值估算的。", "[44] 遗产资产是承载文化、环境、教育和历史意义的资产(IPSAS 17)，例如日内瓦的万国宫或亚的斯亚贝巴的ECA大楼。", "[45] 见上文定义，脚注43。", "[46] 马来西亚前副总会计师The Ben Chu, “公共部门的应计制会计”，特许注册会计师协会 (ACCA)国际公共部门公报，第11期，2008年2月。", "[47] H. Mellet, 卡迪夫商学院(BS)和Neil Marriot, Winchester BS,“公共部门资源会计：实施问题”，同上。", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24。", "[49] 见A/65/5(vol.I)，第164-180段。", "[50] A/60/450和A/61/730。", "[51] A/60/450, 附件一。", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1。", "[53] 原子能机构，机构2007年账目，GC(52)/11, 第100段。", "[54] 欧洲会计专家联合会，“应计制会计促进更有效的公共政策”(2006年2月)。", "[55] 当一个实体收到来自另一个实体的价值而没有直接给大约相当的价值作为交换(如，馈赠、捐款、捐赠等)。", "[56] 例如，捐助方可对转让的资产附加条件，要求资源在两年期内使用并要求退还未使用部分。", "[57] 见联检组报告2010/7“联合国系统各组织信托基金行政管理的政策和程序”。", "[58] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, (01-01-2007)第56段。", "[59] UNSAS, Rev. VIII, 第9段。", "[60] IPSAS 4。", "[61] A/62/806。", "[62] 工发组织，外部审计员关于联合国工业发展组织2006年1月1日至2007年12月31日财政期账目的报告，IDB.35/3, 第13段。", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21。", "[64] 见A/64/355中的表格。", "[65] 例如，维也纳国际中心，奥地利授权联合国系统一些组织使用，除了维修或由联合国/维和行动部签署的协议效力(或任务)地位(SOFAs, SOMAs)中列明的物品外，一律免费。IPSAS没有这类情况的规定。", "[66] 清单见进展报告A/62/806和A/64/355的附件一。", "[67] A/62/806。", "[68] FEE, 2003, 同上。", "[69] 领导变革：为什么改革努力失败了。John P. Kotter, 哈佛商业评论，1994年。", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5, 第二章，第52段。", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3, 第二章，第51段。", "[72] PRINCE2(有控环境中的项目)是基于过程的进行项目有效管理的方法――是联合王国政府和私营部门广泛使用的标准。", "[73] 见http://www.prince2.com/what-is-prince2.asp。", "[74] A/65/5(第1卷)，第33段。", "[75] 会计工作的内部控制笼统定义为一个组织管理层所设想并确立的一套总体政策和程序，以保护资产和资料、确保会计记录的质量和及时制作可靠的财务和管理资料。", "[76] 见欧洲共同体委员会，委员会的来文，COM (2002年)。", "[77] 指导委员会由来自以下方面的参加者组成：财务、预算、人力资源、信息技术、培训、对外关系、实地用户、和审计。", "[78] 见行预咨委会报告A/64/531, 第12段末。", "[79] 前一年的财务报表须重新编制，以根据IPSAS表述财务数据。", "[80] 处是欧委会内的一个行政单位。", "[81] A/65/5(第1卷)，第33段。", "[82] A/64/380。", "[83] A/64/355, 第68段。", "[84] 把握改革――新的公共管理应计制会计和预算编制，Deloitte, 荷兰2004年。", "[85] A/64/355, 第19段。", "[86] 同上，第19段。", "[87] CEB/2008/HLCM/7。", "[88] 内部监控管理框架模型连续使用的名称(COSO 1992)，然后是风险管理模型(COSO 2, 2004)，来自2002年Sarbanes-Oxley法案后，欺诈性财务报告国家委员会主办组织委员会。", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1(增编)，第191段。", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7(增编)，第47段。", "[91] A/64/355, 第27段。", "[92] 确定在一个会计期之前或之后一项交易是否发生，从而确保交易被记录在会计账册中并在相关时期的财务报表中得到确认所使用的审计程序。", "[93] 加拿大、中国、法国、德国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、南非、瑞士和联合王国。", "[94] “UNSAS向IPSAS转换――联合国采用IPSAS：内部审计处应扮演什么角色？”", "[95] 2005年11月：给高级别管理委员会的建议25, 第4段。", "[96] 见上述第二章5, 2005-2007年：采用IPSAS的政治决定。", "[97] CEB/2010/HLCM/7。", "[98] CEB/2010/HLCM/26。", "[99] A/62/806。", "[100] 公平价值是知情、愿意的双方在近距离交易中一件资产可被交换、或一项债务被了结的数额。(IPSAS术语)", "[101] FASB-IASB联合新闻稿，(2009年3月24日)。", "[102] 详情见风险，2009年5月20日。", "[103] 国际会计师联合会，研究13, 公共部门的管治：理事机关的视角(2001年8月)。", "[104] 见，例如，开发署、人口基金和项目厅采用IPSAS的进展报告：给执行理事会的简报(2009年6月1日)，可检索 www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt。", "[105] 外部审计员关于世界粮食规划署财务报告标准的报告(WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)。", "[106] 见JIU/REP/2009/7, 世界粮食规划署管理和行政审查。", "[107] 关于IPSAS实施情况的第六份进展报告(WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1)，第31段。", "[108] 外部审计员关于IPSAS红利：加强财务管理的报告(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)。" ]

[ "A/66/308 [] 大会:2011年8月16日\n页:1", "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织对国际公共部门会计准则的准备情况”的报告。", "页:1", "JIU/REP/2010/6 (续)", "联合国系统各组织为公共部门的\n(公共部门会计准则)", "编写人:", "热拉尔·比罗", "联合检查组", "2010年,日内瓦", "[]", "联 合 国", "JIU/REP/2010/6 (续)", "贸易和发展理事会", "联合国系统各组织为公共部门的\n(公共部门会计准则)", "编写人:", "热拉尔·比罗", "联合检查组", "[]", "2010年联合国,日内瓦", "内容提要", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的准备情况", "JIU/REP/2010/6 (续)", "本报告的目的是概述联合国系统各组织向《国际公共部门会计准则》(《公共部门会计准则》)过渡的情况和执行状况,并表明每个组织是如何开展这一进程的,重点是确定最佳做法和可能的风险。", "2006年,大会通过采用一套具体的联合国会计标准,试图统一联合国系统各组织的财务报告做法并提高其财务报表的可比性,此后25年,大会认可了行政首长协调会的建议并核准联合国采用公共部门会计准则。 其他联合国组织也很快效仿,因为公共部门会计准则被公认为最适合非营利性政府间组织。", "采用《公共部门会计准则》被视为联合国系统内的一个关键改革要素,并继续得到理事机构和高级管理层的支持。 自2006年以来,联合国系统各组织在与公共部门会计准则的要求保持一致方面取得了进展。 然而,他们越来越意识到,这项工作将比最初预见的更为艰巨和复杂。 在接受审查的22个组织中,有一个组织(粮食计划署)已经收到外部审计员对其2008年和2009年财务报表的无保留意见(即赞成意见),这些财务报表是按公共部门会计准则编制的。 (其经验和最佳做法载于附件四);八 -- -- 民航组织、海事组织、国际电联、泛美卫生组织、教科文组织、工发组织、知识产权组织和气象组织 -- -- 已按2010年的原定目标采用《国际公共部门会计准则》,其外聘审计员将在2011年确定它们是否确实遵守了《国际公共部门会计准则》,二个(原子能机构和万国邮联)预计将于2011年实施《国际公共部门会计准则》,九个(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、人口基金、难民署、儿基会、项目厅、近东救济工程处和世卫组织)预计将于2012年实施,两个(联合国和世旅组织)预计将于2014年实施。", "审查表明,采用公共部门会计准则开始对联合国系统各组织产生重大影响,远远超出会计范围。 向公共部门会计准则的转换应可加强资源和业务流程的管理并改进整个联合国系统的成果管理制。 根据各组织对《国际公共部门会计准则》要求的初步准备情况,向《国际公共部门会计准则》的过渡是大多数组织的一项重大工作,因为它影响到会计、财务报告和相关信息技术系统,应导致对规划、决策、预算编制和财务报告采取新的办法。 预计按照独立的国际标准报告资产、负债、收入和支出,将大大提高联合国系统财务报表的质量、可比性和对会员国、捐助者和工作人员的信誉,加强问责制、透明度和治理。", "许多组织低估了所需的协调努力和资源,没有进行初步准备和风险评估。 审查还发现,向公共部门会计准则的成功过渡取决于高级管理层的有力支持和参与、部门内专职工作队以及采用项目管理办法。", "管理问题高级别委员会(高管会)领导下的全系统项目对于支持联合国系统各组织的公共部门会计准则项目至关重要。 该项目由会计准则工作队协调,包括编制会计指南、培训材料和公共部门会计准则小组之间交流经验(如秘书长的进度报告和会计准则网站等所反映),并参与公共部门会计准则委员会的制定标准工作。", "除了概述应用《公共部门会计准则》的预期效益外,本报告还确定并讨论了行政首长为确保成功过渡到《公共部门会计准则》而应考虑的若干风险。", "报告建议,行政首长除了向各自立法机构提出的两项建议外,还应确保执行本报告确定的下列16个最佳做法。 检查专员知道,大多数建议的做法目前或已经由许多组织实施。", "实施向公共部门会计准则平稳过渡的一套16个最佳做法:", "1. 联合国 设立一个部门间公共部门会计准则项目指导委员会或同等机构,负责确保高级管理层了解推动向公共部门会计准则过渡的目标和愿景。 该委员会应有多年期任务,并包括专门从事企业资源规划系统的预设计、设计和执行的工作人员。", "2:深入分析现行业务流程、程序、财务报告和根据《联合国系统会计准则》开发的功能与《公共部门会计准则》各项准则的要求和影响之间的差距。", "3: 在项目环境发生重大变化的情况下,重新评估采用国际公共部门会计准则的初步战略,并视需要加以调整。", " 4.四. 采用经过验证的项目规划和执行方法,包括明确界定的战略目标、可交付成果、时间表、里程碑和监测程序。", "5 (韩语). 制定战略,根据先前的会计标准,为目标实施日期(遵守准则的第一年的第一天)编制符合公共部门会计准则的期初结余,并编制前一天的期末结余,但就目标年度期初结余而言,这些结余很容易转换成公共部门会计准则。", "6. 国家 为确保理事机构继续参与变革进程,定期向理事机构提供实施公共部门会计准则的最新进展情况,并请求它们通过相关决定,尤其是关于财务条例所需修订和项目资源分配的决定。", "7. 联合国 确定行政、预算和财务领域所需的额外人力资源并编制预算,以确保不仅有效执行向公共部门会计准则的过渡,而且有足够的能力保持今后遵守公共部门会计准则。", "8. 联合国 确保提供财政资源,在可行的情况下培训会计、业务和改革管理方面的内部专家,或征聘外部专家。", "9. 国家 彻底分析现有(遗留)信息系统与公共部门会计准则要求的兼容性和协同作用,并作为初步差距分析的一个主要内容,赞赏企业资源规划系统为支持公共部门会计准则而必须作的变革。", "10个 通过所有可用的通信、培训和文件手段,宣传对向公共部门会计准则过渡的认识。 可以通过个人接触、陈述和实体外成功案件所涉人员的证词、务虚会、实际练习和其他培训材料,比较现行和新的会计政策来实现这一目标。", "11个 通过使用具体文件(手册)和培训,确保现有和今后工作人员,特别是管理人员、供应链和财务工作人员充分熟悉新的程序和要求。", "12个 按照项目目标通过风险评估、管理和缓解战略和做法来实施项目。", "13个 计划并编制临时财务报表,供外聘审计员在最后执行日期之前及早审查,以避免令人不愉快的出其不意。", "14个 在可行的情况下尽快建立并保持本组织与其外聘审计师之间关于向公共部门会计准则过渡的双边对话,以帮助确保外聘审计师和内聘审计师深入了解新系统及其对控制程序的影响,因为实施公共部门会计准则需要转向权责发生制会计。", "15个 在公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段对内部控制进行持续测试,以确保数据的准确性。", "16号. 确保该系统在完工前进行独立和全面的验证和核查。", "考虑到所有这些最佳做法,以下头两项建议是专门针对联合国系统各组织的立法机构提出的,第三项是针对其行政首长提出的:所有这些建议都旨在加强问责制、效力和效率,使联合国系统每个组织向实施公共部门会计准则过渡。", "建议1", "立法机构应请各自的行政首长定期就《公共部门会计准则》的执行情况发表进度报告。", "建议2", "立法机构应提供必要的支持、人员和资金,以确保成功而有效地向公共部门会计准则过渡。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保在实施公共部门会计准则项目时采用联检组本报告所查明的16个最佳做法。", "目 录", "页次\n执行。 页:1\n缩略语. 9\n章次 段次 页次\n我当然知道 I. 导 言. 1 - 8 1 - 3\nA. 起源 2-3 1\nB. 目标 4-5 2\nC. 方法. 6 - 8 2\n二. (原始内容存档于2019-09-28). Towds IPSAS. 9-28 4-8 A. A. 财务报告为什么需要国际会计 9-13 4\n标准\nB组. B. 联合国系统各组织面临的两难境地 14 4\nC. 第一个难以实现的解决办法:联合国会计标准 15-18 5\nD. 解决旧困境的新办法:国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则) 19-21 6\nE. 2005-2007年: 采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定 22-28 7\n三. (原始内容存档于2019-09-26) (中文(简体) ).\nA类. A. 对应计制会计的主要改变 29-37 9\n1. 小说 29-30 9\n2. 挑战 31-35 9\n3. 养恤金 36-37 10\nB. 与实施公共部门会计准则有关的其他问题 38-51 11\n1. 名誉风险 38-40 11\n2. 潜在风险 41-43 12\n3. 改革管理 44 12\n4. 公共部门会计准则耗费时间和金钱 45-46 12\n5. 文化方面 47-48 13\n6. 政治方面 49-51 14\nC. 影响最大的一些会计变化 52-72 15\n1. 财务报表的列报 53 15\n2. 资产的处理:财产、工厂和设备 54-59 15\n3. 雇员福利 60-64 16\n4. 预算问题 65-69 18\n5. 收入的确认 70 19\n6. 基金会计. 71 19\n7. 外汇汇率和财务报表的提交时间 72 20\n四. 因特网系统中的国际公共部门会计准则\nA类. 全系统项目 74-83 21\n1. 机构间工作 74-76 21\n2. 交付品和服务 77-83 22\nB组. 各组织的项目:战略问题和多样性\n1. 治理和改革管理 84-94 23\n2. 差距分析和用户 95-96 24\n3. 分阶段和计划的战略 97-102 26\n4. 项目管理 103-108 27\n5. 企业资源规划 109-111 29\n6. 与理事机构及其初步期望保持一致 112-113 29\n7. 人力资源 114-116 31\n8. 财政资源 117-118 32\n9. 企业资源规划及其同实施公共部门会计准则的互动 119-129 31\n10. 认识和交流 130-133 36\n11. 培训 134-139 37\n12. 风险评估 140-143 39\n13. 监督 144-155 41\nC. 一个关键指标:按组织分列的预期遵守日期 156-163 45\n五、《国际公共部门会计准则》\n六、结 论 结论 169-171 50\n\n附 录\nI. 《国际公共部门会计准则》(2010年IFACHand Book of International Public Science Accounts) 51\n二. 参与组织确认的每一项公共部门会计准则都具有重大意义 第52条\n三. 向公共部门会计准则过渡的流程。 第53条\n四、结 论 成绩:WFP程序\n V. 联检组建议62", "简称", "AC 审计委员会", "ACABQ 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "行政协调会 行政协调委员会", "离职后健康保险 离职后健康保险", "联合国审计委员会", "行政协商会 行政问题协商委员会", "行政问题协商委员会的财务和预算部门", "CEB 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会", "国家 国民议会", "欧盟委员会", "发展司 曝光草稿", "企业资源规划 企业资源规划", "FASB 财务会计准则理事会", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "FBN 财务和预算网", "FEE 欧洲计算机专家联合会", "FS 财务报表", "公认会计原则 公认会计原则", "HLCM 管理问题高级别委员会", "IAS 国际会计准则", "国际会计准则理事会", "国际会计准则委员会", "民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "信通技术 信息和通信技术", "国际会计师联合会 国际会计师联合会", "IFRIC 国际财务报告解释 委员会", "IFRS 国际财务报告准则", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "综管系统 综合管理信息系统", "国际海事组织(海事组织)", "IPSAS 国际公共部门会计准则", "国际公共部门会计准则B 国际公共部门会计准则委员会", "国际电联 国际电信联盟", "NAO 英国国家审计署", "非政府组织 非政府组织", "经合组织 经济合作与发展组织", "泛美卫生组织 泛美卫生组织", "波亚 外聘审计团", "个人防护设备 不动产、厂场和设备", "秘书长", "TF 会计准则工作队", "乌洛 未清偿债务", "联合国教科文组织.", "开发计划署 联合国开发计划署", "联合国人口基金", "联合国大会", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员", "儿童基金会 联合国儿童基金会", "联合国工业发展组织", "项目厅 联合国项目事务厅", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国系统会计准则", "世旅组织 联合国世界旅游组织", "万国邮联 万国邮政联盟", "粮食计划署 世界粮食计划署", "WHO 世界卫生组织", "WINGS 粮食计划署信息网络和全球系统", "世界知识产权组织", "气象组织 世界气象 组织", "一、导 言", "1. 联合国 1. 作为2008年工作方案的一部分,联合检查组(联检组)进行了题为“联合国系统各组织执行国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的情况”的审查。 本审查报告针对广泛的受众,力求处理一些复杂而相互关联的问题并提供全面概览。 鉴于IPSAS项目的规模和高度技术性(所有IPSAS标准的全文有1 000多页),将审查综合成一份可读和尽可能简明的报告是一项重大挑战。 因此,本报告中的资料以相对简短的章节提供,以便在必要时进行个别研究。 鼓励读者使用目录指导他们处理自己特别感兴趣的问题:", "理解改革的理由;", "联合国系统会计准则以及公共部门会计准则的要求和惠益将如何影响各组织;", "(b) 在机构间一级支持各组织的项目小组;", "联合国系统遵守《国际公共部门会计准则》的情况。", "A. 来源", "2. 联合国 自1980年以来,特别是自2004年以来,联合国系统各组织都认识到,需要有一个协调一致的进程,以便有序地过渡到遵守共同和国际公认的会计标准。 审查这一共同进程为联检组提供了一次难得的机会,联检组可以履行其任务,确保最佳利用提供给各组织的资源,特别是通过加强各组织之间的协调。 [1] 这一审查始于2008年,大多数研究和起草工作于2009年进行。", "3个 毫不奇怪,联合国系统的国际会计专家首先感受到进行这一改革的紧迫性。 检查专员回顾国际会计师联合会(会计师联合会)的严厉评估,该评估指出,“尽管高质量的财务报告和会计准则对改进治理、问责制和透明度十分重要,但联合国系统的大多数管理改革报告都没有将财务报告或会计准则同这三项改革目标联系起来”(世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)治理项目除外)。 具体地说,如果在过去几十年里适用了《公共部门会计准则》,就不会对基本建设总计划的必要性和费用、离职后健康保险负债,或特别是维持和平特派团中大约数百万个下落不明的资产产生不愉快的意外。", "B. 目标", " 4.四. 鉴于2006年和2007年已经作出所有原则上采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的决定,本报告将不详述其适当性,而是想提出以最有效的方式执行这些决定的方式和方法。 因此,本报告的目标是:", "决定转而采用国际公共部门会计准则,其中涉及主要的好处、挑战和困难;", "整个联合国系统会计和管理做法的变化;", "联合国系统各组织的立法机构、行政首长和管理人员评估其公共部门会计准则项目的执行情况,并视需要重新考虑其采用战略。", "5 (韩语). 本报告力求提高各秘书处的代表和官员对公共部门会计准则的认识,他们大多没有会计专业背景。 检查专员认为,必须使这一非常技术性的会计改革与其他任何管理改革一样容易理解,以便会员国和官员都能够认识到采用《公共部门会计准则》可望带来的益处。 另一个目标是帮助决策者根据联合国系统各组织会计和财务主任2004年和2005年以及随后于2006年和2007年由各自立法机构作出的决定,充分考虑最相关的成功因素,以尽快实现其编制符合公共部门会计准则的整套财务报表的共同目标。", "C. 方法", "6. 国家 审查涵盖2006年至2010年年中在所有参加组织实施公共部门会计准则的情况[3]。 根据联检组的内部标准和准则及其内部工作程序,编写本报告所采用的方法包括初步案头审查、访谈和深入分析。 联检组获得了对联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)会计准则工作队所分发的半年期调查问卷的答复。 此外,联检组向所有参加组织发出了详细的调查问卷。 根据收到的答复,检查专员与参加组织的官员进行了面谈。 他还征求了行政首长协调会秘书处和已经采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的组织的意见,其中包括经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)、欧洲联盟委员会和世界银行。 还征求了公共部门会计准则委员会、国际会计师联合会、联合国审计委员会和法国政府的意见。", "7. 联合国 已征求各参加组织对报告草稿的实质性评论,并在报告定稿时予以考虑。 根据《联检组章程》第11.2条,本报告是在检查专员之间协商后定稿的,以便利用联检组的集体智慧检验报告的结论和建议。 为便于处理报告、执行其建议并监测其执行情况,附件五载有一份表格,说明报告是提交有关组织采取行动还是供参考。 该表列出与每个组织有关的建议,具体说明这些建议是否需要该组织的立法或理事机构作出决定,或可由该组织的行政首长采取行动。 检查专员谨向所有协助他编写本报告的人表示感谢,并特别感谢参加访谈并分享其知识和专长的人。", "8. 联合国 本报告专门纪念Jean François des Robert,他向联检组讲课,为这一项目提供了灵感,尽管他是非洲、亚洲和中欧各国执行《国际财务报告准则》和《国际公共部门会计准则》的公认专家,但他谦虚地接受了从2008年1月至他于当年4月生命的最后几天作为联检组研究干事为该项目工作。 [4] 他作为专家以及堪称楷模的人,深受怀念. 该项目随后被暂停一年。", "二. 公共部门会计准则", "A类. 财务报告为何需要国际会计准则", "9. 国家 在决定从《联合国系统会计准则》向《国际公共部门会计准则》过渡之前,联合国系统大多数组织几乎没有会计师,对会计师在改进公共服务财务管理和确保提高资金效益方面能够起的实质性作用也很少了解。", "10个 财务报表的目标是向内部和外部用户提供关于私营或公共实体业绩和财务状况(即健康和财富)的结构化基本信息。 [5]", "11个 为了有用,所有用户必须平等理解财务报告,因此应适用权威和独立专家制定的共同的会计原则、政策或规则 -- -- 即会计准则的概念。 随着国际贸易、金融和投资交流的发展,需要共同的工具来评估商业实体的价值,要求国际上承认这些标准。", "12个 最初在私营部门感到,这种需要主要是由会计师解决的,他们先是在国内开会,然后在国际上开会,以建立和维持准则制定机构,如国际会计准则委员会[6] 及其后续机构,即总部设在伦敦的15个成员的国际会计准则理事会。 [7] 欧洲联盟于2005年规定其《国际财务报告准则》(IFRS)是所有上市公司的强制性准则,它们或其国家同类公司正逐步成为印度、南非、土耳其和美国等其他国家的强制性准则。", "13个 “国际会计准则的基本理念是,这些准则制定了一系列原则,据以判断关于特定交易记录的决定。 这些准则的适用和审计所依据的假设是,对会计理论和实践有透彻了解并接受具有类似背景的人员审计的人将适用这些准则。 “[8]", "B组. 联合国系统各组织面临的两难处境", "14个 联合国系统各组织用了25年的时间,才从缺乏会计和财务报告共同框架,使各组织之间无法比较财务报表,逐步采用同样的国际公认的会计标准。 这一演变的主要步骤如下:", "1980年 (中文(简体) ). 行政问题协商委员会(行政协商会)财务和预算部门设立一个统一金融服务工作组,并同意机构间常委会的建议应作为有用的准则。", "1981年:行政协调会采纳了从“普遍接受的会计原则”中得出的若干常识原则,该会计原则借鉴了会计在记录交易和编制财务报告时遵循的标准、惯例和规则。 具体而言,这些原则涉及连续性( \" 持续关注 \" )、一致性、谨慎、实质重于形式、披露重要的会计政策、重要性、诚意、周期性和规律性。 同年,行政问题(财务和预算)协商委员会(行政协商会)规定,联合国系统各组织必须披露会计政策。", "1980年代 关于制定一套专门针对联合国系统各组织的会计标准的困难(行政协商会(财务问题小组))或必要性(外聘审计团),存在着两种对立的观点。", "1991年:外聘审计团清楚地描述了联合国系统各组织面临的挑战: “当然,许多原因说明为何不能在联合国各组织非常不同的情况下直接适用专门为企业和商业会计的需要而制订的标准(......)。 更一般地说,联合国各组织的宗旨和目标、适当的披露要求、编制财务报表的各组织的利益和需要以及最后决算的各种使用者的利益和需要,在许多方面与商业机构的宗旨和目标大相径庭。” [9] 同年成立了标准委员会.", " C C. 第一种难以捉摸的解决办法:《联合国会计标准》", "15个 最后,应大会1990年12月21日对PoEA[10]的要求,秘书长1993年会计标准报告的附件[11]是联合国系统会计标准的第一版。 虽然在联检组审查时,联合国系统大多数组织已对这些标准进行了一系列修订并继续加以适用,但其目标仍未改变。", "16号. 采用《联合国系统会计准则》是联合国系统各组织会计采用共同语言和术语的重大步骤,但其目标只得到部分实现。", "17岁。 无论为修订《联合国系统会计准则》作出何种努力,三大缺陷依然存在,其灵活性和适应联合国系统各组织需要的代价是:", "我当然知道 I. 《联合国系统会计准则》为解释留出了很大的空间,因为建立《联合国系统会计准则》的案文承认主管财务事项的当局享有自由的原则,从而使各组织可以免除严格的纪律;[12]", "二. 因此,它们并不真正“有效”、“共同”或由此推而广之是可信的。", "三. 从审计师的角度来看,它们可能会引起利益冲突,因为它们是由代表其账户将按自己的标准进行审计的组织的机构颁布的。", "18岁。 虽然联合国系统为了使其会计做法现代化而不断修订自己的准则,但会计趋势在民间社会中正在迅速演变,特别是在世纪之交,发生了几起丑闻(Anron、WorldCom等),使公众舆论倾向于加强会计条例和政策及其国际趋同。 因此,越来越清楚的是,确保整个联合国系统财务报告和会计程序一致和可比较的唯一途径是确保所有财务披露都符合具有国际组成的独立外部当局发布的、适应非营利实体需要的同一套准则。", "D类. 解决旧困境的新办法:《国际公共部门会计准则》(《公共部门会计准则》)", " 19. 19. 所幸的是,在《国际财务报告准则》取得成功之后,1996年发起了一项满足这些需要的倡议。 国际会计师联合会[13]在多伦多设立了公共部门理事会(PSC),后更名为国际公共部门会计准则委员会(IPSASB),目的是制定国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS),其基础是类似于国际会计准则理事会所遵循的独立而透明的正当程序[14]。 [15]目的是制定高质量会计准则,供全世界公共部门实体在编制通用财务报告时使用。 公共部门实体包括国家政府、区域和地方政府及其组成实体。 政府间组织未包括在标准原始范围内。 国际公共部门会计标准委员会作为独立标准制定机构,在国际会计师联合会的主持下,与非常有限的工作人员合作。 它通过以下方式实现其目标:", "(公共部门会计准则)和其他声明[16];", "会计准则;", "公共部门。", "20号. 基本上,《公共部门会计准则》规定了与交易和事件有关的确认、衡量、列报和披露要求,这些要求将在通用财务报告中加以综合。 《国际公共部门会计准则》全文使用了一些新的术语[17],并举例说明对特定交易适用这些标准,以增进对其要求的理解。 为了帮助实行全系统采用《国际公共部门会计准则》所需的必要改革,会计准则工作队讨论了对标准和准则的解释。 到2007年底,全系统项目小组制定了一套符合公共部门会计准则的政策和准则,被联合国系统各组织接受为为促进整个联合国系统统一符合公共部门会计准则的财务报告提供一个稳定的平台。 2008年和2009年,接受、核准或核可了更多的全系统指导文件。 但对会计准则的解释,即使是在同一组织内部,也是不断争论的话题,并逐渐演变. (在这方面,粮食计划署作为早期的采纳者,无法从他人的指导中受益。 )", "21岁 与《国际财务报告准则》一样,《国际公共部门会计准则》要求全面遵守。 如果《国际公共部门会计准则》的任何要求没有完全满足,则不能声称任何财务报表符合《国际公共部门会计准则》。 尽管如此,为了为逐步实施《公共部门会计准则》铺平道路,管理问题高级别委员会根据工作队的建议(见下文第26段)提议,在完成过渡之前,以灵活的方式适用《联合国系统会计准则》,并顾及已经符合《公共部门会计准则》要求的会计政策和做法。", "E. 2005-2007年:采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定", "22号. 为了将注意力集中在需要改革联合国的会计制度上,2002年设立了一个会计准则工作队。 这个机构间小组由联合国系统各组织的会计师组成,由当时的联合国账户司司长(现为副主计长)所设立,他除了共同主持行政首长协调会的财务和预算网之外,还继续担任该小组的主席。 [18] 高管会核准按照工作队的建议,设立一个关于国际会计标准的联合“项目”。 一旦确定了合格的组长和联合供资,该项目就使各组织有机会通过问卷和对各种可交付成果(职位文件、指南草案等)的评论,按照严格的时间表分发,交流想法和经验。", "23. 联合国 行政首长协调会项目小组向工作组成员提出的第一个基本问题涉及联合国系统的最佳会计标准以及评估这些标准的标准。 提出了四个备选方案:", "新西兰", "对联合国具体情况的几项豁免。", "24 (韩语). 在联系的28个组织中,收到的12个正式答复(其中一些来自最大的组织)相当重视“国际性质、强有力的正当程序和完全应计”的标准(见第29至37段)。 有趣的是,各组织几乎在赞成《国际财务报告准则》的“实践”思想流派(这是许多国家的大型私营公司广泛使用的一套国际标准,为大多数会计师所熟知,并有全面的信息和培训材料)同赞成新的《国际公共部门会计准则》的“逻辑”学派(他们认为这一套准则特别适合公共部门实体的具体需要)之间分布相同。 最后,这两种方法都没有明显多数(《国际公共部门会计准则》11个,《国际财务报告准则》10个)。", "25岁 关于以下问题: \" 你是否同意该文件的建议,即联合国系统各组织在中短期内不可能完全采用一套外部会计标准? \" 截至2005年6月,12个答复者中有10个同意。 因此,全系统作出了相当大的努力来宣传在中期可以完成向国际标准过渡的观点。 这些努力是在管理高委会支持下开展信托基金工作的重要组成部分,以加快从联合国系统会计准则向公共部门会计准则的过渡。 从逻辑上讲,每个组织都应该在2005年对其准备程度进行深入分析。 这就需要所有组织对《公共部门会计准则》的要求有一个很好的了解,但情况并非如此。 相反,进行了全系统备灾研究。 根据其成果以及经合组织、欧共体和北约的成功经验,五年被选定为过渡的(严格)标准时限。 此外,三个组织被确定可能早在2008年就能够采用国际标准,而其他组织预计将在2010年准备遵守。 虽然从技术上讲,这一期限的可行性和缺乏灵活性应该受到质疑,但各组织在2005年夏天受到压力,要求遵守这一期限。 另一方面,应当认识到,在最初阶段,确定一个具有挑战性的最后期限有助于提请高级管理层和理事机构注意这一过渡,并形成一种势头,以确保项目资源并致力于在改革管理方面进行投资。", "26. 联合国 因此,仅仅五个月之后,2005年11月30日,管理问题高级别委员会一致通过了以下建议:", "(a) 联合国系统各组织应采用公共部门会计准则", "(b) 联合国系统各组织应制定其实施时间表,所有组织在2010年1月1日至2010年7月1日联合国维持和平行动的报告期之前采用公共部门会计准则。", "(c) 应继续在财务网的主持下,通过信托基金为这一全系统改革提供支持、协调和领导,同时继续提供项目资源,以确保全系统一致地解释和适用公共部门会计准则的要求。", "(d) 国家 将在第3段末尾添加以下一句:", "“如果一个组织为了适用《国际公共部门会计准则》或《国际公共部门会计准则》而偏离了下述做法,则该组织被视为遵守了《联合国系统会计准则》。 “", "(e) 将继续提供机构间资金和其他支助,以确保联合国系统在国际公共部门会计准则委员会中的有效代表性。 [19]", "27个 根据秘书长的有关报告[20] 和与秘书处官员的交流,行预咨委会以本机构最不寻常的热情核可了这项建议: “咨询委员会认为,本组织显然应从联合国系统会计准则转向公共部门会计准则。 “[21] 然而,与此同时,它谨慎和正确地警告不要出现不切实际的时间表,强调执行工作必须与采用新的信息技术系统同步进行。", "28岁 2006年7月7日,大会在这两个方面都跟随行预咨委会,并决定核准联合国采用《国际公共部门会计准则》,尽管大会没有规定秘书长提议的目标日期。 此外,根据行预咨委会的建议,它核准了秘书长为开始执行进程而请求的资源。 [22] 在不到两年的时间里,所有组织都走在联合国的后台上,开始向公共部门会计准则过渡,这是一项最显著的成就。", "三. 国际公共部门会计准则对各组织的影响:关键问题", "对权责发生制会计的重大改变", "1. 联合国 小说", "29. 国家 2000年,行预咨委会得以出席经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)为其成员国财务专家举办的一次年度应计制专题讨论会,讨论采用新的会计基础:“应计制”,而不是“现金”[23]。 从那时起,一种公认的专业惯例是,权责发生制会计是满足现代财务报告需要的最佳方法,最适于全面介绍一个实体的财务状况,使其深入了解某一年的实际资产、负债、收入和支出。 现在,所有国际会计准则都要求遵守这种记录交易的方法。", "30岁。 根据权责发生制会计事项和其他事项在发生时予以确认(而不仅是收到或支付现金或其等同物时)。 因此,交易和事项记入会计记录,并在有关期间的财务报告中予以确认。 虽然交易日期和付款日期往往不同,但按照新方法,每个事件都在实际日期得到确认,必须在有关财政期间的财务报告中说明。 因此,会计处理方法不同。 在权责发生制会计下确认的要素是资产、负债、收入和支出(公共部门会计准则1)。", "2. 挑战", "31岁 在公共管理中采用权责发生制会计的影响远远超出财务事项,因为它影响到从政治决策到日常业务的正常工作做法。 实际上,采用这种方法不亚于文化革命。 联合国系统一些组织长期以来一直采用权责发生制会计方法记录某些收入或支出,因此更适合采用公共部门会计准则。 但对其他人来说,这种变化不仅需要其会计师的同化,而且需要征求现有财务报表或必须促成新的财务报表的代表和管理人员也需要同化。", "32. 联合国 这一变化可能与歌手或电视导演从录音室到现场公开演出一样可怕。 在传统的以现金为基础的会计交易中,以付款为基础入账;但采用权责发生制方法,当收入到期和支出发生时(而不是现金收到或支付时)入账,并在所涉期间的财务报告中列报。 交易和付款日期往往不一致,因此每种方法的会计处理方法不同。", "例A:向顾问购买服务", "合同的签署不会对会计产生影响。 然而,所购买服务的交付/提供日期将成为唯一的会计参考,而不是保留预算资金。 接收付款请求将成为关键事项(除非能够确定一个交付日期和购买财产的日期),负债记入财政期间。 这预先假定,对中间付款条件的遵守情况已作了全面核查。 这不再是一个清算基金预留款的问题,而是在每次活动实际发生后加以记录的问题。 [24] (简体中文).", "实例B", "货物运输", "如果一个实体采购了900个帐篷然后分发给受益人,则在现金会计下,交易将在向供应商支付运费时确认支出,只要实际交付货物(付款通常是在交付货物之后)。 在权责发生制会计下,货物收讫将首先记录在库存(资产)账户中,作为资产价值的增加,因为存货增加了储存在该实体仓库的900个帐篷。 此后,在向受益人分配时,第二次或随后的交易将记录库存(资产)价值的减少和支出的增加,以表示所分配帐篷的价值。 因此,向受益者分发200个帐篷,将减少库存(资产)价值等同200个帐篷,剩余700个帐篷,但200个帐篷的价值将计入费用。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 根据《国际公共部门会计准则》,对会计记录进行微小调整已不再可能,因为任何影响报告实体财富的事件必须在发生时予以确认。", "34. 国家 根据传统的以现金为基础的会计方法,支出和收入不必记入所涉期间;支出和收入以及资本支出在资本购买或处置的当年全部入账。 此外,现金账户没有完全确认资产和负债。 相比之下,权责发生制会计是通过在交易发生时(而不是付款时)确认经济事件来衡量一个实体的业绩和财务状况。 因此,按权责发生制编制的财务报告应提供下列要素的信息:报告实体控制的资源、其业务费用(提供货物和服务的费用)、现金流量和其他关于其业绩和财务复原力的有用财务信息。", "35. 联合国 鉴于许多组织的预算信息(对所通过预算执行情况的监测)将继续按收付实现制列报,向公共部门会计准则过渡将导致会计和财务数据明显脱节(第65-69段)。", "1. 联合国 福利", "36. (中文(简体) ). 一旦创造了适当的条件,权责发生制会计将带来许多好处,基本上弥补最初的不便:", "控制并部署这些资源;", "实体;", "[25] (中文(简体) ).", "并顾名思义,取消操纵付款和收款的范围,以适应具体的报告和控制目标;", "管理和决策以及帮助各组织更有效地利用资源(采用现金会计方法,多年使用的支出只有在资金使用时才入账,其后不考虑资产是否仍在使用、使用寿命已到或已出售[26])", "(一) 通过采用奖励和惩罚措施,包括比较私营和公共部门提供的服务的成本,提高成本核算效率并改变组织行为;", "不受现金支付和收款时间变化不定的影响,包括固定资产和流动资产及负债的信息;", "实体的财务健康状况。", "37. 联合国 总之,实施公共部门会计准则意味着:", "(单位:千美元) 改进对所有资产和负债的内部控制和透明度;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 (一) 更全面和一致地提供关于费用和收入的信息,这将更好地支持治理,特别是成果管理制;", "C. 结 论 将非消耗性设备(NEE)纳入会计系统,提高NEE记录的准确性和完整性;", "(单位:千美元) 提高财务报表在一段时间内和各组织之间的一致性和可比性;", "e. 资源 通过适用可信和独立的国际会计准则,采用最佳会计做法。", "B类. 与实施公共部门会计准则有关的其他问题", "1. 联合国 名誉风险", "38. 国家 一个根本的问题是,联合国系统各组织设定的实施目标日期是否能够现实地实现,各组织能否就第一套符合公共部门会计准则的财务报告收到无保留审计意见。", "风险:如果其财务报表声称符合《公共部门会计准则》,但事实证明只是部分符合《公共部门会计准则》,其外聘审计员将就披露情况发表有保留的意见。", "39. 联合国 在财务方面,实施《国际公共部门会计准则》所需的一些会计变动预期会大大减少各组织的股本价值[27] (资金结存),甚至可能导致负股本,新西兰除外的少数几个政府选择采用应计制金融服务。 对欧洲联盟委员会官员来说,令人惊奇的是,委员会第一个完全按应计制计算的财务司报告应计费用总额为6 400万欧元,而成员国的应计收入总额为250万欧元和5 400万欧元,而不是以前报告的1 350万欧元。 出现这种变化的原因是确认全额雇员福利负债,特别是离职后健康保险(第60-64段)。 据估计,截至2007年12月31日,联合国为所有参与人支付的离职后健康保险福利负债为24.300亿美元。 [28] 财务处的这些出乎意料的巨额负债不涉及新的费用。 它们只是全面披露了以前没有确认的现有负债,即在财务报表正文中加以量化。", " 40. 40. 联合国系统一些组织已经在其财务报表中部分披露了今后应付的雇员福利(尽管以前会计期间挣得)。 由于《联合国系统会计准则》没有披露要求,这些负债只反映在财务报表的说明中。 虽然从技术上讲,一个报告组织可能似乎破产了,但经验表明,在采用权责发生制会计之后对这些负债的确认往往使各国政府和组织都面临负股本。 另一方面,正如国际会计师联合会题为“向应计会计制过渡:政府和政府实体指南”的报告所指出,负债的确认:", "(一) 确认并计划支付已确认的负债;", "未来资源;", "负债;以及", "他们是否能够维持他们的活动。", "2. 潜在风险", "41. 国家 采用公共部门会计准则是一个复杂而全面的变革管理进程。 虽然从中长期来看,它带来许多好处,但也带来短期费用和挑战,需要所有有关组织的行政首长认真加以解决。", "42. 国家 只有在管理人员确信基于应计制的数据的价值并能够据此采取行动以改进管理程序的情况下,才能充分发挥使用基于应计制的信息的潜力。 应计制会计本身不应是目的。", " 风险: 根据欧洲会计师联合会,《公共部门会计准则》所固有的主要风险更多地与看法有关,而不是实质:", "提出的问题;", "发言;", "” [29]", "43. 东帝汶 公共部门会计准则改革将影响业务程序、报告做法,从而影响治理和与会员国的关系。 除了为更好的管理和决策提供有用的信息外,《公共部门会计准则》还将使管理人员受到更严格的公众监督,从而使他们对其方案的效率和效力更加负责。", "3个 改革管理", "44. 国家 每一个组织都不可避免地要付出一定的代价。 正如欧洲委员会在2002年的一份来文所指出,“成员国的经验表明,改革公共会计制度在采用新做法和人力方面都是一种重大动荡,更不用说所需的财政资源了。” [30]", " 4.四. 《公共部门会计准则》耗费时间和金钱", "45. 国家 采用符合公共部门会计准则的会计方法需要工作人员投入更多的时间和精力。 在过渡阶段,各组织将视其现有资源情况,长期依赖现有工作人员在正常工作之外提供的支助,或增聘许多工作人员。 在这方面,教科文组织外聘审计员的建议适用于所有国际公共部门会计准则项目: “在估计实施《公共部门会计准则》要求的变革所需时间时,各组织应留出额外时间,以避免低估所涉时间的风险。 执行任务的全部范围往往只有在任务进行时才出现。” 一旦实现合规,新的会计领域需要长期关注。 例如,IPSAS 17 \" 财产、厂房和设备 \" 在提供关于拥有资产及其剩余使用寿命的基本信息的同时,将要求在财务报表说明中控制、确认、计量、折旧和披露财产、厂房和设备项目,而不是按照联合国系统会计准则的规定,立即将其计入支出。 这种对个人防护设备的永久控制要求各组织指定工作人员和建立制度,以确保个人防护设备的整个会计周期。", "库存[32]账户将特别需要时间和劳力:遵守《公共部门会计准则》第12条要求库存资本化[33]并按适当价值披露。 当为最终受益者(如非政府组织或目标人口)放弃对库存的控制时,库存将转入支出。 这种新的披露将有利于更好地控制库存,但也要求作出更多努力,以计算库存(同时也是实物),评估其价值,并确定何时支出库存。", "46. 经常预算: 编制准确的存货期初结余是粮食计划署的一项重大挑战。 在2008年1月1日的期初余额日之前,存货清点准备工作已启动一年多,涉及粮食计划署700个地点的约1 000人。", "风险:", "(c) 以固定资产为重点的管理工具。", "《国际公共部门会计准则》。", "5 (韩语). 文化方面", "47. 国家 采用公共部门会计准则将带来文化上的变化,影响关键会计处理方式和一些业务交易的进行方式。 例如,《联合国系统会计准则》和《国际公共部门会计准则》之间的一个重大区别涉及“交付原则”。 根据《联合国系统会计准则》,在发出定购单时确认支出,从而开始记录未清债务。 因此,ULO是在接收货物或服务之前记录的。 (根据《联合国系统会计准则》)将它作为支出对待的现行做法意味着意图被报告为执行。 相比之下,公共部门会计准则只允许在实际交付时才确认支出。 这一重大改变将消除在财务报表中报告未结业务的必要性,并导致在所涉期间更准确地匹配支出和核定预算。 但是,为了报告起见,未结业务仍将记录在预算和采购系统中,遵循的一种做法是在财务报表附注中披露。", " 48. 48. 采用《国际公共部门会计准则》将促进有益的做法,例如成本会计和迄今单独开展工作的部门或服务之间的数据共享,以便为会计师提供完整、准确和可靠的信息,以便根据新标准编制财务报告。 也可以采用共同的会计科目表。 库存收支情况需要及时反映在总分类账中,以便准确披露库存结余。", "6. 政治方面", "49. (中文(简体) ). 从政治上讲,最敏感的要求载于《国际公共部门会计准则》第6号 -- -- 合并[35]和单独的财务报表,其中规定,一个实体应提交财务报告,合并其控制的所有实体[36]。 这项规定的适用给联合国这样的组织提出了几个关键问题,包括是否应将联合国所有基金和方案视为本组织的附属机构,合并的概念是否应适用于联合倡议,如果是的话,哪个组织应被指定为其上级实体。 这些是需要处理和商定的重要的法律、财政和政治考虑因素,最好是按照审计委员会的建议,在早期筹备阶段。 [37] 根据咨询委员会的建议,秘书长的报告[38]讨论了这一问题并证实联合国遵守《国际公共部门会计准则》的复杂性[39]。 联合国公共部门会计准则实施项目小组指出,公共部门会计准则第6条对确定“核心”报告实体没有规定,而该实体可能是一种没有法律身份的行政安排。 因此,联合国及其有关实体,包括各基金和方案,不需要进行正式合并,从而能够在这样一个灰色领域采取务实的做法。 联合国公共部门会计准则实施项目小组最终同意不提交综合数据。", " 50. 50. 其他两个政治上敏感的问题涉及收入的确认:如何处理拖欠捐款的收缴延误和自愿捐款的记录。 关于前者,虽然根据《联合国系统会计准则》,一个组织可以为这种拖延提取备抵,但《公共部门会计准则》要求所有资产(包括应收款)按公允价值结转。 因此,如果不可能收到捐款,则必须相应调整其价值。 这可能会引起一场政治辩论,讨论一些会员国是否可以因拖欠缴款而免于缴纳摊款,以及其他会员国是否必须弥补由此产生的短缺。 农发基金必须解决一个类似的问题,以遵守《国际财务报告准则》。 工作队于2009年12月就此事发表了一份文件。 2008年6月,董事会建议,随着《国际公共部门会计准则》的出台,各组织可能有必要为无法收回或迟付的债务人编列经费。", "51. 联合国 向完全权责发生制会计的过渡意味着联合国系统各组织必须迅速确定适用于自愿捐款所依据的法律承诺的标准。 实施IPSAS 23意味着,必须认真研究承诺条款,以确定在财务报表中公布的日期和数额。 捐助者的承诺可能因项目或有关国家而异。 因此,必须界定承诺的正式化程度:签字人的地位和文件类型(合同、认捐、预算文件等)。", " C C. 一些影响最大的会计变化", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在工作队进行的一项调查(见附件二)中,答复者确定了他们认为对其组织影响最大的标准。 所有组织都提出了三项标准: IPSAS 1 - 财务报表的列报(最不可或缺的);IPSAS 17 - 财产、厂房和设备;IPSAS 24 - 在财务报表中的预算信息列报。 预计采用公共部门会计准则3-本期净盈余或赤字、会计政策的基本错误和变化、公共部门会计准则12-库存、公共部门会计准则18-部分报告、公共部门会计准则19-规定、或有负债和或有资产、公共部门会计准则23-非交换交易收入(税和转帐)、公共部门会计准则25-雇员福利以及公共部门会计准则31-无形资产等其他重要影响。 下文对联合国系统各组织特别关注的问题提出评论意见。", "1. 联合国 财务报表的列报", "53. 联合国 根据《国际公共部门会计准则》第1号 -- -- 财务报表的列报, \" 财务报表至少应每年列报 \" [40] ,因为 \" 如果用户在报告日期后的合理时间内无法使用,财务报表的有用性会受到损害。 实体应能够在报告日期后六个月内发表财务报表。 “[41] 这一要求对所有组织及其外聘审计人都是挑战,因为迄今为止几乎所有财务报告都是每两年或多年提交的。", "2. 联合国 资产处理:财产、厂房和设备", "54. 联合国 根据公共部门会计准则第17号(订正)的基本原则,在不止一个财政期间使用的资产应在资产负债表中“资本化”。 这一标准允许实体按其历史成本[42]或公允价值[43]初始确认个人防护设备项目,然后计入每项资产使用期间的费用。 使用公允价值的理由是,难以可靠地证明一个实体长期持有、在外地办事处之间转移的PPE物品的购置成本。 这两种方法都必须有证明文件作为后盾,因此需要作出重大努力,包括努力用适当的估价方法确定所有个人防护设备项目并进行分类。 关于随后对个人防护设备的计量,《公共部门会计准则》允许在成本模型和重新估价模型之间作出选择。 资本化的费用必须与费用化的费用区分开来:如纽约联合国总部的基本建设总计划等复杂业务,这是一项困难的工作。 关于这个案例,管理局建议帐务司考虑将对联合国资产进行的翻修工作作为资本。", "55. 国家 联合国各组织就个人防护设备确认的门槛水平进行了激烈辩论,一些人主张提高门槛,以降低获取和维护数据的行政费用,另一些人主张降低门槛,以确保更好地控制个人防护设备。 信托基金建议的数额为5,000美元。 目前,没有要求确认遗产资产[44]。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 应计制会计要求个人防护设备项目在其使用寿命内折旧。 定期对个人财产和设备项目收取折旧费,以逐步降低其价值。 根据《公共部门会计准则》对折旧进行会计处理,将使管理层能够就建筑和翻修工程等事项作出知情决定,有时提前数年作出决定。 实际上,这需要开发一个企业资源规划系统模块,能够自动进行计算并在会计系统中作出相应的记录。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 虽然在联合国范围内,往往难以确定项目资产和库存的性质[45],但必须在财务报表中得到确认。 虽然《国际公共部门会计准则》规定了“资产”和“控制”的定义,但这些定义的适用很复杂,可能导致不同的解释。 例如,对从供资实体转移到执行伙伴的资产的控制可能取决于执行协议的微妙措辞和(或)资产的使用。", "58. 联合国 IPSASB包括了最初采用某些标准的过渡性规定,以便让新的采用者有更多的时间充分满足标准的要求。 例如,IPSAS 17的过渡性规定免除了在预期遵守准则的头五年内承认金融服务中所有个人防护设备的要求。 由于大多数组织有许多个人防护设备项目,预计在五年过渡期结束时将完全折旧,因此,援引过渡规定将使它们不必在财务报表中承认这些项目。 例如,粮食计划署在2008年援引了这些规定,只承认其使用寿命自最初采用《公共部门会计准则》之日起已超过五年的有形资产。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 通过在财务会计软件中引入资本化资产和库存模块,各组织可以改进对其资产在世界各地的地点和状况的现有管理控制。 他们还有能力按照国际标准披露资本资产价值。 一些会计师质疑这种资本化对公共部门组织和公民的社会效益,特别是“政府[和政府间组织]之所以存在,不是出于商业原因,而是为了提供服务,从根本上讲,是社会性质的服务,以及商业部门出于经济原因不愿意投资的其他服务。”", "风险: 在采用权责发生制会计的第一批国家(1991-1992年),例如联合王国和新西兰,特别“有人对资本费用的效力表示关切,因为最高层管理人员执行规则,而不是通过对此类信息的使用者进行整合和教育”。", "3个 雇员福利", "60. 联合国 管理高委会已认识到采用《公共部门会计准则》的影响,特别是充分确认雇员福利负债的影响,如离职后健康保险、年假和离职回国补助金。 事实上,管理问题高级别委员会指出,虽然《公共部门会计准则》只要求确认和报告这些负债,但供资问题必须同时得到类似的紧迫关注。 [48]", "61. 国家 这个问题最早由行预咨委会于1997年提出,远在设想采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的决定之前。 粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)是一个前体,自2001年以来就承认了离职后健康保险。 然而,随着公共部门会计准则的实施,离职后健康保险的全部负债必须在财务报表中确认。 考虑到其规模,尽管影响使用不同参数[49]的估计数的不确定性幅度很大,但确定目前和未来的资金来源越来越重要。 在第六十届和第六十一届会议上,秘书长建议联合国在其财务报表中确认离职后健康保险的全部负债,并制定一项筹资战略,以便在30年的时限内实现足额供资。 虽然大会推迟了关于这个问题的决定,但包括粮农组织、开发计划署、儿童基金会、粮食计划署、卫生组织和气象组织在内的若干组织已采取步骤,争取获得支付这些负债所需的资金,尽管从未全部到位。 [51] 其他组织仍未决定最适当的供资安排,强调必须进一步统一供资机制并需要会员国作出明确承诺,因为最终必须确定为这些费用供资的方式。 在这方面,建议会员国在其参加的所有组织的决定中保持一致,特别是如果能够制定全系统的共同解决办法的话。 就目前而言,每个组织在评估这一负债及其内在风险的长期影响时必须考虑以下两个备选方案:", "符合《国际公共部门会计准则》要求的基金应确保基金管理,其中包含成员国长期缴款,并赚取投资收入,便利今后向前雇员付款;", "受经济状况和公共资金管理的影响,不仅受有关成员国的影响,而且受该组织所有成员国的影响,它们今后都必须向该组织的预算支付大笔款项,以支付对前雇员的实际义务。", "62. 联合国 在有商定供资战略的情况下,公共部门会计准则将通过披露与累积基金资产相比的负债水平来突出会员国的责任。 如果没有这种战略,会员国的问责制就会被削弱。 这两种情况都存在不确定性,最近的金融危机表明没有无风险的选择。 如果投资管理得当,商定供资战略就可能更加安全,养恤基金的另一种情况似乎就是这样。", "63. 国家 目前,对雇员的大部分负债按“现收现付”支付,任何无准备金的部分都由付款期间的现有资源支付。 这意味着以后的会计期间通常承担以前没有确认和应计的以前期间发生的一些费用。 [52] 最近的金融危机表明需要长期规划。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 由于许多信托基金是短期性质的,离职后健康保险负债的供资变得更加复杂。 在关闭之后,他们不能向曾经在另一组织就业的前雇员提供任何离职后福利资金。 这意味着未来负债必须全部由接收组织承担。", "3个 预算问题", "65. 国家 《公共部门会计准则第24号》(在财务报表中列报预算信息)规定必须对照会计数据列报预算数额。 在从联合国系统会计准则(“订正收付实现制”)过渡到权责发生制会计时,有两个主要选择:", "(1) 将应计制账户原则充分适用于预算和一般账户(在这种情况下,预算余额将相当于财政年度内确定的预算应享权利与债务之间的差额,而不论可能支付或收取的数额);", "(2) 只对一般账户适用权责发生制原则,而预算的执行仍受现金原则的制约(在这种情况下,存在一种“双重”制度,即必须每年进行核对,并在财务报表说明中公布并由审计员核证)。 采用《公共部门会计准则》的主要挑战之一是将财务信息与预算相匹配,这种做法可能有助于更好地评估报告组织的业绩。 这将要求每年(或每季度)明确核对预算和财务报表。 例如,国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的外聘审计员邀请该机构将账户和预算更紧密地联系起来。 [53] 挑战是如何鼓励方案主管分析应计制数据并充分利用调查结果。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 到2006年,正式采用权责发生制会计的8个欧洲国家中只有2个接受了这一双重挑战:联合王国(完成过渡花了13年时间)和瑞士。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 目前,大多数已经转向权责发生制会计的政府间组织(包括欧共体)认为很难采用权责发生制预算编制,至少在短期内是如此。 它们将继续采用现金预算列报方式,认为其成员国不会轻易接受应计制预算编制。 然而,基于现金的预算编制必须以年度财政期间为基础;而联合国系统大多数组织都有两年期甚至多年度预算。 用于这一选择的另一个论点是,《公共部门会计准则》的实施阶段需要大量财政和人力资源,这影响到它们开展另一个大规模项目的能力。 此外,应计制预算编制更适合象联合国秘书处那样的稳定环境,但较不适宜象维持和平行动那样迅速变化的条件。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 虽然根据《公共部门会计准则》,权责发生制预算编制不是一项要求,但这种做法得到包括财经会计当局在内的若干会计当局的拥护。 财经会计当局在2006年指出,“必须指出,只有按权责发生制编制预算,才能充分实现并嵌入权责发生制会计的好处。 如果没有权责发生制预算,财务管理人员将无法按权责发生制管理其关键指标,因此不太可能完全按权责发生制运作财务职能。 它们也不太可能充分利用应计制财务信息作为年内财务管理工具的潜力。 “[54]", "69. (中文(简体) ). 升级企业资源规划系统,以便像一些供应商已经做的那样,在“应计”和“现金”分类账中同时记录每项支出,将有助于比较实际数额和原始数额。 编制比较时间表需要来自账户和预算的工作人员共同努力,他们迄今在这一新领域工作分开并缺乏经验。", "5 (韩语). 收入确认", "70. 联合国 收入的确认是另一个技术需要的领域。 23 非交换交易的收入[55](而不是销售或租赁收入)决定何时应确认收入以及如何计量收入。 联合国系统各组织相对于私营部门的困难主要来自这些组织的非交换交易占多数(80-90%),以及需要以不同方式记录的各类收入交易之间的区别。 虽然各组织对摊款的处理相似,但不同类型的自愿供资协定和认捐要求具体处理账户,只有在仔细审查和解释供资协定后才能确定。 [56] 联合国系统商定的数千个信托基金在这方面提出了真正的问题。", " 4.四. 基金会计", "71. 联合国 资金是专用于开展具体活动或根据对这些资源使用所施加的立法或其他管制限制实现某些目标的资源集合。 联合国系统大多数组织报告采用联合国系统会计准则下的基金会计: 因此,财务处应提供按基金分列的细目和披露,并具体说明“每个资本基金和储备账户的性质、设立该账户的权力、核定数额、资金来源以及组成基金的变动情况应分别披露。” [58] “各组织在列报各栏中的数据时,应明确说明哪些资金可供报告组织成员国支配(如经常预算、周转基金等),哪些资金不可供报告组织成员国支配(如从捐助方收到的项目资金)[59]” 然而,《公共部门会计准则》没有处理这些问题,因为《公共部门会计准则》没有提及基金会计,这是政府间组织的需要不在《公共部门会计准则》起草者心目中的另一个迹象。 信托基金建议采用统一办法,但在联检组审查时,由于与捐助方的安排不同以及对“信托基金”概念的解释相互矛盾,没有找到共同的解决办法。 此后,每个组织将与其外聘审计师讨论并达成协议,这将是一个执行问题。", "5 (韩语). 汇率和财务报表的提交时间", "72. 根据《国际公共部门会计准则》第4号 -- -- 外汇汇率变动的影响, \" 外汇交易在以功能货币初始确认时,应通过对外汇数额适用交易当日功能货币与外币之间的即期汇率加以记录 \" 。 粮食署的外聘审计师 -- -- 国家审计署(审计署)强调了《公共部门会计准则》的这一规定,以表明现行设定联合国每月业务汇率的制度不足以满足《公共部门会计准则》的要求,因为“当场汇率是即时交付的汇率[60]”。 根据该标准,只要汇率没有显著波动,“该期间发生的所有交易可使用一周或一个月的平均汇率”。 然而,这个问题在2009年得到了工作队的解决。 会议决定,希望使用UNORE(联合国官方汇率)而不是即期汇率的组织需要证明,这不会造成任何重大差异。 作为该决定的后续行动,已制定程序来尽量减少联雷办事处与即期汇率之间的差额,包括在达到特定门槛值时的月中调整数。 委员会还决定,根据即时汇率,6月底和12月底将印发订正的联雷办事处,以确保资产负债表日没有汇率差异。", "四、结 论 联合国系统实施公共部门会计准则项目的情况", "73 (中文(简体) ). 向《国际公共部门会计准则》过渡的原则一旦被联合国系统所有组织采用,就产生了一个两级战略,使项目能够共存并互动:", "建立自己的项目小组,并投入足够的人力和财力资源,以确保成功实施公共部门会计准则。 它们协调一致的初步战略预见了两个阶段:一些“早期采用者”的目标是2008年生效的遵约(只有一个组织达到了这一目标),而其他组织的目标是2010年。", "小组的任务是制定会计政策,以促进和促进对全系统公共部门会计准则要求的一致了解,并便利在有余地采取能提高效率的全系统办法的情况下审议共同的实施问题。", "A类. 全系统项目", "1. 联合国 机构间工作", "74. 国家 一旦选择了《国际公共部门会计准则》,就有必要将每项《国际公共部门会计准则》要求转化为准则和政策文件,供各组织用于自己的项目和具体需要。 机构间合作至关重要。 事实上,如工发组织前外聘审计员所指出,“本组织参加各种会议并促进发展全系统对国际公共部门会计准则要求的一致解释和适用至关重要。", "75. 国家 作为联合国预算中共同供资活动的一部分,2005年启动了一个称为“会计准则项目”的第一个项目,以确定联合国系统今后如何与适当的会计准则保持一致[63]。 该项目于2005年11月结束,建议采用国际公共部门会计准则。 管理高委会核准了2006-2009年期间的新项目,年度预算为每年116.000万美元[64],以支持全系统实施国际公共部门会计准则,并确保统一实施和规模经济。 该项目被延长至2011年,但两年期减至133万美元。 它提供一名组长和两名专业人员。 设在纽约的全系统小组,人数也严重减少,向指导委员会报告。 指导委员会由来自联合国系统主要中心(纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马)的两个组织组成,每两个月举行一次会议,对信托基金负责,由联合国系统各组织的高级财务工作人员组成,负责确定项目优先事项、确定交付品并审查公共部门会计准则的进展情况。 该小组制定了广泛的会计政策,以支持一致性和统一性,并便利审议共同的执行问题,只要有余地采取全系统办法,提高效率并改进财务报告的质量。 它还制订了一个由联合国系统各组织会计专业人员组成的四个区域重点小组的审查进程。 这些“焦点小组”设在纽约、日内瓦、维也纳和罗马,审查小组编写的会计政策和指导文件,并提出建议和意见,小组加以分析,然后提交工作队审查和批准。 2010年,成立了机构间工作组,以分享关于《公共部门会计准则》具体关键要求的知识和经验,如雇员福利、受控制实体、共同事务、库存和根据联合安排捐赠的房地使用权[65],同时全系统小组提供政策指导和支助。 最后,小组还负责向公共部门会计准则委员会代表联合国的会计问题,而俱乐部中仅有一名观察员的影响有限。", "76. 联合国 虽然2009年接受访谈的大多数组织的会计师都认为这种机构间合作非常有用,但有些会计师表示担心,即使没有证明 \" 一刀切 \" ,他们也认为是一种过度的标准化努力。 还有人说,统一进程推迟了就《公共部门会计准则》的主要政策,如收入、支出和项目资产的处理达成共识。 考虑到这些重要意见,工作队于2010年5月决定允许和管理各组织因监管框架、机构安排、任务、业务流程等不同而出现的会计政策多样性:将视需要确定政策和做法基线,并确立进一步监测和进一步协调的全系统进程。", "1. 联合国 交付品和服务", "77. 国家 2006年,该小组制定了第一套公共部门会计准则会计政策和指南,供四个区域重点小组审查。 此后,它编写了简报、文件和准则,详细说明了统一符合公共部门会计准则的会计政策/准则的建议。 截至2009年12月,小组的文件和简报以及有关的会议记录已产生59份会计政策文件和准则,经工作队审查,随后得到财务网和管理问题高级别委员会的批准。", "78. 国家 该小组还负责维护和不断更新行政首长协调会会计准则网页,并为工作队半年期会议提供服务。 联检组小组应邀出席了2009年5月在罗马举行的会议,并介绍了联检组审查的筹备工作。", "79. 联合国 该小组通过定期向各组织发送核对表问卷,与各组织接触,跟踪它们在遵守公共部门会计准则方面取得的进展。 它还同各组织的外聘审计人联系,向他们提供其文件和准则的副本。 此外,它还与外聘审计团技术小组建立了正式的沟通程序,征求其对会计政策和指导的意见[67]。", "80个 该小组的一项重要成就是制定了供全系统使用的公共部门会计准则培训课程。 在拖延了几年之后,所有18个课程现已完成。 这些课程包括7个计算机培训(CBT)和11个教员指导培训(ITT)课程,现在可通过因特网和光盘查阅。 虽然每个组织负责制定自己的公共部门会计准则培训计划并依照该计划展开培训,但这些课程向所有组织的参与者开放。", "81个 培训产品从一般IPSAS专题到技术专业。 如行政首长协调会《公共部门会计准则》进度报告所概述,收到的关于这些课程的评论非常积极。 这些课程预计将持续数年,视每个组织的培训计划和执行时间表而定。", "82. 今后的工作包括:解决出现的任何问题;正式评价培训材料;维持课程(根据《公共部门会计准则》的发展情况提出的修正);将课程译成法文和西班牙文。 管理高委会核准了2010-2011年的资源,用于管理和交流采用公共部门会计准则的信息、进一步制定会计政策和指导以及参与公共部门会计准则委员会,但没有为公共部门会计准则培训的进一步工作编列经费。", "83. 尽管规模小(2008年1个P-5小组组长和3个专业人员,2010-2011年减至1个P-5小组组长、2个全职专业人员和1个非全职一般事务职位),但人们普遍一致认为,该小组在促进行政首长协调会公共部门会计准则机构间工作方面发挥重要作用。", "B组. 各组织的项目:战略问题和多样性", "1. 联合国 治理和改革管理", "第八十四会. 欧洲会计师联合会[68]认为,一些关键条件需要在公共部门实体中预先存在,以确保采用权责发生制会计不仅在技术上是成功的,而且还能提高财务管理的质量并增强财务报告过程的独立性和透明度. 这些条件应包括:", " 风险: 没有这些条件构成严重危险。", "85. 检查专员认为,现在很难知道联合国系统各组织在2005至2007年期间是否存在这些条件,当时正在就2010年采用国际公共部门会计准则作出个别和集体的决定。", "86号. 就这一改革而言,“接受”的概念特别重要,它意味着,在目前情况下,公务员愿意接受改革将改变负责财务管理者的作用,影响和责任将发生重大变化。 接受必须超越相对较少的技术官僚群体。 管理层必须相信,这一决定如果得到认真执行,将给本组织带来明确而具体的好处,弥补这种过渡所涉及的困难和复杂性。 鉴于项目的关键性质,高级管理层和财务官员必须全力以赴,特别是因为这项工作需要职业行为发生重大变化,并可能遇到抵制。", "87个 抵抗是改革进程所固有的。 正如世界商界领袖之一的约翰·科特所指出, \" 每当人类社会被迫适应不断变化的条件时,痛苦就永远存在 \" 。 [69] 根据他对领导变革中常见错误的观察,他定义了一个有趣的八阶段过程,可以概括如下:", "88个 前三个阶段特别适合向公共部门会计准则过渡: 为了推动一个组织内部的变革,需要一个强有力的指导联盟。 个人的正确构成、信任程度和共同愿景是这一团队成功和突破支持现状的力量的关键因素。 此外,单靠一位强有力的领导人无法实现变革。 这一团队还必须在组织内具有很高的可信度,才能有效。", "89. 国家 所有高级管理人员都必须了解向公共部门会计准则过渡的重要性、范围和预期的好处。", "最佳做法1", "成功实施公共部门会计准则需要设立一个部门间公共部门会计准则项目指导委员会或同等机构,负责确保高级管理层了解推动向公共部门会计准则过渡的目标和愿景。 该委员会应承担多年任务,并包括专门从事企业资源规划系统预设计、设计和实施的工作人员或顾问。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 大多数组织采用了一个标准的项目治理结构(见下文图1),其中包括一个赞助者,在大多数情况下(提供战略和政治领导);一个指导委员会/项目委员会(至少每月举行一次会议,就战略和政治问题提供建议,并在“最高一级”提供支助);一个内部和外部监督机构(向指导委员会提供反馈);一个项目负责人和一个项目小组(开展执行工作)。", "91. 联合国 项目小组一般由工作组提供支助,工作组由来自所有相关职能领域的专业人员组成,负责根据各自组织的具体业务活动提供技术专门知识。", "[图1:共同项目治理结构", "92. (中文(简体) ). 一种良好做法是设立一个专职的项目领导职位,直接向高级管理层报告,并赋予必要的权力来克服对组织做法和报告文化进行重大改革必然会产生的阻力。 联合国公共部门会计准则项目治理结构见行预咨委会报告(A/63/496)图表。", "93. 国家 一些组织,包括劳工组织和知识产权组织,尚未建立正式的项目执行结构。 它们的执行小组是非正式小组,向主计长或财务主任报告。 检查专员怀疑这种支助结构是否有效,并赞同一些专家的看法,他们认为,各组织最高层的强大联盟应当支持如此规模的项目并传达其愿景和紧迫性。", "94. 国家 鉴于信息技术系统需要升级以支持《国际公共部门会计准则》(见第三章B.4节)。 然而,它们也将其公共部门会计准则实施项目与规模显著的企业资源规划项目分开。 良好做法包括将两个不同的项目置于同一权力之下,例如,一个共同项目委员会;联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)或一个共同领导者(粮食计划署)。 国际电联正在执行一个公共部门会计准则-企业资源规划联合精简项目。 世卫组织是唯一没有实施单独实施项目的组织,因为公共部门会计准则是其企业资源规划项目的一个组成部分,有可能忽视向公共部门会计准则过渡的某些方面。", "2. 联合国 差距分析和用户", "95号. 首先必须评估计划行动的范围和规模。 向国际会计准则的过渡需要对组织程序进行大量审查和分析,同时制定政策和程序指南。 在某个阶段,每个执行机构或组织必须根据自己的业务程序和目标起草自己的政策。 根据古希腊谚语:“了解自己”,规划应基于对有关实体目标的明确构想,并深入了解其现有活动、程序和会计流程。 一种良好做法是从一开始就通过综合业务报告和财务报告,确定未来财务报告的当前用户和潜在用户,界定根据《公共部门会计准则》提交报告的内容。 内部用户包括高级管理人员、授权服务和内部审计员。 截至2010年6月,81%的组织审查了这些标准并确定了每个标准的影响。 联合国组织没有这个数目。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 外部用户包括理事机构成员、政府、外聘审计员、政治和金融分析员、评级机构、媒体和广大公众。 应当向用户提供下列事项的财务信息:实体控制的资源、其业务费用(提供货物和服务的费用)、加强的现金流动信息和其他财务数据,以利评估实体的财务状况及其变化,并确定实体是否在经济和有效的运作。 用户还可以利用财务报告评估该组织对资源的管理及其遵守立法的情况。 总之,财务报告所提供的资料的质量决定了这些报告对用户的用处。 在这方面,权责发生制会计要求各实体在资产负债表上保存完整的资产和负债记录,并识别和记录资产负债表外的任何交易。", "最佳做法2", "为了成功地向公共部门会计准则过渡,必须首先对联合国系统会计准则下制定的业务程序、程序、财务报告和功能进行差距分析,并随后对每项公共部门会计准则的要求和影响进行深入分析。", "3个 分阶段和有计划的战略", "97. 国家 各组织在实施和测试有关适用准则的所有政策和程序之前,不应声称符合公共部门会计准则。 作为通过战略的一部分,每个组织都应计划一个可行的时间表,作出必要的政策和程序修改,要么选择“大爆炸”,要么提前计划好的D-日执行日期,要么按标准分组逐步执行。 联合国系统的集体反应是“分阶段大爆炸”;早期采用者为遵守规定设定了2008年(1月1日),其他则设定了2010年(1月1日)。 然而,事实上,一些组织的战略不明确,过渡期的长短取决于具体的环境和制约因素。 在有些情况下,它受到咨询公司建议的很大影响。", "98 (英语). 最初向国际公共部门会计准则迁移的国家(新西兰、加拿大、美国和联合王国)的经验表明,它们的过渡平均需要10年。 法国的“大爆炸”类型的过渡仅用了5个时间(2001-2006年),原因是责任明确分离(授权和认证服务)、英国、美国和加拿大专家建议的基准,以及最重要的是,一个由15名专家组成的专门小组为三年提供协助。", "99号. 与经合组织一样,在同一时期(2000-2005年),欧共体以同样程度的成功,试验了准备充分的加速进程。 它遵守财务条例规定的最后期限,编制符合国际标准的财务报告;2002年进行可行性研究和财务研究;2003年进行会计研究;2004年为2005年1月1日的期初余额收集所有必要资料。 这表明,“大爆炸战略”不仅符合严格的规划,而且可能有必要。", "一百个 “大爆炸”办法提供了若干明显的好处,有助于各组织更快地遵守公共部门会计准则。 然而,鉴于瞬间发生的转变,需要同时采取一系列行动,对于一个小型项目小组或一个复杂的组织来说,这是一个困难的局面,因此,这确实带来更多的风险。 联合国公共部门会计准则实施小组已选择在本组织现有信息系统允许的范围内逐步纳入公共部门会计准则的要求,并意识到2013年将特别困难,有些办事处根据联合国系统会计准则进行会计核算,而另一些办事处则根据公共部门会计准则的要求进行会计核算。 正在与 \" 团结 \" 项目小组寻求解决办法。 然而,这使人们对2014年遵约目标的可行性产生怀疑。 无论各组织的战略选择如何,特别是在采用这一办法时,都鼓励它们与其外聘审计人协商,在首次提交符合公共部门会计准则的年度财务报表之前9个月进行一套“干燥”账户,以测试其为公共部门会计准则做好准备的程度。 这将使它们获得重要反馈,了解对其年终符合公共部门会计准则的财务报告进行修正和改进的程度。 它们还应按照审计委员会向难民署[70]和近东救济工程处[71]提出的建议,定期更新其采用公共部门会计准则的计划和预算。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 这提出了另一个问题,即是否符合国际公共部门会计准则的程序是否可以与传统的会计方法平行进行。 检查专员认为,为确保今后遵守《公共部门会计准则》而牺牲当前活动的风险是严重和可能的,工作人员除了履行通常的职责之外,还承担了与《公共部门会计准则》有关的工作。 这两个方面所完成的任务的质量都可能受到不利影响,使当前财政期间和以后财政期间无法进行有效的比较。", "102. 国家 管理举措之间的竞争可能构成其他严重风险,高级管理层和理事机构应考虑到这些风险。 2009年,经执行局核准,开发署决定将公共部门会计准则的实施从2010年推迟到2012年。 委员会还决定改变其对所有公共部门会计准则的实施办法,从分阶段办法改为“大爆炸”办法。 关键考虑是减轻因多个相互竞争的全组织变革举措而产生的风险,特别是全系统实施联合国合同改革和新的内部司法系统,这两项举措都是由联合国大会授权并定于2009年7月生效的。 重新安排期限还确保了开发署投入充足的时间和资源来实施全面的变革管理方案(例如,广泛的培训和交流),并让国家办事处有足够的时间为采用《公共部门会计准则》所产生影响做好准备,例如通过达到适当的人员配置水平和所需的技能组合。 这将避免国家办事处在2008年期间负担过重,因为预计它们将参与其他几个大型举措,例如执行成果预算制和战略计划。", "最佳做法3", "在项目环境发生重大变化的情况下,各组织必须重新评估其最初采用的战略,并作出必要的调整。", "2. 联合国 项目管理", "第103页。 健全的管理、项目的所有权、明确界定责任和任务分配、有关各方的高度参与以及次级项目之间的协同作用,是顺利过渡到国际公共部门会计准则的关键。 用欧共体官员对欧共体成功经验的评论来说,“主要问题既不是准则,也不是会计政策,而是项目管理”。", "104 (韩语). 截至2010年6月,86%的组织有详细的时间表和项目计划(截至2009年12月为81%)。 一些组织(如儿童基金会、开发署、粮食计划署、教科文组织和民航组织)有正式的项目管理程序,往往是从管理以往项目和战略举措中汲取经验教训的成果。 其他组织(如联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构(原子能机构)和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅))采用了标准化的项目管理工具,如“PRINCE2”[72]。 后者的主要特点是:", "阶段;以及", "105. (中文(简体) ). 许多项目小组都有重要的信息技术部分,因为信息技术系统需要升级以支持公共部门会计准则。 这造成各项目之间真正相互依存,例如,联合国企业资源规划项目供资困难是公共部门会计准则项目被拖延的主要原因。 还有其他建议,审计署必须建议最后确定实施公共部门会计准则的详细时间表和项目计划。 [74]", "106. (中文(简体) ). 除了采用权责发生制会计原则外,为实现符合《公共部门会计准则》所需要采取的措施包括制定新的综合会计制度。 这种制度应为列报权责发生制账户提供必要的工具,包括关于会计方法、估值规则和所采用的会计原则的信息。 这应可提高财务报告的质量并更准确地了解一个组织在资产和负债、预算执行情况和现金流动方面的财政状况。", "107 (韩语). 为此需要制定一整套会计政策。 欧共体认为,必须:", "最终批准前的政策;", "需要制定政策;", "政策。 (在雇员熟悉权责发生制会计和适用准则时,微观指导是适当的);", "根据新的会计基础是适当的;", "具体的会计交易和事项;", "资产负债表;", "控制[75]程序,以保证数据的准确性和完整性;", "由管理层实施,以保证交易的合法性和规律性,特别是确保资产和信息的安全、会计记录的质量以及及时编制可靠的财务和管理信息;", "108. (中文(简体) ). 检查员发现,项目小组在遵循以下原则时效果最好:", "多学科小组;", "风险:", "委员会;", "监事会)。", "最佳做法4", "如果将《国际公共部门会计准则》视为一个全面而独特的项目,则实施该准则最为有效。 为了便利执行,应采用经过证明的项目规划和执行方法,其中包括明确界定的战略目标、可交付成果、时间表、里程碑和监测程序等要素。", "3个 企业资源规划", "第109页. 开发新的企业资源规划系统是联合国系统各组织分阶段实施公共部门会计准则的先决条件。 目前,这些系统或已完全准备就绪,或正在向外地办事处推广。 在进行全面差距分析的同时,还应现实地估计与所需改革有关的任务。 然后,公共部门会计准则项目和企业资源规划项目应尽可能地共同努力并密切合作[78]。", "110. 国家 在欧共体和粮食计划署的先行例子中,即使确定期初余额也证明是一项艰巨的任务。 截至Y年1月1日遵守公共部门会计准则的期初余额将基于截至Y-1年12月31日的账户余额,从联合国系统会计准则重报到公共部门会计准则。", "111. 欧共体提供了这方面所面临挑战的有力实例。 2005年1月,将权责发生制会计所需的所有资料上载欧共体中央会计系统。 这包括7 000多张发票或费用索赔、30 000个预先融资条目、92 000个资产和3 100个担保。 要求每个处[80]在2005年5月1日之前核实这些上传的准确性,并在2005年7月要求50多位处长和处长正式验证其期初业务结余。 经过核实和控制,每个总局都验证了数字,但要求作出一些更正,以确保数据的质量。 最后一次鉴定是在2006年1月收到的。 2005年,过渡的大部分工作是最终确定截至2005年1月1日的期初应计结余,事实证明,这对总司预算和所有服务都是一项艰巨的任务。 总干事的预算进行了审查和一致性检查,以确保数据的质量。", "最佳做法5", "为了尽量减少潜在的过渡性问题,根据先前的会计标准(UNSAS),制定一项战略,为目标实施日期(遵守第一年的第一天)编制《公共部门会计准则》的期初结余以及前一天的期终结余,是很有道理的,但就目标年度期初结余而言,这种战略很容易转换成《公共部门会计准则》条款。", " 4.四. 与理事机构及其最初期望保持一致", "112号. 会员国已决定根据各自组织的预期效益采用公共部门会计准则,并为此分配了具体资源。 因此,理事机构有权随时了解在过渡阶段计划取得的有效进展;即使这意味着努力起草简化一些高度技术性问题的报告。 特别是,管理人员应本着成果管理制的精神,分享自己的期望,并将其同成就进行比较。", "113号. 秘书处对联检组调查问卷的答复表明,联合国系统各组织预期从向公共部门会计准则过渡中获得的主要好处是:在透明度(84.2%)、标准化、统一和一致性(57.9%)、质量(52.6%)、可比性(47.4%)、内部控制的改善(36.8%)以及其他好处,如图2所示。", "图 2:遵守公共部门会计准则的预期效益", "[]", "资料来源:对联检组调查问卷的答复。", "最佳做法 6", "为了确保理事机构继续参与变革进程并获得承诺,定期向理事机构提供实施公共部门会计准则的最新进展情况,并请求它们通过相关决定,尤其是关于对财务条例进行必要修订和为项目分配资源的决定。", "以下建议可望加强问责制、效力和效率:", "建议1", "立法机构应请各自的行政首长定期就《公共部门会计准则》的执行情况发表进度报告。", "建议2", "立法机构应提供所需的适当支助、人员配置和资金,以确保成功而有效地向公共部门会计准则过渡。", "5 (韩语). 人力资源", "114 (韩语). 根据2009年1月信托基金调查问卷的数据,52%的组织有专职项目负责人,33%的组织有兼职项目负责人,而14%的组织尚未任命全职或兼职项目负责人(2010年6月降至5%)。 截至2009年6月,68%的联检组问卷答复者报告说,他们拥有专门从事实施公共部门会计准则工作的必要人力资源。 截至2010年6月,只有88%期望2010年合规的组织任命了一名项目经理。 公共部门会计准则项目通常由一个小组(最多4名工作人员)和一名被指派全职工作的项目负责人提供支持。 其他成员通常除了他们现有的任务之外,还兼职地从事项目工作. 所有组织都必须分析所需变化并查明其现有人力资源中可能存在的差距。 他们需要决定是否可以利用现有工作人员所需的专门知识和(或)是否需要征聘外部专家来处理新出现的任务和挑战。 对于一些小组来说,必须事先就IPSAS项目的时间进行谈判(例如万国邮政联盟)。 2009年和2010年,缺乏一个配备适当人员的公共部门会计准则小组是各组织提出需要修订其实施日期的主要原因之一。 公共部门会计准则小组成员从一个组织转移到另一个组织无助于解决一般问题。 截至2010年6月,有6个组织还没有配备齐全的公共部门会计准则小组。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 根据迄今所吸取的经验教训,关键是要开始公共部门会计准则工作,进行基本差距分析和技能盘点,以便评估内部会计和财务专业人员的现有专门知识和经验,并确定需要多少外部专门知识来补充内部能力,以及外部专门知识需要多长时间。", "风险:不考虑公共部门会计准则人力资源需要的战略可能导致工作人员在正常职责与项目职责相冲突时脱离接触。", "最佳做法7", "在向《公共部门会计准则》过渡期间,各组织应确定并随后为行政、预算和财务领域所需的额外人力资源编制预算,以确保不仅有效执行向《公共部门会计准则》的过渡,而且确保有足够的能力维持今后遵守《公共部门会计准则》。 如有必要,应从理事机构或其他来源获得额外资金,同时避免任何利益冲突。", "最佳做法 8", "必须考虑到为成功过渡到公共部门会计准则而培训工作人员的费用。 应提供财政资源,用于培训会计、业务和改革管理方面的内部专家或征聘外部专家。", "116 (英语). 大多数组织在对联检组问题单的答复中表示,它们具有“足够的”或“部分足够的”人力资源能力。 然而,由于时间紧迫,他们难以找到公共部门会计准则专家。 粮农组织、工发组织、难民署和项目厅都没有足够的工作人员成功实施公共部门会计准则。 此外,各国政府、市政当局和组织同时需要IPSAS专家(新的具体概况),使他们的征聘更加困难和昂贵。 虽然项目的成功取决于现有的专门知识,但由于预算限制,各组织通常只能提供短期合同,从而使合同条件不那么具有吸引力。 一些组织,包括联合国,儿基会和粮食署,认为将注册会计师纳入其项目组是有利的. 针对对未来人力资源需要的关切,联合国代表在一次工作队会议上强调,需要立即开始聘用注册/包租会计师,并考虑如何留住他们,至少在实施阶段。 审计委员会在严格分析联合国与公共部门会计准则有关的问题时,不得不建议增加项目小组的人员配置[81]。 儿童基金会和教科文组织提供了良好做法的例子。 前者建立了一个非正式的专业人员网络,以便让内部专家参与该项目,而后者期望在整个过程中实现工作人员的高度参与。 其政策旨在确保在采用过程中充分理解教科文组织的结构和业务,并便利在本组织内保留公共部门会计准则的知识。 因此,项目管理小组的关键作用由内部承担。 顾问和国际会计师事务所PricewaterhouseCoopers(普华永道会计师事务所)在审查公共部门会计准则文件后提供支助,主要是在管理项目和技术投入方面不断提供咨询和协助。", "6. 财政资源", "117号 尽管资金困难,但几乎所有组织都在为公共部门会计准则实施项目分配的预算内开展工作,有时所涉工作人员面临重大困难。 为了资助该项目,各组织一直在使用其经常预算、预算外资金、储备基金、结转额和前几年的预算盈余。 一些秘书处的估计非常准确,而另一些秘书处则低估了公共部门会计准则项目的需求。", "118. 对关于公共部门会计准则和企业资源规划预算的现有但并非相当可比较的数据的分析表明,虽然开发署和粮农组织等规模较大的组织拥有大量绝对数字的执行预算(鉴于其规模和许多外地办事处),但气象组织、国际海事组织(海事组织)和万国邮政联盟(万国邮联)等较小组织的公共部门会计准则+企业资源规划预算占其总年度预算的很大一部分。 在世卫组织,公共部门会计准则项目不被认为是具体的。 此外,一些较小的组织尤其难以为该项目获得资金,特别是当资金拨款只能由预算“结转”(例如民航组织)提供,或通过前几年的盈余提供(在预算政策受到限制或预算周期不相协调的情况下,采用次优解决办法)。 自2010年6月以来,所有组织都有向公共部门会计准则过渡的核定预算。", "7. 联合国 企业资源规划及其同实施公共部门会计准则的互动", "119. 机构资源规划系统将所有数据和程序纳入统一的信息技术系统。 这包括合并本组织的若干或所有软件应用程序,包括财务、人力资源、后勤、采购、库存等。 例如,在发出定购单、启动采购过程、选定供应商、在仓库订购和接收货物以及收到和支付发票时。 有关这一活动的数据通过一个实体的不同职能单位流动。 每个单位都掌握与其业务相关的细节,并最终为编制财务报表出力. 企业资源规划系统的优点是,用户可以随时在同一系统中检索相关信息,而不必在许多单独的应用程序中搜索。 因此,要求一个实体内许多职能领域提供投入的《公共部门会计准则》标准,最好由企业资源规划系统提供。", "120号. 向公共部门会计准则的过渡需要对所有现有(遗留)信息系统进行具体的差距分析,以确定它们是否能够支持编制应计制账户(包括库存分类账和客户及供应商分类账);与其他系统的接口;并提供有效的安全。 截至2009年6月,91%的组织对其信息系统所需的变化进行了评价。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 大多数组织必须更新其现有的企业资源规划系统或更换其遗留系统(例如联合国使用的综合管理信息系统(综管系统)),以实现符合公共部门会计准则的环境。 为实现《公共部门会计准则》而改变会计程序,通过开发、调整或取代现有遗留系统,为引入新的优化流程提供了机会。 采用新的机构资源规划系统的原因包括需要整合各种系统,或者大多数遗留系统不再能够适应公共部门会计准则所要求的某些程序,特别是因为最初的目标是使人工活动机械化,而不是使业务流程现代化。 因此,世卫组织、粮农组织和联合国等大型分散组织决定将公共部门会计准则的实施与涉及外地办事处和分散办事处的企业资源规划项目联系起来。 截至2010年6月,90%的组织对其系统的变化进行了评估。", "需要人工干预,这将增加部分人工获取并用于编制财务报表的数据不准确和不完整的风险。", "另一方面,将公共部门会计准则项目与涉及外地和分权办事处的重大新企业资源规划项目密切相联,有可能出现重大延误并造成时间不确定的情况,因为这些项目的实施取决于企业资源规划项目的供资和项目管理。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 考虑到每个组织的具体情况及其信息技术结构的状况,短期、中期和长期战略成本效益分析应权衡下列备选办法:", "(a) 继续使用现行制度;", "(b) 国家 单一商业软件包办法(标准软件包或附有相容模块的软件包);", "(c) 新的综合系统,在整体结构内维持或发展核心综合包加部门系统。", "理想的情况将是将所有功能充分整合起来,以确保数据始终一致。 大型组织和公司广泛采用了三个商业性的企业资源规划系统包。 它们由PeopleSoft(最近被甲骨文公司收购),SAP和甲骨文公司生产. Exact Software,Agresso Worldwide和JD Edwards等二级系统是中等规模实体最广泛使用的一些软件包. 由于这些系统是为遵守《国际财务报告准则》而开发的,最近的企业资源规划系统可以支持《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求,但必须配置必要的设置。 然而,机构资源规划系统的选择主要基于一个实体的要求、功能和供应商提供的经济效益。 对于联合国这样的大型多功能系统,开发企业资源规划系统可能需要大量时间。 一个基本的问题是,这些不同的企业资源规划系统不能相互接口。", "123. 国家 联合国系统各组织采用的企业资源规划系统(根据现有数据)见图3。", "图3 整个联合国系统企业资源规划的选择", "[]", "资料来源:对行政首长协调会通过清单和联检组调查问卷的答复。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 在大型实体部署企业资源规划系统需要专门从事企业资源规划系统的预设计、设计和实施的工作人员和顾问作出承诺,可能需要几年时间才能完成。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 联合国系统各组织的企业资源规划系统处于不同的实施阶段(见下文图4)。 大多数拥有业务企业资源规划系统的组织正处于升级阶段,但可能需要调整最新版本或增加一个模块,使之符合公共部门会计准则。 此外,有些组织重复了联合国综管系统的一个主要弱点,尚未将企业资源规划系统推广到总部以外的办事处。 2009年初,联合国选择并启动了一个称为“团结”的新企业资源规划项目。 第一份 \" 团结 \" 项目进度报告[82]预测在2011年第四季度进行试点部署,并预计到2013年底在全组织范围全面部署企业资源规划系统,从而有望在2014年建立符合公共部门会计准则的财务报告制度。 然而,如果2010年8月24日联合国内部监督事务厅(监督厅)关于企业资源规划项目主任办公室人力资源管理的审计报告的某些结论令人放心,特别是企业资源规划系统的组织结构以及所雇用工作人员的经验和专门知识,那么严重违反人力资源、财务和采购条例的行为对企业资源规划项目造成了声誉风险,公共部门会计准则项目与该项目密切相关。", "图4:企业资源规划执行进展水平", "[]", "资料来源:对行政首长协调会通过清单和联检组调查问卷的答复。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 2009年初,76.2%的组织正在评估或已完成评估其企业资源规划系统是否符合公共部门会计准则的要求。 开发署、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和项目厅有一个联合企业资源规划平台;人口基金和项目厅依赖开发署的分析结果。", "127 (韩语). 到2009年初,若干组织在对其遗留的系统进行彻底分析,使其与公共部门会计准则的要求相兼容并产生协同作用之后,更新了企业资源规划系统,而其他组织则不得不购买符合公共部门会计准则的新企业资源规划系统。 截至2009年6月,86%的组织已完成研究,以确定必要的企业资源规划系统升级并核准其实施。 其余国家必须修订其公共部门会计准则实施目标日期,因为实施只能与升级现有企业资源规划系统同时进行。 然而,难民署和粮食署表示,即使其企业资源规划系统升级时间过晚,《公共部门会计准则》也可及时实施,并解释说,其目前的企业资源规划系统版本能够通过一些人工操作支持《公共部门会计准则》,并在实施《公共部门会计准则》后予以更新(见附件四(粮食署))。", "128. (英语). 劳工组织等有外地存在的组织在实施公共部门会计准则和相关企业资源规划能力方面遇到了挑战。 这个组织在联检组审查时已经完成了企业资源规划系统的部署,在实地一级没有适当的企业资源规划系统基础设施,需要人工处理会计数据,以遵守公共部门会计准则。 这不是一个孤立的案件。 欧共体在采用新系统和在地理上分散的地点提供培训方面也面临困难。 因此,在项目早期阶段考虑外地需求至关重要。", "129. 国家 数据清理是清理现有遗留数据的过程,确保正在迁移到新的企业资源规划系统的数据有效、正确并符合所需的新格式。 数据清理往往在项目的最后或执行后阶段继续进行。 各组织往往低估完成这一进程所需的努力和时间。", "最佳做法 9", "必须对现有(遗留)系统进行彻底分析,使其与公共部门会计准则的要求相兼容并发挥协同作用,同时充分考虑到外地需要和能力。", "8. 联合国 提高认识和交流", "130. (中文(简体) ). 应通过宣传和培训提高对变革过程的认识。 提高认识培训的目标是“将即将发生的变革及其对本组织的影响传达给所有利益攸关方,鼓励工作人员开始思考对自身工作领域的影响,并促成对公共部门会计准则的变革。 提高认识培训被视为整个改革管理进程的一个关键组成部分。” 公共部门会计准则实施项目的规模意味着要提高理事机构和高级管理层的认识。 将正确的信息传递给正确的人,在正确的地方,在正确的时间,是有效沟通的关键,而沟通本身有三条规则:经常沟通,公开沟通和向所有人沟通. 因此,针对这些目标群体的提高认识培训比针对将体验新环境的用户群体的活动更为重要。", "最佳做法 10个", "为了给项目创造集体当家作主的感觉,各组织应投入时间和精力,以确保所有利益攸关方了解向公共部门会计准则过渡背后的愿景。 这可以采取各种形式:培训、务虚会、向工作人员介绍情况、信息产品和密切参与其他地方成功案件的人的证词。", "131. 国家 由于提高认识,“高级管理人员和方案主管将拥有工具,以产生关于决定的财务影响的更佳信息;他们将能够更好地解释财务结果,更加负责,并有动力对计划和财务采取更长期的看法”。 线路管理人员应当学习如何使用新系统并实现其预期效益。 他们还将认识到“控制”将如何改变,从注重“时间”(为满足预算规定而调整)转变为注重所使用的资源和支付的价格。 这一举措与成果管理制的趋势相类似并十分相适应。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 组织转型对于一个组织的变革努力至关重要,但是没有个别的转型,组织变革努力取得成功的可能性就被严重削弱。 管理人员和雇员个人在这些过渡中发挥了不同的作用。 管理人员的作用是使利益有关者(包括雇员)相信需要改变。 为了在最后过渡中取得成功,每个雇员都很重要。 [84] 截至2010年6月,86%的组织制定了沟通计划,2009年12月以来的重大进展(48%)可能来得太晚了。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 国际组织的通信工具包括使用互联网或内联网网站、广播、新闻稿、电子通讯、公告栏信息、向常驻代表团和工作人员提供专家讲座、特别活动、演讲会、会议等。 截至2009年6月,只有63.6%的组织制定了公共部门会计准则项目沟通计划,自相矛盾的是,较高的百分比(68.2%)事实上已开始了提高认识活动。 传播活动的目标接受者列于下图5:", "图5 按目标受众分列的宣传计划", "[]", "资料来源:对联检组调查问卷的答复。", "11个 培训", "134. 根据2007年的一项全系统调查,整个联合国系统有36 000名工作人员需要与公共部门会计准则有关的培训,其中65%需要提高认识培训,25%需要基本概念培训,10%需要专家概念培训。 [85] 2008年和2009年,全系统公共部门会计准则项目小组与各组织在开发培训产品方面的分工有些模糊,需要澄清。 秘书长关于联合国采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的第二次进度报告澄清说,各组织负责制订其《国际公共部门会计准则》培训计划并按计划展开培训,并补充说,已制定了全系统的培训办法,以支持各组织的《国际公共部门会计准则》培训。 这一办法包括三个阶段:培训需要评估;采购培训课程;部署培训。 [86] (中文(简体) ).", "135. (中文(简体) ). 在2007年9月发出招标书之后,确定了中标的投标人(国际商业和技术顾问公司),预计不久将订立合同。 [87] 然而,联检组小组在2009年进行的访谈证实,由于缺乏资源,无法在2009年底之前提供培训材料。 尽管如此,联合国公共部门会计准则小组在外部服务提供者的支持下,得以最后确定培训内容、设计和交付。 根据行政首长协调会关于截至2009年12月底采用公共部门会计准则进展情况的调查,21个答复组织中有77%完成了培训需要分析,59%完成了培训计划。 然而,较高的百分比(2009年6月52%,根据联检组的调查)已经开始提供培训,尽管当时只有32%完成了培训计划。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 影响开展培训的问题包括:需要对培训材料进行正式评价;课程维护(根据公共部门会计准则的发展情况提出的修正);将培训产品翻译成法文和西班牙文。 开发计划署的初步评估是,翻译课程需要大量资源和时间。 检查专员认为,这需要政治意愿,正如粮食计划署所显示的那样,粮食计划署成功地编写了英文、法文、西班牙文和阿拉伯文的培训材料。", "最佳做法 11", "各组织应确保现有和今后工作人员,特别是管理人员以及财务和采购人员,通过使用具体的通信工具,包括使用适当的语文的手册和培训产品,充分了解新的程序和要求。", "137号. 联检组2009年3月的调查显示,88.2%的组织在未使用行政首长协调会支助小组材料的情况下已经提供了提高认识培训。 70.6%的培训课程是概念性的;41.2%是 \" 手接 \" (往往是在企业资源规划系统提供者的协助下);还有23.5%是未指明的公共部门会计准则相关模块,包括项目管理培训。 下文图6列出了17个组织对联检组调查问卷的答复。", "图6 公共部门会计准则培训开始(2009年3月)", "[]", "资料来源:对联检组调查问卷的答复。", "138. 接受访谈的组织认为,培训和宣传必须与执行工作同步进行。", "风险:在部署有关系统之前提供的培训可能使工作人员失去动力。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 下文图7显示截至2009年3月按培训类型向各类受益人提供的与答复组织总数相比的分布情况。 高级管理层必须在项目实施初期接受提高认识的培训,以帮助确保高级管理层充分支持执行工作。 应鼓励有关代表理事机构参加这种培训。 然而,截至2009年春季,在将近一半的组织中,高级管理层和理事机构尚未接受提高认识的培训,这使人怀疑它们是否有能力领导重要和必要的改革。", "图7:培训受益者和提供的培训类型", "[]", "资料来源:对联检组调查问卷的答复。", "11个 风险评估", "140. 国家 还要求各组织分享其风险评估的结论(如果有的话),因为此类工作是成功实施项目的一个重要因素。 根据他们对2009年1月信托基金执行清单的答复,超过三分之一(38.1%)没有对其公共部门会计准则项目进行任何风险评估。 这一类别包括:", "纳入它们的企业资源规划项目(卫生组织、知识产权组织);", "(联合国、世旅组织)。", "141 (英语). 在进行风险评估时,并不总是有正式风险评估方法的支持,如COSO 2[88]。 检查专员想强调,风险评估是风险管理的先决条件,是确保实现项目目标的关键,审计委员会向开发署[89]和人口基金[90]确认这一点。 这方面的一个积极例子是知识产权组织,该组织进行了评估,以确定满足2010年执行日期的要求,以及哪些因素可能造成延误。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 联检组小组所收集的信息证实了秘书长关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则的第二次进度报告[91]中提到的风险因素。 报告还增加了另一个相关因素:“在完成对所需程序和系统变化的分析之后,对所涉工作的规模和复杂性有了更好的了解”。 推迟实施公共部门会计准则的主要原因是:", "(调查答复者70%)。 例如,过时的联合国秘书处“自制”综合管理信息系统(综管系统)于1980年代后期开发,1990年代中期扩大,需要进行复杂的改革,导致在2009年年中提出建议书并授予合同,取而代之,作为总体管理项目“团结”的一部分; 联合国公共部门会计准则实施项目小组与 \" 团结 \" 项目职能小组组长密切合作,确保将公共部门会计准则的信息系统要求纳入企业资源规划软件甄选过程(见上述报告,第51段和即将提交的进度报告)。", "必要的技术专门知识(30%的答复者)。 保留具有机构知识的人被列为一项相关挑战;", "答复者)。", "将重点转向公共部门会计准则(占答卷者的15%)。 例如,儿童基金会确定了2009-2011年除《公共部门会计准则》外的12个正在进行的主要组织举措;难民署正在实施一个新的成果管理制,该系统的实施优先于《公共部门会计准则》,限制了工作人员从事《公共部门会计准则》的工作;在民航组织,另外两个同时实施的举措是采用新的企业资源规划系统和实施基于成果的预算编制。", "(10%的答复者);", "总部遵守公共部门会计准则的附属实体;期初余额和财产初步确认方面的不确定性;培训材料编写方面的延误;业务流程重新配置方面的不确定性;安全问题(占答复者的5%)。", "风险: 缺乏适当的减少风险战略。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 教科文组织和气象组织提供了这方面的最佳做法实例。 教科文组织公布了一个内部控制政策框架,在一份文件中列出了经修订的财务政策、程序和流程框架。 该框架为制定符合公共部门会计准则要求的具体规则、政策和程序提供基础,并让所有工作人员对内部控制问题有共同的理解。 气象组织公布了与其公共部门会计准则项目有关的风险评估综合表。", "图8:各组织认为的风险因素", "[]", "资料来源:对行政首长协调会通过清单的答复。", "最佳做法 第12条", "所有向《国际公共部门会计准则》过渡的组织应按照项目的目标采用风险评估、管理和减轻风险的战略和做法来实施项目。", "12个 监督", "144. (中文(简体) ). 向公共部门会计准则的过渡和应计制财务报告的列报将对监督任务产生重大影响。", "145 (英语). 为了确定遵守《公共部门会计准则》的情况,内部和外部审计员需要确定管理层是否实施了适当的内部控制和相应的测试程序,以及这些程序是否有效。", "146. 国家 外部和内部审计人员还必须投资、获取和(或)更新(取决于其经验和专业认证)、权责发生制会计和公共部门会计准则特有的知识,并调整审计做法以适应新的控制环境和管理做法的变化,使其做法与新的环境相适应。 例如,新的停产程序[92]使结束业务更加复杂,从而增加了审计程序的范围和详细程度。", "A. 外聘审计员", "147页. 检查专员同意各组织的看法,即外部审计人员在审查和评论会计政策发展方面发挥重要作用,特别是在从一种会计准则向另一种会计准则过渡期间。 在声称符合《公共部门会计准则》的财政期间之后,外聘审计员必须独立决定是否就《公共部门会计准则》的总体遵守情况发表有保留意见或无保留意见。 他们的决定将形成一种技术和人际关系,这种关系本应与多年来向国际公共部门会计准则过渡同时进行。 鉴于没有人对像对政府间组织适用《国际公共部门会计准则》这样新的领域有绝对的知识,唯一可行的前进道路是双方愿意共同学习《准则》,同时也愿意从将《准则》转化为会计政策的解释(特别是《准则》工作队的工作)以及从一个组织的具体现实中学习。 附件四所描述的粮食计划署与NAO的关系就是这一进程的一个例子。", " 148. 148. 有趣的是,在工作队的罗马会议上,执行局确定了下列可能关键性的问题,供各组织彻底审议:", "相对于即时费率;", "(b) 在财务报表完成之前向一个组织提交临时报告;", "从年初开始。", "149 (英语). 几个组织(民航组织、海事组织、工发组织、粮食计划署、知识产权组织、卫生组织、气象组织)编写了临时(模拟)财务报告,供外聘审计员在介绍其第一个符合《国际公共部门会计准则》的财务报告之前审查。 例如,粮食计划署在临时阶段曾两次审查账目。 但是,正如审计委员会所正确强调的那样,不能为临时财务报表提供正式审计意见。 然而,检查专员认为,各组织必须及时查明并解决可能导致发表有保留审计意见的任何未决问题。", "最佳做法 13", "计划并编制临时财务报表,供外聘审计员在最后执行日期之前及早审查,以避免令人不愉快的出其不意。", "150 (英语). 此外,参与审计联合国系统各组织账目的10个最高审计机构[93] 的审计意见可能存在不一致之处,因为它们在审计基于公共部门会计准则的账目方面具有不同程度的经验。 迄今为止,有少数国家参与了这类审计:瑞士联邦审计署(瑞士公共实体将《公共部门会计准则》作为其会计准则);联合王国国家审计署(在联合王国政府账户中采用《公共部门会计准则》,国家审计署审计粮食计划署基于《公共部门会计准则》的账户);法国审计公司还受益于其以《公共部门会计准则》类型的方法为指导认证法国政府账户的新经验。", "151 (英语). 因此,指导至关重要。 国家审计办公室开发了各种工具来帮助外聘审计员审计遵守《公共部门会计准则》的情况。 它还出版了“公共部门会计准则合规指南”,旨在帮助客户组织了解无保留审计意见的先决条件;该指南包括一个逐步核对表,以帮助从业人员确保账户的编制符合公共部门会计准则的要求。 准则规定了外聘审计员需要管理层提供的情况和证据;并说明了可能出现和需要避免的审计问题。 就联合国系统各组织而言,行政首长协调会批准的指导当然是衡量标准。 然而,仍然需要有一个框架来指导各组织与外部审计员的互动。 信托基金采用的框架应由能源署讨论。 检查专员没有向该机构提出任何建议,这对联检组来说是不寻常的,但他希望该框架能够使最佳做法13和14的绩效更容易。", "最佳做法 页:1", "在可行的情况下尽快建立和保持本组织与其外部审计员之间的双边对话,讨论向《公共部门会计准则》过渡的问题,以帮助确保外部和内部审计人员深入了解新系统及其对控制程序的影响,因为实施《公共部门会计准则》要求转入权责发生制会计。", "B. 内部审计员", "152. (中文(简体) ). 内部审计员对公共部门会计准则问题的更多参与是确保设计出适当的程序以便能够客观地了解各组织的财务状况和业绩的一个因素。 遗憾的是,最高审计机关国际组织(最高审计机关国际组织)2004年更新并经最高审计机关国际组织核准的《公共部门内部控制标准准则》对于实际使用的价值有限。", "153 (英语). 在审查期间,检查专员注意到,各组织内部审计员参与变革进程的程度相差很大,这取决于公开性和承诺以及项目小组的政策。 在一些组织中,内部审计员根本没有参与,或者只担任观察员,而在另一些组织中,他们积极参与并跟踪所取得的进展,讨论项目的困难并同项目小组成员就风险领域交换意见。 当他们与检查专员会晤时,内部审计员的参与情况如下:", "儿童基金会和粮食计划署);", "开发署、万国邮联、气象组织、教科文组织;", "将纳入《财务条例和细则》(劳工组织、国际电联、人口基金、知识产权组织、气象组织、项目厅);", "并与外聘审计师进行讨论(人口基金);", "会计政策,与审计委员会协调并核准培训计划(近东救济工程处);", "(难民署);", "公共部门会计准则小组,外部审计员发挥主要监督作用。", "加强改革管理协调员和项目管理协调员,从而减少对咨询人的依赖,为主要管理职能提供稳定性。", "154 (英语). 一个内部审计员分组向2008年9月在华盛顿举行的联合国内部审计和内部审计司会议提交了一份关于内部审计在采用公共部门会计准则方面的作用的详细文件。 该文件界定了《公共部门会计准则》转换中的核心内部审计作用,以确保通过在早期阶段核实差距分析的结果,正确评估和管理与《公共部门会计准则》转换有关的风险;并通过在项目启动、里程碑和交付品等不同阶段对《公共部门会计准则》项目进行一系列审查,在内部审计员向《公共部门会计准则》过渡时向管理层提供增值咨询,从而开展保证工作。 对于他们来说,这些作用可能包括:关于治理和风险管理的指导;项目交付品和商定的日期;期初资产负债表、系统升级和项目结束,所有这些都涵盖公共部门会计准则项目的大部分组成部分。 文件还提议在过渡阶段发挥潜在的内部审计作用,同时指出,“内部审计的咨询作用和各种审查的时间安排本身可能对内部审计的客观性构成风险”。 因此,为了维护其独立性和客观性,建议内部审计员不要参与关于国际公共部门会计准则转换或执行的决策,例如“进行差距分析或宣布会计政策”。", "155 (英语). 2009年,内部审计员协会根据最近的经验教训,再次讨论了国际公共部门会计准则问题。 后来,联合国-内部审计员协会公共部门会计准则分组坚持管理层(各组织,特别是公共部门会计准则和企业资源规划项目)的责任,管理层负责对初步实施阶段安装的新内部控制进行持续测试。 14个组织的内部审计员也正确地警告不要承担管理层在这方面的责任。", "最佳做法 15", "在公共部门会计准则初步实施阶段,业务流程负责人应定期测试内部控制,以确保数据的准确性。", "最佳做法 16个", "确保该系统在完工前进行独立和全面的验证和核查。", " C C. 关键指标:按组织分列的预期遵守日期", "156 (英语). 根据公共部门会计准则实体,只有从外部审计员那里得到对其财务报表的无保留意见,才能认为各组织完全符合公共部门会计准则。 为此,审计委员会在审计联合国2006-2007两年期财务报表时,建议本组织继续审查其实施公共部门会计准则的里程碑。 2010年2月的采用进度报告显示,2010年只有8个组织正在按计划遵守公共部门会计准则。 根据对联检组问题单的书面答复和他在第一次访问期间进行的访谈,检查专员对全系统2010年遵守情况的目标表示严重怀疑,后来得到确认。", "157. (中文(简体) ). 2009年,76%的答复组织表示,其理事机构在2006年和2007年投票通过《国际公共部门会计准则》时,意识到实施的影响。 当时,根据信托基金和行政首长协调会的建议,大多数组织将2010年12月31日终了的财政期间定为遵守期限,而少数“早期采用者”的目标是2008年。", "158 (英语). 最初,信托基金只简要和笼统地描述了公共部门会计准则的共同利益和所涉问题,指出“采用准则将对各组织的会计、财务报告和相关信息技术系统产生重大影响;对各组织的预算编制、筹资和管理系统也具有重要影响”。 然而,2006年没有一个组织处于同一起点,大多数秘书处为动员其理事机构而使用和印发的带有各自标志的文件并没有 -- -- 可能无法 -- -- 说明每个组织对《国际公共部门会计准则》的准备程度,或说明许多组织为实现遵守《国际公共部门会计准则》而需要进行的变革的程度和持续时间。", "159 (英语). 检查专员可以证实,各组织由于规模和情况不同,以及2005-2006年企业资源规划系统与《公共部门会计准则》要求的相容性,其实施水平相差很大。", "160 (英语). 信托基金、管理问题高级别委员会、行政首长协调会和秘书长2005年和2006年的决定[96]可以受到批评,因为这些决定迫使所有组织选择同年遵守,而不论其实际准备程度如何。 相反,应该拨出足够时间首先进行可行性研究。 实际上,还需要更多的文件,使理事机构了解向公共部门会计准则成功过渡的先决条件。", "图9:根据各组织提供的资料,截至2010年2月计划并预计实施公共部门会计准则的年份。 [97]", "[]", "资料来源:秘书长关于国际公共部门会计准则实施情况的进度报告", "161 (英语). 在计划的3个“早期采用者”中,由于有利的初始条件和协调一致的努力,只有粮食署按计划在2008年12月31日终了年度全面实施了《公共部门会计准则》(详情见附件四);世卫组织自2008年以来采用了若干单独的《公共部门会计准则》标准,与其企业资源规划系统的部署密切相关,目前预计在2012年,即其企业资源规划系统向本组织其他部门推出之后,将达到合规要求。 民航组织的采购自2008年1月完成企业资源规划第一阶段的推出并采用交付原则以来一直采用权责发生制,预期到2010年将遵守公共部门会计准则。", "162 (英语). 在接受审查的19个其他组织中,有7个预计于2010年1月1日按计划符合《国际公共部门会计准则》:海事组织、国际电联、泛美卫生组织、教科文组织、工发组织、知识产权组织和气象组织。 在其余12个国家中,有2个预计将于2011年采用公共部门会计准则(原子能机构和万国邮联);8个预计将于2012年采用公共部门会计准则(粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、人口基金、难民署、儿基会、项目厅、近东救济工程处);2个预计将于2014年采用公共部门会计准则(联合国和世旅组织)。 [98] 鉴于向《公共部门会计准则》的全面遵守过渡所需的筹备和变革的出乎意料的复杂性和规模,以及就许多组织而言,同时采用其他具有挑战性的管理举措,这不应令人惊讶。 这表明,正如2010年目标支持者在2005年所主张的那样,在大会作出政治决定四年后,各组织就采用国际公共部门会计准则,这在技术上既不可行也不现实。 对那些在权责发生制会计方面远远落后、企业资源规划系统不足和缺乏训练有素的工作人员的组织来说,情况尤其如此。 根据检查专员2008年约谈的一位关键演员的说法,“2010年的移民只是一个口号”。", "163 (英语). 其里程碑的拖延迫使一些组织修改了2009年或2010年的项目时间表,这是管理问题高级别委员会充分鼓励的修订。 例如,联合国已将采用日期改到2014年,以便有更多的时间与采用新的企业资源规划系统同步实施,并指出,“采用国际公共部门会计准则方面最重要的唯一问题是成功采用国际公共部门会计准则的信息系统要求以及采用国际公共部门会计准则的实施计划和企业资源规划项目的同步化。” 截至2009年6月,有62%的组织已预见到执行方面的延误,决定采取渐进办法(按标准执行标准)。 在有些情况下,推迟最后期限的决定也受到资源供应的影响。", " V. 国际公共部门会计准则与金融和经济危机", "164. (中文(简体) ). 全球金融和经济危机在以下几个方面影响了该项目:", "并且有时过于温和,无法充分有效,更难获得,而且更取决于高级管理层和立法机构的理解和善意,特别是在同时通过若干相互竞争的管理举措和会员国不断增长的需求的情况下,甚至不愿核准额外支出和人力资源;", "各组织的财政实力及其面临的相关风险。 信贷危机增加了公共部门问责制和金融交易透明度的必要性。", "财务报告准则对周期性的影响以及如何在危机时期衡量公允价值。 这特别体现在关于金融工具、披露和列报的《国际会计准则》第39条和第15号。 前者因要求以公允价值计量各种资产而导致资产负债表更不稳定而受到批评。", "165 (英语). 在雷曼兄弟会倒闭后,在政治压力下,然后在20国集团会议上,会计师们急于采取行动,非常认真地对待这个问题。 国际会计师联合会在其全球理事会会议上组织了几次研讨会,以讨论金融危机的根源以及会计专业人员、监管机构和政府可以采取哪些行动来防止今后的危机。 国际会计准则理事会和会计准则理事会同意共同并迅速地为处理资产负债表外活动和金融工具会计的共同标准而努力。 此外,它们同意提出建议,以“在几个月而不是几年内”的共同标准取代各自的金融工具准则。 这两家公司都澄清说,公司没有义务在困难的条件下使用市场价格。 就其本身而言,国际公共部门会计准则委员会最近根据国际会计准则第32、39和7号的模型制定了新的国际公共部门会计准则(28、29和30)并处理了同样的列报、确认、衡量和披露问题。", "166 (英语). 与任何其他会计准则一样,《公共部门会计准则》也不断得到改进和修改,从而使联合国系统各组织的会计政策相应改变。 2009年4月,二十国集团呼吁会计准则理事会和国际会计准则理事会“在年底前为一套单一的高质量全球会计准则取得重大进展”。 检查专员欢迎国际会计准则理事会和会计准则理事会作出努力,使财务报告准则和一般公认的会计原则在私营部门趋于一致,促进 \" 会计准则趋同 \" ,这是会计专业的理想之一。", "167. (中文(简体) ). 然而,这提出了一个问题,即为私营盈利部门服务而设想的一套单一的会计准则如何能够满足公共部门实体和非营利组织的具体需要,因为大多数交易不是基于交换,而是基于对收入和支出的不对称交易。 这一问题需要联合国观察员(联合国秘书处和开发署)密切关注,因为该机构正式支持《国际公共部门会计准则》和《国际财务报告准则》的趋同。 由于国际公共部门会计准则理事会对联合国系统内任何理事机构都不负责,并且由于“联合国”观察员没有授权代表该系统发言,鉴于这种趋同的意愿,他们是否应当仅仅接受、认可、促进或保持沉默? 联合国利益攸关方应进行知情的辩论,使所有行为体都能理解和理解这一问题和利害关系。 让我们回顾一下,之所以选择《国际公共部门会计准则》,其根本原因是它们比《国际财务报告准则》更适合公共实体的具体性质。 《国际公共部门会计准则》已经包含了为私营公司设想的《国际财务报告准则》的大部分特点。 检查专员同意法国国家会计委员会国际主任的观点,即“遗憾的是,主要由于时间限制,大多数《国际公共部门会计准则》标准都从《国际财务报告准则》中复制出来,而且只是部分符合公共部门的现实情况”。 只要有“非交换交易”,“王子会计”就必须与“商人会计”区分开来。", "168 (英语). 今后制定和实施《国际公共部门会计准则》的指导原则应当是问责制,国际会计师联合会简明而正确地将问责制定义为“对所赋予的责任负责的义务”。 类似于国际财务报告解释委员会在《国际财务报告准则》领域所完成的重要任务,可由国际会计师联合会负责协助公共部门实体,特别是国际组织协调和解释《国际公共部门会计准则》的特别委员会执行,特别是在实施准则的最初几年中,因为这些实体冒险进入未知地区。 这样一个委员会将继续开展信托基金所完成的工作,但其范围可以大得多,按照正当程序原则,由来自国家、城市和非营利组织的代表组成。", "六、结 论 结论", "169 (英语). 联合国系统所有组织向《国际公共部门会计准则》过渡,无疑是在全系统一级采取的最雄心勃勃的管理举措之一。 如果各组织要走向知情管理,就不能放弃这一倡议。 本报告努力强调从联合国系统会计准则向公共部门会计准则过渡的障碍、制约和风险,无论是选择最佳或升级现有企业资源规划系统所需的时间,与立法机构的对话不佳,对改革进程缺乏远见和集体自主感,或高级管理层缺乏承诺。", "170 (英语). 很少有组织早在2005年就意识到需要进行重大变革。 在22个组织中,只有一个组织在最初的最后期限前实现了公认的遵守,另外8个组织计划在2010年实现这一点,原因有很多。 根据审查结果,检查专员必须得出结论认为,大多数组织错误地判断了许多不同级别所需要的巨大变化,有些组织迟迟没有认识到,只有作出这一努力,它们才能把这项工作作为整体优先事项。 对到2010年遵守《公共部门会计准则》的初步承诺也没有反映出每个组织有一个完全不同的起点,这使得向《公共部门会计准则》迈进成为一些组织的一项重大工作。 经合组织、欧共体和粮食计划署等早期先行者已经表明,只要有足够的意愿和决心,就能够完成艰巨的任务。 然而,需要从它们的经验中吸取经验教训,以帮助其他组织在今后几年内实现遵守公共部门会计准则。", "171 (英语). 在数年中作出了一系列重要政治决定之后,一些组织显然需要更多时间才能实现编制符合《公共部门会计准则》的不合格财务报表的目标。 [104] 现在,失望和沮丧是需要预防的主要风险,更何况,过渡的有益影响只有在过渡完成和管理人员需要时间来掌握新要求之后才能显现出来。 审查根据联合国各组织或联合国系统外其他早期执行者的经验,确定了一些最佳做法(列于执行摘要)。 检查专员认为,采用这些准则将有助于确保以战略性、全面和及时的方式向公共部门会计准则过渡。 考虑到所有这些因素,检查专员认为,以下建议应提高联合国系统各组织向实施《国际公共部门会计准则》过渡的成效、效率和问责制。", "建议3", "行政首长应确保在实施公共部门会计准则项目时采用联检组本报告所查明的16个最佳做法。", "页:1", "公共部门会计准则清单", "(2010年国际会计师联合会) 《国际公共部门会计准则公告手册》)", "《手册》的范围", "该手册汇集了国际会计师联合会(会计师联合会)和会计师联合会目前发布的公共部门有效声明的背景资料,供继续参考。", "2010年1月15日 (英语).", "第一编", "目 录", "页次", "2009年手册中的物质变化 1", "国际公共部门会计准则委员会-临时职权范围 3", "国际会计师联合会 8", "国际协会 国际公共部门会计准则 11", "国际公共部门会计准则导言 20", "IPSAS 1 - 财务报表的列报 21", "IPSAS 2-现金流动报表 82", "IPSAS 3 - 会计政策、会计估计和错误的变化 104", "IPSAS 4——外汇汇率变动的影响 135", "IPSAS 5 - 债务费用 160", "IPSAS 6——合并和单独财务报表 172", "IPSAS 7 - 联营公司的投资 207", "IPSAS 8——合资企业的利害关系 227", "IPSAS 9 - 外汇交易收益 251", "IPSAS 10——超通货膨胀经济体的财务报告 271", "IPSAS 11——建筑合同 288", "IPSAS 12 - 库存 314", "IPSAS 13 - 租赁 333", "公共部门会计准则 14. 报告日期后的活动 369", "IPSAS 15-金融工具:披露和列报 385", "IPSAS 16 - 投资财产 443", "IPSAS 17 - 财产、工厂和设备 476", "IPSAS 18——分部报告 517", "IPSAS 19 - 规定、或有负债和或有资产 548", "IPSAS 20相关缔约方的披露 592", "IPSAS 21-非现金资产核算 613", "IPSAS 22 - 披露关于政府总部门的信息 652", "IPSAS 23 -- -- 非交换交易收入(税收和转账) 678", "IPSAS 24-在财务报表中介绍预算信息 735", "IPSAS 25 - 雇员福利 763", "第二卷", "目 录", "页次", "IPSAS 26 - 现金产生资产的管理 845", "IPSAS 27-农业 904", "IPSAS 28-金融工具:列报 933", "IPSAS 29-金融工具:确认和计量 1022", "IPSAS 30-金融工具:披露 1287", "IPSAS 31 - 有形资产 1337", "《国际公共部门会计准则》 -- -- 现金会计制度下的财务报告 1388", "《公共部门会计准则》第1至26号的定义术语词汇表 1389", "准则2. 国际法的适用性 审计准则", "政府商业企业财务报表", "其他文件摘要 1555", "国际会计师联合会职业会计师道德守则 1558", "页:1", "参与组织确定的每项公共部门会计准则的重要性百分比", "[]", "联合国", "向公共部门会计准则实施过渡的程序流程", "[]", "联合国", "后一故事:粮食计划署进程", "1. 联合国 这仅仅是联检组参加组织20多个公共部门会计准则项目详细说明之一。 这是第一个成功的故事,目前(2010年)是唯一的成功故事,检查专员认为可以从中汲取很多经验。 粮食署远远不是找到良好做法的唯一机构,但2009年4月,粮食署在执行局决定(2006年6月)遵守《公共部门会计准则》不到三年之后,才成功地将其2008年财务报表作为符合《公共部门会计准则》的报表列报,这在下一个财政期间再次出现,值得详细描述。 本节主要以粮食计划署执行主任的正式文本(包括关于该项目的六份进度报告)、公布的账目以及外聘审计员的报告和说明为基础。 为简洁起见,本案文很少提及;其他内容可索取。", "2. 联合国 由于遵守了《公共部门会计准则》,预计财政期间开始的最后期限使得粮食署《公共部门会计准则》项目小组只有18个月的时间做好准备。 从零开始,一次建设一个组成部分,采用《国际公共部门会计准则》是一个多方面、有时限的复杂项目。 由于有效的领导和认真的风险管理,最终按照最初的设想成功地完成了这项工作。 由于粮食计划署最终是唯一所谓的《国际公共部门会计准则》“暂行采用者”,因此在拟定与《国际公共部门会计准则》有关的技术会计问题时,它领先于整个联合国系统。 这一重大举措包括全面审查所有财务政策并对这些政策进行许多修订,编写相关的《政策指导手册》并广泛培训工作人员。", "A类. 作为筹备步骤建立财务管理", "3个 这一显著的成就也标志着整个组织财务管理的全面转变进程,其起源至少可以追溯到2002-2003两年期,当时,粮食计划署在其外聘审计师及其最高管理层的怂恿下,着手改进其财务管理。", " 4.四. 公共部门会计准则项目是在实体各级总部、区域和外地办事处所有财务职能人员的共同动机、知识和问责制的基础上制订的:必须在所有人员中建立一个积极的网络,以确保充分了解和实施组织的业务模式并提供一个接受必要改革的肥沃土壤。 为此,必须及时由所需人数并具有所需资格的工作人员来填补必要的员额。 财务管理人员和工作人员的培训以及这些不同级别雇员的混合是成功的关键因素,是建立现代会计文化的先决条件。", "5 (韩语). 2004-2005年,粮食计划署领导层采取了若干举措,旨在提高执行局、捐助者和管理层财务报告的质量和及时性。 这些管理优先事项包括:", "(称为WFP信息网络和全球系统或WINGS,随后在WINGS II得到加强后);", "增加外地财务干事(分别增加61%和68%)和5名区域财务分析员,以支持业务流程审查后产生的新业务模式;", "粮食署业务和财务流程财务人员,特别是外地办事处的财务人员,每月提交一揽子结账报告;", "其内部控制和有效财务管理的责任;", "区域局和国家办事处讨论财务管理的战略问题并澄清作用和责任;", "国家办事处准备关闭两年期财务账户,采取新的举措,审查审计对策的后续行动,并向WINGS提供高级培训;", "关于财务政策和程序的报告,而关于项目管理和财务执行情况的报告则由WINGS编写;", "粮食署风险分析的基础;", "分析和内部控制。", "B. 会计准则的选择:坚定不移的立场", "6. 国家 2005年1月,粮食计划署外聘审计员指出,粮食计划署已经按照国际会计准则/国际财务报告准则或国际公共部门会计准则的要求提供了一套几乎完整的财务报表。 在外聘审计员向理事会提交关于财务报告标准的报告,通过该报告,外聘审计员鼓励粮食计划署理事会接受普遍接受的国际会计标准之后,执行主任设立了一个指导委员会和一个工作队来管理向这一方向过渡的工作。 在与外部组织和会计准则专家讨论之后,他们初步审查了粮食署可能需要修改的条例和细则,然后粮食署才能充分采用国际会计准则。 改变权责发生制会计是所有现代会计准则的共同要求,其实施将使实体为实施任何准则作好很大准备。 2007年,粮食计划署认识到,目前支持《公共部门会计准则》某些方面的WINGS使粮食计划署近年来能够系统地改进财务报告,包括应计制收入确认、按市场利率确认投资、根据交付原则和年度财务报告确认支出。 在这方面,粮食计划署已经达到公共部门会计准则的高级准备程度。", "7. 联合国 但是这并非易事:公共部门会计准则是建立在原则基础上的。 粮食计划署是联合国第一个实施公共部门会计准则的组织,也是世界上第一个实施公共部门会计准则的组织,其公共部门会计准则小组不得不起草许多政策,常常是在机构间工作队讨论和公布任何指导之前起草的。 起草的一些非常困难的政策包括:库存资本化、支出和计量、金融工具、实物服务、个人防护设备、无形资产,特别是收入的确认,鉴于粮食计划署与私营部门之间的重大差异,这尤其困难,但也有以摊款为基础的组织和国家。 比较过去符合《联合国系统会计准则》的财务报告和目前符合《公共部门会计准则》的财务报告,可以衡量会计政策的影响和面临的困难。", "8. 联合国 粮食计划署对全系统小组和信托基金所开展支助工作的态度是,充分积极主动地参与并果断地向前迈进,必要时甚至超越小组,如培训材料(粮食计划署在培训材料方面先编写自己的培训材料,而不等待行政首长协调会的培训材料被拖延)。 作为早期采用者,粮食署在实施《公共部门会计准则》方面的观点和经验与联合国系统其他组织非常相关。 如果联合国的讨论尚未成熟,无法就所有公共部门会计准则问题发表意见,管理层会与外聘审计员达成一致,对这些问题进行适当的解释。 如果没有《国际公共部门会计准则》,则采用《国际财务报告准则》。 作为“拖拉机”,粮食计划署不能总指望联合国就过渡期间所面临的广泛问题提供实际的咨询和建议。 事实上,联合国其他组织希望粮食计划署提供指导并树立榜样。 粮食计划署还与欧盟、北约和瑞士政府等其他公共部门会计准则先驱机构进行了接触。", "9. 国家 2005年夏天,当信托基金与行政首长协调会项目开发小组讨论此事并加速采用公共部门会计准则时,粮食计划署已做好了过渡的准备,准备作为早期采用者发挥主导作用。 因此,报告提出了两份基本文件,表明对其自身情况的深入自主思考:2005年至2008年向国际会计准则过渡的暂定时间表,以及根据差距分析(公共部门会计准则)要求实体作出的所有变动表。 它们构成粮食署公共部门会计准则项目的支柱。 执行局于2006年6月核准的业务计划包括时间表、里程碑、与WINGS II项目的协调以及估计费用、预算和供资备选方案,以便粮食署能够按照建议从2008年起实施公共部门会计准则。", " C C. 全面衡量并完成所要完成的任务.", "10个 根据粮食计划署外聘审计师关于两个主要项目的准备情况报告摘录:IPSAS和WINGS II, 遵守国际会计标准比修订和改进财务报告的列报方面更需要。 业务程序和标准作业程序需要改进,例如粮食署如何管理和核算资产和负债;如何核算和报告收入和支出。 它们要求在粮食计划署业务基础设施和财务程序方面进行重大的业务流程和财务管理改革,秘书处一直在推动这项工作。", "11个 粮食计划署比联合国系统的其他实体更愿意遵守上述许多改革,它选择了一条快行道:在18个月后,从它已经做好充分准备的地方过渡到联合国系统所有组织中可能最短的实现目标的道路。 2006年,粮食署首次编制了全套(符合《联合国系统会计准则》的)年度财务报表。 这使药物管制署能够将自己定位为采用年度账户和全面审计,作为从2008年起强制性规定的年度财政期间的先期工作。 虽然其领域最直接地受《公共部门会计准则》的影响,但粮食计划署财务报告股在执行《公共部门会计准则》的挑战中发挥了关键作用。 粮食计划署在6个月至9个月期间开展了一系列“干燥”活动,作为2008年未来账户的“符合公共部门会计准则”部分。", "D类. 正式项目", "1. 联合国 大纲", "12个 根据审计委员会2005年11月的决定,秘书处为会计准则项目制订了一项全面工作计划。 该计划概述了确定和处理因实施《公共部门会计准则》而影响到的粮食署细则和条例、会计政策和行政程序等变化的方法。 为该项目的不同阶段确定了里程碑,包括分析、修订政策和程序的建议、管理层、外聘审计员和理事会的核准、编写准则和培训总部和外地工作人员。 秘书处还编制了执行费用概算。", "2. 联合国 施政", "13个 过渡时期的治理最初设想是一个相对较小的团队(4名财务顾问、1名项目管理顾问、1名其他顾问、2名财务人员和4名其他人员),由一名专职项目经理领导,向首席财务干事报告,后者还负责WINGS 二期项目,从而能够监测WINGS 二期/公共部门会计准则的协同作用。 2007年设立了一个“项目管理委员会”,为公共部门会计准则项目提供高级别监督、指导和咨询意见。 除内部审计建议和风险评估外,项目工作人员还增加了一名改革管理协调员和一名项目管理协调员。 这减少了对咨询人的依赖,并在通信和培训以及监测和更新预算和工作计划方面提供了稳定性。", "3个 供资", "14个 由于恢复了财务管理文化,粮食计划署很快(2005年9月)能够为下列项目提出详细的费用估计数和计划所需预算经费:", "(一) 过渡到国际会计准则;", "二. 改变组织流程;", "三. 资产管理;", "四. 编写政策、程序和指导手册。", "(讲习班等)", "审查,同时制定政策和程序指南。", "15个 向该项目提供资金的第一个步骤是设法通过可能匀支额外费用来查明节余。 第二是寻求与一个已经存在和相关的项目的协同作用。 第三,只是寻找新的筹资形式和来源。", "16号. 2006年6月,审计委员会核准从方案支助和行政项目拨款370万美元,用于支付在2008年财政期间及时采用公共部门会计准则的费用,为期两年。 两年后,对项目支出的回顾性分析突出表明了与计划数额相类似的总体实际支出水平,显示工作人员费用(由联合国共同制度管理)预算不足,被其他大多数项目的节余,特别是旅费所抵消。 在整个项目期间,顾问费用保持在30万美元这一非常低的水平上,而预计费用为50万美元,与其他一些组织相比,费用本身相对较低。", "4. 人力资源", "17岁。 项目计划规定设立一个专门小组,在粮食计划署工作人员的支持下执行会计标准项目,该小组将提供与其主管和责任领域有关的专门知识。 已经指定了一名项目管理员领导该项目,该项目利用了内部专家、专业人员和特别征聘的咨询人,以确保粮食计划署有能力成功地向公共部门会计准则过渡。 但人员配置很困难:2006年该项目开始试图聘用公共部门会计准则领域的工作人员专家时,几乎没有人员。 许多会计师是《国际财务报告准则》或《新西兰准则》或《澳大利亚准则》的专家,但几乎没有人具备实施《国际公共部门会计准则》的专门知识。 只有那些与经合组织和欧共体等开创性组织合作的人才会有国际公共部门会计准则的经验。 此外,许多顾问在《公共部门会计准则》方面具有理论经验,但没有执行经验。 项目经理最后选择雇用专业会计师,并给予他们必要的时间熟悉《公共部门会计准则》,投资于《公共部门会计准则》,以便他们逐步积累关于《公共部门会计准则》执行的专家知识。", "5 (韩语). 内容和可交付成果", "18岁。 该小组制定了涵盖所有公共部门会计准则和公共部门会计准则风险敞口草案的全面实施文件,包括新的会计要求和做法草案,根据这些草案,粮食署财务报表将从2008年1月1日起编制,以指导业务用户和系统开发人员。 每个会计领域的详细实施计划将实施文件与《公共部门会计准则》的实际采用联系起来,包括确定2008年1月1日库存、雇员福利以及不动产、厂场和设备的期初余额,以及根据《公共部门会计准则》核算收入。 将为业务单位和财务专业人员编制一份执行手册。", "页:1 具有积极性的组织:沟通、培训和改革管理", "1. 联合国 通信和培训支助", " 19. 19. 作为其传播方案的一部分,粮食计划署设立了一个专门介绍向《公共部门会计准则》过渡情况的专门网页,并在2006至2008年期间就这一主题编写了由六份“进度报告”组成的额外系列报告,其中解释或提出了与过去和即将作出的决定有关的所有相关信息,并提交执行局供其参考、审议或核准,从而使其充分知情、积极和积极地促进过渡进程的顺利进展。", "20号. 该公共部门会计准则项目内联网网站是粮食计划署工作人员大量使用的,该网站提供了关于联合国系统会计准则、国际会计准则、公共部门会计准则和采用公共部门会计准则程序的信息。 它为寻求公共部门会计准则信息或指导的用户提供了一站式信息来源。 作为传播战略的一部分,每两个月向财务干事和其他工作人员分发一次公告,主要是向外地工作人员通报项目的进展情况。 公共部门会计准则和具有其他组织实施公共部门会计准则项目经验的财务专家举办了讲习班,使粮食署工作人员熟悉实施公共部门会计准则的性质。 2006年下半年和2007年初,在所有区域办事处举办了讲习班,向区域主任、国家主任和财务干事介绍公共部门会计准则实施活动和对粮食计划署的主要影响。 随着符合公共部门会计准则的程序的提供,安排了更多的培训讲习班和课程。", "21岁 同样,维持向高层管理人员、中层管理人员和工作人员提供反馈的交流流动,对提高认识和支持是必要的。 公共部门会计准则实施小组开始实施组织宣传和培训战略,以确保在粮食署内广泛涵盖公共部门会计准则的认识和知识。 这与WINGS II和人力资源司的培训股相协调,以确保效率和规模经济。 2008年初,总部和外地办事处已对1 400名工作人员进行了定期公共部门会计准则培训。 2008年全年将为执行局成员和联合国工作组和活动参与者等利益攸关方提供更新课程。 与纽约公共部门会计准则小组的协调仍在继续,因为正在编制适用于联合国的权责发生制会计专门培训材料,但要么尚未出版,要么无法使用。", "22号. 总体而言,培训、沟通、讨论、讲习班、会议和工作组需要相当长的时间将人们的行为从联合国系统会计准则转变为公共部门会计准则,公共部门会计准则被视为(而且事实上是)更加困难和要求更高。 因此,改变行为,特别是改变“不信教者”的行为极为困难,需要使用各种手段。", "2. 与执行局的 \" 沟通 \"", "23. 联合国 粮食计划署与由36个联合国会员国和粮农组织成员国、捐助者和受援国组成的执行局(EB)就公共部门会计准则项目建立并保持了密切联系。 尽管存在这种多样性,但从2005年至2009年,外聘审计员和粮食计划署秘书处为执行局发挥了“应得”作用,提出了关于各自作用的各种报告。 它们就向国际会计标准的过渡提出了一致的看法,从而创造了信任的气氛,在每个阶段都解释了情况、风险、提出的建议及其预期好处。 提高和保持对行政和财务领域的这种兴趣和支持,往往被认为对会员国代表没有吸引力,是一项重大成就。 有人对采用预算财务报告格式的新的符合公共部门会计准则的财务报告与以往根据联合国系统会计准则编制的财务报告相比,其可理解程度表示关切。 通过持续的讨论、简报、非正式协商、财务讨论会和特邀演讲者的活动,讨论了这些问题。", "24. 与立法机构(执行局)的沟通也通过各种途径进行,包括如上所述六份特别进度报告。 这尤其允许为员额提供初步资金,以加强财务管理,随后为公共部门会计准则和WINGS项目提供相对直接的供资,从而使其各自的团队能够充分致力于与项目有关的实务活动,而无需浪费精力来筹集资金。 因此,执行局认可了拟议中的实现《国际公共部门会计准则》的各种步骤。 但是,获得资金比改变管理层和工作人员根深蒂固的工作和管理程序容易。 这在粮食计划署和在其他组织都非常困难。", "费. 网络中的一个项目", "1. 机构伙伴关系", "25岁 粮食计划署从未孤立地开展工作。 正如它在内部组织思考和培训一样,它渴望与现有的外部伙伴最大限度地建立有利可图的联系。", "26. 联合国 这些伙伴中的第一个是来自联合王国国家审计局的粮食计划署外聘审计员,他很快证明是采用国际公认的会计标准的驱动力,特别是在他关于供执行局审议的问题的报告中。 [105] 外聘审计员和粮食计划署执行主任经常强调他们在各自报告中的宝贵合作,直到他们能够在2009年自豪地分享他们实现根据《国际公共部门会计准则》为2008年编写的第一套财务报表的荣誉,并在外聘审计员认为没有任何保留的情况下向执行局提交了这些财务报表,这在下一个年度财政期间是重复的。 检查专员认为,除了外聘审计员在当地的参与之外,应当提及国家审计办公室在使用《国际公共部门会计准则》方面的教育和信息方面所作的巨大努力,包括可以从国家审计办公室网站www.nao.org.uk下载的两份重要而详细的“指南”:", "确保账户符合标准要求的分步骤清单;", "特别是协助国际组织了解其外聘审计员将需要什么来支持对国际公共部门会计准则的要求发表无保留审计意见。 在前言中,NAO声称,“指导规定了外部审计员需要管理层提供的情况和证据;并说明了可能出现和需要避免的审计问题。 “", "27个 另一个重要的机构伙伴是审计委员会(AC),根据该委员会2009年发布的年度报告,该委员会“花费了相当多的时间和精力来监督这一具有挑战性的项目。 每次会议都监测实施计划和潜在障碍,包括关键项目人员的变化。 审计咨询委员会注意到关键的里程碑(如2008年6月和9月的\"干跑\")并评估了管理层取得的成果以及国家审计办公室和内部审计办公室独立提交的进展报告。 它建议如何有效地克服所遇到的障碍,并加强管理部门对该项目的承诺。 上诉委员会的意见和建议已转达给管理层。 它在执行过程中和在讨论财务报告草案最后版本时提出了修改建议并审查了管理层的反应。", "28岁 如上所述,粮食计划署通过积极参加信托基金和相关的罗马“焦点小组”,在与联合国系统其他机构的互动中发挥了更大的作用。 检查专员再次强调,在这场成功过渡中,粮食计划署不想低估其优点,但可以说,它可能是准备最充分的组织之一,特别是通过其财务机构文化。 [106] (中文(简体) ).", "2. 内部伙伴关系", "29. 国家 另一项同样重要的伙伴关系是内部伙伴关系,由两个相互关联的IPSAS和WINGS II项目的协调和规划及实施。 从一开始,为确定和启动新的和经改进的业务程序而开展协同增效和持续互动至关重要,可避免工作重复或遗漏确保遵守公共部门会计准则所必要的程序。 但是,需要使WINGS II适应公共部门会计准则的要求,这是规模不大的粮食署公共部门会计准则项目小组提出的高要求。", "30岁。 伙伴关系不仅涉及机构伙伴,而且同样重要的是,涉及秘书处的各个组成部分。 公共部门会计准则和企业资源规划项目将发挥独特而协同的作用,互相尊重和协作,以实现更好地管理本组织的首要共同目标。 在这种情况下,不应有任何支配、竞争和混乱,为系统的持续发展留下了明确的道路。 受不断变化的业务流程影响的所有用户和工作人员也一样。", "G. 法律框架和会计政策", "31岁 项目小组确定了《总条例》、《通则》和《财务条例》,由于实施《公共部门会计准则》,需要修订。 在整个项目中重新评价了对变化的初步评估。 影响\"通则\"的主要变化是转向年度财务报告. 没有发现需要委员会批准的其他会计政策变化。 在这方面,可以认为粮食计划署的情况特别有利,因为除这一修正案外,这种重大过渡进程的一些资金在法律上大多由行政首长掌握。", "32. 联合国 从2005年起,粮食计划署不断审查其会计政策,并进行了变革,改进了财务报告标准。 这方面的例子包括收入确认政策从现金改为应计,以及确认粮食计划署工作人员的离职后医疗负债。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 与以往标准(UNSS)相比,主要变化包括个人防护设备的资本化、库存记录、雇员福利记录和收入确认。 但公共部门会计准则改革是一个持续的过程:在2008年符合公共部门会计准则的账户的期初余额日将近一年之后,2008年仍被项目小组视为“过渡年”,这意味着还有进一步取得进展的余地。", "H. 最后形势、风险和过渡产生的红利", "34. 国家 2008年6月,在资源允许的情况下,需要维持公共部门会计准则采用小组的能力,至少要到2009年初启用WINGS II,并于2009年6月提交首个符合公共部门会计准则的FS供审计委员会核准。 预计《公共部门会计准则》的采用将于2009年6月完成,然后在考虑到资源限制的情况下,项目建立的能力将尽可能纳入主流。", "35. 联合国 持续存在的主要挑战包括库存会计、财产和设备处理的确认和完整性、收入确认和其他会计政策、与粮食署以外组织在外地管理的工作人员有关的雇员福利的计算、无形资产的确认和管理以及预算调节。 已经对各种相关风险 -- -- 内部和外部风险、利益攸关方风险和公共部门会计准则委员会风险 -- -- 进行了评估,并将加以管理。 最大的压力和压力涉及高级管理层的支助、符合《国际公共部门会计准则》的企业资源规划系统的可用性、持续的工作人员能力和对《国际公共部门会计准则》的知识、理事会的支助、与外聘审计员的有效沟通、有效的沟通和培训以及信托基金的参与。 从一个已经十分重视所有这些因素的机构来看,在第一年完成履约工作之时,这表明这样一个项目现在和现在都非常脆弱,直到每个人都习惯于分配的新角色。 第六次即上一次进度报告所载的对风险的回顾性分析得出结论:“挑战包括缺乏愿意从事短期项目的合格候选人,采用时限很紧,缺乏专门培训材料,以及项目早期阶段缺乏内部能力。”", "36. (中文(简体) ). 换言之,主要挑战是不断向理事机构通报情况,与内部利益攸关方打交道,与外部审计员沟通,与内部审计员处理意见分歧,处理机构间会计准则工作队内部的困难和意见分歧,并继续执行。 人们花费了无数小时来消除分歧,试图提出各种解决办法并减轻风险。", "37. 联合国 粮食署及其外聘审计人正确地为它们在遵守《国际公共部门会计准则》方面取得的成就而感到自豪,2009年6月关于这一主题的小册子题为: 粮食计划署带头:提高联合国系统会计做法的公信力和透明度 -- -- 概述粮食计划署根据《国际公共部门会计准则》编制的2008年财务报表,而外部审计员为2010年2月执行局届会编写的关于《国际公共部门会计准则》红利的报告则有副标题: \" 加强财务管理 \" [108]。 它远没有将WINGS II和IPSAS项目的成功视为目的,无论是从这个词的哪个意义上来说,都建议将其财务报告的好处用于:", "包括财务管理风险或利益的关键领域,以加强和集中其在机构一级的监测职能,并为决策提供信息", "结果", "管理小组。", "页:1", "参加组织就联检组建议所要采取的行动概览", "JIU/REP/2010/6 (续)", "[表", "图例: L: 由立法机关作出决定的建议", "E: 供行政首长采取行动的建议(*行政首长协调会由行政首长协调会主席担任)", ": 建议不需要该组织采取行动", "预期影响:a:加强问责制b:传播最佳做法c:加强协调与合作d:加强控制和遵守", "e: 提高效率 f: 大量节省资金 g: 提高效率 o: 其他", "页:1 涵盖ST/SGB/2002/11所列举的所有实体,但贸发会议、禁毒办、环境署、人居署、难民署和近东救济工程处除外。", "[1] 《联检组章程》第5条", "[2] 国际会计师联合会,研究报告13:公共部门的治理:理事机构的观点,2001年8月", "[3] 虽然泛美卫生组织认为自己是世界卫生组织(卫生组织)美洲区域办事处,但它不是联检组的参与组织。 但是,它似乎在参加(包括财务)机构间项目和会计准则工作队的22个组织中,并在秘书长关于国际公共部门会计准则的进度报告中进行了审查。", "[4] 他的出版物包括Normes IFRS et PME(2004年)和Les Normes IPSAS et le Scienceur Public(2008年),后者后由巴黎Dunod出版。 计划进行英文翻译。", "[5] 实体除了编制通用财务报表外,还可为可以要求提供符合其具体信息需要的财务报表的当事方(例如理事机构、立法机构和履行监督职能的其他当事方)编制财务报表。 这些报表称为“特殊目的财务报表”。 “", "[6] 1973年设立.", "[7] 1991年设立,作为独立的私人融资会计准则制定机构。", "[8] 欧洲会计师联合会: 各国政府采用权责发生制会计和预算编制办法(2003年7月),下称“FEE 2003”。", "[9] A/46/341, 第9和10段", "[10] A/RES/45/235,第10段。 页:1", "[11] A/48/530", "[12] 例如,第12段。 4条内容如下: “如不遵循这些基本会计假设,则应披露这一事实并说明理由。 “", "[13] 国际会计师联合会由124个国家和地区的159名会员和合伙人组成,代表了250多万名会计师。", "[14] 见www.ifac.org,“国际公共部门会计准则序言,2008年,第30-35段。", "[15] 值得注意的是,这项倡议不仅得到世界银行和国际货币基金组织的支持,而且得到联合国和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)的支持。", "[16] 见附件。 2010年国际会计师联合会《国际公共部门会计准则公告》目录", "[17] 例如,“收入”变成“收益”和“支出”、“支出”,含义略有不同。", "[18] 工作组成员经FBN和高管会认可后选出主席。", "[19] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24, 第25(a)至(e)段。", "[20] A/60/846和A/60/846/Add.3以及向行预咨委会提供的补充资料。", "[21] A/60/870,第42段", "[22] A/RES/60/283,第四节", "[23] 或 \" 修改后的现金 \" ,这个概念在联合国系统使用,但从未得到令人满意的解释。", "[24] 180 EX/33, 第一部分Rev.", "[25] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会,向应计会计制过渡:政府和政府实体指南(2003年),第1.19段,第7页。", "[26] 国际会计师联合会公共部门委员会,《资源核算:联合王国中央政府部门会计准则制定框架》(2002年)。", "[27] 股本或净资产价值是实体扣除负债后的净资产价值. 大多数已开始使用《国际公共部门会计准则》的国家都存在负面公平,新西兰是少数例外之一。", "[28] 第五委员会的报告 A/64/7/Add.4", "[29] 同上,第69段。 5.3 联合国", "[30] COM 2002 755 决赛: 欧洲共同体会计系统的现代化,布鲁塞尔,17-12-2002年", "[31] 180 EX/33 Part I Rev.", "[32] “库存是资产:(a) 生产过程中消耗的材料或用品;(b) 在提供服务时消耗或分发的材料或用品;(c) 在正常业务过程中持有出售或分发;(d) 在生产过程中出售或分发”(公共部门会计准则12)。", "[33] 利用是“将支出记录为资产而不是费用”(www.reallifeason.com/dictionary.asp)", "[34] ULO – 未清债务是《联合国系统会计准则》下的一种会计交易,其中确认对所订购货物或服务(交付或不交付)的未来负债。 在本财政期间可能发生也可能不会发生。", "[35] 合并是将构成报告实体的所有实体的财务报表作为单一实体财务报表列报的过程。 它涉及逐行合并所有项目,并消除报告实体成员之间的任何交易或余额。 各实体需要遵守", "提供财务信息进行合并时的标准政策和分类(公共部门会计准则6)。", "[36] 控制是管理另一实体财务和经营政策的权力,以便从实体受益。", "[37] A/63/5(Vol.I),第二章。 见A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.II,第10(a)和27段。", "[38] A/63/496,第2段。 7. 联合国", "[39] A/64/355,第12和45至47段。", "[40] 《公共部门会计准则》1, 第66段。", "[41] 同上,第41段。 第69条", "[42] 历史成本:基于实际购买成本的资产价值.", "[43] 公允价值是指在正常交易(公共部门会计准则9)中,在知情和愿意交易的各方之间可以交换资产或清偿负债的数额。 它与市场价值相近。", "[44] 遗产资产是具有文化、环境、教育和历史意义的资产(公共部门会计准则17),如日内瓦万国宫或亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经委会大楼。", "[45] 见上文定义,脚注43。", "[46] 马来西亚前副总会计师Ben Chu,“公共部门的应计制会计”,特许注册会计师协会国际公共部门公报,2008年2月第11期", "[47] H. Mellet, Cardiff商学院和Neil Marriot, Winchester BS,“公共部门的资源核算:执行问题”,同上。", "[48] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.24", "[49] 见A/65/5(vol.)号文件。 第164-180段", "[50] A/60/450和A/61/730。", "[51] A/60/450,附件一。", "[52] WFP/EB.A/2007/6-A/1", "[53] 原子能机构,《原子能机构2007年账目》,GC(52/11),第5段。 100个", "[54] 欧洲会计师联合会,“应计 制定更有效的公共政策(2006年2月)", "[55] (中文(简体) ). 当一个实体从另一个实体收到价值,但没有直接提供约等值的交换(如赠款、捐款、捐款等)。", "[56] 例如,捐助者可对所转移的资产附加条件,要求在两年内使用资源,并要求退还未用部分。", "[57] 见联检组报告2010/7“联合国系统各组织信托基金管理政策和程序”。", "[58] 《联合国系统会计准则》,第八修订版,(01-01-2007),第50段。 56. (中文(简体) ).", "[59] 《联合国系统会计准则》,第八修订版,第59段。 9. 国家", "[60] 公共部门会计准则4", "[61] A/62/806", "[62] 工发组织,外聘审计员关于联合国工业发展组织2006年1月1日至2007年12月31日财政期决算的报告,IDB.35/3,第30段。 第13条", "[63] CEB/2005/HLCM/R.21", "[64] 见A/64/355号文件的表格", "[65] 例如,维也纳国际中心,奥地利授权联合国系统一些组织免费使用联合国/维持和平行动部签署的《部队地位协定》或《特派团地位协定》中的规定,但维修费除外。 《公共部门会计准则》没有规定这种情况。", "[66] 进度报告(A/62/806和A/64/355)附件一中的相关清单。", "[67] 第五委员会的报告 A/62/806", "[68] FEE, 2003, 同上。", "[69] 导致变革: 改革努力为何失败。 约翰·P·克特(John P. 哈佛商报,1994.", "[70] A/63/5/Add.5,第二章,第7段。 52. (中文(简体) ).", "[71] A/63/5/Add.3,第二章,第51段。", "[72] PRINCE2(PROjects IN Controled Environments)是一种基于程序的有效项目管理方法——联合王国政府和私营部门广泛使用的标准。", "[73] 见 http://www.prince2.com/ What-is-prince2.asp (中文(简体) ).", "[74] A/65/5(Vol.1), 第33段。", "[75] 会计方面的内部控制被广义地定义为一个组织的管理层为保障资产和信息、会计记录的质量以及及时编制可靠的财务和管理资料而设想和制定的总体政策和程序。", "[76] 见欧洲共同体委员会,委员会的来文,COM(2002)。", "[77] 指导委员会由来自财务、预算、人力资源、信息技术、培训、对外关系、外地用户和审计部门的与会者组成。", "[78] 见行预咨委会报告A/64/531,第7段末尾。 12个", "[79] 必须重报上一年的财务报告,以按照《公共部门会计准则》表述财务信息。", "[80] 服务处是欧共体内的一个行政单位。", "[81] A/65/5(Vol.1), 第33段。", "[82] A/64/380", "[83] A/64/355,第68段", "[84] 推动转型——新的公共管理权责发生制会计和预算编制,荷兰德勤公司,2004年", "[85] A/64/355,第19段", "[86] 同上,第88段。 第 19 条", "[87] 行政首长协调会/2008/HLCM/7", "[88] 名称先后用于内部控制管理框架模式(COSO 1992),然后用于风险管理模式(COSO 2,2004年),取自2002年《Sarbanes-Oxley法》之后的国家欺诈财务报告委员会赞助组织委员会(特雷德韦委员会)。", "[89] A/63/5/Add.1(Supp.),第8段。 191国道", "[90] A/63/5/Add.7(补编),第47段", "[91] A/64/355,第27段", "[92] 用于确定某项交易是否发生在会计期间结束前或之后的审计程序,因此确保交易记录在会计记录中并在相关期间的财务报表中确认.", "[93] 加拿大、中国、法国、德国、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、南非、瑞士和联合王国。", "[94] “UNAS改为IPSAS转换——联合国采用IPSAS:内部审计处应起什么作用? “", "[95] 2005年11月:向管理问题高级别委员会提出的建议25, 第25段。 页:1", "[96] 见上文第二章.5,2005-2007年: 采用国际公共部门会计准则的政治决定", "[97] 行政首长协调会/2010/HLCM/7", "[98] 行政首长协调会/2010/HLCM/26", "[99] A/62/806", "[100] 公允价值是指在正常交易中,知情、愿意的各方之间可以交换资产或清偿负债的数额。 (公共部门会计准则术语)", "[101] 财会理事会-机构间常委会联合新闻稿(2009年3月24日)", "[102] 详情见风险,2009年5月20日", "[103] 国际会计师联合会,研究13 公共部门的治理:理事机构的观点(2001年8月)", "[104] (中文(简体) ). 例如,见《关于开发署、人口基金和项目厅采用国际公共部门会计准则的进度报告》: 向执行局作简报(2009年6月1日),可查阅www.undp.org/about/ipsas/doc/Progress_report_presentation_june09.ppt", "[105] 外聘审计员关于世界粮食计划署财务报告标准的报告(WFP/EB.1/2005/5-E)", "[106] 见JIU/REP/2009/7 世界粮食计划署的管理和行政审查", "[107] 关于国际公共部门会计准则执行情况的第六次进度报告(WFP/EB.A/2008/6-G/1),第31段", "[108] 外聘审计人关于《国际公共部门会计准则》红利:加强财务管理的报告(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1)" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 109 of the provisional agenda*", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "* A/66/150.", "Measures to eliminate international terrorism", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. Belarus indicated that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments. Appropriate laws, regulations, programmes, action plans and frameworks had been established at various levels to implement those instruments.", "2. Belarus reported that it was actively cooperating with the States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in their counter-terrorism actions. Six counter-terrorism instruments had been drawn up under CIS. The Anti-Terrorism Centre had been established to coordinate the activities of the members of CIS in the area of counter-terrorism. The State Security Committee of Belarus cooperates with the Centre on a permanent basis.", "3. On 10 December 2010, the Council of Heads of State of CIS had approved a new programme of cooperation on countering terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism and a new inter-State programme of joint measures to combat crime, for the period 2011-2013.", "4. Belarus had signed agreements and memorandums of understanding in the areas of combating international organized crime, illegal drug trafficking and international terrorism with Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "5. Act No. 426-3 of 19 July 2000, on measures to prevent the legalization of criminally obtained proceeds and the financing of terrorist activities, was amended by Act No. 132-3 of 14 June 2010, providing for a system of measures to prevent the legalization of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism in Belarus.", "6. The Department of Financial Oversight under the Belarusian State Monitoring Committee, established in 2003, is empowered to prevent the legalization of the proceeds of crime and the financing of terrorism. The Department had concluded agreements on the exchange of information on money-laundering and the financing of terrorism at the inter-agency level with the financial intelligence units of Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and Ukraine.", "7. Burundi reported that it was party to five universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "8. Burundi had signed agreements on extradition and judicial cooperation with the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tanzania. An agreement regulating cooperation with Uganda in the areas of judicial police and prisons was also in force.", "9. The new Penal Code of Burundi devotes an entire chapter to acts of terrorism and bioterrorism and provides for severe penalties ranging from 10 years to life imprisonment.", "10. Kuwait reported that it was party to nine international and four regional counter-terrorism instruments.", "11. Kuwait had adopted the necessary legislation to protect border areas and ensure complete control over vulnerable stretches of land and sea. A draft anti-money-laundering law was currently before its Parliament and it had also prepared a draft law on counter-terrorism, which, after consideration by a committee of experts, would be tabled before Parliament.", "12. Under the auspices of its Central Bank, a National Committee to Combat Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism had been established to design strategies and develop public policy on combating money-laundering and the financing of terrorism. It prepares draft decisions and implementing regulations and transmits them to relevant parties for promulgation.", "13. Kuwait had also enhanced its cooperation with States with which it had signed security agreements, to pre-empt potential threats. It had also strengthened its cooperation with the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) in analysing the latest data regarding suspects in terrorism cases affecting any Member State, and its authorities were connected to databases of stolen passports, stolen cars and DNA of suspects and persons wanted for terrorist offences.", "14. Lithuania reported that it was party to 13 universal counter-terrorism instruments, as well as to the European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism. It had also concluded bilateral agreements concerning cooperation, in combating terrorism and other crimes, with countries referred to in paragraph 48 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/64/161). It also provided information on legislation referred to in paragraph 49 of that report.", "15. It stated that there had been no incidents caused by international terrorism. It also reiterated the information on pretrial investigations and sentencing contained in paragraph 52 of the 2010 report of the Secretary-General on measures to eliminate international terrorism (A/65/175). With respect to the criminal proceedings referred to in paragraph 50 of A/64/161, one person was on trial and the extradition process was ongoing in respect of two others.", "16. The competent authorities in Tajikistan were cooperating with the competent authorities of other States to counter terrorism in the framework of multilateral regulatory and legal instruments, particularly in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and CIS, addressing such issues as: strengthening cooperation among the competent authorities to counter terrorism and other violent manifestations of extremism; developing a regulatory and legal framework for cooperation; enhancing and harmonizing national legislation; organizing coordinated joint preventive tracking activities and special operations; cooperation with international organizations; analysis, information and methodological research in connection with counter-terrorism; and cooperation to train and provide continuing education for staff of the competent authorities.", "17. Ukraine submitted the list of 13 universal and 5 regional counter-terrorism instruments to which it was a party. It also submitted the list of 39 bilateral agreements, protocols and memorandums of understanding that it had signed with other States in the field of counter-terrorism.", "18. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was party to seven universal and two regional counter-terrorism instruments. It was examining the possibility of becoming a party to the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism. As a party to the Chemical Weapons Convention and in line with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), it had prepared a bill aimed at preventing the acquisition of weapons of mass destruction by terrorist groups, which would soon be submitted to its National Assembly for discussion and approval. Its National Assembly was also debating a draft law on firearms and explosives, which would replace the current legislation on the subject, passed in 1939.", "19. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela had continued its efforts to strengthen its Comprehensive National Security Plan (2008), in respect of measures to be applied to nuclear safety, nuclear physical security and waste management. The law approving the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident was passed on 10 July 2009.", "20. The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela reiterated its request for the extradition of Luis Posada Carriles from the United States of America, for his responsibility in planning the bombing of a Cubana de Aviación flight in October 1976." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目109", "^(*) A/66/150。", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "1. 白俄罗斯指出，它加入了13个全球反恐文书，并在各个级别设立了执行这些文书的适当法律、法规、方案、行动计划和框架。", "2. 白俄罗斯报告称，它在反恐行动中与独立国家联合体(独联体)成员国积极合作。在独联体主持下起草了六个反恐文书。为在反恐领域协调独联体成员国的活动设立了反恐中心。白俄罗斯国家安全委员会与该中心长期合作。", "3. 2010年12月10日，独联体国家元首理事会核准了一个2011-2013年期间合作打击恐怖主义和其他暴力形式的极端主义的新方案和一个新的国家间打击犯罪的联合措施方案。", "4. 白俄罗斯在打击国际有组织犯罪、非法贩运毒品和国际恐怖主义领域与德国、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、斯洛伐克、土耳其和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国签署了协定和谅解备忘录。", "5. 2000年7月19日关于防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义活动的措施的第426-3号法，已于2010年6月14日的第132-3号法修正，其中规定了白俄罗斯防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义的措施体系。", "6. 2003年设立的隶属白俄罗斯国家监督委员会的金融监督司有权防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义。该司在机构间一级与阿富汗、亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、俄罗斯联邦、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其和乌克兰的金融情报单位缔结了交换关于洗钱和资助恐怖主义信息的协定。", "7. 布隆迪报告，它加入了5个全球反恐文书和2个区域反恐文书。", "8. 布隆迪与刚果民主共和国、卢旺达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国签署了关于引渡和司法合作的协定。有关与乌干达在司法警察和监狱等领域合作的协议也已生效。", "9. 布隆迪新刑法用整整一章的篇幅专门对恐怖主义和生物恐怖主义行为作出规定，并规定了严厉的处罚，从10年到终身监禁不等。", "10. 科威特报告，它加入了 9个国际反恐文书和4个区域反恐文书。", "11. 科威特通过了必要的法律，以保护更广泛的地区和确保对大片脆弱的土地和海洋实施完全控制。它已向议会提交了反洗钱法草案，并已起草了一个关于反恐的法律草案。该草案经一个专家委员会审议后将提交议会。", "12. 在科威特中央银行的主持下，设立了打击洗钱及资助恐怖主义活动全国委员会，以编制有关打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义的战略和公共政策。该委员会拟就决定草案和执行条例，并将其转递给相关方供颁布。", "13. 科威特还加强了与其签署安全协定的国家的合作，以预先消除潜在威胁。 它还与国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)加强合作，携手分析影响任何成员国的恐怖案件的嫌疑人的最新数据。科威特当局还连通了被盗护照、被盗车辆、恐怖主义罪行嫌疑人和通缉犯的DNA数据库。", "14. 立陶宛报告，它加入了13个全球反恐文书以及《欧洲制止恐怖主义公约》。它还与2009年秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/64/161)第48段中提到的国家缔结了有关打击恐怖主义和其他罪行的双边协定。它还提供了有关该报告第49段中所述法律的资料。", "15. 立陶宛表示，没有发生国际恐怖主义引起的事件。它还再次提供了2010年秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/65/175)第52段所载的有关审前调查和判刑的信息。在A/64/161第50段所述的刑事诉讼方面，一人正在受审，另两人正在被引渡。", "16. 塔吉克斯坦的主管当局与其他国家的主管当局合作，在多边监管和法律文书框架中，尤其是在上海合作组织和独联体的监管和法律文书框架内打击恐怖主义，处理以下问题：加强主管当局之间的合作，打击恐怖主义和其他暴力形式极端主义；制定一个监管和法律框架以促进合作；加强和协调国家法律；开展协调的联合预防跟踪活动和特别行动；与国际组织合作；进行与反恐有关的分析、信息和方法研究；开展合作，培训主管当局的工作人员，并为其提供继续教育。", "17. 乌克兰提交了它加入的13个全球反恐文书和5个区域反恐文书的清单。它还提交了它与其他国家在反恐领域签署的39个双边协定、议定书和谅解备忘录清单。", "18. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国加入了7个全球反恐文书和2个区域反恐文书。它正在研究加入《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》的可能性。作为《化学武器公约》的缔约方，并根据安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议，委内瑞拉制定了旨在防止恐怖集团获得大规模毁灭性武器的法案，该法案将在不久后提交给其国民议会讨论和批准。其国民议会还在辩论，有关火器和炸药的法律草案该法将取代1939年通过的有关该问题的现行法律。", "19. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国继续努力加强其有关核安全、核实物安全和废物管理措施的国家安全综合计划(2008年)。核准《及早通报核事故公约》的法律已于2009年7月10日通过。", "20. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次要求将路易斯·波萨达·卡里略斯从美利坚合众国引渡回国，因他对1976年10月策划炸毁古巴航空公司航班负有责任。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目109", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "页:1", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "秘书长的报告", "增编", "1. 联合国 白俄罗斯表示,它加入了13个全球反恐文书。 在各级制定了适当的法律、条例、方案、行动计划和框架,以执行这些文书。", "2. 联合国 白俄罗斯报告说,白俄罗斯正在积极同独立国家联合体(独联体)成员国合作采取反恐行动。 在独联体下起草了六项反恐文书。 设立反恐中心是为了协调独联体成员国在反恐领域的活动。 白俄罗斯国家安全委员会与该中心长期合作。", "3个 2010年12月10日,独联体国家元首理事会批准了一项关于打击恐怖主义和其他暴力表现形式的极端主义的新合作方案和2011-2013年期间打击犯罪的新的国家间联合措施方案。", " 4.四. 白俄罗斯与德国、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、斯洛伐克、土耳其和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国签署了关于打击国际有组织犯罪、非法贩毒和国际恐怖主义领域的协定和谅解备忘录。", "5. 2000年7月19日关于防止犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义活动措施的第426-3号法由2010年6月14日第132-3号法修正,该法规定了一套防止白俄罗斯境内犯罪所得合法化和资助恐怖主义行为的措施。", "6. 国家 2003年成立的白俄罗斯国家监测委员会财务监督部有权防止犯罪所得和资助恐怖主义合法化。 情报部与阿富汗、亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、俄罗斯联邦、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其和乌克兰的金融情报机构签署了机构间交换洗钱和资助恐怖主义情报的协定。", "7. 联合国 布隆迪报告说,它加入了五项全球反恐文书和两项区域反恐文书。", "8. 布隆迪与刚果民主共和国、卢旺达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国签署了引渡和司法合作协定。 与乌干达在司法警察和监狱领域的合作协定也已经生效。", "9. 国家 布隆迪新的《刑法》专门有一章专门论述恐怖主义和生物恐怖主义行为,并规定了从10年到终身监禁的严厉惩罚。", "10个 科威特报告说,它加入了9个国际反恐文书和4个区域反恐文书。", "11个 科威特已经通过了必要的立法,以保护边境地区并确保全面控制脆弱的陆地和海洋。 反洗钱法草案目前正在议会审议之中,议会还拟订了反恐怖主义法草案,经专家委员会审议后,将提交议会审议。", "12个 在其中央银行的主持下,成立了打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义全国委员会,以制定打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义的战略并制订公共政策。 它起草决定和执行条例草案,并转交有关各方颁布。", "13个 科威特还加强了与与其签署安全协定的国家的合作,以预先防范潜在的威胁。 它还加强了与国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)的合作,以分析涉及任何会员国的恐怖主义案件嫌疑人的最新数据,其当局与被窃护照、被窃汽车和涉嫌恐怖罪行和被通缉者的DNA数据库相连接。", "14个 立陶宛报告说,它加入了13个全球反恐文书以及《欧洲制止恐怖主义公约》。 它还同秘书长2009年关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/64/161)第48段提到的国家缔结了关于打击恐怖主义和其他罪行的双边合作协定。 它还提供了报告第49段提到的立法情况。", "15个 它说,没有发生由国际恐怖主义引起的事件。 它还重申了秘书长关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的报告(A/65/175)第52段所载关于审前调查和判刑的信息。 关于A/64/161第50段提到的刑事诉讼,一人正在受审,另外两人的引渡程序正在进行中。", "16号. 塔吉克斯坦主管当局正在与其他国家主管当局合作,在多边管制和法律文书的框架内打击恐怖主义,特别是在上海合作组织和独联体的框架内,处理以下问题:加强主管当局之间的合作以打击恐怖主义和其他暴力表现的极端主义;制定合作的管制和法律框架;加强和协调国家立法;组织协调的联合预防追踪活动和特别行动;同国际组织合作;与反恐有关的分析、信息和方法研究;合作培训和向主管当局工作人员提供继续教育。", "17岁。 乌克兰提交了它所加入的13个全球和5个区域反恐文书的清单。 它还提交了与其他国家在反恐领域签署的39个双边协定、议定书和谅解备忘录的清单。", "18岁。 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国是七项全球反恐文书和两项区域反恐文书的缔约国。 它正在研究成为《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》缔约国的可能性。 作为《化学武器公约》的缔约国并依照安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议,它已拟订了一项旨在防止恐怖主义集团获取大规模毁灭性武器的法案,不久将提交国民议会讨论和批准。 国民议会也在辩论一项关于火器和爆炸物的法律草案,该草案将取代1939年通过的关于这个问题的现行立法。", " 19. 19. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国继续努力加强其综合国家安全计划(2008年),这些措施将适用于核安全、核物理安全和废物管理。 2009年7月10日通过了批准《及早通报核事故公约》的法律。", "20号. 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国再次请求从美利坚合众国引渡路易斯·波萨达·卡里略斯,因为他负责策划1976年10月轰炸古巴航空公司的一架飞机。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 75 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Report of the International Criminal Court", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The report of the International Criminal Court on its activities for 2010/11 is submitted herewith to the General Assembly in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court and paragraph 17 of General Assembly resolution 65/12.", "Report of the International Criminal Court to the United Nations for 2010/11", "Summary", "The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations. It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other developments of relevance to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations.", "The Court made significant progress during the reporting period. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The Court’s judicial activity reached a new high with the start of a third trial. The presentation of evidence in the Court’s first trial was concluded, and the verdict is expected by the end of the year.", "The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, following the Security Council’s unanimous referral of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The total number of individuals subject to proceedings before the Court increased from 15 to 25, and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear.", "The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court during the reporting period. The Court engaged closely with States, the United Nations and regional and intergovernmental organizations to enhance international cooperation in the fight against impunity for genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects, and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate. At the same time, the growing casework and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council has increased pressure on the resources available to the Court.", "The Court is seized of seven situations, of which the situation in Côte d’Ivoire is pending the Pre-Trial Chamber’s authorization for the opening of an investigation. The situations in Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic were referred by the States in question, and the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya were referred by the United Nations Security Council. In each case, the Prosecutor decided that there was a reasonable basis for the opening of investigations. The investigation into the situation in Kenya was authorized by Pre-Trial Chamber III following a request from the Prosecutor.", "In respect of the situation in Uganda, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Joseph Kony, Vincent Otti, Okot Odhiambo and Dominic Ongwen, with four warrants of arrest outstanding since July 2005.", "In respect of the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, there are four cases, of which two are at the trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, the presentation of evidence has concluded and a verdict is expected by the end of the year. In The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, the prosecution case finished in December 2010 and the first accused began presenting his case on 21 March 2011. In The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana, an arrest warrant was issued and the suspect arrested during the reporting period. The case is at the pre-trial stage. In The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, the arrest warrant has remained outstanding since August 2006.", "In respect of the situation in the Central African Republic, there is one case, The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo. The trial started on 22 November 2010 with the presentation of prosecution evidence.", "In respect of the situation in Darfur, Sudan, there are three active cases. In The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus, on 7 March 2011 Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed charges of war crimes in connection with an attack on an African Union mission, sending the case to trial. Arrest warrants remain outstanding in The Prosecutor v. Ahmad Muhammad Harun and Ali Muhammad Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, as well as in The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Council on 9 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively, highlighting the lack of cooperation by the Sudanese Government, the continuation of the alleged crimes on the ground and the need to execute the outstanding arrest warrants.", "In respect of the situation in Kenya, there are two ongoing cases at the pre-trial stage, The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang and The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali. All six suspects appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II in April 2011 pursuant to summonses to appear, and the confirmation of charges hearings are scheduled for September 2011.", "In respect of the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, there is one ongoing case, The Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against the three suspects for crimes against humanity allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), the Prosecutor presented his first report on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya on 4 May 2011.", "In addition to the six investigations, the Office of the Prosecutor is conducting preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Guinea, Honduras, Nigeria, the Republic of Korea and Palestine. During the reporting period, the Prosecutor sought authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire after 28 November 2010. The request was pending at the time of the submission of the present report.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 6II.Judicial 6 \nproceedings A.The 7 Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) B.The 8 Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) C.The 8 Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) D.The 9 Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African \nRepublic) E.The 9 Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) F.The 10 Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, \nSudan) G.The 10 Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in \nKenya) H.The 11 Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in \nKenya) I. Prosecutor v. 11 Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya) J.Outstanding 12 warrants of \narrest III. Investigations 12 and preliminary \nexaminations \nA.Investigations 121. Situation 12 in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 2. Situation 13 in \nUganda 3. Situation 14 in the Central African \nRepublic 4. Situation 14 in Darfur, \nSudan 5. Situation 14 in \nKenya 6. Situation 14 in the Libyan Arab \nJamahiriya B.Preliminary 15 \nexaminations \n1.Afghanistan 15\n2.Colombia 163.Côte 16 \nd’Ivoire \n4.Georgia 17\n5.Guinea 17\n6.Honduras 177.Republic 17 of \nKorea \n8.Nigeria 18\n9. Palestine 18IV. International 19 \ncooperation A.Cooperation 19 with the United \nNations B.Cooperation 21 with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil \nsociety V. Institutional 23 \ndevelopments A. Elections 23 and \nappointments B.Assistance 24 to the Special Court for Sierra \nLeone \nVI. Conclusion 24", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, is the seventh annual report of the International Criminal Court submitted to the United Nations in accordance with article 6 of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the International Criminal Court.[1] It covers the main developments in the activities of the Court and other items relevant to the relationship between the Court and the United Nations since the sixth report of the Court to the United Nations (A/65/313).", "2. The Court was created by an international treaty, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court,[2] which was adopted on 17 July 1998 and entered into force on 1 July 2002. During the reporting period, Grenada, the Republic of Moldova, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, and Tunisia deposited instruments of ratification or accession, resulting in 116 States having ratified or acceded to the Rome Statute. These include 32 African States, 15 Asian States, 18 Eastern European States, 26 States from Latin America and the Caribbean and 25 Western European and other States. In addition to these States parties, 34 countries have signed but not yet ratified the Rome Statute.", "3. The Court is an independent judicial institution, charged with carrying out investigations into and trials of individuals allegedly responsible for the most serious crimes of international concern, namely, genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes.", "4. The Rome Statute requires that proceedings before the Court be carried out fairly and impartially, with full respect for the rights of the accused. An innovative aspect of the Rome Statute is that victims may participate in proceedings, even if not called as witnesses.", "5. In carrying out its functions, the Court relies on the cooperation of States, international organizations and civil society in accordance with the Rome Statute and international agreements concluded by the Court. Areas where the Court requires cooperation from States include preliminary examinations, investigations, the arrest and surrender of accused persons, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, provisional release, the enforcement of sentences and the execution of the Court’s decisions and orders.", "6. The Court is independent from, but has close historical, legal and operational ties to, the United Nations. The relationship between the Court and the United Nations is governed by the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute as well as by the Relationship Agreement between the Court and the United Nations and other subsidiary agreements.", "II. Judicial proceedings", "7. During the reporting period, the Court continued to be seized of the five situations already opened: the situations in Uganda; the Democratic Republic of the Congo; the Central African Republic; Darfur, Sudan; and Kenya.", "8. In March 2011, the Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation, into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, following a unanimous referral by the Security Council pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011. The Prosecutor also requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation, into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "9. Judicial proceedings have taken place in relation to each of the six investigations, resulting in 13 cases involving 26 individuals alleged to have committed crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court. Of these 26 individuals, one was officially declared dead and the proceedings against him were terminated. The cases in which there have been judicial developments during the reporting period are detailed below.", "A. The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "10. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo is alleged to be the leader of the Union des patriotes congolais and Commander-in-Chief of its military wing, the Forces patriotiques pour la libération du Congo. He is charged with having committed war crimes in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, specifically enlisting, conscripting and using children under the age of 15 years to participate actively in hostilities.", "11. The trial of Mr. Lubanga started on 26 January 2009 before Trial Chamber I. The Prosecution called 29 witnesses between 26 January 2009 and 14 July 2009. Additional prosecution witnesses were subsequently called or recalled in 2010 to respond to the abuse of process allegations made by the defence. The defence case was presented in the period from 27 January 2010 to 18 April 2011. During this period, the defence tendered 133 items of evidence and called 24 witnesses to testify over a total of 68 trial days. A total of 118 victims have participated, through their legal representatives, in the Lubanga case. Three of the victims authorized to participate in the proceedings testified before the Chamber in January 2010.", "12. On 8 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber reversed the decisions of Trial Chamber I to stay the proceedings and to release the accused. The Trial Chamber had previously ordered a stay of the proceedings as a consequence of the prosecution’s material non-compliance with the Chamber’s orders and had ordered the unrestricted and unconditional release of Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, subject to the appeal and an order of suspensive effect by the Appeals Chamber, on 15 July 2010. The Appeals Chamber reversed the Trial Chamber’s decision, finding that before ordering a stay of proceedings, the Trial Chamber should have first imposed sanctions under article 71 of the Statute to bring about compliance.", "13. On 23 February 2011, Trial Chamber I refused the defence application to stay the proceedings as an abuse of the process. The trial resumed on 21 March 2011.", "14. On 20 May 2011, Trial Chamber I ordered the closing of the presentation of evidence stage. The prosecution and the defence submitted their closing briefs on 1 June and 15 July, respectively. The parties and participants will present their closing oral statements in public hearings on 25 and 26 August 2011.", "B. The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "15. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are two former leaders of armed groups active in the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Mr. Katanga allegedly commanded the Forces de résistance patriotiques en Ituri and had been appointed Brigadier General of the Forces armées de la République démocratique du Congo (FARDC); Mr. Ngudjolo was allegedly the former leader of the Front des nationalistes et intégrationnistes and a Colonel in FARDC. They are both charged with seven counts of war crimes (wilful killing, using children to participate actively in hostilities, sexual slavery, rape, attacking civilians, pillaging and destroying the enemy’s property) and three charges of crimes against humanity (murder, sexual slavery and rape). These crimes were allegedly committed in connection with the attack on the village of Bogoro on 24 February 2003.", "16. The trial of Mr. Katanga and Mr. Ngudjolo started on 24 November 2009 before Trial Chamber II. The prosecution concluded its presentation of live evidence in the case on 8 December 2010. During its case, the prosecution presented 270 pieces of evidence and called 24 witnesses, including 2 expert witnesses, to testify.", "17. The first defendant, Mr. Katanga, presented his case between 24 March 2011 and 12 July 2011 and called 17 witnesses to testify, including 3 witnesses in common with the second accused, Mr. Ngudjolo. In all, 150 items tendered by the defence of Mr. Katanga and 59 items submitted by the defence of Mr. Ngudjolo were admitted as evidence. The defence case of Mr. Ngudjolo is scheduled to commence on 15 August 2011. A total of 366 victims are participating through their legal representatives, 2 having testified at trial.", "C. The Prosecutor v. Callixte Mbarushimana (situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana is the alleged Executive Secretary of the Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda (FDLR). Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a warrant of arrest on 28 September 2010, finding reasonable grounds to believe that he personally and intentionally contributed to a common plan of the FDLR leadership to launch an offensive targeting the civilian population of the Kivus in order to obtain political concessions, as part of an international campaign to extort concessions of political power for FDLR.", "19. On 11 October 2010, after the arrest of Mr. Mbarushimana by French authorities, the warrant of arrest was unsealed. He was transferred to the Court’s Detention Centre in The Hague on 25 January 2011 and his initial appearance before the Court took place on 28 January 2011. The confirmation of charges hearing, initially scheduled for 4 July 2011, was postponed at the request of the prosecution in view of delays caused by technical difficulties encountered in reviewing electronic devices seized at the premises of the suspect.", "20. On 15 July 2010, the prosecution filed the document containing the charges and list of evidence. The charges contain 13 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity allegedly committed in the provinces of North and South Kivu and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo in the period from 20 January to 31 December 2009. The prosecution argues that Mr. Mbarushimana is responsible for contributing to the FDLR leaders’ common purpose to commit crimes by creating a “humanitarian catastrophe” in the Kivus in order to persuade the Governments of Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to abandon their military campaign against the group and to extort concessions of political power in Rwanda.", "D. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo (situation in the Central African Republic)", "21. Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo was formerly President and Commander-in-Chief of the Mouvement de libération du Congo. He allegedly committed crimes in various locations in the Central African Republic in connection with a non‑international armed conflict that took place from 26 October 2002 to 15 March 2003. Charges against Mr. Bemba were confirmed by Pre-Trial Chamber III on 15 June 2009. He is charged with three counts of war crimes (murder, rape and pillaging) and two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and rape) in his capacity as a military commander under article 28 of the Rome Statute (Responsibility of commanders and other superiors).", "22. On 19 October 2010, the Appeals Chamber delivered its judgement on the appeal of Mr. Bemba against the 24 June 2010 decision of Trial Chamber III entitled “Decision on the admissibility and abuse of process challenges”. The Appeals Chamber confirmed the challenged decision, finding that when a Trial Chamber is presented with the question of whether the outcome of domestic judicial proceedings is equivalent to a decision not to prosecute in terms of article 17, paragraph (1) (b), of the Statute, the Trial Chamber should accept prima facie the validity and effect of the decisions of domestic courts, unless presented with compelling evidence indicating otherwise.", "23. The trial of Mr. Bemba started on 22 November 2010 before Trial Chamber III. To date, 1,619 victims have been admitted to participate in the trial proceedings through their legal representatives. As at 31 July 2011, the prosecution had presented 25 of its 40 planned witnesses.", "E. The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "24. A first warrant of arrest against Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir, current President of the Sudan, was delivered on 4 March 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I for five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, forcible transfer, torture and rape) and two counts of war crimes (attacking civilians and pillaging). On 12 July 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a second warrant of arrest which charged Mr. Al Bashir with three additional counts of genocide. Both warrants of arrest were notified to all States parties, to the authorities of the Sudan and to all Security Council members that are not parties to the Rome Statute.", "25. On 27 August 2010, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued two decisions informing the Security Council and the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute of Mr. Al Bashir’s visits to Kenya and Chad, in order for them to take any action they may deem appropriate. On 12 May 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued a similar decision with respect to Mr. Al Bashir’s visit to Djibouti. In the aforementioned decisions, Pre-Trial Chamber I noted that the States in question have an obligation to cooperate with the Court, stemming both from Security Council resolution 1593 (2005) and from article 87 of the Rome Statute, to which Chad, Djibouti and Kenya are States parties.", "26. Mr. Al Bashir remains at large. A total of 12 victims have been admitted to participate in this case through their legal representatives.", "F. The Prosecutor v. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain and Saleh Mohammed Jerbo Jamus (situation in Darfur, Sudan)", "27. Abdallah Banda Abakaer Nourain is alleged to be the Commander-in-Chief of the Justice and Equality Movement and Mohammed Jerbo Jamus is alleged to be the former Chief-of-Staff of the Sudan Liberation Army-Unity. Mr. Banda and Mr. Jerbo were issued summonses to appear in August 2009 by Pre-Trial Chamber I.", "28. The confirmation of charges hearing was held on 8 December 2010. On 7 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I confirmed three charges of war crimes (violence to life, intentionally directing attacks against a peacekeeping mission and pillaging) against the alleged rebel leaders in the situation in Darfur, Sudan, in relation to an attack on peacekeepers in an African Union mission in Northern Darfur, Sudan (the African Union Mission in the Sudan (AMIS)), on 29 September 2007.", "29. On 16 March 2011, the Presidency of the Court referred the case to the newly constituted Trial Chamber IV. On 16 May 2011, the parties filed a joint submission stating that the accused would contest only certain specified issues at their trial:", "(a) Whether the attack on the Haskanita military group site on 29 September 2007 was unlawful;", "(b) If the attack was deemed unlawful, whether the accused were aware of the factual circumstances that established the unlawful nature of the attack;", "(c) Whether AMIS was a peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "30. The agreement reached by the parties could significantly shorten the trial proceedings by focusing the trial on only those issues that are contested between the parties, thus promoting an efficient and cost-effective trial while preserving the rights of victims to participate in the proceedings and protecting the rights of the accused persons to a fair and expeditious trial.", "31. As at 31 May 2011, a total of 89 victims had been authorized to participate through their legal representatives in the proceedings. The date of the commencement of trial will be set in due course.", "G. The Prosecutor v. William Samoei Ruto, Henry Kiprono Kosgey and Joshua Arap Sang (situation in Kenya)", "32. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for William Samoei Ruto, a suspended Minister of Higher Education, Science and Technology, Henry Kiprono Kosgey, a member of Parliament and Chairman of the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM), and Joshua Arap Sang, the head of operations at Kass FM in Nairobi, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of ODM, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "33. On 7 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 1 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges, namely, three counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population and persecution).", "34. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "H. The Prosecutor v. Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta and Mohammed Hussein Ali (situation in Kenya)", "35. On 8 March 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber II issued summonses to appear for Francis Kirimi Muthaura, Head of Public Service and Secretary to the Cabinet, Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Finance, and Mohammed Hussein Ali, Chief Executive of the Postal Corporation, for their alleged roles in committing crimes against humanity in connection with the post-election violence of 2007 and 2008. All three accused are allegedly members of the Party of National Unity, one of the two political parties of Kenya’s ruling coalition.", "36. On 8 April 2011, the three suspects voluntarily appeared before Pre-Trial Chamber II. The confirmation of charges hearing is scheduled for 21 September 2011, when Pre-Trial Chamber II will consider the charges of five counts of crimes against humanity (murder, forcible transfer of population, rape, persecution and other inhumane acts).", "37. On 31 March 2011, the Government of Kenya filed an application pursuant to article 19 of the Rome Statute challenging the admissibility of the case before the Court. Pre-Trial Chamber II rejected the application on 30 May 2011, considering that the application did not provide concrete evidence of ongoing national proceedings with respect to the persons subject of the proceedings at the Court. The Government’s appeal against the decision is pending before the Appeals Chamber.", "I. Prosecutor v. Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi (situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya)", "38. On 27 June 2011, Pre-Trial Chamber I issued warrants of arrest against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence, for two counts of crimes against humanity (murder and persecution) allegedly committed since 15 February 2011. Pre-Trial Chamber I found that there were reasonable grounds to believe that Muammar Gaddafi, in coordination with his inner circle, conceived and orchestrated a plan to deter and quell, by all means, civilian demonstrations against the regime. The warrants of arrest follow the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, opened by the Prosecutor on 3 March 2011 pursuant to Security Council resolution 1970 (2011), adopted on 26 February 2011, by which the Council referred the situation to the Prosecutor.", "J. Outstanding warrants of arrest", "39. At the time of submission of the present report, 12 warrants of arrest were outstanding:", "(a) Uganda: Mr. Joseph Kony, Mr. Vincent Otti, Mr. Okot Odhiambo and Mr. Dominic Ongwen, outstanding since 2005;", "(b) Democratic Republic of the Congo: Mr. Bosco Ntaganda, outstanding since 2006;", "(c) Darfur, Sudan: Mr. Ahmad Harun and Mr. Ali Kushayb, outstanding since 2007 and, in the case of Mr. Omar Al Bashir, two warrants outstanding since 2009 and 2010;", "(d) Libyan Arab Jamahiriya: Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Abdullah Al-Senussi, outstanding since 27 June 2011.", "40. The Court issued requests for cooperation in the arrest and surrender of each of these individuals and notified these requests to the relevant States. States parties and other States that have legal obligations to cooperate with the Court are required to comply with these requests. In respect of the situations in Darfur, Sudan, and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, all parties, including the respective States, are obliged to cooperate fully with the Court and the Prosecutor pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1593 (2005) and 1970 (2011), respectively.", "III. Investigations and preliminary examinations", "A. Investigations", "1. Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui", "41. During the period 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the prosecution conducted 16 missions to five countries mainly for the support of trials, to address the arguments raised by the defence in The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo and in The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "The case of the Kivu provinces", "42. During the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor conducted 34 missions to 10 countries for its third investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, focusing on crimes committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces, which led to the arrest and surrender of Callixte Mbarushimana and supported the preparation for the upcoming confirmation of charges hearing.", "43. The investigation and prosecution of crimes allegedly committed by the FDLR militia in the Kivu provinces in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo represent one of the most successful examples of complementarity under the Rome Statute system. Part of the FDLR leadership was based in Europe. Callixte Mbarushimana, the militia’s alleged Executive Secretary, was based in France. He was arrested by French authorities and surrendered to the Court. Ignace Murwanashiyaka and Straton Musoni, FDLR President and Vice-President, respectively, were arrested by German authorities on 17 November 2009 and are currently facing trial in Germany for war crimes and crimes against humanity charged under the German Code of Crimes against International Law.", "44. The prosecution of the FDLR leadership is the result of more than two years of investigations conducted by Germany, Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, France and the Office of the Prosecutor into the alleged crimes in the Kivus and specifically into the activities of FDLR.", "45. The investigation of the Office of the Prosecutor into alleged crimes committed in the Kivus continues, including against other leaders of FDLR.", "46. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, which actively encourages genuine national proceedings, the Office has furthermore contributed to the training of Congolese judicial authorities in North and South Kivu provinces investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity, in October 2010 and February 2011, respectively.", "2. Situation in Uganda", "47. The Office of the Prosecutor continued to gather information on crimes allegedly committed by the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and to promote action to implement warrants against the top LRA leadership, carrying out three missions to three countries in relation to the situation in Uganda. The Office has collected a range of information on crimes allegedly being committed by LRA under Joseph Kony’s leadership. According to the information received, LRA crimes continued to be committed throughout the year, with a substantial number of killings and abductions across the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic. Since early 2008, the LRA is reported to have killed more than 2,000, abducted more than 2,500 and displaced well over 300,000 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. During the same period, more than 120,000 people have been displaced, at least 450 killed and more than 800 abducted in Southern Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "48. The Office also continued gathering and analysing information related to alleged crimes committed by the Uganda People’s Defence Forces. The Office continued to encourage Ugandan authorities to conduct proceedings in relation to both parties to the conflict.", "49. As part of its policy of positive complementarity, the Office has provided assistance to Ugandan authorities to investigate and prosecute individuals. As national authorities prepared for their first domestic war crimes case before the newly established International Crimes Division of the High Court, against an alleged mid-level LRA commander, the Office shared lessons learned and best practices, including with regard to witness protection and support and evidence-handling. The Office was able to provide searchable copies, translations and transcripts of the raw material originally received from Ugandan authorities in the context of the Office’s own enquiries that related to the incidents selected for prosecution in the High Court of Uganda. The Office received a formal undertaking from Ugandan authorities that any information shared by the Office will be used in the context of proceedings that are consistent with internationally recognized human rights standards.", "3. Situation in the Central African Republic", "50. The Office of the Prosecutor continued its investigation into the situation in the Central African Republic and conducted a total of 14 missions to five countries between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011 for the purposes of, inter alia, screening potential witnesses and following up on new information received.", "4. Situation in Darfur, Sudan", "51. In the period from 1 August 2010 and 30 July 2011, the Office conducted 16 missions to nine countries in relation to investigations into the situation in Darfur.", "52. In accordance with Security Council resolution 1593 (2005), the Prosecutor presented his twelfth and thirteenth reports on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur to the Security Council, on 10 December 2010 and 8 June 2011, respectively.", "53. In his briefing of 10 December 2010, the Prosecutor drew attention to the issuance by the Pre-Trial Chamber of a second arrest warrant against President Al Bashir on three charges of genocide. He again highlighted the lack of cooperation by the Government of the Sudan and the lack of national proceedings against those responsible for the crimes committed.", "54. In his briefing of 8 June 2011, the Prosecutor addressed the outstanding arrest warrants and ongoing crimes, expressing particular concern about the role of Ahmad Harun as a key player.", "55. The Office continues to monitor and gather information regarding the situation in Darfur, Sudan. The information collected indicates that crimes against humanity, war crimes and genocide continue to be committed.", "5. Situation in Kenya", "56. Following the authorization to commence an investigation, the Office conducted 71 missions to 14 countries during the reporting period.", "57. The Prosecutor submitted two applications for summonses to appear regarding six individuals on 15 December 2010.", "6. Situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "58. Following the unanimous Security Council referral, the Office conducted a factual and legal analysis during its preliminary examination of the situation. As a result of this analysis, covering issues of jurisdiction, admissibility (complementarity and gravity) and the interests of justice, on 3 March 2011 the Office determined that the statutory criteria for opening an investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya had been met.", "59. In his briefing to the Security Council on 4 May 2011, the Prosecutor gave his first report on the substantial and swift progress made in the Office’s investigations, concluding that he would in the coming weeks be seeking arrest warrants against three individuals who appeared to bear the greatest criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya since 15 February.", "60. Subsequently, on 16 May 2011, the Prosecutor requested that Pre-Trial Chamber I issue arrest warrants against Libyan leader Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar Gaddafi, his son Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi, Libyan Government Spokesman, and Abdullah Al-Senussi, Director of Military Intelligence. In this application the Prosecutor produced evidence, relating to orders issued by Muammar Gaddafi, of Saif Al-Islam organizing the recruitment of foreign soldiers, and of Al-Senussi participating in attacks against demonstrators, in addition to documenting how the three had held meetings to plan the operations.", "61. During the reporting period, the Office conducted 28 missions to 11 countries with regard to the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The Office is investigating allegations of rape, sexual violence and other instances of crimes against humanity, including torture and inhuman acts committed against civilians perceived as dissidents. The Office is also investigating allegations of attacks against sub-Saharan Africans wrongly perceived to be mercenaries and allegations of war crimes committed by different parties during the armed conflict.", "B. Preliminary examinations", "62. The Office continued to proactively monitor information on crimes potentially falling within the jurisdiction of the Court, analysing communications received from various sources. As at 30 June 2011, the Office had received 9,253 communications relating to article 15 of the Rome Statute, of which 419 were received during the reporting period.", "63. The Office continued preliminary examinations in Afghanistan, Colombia, Georgia, Guinea and Palestine. The Office made public the fact that it had initiated preliminary examinations of situations in Honduras, Nigeria and the Republic of Korea. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to commence an investigation into the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.", "1. Afghanistan", "64. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Afghanistan, considering all information, including open sources. It maintains close contact with experts, civil society organizations and public officials in the region, and participated in various international academic conferences on Afghanistan.", "65. In accordance with the Rome Statute, the Office assesses whether there are genuine investigations and proceedings consistent with an intent to bring to justice those bearing the greatest responsibility for the most serious crimes committed in Afghanistan. This analysis covers investigations and proceedings that may be carried out in the State of nationality of those allegedly responsible or any other State having jurisdiction over alleged crimes committed in Afghanistan.", "2. Colombia", "66. Upon ratification of the Rome Statute, Colombia declared (according to article 124 of the Rome Statute) that it would not accept the Court’s jurisdiction with respect to war crimes for seven years. That seven-year period ended on 1 November 2009. War crimes committed after that date could be investigated and prosecuted by the Office of the Prosecutor. Colombia’s national criminal justice system has made efforts to investigate those responsible for crimes covered by the Rome Statute.", "67. The Office is monitoring and analysing information on investigations and proceedings, focusing on those dealing with the leadership of paramilitary and guerrilla groups and the military allegedly responsible for conduct that may fall under the Court’s jurisdiction. The Office is analysing allegations of international support networks assisting armed groups committing crimes within Colombia. The Office is also monitoring the cases of “parapolitica”.", "68. Letters requesting information have been sent by the Office to various States. During the reporting period, the Office also met with Colombian stakeholders from the Government, judicial authorities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), in both Colombia and The Hague.", "69. At the biannual NGO round table on 20 October 2010, the Office held a session on complementarity in the context of the preliminary examination in Colombia, at which panellists commented on the response of Colombian authorities to fighting impunity, with a focus on Justice and Peace Law proceedings.", "70. The Office will continue to examine the situation and national proceedings in Colombia. In this context, in accordance with its positive approach to complementarity, the Office has welcomed the efforts of President Santos in seeking further international support for the Colombian national proceedings and in promoting cooperation, as explained during the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties in December 2010. The appointment of Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón, who has worked as a consultant for the Office, as adviser to the Mission to Support the Peace Process in Colombia of the Organization of American States, is an example of positive complementarity in practice and will, it is to be hoped, contribute to helping the Colombian authorities to move in a positive direction.", "3. Côte d’Ivoire", "71. The Office continued to monitor the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, in particular the violence following the presidential run-off election held on 28 November 2010.", "72. On 18 December 2010, the Court received a declaration signed by President Ouattara which confirmed the previous declaration, submitted in October 2003 by the Government of Côte d’Ivoire pursuant to article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute, accepting the jurisdiction of the Court for crimes committed on the country’s territory since 19 September 2002.", "73. The Prosecutor has concluded that the statutory criteria established by the Rome Statute for the opening of an investigation have been met. On 23 June 2011, the Prosecutor requested authorization from the Pre-Trial Chamber to open an investigation into the alleged crimes committed on the territory of Côte d’Ivoire since 28 November 2010.", "4. Georgia", "74. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor has continued to follow up on investigations into alleged crimes committed during the August 2008 conflict in Georgia.", "75. In February 2011, a delegation from the Office of the Prosecutor led a second visit to the Russian Federation and received a comprehensive update on the progress of national investigations undertaken by the investigative committee of the Russian Federation. The Office has maintained regular contacts with the Georgian authorities.", "76. The Office maintains close contacts with NGOs in the region, receiving reports from and participating in meetings with these organizations.", "5. Guinea", "77. The Prosecutor announced on 14 October 2009 that the situation in Guinea was under preliminary examination, relating to allegations surrounding the events of 28 September 2009 in Conakry.", "78. The Office conducted two missions to Guinea to follow up on investigations being carried out by Guinean judges into the 2009 events, and to monitor whether new crimes were committed during the election period, as part of the Office’s preventive mandate. The Office met with Government officials and representatives of the judiciary and civil society, as well as victims and victims’ associations.", "6. Honduras", "79. On 18 November 2010, the Prosecutor announced that the situation in Honduras was under preliminary examination. The Office is analysing whether alleged human rights violations following the 28 June 2009 coup d’etat against President Zelaya constitute crimes under the jurisdiction of the Court. The Office received 17 communications regarding the situation. Honduran authorities immediately offered their cooperation.", "7. Republic of Korea", "80. On 6 December 2010, the Office announced the receipt of communications alleging that forces of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea had committed war crimes in the territory of the Republic of Korea.", "81. The preliminary examination of the situation in the Republic of Korea is focusing on two incidents: (a) the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island on 23 November 2010, which resulted in the killing of marines and civilians of the Republic of Korea and injury to many others; and (b) the sinking of a Republic of Korea warship, the Cheonan, which was hit by a torpedo allegedly fired from a submarine of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea on 26 March 2010, which resulted in the deaths of 46 persons.", "82. The Office has been seeking additional information from relevant sources. The Office is engaged with the Korean authorities on determining factual issues as part of the subject-matter jurisdiction analysis of the preliminary examination.", "8. Nigeria", "83. The Office of the Prosecutor made its examination of the situation in Nigeria public on 18 November 2010. The Office is analysing alleged crimes committed in Central Nigeria since mid-2004 and has engaged constructively with the Nigerian authorities. The Office met with Nigerian and international civil society organizations which work in the “middle belt” states. Nigerian judicial authorities have been invited to share information with the Office on existing proceedings.", "9. Palestine", "84. In connection with the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority under article 12, paragraph 3, of the Rome Statute on 22 January 2009 accepting the jurisdiction of the Court, the Office continues to examine whether the declaration meets statutory requirements. As the International Criminal Court is a court of last resort, the Office of the Prosecutor also considers whether there are national proceedings in relation to alleged crimes, relating to the admissibility of the cases potentially arising from the situation. In total, the Office received 400 communications on crimes allegedly committed in Palestine.", "85. The Palestinian National Authority requested the right to be heard on the fulfilment of the statutory requirements for opening an investigation, including on the issue as to whether Palestine qualifies as a “State” for the purpose of article 12, paragraph 3, of the Statute. The Office considered that a fair process required that the Palestinian National Authority as well as other interested parties have the opportunity to be heard. The Office therefore ensured due process to all parties involved. Representatives of the Palestinian National Authority presented arguments by oral and written submissions. The final public briefing will be presented soon.[3]", "86. The Office has also considered various public reports and organized an interactive discussion among the various experts and NGOs that had provided submissions at the seat of the Court during its biannual round table on 20 October 2010.", "87. In July 2011, the Office provided updated information to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights pursuant to its request on steps taken by the Office of the Prosecutor with regard to the Palestinian declaration.", "88. The Prosecutor met with various stakeholders, including representatives of the Palestinian National Authority, the secretariat of the League of Arab States and a number of Palestinian and Israeli NGOs to discuss the jurisdiction of the Court.", "IV. International cooperation", "A. Cooperation with the United Nations", "89. Cooperation between the Court and the United Nations is based on the Relationship Agreement signed between the two organizations on 4 October 2004. Pursuant to article 10 of the Relationship Agreement, the United Nations provided facilities and services for the ninth session of the Assembly of States Parties, held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, from 6 to 10 December 2010. The tenth session is due to take place at United Nations Headquarters from 12 to 21 December 2011.", "90. In the area of security, the Court is a member of the United Nations security management system and is invited to participate in the United Nations Inter-Agency Security Management Network meetings twice a year. This allows the Court to align its standards, regulations and operations with the United Nations and other member organizations in the field.", "91. In situation countries, the support and assistance received by the Court from the United Nations is of crucial importance, ranging from the provision of fuel for the Court’s vehicles to the use of United Nations air assets. During the reporting period the Court made use of 862 flights operated by the United Nations in support of missions in all situation countries. The United Nations continues to provide a range of services and facilities to the Court, including logistical support for the Court’s field operations.", "92. The Court has extensive contact with the Office of Legal Affairs, particularly in coordinating the testimony of United Nations officials, the provision of information and the mainstreaming of the Court throughout the United Nations system. The United Nations provided documents to the Prosecutor and defence counsel upon their request. In December 2010, the second United Nations official to testify before the Court gave evidence in the trial of Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui.", "93. The Court appreciates the cooperation and assistance received from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) of the United Nations Secretariat. On 16 July 2010, the Court and the United Nations signed a memorandum of understanding in order to facilitate the secondment of an expert from OIOS to act as the temporary head of the Independent Oversight Mechanism of the International Criminal Court until 18 July 2011. Similarly, the Court benefited from the assistance provided by experts from the Internal Audit Division of OIOS who, in April 2011, conducted an assurance mapping study of the current internal and external oversight mechanisms of the Court.", "94. On 13 June 2011, the Registry concluded a memorandum of understanding with the United Nations concerning the provision of support services and facilities by the United Nations Office at Nairobi to the Registry of the Court in connection with its activities in Kenya.", "95. On 14 and 15 June 2011, senior representatives of the Office of the Prosecutor participated in meetings in New York with United Nations Offices, including the Office of Legal Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, focusing on, inter alia, updates on recent developments relating to the activities of the Office, cooperation, exchange of information and best practices.", "96. The next round table coordination meeting between the United Nations and the Court has been scheduled for 8 and 9 December 2011 in New York.", "97. Regular contact between the International Criminal Court and United Nations Headquarters has been instrumental in facilitating cooperation. The Court’s New York Liaison Office is the primary interlocutor for the United Nations Secretariat. The New York Liaison Office continued to facilitate and promote cooperation between the Court and the United Nations and its funds, programmes and agencies, as well as between the Court and Permanent and Observer Missions to the United Nations.", "98. The head of the New York Liaison Office participated as an observer at meetings of the Security Council and, pursuant to article 4 of the Relationship Agreement, in General Assembly meetings concerning the work of the Court. The Liaison Office facilitated visits of senior Court officials to their counterparts in New York, followed developments of relevance to the Court in various United Nations meetings and updated Court officials accordingly. It also constantly updated the United Nations Secretariat and Permanent Missions on judicial developments within the Court and transmitted judicial notifications from the Court to the Secretary-General and the Security Council. As the work of the Court continued to gain prominence at the United Nations, the head of the Liaison Office was increasingly called upon to provide information to various United Nations departments and Permanent Missions.", "99. In addition to operational and logistical assistance, the public and diplomatic support of the United Nations and its senior officials, including the Secretary-General, continued to be important to the Court.", "100. The President of the Court held several meetings with senior United Nations officials during the reporting period, with a particular focus on the possibilities for the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group to reinforce engagement on issues relating to crimes covered by the Rome Statute. In their meeting on 9 December 2010, the President and the Secretary-General discussed the potential for the United Nations to play a key role in the strengthening of national justice systems by increasing focus on Rome Statute issues within rule-of-law programming and development aid. They also agreed on the importance of raising awareness globally about the Court and promoting the ratification of the Rome Statute, particularly in regions underrepresented among the States parties. On 17 March 2011, the President met with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme and discussed the synergies between the United Nations and the Court in supporting the domestic capacity of States to prosecute serious crimes. On 9 May 2011, the President of the Court met with the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and discussed various forms of cooperation between the two organizations in ensuring accountability for Rome Statute crimes. The President also met with the heads of United Nations missions in several countries during his official travels to discuss issues of mutual interest.", "101. As indicated above, the Prosecutor briefed the Security Council on two occasions on the status of the investigation into the situation in Darfur and on one occasion on the status of the investigation into the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In addition, during the reporting period the Office of the Prosecutor held various high-level meetings with representatives of the United Nations in order to increase understanding of its specific mission and increase mutual cooperation. The meetings included the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, the Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs and United Nations Legal Counsel, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, as well representatives of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.", "B. Cooperation with and assistance from States, other international organizations and civil society", "102. The Court made numerous requests to States for cooperation or assistance pursuant to part IX of the Rome Statute. Pursuant to article 87 of the Statute, the content of such requests and related communications is often confidential in nature.", "103. During the reporting period, the Office of the Prosecutor sent 211 requests for assistance to States parties, non-States parties, international and regional organizations and others. While many of these requests are still pending, in particular the recent ones, the execution rate at the end of the reporting period already stood at 70 per cent.", "104. In addition to specific requests for cooperation and assistance made pursuant to parts IX and X of the Rome Statute, the Court continued to develop bilateral exchanges and arrangements for cooperation with States, especially with respect to analysis and investigative activities, asset tracking and freezing, victim and witness protection, arrest operations, the enforcement of sentences and the provisional release of accused persons pending trial.", "105. During the reporting period, agreements on the enforcement of sentences were concluded with Colombia and Serbia, bringing to seven the total number of such agreements. This is welcome, as the possibility of sentences being handed down in 2011 and 2012 has increased the need for the Court to find suitable detention places for sentenced persons.", "106. No new witness relocation agreements were entered into with States during the reporting period, although advanced negotiations are ongoing with a number of States in this respect. In order to increase the Court’s options for relocating witnesses internationally, the Court opened a new special fund for witness relocation for States to donate funds for the purposes of funding relocations to third States. The Court has already received a substantial donation to the special fund, currently used to finance several witnesses relocations. The Court is now approaching States parties to enquire about their willingness to enter into a cost-neutral witness relocation agreement with the Court, financed by the special fund.", "107. In addition, States parties may support, bilaterally or through multilateral institutions, the establishment of witness protection capabilities in other States where capacity is lacking. A number of countries have already indicated their keen interest in this proposal, the development of which would further the principle of complementarity.", "108. The Trust Fund for Victims, established by the Rome Statute, has a dual mandate in respect of victims with the jurisdiction of the Court. The secretariat of the Trust Fund regularly interacts and coordinates with States and United Nations organizations at the institutional and operational levels.", "109. The mandate of the Trust Fund for Victims related to the implementation of Court-ordered reparations is expected to be triggered by a first conviction by the Court. Activities under the Fund’s rehabilitation mandate have been under way in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for the past four years, and it is anticipated that they will start in the Central African Republic early in 2012. The Chair of the Board of the Fund, Ms. Elisabeth Rehn, contributes on a regular basis to international forums, which have included the League of Arab States conference held in Doha in May 2011.", "110. During the reporting period, the Court concluded a framework cooperation arrangement with the Organization of American States and a memorandum of understanding on cooperation with the Commonwealth Secretariat. These agreements are highly valuable in enhancing the Court’s cooperation with intergovernmental organizations with a view to exchanging information, raising awareness and supporting the capacity-building of national jurisdictions in accordance with the principle of complementarity.", "111. The Court increased its cooperation and engagement with the League of Arab States. On 24 and 25 May 2011 in Doha, Court representatives, high-level Government delegations, legal experts and media representatives attended a regional conference on the International Criminal Court, organized by Qatar and the League of Arab States in cooperation with the Court. The conference was the first major event of its kind in the Middle East aimed at providing information on the workings of the Court and its legal framework. Speakers included the President, Registrar and Prosecutor of the Court, as well as leading Arab experts on international criminal justice.", "112. The Court continued to communicate closely with the African Union. On 18 and 19 July 2011 at African Union headquarters in Addis Ababa, Court officials and more than 50 participants representing 15 African States participated in a seminar on the technical aspects of the Rome Statute and Court practice, jointly organized by the African Union and the Court. Presentations on the Court’s structure and governing principles, including complementarity, were followed by candid discussions about the role of the Court within the international justice system, the relationship between regional and international organizations and the relationship between peace and justice. The Court acknowledges the financial support of the International Organization of la Francophonie for this and other regional seminars held during the reporting period.", "113. The Court welcomes the adoption by the European Union of Council Decision 2011/168/CFSP of 21 March 2011, replacing the Union’s previous Common Position on the Court. The European Union continued to provide valuable technical, financial and other forms of support to the Court during the reporting period.", "114. Senior officials of the Court met frequently with representatives of States, international organizations and civil society to update them on the work of the Court, to raise awareness about the Rome Statute system and to discuss issues of mutual interest. The President of the Court met, inter alia, the Heads of State or Government of Colombia, Ireland, Malaysia, Mongolia, the Philippines and Qatar, as well as with ministers of foreign affairs and justice of numerous States from all regions. Furthermore, the President of the Court met with the President of the European Union, the Chairman of the Commission of the African Union and the Secretaries-General of the Commonwealth and the Organization of American States.", "115. The Office of the Prosecutor paid official visits to various Heads of State and Government, including the Presidents of Botswana, Guinea and Sierra Leone, the President and the Prime Minister of Côte d’Ivoire and the Emir and the Prime Minister of Qatar. The Office also met with the Prime Minister of the Libyan Transitional National Council, the Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Denmark, Egypt, the Netherlands, Senegal and Spain and the Ministers of Justice of Egypt, Liberia, Senegal, South Africa and Palestine, among others. In addition, the Office met with high-level representatives of international and regional organizations, including the League of Arab States, the African Union, the European Union (the European External Action Service and the European Parliament), the Organization of American States and the International Organization of la Francophonie.", "116. The Court held two diplomatic briefings in The Hague in order to update the diplomatic community on the work of the Court. Briefings for diplomatic missions were also held in New York. Two strategic-level meetings were held between the Court and civil society organizations in The Hague, in addition to regular contacts between the Court and representatives of civil society.", "V. Institutional developments", "A. Elections and appointments", "117. At its tenth session, to be held from 12 to 21 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters, the Assembly of States Parties will elect six new judges to replace the six judges whose nine-year terms will expire on 10 March 2012. The terms of office of the new judges will begin on 11 March 2012.", "118. The Assembly will also elect a Prosecutor to replace the current Prosecutor, whose term ends in June 2012. At the ninth session of the Assembly, in December 2010, the Bureau of the Assembly established a search committee for the position of Prosecutor[4] with a mandate to facilitate the nomination and election, by consensus, of the next Prosecutor.[5] The committee began its work early in 2011 and has informally received expressions of interest from various sources, including individuals, States and civil society. It is reviewing the expressions of interest in the light of the relevant criteria, and will produce a shortlist of at least three suitable candidates, if possible, for consideration by the Bureau.", "119. On 27 May 2011, the Prosecutor announced the appointment of Professor Mireille Delmas-Marty as his Office’s Special Adviser on the Internationalization of Legal Issues. On 19 July 2011, Professor Renwen Liu was appointed as Special Adviser to the Prosecutor on the Chinese legal system. These appointments are in accordance with the duty of the Prosecutor established by article 42, paragraph 9, of the Statute to appoint advisers with legal expertise on specific issues. Juan Mendez, Special Adviser on Crime Prevention, resigned from his position as a consequence of his appointment as United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", "B. Assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone", "120. During the reporting period, the International Criminal Court continued to provide detention services and other related assistance to the Special Court for Sierra Leone in its trial of Charles Taylor in The Hague. The assistance provided to the Special Court for Sierra Leone includes access to the information and communications technology facilities of the International Criminal Court, its vault and a fully equipped office connected to the detention centre for the defence team. The Court agreed to provide these services to the Special Court for Sierra Leone through an exchange of letters detailing the relevant services.", "VI. Conclusion", "121. The Court was busier during the reporting period than ever before, with the number of suspects or accused persons increasing from 15 to 25. A third trial started before the Court, presentation of evidence was concluded in one trial, charges were confirmed against two accused and seven new persons appeared before the judges pursuant to an arrest warrant or a summons to appear. The Prosecutor opened a sixth investigation and requested authorization of the Pre-Trial Chamber to open a seventh investigation.", "122. Five new States acceded to or ratified the Rome Statute, bringing the total number of States parties to 116. The United Nations continued to provide important support and assistance to the Court. Enhancing the complementarity of the Court and national jurisdictions is a crucial task in the global struggle against impunity, and the United Nations and its specialized agencies play a major role in this respect, in cooperation with the Court and other relevant actors.", "123. As the importance attached to the Court’s work and the relevance of the Rome Statute on the international scene grow, great challenges remain. The increased casework, and the referral of a new situation by the Security Council, has added pressure on the resources available to the Court. Arrest warrants are outstanding against a total of 11 suspects and the cooperation of States in bringing these persons to justice continues to be a key condition for the effective implementation of the Court’s mandate.", "[1] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2283, No. 1272.", "[2] Ibid., vol. 2187, No. 38544.", "[3] The Office of the Prosecutor has made available on its website a first summary of submissions on whether the declaration lodged by the Palestinian National Authority meets statutory requirements.", "[4] See “Bureau of the Assembly of States Parties: Search Committee for the position of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court: terms of reference” (ICC-ASP/9/INF.2).", "[5] Ibid., para. 5." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目75", "国际刑事法院的报告", "国际刑事法院的报告", "秘书长的说明", "兹根据《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》第6条和大会第65/12号决议第17段，向大会提交国际刑事法院2010/11年度活动报告。", "国际刑事法院提交联合国的2010/11年度报告", "摘要", "本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日，是国际刑事法院(下称“法院”)向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。报告涵盖法院活动的主要发展和涉及法院与联合国关系的其他发展。", "在本报告所述期间，法院取得了重大进展。又有5个国家加入或批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，使缔约国总数达到116个。法院开始审理第三个案件，司法活动达到新高度。法院第一个案件呈递证据阶段已经结束，预计最迟将在今年年底作出判决。", "在安全理事会一致决定将阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势送交法院后，检察官已着手进行第六项调查。法院受理诉讼程序涉及的总人数从15人增至25人，又有7人接到逮捕令或出庭传票，到法院出庭。", "在本报告所述期间，联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和协助。法院与各国家、联合国以及区域和政府间组织密切互动，加强国际合作，打击灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪等罪行不受惩罚的现象。", "国际社会日益重视法院的工作和《罗马规约》的重要性，但依然存在巨大挑战。共有11名犯罪嫌疑人的逮捕令仍然未执行，各国必须合作，将这些人绳之以法，这是法院有效执行任务的关键条件。与此同时，法院处理的案件越来越多，安全理事会又送来新案件，法院在可用资源方面感到吃紧。", "法院继续审理七个局势，其中科特迪瓦局势仍在等待预审分庭授权展开调查。乌干达、刚果民主共和国和中非共和国的局势是这些国家自行送交法院的，苏丹达尔富尔和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势是联合国安全理事会送交法院的。关于上述每个局势，检察官都确定有合理根据展开调查。在检察官提出请求后，第三预审分庭授权对肯尼亚局势展开调查。", "关于乌干达局势，有一个案件，即检察官诉约瑟夫·科尼、文森特·奥蒂、奥科特·奥齐阿姆布和多米尼克·翁古文案，自2005年7月以来，其四个逮捕令一直未执行。", "关于刚果民主共和国局势，有4个案件，其中2个在审判阶段。关于检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案，呈递证据阶段已结束，预计最迟将于今年年底作出判决。关于检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案，检方已于2010年12月完成起诉，第一名被告于2011年3月21日开始陈述案情。关于检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳案，在本报告所述期间发出了逮捕令，犯罪嫌疑人已被逮捕。该案现在处于预审阶段。关于检察官诉博斯科·恩塔甘达案，自2006年8月以来，其逮捕令一直未执行。", "关于中非共和国局势，有一个案件，即检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博案。审判于2010年11月22日开始进行，检方呈递了证据。", "关于苏丹达尔富尔局势，有3个正在审理的案件。关于检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯案，2011年3月7日，第一预审分庭确认了与攻击非洲联盟特派团行动相关的战争罪指控，将案件发送审判。关于检察官诉艾哈迈德·穆罕默德·哈伦和阿里·穆罕默德·阿里·阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼案和检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔案，逮捕令仍未执行。", "根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议的规定，检察官分别于2010年12月9日和2011年6月8日向安理会提出了关于达尔富尔局势调查现状的第十二次和第十三次报告，特别指出：苏丹政府不合作，指控的罪行仍在当地发生以及必须执行仍未执行的逮捕令。", "关于肯尼亚局势，有2个正在处理的案件处于预审阶段：检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑和检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里。所有六个嫌疑人都接到出庭传票，并于2011年4月到第二预审分庭出庭，已订于2011年9月举行确认指控的听讯。", "关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势，有一个正在处理的案件：检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西。2011年6月27日，第一预审分庭以2011年2月15日以来的危害人类罪指控，对三名犯罪嫌疑人发出逮捕令。根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的规定，检察官于2011年5月4日提出了关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势调查现状的第一次报告。", "在本报告所述期间，除六项调查外，检察官办公室还对阿富汗、哥伦比亚、科特迪瓦、格鲁吉亚、几内亚、洪都拉斯、尼日利亚、大韩民国和巴勒斯坦进行了初步审查。在本报告所述期间，检察官请求预审分庭授权，针对关于2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内所犯罪行的指控展开调查。截至提交本报告之时，预审分庭尚未对该请求作出决定。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 6\n2.司法诉讼 6\nA.检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势) 7\nB.检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊(刚果民主共和国局势) 7\nC.检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳(刚果民主共和国局势) 8\nD.检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势) 8\nE.检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔(苏丹达尔富尔局势) 9F.检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯 9 \n(苏丹达尔富尔局势) G.检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑 10 \n(肯尼亚局势) H.检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默 10 \n德·侯赛因·阿里(肯尼亚局势) I.检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡 11 \n扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势) \nJ.尚未执行的逮 11\n3.调查和初步审查 12\nA.调查 12\n1.刚果民主共和国局势 12\n2.乌干达局势 12\n3.中非共和国局势 13\n4.苏丹达尔富尔局势 13\n5.肯尼亚局势 14\n6.阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势 14\nB.初步审查 14\n1.阿富汗 15\n2.哥伦比亚 15\n3.科特迪瓦 15\n4.格鲁吉亚 16\n5.几内亚 16\n6.洪都拉斯 16\n7.大韩民国 16\n8.尼日利亚 17\n9.巴勒斯坦 17\n4.国际合作 17\nA.同联合国的合作 17\nB.同各国、其他国际组织及民间社会的合作以及它们提供的协助 19\n5.体制发展 21\nA.选举和任命 21\nB.协助塞拉利昂问题特别法庭 22\n6.结论 22", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日，是国际刑事法院根据《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》[1] 第6条向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。报告叙述法院向联合国提交第六次报告(A/65/313)以来法院活动的主要发展以及有关法院与联合国关系的其他发展。", "2. 法院是根据1998年7月17日通过并于2002年7月1日生效的一项国际条约即《国际刑事法院罗马规约》[2] 成立的。在本报告所述期间，格林纳达、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣卢西亚、塞舌尔和突尼斯等国交存了批准书或加入书，因此，批准或加入《罗马规约》的国家已达116个，其中包括32个非洲国家、15个亚洲国家、18个东欧国家、26个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家以及25个西欧和其他国家。除这些缔约国外，还有34个国家签署但尚未批准《罗马规约》。", "3. 法院是独立的司法机构，负责对涉嫌犯有国际关切的最严重罪行的个人开展调查和进行审判，这些罪行是灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪。", "4. 《罗马规约》规定，法院诉讼程序公平、公正并充分尊重被告人权利。《罗马规约》的创新之处在于受害人即使未作为证人传唤，也可以参加诉讼。", "5. 法院在行使职能时，依靠各国、国际组织和民间社会按照《罗马规约》和法院缔结的国际协定给予合作。法院要求各国合作的领域包括初步审查、调查、逮捕和交出被告人、追踪和冻结资产、保护受害人和证人、暂时释放、执行判决以及执行法院的裁定和命令。", "6. 法院独立于联合国，但又在历史、法律和业务方面与联合国有着密切的联系。《罗马规约》有关条款和《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》以及其他辅助协定管理法院与联合国之间的关系。", "二. 司法诉讼", "7. 在本报告所述期间，法院继续审理已开审的乌干达、刚果民主共和国、中非共和国、苏丹达尔富尔和肯尼亚等五地的局势。", "8. 2011年3月，检察官展开第六项调查，即调查安全理事会在2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议中一致决定送交法院的阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势。检察官还要求预审分庭授权展开第七项调查，即调查科特迪瓦局势。", "9. 关于这六项调查，现在已经针对每一项进行司法诉讼，建立了13个案件，涉及26人，他们被指控犯下了属于法院管辖范围的罪行。这26人中，1人被正式宣告死亡，对其提出的诉讼已终止。下文详细介绍在本报告所述期间有司法发展的各案件。", "A. 检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势)", "10. 据称，托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛是刚果爱国者联盟领导人，其军事部门解放刚果爱国力量总司令。他被控在刚果民主共和国犯下战争罪，具体而言，他被指控招募、征召和使用未满15岁的儿童积极参与敌对行动。", "11. 迪伊洛先生一案于2009年1月26日在第一审判分庭开始审理。检方在2009年1月26日至7月14日期间传唤了29名证人。2010年，检方又传唤或再传唤了其他证人，回应辩方提出的滥用法律程序指控。在2010年1月27日至2011年4月18日期间，辩方陈述案情。在此期间，共开庭68天，辩方提出133项物证，传唤24名证人作证。共118名受害人通过法律代表参与了卢班加案的诉讼。三名获得授权参与诉讼的受害人于2010年1月在审判分庭作证。", "12. 2010年10月8日，上诉分庭推翻审判分庭关于搁置诉讼和释放被告的决定。在此之前，审判分庭因检方在实质上不遵其命令而下令搁置诉讼，并下令无限制和无条件释放托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛，但对其命令可以上诉，而且其命令须受上诉分庭2010年7月15日将发出的停止执行命令的约束。上诉庭推翻审判分庭的决定，裁定审判分庭在命令搁置诉讼之前，应先根据《规约》第71条实施制裁，促使检方遵守其命令。", "13. 2011年2月23日，第一审判分庭驳回辩方搁置诉讼的申请，裁定该申请滥用法律程序。审判于2011年3月21日恢复。", "14. 2011年5月20日，第一审判分庭下令结束呈证阶段。检方和辩方分别于6月1日和7月15日提交结辩要点。各当事方和参与方将在2011年8月25和26日举行的公开审讯上提出最后口头陈述。", "B. 检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊(刚果民主共和国局势)", "15. 热尔曼·加丹加先生和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊先生是在刚果民主共和国伊图里地区积极活动的武装团体两个前领导人。据称，加丹加先生指挥伊图里爱国抵抗力量，并已被任命为刚果民主共和国武装部队准将；据称，恩乔洛先生是民族主义与融合主义者阵线前领导人，也是刚果民主共和国武装部队中校。他们两人都被控7项战争罪(任意杀人、利用儿童积极参与敌对行动、性奴役、强奸、袭击平民，掠夺和破坏敌方财产)以及三项危害人类罪(谋杀、性奴役和强奸)。据称，所犯罪行与2003年2月24日博戈罗村被袭有关。", "16. 加丹加先生和恩乔洛先生的案子于2009年11月24日在第二审判分庭开庭。2010年12月8日，检方完成呈递该案活证据的工作。检方在陈述案情过程中呈递了270件证据，并传唤24名证人出庭作证，其中包括2名专家证人。", "17. 第一名被告加丹加先生在2011年3月24日至2011年7月12日期间陈述案情，并传唤17名证人出庭作证，其中3人是与第二名被告恩乔洛先生共同传唤的证人。加丹加先生辩护律师共呈递150项证据，恩乔洛先生辩护律师共呈递59项证据。恩乔洛先生的辩护律师定于2011年8月15日开始进行辩护。共有366名受害人通过法律代表参与该案，其中两人在审讯中作证。", "C. 检察官诉卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳(刚果民主共和国局势)", "18. 据称，卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳是解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)执行秘书。2010年9月28日，第一预审分庭发出逮捕令，裁定有合理根据相信，他本人有意识地促成了卢民主力量领导阶层的一项共同计划，即在为卢民主力量攫取政治力量的国际行动中，发起一项针对南北基伍省平民的攻势，以获得政治上的让步。", "19. 2010年10月11日，姆巴鲁希马纳先生被法国当局逮捕后，逮捕证启封。2011年1月25日，他被转送到设在海牙的法院羁留中心，并于2011年1月28日初次在法院出庭。鉴于审查在犯罪嫌疑人住所获得的电子设备时遇到技术困难，因而出现延误，根据检方要求，原定于2011年7月4日举行的确认控罪听讯被推迟。", "20. 2010年7月15日，检方提交指控文件和证据目录。指控包含13项战争罪和危害人类罪，据称这些罪行是2009年1月20日至12月31日期间在南北基伍省和刚果民主共和国东部犯下的。检方指称，姆巴鲁希马纳先生应对卢民主力量领导阶层的共同目的负责任，这个共同目的是，在南北基伍采取各种犯罪行动，制造“人道主义灾难”，促使卢旺达和刚果民主共和国两国政府放弃对该集团的军事行动，并在卢旺达攫取政治力量。", "D. 检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势)", "21. 让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博是刚果解放运动前主席兼总司令。据称，在2002年10月26日至2003年3月15日的非国际性武装冲突期间，他在中非共和国各地犯下了各种罪行。第三预审分庭于2009年6月15日确认对本巴先生的指控。根据《罗马规约》第28条(指挥官和其他上级的责任)，他作为一名军事指挥官被控三项战争罪(谋杀、强奸和掠夺)以及两项危害人类罪(谋杀和强奸)。", "22. 2010年10月19日，上诉分庭针对本巴先生对第三审判分庭2010年6月24日所作题为“关于可受理性和滥用法律程序质疑的裁决”提出的上诉作出判决。上诉分庭确认受到质疑的裁决，裁定，根据《规约》第17条第1款b项，当有人向审判分庭提出国内司法诉讼结果是否等同于裁决不进行起诉的问题时，审判分庭应初步接受国内法院裁决的有效性和实效，除非有令人信服的证据表明不得接受这些裁决。", "23. 本巴先生的审判于2010年11月22日在第三审判分庭开庭。迄今为止，1 619名受害人已获准通过法律代表参与审判程序。截至2011年7月31日，检方传唤了计划传唤40证人中的25人。", "E. 检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "24. 2009年3月4日，第一预审分庭对苏丹现任总统奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔发出第一个逮捕令，他被指控5项危害人类罪(谋杀、灭绝、强迫转移、酷刑和强奸)和2项战争罪(攻击平民和抢劫)。 2010年7月12日，第一预审分庭对巴希尔先生发出第二个逮捕令，对他又提出3项灭绝种族罪指控。已向所有缔约国、苏丹当局和不是《罗马规约》缔约国的所有安全理事会成员国通报这两项逮捕令。", "25. 2010年8月27日，第一预审分庭作出两项决定，向安全理事会和《罗马规约》缔约国大会通报巴希尔先生对肯尼亚和乍得的访问，以便他们采取他们可能认为适当的任何行动。2011年5月12日，第一预审分庭针对巴希尔先生对吉布提的访问作出了类似决定。第一预审分庭在上述决定中指出，根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议和肯尼亚、乍得和吉布提都已加入为缔约国的《罗马规约》第87条的规定，这些国家有义务与法院合作。", "26. 巴希尔先生仍未归案。共12名受害人获准通过法律代表参与该案诉讼。", "F. 检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "27. 阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努宁据称是正义与平等运动总司令，穆罕默德·杰宝·贾穆斯据称是苏丹解放军——统一派前参谋长。2009年8月，第一预审分庭向班达先生和杰宝先生发出出庭传票。", "28. 2010年12月8日，第一预审分庭举行确认指控听讯。2011年3月7日，第一预审分庭针对2007年9月29日攻击苏丹北部一个非洲联盟特派团——非洲联盟驻苏丹特派团(非苏特派团)——维和人员的行动，确认对指称的苏丹达尔富尔局势叛军领导人的3项战争罪指控(暴力危害生命、故意下令攻击维持和平特派团和掠夺)。", "29. 2011年3月16日，法院院长将该案送交新组建的第四审判分庭。2011年5月16日，当事各方提出一项联合呈件，表示被告在审讯中将仅对某些特定问题进行抗辩：", "(a) 2007年9月29日对哈斯卡尼塔军事团伙地点的攻击是否非法；", "(b) 如果攻击被视为非法，那么，被告人对确定攻击行为非法性质的实际情况是否知情；", "(c) 非苏特派团是否属于符合《联合国宪章》定义的维持和平特派团。", "30. 当事各方达成协议，将审判焦点仅仅放在各方有争议的问题上，这可以明显缩短审判程序，从而促进提高审判效率和成本效益，与此同时，还能够维护受害人参与诉讼的权利，保护被告受到公平和迅速审判的权利。", "31. 截至2011年5月31日，共有89名受害人获准通过法律代表参与诉讼。将在适当的时候确定开审日期。", "G. 检察官诉威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑(肯尼亚局势)", "32. 2011年3月8日，第二预审分庭对下列人员发出出庭传票：被停职的高等教育、科学和技术部长威廉·萨莫埃·鲁托、国会议员兼“橙色民主运动”主席亨利·基普洛诺·科斯盖和内罗毕卡斯调频广播电台业务负责人乔舒亚·阿拉普·桑，他们涉嫌在2007和2008年选举后暴力行动中，犯下了危害人类罪。据称，所有三名被告都是“橙色民主运动”成员，该运动是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一。", "33. 2011年4月7日，三名犯罪嫌疑人主动到第二预审分庭出庭。第二预审分庭定于2011年9月1日举行确认指控的听讯，届时，第二预审分庭将审议三项危害人类罪(谋杀、强行迁移居民和迫害)指控。", "34. 2011年3月31日，肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第19条提出申请，对法院是否可受理该案提出质疑。2011年5月30日，第二预审分庭驳回该申请，认为该申请未提供具体证据，证明该国正在对法院诉讼程序受理的人士进行法律诉讼。上诉分庭尚未对肯尼亚政府对该裁决提出的上诉作出裁决。", "H. 检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里(肯尼亚局势)", "35. 2011年3月8日，第二预审分庭对下列人员发出出庭传票：公务员局局长兼内阁秘书弗朗西斯·基里米·穆萨乌拉、副总理兼部长财政乌呼鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和邮政公司执行长穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里，他们涉嫌在2007和2008年选举后暴力行动中犯下了危害人类罪。据称，所有三名被告都是民族团结党成员，该党是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一。", "36. 2011年4月8日，三名犯罪嫌疑人主动到第二预审分庭出庭。第二预审分庭定于2011年9月21日举行确认指控的听讯，届时，第二预审分庭将审议五项危害人类罪(谋杀，强行迁移居民、强奸、迫害和其他不人道行为)指控。", "37. 2011年3月31日，肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第19条提出申请，对法院是否可受理该案提出质疑。2011年5月30日，第二预审分庭驳回该申请，认为该申请未提供具体证据，证明该国正在对法院诉讼程序受理的人士进行法律诉讼。", "I. 检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势)", "38. 2011年6月27日，第一预审分庭对下列人员发出逮捕令：利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、他的儿子、利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报局局长阿卜杜拉·赛努西，对他们提出两项危害人类罪(谋杀和迫害)指控，据称这些罪行发生在2011年2月15日之后。第一预审分庭裁定，有合理根据认为，穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲与其核心圈子协调，构思和策划了一项计划，要不惜一切手段，防止和平息平民反对该政权的示威行动。安全理事会在2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议中将阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势送交检察官，检察官根据该决议，于2011年3月3日对该局势展开调查，逮捕令是在调查开始后发出的。", "J. 尚未执行的逮", "39. 在提交本报告时，有12个逮捕令尚未执行：", "(a) 乌干达局势：约瑟夫·科尼先生、文森特·奥蒂先生、奥科特·奥齐阿姆布先生和多米尼克·翁古文先生。这些逮捕令自2005年以来一直未执行；", "(b) 刚果民主共和国局势：博斯科·恩塔甘达先生。这一逮捕令自2006年以来一直未执行；", "(c) 苏丹达尔富尔局势：艾哈迈德·哈伦先生和阿里·库沙卜先生，他们的逮捕令自2007年以来一直未执行；巴希尔先生有两个逮捕令，分别自2009年和2010年以来一直未执行；", "(d) 阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势：穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西，他们的逮捕令自2011年6月27日以来一直未执行。", "40. 法院已发出逮捕和交出这些人的合作请求，并通知了有关国家。凡是缔约国和有法律义务与法院合作的其他国家都必须答应这些请求。关于苏丹达尔富尔局势和阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势，根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号和第1970(2011)号决议，包括两国在内的所有当事方都有义务同法院和检察官充分合作。", "三. 调查和初步审查", "A. 调查", "1. 刚果民主共和国局势", "检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案", "41. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，检方对5个国家进行了16次访问，主要是争取对审案的支持，并反驳辩方在检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊案中提出的论点。", "南北基伍省案件", "42. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，检察官办公室派人到10个国家进行了34次访问，以便在刚果民主共和国进行第三次调查，重点是卢民主力量民兵在南北基伍省所犯罪行，调查促进逮捕和收押了卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳，为筹备即将举行的确认指控听讯提供了支持。", "43. 据称，卢民主力量民兵在刚果民主共和国东部南北基伍省犯下了各种罪行，对这些罪行进行调查和起诉是《罗马规约》系统互补性最成功的例子之一。卢民主力量部分领导机关设在欧洲。卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳据称是民兵执行秘书，他人在法国。他被法国当局逮捕并送交法院。伊尼亚斯·穆尔瓦纳什亚卡和斯塔顿·穆索尼分别担任卢民主力量主席和副主席，他们于2009年11月17日被德国当局逮捕，根据《德国关于违反国际法罪行的法典》，他们在德国面临战争罪和危害人类罪审判。", "44. 德国、卢旺达、刚果民主共和国、法国和检察官办公室对据称在南北基伍省所犯罪行和特别是卢民主力量的活动进行了两年多的调查，对卢民主力量领导人的起诉是这些调查的结果。", "45. 检察官办公室仍在调查据称在南北基伍省犯下的罪行，包括继续调查卢民主力量其他领导人。", "46. 检察官办公室执行积极互补政策，积极鼓励各国切实进行法律诉讼，在执行这项政策过程中，检察官办公室分别于2010年10月和2011年2月为北基伍省和南基伍省调查战争罪和危害人类罪的刚果司法当局人员进行了培训。", "2. 乌干达局势", "47. 检察官办公室继续收集关于上帝抵抗军(上帝军)涉嫌犯下的罪行的资料，促进采取行动，执行对上帝军最高层领导人发出的逮捕令，在这个过程中，该办公室针对乌干达局势，派出了三个代表团，访问了三个国家。该办公室收集了许多关于上帝军涉嫌在约瑟夫·科尼领导下犯下的罪行的资料。收到的资料显示，上帝军一年四季持续犯罪，在刚果民主共和国、苏丹南方和中非共和国大肆进行杀戮和绑架。据报道，自2008年初以来，仅在刚果民主共和国一地，上帝军就杀害2 000多人，绑架2 500多人，致使30多万人流离失所。在同一时期里，在苏丹南方和中非共和国，12万多人流离失所，至少450人被杀害，800多人被绑架。", "48. 检察官办公室还继续收集和分析有关乌干达人民国防军涉嫌犯下的罪行的资料。该办公室继续鼓励乌干达当局对冲突双方进行法律诉讼。", "49. 检察官办公室执行积极互补政策，协助乌干达当局调查和起诉个人。该国当局准备在高等法院新设立的国际罪行司审判第一个国内战争罪案件，对一个据称为上帝军中级军官的人提出指控，在该国当局准备案件期间，检察官办公室与该其分享了经验教训和最佳做法，包括关于保护和支持证人和处理证据的经验教训和最佳做法。关于乌干达高等法院选择审理的案件，该办公室曾进行过调查，从乌干达当局那里得到了原始材料，该办公室提供了这些材料的可检索版本、翻译版本和记录誊本。该办公室得到乌干达当局的正式承诺，将以符合国际公认人权标准的方式，在法律诉讼中使用检察官办公室与其分享的任何信息。", "3. 中非共和国局势", "50. 检察官办公室继续调查中非共和国局势，在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，对5个国家共进行了14次访问，其目的包括查验证人，追踪调查收到的新信息。", "4. 苏丹达尔富尔局势", "51. 在2010年8月1日至2011年7月30日期间，检察官办公室派人到9个国家进行了16次访问，以调查达尔富尔局势。", "52. 按照安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议，检察官分别于2010年12月10日和2011年6月8日向安全理事会提交了关于达尔富尔局势调查情况的第十二次和第十三次报告。", "53. 检察官在2010年12月10日通报情况时提请注意，预审分庭以三项灭绝种族罪指控，对巴希尔总统发出第二个逮捕令。他再次着重指出，苏丹政府不合作，该国也未对应对所犯罪行负责的人提出法律诉讼。", "54. 检察官在2011年6月8日通报情况时谈到了逮捕令尚未执行和罪行仍在发生的问题，检察官特别关切关键人物艾哈迈德·哈伦所扮演的角色。", "55. 检察官办公室继续监测和收集有关苏丹达尔富尔局势的资料。所收集的资料表明，危害人类罪、战争罪和灭绝种族罪仍在发生。", "5. 肯尼亚局势", "56. 在获得展开调查的授权后，在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室派人到14个国家进行了71次访问。", "57. 2010年12月15日，检察官针对六人提出了2项出庭传票申请。", "6. 阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势", "58. 在安全理事会一致决定将该局势送交法院后，检察官办公室对该局势进行了初步审查，进行了事实和法律分析。分析的问题包括管辖权、可受理性(互补性和严重性)和伸张正义，在分析之后，检察官办公室于2011年3月3日确定，对阿拉伯利比亚民众国展开调查的法定标准已经达到。", "59. 2011年5月4日，检察官向安全理事会通报情况，提交第一次报告，介绍其办公室调查工作取得的实质性和迅速进展，他在结束发言时说，他将在未来几周内寻求对三个人发出逮捕令，他们似乎应对2011年2月15日以来在阿拉伯利比亚民众国所犯危害人类罪行承担最大刑事责任。", "60. 此后，检察官于2011年5月16日要求第一预审分庭对利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、他的儿子、利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报局局长阿卜杜拉·赛努西发出逮捕令。检察官在申请中提出证据，除证明三人举行会议，策划行动外，还证明根据穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲的命令，赛义夫·伊斯兰组织招募外国士兵，阿卜杜拉·赛努西参与攻击示威者的行动。", "61. 在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室派人对11个国家进行了28次访问，调查阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势。该办公室正在调查强奸、性暴力和对被视为持不同政见者的平民使用酷刑和采取不人道行动等其他危害人类罪行指控。该办公室还在调查对被误认为雇佣军的撒哈拉以南非洲人进行攻击的指控以及武装冲突各方在冲突期间所犯战争罪指控。", "B. 初步审查", "62. 检察官办公室继续主动监测有关可能属于法院司法管辖范围犯罪行为的信息，分析从各种渠道收到的来文。截至2011年6月30日，该办公室已收到与《罗马规约》第15条有关的9 253件来文，其中419件是在本报告所述期间收到的。", "63. 该办公室继续在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、格鲁吉亚、几内亚和巴勒斯坦进行初步审查。该办公室公开宣布，它已开始对洪都拉斯、尼日利亚和大韩民国等国局势展开初步审查。2011年6月23日，检察官请求预审分庭授权对科特迪瓦局势展开调查。", "1. 阿富汗", "64. 检察官办公室继续监测阿富汗局势，考虑所有信息，包括公开的信息。该办公室与该地区专家、民间社会组织和公职人员保持密切联系，参加了关于阿富汗问题的各种国际学术会议。", "65. 根据《罗马规约》的规定，该办公室评估是否已经在进行真正的调查和法律诉讼，以将应该对在阿富汗所犯最严重罪行承担最大责任的人绳之以法。这种分析涵盖的范围包括可能在嫌疑人国籍国或对在阿富汗所犯指称的罪行具有管辖权的任何其他国家进行的调查和法律诉讼。", "2. 哥伦比亚", "66. 哥伦比亚在批准《罗马规约》时(根据《罗马规约》第124条)宣布，七年内不接受法院对战争罪的管辖权。该七年期限于2009年11月1日结束。从此以后，检察官办公室可以调查和起诉战争罪。哥伦比亚国家刑事司法系统已作出努力，调查应对《罗马规约》管辖范围内罪行负责的人。", "67. 该办公室正在监测和分析关于该国各项调查和法律诉讼的资料，重点是涉及据称应对可能属于法院管辖范围的行为负责任的准军事团体和游击队领导人以及军队领导人的调查和诉讼。该办公室正在分析有关国际支持网络在哥伦比亚境内协助犯罪武装团体的指控。此外，该办公室还在监测准军政丑闻(parapolitica)案件。", "68. 该办公室已去信各国索取资料。在本报告所述期间，该办公室还在哥伦比亚和海牙会晤了来自政府、司法当局和非政府组织的哥伦比亚利益攸关方。", "69. 在2010年10月20日非政府组织双年度圆桌会议上，该办公室就哥伦比亚初步审查工作举行了一次关于互补性问题的会议，与会人员评论了哥伦比亚当局打击有罪不罚现象的行动，尤其是评论了根据《正义与和平法》进行的诉讼。", "70. 该办公室将继续审查哥伦比亚局势和该国进行的法律诉讼。在这方面，该办公室根据积极促进互补的做法，欢迎桑托斯总统努力争取国际社会进一步支持哥伦比亚进行的法律诉讼，努力促进合作，在2010年12月缔约国大会第九届会议期间对此作了解释。一直担任检察官办公室咨询人的西班牙籍巴尔塔萨·加尔松法官被任命为美洲国家组织支持哥伦比亚和平进程特派团顾问，这是落实积极互补性的一个例子，希望这项任命能够帮助哥伦比亚当局朝着积极的方向努力。", "3. 科特迪瓦", "71. 检察官办公室继续检测科特迪瓦局势，特别是2010年11月28日举行第二轮总统选举后出现的暴力行动。", "72. 2010年12月18日，法院收到由瓦塔拉总统签署的一项声明，确认科特迪瓦政府此前于2003年10月根据《规约》第12条第3款提交的声明，接受法院对2002年9月19日以后在该国境内所犯罪行的管辖权。", "73. 检察官已得出结论，《罗马规约》关于展开调查的法定标准已经达到。2011年6月23日，检察官请求预审分庭授权对2010年11月28日以来科特迪瓦境内所犯指控罪行展开调查。", "4. 格鲁吉亚", "74. 在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室继续追踪关于2008年8月格鲁吉亚冲突期间所犯罪行指控的调查。", "75. 2011年2月，检察官办公室一个代表团第二次访问俄罗斯联邦，听取了关于俄罗斯联邦调查委员会进行的本国调查最新进展情况的全面介绍。该办公室与格鲁吉亚当局保持定期接触。", "76. 该办公室与该区域非政府组织保持密切联系，接收这些组织提供的报告，参加与它们举行的会议。", "5. 几内亚", "77. 2009年10月14日，检察官宣布对几内亚局势进行初步审查，这次审查涉及的是与2009年9月28日在科纳克里发生的事件相关的指控。", "78. 该办公室派人两次访问几内亚，追踪几内亚法官对2009年事件进行的调查，并且为了执行该办公室的预防任务，还监测在选举期间是否发生了新的犯罪行为。该办公室会见了政府官员以及司法部门、民间社会和受害人及受害人协会的代表。", "6. 洪都拉斯", "79. 2010年11月18日，检察官宣布对洪都拉斯局势进行初步审查。该办公室正在分析，据称在2009年6月28日反塞拉亚总统政变后发生的侵犯人权行为是否构成法院管辖权范围内的罪行。该办公室收到了17件关于该局势的来文。洪都拉斯当局立即表示愿意合作。", "7. 大韩民国", "80. 2010年12月6日，检察官办公室宣布收到来文，其中指称朝鲜民主主义人民共和国部队在大韩民国境内犯下了战争罪。", "81. 对大韩民国局势的初步审查以两个事件为重点：(a) 2010年11月23日炮击延坪岛事件，该事件导致韩国海军陆战队员和平民死亡，致使许多其他人受伤；(b) 2010年3月26日，据称朝鲜民主主义人民共和国潜艇发射一枚鱼雷，击沉大韩民国天安号军舰，造成46人死亡。", "82. 该办公室一直在从相关来源搜寻更多的信息。初步审查包括分析标的物管辖权问题，因此，该办公室一直与韩国当局接触，以确定事实真相。", "8. 尼日利亚", "83. 2010年11月18日，检察官办公室宣布对尼日利亚局势进行审查。该办公室正在分析据称自2004年年中以来在尼日利亚中部所犯的罪行，并一直与尼日利亚当局进行建设性的接触。该办公室会晤了在“中间带”各州活动的尼日利亚和国际民间社会组织。该办公室已邀请尼日利亚司法当局与其分享关于现有法律事实的信息。", "9. 巴勒斯坦", "84. 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构2009年1月22日根据《罗马规约》第12条第3款发表声明，接受法院的管辖权，该办公室继续审查这项接受法院管辖权的声明是否符合法定要求。由于国际刑事法院是终审法院，检察官办公室还审查是否已有国家对指控罪行提出法律诉讼，这关系到该局势可能产生的案件是否可受理的问题。该办公室共收到400件关于巴勒斯坦境内所犯指控的罪行的来文。", "85. 关于是否已满足展开调查的法定要求，包括巴勒斯坦是否为《规约》第12条第3款所指的国家问题，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构要求给予它陈情权。该办公室认为，按照公平程序要求，巴勒斯坦民族权力机构和其他有关方面都应有陈情的机会。因此，该办公室确保了各方的适当法律程序。巴勒斯坦民族权力机构代表提出口头和书面意见，表达了其论点。不久将提出最后公开辩护状。[3]", "86. 该办公室还审查了各种公开报道，并为在2010年10月20日法院双年度圆桌会议期间在法院所在地提交呈件的各专家和非政府组织举办了一次互动讨论。", "87. 2011年7月，应联合国人权事务高级专员办事处请求，检察官办公室向其介绍了该办公室对巴勒斯坦声明所采取步骤的最新情况。", "88. 检察官会晤了各利益攸关方，包括巴勒斯坦民族权力机构、阿拉伯国家联盟秘书处以及若干巴勒斯坦和以色列非政府组织的代表，讨论法院的管辖权问题。", "四. 国际合作", "A. 同联合国的合作", "89. 法院与联合国合作的依据是两个组织2004年10月4日签署的《关系协定》。根据《关系协定》第10条，联合国向2010年12月6日至10日在纽约联合国总部举行的《罗马规约》缔约国大会第九届会议提供了设施和服务。第十届会议定于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行。", "90. 在安全领域，法院是联合国安全管理系统成员，每年获邀参加联合国机构间安全管理网络两次会议。这使法院可以在实地同联合国和其他成员组织统一标准、条例和行动。", "91. 关于各局势国，法院从联合国得到支持和协助，包括为法院车辆提供燃油，让法院使用联合国航空资产，这些支持和协助至关重要。在本报告所述期间，法院使用了由联合国安排的862次飞行，支持对各局势国的访问。联合国继续向法院提供各种服务和设施，包括为法院实地业务提供后勤支持。", "92. 法院继续与法律事务厅广泛接触，特别是进行协调，让联合国官员作证、提供信息和将法院纳入整个联合国系统的主流。联合国应检察官和辩护律师请求，向他们提供文件。2010年12月，第二名联合国官员在审判热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊时到法院作证。", "93. 法院赞赏联合国秘书处内部监督事务厅(监督厅)给予的合作和协助。2010年7月16日，法院和联合国签署一项谅解备忘录，为借调监督厅一名专家提供便利，该专家将担任国际刑事法院独立监督机制临时负责人，任期至2011年7月18日止。同样，法院得到监督厅内部审计司专家的协助，2011年4月，他们对法院现有内部和外部监督机制进行了一次保证映射研究。", "94. 2011年6月13日，法院书记官处就联合国内罗毕办事处提供支持服务和设施，支持书记官处在肯尼亚的活动问题，与联合国签订了一项谅解备忘录。", "95. 2011年6月14日和15日，检察官办公室高级代表在纽约参加了与法律事务厅、维持和平行动部、联合国开发计划署、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国难民事务高级专员办事处等联合国机构举行的会议，除其他事项外，他们重点介绍了检察官办公室活动的最新发展以及关于合作、信息交流和最佳做法的最新情况。", "96. 联合国与法院的下次圆桌协调会议定于2011年12月8日和9日在纽约举行。", "97. 国际刑事法院与联合国总部定期接触，促进了合作。法院的纽约联络处是与联合国秘书处接触的主要对话者。纽约联络处继续推动和促进法院与联合国及其各基金、方案和机构之间的合作，并推动和促进法院与各常驻联合国代表团和观察员代表团之间的合作。", "98. 纽约联络处主任以观察员身份参与安全理事会会议，并按照《关系协定》第4条，参与联合国大会涉及法院工作的会议。联络处为法院高级官员访问纽约对应高级官员提供便利，注视联合国会议与法院相关的发展，并向法院官员介绍这方面的最新情况。联络处不断向联合国秘书处和各常驻团介绍法院的最新司法发展，转递法院给秘书长和安全理事会的司法通知。由于法院工作在联合国的地位日益重要，联络处主任越来越多地被要求向联合国各部门和各常驻代表团提供信息。", "99. 除业务和后勤援助外，联合国及秘书长等高级官员给予公开和外交支持对法院仍然很重要。", "100.　在本报告所述期间，法院院长与联合国高级官员举行了若干次会议，特别重点讨论了法治协调和资源小组就与《罗马规约》管辖范围内犯罪行为有关的问题增强接触的可能性。院长和秘书长在2010年12月9日会议上讨论了联合国在加强各国司法系统方面可发挥的关键作用，途径是，在编制法治方案和提供发展援助时，增加对《罗马规约》所涵盖问题的重视。他们还一致认为，必须在全球提高对法院的认识，推动批准《罗马规约》，特别是在缔约国数不足地区推动批准《规约》。2011年3月17日，院长会晤联合国开发计划署署长，讨论了联合国和法院在支持各国建设本国起诉严重罪行能力方面可发挥的协同作用。2011年5月9日，法院院长会晤联合国人权事务高级专员，讨论了两个组织在确保追究《罗马规约》所涵盖罪行的责任方面可进行的各种形式的合作。院长还在一些国家公务旅行期间会晤联合国特派团首长，讨论了共同关心的问题。", "101.　如上文所述，关于调查达尔富尔局势工作的现状，检察官向安全理事会作了两次通报，关于调查阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势工作的现状，检察官向安理会作了一次通报。此外，在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室与联合国代表举行了各种高级别会议，以增强对其具体任务的认识，加强相互合作。主管政治事务副秘书长、主管维持和平行动副秘书长、主管法律事务副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问、联合国人权事务高级专员和负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表以及人道主义事务协调厅的代表参加了这些会议。", "B. 同各国、其他国际组织及民间社会的合作以及它们提供的协助", "102.　按照《罗马规约》第九部分，法院向各国多次提出合作或协助请求。依照《罗马规约》第87条，此种请求和相关往来文件的内容往往具有保密性质。", "103.　在本报告所述期间，检察官办公室向缔约国、非缔约国、国际和区域组织以及其他方面提出了211项协助请求。虽然其中许多请求尚未执行，特别是最近提出的许多请求尚未执行，但在本报告所述期间结束时，执行率已经达到70%。", "104.　法院除根据《罗马规约》第九和第十部分提出具体合作和协助请求外，还继续与各国发展双边交流与合作安排，特别是在分析和调查活动、跟踪和冻结资产、保护受害人和证人、逮捕行动、执行判决和暂时释放候审被告等方面。", "105.　在本报告所述期间，法院与哥伦比亚和塞尔维亚签订了执行判决协定，使此类协定总数达到7个。这种情况值得欢迎，因为在2011和2012年期间可能作出一些判决，法院更需要为被判刑的人找到合适的关押场所。", "106.　在本报告所述期间，没有与各国签订新的重新安置证人协定，不过，在这方面，与若干国家一直在进行深入的谈判。为了增加法院在国际上重新安置证人的选择，法院开设了一个新的重新安置证人特别基金，使各国可以捐赠资金，资助向第三国重新安置证人活动。法院已经收到向该特别基金捐赠的大量资金，这些资金目前用于资助重新安置若干证人的活动。法院目前正在与缔约国接触，询问他们是否愿意与法院签订不增加费用的重新安置证人协定，重新安置活动的费用由特别基金资助。", "107.　此外，缔约国可以通过双边渠道或多边机构支持缺乏保护证人能力的其他国家建立这种能力。若干国家已对该提议表示浓厚兴趣，发展该提议将促进互补原则。", "108.　《罗马规约》设立的受害人信托基金对法院管辖范围内受害人负有双重任务。信托基金秘书处在机构和业务两级定期与各国和联合国各组织互动和协调。", "109.　预计法院第一项定罪判决将使信托基金开始执行法院命令的赔偿的任务。在过去四年里，信托基金根据其康复任务，一直在乌干达北部和刚果民主共和国开展活动，预计2012年年初将在中非共和国开始开展这些活动。信托基金董事会主席伊丽莎白·雷恩女士定期参与国际论坛，包括参与2011年5月在多哈举行的阿拉伯国家联盟会议。", "110.　在本报告所述期间，法院与美洲国家组织签订了一项框架合作安排，与英联邦秘书处签订了一项合作谅解备忘录。这些协定非常有价值，将加强法院与各政府间组织的合作，从而按照互补原则，促进交换信息、提高认识和支持各国国家司法当局建设能力。", "111.　法院加强了与阿拉伯国家联盟的合作和接触。2011年5月24日和25日，卡塔尔和阿拉伯国家联盟与法院合作，在多哈举行了一次关于国际刑事法院的区域会议，法院代表、各国政府高级代表团、法律专家和媒体代表出席了会议。这是首次在中东举办这类活动，目的是介绍法院工作和法院的法律框架。法院院长、书记官长和检察官以及阿拉伯各国国际刑事司法问题主要专家作了发言。", "112.　法院继续与非洲联盟密切沟通。2011年7月18日和19日，非洲联盟和法院在非洲联盟亚的斯亚贝巴总部联合举办了一次关于《罗马规约》和法院实践技术层面问题的研讨会，法院官员和来自15个非洲国家的50多名与会者参加了研讨会。会议介绍了法院的结构和管理原则，包括互补原则，此后，与会者坦诚地讨论了法院在国际司法系统中的作用、区域组织与国际组织之间的关系以及和平与正义之间的关系。在本报告所述期间，法语国家国际组织为这次研讨会和其他区域研讨会提供了资助，法院对此表示感谢。", "113.　法院欢迎欧洲联盟于2011年3月21日通过第2011/168/CFSP号理事会决定，以取代欧盟以前对法院的共同立场。在本报告所述期间，欧洲联盟继续向法院提供宝贵的技术、财政和其他形式的支持。", "114.　法院高级官员经常会晤各国家、国际组织和民间社会代表，向他们介绍法院工作的最新情况，提高他们对《罗马规约》系统的认识，讨论共同关心的问题。除其他人士外，法院院长会晤了哥伦比亚、爱尔兰、马来西亚、蒙古、菲律宾和卡塔尔等国国家元首或政府首脑，并会晤了各地区许多国家的外交部长和司法部长。此外，法院院长会晤了欧洲联盟主席、非洲联盟委员会主席、英联邦秘书长和美洲国家组织秘书长。", "115.　检察官办公室正式拜访了不同国家的国家元首和政府首脑，包括博茨瓦纳、几内亚和塞拉利昂总统、科特迪瓦总统和总理以及卡塔尔埃米尔和首相。该办公室还会晤了利比亚全国过渡理事会总理、丹麦、埃及、荷兰、塞内加尔和西班牙等国外交部长以及埃及、利比里亚、塞内加尔、南非和巴勒斯坦司法部长等人士。此外，该办公室还会晤了阿拉伯国家联盟、非洲联盟、欧洲联盟(欧洲对外行动局和欧洲议会)、美洲国家组织和法语国家国际组织等国际和区域组织的高级别代表。", "116.　法院在海牙举行了两次外交简报会，向外交界介绍法院工作最新情况。此外，在纽约也为各外交使团举行了简报会。法院和民间社会代表除定期接触外，还在海牙举行了两次双方之间的战略级别会议。", "五. 体制发展", "A. 选举和任命", "117.　在定于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行的第十届会议上，缔约国大会将选出6名新法官，取代9年任期将于2012年3月10日届满的6名法官。新法官的任期将从2012年3月11日开始。", "118.　大会还将选出一名检察官，取代任期将于2012年6月届满的现任检察官。在2010年12月大会第九届会议上，大会主席团成立了一个检察官人选物色委员会，[4] 其任务是协助以协商一致方式推荐和选举下任检察官。[5] 委员会于2011年初开始工作，并已非正式地收到个人、国家和民间社会等不同来源的意向书。委员会正在根据有关标准审查这些意向书，如果可能，将提出至少有三名合适候选人的短名单，供主席团审议。", "119.　2011年5月27日，检察官宣布任命米雷耶·德尔马斯-马蒂教授为检察官办公室法律问题国际化特别顾问。2011年7月19日，刘仁文教授被任命为检察官中国法律制度问题特别顾问。这些任命是根据《规约》第42条第9款作出的，该款规定，检察官应任命对具体问题具有法律专门知识的顾问。预防犯罪问题特别顾问胡安·门德斯辞职，因为他已被任命为联合国酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员。", "B. 协助塞拉利昂问题特别法庭", "120.　在本报告所述期间，国际刑事法院继续向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供羁押服务和其他有关协助，以使特别法庭能在海牙对查尔斯·泰勒进行审讯。向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供的协助包括使用国际刑事法院信息和通信技术设施、其保险库和供泰勒辩护小组使用、与拘留中心连通的设备齐全办公室。法院通过详细列出服务范围的双方换文，同意向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供这些服务。", "六. 结论", "121.　在本报告所述期间，法院比以往任何时候都更加繁忙，犯罪嫌疑人或被告人数从15人增至25人。法院开始审判第三个案件，一个案件的呈递证据阶段已经结束，对两名被告提出的指控已得到确认，又有七人接到逮捕令或出庭传票，到法院出庭。检察官展开了第六项调查，并请求预审分庭授权展开第七项调查。", "122.　又有5个国家加入或批准《罗马规约》，使缔约国总数达到116个。联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和协助。在全球打击有罪不罚现象的斗争中，加强法院与各国司法当局的互补性至关重要，联合国及其各专门机构可与法院和其他相关行为者合作，在这方面发挥重要作用。", "123.　法院的工作日益受到重视，《罗马规约》在国际社会中的相关性与日俱增，但依然存在巨大挑战。审案工作量增加，安全理事会又送来一个新局势，这使法院在资源方面感到吃紧。共有11名嫌疑人的逮捕令仍未执行，各国必须合作，将这些人绳之以法，这依然是法院有效执行任务的一个关键条件。", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2283卷，第1272号。", "[2] 同上，第2187卷，第38544号。", "[3] 检察官办公室已在其网站上登载关于巴勒斯坦民族权力机构声明是否符合法定要求的呈件第一份摘要。", "[4] 见“缔约国大会主席团：国际刑事法院检察官人选物色委员会：职权范围”(ICC-ASP/9/INF.2)。", "[5] 同上，第5段。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目75", "国际刑事法院的报告", "国际刑事法院的报告", "秘书长的说明", "谨依照《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》第6条和大会第65/12号决议第17段的规定,向大会提交国际刑事法院2010/11年度活动报告。", "2010/11年度国际刑事法院给联合国的报告", "内容提要", "本报告涵盖2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间,是国际刑事法院向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。 它涉及法院活动的主要发展以及与法院与联合国关系有关的其他发展。", "在本报告所述期间,法院取得了重大进展。 又有五个国家加入或批准了《国际刑事法院罗马规约》,使缔约国总数达到116个。 随着第三次审判的开始,法院的司法活动达到了一个新的高点。 在法院第一次审判中提出证据的工作已经结束,预计将于年底作出判决。", "在安全理事会一致提交阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势之后,检察官开始了第六次调查。 接受法院诉讼程序的个人总数从15人增加到25人,有7名新人根据逮捕令或出庭传票出庭。", "在本报告所述期间,联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和援助。 法院同各国、联合国和区域及政府间组织密切合作,以加强国际合作,打击灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪不受惩罚的现象。", "随着对法院工作的重视和《罗马规约》在国际舞台上的相关性的提高,仍然存在巨大挑战。 对总共11名嫌疑人的逮捕令尚未执行,各国合作将这些人绳之以法仍然是有效执行法院任务的一个关键条件。 与此同时,案件工作量的增加和安全理事会提交的新局势增加了对法院可用资源的压力。", "法院正在处理七个局势,其中科特迪瓦局势正等待预审分庭批准开始调查。 乌干达、刚果民主共和国和中非共和国的局势由有关国家提交,苏丹达尔富尔和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势由联合国安全理事会提交。 在每一个案件中,检察官都裁定,开始调查有合理依据。 经检察官请求,第三预审分庭授权对肯尼亚局势进行调查。", "关于乌干达局势,有一个案件,即检察官诉约瑟夫·科尼、文森特·奥蒂、奥克特·奥迪安博和多米尼克·翁格文案,自2005年7月以来有四起逮捕令尚未执行。", "关于刚果民主共和国的局势,有4个案件,其中2个处于审判阶段。 在检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛案中,举证已经结束,预计到年底作出判决。 在检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊一案中,检方的案情陈述于2010年12月结束,第一名被告于2011年3月21日开始陈述案情。 在检察官诉Callixte Mbarushimana案中,在本报告所述期间发出了逮捕令并逮捕了嫌疑人。 案件处于预审阶段。 在检察官诉博斯科·恩塔甘达案中,逮捕令自2006年8月以来仍未执行。", "关于中非共和国的局势,有一个案件,即检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博案。 审判于2010年11月22日开始,提出了起诉证据。", "关于苏丹达尔富尔局势,有3起正在处理的案件。 2011年3月7日,在检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努兰和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰博·贾穆斯案中,预审分庭 我确认了与袭击非洲联盟特派团有关的战争罪指控,并将案件送交审判。 在检察官诉艾哈迈德·穆罕默德·哈伦和阿里·穆罕默德·阿里·阿卜德-拉赫曼以及检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔案中,逮捕令仍未执行。", "根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议,检察官分别于2010年12月9日和2011年6月8日向安理会提交了关于达尔富尔局势调查情况的第十二次和第十三次报告,强调苏丹政府不提供合作,据称在当地继续犯下罪行并需要执行尚未执行的逮捕令。", "关于肯尼亚局势,有两个处于预审阶段的案件,即检察官诉William Samoei Ruto、Henry Kiprono Kosgey和Joshua Arap Sang和检察官诉Francis Kirimi Muthaura、Uhuru Muigai Kenyatta和Mohammed Hussein Ali。 根据出庭传票,所有6名嫌疑人于2011年4月在第二预审分庭出庭,确认指控的听讯定于2011年9月进行。", "关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势,目前有一个案件,即检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西。 2011年6月27日,预审分庭 我对据称自2011年2月15日以来所犯危害人类罪的三名嫌疑人发出了逮捕令。 根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议,检察官于2011年5月4日提交了关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势调查情况的第一次报告。", "除了六项调查外,检察官办公室正在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、科特迪瓦、格鲁吉亚、几内亚、洪都拉斯、尼日利亚、大韩民国和巴勒斯坦进行初步审查。 在本报告所述期间,检察官请预审分庭授权开始调查2010年11月28日之后在科特迪瓦领土上所犯下的所指控的罪行。 在提交本报告时,这项请求尚待处理。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 6 6个\n7名检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势)\n(刚果民主共和国局势)\n(刚果民主共和国局势)\nD. 9名检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势)\n第9起检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔案(达尔富尔局势,\nF. 10名检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努兰和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰博·贾穆斯(达尔富尔局势,\nG. G. 10 检察官诉William Samoei Ruto、Henry Kiprono Kosgey和Joshua Arap Sang(目前局势)\n乌胡鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里(情况\n穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势)\n阿拉伯利比亚民众国)\n(三) 逮捕; 调查12和初步\n考试\nA. 调查 121. 刚果民主共和国的局势12\n刚果 2. 形势13\n乌干达 3. 中非局势 14\n共和国 4. 达尔富尔局势14,\n苏丹 5. 形势14\n肯尼亚 6. 阿拉伯利比亚局势14\nB. 阿拉伯利比亚民众国. 15\n考试\n1. 阿富汗 15\n2. 哥伦比亚 163. Côte 16\n科特迪瓦\n4. 格鲁吉亚 17\n5. 几内亚 17\n177. 洪都拉斯共和国 17\n韩国\n8. 尼日利亚 18\n9. 巴勒斯坦 184 国际 19\nA. 与联合国的合作 19\nB. 国家、其他国际组织和民间团体的合作和\n五、体制. 23\nA. 选举. 23 - 23 4\n任命 B. 援助塞拉利昂问题特别法庭24\n塞拉利昂\n六、结 论 结论24", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日,是国际刑事法院根据《联合国和国际刑事法院间关系协定》第6条向联合国提交的第七次年度报告。 [1] 本报告述及自法院向联合国提交第六次报告(A/65/313)以来法院活动的主要发展以及与法院与联合国关系有关的其他项目。", "2. 联合国 法院由1998年7月17日通过并于2002年7月1日生效的《国际刑事法院罗马规约》所创立。 在本报告所述期间,格林纳达、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣卢西亚、塞舌尔和突尼斯交存了批准书或加入书,导致116个国家批准或加入了《罗马规约》。 这些国家包括32个非洲国家、15个亚洲国家、18个东欧国家、26个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家以及25个西欧和其他国家。 除这些缔约国外,34个国家已经签署但尚未批准《罗马规约》。", "3个 法院是一个独立的司法机构,负责调查和审判被指控对国际关注的最严重罪行,即灭绝种族罪、危害人类罪和战争罪负有责任的个人。", " 4.四. 《罗马规约》规定,法院应公正和公正地进行诉讼程序,充分尊重被告的权利。 《罗马规约》的一个创新方面是,受害者可以参与诉讼程序,即使没有作为证人传唤。", "5 (韩语). 法院在履行职能时,依靠各国、国际组织和民间社会根据《罗马规约》和法院缔结的国际协定提供合作。 法院需要各国合作的领域包括初步审查、调查、逮捕和移交被告、追踪和冻结资产、保护受害人和证人、临时释放、执行判决和执行法院的决定和命令。", "6. 国家 法院独立于联合国,但与联合国有着密切的历史、法律和业务联系。 法院与联合国之间的关系由《罗马规约》的有关规定以及《法院与联合国间关系协定》和其他附属协定来规定。", "二. 司法程序", "7. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,法院继续处理已经开始的五个局势:乌干达局势;刚果民主共和国局势;中非共和国局势;苏丹达尔富尔局势;肯尼亚局势。", "8. 联合国 2011年3月,在安全理事会根据2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议一致提交后,检察官开始对阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势进行第六次调查。 检察官还请求预审分庭授权对科特迪瓦局势进行第七次调查。", "9. 国家 已就6起调查中的每起进行了司法程序,结果发生了13起,涉及26名被指控犯有法院管辖权内的罪行的个人。 在这26人中,1人被正式宣布死亡,对他的诉讼被终止。 下文详述了本报告所述期间司法方面的事态发展。", "A类. 检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛(刚果民主共和国局势)", "10个 据称,托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛是刚果爱国者联盟的领导人,也是其军事部门刚果解放爱国力量的总司令。 他被控在刚果民主共和国犯有战争罪,特别是招募、征召和利用15岁以下儿童积极参与敌对行动。", "11个 2009年1月26日,第一审判分庭开始审判卢班加先生。 检方在2009年1月26日至7月14日期间传唤了29名证人。 随后在2010年传唤或召回了其他检方证人,以应对辩方滥用程序的指控。 2010年1月27日至2011年4月18日期间,辩方陈述了案情。 在此期间,辩方出示了133件证据,并在总共68个审判日内传唤了24名证人作证。 共有118名受害者通过其法律代理人参与了Lubanga案。 2010年1月,获准参与诉讼程序的3名受害人在分庭作证。", "12. 2010年10月8日,上诉分庭推翻了第一审判分庭关于中止诉讼并释放被告的决定。 审判分庭先前曾因检方实质性不遵守分庭命令而下令中止诉讼程序,并曾于2010年7月15日下令不受限制地无条件释放托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛,但须服从上诉分庭的上诉和暂停执行的命令。 上诉分庭推翻了审判分庭的裁决,裁定在命令中止诉讼程序之前,审判分庭应首先根据《规约》第71条施加制裁,以实现遵守。", "13. 2011年2月23日,审判分庭 我拒绝辩方要求中止诉讼程序的申请,认为是滥用诉讼程序。 审判于2011年3月21日恢复。", "14. 2011年5月20日,审判分庭 我下令结束举证阶段。 检方和辩方分别于6月1日和7月15日提交了最后陈述。 双方和参与者将在2011年8月25日和26日的公开听证会上作最后口头陈述。", "B. 检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊(刚果民主共和国局势)", "15. 热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊是刚果民主共和国伊图里地区活跃的武装团体的两名前领导人。 据称,加丹加先生指挥了伊图里爱国抵抗力量,并被任命为刚果民主共和国武装部队(刚果(金)武装部队)准将;恩乔洛先生据称是民族主义与融合主义者阵线前领导人和刚果(金)武装部队的一名上校。 他们都被控犯有七项战争罪(故意杀人、利用儿童积极参与敌对行动、性奴役、强奸、攻击平民、掠夺和摧毁敌人的财产)和三项危害人类罪(谋杀、性奴役和强奸)。 据称,这些罪行与2003年2月24日对Bogoro村的袭击有关。", "16号. 对加丹加和恩乔洛先生的审判于2009年11月24日在第二审判分庭开始。 检方于2010年12月8日结束了该案的现场举证。 检方在陈述案情期间提出了270件证据并传唤了24名证人,包括2名专家证人作证。", "17岁。 第一被告加丹加先生在2011年3月24日至2011年7月12日期间陈述了案情并传唤了17名证人作证,其中包括与第二名被告恩乔洛先生共同作证的3名证人。 加丹加先生的辩护方提出的150件物品和恩乔洛先生的辩护方提出的59件物品均被采纳为证据。 Ngudjolo先生的辩护陈述定于2011年8月15日开始。 共有366名受害者通过其法律代理人参与,其中2人在审判时作证。", "C. 检察官诉Callixte Mbarushimana (刚果民主共和国局势)", "18. Callixte Mbarushimana据称是解放卢旺达民主力量(卢民主力量)执行秘书。 预审分庭 我于2010年9月28日发出逮捕令,寻找合理理由相信,他本人和蓄意为卢民主力量领导人的共同计划出力,发动以南北基伍平民为目标的攻势,以获得政治让步,这是勒索卢民主力量政治权力让步的国际运动的一部分。", " 19. 19. 2010年10月11日,在Mbarushimana先生被法国当局逮捕后,逮捕令被解封。 他于2011年1月25日被移送到海牙的法院拘留中心,并于2011年1月28日首次出庭。 最初定于2011年7月4日举行的确认指控听证会被推迟,因为审查在嫌疑人所在地被扣押的电子装置时遇到技术困难,因此检方请求推迟进行。", "20号. 2010年7月15日,检方提交了载有指控和证据清单的文件。 这些指控包括据称2009年1月20日至12月31日期间在北基伍省、南基伍省和刚果民主共和国东部省的13起战争罪和危害人类罪。 检方辩称,姆巴鲁希马纳先生有责任促进卢民主力量领导人的共同目的,即通过在南北基伍制造 \" 人道主义灾难 \" 来犯罪,以说服卢旺达政府和刚果民主共和国政府放弃对该团体的军事行动并勒索卢旺达政治权力的让步。", "D. 检察官诉让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博(中非共和国局势)", "21岁 让-皮埃尔·本巴·贡博曾任刚果解放运动主席兼总司令. 据称,他因2002年10月26日至2003年3月15日发生的非国际性武装冲突而在中非共和国各地犯下了罪行。 2009年6月15日,第三预审分庭确认了对本巴先生的指控。 根据《罗马规约》第28条(指挥官和其他上级的责任),他被控以军事指挥官的身份犯有三项战争罪(谋杀、强奸和抢劫)和两项危害人类罪(谋杀和强奸)。", "22. 2010年10月19日,上诉分庭就本巴先生对第三审判分庭2010年6月24日题为 \" 关于程序质疑的可受理性和滥用的决定 \" 的裁决提出的上诉作出判决。 上诉分庭确认了被质疑的裁决,裁定当审判分庭收到国内司法程序的结果是否相当于《规约》第十七条第一款第2项所述的不起诉决定的问题时,审判分庭应接受国内法院裁决的表面有效性和效力,除非提供令人信服的证据另有说明。", "23. 联合国 对本巴先生的审判于2010年11月22日在第三审判分庭开始。 迄今为止,已有1 619名受害者通过其法律代表获准参与审判程序。 截至2011年7月31日,检方已提交了40名计划证人中的25名。", "页:1 检察官诉奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔案(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "24 (韩语). 第一预审分庭于2009年3月4日就五项危害人类罪(谋杀、灭绝、强迫转移、酷刑和强奸)和两项战争罪(攻击平民和抢劫)发出对苏丹现任总统奥马尔·哈桑·艾哈迈德·巴希尔的第一份逮捕令。 2010年7月12日,预审分庭 我发出了第二份逮捕令,指控巴希尔先生另外三项灭绝种族罪行。 两份逮捕令均已通知所有缔约国、苏丹当局和不是《罗马规约》缔约国的安全理事会所有成员。", "25岁 2010年8月27日,预审分庭 我发布了两项决定,通知安全理事会和《罗马规约》缔约国大会巴希尔先生访问肯尼亚和乍得,以便他们采取任何他们认为适当的行动。 2011年5月12日,预审分庭 我对巴希尔先生访问吉布提也作出了类似决定。 第一预审分庭在上述决定中注意到,根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议和乍得、吉布提和肯尼亚为缔约国的《罗马规约》第87条,有关国家有义务同法院合作。", "26. 联合国 巴希尔先生仍然逍遥法外。 共有12名受害者通过其法律代理人获准参与此案。", "F. 检察官诉阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努兰和萨利赫·穆罕默德·杰博·贾穆斯(苏丹达尔富尔局势)", "27个 据称阿卜杜拉·班达·阿巴卡尔·努兰为正义与平等运动总司令,穆罕默德·杰博·贾穆斯为苏丹解放军-团结派前参谋长。 第一预审分庭于2009年8月向Banda先生和Jerbo先生发出了出庭传票。", "28岁 2010年12月8日举行了确认指控听讯会。 2011年3月7日,预审分庭 我确认,2007年9月29日,在非洲联盟苏丹北达尔富尔特派团(非洲联盟驻苏丹特派团(非苏特派团))对据称苏丹达尔富尔局势中的反叛领导人犯下了三项战争罪(暴力致死、蓄意袭击维持和平特派团和抢劫)。", "29. 国家 2011年3月16日,法院院长将此案移交新组成的第四审判分庭。 2011年5月16日,双方提交联合材料,称被告将在审判时仅就某些特定问题提出异议:", "(a) 2007年9月29日对哈斯卡尼塔军事集团驻地的袭击是否是非法的;", "(b) 国家 如果攻击被视为非法,则被告人是否知道确定攻击非法性质的事实情况;", "(c) 非盟驻苏特派团是否符合《联合国宪章》的规定。", "30岁。 当事方达成的协议可以大大缩短审判程序,只把审判重点放在当事方之间有争议的问题上,从而促进高效和有成本效益的审判,同时维护受害者参与诉讼的权利并保护被告获得公正和迅速审判的权利。", "31岁 截至2011年5月31日,共有89名受害人获准通过其法律代理人参与诉讼程序。 审判开始日期将在适当时候确定。", "G. 检察官诉威廉·萨莫伊·鲁托、亨利·基普罗诺·科斯盖和约书亚·阿拉普·桑(肯尼亚局势)", "32. 联合国 2011年3月8日,第二预审分庭发出传票,传唤被停职的高等教育、科学和技术部长William Samoei Ruto、议会议员兼橙色民主运动主席Henry Kiprono Kosgey和内罗毕卡斯调频业务负责人Joshua Arap Sang出庭,指控他们在2007和2008年选举后暴力中犯下危害人类罪行。 据称这三名被告都是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一民主运动的成员。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2011年4月7日,三名嫌疑人自愿在第二预审分庭出庭。 指控确认听讯定于2011年9月1日举行,届时第二预审分庭将审议指控,即三项危害人类罪(谋杀、强迫转移人口和迫害)。", "34. 2011年3月31日,肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第十九条向法院提出申请,质疑案件的可受理性。 第二预审分庭于2011年5月30日驳回了申请,认为申请没有提供关于法院诉讼对象的国家诉讼程序的具体证据。 政府对该裁决的上诉有待上诉分庭审理。", "H. 检察官诉弗朗西斯·基里米·穆塔乌拉、乌胡鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里(肯尼亚局势)", "35. 联合国 2011年3月8日,第二预审分庭发出传票,传唤公务员处处长兼内阁秘书弗朗西斯·基里米·穆塔乌拉、副总理兼财政部长乌胡鲁·穆伊盖·肯雅塔和邮政公司首席执行官穆罕默德·侯赛因·阿里出庭,指控他们在2007和2008年选举后暴力事件中犯下危害人类罪行。 这三名被告据称都是肯尼亚执政联盟的两个政党之一 -- -- 民族团结党的成员。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 2011年4月8日,三名嫌疑人自愿在第二预审分庭出庭。 指控的确认听讯定于2011年9月21日举行,届时第二预审分庭将审议五项危害人类罪(谋杀、强迫转移人口、强奸、迫害和其他不人道行为)的指控。", "37. 联合国 2011年3月31日,肯尼亚政府根据《罗马规约》第十九条向法院提出申请,质疑案件的可受理性。 第二预审分庭于2011年5月30日驳回了申请,认为申请没有提供关于法院诉讼对象的国家诉讼程序的具体证据。 政府对该裁决的上诉有待上诉分庭审理。", "I. 检察官诉穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西(阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势)", "38. 2011年6月27日,预审分庭 我对利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、其子利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报局局长阿卜杜拉·赛努西发出了逮捕令,指控他们自2011年2月15日以来犯有两项危害人类罪(谋杀和迫害)。 预审分庭 我发现,有合理的理由相信,穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲与其内部圈子协调,构思和策划了一项计划,以一切手段威慑和平息平民反对该政权的示威。 逮捕令是在2011年3月3日检察官根据安全理事会2011年2月26日通过的第1970(2011)号决议对阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势进行调查之后发出的,安理会在该决议中将局势提交检察官。", "J. 未执行的逮捕令", "39. 联合国 在提交本报告时,有12起逮捕令尚未执行:", "(a) 国家 乌干达:约瑟夫·科尼先生、文森特·奥蒂先生、奥科特·奥迪安博先生和多米尼克·翁格文先生,自2005年以来杰出;", "(b) 刚果民主共和国:博斯科·恩塔甘达先生,2006年以来一直悬而未决;", "(c) 达尔富尔, 苏丹:艾哈迈德·哈伦先生和阿里·库沙卜先生自2007年以来一直悬而未决,奥马尔·巴希尔先生的两份逮捕令自2009年和2010年以来一直悬而未决;", "(d) 阿拉伯利比亚民众国: 穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和阿卜杜拉·赛努西自2011年6月27日以来一直悬而未决。", " 40. 40. 法院发出在逮捕和移交这些个人方面给予合作的请求,并将这些请求通知有关国家。 缔约国和其他有法律义务与法院合作的国家必须遵守这些请求。 关于苏丹达尔富尔和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的局势,各方,包括有关国家,都有义务按照安全理事会第1593(2005)和1970(2011)号决议,同法院和检察官充分合作。", "三. 调查和初步审查", "A. 调查", "1. 联合国 刚果民主共和国局势", "检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊", "41. 国家 2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间,检方对五个国家进行了16次访问,主要是为了支持审判,以处理辩方在检察官诉托马斯·卢班加·迪伊洛和检察官诉热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊等案件中提出的论点。", "基伍省的情况", "42. 国家 2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间,检察官办公室对10个国家进行了34次访问,在刚果民主共和国进行了第三次调查,重点是卢民主力量民兵在基伍省犯下的罪行,导致卡利克斯特·姆巴鲁希马纳被捕并自首,并支持为即将举行的指控确认听讯做准备。", "43. 东帝汶 调查和起诉卢民主力量民兵据称在刚果民主共和国东部基伍省所犯下的罪行,是《罗马规约》制度下互补方面最成功的例子之一。 卢民主力量的部分领导人驻扎在欧洲。 民兵据称的执行秘书Callixte Mbarushimana在法国。 他被法国当局逮捕后向本院自首. 卢民主力量总统和副总统Ignace Murwanashiyaka和Straton Musoni分别于2009年11月17日被德国当局逮捕,目前在德国面临根据《德国违反国际法罪行法典》所指控的战争罪和危害人类罪的审判。", "44. 国家 对卢民主力量领导人的起诉是德国、卢旺达、刚果民主共和国、法国和检察官办公室两年多来对南北基伍被控罪行,特别是卢民主力量活动进行调查的结果。", "45. 国家 检察官办公室继续调查南北基伍地区据称犯下的罪行,包括对卢民主力量其他领导人犯下的罪行。", "46. 经常预算: 作为积极鼓励真正国家诉讼程序的积极互补政策的一部分,检察官办公室还分别于2010年10月和2011年2月为在南北基伍省调查战争罪和危害人类罪的刚果司法当局提供培训作出了贡献。", "2. 乌干达局势", "47. 国家 检察官办公室继续收集据称由上帝抵抗军(上帝军)所犯下的罪行的资料,并促使采取行动,执行针对上帝军最高领导人的逮捕令,就乌干达局势对三个国家进行了三次访问。 办事处收集了一系列资料,说明据称上帝抵抗军在约瑟夫·科尼领导下犯下的罪行。 根据所收到的资料,上帝军在整个一年中继续犯下罪行,在刚果民主共和国、苏丹南方和中非共和国各地发生大量杀戮和绑架事件。 据报告,自2008年初以来,仅在刚果民主共和国,上帝军就杀害了2 000多人,绑架了2 500多人,使30多万人流离失所。 在同一时期,苏丹南部和中非共和国有120 000多人流离失所,至少450人被杀死,800多人被劫持。", " 48. 48. 办事处还继续收集和分析与乌干达人民国防军所犯罪行有关的资料。 办事处继续鼓励乌干达当局对冲突双方提起诉讼。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 作为其积极互补政策的一部分,办事处已协助乌干达当局调查和起诉个人。 在国家当局为新成立的高等法院国际犯罪司审理的首起国内战争罪案件做准备时,该办公室交流了经验教训和最佳做法,包括在证人保护和支助以及证据处理方面的经验教训。 办事处能够提供从乌干达当局收到的原始材料的可检索副本、翻译和誊本,这是办事处自己就乌干达高等法院选定起诉的事件进行的调查的结果。 办事处收到乌干达当局的正式承诺,即办事处分享的任何信息都将用于符合国际公认人权标准的诉讼。", "3个 中非共和国局势", " 50. 50. 检察官办公室继续对中非共和国局势进行调查,并在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间对5个国家进行了14次访问,目的除其他外包括筛选可能的证人并跟踪收到的新信息。", "4. 苏丹达尔富尔局势", "51. 联合国 2010年8月1日和2011年7月30日期间,该办公室就调查达尔富尔局势对9个国家进行了16次访问。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 根据安全理事会第1593(2005)号决议,检察官分别于2010年12月10日和2011年6月8日向安全理事会提交了关于达尔富尔局势调查情况的第十二次和第十三次报告。", "53. 联合国 检察官在2010年12月10日的通报中提请注意,预审分庭以三项灭绝种族罪指控对巴希尔总统发出了第二次逮捕令。 他再次强调,苏丹政府不合作,对所犯罪行的责任人缺乏国家程序。", "54. 联合国 检察官在2011年6月8日的通报中讨论了尚未执行的逮捕令和正在发生的犯罪,对艾哈迈德·哈伦作为关键角色的作用表示特别关注。", "55. 国家 该办公室继续监测并收集有关苏丹达尔富尔局势的信息。 所收集的信息表明,危害人类罪、战争罪和灭绝种族罪仍在发生。", "5 (韩语). 肯尼亚局势", "56. (中文(简体) ). 在授权开始调查之后,该办公室在本报告所述期间对14个国家进行了71次访问。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 检察官于2010年12月15日就6名个人提出2起传票申请。", "6. 国家 阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势", "58. 联合国 在安全理事会一致通过后,检察官办公室在初步审查局势期间进行了事实和法律分析。 分析涉及管辖权、可受理性(互补性和严重性)和司法利益等问题。 2011年3月3日,监察员办公室确定,对阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势展开调查的法定标准已得到满足。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 检察官在2011年5月4日向安全理事会作简报时,就检察官办公室调查取得的实质性和迅速进展提出了第一次报告,他的结论是,在今后几周内,他将寻求对三名似乎对2月15日以来在阿拉伯利比亚民众国所犯危害人类罪负有最大刑事责任的人发出逮捕令。", "60. 联合国 随后,2011年5月16日,检察官请求第一预审分庭对利比亚领导人穆阿迈尔·穆罕默德·阿布·米尼亚尔·卡扎菲、他的儿子利比亚政府发言人赛义夫·伊斯兰·卡扎菲和军事情报主任阿卜杜拉·赛努西发出逮捕令。 在该申请书中,检察官提供了证据,说明穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲、赛义夫·伊斯兰组织招募外国士兵以及赛努西参与袭击示威者的命令,并记录了三人如何举行会议规划行动。", "61. 国家 在本报告所述期间,该办公室就阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势对11个国家进行了28次访问。 该办公室正在调查关于强奸、性暴力和其他危害人类罪行的指控,包括针对被视为持不同政见者的平民实施的酷刑和不人道行为。 该办公室还正在调查对被误认为雇佣军的撒哈拉以南非洲人进行袭击的指控和对武装冲突期间各方所犯战争罪的指控。", "B. 初步审查", "62. 联合国 检察官办公室继续积极监测关于可能属于法院管辖范围的犯罪的信息,并分析从各种来源收到的来文。 截至2011年6月30日,该办公室收到了9 253起与《罗马规约》第十五条有关的来文,其中419起是在报告所述期间收到的。", "63. 国家 该办公室继续在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、格鲁吉亚、几内亚和巴勒斯坦进行初步审查。 办事处公开说,它已开始对洪都拉斯、尼日利亚和大韩民国的情况进行初步审查。 2011年6月23日,检察官请求预审分庭授权开始调查科特迪瓦局势。", "1. 联合国 阿富汗", "64. (中文(简体) ). 该办公室继续考虑到所有信息,包括公开来源,监测阿富汗局势。 它与该区域的专家、民间社会组织和公职人员保持密切联系,并参加了关于阿富汗问题的各种国际学术会议。", "65. 国家 根据《罗马规约》,检察官办公室评估是否有真正的调查和程序,以将那些对在阿富汗所犯最严重罪行负有最大责任的人绳之以法。 这一分析涵盖在国籍国可能进行的对据称在阿富汗所犯罪行负有责任者或任何其他具有管辖权国家的调查和起诉。", "2. 哥伦比亚", "66. (中文(简体) ). 哥伦比亚在批准《罗马规约》时(根据《罗马规约》第124条)声明,它将七年内不接受法院对战争罪的管辖权。 该七年期于2009年11月1日结束。 该日后所犯战争罪可由检察官办公室进行调查和起诉。 哥伦比亚国家刑事司法系统已努力调查对《罗马规约》所涵盖罪行负有责任的人。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 办事处正在监测和分析关于调查和诉讼程序的资料,重点是那些涉及准军事和游击队团体领导人以及据称对可能属于法院管辖范围的行为负有责任的军队。 该办公室正在分析关于国际支助网络协助在哥伦比亚境内犯罪的武装团体的指控。 该办公室还监测“准军事”案件。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 办事处已致函各国,要求提供资料。 在本报告所述期间,办事处还会见了哥伦比亚政府、司法当局和非政府组织在哥伦比亚和海牙的利益攸关方。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 2010年10月20日,在非政府组织半年一度的圆桌会议上,办事处在哥伦比亚进行初步审查时举行了一次关于互补性的会议,小组成员在会上评论了哥伦比亚当局对打击有罪不罚现象的反应,重点是正义与和平法程序。", "70. 联合国 办事处将继续审查哥伦比亚的情况和国家程序。 在这方面,办事处根据其对互补的积极态度,欢迎桑托斯总统努力为哥伦比亚国家程序寻求进一步的国际支持并增进合作,2010年12月缔约国大会第九届会议期间对此作了解释。 任命西班牙法官巴尔塔萨尔·加尔松为该办公室顾问,担任美洲国家组织哥伦比亚和平进程支助团顾问,是实际中积极互补的一个范例,希望这将有助于帮助哥伦比亚当局朝着积极方向前进。", "3个 科特迪瓦", "71. 联合国 该办公室继续监测科特迪瓦局势,特别是2010年11月28日举行第二轮总统选举后的暴力行为。", "72. 联合国 2010年12月18日,法院收到瓦塔拉总统签署的一项声明,其中确认科特迪瓦政府根据《规约》第十二条第三款于2003年10月提交的前一份声明,即接受法院对自2002年9月19日以来在该国领土上所犯下的罪行的管辖权。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 检察官的结论是,《罗马规约》规定的开始调查的法定标准已经达到。 2011年6月23日,检察官请预审分庭授权开始调查2010年11月28日以来在科特迪瓦领土上所犯下的所指控的罪行。", " 4.四. 格鲁吉亚", "74. 国家 在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室继续跟踪对2008年8月格鲁吉亚冲突期间所指称的犯罪的调查。", "75. 国家 2011年2月,检察官办公室的一个代表团领导对俄罗斯联邦进行了第二次访问,并收到了关于俄罗斯联邦调查委员会进行的国家调查的最新全面进展。 办事处同格鲁吉亚当局保持经常联系。", "76. 联合国 办事处与该区域的非政府组织保持密切联系,接受这些组织的报告并参加与这些组织的会议。", "5 (韩语). 几内亚", "77. 国家 检察官于2009年10月14日宣布,正在初步审查几内亚局势,涉及2009年9月28日科纳克里事件的指控。", "78. 国家 该办公室对几内亚进行了两次访问,以跟踪几内亚法官对2009年事件的调查,并监测选举期间是否犯下了新的罪行,作为该办公室预防任务的一部分。 办事处会见了政府官员、司法和民间社会的代表以及受害者和受害者协会。", "6. 国家 洪都拉斯", "79. 联合国 2010年11月18日,检察官宣布洪都拉斯局势正在接受初步审查。 办事处正在分析2009年6月28日针对塞拉亚总统的政变之后指称的侵犯人权行为是否构成法院管辖权内的罪行。 办事处收到了17份关于这一情况的来文。 洪都拉斯当局立即提供合作。", "7. 联合国 大韩民国", "80个 2010年12月6日,检察官办公室宣布收到指控朝鲜民主主义人民共和国部队在大韩民国境内犯下战争罪的来文。", "81个 对大韩民国局势的初步审查集中于两起事件:(a) 2010年11月23日对延坪岛的炮击导致大韩民国海军陆战队和平民被炸死并造成多人受伤;(b) 2010年3月26日被朝鲜民主主义人民共和国潜艇发射的一枚鱼雷击中的大韩民国 \" 天安 \" 号军舰被击沉,造成46人死亡。", "82. 该办公室一直在从有关来源寻求更多的资料。 该办公室与韩国当局接触,确定事实问题,作为初步审查主题管辖权分析的一部分。", "8. 联合国 尼日利亚", "83个 检察官办公室于2010年11月18日公布了对尼日利亚局势的审查。 该办公室正在分析2004年年中以来在尼日利亚中部犯下的罪行的指控,并与尼日利亚当局进行了建设性的接触。 办事处会晤了尼日利亚和国际民间社会组织,这些组织在“中带”国家开展工作。 已请尼日利亚司法当局同检察官办公室分享关于现有程序的信息。", "9. 国家 巴勒斯坦", "第八十四会. 关于巴勒斯坦民族权力机构2009年1月22日根据《罗马规约》第十二条第三款提出的接受法院管辖权的声明,该办公室继续审查该声明是否符合法定要求。 由于国际刑事法院是万不得已的法院,检察官办公室还考虑是否有涉及指控罪行的国家程序,涉及该局势可能产生的案件的可受理性。 该办公室总共收到400份关于据称在巴勒斯坦所犯罪行的来文。", "85. 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构要求有权就是否满足开始调查的法定要求发表意见,包括就《规约》第12条第3款所指的巴勒斯坦是否有资格成为“国家”的问题发表意见。 办事处认为,公平程序要求巴勒斯坦民族权力机构和其他有关方面有机会发表意见。 因此,该办公室确保有关各方享有适当程序。 巴勒斯坦民族权力机构的代表通过口头和书面陈述提出了论点。 不久将举行最后的公开情况介绍会。 [3]", "86号. 该办公室还审议了各种公开报告,并在2010年10月20日法院半年一次的圆桌会议期间,在法院所在地提供呈件的各专家和非政府组织之间组织了一次互动讨论。", "87. 2011年7月,根据联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的要求,办事处向该办事处提供了最新资料,说明检察官办公室就巴勒斯坦宣言采取的步骤。", "88个 检察官会见了各利益攸关方,包括巴勒斯坦民族权力机构、阿拉伯国家联盟秘书处以及一些巴勒斯坦和以色列非政府组织的代表,讨论法院的管辖权。", "四、结 论 国际合作", "A. 与联合国的合作", "89. 法院与联合国之间的合作以2004年10月4日两个组织签署的《关系协定》为基础。 根据《关系协定》第10条,联合国为2010年12月6日至10日在纽约联合国总部举行的缔约国大会第九届会议提供了设施和服务。 第十届会议定于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 在安全领域,法院是联合国安保管理系统的成员,每年应邀参加两次联合国机构间安保管理网会议。 这使法院能够使其标准、条例和业务与联合国和外地的其他成员组织保持一致。", "91. 联合国 在局势国家,法院从联合国得到的支助和援助至关重要,从为法院车辆提供燃料到使用联合国航空资产不等。 在本报告所述期间,法院利用了联合国运营的862个航班,支助所有局势国家特派团。 联合国继续向法院提供各种服务和设施,包括为法院的外地业务提供后勤支助。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 法院与法律事务厅有着广泛的联系,特别是在协调联合国官员的证词、提供信息和将法院纳入整个联合国系统主流方面。 联合国应要求向检察官和辩护律师提供了文件。 2010年12月,在法院作证的第二名联合国官员在审判热尔曼·加丹加和马蒂厄·恩乔洛·楚伊时提供了证据。", "93. 国家 法院赞赏联合国秘书处内部监督事务厅(监督厅)提供的合作和协助。 2010年7月16日,法院和联合国签署了一项谅解备忘录,以便利从监督厅借调一名专家,担任国际刑事法院独立监督机制的临时负责人,直至2011年7月18日。 同样,法院也得益于监督厅内部审计司专家提供的援助,他们于2011年4月对法院目前的内部和外部监督机制进行了保证图示研究。", "94. 国家 2011年6月13日,书记官处与联合国缔结了一项谅解备忘录,内容涉及联合国内罗毕办事处为法院书记官处在肯尼亚开展活动提供支助服务和设施。", "95号. 2011年6月14日和15日,检察官办公室高级代表在纽约参加了与法律事务厅、维持和平行动部、联合国开发计划署、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国难民事务高级专员办事处等联合国办事处举行的会议,除其他外,着重介绍了与检察官办公室活动、合作、交流信息和最佳做法等有关的最新动态。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 联合国和法院之间的下一次圆桌会议协调会议定于2011年12月8日和9日在纽约举行。", "97. 国家 国际刑事法院同联合国总部之间的定期接触有助于促进合作。 法院纽约联络处是联合国秘书处的主要对话者。 纽约联络处继续促进和促进法院与联合国及其各基金、方案和机构之间的合作,以及法院与常驻联合国代表团和观察员代表团之间的合作。", "98 (英语). 纽约联络处主任以观察员身份参加了安全理事会的会议,并依照《关系协定》第4条,参加了大会关于法院工作的会议。 联络处协助法院高级官员访问纽约的对应人员,在联合国各种会议上跟踪与法院有关的事态发展,并相应更新法院官员。 它还不断向联合国秘书处和各常驻代表团提供法院内部司法发展的最新情况,并向秘书长和安全理事会转递法院的司法通知。 由于法院的工作在联合国继续受到重视,联络处主任越来越多地被要求向联合国各部门和常驻代表团提供信息。", "99号. 除了业务和后勤援助外,联合国及其高级官员,包括秘书长的公众和外交支持,对法院仍然很重要。", "一百个 在本报告所述期间,法院院长与联合国高级官员举行了多次会议,特别侧重于法治协调和资源小组加强参与《罗马规约》所涵盖犯罪相关问题的可能性。 在2010年12月9日的会议上,主席和秘书长讨论了联合国通过在法治方案编制和发展援助中更加重视《罗马规约》问题,在加强国家司法系统方面发挥关键作用的潜力。 他们还同意必须提高全球对法院的认识并促使批准《罗马规约》,特别是在缔约国任职人数不足的区域。 2011年3月17日,庭长会见了联合国开发计划署署长并讨论了联合国和法院在支持各国起诉严重犯罪的国内能力方面的协同作用。 2011年5月9日,法院院长会见了联合国人权事务高级专员并讨论了两个组织之间在确保追究《罗马规约》罪行责任方面的各种形式的合作。 总统还在其公务旅行期间会见了联合国在若干国家的代表团团长,讨论共同关心的问题。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 如上所述,检察官曾两次向安全理事会通报达尔富尔局势调查情况,一次通报阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势调查情况。 此外,在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室与联合国代表举行了各种高级别会议,以增进对其具体使命的了解并增进相互合作。 会议包括主管政治事务副秘书长、主管维持和平行动副秘书长、主管法律事务副秘书长兼联合国法律顾问、联合国人权事务高级专员和负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表以及人道主义事务协调厅的代表。", "B. 与各国、其他国际组织和民间社会的合作与援助", "102. 国家 法院根据《罗马规约》第九部分向各国多次提出合作或援助请求。 根据《规约》第八十七条,这种请求和相关来文的内容往往属于保密性质。", "第103页。 在本报告所述期间,检察官办公室向缔约国、非缔约国、国际和区域组织及其他方面发出了211项援助请求。 虽然其中许多请求,特别是最近的请求,仍待处理,但在本报告所述期间结束时,执行率已达70%。", "104 (韩语). 除了根据《罗马规约》第九和第十部分提出的合作与援助具体请求外,法院还继续发展与各国的双边交流与合作安排,特别是在分析和调查活动、资产追踪和冻结、受害人和证人保护、逮捕行动、执行判决和暂时释放待审被告方面。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,与哥伦比亚和塞尔维亚缔结了关于执行判决的协定,使这类协定的总数达到了7个。 这值得欢迎,因为2011年和2012年作出判决的可能性增加了法院为被判刑人寻找适当羁押所的必要性。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,没有与各国签订新的证人迁移协定,尽管在这方面正在与一些国家进行先期谈判。 为了增加法院向国际转移证人的选择,法院开设了一个新的证人转移特别基金,供各国捐赠资金,为向第三国迁移提供资金。 法院已经收到对特别基金的大量捐款,目前用于资助若干证人搬迁。 法院目前正与缔约国接触,询问它们是否愿意与法院签订由特别基金供资的不增加费用证人搬迁协议。", "107 (韩语). 此外,缔约国可通过双边方式或通过多边机构支持在缺乏能力的其他国家建立证人保护能力。 一些国家已经表示对这项提议非常感兴趣,拟订这项提议将促进互补原则。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 由《罗马规约》设立的被害人信托基金在被害人问题上具有法院管辖权的双重任务。 信托基金秘书处定期与各国和联合国各组织在机构和业务层面进行互动和协调。", "第109页. 被害人信托基金与执行法院命令的赔偿有关的任务预计将由法院第一次定罪来启动。 过去四年来,基金在乌干达北部和刚果民主共和国开展了复兴任务下的活动,预计这些活动将于2012年初在中非共和国开始。 基金董事会主席Elisabeth Rehn女士定期为国际论坛作出贡献,其中包括2011年5月在多哈举行的阿拉伯国家联盟会议。", "110. 国家 在本报告所述期间,法院同美洲国家组织缔结了框架合作安排和同英联邦秘书处合作的谅解备忘录。 这些协定对加强法院同政府间组织的合作,以便按照互补原则交流信息、提高认识并支助国家司法机构的能力建设,具有非常宝贵的价值。", "111. 法院加强了同阿拉伯国家联盟的合作和接触。 2011年5月24日和25日,法院代表、高级别政府代表团、法律专家和媒体代表出席了由卡塔尔和阿拉伯国家联盟与法院合作举办的关于国际刑事法院的区域会议。 这次会议是中东首次举办此类大型活动,旨在提供法院运作及其法律框架的信息。 发言者包括法院院长、书记官长和检察官以及主要阿拉伯国际刑事司法专家。", "112号. 法院继续与非洲联盟密切合作。 2011年7月18日和19日,在亚的斯亚贝巴非洲联盟总部,来自15个非洲国家的法院官员和50多名与会者参加了由非洲联盟和法院联合组织的关于《罗马规约》和法院惯例的技术方面的研讨会。 在介绍法院的结构和指导原则,包括互补原则后,坦率地讨论了法院在国际司法系统中的作用、区域和国际组织之间的关系以及和平与正义之间的关系。 法院感谢法语国家国际组织为在本报告所述期间举行的这次研讨会和其他区域研讨会提供财政支助。", "113号. 法院欢迎欧洲联盟于2011年3月21日通过理事会第2011/168/CFSP号决定,取代欧盟先前关于法院的共同立场。 在本报告所述期间,欧洲联盟继续向法院提供宝贵的技术、财政和其他形式的支助。", "114 (韩语). 法院高级官员经常同各国、国际组织和民间社会代表会晤,向他们介绍法院工作的最新情况,提高对《罗马规约》制度的认识并讨论共同关心的问题。 法院院长除其他外还会见了哥伦比亚、爱尔兰、马来西亚、蒙古、菲律宾和卡塔尔的国家元首或政府首脑以及各区域许多国家的外交部长和司法部长。 此外,法院院长还会晤了欧洲联盟主席、非洲联盟委员会主席以及英联邦和美洲国家组织秘书长。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 检察官办公室正式访问各国家元首和政府首脑,包括博茨瓦纳、几内亚和塞拉利昂总统、科特迪瓦总统和总理以及卡塔尔埃米尔和总理。 该办公室还会见了利比亚过渡时期全国委员会总理、丹麦、埃及、荷兰、塞内加尔和西班牙外交部长以及埃及、利比里亚、塞内加尔、南非和巴勒斯坦等国家的司法部长。 此外,该办公室还会见了国际和区域组织的高级别代表,包括阿拉伯国家联盟、非洲联盟、欧洲联盟(欧洲对外行动处和欧洲议会)、美洲国家组织和法语国家国际组织。", "116 (英语). 法院在海牙举行了两次外交简报会,以向外交界介绍法院工作的最新情况。 在纽约还为外交使团举行了简报会。 除了法院同民间社会代表之间的定期接触外,法院同民间社会组织在海牙举行了两次战略会议。", " V. 体制发展", "A类. 选举和任命", "117号 缔约国大会第十届会议将于2011年12月12日至21日在联合国总部举行,将选出六名新法官,以接替任期九年、将于2012年3月10日届满的六名法官。 新法官的任期从2012年3月11日开始。", "118. 大会还将选举一名检察官来接替任期于2012年6月结束的现任检察官。 在2010年12月大会第九届会议上,大会主席团设立了一个检察官职位查询委员会[4],其任务是为以协商一致方式提名和选举下一任检察官提供便利。 [5] 委员会于2011年初开始工作,非正式地收到了包括个人、国家和民间社会在内的各种来源表示的兴趣。 它正在根据有关标准审查意向书,并尽可能提出一份至少由三名合适候选人组成的短名单,供主席团审议。", "119. 2011年5月27日,检察官宣布任命Mireille Delmas-Marty教授为检察官办公室的法律问题国际化特别顾问。 2011年7月19日,刘任文教授被任命为中国法律制度检察官特别顾问. 这些任命符合《规约》第四十二条第九款规定的检察官任命具有特定问题法律专门知识的顾问的职责。 预防犯罪问题特别顾问胡安·门德斯因被任命为联合国酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员而辞职。", "B. 向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供援助", "120号. 在本报告所述期间,国际刑事法院继续在海牙审判查尔斯·泰勒时向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供拘留服务和其他有关援助。 向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供的援助包括进入国际刑事法院的信息和通信技术设施、其金库和与辩护小组拘留中心连接的装备齐全的办公室。 法庭同意通过信函往来向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供这些服务,详细介绍有关服务。", "六、结 论 结论", "121. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,法院比以往更繁忙,嫌犯或被告人数从15人增至25人。 法院开始的第三起审判,在一起审判中完成了举证,确认了对两名被告的指控,根据逮捕令或出庭传票,有七名新人出庭。 检察官开始进行第六次调查,并请求预审分庭授权进行第七次调查。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 又有五个国家加入或批准了《罗马规约》,使缔约国总数达到116个。 联合国继续向法院提供重要支持和援助。 加强法院与国家司法机构的互补性是全球打击有罪不罚现象斗争中的一项关键任务,而联合国及其专门机构同法院和其他有关行为者合作,在这方面发挥着重要作用。", "123. 国家 随着对法院工作的重视和《罗马规约》在国际舞台上的相关性的提高,仍然存在巨大挑战。 案件工作量的增加和安全理事会提交的新局势增加了对法院可用资源的压力。 对总共11名嫌疑犯的逮捕令尚未执行,各国合作将这些人绳之以法仍然是有效执行法院任务的一个关键条件。", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2283卷,第1272号。", "[2] 同上,第2187卷,第38544号。", "[3] 检察官办公室在其网站上提供了第一份呈件摘要,说明巴勒斯坦民族权力机构提出的声明是否符合法定要求。", "[4] 见“缔约国大会主席团:国际刑事法院检察官职位查询委员会:职权范围”(ICC-ASP/9/INF.2)。", "[5] 同上,第9段。 5 (韩语)." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and identifies best practices and risks.", "The present report presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the analysis contained in the report and its recommendations. Agencies generally accepted the benchmarks proposed in the report, although they expressed reservations regarding some of them.", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Preparedness of United Nations system organizations for the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)” (JIU/REP/2010/6) reviews the status of the transition by organizations of the United Nations system to the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and identifies best practices and risks. The report proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing IPSAS.", "2. The members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination welcomed the analysis contained in the report, as well as its recommendations, with many agencies indicating that they have either adopted, or are in the process of adopting, many of the proposed benchmarks.", "3. While noting that the first two recommendations are directed at legislative bodies, many CEB members note that they already provide regular reports to their legislative bodies regarding their IPSAS implementations, as called for in recommendation 1.", "4. Agencies accept the benchmarks proposed by the Joint Inspection Unit; however, agencies commented on several of them. First, CEB members noted that best practice 13 (“plan and prepare interim financial statements for review by external auditor(s) well ahead of the final implementation date to avoid unpleasant surprises”) may prove difficult to apply for agencies that have a highly decentralized structure that operates multiple financial systems. The United Nations Secretariat, for instance, is currently implementing a new enterprise resource planning system that will integrate multiple systems that currently exist in different locations. Since all locations may not implement the new enterprise resource planning system simultaneously, and given the tight timeline for the enterprise resource planning implementation, this organization may encounter difficulties in producing a large number of interim financial statements.", "5. Agencies also expressed concern that best practice 15 (“perform continuous testing of internal controls during the preliminary implementation stage of an IPSAS project to ensure the accuracy of the data”) may not fully represent the proper relationship between business owners and internal audit departments in the area of internal control testing. Some agencies felt that this process may best fully belong within the mandate of internal audit. In support of this view, the United Nations Secretariat cites Regulation 5.15 of its Financial Regulations and Rules, which states, in part, that “… internal auditors shall review, evaluate and report on the use of financial resources and on the effectiveness, adequacy and application of internal financial control systems, procedures and other relevant internal controls”.", "6. Finally, some agencies also commented that for them, best practice 16 (“ensure that an independent and comprehensive validation and verification of the system is performed towards the end of its completion”) may prove difficult to apply. These agencies note that as IPSAS requirements are embedded into existing business processes and ERP systems, they will be subject to extensive testing before deployment in order to assure validation and verification. Therefore, waiting until the end of the implementation reaches the end of its completion may prove too late to make changes." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)发表的评论意见。", "摘要", "联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告审查了联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则的过渡情况并确定了最佳做法和风险。", "本报告介绍了联合国系统各组织对联合检查组报告所提建议的看法。本系统的这些看法已依据联合国系统行政首长协调理事会各成员组织所提意见进行了综合，它们对报告所载分析和及其建议表示了欢迎。各机构普遍接受了报告提出的基准，尽管它们也对其中一些基准表示了保留。", "1. 联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(IPSAS)的准备情况”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)审查了联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的过渡情况并确定了最佳做法和风险。报告提出了各机构在实施公共部门会计准则时应当运用的一批基准。", "2. 行政首长理事会各成员对报告所载分析以及建议表示了欢迎，不少机构都表示它们已通过或即将通过提出的许多基准。", "3. 虽然注意到头两项建议的对象是立法机构，但行政首长理事会许多成员都表示，它们已按建议1的要求，就其实施公共部门会计准则的情况定期向立法机构提交了报告。", "4. 各机构接受联合检查组提出的基准，但有些机构对其中数项基准提出了评论意见。首先，行政首长理事会成员指出，最佳做法13(“为避免令人不愉快的意想不到局面，应在最后实施日期之前很早就计划和准备临时财务报表供外部审计员审查”)对于那些结构高度分散、运行多个财务系统的机构而言可能难以应用。例如，联合国秘书处目前正在实施一个新的机构资源规划系统，以整合目前存在于不同地点的多种系统。由于所有地点可能并不同步实施新的机构资源规划系统，而且鉴于实施机构资源规划系统的时限较紧，本组织在编制一大批临时财务报表方面就可能遇到困难。", "5. 各机构对于最佳做法15(“在国际公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段，对内部监控措施进行连续的测试，以确保数据的准确性”)也表示了关切，认为这一做法可能无法充分反映业务主管部门与内部审计部门之间在内部控制测试方面的恰当关系。一些机构认为，这一进程可能最好充分纳入内部审计的任务规定之中。为支持这一看法，联合国秘书处援引了其《财务条例和细则》条例5.15，其中有一部分规定“……内部审计员应审查、评价和报告财政资源的使用情况、以及内部财务控制制度、程序和其他有关内部控制是否有效、是否适当、是否得到适用”。", "6. 最后，一些机构还评论说，对它们而言，最佳做法16(“确保在项目接近尾声时对系统进行独立的和全面的验证和核查”)可能难以应用。这些机构指出，由于公共部门会计准则的要求被嵌入现行业务流程和机构资源规划系统之中，在部署前为确保验证和核查要经过广泛测试。因此，等实施结束达到完成的尾声时，要进行更改可能为时已晚。", "[1] ^(∗) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国系统各组织实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的准备情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织为国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)做好准备”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)的评论。", "内容提要", "联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织对国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的准备情况”的报告审查了联合国系统各组织向国际公共部门会计准则过渡的状况并确定了最佳做法和风险。", "本报告介绍联合国系统各组织对联合检查组报告所提出建议的看法。 联合国系统的意见已根据联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员组织提供的投入加以合并,后者欢迎报告所载的分析及其建议。 各机构普遍接受报告提出的基准,但对其中一些基准持保留意见。", "1. 联合国 联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织对国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的准备情况”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/6)审查了联合国系统各组织向国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)过渡的状况并确定了最佳做法和风险。 报告建议收集各机构在实施公共部门会计准则时应采用的基准。", "2. 联合国 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员欢迎报告的分析及其建议,许多机构表示它们已经采用或正在采用许多拟议基准。", "3个 虽然注意到前两项建议是针对立法机构的,但行政首长协调会许多成员指出,他们已经按照建议1的要求,向其立法机构定期报告其实施公共部门会计准则的情况。", " 4.四. 各机构接受联合检查组提出的基准;但是,各机构对其中一些基准发表了评论。 首先,行政首长协调会成员指出,最佳做法13(“规划和编制临时财务报表,供外聘审计员在最后执行日期之前及早审查,以避免令人不愉快的出人意料”)可能难以适用于那些结构高度分散、运作多种财务系统的机构。 例如,联合国秘书处目前正在实施一个新的企业资源规划系统,该系统将整合目前在不同地点存在的多个系统。 由于所有地点都可能无法同时实施新的企业资源规划系统,而且实施企业资源规划的时间很紧,本组织在编制大量临时财务报表方面可能遇到困难。", "5 (韩语). 各机构还表示关切的是,最佳做法15(“在公共部门会计准则项目的初步实施阶段持续进行内部控制测试以确保数据的准确性”)可能不能充分代表业务所有人与内部审计部门之间在内部控制测试方面的适当关系。 一些机构认为,这一过程最好完全属于内部审计的任务范围。 为支持这一观点,联合国秘书处援引了《财务条例和细则》条例5.15,其中部分规定,“......内部审计员应审查、评价和报告财政资源的使用情况以及内部财务控制制度、程序和其他相关内部控制措施的有效性、充分性和适用性”。", "6. 国家 最后,一些机构还评论说,对它们来说,最佳做法16(“确保在系统完成之前对系统进行独立和全面的验证和核查”)可能难以适用。 这些机构指出,由于公共部门会计准则的要求已纳入现有业务流程和机构资源规划系统,在部署前将对其进行广泛测试,以确保验证和核查。 因此,等待执行结束到完成时可能为时已晚,无法作出改变。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda items 128 and 135", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly his comments and those of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788).", "Summary", "The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” assesses the risk management practices in place in United Nations system organizations and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies can apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "The present note presents the views of United Nations system organizations on the recommendations provided in the said report. The views of the system have been consolidated on the basis of inputs provided by member organizations of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, which welcomed the comprehensive review of risk management. Agencies generally accepted the recommendations, although they expressed some reservations regarding several of the benchmarks.", "I. Introduction", "1. The report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of enterprise risk management in the United Nations system: benchmarking framework” (see A/65/788) examines the concept of risk management and its relevance to United Nations organizations, assesses the risk management practices and experiences within the United Nations system and proposes a collection of benchmarks that agencies should apply when implementing a risk management framework.", "II. General comments", "2. Members of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB) welcomed the report and expressed appreciation for its comprehensive approach to a difficult subject. They recognized the importance of enterprise risk management in almost every facet of an organization’s operations and were of the view that a well-structured approach to risk could help their organizations deliver on their mandates. Agencies noted, and generally accepted, the three recommendations contained in the report, which were focused on the implementation of the 10 benchmarks considered as best practices for enterprise risk management. However, agencies noted some concerns with several of the benchmarks.", "III. Specific comments on recommendations", "Recommendation 1 Executive heads should adopt the first nine benchmarks set out in this report, with a view to ensuring that the enterprise risk management approach is accepted and implemented in line with best practices.", "3. While generally supportive of recommendation 1, agencies also indicated concern regarding benchmark 6, which recognizes that the successful implementation of enterprise risk management requires adequate funding, a view that agencies strongly support. However, agencies noted the challenge of identifying dedicated resources for enterprise risk management projects, especially in an environment of limited budget flexibility. In addition, since many of the other benchmarks depend on resources, whether financial or human, agencies may experience difficulties in fully implementing the benchmarks. Agencies noted that the Joint Inspection Unit, in paragraph 115 of the report, considered a situation in which resources might become constrained and further noted that some agencies had been able to make progress without extensive funding. However, agencies wished to convey both the limitations of proceeding without appropriate resources and the consideration that, for many agencies, ensuring adequate resources to introduce enterprise risk management and sustain the implementation process, as stated in the benchmark, may go beyond the mandate of executive heads as, in general, legislative bodies determine funding allocations.", "Recommendation 2 Governing bodies should exercise their oversight role regarding the adoption of enterprise risk management benchmarks set out in this report, the effectiveness of implementation and the management of critical risks in their respective organizations.", "4. Agencies noted that recommendation 2 was addressed to legislative bodies and welcomed the potential role of those bodies in supporting the development of comprehensive enterprise risk management processes within their agencies.", "Recommendation 3 The CEB, through the High-level Committee on Management, should adopt benchmark 10 of this report, with a view to facilitating inter-agency cooperation, coordination, knowledge-sharing and the management of common and cross-cutting risks for more effective and efficient risk management throughout the system.", "5. Agencies supported recommendation 3, albeit with some reservations. This recommendation calls for the High-level Committee on Management to implement benchmark 10 (inter-agency cooperation and coordination, including the development of a common enterprise risk management framework, knowledge-sharing mechanisms and management of common and cross-cutting key organizational risks). Agencies agreed that there was merit in creating an informal network of risk practitioners across the United Nations system to share knowledge and experience; however, the remainder of the recommendation (i.e. to develop a system-wide risk universe based on unified standards, policies, frameworks and practices) might prove challenging for the system to achieve, particularly given the lack of homogeneity of operations and mandates across agencies. CEB members suggested that such an approach might distract from the higher priority of designing, implementing and embedding an approach to risk management that meets the particular needs of each United Nations body. Nevertheless, agencies agreed that a coordinated approach would prove useful, especially as many agencies appeared to be in the early stages of enterprise risk management development." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目128和135", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "联合检查组", "联合国系统企业风险管理审查", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他以及联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告(见A/65/788)的评论意见。", "摘要", "联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告评估了联合国系统各组织采用的风险管理做法并提出一套基准，供各机构在采用风险管理框架时适用。", "本说明介绍了联合国系统各组织对上述报告中所提建议的看法。联合国系统的意见已在联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员组织提供的投入基础上进行了综合。理事会对风险管理综合审查表示欢迎。各机构虽然对若干基准表达了一些保留意见，但总体上接受了各项建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合检查组题为“联合国系统企业风险管理审查：基准框架”的报告(见A/65/788)审查了风险管理概念及其与联合国各组织的相关性，评估了联合国系统内的风险管理做法和经验，并提出了一套基准，供各机构在采用风险管理框架时适用。", "二. 一般性评论", "2. 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员对报告表示欢迎，并赞赏其对这一难题采取的综合方法。各成员认识到，企业风险管理对本组织的几乎每一方面都很重要，并认为，有条理地应对风险可有助于其组织履行任务规定。各机构注意到并总体接受该报告中列出的3条建议。这些建议着重执行被视为企业风险管理最佳做法的10项基准。但各机构对若干基准有些关切。", "三. 对各项建议的具体意见", "建议1", "行政首长应采纳本报告中所列的前九个基准，以确保机构风险管理的做法是以最佳做法的标准加以接受和采纳的。", "3. 虽然各机构总体上支持建议1，但还是表示对基准6有些关切。这一基准指出，成功实施企业风险管理需要适当资金。各机构非常支持这一观点，但指出，明确用于企业风险管理项目的专项资源是一个挑战，特别是在预算灵活性有限的情况下更是如此。此外，由于许多其他基准也取决于资源，无论是财政资源还是人力资源，因此各机构在充分执行这些基准时可能会遇到各种困难。各机构注意到，联合检查组报告第115段也考虑到资源可能变得有限的情况，并进一步指出一些机构曾在没有广泛资金的情况取得了进展。但各机构希望指出两点：一是没有适当资源推进工作受限，二是对许多机构而言，确保基准中提出的为采用机构风险管理和维持实施进程提供足够的资源可能超出了行政首长的职权范围，因为一般来说，决定资金分配的是立法机构。", "建议2", "理事机构对于本报告所列的机构风险管理基准在各自组织的采用、实施的效果和关键风险的管理行使其监督作用。", "4. 各机构指出，建议2是向立法机构提出的，并对立法机构在支持各机构内企业风险管理综合进程发展方面发挥的潜在作用表示欢迎。", "建议3", "行政首长协调会应通过高级别管理委员会采用本报告所列的10个基准，以推动机构间合作、协调和知识分享，和对共同的跨部门的风险的管理，从而实现全系统范围的更切实有效的风险管理。", "5. 尽管有一些保留意见，但各机构表示支持建议3。这一建议呼吁设立高级别管理委员会，以执行基准10(机构间合作与协调，包括制定共同的企业风险管理框架，知识分享机制以及管理共同的跨部门的关键性组织风险)。各机构一致认为，成立一个联合国系统各机构风险工作者非正式网络共享知识和经验有其好处，但建议的其余部分(即根据统一标准、政策、框架和惯例制定一个全系统的风险环境)对整个系统来说可能是一个挑战，特别是考虑到各机构的业务和任务授权并不相同。行政首长协调会成员指出，采用这一方法可能会偏离设计、执行和体现满足联合国各机构特定需求的风险管理方法这一首要任务。尽管如此，但各机构一致认为，采取协调方法还是很有用的，特别是因为很多机构似乎还处在企业风险管理发展的早期阶段。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目128和135", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "联合检查组", "审查联合国系统的企业风险管理", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对联合检查组题为“审查联合国系统企业风险管理:基准框架”的报告的评论(见A/65/788)。", "内容提要", "联合检查组题为“审查联合国系统的企业风险管理:基准框架”的报告评估了联合国系统各组织现有的风险管理做法,并提出了各机构在实施风险管理框架时可采用的基准汇编。", "本说明介绍了联合国系统各组织对上述报告所提出建议的看法。 联合国系统的意见已根据联合国系统行政首长协调理事会成员组织提供的投入加以综合,后者欢迎全面审查风险管理。 各机构普遍接受这些建议,但对若干基准表示保留。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 联合检查组题为“审查联合国系统的企业风险管理:基准框架”的报告(见A/65/788)审查了风险管理概念及其对联合国各组织的相关性,评估了联合国系统内的风险管理做法和经验,并提议收集各机构在实施风险管理框架时应采用的基准。", "二. 一般性评论", "2. 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)成员欢迎报告,并表示赞赏报告对一个困难问题采取全面办法。 他们认识到企业风险管理在一个组织业务的几乎每个方面都很重要,并认为对风险采取结构合理的办法可以帮助其组织完成其任务。 各机构注意到并普遍接受报告所载的三项建议,这些建议的重点是执行被认为是企业风险管理最佳做法的10个基准。 然而,各机构注意到对若干基准的一些关切。", "三. 对建议的具体评论", "建议 1 行政首长应采用本报告提出的前9个基准,以确保企业风险管理办法得到接受并符合最佳做法。", "3个 虽然普遍支持建议1,但各机构也表示关切基准6,该基准确认,成功实施企业风险管理需要充足的资金,各机构大力支持这一看法。 然而,各机构注意到为企业风险管理项目确定专用资源的挑战,特别是在预算灵活性有限的环境下。 此外,由于许多其他基准取决于资源,无论是财政资源还是人力资源,各机构在充分执行基准方面可能遇到困难。 各机构注意到,联合检查组在报告第115段中审议了资源可能受到限制的情况,并进一步指出,一些机构在没有大量资金的情况下取得了进展。 然而,各机构希望既说明没有适当资源的程序的局限性,又考虑到,对许多机构来说,如基准所述,确保有足够的资源实行企业风险管理并维持执行进程,可能超出行政首长的任务范围,因为一般而言,由立法机构决定资金分配。", "建议 2 理事机构应发挥监督作用,采用本报告规定的企业风险管理基准、执行效力和各自组织的关键风险管理。", " 4.四. 各机构注意到,建议2是针对立法机构的,欢迎这些机构在支持其机构内制定企业风险管理综合程序方面的潜在作用。", "建议3 行政首长协调会应通过管理问题高级别委员会采用本报告的基准10,以促进机构间合作、协调、知识共享和管理共同和贯穿各领域的风险,使全系统的风险管理更加有效和高效。", "5 (韩语). 各机构支持建议3,尽管有一些保留。 这项建议要求管理问题高级别委员会执行基准10(机构间合作与协调,包括制定共同企业风险管理框架、知识共享机制和管理共同和贯穿各领域的主要组织风险)。 各机构一致认为,在整个联合国系统建立一个非正式的风险从业者网络以分享知识和经验是有好处的;然而,该建议的其余部分(即根据统一的标准、政策、框架和做法建立一个全系统的风险宇宙)可能证明对系统实现具有挑战性,特别是考虑到各机构之间业务和任务缺乏同质性。 行政首长协调会成员建议,这种做法可能会分散对设计、执行和嵌入一种符合联合国各机构特殊需要的风险管理方法的更高度优先性的关注。 尽管如此,各机构一致认为,采取协调办法将是有益的,特别是因为许多机构似乎处于企业风险管理发展的初期阶段。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationallywrongful acts", "Letter dated 16 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to draw your attention to the unparalleled increase in ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan along the line of contact between Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan. This stands as yet another evidence that Azerbaijan violates commitments reached during the trilateral meetings of the Armenian, Russian and Azerbaijani Presidents on “additional efforts aimed at the reinforcement of the ceasefire and enhancement of confidence-building in the military sphere” and “to strive to solve all contentious issues through peaceful means”.", "Through circulating letters containing false information at the United Nations on a regular basis, Azerbaijan strives to falsify the root causes of the conflict, including by shifting its own responsibility for countless atrocities, systematic pogroms and barbaric killings of defenceless and innocent Armenian children, women and elderly in Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as in different parts of Azerbaijan. With this aim, Azerbaijan has recruited, financed, trained and used mercenaries closely linked to terrorist organizations.", "The letter of the Azerbaijani representative to the United Nations circulated as document A/65/921-S/2011/492, dated 3 August 2011, represents a new example of anti-Armenian hate propaganda conducted by the leadership of Azerbaijan.", "The letter reveals that the representative of Azerbaijan has apparently taken it upon himself to blatantly interpret, or rather misinterpret, the remarks made by the President of Armenia, Serzh Sargsyan, singling out of context certain parts of the statement, and thus completely misrepresenting its essence.", "On many occasions the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) called on the parties to consolidate the ceasefire, withdraw snipers from the line of contact and carry out other confidence-building measures. Azerbaijan rejected all of them. By regular violations of the ceasefire, provocations on the line of contact, threats of use of force and circulation of the above-mentioned letters at international organizations, Azerbaijan, in fact, continually destroys the confidence instead of engaging in confidence-building.", "Furthermore, Azerbaijan rejected the proposal of the Co-Chairs of the Minsk Group on Nagorno-Karabakh conflict resolution at the meetings of the Presidents of Armenia, Russia and Azerbaijan in June 2010 in St. Petersburg, in October 2010 in Astrakhan, in March 2011 in Sochi and in June 2011 in Kazan. This is the reason why the negotiation process has not produced results.", "Despite Azerbaijan’s non-constructive stance, Armenia remains committed to the peaceful resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue, strongly believing that the solution of the problem must be achieved only by peaceful means based on the principles of international law.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Karine Khoudaverdian Chargé d’affaires a.i." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34、39、66和75", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理 和相关不容忍行为", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月16日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提请你注意阿塞拜疆在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫与阿塞拜疆之间的接触线沿线违反停火的行为空前增加。这作为又一项证据，表明阿塞拜疆违反了在亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆总统三方会议上达成的关于“付出更多努力以巩固停火并促进在军事领域建立信任”以及“力争通过和平方式解决所有争议问题”的承诺。", "阿塞拜疆极力扭曲冲突的根本原因，其方式是定期在联合国分发包含虚假信息的信函，包括推卸其本应对在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫以及阿塞拜疆不同地区犯下的不计其数的暴行、有系统的集体迫害以及野蛮杀害手无寸铁的亚美尼亚无辜儿童、妇女和老人所负的责任。为此目的，阿塞拜疆招募、提供资金、培训并使用与恐怖组织有密切联系的雇佣军。", "阿塞拜疆代表于2011年8月3日给联合国的信作为文件A/65/921-S/2011/ 492分发，这是阿塞拜疆领导人实施的反亚美尼亚仇恨宣传的新例子。", "该信表明，阿塞拜疆代表显然擅自无耻地解释或者说曲解亚美尼亚总统谢尔日·萨尔基相的讲话，他们不顾上下文，挑出讲话中的某些部分，从而彻底曲解其实质内容。", "欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)明斯克小组共同主席在许多场合呼吁双方巩固停火，从接触线上撤回狙击手并实施其他建立信任措施。阿塞拜疆对此全部拒绝。阿塞拜疆通过经常违反停火，在接触线沿线进行挑衅，威胁使用武力以及在各国际组织散发上述信函，实际上在持续摧毁信任而非致力于建立信任。", "此外，阿塞拜疆还在2010年6月于圣彼得堡、2010年10月于阿斯特拉罕、2011年3月于索契和2011年6月于喀山举行的亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆总统会议上拒绝明思克小组共同主席就纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突解决方案提出的建议。这就是谈判进程没有产生任何结果的原因。", "尽管阿塞拜疆坚持毫无建设性的立场，亚美尼亚仍然致力于和平解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题，坚信只能根据国际法原则，通过和平方式解决该问题。", "请将本信作为大会议程项目34、39、66和75的文件以及安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "卡琳·胡达维迪安(签名)" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目34、39、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为\n国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月16日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨提请你注意,阿塞拜疆在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和阿塞拜疆之间接触线沿线违反停火的情况空前地增加。 这再次证明,阿塞拜疆违反了亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆三国总统在“旨在加强停火和加强军事领域建立信任的进一步努力”和“努力以和平手段解决所有有争议的问题”的三边会议上作出的承诺。", "通过定期在联合国散发含有虚假信息的信件,阿塞拜疆努力伪造冲突的根源,包括将自己的责任转移给在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫以及在阿塞拜疆不同地区对手无寸铁和无辜的亚美尼亚儿童、妇女和老人进行无数暴行、有计划的大屠杀和野蛮杀害。 为此,阿塞拜疆招募、资助、训练和使用与恐怖组织有密切联系的雇佣军。", "阿塞拜疆驻联合国代表2011年8月3日以文件A/65/921-S/2011/492分发的信,是阿塞拜疆领导人进行反亚美尼亚仇恨宣传的新例子。", "信中显示,阿塞拜疆代表显然自作主张,公然解释或错误解释亚美尼亚总统谢尔日·萨尔基相所说的话,断章取义,从而完全歪曲其实质内容。", "欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)明斯克小组共同主席多次呼吁各方巩固停火,从接触线上撤出狙击手,并采取其他建立信任措施。 阿塞拜疆拒绝了所有这些要求。 阿塞拜疆经常违反停火,在接触线上进行挑衅,威胁使用武力,并在国际组织分发上述信件,事实上,阿塞拜疆不断破坏信任,而不是参与建立信任。", "此外,阿塞拜疆在2010年6月在圣彼得堡、2010年10月在阿斯特拉罕、2011年3月在索奇和2011年6月在喀山举行的亚美尼亚、俄罗斯和阿塞拜疆总统会议上拒绝了明斯克小组共同主席关于解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫冲突的提议。 这就是为什么谈判进程没有产生结果。", "尽管阿塞拜疆采取非建设性立场,但亚美尼亚仍然致力于和平解决纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫问题,坚信必须根据国际法的原则,通过和平手段来解决这个问题。", "请将本函作为大会议程项目34、39、66和75下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "卡琳·胡达韦德安(签名)" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Provisional agenda", "1. Opening of the session by the representative of the Secretary-General.", "2. Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs.", "3. Remarks by the Chair of the Committee.", "4. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work (E/C.18/2011/1 and E/C.18/2011/2).", "5. Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters:", "(a) United Nations Model Tax Convention update (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4, E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "(b) Dispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "(c) Transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries (E/C.18/2011/5 and E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "(d) Article 13: capital gains (E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "(e) Taxation of development projects;", "(f) Tax treatment of services (E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "(g) Concept of beneficial ownership (E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "(h) Revision of the Manual for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(i) Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "(j) Tax cooperation and its relevance to major environmental issues, particularly climate change (E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "(k) Further issues for consideration by the Committee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12).", "6. Dates and agenda for the eighth session of the Committee.", "7. Adoption of the report of the Committee on its seventh session." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "临时议程", "1. 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席和副主席。", "3. 委员会主席发言。", "4. 通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)。", "5. 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题：", "(a) 《联合国征税示范公约》最新情况(E/C.18/2011/3、E/C.18/2011/4、E/C.18/2011/CRP.1和E/C.18/2011/CRP.2)；", "(b) 争端的解决(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和E/C.18/2011/CRP.4)；", "(c) 转移定价：发展中国家实用手册(E/C.18/2011/5和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10)；", "(d) 第13条：资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)；", "(e) 发展项目的课税问题；", "(f) 服务税处理办法(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)；", "(g) 实际所有人的概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)；", "(h) 修订《发达国家与发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/ 2011/CRP.11)；", "(i) 能力建设(E/C.18/2011/CRP.8)；", "(j) 税务合作及其对重大环境问题特别是气候变化的意义(E/C.18/2011/ CRP.9)；", "(k) 供委员会审议的其他问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)。", "6. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程。", "7. 通过委员会第七届会议报告。" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "临时议程", "1. 联合国 1. 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕。", "2. 选举主席和副主席。", "3个 委员会主席发言。", " 4.四. 通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)。", "5 (韩语). 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题:", "(a) 更新《联合国税务示范公约》(E/C.18/2011/3、E/C.18/2011/4、E/C.18/2011/CRP.1和E/C.18/2011/CRP.2);", "(b) 解决争端(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和E/C.18/2011/CRP.4);", "(c) 转让定价:发展中国家实用手册(E/C.18/2011/5和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10);", "(d) 第13条:资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6);", "(e) 发展项目的征税;", "(f) 服务的税务处理(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7);", "(g) 受益所有权的概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5);", "(h) 修订《发达国家和发展中国家双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/2011/CRP.11);", "(一) 能力建设(E/C.18/2011/CRP.8);", "(j) 税务合作及其对主要环境问题,特别是气候变化问题的相关性(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9);", "(k) 供委员会审议的其他问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)。", "6. 国家 5. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程。", "7. 联合国 6. 通过委员会第七届会议的报告。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International", "Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Proposed organization of work", "Date\tItem\tProgramme \nMonday, 24October \n 9-10 a.m. Registration of participants \n10-10.45 a.m.\t1\tOpening of the session by therepresentative of the Secretary-General\n 2 Election of the Chair and Vice-Chairs \n 3 Remarks by the Chair of the Committee \n\t4\tAdoption of the agenda and organizationof work (E/C.18/2011/1 andE/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\tDiscussion of substantive issuesrelated to international cooperation intax matters:\n10.45 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(b)\tDispute resolution (E/C.18/2011/CRP.3and E/C.18/2011/CRP.4)Presenter: Ms. Devillet 3-4 p.m. 5 Dispute resolution (continued) \n (b) 4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (E/C.18/2011/3, E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.2) \n Presenter: Mr. Oliver \nTuesday, 25October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (b)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n3-4 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)\n4-5 p.m.\t5(g)\tConcept of beneficial ownership(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)Presenter: Mr. Louie\n5-6 p.m.\t5(d)\tArticle 13: capital gains(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)Presenter: Mr. Liao\nWednesday, 26October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(a), (d) and (g)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(f)\tTax treatment of services(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)Presenter: Ms. Kana 3-3.30 p.m. 5 Taxation of development projects \n\t(e)\tPresenters: Mr. Sasseville and Mr.Thuronyi 3.30-5 p.m. 5 Capacity-building (E/C.18/2011/CRP.8) \n (i) Presenter: Ms. Omoigui-Okauru 5-6 p.m.\t5(j)\tTax cooperation and its relevance tomajor environmental issues,particularly climate change(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n Presenter: Secretariat \nThursday, 27October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5(e), (f), (i) and (j)\n10.30 a.m.-1 p.m.\t5(a)\tUnited Nations Model Tax Conventionupdate (continued)3-6 p.m.\t5(c)\tTransfer pricing: practical manual fordeveloping countries (E/C.18/2011/5 andE/C.18/2011/CRP.10) \n Presenter: Mr. Sollund \nFriday, 28October \n10-10.30 a.m. Report of the Rapporteur on items 5 (a)and (c)10.30 a.m.-12.15p.m.\t5(h)\tRevision of the Manual for theNegotiation of Bilateral Tax Treatiesbetween Developed and DevelopingCountries (E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n Presenter: Mr. Arrindell \n12.15-1 p.m.\t5(k)\tFurther issues for consideration by theCommittee (E/C.18/2011/CRP.12)Presenter: Secretariat\n3-4 p.m.\t6\tDates and agenda for the eighth sessionof the Committee\n4-5.45 p.m.\t7\tAdoption of the report of the Committeeon its seventh session\n 5.45-6 p.m. Closing of the seventh session" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24至28日，日内瓦", "拟议工作安排", "日期 项目 方案 \n 10月24日，星期一 \n 上午9时至10时 与会者登记 \n 上午10时至10时45分 1 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕 \n 2 选举主席和副主席 \n 3 委员会主席讲话 \n\t4\t通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)\n\t5\t讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题：上午10时45分至下午1时\t5(b)\t解决争议(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和E/C.18/2011/CRP.4) \n 介绍者：Devillet女士 \n 下午3时至4时 5(b) 解决争议(续) 下午4时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(E/C.18/2011/3、E/C.18/2011/4、E/C.18/2011/CRP.1和E/C.18/2011/　CRP.2) \n 介绍者：Oliver先生 \n 10月25日，星期二 \n 上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)和(b)的报告", "日期 项目 方案 \n上午10时30分至下午1时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)\n下午3时至4时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)下午4时至5时\t5(g)\t实际所有人的概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5) \n 介绍者：Louie先生 下午5时至6时\t5(d)\t第13条：资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6) \n 介绍者：廖先生 \n 10月26日，星期三 \n上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)、(d)和(g)的报告 上午10时30分至下午1时 5(f) 服务的税务处理(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7) \n 介绍者：Kana女士 下午3时至3时30分 5(e) 发展项目的课税问题 \n 介绍者：Sasseville先生和Thuronyi先生 下午3时30分至5时 5(i) 能力建设(E/C.18/2011/CRP.8) \n 介绍者：Omoigui-Okauru女士 下午5时至6时\t5(j)\t税务合作及其对重大环境问题特别是气候变化的意义(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9) \n 介绍者：秘书处 \n 10月27日，星期四 \n上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(e)、(f)、(i)和(j)的报告\n上午10时30分至下午1时\t5(a)\t《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况(续)下午3时至6时\t5(c)\t转移定价：供发展中国家使用的实用手册(E/C.18/2011/　5和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10) \n 介绍者：Sollund先生 \n 10月28日，星期五 \n 上午10时至10时30分 报告员关于项目5(a)和(c)的报告 上午10时30分至下午12时15分\t5(h)\t修订《发达国家和发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/2011/CRP.11) \n 介绍者：Arrindell先生 下午12时15分至1时\t5(k)\t其他供委员会审议的问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12) \n 介绍者：秘书处 \n 下午3时至4时 6 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程 \n 下午4时至5时45分 7 通过委员会第七届会议的报告 \n 下午5时45分至6时 第七届会议闭幕" ]

[ "国际问题专家委员会", "税务合作", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "拟议工作安排", "日期项目\n联合国\n上午9:00-10:00 与会者登记\n上午10时至10时45分 1. 秘书长代表宣布会议开幕\n2 选举主席和副主席\n委员会主席发言\n通过议程和工作安排(E/C.18/2011/1和E/C.18/2011/2)\n5. 讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题:\n上午10时45分至下午1时 5(b) 解决争端(E/C.18/2011/CRP.3和Add.1) E/C.18/2011/CRP.4 Presenter:Devillet女士 下午3时至4时\n(b) 下午4:00(a) 《联合国税务示范公约》(E/C.18/2011/3,E/C.18/2011/4,E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) 和E/C.18/2011/CRP.2号文件\n发言者:奥利弗先生\n10月25日星期二,日内瓦\n第10-10.30段 报告员关于项目5(a)和(b)的报告\n上午10:30-下午1:00 5(a) 《联合国税务示范公约》(续)\n下午3时至4时 5(a) 《联合国税务示范公约》(续)\n下午4:00-5:00 (g) 实际所有权概念(E/C.18/2011/CRP.5)\n下午5时至6时(d) 第13条:资本收益(E/C.18/2011/CRP.6)\n安全理事会\n第10-10.30段 报告员关于项目5(a)、(d)和(g)的报告\n上午10:30-下午1:00 5(f) 服务的税务处理(E/C.18/2011/CRP.7)\n(e) 介绍人:Sasseville先生和Thuronyi先生\n(一) 介绍人:Omoigui-Okauru女士 税务合作及其对主要环境问题、特别是气候变化问题的相关性(E/C.18/2011/CRP.9)\n发言者:秘书处\n安全理事会\n第10-10.30段 报告员关于项目5(e)、(f)、(i)和(j)的报告\n上午10:30-下午1:00 《联合国税务示范公约》更新日期(续)3-6:00 转让定价:发展中国家实用手册(E/C.18/2011/5) 和E/C.18/2011/CRP.10号文件\n介绍者:索隆德先生\n安全理事会\n报告员关于项目5(a)和(c)的报告 5(h) 修订《发达国家和发展中国家双边税务条约谈判手册》(E/C.18/2011/CRP.11)\n主讲人:Arrindell先生\n下午12时15分至1时5分(k) 供委员会审议的其他问题(E/C.18/2011/CRP.12):秘书处\n下午3时至4时 6. 委员会第八届会议的日期和议程\n通过委员会第七届会议的报告\n下午5时45分至6时 第七届会议闭幕" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda", "United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat*", "* The views expressed in the present note do not necessarily represent those of the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions in the note.", "The report annexed to the present note was prepared by the Secretariat as a record of an ad hoc expert group meeting held in New York on 9 and 10 June 2011. The meeting was designed to assist the United Nations Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in their work of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention. Materials relating to the meeting are available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm.", "Annex", "Report on an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "1. On 9 and 10 June 2011, the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat held an ad hoc expert group meeting on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Tax Convention). The purpose of the meeting was to bring together members of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters and other experts with special knowledge about international taxation and tax treaties to consider issues for the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and to assist the Committee and its Subcommittee on the United Nations Model Tax Convention Update in completing that work. Twenty experts participated, including representatives from government, business and academia. Representatives from non‑governmental organizations were also invited but were unable to participate.", "2. The present report reflects the main outcomes of the meeting. The technical outcomes of the meeting are being compiled in a separate report indicating possible changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that would improve its responsiveness and effectiveness and that could be achieved as part of the 2011 update, as noted below. That report (E/C.18/2011/CRP.1) will be submitted to the Committee for its consideration at its seventh session, to be held in Geneva from 24 to 28 October 2011. It will be available from www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax prior to the seventh session.", "3. The update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention that will be done in 2011 will be the first since the 1999 revision (published in 2001) and should set the scene for more frequent updates in the future. The agenda of the meeting included presentations on all the articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. The discussions, however, concentrated on those changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention that were considered achievable in 2011. Participants in the meeting recognized the need to look into other issues (e.g. reviewing the provisions on royalties in general) but noted that, due to time constraints, it would not be possible to do so during the 2011 update. The recommendations made at the meeting will be closely reviewed by the Subcommittee in presenting proposed changes to the Committee at its seventh session.", "4. The meeting was chaired by Armando Lara Yaffar, Chair of the Committee. In their introduction to the meeting, Brian Arnold and David Rosenbloom shared their reflections on the current update of the United Nations Model Tax Convention. On future updates, Mr. Arnold referred to the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention, according to which the Model Convention shall be continuously reviewed and updated. He concluded that intervals of 10 years are not sufficiently frequent. That conclusion was endorsed by several participants in the meeting. Mr. Arnold then stressed that, due to limited resources within the United Nations, future updates should not be carried out on a comprehensive basis but instead be focused on certain articles or issues, and that the Committee should prioritize those areas where the United Nations Model Tax Convention differs significantly from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Other participants supported that approach. With regard to the process of updating the United Nations Model Tax Convention, Mr. Arnold recognized the high level of transparency within the United Nations but also emphasized the need to maximize input from stakeholders in tax systems generally.", "5. Mr. Arnold stressed the need to have mechanisms for registering countries’ dissenting views on interpretations of the United Nations Model Tax Convention and suggested that the Committee review the possibility of establishing such a mechanism. That general issue was also raised by other participants. Mr. Arnold advised that the commentaries to the Model Convention be written in a more user-friendly style. That would mean, for example, dealing with basic issues that the commentaries just assumed knowledge of and including more examples.", "6. Mr. Rosenbloom shared his views on what a tax treaty does and explained that, for him, one of the most important functions of a tax treaty was to establish the mutual agreement procedure and provide Governments with exchange-of-information provisions. He suggested that the United Nations consider preparing an alternative “short-form” treaty that would focus only on the really important matters. In his view, such a document could be very helpful to developing countries, since they had limited resources and the costs of treaty negotiation were high.", "7. Roy Rohatgi commented that the United Nations Model Tax Convention was effectively a model for development and that this purpose was critical. Mr. Rohatgi suggested that the United Nations Model Tax Convention have its title changed to the “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention for Development”, to reflect the role ascribed to it in the introduction to the Model Convention and the fact that it was grounded in the financing-for-development process. The participants in the meeting briefly discussed the topic and several participants opposed such a change. No clear recommendation came out of the discussion, although several participants favoured the short form “United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention”.", "8. During the meeting several other general issues relevant to the 2011 update were discussed, each of which was introduced by a Committee member. On the issue of the potential inclusion of country observations and reservations, it was agreed that a background paper on the inclusion of developing country positions in the United Nations Model Tax Convention or (at least for the 2011 update) in a separate document, would be prepared by the Secretariat for the seventh session of the Committee.[1] It was suggested that the collection of such positions should not be allowed to hold up completion of the 2011 update.", "9. The participants in the meeting discussed appropriate ways of presenting citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was noted that in the current United Nations Model Tax Convention such citations were rendered in an inconsistent way, including by using phrases such as “is reproduced”, “is applicable”, “further states”, “reads as follows” and “is relevant”. Several participants were concerned that such inconsistency could raise the question of whether the United Nations Model Tax Convention endorsed the citations form the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention. It was suggested that wording could be included in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention to cover situations in which only some portions of relevant OECD commentary were reproduced in the United Nations Model tax Convention, indicating how to generally interpret the exclusion of other portions.", "10. The secretariat noted that the issue of whether citations from the commentary to the OECD Model Tax Convention could be considered an endorsement of the OECD passages had been discussed by the Committee in the past. While there had been broad acceptance that newer citations might be interpreted as expressing agreement with the OECD Model Tax Convention unless they indicate the opposite (see E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, para. 14), the same could not be assumed about citations that had been introduced into the United Nations Model Tax Convention by the previous ad hoc group of experts and that had not yet been reviewed by the Committee.", "11. Robin Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, proposed that all references to the OECD Model Tax Convention in the revised United Nations Model Tax Convention be to the 2010 version of the OECD instrument unless otherwise stated. Participants recommended that this be explicitly mentioned in the introduction to the United Nations Model Tax Convention. At their sixth session, in 2010, the Committee expressed support for using the 2010 version of the OECD instrument as the reference, where appropriate (ibid., para. 15). Under general issues, the participants in the meeting recommended that specific articles of the United Nations Model Tax Convention be treated as proper nouns and, therefore, be written with a capital A in the future.", "12. Claudine Devillet presented a draft commentary on a new alternative version of article 25 B, on the mutual agreement procedure. The draft had been prepared by the Subcommittee on Dispute Resolution (coordinated by Ms. Devillet) to address the decision taken by the Committee in 2010 to include article 25 B in the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "13. Mr. Oliver presented a new draft commentary on article 7, on business profits. In his presentation, Mr. Oliver recommended that the United Nations Model Tax Convention use primarily the 2008 version of the commentary on article 7 of the OECD instrument as the appropriate version to quote. That was consistent with the views expressed at the sixth session of the Committee, according to which the 2010 version of article 7 of the OECD instrument and its commentary significantly conflicted with the approach taken in article 7 of the United Nations Model Tax Convention.", "14. During the discussion of article 23, participants considered the possibility of including paragraph 4 of article 23 A of the OECD Model Tax Convention in the United Nations Model Tax Convention in order to address situations of unintended double non-taxation. Differing views were expressed, however, and it was decided that Ms. Devillet would draft a commentary relevant for such an inclusion. This would then be the subject of further consideration by the Committee.", "15. Not all the suggested changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention were addressed in detail during the meeting so that the more pressing issues could be discussed as fully as possible, with a view to determining what changes might be feasible for inclusion in the 2011 update. The participants were therefore encouraged to provide written comments on possible changes within four weeks of the meeting to Mr. Oliver, Coordinator of the Subcommittee, and to provide a copy of such comments to the secretariat.", "16. In that context, the Chair of the meeting emphasized that it was particularly important for participants to continue to consider the proposed changes after the meeting had concluded and to identify in writing whether they thought it was likely that there would be any controversies that would hamper their finalization for the 2011 update. Certain proposed changes to the United Nations Model Tax Convention would need redrafting within the Subcommittee before being presented to the Committee for consideration. Contributions to that process during the meeting had been especially helpful.", "[1] To be issued as document E/C.18/2011/4." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目5(a)", "《联合国税务示范公约》的更新", "《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作特设专家组会议", "秘书处的说明[1]", "本说明所附报告由秘书处编写，其中记录了2011年6月9日和10日在纽约举行的特设专家组会议的情况。这次会议的目的是协助联合国国际税务合作专家委员会及其《联合国税务示范公约》更新小组委员会从事《联合国税务示范公约》的更新工作。有关会议材料可查阅www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm。", "附件", "《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作特设专家组会议的报告", "1. 2011年6月9日和10日秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室举行了关于《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(联合国税务示范公约)2011年更新工作特设专家组的会议。会议的目的是召集国际税务合作专家委员会成员和具有国际税收和税务条约专门知识的其他专家审议《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新问题并协助委员会和《联合国税务示范公约》更新小组委员会完成这项工作。有20名专家参加了会议，包括政府、商界和学术界的代表。非政府组织的代表也受到了邀请，但未能参加。", "2. 本报告反映了会议的主要成果。如下文所述，会议的技术成果将汇编成另一份报告，说明《联合国税务示范公约》在提高回应能力和增强效用方面的可能修订意见以及作为2011年更新工作的一部分能够落实的修订意见。该报告(E/C.18/2011/CRP.1)将提交给2011年10月24日至28日在日内瓦举行的委员会第七届会议审议，在第七届会议前可通过网站www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax查阅。", "3. 《联合国税务示范公约》2011年更新工作是自1999年修订(2001年公布)以来的第一次并为将来更经常更新做好准备。会议议程包括介绍《联合国税务示范公约》所有条款。不过，会议集中讨论了那些被视为可在2011年落实的《联合国税务示范公约》修订意见。与会者认识到必须研究其他问题(如一般性审查权益费的规定)，但他们也注意到，由于时间限制，在2011年更新期间不可能这样做。小组委员会向委员会第七届会议提交拟议的修订意见时，将认真审查会上提出的建议。", "4. 委员会主席阿曼多·拉拉·亚法尔主持了会议。布赖恩·阿诺德和戴维·罗森布洛姆在介绍会议情况时提出了他们对《联合国税务示范公约》目前更新工作的看法。关于将来更新问题，阿诺德先生提到《联合国税务示范公约》导言，认为应根据该导言不断审查和更新《示范公约》。他得出的结论是，10年期的间隔不够频繁。这一结论得到几位与会者的认同。阿诺德先生然后强调说，由于联合国资源有限，将来的更新不应该全面展开，而应集中于某些条款或问题，委员会应优先考虑《联合国税务示范公约》与经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)《收入和资本税务示范公约》有重大差异的领域。其他与会者支持这种方式。关于《联合国税务示范公约》的更新过程，阿诺德先生承认在联合国范围内透明度高，但也强调必须最大限度地普遍利用利益攸关者对税收制度的投入。", "5. 阿诺德先生强调必须建立机制，把各国解释《联合国税务示范公约》的不同意见记录在案，他建议委员会审查建立这种机制的可能性。其他与会者也提出了这个一般问题。阿诺德先生建议，编写《示范公约》的评注应采用方便用户的格式。例如，这意味着解决评注熟悉的基本问题和包括更多的实例。", "6. 罗森布洛姆先生提出了他对税务条约的看法，他解释说，对他来说，税务条约最重要的功能之一是建立相互协商程序和向政府提供信息交流的条款。他建议联合国考虑编写一种替代的“短式”条约，其中仅着重阐明真正的重要事项。他认为，由于发展中国家资源有限和条约谈判的费用高昂，这样的文件可能对它们帮助很大。", "7. 罗伊·罗哈吉评论说，《联合国税务示范公约》实际上是一种促进发展的模式，这项目的至关重要。罗哈吉先生建议，把《联合国税务示范公约》改名为《联合国双重征税促进发展示范公约》，以反映《示范公约》导言中赋予它的作用和它的基础是发展筹资过程。与会者简要讨论了这个题目，几位与会者反对改变名称。虽然有几位与会者赞成短式的《联合国双重征税示范公约》，但是讨论中并没有提出明确的建议。", "8. 在会议期间，与会者讨论了与2011年更新工作相关的其他几个一般性问题，每个问题都由委员会成员介绍。关于可能列入国家意见和保留的问题，与会者一致认为，由秘书处为委员会第七届会议编写一份背景文件，说明把发展中国家立场(至少是对2011年更新工作的立场)列入《联合国税务示范公约》还是列入一份单独文件的问题。[2] 有人提议，汇总这些立场的工作不应阻碍2011年更新工作的完成。", "9. 与会者讨论了引用经合组织《税务示范公约》评注的适当方式。有人指出，在目前《联合国税务示范公约》中引用方式并不一致，如使用“复制”、“适用于”、“进一步规定”、“内容如下”和“有关”等词组。几位与会者关注的是，这种不一致可能引发《联合国税务示范公约》是否认可经合组织《税务示范公约》评注引文的问题。有人建议，可以在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中列入有关措词，以便包括《联合国税务示范公约》中仅仅复制经合组织相关评注某些部分的情况，同时说明如何一般地解释排除其他部分的原因。", "10. 秘书处指出，委员会过去曾讨论过引用经合组织《税务示范公约》的评注能否被视为认可经合组织引文的问题。尽管各方广泛赞同除了另有相反说明外，较新的引文可以被解释为认可经合组织《税务示范公约》(见E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7，第14段)，但是对以前的特设专家组列入《联合国税务示范公约》但未经委员会审查的引文却不能这样假定。", "11. 小组委员会协调员罗宾·奥利弗建议，《联合国税务示范公约》修订本中引用经合组织《税务示范公约》的所有引文都来自经合组织公约的2010年版，但另加说明的除外。与会者建议，在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中明确阐述这个问题。在2010年第六届会议上，委员会支持酌情使用经合组织公约的2010年版作为参考文献(同上，第15段)。关于一般问题，与会者建议把《联合国税务示范公约》的具体条款视为专有名词，因此，将来把各条款首字母大写。", "12. 克洛迪娜·德维莱特按照相互协商程序，提出了第25 B条新的替代版本评注草案。争端解决小组委员会按照2010年委员会关于把第25 B条列入《联合国税务示范公约》的决定，(经德维莱特女士协调)编写了该评注草案。", "13. 奥利弗先生提出了关于企业利润的第7条新的评注草案。奥利弗先生在介绍草案时建议，《联合国税务示范公约》主要使用2008年版的经合组织公约第7条评注作为引用的适当版本。这与委员会第六届会议所表达的意见是一致的，所述意见认为，2010年版的经合组织公约第7条及其评注与《联合国税务示范公约》第7条所采取的方式大相径庭。", "14. 在讨论第23条时，与会者认为有可能把经合组织《税务示范公约》第23 A条第4款列入《联合国税务示范公约》，以解决无意双重不征税的问题。然而，其他与会者表示了不同的意见，会议决定由德维莱特女士起草一项与上述列入相关的评注。然后，由委员会进一步审议该问题。", "15. 会议期间与会者并没有详细讨论所有拟议的《联合国税务示范公约》修订意见，以便能够尽可能充分地讨论更为紧迫的问题，确定什么修订意见可能被列入2011年更新工作。因此，会议鼓励与会者在四个星期的会议期间向小组委员会协调员奥利弗先生提供可能修订的书面意见并向秘书处提供这些意见的副本。", "16. 在这种情况下，会议主席强调，尤其重要的是与会者在会议结束后继续考虑拟议的修订意见并以书面方式确认他们是否认为这些修订意见有可能出现争议，妨碍2011年更新工作的完成。《联合国税务示范公约》的某些拟议修订意见需要在提交给委员会审议之前，在小组委员会范围内重新起草。会议期间对这一进程的贡献特别有帮助。", "[1] ^(*) 本说明表达的意见不一定代表联合国国际税务合作专家委员会的意见。秘书处对说明中的错误和遗漏负责。", "[2] 将作为E/C.18/2011/4号文件分发。" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目5(a)", "《联合国税务示范公约》的最新情况", "关于2011年更新《联合国税务示范公约》的特设专家组会议", "秘书处的说明*", "* 联合国 本说明中表达的意见不一定代表联合国国际税务合作专家委员会的意见。 秘书处对说明中的任何错误和遗漏负责。", "本说明所附报告由秘书处编写,作为2011年6月9日和10日在纽约举行的特设专家组会议的记录。 会议旨在协助联合国国际税务合作专家委员会及其联合国税务示范公约更新小组委员会更新《联合国税务示范公约》的工作。 会议有关材料可查阅www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011EGM/index.htm。", "页:1", "关于2011年更新《联合国税务示范公约》的特设专家组会议的报告", "1. 联合国 2011年6月9日和10日,秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室就《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(《联合国税务示范公约》)2011年更新问题举行了一次特设专家组会议。 会议的目的是召集国际税务合作专家委员会成员和对国际税务和税务条约具有专门知识的其他专家审议2011年更新《联合国税务示范公约》的问题,并协助委员会及其联合国税务示范公约更新小组委员会完成这项工作。 20名专家参加了会议,其中包括政府、工商界和学术界的代表。 非政府组织的代表也应邀出席会议,但未能参加。", "2. 联合国 本报告反映了会议的主要成果。 会议的技术成果正在汇编成一份单独报告,说明对《联合国税务示范公约》的可能修改,这些修改将提高公约的响应能力和效力,并作为2011年更新的一部分加以实现,如下文所述。 该报告(E/C.18/2011/CRP.1)将提交定于2011年10月24日至28日在日内瓦举行的委员会第七届会议审议。 可在第七届会议之前从www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax上查阅。", "3个 将于2011年完成的《联合国税务示范公约》的更新工作将是自1999年修订(2001年公布)以来的首次更新工作,应当为今后更频繁地更新工作奠定基础。 会议议程包括介绍《联合国税务示范公约》的所有条款。 然而,讨论集中于2011年被认为可以实现的对《联合国税务示范公约》的修改。 与会者认识到有必要研究其他问题(例如审查关于使用费的一般规定),但指出,由于时间限制,在2011年更新期间不可能这样做。 小组委员会将在向委员会第七届会议提交拟议的修改意见时密切审查会上所提出的建议。", " 4.四. 会议由委员会主席阿曼多·拉拉·亚法尔主持。 Brian Arnold和David Rosenbloom在向会议作介绍时,介绍了他们对《联合国税务示范公约》当前最新情况的看法。 关于今后的更新,Arnold先生提到《联合国税务示范公约》的导言,根据该导言,应不断审查和更新《示范公约》。 他的结论是,间隔10年的时间不够频繁。 该结论得到若干与会者的赞同。 Arnold先生随后强调,由于联合国内部资源有限,今后的更新不应全面进行,而应侧重于某些条款或问题,委员会应优先考虑《联合国税务示范公约》与《经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)收入和资本税务示范公约》相去甚远的领域。 其他与会者支持这种做法。 关于更新《联合国税务示范公约》的进程,Arnold先生认识到联合国内部的高度透明度,但也强调必须尽量扩大一般税务制度中利益有关者的投入。", "5 (韩语). 阿诺德先生强调,需要建立机制,登记各国对《联合国税务示范公约》的解释的不同意见,并建议委员会审查建立这种机制的可能性。 其他与会者也提出了这个一般性问题。 Arnold先生建议,《示范公约》的评注应以更方便用户的方式编写。 例如,这意味着处理评注只是假定知道的基本问题,并包括更多的例子。", "6. 国家 Rosenbloom先生介绍了他对税务条约所作所为的看法,并解释说,对他来说,税务条约最重要的职能之一是建立相互协议程序并向各国政府提供信息交流规定。 他建议联合国考虑拟订一项“短形式的”替代条约,只侧重于真正重要的事项。 他认为,这种文件对发展中国家可能很有帮助,因为它们资源有限,条约谈判的费用也很高。", "7. 联合国 Roy Rohatgi评论说,《联合国税务示范公约》实际上是一个发展模式,这一目的至关重要。 Rohatgi先生建议将《联合国税务示范公约》的标题改为《联合国双重征税促进发展示范公约》,以反映在《示范公约》导言中赋予它的作用以及它以发展筹资进程为基础这一事实。 与会者简短地讨论了这一专题,一些与会者反对作这样的修改。 讨论未提出明确建议,但一些与会者赞成采用“联合国双重征税示范公约”的简称。", "8. 联合国 会议期间讨论了与2011年更新有关的若干其他一般性问题,每个问题都由委员会一名成员介绍。 关于可能列入国家意见和保留意见的问题,会议商定,秘书处将为委员会第七届会议编写一份背景文件,将发展中国家的立场纳入《联合国税务示范公约》或(至少为2011年的更新)单独一份文件。 [1] 有人建议,不应允许收集这些职位来拖延完成2011年的更新。", "9. 国家 与会者讨论了援引《经合组织税务示范公约》评注的适当方式。 据指出,在现行《联合国税务示范公约》中,这种引用前后不一致,包括使用诸如“被转载”、“适用”、“进一步国家”、“以下解读”和“相关”等词语。 若干与会者担心,这种不一致可能会引起一个问题,即《联合国税务示范公约》是否赞同援引《经合组织税务示范公约》的评注。 有人建议,可在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中添加措词,以涵盖《联合国税务示范公约》只转载经合组织相关评注的某些部分的情况,说明如何对排除其他部分作一般解释。", "10个 秘书处指出,委员会过去曾讨论过是否可将援引《经合组织税务示范公约》评注视为认可经合组织段落的问题。 虽然人们广泛接受,新的引文可能被解释为表示同意《经合组织税务示范公约》,除非它们表示相反(见E/2010/45-E/CN.18/2010/7, 第14段),但对于以前特设专家组在《联合国税务示范公约》中引入的引文,而委员会尚未审查的引文,不能作出同样的看法。", "11个 小组委员会协调员Robin Oliver建议,除非另有说明,订正后《联合国税务示范公约》中所有提及《经合组织税务示范公约》之处均指经合组织文书2010年版本。 与会者建议在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中明确提及这一点。 在2010年第六届会议上,委员会表示支持酌情使用2010年版经合组织文书作为参考(同上,第15段)。 在一般问题下,与会者建议将《联合国税务示范公约》的具体条款视为适当的名词,因此,今后用首字母A写出。", "12个 Claudine Devillet介绍了关于共同协议程序的第25 B条新备选案文的评注草案。 该草案由争议解决小组委员会(由Devillet女士协调)编写,目的是处理委员会2010年作出的将第25 B条纳入《联合国税务示范公约》的决定。", "13个 Oliver先生介绍了关于第7条关于商业利润的新的评注草案。 Oliver先生在介绍中建议,《联合国税务示范公约》应主要使用2008年版本的经合组织文书第7条评注作为适当版本来引用。 这与委员会第六届会议上表达的意见是一致的,根据这些意见,经合组织文书2010年版本第7条及其评注与《联合国税务示范公约》第7条采取的做法相冲突。", "14个 在讨论第23条时,与会者审议了将《经合组织税务示范公约》第23A条第4款列入《联合国税务示范公约》的可能性,以便处理意外双重不征税的情况。 然而,与会者表达了不同的意见,因此决定由Devillet女士起草与列入内容相关的评注。 委员会随后将进一步审议这一问题。", "15个 会议没有详细讨论建议对《联合国税务示范公约》作出的所有修改,以便尽可能充分地讨论更为紧迫的问题,从而确定哪些修改可以列入2011年的更新。 因此鼓励与会者在会议后四周内就可能的改动向小组委员会协调员Oliver先生提供书面意见并向秘书处提供此类评论意见的副本。", "16号. 在这方面,会议主席强调,特别重要的是,与会者应在会议结束后继续审议拟议的修改,并书面确定他们是否认为可能会有任何争议会妨碍2011年更新的定稿。 《联合国税务示范公约》的某些拟议修改需要在小组委员会内重新起草,然后提交委员会审议。 会议期间对这一进程的贡献特别有帮助。", "[1] 将作为E/C.18/2011/4号文件印发。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "** The present note is intended to assist the Committee of Experts in its deliberations and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Committee or of the United Nations.", "Item 5 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: United Nations Model Tax Convention update", "Country observations, reservations and positions: relevance to the United Nations Model Tax Convention", "Note by the Secretariat**", "I. Introduction", "1. The issue of possibly having country observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries has become a significant one as the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters comes closer to concluding its work on the 2011 update of the United Nations Model Convention. There are two aspects of the issue that should not be confused:", "(a) The first aspect is whether, in extensively citing the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the relevant observations and reservations of OECD member States and the positions of non-OECD member States should also be noted, in order to give a complete picture of views on a particular issue;", "(b) The second aspect is whether the United Nations Model Convention should include, or be complemented by, country observations, reservations and positions on the Model Convention itself. The two aspects are distinct, although a State could, of course, take the same position in relation to both model conventions.", "II. Observations, reservations and positions on citations from the Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "2. The first aspect (see para. 1 (a) above) relates to a particular practice relative to the OECD Model Tax Convention whereby a reservation is made by an OECD member State with regard to provisions of the treaty that the State does not follow. However, it is understood that where the commentary to an article provides an alternative formulation to that of the article, and an OECD member State follows that formulation, it is not necessary to make a reservation.", "3. An OECD member State makes an observation when it has no objections to the wording of the article but interprets it in a way that is different from the way it is interpreted in the commentary to the article. States usually indicate how their interpretation differs when making an observation. Observations and reservations are noted at the end of the commentary on each article. In addition, the OECD Model Tax Convention includes, in a separate part, at the end of the commentaries, the positions of those non-OECD member States that have chosen to comment on their approaches to the text of the instrument and the interpretations of that text.", "4. The formal basis for the observations and reservations can be found in expectations of country conduct that flow from a 1997 recommendation of the OECD Council[1] that still applies to OECD members. In the recommendation, the Council:", "Recommends the Governments of member countries:", "1. to pursue their efforts to conclude bilateral tax conventions on income and on capital with those member countries, and where appropriate with non‑member countries, with which they have not yet entered into such conventions, and to revise those of the existing conventions that may no longer reflect present-day needs;", "2. when concluding new bilateral conventions or revising existing bilateral conventions, to conform to the Model Tax Convention, as interpreted by the Commentaries thereon;", "3. that their tax administrations follow the Commentaries on the Articles of the Model Tax Convention, as modified from time to time, when applying and interpreting the provisions of their bilateral tax conventions that are based on these Articles.", "II. Invites the Governments of member countries to continue to notify the Committee on Fiscal Affairs of their reservations on the Articles and observations on the Commentaries.", "III. Instructs the Committee on Fiscal Affairs to continue its ongoing review of situations where the provisions set out in the Model Tax Convention or the Commentaries thereon may require modification in the light of experience gained by member countries, and to make appropriate proposals for periodic updates.", "5. As the United Nations Model Convention cites the OECD Model Tax Convention extensively, the question has arisen of whether these observations, reservations and positions need to be referenced, for completeness, either generally or in specific cases. The Committee discussed the matter at some length at its third session, and noted the following (see E/2007/45, paras. 34 and 43):", "34. The point was made by two countries that in citing (at proposed para. 73) paragraph 23 of the OECD Commentary on article 1 (addressing base companies through controlled foreign corporations (CFC) legislation), there must be some regard for the fact that they and other OECD countries had observations on that paragraph. It was noted that the issue of minority views had arisen in the context of permanent establishments, with note 2 of paper E/C.18/2007/CRP.3 suggesting an approach to dealing with this issue. The issue was considered by the Committee and it was decided that relevant country positions should be included in the Manual [for the Negotiation of Bilateral Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries] rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "43. It was noted that the subcommittee [on definition of permanent establishment] had proposed (at note 2) that there should be an annex to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention containing the relevant OECD member “observations” and non-OECD member “positions” on the OECD Commentaries cited in the United Nations Model Taxation Convention. The subcommittee proposed to include a note in the introduction to the United Nations Model Taxation Convention referring to the relevance of these observations and country positions. It was agreed that such an approach would be discussed when considering the issue of citation of the OECD Model. As noted at paragraph 31 above, the Committee ultimately decided that relevant country positions would be addressed in the Manual rather than in the Commentaries themselves.", "6. The note referred to in the report of the Committee on its third session (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3, annex, footnote 2) reads:", "The subcommittee proposes that the next version of the United Nations Model should note in its introduction, words along the following lines: “In extensively quoting the Commentary to the OECD Model , it is noted that this has be to read together with the ‘observations’ of OECD Member countries to obtain a full understanding of the acceptance or otherwise of certain parts of the Commentary by specific OECD countries in particular cases. The observations on the most recent version of the OECD Model (2005) are included at Appendix** of this publication for convenience, along with relevant “positions” on the OECD Commentaries provided to the OECD by some non-members of the OECD”. The subcommittee notes that such an introductory paragraph would render it unnecessary to include a special comment along the same lines in the Commentaries of the United Nations Model on each specific Article.", "7. The OECD Model Tax Convention is more readily accessible to policymakers and administrators from developing countries now than it has been in the past, and the value of including all observations, reservations and positions to the OECD Model Tax Convention that are quoted in the United Nations Model Convention would seem to be heavily outweighed by the confusion that doing so could create with regard to the differences between the United Nations and the OECD model conventions and with regard to the complexity of reading the United Nations Model Convention, especially in cases when quotations of the OECD Model Tax Convention do not come from the latest version of the treaty and when changes have been made to the observations, reservations and positions in the meantime. Including the observations, reservations and positions could also be viewed as denying the United Nations Model Convention its status as having a “life of its own” and as being unnecessarily driven by developments in the OECD Model Tax Convention.", "8. If there was no provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why special treatment should be given to positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, with no opportunity given for comments to be made by States that had not commented on the OECD instrument. If, on the other hand, there was a provision for positions on the United Nations Model Convention, it could be questioned why there would remain a need to separately note positions on those parts of the OECD Model Tax Convention that were incorporated by reference into the United Nations Model Convention. This argument is strongest for cases where it is clear that the commentary on the OECD text is being agreed with and incorporated and is weakest for cases where it is not clear whether the quotation is a sign of agreement. The Committee is currently seeking to ensure that where the commentary to the OECD text is cited it is clear whether the Committee agrees or disagrees with the interpretation (see E/2010/45, para. 14), so this last issue would probably only arise for parts of the United Nations Model Convention that have not been revised recently.", "9. A conceptual basis for not including all specific observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention, and one that perhaps raises the question of whether there is any need for observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention, is that the Model Convention is a recommendation of a group of experts (the Committee) acting in their own capacity and is not intended to represent the formal views of Governments, even though it expresses the experts’ knowledge of national practices and concerns. It does not, even in a “soft” sense, inhibit Governments in their negotiations and should not be seen as limiting their actions to negotiate the agreements suitable to them in particular circumstances. The certainty desired by investors and administrators can be facilitated by the United Nations Model Convention, which does not, however, constrain sovereign decisions.", "10. As noted in paragraph 35 of its introduction, like all model conventions, the United Nations Model Convention is not enforceable. Its provisions are not binding and furthermore should not be construed as formal recommendations of the United Nations.", "11. Although the option was not taken up by the Committee at its third session, a possible approach would be to include the following general comment in the introduction to the commentaries: “In citing the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital (in its various versions) it is recognized that various OECD member States have expressed reservations on the articles of that text and made observations on the commentaries on the articles, and that some non-OECD member States have expressed positions on the articles and commentaries. Such formal expressions of differences from that Model Convention are contained in the text of the OECD Model Tax Convention, as revised from time to time. The Committee notes that they are a useful aspect of the OECD Model Tax Convention in terms of understanding how it is applied and interpreted in practice, even though they have not been repeated in this Model Convention for practical reasons.”", "12. If country observations, reservations and positions are sought in relation to the United Nations Model Convention, States that feel strongly that such a general statement is insufficient could, of course, indicate a position on the Model Convention in so far as it cited the OECD Model Tax Convention in a particular case. This would more directly address the observations, reservations and positions expressed on the OECD Model Tax Convention although only to the extent that a particular interpretation had been picked up in the United Nations Model Convention, and where the way it was picked up did not sufficiently accommodate the concerns of States (such as by having an alternative formulation).", "III. Observations, reservations and positions on the United Nations Model Convention", "13. The approach outlined above raises the second aspect dealt with in this paper: the treatment of possible country observations, reservations and positions to the United Nations Model Convention itself (see para. 1 (b) above). The matter was also discussed by the Committee at its fourth session, in 2008 (see E/2008/45):", "22. The possible value of countries making formal comments on the United Nations Model Convention was discussed, with general support for some such facility, including in terms of increased transparency in negotiating positions. One expert disagreed with that view. However, there was also some discussion on the need to differentiate between the terms “observations” and “reservations” used by OECD countries for the OECD Model Convention. A reference to non-binding “positions” or even “comments”, it was noted, might be better. The need to keep any such task a manageable one in view of the Committee’s resource constraints was also noted.", "14. With regard to the above, achieving anything approaching a comprehensive database of country positions will involve a considerable amount of resources from the secretariat and, possibly, the Committee. Even if a subcommittee or working group were to be formed to deal with country positions, there would be a considerable amount of work involved in notifying all Member States, through the correct channels, of the possibility of including country positions, to follow up on States that do not respond and to liaise with potential responders, including with the Committee or a subcommittee. Attention would also have to be paid to ensure that responses: do not perpetuate misinterpretations of the United Nations Model Convention; are provided in a uniform way; and reflect an understanding of the process of recording country positions. It might be necessary to find a sponsor to address those resource issues, especially if a printed publication were proposed.", "15. The process will take time and it should not, in the secretariat’s view, hold up the completion of the 2011 update to the United Nations Model Convention. It should be undertaken as a distinct project, at least in this instance, in tandem with informing countries of the new version of the Model Convention and the capacity-building initiatives proposed by the Secretariat and referred to in the recent report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters (see E/2011/76, para. 17). It will be especially important to have as many developing country positions on the Model Convention as possible; this will not be easy to achieve in practice.", "16. As indicated above, the reference to observations and reservations of countries has a particular meaning in OECD usage that does not exist for the United Nations Model Convention, which is why it is best to avoid the confusion that the use of such language might introduce. Assuming that positions or comments are called for, some States may be hesitant to respond if they believe that they may be perceived (including by local legislatures or courts) as binding themselves to certain positions in the future. In the introduction to the positions on the OECD text, it is noted that:", "5. Whilst these economies generally agree with the text of the Articles of the Model Tax Convention and with the interpretations put forward in the Commentary, there are for each economy some areas of disagreement. For each Article of the Model Tax Convention, the positions that are presented in this section indicate where a country disagrees with the text of the Article and where it disagrees with an interpretation given in the Commentary in relation to the Article. As is the case with the observations and reservations of member countries, no reference is made to cases where an economy would like to supplement the text of an Article with provisions that do not conflict with the Article, especially if these provisions are offered as alternatives in the Commentary, or would like to put forward an interpretation that does not conflict with the Commentary.", "17. It should be noted in that respect that China and Indonesia, in a footnote to the introduction, wished “to clarify expressly that in the course of negotiations with other countries, they will not be bound by their stated positions included in this section”. The fact that the positions are not binding when it comes to States negotiating and interpreting treaties, including through their court systems, could be affirmed more explicitly in the United Nations Model Convention or any other document containing the positions. Likewise, it could be made clear that the positions taken by States should not prevent them from disagreeing with interpretations of the Model Convention not specifically discussed in the positions.", "18. In order to adopt such an approach, it may be necessary to keep the list of positions up to date, even in between updates to the United Nations Model Convention, in order to take into account the positions of States that have not provided their positions before and modifications to existing positions. That is an additional reason why the collection of such positions should not be linked too closely to the publication of a new version of the Model Convention.", "19. Moreover, in an article published in 2011, Brian Arnold noted:", "The discussions regarding Article 14 drew attention to a serious deficiency in the process for updating the United Nations Model, i.e. there is no opportunity for countries to make reservations on the articles of the United Nations Model or observations on the interpretation of those articles in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model, as is the case with the OECD Model. Reservations and observations are useful ways for minority positions to be recognized. As noted previously, the Committee is composed of experts serving in their personal capacities and not as country representatives. Accordingly, it would be inappropriate for these experts to make reservations or observations and there is no mechanism for countries to make such resolutions or observations. The absence of a clear mechanism to recognize minority positions means that these positions are often reflected in the Commentaries on the United Nations Model and may, therefore, be accorded more weight than they deserve.[2]", "20. The proposed approach would allow such minority positions at the country level to be recorded appropriately without necessarily being addressed in the commentaries. Some minority positions, especially those widely held among developing countries, would still be most appropriately noted in the commentaries (as occurs in the United Nations Model Convention). This would also allow country positions to be recorded in cases where they may not have been incorporated in the commentary by the members of the Committee because they were not identified or for other reasons.", "IV. Recommendations", "21. There could be advantages to having country positions attached to the United Nations Model Convention, in terms of transparency and the opportunity to have cleaner texts of the commentary, as well as in terms of instilling greater ownership in the Model Convention and making it possible to use the process to obtain feedback for future versions of the Convention and to achieve wider participation in the updating process.", "22. There could also be disadvantages, including: in terms of the logistical issues involved in seeking and processing positions and then ensuring they are kept up to date in view of limited secretariat resources (a project that might be dependant on contributions from States or other entities); the need to have some coherence with regard to how positions are expressed and, probably, the need for dialogue before positions are finalized; the difficulty in taking sufficient advantage of the opportunity for positions to be put forward by the 193 States Members of the United Nations; and the risk that countries may feel they are unjustifiably “tying their hands” by putting their positions forward. Such advantages and disadvantages will need to be discussed by the Committee prior to a decision on this issue.", "23. It is suggested that for the forthcoming updated version of the United Nations Model Convention:", "(a) Country observations, reservations and positions on the OECD Model Tax Convention should, at most, be generally mentioned in the introduction to the Model Convention when the use of the OECD Model is addressed;", "(b) The development of positions on the Model Convention should not delay its publication, but should, if embarked upon, be a separate but related process;", "(c) References should be made to country positions, comments or the like, rather than to observations and reservations, in order to prevent confusion, especially given the way in which those words are used in relation to the OECD Model Tax Convention;", "(d) Care should be taken in the language suggested to countries proposing a country position. The OECD Model Tax Convention usually follows the following format: “[country X] reserves the right”. Whatever its appropriateness in the context of the OECD Model Tax Convention, language referring to countries “noting” or “pointing out” or “putting on record” would perhaps be better suited to the purpose of such a document, since the right to depart from the United Nations Model Convention is inherent and does not need to be stated formally, whether or not positions are stated on other provisions or aspects of the commentaries;", "(e) It should be recognized that the speed with which a comprehensive list of positions can be produced and published will depend in part upon the willingness of donors to support such an effort.", "[1] OECD recommendation C (97)195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax treaty news”, Bulletin for International Taxation, vol. 65, No. 3 (2011)." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程^(*) 项目5(a)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题： 《联合国税务示范公约》最新情况", "国家意见、保留和立场：与《联合国税务示范公约》的相关性", "秘书长的说明^(**)", "一. 导言", "1. 对《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》可能有国家意见、保留和立场的问题已成为一个重要问题，因为国际税务合作专家委员会较接近完成其2011年更新《联合国税务示范公约》的工作。对该问题的两个方面不应混淆：", "(a) 第一方面是，在广泛援引《经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)收入和资本税务示范公约》时，是否也应注意到经合组织成员国的有关意见和保留以及非经合组织成员国的立场，以便全面了解对某一特定问题的各种观点；", "(b) 第二个方面是《联合国示范公约》是否应包括国家对《示范公约》本身的意见、保留和立场，或者由后者对前者进行补充。这两个方面是不同的，虽然一个国家，当然，可对两个示范公约采取相同立场。", "^(*) E/C.18/2011/1。", "^(**) 本说明是为了协助专家委员会进行审议，表达的意见不一定代表专家委员会或联合国的意见。", "二. 对《经济合作与发展组织收入和资本税务示范公约》的引文的意见、保留和立场", "2. 第一方面(见上文第1段(a)分段)涉及到有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的一个特定做法，经合组织一个成员国对本国不遵守的条款提出保留。但有一项理解，在一个条款的评注对该条案文提供了替代性案文，经合组织的一个成员国遵守该替代性案文的情况下，则无需提出保留。", "3. 但在经合组织的一个成员国不反对该条的措辞，但以不同于该条的评注解释该条的方式来解释该条时，该国发表意见。有关国家在发表意见时，通常说明它们的解释有何不同。每一条案文的评注结尾会注意到意见和保留。此外，《经合组织税务示范公约》在评注的结尾处，会在单独一个部分列出选择就公约案文及解释案文的方法进行评论的非经合组织成员国的立场。", "4. 表达意见和保留的正式依据源于1997年经合组织理事会一条建议[1] 所引发的对国家行为的期待，该建议仍适用于经合组织成员。", "理事会在该建议中建议各成员国政府：", "1. 开展努力，与成员国缔结关于收入和资本的双边征税公约，并酌情与尚未缔结此类双边公约的非成员国缔结公约，并修改现有公约中那些可能不再反映当今需要的公约；", "2. 在缔结新的双边公约或修改现有的双边公约时，要按照《税务示范公约》的评注的解释，符合《税务示范公约》；", "3. 税务部门适用和解释基于《税务示范公约》条款的双边税务公约的条款时，要遵守不时修改的《税务示范公约条款评注》。", "二. 请各成员国政府继续向财政事务委员会通知其对条款的保留和对评注的意见。", "三. 指示财政事务委员会继续不断审查可能需根据成员国获得的经验对《税务示范公约》所载条款或有关评注进行修订的情形，并就定期更新提出适当建议。", "5. 因为《联合国税务示范公约》广泛援引《经合组织税务示范公约》，这就产生了这一问题，即是否需要一般性地或在具体情况下提及这些意见、保留和立场，以便有完整性。委员会第三届会议较长时间讨论了这一问题，并表述如下(见E/2007/45，第34和43段):", "34. 有两个国家提出一点，即在(拟议第73段)引用经合组织关于第1条的评注第23段(关于通过受控外国公司法处理基地公司问题)时，必须考虑到这两个国家和经合组织其他一些国家对该段存有意见。有与会者指出，在常设机构问题上出现少数意见问题，E/C.18/2007/CRP.3号文件注2提出了一个解决这一问题的办法。委员会审议了这一问题，并决定有关国家的立场应当列入[发达国家与发展中国家间双边税务条约谈判]手册，而不是评注本身。", "43. 与会者指出，(常设机构定义)小组委员会(在注2中)提出，《联合国税务示范公约》应当有一个附件，其中载列有关经合组织成员对于《联合国税务示范公约》中引用的经合组织评注的“意见”和非经合组织成员对此的“立场”。小组委员会提议在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中添加一个关于这些意见和国家立场的相关性的说明。会议商定，在审议对经合组织范本的引用问题时将讨论这种做法。正如上文第31段所指出，委员会最终决定，有关国家立场将在《手册》中讨论，而不放入《评注》本身。", "6. 委员会第三届会议的报告提及的注 (E/C.18/2007/CRP.3，附件，脚注 2)如下:", "小组委员会建议，《联合国示范公约》下一版本应在其导言中指出大意如下的话：“在广泛引用《经合组织示范公约》的评注时，必须指出，评注必须连同经合组织成员国‘意见’一并阅读，以便对具体的经合组织国家在特定情况下接受或不接受评注的某些部分有一个全面的了解。为方便起见，对《经合组织示范公约》(2005年)最新版本的意见载于本出版物的附录，^(**)同时也列入了非经合组织成员向经合组织提供的对经合组织评注的有关‘立场’”。小组委员会指出，导言部分的这一段落，使得没有必要在对《联合国示范公约》的每一具体条款的评注中列入意思相同的具体评论。", "7. 发展中国家的决策者和管理者，现在比过去更容易查阅《经合组织税务示范公约》，列入《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有意见、保留和立场的价值，远不及这样做所造成的混乱，即在联合国和经合组织两个示范公约间的差异方面的混乱以及有关阅读《联合国示范公约》的复杂性方面的混乱，特别是在对《经合组织税务示范公约》引文不是来自该条约的最新版本，而在这期间已经对意见、保留和立场作出了修改的情况下引起的混乱。列入意见、保留和立场也可被视作否认了《联合国示范公约》有“自己的生命”的地位，也会使该公约不必要地受到《经合组织税务示范公约》发展的驱动。", "8. 如果不提供关于《联合国示范公约》的立场，有人可能会怀疑为什么给有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的立场以特殊待遇，而不给不曾对经合组织示范公约作出评论的国家提供发表评论的机会。另一方面，如果给关于《联合国示范公约》的立场提供此类机会，有人会问，为什么仍然需要单独列出对《经合组织税务示范公约》中那些已通过援引被纳入《联合国示范公约》的部分的立场。当清楚知道有关经合组织公约案文的评注已经同意并被纳入联合国示范公约中时，这一论点是最有道理的，当不清楚有关方面对援引是否表示同意时，这一论点最弱。委员会目前正在努力确保，在引用对经合组织案文的评注时，很清楚委员会是同意还是不同意有关解释(见E/2010/45，第14段)，所以，可能只有《联合国示范公约》中最近未修改的部分才会出现上面这个问题。", "9. 不列入有关《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有具体意见、保留和立场的概念基础，一个或许会引发是否需要有关《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留和立场的疑问的概念基础就是，《示范公约》是一个以个人身份行事的专家小组(委员会)的建议，并无意代表各国政府的正式意见，尽管该委员会表达了专家对各国做法和关切的了解。即使在“软”意义上说，它也不会在谈判中抑制各国政府，不应认为它会限制政府采取行动，谈判达成适合其特殊情况的协议。《联合国示范公约》可以促进投资者和管理者所期望的确定性，但是，这不会限制主权决定。", "10. 正如《联合国示范公约》导言第35段所述，象所有示范公约一样，该公约是不可强制执行的。其条款没有约束力，而且，也不应构成联合国的正式建议。", "11. 虽然委员会第三届会议没有采取这一选项，但一个可能的办法是，在评注导言中作出下列一般性评论：“在援引《经合组织收入和资本税务示范公约》(各个版本)时，认识到经合组织诸多成员国已就该案文条款表示保留，并就这些条款的评注发表了意见，一些非经合组织成员国就有关条款和评注发表了立场。不时修订的《经合组织税务示范公约》的案文中载入了此类正式表达的与示范公约的差异。委员会表示，从理解如何在实践中应用和解释《经合组织税务示范公约》的角度来看，这些是该公约一个有用的方面，尽管因实际的原因未在本示范公约中重复这些意见和评论。”", "12. 如果要寻求了解有关《联合国示范公约》的国家意见、保留和立场，各国强烈感到这样一个一般性的声明不够，当然可以表明对《示范公约》的立场，只要它在一个特定案例中引用了《经合组织税务示范公约》即可。这将会更加直接地谈及就《经合组织税务示范公约》表达的意见、保留和立场，尽管只是在《联合国示范公约》采纳了特定解释，但所采纳的方式不足以解决有关国家的关切(如替代性草拟)的情况下才会谈及。", "三. 关于《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留和立场", "13. 上文概述的办法引出了本文处理的第二个方面：对国家可能就《联合国示范公约》本身提出的意见、保留和立场的处理(见上文第1段(b)分段)。委员会2008年第四届会议也讨论了这一事项(见E/2008/45):", "22. 会上讨论了各国就《联合国示范公约》提出正式意见的可能价值，与会者普遍支持提供这样一些方便，包括增加谈判立场的透明度。一名专家对这种看法表示异议。然而，对于是否有必要区分经合组织国家对《经合组织示范公约》的“意见”和“保留”，也进行了一些讨论。会上指出，参照没有约束力的“立场”甚至“评论”可能更好。会上还指出，鉴于委员会资源紧张，需要将任何这种任务保持在可控制的范围内。", "14. 关于上述方面，建立任何接近关于国家立场的综合数据库的东西，将涉及秘书处，可能是委员会要使用大量的资源。即使设立一个处理国家立场的小组委员会或工作组，仍将有相当的工作量，要通过正确的渠道通知所有会员国，列入国家立场的可能性，并对没有作出回应的国家进行跟踪，并与潜在答复者进行联络，包括与委员会或小组委员会联络。还要注意确保有关答复：不使对《联合国示范公约》的误解永久化；是以统一的方式提供的；体现出对记录国家立场的过程的了解。可能需要找到赞助者来解决这些资源问题，尤其是如果要提议印刷刊物的话。", "15. 这一过程将需要时间，但秘书处认为，这不应该妨碍2011年《联合国示范公约》最新情况的完成。它应作为一个单独的项目进行，至少在本次这种情况下，要与通知各国《示范公约》新版本和秘书处建议的和秘书长在最近的关于为促进国际税务合作加强体制安排的报告(见E/2011/76，第17段)中提及的能力建设举措同时开展。特别重要的是，要掌握尽可能多的发展中国家对《示范公约》的立场；在实践中这不易实现。", "16. 如上所述，在经合组织的做法中提及国家的意见和保留有特别的意义，而这种意义对《联合国示范公约》就不存在，这就是为什么《联合国示范公约》最好避免使用这种语言可能引起的混乱。假设要求各国提供立场或意见，如果一些国家认为，它们可能会被别国视为它们自己未来要受某些立场的约束(包括地方立法或法院这样看)，它们就可能不愿作出答复。在关于经合组织案文的立场的导言中，是这样说的：", "5. 虽然这些经济体普遍同意《税务示范公约》条款的案文，并同意评注中提出的解释，但每个经济体都有一些不同意的领域。对《税务示范公约》的每一条款，本节所述的各国立场中会说明一国在什么地方不同意条款案文，它在什么地方不同意有关该条款的评注中提供的解释。有关成员国的意见和保留，情况也如此，不会提及一个经济体希望以与该条款不冲突的规定来补充该条款案文的情况，特别是如果已在评注中将这些规定作为替代性内容提出来了，或者想提出一种与有关评注并不冲突的解释。", "17. 在这方面应该指出，中国和印度尼西亚，在导言的一个脚注中，希望“明确澄清，在与其他国家谈判的过程中，它们将不会被本节所列其声明的立场所约束”。当国家谈判和解释条约时，这些立场没有约束力，包括通过其法院系统也没约束力，《联合国示范公约》或任何其他载有立场的文件，可以更明确地肯定这一情况。同样，可以明确，各国所采取的立场，不应该阻止它们不同意立场中没有具体讨论的对《示范公约》的解释。", "18. 为了采取这一方法，可能需要保持最新的立场清单，即使在对《联合国示范公约》进行更新期间也如此，以便考虑到以前未提供立场的各国的立场以及对现有立场的修改。这也是为什么收集这些立场不应与出版《示范公约》的新版本过于紧密地挂钩的又一原因。", "19. 此外，Brian Arnold 在2011年发表的一篇文章中表示：", "有关第14条的讨论引起了对更新《联合国示范公约》过程中的严重缺陷的注意，例如，不象《经合组织示范公约》那样，各国没有机会对《联合国示范公约》作出保留或就《联合国示范公约》评注中对那些条款的解释提出意见。保留和意见是使少数立场得到承认的有用方式。如前所述，委员会是由以个人身份而不是国家代表身份任职的专家组成的。因此，这些专家提出保留或意见是不合适的，没有让国家作出此类保留或意见的机制。缺乏承认少数立场的明确机制，意味着这些立场经常在有关《联合国示范公约》的评注中得到反映，所以，这些立场应得到它们当之无愧的更大的重视。[2]", "20. 提议的办法，将允许国家一级此类少数立场得到适当记录，而不一定必须在评住中加以处理。一些少数立场，特别是发展中国家广泛持有的少数立场，仍然最适合在评注中加以提及(如《联合国示范公约》的情况)。这也使得在由于委员会成员没有确定有关国家立场或由于其他原因有关国家立场而未纳入评注的情况下，有关国家立场可被记录下来。", "四. 建议", "21. 在《联合国示范公约》后附上国家立场，有下列方面的好处：增加透明度；评注案文有机会更清晰；给《示范公约》注入更大的“拥有感”；使得可能利用这一进程获得对《示范公约》未来版本的反馈；实现对更新版本更广泛的参与。", "22. 也可能有下列方面的缺点：鉴于秘书处资源有限，征求和处理各国立场，并确保这些立场不断更新，要涉及后勤问题(可能依赖国家或其他实体捐款的一个项目)；在如何表述立场方面需要某些一致性，可能需要在敲定立场前进行对话；让联合国193个会员国充分利用机会提出立场有困难；有一种风险，国家感到提出它们的立场会不合理地“捆绑住他们的手脚”。委员会在就这一问题作出决定之前，需要对这些优点和缺点加以讨论。", "23. 有人建议，为了《联合国示范公约》即将出现的最新版本：", "(a) 当谈及使用《经合组织示范公约》时，在《联合国示范公约》的导言中最多应一般性地提及关于《经合组织税务示范公约》的国家意见、保留和立场；", "(b) 编撰关于《联合国示范公约》的立场，不应拖延该公约的出版，然而，如果要编撰的话，应是一个独立但相关的过程；", "(c) 应提及国家“立场”、“评论”或类似的东西，而不是提及“意见”和“保留”，以防引起混淆，尤其是考虑到《经合组织税务示范公约》使用这些措词的方式；", "(d) 在向提出国家立场的国家建议采用的用词时要小心——《经合组织税务示范公约》通常遵循以下格式：“[X国]保留权利”。无论这在《经合组织税务示范公约》的背景下的适合程度有多大，但提及有关国家“表示”或“指出”或“载入记录地指出”的用语，或许更适合此类文件的目的，因为，偏离《联合国示范公约》的权利是固有的，并不需要正式指出，无论是否就评注的其他条款或方面提出立场；", "(e) 应当承认，制作和出版有关国家立场的一个综合清单的速度，在一定程度上取决于捐助方支持这一努力的意愿。", "[1] 经合组织 C (97)195/FINAL号建议。", "[2] Brian J. Arnold著,“税务条约新闻”，国际税务通告，第56卷，第3(2011)期。" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "* E/C.18/2011/1。", "页:1 本说明旨在协助专家委员会的审议工作,不一定反映委员会或联合国的意见。", "临时议程* 项目5(a)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题:联合国税务示范公约最新情况", "国家意见、保留和立场:与联合国税务示范公约的相关性", "秘书处的说明**", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 随着国际税务合作专家委员会接近完成2011年更新《联合国示范公约》的工作,可能就《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》发表国家意见、保留和立场的问题已经成为一个重要问题。 这个问题有两个方面不应混淆:", "(a) 国家 第一个方面是,在广泛援引经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)《收入和资本税务示范公约》时,是否还应注意到经合组织成员国的相关意见和保留以及非经合组织成员国的立场,以便全面了解对某一特定问题的看法;", "(b) 国家 第二个方面是,《联合国示范公约》是否应当包括国家意见、保留和对《示范公约》本身的立场,或者辅之以国家意见。 这两个方面是不同的,虽然一个国家当然可以对两个示范公约采取同样的立场。", "二. 关于援引经济合作与发展组织《收入和资本税务示范公约》的意见、保留意见和立场", "2. 联合国 第一个方面(见上文第1(a)段)涉及与《经合组织税务示范公约》有关的特定惯例,即经合组织成员国对该国未遵循的条约条款提出保留。 但是,有一项理解是,如果对某一条的评注提供了该条的替代表述,而经合组织成员国也遵循这一表述,则没有必要提出保留。", "3个 经合组织成员国在不反对该条措辞时提出评论,但解释方式不同于该条评注的解释方式。 国家通常指出其解释在发表意见时有何不同。 每项条款的评注结尾处都注意到意见和保留意见。 此外,《经合组织税务示范公约》在评注后单列了选择对其处理文书案文的做法作出评论的非经合组织成员国的立场以及对该文书的解释。", " 4.四. 这些意见和保留的正式依据可见于经合组织理事会1997年提出的、仍适用于经合组织成员国的建议对国家行为的预期。 理事会在建议中:", "3. 建议各成员国政府:", "1. 继续努力同尚未与之缔结关于收入和资本的双边税务公约的成员国,并酌情同尚未缔结这种公约的非成员国缔结这种公约,并修订可能不再反映当今需要的现有公约;", "2. 在缔结新的双边公约或修订现有的双边公约时,按照有关评注的解释,使之符合《税务示范公约》;", "3. 在适用和解释以《税务示范公约》条款为基础的双边税务公约条款时,其税务管理部门应不时地遵循对《示范公约》条款的评论。", "二. 2. 请成员国政府继续将其对条款的保留和对评注的意见通知财政事务委员会。", "三. 4. 指示财政事务委员会继续审查《税务示范公约》或其评注所载列的规定可能需要根据成员国所取得的经验加以修改的情况,并提出关于定期更新的适当建议。", "5 (韩语). 由于《联合国示范公约》广泛援引了《经合组织税务示范公约》,因此产生了一个问题,即这些意见、保留和立场是否为了完整起见,一般地或在特定情况下都需要参考。 委员会在第三届会议上对此事进行了较详细的讨论,并注意到以下事项(见E/2007/45, 第34和43段):", "34. 国家 两个国家(在提议的第39段)在引述时提出了这一点。 《经合发组织评注》第1条(通过受管制的外国公司立法处理基地公司)第23段提到,它们和其他经合组织国家对该款有意见,这一点必须有所考虑。 有人指出,少数群体的观点问题是在常设机构背景下产生的,E/C.18/2007/CRP.3号文件的附注2建议处理这一问题的办法。 委员会审议了这个问题,决定有关国家的立场应列入[发达国家和发展中国家双边税务条约谈判]手册而不是评注本身。", "43. 东帝汶 据指出,[关于常设机构的定义]小组委员会(在注2中)提议,《联合国税务示范公约》应有一个附件,其中载有经合组织有关成员“意见”和非经合组织成员对《联合国税务示范公约》所引述的经合组织评注的“立场”。 小组委员会提议在《联合国税务示范公约》导言中列入一份说明,提及这些意见和国家立场的相关性。 与会者一致认为,在审议援引《经合组织示范公约》问题时将讨论这种做法。 如上文第31段所述,委员会最终决定,将在《手册》中而不是在评注中阐述有关国家的立场。", "6. 国家 委员会第三届会议报告(E/C.18/2007/CRP.3,附件,脚注)中提到的说明 (2) 内容如下:", "小组委员会建议,《联合国示范公约》的下个版本在导言中应注意大意如下的文字: \" 在广泛引用《经合组织示范公约》的评注时,有人指出,这必须与经合组织成员国的 \" 意见 \" 一并理解,以便充分理解特定经合组织国家在特定情况下接受或以其他方式接受评注的某些部分。 为方便起见,本出版物附录**载有对《经合组织示范公约》最新版本(2005年)的意见,以及经合组织一些非成员国向经合组织提供的评论的有关“立场”。 小组委员会指出,这样一段的介绍性段落将没有必要在《联合国示范公约》关于每一具体条款的评注中列入类似内容的特别评论。", "7. 联合国 经合组织税范本 发展中国家决策者和行政人员现在比过去更容易利用《公约》,将《联合国示范公约》所引用的对《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有意见、保留和立场纳入《公约》的价值似乎将大大超过这样做可能造成的混乱,即联合国与《经合组织示范公约》之间的差异,以及阅读《联合国示范公约》的复杂性,特别是当《经合组织税务示范公约》的引文并非来自条约的最新版本,同时对意见、保留和立场作了修改。 包括这些意见、保留和立场,也可被视为否定了《联合国示范公约》具有“其自身生命”的地位,并被《经合组织税务示范公约》的发展不必要的所驱动。", "8. 联合国 如果对《联合国示范公约》的立场没有作出规定,那么可以问,为什么应当对《经合组织税务示范公约》的立场给予特殊对待,没有机会让尚未对经合组织文书作出评论的国家发表意见。 另一方面,如果有关于《联合国示范公约》的立场的规定,那么就可能会有疑问,为什么仍然需要单独说明对《经合组织税务示范公约》中以提及方式纳入《联合国示范公约》的部分的立场。 这种论点最强烈的是,显然经合组织案文的评注正得到同意并被纳入其中,而在不明确引文是否是协议迹象的情况下,这种论点最弱。 委员会目前正在设法确保在援引经合组织案文的评注时,明确委员会是否同意或不同意这一解释(见E/2010/45, 第14段),因此,最后一个问题可能只出现在最近没有修订过的《联合国示范公约》中。", "9. 国家 不包括对《经合组织税务示范公约》的所有具体意见、保留和立场的概念基础,以及也许引起是否需要就《联合国示范公约》提出意见、保留和立场的问题的概念基础,是《示范公约》是一个专家组(委员会)以自己的名义提出的建议,并非意在代表各国政府的正式意见,尽管它表达了专家对国家做法和所关切的问题的了解。 即使在“软”意义上,它也不阻碍各国政府进行谈判,也不应被视为限制它们在特定情况下谈判适合它们的协定的行动。 《联合国示范公约》可以促进投资者和管理者所希望的确定性,但《示范公约》并不限制主权决定。", "10个 正如其导言第35段所述,《联合国示范公约》与所有示范公约一样,不能强制执行。 其条款不具约束力,而且不应被解释为联合国的正式建议。", "11个 虽然委员会第三届会议没有考虑这一选择,但一种可能的做法是在评注导言中列入以下一般性意见: “在援引《经合组织收入和资本税务示范公约》(各版本)时,人们认识到,经合组织各成员国对案文的条款表示了保留意见,并就条款的评注发表了意见,一些非经合组织成员国已就条款和评注表达了立场。 这种与该示范公约不同之处的正式表述载于不时修订的《经合组织税务示范公约》的案文中。 委员会指出,就实际如何适用和解释《经合组织税务示范公约》而言,它们是一个有益的方面,尽管由于实际原因,《示范公约》没有重复。 “", "12个 如果征求各国对《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留意见和立场,那些强烈认为这种一般性声明不够充分的国家当然可以表明对《示范公约》的立场,因为它在特定案件中援引了《经合组织税务示范公约》。 这将更直接地处理对《经合组织税务示范公约》表示的意见、保留和立场,尽管只有在《联合国示范公约》中采纳了某种特定解释,而且取而代之的方式没有充分顾及各国所关切的问题(例如采用另一种措词)。", "三. 关于《联合国示范公约》的意见、保留和立场", "13个 上文概述的办法提出了本文件所处理的第二个方面:处理各国对《联合国示范公约》本身可能提出的意见、保留和立场(见上文第1(b)段)。 委员会在2008年第四届会议上也讨论了这一事项(见E/2008/45):", "22号. 会上讨论了各国就《联合国示范公约》发表正式意见可能具有的价值,并普遍支持某些此类机制,包括提高谈判立场的透明度。 一位专家不同意这一观点。 然而,也有人讨论了区分经合组织国家对《经合组织示范公约》使用的“意见”和“保留”这两个术语的必要性。 据指出,提及无约束力的“立场”或甚至“评论”可能更好。 也有人指出,鉴于委员会的资源拮据,有必要使任何这类任务能够管理。", "14个 关于上述问题,任何接近国家立场综合数据库的工作,都将涉及秘书处和可能还有委员会提供的大量资源。 即使成立一个小组委员会或工作组来处理国家立场问题,还需要进行大量工作,通过正确渠道通知所有会员国,有可能列入国家立场,对没有答复的国家采取后续行动,并与潜在的答复者,包括委员会或小组委员会进行联络。 还必须注意确保答复:不使对《联合国示范公约》的误解永久化;以统一的方式提供;并反映对记录各国立场过程的理解。 也许有必要找到一个赞助者来讨论这些资源问题,特别是如果提出了印刷出版物的话。", "15个 秘书处认为,这一过程需要时间,不应拖延完成2011年《联合国示范公约》的更新。 这项工作应作为一个单独项目进行,至少在此情况下,同时向各国通报《示范公约》的新版本以及秘书处提出并在秘书长关于加强体制安排以促进国际税务合作的最近报告中提到的能力建设举措(见E/2011/76,第17段)。 尤其重要的是,应使尽可能多的发展中国家对《示范公约》持立场;这在实践中并不容易实现。", "16号. 如上所述,提及各国的意见和保留在经合组织的用法中具有特殊意义,对于《联合国示范公约》来说并不存在,这就是为什么最好避免使用这种用法可能造成的混乱。 假定要求采取立场或发表评论,有些国家如果认为它们(包括地方立法机构或法院)可能被视为对今后某些立场具有约束力,可能不愿作出答复。 在介绍对经合组织案文的立场时指出:", "5 (韩语). 虽然这些经济体普遍同意《税务示范公约》条款的案文和评注中提出的解释,但对于每个经济体来说,有一些有分歧的领域。 对于《税务示范公约》的每一条款,本节所表述的立场表明,一国对本条案文有异议,并不同意评注就本条所作的解释。 与成员国的意见和保留一样,没有提及一个经济体希望以不与该条相冲突的规定来补充一条款案文的情况,特别是如果在评注中作为备选条款提出这些规定,或希望提出与评注不相冲突的解释。", "17岁。 在这方面应当指出,中国和印度尼西亚在导言的一个脚注中想“明确阐明,在同其他国家进行谈判的过程中,它们不受本节所阐明立场的约束”。 《联合国示范公约》或载有这些立场的任何其他文件可以更明确地申明,对于谈判和解释条约,包括通过法院系统谈判和解释条约的国家,这些立场不具有约束力。 同样,可以明确指出,各国采取的立场不应阻止它们不同意立场中未具体讨论的对《示范公约》的解释。", "18岁。 为了采取这种做法,可能有必要更新立场清单,即使在更新《联合国示范公约》之间也是如此,以便考虑到在修订现有立场之前尚未提供立场的国家的立场。 这也是为什么不应将这类立场的收集与《示范公约》新版本的出版过于密切地联系起来。", " 19. 19. 此外,在2011年发表的一篇文章中,布莱恩·阿诺德指出:", "有关第14条的讨论提请注意更新《联合国示范公约》过程中的一个严重缺陷,即各国没有机会就《联合国示范公约》的条款提出保留,也没有机会就《联合国示范公约》的评注中对这些条款的解释发表意见,经合组织示范公约就是这样。 保留和意见是承认少数群体立场的有用方式。 如前所述,委员会由以个人身份而非国家代表任职的专家组成。 因此,这些专家提出保留意见或意见是不适当的,各国也没有提出这种决议或意见的机制。 缺乏一个明确的机制来承认少数群体的立场,这意味着这些立场往往反映在《联合国示范公约》的评注中,因此,可能比它们应该得到更多的重视。 [2]", "20号. 提议的办法将允许在国家一级适当记录这种少数群体的立场,而不必在评注中加以阐述。 一些少数立场,特别是在发展中国家中广泛持有的立场,仍将在评注中得到最恰当的注意(如《联合国示范公约》)。 这也将使国家立场记录在委员会成员可能因未查明身份或其他原因而未纳入评注的情况下。", "四、结 论 建议", "21岁 使各国的立场附在《联合国示范公约》之后,在透明度和获得更清洁评注文本的机会方面,以及在向《示范公约》灌输更大的所有权方面,以及有可能利用这一程序获得对《公约》未来版本的反馈并更广泛地参与更新进程方面,都有好处。", "22号. 也可能存在一些缺点,包括:在寻求和处理职位时涉及的后勤问题,然后鉴于秘书处资源有限,确保这些职位得到更新(一个项目可能依赖于各国或其他实体的捐款);在如何表达立场方面需要保持某种一致性,而且可能还需要在职位确定之前进行对话;难以充分利用联合国193个会员国提出职位的机会;以及各国提出其立场可能感到不合理“束缚了自己的双手”。 在就此问题作出决定之前,委员会需要讨论这些利弊。", "23. 联合国 建议即将出版的《联合国示范公约》增订本:", "(a) 在讨论使用《经合组织示范公约》时,最多应在《示范公约》导言中笼统地提及各国对《经合组织示范税务公约》的意见、保留意见和立场;", "(b) 国家 拟订关于《示范公约》的立场不应拖延其公布,而应是一个单独但相关的进程;", "(c) 应提及国家立场、评论或类似意见,而不应提及意见和保留,以防止混淆,特别是鉴于这些词语的使用方式与《经合组织税务示范公约》有关;", "(d) 应注意建议各国采取国家立场的措辞。 《经合组织税务示范公约》通常采用以下格式:“[X国]保留权利”。 无论在《经合组织税务示范公约》中是否合适,提及“注意到”或“指明”或“记录在案”的国家的措词也许更适合这一文件的目的,因为背离《联合国示范公约》的权利是固有的权利,无须正式说明,无论是否就评注的其他规定或方面表明立场;", "(e) 协助 应该认识到,能否迅速编制和公布一份全面的立场清单,部分取决于捐助者是否愿意支持这种努力。", "[1] 经合组织建议C(97)195/FINAL.", "[2] Brian J. Arnold, “Tax条约新闻”,《国际税务公报》, 第65卷, 第3期(2011年)。" ]

[ "Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters", "Seventh session", "Geneva, 24-28 October 2011", "* E/C.18/2011/1.", "Item 5 (c) of the provisional agenda*", "Discussion of substantive issues related to international cooperation in tax matters: transfer pricing: practical manual for developing countries", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries", "Note by the Secretariat", "The annexed report, prepared by the Secretariat, is on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries held on 7 and 8 June 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York. The meeting was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. Materials relating to the meeting, including a more detailed version of the annexed report, may be found at http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm.", "Annex", "* The views expressed in the present report should not necessarily be taken as representing those of the Committee of Experts or the United Nations. The Secretariat is responsible for any errors and omissions.", "Report on the informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries*", "Introduction", "1. The informal meeting on practical transfer pricing issues for developing countries was co-sponsored by the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid. The objectives of the meeting were: (a) to assist the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues, of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (the Subcommittee) in ensuring that developing country perspectives, priorities and experiences were fully reflected in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries, which the Subcommittee is preparing; and (b) to familiarize the Permanent Missions to the United Nations with the issue of transfer pricing and the costs to development of “improper pricing” by multinational enterprises, which are widely considered to be extremely high. Expected outcomes included an informed discussion on the issues of transfer pricing in the context of development and specific new input from developing countries to the draft chapters of the Practical Manual. It was not necessary to reach a consensus on specific issues, although that would be noted where it was achieved.", "2. Sixty participants from Governments (including representatives and advisers from Permanent Missions to the United Nations, business, non-governmental organizations, international organizations and academia) attended the meeting.", "3. Alexander Trepelkov, Director of the Financing for Development Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and Werner Puschra, Executive Director of the New York office of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation delivered the welcoming remarks. The Director of the Financing for Development Office thanked the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, the Center of Concern and Christian Aid for their strong support in organizing the meeting. He noted that the involvement of such bodies added an extra dimension to the discussion on international tax cooperation and the role of the United Nations in that area.", "4. The Director also noted that the main purpose of the meeting was to fully reflect the perspectives, priorities and experiences of developing countries in the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries. He gave a brief history of the Practical Manual project, referring to the mandate of the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing — Practical Issues. The need for a staged approach suitable to the specific stage of development of each country and the need to explore the flexibilities that might be applicable for developing countries, consistent with the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries (United Nations Model Convention), was also addressed.", "5. The Director noted links to the work of the Committee as a whole and to that of its other subcommittees. He indicated that there had been great interest in the Organization’s work on transfer pricing and acknowledged the importance of collaborating with others active in the area, while recognizing the deep need for globally inclusive approaches and the special role of the United Nations in that respect.", "6. The Director of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation noted the particular role of the Foundation’s New York office in liaising on issues of global economic governance and international peace and security. He underlined its long-standing support to the financing for development process and the work of the Financing for Development Office. He noted that taxing and public finance had become high-profile issues internationally and that they had become especially important because they related to what people expected from their Governments. Lastly, he stressed that more needed to be done to improve international tax cooperation.", "7. The Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Jomo Kwame Sundaram, delivered a keynote address, emphasizing the development context of transfer pricing issues, and the fact that failure to price transactions in a way that truly reflected the profits earned in a country unfairly deprived it of funds and opportunities for development. Similarly, a country taxing more than the fair share of profits generated within its jurisdiction could lead to double taxation, which might result in negative effects on the investment climate and therefore on a country’s development potential.", "8. The Assistant Secretary-General noted that most countries, including developing countries, seeking to address transfer mispricing had adopted the “arm’s length principle” as their response to the issue and that the real difficulties and unfairness arose not so much from the theory in itself but from its practical application. He emphasized the need for targeted and needs-responsive capacity-building and for helping countries to create investment environments that reduced compliance costs for businesses seeking to enter mutually beneficial long-term partnerships for development. International institutions must work together cooperatively and developing countries must be actively engaged.", "9. Addressing the issue of what the United Nations could bring to the table in meeting those needs, the Assistant Secretary-General referred to the universal membership, mandate and legitimacy of the United Nations, which embraced all viewpoints, as well as its ability to work cooperatively with other organizations, businesses, civil society stakeholders and individual countries.", "10. In concluding, the Assistant Secretary-General noted that the United Nations could play a greater role in ensuring that all parties with an interest in the “rules of the game” had a seat around the table in developing those rules. Such inclusiveness would help to ensure that the rules addressed the real complexities of tax systems and international tax cooperation; respected the sovereign right of countries to determine their tax systems while also recognizing the “spillover” effects of such decisions internationally; and best meet the challenges of development.", "Agenda item 1 The role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation, the impact of transfer pricing on sustainable development and possible responses", "Panel 1: Broader international tax cooperation issues", "11. The purpose of panel 1 was to set the stage for discussing transfer pricing issues, and, in particular, to elaborate the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation issues.", "12. The Director of the Financing for Development Office focused his presentation on the proposals for conversion of the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters into an intergovernmental body and briefed participants on the report of the Secretary-General on the strengthening of institutional arrangements to promote international cooperation in tax matters, including the Committee of Experts on International Cooperation in Tax Matters (E/2011/76) prepared in response to a request by the Economic and Social Council.", "13. The Director noted the outline of the report and said that it identified three options for strengthening institutional arrangements for consideration by the Council: (a) strengthening existing arrangements; (b) converting the Committee into an intergovernmental commission; and (c) creating a new intergovernmental commission while retaining the current Committee. A first discussion on the report by the Council on 26 April 2011 showed mixed support for converting the Committee. Informal consultations among Governments on a relevant draft resolution (E/2011/L.13) tabled by Argentina on behalf of the Group of 77 and China on 1 June 2011 were noted as ongoing.", "14. The first speaker from the panel underlined the role of the Committee in supporting developing countries in international tax matters. He noted business interest in the role of the United Nations in those areas, especially since the Committee was currently considering transfer pricing issues. He also noted that persons from both developed and developing countries working together could achieve rules that worked for all, recognizing that the diversity of the approaches adopted by developing and developed countries. Virtually all tax treaties were predicated on sound arm’s length approaches, but the application of the arm’s length principle could be very complex in practice. A sound approach that examined functions, assets and risks could lead to sharing of tax revenues on an equitable basis. Although Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines on the complex issue of transfer pricing existed, there was a need to provide practical guidance on dealing with transfer pricing issues and applying the arm’s length principle to developing countries. It was important that the United Nations work should be consistent with the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations rather than duplicate the work of OECD and others, and that it should provide greater guidance on the practical application of the arm’s length principle. In that respect, business needed legal certainty, including guidance that was consistently applied across countries.", "15. The second speaker stressed that the role of the United Nations in international tax cooperation was based on its universal acceptance and legitimacy. The Organization was well placed to support tax administrations in developing countries in cross-border taxation issues and had a key role in building national capacity to increase the effectiveness of tax administrations. He underlined that developing countries should strike a balance between revenue generation and creating an enabling investment climate.", "16. Another speaker emphasized that civil society organizations supported a stronger role for the United Nations in international tax cooperation. The Organization had a number of comparative advantages over other forums in that: it included the representation of developing countries; it was a political forum with convening power; it could address tax matters in an integrated way, in conjunction with issues such as trade and investment. The speaker noted that “duplication of resources” arguments and “mission creep” should not be allowed to displace legitimate United Nations roles. He underlined that there was a difference between developing countries being invited to a meeting to discuss issues, on the one hand, and having a seat at the table when key decisions were made, including voting rights and the ability to exert influence, on the other.", "17. In the ensuing discussion, the Chair noted two particular issues: (a) if the Committee was transformed into an intergovernmental commission, what structure should it have; and (b) what was the Organization’s role in developing transfer pricing guidance. With regard to the latter, business representatives noted that there would be difficulties if there were competing messages from the United Nations and OECD. Developing countries noted the need for more practical guidance based on their realities.", "18. In the general discussion, it was noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to create an alternative to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines but to preserve the same “arm’s length principle” as the OECD Model Double Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and the Guidelines and to make it easier to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. Referring to the issue of duplication, some participants from developing countries noted that there was no monopoly on ideas in that area and that there could only be “duplication” if the same countries were represented in the different forums, which was not often the case.", "Panel 2: Specific transfer pricing issues", "19. The Chair introduced a range of specific transfer pricing issues, including the impact of transfer pricing on development, options for developing countries to tackle transfer pricing and the role of the Committee in transfer pricing.", "20. The first speaker stressed that the impact of transfer pricing on development was a crucial issue and that transfer pricing had to be seen in the broader context of economic and tax policies. Developing countries needed to generate revenue for development purposes, while at the same time promoting business activities. Depending on the economic structure, developing countries might have different approaches to transfer pricing. In addition, dispute settlement mechanisms were an important factor in addressing cross-border taxation issues.", "21. Another speaker pointed out that identifying correct transfer prices was also a challenge within corporations. Following corporate globalization, certain industry trends and the rise of secrecy jurisdictions, there had been an increase in the abuse of transfer pricing to avoid taxation. Such abuses accounted for a significant loss of tax revenues worldwide. In order to improve the basis for decision-making, he called for more empirical research and data collection on transfer pricing.", "22. A third speaker identified knowledge gaps among legislators and the private sector as major constraints in establishing transfer pricing regulation. Awareness-raising, international dialogue and education were therefore critical. To facilitate addressing transfer pricing in developing countries, there was a need to design easy, cheap and creative solutions.", "23. Another speaker noted that taxation and development were high priorities in the work of the European Commission and that, as a result, one of its important objectives was to enhance the capacity of developing countries in transfer pricing. To that end, the Commission had initiated a study on how to support developing countries in designing and implementing transfer pricing legislation. One preliminary finding was that introducing transfer pricing legislation typically led to higher tax revenues.", "24. In the discussion, participants stressed the asymmetric information between multinational enterprises and developing country tax authorities in the context of evaluating intra-group transactions as a crucial challenge. Capacity-building in developing countries and improving data availability and information exchange on transfer pricing were seen as key action points.", "Agenda item 2 The business framework for transfer pricing", "25. The first speaker addressed the day-to-day issues for businesses dealing with transfer pricing issues, emphasizing that there was no one type of “firm” — they all differed. The requirement for tax managers in private companies was to maximize returns for shareholders, but in a sustainable way. Tax managers should not care where they paid tax as long as they paid tax only once. In the speaker’s experience, tax managers spent most of their time avoiding double taxation and many did not have time for aggressive tax planning. He welcomed United Nations involvement in transfer pricing through the Practical Manual, since his firm dealt with people from many countries that were not members of OECD.", "26. He also expressed the view that safe harbours could be good or bad from a corporate perspective, but once they were in place there was no obligation to maximize tax payments. Transfer pricing was complex and simple responses often would not work; however, a simple approach that often worked well in practice was that, once Governments become involved, tax managers should stand aside and let them decide the matter with a view to companies paying tax only once — hence the importance of good dispute resolution mechanisms. He indicated that there were legitimate opportunities for arbitrage, but one had to be practical and use common sense.", "27. Another speaker noted the importance of the chapter on the business framework in setting the scene for the Practical Manual. His major concern as a tax administrator was capturing the true value of functions and activities carried out in his country. Generally, market pricing at independent market value was an acceptable measure of the value created in a particular jurisdiction, although sometimes that was not fully the case. He also noted that even though there were examples of aggressive tax planning and abuse, transfer pricing was generally about day-to-day dealing with unavoidable transactions within the group. Transfer pricing was complex and difficult but not “unenforceable” and was a very important part of the tax environment.", "28. Another participant noted that different corporate groups had different models and that some developing country multinational models might be different. For example, they might be more family-driven. Countries should understand such issues and not have transfer pricing regimes just because it was the fashion. Some countries had chosen not to have specific regimes because of the compliance costs for business.", "29. The same speaker said there was no clear international definition of the arm’s length principle. The current approach to the principle was the OECD approach, and when introducing the concept to developing countries, it might be necessary to modify it. A more apportionment-based model could be developed in the initial stages and the full-fledged arm’s length model could be followed later, as capacities developed. The beginning of the business framework chapter of the Practical Manual could describe that approach more clearly.", "30. One participant noted the potential of transfer pricing regimes to capture the value of operations of multinational enterprises in developing countries, while recognizing that there were also risks of hampering investment, double taxation, costs of compliance, uncertainty and so forth. All of those factors needed to be considered in a balanced way. He noted that apportioning profit was very difficult because multinational enterprises offered synergies and economies of scale to unlock value not available on a country-by-country basis. The United Nations work could help to ensure effective legislation and non-governmental organizations had a potential role in assisting parliamentarians in understanding the issue in countries considering legislating.", "31. He indicated that access to information and risk management were key issues and that country-by-country reporting would help developing countries to identify high-risk issues. He noted the reality of increasing scrutiny not just of company profits but also the ethics of their operations. He addressed the possible role of the United Nations in helping developing countries to obtain information on company structures and of host countries of multinational enterprises in exchanging information on high-risk transactions and the operations of such enterprises.", "32. He was of the view that the United Nations had a role as a forum where business administrations and civil society could come together to discuss those issues in a “safe space” that would further the understanding of where they were coming from. Areas of transfer pricing focus would vary from country to country, including because of the scale and type of business, specializations and the business and legal environments. It would be useful if the United Nations could help developing countries to prioritize those issues. In addition, there should be a discussion on step-by-step approaches to business models and whether that would be of value.", "Agenda item 3 General legal environment", "33. Addressing India’s experience in establishing a transfer pricing legal environment, the first speaker said that India had set up its transfer pricing unit in 2001 following a “more open economy” policy which had resulted in more foreign direct investments. Acknowledging the need for a policy design that fit the local realities, authorities ought to design a stable policy that was appropriate to the type of industries found in a particular country, since frequent changes in legislation or regulations might create uncertainty for businesses.", "34. Another speaker presented a few key factors which she thought would help to make the arm’s length approach work more effectively: (a) the existence and broad acceptance of international rules and guidance such as the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and the United Nations Transfer Pricing Practical Manual for Developing Countries; (b) specific domestic transfer pricing laws; (c) effective dispute resolution and avoidance of double taxation; and (d) “experience-based” comparables. When there were no local data for comparables, she argued, the taxpayer could make use of regional or global data. In certain cases, some types of objective and genuinely experience-based data might be used. She also suggested that in the case of developing countries, there was a need to identify the type of data countries had to start with to build a database of comparables and it might be necessary to have an initial ramp-up period before a full-scale database was established. Bodies such as the United Nations could have an important role in assisting that process in the future.", "35. Another speaker commented that introducing specific transfer pricing regimes was not always a bad thing since certainty was important to business interests.", "36. The need for quality data for countries to benefit from advance pricing agreement programmes was also noted. Another speaker commented that the use of quality data was hampered by the cost of obtaining such data from private entities selling access to databases.", "Agenda item 4 Establishing transfer pricing capability in developing countries", "37. The first speaker addressed the problem of obtaining qualified staff for the application of a transfer pricing programme and the data-deficiency issue. He suggested starting small and then growing; as the programme grew, the tax administration would develop more general rules and regulations.", "38. Another participant expressed the view that in most cases small local businesses in developing countries ended up paying corporate tax while large multinational companies often paid little or no tax. It was very important to develop good investment policies and not to offer excessive tax incentives. He welcomed a public debate on concessions and tax incentives.", "39. One speaker expressed the view that in many instances local companies did not know how to apply the arm’s length principle. A study conducted in one country revealed that almost none of the 200 subsidiary companies interviewed knew how internal prices were determined. Thus, there was a need to educate businesses. Customs officials also required training on how to identify transfer pricing risks.", "40. Considering the issues of capacity-building and technical assistance, one participant commented on the importance of a good judicial system and a receptive parliament to enact appropriate laws. She also highlighted the importance of balancing the benefits of implementing transfer pricing regimes and the cost of their implementation. For the country as a whole, the benefits of transfer pricing implementation needed to be higher than its cost, and in that respect the Practical Manual should reflect the situation of each country.", "41. In giving his perspectives on capacity-building, another speaker suggested that transfer pricing regimes were best introduced as part of broader tax policy reforms. The transfer pricing law should cover both domestic and international transfer pricing, especially in a country that offered tax incentives. The most practical way to secure the high level of expertise required for transfer pricing audits in the tax administrations in developing countries would be to have a transfer pricing team composed of a small group of auditors conduct a full-fledged transfer pricing audit, with other auditors addressing transfer pricing risks during ordinary audits.", "42. In the general discussion, participants agreed that the benefits of well-focused capacity-building outweighed the costs. It was important in the area of transfer pricing, but such capacity-building should not be at the expense of work on other important subjects. The consistency of tax policies across different Government entities was also considered important; the uncertainty for both Government and taxpayers of lack of coordination within Government had capacity-building consequences. Capacity-building therefore needed to target the entire Government structure. One participant noted that provided there was sufficient political will, any incentives having a tax impact should be addressed in tax legislation alone. This would be a useful way of ensuring consistency and would make it easier to ensure that the tax consequences of incentives were fully accounted for.", "43. Another participant noted that the main objective of investment promotion authorities was to encourage investment; there was sometimes excessive reliance on tax incentives, which could clash with the objectives of tax administrations. That was especially the case since the tax incentives were often not needed to attract investment.", "44. It was noted by several participants that capacity-building should address the particular needs of a country; be premised on country ownership; and not be limited to transfer pricing without reference to its wider context. However, it was also noted that widespread reform was a costly and long-term process and that early reforms in strategic areas, such as analysing and “sunsetting” tax holidays, might be important, including in building support and credibility for longer-term changes.", "45. One participant addressed the skill-building aspects of capacity-building, noting that the ability to offer a work-life balance that might not be available in consultancy firms was also a way of attracting and retaining high-quality staff.", "46. The possibility of ensuring that officers could stay in the transfer pricing field after initial training, which would often take two years, was seen as important in many countries. However, others underlined that keeping the same people in one area for a long time could raise integrity issues.", "47. One participant noted that even where international standards were recommended, ultimately, it was up to a particular country to decide what standards it adopted in transfer pricing. There was a recognized need for developing countries to be in a position to make those decisions and to play their part in developing the recommended standards. In that respect, the Secretariat noted that the purpose of the Practical Manual was not to tell countries what to do, but to assist those that had chosen to follow the arm’s length approach in doing so at the practical level. That did not mean that discussions on broader and longer-term issues should not be held in the context of the Committee, including with a view to greater developing country involvement in setting what might become international standards.", "Agenda item 5 Methods of achieving arm’s length pricing", "48. Chapter 5 of the Practical Manual presented different methods used to determine an arm’s length price and discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each. In previous drafts, traditional methods and transactional profit methods had been covered in two different chapters, whereas the current draft dealt with them in one.", "49. The first speaker noted that the chapter stayed as close as possible to the OECD Guidelines in substance, but differed in how it addressed the strengths and weaknesses of each method and that it provided, when they could be applied, examples and formula, to make it clear when and how the methods should be applied at a practical level. Aspects of transactional profit methods were also discussed in more practical detail than in the OECD Guidelines.", "50. She referred to the discussions on how to deal with lack of comparables and the use of hypothetical or secret comparables and said that it might be useful to explore a sunset provision, where an objectively “experience-based” range could be used on a taxpayer opt-out basis for simple functions. Where the data would come from was obviously an issue and organizations such as the United Nations might have a role in that regard. Any such experience-based data would have to be transparent and broadly indicative of arm’s length dealings and there would need to be a discussion on whether it should be based on global, regional or local experience.", "51. The Chair noted that trying to apply transfer pricing methods without the necessary information would inevitably lead to failure and possible double taxation; thus, that issue was a practical topic for discussion.", "52. The second speaker recognized the need for transitional periods in developing countries to allow adoption of a full-fledged regime of arm’s length pricing but said he did not believe that a fixed-margins system could serve that purpose. A more appropriate concept of transition was to gradually lift the restrictive provisions of the previous closed economy regime. In relation to transitional downgraded or very simplified transfer pricing mechanisms, one needed to be aware of the difficulty in removing them once they were in place, especially if they gave tax concessions.", "53. He held that the cases that were likely to be most usual for developing countries were in the traditional industries, where valuing intangibles (for example, brands or trademarks) was not so difficult. There was a need to provide guidance on comparables to developing countries, given the frequent absence of local comparables and the need to make the necessary adjustments to foreign comparables, including for differences such as accounting principles.", "54. Another speaker noted that determining corporate functions and valuing risks should be featured more fully in the chapter on methods. He underlined the importance of determining whether the people in charge of managing corporate functions were capable of managing such a function in the entity they were examining. It was important to consider not just the number of persons, but their skills and experience.", "55. He emphasized that, from a business perspective, applying different transfer pricing standards in different countries would function effectively only if a robust dispute resolution and arbitration mechanism was established to address the points where a clash could lead to double taxation.", "56. Another speaker argued that the Practical Manual should focus on simplifying and making transfer pricing guidelines enforceable for tax administrations in developing countries. The Practical Manual should not only reflect the OECD Guidelines but also take into account the circumstances of all Members States. In his view, the main issues were that: (a) it was too difficult for developing countries to apply the OECD Guidelines and it was not certain that the arm’s length principle was in effect enforceable — thus, aligning with those Guidelines might not lead developing countries down the best path — the emphasis therefore needed to be on simplicity and enforceability; (b) the Practical Manual should be more objective about the practical difficulties of obtaining comparables; (c) the difficulty of obtaining necessary information should be confronted more directly and the Practical Manual should support country-by-country reporting more explicitly; (d) other alternative methods, such as safe harbours, the residual profit split method, fixed margins and hybrid methods should receive more consideration; (e) the use of transfer pricing methods to direct profits to tax havens should be addressed, and methods such as the reversal of the onus of proof should be addressed in the chapter on transfer pricing methods; (f) many of those who were involved in such work had a vested interest in complexity and the continued use of the OECD Guidelines — non-governmental organizations and independent academics therefore should be more involved in the development of the Practical Manual; and (g) it should be recognized that the current rules had been designed by developed countries and that developing countries needed to be more involved in the process, as noted in the keynote address by the Assistant Secretary-General. If the Practical Manual addressed the OECD Guidelines only, it could be criticized for that.", "57. One speaker remarked that the chapter on methods was a core element of the Practical Manual and should function as a “toolkit” for administrations on how to apply the arm’s length principle in practice. He referred to it as a road map to reaching arm’s length outcomes but said that the choice of any particular transfer pricing method would depend on the circumstances and the information available. Anyone dealing with transfer pricing issues would need to be able to assess such issues, and a good tax auditor in any administration should be able to do so.", "58. Another speaker referred to the experience of one country in using fixed margins for transfer pricing. That would eliminate the need to find comparables and constitute a simple and low-cost system for both taxpayers and authorities. He acknowledged that fixed margins needed to be carefully established in legislation, sufficiently industry-specific and transparent in formulation. He proposed that a section on fixed margins be included in the chapter on methods or as a separate chapter.", "59. In the ensuing discussion, participants exchanged views on which transfer pricing methods might be most suitable in different circumstances. There was a discussion on the nature of an “additional” method provided for in the legislation of some countries; it was suggested that if such an approach was sufficiently defined as a way of determining prices in accordance with the arm’s length principle, it might be an experience that could benefit other countries. It was also noted that any “fixed” approach should recognize that some adjustments might be needed to take into account particular circumstances. One participant found it difficult to see how simplified margins could be consistent with the arm’s length principle, and there was a discussion of whether such approaches would only work in very competitive markets where profits tended to equalize among competitors.", "60. In summarizing, the Chair noted the general concern about the frequent lack of reliable information and limitations on the ability to analyse and adjust that information as necessary. He noted that the Committee could ask the Subcommittee on Transfer Pricing-Practical Issues to do some work on that issue in the future, separately from the current work on the Practical Manual. He also noted that capacity-building had been raised again, not only in terms of risk management, but also in terms of how to apply methods, including measuring functions, assets and risks.", "Agenda item 6 Comparability", "61. The first speaker elaborated on the frequent lack of comparability data and referred to one country where, when searching for comparable transactions, the tax authorities had had to use European databases because there was no domestic alternative. The data were not fully comparable because of the differences and they had not made great strides in making adjustments to align with the domestic market; however, taxpayers had similar issues. A problematic issue was that many developing countries did not have the funds to pay the fees for accessing those databases and the taxpayers themselves might not have access. One possibility might be to implement legislation requiring financial information to allow databases to be built up.", "62. Another speaker focused on functions, assets and risk analysis. For example, functions were particularly important when recruiting personnel, when it was essential to examine their skills and profiles. Market penetration strategies were an important issue for some countries. In determining who should bear the costs between the subsidiary and the parent, countries looked at the nature of the business as a whole and the relevant sector; filters would be applied after the databases were searched to make sure there was functional and economic comparability. They would look for publicly available material, including that required by other regulatory agencies internationally. It was very important to understand processes in a particular industry for comparability purposes. In India, comparables could mostly be found in appropriate databases, but those products were often complicated and the comparables could be hard to find.", "63. Another participant expressed mixed feelings about comparability, noting that it was essential and complex, but there were always excuses for arguing that there was no comparability. That created uncertainty and led to frequent use of the transactional net margin method. Regardless of what comparable was used, arguments could always be made against it. The key was that the issue of comparability had to be approached with good faith. It was not just a case of documenting what you were doing, but also why you were doing it, what you were not doing and why not. That applied to Governments as well as taxpayers. The downside was that few decisions were black and white, and honesty and good faith were needed in addressing those uncertainties. The Practical Manual could deal with such issues at greater length.", "64. One participant noted that a presumption, with a dynamic or shifting burden of proof, might help to deal with the cost of complexity and information-gap issues.", "65. Summarizing the discussion, the Chair remarked on the benefits of harmonized approaches among countries in the same region. He noted that a technically good case might not be understood by a judge who was not a transfer pricing specialist; it was therefore important to make those complex issues as understandable as possible. Good documentation came from good data, which might be difficult to obtain since the multinational enterprises often had more access to such information than administrations.", "Agenda item 7 Dispute resolution", "66. The first speaker introduced the topic and explained that dispute resolution under transfer pricing was very similar to dispute resolution in a general mutual agreement procedure sense, currently under discussion by the Committee in the context of the United Nations Model Double Taxation Convention between Developed and Developing Countries. She noted the importance of effective dispute resolution mechanisms and stressed that if they were properly and robustly designed and implemented, they benefited tax administrations as well as business.", "67. She noted the resource shortages in many developing country tax administrations and suggested practical and efficient dispute settlement mechanisms and dispute avoidance to assist them by improving their efficiency. She reflected upon the role of the mutual agreement procedure in ensuring that the purposes of double taxation treaties were furthered, including with respect to avoiding double taxation. The most successful mutual agreement procedure programmes exhibited characteristics of transparency, cooperation and a certain independence from the audit function.", "68. With respect to advance pricing agreements, she noted that they might not be for everyone and that some caution should be exercised in recommending them as first options. However, they had an important role in many countries.", "69. She considered that tax treaty arbitration was an important way to manage heavy dispute settlement loads, make competent authority processes work more smoothly and inspire confidence in the system. In practice, it was probably much more important than conciliation or mediation. The challenges, including whether the costs of arbitration could be reallocated in a way that helped countries to accept the approach more readily, should be addressed in a practical manner.", "70. The Secretariat pointed out that arbitration could contribute to greater certainty. However, the cost and complexity of arbitration could be a major challenge for many developing countries and might unduly weight the scales against them. If the cost was borne by the taxpayer (and the countries agreed on such close involvement of the taxpayer, which itself would often be an issue), there might be a perception that it could encourage arbitrators to make decisions unfavourable to the tax administration, and therefore that would not be a solution. It was also possible, at least in the early years, that arbitrators might be seen as lacking understanding of developing country realities and conditions. Extrabudgetary allocation for an arbitration and, in most cases, considerable foreign exchange amounts would often be required. If that was difficult, there would be a concern that a country might have to agree to a position for practical reasons even though objectively that might not be the most appropriate and fair outcome. Regarding the advance pricing agreement process, it was possible that countries should enter such a system only after careful consideration and only when they were confident that they knew the “rules of the game”. Many countries might not feel they should, at an early stage, be expending scarce resources on the taxpayers most likely to be compliant. A staged approach to gaining confidence in the process was needed.", "71. One speaker drew attention to the issue of how many resources countries should devote to advance pricing agreement programmes, dealing basically with compliant taxpayers. He said that a good arbitration provision should not be too costly; it could be beneficial for countries with considerable mutual agreement procedure experience but was not recommended for developing countries without such experience and expertise. More emphasis should be put on the issues of arbitration and dispute resolution outside the tax treaty context, since developing countries did not have strong treaty networks and had limited experience with arbitration provisions in that context. The United Nations might have an important role in developing a list of reliable experts for arbitrations.", "72. Regarding the domestic aspect of arbitration and dispute resolution, one speaker referred to dispute settlement procedures in his country, where tax treaties were few in number and took a long time to be legislated. In practice, the issue was therefore more one of domestic dispute resolution than of arbitration under treaties. Many developing countries were hesitant to adopt arbitration and mediation in such a complex area and the tight budgetary circumstances of many of their administrations would make it difficult to obtain funding for arbitration cases. He noted the concerns about the arbitrators lacking developing country experience and understanding and drew attention to the need for developing country experts. That was an area where the United Nations had a role in capacity-building.", "73. Responding to the issue of proper documentation not being provided by the taxpayer, one speaker raised the question of why developing countries did not establish strong presumptions in cases where there was a lack of documentation and the taxpayer was in a position to remedy that.", "74. Another speaker noted that litigation was more expensive in developed countries than in developing countries; as a result, there was more transfer pricing litigation in developing countries. Such litigation took a long time to clear, so it was important to find ways of avoiding or otherwise dealing with such disputes. Safe harbours were one possibility, but the practice was more difficult than the theory.", "75. Another participant noted the strong business preference for the certainty and robustness of the investment regime that arbitration could provide. With respect to cost, some of the funds used for capacity-building could be used to support a standing panel so that developing countries would not have to bear those costs. In many cases, countries noted the issue of sovereignty and said they could not agree to arbitration, but he considered that they should at least examine whether they were signing treaties with similar clauses in other areas, such as investment agreements. He noted that in the practice of the European Union Convention on the elimination of double taxation in connection with the adjustment of profits of associated enterprises (European Union Arbitration Convention), one of the great benefits of an arbitration clause was to force mutual agreement procedure agreement. However, the Secretariat queried whether the practice of Europe would be applicable to a more imbalanced relationship between, for example, certain developed and developing countries, and there was a discussion about broader ways of addressing such imbalances.", "76. One participant noted that arbitration provisions were robust and that they could be attractive to investors. It might be possible to modify them for developing countries by having the United Nations or other acceptable bodies propose or choose arbitrators. Properly applied, arbitration could cost less than other mechanisms, prevent integrity concerns and be less vulnerable to domestic processes. Another participant commented that, properly applied, arbitration might enhance the position of developing countries, providing access to expertise without high-level representations on a case-by-case basis to Ministers, for example.", "Agenda item 8 Audit and risk assessment", "77. The first speaker emphasized the importance of audit and risk assessment for developing countries and suggested that strategies should be adopted to encourage efficiency and effectiveness. It was important that countries identify which cases were high risk and which ones did not need to be pursued any further because they were not. Many countries did “risk-profiling”, especially where the offshore related party was in a low-tax jurisdiction and scarce resources should be used as efficiently as possible. That was especially the case in the early years of a transfer pricing regime where the “low-hanging fruit” (clear examples of mispricing that would not require a great deal of resourcing) should be addressed prior to more complex and resource-intensive cases.", "78. She said that, in determining risk assessment strategies, an important issue was whether to centralize or decentralize the transfer pricing units. She noted the possibility of introducing safe harbours at a risk assessment stage rather than at an audit stage, which would provide taxpayers with some degree of certainty as to whether they were likely to be audited. She also indicated that another important way of achieving robust risk assessment was to ensure that relevant information was readily available.", "79. Another speaker presented a few points that he considered key to effective risk assessment. In assessing risk, the centralized approach would often be essential when a country was starting off in transfer pricing. That did not mean that one unit in Headquarters should conduct the whole audit, but supervision from Headquarters was recommended in order to ensure the quality of risk assessments and audits. Obtaining the right information was essential and tax returns should include key information about related party transactions. Care must be taken with sharing information, as part of the risk assessment, with customs authorities. Customs information might be inaccurate, and taxpayers might also face a difficult situation in that their arguments to avoid anti-dumping actions could be used as a basis for transfer pricing adjustments.", "80. With respect to the transfer pricing system, developing countries could often learn from other countries, but attention should be paid to domestic conditions that might be different in the two countries. A robust audit approach in a country with a very large domestic market or abundant natural resources might be successful, but a similar rigid approach in developing countries without those characteristics might deter foreign investment. When enacting new tax audit laws, he suggested tapping into the knowledge of lawyers and tax practitioners who, in some cases, might have more experience than tax administrators. Not every case could be audited, so working with tax practitioners as partners was very important especially at the early stage, to disseminate good behaviours among taxpayers.", "81. Another participant indicated that administrations should think carefully about what they wanted from taxpayers in tax returns; asking too much might result in information they could not properly analyse, but asking the right questions could make risk assessment more informed and efficient. She referred to the current discussion in OECD circles on joint tax audits between different tax jurisdictions and said it was a creative idea that might facilitate more effective use of resources. However, such audits could be more efficient in resolving any potential tax disputes. She said that the use of target amounts of tax to be assessed by a tax official in a given period put a lot of pressure on the officials, although some countries might take that approach for integrity reasons. Lastly, the use of secret comparables made companies nervous either because sensitive business information was being used and the taxpayer had concerns about competitiveness or because information was being used as a comparable but companies did not have access to it for the purposes of challenging it.", "82. Addressing the use of data from other sources, including customs, for comparability purposes, one participant concurred on the difficulty of the approach. He noted the value of such data and pointed out that even though customs administrations and tax administrations were looking for different things, they had common interests. Another participant noted that customs data might be especially important to a developing country heavily involved in trading commodities and with a heavy investment in ensuring trade data was accurate, especially since there might be little other useful data.", "83. Another participant suggested that it might be useful to audit not just individual taxpayers but whole industries, since companies in the same industry tended to act similarly. Cross-country collaboration to develop an industry-wide view of compliance would help to build experience, develop a richer body of targets and economize on resources.", "84. One speaker expressed difficulty with the idea of a joint audit of industry, since it was difficult to obtain information from one company in the presence of other companies, and some issues were industry-wide while others were company-specific. It might be more productive to audit all companies in the industry, ensuring common issues were treated in the same way rather than auditing the industry as such. Joint audits might involve information that was not yet tested, since there was nothing to be compared with at that stage. He therefore was not certain how effective it would be in practice.", "85. Another participant noted that his country had started a joint audit programme and that companies found it hard to understand why income tax authorities would examine materials and others, such as value added tax authorities, would separately examine similar materials later. In addition, personnel who worked very closely with a taxpayer for some years could become compromised; since training tax auditors was expensive, the issue of where to put those who had been potentially compromised and how to replace them was a concern. Even when accountants were brought in from the private sector, they needed extensive retraining.", "86. Another speaker noted, for clarification, that joint audits need not be real-time audits, which might address some of the concerns mentioned. One participant noted that for reasons relating to anti-trust/competition laws, there were restrictions on what information could be shared between competitors. He was not permitted to meet with competitors and discuss anything but tax and even then, he had to record what he said. For example, in trying to establish what constituted a comparable price for a mineral in a country, the information might be readily available from competitors but for anti-trust/competition policy reasons it could not be sought.", "Close of meeting", "87. The Secretariat noted the importance of the meeting in the context of the convening power of the United Nations on tax cooperation issues and the important role of the non-governmental organizations in the debates. The dialogue had brought forth many very different but very valid viewpoints; they had been put forward in a spirit of respect and cooperation and could now be assimilated into the Practical Manual in a manner that met developing country needs. The report would be forwarded to the subcommittee responsible for drafting the chapters, for consideration at its meeting in September 2011." ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日，日内瓦", "临时议程^(*) 项目5(c)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题： 转让定价：发展中国家实用手册", "发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议报告", "秘书处的说明", "所附为秘书处编写的2011年6月7日和8日在纽约联合国总部举行的发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议的报告。会议由秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关心世事中心和基督教援助会共同主办。会议相关材料(包括所附报告的更详细版本)可查阅http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm。", "^(*) E/C.18/2011/1。", "附件", "发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议报告^(*)", "^(*) 本报告表达的意见不一定代表专家委员会或联合国的意见。秘书处对其中的错误和遗漏负责。", "导言", "1. 发展中国家转让定价实务问题非正式会议由经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关心世事中心和基督教援助会共同主办。会议的目的包括：(a) 帮助国际税务合作专家委员会转让定价实务问题小组委员会(小组委员会)确保小组委员会正在编写的联合国转让定价问题发展中国家实用手册充分反映发展中国家的观点、优先事项和情况；(b) 向各常驻联合国代表团介绍转让定价问题以及跨国企业采取“不正当定价”做法的代价(人们普遍认为这一代价极高)。预期成果包括一个关于发展工作中的转让定价问题的非正式讨论和发展中国家对实用手册各章草稿的新的具体投入。不必要就具体问题达成一致意见，但是一旦达成一致意见，本报告都将记录在案。", "2. 来自各国政府的60名与会者(包括来自各常驻联合国代表团、企业、非政府组织、国际组织和学术界的代表和顾问)出席了会议。", "3. 经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室主任Alexander Trepelkov和弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处执行主任Werner Puschra致欢迎辞。发展筹资办公室主任感谢弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会、关心世事中心和基督教援助会对举办本次会议的大力支持。他指出，这些机构的参与为有关国际税务合作和联合国在这一领域的作用的讨论增加了新的视角。", "4. 主任还指出，会议的主要目的是在联合国转让定价问题发展中国家实用手册中充分反映发展中国家的观点、优先事项和情况。他简要介绍了实用手册项目的有关情况，并提及转让定价实务问题小组委员会的任务授权。他还提到需要采取适用于各国具体发展阶段的分阶段做法，并且需要在符合《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(《联合国示范公约》)的前提下探讨可适用于发展中国家的灵活性。", "5. 主任指出小组委员会的工作与委员会的总体工作以及其他小组委员会的工作的联系。他指出，各界对本组织在转让定价方面的工作极有兴趣，并肯定了与活跃在这一领域的其他有关各方开展合作的重要性，同时确认在这方面极需采取包容各方的做法，并肯定了联合国在这方面的作用。", "6. 弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会主任特别指出了基金会纽约办事处在就全球经济治理以及国际和平与安全问题开展联络方面的作用。他强调指出基金会对发展筹资工作以及发展筹资办公室的长期支持。他指出，税收和公共财政已经成为国际上一个十分重要的问题，由于这两个问题涉及各国人民对其政府的期望，因而尤其重要。最后他强调，为改进国际税务合作，需要做的还有很多。", "7. 主管经济发展助理秘书长乔莫·夸梅·孙达拉姆作了主旨发言。他强调转让定价问题在发展工作中的意义，并强调，交易定价如果不能真实地反映在一国赚取的利润，就会剥夺该国发展所需的资金和机会。同样，如果一国的征税额超出在该国境内所产生的利润的公平份额，也会造成双重征税，这就可能对投资环境造成不利影响，从而影响一国的发展潜力。", "8. 助理秘书长指出，大多数力图解决错误转让定价问题的国家，包括发展中国家，都在处理这一问题上采纳了正常交易原则，真正的困难和不公平并不在于理论本身，而在于理论的实际应用。他强调，有必要开展有针对性的响应需求的能力建设，并帮助各国为试图建立长期互惠发展合作关系的企业创造降低合规成本的投资环境。国际机构必须开展合作，发展中国家也必须积极参与进来。", "9. 谈到联合国能够为满足这些需求做些什么的问题，助理秘书长提及联合国的成员普遍性、任务授权和合法性，这使得联合国能够兼收并蓄各种观点，他还提及联合国与其他组织、企业、民间社会利益攸关方和各国开展合作的能力。", "10. 最后，助理秘书长指出，联合国可以在确保“游戏规则”关系到其利益的所有各方都能参与制订这些规则的谈判方面发挥更大的作用。这种包容性将有助于：确保这些规则考虑到税收制度和国际税务合作的实际复杂性；尊重各国决定其税收制度的主权权利，同时确认这种决定在国际上的“溢出”效应；最好地应对发展挑战。", "议程项目1 联合国在国际税务合作中的作用、转让定价对于可持续发展的影响以及可能的应对措施", "专题小组讨论会1：更广泛的国际税务合作问题", "11. 专题小组讨论会1的目的是为讨论转让定价问题奠定基础，特别是讨论联合国在国际税务合作问题上的作用。", "12. 发展筹资办公室主任的发言着重介绍了关于将国际税务合作专家委员会改组为一个政府间机构的提议，并向与会者简要介绍了应经济及社会理事会要求编写的秘书长题为“为促进国际税务合作加强体制安排，包括国际税务合作专家委员会”的报告(E/2011/76)。", "13. 主任简要介绍了该报告，并说，该报告确定了加强体制安排的三种可选办法，供经社理事会考虑：(a) 加强现有安排；(b) 将委员会改组为一个政府间委员会；(c) 设立一个新的政府间委员会，同时保留现有委员会。经社理事会于2011年4月26日就该报告进行的首次讨论显示，在是否支持改组委员会的问题上意见不一。主任指出，就阿根廷于2011年6月1日代表77国集团提出的有关决议草案(E/2011/L.13)进行的政府间非正式协商正在进行之中。", "14. 专家组的第一位发言者强调委员会在国际税务问题上支持发展中国家方面的作用。他指出，企业界对于联合国在这些领域的作用十分有兴趣，特别是委员会目前正在审议转让定价问题。他还指出，来自发达国家和发展中国家的人员开展合作，就可以达成各方均可接受的规则，这些规则应当承认发展中国家和发达国家所采取的办法的多样性。实际上，所有税务条约都是基于健全的正常交易办法，但是在实践中，正常交易原则的适用有可能非常复杂。一个好的办法应审查功能、资产和风险，这样就能实现公平分享税收收入。尽管有经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)关于复杂的转让定价问题的准则，仍然有必要就如何处理转让定价问题并将正常交易原则运用于发展中国家提供实务指导。联合国的工作应当与经合组织跨国企业与税务部门转让定价准则保持一致，而不是重复经合组织和其他有关组织的工作，联合国的工作应当就正常交易原则的实际应用提供更多指导。在这方面，企业需要法律确定性，包括各国一致适用的准则。", "15. 第二位发言者强调，联合国在国际税务合作中的作用是基于其普遍被接受性和合法性。本组织完全有能力支持发展中国家的税务部门处理跨国税收问题，并在各国增强税务部门效能的能力建设方面具有重要作用。他强调，发展中国家应当兼顾创收和创造一个有利于投资的环境这两个方面。", "16. 另一位发言者强调，民间社会组织支持联合国在国际税务合作方面发挥更大的作用。本组织相比其他论坛具有一些比较优势：它拥有发展中国家的代表；它是一个具有召集能力的政治论坛；它可以结合贸易和发展等以综合方式讨论税收问题。该发言者指出，不应允许“资源重复”和“任务蠕升”的说法排挤联合国的正当作用。他强调，发展中国家被邀请与会讨论问题，与它们参与关键性决策会议(包括投票权和施加影响的能力)，不是一码事。", "17. 在随后的讨论中，主席提到两个具体问题：(a) 如将委员会改组为一个政府间委员会，应采取什么样的结构；(b) 本组织在拟订转让定价准则方面的作用是什么。关于后一问题，企业界代表指出，如联合国和经合组织各自发出相竞信息，就会造成困难，发展中国家指出，需要建立在其实际情况基础上的更实用的准则。", "18. 在一般性讨论中，与会者指出，实用手册不是为了制造经合组织转让定价准则的替代文书，而是为了维护经合组织收入和资本双重税收示范公约和准则所采用的同一正常交易原则，并使正常交易原则在实践中的应用变得更为容易。谈到重复的问题，来自发展中国家的一些与会者指出，在这方面不应有思想的垄断，只有参与不同论坛的国家为同一组国家才会有“重复”，而实际情况往往不是这样。", "专题小组讨论会2：具体转让定价问题", "19. 主席介绍了一系列具体的转让定价问题，包括转让定价对发展的影响、发展中国家处理转让定价问题的可选办法和委员会在转让定价问题上的作用。", "20. 第一位发言者强调，转让定价对发展的影响是一个至关重要的问题，必须在更广泛的经济和税收政策范围内看待转让定价问题。发展中国家需要为发展的目的创收，同时促进商业活动。根据经济结构，发展中国家有可能对转让定价采取不同的方法。此外，争端解决机制在解决跨境税收问题上也是一个重要因素。", "21. 另一位发言者指出，确定正确的转让价格也是企业内部面对的挑战。他说，随着企业全球化，行业发展趋势和保密管辖区的崛起，滥用转让定价来避税的现象不断增加。滥用转让定价在全世界造成了巨额税收损失。为了改进决策依据，他呼吁进行更多有关转让定价的实证研究和数据收集。", "22. 第三位发言者指出，立法者与私营部门之间的知识差距是制定转让定价法规的主要制约因素。因此，提高认识、国际对话和教育至关重要。为了帮助解决发展中国家的转让定价问题，有必要设计简便、廉价和创造性的解决方案。", "23. 另一位发言者指出，税收和发展是欧盟委员会工作的高度优先事项，因此，其重要的目的之一是提高发展中国家在转让定价方面的能力。为此，委员会已启动了关于如何支持发展中国家设计和实施转让定价立法的研究。初步结论之一是，实施转让定价立法通常会导致更高的税收。", "24. 在讨论中，与会者强调，跨国公司与发展中国家税务机关之间在评估集团内部交易方面的信息不对称是一个关键的挑战。发展中国家的能力建设和增加关于转让定价的数据的获取和信息交流被视为关键的行动要点。", "议程项目2 转让定价的商业框架", "25. 第一位发言者谈到企业在处理转让定价问题时的常见问题，并强调指出，公司并不都属于一种类型——它们各不相同。对私人公司税务主管的要求是最大限度地为股东带来回报，但必须以可持续的方式来做。税务主管不应关心在哪里缴税，只要他们只需缴纳一次税款。根据他的经验，税务主管的大部分时间都用在避免双重征税上，许多人没有时间来做积极的税收筹划。他欢迎联合国通过实用手册参与转让定价工作，因为他的公司需要同来自许多非经合组织成员国的人打交道。", "26. 他还认为，从公司的角度看，安全港有好有坏，但一旦设立，企业就没有义务将所缴税额最大化。转让定价是复杂的，简单的应对办法往往无法奏效，但实践中往往行之有效的一个简单的办法是，一旦政府介入，税务主管就应放手，让政府来做决定，以便公司只缴一次税，因此良好的争端解决机制十分重要。他指出，诉诸仲裁有时是合理的，但必须务实，并使用常识来判断。", "27. 另一位发言者指出，在“商业框架”一章中确定实用手册的适用环境十分重要。作为税务部门主管，他的主要关切是搞清在他的国家境内实施的功能和活动的真实价值。一般来说，按照独立市场价值进行的市场定价是在一个特定法域的一个可接受的价值衡量，尽管有时不完全如此。他还指出，即使有积极的税收筹划和滥用避税的例子，一般来说，转让定价日常要管的就是不可避免的集团内交易。转让定价是复杂和困难的，但并非“不可执行”的，并且是税收环境的一个非常重要的部分。", "28. 另一位与会者指出，不同的企业集团有不同的模式，一些发展中国家的跨国公司模式可能会有所不同，例如，它们可能更偏向家族式。各国应了解这些问题，而不仅仅是因为为了赶时髦而建立转让定价制度。一些国家选择不建立具体的制度，因为会造成企业的合规成本过高。", "29. 该发言者说，正常交易原则目前还没有明确的国际定义。目前对该原则所采取的办法是经合组织的做法，在将这一概念引入发展中国家时，可能需要加以修改。在初始阶段可以建立一个更具分摊性质的模式，以后随着能力的提高再建立完全的正常交易模式。实用手册商业框架一章的开头可以更清楚地介绍一下该模式。", "30. 一位与会者指出转让定价制度在确定跨国公司在发展中国家的业务的价值方面的潜力，同时承认，这也有可能会阻碍投资、造成双重征税、增加合规成本、增加不确定性等等。所有这些因素都必须平衡兼顾地加以考虑。他指出，分摊利润非常困难，因为跨国公司具有协同效应和规模经济，可以创造无法按国别锁定的价值。联合国的工作可以帮助确保有效的立法，非政府组织有可能在帮助正在考虑立法的国家的议员了解这一问题方面发挥一定作用。", "31. 他指出，获取信息和风险管理是关键性问题，国别报告将有助于发展中国家确定高风险问题。他指出，这方面的审查越来越多，不仅仅针对公司的利润，而且针对其运作是否道德。他谈到联合国在帮助发展中国家获取关于公司结构的信息方面的作用，以及跨国公司的所在国在交换关于高风险交易和跨国公司的运作的信息方面的作用。", "32. 他认为，联合国作为企业主管部门和民间社会可以在一个“安全空间”一起讨论这些问题的一个论坛，可以发挥一定作用，这将促进对于这些问题的根源的认识。转让定价的重点领域因国家而异，原因包括商业的规模和类型、行业重点以及商业和法律环境。如果联合国能够帮助发展中国家排定这些问题的优先次序将十分有益。此外，应当讨论商业模式的分步骤方法，以及这些模式是否有价值。", "议程项目3 一般法律环境", "33. 谈到印度在建立转让定价的法律环境方面的经验，第一位发言者说，印度在实行“更加开放的经济体系”的政策，从而吸引了更多外国直接投资后，于2001年成立其转让定价小组。当局在认识到需要符合本地实际情况的政策设计后，就应当设计一个适合本国行业类型的稳定的政策，因为法律或法规的频繁变更可能给企业带来不确定性。", "34. 另一位发言者介绍了她认为有助于使正常交易办法更为行之有效的几个关键因素：(a) 存在被广泛接受的国际“规则”和诸如经合组织转让定价准则和联合国发展中国家转让定价实用手册这类准则；(b) 具体国内转让定价法律；(c) 有效的争端解决和避免双重征税机制；(d) “基于经验的”可比数据。她认为，如果没有可用作可比数据的当地数据，纳税人就可以利用区域数据或全球数据。在某些情况下，可使用一些类型的真正基于经验的客观数据。她还建议，对于发展中国家而言，需要确定国家建立一个可比数据数据库初期可使用的数据类型，在建立一个完整的大型数据库之前可能需要有一个最初的加速期。未来象联合国这类机构可以在协助这一进程方面发挥重要作用。", "35. 另一位发言者指出，推出具体的转让定价制度并不总是一件坏事，因为确定性对于企业来说十分重要。", "36. 还有与会者指出，国家需要高质量的数据，以受益于预定价格协议方案。另一位发言者说，从出售数据库访问权的私营实体获取这类数据的成本阻碍了高质量数据的使用。", "议程项目4 建立发展中国家的转让定价能力", "37. 第一位发言者谈到获取实施转让定价方案所需的高素质工作人员的困难和缺乏数据的问题。他建议开始小规模实施，然后逐步扩大，随着方案的扩大，税收当局将制定更多一般规则和法规。", "38. 另一位与会者认为，在大多数情况下，发展中国家的小型本地企业最终必须缴税，而大型跨国公司往往很少或根本不缴税。制订良好的投资政策和不提供过多的税率奖励非常重要。他欢迎就税率减让和税率奖励进行公开辩论。", "39. 一位发言者认为，在许多情况下，本地公司不知道如何运用正常交易原则。有一个国家做了研究，结果表明，接受调查的200家附属公司中几乎没有一家知道内部价格是如何确定的。因此有必要教育企业。海关官员也需要接受关于如何确定转让定价风险的培训。", "40. 谈及能力建设和技术援助问题，一位与会者谈到一个良好的司法系统以及一个善于听取意见的议会制定适当的法律的重要性。她还强调必须平衡兼顾实施转让定价制度的好处及其实施成本。对于国家整体而言，实施转让定价带来的好处必须高于其成本，在这方面，实用手册应反映每个国家的情况。", "41. 谈到能力建设，另一位发言者认为，转让定价制度最好应作为更广泛的税收政策改革的一部分推出。转让定价法应涵盖国内转让定价和国际转让定价，特别是在提供税率奖励的国家。在发展中国家，保障税务当局转让定价审计所需的高层次专门人才的最实用的办法，是让一个由一小组审计人员组成的转让定价团队进行全面转让定价审计，而由其他审计人员在日常审计期间处理转让定价风险问题。", "42. 在一般性讨论中，与会者一致认为，重点明确的能力建设的好处大于成本。这在转让定价领域十分重要，但这种能力建设不应以牺牲其他重要问题上的工作为代价。与会者还认为不同政府实体的税收政策一致性也十分重要，政府内部缺乏协调给政府和纳税人造成的不确定性会影响能力建设。因此，能力建设需要针对整个政府结构。一位与会者指出，只要有足够的政治意愿，税收立法就应考虑具有税收影响的税率奖励，这将是确保一致性的一个有用的方法，也更便于确保充分计入税率奖励对税收的影响。", "43. 另一位与会者指出，投资促进当局的主要目的是鼓励投资，有时会过度依赖税率奖励，这可能与税务部门的目标相冲突。这一问题尤其突出，因为往往不需要用税率奖励来吸引投资。", "44. 数名与会者指出，能力建设应当满足一个国家的特定需要，应以国家主导为前提，并且不应在不考虑其更广泛的影响的情况下将其限于转让定价。不过，也有人指出，大范围改革是一个代价巨大的长期过程，也许必须开展战略领域的早期改革，如分析和“逐步取消”免税期，包括积累对长期变革的支持和公信力。", "45. 一位与会者谈到能力建设的技能建设方面，并指出，能够提供在咨询公司无法获得的兼顾工作与生活的机会，也是吸引和留住高素质员工队伍的一种方式。", "46. 在许多国家，人们看重是否能够确保有关人员在初步培训(往往为期两年)后能够留在转让定价领域。不过，另一些与会者强调，让有关人员长期留在某一领域可能引发操守问题。", "47. 一位与会者指出，即便建议采纳国际标准，最终也须由具体国家决定采取什么样的转让定价标准。人们公认，发展中国家必须有能力做出这些决定，并在拟订所建议的标准方面发挥他们自身的作用。在这方面，秘书处指出，实用手册的目的不是告诉各国应当做什么，而是在实务层面帮助那些选择在拟订转让定价标准时采用正常交易办法的国家。这并不意味着关于更广泛和更长期问题的讨论不应当在委员会内进行，包括那些旨在扩大发展中国家在制定可能成为国际标准的准则过程中的参与的讨论。", "议程项目5 实现正常交易定价的方法", "48. 实用手册第五章提出了用来确定正常交易价格的不同方法，并讨论了每种方法的优缺点。在以往的草稿中，传统方法和交易利润方法在两个不同的章次分述，而当前草稿将这两种方法放在同一章中处理。", "49. 第一位发言者指出，该章尽可能在实质上接近经合组织准则，但在如何处理每种方法的优缺点方面有所不同，并且在可以适用这两种方法的情况下提供了例子和公式，以明确应当何时以及如何在实际层面予以应用。还讨论了交易利润方法的一些方面，提供了比经合组织准则更多的实用细节。", "50. 她提到关于如何处理缺乏可比数据以及使用假设可比数据或秘密可比数据的讨论，并说，或许可以研究一个日落条款，其中可以在纳税人选择退出的基础上对简单的功能使用一个客观的“基于经验”的范围。显然，数据将从何而来是一个问题，联合国这类组织可以在这方面发挥一定作用。这类基于经验的数据必须是透明的，能够大致反映正常交易情况，需要讨论这类数据应当基于全球情况，还是区域情况，还是地方情况。", "51. 主席指出，试图在缺乏必要信息的情况下运用转让定价方法，将不可避免地导致失败和可能的双重征税，因此这个问题是一个非常实际的讨论问题。", "52. 第二位发言者确认发展中国家采用全面的正常交易定价需要有过渡期，但说他不认为一个固定的利润率制度能够实现这一目的。一个更合适的过渡概念，是逐步取消以前的封闭经济体制的限制性规定。关于经过渡性简化或非常简单的转让定价机制，人们需要意识到一旦这些机制已经实行，再去除它们所面临的困难，特别是在这些机制提供了让税的情况下。", "53. 他认为，在发展中国家最有代表性的情况出现在传统产业，这些产业对无形资产(如品牌或商标)的估值并不那样困难。鉴于往往缺少当地可比数据，有必要在可比数据方面向发展中国家提供指导，并且有必要对外国可比数据作出必要的调整，包括就会计原则的差异进行调整。", "54. 另一位发言者指出，应当在“方法”一章中应更全面地阐述确定企业的功能和评估风险问题。他强调必须确定管理企业功能的人是否能够管理它们所审查的实体的这种功能。必须考虑的不仅是人数，而且还有他们的技能和经验。", "55. 他强调，从商业角度看，只有建立了完善的解决争端和仲裁机制，以解决冲突可能导致双重征税的问题，在不同国家适用不同的转让定价标准才能有效运作。", "56. 另一位发言者认为，实用手册应侧重于简化转让定价准则，使之便于发展中国家税务部门执行。实用手册不仅应当反映经合组织准则，还应当考虑到所有会员国的情况。 他认为，主要问题有：(a) 发展中国家采用经合组织准则太过困难，正常交易原则是否实际可执行也仍不确定，因此按照这些准则来办对于发展中国家来说也许并不是最好的路子。因此有必要强调简便和可持续性；(b) 实用手册在获取可比数据的实际困难方面应更为客观；(c) 应更直接地面对获取必要信息的困难，实用手册应当更加明确地支持国别报告；(d) 应更多考虑其他替代方法，如安全港、剩余利润分割法、固定利润率和综合方法；(e) 应处理使用转让定价方法将利润转至避税天堂的问题，在转让定价方法一章中还应论述举证责任倒置等方法；(f) 许多参与这项工作的人对于复杂性和继续使用经合组织准则有既得利益，因此，应当让非政府组织和独立学者更多地参与实用手册的编写工作；(g) 正如助理秘书长在主旨发言中所指出的，应当认识到，目前的规则是由发达国家设计的，发展中国家需要更多地参与这一进程。如果实用手册只考虑到经合组织准则，那么它就应当受到批评。", "57. 一位发言者说，方法一章是实用手册的核心部分，应成为主管部门在实践中如何运用正常交易原则的“工具箱”。他称其为达到正常交易效果的路线图，但他说，具体转让定价方法的选择取决于有关情况和现有信息。处理转让定价问题的人必须能够对这些问题进行评估，税务部门好的税务审计人员应当能够做到这一点。", "58. 另一位发言者提到一个国家在转让定价方面使用固定利润率的经验。这样就不需要寻找可比数据，是纳税人和税务部门的一个简便廉价的系统。他承认，需要在法律中细致规定固定利润率，必须充分针对具体行业，计算公式也应透明。他建议在“方法”一章或独立的一章中列入有关固定利润率的一节。", "59. 在随后的讨论中，与会者就在各种情况下哪种转让定价方法最为合适交换了意见。就一些国家法律规定的“其他”方法的性质进行了讨论；有人建议，如果这种做法被充分肯定为根据正常交易原则确定价格的方法，其经验就可以让其他国家受益。也有人指出，任何“固定”的做法都应该认识到，可能需要做出一些调整，以考虑到特殊情况。一位与会者认为，简化利润率可能难以符合正常交易原则，与会者就这种做法是否只适用于利润趋向于在竞争对手之间获得均衡的充分竞争的市场进行了讨论。", "60. 主席在总结中指出，经常缺乏可靠的信息以及对这些信息进行必要的分析和调整的能力有限是普遍的关切。他指出，委员会可以请转让定价实务问题小组今后在当前的实用手册工作以外，就这一问题做一些工作。他还指出，能力建设问题已经被再次提出，这一问题不仅体现在风险管理方面，而且体现在如何运用方法方面，包括在衡量功能、资产和风险方面。", "议程项目6 可比性", "61. 第一位发言者阐述了经常缺乏可比性数据的问题，并谈到有一个国家的情况，税务部门在寻找可比交易时不得不使用欧洲的数据库，因为没有国内数据。由于该国与欧洲情况有所不同，而且他们在进行调整以使之符合国内市场情况方面尚未取得长足的进步，这些数据不完全可比，不过，纳税人也有类似的问题。一个棘手的问题是，许多发展中国家缺少支付这些数据库的使用费的资金，而纳税人自己可能根本无法使用这些数据库。一种可能性是出台法律，要求提供财务信息，以便建立数据库。", "62. 另一位发言者着重谈到功能、资产和风险分析。例如，功能尤为重要，应审查招聘了哪些人，他们的技能和基本情况。对于一些国家而言，市场渗透战略十分重要。在决定谁应承担子公司和母公司之间的成本时，各国是看它们的整体业务的性质以及相关部门，在搜索数据库后将采用过滤问题，以确保有功能上和经济上的可比性。它们将寻找公开可用的材料，包括其他国际监管机构所要求的材料。就可比性来说，必须了解某一行业的程序。在印度，在大多数情况下，可以在相应的数据库中找到可比数据，但这些产品往往是复杂的，可能很难找到可比数据。", "63. 另一位与会者表示，可比性问题十分复杂，并指出，可比性是必要的，也是复杂的，但总可以找到借口认为没有可比性。这就带来了不确定性，并导致经常使用交易净利润率法。不论使用的是何种可比性，总可以有理由反对它。关键是，可比性问题必须以诚信的方式对待。它不只记录了你正在做什么，还记录了为什么你这样做，不只记录了什么是你不做的，而且记录了为什么你不做。这既适用于政府，也适用于纳税人。不利的一面是很少有决定是黑白分明的，在处理这些不确定性问题时需要诚实信用。实用手册可以以较大篇幅处理这类问题。", "64. 一位与会者指出，举证责任是动态的或可转移的推定，可能有助于处理复杂性的代价和信息差距的问题。", "65. 主席在总结讨论情况时谈到在同一区域内各国之间统一做法的好处。他指出，非转让定价专家的法官可能不理解在技术上没有问题的情况，因此必须将这些复杂的问题变得尽可能便于理解。完备的文件来自好的数据，而这些数据可能很难获取，因为跨国公司往往能比政府部门获得更多信息。", "议程项目7 争端解决", "66. 第一位发言者介绍了这个题目，并解释说，转让定价项下的争端解决非常类似于委员会目前正在《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》工作中讨论的一般相互协商程序意义上的争端解决。她指出，有效的争端解决机制十分重要，并强调，如果妥善和完善地设计并实施这一机制，它对税务部门和企业都是有好处的。", "67. 她指出，许多发展中国家税务部门缺少资源，并建议建立实用和有效的争端解决机制，尽量避免争端，帮助它们提高效率。她谈到相互协商程序在确保加强双重征税条约的目的方面的作用，包括在避免双重征税方面的作用。最成功的相互协商程序的特点包括透明度、合作和审计职能的一定独立性。", "68. 关于预定价格协议，她指出，这种协议未必对每个人都合适，在建议将它们作为第一选择时应谨慎从事，不过它们对于许多国家都十分重要。", "69. 她认为，税务条约仲裁是处理大量争端解决工作、帮助主管部门更顺利处理有关工作并使人们对该系统有信心的一个重要途径。在实践中，它也许比调解更为重要。应当务实地解决所面临的困难，包括仲裁费用的再分配是否可以促使各国更易于接受这种方式。", "70. 秘书处指出，仲裁有助于带来更大的确定性。然而，仲裁的成本和复杂性对许多发展中国家而言是一个很大的挑战，并可能使这些国家不愿意采用这种方式。如果费用由纳税人承担(并且各国同意纳税人密切参与这一过程，而这往往本身就是一个问题)，则给人的感觉可能是，这可能鼓励仲裁员作出不利于税务部门的决定，因此这不是一种解决办法。另外有可能，至少在最初几年，仲裁员可能被认为缺乏对发展中国家的实际情况和条件的了解。可能需要为仲裁费用提供预算外拨款，并且在大多数情况下都需要大量的外汇。如果这方面有困难，就会有一个问题，即一国可能从现实出发同意采取某一立场，即使这在客观上可能不是最适当和公正的结果。关于预定价格协议，有可能各国只有在慎重考虑，并且只有当他们相信自己了解“游戏规则”后才加入该系统。许多国家可能不认为它们应当在早期阶段就将有限资源花费在很可能合规的纳税人身上。在这个过程中需要采取分阶段方法，以增强信心。", "71. 一位发言者提请注意各国能够为主要涉及合规的纳税人的预定价格协议投入多少资源。他说，一个好的仲裁条款不应费用过高，仲裁条款可能有利于具备许多预定价格协议经验的国家，但不建议没有这种经验和专门知识的发展中国家采用这一条款。应当更重视税务条约以外的仲裁和争端解决问题，因为发展中国家没有强大的条约网络，对这类仲裁条款的经验很少。联合国可以在拟订一份可靠的仲裁专家名单方面发挥重要作用。", "72. 关于仲裁和争端解决的国内方面，一位发言人提及其本国的争端解决程序，他的国家税务条约数目很少，而且要花费很长时间才能通过立法程序。因此在实践中，这一问题更多是国内争端解决，而不是条约项下的仲裁。许多发展中国家不愿在这样一个复杂的领域采用仲裁和调解，这些国家的许多主管部门经费预算很紧，使它们难以获取仲裁案件所需的资金。他提到关于仲裁员缺乏有关发展中国家的经验和对发展中国家的了解的关切，并提请注意需要有发展中国家的专家。这是联合国在能力建设方面可以发挥作用的一个领域。", "73. 一位发言者在回应纳税人不提供适当文件的问题时，提出一个问题，即发展中国家为什么不能在缺少文件而纳税人能够弥补这一问题的情况下作出坚定的推定。", "74. 另一位发言者指出，诉讼在发达国家比在发展中国家更昂贵，因此发展中国家有更多的转让定价诉讼。这种诉讼程序冗长，因此必须找到避免这类纠纷或处理这类纠纷的途径。安全港是一种可能性，但实践比理论更困难。", "75. 另一位与会者指出，企业界强烈青睐仲裁能够带来的投资制度的确定性和完备性。至于成本，可以将一些用于能力建设的资金用于支持一个常设小组，以便使发展中国家不用承担这些费用。在许多情况下，各国提到主权问题，表示它们不能同意仲裁，但他认为，它们至少应当检查一下，它们在投资协议等其他领域签订的条约是否有类似的条款。他指出，按照《欧洲联盟与调整关联企业利润有关的消除双重征税公约》(欧洲联盟仲裁公约)的做法，仲裁条款的巨大好处之一是迫使双方签订相互协商程序协议。但是，秘书处询问，欧洲的做法是否适用于更不平衡的关系，比如一些发达国家和发展中国家之间的关系，与会者讨论了解决这种不平衡问题的大致方法。", "76. 一位与会者指出，仲裁条款是完备的，它们可能对投资者有吸引力。也许可以为发展中国家做一些修改，让联合国或其他可接受的机构提出或选择仲裁员。只要运用得当，仲裁费用可能低于其他机制，也可以避免操守问题，而且较少受到国内诉讼程序的影响。另一位与会者指出，只要运用得当，仲裁可以提高发展中国家的地位，例如根据具体情况向部长们提供不担任高级职务的专家。", "议程项目8 审计和风险评估", "77. 第一位发言者强调审计和风险评估对于发展中国家的重要性，并建议，应实行鼓励效率和效力的战略。各国必须确定哪些案子是高风险的，哪些不属于高风险，因而不需要采取进一步行动。许多国家没有“风险分析”，尤其是在境外关联方是一个低税收法域的情况下。有限的资源应尽可能高效地使用。在转让定价问题的开始阶段即应如此，在这一阶段应先解决容易取得成效的问题(不需要大量资源的明显错误定价的情况)，而后再处理更复杂的资源密集型案件。", "78. 她说，在确定风险评估战略时，一个重要的问题是，是集中还是分散转让定价小组。她注意到在风险评估阶段，而不是审计阶段引入安全港的可能性，这将为纳税人提供某种程度的确定性，明确他们是否有可能被审计。她还指出，实现健全的风险评估的另一个重要途径是确保有关资料一应俱全。", "79. 另一位发言者提出了他认为对于有效的风险评估十分关键的几点。在评估风险时，当一个国家刚刚开始转让定价工作时，集中的方式往往是必须的。但这并不意味着，应由一个设在总部的单位负责进行整个审计，但建议总部进行监督，以确保风险评估和审计质量。必须获取正确的信息，纳税申报应列入关联方交易的关键信息。在作为风险评估的一部分与海关当局共享信息时必须小心谨慎。海关信息可能不准确，纳税人避免遭遇反倾销行动的理由可能被用作转让定价调整的依据，因此也可能面临困难的境地。", "80. 关于转让定价制度，发展中国家往往可以借鉴其他国家，但应注意两国可能不同的国内情况。在一个具备庞大的国内市场或者丰富资源的国家，一个严格的审计方法可能会取得成功，但在没有这些条件的发展中国家采取类似的严厉方法就可能阻碍外商投资。他建议在制定新的税务审计法律时，利用律师和企业内部税务人员的知识，他们在一些情况下有可能比税务官员有更多的经验。并非所有情况都可以进行审计，因此与企业内部税务人员合作非常重要，特别是在早期阶段，以便在纳税人中推广良好行为。", "81. 另一位与会者指出，当局应仔细考虑他们希望纳税人在报税时提供哪些信息，要求的太多，可能会导致提供了他们无法正确分析的信息，提出正确的问题可以使风险评估更知情和有效。她提到目前在经合组织内部进行的关于不同税收管辖区联合进行税务审计的讨论，并说，这是一个有创意的想法，可能有助于更有效地使用资源。不过，这种审计在解决可能的税务纠纷时可能更有效。她说，采用在一定时期内税务官员的评估税额指标给税务人员造成了很大压力，尽管有些国家出于操守考虑可能采取这种办法。最后，秘密可比数据的使用，使公司神经很紧张，原因要么是所使用的是敏感的商业信息，纳税人对竞争力感到担忧，要么是公司无法获取被用作可比数据的信息，因此无法对其进行质疑。", "82. 一位与会者在谈到为可比性的目的使用来自包括海关在内的其他来源的数据时，同意这一做法的困难。他注意到这些数据的价值，并指出，尽管海关部门和税务部门要看的是不同的东西，但他们有共同的兴趣。另一位与会者指出，海关数据对于大量从事商品贸易并下大力气确保贸易数据的准确性的发展中国家可能尤为重要，特别是其他有用的数据几乎没有。", "83. 另一位与会者建议，审计不仅个别纳税人，而且整个行业，是一个很好的主意，因为同一行业中的公司往往采取类似的行动。进行跨国合作，以形成一个对于全行业的合规看法，将有助于积累经验，拟订更多指标，并发挥资源的规模效益。", "84. 一位发言者表示，行业联合审计的想法有一定困难，因为难以在其他公司在场的情况下从一个公司获得信息，一些问题具有全行业性质，但另一些问题只涉及具体公司。对全行业的所有企业进行审计，确保共有问题得到相同的对待，而不是审计该行业，将更有成效。联合审计涉及尚未经过检验的信息，在这个阶段没有什么可供比较，因此他不能肯定这在实践中有多有效。", "85. 另一位与会者指出，他的国家已开始了联合审计计划，公司发现很难理解为什么所得税税务部门会审查有关材料，而其他税务部门，如增值税部门，会在之后再次审查类似的材料。此外，工作中与纳税人密切接触几年的人员可能不再可靠，由于培训税务审计师费用昂贵，如何处置那些有可能已经不再可靠的人员，以及如何替换他们是一个问题。即使从私营部门征聘会计人员，他们也需要大量的再培训。", "86. 另一位发言者指出，为明确起见，联合审计不必为实时审计，这可能解决了所提到的一些关切。一位与会者指出，出于与反垄断/竞争法有关的原因，有关于哪些信息可以在竞争对手之间共享的限制。他不得与竞争对手会面和讨论除税收以外的任何问题，即便如此也必须记录他说了什么。例如，在试图确定一个国家的矿产的可比价格时，可能竞争对手那里有现成的信息，但是由于有反垄断/竞争政策，无法要求提供这些信息。", "会议闭幕", "87. 秘书处指出，这次会议十分重要，体现了联合国在税务合作问题上的召集能力和非政府组织在这些辩论中的重要作用。对话带来了许多迥然不同但非常有道理的意见，与会者本着相互尊重和合作的精神提出了这些意见，现在可以吸收到实用手册中，以满足发展中国家的需要。本报告将转交负责起草有关各章的小组委员会，供其在2011年9月的会议上审议。" ]

[ "国际税务合作专家委员会", "第七届会议", "2011年10月24日至28日,日内瓦", "* E/C.18/2011/1。", "临时议程* 项目5(c)", "讨论与国际税务合作有关的实质性问题:转让定价:发展中国家实用手册", "发展中国家实际转让定价问题非正式会议的报告", "秘书处的说明", "所附报告是2011年6月7日和8日在纽约联合国总部举行的关于发展中国家实际转让定价问题的非正式会议的报告。 会议由秘书处经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关注中心和基督教援助组织共同主办。 与会议有关的材料,包括所附报告的更详细版本,可查阅http://www.un.org/esa/ffd/tax/2011_TP/index.htm。", "页:1", "* 联合国 本报告中表达的意见不一定代表专家委员会或联合国的意见。 秘书处对任何错误和遗漏负责。", "发展中国家实际转让定价问题非正式会议的报告*", "导言", "1. 联合国 关于发展中国家实际转移定价问题的非正式会议由经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室、弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处、关注中心和基督教援助会共同主办。 这次会议的目的是:(a) 协助国际税务合作专家委员会转让定价——实际问题小组委员会(小组委员会)确保发展中国家的观点、优先事项和经验充分反映在小组委员会正在编写的《联合国发展中国家转让定价实用手册》中;(b) 使常驻联合国代表团熟悉转让定价问题和多国企业制定“不当定价”的费用问题,人们普遍认为这个问题极高。 预期成果包括就发展背景下的转让定价问题进行知情讨论,以及发展中国家对《实用手册》各章草案的具体新投入。 没有必要就具体问题达成共识,尽管在具体问题上会注意到这一点。", "2. 来自各国政府(包括常驻联合国代表团、工商界、非政府组织、国际组织和学术界的代表和顾问)的60名与会者出席了会议。", "3个 经济和社会事务部发展筹资办公室主任Alexander Trepelkov和弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会纽约办事处执行主任Werner Puschra致欢迎词。 发展筹资办公室主任感谢弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会、关注中心和基督教援助会大力支持会议的组织工作。 他指出,这些机构的参与为关于国际税务合作和联合国在该领域的作用的讨论增加了额外内容。", " 4.四. 司长还指出,会议的主要目的是在《联合国发展中国家转让定价实用手册》中充分反映发展中国家的观点、优先事项和经验。 他简要介绍了《实用手册》项目的历史,其中提到转让定价问题小组委员会的任务。 还谈到需要根据《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》(《联合国示范公约》),采取适合每个国家具体发展阶段的分阶段办法并需要探讨可能适用于发展中国家的灵活性。", "5 (韩语). 司长注意到与整个委员会的工作和其他小组委员会的工作的联系。 他指出,人们对本组织在转让定价方面的工作极感兴趣,并承认与该领域其他积极人士合作的重要性,同时认识到迫切需要采取全球包容性的办法并承认联合国在这方面的特殊作用。", "6. 国家 弗里德里希·埃伯特基金会主任指出,基金会纽约办事处在就全球经济治理和国际和平与安全问题进行联络方面发挥着特殊作用。 他强调它长期支持发展筹资进程和发展筹资办公室的工作。 他指出,税收和公共财政已成为国际上的突出问题,它们变得特别重要,因为它们关系到人们对政府的期望。 最后,他强调需要做更多的工作来改进国际税务合作。", "7. 联合国 主管经济发展助理秘书长乔莫·克瓦梅·孙达拉姆作了主旨发言,他强调了转让定价问题的发展背景,以及未能以真正反映一国所得利润的方式对交易进行定价,使该国失去了发展的资金和机会。 同样,对在其管辖范围内产生的利润的公平份额征税的国家可能导致双重征税,这可能会给投资环境并因此给一国的发展潜力带来负面影响。", "8. 联合国 助理秘书长指出,大多数国家,包括发展中国家,都试图解决转让定价不当的问题,它们采用了 \" arm ' s long 原则 \" 来回答这个问题,而真正的困难和不公平并非源于理论本身,而是源于理论的实际应用。 他强调,需要有针对性地开展符合需要的能力建设,并需要帮助各国创造投资环境,为寻求建立互利的长期发展伙伴关系的企业降低合规成本。 国际机构必须合作合作,发展中国家必须积极参与。", "9. 国家 关于联合国在满足这些需要方面可以带来什么问题,助理秘书长提到联合国的普遍会籍、任务和合法性,它们接受所有观点,以及它与其他组织、企业、民间社会利益攸关方和个别国家合作的能力。", "10个 最后,助理秘书长指出,联合国可以发挥更大的作用,确保关心“游戏规则”的所有各方在制定这些规则时都能坐在桌旁。 这种包容性将有助于确保规则解决税收制度和国际税务合作的真正复杂性;尊重各国决定其税收制度的主权权利,同时承认这些决定在国际上的“溢出”影响;并最好地应对发展挑战。", "议程项目 1 联合国在国际税务合作中的作用、转让定价对可持续发展的影响和可能的对策", "第1小组:更广泛的国际税务合作问题", "11个 第一小组的目的是为讨论转让定价问题奠定基础,特别是阐述联合国在国际税务合作问题上的作用。", "12个 发展筹资办公室主任重点介绍了将国际税务合作专家委员会改为政府间机构的提议,并简要介绍了秘书长应经济及社会理事会要求编写的关于加强体制安排以促进国际税务合作的报告(E/2011/76)。", "13个 司长注意到报告的纲要并说,报告确定了加强体制安排的三种备选方案,供理事会审议:(a) 加强现有安排;(b) 将委员会改为政府间委员会;(c) 在保留目前的委员会的同时设立一个新的政府间委员会。 2011年4月26日,安理会就报告进行了第一次讨论,表明对委员会转变的支持褒贬不一。 有人指出,各国政府就阿根廷代表77国集团加中国于2011年6月1日提出的相关决议草案(E/2011/L.13)进行的非正式协商正在进行。", "14个 小组的第一位发言者强调了委员会在国际税务问题上支持发展中国家的作用。 他指出,商业界对联合国在这些领域的作用感兴趣,特别是因为委员会目前正在审议转让定价问题。 他还指出,来自发达国家和发展中国家的人共同努力,可以达成有利于所有人的规则,同时认识到发展中国家和发达国家采用的方法多种多样。 几乎所有税务条约都以合理的正常交易方式为前提,但实际适用正常交易原则可能非常复杂。 采用审查职能、资产和风险的健全办法,可以公平分享税收。 虽然经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)关于转让定价这一复杂问题的指导方针已经存在,但有必要就处理转让定价问题和将公平原则适用于发展中国家提供实际指导。 重要的是,联合国的工作应符合经合组织的《多国企业和税务局转让定价准则》,而不应重复经合组织和其他方面的工作,并应为实际适用正常交易原则提供更大的指导。 在这方面,企业需要法律上的确定性,包括各国一贯适用的指导。", "15个 第二名发言者强调,联合国在国际税务合作中的作用是以普遍接受和合法性为基础的。 本组织完全有能力在跨界税务问题上支持发展中国家的税务管理,并在建设国家能力以提高税务管理效力方面发挥关键作用。 他强调,发展中国家应当在创造收入和创造一个有利的投资环境之间取得平衡。", "16号. 另一位发言者强调,民间社会组织支持联合国在国际税务合作方面发挥更强有力的作用。 本组织与其他论坛相比具有一些相对优势:它包括发展中国家的代表;它是一个具有召集权的政治论坛;它可以结合贸易和投资等问题,以综合方式处理税务问题。 该发言者指出,不应允许“资源重复”的论点和“特派团蠕动”来取代联合国的合法作用。 他强调说,受邀参加讨论问题会议的发展中国家与在作出关键决定时占有一席之地,包括表决权和施加影响的能力,是不同的。", "17岁。 在随后的讨论中,主席指出了两个具体问题:(a) 如果将委员会转变为政府间委员会,它应具有何种结构;(b) 在制定转让定价指南方面联合国的作用是什么。 关于后者,工商界代表指出,如果联合国和经合组织发出相互竞争的信息,就会有困难。 发展中国家指出,需要根据其实际情况提供更实际的指导。", "18岁。 在一般性讨论中,有人指出,《实用手册》的目的不是为《经合组织转让定价准则》提供一种替代方法,而是保留与《经合组织收入和资本双重征税示范公约》和《准则》相同的 \" 正常价格原则 \" ,并便于在实践中适用正常价格原则。 关于重叠问题,一些来自发展中国家的与会者指出,该领域的想法并不独有,只有同样的国家派代表参加不同的论坛,才能有“重叠”,但情况往往并非如此。", "第2小组:具体转让定价问题", " 19. 19. 主席介绍了一系列具体的转让定价问题,包括转让定价对发展的影响、发展中国家处理转让定价的备选办法以及委员会在转让定价方面的作用。", "20号. 第一位发言者强调,转让定价对发展的影响是一个关键问题,必须在更广泛的经济和税收政策背景下看待转让定价。 发展中国家需要为发展创造收入,同时促进商业活动。 根据经济结构,发展中国家可能有不同的转让定价办法。 此外,争端解决机制是解决跨界税收问题的一个重要因素。", "21岁 另一位发言者指出,确定正确的转让价格也是公司内部的一个挑战。 在公司全球化、某些行业趋势和保密管辖权增加之后,为避免征税而滥用转让定价的现象有所增加。 这种滥用行为造成全世界税收的重大损失。 为了改善决策基础,他呼吁对转让定价进行更多的实证研究和数据收集.", "22号. 第三位发言者指出,立法者和私营部门之间的知识差距是制定转让定价条例的主要制约因素。 因此,提高认识、国际对话和教育至关重要。 为了促进发展中国家解决转让定价问题,需要设计简单、廉价和有创意的解决办法。", "23. 联合国 另一位发言者指出,税收和发展是欧洲联盟委员会工作的高度优先事项,因此,其重要目标之一是加强发展中国家的转让定价能力。 为此,委员会已开始研究如何支持发展中国家设计和执行转让定价立法。 一个初步结论是,实行转让定价立法通常导致税收增加。", "24 (韩语). 在讨论中,与会者强调,跨国企业和发展中国家税务当局在评价集团内部交易方面的信息不对称是一个关键的挑战。 发展中国家的能力建设和改善数据提供和关于转让定价的信息交流被视为关键行动要点。", "议程项目 2 转让定价的业务框架", "25岁 第一位发言者谈到处理转让定价问题的企业的日常问题,强调不存在一种“公司”——它们都不同。 对私营公司税务管理人员的要求是最大限度地提高股东的收益,但以可持续的方式进行。 税务管理者只要只交了一次税,就不应该关心在哪里纳税. 根据该发言者的经验,税务主管花大部分时间避免双重征税,许多人没有时间进行积极的税务规划。 他欢迎联合国通过《实用手册》参与转让定价,因为他的公司与来自许多非经合组织成员国的人打交道。", "26. 联合国 他还表示,从公司的角度来看,安全港可以是好的,也可以是坏的,但一旦建立安全港,就没有义务最大限度地支付税款。 转让定价很复杂,简单的对策往往行不通;但在实践中往往行之有效的简单做法是,一旦政府介入,税务管理人员就应袖手旁观,让他们决定此事,以便公司只付一次税,因此,良好的争端解决机制十分重要。 他指出,有正当的机会进行套利,但必须切合实际,并采用常识。", "27个 另一位发言者指出,关于商业框架的一章对于为《实用手册》奠定基础十分重要。 他作为税务管理者所关心的主要问题是掌握了在该国开展的职能和活动的真正价值。 一般而言,以独立的市场价值进行市场定价是衡量某一法域所创造的价值的一个可接受的尺度,尽管有时情况并不完全如此。 他还指出,尽管存在着侵略性税收规划和滥用的例子,但转让定价一般是日常处理集团内不可避免的交易。 转让定价既复杂又困难,但“无法执行”,是税务环境的一个重要部分。", "28岁 另一位与会者指出,不同的公司集团有不同的模式,一些发展中国家的多国模式可能有所不同。 例如,它们可能更受家庭驱动。 各国应该理解这些问题,而不应该仅仅因为它是时尚才有转让定价制度。 一些国家由于企业的履约成本而选择不建立具体制度。", "29. 国家 同一位发言者说,对正常距离原则没有明确的国际定义。 目前对该原则采取的方法是经合组织的方法,在向发展中国家介绍这一概念时,也许有必要加以修改。 随着能力的发展,可以在最初阶段发展一个更基于分配的模式,以后可以采用完整的正常交易模式。 《实用手册》业务框架章节的开头可以更清楚地描述这种做法。", "30岁。 一位与会者指出,转让定价制度有可能捕捉到跨国公司在发展中国家的经营价值,同时认识到也存在着妨碍投资、双重征税、合规成本、不确定性等的风险。 所有这些因素都需要以平衡的方式加以考虑。 他指出,分配利润非常困难,因为多国企业提供协同效应和规模经济,以释放各国无法提供的价值。 联合国的工作可以帮助确保有效的立法,而非政府组织在协助议员在考虑立法的国家了解这一问题方面可以发挥潜在作用。", "31岁 他指出,获得信息和风险管理是关键问题,逐个国家提交报告将帮助发展中国家确定高风险问题。 他指出,不仅对公司的利润,而且对其经营的道德要求,都加强了审查。 他谈到联合国在帮助发展中国家获得关于公司结构和多国企业东道国在交流关于高风险交易和这类企业业务的信息方面可能发挥的作用。", "32. 联合国 他认为,联合国可以作为一个论坛发挥作用,使工商管理部门和民间社会能够聚集在一起,在一个“安全空间”讨论这些问题,以增进对这些问题的来源的理解。 转让定价的重点领域因国家而异,包括业务的规模和类型、专业以及商业和法律环境。 如果联合国能够帮助发展中国家确定这些问题的优先次序,那将是有益的。 此外,应当讨论逐步处理商业模式的办法以及这种做法是否具有价值。", "议程项目3 一般法律环境", "33. (中文(简体) ). 第一位发言者谈到印度在建立转让定价法律环境方面的经验时说,2001年,印度在实行 \" 更开放的经济 \" 政策之后设立了转让定价股,这导致了更多的外国直接投资。 当局认识到有必要制定适合当地实际情况的政策,因此应当设计出一种适合特定国家所发现的行业类型的稳定政策,因为频繁修改立法或条例可能会给企业带来不确定性。", "34. 国家 另一位发言者介绍了一些关键因素,她认为这些因素将有助于使正常交易办法更加有效:(a) 经合组织转让定价准则和《联合国发展中国家转让定价实用手册》等国际规则和指导的存在和广泛接受;(b) 具体的国内转让定价法律;(c) 有效的解决争端和避免双重征税;(d) \" 基于经验的 \" 可比较性。 她认为,如果没有关于可比数据的地方数据,纳税人可以利用区域或全球数据。 在某些情况下,可以使用某些类型的客观和真正基于经验的数据。 她还建议,就发展中国家而言,需要确定必须首先建立可比数据数据库的数据类型,在建立全面数据库之前,可能需要有一个初步的升级期。 今后,联合国等机构可以在协助这一进程方面发挥重要作用。", "35. 联合国 另一位发言者评论说,采用具体的转让定价制度并不总是一件坏事,因为确定性对商业利益很重要。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 还有人指出,各国需要高质量的数据,以便从预先定价协议方案中受益。 另一位发言者评论说,从出售数据库访问权的私营实体获取这类数据的费用阻碍了高质量数据的使用。", "议程项目 4. 在发展中国家建立转让定价能力", "37. 联合国 第一位发言者谈到为应用转让定价方案而获得合格工作人员的问题和数据缺乏问题。 他建议开始小规模,然后增长;随着方案的增长,税务管理部门将制定更通俗的规则和条例。", "38. 国家 另一位与会者认为,在大多数情况下,发展中国家的当地小企业最终要缴纳公司税,而大型跨国公司往往很少缴纳或根本不缴纳税。 制定良好的投资政策以及不提供过度的税收奖励是非常重要的。 他欢迎就特许权和税收奖励进行公开辩论。", "39. 联合国 一位发言者认为,在许多情况下,当地公司不知道如何适用公平原则。 在一个国家进行的一项研究表明,接受访谈的200家子公司中几乎没有一个知道内部价格是如何确定的。 因此,需要教育企业。 海关官员还需要关于如何识别转让定价风险的培训。", " 40. 40. 考虑到能力建设和技术援助问题,一名与会者评论说,一个良好的司法制度和愿意通过适当法律的议会十分重要。 她还强调必须平衡实施转让定价制度的好处及其执行成本。 就整个国家而言,实施转让定价的好处必须高于成本,在这方面,《实用手册》应反映每个国家的情况。", "41. 国家 另一位发言者在阐述他对能力建设的看法时建议,最好将转让定价制度作为更广泛的税收政策改革的一部分。 转让定价法应涵盖国内和国际转让定价,特别是在提供税收优惠的国家。 在发展中国家税务部门确保转让定价审计所需的高水平专门知识的最实际办法是,由一小批审计员组成的转让定价小组进行全面的转让定价审计,由其他审计员在普通审计期间处理转让定价风险。", "42. 国家 在一般性讨论中,与会者一致认为,重点明确的能力建设的好处超过成本。 在转让定价领域很重要,但这种能力建设不应以牺牲其他重要主题的工作为代价。 据认为,政府不同实体之间税收政策的一致性也很重要;政府和纳税人在政府内部缺乏协调的不确定性产生了能力建设方面的后果。 因此,能力建设必须针对整个政府机构。 一位与会者指出,只要有足够的政治意愿,任何具有税务影响的奖励措施只应在税务立法中处理。 这将是确保一致性的有益方式,并更容易确保充分顾及奖励措施的税务后果。", "43. 东帝汶 另一位与会者指出,投资促进当局的主要目标是鼓励投资;有时过分依赖税收奖励,这可能与税收管理的目标相冲突。 情况尤其如此,因为吸引投资往往不需要税收奖励。", "44. 国家 一些与会者指出,能力建设应满足国家的特殊需要;以国家所有权为前提;而且不应局限于转让定价而不顾及更广泛的背景。 但是,也有人指出,广泛的改革是一个代价高昂和长期的过程,在战略领域的早期改革,如分析和“日落”免税期,可能是重要的,包括建立对长期变化的支持和信誉。", "45. 国家 一位与会者谈到了能力建设的技能建设方面,指出在咨询公司中可能无法提供的工作与生活平衡的能力也是吸引和留住高素质工作人员的一种方式。", "46. 经常预算: 在许多国家,确保官员在接受通常需要两年的初始培训后能够留在转让定价领域被认为是重要的。 然而,其他发言者强调,将同一人长期留在一个地区可能会引起廉正问题。", "47. 国家 一位与会者指出,即使建议采用国际标准,最终也要由某个特定国家决定采用何种转让定价标准。 人们认识到,发展中国家需要能够作出这些决定并在制定所建议的标准方面发挥作用。 在这方面,秘书处指出,《实用手册》的目的不是要告诉各国应该做什么,而是要帮助那些选择在实际工作中遵循正常做法的国家。 这并不意味着不应在委员会范围内讨论更广泛和较长期的问题,包括为了让发展中国家更多地参与制定可能成为国际标准的国际标准。", "议程项目 5 实现正常价格的方法", " 48. 48. 《实用手册》第5章介绍了用以确定正常交易价格的不同方法并讨论了每种价格的优缺点。 在以前的草案中,传统的方法和交易利润方法在两个不同的章节中都有涉及,而目前的草案则在一个章节中述及。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 第一位发言者指出,该章在实质内容上尽可能接近《经合组织准则》,但在如何解决每种方法的优缺点方面有所不同,该章规定,在可以适用时,应举出实例和公式,说明何时以及如何在实际层面适用这些方法。 与经合组织准则相比,对交易利润方法的各个方面也作了更实际的详细讨论。", " 50. 50. 她提到关于如何处理缺乏可比数据以及使用假设或秘密可比数据的讨论,并说,探讨一项日落条款可能是有益的,因为根据这一条款,可以将客观的“基于经验”的范围用于纳税人选择退出的简单职能。 数据来自何处显然是一个问题,联合国等组织可能在这方面发挥作用。 任何这种基于经验的数据都必须透明,并广泛显示正常交易,并需要讨论它是否应该基于全球、区域或当地的经验。", "51. 联合国 主席指出,在没有必要信息的情况下试图采用转让定价方法,将不可避免地导致失败和可能的双重征税;因此,这个问题是一个实际讨论议题。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 第二名发言者承认发展中国家需要过渡性时期,以便采用一个成熟的正常交易定价制度,但是他说,他认为固定边距制度不能达到这一目的。 一个更适当的过渡概念是逐步取消以前的封闭经济制度的限制性规定。 关于过渡性的降级或非常简化的转让定价机制,人们需要意识到,一旦这些机制到位,就很难取消,特别是如果它们给予税收减让。", "53. 联合国 他认为,发展中国家最常见的情况是传统行业,对无形资产(例如品牌或商标)进行估价并不困难。 鉴于经常缺乏当地可比数据,需要对外国可比数据作出必要的调整,包括对会计原则等差异进行调整,因此有必要就发展中国家的可比数据提供指导。", "54. 联合国 另一位发言者指出,关于方法的一章应更全面地阐述确定公司职能和估价风险的问题。 他强调,必须确定负责管理公司职能的人是否能够在他们所审查的实体中管理这种职能。 重要的是不仅要考虑人数,还要考虑他们的技能和经验。", "55. 国家 他强调,从商业角度看,只有在建立强有力的争端解决和仲裁机制来解决冲突可能导致双重征税的问题时,不同国家适用不同的转让定价标准才能有效运作。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 另一位发言者认为,《实用手册》应侧重于简化转让定价准则,并使发展中国家的税务管理得以执行。 《实用手册》不仅应反映经合组织的准则,还应考虑到所有会员国的情况。 他认为,主要问题是:(a) 发展中国家实施经合组织准则太困难了,而且不能确定正常交易原则是否实际上可以执行 -- -- 因此,与这些准则保持一致可能不会引导发展中国家走上最佳道路 -- -- 因此,重点应放在简便和可执行性上;(b) 《实用手册》应更加客观地说明取得可比数据的实际困难;(c) 难以获得必要信息,而且《实用手册》应更明确地支持各国的报告;(d) 其他替代方法,如安全港、剩余利润分得法、固定利润率和混合方法,应受到更多的考虑;(e) 应处理采用转移定价方法将利润直接用于避税地的问题,并应在关于转让定价方法的一章中述及举证责任倒置等方法;(f) 参与这项工作的许多人在复杂性和继续使用《经合组织准则》方面具有既得利益,因此非政府组织和独立学者应更多地参与《实用手册》的制定工作;(g) 秘书应认识到,《实用手册》的制定需要更多涉及发展中国家; 如果《实用手册》只涉及《经合组织准则》,就可对此提出批评。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 一名发言者说,关于方法的一章是《实用手册》的核心内容,应作为行政部门在实践中如何适用正常交易原则的 \" 工具箱 \" 发挥作用。 他提到它是达到正常交易结果的行进图,但他说,任何特定转让定价方法的选择将取决于具体情况和现有资料。 任何处理转让定价问题的人都必须能够评估这些问题,任何行政部门的一位优秀的税务审计员都应该能够这样做。", "58. 联合国 另一位发言者提到一个国家在使用固定利润进行转让定价方面的经验。 这将消除寻找可比数据的必要性,成为纳税人和当局的简单和低成本系统。 他承认,在立法中必须谨慎地确定固定的幅度,使之充分针对具体行业,并在表述上具有透明度。 他建议在关于方法的一章中或作为单独的一章列入关于固定边距的一节。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 在随后的讨论中,与会者就哪些转让定价方法在不同情况下最合适交换了意见。 有人讨论了一些国家立法中所规定的 \" 额外 \" 方法的性质;有人建议,如果这种方法被充分界定为根据正常距离原则确定价格的一种方法,这种经验可能有益于其他国家。 另据指出,任何“固定”办法都应承认可能需要作一些调整,以考虑到具体情况。 一位与会者认为,难以看出简化的利润率如何符合正常利润原则,并讨论了这种做法是否只在利润往往在竞争者之间相等的非常有竞争力的市场中起作用。", "60. 联合国 主席在总结时指出,人们普遍对经常缺乏可靠信息以及分析和调整必要信息的能力受到限制感到关切。 他指出,委员会可以请转让定价 -- -- 实用问题小组委员会今后就这一问题开展一些工作,与目前关于《实用手册》的工作分开。 他还指出,不仅在风险管理方面,而且在如何应用方法方面,包括衡量职能、资产和风险方面,再次提出了能力建设问题。", "议程项目6 可比性", "61. 国家 第一位发言者阐述了经常缺乏可比性数据的问题,并提到一个国家,在寻找可比交易时,税务当局不得不使用欧洲数据库,因为没有国内替代办法。 由于差异,这些数据不完全可比,在进行调整以适应国内市场方面没有取得很大进展;但是,纳税人也有类似的问题。 一个有问题的问题是,许多发展中国家没有资金支付进入这些数据库的费用,纳税人本身可能无法进入。 一种可能性是执行立法,要求提供财务信息,以便建立数据库。", "62. 联合国 另一位发言者重点介绍了职能、资产和风险分析。 例如,在征聘人员时,职能尤为重要,因为审查他们的技能和情况至关重要。 对一些国家来说,市场渗透战略是一个重要问题。 在确定应由谁承担子公司和母公司之间的费用时,各国审视了整个企业和有关部门的性质;在搜索数据库后将采用过滤器,以确保具有功能和经济可比性。 它们将寻找可公开获得的材料,包括国际上其他管理机构要求的材料。 为了可比性的目的,了解某一行业的流程非常重要。 在印度,可以在适当的数据库中找到比较数据,但这些产品往往很复杂,很难找到比较数据。", "63. 国家 另一位与会者对可比性表示了好坏参半的看法,指出这种可比性是必要而复杂的,但总是有借口认为没有可比性。 这造成了不确定性并导致频繁使用交易净利润法。 无论使用何种可比方法,总是可以提出反对意见。 关键是必须本着诚意处理可比性问题。 这不仅是一个记录你在做什么的例子, 而且也是为什么你这样做, 你没有做什么和为什么不做。 这适用于政府和纳税人。 缺点是,很少有决定是黑白的,在处理这些不确定性时需要诚实和诚意。 《实用手册》可以更详细地处理这些问题。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 一位与会者指出,推定具有动态或不断变化的举证责任,可能有助于处理复杂性和信息差距问题的成本。", "65. 国家 主席总结了讨论情况,谈到同一区域各国之间采取统一做法的益处。 他指出,不是转让定价专家的法官可能无法理解技术上好的案件;因此,必须使这些复杂问题尽可能容易理解。 良好的文件来源于良好的数据,这些数据可能很难获得,因为多国企业往往比行政部门更容易获得这类信息。", "议程项目7 解决争端", "66. (中文(简体) ). 第一位发言者介绍了这一专题并解释说,转让定价下的争议解决与一般共同协议程序意义上的争议解决非常相类似,委员会目前正在《联合国发达国家和发展中国家双重征税示范公约》范围内讨论这一问题。 她指出了有效的争端解决机制的重要性,并强调指出,如果这些机制得到妥善和有力的设计和实施,它们既有利于税务部门,也有利于企业。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 她注意到许多发展中国家税务部门的资源短缺,建议建立切实有效的争端解决机制和避免争端,以通过提高效率来协助它们。 她回顾了共同协议程序在确保促进双重征税条约的目的方面的作用,包括避免双重征税。 最成功的相互协议程序方案显示出透明度、合作和对审计职能的某种独立性。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 关于预先定价协议,她指出,协议可能不是针对每个人的,在建议作为初步选择时应谨慎行事。 然而,在许多国家,它们发挥着重要作用。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 她认为,税务条约仲裁是管理沉重的争端解决负担、使主管当局程序更顺利地运作并激发对该制度的信心的重要途径。 实际上,这可能比和解或调解重要得多。 这些挑战,包括能否以帮助各国更方便地接受这一办法的方式重新分配仲裁费用,应当以务实的方式加以解决。", "70. 联合国 秘书处指出,仲裁有助于增强确定性。 然而,对许多发展中国家来说,仲裁的成本和复杂性可能是一大挑战,而且可能不适当地把比例比对这些国家。 如果费用由纳税人承担(而且各国同意纳税人的这种密切参与,这本身往往是一个问题),可能有一种看法认为,这可以鼓励仲裁员作出不利于税务管理的决定,因此这不是解决办法。 至少早年,仲裁员还有可能被视为缺乏对发展中国家现实和条件的了解。 仲裁的预算外拨款,在大多数情况下,往往需要相当数额的外汇。 如果这有困难,就会有人担心,一个国家可能出于实际原因不得不同意立场,尽管客观上可能不是最适当和公正的结果。 关于预先定价协议程序,各国只有在经过认真考虑之后,并且只有在确信自己了解“游戏规则”时,才可能加入这种制度。 许多国家可能认为,它们不应在早期阶段将稀缺的资源花在最有可能遵守义务的纳税人身上。 需要采取分阶段的办法来获得对这一进程的信心。", "71. 联合国 一名发言者提请注意这样一个问题,即各国应投入多少资源来推动定价协议方案,基本上处理符合要求的纳税人。 他说,良好的仲裁条款不应花费太高;它可能对相互协议程序经验丰富的国家有益,但对没有这种经验和专门知识的发展中国家不可取。 应更加重视税务条约范围之外的仲裁和争端解决问题,因为发展中国家没有强有力的条约网络,而且在这方面的仲裁规定经验有限。 联合国在制定一份可靠的仲裁专家名单方面可以发挥重要作用。", "72. 联合国 关于仲裁和解决争端的国内方面,一位发言者提到他的国家的争端解决程序,该国的税务条约数量很少,需要很长时间才能立法。 因此,在实践中,这个问题与其说是条约下的仲裁,不如说是国内纠纷的解决。 许多发展中国家对在如此复杂的领域进行仲裁和调解犹豫不决,其许多行政当局预算紧张,难以为仲裁案件获得资金。 他注意到对仲裁员缺乏发展中国家经验和理解的关切并提请注意需要发展中国家专家。 这是联合国在能力建设方面发挥作用的领域。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 一位发言者在回答纳税人没有提供适当文件的问题时提出一个问题,即为什么发展中国家没有在缺乏文件的情况下建立强有力的推定,而纳税人能够纠正这种情况。", "74. 国家 另一位发言者指出,发达国家的诉讼费用比发展中国家高;因此,发展中国家的转让定价诉讼更多。 这种诉讼需要很长时间才能澄清,因此必须找到避免或以其他方式处理这种争端的办法。 安全港是一种可能性,但实践比理论更为困难。", "75. 国家 另一位与会者指出,商业界强烈倾向于仲裁能够提供的投资制度确定性和稳健性。 在费用方面,一些用于能力建设的资金可用于支持常设小组,以便发展中国家不必承担这些费用。 在许多情况下,各国注意到主权问题并说,它们不能同意仲裁,但他认为它们至少应审查它们是否正在签署在其他领域有类似条款的条约,例如投资协定。 他指出,在《欧洲联盟关于消除与调整联营企业利润有关的双重征税公约》(《欧洲联盟仲裁公约》)的实践中,仲裁条款的一大好处是迫使双方商定程序协议。 然而,秘书处询问欧洲的做法是否适用于某些发达国家和发展中国家之间更加不平衡的关系,并讨论了解决这种不平衡的更广泛方式。", "76. 联合国 一位与会者指出,仲裁条款是强有力的,可能对投资者有吸引力。 可能可以让联合国或其他可接受的机构提议或选择仲裁人,对发展中国家加以修改。 如果适用得当,仲裁的成本可能低于其他机制,防止对廉正的关切,并减少对国内程序的脆弱性。 另一位与会者评论说,适当适用仲裁可能加强发展中国家的地位,例如,在个案基础上向部长们提供没有高级别代表的专门知识。", "议程项目8 审计和风险评估", "77. 国家 第一位发言者强调了审计和风险评估对发展中国家的重要性,并建议采取战略来鼓励效率和成效。 重要的是,各国要确定哪些案件是高风险的,哪些案件不需要进一步追查,因为它们不是高风险的。 许多国家确实进行了“风险描述”,特别是在离岸关联方处于低税管辖的情况下,应当尽可能有效地利用稀缺的资源。 在转让定价制度的最初几年中尤其如此,在更复杂和资源密集的个案之前,应处理“低挂水果”(不要求大量资源的定价的明显例子)。", "78. 国家 她说,在确定风险评估战略时,一个重要问题是将转让定价单位集中或分散。 她指出,有可能在风险评估阶段而不是在审计阶段引入安全港,这将为纳税人提供某种程度的确定性,以确定他们是否可能接受审计。 她还表示,实现强有力的风险评估的另一个重要途径是确保相关信息随时可得。", "79. 联合国 另一位发言者提出了他认为有效风险评估的关键的几点。 在评估风险时,当一个国家开始进行转让定价时,集中管理往往是必不可少的。 这并不意味着总部的一个单位应进行整个审计,但建议总部进行监督,以确保风险评估和审计的质量。 获取正确信息至关重要,税收申报应包括有关关联方交易的关键信息。 作为风险评估的一部分,必须注意与海关当局分享信息。 海关信息可能不准确,纳税人还可能面临一种困难情况,因为他们关于避免反倾销行动的论点可以用作调整转让定价的依据。", "80个 关于转让定价制度,发展中国家往往可以向其他国家学习,但应注意这两个国家可能不同的国内条件。 在一个拥有非常大的国内市场或丰富的自然资源的国家,采取强有力的审计办法可能取得成功,但在发展中国家,没有这些特点的类似僵硬办法可能会阻碍外国投资。 在颁布新的税务审计法时,他建议利用律师和税务从业者的知识,在某些情况下,他们的经验可能比税务管理人员多。 并不是每个案例都可以审计,因此与作为伙伴的税务从业人员合作非常重要,特别是在早期阶段,以便在纳税人中传播良好行为。", "81个 另一位与会者表示,行政当局应仔细考虑在纳税申报表中向纳税人索取什么;要求过多可能导致无法适当分析的信息,但提出正确问题可使风险评估更加知情和高效。 她提到经合组织各界目前关于不同税务管辖区之间联合税务审计的讨论,并说这是一个创造性的想法,可能有助于更有效地利用资源。 然而,这种审计可以更有效地解决任何潜在的税务争端。 她说,在某一期间使用税务官员评估的目标税额给这些官员带来很大压力,尽管一些国家可能出于正直的理由采取这种做法。 最后,使用可比较的秘密使公司感到紧张,要么是因为正在使用敏感的商业信息,而纳税人对竞争力有顾虑,要么是因为信息被作为可比较的信息使用,但公司无法利用这些信息来质疑信息。", "82. 关于利用包括海关在内的其他来源的数据进行可比性,一位与会者同意这一办法的困难。 他指出了这些数据的价值,并指出,尽管海关当局和税务当局正在寻找不同的东西,但它们有着共同的利益。 另一位与会者指出,海关数据对于大量从事初级商品贸易并投入大量资金确保贸易数据准确性的发展中国家可能特别重要,特别是因为其他有用的数据可能很少。", "83个 另一位与会者建议,不仅对个别纳税人而且对整个行业进行审计可能是有益的,因为同一行业的公司往往采取类似行动。 建立全行业遵约观点的跨国协作将有助于积累经验、制定更丰富的指标并节约资源。", "第八十四会. 一位发言者表示难以接受对工业进行联合审计的想法,因为很难在有其他公司在场的情况下从一家公司获得信息,有些问题涉及整个工业,而另一些则涉及具体公司。 审计该行业的所有公司,确保共同问题得到同样的对待,而不是审计该行业,可能更有成效。 联合审计可能涉及尚未测试的信息,因为与该阶段相比没有什么可比较的。 因此,他不能肯定它在实践中的效力。", "85. 另一位与会者指出,他的国家已开始了一项联合审计方案,公司难以理解为什么所得税当局将审查材料,而增值税务当局等其他部门则将在以后单独审查类似材料。 此外,与纳税人密切合作若干年的人员可能受到损害;由于培训税务审计员的费用昂贵,将可能受到损害的人员安置到何处以及如何替换他们的问题令人关切。 即使会计从私营部门引进,他们也需要广泛的再培训。", "86号. 另一位发言者指出,为了澄清问题,联合审计不一定是实时审计,这可能解决了所提到的一些关切。 一位与会者指出,由于与反托拉斯/竞争法有关的原因,对竞争者之间可以共享哪些信息有限制。 他不允许与竞争者会面,讨论除税收以外的任何事情,即使如此,他也必须记录他说的话。 例如,在试图确定一个国家的矿物的可比较价格时,从竞争者那里可能很容易得到这种信息,但出于反托拉斯/竞争政策的原因,无法寻求这种信息。", "会议闭幕", "87个 秘书处指出,鉴于联合国在税务合作问题上的召集权以及非政府组织在辩论中的重要作用,这次会议十分重要。 对话提出了许多不同但非常有效的观点;这些观点是本着尊重与合作的精神提出的,现在可以以符合发展中国家需要的方式被同化入《实用手册》。 该报告将提交负责起草各章的小组委员会,供其2011年9月会议审议。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 13A", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the Commissioner-General of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "Programme budget 2012-2013", "A/66/13/Add.1", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[17 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Introduction 1II. A 18 long and healthy \n life III.Acquired 21 knowledge and \nskills IV. A 24 decent standard of \nliving V. Human 28 rights enjoyed to the \nfullest VI. Effective 31 and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near \n East VII.Recommendations 33 of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of \nimplementation", "Chapter I", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) was established within the United Nations system as a subsidiary organ of the General Assembly by the Assembly in its resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949 and became operational on 1 May 1950. It is one of the largest United Nations programmes, with a population of 4.8 million Palestine refugees covered by its mandate in 2011. As the General Assembly expressed in its resolution 65/100, the Agency has played an essential role for over 60 years since its establishment in providing vital services for the well-being, human development and protection of Palestine refugees and the amelioration of their plight. The General Assembly renews the mandate of the Agency every three years, most recently in its resolution 65/98, when it affirmed the necessity for the continuation of the Agency’s work pending the just resolution of the question of the Palestine refugees.", "2. The mission of UNRWA is to help Palestine refugees achieve their full potential in human development under the difficult circumstances in which they live, consistent with internationally agreed goals and standards. The Agency fulfils this mission by providing a variety of essential services within the framework of international standards to Palestine refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Among United Nations agencies, UNRWA is unique in delivering services directly to beneficiaries. The mandate of the Agency, which derives from the General Assembly and has evolved over time in response to developments in the operational context, extends at present to providing education; health; relief and social services; microfinance and emergency assistance to refugees; infrastructure and improvements within refugee camps; and protection.", "A. Context", "3. The latest political and security developments in the Middle East are only the most recent pressures on the Agency, further straining its limited resources and therefore its ability to serve approximately 5 million refugees in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, Jordan, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. Access problems in the West Bank, the continuing blockade of the Gaza Strip, serious financial constraints and security concerns are only some of the difficulties the Agency is faced with on a daily basis. Despite these difficulties, UNRWA, which is seen by many as a stabilizing influence in this volatile region, is doing its utmost to continue providing direct services for Palestine refugees.", "4. The core services that UNRWA provides are comparable in nature and scope to those provided by a local or national government. With around 29,000 staff, most of whom are Palestine refugees themselves, UNRWA is one of the largest employers in the Middle East. Over 480,000 children go to Agency schools, run by approximately 22,000 education staff. The Agency’s 137 health centres across the region received over 10 million patient visits last year. UNRWA also assists close to 280,000 of the poorest and most vulnerable refugees with additional assistance provided by a reformed society safety net programme targeting the poorest of the poor. Persons with other special needs, such as people with disabilities, also benefit from specialized services in the Agency’s health centres. Gender is being mainstreamed into the core programmes of UNRWA, with the empowerment of women in their communities a key area of focus for the Agency. At present, the challenges in providing those services are daunting", "5. In Gaza, the Agency serves a registered population of 1.1 million Palestine refugees, including more than 210,000 students. Although thousands more students are eligible to attend UNRWA schools, they are not able to do so due to the lack of classrooms. The effects of the blockade of and the conflict in the Gaza Strip from December 2008 to January 2009 have devastated the economy and resulted in the need for large-scale reconstruction of refugee housing. As refugee shelters constitute much of the housing stock requiring reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, the responsibility shouldered by UNRWA is made all the more challenging by a lack of funding and difficulties in importing construction materials as a result of the blockade.", "6. In the West Bank, despite some improvement, such as the reduction in the number of checkpoints, restrictions of access and movement continue to isolate communities and pose not only political but also logistical challenges. These challenges increase hardships for the refugee population and weaken the Agency’s ability to provide services in a cost-effective manner in the affected areas.", "7. In Lebanon, UNRWA remains the main provider of services to a marginalized Palestine refugee community that is faced with high levels of poverty and limited opportunities to escape such poverty. In Lebanon, the formation of a new government in early 2011 raised hopes for progress on a range of issues of concern to UNRWA and the refugees. Among the areas of concern was legislation granting refugees access to a range of professions, which is yet to be implemented. The Agency’s inability to provide what refugees perceive to be an inadequate subsidy to enable them to access tertiary care for life-threatening illnesses has resulted in unrest in refugee camps and direct threats to the safety of front-line Agency staff.", "8. In Jordan, where the refugee situation remains stable, the Government has responded to popular demands with a range of measures, among them salary increases for public sector employees. The implications are discussed below (see paras. 12 and 13). The Syrian Arab Republic, traditionally a stable area of operation, has seen violent unrest erupt in 2011, posing a challenge to UNRWA activities in this field.", "9. The direct services provided by the Agency are critical for the well-being of Palestine refugees throughout the region. If the financial situation of UNRWA does not improve, the impact on its beneficiaries will be immediate and substantial. The lack of adequate resources has already eroded the quality of UNRWA programmes. While extrabudgetary contributions to the Agency have risen gradually over the years, they have not kept pace with a growing population and rising costs.", "B. Planning assumptions", "10. UNRWA fully recognizes that central to its commitment to address the needs of beneficiaries and address financial difficulties is a need for it to make substantial improvements to the way in which it operates.", "11. Following the landmark June 2004 Geneva conference, in 2006 UNRWA began its most ambitious reform process to date entitled “organizational development”. This reform process, which concluded in 2009, introduced far-reaching changes in the Agency’s management systems and planning frameworks. Building on the organizational development plan, UNRWA continued its reforms with the development of a plan known as “sustaining change”. Its outline was finalized in May 2011 and presented to the Agency’s Advisory Commission in its session in late June 2011. The plan aims to complete the envisaged institutional transformation of the Agency over the next two bienniums. Where the organizational development plan started revitalization of the UNRWA management, sustaining change aims at invigorating its programmes, ensuring equality and effectiveness are improved where they are needed most, at the point of delivery in overcrowded schools, clinics and camp service centres. The plan also prioritizes the enhancement of the Agency’s resource mobilization capacity. As a result of organizational development and with the progress made under the sustaining change plan, the Agency has introduced a longer-term strategic focus, for example, through a medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015, that is supported by a robust results-based planning system. Monitoring and evaluation capacities are being developed further, and the Agency is also integrating into its planning cross-cutting issues that are central to United Nations system-wide development and humanitarian work, such as gender, disabilities and protection. The Agency has also delegated greater authority to management in the field in order to enhance efficiencies, while at the same time seeking to ensure that UNRWA headquarters provides the support required to uphold relevant standards Agency-wide, good practices in terms of programme planning and evaluation, and accountability for results. In addition, the Agency’s procurement rules have been overhauled, bringing them closer to the standards used throughout the United Nations system. The Agency’s human resources processes have also been overhauled, with a focus on improving recruitment processes and workforce management which is so important for an Agency of approximately 29,000 staff members who are critical for the delivery of quality services to millions of beneficiaries.", "12. Staff costs constitute the bulk of the UNRWA budget (see table 4). This is because the day-to-day direct delivery of services requires a large number of staff (some 29,000). Efforts to maintain parity with host authorities’ public sector salaries render the Agency’s financial sustainability susceptible to economic volatility. As an example, during 2011, public sector salary increases in the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan resulted in an additional cost of around $8.5 million per annum to UNRWA.", "13. Host governments face an increasing demand for quality services while their own financial situation is deteriorating; in some cases this puts additional pressure on UNRWA services, when some Palestine refugees availing themselves of host government services return to UNRWA. At the same time, donors expect improved efficiency, effectiveness and quality of service delivery. UNRWA therefore is faced with increasing demands and expectations from all of its primary stakeholders, with a constrained resource base and increasing operational costs.", "C. Budget structure", "14. The budget structure of UNRWA reflects the medium-term strategy for the period 2010-2015 and is based on the implementation plans prepared for each field office and headquarters department for the second biennium of the strategy. The chapters that follow and the expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and measurements set out therein reflect the ongoing commitment of UNRWA to results-based budgeting, as introduced during the biennium 2010-2011.", "15. The medium-term strategy identifies four human development goals for Palestine refugees, namely, to:", "(a) Have a long and healthy life;", "(b) Acquire knowledge and skills;", "(c) Have a decent standard of living;", "(d) Enjoy human rights to the fullest extent possible.", "16. In order to link financial resources directly to the achievement of results consistent with the Agency’s strategy, the budget includes a breakdown by goals and strategic objectives, as illustrated in the following tables and figures:", "organizational chart of UNRWA broken down by department and area of operation and showing the number of international and area staff located in each department (figure I); summary of the programme budget for 2012-2013 broken down by human development goal, regular budget, project budget and other requirements (table 1); breakdown of the regular budget by field office with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 2 and figure II); breakdown of the regular budget by human development goal with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 3 and figure III); breakdown of the regular budget by category of expenditure with comparative figures for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (table 4 and figure IV); breakdown of the project budget by human development goal and field office (table 5).", "Figure I", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Organizational structure and post distribution for the biennium 2012-2013", "Note: Seventy-five international posts are funded through extrabudgetary resources.", "Abbreviations: USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; XB, extrabudgetary; RB, regular budget; GS, General Service; OL, Other level.", "^(a) Local posts.", "^(b) New post.", "^(c) Reclassified post.", "^(d) Number of Microfinance and Microenterprise Department posts was excluded from table 7.", "Table 1", "Budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Human Fiscal Fiscal Biennium development goal year 2012 year 2013 2012-2013\n Regular Project Total Regular Regular Project Total budget budget budget budget budget", "Cash ^(a) In kind Total Cash In Total Project Total Cash In kind Total ^(a) kind budget ^(a)", "A Long and 116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 Healthy Life 826 496 816 673 642", "Acquired 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 664 17 162 682 102 Knowledge and 095 315 845 940 Skills", "A Decent 82 889 — 82 302 288 385 177 86 — 86 076 265 351 749 168 965 — 168 567 961 736 926 Standard of 889 076 673 965 Living", "Human Rights 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 Enjoyed to the 765 Fullest", "Effective and 90 246 — 90 20 623 110 869 83 — 83 900 20 104 523 174 146 — 174 41 246 215 392 efficient 246 900 623 146 governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 950 472 1 247 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 315 933 178", "Other requirements", "Contingency 11 000 — 11 — 11 000 11 — 11 000 — 11 000 22 000 — 22 000 — 22 000 reserve^(b) 000 000", "Salary increase 16 135 — 16 — 16 135 31 — 31 135 — 31 135 47 270 — 47 270 — 47 270 reserve 135 135", "Separation 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 benefits reserve", "New enterprise 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000 resource planning reserve", "Capitalization 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 and depreciation reserve^(c)", "Subtotal 32 135 — 32 — 32 135 47 — 47 135 — 47 135 79 270 — 79 270 — 79 270 135 135", "Total 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 315 203 448", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(c) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Table 2", "Regular budget requirements by field office", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Field office 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource headquarters expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate^(a) estimate^(a) growth ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "Gaza Strip 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "Lebanon 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "Syrian Arab 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55 Republic", "Jordan 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "West Bank 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "Headquarters", "Education 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79) programme", "Health programme 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "Relief and social 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16) services programme", "Infrastructure and 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30.28 camp improvement programme", "Support 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42 departments", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,a)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 —", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure II", "Regular budget by field office", "[]", "Table 3", "Regular budget requirements by human development goal", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Human development 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource goal expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "A Long and Healthy 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40 of Living", "Human Rights 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55) Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 012) — efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "(Footnotes on following page)", "(Footnotes to table 3)", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure III", "Regular budget by human development goal", "[]", "Table 4", "Regular budget requirements by category of expenditure", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "Category of 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Resource expenditure expenditure expenditure expenditure budget estimate estimate^(a) growth ^(a) ^(d)\n Amount Percentage", "International 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49 staff costs", "Area staff costs 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "Services 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "Supplies 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "Equipment and 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9.30 construction", "Premises 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "Grants and 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67 subsidies", "Field reserve — — — (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 —", "Cost recovery (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) — —", "Subtotal 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "Other requirements", "Contingency — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20 reserve^(b,c)", "Salary increase — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 reserve^(b)", "Separation — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) benefits reserve^(b)", "New enterprise — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 — resource planning reserve^(b)", "Capitalization and (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) depreciation reserve^(b,e)", "Subtotal (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "Total 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) Includes the cost of 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications requested in the 2012-2013 fascicle.", "^(b) Comparative figures for 2008-2010 are incorporated into the respective field office and headquarters expenditure.", "^(c) Includes reserves for: cash for food, foreign exchange, annual leave and general purposes.", "^(d) Resource growth: comparison between two bienniums.", "^(e) A reserve for capitalization and depreciation has been included as a provision to comply with requirements for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "Figure IV", "Regular budget by category of expenditure", "[]", "Table 5", "Project budget by human development goal and field office", "Human development Gaza Lebanon^(b) Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total goal Strip^(a) Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346 Life", "Acquired Knowledge — — 2 814 14 348 — — 17 162 and Skills", "A Decent Standard 402 485 155 940 — 2 005 6 599 932 567 961 of Living", "Human Rights 25 530 — — — — — 25 530 Enjoyed to the Fullest", "Effective and — — — — — 41 246 41 246 efficient governance and support in UNRWA^(c)", "Total 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) The Gaza Strip project budget includes $400 million related to reconstruction.", "^(b) The Lebanon field office project budget includes $115 million for the Nahr El-Bared camp during 2012-2013. The total funding requirement to finish the entire project is $207 million.", "^(c) The $41.2 million under effect and efficient governance and support in UNRWA includes $26 million for enterprise resource planning and $15 million for the sustaining change initiative related to reforms in education and health and formation of the Department of External Relations and Communications.", "D. Staff", "17. In order to deliver its core programmes and projects, the Agency employs international and area staff.", "18. Through its resolution 3331 B (XXIX) of 17 December 1974, the General Assembly decided that the expenses for salaries of international staff in the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise be a charged to voluntary contributions, should, with effect from 1 January 1975, be financed from the regular budget of the United Nations for the duration of the Agency’s mandate. During the biennium 2010-2011, the posts of 133 international staff were funded from the regular budget.", "19. In addition to the approved 133 international staff posts, 13 new posts (1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3), plus five reclassifications (4 D-1 to D-2, 1 P-4 to P-5), have been recommended by the Controller for inclusion in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The establishment of the new international staff posts would serve to meet the increased demands on the Agency stemming from the General Assembly’s United Nations-wide initiatives to follow key best practice policies and initiatives, including the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards, internal justice reform, security management system standards and policies, such as the minimum operational security standards, and gender mainstreaming.", "20. Apart from the above, 75 international staff posts are funded from the regular budget (see table 6). A total of 69 posts are funded from project funds; two posts are funded by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); two posts are funded by the World Health Organization (WHO); one post is funded by the Microfinance Department through its programme income; and one post is covered by the Agency’s Provident Fund.", "Table 6", "International staffing requirements for the biennium 2012-2013", "Category Regular budget ^(a) Other sources", "Professional and above", "USG 1 —", "ASG 1 —", "D-2 8 2", "D-1 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-1 2 3", "Subtotal 135 68", "General Service", "Other level 11 7", "Subtotal 11 7", "Total 146 75", "^(a) Included in the regular budget column are the proposed 13 additional international posts and 5 reclassifications of approved posts.", "21. The core programmes of UNRWA are otherwise delivered primarily through 29,763 local staff as at 30 June 2011, the number of which will need to increase to over 30,823 by the end of 2013 if the Agency is to realize the achievements set out in this budget proposal (see table 7).", "Table 7", "Estimated number of local staff as at 31 December 2013 by human development goal", "Goal Gaza Lebanon Syrian Jordan West Headquarters Total Arab Bank Republic", "A Long and Healthy 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380 Life", "Acquired Knowledge 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906 and Skills", "A Decent Standard of 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 Living", "Human Rights Enjoyed 48 16 63 42 37 5 211 to the Fullest", "Effective and 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583 efficient governance and support in UNRWA", "Total 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. Financial situation", "22. With the exception of international staff posts funded from the regular budget through assessed contributions and posts provided by other United Nations agencies, the ongoing operations, projects and emergency appeals of UNRWA are funded by voluntary contributions of donors.", "23. Table 8 shows the funding status of the Agency’s budget for 2010, including activities funded through both unearmarked contributions to the regular budget and earmarked contributions.", "24. The financial results for the fiscal year 2010 clearly illustrate the funding shortfalls experienced by the Agency in its efforts to implement its mandate. The funding gap for the regular budget funded through unearmarked voluntary contributions amounted to $47.3 million, whereas the projects budget experienced a shortfall of $204.9 million.", "Table 8", "Funding status of the Agency — 2010", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular Projects Emergency budget appeal\n Budgeted Unbudgeted activities activities", "Budget 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "Contributions and 554.6^(b) 50.6^(c) 57.1 162.0 income", "Funding gap (47.3) — (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) Represents the amount requested in the 2010 emergency appeal.", "^(b) Includes cash and in kind income.", "^(c) Represents income earmarked for activities that were not included under the published programme budget for 2010 (for example, food aid (cash subsidies) for SHC) in the occupied Palestinian territory, reimbursement to UNRWA for losses in respect of incidents in the Gaza Strip between 27 December 2008 and 19 January 2009, organizational development — phase II and enterprise resource planning.", "25. The 2010 emergency appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $161.3 million.", "26. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2011, shown in table 9, indicate a funding gap for the regular budget of $104.5 million when comparing the budgeted expenditure of $624.7 million with total expected income (based on indicative estimates from donors and estimated interest income) of $520.2 million to the General Fund — the mechanism of unearmarked, voluntary contributions for the Agency’s cash and in kind requirements. Without additional contributions, the Agency will not be in a position to fully implement its budgeted activities. The 2011 Emergency Appeal in the occupied Palestinian territory was underfunded by $205.9 million, whereas the shortfall forecast of the projects budget is $153.", "Table 9", "Expected funding status of the Agency — 2011", "(Millions of United States dollars)", "Regular budget Projects Emergency appeal", "Budget 624.7 228.8 342.6", "Projected income^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "Funding gap (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "27. Current projections of income and expenditure for 2012, shown in table 10, do not look promising. If these projections prove to be correct, the funding gap will widen further to $133.2 million (based on indicative estimates from donors as well as forecasted programme support cost recoveries).", "Table 10", "Expected funding gap — 2012", "Regular budget", "Budget 654.9", "Projected income 521.7", "Funding gap (133.2)", "28. Income projections by donor for 2011 and 2012 appear in table 11 below.", "Table 11 Income projections for the General Fund — 2011 and 2012", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Donor\tProjectedincome2011\tIncomeforecast2012\tDonor\tProjectedincome^(a)2011\tIncomeforecast2012 \nAustralia\t6300\t6300\tSubtotal b/f\t215700\t215100\nBahrain\t100\t100\tSaudi Arabia\t5200\t2000\nBelgium\t4300\t1400\tSpain\t14300\t12600\nCanada\t0\t—\tSweden\t43900\t43600\nDenmark\t12800\t13400\tSwitzerland\t10500\t12000\nEgypt\t100\t100\tTurkey\t1000\t1000\nEU\t115100\t114400\tUAE\t1800\t1800\nFinland\t4200\t4300\tUK\t31900\t47900\nFrance\t6700\t6400\tUK (PerformanceIncrement)\t5400\t—\nGermany\t8700\t9000\tUSA\t114600\t114600\nIreland\t5700\t5700\tNon-Advisory Commission\t13600\t13600\nItaly\t2900\t2900\tNGOs\t1900\t3800\nJapan\t2900\t2900\tIn kind\t3500\t1900\nKuwait\t2000\t2000\tInterest\t2118\t3000\nNetherlands\t18600\t18600 \nNorway\t25200\t27500\tPSC recoveries\t24000\t20000\nQatar\t100\t100\tInternational stafffunded by New York\t30782\t28803\nSubtotalc/f\t215700\t215100\tTotal\t520200\t521703", "^(a) As end of year forecast and confirmed pledges by the end of June 2011.", "29. UNRWA is operating in a financial situation where the disparity between the budget and income and expenditure has become chronic. The Agency has renewed its commitment to developing its resource mobilization capacity in a number of key areas, including:", "(a) Merging the former Department of External Relations with the former headquarters Public Information Office to create the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(b) Developing a partnership strategy and establishing a Partnerships Division within the Department of External Relations and Communications;", "(c) Establishing a new representative office in Washington, D.C.;", "(d) Strengthening the existing representative office in Brussels;", "(e) Reaffirming the central role of the Department of External Relations and Communications as the focal point for resource mobilization in the Agency;", "(f) Appointing a senior Director of the Department of External Relations and Communications to lead the development of a new strategy supported by enhanced internal alignment.", "30. The new resource mobilization strategy of UNRWA assumes that it will be possible to increase overall income from all sectors of the market, but recognizes that it will not be possible to dramatically alter present trajectories. It acknowledges that targets for the General Fund in the coming years are challenging but assumes that these can be reached given some movement to reduce outlays. While noting the generous support of Arab donors for UNRWA projects, the Agency continues to reach out to them to provide additional contributions to the General Fund. Relative dependence on traditional donors can be reduced further, but levels of funding from these sources will have to continue to increase. In order to further resource mobilization successfully, investments are needed that also address communication components.", "31. The strategy presents three strategic objectives:", "(a) Deepen the partnership with traditional donors, resulting in:", "• Predictable General Fund contributions that grow in line with expenditure projections", "• Adequate response to emergencies and to field-specific needs", "• Partnership on outreach and resource mobilization;", "(b) Diversify the donor base, resulting in:", "• Emerging economies increasing their share of the General Fund", "• Non-traditional (European Union) donors increasing contributions across funding portals", "• Higher Arab contributions across funding portals", "• Private and corporate donations increasing substantially", "• Partnerships and collaborative action bringing financial and non‑financial gains to the Agency;", "(c) Develop the capacity of the Agency to mobilize resources and manage donor relations:", "• Headquarters and fields offices are strategically aligned around the corporate resource mobilization priorities of UNRWA", "• Synergies between communications and donor relations are fully utilized.", "32. Figure V shows the expected sources of funding of the Agency’s total budget volume for 2012 and 2013, including both the regular and projects budgets.", "Figure V Budget funding — 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "[] \nVoluntary cashcontribution to theGeneral Fund 1 228 063\nVoluntary cashcontribution toprojects 681 245\nVoluntary in kindcontributions to theGeneral Fund 3 688\nUnited Nationsregular budget 50 346\n Other 48 106 \n Total 2 011 448", "33. Voluntary contributions will be requested to cover about 95 per cent of total budget volume for 2012-2013, of which 64.2 per cent are cash contributions to the General Fund, 35.6 per cent cash receipts to fund projects, and about 0.2 per cent constitutes in kind contributions to the General Fund.", "34. The funding of 133 approved international posts, the proposed 13 additional posts and 5 proposed reclassifications funded from the regular budget accounts for about 2.5 per cent of the annual total budget volume. The remaining 2.4 per cent of other income is derived from the following sources:", "(a) Interest income and miscellaneous income, including programme support costs in the range of $23 million per annum;", "(b) Funding of six staff posts (2 international and 4 local staff) by UNESCO and four posts (2 international and 2 local staff) by WHO as part of their technical assistance to the education and health programmes, respectively.", "35. If donor contributions continue to fall behind the levels required to finance rising levels of service delivery requirements, the resulting constraints on the Agency’s capacity will continue to undermine the human development standards of the refugees and put additional pressure on the host authorities.", "36. UNRWA recognizes that the resource scarcity resulting from the current global economic climate, increasing needs resulting from population growth and inflationary pressures require that the Agency prioritize services and activities within and among its main programmes. The budget therefore encompasses funding for only an identified set of core activities fundamental in meeting the basic needs of the refugees. The resources required to do so are necessary for the Agency to fulfil the essence of its mandate.", "Chapter II", "Goal 1: a long and healthy life", "A. Human Development goal", "37. The UNRWA health programme enables Palestine refugees to achieve a long and healthy life through the provision of comprehensive primary health-care services and through working with communities to promote healthy lifestyles.", "B. Objectives", "38. The objectives of the programme are:", "(a) Universal access to quality, comprehensive. primary health care;", "(b) Sustained protection and promotion of family health;", "(c) Ensured prevention and control of diseases.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "39. The UNRWA health programme has delivered comprehensive, primary health-care services to Palestine refugees for over 60 years, achieving some remarkable gains, particularly in the fields of maternal and child health. However, the context in which the health programme operates is changing, bringing a range of new challenges.", "40. Ageing populations, as well as changes in lifestyle, have resulted in increases in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases among Palestine refugees, in keeping with similar trends observed globally. Non-communicable diseases include hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking-related lung disease and cancers. These diseases usually require lifelong care and are treated with medicines that are often expensive. As a result of budget constraints, UNRWA is at present unable to provide the cholesterol-lowering medicines that are essential in the management of a high proportion of patients with non-communicable diseases. The complications of such diseases may be severe enough to require hospitalization and may result in disability. Management of this increasing burden of chronic diseases thus has substantial resource implications for staffing, medicines and hospital care. Furthermore, significant efforts will have to be made in working with communities to address lifestyle-related risk factors, which are key to preventing and controlling non-communicable diseases. Resources are needed to develop effective communication campaigns and to build the capacity of community support organizations.", "41. Costs of health care continue to rise in the Agency’s fields of operation, as is the case in countries worldwide. UNRWA has faced substantial increases in the costs of medicines and hospitalization fees in recent years. Furthermore, deepening poverty may cause refugees who previously used private service providers to start using UNRWA services, creating an additional burden for the Agency’s health services. Another concern is that policy changes in host countries may affect the access of refugees to Ministry of Health facilities, making them even more reliant on UNRWA services. The years ahead are therefore likely to see an increase in demand for the Agency’s health services, while available resources may not increase at the same pace.", "42. Escalating demand for services and the increasing need for lifelong care of chronic diseases have necessitated UNRWA to seek new ways of delivering health services in order to ensure quality of care for the future. The recently introduced family health team approach promotes comprehensive care for the whole family, focusing on continuity of care and on building relationships among health-care providers, patients, families and communities. This approach represents a modernization of primary health care, in keeping with regional and global trends, and requires an investment in systems development and staff capacity that will result in high quality, efficient health services that are able to respond to future health needs.", "43. Long-term care of high numbers of patients with non-communicable diseases, who often have complex case management needs, requires a well functioning patient record system. Furthermore, the resource implications associated with high numbers of patients on costly medications requires adequate health management information systems to monitor the efficiency of care. Current UNRWA information systems are inadequate to meet these complex information needs. In order to enable evidence-based decision-making and appropriate resource allocation in the future, substantial investment is needed in health information systems.", "44. Many of the health facilities are located in old buildings, the maintenance of which has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of all health facilities to ensure that they meet the required functions and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains an unfunded challenge.", "45. While most of the refugees in camps are served with water supply and sewer networks, very little is known about the quality of water they drink and use and the adequacy of infrastructure systems. Improving the quality of the environmental infrastructure networks in camps based on WHO standards requires comprehensive assessments on adequacy of systems but remains an unfunded challenge too.", "46. Due to budget constraints, UNRWA will address only the environmental issues, although recognizing the importance, as opportunity arises and when minimum expenditure is envisaged. Budgeting for general environmental concerns is addressed only through projects.", "47. There are approximately 28,000 Palestine refugees living in Dar’a Camp in southern Syrian Arab Republic whose health is affected by unsanitary and unsafe living conditions. Reported cases of water-related diseases due to inadequate and leaking water and sewer systems is not uncommon in this and other camps.", "D. Financial resources", "48. Table 12 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 1.", "Table 12 A long and healthy life Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access to quality, comprehensive, 83 520 84 327 primary health care", "Sustained protection and promotion of family 7 282 7 327 health", "Ensured prevention and control of diseases 27 024 26 162", "Total regular budget 117 826 117 816", "Project budget 14 673 14 673", "Total 132 499 132 489", "Chapter III", "Goal 2: acquired knowledge and skills", "A. Human development goal", "49. UNRWA attempts to situate its educational developments and priorities within the global frameworks of the Millennium Development Goals and the Education for All initiative. UNRWA provides education services to nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children through some 700 schools located in Jordan, Lebanon, the Gaza Strip, the Syrian Arab Republic and the West Bank. Nearly half of the Agency’s schools are located within the camps.", "50. In a situation where almost 41 per cent of Palestine refugees are below the age of 18 and affected by high levels of unemployment and poverty, education remains one of the surest ways to make a lasting positive socio-economic impact. Thus, in achieving the second Millennium Development Goal of universal basic education, the focus of UNRWA for the biennium 2012-2013 will be on enhancing the quality of its basic education services through a system-wide education reform. The education reform strategy is in line with the overall UNRWA sustaining change agenda, medium-term strategy and national, regional and global education for all aspirations.", "51. The UNRWA education reform addresses perceptions of declining quality which have been identified through the Agency-wide monitoring and learning achievement tests. The education reform is designed to establish an enabling environment whereby schools and teachers receive appropriate, timely, professional and administrative support. This will facilitate educationally, technically and economically meaningful progress towards the achievement of quality education for Palestine refugee students in UNRWA schools.", "52. Children have a right to education, one that is upheld by the General Assembly, which has encouraged the Agency, in close cooperation with other relevant United Nations entities, to continue making progress in addressing the needs and rights of children in accordance with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Achieving universal primary education is the second Millennium Development Goal, and the international community has committed itself to work towards better quality education for all. UNRWA operates 700 elementary and preparatory schools, providing free basic education for nearly 0.5 million Palestine refugee children. Over time, the Agency’s schools have acquired a reputation for low dropout rates and high academic achievement. Literacy rates among Palestine refugees compare well with those in the region, and there has been gender equity in enrolment since the 1970s.", "53. Through its education system, UNRWA has the greatest potential to help Palestine refugee children to thrive, to achieve their potential and to grow up understanding their rights and respecting the rights of others. Basic education, delivered by the Agency’s education programme, is therefore considered among the highest priorities of all the Agency’s services to refugees. The UNRWA education programme also contributes to the strategic objective on employability.", "B. Objectives", "54. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Universal access to and coverage of basic education;", "(b) Educational quality and outcomes against set standards are enhanced;", "(c) Improve access to educational opportunities for learners with special education needs.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "55. School buildings and infrastructure. More than 70 per cent of the schools are operating on double shift, and 15 per cent from rented premises with meagre resources for upkeep and enhancement of school infrastructure. UNRWA is committed to providing all its students with a complete basic education. Despite continued efforts to decrease the dropout rate, further efforts are needed, as approximately 10 per cent of boys and 5 per cent of girls in the UNRWA system do not finish the full cycle of basic education.", "56. Student achievement. Performance in the Agency’s monitoring and learning achievement tests is highest in less cognitively demanding skills and lower in more demanding skills (such as drawing inferences, applying knowledge to real world situations and performing two-step procedures). These skills are premised on the mastery of less complex thinking skills. A number of UNRWA students markedly underperform, with just under one third of grade four and grade eight students assessed for numeracy skills and scoring between zero and 30 per cent in the monitoring and learning achievement tests. In addition, in the same tests, close to two thirds of UNRWA students scored between zero and 30 per cent in eighth grade Arabic. This underscores the need for an increased focus on improving the quality of the teaching and learning process through the provision of appropriate pre- and in-service training and support to teachers.", "57. Curriculum enrichment. UNRWA utilizes host country curriculum in each of its five fields of operation. This makes the delivery of uniform quality education and mainstreaming Agency-wide policies, structures and systems that are relevant to curriculum quality particularly challenging. UNRWA enriches curricula to improve quality and to ensure that United Nations values are embedded within the curricula, notwithstanding the constraints on the capacity of the Agency’s education programme managers.", "58. Quality education. Current teacher preparation and pre-service and in-service career development programmes tend to be more conventional, and efforts will be required to adopt non-conventional strategies, which will involve a school-based teacher development programme using open distance learning methodologies.", "59. Inclusive education. Currently there are an estimated 100,000 students in UNRWA institutions with special education needs who are not being cared for. An inclusive education vision for the Agency will assure the rights of all refugee children, regardless of gender, abilities, disabilities, impairments, health conditions and socio-economic status, to equal access to a meaningful and quality education. UNRWA is thus increasing its focus on inclusive education and is developing a policy, shared terminology and guidelines for Agency schools on how best to support children with special education needs.", "60. Many of the school facilities are deteriorated, and maintenance has been neglected over the years because of funding constraints. Assessment of the structural integrity of schools has revealed that a number of the buildings housing these schools need to be either structurally strengthened or replaced as an immediate priority; students’ health and safety will otherwise be placed at risk. Funding still needs to be secured to address this issue.", "61. Furthermore, assessment of all education facilities to ensure that they meet the required function and are efficient, safe for use, safe under seismic activities and are environmentally sound and within set standards remains to be an unfunded challenge. Such assessments will enable the Agency to prioritize interventions and achieve efficiencies.", "D. Financial resources", "62. Table 13 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 2.", "Table 13 Acquire knowledge and skills Resource requirements by objective", "(Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Universal access and coverage of basic education 83 650 82 280", "Educational quality and outcomes against set 239 584 249 538 standards are enhanced", "Improve access to educational opportunities for 4 861 5 027 learners with special education needs", "Total regular budget 328 095 336 845", "Project budget 8 581 8 581", "Total 336 676 345 426", "Chapter IV", "Goal 3: a decent standard of living", "A. Human development goal", "63. To live with dignity, refugees must be able to attain a decent standard of living; a safe place to live; sufficient quantities of food; and the opportunity to learn skills that will lead to work. Essentially, refugees must be given the opportunity to escape poverty. The right to a decent standard of living — through adequate shelter, food and work — are set out in human rights agreements and reinforced in the first Millennium Development Goal, to “eradicate extreme poverty and hunger”, that includes targets to achieve productive employment and decent work. The United Nations is also committed to building inclusive financial services for the poor.", "64. The Agency’s interventions in support of this goal require an integrated response from its Relief and Social Services programme, microfinance programme, education programme, and camp improvement and infrastructure programme.", "65. There has been a demographic shift in the refugee population, with more than 25 per cent between the ages of 15 and 24. In many ways the realization of the future hopes, aspirations and identity of Palestine refugees depends on the type of education and training they receive. The UNRWA technical and vocational education and training programme aims to provide Palestine refugees with alternative educational opportunities.", "66. There are around 7,000 regular students enrolled in various programmes in the 10 UNRWA vocational training centres. In addition, there are various specific initiatives in the fields catering to short-term courses for youth and school dropouts providing them with employable skills and training.", "67. The Agency has developed its technical courses to be more market-oriented, skill-based and is addressing possibilities of income generation placing more emphasis on entrepreneurial and life skills in the school and technical and vocational education and training curricula. The new competency-based training approach introduces new categories of training that focus on the development of skills identified by employers themselves, creating a skilled labour force and establishing a technical and vocational education and training programme that is more responsive to the demands of local and regional labour markets.", "68. UNRWA also provides professional career guidance and placement services for graduates within its field offices.", "69. UNRWA will prioritize shelter improvements for vulnerable refugees and will pursue a holistic and participatory approach to camp improvement that reflects the social as well as the physical aspects of the built environment.", "B. Objectives", "70. The objectives of goal 3 are:", "(a) Reduce poverty among the poorest Palestine refugees;", "(b) Increase availability to inclusive financial services and access to credit and savings facilities;", "(c) Achieve enhanced skills and improved access to employment for Palestine refugees;", "(d) Sustain camp development and upgrade of substandard infrastructure and accommodation.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "71. UNRWA provides direct support to the poorest under its special hardship assistance to 288,405 refugees annually; has trained more than 7,000 graduates in technical and vocational skills; provided microfinance products for approximately 112,000 loans to refugees since its inception; and over time has rehabilitated around 3,235 shelters. The special hardship assistance programme’s primary focus is upon the food insecure, or those who are identified as falling below the abject poverty line. Traditionally, UNRWA has dealt with poverty through its special hardship assistance programme, serving approximately 5.5 per cent of all registered Palestine refugees. In 2011, 288,405 Palestine refugees were enrolled in the special hardship assistance programme across the five fields and received food assistance on a quarterly basis. In the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 83,000 food insecure families received additional cash assistance to bridge the poverty gap.", "72. Although the special hardship assistance programme ceiling rises by 3.5 per cent annually, the programme is unable to keep pace with the increasing rates of poverty among Palestine refugees. During the current biennium, work has been undertaken in three fields of UNRWA operations to understand the numbers of food insecure refugees who are in need of assistance. The poverty line used in this work was defined as the cost of basic food needs, so if a refugee was determined to be poor, he or she is by definition food insecure. The results from this work show the number of food insecure refugees far outstrips the resources of the programme: 301,301 refugees in the Gaza Strip (27 per cent of the registered population); 170,944 refugees in the West Bank (20 per cent of the registered population); and approximately 160,000 refugees in Lebanon (two thirds of the registered refugees residing in the country); are estimated to be food insecure. In Jordan, assistance from UNRWA renders the social and economic conditions of the Palestine refugees more or less comparable with the general Jordanian population, with the exception of refugees from Gaza, who currently number around 136,000 individuals. The Department of Statistics of Jordan estimates that 13 per cent of Jordanians are living in absolute poverty (basic food and non-food needs). This translates into 253,500 Palestine refugees in Jordan who are in absolute poverty. In 2010, the Central Bureau of Statistics of the Syrian Arab Republic reported that 12 per cent of the population were food insecure. As with Jordan, the assessment for the time being is that the Palestine refugee population is more or less in the same position as the general population of the Syrian Arab Republic so it can be assumed that 57,216 Palestine refugees in the country are food insecure. The estimated total number of Palestine refugees in need of food assistance in the five fields of UNRWA is around 800,000 individuals. This is nearly three times the current ceiling of the special hardship assistance programme.", "73. Increasing poverty has heightened demand for relief and social services; however, donor contributions have not kept pace with these demands. Due to domestic pressures, donor countries’ budgets are stretched, and changes in food aid funding mechanisms pose a significant challenge to UNRWA to meet food requirements for the poor.", "74. In the absence of emergencies, there are poor refugees who are able to exit poverty given the right educational, training and employment opportunities. While the economic situation in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as the limited opportunities for refugees to work in Lebanon, are severe limiting factors for poverty reduction, UNRWA can nevertheless make a significant impact on refugees’ livelihood prospects by equipping them — through training or microfinance — and helping them to access the right opportunities to exit poverty.", "75. For all refugees, but especially the most vulnerable, the Agency’s work in raising the quality of refugees’ shelter to acceptable standards remains vital if they are to live with the dignity that is their right. Levels of overcrowding among Palestine refugees are very high, especially in camps in the Gaza Strip, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and Jordan. In the Jordan field alone, approximately 500 shelters are in most urgent need of rehabilitation.", "76. UNRWA could accommodate only 30 per cent of the applicants to the vocational training centres. Despite several efforts, the expansion of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training has been quite slow and extremely limited. The reasons have been varied, ranging from political to resource scarcity to low social perceptions and the global financial crisis. The major issues and constraints of UNRWA technical and vocational education and training include: low access and equity; funding constraints and capacity of vocational training centres; lack of a quality framework and standards for technical and vocational education and training; need for redesign of curricula and implementation mechanisms; and weak linkages with industry and labour markets.", "77. Lack of General Fund and project funding will contribute to the continuation of substandard living conditions, inhabitable shelters and lack of basic infrastructure. Unless a strategic plan to improve the urban environment is funded and implemented as a priority, the economic, health, social, physical and environmental well-being of refugees will continue to deteriorate, which normally results in economic and loss of health/life, but also might lead to political unrest as well as loss of credibility on the part of the Agency with the refugees. Furthermore, emergencies (natural or man-made) result in the large-scale destruction of infrastructure and will increase the demand for repair and reconstruction. Inadequate capacity at legitimate crossings into the Gaza Strip has severely limited the Agency’s ability to meet reconstruction needs and targets for the Gaza Strip and stymied economic and human development.", "78. Lack of urban planning capacity in the fields will result in operational delays of the infrastructure and camp improvement programme at the field level. In the Jordan field, there were no funds raised in 2010 to rehabilitate the 500 highest priority substandard shelters, which pose an immediate risk to the safety and security of beneficiaries of the Special Hardship Assistance Programme. In Lebanon, the Agency’s appeal for funding for the reconstruction of the Nahr El‑Bared Camp has enabled it to make some progress and begin rehousing some of the camp residents. The appeal however, remains heavily underfunded, leaving most of the camp’s 26,000 registered Palestine refugees displaced in temporary accommodation until it is rebuilt. The residents require continuous funding to support their critical humanitarian needs: food; shelter; health; and education. UNRWA is required to continue to provide emergency food assistance in the form of food parcels.", "79. UNRWA Gaza has taken a two-pronged approach to the emergency in the area. While seeking to reactivate the economy through reconstruction and thus bring tens of thousands of families out of aid dependency, the basic needs of those who suffer hardship require attention and care until sustainable solutions are found. Against this backdrop, the Agency’s humanitarian assistance and poverty approach is expressed most prominently through the emergency appeal. The promise of increased self-reliance and hope lies with the Gaza Recovery and Reconstruction Plan. Budgeted at $400 million over the next biennium, the plan represents pillars of stability and opportunity. Within that budget are projects to build 100 schools, rebuild shelters for more than 17,500 beneficiaries, build one health centre and fund water, sanitation and hygiene projects to upgrade the water and sewage infrastructure in the refugee camps. The lack of funding for these projects is the sole impediment to completion. The implications of not completing these projects include the continued double shifting, and eventual triple shifting, of schools, as well as the possibility that the Agency will not meet its mandate to provide universal access to education for the refugee population of the Gaza Strip. The population growth in Gaza is reflected by an annual increase of 10,000 students in the Agency’s schools. Shelter reconstruction partially addresses the emergent shelter needs of the refugee community and reconstructs a number of shelters destroyed during the conflict with Israel.", "80. Lack of comprehensive information on the number of substandard shelters across the fields is envisaged to be one of the main challenges for the Agency. A rapid assessment survey in all camps would provide a reliable database to prioritize shelter rehabilitation interventions that are required.", "D. Financial resources", "81. Table 14 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 3.", "Table 14 A decent standard of living Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Reduced poverty among the poorest Palestinian 58 035 61 426 refugees", "Inclusive financial services and increased access to credit and savings facilities^(a)", "Enhanced skills and improved access to employment for 21 041 20 880 Palestinian refugees", "Sustained camp development and upgraded substandard 3 813 3 770 infrastructure and accommodation", "Total regular budget 82 889 86 076", "Project budget 302 288 365 673", "Total 385 177 351 749", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total Microfinance Department budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $25.7 million relates to this goal.", "Chapter V", "Goal 4: human rights enjoyed to the fullest", "A. Human development goal", "82. Just and equitable human development requires respect for human rights. Protection is a cross-cutting theme for the Agency, meaning that protection issues will be taken into consideration in all programming.", "B. Objectives", "83. The objectives of goal 2 are:", "(a) Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and advanced;", "(b) Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and implement sustainable social services in their communities;", "(c) Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "84. The Agency’s protection work has internal and external dimensions. Internally, UNRWA promotes protection through programming and service delivery. Externally, it engages in monitoring and reporting of refugee conditions and undertakes appropriate interventions, and the Commissioner-General highlights the need for a just and durable solution to the conflict that respects the right of the refugees.", "85. The provision of essential services by UNRWA and ensuring access to them under varying circumstances, including armed conflict, is integral to the enjoyment of rights of the refugees. Direct and indirect engagement with other actors helps create and consolidate an environment and practices in which rights are respected. These rights include economic and social rights associated with the core areas of service delivery of UNRWA, such as education, as well as civil and political rights, such as the right to life. In addition, as a major provider of public services, UNRWA seeks to ensure that the manner in which it provides them ensures respect for the rights, dignity and safety of its beneficiaries. It does this by, for example, mainstreaming minimum protection standards in all programmes across all fields, acting to eliminate violence in schools, taking steps to prevent gender-based violence and abuse of children, and promoting knowledge of individual rights through a long-term human rights and tolerance programming in its schools. Monitoring and reporting mechanisms help in the effective implementation of these protection activities.", "86. In 2010-2011, the Agency programme focused its efforts on ensuring that quality social services were being provided by refugees in their communities. This was done through the development and promulgation of a variety of tools for staff and refugee-run community-based organizations.", "87. The first of these tools, a capacity assessment toolkit, takes a comprehensive look at community-based organizations as civil society organizations and measures their ability to provide quality service and financial sustainability. Administered in partnership with the organizations, progress is tracked on an annual basis. Other tools focused on specific services offered by the community-based organizations, such as the microlending programme, ensuring that internal control policies and procedures are in place as well as exploring the social impact the small loans have on those who take small loans.", "88. The main challenge for the social services programme and its work with community-based organizations is the organizations’ outreach to refugees in the community who may be more vulnerable than others and in need of social services but for a variety of reasons are unable to access the assistance.", "89. As part of the Agency’s desire to improve service delivery to Palestine refugees, the Agency developed a new online web-based Refugee Registration Information System to replace the outdated Field Registration System. The new system enhances the integrity of refugee data and facilitates collection of new information being gathered about refugees and its analysis, thereby improving the Agency’s ability to better formulate policy and programming.", "90. In addition, more efficient and dignified registration services are being provided to refugees through new family registration cards issued in the UNRWA fields of operation. This has eliminated the previous reliance upon headquarters to print these cards and significantly reduced the three-month time frame in which registration cards were previously issued. The capacity-building and professional development of staff remains important in this regard, and is in turn affected by chronic resource constraints.", "91. Due to the fact all registered Palestine refugees, now numbering nearly 5 million persons, rely upon eligibility and registration services, more staff are required to ensure that registration services are carried out in accordance with relevant international standards.", "92. The Agency’s ability to achieve its objectives relies on a range of factors outside its direct control, including the facilitation of host and other governments in the region. The political context in the region poses a significant challenge to fulfilment of this human development goal.", "93. Included under projects are provisions for the UNRWA Summer Games, which is the largest organized recreational activity available to refugee children in the Gaza Strip. The games provide a safe and creative space for refugee children, away from conditions of poverty and overcrowding that prevail in the Gaza Strip. Equally, they provide an opportunity for children to engage in activities that complement the UNRWA education programme, enhancing the acquisition of skills that enable them to become productive members of society. There is no equivalent activity in the Gaza Strip; none of the other major summer recreational camps feature such diverse activities in a setting free from politics. Should this programme not be funded, the space and range of activities available to the refugee children of the Gaza Strip, including one which helps them reach their potential as students and achieve a decent standard of living, will be curtailed.", "D. Financial resources", "94. Table 15 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 4.", "Table 15 Human rights enjoyed to the fullest Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Rights of Palestine refugees are safeguarded and 17 17 advanced", "Strengthened capacity of refugees to formulate and 1 425 1 224 implement sustainable social services in their communities", "Registration and eligibility of Palestine refugees 2 278 2 279 for UNRWA services are in accordance with relevant international standards", "Total regular budget 3 720 3 520", "Project budget 12 765 12 765", "Grand total 16 485 16 285", "Chapter VI", "Goal 5: effective and efficient governance and support in the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "A. Goal", "95. The goal of effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA is to promote and sustain the best possible standards of management, enhance stakeholder relations and enable the delivery of quality programmes that help achieve the human development of the Palestine refugees.", "96. This goal is achieved by the following Headquarters Departments and the corresponding units in the field offices:", "(a) Commissioner-General’s Office;", "(b) Administrative Services Department;", "(c) Human Resources Department;", "(d) Finance Department;", "(e) Department of Legal Affairs;", "(f) Department of Internal Oversight Services;", "(g) External Relations and Communications Department.", "B. Objectives", "97. The objectives of goal 5 are:", "(a) To provide leadership, strengthen governance and mobilize additional resources;", "(b) To develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry out its mandate.", "C. Constraints and challenges", "98. During the biennium, UNRWA will continue to build on the results of its organizational development reform of the support departments and move forward with planning and implementation of its “sustaining change” programme reforms. While management support reforms, such as staff development and introduction of an enterprise resource planning system remain priorities, the strengthening of the core services of UNRWA — and its resource mobilization capacity — lie at the heart of the “sustaining change” reforms. Attracting and retaining qualified staff and investing in their development will continue to be important to the success of the reforms.", "99. Several internal studies have concluded that the only alternative that the Agency has to mitigate risk is to develop and implement a new enterprise resource planning system. The current enterprise system has become obsolete. The introduction of an enterprise resource planning system depends entirely on the availability of sufficient funding, as reflected in the estimated annual project budget. The lack of funds is an overwhelming constraint, as UNRWA cannot proceed with the acquisition of the required software licences to start the implementation, nor can it begin contractual negotiations with prospective system integrators for the project. If the project is not fully funded for the biennium, this constraint will prevent the initiation of the new enterprise resource planning system.", "100. The continuing financial pressures facing UNRWA affect governance capacity, with implications for the Agency as a whole. Due to the global economic downturn, economic forecasts for 2012 are of particular concern. Large funding gaps will pose a severe challenge to both support and programme services. Mobilizing sufficient resources to sustain reforms and achieve greater efficiencies is a priority.", "101. In the light of ongoing reforms and political developments in the region, the expectations of stakeholders, including donors and beneficiaries, are high and growing. As UNRWA seeks to meet these expectations, it notes that reforming public services is a complex task that does not yield results quickly. The task is complicated further by conditions of protracted conflict and growing instability in the Agency’s areas of operations.", "102. To move the sustaining change reform process forward, it is necessary to strengthen further the culture of transparency and accountability. Engendering reform support from a large number of staff, both international and area staff, requires the buy-in of all managers, combined with training, coaching and the reform of key management systems.", "D. Financial resources", "103. Table 16 sets out the resource requirements by objective for human development goal 5.", "Table 16 Effective and efficient governance and support in UNRWA Resource requirements by objective (Cash and in kind, thousands of United States dollars)", "2012 2013 estimate estimate", "Provide leadership, strengthen governance and 28 703 28 842 foster partnerships", "Develop and sustain UNRWA, enabling it to carry 61 543 55 058 out its mandate^(a)", "Total regular budget 90 246 83 900", "Project budget 20 623 20 623", "Total 110 869 104 523", "^(a) Excludes Microfinance Department (MD) budget self-sustained through interest income on loan distributions. The total MD budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is $25.8 million, of which $117,000 ($57,000 for 2012 and $60,000 for 2013) relates to this goal.", "Chapter VII", "Recommendations of the United Nations Board of Auditors: status of implementation", "104. Table 17 illustrates the current status of 61 recommendations made by the United Nations Board of Auditors in its report for the biennium 2008-2009. As at 31 March 2011, 30 recommendations had been implemented, 25 were under implementation, 4 were yet to be implemented, and 2 recommendations had been overtaken by events.", "105. The management of UNRWA is committed to implementing the recommendations, some of which require additional funding, span bienniums or require strategic intervention. Most of the recommendations indicated as being under implementation are planned for the second and third quarters of 2011.", "Table 17 Status of implementation of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors for the biennium ended 31 December 2009", "Implementationstatus \nDepartment/office\tNumberofrecommendations\tImplemented Underimplementation\tNotimplemented\tOvertakenby events \nFinance\t19\t14 2\t2\t1\n Gaza field office 6 2 4 — — \n Jordan field office 2 1 1 — — \nSyrian Arab Republicfield office\t2\t1 1\t—\t—Department ofAdministrative Support:Information SystemsDivision\t1011\t6—— 311\t1——\t——— Procurement andLogistics Division \n Administration \nProgramme Coordinationand Support\t4\t— 4\t—\t—\nDepartment of HumanResources\t6\t5 1\t—\t—\nDepartment of InternalOversight Services\t9\t— 7\t1\t1\n Executive Management 1 1 — — — \nTotal\t61\t30 25\t4\t2", "150911", "*1145675*", "[]" ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13 A号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13 A号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "A/66/13/Add.1", "说明", "ISSN 0251-7973", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月17日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n1.导言 1\n2.健康长寿的生活 19\n3.获得知识和技能 21\n4.体面的生活水准 24\n5.最充分地享受人权 28\n6.近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助 30\n7.联合国审计委员会的建议：执行情况 32", "第一章", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处或工程处)根据大会1949年12月8日第302(IV)号决议成立，1950年5月1日开始运作，是联合国系统的大会附属机构。工程处是联合国最大的方案之一，2011年任务规定涵盖了480万巴勒斯坦难民。正如大会第65/100号决议所述，工程处成立六十多年来发挥了重要作用，为巴勒斯坦难民的福祉、人类发展和保护以及改善其困境提供重要服务。大会每三年延长工程处的任务期限，最近第65/98号决议延长了工程处的任务期限，决议申明在巴勒斯坦难民问题得到公正解决以前，工程处的工作有必要继续下去。", "2. 近东救济工程处的任务是依照国际商定目标和标准，帮助巴勒斯坦难民在其生活的困难环境下实现人类发展的全部潜力。工程处实现这一任务的途径是，依照国际标准，向加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的巴勒斯坦难民提供各种基本服务。在联合国各机构中，近东救济工程处与众不同的是它直接为难民提供服务。工程处的任务由大会规定，随着时间的推移，根据业务情况的发展而演化。目前，工程处的任务已扩大到向难民提供教育、保健、救济和社会服务及小额供资和紧急援助，还提供基础设施和难民营改善，以及保护难民。", "A. 背景", "3. 中东最近的政治和安全事态只是对工程处的新近困扰，进一步消耗了工程处的有限资源，因而，限制了工程处为加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约500万难民提供服务的能力。西岸准入问题、加沙地带继续受到封锁、严重的资金限制和安全问题只是工程处日常面临的其中一些困难。尽管处境困难，被许多人视作这一动荡地区稳定力量的近东救济工程处仍在竭尽全力继续向巴勒斯坦难民提供直接服务。", "4. 近东救济工程处提供的核心服务在性质和范围上可与地方或国家政府提供的服务相比。近东救济工程处约有29 000名工作人员，是中东最大的用人单位之一，其中大部分工作人员本身就是巴勒斯坦难民。超过480 000名儿童在由约22 000名教育工作人员经办的工程处学校上学。去年，1 000多万病人在遍布这一区域的工程处137个保健中心就诊。近东救济工程处还协助将近280 000名最贫困、最脆弱的难民获取经改良的、针对最贫困者的社会安全网方案提供的额外援助。残障人士等有其他特殊需要者也获益于工程处保健中心提供的专门服务。性别平等问题正在纳入工程处各项核心方案的主流，而社区妇女赋权是工程处的主要核心领域。目前，在提供这些服务方面的挑战非常艰巨。", "5. 在加沙，工程处为注册的110万巴勒斯坦难民服务，其中包括210 000多名学生。尽管还有好几千学生有资格到工程处学校就学，但由于缺少教室不能上学。由于加沙地带受到封锁和2008年12月至2009年1月在加沙地带发生的冲突，经济遭到破坏，还需要大规模重建难民住房。在加沙地带需要重建的住房中，难民收容所占很大一部分，因此，工程处的责任因缺少资金和由于封锁难以运入建筑材料而更具挑战性。", "6. 在西岸，尽管情况有所改善，如减少了检查站数目，但准入和行动限制仍在孤立社区，不仅对政治而且对后勤提出挑战。这些挑战加剧了难民的困境，削弱了工程处在受影响地区以讲究成本效益的方式提供服务的能力。", "7. 在黎巴嫩，近东救济工程处仍是向贫穷程度高、脱贫机会有限的边缘化巴勒斯坦难民社区提供服务的主要方面。在黎巴嫩，2011年初新政府的成立增加了在工程处和难民关切的若干问题方面取得进展的希望。其中的一个关切领域是允许难民从事各种职业的立法，该立法尚有待实施。由于工程处不能向难民提供充分补助，使他们能够获取针对危及生命疾病的三级治疗，难民营出现骚动，直接威胁到工程处前线工作人员的安全。", "8. 在难民情况仍保持稳定的约旦，政府针对大众要求采取了各种措施，其中一项是增加公营部门雇员的薪金。对这一做法的影响讨论如下(见第12和第13段)。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国一直是状况稳定的行动区，但2011年发生了暴乱，对工程处在这一地区的活动造成了挑战。", "9. 工程处提供的直接服务对整个区域巴勒斯坦难民的福祉至关重要。若工程处的财政状况没有改善，则会受益者造成直接巨大的影响。没有充足的资源已经损害了工程处各方案的质量。尽管这些年来对工程处的预算外捐款逐步增加，但跟不上人口和费用不断增加的速度。", "B. 规划假定", "10. 近东救济工程处充分认识到，致力于满足受益者的要求和应对财务困难的核心是，工程处必须大幅改善其运作方式。", "11. 2004年6月举行划时代的日内瓦会议后，2006年，近东救济工程处开始了迄今最雄心勃勃的改革进程，题为“组织发展”。这一改革进程于2009年结束，对工程处的管理制度和规划框架进行了意义深远的变革。在组织发展计划的基础上，工程处继续改革，制订了称作“持续变革”的计划。该计划大纲于2011年5月审定，于2011年6月末提交给工程处的咨询委员会届会。该计划主旨是在接下来的两个两年期完成构想的工程处体制变革。组织发展计划着手振兴近东救济工程处的管理，而持续变革旨在搞活方案，确保在过度拥挤的学校、诊所和营地服务中心提供服务时，加强最需要的平等和效力。该计划还把增强工程处的资源调动能力放在优先地位。由于组织发展和根据持续变革计划取得的进展，工程处通过2010-2015年中期战略等提出了较长期的战略重点，由一个有力的成果规划制度提供支助。监测和评价能力得到了进一步发展，而且工程处还在其规划中纳入了对联合国全系统发展和人道主义工作有重要意义的贯穿各领域的问题，诸如性别平等、残疾与保护。工程处还向外地管理层授予了更大权力，以提高效率，同时力求确保工程处总部提供所需的支助，维护全工程处的相关标准、方案规划和评价方面的良好做法以及成果问责。此外，对工程处的采购规则做了全面修订，使其更符合整个联合国系统采用的标准。工程处的人力资源程序也做了彻底革新，侧重于改善征聘进程和工作人员管理，这对拥有约29 000名工作人员的工程处而言非常重要，这些工作人员是向数以百万计受益者提供优质服务的关键。", "12. 工作人员费用占近东救济工程处预算很大部分(见表4)，因为每天直接提供服务需要大量工作人员(约29 000人)。努力与东道国当局公共部门薪金保持一致，使工程处的资金可持续性很容易受到经济动荡的冲击。例如，2011年间，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦增加了公共部门的薪金，近东救济工程处因而每年多支出约850万美元。", "13. 东道国政府面临日益增加的提供优质服务的要求，而其自身的财政状况在恶化。有些情况下，利用东道国政府服务的一些巴勒斯坦难民回到工程处，这增加了近东救济工程处提供服务的压力。与此同时，捐助方期望提高服务提供的效率、效力和质量。因此，工程处在资源基础有限和业务费用不断增加的情况下，面临来自所有主要利益攸关方提出的不断增加的要求和期望。", "C. 预算结构", "14. 近东救济工程处的预算结构反映了2010-2015年中期战略，是根据为各个外地办事处和总部部门编制的第二个两年期战略的实施计划制订的。以下各章以及其中提出的预期成绩、绩效指标和计量办法，反映出近东救济工程处继续决心实行在2010-2011两年期开始实行的成果预算编制。", "15. 中期战略为巴勒斯坦难民确定了4项人类发展目标，即：", "(a) 拥有健康长寿的生活；", "(b) 获得知识和技能；", "(c) 拥有体面的生活水准；", "(d) 最充分地享受人权。", "16. 为了根据工程处战略把资金直接与落实成果相联系，本预算包括了按目标和战略目标分列的细目，如以下图表所示：", "按部门和行动区分列、显示各部门国际和地区工作人员数目的近东救济工程处组织结构图(图一)；按人类发展目标、经常预算、项目预算和其他要求分列的2012-2013年方案预算总表(表1)；按外地办事处分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表2和图二)；按人类发展目标分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表3和图三)；按支出类别分列的经常预算以及2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表4和图四)；按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算(表5)。", "图一", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处2012-2013两年期组织结构和员额分配", "注：75个国际员额由预算外资源供资。", "缩写：USG，副秘书长；ASG，助理秘书长；RB，经常预算；XB，预算外；GS，一般事务；OL，其他职等。", "^(a) 本地员额。 ^(b) 新员额。 ^(c) 改叙员额。 ^(d) 表7未列入小额供资部员额数目。", "表1 2012-2013两年期预算", "(以千美元计)", "2012财政年度 2013财政年度 2012-2013两年期\n 经常预算 项目预算 共计 经常预算 项目预算 共计 经常预算 项目预算 共计", "人类发展目标 现金^(a) 实物 共计 现金^(a) 实物 共计 现金^(a) 实物 共计", "健康长寿的生活 116 513 1 313 117 826 14 673 132 116 1 320 117 14 673 132 489 233 2 633 235 642 29 346 264 499 496 816 009 988", "获得知识和技能 327 572 523 328 095 8 581 336 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 1 053 664 940 17 162 682 676 315 845 887 102", "体面的生活水准 82 889 — 82 889 302 288 385 86 076 — 86 076 265 673 351 749 168 — 168 965 567 961 736 177 965 926", "最充分地享受人权 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 1 3 520 12 765 16 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770", "近东救济工程处有效和高 90 246 — 90 246 20 623 110 83 900 — 83 900 20 623 104 523 174 — 174 146 41 246 215 效的治理与支助 869 146 392", "小计 620 939 1 837 622 776 358 930 981 626 1 851 628 322 315 950 472 1 247 3 688 1 250 933 681 245 1 932 706 306 157 245 178", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b) 11 000 — 11 000 — 11 000 11 000 — 11 000 — 11 000 22 000 — 22 000 — 22 000", "加薪准备金 16 135 — 16 135 — 16 135 31 135 — 31 135 — 31 135 47 270 — 47 270 — 47 270", "离职福利准备金 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000", "新的企业资源规划准备金 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000 4 000 — 4 000 — 4 000", "资本化和折旧准备金^(c) 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 1 000 — 1 000 — 1 000 2 000 — 2 000 — 2 000", "小计 32 135 — 32 135 — 32 135 47 135 — 47 135 — 47 135 79 270 — 79 270 — 79 270", "共计 653 074 1 837 654 911 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 315 997 607 1 326 3 688 1 330 203 681 245 2 011 841 441 292 515 448", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(c) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "表2 按外地办事处分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "外地办事处 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "加沙地带 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "黎巴嫩 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55", "约旦 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "西岸 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "总部", "教育方案 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925 (294) (4.79)", "保健方案 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "救济和社会服务方案 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (128) (5.16)", "基础设施和营地改善方案 1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 998 30.28", "支助部门 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，a) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 —", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图二", "按外地办事处分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表3", "按人类发展目标分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "人类发展目标 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "健康长寿的生活 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81", "获得知识和技能 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48", "体面的生活水准 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40", "最充分地享受人权 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55)", "近东救济工程处有效和 68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900 (38 012) — 高效的治理与支助", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，c) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图三", "按人类发展目标分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表4", "按支出类别分列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "资源增长^(d)", "支出类别 2008年 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 数额 百分比 支出 支出 支出 预算 估计数^(a) 估计数^(a)", "国际工作人员费用 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49", "地区工作人员费用 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "服务 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "用品 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "设备和建筑 5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 9.30", "房地 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "赠款和补贴 22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67", "外地准备金 — — — (4 457) 1 282 837 6 576 —", "成本回收 (4 558) (1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) — —", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "所需其他资源", "意外准备金^(b，c) — — — 2 809 11 000 11 000 19 191 683.20", "加薪准备金^(b) — — — 24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94", "离职福利准备金^(b) — — — 5 078 2 000 2 000 (1 078) (21.23)", "新的企业资源规划准备金^(b) — — — — 2 000 2 000 4 000 —", "资本化和折旧准备金^(b，e) (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77)", "小计 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计 505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年比较数字列入了各个外地办事处和总部支出。", "^(c) 包括用于购粮现金、外汇、年假和普通用途的准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长：两个两年期之间的比较。", "^(e) 为遵守落实《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求，资本化和折旧准备金被列为专项准备金。", "图四", "按支出类别分列的经常预算", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "[]", "表5", "按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算", "(以千美元计)", "人类发展目标 加沙地带^(a) 黎巴嫩^(b) 阿拉伯叙利亚 约旦 西岸 总部 共计 共和国", "健康长寿的生活 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346", "获得知识和技能 — — 2 814 14 348 — — 17 162", "体面的生活水准 402 485 155 940 — 2 005 6 599 932 567 961", "最充分地享受人权 25 530 — — — — — 25 530", "近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理与支助^(c) — — — — — 41 246 41 246", "共计 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) 加沙地带项目预算包括与重建有关的4亿美元。", "^(b) 黎巴嫩外地办事处项目预算包括2012-2013年间用于巴里德河难民营的1.15亿美元。完成整个项目所需资金总额为2.07亿美元。", "^(c) 近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理与支助项下的4 120万美元包括用于企业资源规划的2 600万美元和用于持续变革倡议的1 500万美元，持续变革倡议涉及教育和保健领域的改革及设立对外关系和通信部。", "D. 人员配置表", "17. 为交付核心方案和项目，工程处雇用国际和地区工作人员。", "18. 大会1974年12月17日第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定，在近东救济工程处任职的国际工作人员的薪金费用，原本由自愿捐款支付，在工程处任务期限内改由联合国经常预算供资，自1975年1月1日起开始实行。2010-2011两年期，133个国际工作人员员额由经常预算供资。", "19. 除核定的133个国际工作人员员额外，主计长建议将13个新员额(1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4和5个P-3)和5个改叙员额(4个D-1改为D-2、1个P-4改为P-5)列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算。这些新的国际工作人员员额有助于达到对工程处的更高要求，因为大会在整个联合国倡议遵循主要最佳做法政策和倡议，包括执行《国际公共部门会计准则》和安全管理系统标准和政策，如最低运作安保标准和性别平等主流化等。", "20. 除上述外，75个国际工作人员员额由经常预算以外的来源供资(见表6)。共69个员额由项目基金供资；2个员额由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)供资；2个员额由世界卫生组织(世卫组织)供资；1个员额由小额供资和微型企业部通过其方案收入供资；1个员额由工程处节约储金供资。", "表6 2012-2013年所需国际工作人员编制", "类别 经常预算 其他来源 \n 专业及以上 \n 副秘书长 1 — \n 助理秘书长 1 — \n D-2 8 2 \n D-1 10 2 \n P-5 27 7 \n P-4/P-3 86 54 \n P-2/P-1 2 3 \n 小计 135 68 \n 其他职等 \n 总务 11 7 \n 小计 11 7 \n 共计 146 75", "^(a) 在经常预算栏内列入拟增设的13个国际员额和5个核定改叙员额。", "21. 截至2011年6月30日，近东救济工程处核心方案主要通过29 763名当地(“地区”)工作人员交付。如果工程处要实现本预算中提出的绩效，2013年底这一数目需增至30 823名(见表7)。", "表7 截至2013年12月31日地方工作人员估计数按人类发展目标分列", "目标 加沙 黎巴嫩 阿拉伯叙利亚 约旦 西岸 总部 共计 共和国", "长寿健康的生活 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380", "获得知识和技能 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906", "体面的生活水准 560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743", "最充分地享受人权 48 16 63 42 37 5 211", "近东救济工程处有效和高效的治理和支助 537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583", "共计 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 4 667 484 30 823", "E. 财务状况", "22. 除了由经常预算(通过分摊的会费)供资的国际工作人员员额和联合国其他机构提供的员额之外，近东救济工程处现在的业务、项目和紧急呼吁的经费都来自捐助者的自愿捐款。", "23. 表8显示2010年工程处预算的筹资现况，包括由经常预算专用捐款和非专用捐款供资的活动。", "24. 2010财政年度财务结果明确显示，工程处在努力执行任务过程中遇到资金短缺的情况。由非专用自愿捐款供资的经常预算出现4 730万美元资金缺口，而项目预算短缺2.049亿美元。", "表8 2010年工程处筹资现况", "(以百万美元计)", "经常资源\n 编入预算的活动 未编入预算的活动 项目 紧急呼吁", "预算 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "捐款和收入 554.6^(b) 50.6^(c) 57.1 162.0", "资金缺口 (47.3) — (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) 指2010年紧急呼吁中的所需数额。", "^(b) 包括现金和实物收入。", "^(c) 指标明未列于公布的2010年方案预算中的活动收入(例如，粮食援助(现金补贴)和特困情况援助)：巴勒斯坦被占领土为2008年12月27日至2009年1月19日期间近东救济工程处在加沙地带发生的事件中蒙受的损失提供赔偿，组织发展——第二阶段和企业资源规划。", "25. 2010年巴勒斯坦被占领土紧急呼吁资金短缺1.613亿美元。", "26. 2011年当前收支预测(见表9)显示，对比编入预算的支出额6.247亿美元和预计普通基金收入总额5.202亿美元(根据指示性捐助者捐款估计数和利息收入估计数计算)，经常预算资金缺口为1.045亿美元。普通基金是为工程处所需现金和实物提供非专用自愿捐款的机制。如果得不到额外捐助，工程处将无法充分开展编入预算的活动。巴勒斯坦被占领土2011年紧急呼吁资金短缺2.059亿美元，预计项目预算短缺1.53亿美元。", "表9 预计2011年工程处筹资状况", "(以百万美元计)", "经常预算 项目 紧急呼吁", "预算 624.7 228.8 342.6", "预计收入^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "资金缺口 (104.5) (153.0) (205.9)", "^(a) 年终预测和截至2011年6月底确认的认捐。", "27. 目前2012年收支预测(见表10)不看好。如果事实证明这些预测正确，资金缺口将进一步增至1.332亿美元(根据指示性捐助者捐款估计数和预测的方案支助费用回收额计算)。", "表10 预计2012年资金缺口", "(以百万美元计)", "经常预算", "预算 654.9", "预计收入 521.7", "资金缺口 (133.2)", "28. 2011年和2012年预计捐助者捐款收入见下文表11", "表11 2011年和2012年普通基金收入预测", "(以百万美元计)", "捐助者\t预计收入2011\t收入预测2012\t捐助者\t预计收入^(a)2011\t收入预测2012 \n澳大利亚\t6 300\t6 300\t小计^(b/f)\t215700\t215 100\n 巴林 100 100 沙特阿拉伯 5 200 2 000 \n 比利时 4 300 1 400 西班牙 14 300 12 600 \n 加拿大 0 — 瑞典 43 900 43 600 \n 丹麦 12 800 13 400 瑞士 10 500 12 000 \n 埃及 100 100 土耳其 1 000 1 000 \n欧盟\t115100\t114 400\t阿拉伯联合酋长国\t1 800\t1 800\n 芬兰 4 200 4 300 联合王国 31 900 47 900 \n法国\t6 700\t6 400\t联合王国(业绩增长)\t5 400\t—\n德国\t8 700\t9 000\t美国\t114600\t114 600\n 爱尔兰 5 700 5 700 非咨询委员会 13 600 13 600 \n 意大利 2 900 2 900 非政府组织 1 900 3 800 \n 日本 2 900 2 900 实物捐助 3 500 1 900 \n 科威特 2 000 2 000 利息 2 118 3 000 \n 荷兰 18 600 18 600 \n挪威\t25 200\t27 500\t方案支助费用回收\t24 000\t20 000\n卡塔尔\t100\t100\t由纽约供资的国际工作人员\t30 782\t28 803\n小计^(c/f)\t215700\t215 100\t共计\t520200\t521 703", "^(a) 年终预测和截至2011年6月底确认的认捐。", "29. 目前，近东救济工程处在预算与收支之间长期存在差异的财务状况下运作。工程处审查了其在一些关键领域致力于发展资源调动能力的情况，包括：", "(a) 将前对外关系部和前总部新闻办公室合并为对外关系和沟通部；", "(b) 拟订伙伴关系战略，并在对外关系和沟通部内设立伙伴关系处；", "(c) 在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿建立新的代表处；", "(d) 加强布鲁塞尔代表处；", "(e) 重申对外关系和沟通部作为工程处资源调动协调中心的核心作用；及", "(f) 任命一名对外关系和沟通部高级主任，在加强内部协调的支持下，领导新战略的制订工作。", "30. 近东救济工程处新资源调动战略假定，有可能增加来自市场各部门的总体收入，但承认不可能大幅改变目前轨迹。工程处承认，普通基金今后几年的目标具有挑战性，但认为如果采取一些措施减少费用，则能够实现这些目标。工程处指出阿拉伯捐助者为近东救济工程处项目提供了慷慨支持，工程处继续与他们联系，争取他们为普通基金提供更多捐款。对传统捐助者的相对依赖可进一步减少，但从这些来源的资助水平必须继续增加。为了进一步成功调动资源，还需对宣传部门投资。", "31. 该战略提出三项战略目标：", "(a) 加深与传统捐助者的合作，导致：", "• 可预测的普通基金捐款与支出预测同步增长；", "• 适当应对紧急情况和外地具体需要；", "• 就外联活动和资源调动开展合作。", "(b) 捐助群体多样化，导致：", "• 新兴经济体增加他们在普通基金中的份额。", "• 非传统捐助者(欧洲联盟)增加对各筹资门户的捐款；", "• 在各筹资门户中增加阿拉伯捐款；", "• 私人和公司捐款大幅增加；", "• 伙伴关系和合作行动给工程处带来经济和非经济惠益。", "(c) 发展工程处调动资源和管理捐助者关系的能力", "• 在战略上，总部和各外地办事处与近东救济工程处总体资源调动优先事项保持一致；", "• 充分利用宣传与捐助者关系之间的协同作用。", "32. 图五显示预计2012年和2013年工程处预算总额供资来源，包括经常预算和项目预算。", "图五 2012-2013年预算供资", "(以千美元计)", "对普通基金的自愿现金捐款 1 228 063 []", "对项目的自愿现金捐款 681 245", "对普通基金的自愿实物捐助 3 688", "联合国经常预算 50 346", "其他 48 106", "共计 2 011 448", "33. 2012-2013年预算总额约95%需由自愿捐款支付，其中64.2%是对普通基金的现金捐款，所收现金的35.6%用于资助项目，约0.2%是对普通基金的实物捐助。", "34. 133个核定国际员额、拟增设的13个员额和5个拟改叙员额由经常预算供资，约占年度预算总额的2.5%。其余2.4%的其他收入来自以下来源：", "(a) 利息收入和杂项收入，包括方案支助费用，每年不超过2 300万美元；", "(b) 教科文组织和世卫组织分别为6个工作人员员额(2个国际和4地区工作人员员额)和4个员额(2个国际和2个地区工作人员员额)提供经费，作为他们向教育和卫生方案提供的一部分技术援助。", "35. 如果捐助者的捐款继续低于为不断增加的服务需求供资所需的数额，则对工程处能力的制约将继续损害难民的人类发展标准，给东道国当局造成额外压力。", "36. 近东救济工程处认识到，由于当前全球经济环境导致资源匮乏、人口增长导致需求不断增加以及通货膨胀压力，工程处必须确定其主要方案中各项服务和活动的优先次序。因此，预算中的资金仅用于已确定的核心活动，这些活动对满足难民基本需要非常重要。工程处需要这样做的所需资源，以履行其核心任务。", "第二章", "目标1：健康长寿的生活", "A. 人类发展目标", "37. 近东救济工程处保健方案通过提供综合初级保健服务及与社区协力促进健康的生活方式，使巴勒斯坦难民能够长寿健康地生活。", "B. 具体目标", "38. 该方案的具体目标如下：", "(a) 普及高质量综合初级保健；", "(b) 可持续地保护和促进家庭健康；", "(c) 确保预控疾病。", "C. 制约与挑战", "39. 60多年来，近东救济工程处保健方案一直向巴勒斯坦难民提供初步保健服务，在保健方面，特别是在妇幼保健领域取得一些显著收益。但实施保健方案的背景正在发生变化，带来一系列新的挑战。", "40. 人口老化和生活方式的改变导致巴勒斯坦难民非传染性疾病发病率增加，赶上了全球类似趋势。非传染性疾病包括高血压、糖尿病、肥胖症、与吸烟有关的肺病和癌症。这些疾病通常需要终生保健，用于治疗的药物往往很贵。由于预算限制，目前近东救济工程处不能够提供降低胆固醇的药物，而这些药物对大部分非传染性疾病患者的治疗至关重要。此类疾病的并发症可能严重到需要住院治疗，也可能导致残疾。因此，处理日益增加的慢性病负担对人员配置、药品和住院治疗造成巨大资源问题。此外，必须与社区共同作出巨大努力，处理与生活方式有关的危险因素，这些因素是防控传染性疾病的关键所在。目前，需要资源开展有效的宣传活动，并建设社区支助组织的能力。", "41. 与世界各国的情况一样，近东救济工程处业务领域的保健费继续攀升。近年来，工程处面临药物费和住院费大幅上涨的情况。此外，贫穷加剧可能使以前使用私人医生的难民开始使用工程处的服务，给工程处保健服务造成额外负担。另一个令人关切的问题是东道国政策发生变化，可能影响难民利用卫生部设施，使他们更加依赖工程处的服务。因此，今后几年对工程处保健服务的需求可能增加，但可利用的资源可能不会同步增加。", "42. 由于对服务的需求不断增加，慢性病终身保健的需要日益增长，因此近东救济工程处必须寻找新的方式提供保健服务，以确保今后保健服务的质量。最近实行的家庭保健工作队办法促进了整个家庭的综合保健，重点是继续提供保健服务，在保健人员、患者、家庭和社区之间建立联系。这是初级保健现代化，以跟上区域和全球趋势，还必须投资于系统开发和工作人员能力培养，从而能够满足今后保健需要的有效的高质量保健服务。", "43. 许多非传染性疾病患者通常有处理复杂病情的需要，他们的长期保健需要运作良好的病历系统。此外，与许多患者使用昂贵药物有关的所涉资源问题需要适当的保健管理信息系统，以监测保健的效率。近东救济工程处目前的信息系统不足以满足这些复杂的信息需求。为了今后能够循证决策和适当分配资源，需要大量投资于保健信息系统。", "44. 许多保健设施都设在旧楼里，由于资金拮据，多年来一直失于维修。评估所有保健设施仍是一项没有供资的挑战性工作，评估旨在确保这些设施能够发挥必要功能、有效、使用安全、抗震、环保及符合既定目标。", "45. 虽然大多数难民营都有供水和下水道网络，但对难民饮水和用水的质量以及基础设施系统的适当性所知甚少。要根据世卫组织标准改进难民营环境基础设施网络的质量，就必须对各系统的适当性进行综合评估，但这也是一项没有供资的挑战性工作。", "46. 由于预算限制，虽然认识到环境问题的重要性，但是近东救济工程处只在机会出现和设想最低支出时处理环境问题。目前，只通过项目为一般环境问题编制预算。", "47. 大约28 000名巴勒斯坦难民生活在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国南部的Dar'a营地，不卫生、不安全的生活条件影响着他们的健康。在该营地和其他营地，由于供水系统和下水道系统不适当且漏水，与水有关的疾病报道并非不寻常。", "D. 财政资源", "48. 表12按人类发展目标1的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表12 按具体目标分列健康长寿的生活所需资源 (现金与实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "普及高质量综合初级保健 83 520 84 327", "可持续地保护和促进家庭保健 7 282 7 327", "确保防控疾病 27 024 26 162", "经常预算共计 117 826 117 816", "项目预算 14 673 14 673", "总计 132 499 132 489", "第三章", "目标2：获得知识和技能", "A. 人类发展目标", "49. 近东救济工程处力图将其教育发展与优先事项纳入千年发展目标和全民教育倡议的全球框架。近东救济工程处通过设在约旦、黎巴嫩、加沙地带、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西岸的约700所学校，为近500万巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供教育服务。近一半的工程处学校位于难民营内。", "50. 近41%的巴勒斯坦难民在18岁以下，受到高失业率和贫穷率的影响。在这种情况下，教育仍是产生持久积极的社会经济影响的最可靠方法之一。因此，为实现第二个千年发展目标(普及基础教育)，近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期的重点将是通过全系统教育改革来提高基础教育服务质量。教育改革战略符合整体近东救济工程处持续改革议程、中期战略及国家、区域和全球全民教育的愿望。", "51. 近东救济工程处的教育改革关注通过全工程处监测和学习成绩测试查明的教育质量下降的看法。教育改革的目的是建立一个有利的环境，让学校和教师得到适当、及时、专业和行政支持。这将在教育、技术和经济上有助于在实现近东救济工程处学校内的巴勒斯坦难民学生接受高质量教育方面取得有意义的进展。", "52. 儿童有受教育的权利——大会维护这项权利，一直鼓励工程处与联合国其他有关实体密切合作，继续在按照《儿童权利公约》满足儿童需要和维护儿童权利方面取得进展。实现普及初级教育是第二个千年发展目标，国际社会一直致力于改进全民教育质量。近东救济工程处开办了700所小学和预备学校，为近50万名巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供免费基础教育。随着时间的推移，工程处的学校赢得了辍学率低和学习成绩较好的声誉。巴勒斯坦难民的识字率与该区域的人不相上下，自1970年代以来招生工作落实了两性平等。", "53. 通过其教育系统，近东救济工程处在帮助巴勒斯坦难民儿童茁壮成长、实现其潜力及在成长过程中了解自己的权利并尊重他人的权利方面潜力最大。因此，工程处教育方案所提供的基础教育被视为工程处所有难民服务的最高优先事项。近东救济工程处的教育方案还有助于实现就业战略目标。", "B. 具体目标", "54. 目标2的具体目的是：", "(a) 普及基础教育；", "(b) 按照既定标准提高教育质量和成果；", "(c) 增加有特殊教育需要的学生受教育的机会。", "C. 制约与挑战", "55. 学校建筑和基础设施。70%以上的学校实行二部制，15%租用校舍，用于学校基础设施维修和加固的资源微薄。近东救济工程处致力于向其所有学生提供完整的基础教育。尽管不断努力降低辍学率，仍需要进一步努力，因为在近东救济工程处系统中，约有10%的男生和5%的女生没有完成整个基础教育周期。", "56. 学生成绩。在近东救济工程处监测和学习成绩测试中，在认知要求不高的技能上表现最好，在要求较高的技能(如推论、将知识运用到现实世界和实行两步程序)上表现较差。后者前提是掌握不太复杂的思维技巧。一些近东救济工程处学生明显成绩不佳，只有不到三分之一参加监测和学习成绩测试算术技能评估的四年级和八年级学生得分在零至30%之间。此外，在相同测试中，近三分之二近东救济工程处学生的八年级阿拉伯语得分在零至30%之间。这突出表明，有必要通过适当的职前和在职培训以及对教师的支持，更加注重提高教学和学习质量。", "57. 丰富课程内容。近东救济工程处的五个行动区都使用东道国课程。这使得提供统一质量的教育，以及有关课程质量的全工程处政策、结构和系统主流化，特别具有挑战性。近东救济工程处丰富课程内容，以提高质量并确保将联合国的价值观纳入课程，尽管工程处教育方案主管人员的能力受到制约。", "58. 教育质量。当前的教师培养及任职前和在职职业生涯发展方案往往是较常规的，必须努力采取非常规的战略，包括利用开放式远程学习方法的学校教师发展方案。", "59. 全纳教育。目前在近东救济工程处各机构中，估计有10万名有特殊教育需要的学生没有得到照顾。工程处的全纳教育愿景将保证所有难民儿童，不论性别、能力、残疾、残障、健康状况和社会经济地位平等如何，都能平等接受有意义的和高质量教育。因此，近东救济工程处日趋注重全纳教育，正在为工程处学校制定关于以最佳方式支持有特殊教育需要儿童的政策、共用术语和准则。", "60. 许多学校的设施已经破旧，多年来由于资金限制忽略了维护。对学校建筑结构完整性的评估显示，这些学校的一些校舍必须加固结构，或者作为当务之急予以取代，否则将危及学生的健康和安全。仍需要获得资金来解决这个问题。", "61. 此外，对所有教育设施进行评估仍然是资金无着落的挑战，该项评估旨在确保教育设施发挥必要的功能、有效率、使用安全、抗震、无害环境及符合既定标准。此类评估将使工程处能够确定措施的优先次序并提高效率。", "D. 财政资源", "62. 表13按人类发展目标2的具体目标分列所需资源", "表13 获得知识和技能：按具体目标分列的所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "普及基础教育 83 650 82 280", "按照既定标准提高教育质量和成果 239 584 249 538", "增加有特殊教育需要的学生受教育的机会 4 861 5 027", "经常预算共计 328 095 336 845", "项目预算 8 581 8 581", "共计 336 676 345 426", "第四章", "目标3：体面的生活水准", "A. 人类发展目标", "63. 要有尊严地生活，难民必须能够达到体面的生活水准；有一个安全的住所；足够数量的粮食；有机会学习可找到工作的技能。从本质上讲，难民必须有机会摆脱贫穷。享有体面生活水准的权利——通过适当的住房、食物和工作——载于各项人权协定，并得到千年发展目标1(消除赤贫和饥饿)的加强，该目标包括实现生产性就业和体面工作的指标。联合国还致力于为穷人提供普惠金融服务。", "64. 工程处为支持这一目标所采取的各项措施要求其救济与社会事务部方案、小额供资方案、教育方案、难民营改善和基础设施方案作出一致反应。", "65. 难民人口发生了变化，25%以上在15岁至24岁之间。在许多方面，巴勒斯坦难民实现未来的希望、愿望和特性取决于他们接受何种教育和培训。近东救济工程处技术职业教育和培训方案旨在为巴勒斯坦难民提供其他教育机会。", "66. 约有7 000名正式学生参加了近东救济工程处10个职业培训中心的各种方案。此外，在行动区采取各种具体举措，为青年和辍学者开设短期课程，向他们提供就业技能和培训。", "67. 工程处开设的技术课更加以市场为导向、以技能为基础并注重赚取收入的可能性，在学校和技术职业教育和培训课程中更多强调创业和生活技能。新的基于能力的培训办法引入了新的培训类别，侧重于发展由雇主自己确定的技能，创建一支熟练的劳动队伍，并建立更适应当地和地区劳动力市场需求的技术职业教育和培训方案。", "68. 近东救济工程处还在各外地办事处为毕业生提供专业职业指导和就业服务。", "69. 近东救济工程处将优先改善弱势难民的住房，并对难民营改善采取反映出建筑环境的社会和物质方面的整体和参与式办法。", "B. 具体目标", "70. 目标2的具体目的是：", "(a) 减轻最穷巴勒斯坦难民的贫穷；", "(b) 提供普惠金融服务和增加使用信贷和储蓄设施的机会；", "(c) 增强巴勒斯坦难民的技能和增加其就业机会；", "(d) 难民营持续发展及改进不合标准的基础设施和住宿条件。", "C. 制约与挑战", "71. 近东救济工程处每年在特困援助方案下为288 405名难民提供直接支助；为7 000多名毕业生提供了技术和职业技能培训；自成立以来向难民提供了微额供资产品，约112 000笔贷款；随着时间的推移，修复了约3 235所住房。特困援助方案的首要重点是粮食无保障，或那些被确定为在赤贫线之下的人。传统上，近东救济工程处通过特困援助方案应对贫穷，为约占所有登记巴勒斯坦难民5.5%的难民提供服务。2011年，288 405名巴勒斯坦难民参加了五个区的特困援助方案，每季接受粮食援助。在约旦河西岸和加沙地带，83 000个无粮食保障家庭获得额外现金援助，以弥合贫穷差距。", "72. 特困援助方案上限尽管每年上升3.5%，但仍跟不上巴勒斯坦难民贫困率不断提高的速度。在本两年期，在近东救济工程处三个行动区开展工作，了解需要援助的粮食无保障难民的人数。这项工作中使用的贫困线由基本粮食需求费用来定义，因此一名难民若被确定为贫穷，按照定义他或她无粮食保障。这项工作的结果表明，无粮食保障难民人数远远超过方案的资源。据估计，加沙地带301 301名难民(登记人口的27%)、西岸170 944名难民(登记人口的20%)、在黎巴嫩的约16万名难民(在该国居住的登记难民的三分之二)没有粮食保障。在约旦，近东救济工程处的援助使巴勒斯坦难民的社会和经济条件与约旦普通民众不相上下。来自加沙的难民是一个例外，目前大约有136 000人。约旦统计局估计，13%的约旦人生活在赤贫中(基本食品和非食品需求)。这意味着在约旦的253 500名巴勒斯坦难民处于赤贫。2010年，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国中央统计局报告称，12%的叙利亚人无粮食保障。至于约旦，当前的评估是，巴勒斯坦难民人口的境况与阿拉伯叙利亚共和国普通民众差不多，所以可以假设，在叙利亚的57 216名巴勒斯坦难民没有粮食保障。在近东救济工程处的五个行动区，需要粮食援助的巴勒斯坦难民总数估计为80万左右——几乎是当前特困援助方案上限的三倍。", "73. 日益加剧的贫穷增加了对救济和社会服务的需求；但是捐助者的捐款跟不上这些需求的步伐。由于国内压力，捐助国的预算捉襟见肘，粮食援助供资机制的变化对近东救济工程处满足穷人粮食需求构成重大挑战。", "74. 如果没有紧急情况，有的贫穷难民若有适当的教育、培训和就业机会，能够摆脱贫穷。西岸和加沙地带的经济形势，以及难民在黎巴嫩工作的机会有限，是减少贫穷的严重限制因素。但近东救济工程处仍然可以通过“装备难民”——提供培训或小额贷款，以及帮助他们利用适当的脱贫机会，对他们的生活前景产生重大影响。", "75. 对于所有难民，特别是对于最脆弱的难民来说，如果他们要有尊严地生活(这是他们的权利)，工程处将其住房质量提高到可接受标准的工作仍极为重要。巴勒斯坦难民的居住环境很拥挤，特别是在加沙地带、黎巴嫩，阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦难民营。仅在约旦行动区，便有约500所住房最迫切需要修复。", "76. 近东救济工程处的职业培训中心只能接受30%的申请人。尽管多次努力，近东救济工程处的技术职业教育和培训的扩展相当缓慢，而且极其有限。原因多种多样，从政治原因到资源稀缺，到社会认识不足和全球金融危机。近东救济工程处技术职业教育和培训的主要问题与制约包括：缺少机会和公平；技术职业教育和培训的供资限制与能力；没有高质量的技术职业教育和培训框架与标准；需要重新设计课程和实施机制；与产业和劳动力市场的联系薄弱。", "77. 缺乏普通基金和项目资金将促使不合标准的生活条件、无法居住的住所和缺乏基本基础设施的情况继续存在。除非作为优先事项为一项改善城市环境的战略计划供资并实施该计划，否则难民的经济、健康、社会，物质和环境福祉将继续恶化。这通常导致经济和健康/生命损失，也可能会引发政治动乱，并使工程处在难民中丧失公信力。此外，紧急情况(自然或人为)导致基础设施被大规模摧毁，并将增加修复和重建需求。进入加沙地带的合法通道能力不足，严重限制了工程处达到加沙地带重建需要和目标的能力，阻碍了经济和人类发展。", "78. 各行动区没有城市规划能力，这将导致行动区一级基础设施和难民营改善方案推迟实施。在约旦行动区，2010年没有为修复500个最高优先低于标准的住所筹集资金。这是对特困援助方案受益人安全和安保的最直接威胁。在黎巴嫩，工程处资助重建巴里德河难民营的呼吁使工程处取得了一些进展，并给一些难民营居民重新安排了住房。然而，这项呼吁仍严重资金不足，使该难民营26 000名登记巴勒斯坦难民中的大多数人暂住在临时住所内，直至该难民营重建。这些居民需要不断的供资，来支持他们的紧急人道主义需要：食品、住房、保健和教育。近东救济工程处必须继续提供食品包裹形式的紧急粮食援助。", "79. 近东救济工程处加沙分处在紧急情况领域采取了双管齐下的做法。争取通过重建振兴经济，使数以万计的家庭脱离对援助的依赖，同时在找到可持续解决办法之前，必须关注和照顾生活艰难的人的基本需求。在此背景下，紧急呼吁最突出地体现了工程处的人道主义援助和贫穷对策。加强自力更生的允诺和希望在于加沙恢复和重建计划。该计划是稳定和机会的支柱，在下一个两年期的预算是4亿美元，预算内有以下项目：建造100所学校；为17 500多名受益者重建住房；建造一个保健中心；为多个饮水、环卫和讲卫生项目提供资金，以更新难民营的水和污水基础设施。这些项目缺乏经费是完成项目的唯一障碍。不完成这些项目的影响包括学校继续实行二部、最终三部制，以及工程处有可能无法完成为加沙地带难民普及教育的任务。加沙的人口增长反映在工程处学校每年增加10 000名学生。住房重建部分满足了难民社区的紧急住房需求，还重建了一些在与以色列冲突期间被毁坏的住房。", "80. 预计没有关于各行动区低于标准住房数目的全面资料是工程处的主要挑战之一。对所有难民营进行一次快速评估调查，将为确定必要的住房修复措施的优先次序提供可靠的数据依据。", "D. 财政资源", "81. 表14按人类发展目标3的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表14", "体面的生活水准：按具体目标分列的所需资源", "（现金和实物，以千美元计）", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "减轻最穷巴勒斯坦难民的贫穷 58 035 61 426", "提供普惠金融服务和增加使用信贷和储蓄设施的机会^(a)", "增强巴勒斯坦难民技能和增加其就业机会 21 041 20 880", "难民营持续发展及改进不合标准的基础设施和住宿条件 3 813 3 770", "经常预算共计 82 889 86 076", "项目预算 302 288 265 673", "共计 385 177 351 749", "^(a) 不包括小额部通过发放贷款的利息收入自我维持的预算。小额供资部2012-2013两年期预算总额为2 580万美元，其中2 570万美元与此目标有关。", "第五章", "目标4：最充分地享受人权", "A. 人类发展目标", "82. 公正和公平的人类发展需要对人权的尊重。对近东救济工程处而言，保护是一项贯穿各领域的主题，也就是说，在所有方案编制工作中都要考虑到保护问题。", "B. 具体目标", "83. 目标2的具体目标是：", "(a) 保障和促进巴勒斯坦难民的权利；", "(b) 加强难民在其社区内拟定和落实可持续社会服务的能力；", "(c) 巴勒斯坦难民的登记和获得近东救济工程处服务资格的认证符合有关国际标准。", "C. 制约和挑战", "84. 近东救济工程处的保护工作有内外两方面。在内部，近东救济工程处通过方案活动和提供服务促进保护。对外，工程处对难民状况进行监测和报告，并采取适当措施，而且主任专员强调指出，应在尊重难民权利的情况下公正、持久解决冲突。", "85. 近东救济工程处提供一些基本服务，并确保在武装冲突等种种不同情况下都能获得这些服务，这是难民应享权利之一。与其他行为者直接和间接接触有助于创建和增强尊重权利的环境和做法。这些权利包括与教育等工程处核心服务领域相关的经济和社会权利，也包括生命权等公民和政治权利。此外，近东救济工程处作为公共服务的主要提供者，力求确保其提供服务的方式确实尊重受益人的权利、尊严和安全。工程处为此采用多种途径，例如：在各领域的所有方案中使最低限度保护标准主流化；采取行动消除学校中的暴力；采取措施防止基于性别的暴力和虐待儿童行为；通过在其各所学校内长期开办人权和宽容课程以促进对个人权利的了解。监测和报告机制有助于有效开展这些保护活动。", "86. 2010-2011年期间，工程处方案的重点是努力确保为社区内的难民提供高质量社会服务。为此，开发和传播了供工作人员和难民管理的社区组织使用的各种工具。", "87. 这些工具中的第一个是一套能力评估工具包，用以全面分析作为民间社会组织的社区组织，并衡量其提供高质量服务的能力和经济上的可持续性。该评估与各组织合作实施，每年跟踪一次进展情况。其他工具侧重社区组织提供的小额贷款方案等具体服务，以确保有内部管控政策和程序，并探讨小额贷款对小额贷款者的社会影响。", "88. 社会服务方案及其与社区组织的合作面临的主要挑战是：这些组织如何接触到社区中较他人更为弱势、需要社会服务但因种种原因无法获得援助的难民。", "89. 工程处为更好地向巴勒斯坦难民提供服务，开发了一个新的在线网上难民登记信息系统，以取代过时的实地登记系统。新系统加强了难民信息的完整性，并有助于收集和分析有关难民的新信息，从而提高工程处更好地制订政策和方案的能力。", "90. 此外，目前近东救济工程处在行动区发放了新家庭登记卡，使难民登记服务效率更高、更有尊严。此举取消了以前依靠总部印制登记卡的做法，大幅缩短了以前印发登记卡的三个月时限。在此方面，工作人员能力建设和专业发展仍很重要，但也受到长期资金紧缺的影响。", "91. 目前已登记的巴勒斯坦难民已接近500万人，由于他们都需要资格认证和登记服务，因此需要更多工作人员来确保按照有关的国际标准提供登记服务。", "92. 工程处能否实现各项具体目标取决于一系列其无法直接控制的因素，包括东道国和该区域其他国家政府的协助。该区域的政治局面对实现这一人类发展目标构成巨大挑战。", "93. 在项目下包括为近东救济工程处夏季运动会提供资金。这是加沙地带难民儿童所能参加的规模最大的有组织娱乐活动。该运动会在加沙地带普遍存在的贫穷和拥挤状况以外为难民儿童提供一个安全和发挥创意的空间。此外，运动会还让儿童有机会参加一些对近东救济工程处教育方案有辅助作用的活动，从而促进其获得技能，能够成为对社会有贡献的成员。加沙地带没有可与之匹敌的其他活动；其他主要的娱乐性夏令营都不举办如此多种多样的、无政治干扰的活动。如果此方案不能获得资金，将限制加沙地带难民儿童的活动空间和种类，包括有助于他们发挥学习潜力和达到体面生活水准的活动。", "D. 财政资源", "94. 表15按人类发展目标4的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表15", "最充分地享受人权：按具体目标分列所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "保障和促进巴勒斯坦难民的权利 17 17", "加强难民在其社区内拟定和落实可持续社会服务的能力 1 425 1 224", "巴勒斯坦难民的登记和获得近东救济工程处服务资格的认证符合有关国际标准 2 278 2 279", "经常预算共计 3 720 3 520", "项目预算 12 765 12 765", "共计 16 485 16 285", "第六章", "目标5：近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助", "A. 目标", "95. 近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助的目标是促进和保持尽可能最佳管理标准、增强利益攸关方关系及能够提供高质量方案，协助实现巴勒斯坦难民的人类发展。", "96. 这一目标系通过总部下列部门以及外地办事处的相应单位予以实现：", "(a) 主任专员办公室；", "(b) 行政管理服务部；", "(c) 人力资源部；", "(d) 财务部；", "(e) 法律事务部；", "(f) 内部监督事务部；", "(g) 对外关系与交流部。", "B. 具体目标", "97. 目标5的具体目标是：", "(a) 发挥领导作用，增强治理和调动更多资金；", "(b) 发展和维持近东救济工程处，使其能够完成任务。", "C. 制约和挑战", "98. 在本两年期内，近东救济工程处将继续在支助部门组织发展改革成果的基础上更进一步，着手规划和实施其“持续变革”方案改革活动。虽然工作人员发展和实行企业资源规划系统等管理支助改革仍是优先事项，但增强近东救济工程处的核心服务及其资源调动能力是“持续变革”改革的中心内容。吸引和留住合格工作人员并对工作人员的发展进行投资将继续对改革的成功具有重大意义。", "99. 几项内部研究得出的结论是，工程处降低风险的唯一方式就是开发和实行一个新的企业资源规划系统。目前采用的企业系统已经陈旧过时。能否实行新的企业资源规划系统完全取决于是否获得年度项目概算所列的足够资金。缺少资金是难以克服的限制因素，因为近东救济工程处无法购买开始实行新系统所需的软件许可证，也无法开始与项目未来的系统集成公司进行合同谈判。如果该项目的两年期资金不充分到位，则此限制因素将导致无法启动新的企业资源规划系统。", "100. 近东救济工程处不断面临资金压力，影响到治理能力，对整个工程处都产生影响。由于全球经济下滑，2012年的经济预测尤其令人担忧。巨大的资金缺口将给支助和方案这两方面的服务都带来严重挑战。调动足够资源使改革持续下去并进一步提高效率是一个优先事项。", "101. 鉴于该区域目前的改革以及政治事态发展，包括捐助者和受益人在内的利益攸关方的期望很高而且不断升高。近东救济工程处正努力达到这些期望，但同时也指出，改革公共服务是一项复杂的任务，不会迅速产生效果。工程处行动区域旷日持久的冲突和日益不稳定的局势使这项任务更加复杂。", "102. 为推进“持续变革”改革进程，必须进一步加强透明和问责文化。要使众多国际和区域工作人员支持改革，就必须获得所有管理人员的认同，同时进行培训和辅导，并对关键管理系统进行改革。", "D. 财政资源", "103. 表16按人类发展目标5的具体目标分列所需资源。", "表16", "近东救济工程处有效和高效治理与支助：按具体目标分列所需资源", "(现金和实物，以千美元计)", "2012年估计数 2013年估计数", "发挥领导作用，增强治理和促进伙伴合作 28 703 28 842", "发展和维持近东救济工程处，使其能够完成任务^(a) 61 543 55 058", "经常预算共计 90 246 83 900", "项目预算 20 623 20 623", "共计 110 869 104 523", "^(a) 不包括小额供资部通过发放贷款的利息收入自我维持的预算。小额供资部2012-2013两年期预算总额为2 580万美元，其中117 000万美元(2012年57 000美元，2013年60 000美元)与此目标有关。", "第七章", "联合国审计委员会的建议：执行情况", "104. 表17显示联合国审计委员会在2008-2009两年期报告中所提61项建议的现况。截至2011年3月31日，30项建议已经执行，25项建议正在执行，4项建议尚未执行，2项建议因事态发展而过时。", "105.　近东救济工程处管理层致力于执行这些建议，其中一些建议或需要更多资金，或跨越两个两年期，或需要采取战略措施。大多数上述的正在执行建议计划于2010年第二和第三季度执行。", "表17", "审计委员会2009年12月31日终了两年期建议的执行情况", "执行情况 \n部门\t建议数\t已执行\t正在执行\t尚未执行\t因事态发展而过时\n 财务 19 14 2 2 1 \n加沙外地办事处\t6\t2\t4\t—\t—\n约旦外地办事处\t2\t1\t1\t—\t—\n叙利亚外地办事处\t2\t1\t1\t—\t—\n 行政支助部： \n 信息系统司 10 6 3 1 — \n 采购和后勤司 1 — 1 — — \n 行政司 1 — 1 — — \n方案协调和支助\t4\t—\t4\t—\t—\n 人力资源部 6 5 1 — — \n内部监督事务部\t9\t—\t7\t1\t1\n 高级管理层 1 1 — — — \n 共计 61 30 25 4 2", "11-45674(C) 080911 130911 *1145674*" ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13A号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第13 A号", "[联合国]2011年,纽约", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处主任专员的报告", "2012-2013年方案预算", "决议草案 A/66/13/Add.1", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月17日]", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 导言. 1-2 2 18岁长而健康\n寿三. 获得21个知识和\n技术 24个标准\n五、经济、社会、文化权利委员会\n内容提要 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处的有效和高效治理和支助\n东七. 联合国审计委员会的建议33:\n执行", "第一编", "导言", "1. 联合国 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)是根据大会1949年12月8日第302(IV)号决议设立的大会附属机关,1950年5月1日开始运作。 它是联合国最大的方案之一,2011年其任务涵盖480万巴勒斯坦难民。 正如大会第65/100号决议所指出,工程处自成立以来60多年来在为巴勒斯坦难民的福祉、人类发展和保护以及改善其困境提供重要服务方面发挥了重要作用。 大会每三年延长一次工程处的任务期限,最近一次是在其第65/98号决议中,大会确认在巴勒斯坦难民问题得到公正解决之前,有必要继续进行工程处的工作。", "2. 联合国 近东救济工程处的任务是按照国际商定的目标和标准,帮助巴勒斯坦难民在艰难的环境中充分发挥人类发展的潜力。 工程处通过在国际标准框架内向加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的巴勒斯坦难民提供各种基本服务来完成这项任务。 在联合国各机构中,近东救济工程处在直接向受益人提供服务方面是独一无二的。 工程处的任务源自大会,并随着时间的推移随着业务方面的发展而演变,目前包括提供教育、保健、救济和社会服务、向难民提供小额供资和紧急援助、难民营内的基础设施和改善以及保护。", "A. 背景情况", "3个 中东最近的政治和安全事态发展只是对工程处的最新压力,进一步限制了工程处的有限资源,因此,它有能力为加沙地带、西岸、约旦、黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约500万难民提供服务。 西岸的出入问题、对加沙地带的持续封锁、严重的财政限制和安全关切,只是工程处每天面临的一些困难。 尽管存在这些困难,许多人认为近东救济工程处在这个动荡不安的区域具有稳定影响,工程处正竭尽全力继续向巴勒斯坦难民提供直接服务。", " 4.四. 近东救济工程处提供的核心服务在性质和范围上都与地方或国家政府提供的服务相当。 近东救济工程处约有29 000名工作人员,其中大多数是巴勒斯坦难民,是中东最大的雇主之一。 48万多儿童进入工程处学校,由大约22 000名教育工作人员管理。 工程处在该区域的137个保健中心去年接待了1 000多万名病人。 近东救济工程处还通过改革后的社会安全网方案向近280 000名最贫穷和最易受伤害的难民提供援助。 具有其他特殊需要的人,如残疾人,也受益于工程处保健中心的专门服务。 性别问题正在纳入近东救济工程处核心方案的主流,赋予社区妇女权力是工程处的主要重点领域。 目前,在提供这些服务方面面临的挑战是巨大的。", "5 (韩语). 在加沙,工程处为110万登记的巴勒斯坦难民提供服务,其中包括21万多名学生。 虽然还有数千名学生有资格进入近东救济工程处的学校,但由于缺乏教室,他们无法这样做。 2008年12月至2009年1月对加沙地带的封锁和冲突对经济造成了破坏并导致需要大规模地重建难民住房。 由于难民住所占加沙地带需要重建的住房的大部分,由于封锁,缺乏资金和难以进口建筑材料,近东救济工程处承担的责任更加艰巨。", "6. 国家 在西岸,尽管有一些改进,例如检查站数目减少,但限制出入和行动继续孤立社区,不仅构成政治挑战,而且也构成后勤挑战。 这些挑战增加了难民人口的苦难并削弱了工程处在受影响地区以成本效益高的方式提供服务的能力。", "7. 联合国 在黎巴嫩,近东救济工程处仍然是向处于社会边缘地位的巴勒斯坦难民社区提供服务的主要机构,该社区面临高度贫穷,摆脱这种贫穷的机会有限。 在黎巴嫩,2011年初组建了新政府,使人们对近东救济工程处和难民所关注的一系列问题取得进展抱有希望。 令人关注的领域包括允许难民从事各种职业的立法,但立法尚未实施。 工程处无法提供难民认为不足的补贴,使他们能够因危及生命的疾病获得三级护理,这已造成难民营的动乱,并直接威胁到工程处一线工作人员的安全。", "8. 联合国 在难民状况保持稳定的约旦,政府采取了一系列措施,包括提高公共部门雇员的工资,满足了民众的要求。 下文讨论了所涉问题(见第12和13段)。 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国历来是一个稳定的行动区,2011年爆发了暴力动乱,对近东救济工程处在这一领域的活动构成挑战。", "9. 国家 工程处提供的直接服务对整个区域的巴勒斯坦难民的福祉至关重要。 如果近东救济工程处的财务状况没有改善,将对工程处的受益者产生即时和重大的影响。 缺乏足够资源已经使近东救济工程处方案的质量受损。 虽然多年来对工程处的预算外捐款逐步增加,但是没有跟上人口增长和费用增加的步伐。", "B. 规划假设", "10个 近东救济工程处充分认识到,满足受益者需要并解决财政困难的承诺的核心是,它需要大幅度地改进业务方式。", "11个 在具有里程碑意义的2004年6月日内瓦会议之后,近东救济工程处于2006年开始其迄今最雄心勃勃的改革进程,题为“组织发展”。 这一改革进程于2009年结束,对工程处的管理制度和规划框架进行了意义深远的改革。 在组织发展计划的基础上,近东救济工程处继续进行改革,制定了一项称为“持续变革”的计划。 其纲要于2011年5月定稿并提交2011年6月下旬工程处咨询委员会会议。 该计划旨在完成设想的工程处今后两个两年期机构改革。 在组织发展计划开始振兴近东救济工程处管理的地方,持续变革的目的是重振其方案,确保在过分拥挤的学校、诊所和营地服务中心交付时,在最需要的地方提高平等和实效。 该计划还将加强工程处的资源调动能力列为优先事项。 由于组织发展和在持续改革计划下取得的进展,工程处引入了较长期的战略重点,例如,通过2010-2015年中期战略,该战略得到强有力的注重成果的规划系统的支持。 监测和评价能力正在得到进一步发展,工程处也在把对联合国全系统发展和人道主义工作至关重要的贯穿各领域的问题纳入规划,如性别、残疾和保护。 工程处还赋予外地管理层更大的权力,以提高效率,同时力求确保近东救济工程处总部提供必要的支助,以维护全工程处的相关标准、方案规划和评价方面的良好做法以及成果问责制。 此外,工程处的采购规则已经得到修改,使之更接近整个联合国系统采用的标准。 工程处的人力资源程序也进行了改革,重点是改进征聘过程和员工队伍管理,这对工程处约29 000名工作人员非常重要,他们对于向数百万受益者提供优质服务至关重要。", "12. 人事费占近东救济工程处预算的大部分(见表4)。 这是因为日常直接提供服务需要大量工作人员(约29 000人)。 由于努力保持与东道国当局公共部门薪金的均等,工程处的财政可持续性容易受到经济波动的影响。 例如,2011年期间,阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦的公共部门薪金增加导致近东救济工程处每年增加约850万美元的费用。", "13个 东道国政府面临对高质量服务日益增加的需求,而它们自己的财政状况却在恶化;在某些情况下,这给近东救济工程处的服务带来额外压力,因为一些巴勒斯坦难民利用东道国政府的服务返回近东救济工程处。 与此同时,捐助者期望提高提供服务的效率、效力和质量。 因此,近东救济工程处面临所有主要利益攸关方日益增加的需求和期望,资源基础有限,业务费用也不断增加。", "C. 预算结构", "14个 近东救济工程处的预算结构反映了2010-2015年期间的中期战略,并基于为每个外地办事处和总部部门为该战略第二个两年期编制的执行计划。 以下各章以及其中载列的预期成绩、绩效指标和衡量标准反映了近东救济工程处对2010-2011两年期采用的成果预算制的持续承诺。", "15个 中期战略为巴勒斯坦难民确定了四项人类发展目标,即:", "(a) 国家 长寿而健康;", "(b) 国家 获得知识和技能;", "(c)) 享有体面的生活水准;", "(d) 尽可能享受人权。", "16号. 为了将财政资源同实现符合工程处战略的成果直接挂钩,预算按目标和战略目标分列如下表和数字所示:", "按部厅和行动区分列的近东救济工程处组织结构图,并显示每个部的国际和地区工作人员人数(图一);按人类发展目标、经常预算、项目预算和其他所需资源分列的2012-2013年方案预算总表(表1);按外地办事处分列的2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期比较数字的经常预算细目(表2和图二);按人类发展目标分列的2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期比较数字的经常预算细目(表3和图三);按支出类别分列的经常预算细目,并列出2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期的比较数字(表4和图四);按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算细目(表5)。", "图一", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处 2012-2013两年期组织结构和员额分配", "注:75个国际员额由预算外资源供资。", "缩写:USG:副秘书长;ASG:助理秘书长;XB:预算外;RB:经常预算;GS:一般事务;OL:其他职等。", "^(a) 当地员额。", "^(b) 新员额。", "^(c) 改叙员额。", "^(d) 表7不包括小额供资和微型企业部的员额数目。", "表1 按区域开列的所需资源", "2012-2013两年期预算", "(单位:千美元)", "2012-2013年人类财政财政两年期发展目标\n经常预算 预算总额", "^(a) 项目现金总额 ^(a) 实物预算总额 ^(a)", "长和116 513 1 313 117 14 673 132 499 116 1 320 117 14 132 489 233 009 2 633 235 29 346 264 988 健康生活 826 496 816 673 642", "获得 327 572 523 328 8 581 336 676 336 530 336 8 581 345 426 663 887 1 053 664 17 162 682 102 知识与095 315 845 940 技能", "体面的82 889 - 82 302 288 385 177 86 - 86 076 265 351 749 168 965 - 168 567 961 736 926 标准 889 076 673 965 活着", "人权 3 719 1 3 720 12 765 16 485 3 519 3 520 12 285 7 238 2 7 240 25 530 32 770 享受 765 富人", "近东救济工程处的治理和支助", "小计 620 939 1 837 622 358 930 981 706 626 1 851 628 322 950 472 1 245 3 688 1 250 681 245 1 932 776 306 157 315 933 178", "其他所需经费", "应急 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- -- 11 000 -- -- 22 000 -- -- 22 000 -- -- 22 000 -- -- 22 000 -- -- 000 后备 ^(b) 000", "薪金增加 16 135 - 16 135 31 - 31 135 - 31 135 47 270 - 47 270 准备金 135 135", "离职 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 养恤金准备金", "新企业 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 4 000 -- -- 资源规划储备", "资本化 1 000 -- -- 1 000 -- -- 1 000 -- -- 1 000 -- -- 1 000 -- -- 1 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000 -- -- 2 000和折旧准备金^(c)", "小计32 135 - 32 - 32 135 47 - 47 135 - 47 135 79 270 - 79 270 - 79 270 135", "共计 653 074 1 837 654 358 930 1 013 673 1 851 675 322 997 607 1 326 515 3 688 1 330 681 245 2 011 911 841 441 292 315 203 448", "^(a) 包括2012-2013分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 包括用于粮食、外汇、年假和一般用途的现金准备金。", "^(c) 资本化和折旧准备金已作为符合《国际公共部门会计准则》实施要求的准备金列入。", "表2. 私营部门", "按外地办事处开列的所需经常预算", "(现金和实物,千美元)", "外地办事处 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 总部资源支出支出预算估计数 ^(a) 估计数 ^(a) 增长 ^(d)\n数额", "加沙地带 183 994 179 864 213 600 205 995 214 905 216 106 11 416 2.72", "黎巴嫩 61 929 72 492 75 360 74 714 78 869 79 533 8 328 5.55", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 44 194 45 861 48 640 54 226 56 339 57 383 10 856 10.55", "约旦 105 866 104 671 116 902 116 697 123 182 124 541 14 124 6.05", "西岸 83 102 82 229 96 658 96 617 103 269 103 868 13 862 7.17", "总部", "教育 2 707 2 406 2 887 3 247 2 915 2 925(294)方案", "保健方案 717 1 043 1 114 1 283 1 236 1 245 84 3.50", "救济和社会方案 873 914 1 209 1 272 1 172 1 181 (5.16) 服务方案", "基础设施和1 158 1 728 1 415 1 881 2 345 1 949 9 998 30.28 营地改善方案", "支助 23 718 22 351 28 865 36 425 38 544 39 426 12 680 19.42省", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "其他所需经费", "应急——————————————2 809 11 000 19 191 683.20 预备役□(b,a)", "薪金增加————————24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 储备金 ^(b)", "离职————————5 078 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) 养恤金准备金(b)", "新企业——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————", "资本化和 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) 折旧储备金 ^(b,e)", "小计(2 284) (1 028) (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 -", "共计505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年的比较数字列入各外地办事处和总部的支出。", "^(c) 包括用于粮食、外汇、年假和一般用途的现金准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长:两个两年期的比较。", "^(e) 已编列资本化和折旧准备金,作为符合执行国际公共部门会计准则要求的准备金。", "图二", "按外地办事处开列的经常预算", "[]", "表3 按区域开列的所需资源", "按人类发展目标开列的经常预算所需资源", "(现金和实物,千美元)", "2008-2009年人类发展 资源目标支出 支出 预算估计数 ^(a) 增长 ^(a) ^(d)\n数额", "长而健康 89 001 89 735 107 770 116 302 117 826 117 816 15 023 6.81 生命", "获得知识 277 713 281 851 313 679 299 571 328 095 336 845 51 975 8.48 和技能", "体面标准 68 344 63 932 73 387 72 260 82 889 86 076 44 173 35.40 活着", "人权 4 279 4 223 3 875 4 598 3 720 3 520 (1 233) (14.55) 尽情享受", "有效和68 921 73 818 87 938 99 626 90 246 83 900(38 012)——近东救济工程处的高效治理和支助", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 649 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "其他所需经费", "应急——————————————2 809 11 000 19 191 683.20 预备 ^(b,c)", "薪金增加————————24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 储备金 ^(b)", "离职————————5 078 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) 养恤金准备金(b)", "新企业——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————", "资本化和 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) 折旧储备金 ^(b,e)", "小计(2 284)(1 028 (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计505 974 512 531 584 993 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "(下页脚注)", "(表3脚注)", "^(a) 包括2012-2013分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年的比较数字列入各外地办事处和总部的支出。", "^(c) 包括用于粮食、外汇、年假和一般用途的现金准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长:两个两年期的比较。", "^(e) 已编列资本化和折旧准备金,作为符合执行国际公共部门会计准则要求的准备金。", "图三", "按人类发展目标分列的经常预算", "[]", "表 4 国家", "按支出类别开列的经常预算所需资源", "(现金和实物,千美元)", "2008年类别 2009年 2010年 2011年 2012年 2013年 资源支出 支出 预算估计数 □(a) 增长 □(a) □(d)\n数额", "国际 20 525 22 611 26 648 32 587 30 460 30 843 2 068 3.49 人事费", "地区工作人员费用 379 354 372 734 429 053 424 676 451 516 471 662 69 449 8.13", "服务 25 860 26 957 34 360 42 264 41 600 38 717 3 693 4.82", "用品 50 464 59 091 59 872 59 195 67 288 65 184 13 405 11.26", "设备和5 978 8 186 12 926 12 294 15 060 12 505 2 345 930 建筑", "房地 8 377 8 165 9 713 14 170 16 491 15 258 7 866 32.94", "赠款和22 258 17 090 18 567 14 480 21 366 20 825 9 144 27.67 补贴", "外地储备——————(4 457)", "费用回收(4 558(1 275) (4 489) (2 852) (22 287) (27 674) -", "小计 508 258 513 559 586 650 592 357 622 776 628 157 71 926 6.10", "其他所需经费", "应急——————————————2 809 11 000 19 191 683.20 预备 ^(b,c)", "薪金增加————————24 500 16 135 31 135 22 770 92.94 储备金 ^(b)", "离职————————5 078 2 000 (1 078) (21.23) 养恤金准备金(b)", "新企业——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————", "资本化和 (2 284) (1 028) (1 656) — 1 000 1 000 3 656 (220.77) 折旧储备金 ^(b,e)", "小计(2 284)(1 028 (1 656) 32 387 32 135 47 135 48 539 157.95", "共计505 974 512 531 584 994 624 744 654 911 675 292 120 465 9.96", "^(a) 包括2012-2013分册要求增设的13个国际员额和5个改叙员额的费用。", "^(b) 2008-2010年的比较数字列入各外地办事处和总部的支出。", "^(c) 包括用于粮食、外汇、年假和一般用途的现金准备金。", "^(d) 资源增长:两个两年期的比较。", "^(e) 已编列资本化和折旧准备金,作为符合执行国际公共部门会计准则要求的准备金。", "图四", "按支出类别分列的经常预算", "[]", "表5 按区域开列的所需资源", "按人类发展目标和外地办事处分列的项目预算", "(b) 叙利亚 约旦 阿拉伯银行共和国", "长而健康 13 198 14 563 — — — 1 585 29 346", "获得知识——2 814 14 348——17 162和技能", "体面标准 402 485 155 940 - 2 005 6 599 932 567 961", "25 530————————————25 530", "(c) 近东救济工程处的有效治理和支助", "共计 441 213 170 503 2 814 16 353 6 599 43 763 681 245", "^(a) 加沙地带项目预算包括与重建有关的4亿美元。", "•(b) 黎巴嫩外地办事处项目预算包括2012-2013年期间巴里德河难民营1.15亿美元。 完成整个项目所需资金总额为2.07亿美元。", "^(c) 在近东救济工程处,4 120万美元用于有效治理和支助,其中包括2 600万美元用于企业资源规划,1 500万美元用于与教育和卫生改革以及组建对外关系和通信部有关的持续改革举措。", "D. 工作人员", "17岁。 为了执行其核心方案和项目,工程处雇用了国际和地区工作人员。", "18岁。 大会1974年12月17日第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定,在工程处任务期间,原由自愿捐款支付的工程处国际工作人员的薪金从1975年1月1日起由联合国经常预算提供。 2010-2011两年期,133个国际工作人员员额由经常预算供资。", " 19. 19. 除了核定的133个国际工作人员员额外,主计长还建议将13个新员额(1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4、5个P-3)和5个改叙(4个D-1至D-2、1个P-4至P-5)列入2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算。 设立新的国际工作人员员额,将有助于满足大会在整个联合国范围内采取的关于遵循主要最佳做法政策和倡议,包括执行国际公共部门会计准则、内部司法改革、安全管理系统标准和政策,例如最低业务安全标准和将性别观点纳入主流的倡议对工程处提出的更多要求。", "20号. 除上述之外,75个国际工作人员员额由经常预算供资(见表6)。 共有69个员额由项目资金供资;2个员额由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)供资;2个员额由世界卫生组织(卫生组织)供资;1个员额由小额供资部通过其方案收入供资;1个员额由工程处节约储金供资。", "表6 按区域开列的所需资源", "2012-2013两年期所需国际工作人员", "□(a) 其他来源", "专业及以上", "副秘书长 1 -", "助理秘书长 1 -", "D-2 8 2", "D-1. 10 2", "P-5 27 7", "P-4/P-3 86 54", "P-2/P-1 2 3", "小计 135 68", "一般事务", "其他职等 11 7", "小计11 第7条", "共计 146 75", "^(a) 经常预算一栏包括拟议增设的13个国际员额和5个核定员额的改叙。", "21岁 近东救济工程处的核心方案主要通过截至2011年6月30日的29 763名当地工作人员交付,如果工程处要实现本拟议预算所列出的成就(见表7),到2013年底,当地工作人员人数将增至30 823人以上。", "表7 按区域开列的所需资源", "按人类发展目标分列的截至2013年12月31日当地工作人员估计数", "目标:加沙 阿拉伯银行共和国共计", "长而健康 1 439 592 412 1 065 850 22 4 380", "获得知识 9 329 1 840 2 552 5 251 2 854 80 21 906和技能", "560 229 167 351 417 19 1 743 活着", "享受人权 48 16 63 42 37 5 211", "近东救济工程处的有效治理和支助537 347 390 442 509 358 2 583", "共计 11 913 3 024 3 584 7 151 467 484 30 823", "E. 财务状况", "22号. 除由经常预算供资的由摊款供资的国际工作人员员额和由联合国其他机构提供的员额外,近东救济工程处正在进行的业务、项目和紧急呼吁都由捐助者的自愿捐款供资。", "23. 联合国 表8显示工程处2010年预算的供资情况,包括通过经常预算未指定用途捐款和专用捐款供资的活动。", "24 (韩语). 2010财政年度的财务结果清楚地表明了工程处在努力执行任务时遇到的资金短缺。 通过未指定用途的自愿捐款供资的经常预算资金缺口为4 730万美元,而项目预算短缺2.049亿美元。", "表8 按区域开列的所需资源", "工程处2010年供资情况", "(单位:百万美元)", "经常项目 紧急预算呼吁\n未编入预算的活动", "预算 601.9 262.0 323.3^(a)", "缴款和收入", "资金缺口(47.3) - (204.9) (161.3)", "^(a) 系2010年紧急呼吁要求的数额。", "^(b) 包括现金和实物收入。", "^(c) 指指定用于未列入已公布的2010年方案预算的活动的收入(例如,巴勒斯坦被占领土内的特困人员粮食援助(现金补贴),2008年12月27日至2009年1月19日期间加沙地带所发生事件的损失偿还给近东救济工程处,组织发展——第二阶段和企业资源规划)。", "25岁 2010年巴勒斯坦被占领土紧急呼吁资金不足1.613亿美元。", "26. 联合国 表9对2011年收入和支出的现有预测显示,经常预算的资金缺口为1.045亿美元,将预算支出6.247亿美元同普通基金5.202亿美元的预期收入总额(根据捐助者的指示性估计数和利息收入估计数)相提并论,后者是工程处现金和实物需求的未指定用途的自愿捐款机制。 如果没有额外捐款,工程处将无法充分执行已编入预算的活动。 2011年巴勒斯坦被占领土紧急呼吁资金不足2.059亿美元,而项目预算的缺口预测为1.53亿美元。", "表9. 国家", "2011年工程处的预期供资情况", "(单位:百万美元)", "紧急呼吁", "预算", "预计收入 ^(a) 520.2 75.8 136.7", "资金缺口(104.5)(153.0)(205.9)", "^(a) 截至2011年6月底,预测和确认的认捐额。", "27个 目前对2012年收入和支出的预测见表10,看来并不乐观。 如果这些预测是正确的,资金缺口将进一步扩大到1.332亿美元(根据捐助者的指示性估计数以及预计的方案支助费用回收)。", "表10. 妇女状况", "2012年预计资金缺口", "经常预算", "预算 654.9", "预计收入 521.7", "资金缺口(133.2)", "28岁 2011年和2012年按捐助方分列的收入预测见下表11。", "2011年和2012年普通基金收入预测", "(单位:千美元)", "(a) 2011年预计收入\n澳大利亚 6300 6300 小计b/f 215700 215100\n沙特阿拉伯 5200 2000\n比利时 西班牙 14300 12600\n加拿大 0 - 瑞典 43900 43600\n丹麦 12800 13400 瑞士 10500 12000\n埃及 100 100 100 土耳其 1000 1000\n欧盟 115100 114400 阿联酋 1800 1800\n芬兰 4200 4300 UK 31900 47900\n法国 6700 6400 英国(绩效递增) 5400 -\n德国 8700 9000 美国 114600 114600\n爱尔兰 5700 5700 非咨询委员会 13600 13600\n意大利 2900 2900 非政府组织 1900 3800\n日本 2900 2900 实物3500 1900\n科威特 2000年 利息\n荷兰 18600 18600\n挪威 25 200 27 500 PSC 追回 24 000 20000\n由纽约供资的100 100名国际工作人员\n小计c/f 215700 215100 共计 520200 521703", "^(a) 截至2011年6月底,预测和确认的认捐额。", "29. 国家 近东救济工程处的财政状况是,预算与收入和支出之间长期存在差距。 工程处再次承诺在若干关键领域发展资源调动能力,包括:", "(a) 将前对外关系部同前总部新闻办公室合并,以设立对外关系和通信部;", "(b) 在对外关系和通信部内制定伙伴关系战略并设立伙伴关系司;", "(c) 在华盛顿特区设立一个新的代表处;", "(d) 加强布鲁塞尔现有代表处;", "(e) 重申对外关系和通信部作为原子能机构资源调动协调中心的中心作用;", "(f) 任命对外关系和通信部一名高级司长,以领导制定新的战略,并辅之以加强内部协调。", "30岁。 近东救济工程处新的资源调动战略假定有可能增加来自市场所有部门的总收入,但认识到不可能大幅度改变目前的轨迹。 报告承认,普通基金今后几年的目标具有挑战性,但认为,鉴于削减支出的有些变动,这些目标是可以实现的。 工程处注意到阿拉伯捐助者对近东救济工程处项目提供慷慨支助,但工程处继续接触这些捐助者,向普通基金提供更多捐款。 可以进一步减少对传统捐助者的相对依赖,但这些来源提供的资金数额必须继续增加。 为了成功地进一步调动资源,还需要投资,同时涉及通信部分。", "31岁 该战略提出了三项战略目标:", "(a) 加深同传统捐助者的伙伴关系,从而:", "• 根据支出预测增长的可预测的普通基金捐款", "• 对紧急情况和外地具体需要作出适当反应", "• 外联和资源调动伙伴关系;", "(b) 使捐助基础多样化,从而:", "二. 支助 新兴经济体增加其在普通基金中的份额", "• 非传统(欧洲联盟)捐助者在整个筹资门户增加捐款", "• 阿拉伯各供资门户的捐款增加", "• 私人和公司捐助大幅增加", "• 伙伴关系和合作行动,使工程处获得财政和非财政收益;", "(c) 发展工程处调动资源和管理捐助者关系的能力:", "• 总部和外地办事处围绕近东救济工程处整体资源调动优先事项进行战略调整", "• 充分利用通信和捐助者关系之间的协同作用。", "32. 联合国 图五显示2012和2013年工程处预算总额的预期资金来源,包括经常预算和项目预算。", "图五 2012-2013年预算供资情况", "(单位:千美元)", "[\n对普通基金的自愿现金捐助\n项目自愿现金捐助 681 245\n对普通基金的自愿实物捐助 3 688\n联合国经常预算 50 346\n其他 48 106\n共计 2 011 448", "33. (中文(简体) ). 将要求自愿捐款支付2012-2013年预算总额的95%,其中64.2%为普通基金的现金捐款,35.6%为项目供资的现金收款,约0.2%为普通基金的实物捐助。", "34. 国家 由经常预算供资的133个核定国际员额、13个拟议增设员额和5个拟议改叙员额约占年度预算总额的2.5%。 其他收入的其余2.4%来自以下来源:", "(a) 利息收入和杂项收入,包括每年2 300万美元的方案支助费用;", "(b) 教科文组织为6个工作人员员额(2个国际工作人员和4个当地工作人员)提供经费,卫生组织为4个员额(2个国际工作人员和2个当地工作人员)提供经费,分别作为对教育和保健方案的技术援助。", "35. 联合国 如果捐助者的捐款继续低于为不断增加的服务提供需求提供资金所需的水平,对工程处能力造成的限制将继续损害难民的人类发展标准并给收容当局带来额外压力。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处认识到,目前全球经济气候导致资源短缺,人口增长和通货膨胀压力导致需求增加,这就要求工程处在其主要方案内和方案中优先提供服务和活动。 因此,预算只包括为确定的一系列核心活动提供资金,这些活动对于满足难民的基本需要至关重要。 这样做所需的资源是工程处完成其任务的实质所必需的。", "第二章 联合国", "目标1:健康长寿", "A. 人类发展目标", "37. 联合国 近东救济工程处的保健方案通过提供全面的初级保健服务并与各社区合作促进健康的生活方式,使巴勒斯坦难民能够实现长期而健康的生活。", "B. 目标", "38. 国家 该方案的目标是:", "(a) 普及优质、全面服务。 初级保健;", "(b) 持续保护和促进家庭健康;", "(c) 确保预防和控制疾病。", "C. 制约因素和挑战", "39. 联合国 近东救济工程处的保健方案60多年来向巴勒斯坦难民提供全面的初级保健服务,取得了一些显著进展,特别是在妇幼保健领域。 然而,保健方案的运作环境正在发生变化,带来一系列新的挑战。", " 40. 40. 根据全球观察到的类似趋势,人口老龄化以及生活方式的改变已导致巴勒斯坦难民中非传染性疾病的发病率上升。 非传染性疾病包括高血压、糖尿病、肥胖、与吸烟有关的肺病和癌症。 这些疾病通常需要终生护理,并用往往昂贵的药品治疗。 由于预算拮据,近东救济工程处目前无法提供低胆固醇药物,而低胆固醇药物对于管理大量非传染性疾病患者至关重要。 这类疾病的并发症可能严重到需要住院治疗的程度,并可能导致残疾。 因此,管理这种日益加重的慢性病负担对人员配置、药品和医院护理产生了巨大的资源影响。 此外,必须作出重大努力,同社区合作,解决与生活方式有关的风险因素,这些因素是预防和控制非传染性疾病的关键。 需要资源来开展有效的宣传运动并建设社区支助组织的能力。", "41. 国家 工程处业务地区的保健费用继续增加,世界各国的情况也是如此。 近年来,近东救济工程处的医药费用和住院费大幅增加。 此外,日益加深的贫穷可能使以前使用私人服务提供者的难民开始使用近东救济工程处的服务,给工程处的保健服务造成额外负担。 另一个关切是,收容国的政策变化可能影响难民利用卫生部设施的机会,使他们更加依赖近东救济工程处的服务。 因此,今后几年对工程处保健服务的需求可能增加,而现有资源可能不会以同样的速度增加。", "42. 国家 由于对服务的需求不断增加,对慢性病终身护理的需求也日益增加,近东救济工程处不得不寻求提供保健服务的新途径,以确保未来的护理质量。 最近推出的家庭保健小组办法促进了对整个家庭的全面护理,重点是护理的连续性和建立保健提供者、病人、家庭和社区之间的关系。 这种做法代表着初级保健的现代化,符合区域和全球趋势,需要投资于系统发展和工作人员能力,从而能够提供高质量、高效的保健服务,满足未来的保健需要。", "43. 东帝汶 长期护理大量非传染病患者,他们往往有复杂的病例管理需要,需要有一个运作良好的病人记录系统。 此外,由于大量病人服用昂贵的药物,因而需要资源,因此需要适当的健康管理信息系统来监测护理的效率。 近东救济工程处目前的信息系统不足以满足这些复杂的信息需要。 为使未来能够进行循证决策和适当的资源分配,需要对卫生信息系统进行大量投资。", "44. 国家 许多保健设施都设在旧建筑内,由于资金有限,这些建筑的维修多年来一直被忽视。 评估所有保健设施,以确保它们符合规定功能,在地震活动下高效、安全、安全,且无害环境并符合既定标准,仍然是一项没有资金的挑战。", "45. 国家 虽然难民营中的大多数难民都得到供水和下水道网络的服务,但对于他们饮用和使用的水质以及基础设施系统是否充足,却所知甚少。 根据世卫组织的标准提高难民营环境基础设施网络的质量,需要对系统是否充分进行全面评估,但仍然是没有资金的挑战。", "46. 经常预算: 由于预算拮据,近东救济工程处将只处理环境问题,但认识到随着机会的出现和预计的最低支出的重要性。 仅仅通过项目来解决一般环境问题的预算问题。", "47. 国家 约有28 000名巴勒斯坦难民生活在阿拉伯叙利亚共和国南部的德拉难民营,他们的健康状况受到不卫生和不安全生活条件的影响。 由于供水和下水道系统不足和漏水而报告的与水有关的疾病病例在难民营和其他难民营中并不罕见。", "D. 财政资源", " 48. 48. 表12按人类发展目标1的目标列出所需资源。", "表12 按区域开列的所需资源 按目标分列的所需资源", "(现金和实物,千美元)", "2012年 2013年估计数", "普及优质综合保健服务,83 520 84 327", "持续保护和促进家庭 7 282 7 327 健康", "确保预防和控制疾病 27 024 26 162", "经常预算共计 117 826 117 816", "项目预算 14 673 14 673", "共计 132 499 132 489", "第三章 联合国", "目标2:获得知识和技能", "A. 人类发展目标", "49. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处试图将其教育发展和优先事项置于千年发展目标和全民教育倡议的全球框架内。 近东救济工程处通过位于约旦、黎巴嫩、加沙地带、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西岸的大约700所学校向近50万巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供教育服务。 工程处近一半的学校设在难民营内。", " 50. 50. 近41%的巴勒斯坦难民年龄在18岁以下,受到高失业率和高贫穷的影响,在这种情况下,教育仍然是产生持久积极社会经济影响的最可靠途径之一。 因此,在实现普及基础教育的第二个千年发展目标方面,近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期的重点是通过全系统教育改革提高其基础教育服务的质量。 教育改革战略符合近东救济工程处维持整体改革议程、中期战略以及国家、区域和全球全民教育。", "51. 联合国 近东救济工程处的教育改革解决了通过全工程处监测和学习成绩测试查明的质量下降问题。 教育改革的目的是创造一个有利的环境,使学校和教师能够获得适当、及时、专业和行政方面的支持。 这将有助于在教育、技术和经济上取得有意义的进展,为近东救济工程处学校的巴勒斯坦难民学生提供优质教育。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 儿童有受教育的权利,这是大会所维护的,大会鼓励工程处与联合国其他有关实体密切合作,继续根据《儿童权利公约》在解决儿童需要和权利方面取得进展。 普及初等教育是第二个千年发展目标,而国际社会已承诺为所有人提供更好的优质教育。 近东救济工程处开办700所小学和预备学校,为近50万巴勒斯坦难民儿童提供免费基础教育。 随着时间的推移,工程处的学校因辍学率低和学业成绩高而享有声誉。 巴勒斯坦难民的识字率与该区域的识字率相比,自1970年代以来,在入学率方面一直保持了两性平等。", "53. 联合国 近东救济工程处通过其教育系统,最有可能帮助巴勒斯坦难民儿童兴旺成长,发挥他们的潜力并培养他们了解自己的权利和尊重他人的权利。 因此,工程处教育方案提供的基础教育被认为是工程处向难民提供的所有服务的最高优先事项之一。 近东救济工程处的教育方案还有助于实现就业的战略目标。", "B. 目标", "54. 联合国 目标2的目标是:", "普及基础教育;", "(b) 根据既定标准提高教育质量和成果;", "(c) 改善有特殊教育需要的学生获得教育机会的机会。", "C. 制约因素和挑战", "55. 国家 学校建筑和基础设施。 70%以上的学校实行双班制,15%从租用的校舍开来,但用于维持和加强学校基础设施的资源很少。 近东救济工程处致力于向所有学生提供完整的基础教育。 尽管继续努力降低辍学率,但仍需进一步努力,因为近东救济工程处系统中约10%的男孩和5%的女孩没有完成整个基础教育周期。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 学生成就. 工程处监测和学习成绩测试的绩效最高的是认知要求较低的技能,而要求较高的技能则较低(例如推断、将知识应用于现实世界情况和两步程序)。 这些技能的前提是掌握不太复杂的思维技能. 近东救济工程处的一些学生表现明显不佳,四年级和八年级的学生不到三分之一,在监测和学习成绩测试中考取了算术技能,得分在0-30%之间。 此外,在同一次测试中,近三分之二的近东救济工程处学生的八年级阿拉伯语成绩为零至30%。 这突出表明,需要更加重视通过向教师提供适当的职前和在职培训和支助来提高教学和学习的质量。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 课程丰富. 近东救济工程处在其五个业务地区各使用东道国课程。 这使得提供统一的质量教育和将全工程处与课程质量有关的政策、结构和系统纳入主流尤其具有挑战性。 近东救济工程处丰富课程,以提高质量,并确保将联合国的价值观纳入课程,尽管工程处教育方案管理人员的能力受到限制。", "58. 联合国 素质教育. 目前的教师培训以及任职前和在职职业发展方案往往较为传统,需要努力采用非常规战略,其中将涉及利用开放式远程学习方法的以学校为基础的教师发展方案。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 包容性教育。 目前,近东救济工程处有特殊教育需要的机构中估计有100 000名学生得不到照顾。 工程处的包容性教育愿景将确保所有难民儿童不分性别、能力、残疾、缺陷、健康状况和社会经济状况,都享有平等接受有意义和高质量教育的权利。 因此,近东救济工程处日益重视包容性教育,并正在就如何最好地支助有特殊教育需要的儿童为工程处学校制订政策、共同术语和准则。", "60. 联合国 许多学校设施恶化,多年来由于资金限制而忽视了维修。 对学校结构完整性的评估表明,这些学校的一些校舍需要作为当务之急加以加强或更换;否则学生的健康和安全将受到威胁。 仍需获得资金来解决这一问题。", "61. 国家 此外,评估所有教育设施,以确保它们符合规定功能,并在地震活动下高效、安全、安全、无害环境并符合既定标准,仍然是一项没有资金的挑战。 这种评估将使工程处能够确定干预措施的优先次序并提高效率。", "D. 财政资源", "62. 联合国 表13按人类发展目标2的目标列出了所需资源。", "表13 按目标开列的所需资源", "(现金和实物,千美元)", "2012年 2013年估计数", "普及基础教育 83 650 82 280", "教育质量和成果比照既定标准提高239 584 249 538", "改善4 861 5 027名有特殊教育需要的学生的教育机会", "经常预算共计 328 095 336 845", "项目预算 8 581 8 581", "共计 336 676 345 426", "第四章 联合国", "目标3:体面的生活水准", "A. 人类发展目标", "63. 国家 为了有尊严地生活,难民必须能够达到体面的生活水准;安全地生活;有足够的食物;以及学习能导致工作的技能的机会。 从根本上讲,难民必须有机会摆脱贫困。 人权协定规定了通过适当住房、粮食和工作获得体面生活水准的权利,第一项千年发展目标即“消除赤贫和饥饿”(包括实现生产性就业和体面工作的目标)对此予以了加强。 联合国还致力于为穷人提供包容性金融服务。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 工程处支持这一目标的干预措施需要其救济和社会服务方案、小额供资方案、教育方案以及难民营改善和基础设施方案作出综合反应。", "65. 国家 难民人口出现人口变化,15至24岁人口占25%以上。 在许多方面,巴勒斯坦难民未来希望、愿望和身份的实现取决于他们接受的教育和培训的类型。 近东救济工程处的技术和职业教育和培训方案旨在为巴勒斯坦难民提供其他教育机会。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处10个职业培训中心约有7 000名普通学生参加各种方案。 此外,在为青年和辍学者提供可就业技能和培训的短期课程领域,还采取了各种具体举措。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 工程处开发了技术课程,使其更加面向市场,更加以技能为基础,并正在解决创收的可能性问题,在学校和技术及职业教育和培训课程中更加重视创业和生活技能。 新的基于能力的培训方法引入了新的培训类别,侧重于发展雇主自己确定的技能,创建一支熟练的劳动力队伍,并建立一个更能满足当地和区域劳动力市场需求的技术和职业教育及培训方案。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处还为外地办事处的毕业生提供专业职业指导和安置服务。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处将优先改善弱势难民的住房,并将采取综合和参与性办法改善难民营,反映建筑环境的社会和物质方面。", "B. 目标", "70. 联合国 目标3的目标是:", "(a) 减少最贫穷的巴勒斯坦难民的贫穷;", "(b) 增加提供包容性金融服务的机会并增加获得信贷和储蓄设施的机会;", "(c) 提高巴勒斯坦难民的技能并改善其就业机会;", "(d) 持续发展难民营并更新不合标准的基础设施和住所。", "C. 制约因素和挑战", "71. 联合国 近东救济工程处根据每年向288 405名难民提供的特困援助,向最贫穷者提供直接支助;培训了7 000多名毕业生的技术和职业技能;自设立以来向难民提供了大约112 000笔贷款的小额供资产品;随着时间的推移,修复了大约3 235所住房。 特困援助方案的主要重点是粮食无保障者,或被确定为处于赤贫线以下者。 近东救济工程处历来通过特困援助方案处理贫穷问题,为大约5.5%的已登记的巴勒斯坦难民提供服务。 2011年,288 405人 巴勒斯坦难民在五个地区参加了特困援助方案,每季度获得粮食援助。 在西岸和加沙地带,83 000个粮食无保障家庭得到了额外的现金援助来缩小贫穷差距。", "72. 联合国 虽然特困援助方案的最高限额每年提高3.5%,但该方案无法跟上巴勒斯坦难民中贫穷率的上升。 在本两年期内,已在近东救济工程处的三个业务领域开展工作,以了解需要援助的粮食无保障难民的人数。 这项工作中使用的贫困线被定义为基本粮食需要的费用,因此,如果难民被确定为穷人,那么他或她根据定义是粮食不安全的。 这项工作的结果表明,粮食无保障的难民人数远远超过方案的资源:加沙地带301 301名难民(占登记人口的27%);西岸170 944名难民(占登记人口的20%);黎巴嫩约160 000名难民(占登记难民的三分之二,居住在该国);估计粮食无保障。 在约旦,近东救济工程处的援助使巴勒斯坦难民的社会和经济条件与约旦一般人口大致相当,但来自加沙的难民除外,他们目前约有136 000人。 约旦统计局估计,13%的约旦人生活在赤贫中(基本粮食和非粮食需要)。 这相当于在约旦的253 500名巴勒斯坦难民处于赤贫状态。 2010年,阿拉伯叙利亚共和国中央统计局报告说,12%的人口缺乏粮食安全。 与约旦一样,目前的评估是,巴勒斯坦难民人口与阿拉伯叙利亚共和国一般人口的地位大致相同,因此可以假定该国57 216名巴勒斯坦难民没有粮食保障。 近东救济工程处五个地区需要粮食援助的巴勒斯坦难民估计总人数约为80万人。 这几乎是特困援助方案目前最高限额的三倍。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 日益加剧的贫穷增加了对救济和社会服务的需求;但是,捐助者的捐款没有跟上这些需求。 由于国内压力,捐助国的预算捉襟见肘,粮食援助筹资机制的改变对近东救济工程处满足穷人的粮食需要构成重大挑战。", "74. 国家 在没有紧急情况的情况下,有一些贫困难民能够摆脱贫困,并获得适当的教育、培训和就业机会。 虽然西岸和加沙地带的经济状况以及难民在黎巴嫩工作的机会有限,是减少贫穷的严重限制因素,但近东救济工程处通过培训或小额供资为难民提供装备并帮助他们获得摆脱贫穷的适当机会,可对难民的生计前景产生重大影响。", "75. 国家 对于所有难民,特别是最易受伤害的难民来说,工程处将难民住房质量提高到可接受的标准的工作,对于他们有尊严地生活仍然至关重要。 巴勒斯坦难民过度拥挤的程度非常高,特别是在加沙地带、黎巴嫩、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和约旦的难民营。 仅在约旦地区,就有大约500所住房迫切需要修复。", "76. 联合国 近东救济工程处只能容纳30%的职业培训中心申请人。 尽管作出了若干努力,但近东救济工程处技术和职业教育及培训的扩展相当缓慢和极其有限。 原因多种多样,从政治到资源匮乏,到社会观念低落和全球金融危机等。 近东救济工程处技术和职业教育及培训的主要问题和制约因素包括:机会和公平程度低;职业培训中心的资金限制和能力;缺乏技术和职业教育及培训的质量框架和标准;需要重新设计课程和执行机制;以及与工业和劳动力市场的联系薄弱。", "77. 国家 普通基金和项目资金的缺乏会助长低于标准的生活条件、可居住的住所和缺乏基础设施。 除非优先资助和执行改善城市环境的战略计划,否则难民的经济、健康、社会、物质和环境福祉会继续恶化,这通常会导致经济和丧失健康/生命,但也可能导致政治动乱,并会使工程处失去与难民打交道的信誉。 此外,紧急情况(自然或人为)导致基础设施被大规模摧毁,并会增加对修理和重建的需求。 进入加沙地带的合法过境点的能力不足,严重限制了工程处满足加沙地带重建需要和目标的能力,阻碍了经济和人类发展。", "78. 国家 外地缺乏城市规划能力将导致外地一级基础设施和营地改善方案的业务延误。 在约旦实地,2010年没有为修复500所最优先的不符合标准住所筹集任何资金,这对特别艰苦条件援助方案的受益者的安全和安保构成直接风险。 在黎巴嫩,工程处呼吁为重建巴里德河难民营提供资金,使其得以取得一些进展并开始重新安置一些难民营居民。 然而,呼吁资金仍然严重不足,使难民营26 000名已登记的巴勒斯坦难民大多数流离失所,住在临时住所,直到重建。 居民需要不断获得资金,以满足他们的关键人道主义需要:粮食、住房、保健和教育。 近东救济工程处需要继续以食品包裹的形式提供紧急粮食援助。", "79. 联合国 近东救济工程处加沙办事处对该地区的紧急情况采取了双管齐下的办法。 在努力通过重建恢复经济,从而使数以万计的家庭摆脱对援助的依赖的同时,在找到可持续解决办法之前,需要关注和照顾那些生活困难的人的基本需求。 在这种背景下,工程处的人道主义援助和贫穷办法在紧急呼吁中表现得最为突出。 增加自力更生和希望的承诺在于加沙恢复和重建计划。 该计划在下一个两年期的预算为4亿美元,是稳定和机会的支柱。 该预算包括建造100所学校、为17 500多名受益者重建住房、建造一个保健中心并资助水、环境卫生和个人卫生项目的项目,以更新难民营的水和污水基础设施。 这些项目缺乏资金是完成项目的唯一障碍。 不完成这些项目的影响包括学校继续实行双班制,并最终实行三班制,以及工程处可能无法完成向加沙地带难民提供普及教育的任务。 加沙的人口增长反映在工程处学校每年增加10 000名学生。 住房重建部分满足了难民社区新出现的住房需要并重建了在与以色列冲突期间被摧毁的一些住房。", "80个 缺乏关于各外地不合标准住房数目的全面资料,是工程处面临的主要挑战之一。 对所有难民营进行快速评估调查将提供一个可靠的数据库,以便确定所需住房修复措施的优先次序。", "D. 财政资源", "81个 表14按人类发展目标3的目标列出了所需资源。", "表14 按区域开列的所需资源 按目标开列的所需资源(现金和实物,千美元)", "2012年 2013年估计数", "减少最贫穷的巴勒斯坦人的贫穷", "包容性金融服务和增加获得信贷和储蓄设施的机会", "21 041 20 880名巴勒斯坦难民的技能和就业机会得到提高", "持续发展营地并更新不符合标准的基础设施和住所", "经常预算共计 82 889 86 076", "项目预算 302 288 365 673", "共计 385 177 351 749", "^(a) 不包括小额金融部通过贷款分配利息收入自我维持的预算。 2012-2013两年期小额金融部预算总额为2 580万美元,其中2 570万美元与这一目标有关。", "第五章", "目标4:最充分地享有人权", "A. 人类发展目标", "82. 公正和公平的人类发展需要尊重人权。 保护是工程处的一个贯穿各领域的主题,这意味着所有方案拟订都将考虑到保护问题。", "B. 目标", "83个 目标2的目标是:", "(a) 巴勒斯坦难民的权利得到保障和增进;", "(b) 加强难民在其社区制定和执行可持续社会服务的能力;", "(c) 巴勒斯坦难民的登记和获得近东救济工程处服务的资格符合有关国际标准。", "C. 制约因素和挑战", "第八十四会. 工程处的保护工作具有内部和外部层面。 在内部,近东救济工程处通过方案拟订和提供服务促进保护。 在外部,它参与监测和报告难民状况并采取适当的干预措施,主任专员强调,必须公正和持久解决冲突,并尊重难民的权利。", "85. 近东救济工程处提供基本服务并确保在包括武装冲突在内的不同情况下获得这些服务,是难民享有权利的组成部分。 与其他行为者的直接和间接接触有助于创造并巩固尊重权利的环境和做法。 这些权利包括与近东救济工程处提供服务的核心领域有关的经济和社会权利,如教育,以及公民权利和政治权利,如生命权。 此外,近东救济工程处作为公共服务的主要提供者,力求确保工程处提供公共服务的方式确保尊重受益者的权利、尊严和安全。 为此,它将最低保护标准纳入所有领域所有方案的主流,采取行动消除学校中的暴力行为,采取措施防止基于性别的暴力和虐待儿童,并通过在学校制定长期人权和容忍方案来增进对个人权利的认识。 监测和报告机制有助于有效执行这些保护活动。", "86号. 2010-2011年,工程处方案集中努力确保难民在其社区提供高质量的社会服务。 这是通过为工作人员和由难民管理的社区组织开发和颁布各种工具来实现的。", "87个 其中第一个工具是能力评估工具包,全面审视了社区组织作为民间社会组织的情况并衡量其提供优质服务和财政可持续性的能力。 与各组织合作管理,每年跟踪进展情况。 其他工具侧重于社区组织提供的具体服务,如小额贷款方案,确保内部控制政策和程序到位并探讨小额贷款对获得小额贷款者的社会影响。", "88个 社会服务方案的主要挑战及其与社区组织的合作是,这些组织向社区难民伸出援手,他们可能比其他人更易受伤害,需要社会服务,但由于各种原因无法获得援助。", "89. 国家 作为工程处改善向巴勒斯坦难民提供服务的愿望的一部分,工程处开发了一个新的网上难民登记信息系统,以取代过时的外地登记系统。 新系统提高了难民数据的完整性并便利了收集有关难民的新资料及其分析,从而提高了工程处更好地制订政策和方案的能力。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 此外,还通过在近东救济工程处业务地区发放新的家庭登记卡,向难民提供更有效和有尊严的登记服务。 这消除了以前依赖总部印制这些卡片的做法,并大大缩短了以前发放登记卡的三个月时限。 在这方面,工作人员的能力建设和专业发展仍然很重要,反过来又受到长期资源限制的影响。", "91. 联合国 由于所有已登记的巴勒斯坦难民目前人数已接近500万人,他们都依赖资格和登记服务,因此需要更多的工作人员确保按照有关国际标准提供登记服务。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 工程处实现其目标的能力取决于其直接控制以外的一系列因素,包括便利该区域东道国政府和其他政府。 该区域的政治环境对实现人类发展目标构成重大挑战。", "93. 国家 项目项下包括近东救济工程处夏季运动会的经费,这是加沙地带难民儿童可获得的最大有组织的娱乐活动。 这些游戏为难民儿童提供了一个安全和有创意的空间,远离加沙地带普遍存在的贫困和拥挤状况。 同样,它们也使儿童有机会参与补充近东救济工程处教育方案的活动,加强获得技能,使他们能够成为有生产力的社会成员。 加沙地带没有类似的活动;其他大型夏令营都没有在政治之外开展这种多种多样的活动。 如果该方案得不到资助,加沙地带难民儿童的活动空间和范围将缩小,包括帮助他们发挥作为学生的潜力并实现体面生活水准的活动。", "D. 财政资源", "94. 国家 表15按人类发展目标4的目标列出了所需资源。", "表15 按目标分列的人权享有情况", "2012年 2013年估计数", "巴勒斯坦难民的权利得到保障,17个", "加强难民在其社区制订和1 425 1 224个实施可持续社会服务的能力", "巴勒斯坦难民的登记和资格", "经常预算共计", "项目预算 12 765 12 765", "总计 16 485 16 285", "第六章 联合国", "目标5:联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处高成效、高效率地治理和支助", "A. 目标", "95号. 近东救济工程处有成效和有效率的治理和支助的目标是促进并维持尽可能高的管理标准,加强利益攸关方关系并能够执行有助于巴勒斯坦难民实现人类发展的高质量方案。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 这一目标由下列总部部门和外地办事处的相应单位实现:", "(a) 主任专员办公室;", "(b) 行政事务部;", "(c) 人力资源部;", "(d) 财务部;", "(e) 法律事务部;", "(f) 内部监督事务部;", "(g) 对外关系和通信部。", "B. 目标", "97. 国家 目标5的目标是:", "(a) 国家 发挥领导作用,加强治理和调动额外资源;", "(b) 国家 发展和维持近东救济工程处,使其能够执行任务。", "C. 制约因素和挑战", "98 (英语). 在本两年期内,近东救济工程处将继续以各支助部门组织发展改革的成果为基础,并着手规划和执行其“可持续变革”方案改革。 虽然诸如工作人员发展和采用企业资源规划系统等管理支助改革仍然是优先事项,但加强近东救济工程处的核心服务及其资源调动能力是“可持续变革”改革的核心。 吸引和留住合格的工作人员并投资于他们的发展,对改革的成功仍然很重要。", "99号. 几项内部研究得出结论认为,工程处减少风险的唯一选择是开发和实施新的企业资源规划系统。 目前的企业制度已经过时。 如年度项目概算所示,采用企业资源规划系统完全取决于是否有充足的资金。 缺乏资金是一个巨大的制约因素,因为近东救济工程处无法着手购置启动实施所需的软件许可证,也无法开始与项目的潜在系统集成商进行合同谈判。 如果该项目在两年期内没有得到充分供资,这一制约因素将妨碍启动新的企业资源规划系统。", "一百个 近东救济工程处面临的持续财政压力影响到治理能力,影响到整个工程处。 由于全球经济下滑,2012年的经济预测尤其令人关切。 巨大的资金缺口将对支助服务和方案服务构成严重挑战。 调动足够的资源来维持改革和提高效率是一个优先事项。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于该区域正在进行的改革和政治发展,包括捐助者和受益者在内的利益攸关方的期望很高,而且越来越大。 由于近东救济工程处力求满足这些期望,它指出,改革公共服务是一项复杂的任务,不能很快取得成果。 工程处业务地区旷日持久的冲突和日益不稳定的情况使这项任务更加复杂。", "102. 国家 为了推动持续的改革改革进程,必须进一步加强透明度和问责制文化。 要从国际和地区工作人员等众多工作人员那里获得两性平等观点的改革支持,就必须吸收所有管理人员,同时进行培训、辅导并改革关键的管理制度。", "D. 财政资源", "第103页。 表16按人类发展目标5的目标列出了所需资源。", "表16 按目标开列的近东救济工程处资源需求(现金和实物,千美元)", "2012年 2013年估计数", "提供领导、加强治理和28 703 28 842个促进伙伴关系", "发展并维持近东救济工程处,使其能够完成它的任务 ^ 543 55 058", "经常预算共计", "项目预算 20 623 20 623", "共计", "^(a) 不包括小额金融部通过贷款分配利息收入自我维持的预算。 2012-2013两年期MD预算总额为2 580万美元,其中117 000美元(2012年为57 000美元,2013年为60 000美元)与这一目标有关。", "第七章 联合国", "联合国审计委员会的建议:执行情况", "104 (韩语). 表17显示联合国审计委员会在其2008-2009两年期报告中提出的61项建议的现状。 截至2011年3月31日,30项建议已执行,25项正在执行,4项尚未执行,2项建议因事态发展而过时。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 近东救济工程处的管理层致力于执行这些建议,其中一些建议需要额外资金、跨两年期或需要战略干预。 指出正在执行的大多数建议计划于2011年第二和第三季度执行。", "表17 审计委员会就2009年12月31日终了两年期所提建议的执行情况", "执行状况\n建议数 未执行 逾期事件\n财务 19 14 2 2 1\n加沙外地办事处 6 2 4 -\n约旦外地办事处 2 1 1 — —\n阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外地办事处 2 1 1 — — 行政支助部:信息系统司 1011 6 — 311 1 — — 采购和后勤支助司\n行政部门\n方案协调和支助. 4 - 4 3\n人力资源部 6 5 1 -\n内部监督事务部. 9 - 7 1 1\n行政管理 1 1 — — — — —\n共计 61 30 25 4 2", "150911", "*1145675*", "[]" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Extensions of cooperation frameworks and country programmes", "Note of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present note contains information on the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation, and the first one-year extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic. Requests for first one-year extensions of country programmes are approved by the Administrator and presented to the Executive Board for information.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish to take note of the two-year extension of the Fourth Cooperation Framework for South-South Cooperation pursuant to decision 2009/9, and the extensions for the country programmes for Eritrea and the Syrian Arab Republic for a period of one year each, from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2012, as reported in table 1.", "Annex", "Table 1. Extensions of country programmes approved by the Administrator since June 2011", "Country\tOriginalframework/CPDperiod\tYear(s)proposedfornewextension\tReasonand explanation \n United Nations harmonization\tIn-country political development\tImplementation and/or other issues\nFourthCooperationFrameworkforSouth-SouthCooperation\t2008-2011\t2012-2013 Pursuant todecision 2009/9,the framework isbeing extendedto synchronizewith the UNDPstrategic planfor 2008-2013.During theextensionperiod, theobjectives andactivities ofthe frameworkwould remain thesame, andprogrammeactivitiessupported by theSpecial Unitwould beconsistent withthe focus areasof the frameworkas elaborated inDP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1\nEritrea\t2007-2011\t2012 The Governmentof the State ofEritrea hasdecided to optout of the nextUNDAF process.This extensionis informed by aConcept Notethat is alignedto existing andemergingnationalpriorities, anddescribes thesectors in whichthe UNCT/UNDPwill concentrateuntil the end of2012.\nSyria\t2007-2011\t2012 The UNCT and thegovernment ofSyria agreed toextend thecountryprogramme forone year toallow for moretime forconsultativeprocess indeveloping a newprogramme.\t-", "UNDAF = United Nations Development Assistance Framework", "UNCT= United Nations Country Team" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和有关事项", "合作框架和国家方案的延长", "署长的说明", "摘要", "本说明叙述了南南合作第四个合作框架延长两年和厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的国家方案首次延长一年的情况。署长核准了国家方案首次延长一年的请求并把它提交执行局备查。", "决定的要点", "如表1所述，执行局不妨注意到根据第2009/9号决定把南南合作第四个合作框架延长两年的情况以及把厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的国家方案各延长一年的情况，即从2012年1月1日延长至2012年12月31日。", "附件", "表1 2011年6月以来经署长核准延长国家方案的情况", "理由和解释", "国别 原有框架-国家方案文件期间 拟议延长年份 联合国协调 国内政局发展 执行和(或)其他问题", "南南合作第四 2008-2011 2012-2013 根据第2009/9号决定延长该框架,以便与2008-2013年开发署战略计划同步。如DP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1所述，在延长期间，框架的目标和活动保持不变，特别股支持的方案活动与框架的重点领域保持一致。 个合作框架", "厄立特里亚 2007-2011 2012 厄立特里亚国政府已决定选择脱离下个联发援框架进程。这次延长了解到与现有和新兴国家优先事项相一致的概念说明，说明了联合国国家工作队和开发署在2012年年底前集中注意的部门。", "叙利亚 2007-2011 2012 联合国国家工作队和叙利亚政府商定把国家方案延长一年，以便有更多的时间展开编制新方案的协商过程。", "UNDAF：联合国发展援助框架(联发援框架)", "UNCT：联合国国家工作队(国家工作队)" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和有关事项", "延长合作框架和国家方案", "署长的说明", "内容提要", "本说明载有关于南南合作第四个合作框架延长两年以及厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国国家方案第一次延长一年的资料。 国家方案第一次延长一年的请求由署长核准并提交执行局参考。", "决定要点", "执行局不妨注意到,如表1所报告,根据第2009/9号决定,南南合作第四个合作框架延长了两年,厄立特里亚和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国国家方案各延长一年,从2012年1月1日延长至2012年12月31日。", "页:1", "表1. 署长自2011年6月以来核准的国家方案延长情况", "原框架/CPD期 拟议再延期年份 理由和解释\n执行和(或)其他问题\n2008-2011年南南合作第四个合作框架 根据第2009/9号决定,该框架将与开发署2008-2013年战略计划同步。 在延长期内,框架的目标和活动将保持不变,特设局支持的方案活动将与DP/CF/SSC/4/Rev.1中阐述的框架重点领域保持一致。\n厄立特里亚 2007-2011年 厄立特里亚国政府已决定退出下一个联发援框架进程。 这一延长所依据的概念说明与现有的和新出现的国家优先事项相一致,并说明了国家工作队/开发署将集中工作到2012年底的部门。\n叙利亚 2007-2011年 国家工作队和叙利亚政府同意将国家方案延长一年,以便在制定新方案时缩短协商时间。 - 说吧", "联发援框架=联合国发展援助框架", "UNCT=联合国国家工作队" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Once again, Israel, the occupying Power, is grossly confirming its insistence on continuing to pursue its illegal, expansionist agenda in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, rather than pursuing serious peace efforts that will bring an end to its insidious, illegitimate forty-four year belligerent military occupation of the Palestinian land since June 1967.", "Following the recent announcements of the approval of plans for the construction of at least 2,500 new units in two illegal settlements in Occupied East Jerusalem, to which I referred in my recent letters of 8 and 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500 and A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515), the Israeli Government declared, on 15 August, that the Defense Minister has approved plans for the further expansion of the illegal settlement of Ariel, established far beyond the pre-1967 borders, 22 kilometres deep into the central northern West Bank.", "The plans provide for construction of at least 277 new units in that illegal settlement, with the declared intention of providing at least 100 of those units for Israeli settlers who had in the past been living in settlements in the Gaza Strip prior to the so-called “disengagement” carried out in 2005, who will now be again transferred illegally into the Occupied Palestinian Territory, as thousands of settlers like them have already been transferred, in grave breach of the Fourth Geneva Convention. The approval of these plans raises the total of new units approved in the illegal settlements to nearly 2,800 units in the span of just two weeks, revealing the intensity and extent of the occupying Power’s attempts to further entrench these illegal settlements in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to further alter the demographic composition and character of that Territory in order to forcibly and illegally prejudge the final outcome of a peace settlement, undermining the essence and foundation of the two-State solution based on the pre‑1967 borders.", "Such illegal, unilateral actions constitute flagrant provocations that are stoking already-high tensions and frustrations among the Palestinian people as they continue to witness the confiscation and colonization of their land by Israel, the occupying Power, and are deepening the people’s mistrust of the occupying Power, whose malicious intentions are repeatedly exposed by such illegal actions and policies. In this regard, we reiterate the total condemnation and rejection by the Palestinian people and their leadership of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including, in particular, the construction of settlements and the Wall and the demolition of Palestinian homes and properties.", "Furthermore, we reaffirm the international consensus position, firmly rooted in international law, that such colonization measures have no legitimacy whatsoever and will remain rejected and unrecognized by the international community. Indeed, Israel’s continued pursuit of settlement activities constitutes a brazen challenge to the international community’s repeated calls for a total cessation of all settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.", "Israel’s defiance of these international calls, including that of the Quartet of yesterday, 16 August 2011, whereby it issued yet another unequivocal demand for a complete cessation of settlement activities, must not be tolerated. Immediate and direct measures by the international community are needed to enforce international law. Failure by the international community, including the Security Council, to do so will only foster further Israeli impunity. As such, more than merely threatening the two-State solution on the basis of the pre-1967 borders, the continuation of Israel’s illegal settlement campaign will make it physically and politically impossible to achieve the two-State solution.", "The dangers are of the occupying Power’s illegal, destructive course of action are manifold and require urgent redress if there is to be any chance to stop Israel’s violations and the further deterioration of the situation on the ground and to salvage the prospects for achieving a peace based on the two-State solution in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and the long-standing terms of reference of the peace process. The responsibilities and obligations of the international community, including of the Security Council, in this regard are clear and must be upheld. The time is now, and effective and serious international action must be undertaken.", "Today, I must also draw your attention to the continuing Israeli military campaign against the Occupied Gaza Strip that continues to cause loss of civilian life and injuries. Yesterday, 16 August, the Israeli occupying forces carried out a series of air strikes against civilian areas in the Gaza Strip that targeted Gaza City, Khan Younis and Rafah. Those attacks resulted in the killing of one Palestinian man, Mousa Shteiwi, aged 29, and the wounding of several others, including a 6-year-old child. Such Israeli military operations continue to terrorize the Palestinian people in Gaza, further deepening their suffering under the blockade being cruelly and illegally imposed by Israel. Also yesterday, a Palestinian man, Amin Taleb Al-Dabash, aged 38, was killed when he was run over by a vehicle of the Israeli occupying forces in the Jabal Abu Ghneim neighbourhood of Occupied East Jerusalem. We condemn all such violent actions and reiterate the need for protection of the Palestinian civilian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "This letter is in follow-up to our previous 399 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 11 August 2011 (A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515) constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其 余被占领巴勒斯坦领土的非法行动", "2011年8月17日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "占领国以色列再次以粗暴的方式确认，它将顽固地继续在巴勒斯被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷履行其非法的扩张主义议程，而不是认真地进行和平努力，以结束1967年6月以来长达44年的这种以阴险、非法、好战方式对巴勒斯坦土地的军事占领。", "我在2011年8月8日和8月11日的两封信(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500和A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)中提及，以色列政府最近宣布批准在被占领的东耶路撒冷的两个非法定居点建造至少2 500个新居住单位。8月15日，以色列政府又宣布，国防部长已经批准进一步扩大阿列尔非法定居点的计划。该定居点远远超出了1967年前的边界，深入西岸中部和北部达22公里。", "根据这项计划，以色列将在该非法定居点至少建造277个新单位，同时宣布有意为在2005年实施的所谓“脱离接触”前在加沙地带定居点生活的以色列定居者提供100个单位。如同数以千计被转移的定居者一样，这些定居者将再次被非法转移进入巴勒斯坦被占领土，这种做法严重违反了《日内瓦公约》。在批准这些建造计划后，在非法定居点内批准新建的单位仅在短短两周时间内就增加至近2 800个。这表明了占领国的强烈企图和巨大野心，即进一步巩固巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷内的这些非法定居点，并进一步改变该领土的人口组成和特征，以便通过强行和非法的手段为和平解决预设最终结果，并破坏以1967年前边界为基础的两国解决方案的实质和基础。", "这种非法的单方面行动是严重的挑衅行为，它加剧了本已十分紧张的局势，加重了继续目睹占领国以色列没收其领土并将其殖民化的巴勒斯坦人民的挫折感，并加深了巴勒斯坦人民对占领国的不信任，因为占领国的这种非法行动和政策一再暴露出了它的险恶用心。为此，我们重申，巴勒斯坦人民和领导谴责并反对以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷开展的一切定居活动，特别是建造定居点和隔离墙以及破坏巴勒斯坦人民的住房和财产的行径。", "并且，我们重申以国际法为坚实基础的国际社会的一致立场，即这种殖民措施是完全非法的，将继续遭到国际社会的反对，并不为国际社会所承认。的确，以色列继续开展定居活动，是对国际社会的严重挑战。国际社会一再呼吁，全面停止在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括东耶路撒冷的所有定居活动。", "以色列置这些国际呼吁，包括四方昨天(2011年8月16日)再度明确要求全面禁止定居点活动的呼吁于不顾，这是绝不能容忍的。国际社会必须立即采取直接措施，以实施国际法。国际社会(包括安全理事会)如不这样做，只会进一步助长以色列肆无忌惮的行为。事实上，以色列继续开展非法的定居点活动，不仅仅是对以1967年前边界为基础的两国解决方案发出威胁，并且从实际和政治方面而言，会使得两国解决方案无法实现。", "占领国一系列破坏性的非法行动造成多种威胁，需要紧急采取对策，否则，就没有机会再制止以色列的侵权行为和实地局势的进一步恶化，就无从按照联合国相关决议和和平进程长期性的工作范围、以两国解决方案为基础实现和平。国际社会，包括安全理事会，在这方面的责任和义务是明确的，要加以坚持。时不我待，必须要采取有效和严肃的国际行动。", "今天，我还必须提请注意：以色列继续对被占领加沙地带采取军事行动，继续导致平民死伤。昨天，8月16日，以色列占领军对加沙地带的平民区发动了一系列空袭，袭击目标为加沙市、汗尤尼斯和拉法赫。袭击导致一名巴勒斯坦男子(穆萨·希特伊维，29岁)遇难，另有数人(包括一名6岁儿童)受伤。以色列这种军事行动继续使加沙的巴勒斯坦人感到恐怖，进一步加重了他们在以色列残忍和不合法的封锁之下所受的苦难。同样是在昨天，在被占领东耶路撒冷的阿布格尼姆山居民区，一名38岁的巴勒斯坦男子(阿明·塔勒布·达巴希)被以色列占领军车辆辗过毙命。我们谴责所有此种暴力行为，重申必须要保护被占领巴勒斯坦领土内的巴勒斯坦平民。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了399封信，本信是上述信件的后续。从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年8月11日(A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)的这些信件，基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "大会 安全理事会第十届紧急特别会议\n以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其余", "2011年8月17日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "占领国以色列再次粗暴地确认,它坚持继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上推行其非法的扩张主义议程,而不是认真进行和平努力,结束自1967年6月以来对巴勒斯坦土地的阴险而非法的四十四年军事占领。", "继我最近在2011年8月8日和11日的信(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500和A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)中提及,最近宣布核准在被占领的东耶路撒冷的两个非法定居点建造至少2 500个新单元的计划后,以色列政府于8月15日宣布,国防部长已核准进一步扩大Ariel非法定居点的计划,该定居点远远超出1967年前的边界,深入西岸中北部22公里。", "这些计划规定在该非法定居点建造至少277个新单元,并宣布打算至少向在2005年所谓“脱离接触”之前曾居住在加沙地带定居点的以色列定居者提供100个单元,这些人现在将再次被非法转移到巴勒斯坦被占领土,因为象他们这样的数千名定居者已被转移,严重违反了《日内瓦第四公约》。 这些计划获得批准后,在仅仅两个星期的时间里,在非法定居点核准的新单位总数就增至近2 800个单位,这表明占领国企图进一步巩固在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的非法定居点,并进一步改变该领土的人口组成和性质,以强行和非法地预先判断和平解决的最后结果,破坏了以1967年以前边界为基础的两国解决办法的实质和基础。", "这种非法的单方面行动构成明目张胆的挑衅行为,在巴勒斯坦人民中激起本已高度的紧张局势和挫折感,因为他们继续目睹占领国以色列没收和殖民其土地,并加深了人民对占领国的不信任,而这种非法行动和政策一再暴露了占领国的恶意意图。 在这方面,我们重申,巴勒斯坦人民及其领导人完全谴责并拒绝以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的所有定居活动,特别是包括建造定居点和隔离墙以及拆除巴勒斯坦人的家园和财产。", "此外,我们重申牢固地植根于国际法的国际共识立场,即这种殖民措施没有任何合法性,将继续被国际社会所拒绝和不承认。 事实上,以色列继续从事定居点活动是对国际社会一再要求完全停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的一切定居点活动的公然挑战。", "以色列无视这些国际呼吁,包括昨天,即2011年8月16日的四方呼吁,再次明确要求全面停止定居点活动,对此决不能容忍。 国际社会必须立即采取直接措施,执行国际法。 包括安全理事会在内的国际社会不这样做只会使以色列进一步逍遥法外。 因此,以色列不仅威胁在1967年以前边界基础上的两国解决方案,而且继续非法定居运动将使实现两国解决方案在实际和政治上都是不可能的。", "占领国的非法、破坏性行动路线的危险是多方面的,如果有任何机会来制止以色列的侵犯行为和实地局势的进一步恶化,并挽救根据联合国有关决议和和平进程的长期职权范围来在两国解决办法的基础上实现和平的前景,就必须紧急予以纠正。 国际社会,包括安全理事会在这方面的责任和义务是明确的,必须坚持。 现在是时候了,必须采取有效和认真的国际行动。", "今天,我还必须提请你注意以色列继续对被占加沙地带采取军事行动,继续造成平民伤亡。 昨天,即8月16日,以色列占领军对加沙地带的平民地区进行了一系列空袭,袭击目标为加沙市、汗尤尼斯和拉法。 这些袭击导致一名29岁的巴勒斯坦男子Mousa Shteiwi被炸死,若干人受伤,其中包括一名6岁的儿童。 以色列的这种军事行动继续恐吓加沙的巴勒斯坦人民,进一步加深了他们在以色列残酷和非法实施的封锁下的苦难。 昨天,一名38岁的巴勒斯坦男子Amin Taleb Al-Dabash被以色列占领军的一辆车在被占领的东耶路撒冷的Jabal Abu Ghneim居民区撞倒后被炸死。 我们谴责所有这些暴力行动,并重申需要保护巴勒斯坦被占领土上的巴勒斯坦平民。", "自2000年9月28日以来,我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的持续危机发出399封信。 从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)到2011年8月11日(A/ES-10/527-S/2011/515)的这些信件是占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民所犯罪行的基本记录。 占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统侵犯人权行为负责,必须将肇事者绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations has the honour, in reference to the note of the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006), dated 7 February 2011, to transmit herewith the information concerning the implementation of the provisions of that resolution (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Turkmenistan to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "[Original: Russian]", "Information on the implementation by Turkmenistan of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006)", "Turkmenistan has been active in implementing instruments such as the conventions, resolutions, agreements and treaties that are the core texts for building an international security system and for consolidating social peace and stability and recognizes the importance of universally accepted norms of international law. Our Government fully supports the United Nations initiative to prohibit modern weapons of mass destruction, and for the prohibition, reduction and non-proliferation of conventional weapons.", "On 20 December 2008, the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia was opened in Ashgabat. Turkmenistan fully supports the efforts of the United Nations to establish zones in the Central Asian region that are free of nuclear weapons and other modern weapons of mass destruction and strictly observes all the conventions to which it is a signatory and all the international obligations which it has undertaken to prohibit such weapons.", "Turkmenistan bases its foreign policy on its status of positive neutrality; respects the sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of the borders of other States; maintains a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other States, the non-use of force and non-participation in military blocs and unions; follows the principles of cooperation to develop friendly and mutually beneficial relations with all States in the region and the world; and fully complies with those principles in its peaceful policy." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团谨提及安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席2011年2月7日的说明，并随信转递关于执行该决议各项规定的资料(见附件)。", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "[原件：俄文]", "土库曼斯坦执行安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议的情况", "土库曼斯坦一贯积极执行作为建立国际安全体系和巩固社会和平及稳定之核心文本的相关公约、决议、协定和条约等文书，并确认普遍接受的国际法准则的重要性。我国政府完全支持联合国关于禁止现代大规模毁灭性武器以及关于禁止、裁减和不扩散常规武器的倡议。", "2008年12月20日，联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心在阿什哈巴德启用。土库曼斯坦完全支持联合国在中亚地区建立无核武器和没有其他现代大规模毁灭性武器区的努力，并严格履行我国签署的所有公约和为禁止此类武器而承担的所有国际义务。", "土库曼斯坦的外交政策以积极中立地位为基础，土库曼斯坦尊重别国的主权、领土完整和边界的不可侵犯性，奉行不干涉他国内政、不使用武力、不参加军事集团和联盟的政策，遵循合作原则与本区域和世界各国发展友好互利关系，并在我国和平政策中完全遵守这些原则。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团谨就安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会主席2011年2月7日的说明,随函转递关于该决议各项规定执行情况的资料(见附件)。", "2011年7月27日土库曼斯坦常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "[原件:俄", "土库曼斯坦执行安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议的情况", "土库曼斯坦一直积极执行公约、决议、协定和条约等文书,这些文书是建立国际安全制度和巩固社会和平与稳定的核心案文,并确认普遍接受的国际法准则的重要性。 我国政府完全支持联合国禁止现代大规模毁灭性武器并禁止、减少和不扩散常规武器的倡议。", "2008年12月20日,联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心在阿什哈巴德开幕。 土库曼斯坦完全支持联合国在中亚地区建立无核武器和其他现代大规模毁灭性武器区的努力,并严格遵守它所签署的所有公约和它承诺禁止此类武器的所有国际义务。", "土库曼斯坦的外交政策以积极中立地位为基础;尊重其他国家的主权、领土完整和边界不可侵犯性;坚持不干涉他国内政、不使用武力和不参加军事集团和联盟的政策;遵循合作原则,同本区域和世界所有国家发展友好和互利关系;并在和平政策中充分遵守这些原则。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "I have the honour to transmit herewith information from the Government of Panama on the measures adopted in accordance with paragraph 8 of Security Council resolution 1718 (2006) and paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) (see annex).", "(Signed) Pablo Antonio Thalassinós", "Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 29 July 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Panama to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Merchant Marine Directorate of the Panama Maritime Authority has issued resolution No. 106-36-DGMM of 16 November 2006, which is fully consistent with resolution 1718 (2006), adopted by the United Nations Security Council at its 5551st meeting, held on 14 October 2006. Therefore, all requests for vessels from the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to register in Panama and fly its flag are denied.", "With regard to paragraphs 9, 10, 18 and 20 of resolution 1874 (2009), on the transfer, sale and/or export of war materiel or explosives, the Merchant Marine Directorate has informed us that it does not have an inspection committee; there is, however, a Boarding Committee, which is coordinated by a Boarding Official from the Panama Maritime Authority and is composed of inspectors from the various competent authorities, including an inspector from the National Customs Authority, who is responsible for checking the cargo manifest and other documents presented by the vessel upon arrival and departure from the port.", "Therefore, the competent body with regard to cargo control and inspection measures is the National Customs Authority, through its risk-analysis office, the Technical Unit for Container Inspection (UNITEC) and the International Container Control Programme (CCP)." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "我谨随函附上巴拿马政府按照安理会第1718(2006)号决议第8段和安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18和20段所采取措施的信息(见附件)。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴勃罗·安东尼奥·塔拉西诺斯(签名)", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "巴拿马海事管理局海运总局已经于2006年11月16日发布了106-36 DGMM号决议，这一决议完全符合联合国安全理事会2006年10月14日举行的第5551次会议通过的第1718(2006)号决议。因此，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的船只提出在巴拿马注册及悬挂巴拿马国旗的所有请求都被拒绝。", "关于第1874(2009)号决议涉及战争材料或爆炸物的转让、销售和/或出口的第9、10、18和20段,海运总局通报表示，目前并未设立检查委员会；但设有一个登船委员会，由巴拿马海事管理局的一名登船官员负责协调，并且由各主管部门的检查员构成，其中包括国家海关管理局的一名检查员，负责检查船只到港和离港时提交的货物清单和其他文件。", "因此，作为主管机构的国家海关管理局是通过风险分析办公室、集装箱检查和国际集装箱管制规划署的技术股，采取货物控制和检查方面的措施。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "谨随函转递巴拿马政府根据安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议第8段和安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18和20段所采取措施的资料(见附件)。", "巴勃罗·安东尼奥·塔拉西诺斯(签名)", "常驻代表 大使", "2011年7月29日巴拿马常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "巴拿马海事管理局商船管理局发布了2006年11月16日第106-36-DGMM号决议,这完全符合联合国安全理事会2006年10月14日第5551次会议通过的第1718(2006)号决议。 因此,所有要求朝鲜民主主义人民共和国船只在巴拿马注册并悬挂其国旗的请求都被拒绝。", "关于第1874(2009)号决议第9、10、18和20段,关于转让、销售和(或)出口战争物资或爆炸物,商船管理局通知我们,它没有设立视察委员会;但有一个登船委员会,由巴拿马海事局的一名登船官员协调,由各主管当局的检查员组成,包括一名国家海关局的检查员,负责检查船只抵达和离开港口时提交的货物清单和其他文件。", "因此,货物管制和检查措施方面的主管机构是国家海关总署,通过其风险分析办公室、集装箱检查技术股和国际集装箱管制方案。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1718 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations has the honour to enclose herewith a copy of the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) concerning the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1874 (2009) with a view to implementing the provisions of the relevant operative paragraphs, in accordance with its relevant domestic laws and regulations.", "2. In compliance with the said resolution, an inter-agency meeting had been convened to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant operative paragraphs of resolution 1874 (2009).", "3. Brunei Darussalam also has the honour to report that trade activities and the exchange of goods between Brunei Darussalam and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea are minimal.", "4. Brunei Darussalam supports efforts to ensure peace, stability and the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula through peaceful and constructive dialogue." ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团谨附上文莱达鲁萨兰国执行安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1874(2009)号决议的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会的普通照会的附件", "1. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会通过了第1874(2009)号决议，以其按照其相关国内法律规章执行其中相关执行段落。", "2. 根据上述决议，文莱达鲁萨兰国举行了一次机构间会议，向所有相关国家机构通报了他们的义务，并考虑执行第1874(2009)号决议的相关执行段落。", "3. 文莱达鲁萨兰国谨表示，文莱达鲁萨兰国与朝鲜民主主义人民共和国之间仅有极少量的贸易活动以及货物交流。", "4. 文莱达鲁萨兰国支持通过和平和建设性对话，为确保朝鲜半岛的和平、稳定和无核化所作努力。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1718(2006)号决议所设委员会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团谨随函附上文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会关于朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的第1874(2009)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "页: 1 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会第1874(2009)号决议的通过,以期按照相关的国内法和条例执行有关执行段落的规定。", "2. 结 论 根据上述决议,举行了一次机构间会议,向文莱达鲁萨兰国所有相关国家机构通报它们的义务,并考虑执行第1874(2009)号决议的有关执行段落。", "3. 。 文莱达鲁萨兰国还荣幸地报告,文莱达鲁萨兰国和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国之间的贸易活动和货物交流是微不足道的。", "4. 第四届会议 文莱达鲁萨兰国支持通过和平与建设性对话确保朝鲜半岛的和平、稳定和无核化的努力。" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Despite our conviction and knowledge that reports on the human rights situation are considered within the appropriate forum of human rights that is the Human Rights Council in Geneva, and in the light of the briefing by the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Navanethem Pillay, on the human rights situation in South Kordofan, I have the honour to enclose herewith a document containing the comments of the Government of the Sudan on the preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011 (see annex).", "I have further the honour to request you to circulate the enclosed document as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "Comments of the Government of the Sudan on the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the situation of human rights in the Sudan, entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011”", "Introduction and general observations", "1. First of all, the Government of the Sudan would like to point out that the thirteenth periodic report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights was entitled “Preliminary report on violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Southern Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011” without mentioning “allegations”, although the report contains mere undocumented testimonies and observations that cannot be considered as “violations”, which indicates that the contents of the report are just a conclusion and a presumed final result of recent incidents that took place in the area during the mentioned time frame.", "2. The report mentioned violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law that took place during the armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the so-called “militias affiliated to SAF” and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM) in South Kordofan from 5 to 30 June 2011. It is worth mentioning in principle that a report describing the situation of human rights during armed conflict cannot attribute all the violations to one party of the conflict and exclude the other. The report rarely pointed out violations committed by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA). Surprisingly, the party that started the fighting inside the towns and caused the death of civilians was not blamed for these violations. This indicates double standards even when it comes to determining victims and aggressors.", "3. This selective approach throughout the report contradicts all United Nations standards governing the monitoring of human rights situations, as well as the code of conduct of United Nations officers and human rights officers in the United Nations field offices.", "4. The report mentions in the background paragraph that marginalization by the Government of the Sudan of the Nuba led them to join the SPLA. The report is based on a book by Alex de Waal and Yoanes Ajawin, published in London in 1995 entitled Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. This book reflects the political views of the writers, but it is unacceptable for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) to base its report on this book and use it as a reference. This leads to a determination of the victims and the aggressors at the beginning of the report and to ignoring and remaining silent with regard to all the violations committed by the alleged victim (SPLA).", "5. The marginalization of the Nuba mentioned throughout the report was not true. The Nuba are well represented in all official institutions of the State, at all grades and levels. In addition, their presence is not confined to this geographic part of the Sudan, they are present throughout the Sudan and they have never complained of marginalization during the previous Governments. Reference to marginalization is misleading and leads to escalating ethnic tensions and racism, which is prohibited by all the human rights standards.", "6. The report referred to alleged large-scale violations in a way that cannot even be considered as a source of information, and concludes at the end of the paragraph by stating that this information was not verified, a method that lacks honesty and professionalism in preparing such reports.", "7. During the reporting period, the Government of the Sudan, as will be indicated later, spared no efforts to provide the affected populations with rescue equipment and humanitarian assistance, but these efforts were not reflected in the report.", "8. Although the report alleged that those who prepared the report met with officials in a number of institutions, including federal and state government authorities, it fails to mention all the measures taken by federal and state government authorities to overcome the impact of the incidents.", "Background and alleged violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law (paras. 4-25)", "9. This part of the report is full of fabricated allegations that contradict basic facts when it comes to the places, timing and dates on which incidents took place, in addition to false quotations from the comprehensive peace agreement and ignorance of the administrative system of South Kordofan, although the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) had been present in South Kordofan for six years.", "10. The report provides information allegedly collected through field visits, interviews with victims and witnesses, meetings with politicians, religious and local leaders, internally displaced persons, UNMIS staff, members of voluntary organizations and some media sources, it is still inaccurate (as will be pointed out in some examples), which directly affect the credibility of the report.", "11. Examples of the fabricated allegations:", "(a) Fighting inside Kadugli did not start on 5 June 2011 as alleged in the report, but started outside Kadugli when the SPLA attacked the SAF on that same day in the Um Dorein area 35 km east of Kadugli at 8.15 a.m. (para. 14);", "(b) There is no locality called Um Battah (para. 16). Um Battah is a neighbourhood in Kadugli and there is no military area with that name;", "(c) The Joint Integrated Units were established according to provisions of the comprehensive peace agreement, they are equally divided between the SPLA and the SAF; the Sudan People’s Liberation Army-North (SPLA-N) forces referred to in the report do not exist. This indicates clearly fabricated information by UNMIS (para. 5);", "(d) It is impossible to conduct aerial bombardments against Kadugli and Eldalang and to target civilians because the two cities are under the control of the SAF and Kadugli is the capital of South Kordofan State; in addition, the protection and security of civilians and their property lies with the SAF;", "(e) When reporting the killings of ethnic Arabs, the report referred to an unknown armed group, to avoid criminalizing the SPLA, although it provides all details regarding the source of the other attacks; such an attitude reflects a clear and deliberate selectivity.", "12. Contrary to what was mentioned in paragraph 8 of the report, the situation inside Kadugli was normal on 5 June. The SAF did not block the major roads to Abdelaziz ElHilu’s house, but had been trying to open them. All roads leading to his house were blocked by the SPLA and planted with mines. There was no fight at all; this was evidenced by the arrival of a high-level committee from Khartoum on 6 June 2011 composed of leaders from the SPLM and the National Congress Party, and there were no orders to disarm the SPLA by force, which could have led to a direct attack, which did not happen.", "13. Paragraph 9 of the report alleged that the SAF attacks on Kadugli resulted in the displacement of thousands of civilians, who consequently took refuge in churches, hospitals and UNMIS compounds, but since the SAF are inside Kadugli it is illogical and unlikely that the attacks against the city come from the SAF, but from the other party, which is the SPLA.", "14. Paragraph 13 refers to extrajudicial killings, which is not in line with the nature and professionalism of the SAF, which has always been very disciplined and committed to national military rules and international humanitarian law during war. The SAF conducts high-level training programmes in coordination with the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and the military law is very strict in making anyone who violates the law accountable, an example of that is in Darfur. In addition, half of the SAF forces in South Kordofan are originally from the Nuba tribe and the Commanding General of Operations in the Sudanese Army is also from the Nuba tribe.", "15. Paragraph 14 mentioned false information about the killing of some civilians on 6 June, but, as mentioned previously, the fighting actually started on 7 June inside Kadugli, therefore talking about civilian casualties in need of any medical care on that day is not true.", "16. The response provided in paragraph 15 above also applies to paragraph 15 of the report. Furthermore the SAF did not launch air attacks targeting any residential areas inside Kadugli.", "17. The number of casualties provided in paragraph 16 of the report is based on the testimony of one person, who estimated that the number of people killed inside the SAF compound was 150. This testimony is illogical because that person should not have been released to reveal this information if such a crime had taken place inside the compound.", "18. What was mentioned in paragraph 18 by some internally displaced persons, who testified that one citizen was killed in the police hospital in Kadugli, was not true. The two persons killed outside the hospital were SPLA personnel wearing civilian dress; they were killed following an exchange of fire with the police and a police officer was also shot. This incident was reported and documented in police records in Kadugli.", "19. Paragraph 19 of the report contains mere allegations without any proof.", "20. The SAF was not involved in any way in the killing of the UNMIS contractor who was also a member of the SPLM, as mentioned in paragraph 17. If that person was an active SPLM member, it would have been useful to interrogate him in order to obtain information instead of killing him. What was mentioned in paragraph 14 above can also be added as a response to this incident.", "21. The AlFaid area was not the scene of any incidents, and the SAF was very far from the area. It witnessed some tribal tensions during the election, which were brought under control. On 14 June 2011 this area did not witness any fighting, as indicated in paragraph 20 of the report, which indicates clearly that there is deliberate confusion from the source of the information.", "22. The response provided in paragraph 5 above applies to paragraph 21.", "23. Paragraph 22 mentioned the existence of mass graves in Elgrood area, but the truth is that the bodies of some military members from both sides were buried. This was done by volunteers of the Sudanese Red Crescent with the support of ICRC after fulfilling all the required legal procedures.", "24. The area mentioned in paragraph 23 of the report, which was described by the witness as a mass grave, is a residential and inhabited area that extends from the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division to the market area, it is not an empty area that can be used as a cemetery, since any civilian can notice it. UNMIS can also make a field visit to the area to verify the information instead of depending on the allegations of one witness.", "25. What was mentioned in paragraph 25 of the report, that both the SAF and the SPLA laid anti-personnel mines, is not true. The SPLA mined areas inside Kadugli and on the road from Kadugli to Elrosairis and in the Taloudi area; these acts took place on 6 June. The SAF helped to clear the area in Hajar Elnar and also the road from Rosairis to Kadugli. The SAF also received 17 anti-tank mines, which the SPLA intended to plant in areas around Hajar Elnar. Some mines were found with a non-governmental organization called NCA, known to provide support to the SPLM.", "Indiscriminate killings and use of prohibited weapons (paras. 26 and 27)", "26. Paragraph 26 mentioned unconfirmed reports of the use of chemical weapons by the SAF against civilians, which is totally incorrect. The SAF is forbidden by virtue of its law and regulations from using such weapons.", "27. What was mentioned in paragraph 27, about aerial bombardments targeting civilians, was also not true. The truth is that SAF attacks targeted specific areas of the SPLA using the right to self-defence and also to protect the civilians and, at the same time, to minimize the impact of SPLA attacks on civilians (only two persons were killed, which proves that this was done to the minimum). Cities with civilians like Kadugli and Aldalang were not targeted and the UNMIS compound in Kauda was not affected, instead reports were received from the Head of Sector IV about cases of fainting and hysteria, which were positively responded to by the SAF and permission was given upon UNMIS request to evacuate those persons from Kadugli. UNMIS flights from Kadugli to Kauda use helicopters that can use any runway.", "28. The same response to paragraph 27 above applies to paragraph 29 of the report.", "Forced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and illegal detention (paras. 30-36)", "29. Paragraph 80 talked about targeting Christians, which is not true. The SAF never targeted Christians or their churches. Peaceful coexistence is one of the characteristics of this State; in addition, many of the officers in the regular forces are also Christians. Also, the SAF cannot be responsible for the disappearance of any person during the incidents and the checking of identification documents is a normal security procedure in such circumstances.", "30. There is no Arab militia in Kadugli, nor looting or attacking civilians as indicated in paragraph 31 of the report. Neither before nor during the incidents.", "31. Paragraph 32 of the report mentioned that the SAF raided houses to search for SPLA members or supporters. The SAF received reports about weapons in places that used to be SPLA locations, and it was the task of the SAF to verify these reports to ensure security and stability in the area.", "32. Paragraph 28 above provides the answer for paragraph 33 of the report.", "33. What was mentioned in paragraph 34 was not true.", "34. Paragraph 37 was a repetition responded to in paragraph 21.", "35. Paragraph 41 was not true. On 6 June the situation in Kadugli was very calm. Anglican and Catholic churches were never targeted. On the next day, all regular forces that were in place since that morning witnessed the beginning of fighting inside Kadugli between the SPLA (on the mountains surrounding Kadugli) and the SAF, the police and security forces, and any bombing affecting a church would have been caused by the SPLA, who were in the mountains surrounding Kadugli.", "36. What was mentioned in paragraph 44 was not correct. The relationship with UNMIS was excellent before the incidents. Following the escalation of fighting, the SAF remained in regular contact with the Head of Sector IV, who visited the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division more than once and welcomed the coordination and the cooperation of the SAF in such an exceptional situation. The SAF never controlled the fuel of UNMIS; the Head of the Sector apologized to the SAF for the misunderstanding after verification of the incorrect information. The food storage facility was guarded by officers from the SAF because the supplying company had the SPLM emblem on the cars’ number plates hidden by the United Nations emblem. One of the members of the company (an Indian national) tried to destroy the cars’ number plates to hide this relationship. In spite of all these facts, UNMIS continued to have access to the storage facility until they took all the supplies.", "37. As regards information provided in paragraph 45, about arresting and beating three personnel assisting UNMIS and the threatening of UNMIS officers by some SAF members, this is not true because, as the fighting continued, no SAF forces were stationed outside the compound and there were no checkpoints established inside the town.", "38. With regard to the information in paragraph 46, stating that one national staff of UNMIS was shot: the SAF was not responsible for that. That person was hospitalized in Kadugli military hospital and transferred later to Khartoum and is now in good health.", "39. Paragraph 48 of the report talked about the displacement of residents of Kaiga area to a place near UNMIS, which is also not true. Kaiga is an area north of Kadugli and logically it is impossible to move to the south while everyone is moving to the north, to Aldalang and ElObied, running away from the fighting. In addition, the SAF has no presence in Kaiga and there is no place named Um Battah military area.", "40. Paragraph 50 of the report talked about the mistreatment of a UNMIS patrol composed of four members including a Jordanian major, who arrived at the headquarters of the Fourteenth Division without prior notice from Sector IV. The Head of the Sector was questioned and he stated that he was not aware of the patrol, the main purpose — given the situation in the area — was to enhance coordination and ensure the safety and security during their movement. They were taken to the nearest national monitoring officers and then released. All statements mentioned in this paragraph were fabricated.", "41. What was mentioned in paragraph 52 about aerial bombardments was a repetition and never happened, neither inside Kadugli nor in the surrounding area. Fire and looting are part of the insecurity situation caused by the SPLA. The SAF never destroyed houses using bulldozers since they do not have any in Kadugli.", "42. What was mentioned in paragraph 53 of the report was a legal procedure with the agreement of the Head of Sector IV. Since a number of national staff are accused of involvement in some security incidents, the SAF requested that the identity of all passengers to Wau be checked. Of the 20 national staff, only 6 were detained. Five were released, two were Christians, one was a priest and all were Nubas. The SAF received acknowledgement from the Head of Sector IV and from released persons of the good treatment received during detention. One person is still detained and will be brought before a court.", "43. Paragraph 54 is a repeated paragraph, responded to in paragraph 36 above.", "Forced displacement and involuntary return", "44. Paragraph 37 of the report claims that villagers from the village of Umber, exclusively inhabited by Nuba tribes, were displaced. The report did not mention the displacement of citizens from the other neighbouring villages (Alfeid, Tomy, Khour-Aldilaib and Umbrimbeeta), inhabited by Arab tribes, although they were all displaced on the same day, 10 June 2011, as a result of the military confrontations that took place in the villages of Azrag, Algimaizaya and Umbrtabou. Villagers from Umbrimbeeta, Umber and part of Khour-Aldilaib who fled to Abu-Karshula were provided humanitarian assistance and returned to their villages by late June.", "45. Paragraph 38 referred to the displacement of 11,000 people from Kadugli on 20 June 2011, though the displacement from Kadugli began on 6 June 2011, following the events. On 20 June 2011 those who were displaced to Alshaeir near UNMIS returned to Kadugli. As a result of the events that took place in Kadugli, on 6 June 2011 approximately 13,722 people fled on a daily basis to the area of Alshaeir near the UNMIS compound outside the city. The Humanitarian Aid Commission of the State held a coordination meeting with the United Nations agencies (World Food Programme (WFP), United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Health Organization, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent and the Mubadiroun National Organization, and it was agreed after the meeting to provide urgent humanitarian assistance to those affected.", "46. In addition to the urgent aid provided by the Government of the Sudan and the Humanitarian Aid Commission, the following was done:", "• Provision of a one-month supply of food by WFP to be distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Provision of shelter materials (rainproof blankets, cooking utensils, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) by UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR and the Joint Supply Centre, and distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Water: provision of eight tankers from UNMIS and three plastic containers with a capacity of 3,000 cubic litres by UNICEF", "• Sanitation: setting up of 150 public toilets by UNMIS, UNICEF and UNFPA, as well as two mobile clinics provided by the state ministry of health", "• Security services and child protection: provision of support by UNICEF and UNHCR", "47. All those services were carried out under the supervision and coordination of the Humanitarian Aid Commission in the State and with a follow-up from the United Nations agencies.", "48. Following the end of military confrontations on 20 June and the return of calm to Kadugli, the government of the State started mine-clearing operations, securing and protecting civilians and their properties by the police and restoring the infrastructure to the city (water, electricity, hospitals). Trade and grocery stores reopened their doors, internally displaced persons starting to voluntarily return to their houses. Elders and those with special needs called for help to be transported, thus the government of the State provided them with the necessary means of transportation to the city.", "49. Concerning paragraph 39 of the report, the Humanitarian Aid Commission, after the return of the displaced to the city, carried out a joint survey involving the United Nations agencies in the city, the national organizations and the relevant government institutions so as to determine the needs of the returnees in the city. Based on this survey, the participants agreed to provide the needed assistance and basic services as follows:", "• Provision of food for 12,000 returnees for a whole month by WPF, distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent", "• Refurbishment and rehabilitation of 63 water pumps by UNICEF and IOM, jointly implemented by the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Rehabilitation of a rainwater collection station (Donki) by IOM", "• Setting up of 180 toilets by UNICEF and IOM in cooperation with the Water Corporation and Environment Sanitation of the State", "• Provision of non-food materials for 7,000 families by IOM and the United Nations Joint Logistics Centre (rainproof blankets, cooking hardware, sheets, water containers, mosquito nets and soap) distributed by the Sudanese Committee of the Red Crescent with the participation of the organizers", "• Provision of medicine and first aid kits for seven clinics in the city by WHO and the State Ministry of Health", "• A programme was developed to protect and reunite children with their families by UNICEF and the State Ministry of Social Affairs", "• Absorption of the sons of displaced people in the schools of Kadugli and provision of study materials by UNICEF, Save the Children Sweden and the Ministry of Education", "Conclusion", "50. At the end of its comments on the report of OHCHR, the Government of the Sudan expresses its rejection and deepest resentment at the unprofessional method adopted in collecting and formulating the information concerning the events that took place in South Kordofan lately, which contradict the international standards followed in monitoring the situation of human rights. The Government of the Sudan has come under a treacherous attack against its constitutional legitimacy and its elected Government. What the SPLA/M did in South Kordofan is both a political and military coup on the elections’ results held in South Kordofan, which were considered to be fair elections according to national and international observers.", "51. The report is riddled with flaws and assumptions not based on logical and objective findings, which in most cases contradict the facts on the ground, as mentioned above.", "52. The Government of the Sudan firmly believes that this report does not really reflect the situation of human rights in the said time and place, consequently it cannot be considered as a reference for adopting any procedures or measures based on the content of the report.", "53. This report and the way it was worded does not help the Government of the Sudan to take the right measures and it does not encourage cooperation with any future procedure based on this report." ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "尽管我们知道人权状况的报告是在日内瓦人权理事会这个合适的人权论坛中加以审议，并鉴于联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士就南科尔多凡人权状况所做的简报，谨随函附上一份文件，说明苏丹政府对“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”的评论意见(见附件)。", "请将该文件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "达法-阿拉·哈吉·阿里·奥斯曼(签名)", "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信的附件", "苏丹政府对联合国人权事务高级专员关于苏丹人权状况的第十三份定期报告(题为“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”)发表的评论意见", "导言和概论", "1． 首先，苏丹政府想指出，联合国人权事务高级专员题为“2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡州违反国际人权法和人道主义法情况的初步报告”的第十三份定期报告没有提到“指控”。尽管该报告包含没有确凿证据的证词和看法，但不能被视为发生了“违反行为”，并表明，报告的内容只是对最近在上述时间和地点发生的事件做出的结论和推定的最终结果。", "2． 报告提到2011年6月5日至30日苏丹武装部队(武装部队)和所谓“武装部队附属民兵”与苏丹人民解放运动(解放运动)之间在南科尔多凡州发生的武装冲突中发生违反国际人权法和人道主义法的行为。需要指出的是，关于武装冲突期间人权状况的报告原则上不能将所有违反行为归咎于冲突一方，而排除另一方。报告很少提到苏丹人民解放军(人民解放军)的违反行为。令人惊讶的是，报告没有指责在这些城镇发起战斗并造成平民死亡的当事方犯有违法行为。这表明甚至在确定受害者和侵略者时采用了双重标准。", "3． 该报告通篇采用有选择的做法，违背了联合国所有监测人权状况的标准，以及联合国工作人员和人权工作人员在联合国外地办事处的行为守则。", "4． 报告在背景情况段落中提到，苏丹政府对努巴部落边缘化的作法导致该部落参加苏丹人民解放军。这种说法是基于Alex de Waal和Yoanes Ajawin于1995年在伦敦出版的题为《面对种族灭绝：苏丹的努巴部落》一书。这本书反映了作者的政治观点，但联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)将其报告基于此书并将该书作为参考资料的作法是不能被接受的。这种作法导致在报告开始时就确定了受害者和侵略者，而对据称受害者(人民解放军)的所有违反行为视若无睹和保持缄默。", "5． 整份报告提到努巴部落边缘化的情况是不正确的。努巴部落在苏丹所有官方机构各职等均有良好的任职情况。此外，努巴部落不仅存在于苏丹这部分地区，而且在苏丹全国各地都有。在历届政府中，他们从来没有抱怨遭受边缘化。这种边缘化的说法是一种误导，会导致日益严重的种族分歧和种族歧视，这是所有人权标准所禁止的。", "6． 报告关于据称发生的大规模违反行为的说法甚至不能被认为是信息来源，并在有关段落末尾的结论中说明，这个信息未经核实。这种方法缺乏编写此类报告所需的诚实及专业精神。", "7． 在报告所述期间，如下文所述，苏丹政府不遗余力地向受冲突影响者提供救援设备和人道主义援助，但这些努力并没有反映在报告中。", "8． 虽然报告声称，编写报告的人员与一些机构的政府官员会见，包括联邦和州政府，却没有提到联邦和州政府为消除事件的影响采取的所有措施。", "背景情况和违反国际人道主义法和人权法的指控(第4至25段)", "9. 这部分报告充满捏造的指控，在涉及事件发生的地方、时间和日期方面违背基本事实。此外，还有关于《全面和平协定》的错误引述，以及对南科尔多凡州行政系统的无知，尽管联合国驻苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)在南科尔多凡州已经六年。", "10. 报告所提供的信息据称是通过实地考察、对受害者和目击者的访谈，与政治家、宗教和地方领袖、境内流离失所者、联苏特派团工作人员、志愿组织成员的会面以及从一些媒体来源所收集的信息，这些信息仍然不准确(下文将指出一些例子)，这直接影响报告的可信度。", "11. 捏造指控的例子：", "(a) 根据报告所述，2011年6月5日在卡杜格利城里发生战斗。事实上，同一天在卡杜格利城外也发生战斗，当时，人民解放军于上午8点15分在Um Dorein区卡杜格利城以东35公里的地方袭击了武装部队(第14段)；", "(b) 没有叫作Um Battah的地方(第16段)。Um Battah是卡杜格利附近的一个居民区，但没有以该地名命名的军事区；", "(c) 联合整编部队是根据《全面和平协定》的规定建立的，该部队的人数在人民解放军和武装部队之间平均分配。报告中提到的苏丹人民解放军部队-北方(解放军-北方)不存在。这是联苏特派团明显捏造的信息(第5段)；", "(d) 无法在卡杜格利和Eldalang对平民进行空中轰炸，因为这两个城市是在武装部队控制下。卡杜格利是南科尔多凡州政府首府，此外，该城市平民的保护和安全责任在于武装部队；", "(e) 在报告对阿拉伯民族的杀戮时，尽管报告提供了所有其他攻击来源的细节，报告也提到身份不明的武装集团，以避免将人民解放军的行为定罪。这种态度表明，报告有明显和故意的倾向性。", "12. 与报告第8段提到的情况相反，6月5日，卡杜格利城内的情况是正常的。武装部队没有封锁通往Abdelaziz EIHilu房子的主要道路，而是一直在试图打通这些道路。通往他家的所有道路被人民解放军封锁，并埋下地雷。当时没有发生任何战斗，可以证明这一点的证据是，2011年6月6日，由人民解放运动和全国大会党领袖组成的高级别委员会从喀土穆来到该城市，而且没有命令用武力解除人民解放军的武装，否则会导致直接攻击。", "13. 据报告第9段称，武装部队在卡杜格利城的袭击造成数以千计的平民流离失所，他们到教堂、医院和联苏特派团房地避难。但是，武装部队当时在卡杜格利城内，因此，认为是武装部队对该城市进行攻击的说法是不合逻辑的，也是不可能的。事实上是人民解放军对该城进行攻击。", "14. 报告第13段提到法外处决的情况。这是不符合武装部队的实际情况和专业精神，他们一向非常守纪律，而且遵守苏丹关于在战争期间的军事规则和国际人道主义法。武装部队与红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)协作开展高层次的培训课程，而且军事法律是非常严格的，会将任何违法者绳之以法，达尔富尔的情况便是一个例子。此外，在南科尔多凡州的武装部队有一半来自努巴部落，苏丹军队作战总司令也来自努巴部落。", "15. 第14段提到6月6日一些平民被杀害的虚假情况。但正如前面提到的，战斗实际上是于6月7日在卡杜格利城内发生，因此，关于当天有平民伤亡需要任何医疗保健的说法是不正确的。", "16. 上文第15段提供的答复也适用于该报告第15段。此外，武装部队也没有对卡杜格利城内任何住宅区进行空袭。", "17. 报告第16段提供的伤亡人数是基于某个人的证词，此人估计在武装部队营地中丧生的人数为150人。这个证词是不合逻辑的，因为，如果该营地发生了这种罪行，此人是不会被释放出来透露这一信息。", "18. 第18段提到，一些境内流离失所者作证说，有一个公民在卡杜格利警察医院死亡。这是不正确的说法。在医院外被打死的两个人是人民解放军便衣人员，他们是与警察交火中被打死，其中一名警官也被打死。卡杜格利警方有关于这一事件的报告和记录。", "19. 报告第19段的内容纯属没有任何证据的指控。", "20. 武装部队没有以任何方式参与杀害联苏特派团的承包商。如第17段所述，此人也是人民解放运动的成员。如果这个人是解放运动的一名活跃分子，审问他以获取情报，比杀害他更有用处。上文第14段的答复也可作为对这一事件的另一个答复。", "21. Al Faid地区没有发生任何事故，武装部队离该地区很远。在选举期间，该地区发生过一些部族紧张局势，后得到控制。2011年6月14日，如本报告第20段所述，该地区没有发生任何战斗。该段落清楚地表明，有人故意混淆信息来源。", "22. 上文第5段的答复也适用于第21段。", "23. 第22段提到在Elgrood地区有乱葬坑，但事实是，这里埋葬的是双方一些军事人员的尸体。这是苏丹红新月会志愿者在红十字委员会的协助下履行所有必要的法律程序之后将这些尸体埋葬的。", "24. 报告第23段提到有证人认为是乱葬坑的地方实际上是一个住宅区，它从第14师总部一直到市场所在地，而不是一个空旷的地方，无法用作坟场，因为任何平民都可以注意到。联苏特派团还可以到该地区进行实地考察，来核实该情况，而不是信赖一名证人的说法。", "25. 第25段提到武装部队和人民解放军均埋下杀伤人员地雷，这是错误的报告。人民解放军于6月6日在卡杜格利城里和从卡杜格利到Elrosairis的公路以及Taloudi地区埋雷。武装部队帮助清除Hajar Elnar地区以及从Rosairis到卡杜格利公路的地雷。武装部队还收到了17枚反坦克地雷，这些地雷是人民解放军打算埋在Hajar Elnar周围地区。有些地雷是由一个称作挪威教会援助社的非政府组织发现的，该组织向人民解放运动提供支助。", "滥杀和使用违禁武器(第26和27段)", "26. 第26段提到未经证实的报告表明武装部队对平民使用化学武器。这是完全不正确的报告。武装部队的法规禁止使用这种武器。", "27. 第27段提到对平民的空袭也不是事实。武装部队的攻击是使用自卫权利，专门针对人民解放军的具体地区，另外也是为了保护平民，同时尽量减少人民解放军的攻击对平民的影响(只有两个人被打死，这证明是尽可能做到了)。攻击没有针对卡杜格利和Aldalang这两座城市的平民。联苏特派团在Kauda营地并没有受到影响。相反的，从第四区负责人收到关于有人昏厥和歇斯底里病例的报告，武装部队都对这些病例采取积极应对措施，并在联苏特派团要求下，准许这些病人撤离卡杜格利。联苏特派团从卡杜格利前往Kauda的飞行是采用可以使用任何跑道的直升机。", "28. 对上文第27段做出的答复同样适用于报告第29段。", "强迫失踪/任意逮捕和非法拘禁(第30至36段)", "29. 第30段谈到针对基督徒的攻击，这是不实的报告。武装部队从未对基督教徒或其教堂进行攻击。和平共处是苏丹的特点之一。另外，许多正规部队人员也是基督徒。武装部队不能对在这些事件中失踪的任何人负责，检查身份证在这种情况下是正常安保程序。", "30. 卡杜格利城里没有阿拉伯民兵，他们也没有像报告第31段所述，对平民进行抢劫或攻击，无论是在这些事件之前或期间均没有。", "31. 报告第32段提到，武装部队突击搜查房屋，以便寻找人民解放军成员或支持者。武装部队得到关于曾经属于人民解放军的地方有武器的报告，因此，武装部队需要核实这些报告，以确保该地区的安全与稳定。", "32. 上文第28段对报告第33段做出了答复。", "33. 第34段提到的情况并非如此。", "34. 第21段已经对第37段做出了答复。", "35. 第41段的内容是不正确的。6月6日，卡杜格利的情况很平静，没有对圣公会或天主教教堂进行攻击。次日。那天早上已部署的所有正规部队均看到人民解放军(在卡杜格利周围的山上)与武装部队、警察以及安保部队之间开始战斗。因此，任何影响教堂的轰炸只能是在卡杜格利周围山上的人民解放军造成的。", "36. 第44段所提到的情况是不正确的。在发生这些事件之前，武装部队与联苏特派团的关系很好。随着战斗升级，武装部队仍然与第四区负责人定期接触，该负责人不止一次访问了第14师总部，并表示欣见在这种特殊情况下与武装部队的协调和合作。武装部队从来没有控制联苏特派团的燃料。该区负责人在证实报告有误之后就该误解向武装部队道歉。存放食物的设施是由武装部队人员把守，因为供应商车辆的车牌有被联合国国徽遮盖的解放运动标志。该公司工作人员之一(印度籍)试图毁坏车牌来掩盖这种关系。尽管如此，联苏特派团继续能够进入该仓库，直到他们把所有用品取走。", "37. 至于第45段提到关于武装部队逮捕和殴打3名协助联苏特派团的人员，并威胁联苏特派团的一些成员的说法，这是不正确的，因为随着战斗继续进行，没有任何武装部队驻扎在联苏特派团的营地之外，而且，在该城市也没有设立任何检查站。", "38. 关于第46段指出联苏特派团的一名国家工作人员被开枪打伤的情况，武装部队对此不负任何责任。此人当时被送到卡杜格利军事医院，后来被转移到喀土穆，现在他健康状况良好。", "39. 报告第48段谈到Kaiga地区居民被迁移到联苏特派团附近的地方。这也不是真实的。Kaiga是在卡杜格利以北的地区。从逻辑上来说，当大家都向Aldalang和EIObied转移，以逃离战斗，不可能有人要转移到南方。此外，武装部队没有在Kaiga驻军，也没有名叫Um Battah军事区的地方。", "40. 报告第50段谈到一支由四人组成的联苏特派团巡逻队遭到怠慢的事情，该巡逻队包括一名约旦上校，在第四区没有提前通知情况下到达第14师总部。当向该区负责人询问此事时，他表示不知道该巡逻队的情况。鉴于该地区目前的形势，他认为，他的主要任务是加强协调，并确保巡逻队在巡逻过程中的安全和安保。巡逻队成员被送交最近的国家监测人员，然后被释放。这段中提及的所有情况均是捏造的。", "41. 第52段提到的空袭是一个已提到的情况，该情况从来没有在卡杜格利城内或该城周边地区发生。火灾和抢劫是因人民解放军造成的不安全状况引起的。武装部队从来没有使用推土机摧毁房屋，因为他们在卡杜格利没有任何推土机。", "42. 报告第53段提到与第四区负责人商定的一个法律程序。因为一些国家工作人员被指控参与了一些安保事故，所以，武装部队要求检查前往Wau的所有乘客的身份。在二十名国家工作人员中，只有六人被拘留，其中五人被释放。有两人是基督徒，其中之一是牧师，所有这些人都是努巴人。武装部队从第四区负责人以及被释放者得到确认，他们在被拘留期间，受到良好待遇。有一人仍然被扣留，将在法院提出起诉。", "43. 第54段的内容已经提到过，由第35段加以答复。", "被迫流离失所和非自愿返回", "44. 报告第37段声称，Umber村村民被迫流离失所。该村完全是努巴部落聚居的村庄。但报告没有提到，同一天(2011年6月10日)，阿拉伯部落聚居的邻近村庄(Alfeid，Tomy，Khour-Aldilaib 和Umbrimbeeta)村民也被迫流离失所。由于在Azrag，Algimaizaya和Umbrtabou村庄发生的军事冲突， 来自Umbrimbeeta和Umber村民以及Khour-Aldilaib村部分村民逃到Abu-Karshula，他们获得了人道主义援助，并在6月底返回自己的村庄。", "45. 虽然卡杜格利居民是在2011年6月6日事件发生后才开始流离失所，但第38段提到2011年6月20日卡杜格利市有11 000人被迫流离失所。2011年6月20日这一天，被迫流离失所到AIshaeir联苏特派团附近地方的那些人已返回到卡杜格利。由于2011年6月6日在卡杜格利发生的事件，每天大约有13 722左右的人逃到该城市之外联苏特派团营地附近的Alshaeir地方。苏丹人道主义援助委员会与联合国各机构(世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、国际移民组织(移民组织)和联合国人道事务协调厅(人道协调厅))、苏丹红新月会委员会以及全国Mubadiroun组织举行了协调会议，并在会议后商定向受影响者提供紧急人道主义援助。", "46. 除了由苏丹政府和人道主义援助委员会提供紧急援助之外，还采取了以下措施：", "• 粮食计划署提供一个月的粮食，供苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 儿基会、移民组织、难民署和联合供应中心提供搭建临时住所的材料(防雨毯子、烹饪器具、床单、装水容器、蚊帐和肥皂)，由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 供水：联苏特派团提供8大箱水，儿基会提供3个能装3 000立升塑料容器的水", "• 公共卫生：联苏特派团、儿基会和人口基金设立150个公厕，以及由苏丹卫生部提供两个流动诊所", "• 安保服务和儿童保护：儿基会和难民署提供这方面的支助", "47. 所有这些服务均在苏丹人道主义援助委员会的监督和协调下提供，并由联合国各机构进行监测。", "48. 在6月20日结束军事冲突之后，卡杜格利市恢复平静，苏丹政府开始扫雷行动，由警察提供保护，确保平民及其财产的安全，并恢复该城市基础设施(供水、供电和医院)。商家和杂货店重新开门，境内流离失所者开始自愿返回自己的家中。老年人和那些有特殊需要者要求帮助运送，因此，苏丹政府向他们提供了回到该城市的必要交通手段。", "49. 关于报告第39段的内容，在流离失所者返回该城市后，人道主义援助委员会进行了一项联合调查，由在该城市的联合国各机构、本国各组织，以及政府相关机构参与，以确定该城市回返者的需要。根据这次调查，参与者同意提供必要的援助和基本服务如下：", "• 粮食计划署为12 000回返者提供整整一个月的粮食，由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 由儿基会和移民组织负责更新和修复63个水泵，由苏丹自来水公司和国家环境卫生部共同实施", "• 由移民组织负责修复一个雨水收集站(Donki)", "• 由儿基会和移民组织与自来水公司和苏丹卫生环境部合作设立180个厕所", "• 由移民组织和联合国联合后勤中心向7 000户家庭提供食品之外的物资(防雨毛毯、烹调器具、床单、装水容器、蚊帐和肥皂)，由苏丹红新月会委员会和参与的各组织分发", "• 由世卫组织和苏丹卫生部为该城市7家诊所提供医药和急救箱", "• 由儿基会与苏丹社会事务部共同制订一个项目，保护儿童与家人团聚", "• 由儿基会、救助儿童会(瑞典)和教育部负责让流离失所者的子女能在卡杜格利的学校上学，并提供学习材料", "结论", "50. 在关于人权高专办报告的评论意见结尾，苏丹政府表示，拒绝接受并强烈反对在收集和编写关于最近在南科尔多凡州发生的事件情况所采用的不专业办法。这种作法违反了监测人权状况的国际标准。苏丹政府的《宪法》合法性和民选政府已遭受奸诈攻击。人民解放军/民兵在南科尔多凡州的所作所为，是对南科尔多凡州举行的选举结果进行的政治和军事政变。而根据苏丹本国和国际观察员的意见，该州的选举结果是公平的。", "51. 报告充斥着各种错误，以及没有基于逻辑和客观调查结果的假设。如上文所述，在大多数情况下，这些假设与地面上的事实相矛盾。", "52. 苏丹政府坚决认为，这份报告没有真正反映所述时间和地点的人权状况，因此，不能参考该报告的内容采取任何程序或措施。", "53. 该报告及其措辞方式无助于苏丹政府采取正确的措施，它也无助于苏丹政府与根据该报告采取的任何未来程序进行合作。" ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "尽管我们深信并知道,关于人权状况的报告是在人权理事会日内瓦的适当论坛审议,而且鉴于联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士关于南科尔多凡人权状况的通报,谨随函附上一份文件,其中载有苏丹政府对关于南科尔多凡违反国际人权和人道主义法行为初步报告的评论意见(见附件)。", "请将所附文件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "苏丹常驻联合国代表 letter", "苏丹政府对联合国人权事务高级专员关于苏丹人权状况的第十三次定期报告的评论,题为“关于2011年6月5日至30日南科尔多凡违反国际人权和人道主义法行为的初次报告”", "导言和一般性意见", "页: 1 首先,苏丹政府要指出,联合国人权事务高级专员的第十三次定期报告的标题是“关于南科尔多凡违反国际人权法和人道主义法行为的初次报告,2011年6月5日至30日”,但没有提及“授权”,尽管报告仅载有无法视为“违反”的无证证词和意见,这表明报告内容只是一个结论,也是上述时间框架内该地区最近事件的推定最终结果。", "2. 结 论 报告提到2011年6月5日至30日在南科尔多凡发生的苏丹武装部队与所谓“与苏丹武装部队有联系的民兵”和苏丹人民解放运动(苏人解)之间的武装冲突期间发生的违反国际人权法和人道主义法的行为。 值得一提的是,关于武装冲突期间人权状况的报告不能把所有侵权行为归咎于冲突一方,而排除另一方。 报告很少提到苏丹人民解放军(苏人解)犯下的侵犯行为。 令人惊讶的是,在城镇内开始交战并造成平民死亡的一方,并未因这些侵权行为而受到指责。 这表明,即使在确定受害者和侵略者方面,也存在双重标准。", "3. 。 在整个报告中,这种选择性做法与联合国监测人权状况的所有标准以及联合国外地办事处的联合国官员和人权官员的行为守则背道而驰。", "4. 第四届会议 报告在背景段落中提到,苏丹政府对努巴的边缘化导致他们加入苏人解。 报告以Alex de Waal和Yoanes Ajawin撰写的一本书为基础,于1995年在伦敦出版,题为“煽动种族灭绝: 苏丹努巴。 这本书反映了作者的政治观点,但联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)无法将报告作为参考。 这导致受害者和侵略者在报告一开始即决断,忽视和保持对据称受害者所犯下的所有侵权行为的沉默。", "5. 整个报告中所提到的努巴人边缘化的情况并不真实。 努巴人在国家所有官方机构、所有级别和级别都有很好的代表。 此外,他们的存在并不局限于苏丹的这个地理部分,他们在苏丹各地都在场,他们从未抱怨在前几届政府中被边缘化。 边缘化是误导,导致族裔紧张和种族主义升级,这是所有人权标准所禁止的。", "6. 任务 报告提到指控的大规模侵权行为,甚至不能被视为信息来源,并在该段结尾处最后指出,这一信息未经核实,而这种方法在编写报告时缺乏诚实和专业精神。", "7. 基本考虑 在本报告所述期间,苏丹政府如下文所述,不遗余力地向受灾民众提供救援设备和人道主义援助,但这些努力并未反映在报告中。", "8.8 虽然报告指称,编写报告的人会晤了一些机构的官员,包括联邦和州政府当局,但没有提到联邦和州政府当局为克服这些事件的影响而采取的所有措施。", "A. 背景和据称违反国际人道主义法和人权法的行为(第4至25段)", "9 September 2005 本报告这一部分充满了捏造的指控,这些指称与事件发生地点、时间和日期等基本事实相矛盾,此外还有全面和平协定中的错误引述和对南科尔多凡行政系统的无知,尽管联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)已在南科尔多凡州存在六年。", "10.10 报告提供了据称通过实地考察、与受害人和证人面谈、会见政界人士、宗教和地方领导人、境内流离失所者、联苏特派团工作人员、自愿组织成员和一些媒体来源收集的信息,但这种信息仍然不准确(如一些例子所示),直接影响到报告的信誉。", "注 捏造的指控实例:", "(a) 卡杜格莉内部的战斗没有如报告所述于2011年6月5日开始,而是于当天上午8时15分在卡杜格利以东35公里的Um Dorein地区从卡杜格莉以外开始(第14段);", "(b) 没有一个地方称为Um Battah(第16段)。 Um Battah是卡杜格利的一个居民区,没有军事区的名称;", "(c) 联合整编部队是根据全面和平协定的规定设立的,在苏人解和苏丹武装部队之间平分;报告中提到的苏丹人民解放军-北方部队不存在。 这表明联苏特派团显然捏造了信息(第12段)。 5)", "(d) 不可能对Kadugli和Eldalang进行空中轰炸,也不可能以平民为目标,因为这两个城市都由苏丹武装部队控制,卡杜格利是南科尔多凡州的首都;此外,平民及其财产的保护和安全由苏丹武装部队掌握;", "(e) 在报告对族裔阿拉伯人的屠杀时,报告提到一个身份不明的武装团体,以避免将苏人解定罪,尽管报告提供了其他攻击来源的所有细节;这种态度反映了一种明确和蓄意的选择性。", "12. 第12段。 与报告第8段提到的情况相反,卡杜格利内部的局势在6月5日是正常的。 苏丹武装部队没有阻止通往Abdelaziz ElHilu的房屋的主要道路,而是试图打开这些公路。 通往他的房屋的所有道路都受到苏人解的封锁,并埋有地雷。 根本没有战斗;2011年6月6日,一个由苏人解和全国大会党领导人组成的高级别委员会从喀土穆抵达,就证明了这一点,没有以武力解除苏人解的武装的命令,这可能导致直接攻击,而没有发生。", "13 August 2001 报告第9段称,苏丹武装部队对卡杜格利的袭击导致成千上万平民流离失所,他们随后在教堂、医院和联苏特派团营地避难,但由于苏丹武装部队在卡杜格利内,袭击该城市的行为是不合逻辑的,而且不太可能发生于苏丹武装部队,而是来自苏人解的另一方。", "十四、任 务 第13段提到法外处决,这不符合苏丹武装部队的性质和敬业精神,在战争期间,苏丹武装部队一直受到非常严格的纪律约束并致力于国家军事规则和国际人道主义法。 苏丹武装部队与红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)协调,开展高级别培训方案,军事法非常严格地规定任何违反法律的人都要承担责任,这是达尔富尔的一个实例。 此外,南科尔多凡的苏丹武装部队有一半最初来自努巴部落,而苏丹武装部队行动总指挥部也来自努巴部落。", "15 第14段提到关于6月6日杀害一些平民的虚假信息,但如前所述,6月7日在卡杜格利实际开始的战斗,因此,关于当天需要任何医疗的平民伤亡的说法并不真实。", "161 上文第15段的答复也适用于报告第15段。 此外,苏丹武装部队没有针对卡杜格莉的任何居民区发动空袭。", "17. 第17条。 报告第16段提供的伤亡人数是根据一人的证词计算的,据他估计,苏丹武装部队大院内死亡人数为150人。 这种证词是不合逻辑的,因为如果在大院内发生这种罪行,不应释放此人,以披露这一信息。", "第18条 一些境内流离失所者在第18段中提到,他们证明一名公民在卡杜格利的警察医院被杀,但事实并非如此。 在医院外被杀的两人是苏人解人员,穿着平民服装;他们在与警察交火后被杀,一名警察也遭枪击。 在Kadugli的警察记录中报告并记录了这一事件。", "191 报告第19段仅载有无任何证据的指控。", "20.20 如第17段所述,苏丹武装部队没有以任何方式参与杀害作为苏人解成员的联苏特派团承包商。 如果此人是苏人解的积极成员,那么,为了获取信息而不是杀害他,对他进行审问是有益的。 上文第14段提到的内容也可以作为应对这一事件的补充。", "21.21。 AlFaid地区不是任何事件的发生地,苏丹武装部队距离该地区很远。 它目睹了在选举期间的一些部落紧张状况,这些紧张状况受到控制。 正如报告第20段所述,2011年6月14日,这一地区没有看到任何战斗,这清楚地表明,信息来源有意混淆。", "第22章 上文第5段的答复适用于第21段。", "23. 会议报告。 第22段提到在Elgrood地区存在乱葬坑,但事实是,双方一些军事成员的尸体被掩埋。 这是苏丹红新月会志愿人员在红十字委员会的支持下在完成所有必要的法律程序之后进行的。", "24. 第24段。 证人将报告第23段提到的地区称为乱葬坑,是一个从第十四司总部延伸到市场地区的居住和有人居住地区,它不是一个空洞地区,可以用作坟墓,因为任何平民都可以通知。 联苏特派团还可以对该地区进行实地考察,以核实资料,而不是根据一名证人的指控。", "258. 报告第25段提到,苏丹武装部队和苏人解都埋设了杀伤人员地雷。 苏丹人民解放军在卡杜格莉和卡杜格莉通往埃尔罗舍的公路以及塔鲁迪地区埋设了雷区;这些行动于6月6日发生。 苏丹武装部队帮助清除了Hajar Elnar地区以及从Rosairis到Kadugli的公路。 苏丹武装部队还收到17枚反坦克地雷,苏人解打算在Hajar Elnar周围地区埋设。 一些地雷是在一个称为NCA的非政府组织发现的,该组织向苏人解提供支持。", "滥杀和使用违禁武器(第26和27段)", "262. 报 告 第26段提到苏丹武装部队对平民使用化学武器的报告未经证实,完全不正确。 苏丹武装部队根据其法律和法规禁止使用这种武器。", "。 第27段提到针对平民的空中轰炸也不属实。 事实是,苏丹武装部队的袭击针对的是苏人解的特定地区,它们利用自卫权和保护平民,同时尽量减少苏人解袭击平民的影响(只有两人被杀,这证明这是最起码的。 卡杜格莉和阿尔达兰等有平民的城市没有成为攻击目标,联苏特派团在卡达的营地也没有受到影响,而是收到第四区负责人关于洗衣和hy病的报告,苏丹武装部队对此作出了积极反应,联苏特派团要求将这些人员从卡杜格利撤离。 联苏特派团从卡杜格莉飞往卡达的飞行使用了能够使用任何跑道的直升机。", "第28次会议 对上文第27段的同样答复也适用于报告第29段。", "强迫失踪、任意逮捕和非法拘留(第30-36段)", "29. 。 第80段谈到以基督教徒为目标,这并不真实。 苏丹武装部队从未以基督教徒或其教会为攻击目标。 和平共处是我国的特点之一;此外,正规部队的许多军官也是基督教徒。 此外,苏丹武装部队不能对事件期间任何人失踪负责,核实身份证件是此类情况下的正常安全程序。", "30. 。 如报告第31段所述,在卡杜格利没有阿拉伯民兵,也没有抢劫或攻击平民。 事件发生之前和期间都不是。", "313. 报告第32段提到,苏丹武装部队搜查了房屋,搜查了苏人解成员或支持者。 苏丹武装部队收到报告说,在曾经是苏人解所在地的地方存在武器,苏丹武装部队的任务是核实这些报告,以确保该地区的安全与稳定。", "323 上文第28段对报告第33段作了答复。", "336. 第34段提到的情况并不真实。", "343. 事实和争论 第37段对第21段的答复重复。", "353. 第41段并不真实。 6月6日,卡杜格利的局势非常平静。 基督教和天主教教会从未成为攻击目标。 第二天,自当天上午开始的所有正规部队都目睹了苏人解(在卡杜格莉周围的山区)与苏丹武装部队、警察和安全部队之间的战斗开始,任何影响到教堂的轰炸都将是苏人解造成的,后者位于卡杜格利附近的山区。", "363. 。 第44段提到的情况是不正确的。 在事件发生之前,与联苏特派团的关系非常好。 在战斗升级后,苏丹武装部队与第四区首长保持经常接触,后者不止一次访问第14分区总部,并欢迎苏丹武装部队在这种特殊情况下的协调与合作。 苏丹武装部队从未控制联苏特派团的燃料;该区负责人在核查错误信息后向苏丹武装部队表示怀疑。 粮食储存设施由苏丹武装部队的军官守卫,因为供应公司在联合国标志的汽车牌上有苏人解的标志。 该公司的一个成员(一名印度国民)试图摧毁汽车的牌照,以掩盖这一关系。 尽管存在所有这些事实,联苏特派团仍可进入储存设施,直到它们拿到所有用品为止。", "378 关于第45段提供的资料,即逮捕和殴打3名协助联苏特派团的人员,以及一些苏丹武装部队成员威胁联苏特派团官员的情况,情况并非如此,因为战斗持续,没有苏丹武装部队部队驻扎在大院外,在该镇内没有设立检查站。", "页: 1 关于第46段中的信息,称联苏特派团的1名本国工作人员遭到枪击:苏丹武装部队没有为此负责。 此人在卡杜格莉军事医院住院,后来转到喀土穆,现在健康状况良好。", "39 报告第48段谈到凯加地区的居民流离失所到联苏特派团附近的一个地方,情况也并非如此。 Kaiga是卡杜格莉以北的一个地区,从逻辑上讲,在每个人都向北方、Aldalang和ElObied移动时,不可能向南迁移,远离战斗。 此外,苏丹武装部队在凯加没有存在,也没有一个叫做Um Battah的军事区。", "404 报告第50段谈到虐待一支由4名成员组成的联苏特派团巡逻队,其中包括一名约旦人,他们未经第四区事先通知即抵达第十四师总部。 该部门负责人受到询问,他说,他不知道巡逻队,因为该地区局势,其主要目的是加强协调,确保巡逻队在行动期间的安全和保障。 他们被带往最接近的国家监测官员,然后被释放。 本段提及的所有声明均编造。", "41 第52段中提到的空中轰炸是重复的,从未发生,无论是在卡杜格利还是周边地区。 火灾和抢劫是苏人解造成的不安全局势的一部分。 苏丹武装部队从未使用推土机摧毁房屋,因为他们在卡杜格利没有。", "42 报告第53段提到,经第四区首长同意,是一个法律程序。 由于一些本国工作人员被指控参与一些安全事件,苏丹武装部队要求检查所有前往瓦乌的乘客的身份。 在20名本国工作人员中,只有6人被拘留。 其中5人被释放,2人是基督教徒,1人是牧师,均为努巴斯人。 苏丹武装部队从第四区负责人和获释人员那里得到在拘留期间得到的良好待遇。 一人仍被拘留,将送交法院。", "434 第54段是上文第36段回应的重复段落。", "强迫流离失所和非自愿返回", "444 报告第37段称,Umber村的村民,完全居住在努巴部落。 报告没有提及阿拉伯部落居住的其他邻近村庄(Alfeid、Tomy、Khour-Aldilaib和Umbrimbeeta)的公民流离失所问题,尽管由于在Azrag、Algimaizaya和Umbrtabou村发生的军事对抗,他们在同一天、2011年6月10日流离失所。 6月底,Umbrimbeeta、Umber和Khour-Aldilaib的一部分逃到Abu-Karshula的村民得到了人道主义援助,返回他们的村庄。", "454 第38段提到,2011年6月20日,有11 000人从卡杜格莉流离失所,但事件发生后,卡杜格利人于2011年6月6日流离失所。2011年6月20日,在联苏特派团附近的Alshaeir流离失所的人返回Kadugli。 由于在卡杜格利发生的事件,2011年6月6日,大约13 722人每天逃到该城外联苏特派团大院附近的Alshaeir地区。 国家人道主义援助委员会与联合国各机构(世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、世界卫生组织、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和人道主义事务协调厅)、国际移民组织(移民组织)、苏丹红新月会委员会和穆巴迪罗全国组织举行了协调会议,会议后商定向受灾者提供紧急人道主义援助。", "46 除苏丹政府和人道主义援助委员会提供的紧急援助外,还做了以下工作:", "• 粮食计划署提供一个月的粮食供应,由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 儿童基金会、国际移民组织、难民署和联合供应中心提供住所材料(防线毯、烹饪用具、桌椅、水箱、蚊帐和肥皂),由苏丹红新月会委员会分发", "• 水:由儿童基金会向联苏特派团提供8辆油箱和3个塑料集装箱,其容量为3 000公升", "• 环境卫生:联苏特派团、儿童基金会和人口基金设立150个公共厕所,以及国家卫生部提供两个流动诊所", "• 安保服务和儿童保护:儿童基金会和难民署提供支助", "474. 147 所有这些服务都是在国家人道主义援助委员会的监督和协调下进行的,联合国各机构也采取后续行动。", "488. 住房 在6月20日军事对抗结束和卡杜格利恢复平静之后,政府开始排雷行动,确保和保护平民及其财产,并恢复城市的基础设施(水、电力、医院)。 贸易和放牧店重新开放,境内流离失所者开始自愿返回家园。 老年人和有特殊需要的人要求得到帮助,因此,国家政府向他们提供了前往城市的必要交通工具。", "494. 人口 关于报告第39段,人道主义援助委员会在流离失所者返回该市后,进行了一次联合调查,让城市的联合国机构、国家组织和有关政府机构参与,以确定该市返回者的需要。 根据这项调查,与会者商定提供以下所需援助和基本服务:", "• 由苏丹红新月会委员会分发的全国人民论坛每月为12 000名返回者提供食品", "• 儿童基金会和国际移民组织联合实施的63个水泵的整修和恢复工作", "• 国际移民组织修复一个收集站(Donki)", "• 儿童基金会和国际移民组织与国家水公司和环境卫生组织合作,设立180个厕所", "• 国际移民组织和联合国联合后勤中心向7 000户家庭提供非食品材料(防水毯、烹饪硬件、纸张、水箱、蚊帐和肥皂),由苏丹红新月会委员会分发,组织者参加", "• 世卫组织和国家卫生部为城市7个诊所提供药品和急救包", "• 儿童基金会和国家社会事务部制定了一项方案,保护和使儿童与家人团聚。", "• 在卡杜格格利学校绑架流离失所者的儿子,儿童基金会、瑞典拯救儿童组织和教育部提供学习材料", "结论", "50 。 在对人权高专办报告的评论结束时,苏丹政府对收集和编制南科尔多凡州最近发生的事件资料所采用的非专业方法表示反对和最深切的不满,这与监测人权状况的国际标准背道而驰。 苏丹政府对其宪法合法性及其民选政府进行了严重攻击。 苏丹人民解放军/运动在南科尔多凡州所做的事,是对南科尔多凡举行的选举结果的政治和军事政变,根据国家和国际观察员,选举被认为是公平的选举。", "51 报告充满了不基于逻辑和客观结论的缺陷和假设,在大多数情况下,这些缺陷和假设与上文所述的实地事实相矛盾。", "52 苏丹政府坚定地认为,该报告没有真正反映上述时间和地点的人权状况,因此不能认为报告是采用任何基于报告内容的程序或措施的参照。", "532. 移民 该报告及其措辞方式无助于苏丹政府采取正确措施,也不鼓励根据本报告与今后的任何程序合作。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Durmić\n Brazil Mr. Fernandes \n China Mr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Mr. Osorio \n France Mr. Briens \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n Germany Mr. Huth \n Lebanon Mr. Jaber \n Nigeria Mrs. Ogwu \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Laher \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Tatham\n United States of America Mr. DeLaurentis", "Agenda", "Central African region", "The meeting was called to order at 10.10 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "Central African region", "The President: Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Abou Moussa, Special Representative of the Secretary-General and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Mr. Moussa, who is joining today’s meeting via video teleconference from Libreville.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Abou Moussa.", "Mr. Moussa: First of all, I wish to take this opportunity to congratulate you, Sir, on your assumption of the Council presidency this month, and to wish you full success.", "I am honoured to address the Council in my new capacity as the first Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the Central African region and Head of the United Nations Regional Office for Central Africa (UNOCA). Sitting next to me is my senior political advisor, Mr. Paul Zoumanigui.", "I am grateful for the spontaneous and warm welcome extended to me since my arrival in Libreville on 15 June by States of the Central African subregion, the United Nations country team and in particular our hosts, the Government Gabon and its people, whose continued and generous support has greatly facilitated the successful establishment of UNOCA.", "Cognizant of the fact that responsibility for conflict prevention rests with national Governments and other local actors, as reiterated by the Security Council, we launched our work with ongoing courtesy visits to States of the region. We did so with a view to establishing contact with Government leaders, the United Nations country teams, members of diplomatic corps and representatives of regional organizations present in the subregion in order to familiarize ourselves with developments in the region and the priorities of the leaders, particularly those relating to assistance for national Governments and their local stakeholders in finding lasting solutions to their problems, and to support for the development of national and regional capacities for early warning, conflict prevention and long-term peacebuilding.", "During our visits paid to Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon and the Central African Republic, coupled with our discussions with the authorities in Libreville, we discussed issues pertaining to cooperation between UNOCA and leaders of these Member States, United Nations country teams and other international partners represented in these countries for the promotion of greater peace, security and development in the Central African subregion. Through interaction thus far with United Nations country teams, the United Nations special political missions on the ground, in particular the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic and the United Nations Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, we are laying the basis for framing an effective coordination mechanism for the United Nations presence in the subregion.", "We intend to pursue and complete the courtesy visits to Member States in the coming weeks. However, our preliminary observations from the discussions during the visits conducted thus far reconfirm the initial assessments of Member States and the United Nations that warranted the establishment of UNOCA. These include the need for enhanced United Nations support in the subregion to help Member States address security, peacebuilding and conflict-prevention challenges; the need to strengthen United Nations support for internal political dialogue within relevant Member States as a conflict-prevention measure; and the need to support the capacity-building of subregional institutions, including the Economic Community of Central African States and the Gulf of Guinea Commission.", "Most recently, the need to build capacity for tackling specific trans-border security challenges, such as piracy in the Gulf of Guinea and the threats posed by such rebel groups as the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) and Baba Ladde in the Central African Republic, has become a shared concern of the United Nations, the African Union and the subregion. UNOCA has assumed the responsibility for the coordination of the efforts of United Nations family on the ground with a view to supporting existing efforts initiated by the African Union.", "In this regard, I intend to visit Addis Ababa as soon as possible for discussions with the African Union on the issue of the LRA and other pertinent subregional matters of common concern. To this effect, we intend to convene a meeting of the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and all the resident coordinators in the subregion once we complete our courtesy visits.", "I would, in particular, like to draw the attention of the Council to the fallout of the situation in Libya, which presents new challenges for neighbouring countries in the Central African subregion. So far, reports are that, of the more than 500,000 Chadians estimated to be living in Libya prior to the current conflict, close to 80,000 had returned home by the end of July. Their return presents several challenges for Chad, particularly the loss of remittances. The vulnerability of returnees to the pervasive illicit trafficking and the circulation of small arms and light weapons by armed groups, including the LRA, are increasingly worrying for the Governments of Chad and the Central African Republic.", "It is also not inconceivable that some returnees, particularly those who may have participated in military or security operations in Libya, could be recruited as mercenaries or even as fighters for armed groups in the Central African subregion. It is feared that stolen weapons from Libya, which may be moved into the porous areas in the subregion, could fuel criminality and undermine recent developments designed to enhance cooperation and security between Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic.", "However, the arrival of a new Resident Coordinator in Chad and the deployment of a peace and development adviser to his Office in N’djamena will be helpful in providing analyses of the evolution of the situation within Chad and along its borders with Libya, the Sudan and the Central African Republic. UNOCA will work closely with the United Nations country team to address peace consolidation opportunities that may arise.", "We are also encouraged by the prevailing climate of renewed determination of countries of the subregion to work together to foster cooperation and diplomatic ties towards addressing common threats to peace and security in the subregion. In this connection, the establishment on 23 May by Chad, the Sudan and the Central African Republic at their tripartite summit meeting in Khartoum of a joint mechanism to promote border security and stability and strengthen economic ties among themselves testifies to the positive posture and determination of leaders of the subregion to eliminate the persisting peace and security threats that have terrorized the people, including the activities of the Lord’s Resistance Army and other criminal groups roaming the countryside in the Chad-Sudan-Central African Republic triangle.", "In the same vein, despite its wealth, the Gulf of Guinea area is facing what is often referred to as the “natural resource curse” or the “paradox of plenty”. The countries of the area continue to face low growth and persisting poverty as a result of multifaceted domestic, regional and international threats and vulnerabilities, such as the increasing threat of piracy. Border insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea is further aggravated by the perpetration of unlawful activities in the area by groups that use the area as a transit route, posing threats and committing criminal acts such as poaching of its rich water resources, piracy and related criminal attacks, and the use of the Gulf as a trafficking hub for the transshipment of narcotics.", "The countries of the region have always recognized the wide-ranging benefits of enhanced cross-border security, and have initiated negotiations towards resolving cross-border security issues that arise and preventing the reoccurrence of related incidents in the future. It is no wonder that the Government of Gabon, at its fifty-first Independence Day celebration on 17 August, dedicated its military to “the participation of Gabon in the security of the Gulf of Guinea”. In the coming period, we will be working to translate the mandate of UNOCA into cohesive subregional initiatives to facilitate coordination and information exchange between United Nations entities and other partners towards supporting such peacebuilding and preventive diplomacy initiatives in the subregion.", "We are counting on the support of the Council in order to muster the requisite political will to promote preventive diplomacy as an effective tool for peace and security in the subregion through concrete activities with Member States and other partners in the subregion, which will demonstrate the early added value and relevance of UNOCA on the ground.", "Following the establishment of UNOCA, and with a view to building synergies within the Central Africa subregion, the Secretary-General transferred the secretariat functions of the United Nations Standing Advisory Committee on Security Issues in Central Africa from the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa in the Office of Disarmament Affairs to the Department of Political Affairs, to be assumed by UNOCA. UNOCA is therefore pursuing preparations for the 33rd meeting of the Committee, to be held later this year in Bangui, the Central African Republic.", "As we assume that important function, we will work with Member States, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, other United Nations entities and relevant international partners to ensure that the Standing Advisory Committee’s important policy accomplishments in the area of disarmament in the subregion are implemented, and to facilitate the work of the Committee in addressing the items that it has listed on its agenda for greater peace and security. Those include the growing threat of piracy and maritime security in the Gulf of Guinea, the situation and activities of Mbororo nomads in the Central African subregion, climate change and conflict, cross-border security, small arms and light weapons, the link between the illegal exploitation of natural resources and conflict in Central Africa, human rights, in particular trafficking and child labour, and women and peace and security in the subregion.", "To that end, I intend to organize a dedicated capacity for secretarial support to the Standing Advisory Committee in my Office in order not only to tackle the preparation of the biannual meetings of the Committee, but also to help Member States to translate the policy instruments that it has developed into national and cross-border initiatives for peacebuilding and conflict prevention. Such instruments include the Central African Convention for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and All Parts and Components That Can Be Used for Their", "Manufacture, Repair and Assembly, known as the Kinshasa Convention, adopted at the 31st ministerial meeting of the Standing Advisory Committee on Security Questions in Central Africa, held in Brazzaville, the Republic of Congo, in November 2010.", "The Kinshasa Convention indeed represents a major legal breakthrough in the fight against the trafficking of small arms and light weapons in the subregion, which contribute to the prolongation and exacerbation of conflicts within the subregion. The Convention provides the States parties with a common reference point to coordinate their efforts and to end the uncontrolled proliferation of small arms and light weapons in Central Africa. We therefore intend to work with the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa, in collaboration with the ECCAS Secretary-General, in lending our support to the Committee for the ratification process with a view to ensuring the Convention’s early entry into force and implementation.", "Finally, we are grateful to the Council and to the various components of the Secretariat for their valuable support of efforts to establish the Office since its inauguration on 2 March. Tremendous progress has been achieved in that regard, with almost 80 per cent of its staff complement on board and continued improvement in its operational environment.", "Yet, still more challenges lie ahead. Nevertheless, we trust that, with the Council’s support, we will certainly be able to deliver on our mandate.", "The President: I thank Mr. Moussa very much for his briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.25 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生 (印度) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 杜尔米奇先生 \n 巴西 费尔南德斯先生 \n 中国 杨涛先生 \n 哥伦比亚 奥索里奥先生 \n 法国 布里安先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 德国 胡特先生 \n 黎巴嫩 贾比尔先生 \n 尼日利亚 奥格武夫人 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 拉海尔先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 泰瑟姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 德劳伦蒂斯先生", "议程项目", "中部非洲区域", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中部非洲区域", "主席(以英语发言)：按照安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请秘书长特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处负责人阿布·穆萨先生参加本次会议。", "我向穆萨先生表示欢迎，他在利伯维尔以电视电话会议方式参加今天的会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请阿布·穆萨先生发言。", "穆萨先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，首先，我愿借此机会祝贺你担任本月份安理会主席，并祝你取得圆满成功。", "我荣幸地以负责中部非洲区域问题的秘书长首任特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处负责人的新身份在安理会发言。坐在我身边的是我的高级政治顾问保罗·祖马尼吉先生。", "我感谢中部非洲次区域各国、联合国国家工作队，特别是我们的东道主加篷政府及人民在我6月15日抵达利伯维尔时自发而热烈地欢迎我，他们的持续、慷慨支持大大促进了联合国中部非洲区域办事处的成功设立。", "我们认识到，正如安全理事会重申的那样，各国政府和其它当地行为体担负着预防冲突的责任，因此，我们的工作是从当前礼节性访问该区域各国开始的。我们这样做的目的在于与该区域各国政府的领导人、联合国国家工作队、外交使团成员以及驻该次区域的各区域组织代表建立联系，以便了解区域事态发展和领导人的优先事项，特别是那些关系到协助国家政府及其当地利益攸关方找到问题的持久解决办法以及支持国家和区域预警、预防冲突以及长期建设和平能力建设的问题。", "在我们访问乍得、赤道几内亚、喀麦隆以及中非共和国期间，我们结合与利伯维尔当局进行的讨论，探讨了联合国中部非洲办事处与这些会员国的领导人、联合国国家工作队以及在这些国家派驻代表的其它国际伙伴合作，促进中部非洲次区域实现更广泛和平、安全与发展的问题。通过迄今与联合国各国家工作队、实地的联合国特别政治特派团、特别是联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处以及联合国人权和民主事务中部非洲中心的互动，我们为建立一个有效协调联合国在该次区域存在的机制奠定了基础。", "我们打算在接下来的数周继续并完成对会员国的礼节性访问。不过，我们从迄今所作访问期间进行的讨论中形成的初步意见再次确认了会员国和联合国最初形成的关于应当设立联合国中部非洲办事处的评估意见。这些评估意见包括：需加强联合国对该次区域的支助，以帮助会员国处理安全、建设和平以及预防冲突方面的挑战；需加强联合国对有关会员国内部政治对话的支助，这是一项预防冲突措施；以及需支持各次区域机构包括中非国家经济共同体和几内亚湾委员会的能力建设。", "最近，建设能力以处理诸如几内亚湾海盗行为以及中非共和国境内上帝抵抗军(上帝军)和Baba Ladde等反叛团体所构成威胁等具体跨界安全挑战的必要性已成为联合国、非洲联盟和该次区域的一个共同关切。联合国中部非洲办事处承担起了协调联合国系统在实地开展的各种努力的职责，以支持非洲联盟业已启动的现有工作。", "在这方面，我打算尽快访问亚的斯亚贝巴，与非洲联盟就上帝军和其它共同关心的次区域有关事务进行讨论。为此，我们打算在礼节性访问一旦完成后，就召开一次由派驻该次区域的秘书长特别代表和所有驻地协调员参加的会议。", "我愿特别提请安理会注意，利比亚局势的余波对中部非洲次区域邻国构成了新挑战。迄今，有报告显示，在当前冲突发生前估计有50多万乍得人生活在利比亚，这些人中有将近８万人已于７月底前返回家园。他们的返回给乍得带来了多重挑战，特别是汇款的损失。重返家园者容易受到上帝军等武装团体大量非法贩运和流通小武器和轻武器的影响，这使乍得政府和中非共和国政府越来越感到担忧。", "此外不难想象，有些重返家园者，特别是那些可能参加过利比亚军事或安全行动的人，有可能被征募为雇佣军甚至士兵，为中部非洲次区域的一些武装团体作战。我们担心，从利比亚偷走的武器可能会被运入该次区域那些管制松懈的地区，从而有可能助长犯罪行为，损害到最近旨在加强乍得、苏丹和中非共和国之间合作与安全的态势。", "但是，乍得新任驻地协调员的到任以及向其位于恩贾梅纳的办事处部署一名和平与发展问题顾问将有助于分析乍得境内及其与利比亚、苏丹和中非共和国接壤一带局势的发展变化。联合国中部非洲办事处将与联合国国家工作队密切合作，探讨可能出现的巩固和平的机会。", "当前的氛围也令我们感到鼓舞，次区域各国再次下定决心，为处理该次区域和平与安全遇到的共同威胁而共同努力，建立合作和外交关系。在这方面，5月23日，乍得、苏丹和中非共和国在喀土穆召开的三方首脑会议上设立了一个促进边界安全与稳定、加强三国经济联系的联合机制，此举证明了次区域各国领导消除恐吓人民的持续和平与安全威胁的积极姿态与决心，这些威胁包括上帝抵抗军以及在乍得-苏丹-中非共和国三角地带农村流窜的其它犯罪团体的活动。", "同样，尽管几内亚湾资源富饶，但它却面临常常被称作的“自然资源诅咒”或“富足的烦恼”。该地区各国由于受到国内、区域和国际上的多重威胁及多种脆弱性，例如日益加剧的海盗威胁，继续面临着低增长和持续贫困。一些团伙把该地区作为转运路线，在该地区开展非法活动，造成威胁，并从事种种犯罪行径，例如侵占其丰富水资源、海盗行为以及相关罪恶袭击，还将几内亚湾用作转运麻醉品的贩运枢纽，这些都加剧了几内亚湾沿岸各国边境地区的不安全。", "该区域各国一贯肯定加强跨界安全带来的广泛裨益，并为解决所出现的跨界安全问题、防止相关事件再次发生进行了谈判。加篷政府8月17日在庆祝独立51周年时，指示其军队“代表加篷参与保护几内亚湾的安全”，这不足为奇。在今后时期，我们将努力把联合国中部非洲区域办事处的任务授权转化为具有凝聚力的次区域举措，以促进联合国各实体与其它伙伴之间的协调与信息交流，支持次区域的这些建设和平与预防性外交举措。", "我们希望得到安理会的支持，以凝聚促进预防性外交所需的政治意愿，将此作为一个有效工具，通过与会员国和次区域其它伙伴开展具体活动，增进次区域和平与稳定。这将证明联合国中部非洲办事处在实地具有的早期附加值和实际作用。", "继联合国中部非洲办事处成立后，为在中部非洲次区域内部建立协同关系，秘书长将联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的秘书处职能从裁军事务办公厅下属的联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心转到了政治事务部，由联合国中部非洲办事处承担。因此，联合国中部非洲区域办事处正在为将于今年晚些时候在中非共和国班吉举行的委员会第33次会议做准备。", "在我们承担这一重要职能时，我们将与会员国、裁军事务厅、联合国其它实体以及相关国际伙伴合作，以确保常设咨询委员会在该次区域裁军领域取得的重要政策成果得到执行，并且协助委员会处理为促进和平与安全而列入其议程的项目的工作。这些问题包括几内亚湾日益严重的海盗威胁和海上安全问题、姆博罗罗游牧民族在中部非洲次区域的状况和活动、气候变化与冲突、跨界安全问题、小武器和轻武器问题、中部非洲自然资源非法开采与冲突之间的联系、该次区域人权尤其是人口贩运和童工问题以及妇女与和平与安全问题。", "为此，我打算在我的办事处中设立一个专门单位，负责为常设咨询委员会提供秘书事务支持，这不仅是为了处理委员会半年期会议的筹备工作，也是为了帮助会员国把委员会制订的各项政策文书转化为国家一级和跨界性质的建设和平和预防冲突举措。这些文书包括《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药以及用于制造、修理和装配此类武器的所有零配件公约》(《金沙萨公约》)，这项公约是在2010年11月于刚果共和国布拉柴维尔举行的中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的第31次部长级会议上通过的。", "《金沙萨公约》在打击该次区域的小武器和轻武器贩运问题方面确实是一个重大法律突破，小武器和轻武器贩运导致该次区域的冲突长期不绝，而且愈演愈烈。《公约》为缔约国提供了一个共同参照点，以便协调它们的努力，并且制止中部非洲地区小武器和轻武器不受控制扩散的状况。因此，我们打算通过与中非经共体秘书长协作，与联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心共同努力，在《公约》批准进程中为委员会提供支持，以确保《公约》早日生效，并且得到执行。", "最后，我们感谢安理会和秘书处各部门自今年3月2日启动该办事处以来为设立办事处提供了宝贵支持。在这方面取得了巨大进展，办事处已有近80%的工作人员到位，其工作环境也不断得到改善。", "不过，前方仍然有更多挑战。但是，我们相信，在安理会的支持下，我们肯定能够履行我们的使命。", "主席(以英语发言)：我非常感谢穆萨先生所作的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时25分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 哈迪普·辛格·普里先生(印度)\n成员: 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 杜米奇先生\n巴西 Fernandes先生\n中国 Yang Tao先生\n哥伦比亚 Osorio先生\n法国 布赖恩先生\n加蓬 Mrone\n德国 Huth先生\n黎巴嫩 Jaber先生\n尼日利亚 Ogwu夫人\n葡萄牙 Cabral先生\n俄罗斯联邦 Zhukov先生\n南非 Laher先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 德劳伦蒂斯先生", "议程项目", "中部非洲区域", "上午10时10分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "中部非洲区域", "主席(以英语发言):根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我请秘书长特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处主任阿布·穆萨先生参加本次会议。", "我欢迎穆萨先生,他今天通过视频电话会议从利伯维尔参加会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请阿布·穆萨先生发言。", "穆萨先生: 主席先生,首先,我谨借此机会祝贺你担任本月份安理会主席,并祝愿你圆满成功。", "我荣幸地以秘书长负责中部非洲区域的第一特别代表兼联合国中部非洲区域办事处(中非支助处)主任的新身份在安理会发言。 接下来是我的高级政治顾问保罗·祖马尼吉先生。", "我感谢自6月15日中非次区域各国、联合国国家工作队,特别是我们的东道国、加蓬政府和人民来到利伯维尔以来,我自发地热烈欢迎我,他们的持续和慷慨支持大大促进了联阿办事处的成功建立。", "我们认识到,正如安全理事会重申的那样,预防冲突的责任在于各国政府和其他当地行为者,因此,我们开始了我们的工作,不断对该区域各国进行礼貌访问。 我们这样做是为了同政府领导人、联合国国家工作队、外交使团成员和次区域区域组织代表建立联系,以便了解本区域的事态发展和领导人的优先事项,特别是协助各国政府及其地方利益攸关方找到持久解决问题的办法,并支持发展国家和区域预警、预防冲突和长期建设和平的能力。", "在我们访问乍得、赤道几内亚、喀麦隆和中非共和国期间,加上我们与利伯维尔当局的讨论,我们讨论了有关联和办同这些会员国领导人、联合国国家工作队和在这些国家派驻代表的其他国际伙伴开展合作以促进中部非洲次区域的和平、安全与发展的问题。 通过迄今与联合国国家工作队、联合国实地政治特派团,特别是联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处和联合国中部非洲人权与民主中心的互动,我们正在为建立一个有效的协调机制奠定基础。", "我们打算在今后几周内进行并完成对会员国的礼遇访问。 然而,我们迄今为止在访问期间讨论的初步意见再次肯定了会员国和联合国的初步评估,这些评估要求设立联阿办事处。 其中包括需要加强联合国在该次区域的支助,以帮助会员国应对安全、建设和平和预防冲突的挑战;需要加强联合国对相关会员国内部政治对话的支持,以此作为预防冲突的措施;需要支持次区域机构,包括中非国家经济共同体和几内亚湾委员会的能力建设。", "最近,需要进行能力建设,以应对具体的跨界安全挑战,例如几内亚湾的海盗活动,以及上帝抵抗军和中非共和国的巴巴哈·拉德等叛乱团体构成的威胁,已成为联合国、非洲联盟和次区域的共同关切。 联阿协调处负责协调联合国大家庭在实地的努力,以支持非洲联盟发起的现有努力。", "在这方面,我打算尽快访问亚的斯亚贝巴,以便与非洲联盟讨论上帝军问题和共同关切的其他次区域问题。 为此,我们打算在我们完成礼貌访问后,召开一次秘书长特别代表和次区域所有驻地协调员会议。", "我要特别提请安理会注意利比亚局势恶化,给中部非洲次区域邻国带来了新的挑战。 到目前为止,有报告说,在目前冲突之前估计居住在利比亚的50多万乍得人中,到7月底,将近80 000人已经返回家园。 他们返回给乍得带来了若干挑战,特别是失去汇款。 回归者易受包括上帝军在内的武装团体的普遍非法贩运和小武器和轻武器的流通,对乍得和中非共和国政府来说,这种脆弱性日益令人担忧。", "一些返回者,特别是那些可能参与利比亚军事或安全行动的人,可能被招募为雇佣军,甚至作为中部非洲次区域武装团体的战斗人员,也是不可想象的。 人们担心,来自利比亚的被盗武器可能流入该次区域的漏洞百出地区,会助长犯罪,破坏最近旨在加强乍得、苏丹和中非共和国之间合作与安全的事态发展。", "然而,新任驻乍得驻地协调员的到来,以及在恩贾梅纳的办事处部署一名和平与发展顾问,将有助于分析乍得境内及其与利比亚、苏丹和中非共和国接壤的边界局势的演变。 中非办事处将与联合国国家工作队密切合作,解决可能出现的巩固和平机会。", "我们也感到鼓舞的是,该次区域各国重新决心共同努力,促进合作和外交关系,以应对次区域和平与安全的共同威胁。 在这方面,5月23日,乍得、苏丹和中非共和国在喀土穆举行的三方首脑会议上,建立了促进边界安全与稳定以及加强彼此间经济联系的联合机制,这证明次区域领导人的积极姿态和决心,消除持续存在的威胁人民的和平与安全威胁,包括上帝抵抗军和其他犯罪集团在乍得-苏丹-中非共和国三角地带的活动。", "本着同样的精神,尽管几内亚湾地区拥有丰富财富,但几内亚湾地区仍面临着经常被称为“自然资源 cur”或“lent的副ox”。 由于多方面的国内、区域和国际威胁和脆弱性,例如海盗行为的威胁日益增大,该地区各国继续面临低增长和持续贫穷。 几内亚湾的边境不安全感进一步加剧,因为该地区作为过境路线的团伙在该地区实施非法活动,造成威胁和犯罪行为,如掠夺其丰富的水资源、海盗和相关犯罪攻击,以及利用海湾作为转运毒品的贩运中心。", "该区域各国始终认识到加强跨界安全的广泛好处,并着手进行谈判,以解决跨界安全问题,防止今后再次发生相关事件。 加蓬政府在8月17日第五十一次独立日庆祝活动上将军队奉献给“加蓬参与几内亚湾安全”。 在今后一段时期内,我们将努力将联阿协调办的任务转化为协调一致的次区域举措,以促进联合国各实体与其他伙伴之间的协调和信息交流,支持该次区域的此类建设和平和预防性外交举措。", "我们指望安理会的支持,以便拿出必要的政治意愿,通过与会员国和次区域其他伙伴开展具体活动,促进预防性外交,以此作为该次区域和平与安全的有效工具,这些活动将显示中非支助处在实地的早期附加值和相关性。", "在设立中部非洲和平与安全理事会之后,为了在中部非洲次区域建立协同关系,秘书长将联合国中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会的秘书处职能从联合国裁军事务厅的联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心移交给政治事务部,由中非办事处承担。 因此,中非办事处正在筹备将于 later在中非共和国班吉举行的委员会第33次会议。", "当我们承担这一重要职能时,我们将与会员国、裁军事务厅、其他联合国实体和有关国际伙伴合作,确保执行常设咨询委员会在次区域裁军领域的重要政策成就,并为委员会处理其议程上所列加强和平与安全的项目的工作提供便利。 这些威胁包括几内亚湾海盗和海上安全的威胁日益增大、中部非洲次区域的姆博罗罗游牧民族的状况和活动、气候变化和冲突、跨界安全、小武器和轻武器、非法开采自然资源与中部非洲冲突之间的联系、人权,特别是贩运和童工,以及次区域妇女与和平与安全。", "为此,我打算组织一个专门的秘书处能力,为我的办公室常设咨询委员会提供秘书支助,以便不仅处理委员会半年会议的筹备问题,而且帮助会员国将它制定的政策工具转化为国家和跨边界的建设和平和预防冲突举措。 这些文书包括《中部非洲管制小武器和轻武器及其弹药和一切可用于这些武器的零部件公约》。", "中部非洲安全问题常设咨询委员会于2010年11月在刚果共和国布拉柴维尔举行的第三十一次部长级会议通过的《金沙萨公约》。", "《金沙萨公约》确实是该次区域打击小武器和轻武器贩运的重要法律突破,有助于延长和加剧次区域内部的冲突。 《公约》为各缔约国提供了一个共同参照点,以协调它们的努力,结束中部非洲小武器和轻武器不受控制的扩散。 因此,我们打算与联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心合作,与中非经共体秘书长合作,支持委员会批准进程,以确保《公约》早日生效和执行。", "最后,我们感谢安理会和秘书处各部门自3月2日成立以来为设立该办公室所作的努力的宝贵支持。 在这方面已经取得显著进展,其工作人员中近80%是辅助人员,其业务环境继续改善。", "然而,今后还有更多挑战。 然而,我们相信,在安理会的支持下,我们当然能够完成我们的任务。", "主席(以英语发言):我非常感谢穆萨先生的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商,继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时25分散会。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6601st meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Thursday, 18 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Central African region." ]

[ "安全理事会第6601次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月18日星期四上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 中部非洲区域。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6601次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月18日星期四上午10时举行", "页: 1 1. 通过议程。", "2. 中部非洲区域。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Ben Emmerson, submitted in accordance with Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15.", "* A/66/150.", "Summary", "The present report is the first submitted to the General Assembly by the newly appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. It is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. A brief introduction (sect. I) is followed by a description of the activities of the former and present Special Rapporteurs (sects. II and III).", "The present Special Rapporteur shares several initial thoughts reflecting his interpretation of his mandate and how he intends to discharge it (sect. IV) and highlights some conclusions and recommendations (sect. V). He identifies two substantive areas of interest falling within that mandate — namely, the rights of victims of terrorism, and the prevention of terrorism — where, during the period of his tenure, he wishes to pursue the further development of efforts; and provides a concise discussion on how he would like to utilize some of the tools available to him in the discharge of his mandate, such as future country visits and cooperation with Governments and all pertinent actors, including relevant United Nations bodies.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the former Special \nRapporteur III. Activities 5 of the present Special \nRapporteur IV.Preliminary 5 outline of areas of interest to the present Special \nRapporteur A.The 5 rights of victims of \nterrorism B.Prevention 8 of \nterrorism C.Country 9 \nvisits \nD.Cooperation 10V.Conclusions 11 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the first report submitted to the General Assembly by the newly appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism. It is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/221 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/15. The report provides several initial thoughts of the present Special Rapporteur reflecting his interpretation of the mandate and how he intends to discharge it.", "2. On 17 June 2011, Mr. Ben Emmerson was appointed Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering terrorism by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session and took office on 1 August 2011. The Council, in its resolution 15/15 of 7 October 2010, had decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism for a period of three years.", "3. A report on the work of the former Special Rapporteur, Martin Scheinin, undertaken since the submission of his last report to the Human Rights Council (sect. II), is followed by a description of the activities of the present Special Rapporteur (sect. III). In section IV, the present Special Rapporteur presents a preliminary discussion of his areas of interest in respect of the discharge of his mandate and in section V offers some conclusions and recommendations.", "II. Activities of the former Special Rapporteur", "4. The former Special Rapporteur took part in a regional expert symposium on securing the principles of a fair trial for persons accused of terrorist offences, held in Bangkok, on 17 and 18 February 2011, which was organized by the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Protecting Human Rights while Countering Terrorism. The Task Force is chaired by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "5. The former Special Rapporteur presented his annual report (A/HRC/16/51) to the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth session, on 7 March 2011. The report contained a compilation of 10 areas of best practices in countering terrorism. The compilation was the outcome of an analysis undertaken on the basis of his work conducted over almost six years which involved various forms of interaction with multiple stakeholders. The written submissions of Governments in response to a questionnaire of the Office of the High Commissioner related to the annual report of the Special Rapporteur were reproduced in full in an addendum to that report (A/HRC/16/51/Add.4). He also held an interactive dialogue with the Council on his report containing communications to and from Governments (from 1 January to 31 December 2011) (A/HRC/16/51/Add.1) and his reports on his missions to Tunisia (A/HRC/16/51/Add.2) and Peru (A/HCR/16/51/Add.3 and Corr.1).", "6. On 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur participated as a panellist in a discussion on the issue of human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking, pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 15/116 of 1 October 2010.", "7. The former Special Rapporteur also participated as speaker in two side events, on progress towards a world court for human rights and on the operational dimensions of human rights compliance in the prevention of terrorism, on 8 and 11 March 2011, respectively.", "8. During the period from 3 to 11 March 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held meetings in Geneva with the Ambassadors of Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Thailand and Tunisia, and with representatives of the Permanent Missions of Nigeria and the Russian Federation to the United Nations. He also met with a number of representatives of non-governmental organizations and held a press conference.", "9. On 15 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur appeared before the Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission of the United States House of Representatives in a hearing on human rights and counter-terrorism in the northern Caucasus.", "10. On 19 April 2011, the former Special Rapporteur addressed the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs of the European Parliament in Brussels during a hearing on the main achievements of, and future challenges for, the European Union counter-terrorism policy.", "11. The former Special Rapporteur participated in the special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional and subregional organizations on the prevention of terrorism, held in Strasbourg, France, at the headquarters of the Council of Europe from 19 to 21 April, and co-organized by the Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Council of Europe.", "12. The Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force convened an inter-agency meeting, on 12 and 13 May 2011, at the Greentree Estate, New York State, United States of America, which was attended by the former Special Rapporteur.", "13. At the invitation of the Transitional Government of Tunisia, the former Special Rapporteur conducted a follow-up mission to that country from 22 to 26 May 2011. He had discussions with the Minister of Justice and Human Rights, the Minister of the Interior and Local Development, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, the Prosecutor General for the Administration of Justice, the President of the fact-finding commission established to investigate human rights abuses since 17 December 2010, the spokesperson of the High Council for the realization of the objectives of the revolution, political reform and democratic transition, law enforcement officials, and representatives of the civil society, including lawyers. The former Special Rapporteur also visited the detention centre at Bouchoucha and Al Mornaguia Prison, where he interviewed persons, in private, suspected of terrorism-related crimes, and, upon the conclusion of his visit, issued a press statement.[1] The present Special Rapporteur will present the report on this follow-up mission to the Human Rights Council in 2012.", "14. On the margins of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, the former Special Rapporteur participated, on 1 June 2011, as a panellist in a discussion on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, pursuant to Council decision 16/116 of 24 March 2011.", "15. The former Special Rapporteur attended the eighteenth annual meeting of special procedures of the Human Rights Council, held in Geneva from 27 June to 1 July 2011. On 30 June 2011, he met with the Ambassador of Burkina Faso.", "16. On 29 June 2011, the former Special Rapporteur held a press conference in Geneva on the human rights aspects of Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011), both adopted on 17 June 2011 under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, pursuant to which the Taliban and Al-Qaida sanctions regimes were separated from each other.[2]", "III. Activities of the present Special Rapporteur", "17. On 8 August 2011, the present Special Rapporteur attended a meeting convened in London with lawyers, non-governmental organizations and parliamentarians involved in the Gibson Inquiry set up by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to examine allegations of collusion by officers of the British intelligence and security services in respect of acts of torture or inhuman or degrading treatment by officials of other States, during interrogations relating primarily to allegations of involvement in terrorism. The meeting was convened to address perceived shortcomings in the Inquiry’s terms of reference and operating procedures. The Special Rapporteur subsequently received written communications on the subject from the United Kingdom Parliamentary Committee on Extraordinary Rendition, relevant non-governmental organizations and lawyers representing the victims. These communications and the issues to which they have given rise are under consideration by the Special Rapporteur, who is working in cooperation with the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Juan Méndez.", "IV. Preliminary outline of areas of interest to the present Special Rapporteur", "18. The Special Rapporteur pays tribute to the work of his predecessor Martin Scheinin. He adopts and will aim to build upon, and elaborate, the 10 areas of best practice identified by Mr. Scheinin in his 2011 annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/51).", "19. The Special Rapporteur would like to highlight some areas that are of interest to him in the discharge of his mandate, including the rights of victims of terrorism (subsect. A), the issue of prevention of terrorism (subsect. B), country visits (subsect. C) and cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions (subsect. D).", "A. The rights of victims of terrorism", "20. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that, during the period of his tenure, he is committed to ensuring that proportionate attention is paid to the rights of direct and indirect victims of acts of terrorism, and the duties of States to actual and potential victims. Any sound, sustainable and comprehensive strategy for combating terrorism requires the recognition of the suffering of victims of terrorist acts. States have important duties in this regard. The first obligation of any State — indeed, a key component of its raison d’être — is to protect the lives of its citizens, and of all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction, which includes: the duty to take reasonable measures, within the lawful and proportionate exercise of State powers, and in a manner consistent with the protection of human rights, to prevent the materialization of a real and immediate risk to life; the duty to conduct thorough, independent and impartial investigations when it is plausibly alleged that this primary positive obligation has been violated; the duty to investigate and bring to justice the perpetrators of acts of terrorism in a manner consistent with international standards on the protection of human rights; and the duty to afford adequate reparation to direct and indirect victims of terrorism in cases where, on inquiry, it is established that the State has failed to discharge its primary obligation to take reasonable steps to prevent violations by non-State actors of the right to life or the right to physical security.", "21. States also have broader duties with respect to supporting the victims of terrorism, even in cases where the relevant authorities have done all that can reasonably be required of them, within the lawful and proportionate exercise of their powers, to prevent acts of terrorism from occurring. The United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy[3] stresses “the need to promote and protect the rights of victims of terrorism”[4] and identifies the “dehumanization of victims of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations” as one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism.[5] The 2005 World Summit Outcome stresses “the importance of assisting victims of terrorism and of providing them and their families with support to cope with their loss and their grief”.[6] In resolution 1963 (2010), the Security Council, while “(e)xpressing its profound solidarity with the victims of terrorism and their families”, stressed the “importance of assisting victims of terrorism, and providing them and their families with support to cope with their loss and grief”, recognized “the important role that victims and survivor networks play(ed) in countering terrorism, including by bravely speaking out against violent and extremist ideologies” and in that regard, welcomed and encouraged “the efforts and activities of Member States and the United Nations system, including the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF)” in this field.[7] Human Rights Council in its resolution 13/26 deeply deplored the suffering caused by terrorism to the victims and their families and expresse(d) its profound solidarity with them, and stresse(d) the importance of providing them with proper assistance.[8]", "22. Dehumanization of victims of terrorism can take various forms, including reducing them to mere pretexts for justification of tougher counter-terrorism measures by States that violate human rights. The Special Rapporteur concurs with the statement made by his predecessor on the occasion of the Human Rights Council panel discussion on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism, namely, that Governments:", "“may make public statements about terrorists violating human rights and the human rights of victims of terrorism being a priority compared to ‘human rights of terrorists’. All too often, such words are mere rhetoric, and the Governments resorting to them fail to address the rights and concerns of victims of terrorism.”[9]", "23. The Special Rapporteur considers it essential that the protection of the rights of the victims of terrorism be perceived as a genuine legal duty resting primarily with States, and not misappropriated as a pretext for violating the human rights of those suspected of terrorism, for taking emergency measures that provide for exertion of excessive and disproportionate executive powers, or for other essentially political actions, and will be adamant in respect of holding States accountable whenever he considers that the obligation to protect rights of victims of terrorism is being used as a cover for repressive State action which is inconsistent with international standards on the investigation, trial and punishment of those alleged to have been involved in the preparation, instigation or commission of acts of terrorism.", "24. Whereas the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy makes a pledge to Member States to only “consider putting in place, on a voluntary basis, national systems of assistance that would promote the needs of victims of terrorism and their families and facilitate the normalization of their lives”,[10] the Special Rapporteur considers that States are bound by an international human rights obligation to provide for such assistance to victims of terrorism, including their families. In his view, however, the obligation goes further than that and includes, but is not limited to, the duty to prevent acts of terrorism; the duty, if they have occurred, to properly investigate, publicly disclose the truth and bring the perpetrators to justice; the duty to investigate any allegations of culpable failure on the part of State authorities, in the lawful and proportionate exercise of their powers, to take reasonable steps to prevent acts of terrorism; legal recognition of victims of terrorism; pecuniary compensation, including for moral damages sustained; rehabilitation; provision of health care and psychosocial and legal assistance; ensuring a safe environment for the return or, if impossible, the resettlement of persons displaced by acts of terrorism or counter-terrorism measures; provision of moral support; and fostering good community relations and providing human rights education as a means of furthering tolerance.", "25. Reparation schemes put in place on the national level should follow certain principles, some of which are listed below by way of example. Reparation schemes should aim at full restitution and foresee individual and collective reparation for both victims of counter-terrorism measures by the State and victims of terrorist acts, and follow a participatory approach. National reparation mechanisms must be independent and provide for adequate, effective and prompt reparation, which includes their being readily accessible and their taking a gender perspective into account. Compensation must never become a substitute for bringing perpetrators to justice or for revealing the truth in compliance with applicable international human rights obligations. States may also choose to provide financial assistance to organizations supporting victims of terrorism in order to comply with their international obligations vis-à-vis victims of terrorism. On the other hand, the Special Rapporteur will also monitor hindrances to the work of victims support organizations, in cases where, for example, over-broad criminal provisions under the umbrella of “material support” to terrorism may result in obstruction of the efforts of those organizations.", "26. The Special Rapporteur will focus on the situation of victims of terrorism and study the issue further while at the same time continuing to hold Governments to account, in a spirit of constructive and open dialogue, for other human rights violations in the context of countering terrorism.", "27. The Special Rapporteur considers that the model provisions on reparations and assistance to victims contained in his predecessor’s report to the Human Rights Council on 10 areas of best practices in countering terrorism[11] as well as the Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law[12] provide useful standards and guidance, including on best practices.", "28. The Special Rapporteur is inspired by initiatives taken by States and international organizations to put the plight of victims of terrorism in the agenda and to promote a human rights-based approach in addressing that issue, including the 9 September 2008 symposium hosted by the Secretary-General on supporting victims of terrorism;[13] the 2010 workshop on a study of best practices on supporting victims of terrorist crimes and related offences as defined in national and international law, held in Siracusa, Italy, and co-organized by the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences and the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, which has formed a dedicated Working Group on Supporting and Highlighting Victims of Terrorism; the panel discussion held on 1 June 2011 on the issue of the human rights of victims of terrorism pursuant to Human Rights Council decision 16/116; and Council resolution 17/8 which recommended that the General Assembly proclaim 19 August as the International Day of Remembrance of and Tribute to the Victims of Terrorism.", "B. Prevention of terrorism", "29. Another substantive issue falling within his mandate on which the Special Rapporteur would like to focus during the period of his tenure is that of the prevention of terrorism. It is now widely accepted that by promoting and protecting all human rights under their obligations to be fulfilled pursuant to international human rights law, Member States are also actively preventing terrorism by addressing the conditions conducive to it, although, in the view of the Special Rapporteur it is very clear that none of these conditions can justify or excuse acts of terrorism. The Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy clearly places human rights squarely at the centre of the fight against terrorism and emphasizes that (a) measures taken to counter terrorism must comply with international human rights law;[14] (b) respect for all human rights for all and the rule of law is the basis of the fight against terrorism and essential to all components of the Strategy;[15] and (c) that the denial of human rights and the rule of law might, in itself, create conditions that are conducive to terrorism.[16] Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) not only echoes pillar I of the Strategy, which reiterates that violations of human rights are one of the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, but goes a step further by introducing a positive formulation. For the first time in a resolution, the Council recognized that terrorism would not be defeated by military force, law enforcement measures, and intelligence operations alone, and underlined, inter alia, the need to strengthen the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.[17]", "30. In this context, the Special Rapporteur is convinced that by deepening understanding of the link between neglect of human rights and grievances — actual or perceived — that cause individuals to make the wrong choices, conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism could be more effectively addressed. The interrelation between respect for all human rights — civil, cultural, economic, political and social — and prevention of terrorism deserves further attention. Examining this link has the potential to result in assistance to Member States in formulating effective policies to prevent terrorism, while respecting and complying with human rights obligations. The fact that human rights featured prominently in the agenda of the above-mentioned April 2011 special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional and subregional organizations on the prevention of terrorism at Council of Europe headquarters in Strasbourg is an encouraging sign.", "31. The two substantive areas identified above as being of interest shall by no means be regarded as constituting an exhaustive focus. The Special Rapporteur will deal with all other issues within the scope of his mandate when and as they arise.", "C. Country visits", "32. In terms of planned country visits, the Special Rapporteur has received an invitation to visit Burkina Faso during the course of 2011. The Government of Chile has indicated that a country mission could be conducted in 2012.", "33. There are outstanding visit requests from Algeria, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, the Russian Federation and Thailand. The Government of Egypt, in the interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council and with the former Special Rapporteur, on 7 March 2011, stated that it had benefited from the detailed discussions held during the country visit of the former Special Rapporteur to Cairo in April 2009 and gave its assurance that the request for a second visit would be seriously and positively examined, together with other requests under special procedures mandates, as soon as the current transitional phase in the political and governmental organization of Egypt had been completed.", "34. In terms of envisaged country missions, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that when requesting invitations for country visits from Governments, he, like his predecessor, will continue to pay due regard to the partnering countries of the Integrated Assistance for Countering Terrorism (I-ACT) initiative of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. In accordance with pillar III of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on “measures to build States’ capacity to prevent and combat terrorism and to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in this regard” and the recognition “that capacity-building in all States is a core element of the global counter-terrorism effort”,[18] the Task Force aims to enhance the capacity within the United Nations system to help interested Member States, upon their request, implement the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy in an integrated manner across its four pillars.", "35. Country missions of the Special Rapporteur provide an excellent opportunity to contribute, in particular, to the identification of gaps, if any, in the implementation of pillar IV of the Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on “measures to ensure respect for human rights for all and the rule of law as the fundamental basis of the fight against terrorism”, and enable the human rights entities of the Task Force to assist the respective Government in fully implementing the Strategy. As indicated, Burkina Faso, as one of the pilot partnering countries of the I-ACT initiative, has accepted the request by the Special Rapporteur for an invitation to undertake such a country visit. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Burkina Faso for the invitation and expresses his hope that the Government of Nigeria, as another pilot partnering country, will extend an invitation as well.", "D. Cooperation", "36. In its resolution 65/221, the General Assembly welcomed the ongoing dialogue established in the context of the fight against terrorism between the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee and the relevant bodies for the promotion and protection of human rights, and encouraged the Security Council and its Counter-Terrorism Committee to strengthen the links, cooperation and dialogue with relevant human rights bodies, in particular with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, other relevant special procedures and mechanisms of the Human Rights Council, and relevant treaty bodies, giving due regard to the promotion and protection of human rights and the rule of law in their ongoing work relating to counter-terrorism (para. 12).", "37. In its resolution 15/15, the Human Rights Council requested the Special Rapporteur to develop a regular dialogue and discuss possible areas of cooperation with Governments and all relevant actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, with, inter alia, the Counter-Terrorism Committee of the Security Council, including its Executive Directorate, the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and treaty bodies, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions, while respecting the scope of his or her mandate and fully respecting the respective mandates of the above-mentioned bodies and with a view to avoiding duplication of effort (para. 2 (f)).", "38. The Special Rapporteur looks forward to implementing the provisions of these resolutions and, in regard to cooperation with relevant United Nations bodies, is encouraged by the supportive letters received from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities, as transformed, pursuant to Security Council resolution 1989 (2011), into the Security Council Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011) concerning Al-Qaida and associated individuals and entities, and from the Executive Director of the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. The Special Rapporteur also hopes to continue the cooperation with the Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism and the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011), that was achieved by the former Special Rapporteur with the former Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999).", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "39. Since the Special Rapporteur assumed his mandate only on 1 August 2011, he takes the opportunity in the present report to provide a preliminary outline of his areas of interest pursuant to the discharge of his mandate, regarding which he will develop recommendations.", "40. While building and elaborating on the compilation of the 10 areas of best practice prepared by his predecessor (see A/HRC/16/51), the Special Rapporteur intends to ensure that proportionate attention is paid to the rights of direct and indirect victims of acts of terrorism, and to the duties towards actual and potential victims that States are obligated to fulfil.", "41. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur would like to focus during the period of his tenure on the issue of prevention of terrorism through, promotion and protection of human rights, and in compliance with obligations under, human rights law.", "42. In addition, the Special Rapporteur seeks to conduct visits to partnering countries of the “Integrated Assistance for Countering Terrorism” initiative of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur intends to continue to cooperate with Governments and all pertinent actors, including relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions.", "43. The Special Rapporteur wishes to emphasize that while the present thematic report focuses, inter alia, on the rights of victims of terrorism, this dimension of the mandate will in no sense detract from the importance of ensuring compliance of States with their human rights obligations in respect of the investigation, prosecution and punishment of those alleged to have engaged in the preparation, instigation or commission of acts of terrorism. These twin imperatives are complementary and form the dual pillars essential to the maintenance of effective human rights-compliant anti-terrorism initiatives. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that both sets of obligations involve duties resting primarily on States. The essence of lawful State action in the context of anti-terrorism strategies lies in the striking of a fair and proportionate balance between two sets of duties. While the striking of that balance is, in the first instance, a matter for national authorities, it is subject to international supervision.", "44. The Special Rapporteur will contribute to that supervision by closely scrutinizing the manner in which States have struck that balance, and by seeking to identify those situations in which States have inflicted further harm on the victims of terrorism by misappropriating their plight as a pretext for excessive or oppressive executive action, or as a justification for the violation of human rights.", "[1] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E.", "[2] http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E.", "[3] General Assembly resolution 60/288, as reaffirmed by Assembly resolutions 62/272 and 64/297.", "[4] General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[5] Ibid., annex, sect. I, chapeau.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 89.", "[7] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), nineteenth preambular paragraph.", "[8] See Human Rights Council resolution 13/26, para. 3.", "[9] See http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/Statements.aspx.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. I.", "[11] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 25.", "[12] General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex.", "[13] See http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Supporting%20Victims%20of% 20Terrorism.pdf.", "[14] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, para. 3.", "[15] Ibid., annex, sect. IV, chapeau.", "[16] Ibid., annex, sect. I, chapeau.", "[17] See Security Council resolution 1963 (2010), fourth preambular paragraph.", "[18] See General Assembly resolution 60/288, annex, sect. III, introduction." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题， 包括增进人权和基本自由 切实享受的各种途径", "^(*) A/66/150。", "反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转交反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员本·埃默森根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议提交的报告。", "反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告是新任反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员第一次提交给大会的报告，该报告根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议的规定提交。在简短的导言(第一节)后，报告说明了前任和现任特别报告员的活动(第二节和第三节)。", "现任特别报告员提供了一些初步意见，说明他对任务的理解和如何执行任务的打算(第四节)，同时着重阐述了一些结论和建议(第五节)。他确认了两个属于其任务范围的实质性关切领域，即恐怖行为受害者的权利和防止恐怖主义，他将在任期内为其作出进一步努力；他简要地说明了他如何利用一些现有工具来执行任务，如将来的国家访问和与各国政府和所有有关行为者的合作，包括与联合国有关机构的合作。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.前任特别报告员的活动 4\n3.现任特别报告员的活动 6\n4.现任特别报告员对关切领域的初步概述 6\nA.恐怖行为受害者的权利 6\nB.防止恐怖主义 9\nC.国家访问 9\nD.合作 10\n5.结论和建议 11", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是新任反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员第一次提交给大会的报告，该报告根据大会第65/221号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议的规定提交。本报告说明了现任特别报告员对任务的理解和如何执行任务的打算等一些初步意见。", "2. 2011年6月17日人权理事会第十七届会议任命本·埃默森为反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员，他于2011年8月1日就职。2010年10月7日人权理事会第15/15号决议决定把反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员的任期延长三年。", "3. 现任特别报告员报告了前任特别报告员马丁·谢宁向人权理事会提交最后一份报告以来的工作(第二节)，接着说明了现任特别报告员的活动(第三节)。在第四节中，他初步探讨了他执行任务所关切的领域。第五节提出了一些结论和建议。", "二. 前任特别报告员的活动", "4. 前任特别报告员参加了2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行的关于确保对涉嫌犯下恐怖罪行的人公平审判的原则的区域专家座谈会，座谈会由反恐执行工作队反恐时保护人权工作组举办，而联合国人权事务高级专员办事处主持反恐执行工作队的工作。", "5. 2011年3月7日前任特别报告员向人权理事会第十六届会议提交了年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)，其中汇编了10大领域的反恐最佳做法。该汇编是前任特别报告员在近6年的工作基础上分析研究的结果，涉及与多方利益攸关者各种形式的互动。该年度报告增编中全文转载了各国政府对人权事务高级专员办事处关于特别报告员年度报告的问卷书面答复(A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)。他还就2010年1月1日至12月31日他与各国政府通信往来的报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.1)、访问突尼斯的报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)和访问秘鲁的报告(A/HCR/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)与人权理事会举行了互动对话。", "6. 2011年3月11日前任特别报告员以专门小组成员的身份参加了根据2010年10月1日人权理事会第15/116号决定举行的讨论会，讨论对扣留人质恐怖行为采取行动时的人权问题。", "7. 前任特别报告员还作为发言人分别参加了2011年3月8日和11日的两个会外活动，一个是世界人权法院的设立进展情况，另一个是防恐中遵守人权的落实问题。", "8. 在2011年3月3日至11日期间，前任特别报告员在日内瓦与布基纳法索、吉布提、墨西哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、泰国和突尼斯的大使举行了会议，与尼日利亚常驻联合国代表团和俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团的代表举行了会议。他还会晤了许多非政府组织的代表并举行了一次记者招待会。", "9. 2011年4月15日前任特别报告员出席美国众议院汤姆·兰托斯人权委员会关于北高加索人权与反恐问题的听证会。", "10. 2011年4月19日在布鲁塞尔出席欧洲联盟反恐政策主要成就和未来挑战听证会时，前任特别报告员在欧洲议会公民自由、司法和民政事务委员会发言。", "11. 2011年4月19日至21日前任特别报告员与国际、区域和次区域组织一起参加了在法国斯特拉斯堡的欧洲委员会总部举行的关于防止恐怖主义的反恐怖主义委员会特别会议，该会议由反恐怖主义委员会和欧洲委员会共同举办。", "12. 2011年5月12日和13日反恐执行工作队在美利坚合众国纽约州绿树山庄召开了一个机构间会议，前任特别报告员出席会议。", "13. 应突尼斯过渡政府邀请，2011年5月22日至26日前任特别报告员对突尼斯进行了后续访问。他与该国司法和人权部长、内务和地方发展部长、外交国务秘书、司法检察长、为调查2010年12月17日侵犯人权事件设立的实况调查委员会主席、实现革命、政治改革和民主过渡目标高级理事会发言人、执法官员和律师等民间社会代表讨论了有关问题。前任特别报告员还前往布舒舍和莫尔纳圭监狱的拘留中心，与恐怖犯罪嫌疑人私下进行了面谈，他在访问结束后发表了一份新闻稿。[1] 现任特别报告员将在2012年把后续访问报告提交给人权理事会。", "14. 在人权理事会第十七届会议休会期间，2011年6月1日前任特别报告员作为专门小组成员参加了根据2011年3月24日人权理事会第16/116号决定举行的关于恐怖行为受害者人权问题的讨论。", "15. 2011年6月27日至7月1日，前任特别报告员出席了在日内瓦举行的人权理事会特别程序第十八届年会。2011年6月30日，他会见了布基纳法索大使。", "16. 2011年6月29日前任特别报告员在日内瓦举行了关于安全理事会第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议中人权问题的新闻发布会，这两项决议都是2011年6月17日安全理事会根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的，并据此把关于塔利班和“基地”组织的制裁制度彼此分开。[2]", "三. 现任特别报告员的活动", "17. 2011年8月8日现任特别报告员在伦敦出席了参与吉布森调查的律师、非政府组织和议员参加的会议，大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府展开的吉布森调查针对其他国家官员在主要涉嫌恐怖活动的审问期间采取的酷刑、不人道或有辱人格待遇的行为，审查英国情报和安全事务官员被指控串通舞弊的行为。召开这次会议是为了弥补在调查范围和运作程序方面已发现的缺陷。特别报告员随后收到了联合王国特别引渡问题议会委员会、有关非政府组织和代表受害者的律师关于该问题的书面信函。特别报告员正与酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员胡安·门德斯合作，审议这些信函和它们产生的问题。", "四. 现任特别报告员对关切领域的初步概述", "18. 特别报告员赞扬他的前任马丁•谢宁的工作。他将采用、旨在借鉴和阐述谢宁先生在他给人权理事会的2011年年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)中提出的十方面最佳做法。", "19. 特别报告员要强调他在执行任务时关注的一些问题，包括恐怖行为受害者的权利(A分节)、防止恐怖主义问题(B分节)、国家访问(C分节)以及与各国政府和所有相关行为者，包括与联合国有关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构的合作(D分节)。", "A. 恐怖行为受害者的权利", "20. 特别报告员要强调的是，在他的任期内，他将致力于确保恐怖行为直接和间接受害者的权利和国家对实际和潜在受害者的义务都得到适当的关注。任何完善、可持续和全面的打击恐怖主义战略都必须承认恐怖行为受害者遭受的苦难。国家在这方面承担重要义务。国家的第一项义务，即国家存在理由的一个重要部分就是保护其公民的生命以及受其管辖的境内所有个人的生命，这包括：国家有义务合法和适当地行使国家权力，以符合人权保护的方式采取合理措施，防止实际和眼前的生命风险变成现实；如有人强词指控这项主要的积极义务没有得到履行时，国家有义务进行彻底、独立和公正的调查；国家有义务以符合人权保护国际标准的方式调查恐怖行为肇事者并将其绳之以法；如经调查确定，国家未能履行其主要义务，未采取防止非国家行为者侵犯生命权或人身安全权的合理步骤，国家有义务向恐怖行为直接和间接受害者提供充分的赔偿。", "21. 即使有关当局为防止恐怖行为发生，已经合法和适当地行使了权力，做了所有可以合理要求它们做的工作，各国在支持恐怖行为受害者方面还拥有更广泛的义务。《联合国全球反恐战略》[3] 强调，“需要促进和保护恐怖行为受害者的权利”[4] 并把“一切形式和表现的恐怖行为受害者受到的非人性化对待”确定为“有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件”之一。[5] 2005年世界首脑会议成果文件强调，“必须向恐怖主义受害者提供支助，帮助他们及其家属应付损失和哀痛”。[6] 安全理事会在第1963(2010)号决议中，“表示安理会大力声援恐怖行为受害者及其家人”，并着重指出“必须援助恐怖行为受害者，为他们和他们的家人提供支助，帮助他们应对遭受的损失和哀痛”，确认“受害者和幸存者网络在反恐方面发挥重要作用，包括勇敢地站出来反对暴力思想和极端思想，”并在这方面，欢迎并鼓励“各会员国和联合国系统在这一领域的努力和活动，包括反恐执行工作队(反恐工作队)”。[7] 人权理事会第13/26号决议对恐怖主义给受害者及其家属造成的痛苦深感痛惜，对他们深表同情，并强调必须向他们提供适当援助。[8]", "22. 对恐怖行为受害者的非人待遇可能呈现各种形式，包括把他们降格为侵犯人权的国家为更严厉反恐措施辩解的托辞。特别报告员赞同他的前任在人权理事会关于恐怖行为受害者人权问题的小组讨论会上的发言，即政府“可以公开声明恐怖分子侵犯人权，而与恐怖分子的人权相比，恐怖行为受害者的人权是优先事项。不过，很多时候，这样的话仅仅是夸夸其谈，政府采取这种说法并没有解决恐怖行为受害者的权利和关切问题。[9]", "23. 特别报告员认为，必须把保护恐怖行为受害者的权利视为主要由国家承担的真正法律义务，而不是被滥用为一种托辞，用于侵犯恐怖行为嫌疑人的人权、为行使过度和不当行政权力采取紧急措施或采取其他基本政治行动，他认为，无论何时保护恐怖行为受害者权利的义务被用于掩盖国家采取的镇压行动，而这些行动不符合关于调查、审讯和惩罚涉嫌筹备、唆使或实施恐怖行为者的国际标准，他坚持国家必须承担问责。", "24. 尽管《联合国全球反恐战略》向会员国作出承诺，“考虑在自愿基础上建立国家援助系统，促进满足恐怖主义受害者及其家属的需要，帮助他们恢复正常生活，”[10] 但是特别报告员认为，国家必须承担向恐怖行为受害者、包括其家属提供这种援助的国际人权义务。不过，在他看来，这项义务比上述情况还要更进一步，它包括，但不仅仅限于防止恐怖行为的义务；如果发生恐怖行为，妥善调查、公布真相和把肇事者绳之以法的义务；合法和适当地行使权力，调查对国家当局失职应受惩罚的任何指控，采取防止恐怖行为的合理措施的义务；法律上承认恐怖行为受害者；金钱赔偿，包括对遭受的精神损害的赔偿；康复；提供保健、心理社会和法律援助；确保返回的安全环境，如果不可能，重新安置恐怖行为或反恐措施造成的流离失所者；提供道义上的支持；培养良好的社区关系和提供人权教育以促进容忍。", "25. 在国家一级实施赔偿计划应遵循一定的原则，下文用实例列举了其中一些原则。赔偿计划的目的应是采用参与方式，实行充分补偿，并预见国家反恐措施受害者和恐怖行为受害者将获得个人和集体的赔偿。国家赔偿机制必须是独立的并提供充分、有效和及时的赔偿，其中包括便利受害者获得赔偿和考虑到对他们的性别平等观点。补偿绝不能替代将肇事者绳之以法，绝不能替代按照适用的国际人权义务披露真相。国家还可以选择向支持恐怖行为受害者的组织提供财政援助，以履行其对恐怖行为受害者的国际义务。另一方面，特别报告员也将监察有关组织支助受害者的工作受阻扰的情况，例如，在向恐怖主义提供“物质支持”的大概念下过于宽泛的刑事条款可能导致这些组织的努力受到阻碍。", "26. 特别报告员将重点关注恐怖行为受害者的情况并进一步研究这一问题，同时以建设性和公开对话的精神，继续让国家政府对反恐情况下的其他侵犯人权行为负责。", "27. 特别报告员认为，他的前任给人权理事会的关于10大领域反恐最佳做法的报告[11] 所列向受害者提供赔偿和援助的示范规定以及关于严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利的基本原则和导则[12] 提供了有益的标准和指导，包括对最佳做法的指导。", "28. 特别报告员感到鼓舞的是，国家和国际组织采取主动行动，把恐怖行为受害者的困境列入议事日程并在解决这个问题时提倡基于人权的方式，包括2008年秘书长主持的关于支持恐怖行为受害者的座谈会；[13] 2010年在意大利锡拉库萨举行的由国际犯罪学高级研究所和反恐执行工作队共同举办的讲习班，研究支持国内法和国际法确定的恐怖罪行和相关罪行受害者的最佳做法；反恐执行工作队专门成立的支持和重视恐怖行为受害者的工作组；2011年6月1日根据人权理事会第16/116号决定举办的恐怖行为受害者人权问题小组讨论会；建议大会宣布8月19日为国际纪念和悼念恐怖行为受害者日的人权理事会第17/8号决议。", "B. 防止恐怖主义", "29. 特别报告员在其任期内要重点解决的另一个其职责内的实质性问题是防止恐怖主义问题。现在人们普遍认为，各会员国履行根据国际人权法承担的义务，促进和保护各项人权，还消除有利于恐怖主义的条件，积极地防止恐怖主义，不过，特别报告员认为非常明确的是任何这些条件都不得构成为恐怖行为开脱的理由或借口。《全球反恐战略》明确和坚定地把人权放在反恐斗争的中心位置并强调指出，(a) 反恐采取的措施必须符合国际人权法；[14] (b) 尊重所有人的各项人权和法治是反恐斗争的基础，对《反恐战略》的所有组成部分都至关重要；[15] (c) 否认人权和法治本身可能造成有利于恐怖主义的条件。[16] 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议不仅呼应《反恐战略》第一支柱，其中重申侵犯人权行为是有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件之一，而且进一步提出了第一支柱的实际构成内容。安全理事会第一次在一项决议中确认仅凭军事力量、执法措施和情报作业无法打败恐怖主义，强调除其他外，需要加强对人权和基本自由的保护。[17]", "30. 在这种情况下，特别报告员深信，深入地了解忽视人权和导致个人作出错误选择的实际或感觉的冤情之间的联系，就可能更有效地消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。尊重所有人权——公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利——与防止恐怖主义之间的相互关系值得进一步关注。审视这种联系有可能帮助会员国制订防止恐怖主义的有效政策，同时尊重和履行人权义务。2011年4月反恐怖主义委员会在斯特拉斯堡欧洲委员会总部举行有国际、区域和次区域组织参加的关于防止恐怖主义的上述特别会议，其中把人权问题列为议程的突出议题，这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。", "31. 上述两个实质性关切领域绝不应被视为囊括一切的重点。在各种其他问题出现时，特别报告员将在其职责范围内处理所有这些问题。", "C. 国家访问", "32. 在计划的国家访问方面，2011年期间特别报告员已收到访问布基纳法索的邀请。智利政府表示，2012年可能实施国家特派任务。", "33. 阿尔及利亚、马来西亚、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、俄罗斯联邦和泰国都提出过尚未成行的访问请求。2011年3月7日埃及政府与人权理事会和前任特别报告员互动对话时表示，2009年4月前任特别报告员到开罗进行国家访问，埃及从访问期间举行的详细讨论中获益匪浅，它保证在目前埃及政治和政府组建过渡阶段一结束，将认真积极地研究第二次访问的请求以及根据特别程序任务提出的其他请求。", "34. 在设想的国家访问方面，特别报告员强调，在请国家政府发出国家访问邀请时，他将和他的前任一样，继续适当关注反恐执行工作队反恐综合援助倡议(反恐援助倡议)的伙伴国家。根据《联合国全球反恐战略》关于“建立各国防止和打击恐怖主义的能力以及加强联合国系统在这方面的作用的措施”的第三支柱，反恐执行工作队认识到“所有国家的能力建设是全球反恐努力的核心要素”，[18] 它打算加强联合国系统内部的能力，以便应有关会员国请求帮助它们以综合方式实施《联合国全球反恐战略》的四大支柱。", "35. 特别报告员的国家访问提供了一个极好的机会，特别有助于在实施《全球反恐战略》关于“确保尊重所有人的人权和实行法治作为反恐斗争根基的措施”的第四支柱方面找出差距，使反恐执行工作队的人权实体能协助各自国家的政府全面实施《反恐战略》。如上所述，布基那法索，作为反恐援助倡议的试点伙伴国家之一已接受特别报告员关于邀请他进行国家访问的请求。特别报告员感谢布基纳法索政府的邀请并希望另一个试点伙伴国家尼日利亚政府也发出邀请。", "D. 合作", "36. 大会第65/221号决议欢迎安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会与促进和保护人权的相关机构之间在反恐斗争中建立持续对话，并鼓励安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会加强与相关人权机构，特别是与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员、人权理事会其他相关特别程序和机制以及相关条约机构之间的联系、合作与对话，同时在目前的反恐工作中适当考虑促进和保护人权及法治(第12段)。", "37. 人权理事会第15/15号决议请特别报告员与各国政府和所有相关行动者，包括联合国相关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，尤其是安全理事会反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局、反恐执行工作队、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处预防恐怖主义处和各条约机构，以及非政府组织和其他区域和次区域国际机构，定期开展对话并讨论可能的合作领域，同时尊重其任务范围，充分尊重上述机构各自的职权，并避免工作上的重叠(第2(f)段)。", "38. 特别报告员期待着执行这些决议的条款，关于与联合国有关机构的合作，他收到了安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会主席的支持信，很受鼓舞，根据安全理事会第1989(2011)号决议，第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会已被更名为安全理事会关于基地组织及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议所设委员会，特别报告员还收到反恐怖主义委员会执行局执行主任的支持信。特别报告员还希望像前任特别报告员与前安全理事会第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会合作那样，继续与安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设反恐怖主义委员会和安全理事会第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会合作。", "五. 结论和建议", "39. 由于特别报告员仅在2011年8月1日才承担这项任务，他利用本报告的机会初步概述了他执行任务时关切的领域，他还将提出这些方面的建议。", "40. 在借鉴和阐述他的前任编写的十大领域最佳实践汇编(见A/HRC/16/51)的同时，特别报告员打算确保对恐怖行为直接和间接受害者的权利和国家有义务对实际和潜在受害者履行的职责加以适当的注意。", "41. 此外，特别报告员在其任期内将通过促进和保护人权和履行人权法规定的义务重点解决防止恐怖主义的问题。", "42. 此外，特别报告员将想方设法访问反恐执行工作队“反恐综合援助倡议”的伙伴国家。还有，特别报告员打算继续与各国政府和所有相关行为者，包括与联合国相关机构、专门机构和计(规)划署，以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构进行合作。", "43. 特别报告员要强调的是，尽管本专题报告的重点除其他外针对恐怖行为受害者的权利，但是这方面的任务绝不是在确保国家调查、起诉和惩处涉嫌参与筹备、唆使或从事恐怖行为者时履行人权义务方面，降低其重要性。这些孪生必要条件是相辅相成的，形成了反恐举措中有效维护人权必不可少的双重支柱。特别报告员强调，这两套义务都是主要由国家承担的义务。国家在反恐战略的背景下采取合法行动的实质是在这两套义务之间实现公平和相称的平衡。虽然实现这种平衡首先是国家主管部门的事宜，但是它要接受国际监督。", "44. 特别报告员将协助监督，他将彻底审查国家实现平衡的方式，努力查明国家滥用恐怖行为受害者的困境作为采取过度或压制性执行行动的借口或作为侵犯人权的理由，对恐怖行为受害者造成进一步伤害的情况。", "[1] http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E。", "[2] http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E。", "[3] 经大会第62/272号和第64/297号决议重申的大会第60/288号决议。", "[4] 大会第60/288号决议，附件，第四节，起首部分。", "[5] 同上，附件，第一节，起首部分。", "[6] 见大会第60/1号决议，第89段。", "[7] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，序言部分第19段。", "[8] 见人权理事会第13/26号决议，第3段。", "[9] 见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Terrorism/Pages/Statements.aspx。", "[10] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第一节。", "[11] 见A/HRC/16/51，第25段。", "[12] 见大会第60/147号决议，附件。", "[13] 见http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Supporting%20Victims%20of%20 Terrorism.pdf。", "[14] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第3段。", "[15] 同上，附件，第四节，起首部分。", "[16] 同上，附件，第一节，起首部分。", "[17] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，序言部分第4段。", "[18] 见大会第60/288号决议，附件，第三节。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权及基本自由", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递反恐中注意增进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员本·埃默森根据大会第56/21号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议提交的报告。", "* A/66/150。", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是新任命的在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权及基本自由问题特别报告员向大会提交的第一份报告。 报告是根据大会第59/121号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议提交的。 简短的介绍(第三节)。 接下来是描述前任和现任特别报告员的活动(第二和三节)。", "1. 本特别报告员赞同一些初步想法,反映了他对其任务的解释以及他打算如何完成任务(第四节),并强调了一些结论和建议(第五节)。 他确定了属于这一任务范围的两个实质性领域,即恐怖主义受害者的权利以及预防恐怖主义,在任职期间,他希望进一步开展工作;并简要地讨论他如何利用他执行任务时可以利用的一些工具,例如今后的国家访问以及与各国政府和所有相关行为者,包括联合国有关机构的合作。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 前特别小组的活动3\n报告员: B. 本届特别会议的活动5\n报告员:四. 初步5\n报告员:\nB. 预防8\nC. 国家9\n访问\nD. Cooperation 10V.Conclusions 11 and\n建议", "一. 导言", "页: 1 1. 本报告是新任命的在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员向大会提交的第一份报告。 报告是根据大会第59/121号决议和人权理事会第15/15号决议提交的。 2. 本报告提供了本特别报告员的一些初步想法,反映了他对任务的解释以及他打算如何完成任务。", "2. 2011年6月17日,本·埃默森先生被人权理事会第十七届会议任命为在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权问题特别报告员,并于2011年8月1日就职。 理事会2010年10月7日第15/15号决议决定将在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员的任期延长三年。", "3. 。 前任特别报告员马丁·舍伊宁自向人权理事会提交上一次报告(第二节)以来所开展的工作报告之后,将介绍本特别报告员的活动(第三节)。 3. 在第四节中,本特别报告员初步讨论了他执行任务所关心的领域,第五节提出一些结论和建议。", "II. 前特别报告员的活动", "4. 第四届会议 前特别报告员参加了由反恐怖主义执行工作队在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组于2011年2月17日和18日在曼谷举行的关于确保被控犯有恐怖主义罪行的人获得公正审判原则的区域专家研讨会。 工作队由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处担任主席。", "5. 前特别报告员于2011年3月7日向人权理事会第十六届会议提交了年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)。 报告汇编了10个反恐最佳做法领域。 汇编是依据他近六年来所做工作进行的分析结果,其中涉及与多个利益攸关方进行各种形式的互动。 各国政府针对高级专员办事处关于特别报告员年度报告的调查问卷提交的书面材料全文载于该报告的增编(A/HRC/16/51/Add.4)。 他还就他的报告(A/HRC/16/51/Add.1)和他对突尼斯(A/HRC/16/51/Add.2)和秘鲁(A/HCR/16/51/Add.3和Corr.1)进行了互动对话。", "6. 根据人权理事会2010年10月1日第15/116号决定,前特别报告员于2011年3月11日作为专题讨论小组成员参加了讨论,讨论在采取行动处理劫持恐怖分子行为时的人权问题。", "7. 基本考虑 前特别报告员还作为发言者参加了分别于2011年3月8日和11日举行的两次会外活动,一次是关于建立世界人权法庭的进展情况,另一次是关于在预防恐怖主义方面遵守人权的行动层面。", "8.8 在2011年3月3日至11日期间,前任特别报告员在日内瓦与布基纳法索、吉布提、墨西哥、秘鲁、菲律宾、泰国和突尼斯大使以及尼日利亚和俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团的代表举行了会议。 他还会见了一些非政府组织的代表,并举行了一次新闻发布会。", "9 September 2005 5. 2011年4月15日,前特别报告员在美国众议院托姆·兰托斯人权委员会就北高加索人权和反恐问题举行听证会。", "10.10 2. 前任特别报告员于2011年4月19日在布鲁塞尔欧洲议会公民自由、司法和内政委员会就欧洲联盟反恐政策的主要成就和未来挑战举行听证会。", "注 前特别报告员参加了4月19日至21日在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的反恐怖主义委员会与国际、区域和次区域组织在欧洲委员会总部举行的关于防止恐怖主义的特别会议,会议由反恐怖主义委员会和欧洲委员会共同组织。", "12. 第12段。 反恐执行工作队于2011年5月12日和13日在美利坚合众国纽约州格林特里庄园举行了一次机构间会议,前任特别报告员出席了会议。", "13 August 2001 应突尼斯过渡政府的邀请,前任特别报告员于2011年5月22日至26日对该国进行了后续访问。 他与司法和人权部长、内政和地方发展部长、外交国务秘书、司法总检察长、为调查2010年12月17日以来的侵犯人权行为而设立的实况调查委员会主席、实现革命、政治改革和民主过渡目标高级理事会发言人、执法人员以及包括律师在内的民间社会代表进行了讨论。 前特别报告员还访问了Bouchoucha和Al Mornaguia监狱的拘留中心,在那里他私下约谈了涉嫌与恐怖主义有关的罪行的人员,并在访问结束时发表了一份新闻声明。 *** 本特别报告员将在2012年向人权理事会提交后续访问报告。", "十四、任 务 在人权理事会第十七届会议期间,前任特别报告员根据理事会2011年3月24日第16/116号决定,于2011年6月1日作为小组成员参加了关于恐怖主义受害者人权问题的讨论。", "15 前特别报告员出席了2011年6月27日至7月1日在日内瓦举行的人权理事会特别程序第十八次年度会议。2011年6月30日,他会见了布基纳法索大使。", "16. 2011年6月29日,前特别报告员在日内瓦举行了一次新闻发布会,讨论安全理事会第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议的人权方面,这两项决议都是在2011年6月17日根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的,根据《宪章》,塔利班和基地组织制裁制度彼此分离。 页: 1", "页: 1 B. 本特别报告员的活动", "17. 第17条。 3. 2011年8月8日,本特别报告员在伦敦与参与大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府设立的吉布吉斯调查的律师、非政府组织和议员举行会议,审查关于英国情报和安全局官员在主要与参与恐怖主义指控有关的审讯期间串通实施酷刑或不人道或有辱人格待遇的指控。 召集会议是为了解决调查职权范围和作业程序中存在的缺陷。 特别报告员随后收到了联合王国议会特赦问题委员会、相关非政府组织和代表受害人的律师就此问题提交的书面来文。 特别报告员正在与酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚问题特别报告员Juan Méndez合作,审议这些来文及其引起的问题。", "四、结 论 二、本特别报告员关注领域的初步概述", "第18条 特别报告员对他的前任马丁·舍伊宁的工作表示敬意。 他通过并打算以Scheininin先生在其提交人权理事会的2011年年度报告(A/HRC/16/51)中确定的10个最佳做法领域为基础。", "191 特别报告员要强调他在履行任务时关心的一些领域,包括恐怖主义受害者的权利(分节)。 A节,预防恐怖主义问题(分节)。 B)国家访问(分节)。 C)与各国政府和所有相关行为体,包括联合国有关机构、专门机构和方案以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构的合作(分节)。 页: 1", "A. 导 言 恐怖主义受害者的权利", "20.20 特别报告员希望强调,在其任期内,他致力于确保适当关注恐怖主义行为的直接和间接受害者的权利以及各国对实际和潜在受害者的义务。 打击恐怖主义的任何健全、可持续和全面的战略都需要承认恐怖行为受害者的痛苦。 在这方面,各国负有重要职责。 任何国家——实际上,其存在理由的关键组成部分——的首要义务是保护其公民和在其领土内和受其管辖的所有个人的生命,其中包括:有义务在国家权力的合法和适当行使范围内,以与保护人权相一致的方式,采取合理措施,防止实际和直接的生命危险发生;在明显指控这一主要积极义务被违反时,有义务进行彻底、独立和公正的调查;有义务调查恐怖主义行为的实施者,并将其绳之以法,而这种调查方式应符合保护人权的基本国际标准,防止受害者直接承担赔偿义务;", "21.21。 在支持恐怖主义受害者方面,各国也负有更广泛的义务,即便在有关当局在其合法和适当行使权力的范围内尽一切可能合理要求其采取行动,防止发生恐怖主义行为的情况下也是如此。 《联合国全球反恐战略》[3]强调,“必须促进和保护恐怖主义受害者的权利”[4],并将“一切形式和表现的恐怖主义受害者的非人性化”确定为有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件之一。 [5] 2005年世界首脑会议成果文件强调,“必须援助恐怖主义受害者,并向他们及其家属提供支持,以应付他们的损失和悲痛”。 [6] 安全理事会在第1963(2010)号决议中,“(e) 表示对恐怖主义受害者及其家属的深切声援”,强调“必须援助恐怖主义受害者,并向他们及其家属提供支助,以应付其损失和悲痛”,同时确认“受害者和幸存者网络在打击恐怖主义,包括勇敢地反对暴力和极端主义意识形态方面发挥的重要作用”,并在这方面欢迎并鼓励“会员国和联合国系统,包括反恐怖主义执行工作队(反恐工作队)”在这方面所作的努力和活动。 [7] 人权 安理会第13/26号决议对恐怖主义给受害者及其家属造成的痛苦深表遗憾,并表示(d) 深切声援他们,并强调向他们提供适当援助的重要性。 页: 1", "第22章 恐怖主义受害者的非人化可采取各种形式,包括将其减少到仅仅借口,说明违反人权的国家采取更严厉的反恐措施的理由。 特别报告员赞同他的前任在人权理事会关于恐怖主义受害者人权问题的小组讨论时所作的发言,即各国政府:", "“可公开声明侵犯人权和恐怖主义受害者人权的行为,与“恐怖分子的人权”相比是一个优先事项。 这种言论往往只是空谈,诉诸这些言论的政府未能解决恐怖主义受害者的权利和关切。 ......[9]", "23. 会议报告。 特别报告员认为,必须把保护恐怖主义受害者的权利视为一种真正的法律责任,主要在于国家,而不是被错误地用作侵犯恐怖主义嫌疑人人权的借口,采取紧急措施,施加过度和不成比例的行政权力,或采取其他基本政治行动,当他认为保护恐怖主义受害者权利的义务被用作压制性国家行动的手段时,国家必须对此承担责任,而这种行动不符合调查、审判和惩处被指控参与策划、教唆或实施恐怖主义行为的人的国际标准。", "24. 第24段。 虽然《联合国全球反恐战略》只承诺“考虑自愿建立国家援助制度,促进恐怖主义受害者及其家属的需要,促进其生活正常化”,但特别报告员认为,各国负有向恐怖主义受害者及其家人提供这种援助的国际人权义务。 然而,他认为,这项义务超出了这一义务,包括但不限于:防止恐怖主义行为的责任;如果发生此类行为,则有义务进行适当调查,公开披露真相,并将肇事者绳之以法;有义务调查任何指控,即国家当局在合法和适当行使权力时,采取合理步骤,防止恐怖主义行为;对恐怖主义受害者给予法律承认;提供金钱赔偿,包括精神损害赔偿;康复;提供保健和心理社会及法律援助;确保一个安全的环境,让流离失所者返回或尽可能地得到康复;提供道义上的支持,作为手段,提供社区支持;", "258. 国家一级的赔偿计划应遵循某些原则,其中一些原则以下文为例列出。 赔偿计划应旨在全面恢复国家反恐措施受害者和恐怖行为受害者的个人和集体赔偿,并采用参与性办法。 国家赔偿机制必须独立,提供充足、有效和迅速的赔偿,包括便于利用和顾及性别因素。 赔偿永远不能替代将肇事者绳之以法或根据适用的国际人权义务披露真相。 各国还可以选择向支持恐怖主义受害者的组织提供财政援助,以履行其对恐怖主义受害者的国际义务。 另一方面,特别报告员还将监测对受害人支助组织工作的阻碍,例如,在“物质支持”的框架下,过于宽泛的刑事规定可能会妨碍这些组织的努力。", "262. 报 告 特别报告员将着重研究恐怖主义受害者的状况,进一步研究这一问题,同时继续本着建设性和公开对话的精神,责成各国政府在反恐中应对其他侵犯人权行为负责。", "。 特别报告员认为,其前任向人权理事会提交的关于打击恐怖主义最佳做法的10个领域的报告[11]所载的关于向受害者提供赔偿和援助的示范条款,以及《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害者获得补救和赔偿的权利的基本原则和导则》[12]提供了有用的标准和指导,包括关于最佳做法的标准和指导。", "第28次会议 特别报告员受到各国和各国际组织为将恐怖主义受害者的困境列入议程和促进以人权为基础的办法解决这一问题而采取的主动行动的启发,包括2008年9月9日秘书长主办的关于支持恐怖主义受害者问题的专题讨论会;[13]2010年关于支持恐怖主义犯罪受害者的最佳做法的讲习班,该讲习班由国际犯罪学高级研究所和反恐怖主义执行工作队共同组织;该工作队设立了一个专门支助和突出恐怖主义受害者工作组;6月1日在意大利锡拉库萨举行了关于支持恐怖主义罪行和相关罪行受害者最佳做法的研究;116 大会根据人权理事会第19/8号决议,建议国际受害者人权纪念日。", "B. 预防恐怖主义", "29. 。 特别报告员在其任期内希望侧重的另一个实质性问题是防止恐怖主义。 现在人们广泛认为,通过促进和保护根据国际人权法应履行的义务所赋予的所有人权,会员国也积极防止恐怖主义,处理有利于恐怖主义的条件,尽管特别报告员认为,显然,这些条件都无法为恐怖主义行为辩解或辩解。 《全球反恐战略》明确将人权置于反恐斗争的中心位置,并强调:(a) 采取反恐措施必须符合国际人权法;(b) 尊重所有人的所有人权和法治是反恐斗争的基础,对《战略》的所有组成部分都至关重要;(c) 剥夺人权和法治本身可能创造有利于恐怖主义的条件。 [16] 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议不仅赞同《战略》第一支柱,该支柱重申,侵犯人权是助长恐怖主义蔓延的条件之一,而且通过采用积极的措辞,进一步向前迈进。 安理会在一项决议中首次认识到,恐怖主义不会仅仅被军事力量、执法措施和情报行动所击败,并特别强调需要加强对人权和基本自由的保护。 [17]", "30. 。 在这方面,特别报告员相信,通过加深对忽视人权与造成个人作出错误选择的实际或感觉的不满之间的联系的理解,能够更有效地处理有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件。 尊重所有人权——公民、文化、经济、政治和社会——与预防恐怖主义之间的相互关系值得进一步关注。 审查这一联系有可能帮助会员国制定有效的政策,防止恐怖主义,同时尊重和遵守人权义务。 在上述2011年4月反恐怖主义委员会与国际、区域和次区域组织在斯特拉斯堡欧洲理事会总部举行的关于防止恐怖主义的特别会议议程中,人权占有突出地位,这是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。", "313. 2. 上述两个实质性领域具有重大意义,绝不应视为详尽无遗的重点领域。 特别报告员将在任务范围内处理一切其他问题。", "C. 国家访问", "323 在计划进行的国别访问方面,特别报告员在2011年期间收到了访问布基纳法索的邀请。 智利政府表示,可以在2012年进行一次国别访问。", "336. 阿尔及利亚、马来西亚、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、菲律宾、俄罗斯联邦和泰国提出了访问请求。 埃及政府在与人权理事会和前特别报告员的互动对话中,于2011年3月7日指出,埃及从前特别报告员2009年4月访问开罗期间进行的详细讨论中受益,埃及政府保证,一旦埃及政治和政府组织目前的过渡阶段完成,将认真和积极地审查第二次访问的请求以及特别程序任务下的其他要求。", "343. 事实和争论 在所设想的国别访问方面,特别报告员强调,他同他的前任一样,在请求各国政府访问时,将继续适当注意反恐怖主义执行工作队的反恐综合援助倡议的伙伴国。 根据《联合国全球反恐战略》关于“采取措施建设各国预防和打击恐怖主义的能力,加强联合国系统在这方面的作用”的第三支柱,以及“所有国家的能力建设是全球反恐努力的核心内容”的确认,[18]工作队的目标是加强联合国系统内部的能力,根据有关会员国的请求,帮助它们以综合的方式执行《联合国全球反恐战略》。", "353. 特别报告员的国家访问提供了极好的机会,尤其有助于查明在执行《全球反恐战略》关于“确保尊重所有人的人权和法治作为反恐斗争基本基础的措施”的第四支柱方面可能存在的差距,并使工作队人权实体能够协助各自政府全面执行该战略。 正如指出的,布基纳法索作为“I-ACT”倡议的试点伙伴国之一,接受了特别报告员关于邀请访问该国的请求。 特别报告员感谢布基纳法索政府的邀请,并希望尼日利亚政府作为另一个试点伙伴国也将发出邀请。", "D. 合作", "363. 。 1. 大会在第55/121号决议中欢迎安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会与促进和保护人权的有关机构之间在反恐斗争中不断进行的对话,鼓励安全理事会及其反恐怖主义委员会加强与相关人权机构的联系、合作和对话,特别是与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、在打击恐怖主义的同时促进和保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员、人权理事会其他相关特别程序和机制以及相关条约机构的联系、合作和对话,同时在反恐工作中适当注意促进和保护人权和法治(第12段)。", "378 1. 人权理事会在第15/15号决议中,请特别报告员与各国政府和所有相关行为体,包括联合国有关机构、专门机构和方案,开展定期对话,并讨论可能的合作领域,除其他外,与安全理事会反恐怖主义委员会,包括其执行局、反恐怖主义执行工作队、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处和条约机构以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构合作,同时尊重其任务范围,充分尊重上述机构各自的任务规定,避免工作重复(第2段)。", "页: 1 特别报告员期待执行这些决议的规定,并在与联合国相关机构合作方面,对安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会主席和反恐怖主义委员会执行局执行主任致信的支持感到鼓舞,这些信函已根据安全理事会第1267(1999)号和第1989(2011)号决议,转变成安全理事会委员会。 特别报告员还希望继续与安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会和第1988(2011)号决议所设委员会合作,前者是与安全理事会第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会合作完成的。", "页: 1 结论和建议", "39 由于特别报告员仅于2011年8月1日就职,他在本报告中有机会根据他执行任务的情况初步概述他感兴趣的领域,他将就此提出建议。", "404 在汇编其前任编写的10个最佳做法领域(见A/HRC/16/51)时,特别报告员打算确保适当关注恐怖主义行为的直接和间接受害者的权利,以及各国必须履行的实际和潜在受害者的义务。", "41 此外,特别报告员在任期内将重点放在通过、促进和保护人权以及履行人权法义务预防恐怖主义问题上。", "42 此外,特别报告员试图访问反恐怖主义执行工作队的“反恐综合援助”倡议的合作伙伴国。 此外,特别报告员打算继续与各国政府和所有相关行为者,包括联合国有关机构、专门机构和方案以及非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构合作。", "434 特别报告员希望强调,虽然本专题报告主要侧重于恐怖主义受害者的权利,但这项任务的这一方面绝不会削弱确保各国履行其在调查、起诉和惩处被指控参与策划、教唆或实施恐怖主义行为的人方面的人权义务的重要性。 这些双重必要性是相辅相成的,是维护有效符合人权的反恐举措所必不可少的双重支柱。 特别报告员强调,这两套义务都主要涉及国家。 在反恐战略方面,国家合法行动的实质在于实现两套职责之间的公平和相称平衡。 实现这一平衡首先是国家当局的问题,但受到国际监督。", "444 特别报告员将仔细审查各国实现这一平衡的方式,并设法查明哪些情况,即国家把其困境作为过度或压制性行政行动的借口,或作为侵犯人权的理由,对恐怖主义受害者造成进一步伤害。", "http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11066&LangID=E。", "http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11191&LangID=E。", "[3] 大会第60/288号决议,并经大会第62/272和64/297号决议重申。", "[4] 大会第60/288号决议,附件,第三节。 页: 1", "[5] 同上,附件,第二节。 页: 1", "[6] 见大会第60/1号决议,第12段。 89", "[7] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议,序言部分第19段。", "见人权理事会第13/26号决议,第8段。 3. 。", "[9] 见http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/terrorism/Pages/Statements.aspx。", "[10] 见大会第60/288号决议,附件,第三节。 页: 1", "[11] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 25.", "[12] 大会第60/147号决议,附件。", "[13] See See See http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/UN%20Report%20on%20Supporting%20Victims%20of% 20terrorism.pdf。", "[14] 见大会第60/288号决议,附件,第12段。 3. 。", "[15] 同上,附件,第二节。 页: 1", "[16] 同上,附件,第二节。 页: 1", "[17] 见安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议,序言部分第4段。", "[18] 见大会第60/288号决议,附件,第三节。 页: 1" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 43 \n Question of Cyprus", "Letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 12 August 2011, addressed to you by Mr. Sertaç Güven, Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see annex).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ertuğrul Apakan Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 15 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Turkey to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to convey herewith a copy of the letter dated 11 August 2011 addressed to you by His Excellency Dr. Derviş Eroğlu, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (see enclosure).", "I would be grateful if the text of the present letter and its enclosure could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 43, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Sertaç Güven Chargé d’affaires a.i. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", "Enclosure", "You must no doubt be aware of the recent official statements by the Greek Cypriot side announcing that drilling for underwater natural resource exploration to the south of the island will commence at the beginning of October. In this connection, I would like to bring the following to your kind attention.", "At the outset, I wish to reiterate that the Greek Cypriot administration, which purports to be the “Government of the Republic of Cyprus”, has no legal or moral right to represent or act on behalf of the Turkish Cypriot people or the whole island. This also extends, inter alia, to the signing, by the Greek Cypriot administration, of bilateral agreements with the countries of the region, particularly agreements related to sovereignty, such as the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas or exclusive economic zones and conducting oil/natural gas exploration activities in the eastern Mediterranean before the settlement of the Cyprus issue.", "As the politically equal co-founding partner of the 1960 Republic of Cyprus, destroyed by the Greek Cypriots in the name of union with Greece, the Turkish Cypriots, who will again be the political equal of the Greek Cypriots in any future comprehensive settlement, certainly have an equal right and say on the natural resources of Cyprus, including in sea areas of the island. It is also an established understanding in the negotiations, including the current process, that issues related to the delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas of the island of Cyprus will be left to the discretion of the new partnership government, where Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots will share power on the basis of political equality.", "It will be recalled that the attempts by the Greek Cypriot administration to create a fait accompli in the eastern Mediterranean through unilateral acts such as delimitation of maritime jurisdiction areas and the conducting of oil/natural gas exploration activities have already been brought to your attention through our repeated representations. As is known, the Greek Cypriot administration signed maritime delimitation agreements with Egypt as early as 2003, with Lebanon in 2007 and with Israel on 17 December 2010, to which both the Turkish Cypriot side and Turkey have registered their objections with the United Nations.", "It has also been put on record that, in accordance with international law, the Greek Cypriot administration has no right to conclude bilateral agreements to delimit maritime jurisdiction zones, or to conduct exploratory surveys or drilling activities in the eastern Mediterranean. As known, the delimitation of the continental shelf or the exclusive economic zone in a semi-enclosed sea, such as the eastern Mediterranean, can only be effected by the agreement of all parties and taking into account the rights and interests of all concerned under international law.", "In spite of the foregoing, our legitimate objections and warnings have gone unheeded and the Greek Cypriot administration has continued its unilateral acts, violating the legitimate rights of the Turkish Cypriot people, challenging neighbouring countries’ maritime jurisdiction areas and, thus, threatening to undermine stability in the eastern Mediterranean.", "The latest announcement by the Greek Cypriot administration to the effect that drilling for natural resource exploration to the south of the island is scheduled to start in October 2011 has taken the Greek Cypriot provocations in this respect to a new and dangerous level. At a time when negotiations are continuing to determine the future of the island together, such unilateral acts, apart from escalating tension, have a serious negative impact on the ongoing process, adversely affecting the atmosphere between the two negotiating parties. I am sure you will agree that the timing of this act is particularly unfortunate, as it coincides with a critical, perhaps even decisive, phase of the negotiations, as we prepare for the tripartite meeting in October under your auspices. What is more, exploration and exploitation of offshore hydrocarbon resources by the Greek Cypriot administration cannot be simply viewed or presented as mere economic activities amid the current negotiation process, since such activities have the potential to fundamentally change the parameters on the ground and destroy the existing window of opportunity for a comprehensive solution.", "I wish to reiterate that the recent provocative actions and statements of the Greek Cypriot side are casting serious doubts on its sincerity to negotiate and conclude a comprehensive settlement in the foreseeable future. I hope that the international community, in awareness of the above, uses its influence to convince the Greek Cypriot side to cease its unilateral activities regarding the natural resources of the island until the achievement of a mutually agreed settlement on the island and to adopt a more constructive attitude. Moving contrary to this path will serve no other purpose than increasing tension and damaging prospects for a settlement.", "As the Turkish Cypriot side, we are determined to continue our constructive stance and to direct all our efforts towards concluding the present negotiating process with a mutually acceptable comprehensive settlement. I sincerely believe that a final solution of the Cyprus question is within our reach under your mission of good offices if the Greek Cypriot side decides to reciprocate in the same spirit, instead of engaging in activity that is not compatible with this objective.", "(Signed) Derviş Eroğlu President" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目43", "塞浦路斯问题", "2011年8月15日土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月12日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国临时代办塞尔塔奇·居文先生给你的信(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43项下以及安理会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "埃尔图鲁尔·阿帕坎(签名)", "2011年8月15日土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信附件", "谨随函转递2011年8月11日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国总统德尔维什·埃罗格卢博士阁下给你的信(见附文)。", "请将本函及其附文作为大会议程项目43项下以及安理会的文件分发为荷。", "北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国", "临时代办", "塞尔塔克·居文(签名)", "附文", "你必然已经获悉希族塞人方面最近的官方声明，其中宣布塞浦路斯岛南部的水下自然资源钻探工作将在十月初开始。对此，我谨提请你注意以下情况。", "首先我愿重申，自称为“塞浦路斯共和国政府”的希族塞人行政当局没有任何法律或道义权利来代表或以土族塞人或整个塞浦路斯岛的名义采取行动。这一观点除其他外也适用于希族塞人行政当局同该区域国家签署的双边协定，特别是那些与主权有关的协定，诸如在塞浦路斯问题得到解决以前划定海洋管辖区或专属经济区的界限，以及在地中海东部开展石油/天然气勘探活动。", "土族塞人作为被希族塞人以同希腊合并的名义毁掉的1960年塞浦路斯共和国政治上平等的共同缔造伙伴，在未来任何全面解决方案中将再次成为希族塞人的政治平等方，在包括塞浦路斯岛海域在内的塞浦路斯自然资源问题上当然有平等的权利和发言权。包括目前进程在内的历次谈判中还有一项既定理解，即同划定塞浦路斯岛海洋管辖区界限有关的问题将留给土族塞人和希族塞人在政治平等基础上分享权力的新伙伴关系政府酌情处理。", "在此回顾，我们已通过反复交涉提请你注意，希族塞人行政当局试图通过划定海洋管辖区的界限以及开展石油/天然气勘探活动等单方面行为，在地中海东部造成一个“既成事实”。众所周知，希族塞人行政当局早在2003年就同埃及签署了海上划界协定，2007年同黎巴嫩签署了协定，2010年12月17日同以色列签署了协定。对此，土族塞人方面和土耳其均向联合国表达了反对立场。", "已经表明的意见还有，根据国际法，希族塞人行政当局无权缔结双边协定划定海洋管辖区，或者在地中海东部进行勘查或钻探活动。众所周知，在地中海东部这样一个半封闭海域划定大陆架或专属经济区的界限，只有经所有各方同意才能实施，并要考虑到国际法规定的所有有关方的权利和利益。", "尽管我们已表明上述立场，但希族塞人行政当局对我们的正当反对意见和警告置若罔闻，继续其单方面行为，侵犯土族塞人的正当权利，挑战邻国的海洋管辖区，从而有可能破坏地中海东部的稳定。", "希族塞人行政当局最近宣布，塞浦路斯岛南部自然资源钻探工作定于2011年10月开始，这样，希族塞人在这方面的挑衅行为上升到一个新的、危险水平。当前，确定整个岛屿未来的谈判正在继续进行，这种单方面行为除了导致紧张局势进一步升级以外，还对正在持续的进程造成严重消极影响，对谈判双方之间的气氛产生不利影响。我相信你也认为这一行为的时机特别不利，因为同这一行为巧合的是，我们正在为10月份由你主持的三方会议做准备，各项谈判正处于一个关键、甚至也许起到决定作用的阶段。更重要的是，在目前的谈判进程中，希族塞人行政当局勘探和开采离岸碳氢化合物资源的行为不能简单视为或说成是单纯的经济活动，因为此类活动有可能从根本上改变当地的局面，破坏现有的实现全面解决的机会。", "我谨重申，希族塞人方面最近的挑衅行动和声明，使人们对其在可预见的未来谈判达成一项全面解决方案的诚意产生严重怀疑。我希望国际社会在了解到上述情况以后，利用其影响力说服希族塞人方面停止其就岛屿的自然资源开展的单方面活动，直到达成双方商定的关于塞浦路斯岛的解决办法以及采取更具建设性的态度。任何背离这一途径的行为都只能加剧紧张局势，破坏解决问题的前景。", "我们作为土族塞人方面，决心继续采取建设性的立场，致力于完成目前的谈判进程，达成一个双方都能接受的全面解决办法。我真诚相信，如果希族塞人方面决定以同样的精神投桃报李，而不开展与这一目标不相符的活动，塞浦路斯问题在你斡旋下是可以实现最终解决的。", "总统", "德尔维什·埃罗格卢(签名)" ]

[ "议程项目43\n塞浦路斯问题", "2011年8月15日土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月12日北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国临时代办Sertaç Güven先生给你的信(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "谨随函转递北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国总统德里维什·埃罗格卢博士阁下2011年8月11日给你的信(见附文)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目43的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "北塞浦路斯土耳其共和国", "附文", "毫无疑问,你必须知道希族塞人方面最近正式声明,宣布10月初开始钻探该岛南部的水下自然资源。 在这方面,我要提请你注意以下几点。", "首先,我要重申,所谓“塞浦路斯共和国政府”的希族塞人行政当局没有任何法律或道义权利代表土族塞人或整个岛屿行事。 除其他外,这还包括希族塞人行政当局与该区域各国签署双边协定,特别是与主权有关的协定,如划定海洋管辖区或专属经济区,并在塞浦路斯问题解决之前在东地中海开展石油/天然气勘探活动。", "作为1960年塞浦路斯共和国政治上平等的共同创造伙伴,希族塞人以与希腊的联盟的名义予以摧毁,土族塞人今后在任何全面解决方案中再次成为希族塞人的政治平等者,在塞浦路斯的自然资源方面,包括在该岛的海域,当然享有平等权利和发言权。 谈判,包括目前进程,也有一个既定谅解,即与塞浦路斯岛海洋管辖区划界有关的问题将由新的伙伴关系政府酌情处理,土族塞人和希族塞人将在政治平等的基础上分享权力。", "可以回顾,希族塞人行政当局试图通过划定海洋管辖区和开展石油/天然气勘探活动等单方面行动,在东地中海制造既成事实,这一点已通过我们一再的表述提请你注意。 众所周知,希族塞人行政当局早在2003年就与埃及签署了海洋划界协定,于2007年与黎巴嫩签署了协定,并于2010年12月17日与以色列签署了协定,土族塞人一方和土耳其均在联合国登记反对。", "还记录在案的是,根据国际法,希族塞人行政当局无权缔结双边协定,划定海洋管辖区,或在东地中海进行勘探勘测或钻探活动。 众所周知,大陆架或半封闭海(如东地中海)专属经济区的划界只能由所有各方商定,并顾及国际法规定的有关各方的权利和利益。", "尽管如此,我们的合法反对和警告都没有受到注意,希族塞人行政当局继续采取单方面行动,侵犯土族塞人的合法权利,挑战邻国的海洋管辖区,从而威胁破坏东地中海的稳定。", "希族塞人行政当局最近宣布,计划在2011年10月开始开采该岛南部的自然资源,这引起了希族塞人在这方面新的危险程度的挑衅。 在谈判继续共同确定该岛的未来之际,这种单方面行动,除了加剧的紧张局势之外,对正在进行的进程产生了严重的负面影响,对双方的氛围产生了不利影响。 我相信,你会同意,这一行为的时机特别不幸,因为它恰逢我们筹备在你主持下于10月份举行的三方会议时,谈判的一个关键甚至决定性阶段。 此外,在目前的谈判进程中,希族塞人行政当局勘探和开采近海碳资源不能简单地视为或仅仅被视为经济活动,因为这种活动有可能从根本上改变实地的参数,破坏全面解决的现有机会之窗。", "我谨重申,希族塞人方面最近采取的挑衅行动和言论令人严重怀疑,因为它在可预见的未来谈判和达成全面解决的诚意。 我希望,国际社会认识到上述情况,利用其影响力,说服希族塞人一方停止关于该岛自然资源的单方面活动,直至达成双方商定的解决,并采取更具建设性的态度。 与这条道路相反,除了增加紧张和破坏性解决前景之外,不会有其他目的。", "作为土族塞人一方,我们决心继续我们的建设性立场,并指导我们为以相互可以接受的全面解决办法结束目前的谈判进程所作的一切努力。 我真诚地认为,如果希族塞人一方决定本着同样的精神作出回报,而不是从事与这一目标不符的活动,那么塞浦路斯问题的最终解决办法就在你斡旋任务之下。", "德里维什·埃罗格卢(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Sudan to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council", "It gives me great pleasure to inform you that the Minister of Justice of the Republic of the Sudan has issued a decree, on 16 August 2011, establishing a committee to assess the human rights situation as well as compliance with the international humanitarian law in South Kordofan in the wake of the recent incidents triggered by the Sudan People’s Liberation Army after the failure of their candidate to win the post of governor of the state last May.", "The committee comprises all the relevant Ministries and Government bodies, under the chairmanship of the rapporteur of the consultative council of human rights.", "The decree authorizes the committee to collect information and documents and verify them; visit camps of displaced persons and conduct interviews with the residents; and seek the views of local authorities and citizens.", "The decree also made it possible for the committee to seek the assistance of whoever it deems appropriate to carry out its assignment and to submit its report within two weeks of the date of commencing its work.", "Having brought this matter to your kind attention, I request that the present letter be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Daffa-Alla Elhag Ali Osman Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "谨向你通报，在今年5月苏丹人民解放军(苏丹解放军)候选人未能赢得南科尔多州州长一职后苏丹解放军最近发动了多起事件，致使苏丹共和国司法部长2011年8月16日颁布了一项法令，成立委员会，负责评估南科尔多凡州的人权状况和遵守国际人道主义法的情况。", "该委员会包括所有相关部委和政府机构，由人权协商理事会报告员担任主席。", "该法令授权委员会收集信息和文件并进行核证；访问流离失所者营地并与居民进行访谈及听取地方当局和公民的意见。", "该法令还允许委员会执行任务时酌情寻求援助，并在工作开始后两周内提交报告。", "谨提请你注意这一事项并将本函作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "达法-阿拉·哈吉·阿里·奥斯曼(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月17日苏丹常驻联合国代表给安全理事会主席的信", "我非常高兴地告诉你,苏丹共和国司法部长于2011年8月16日发布一项法令,成立委员会,评估南科尔多凡州的人权状况和遵守国际人道主义法的情况,这是继苏丹人民解放军候选人于去年5月未能赢得国家州长职务之后最近发生的事件之后发生的。", "该委员会由所有有关部委和政府机构组成,由人权协商委员会报告员担任主席。", "该法令授权该委员会收集资料和文件并核实这些文件;访问流离失所者营地并与居民面谈;征求地方当局和公民的意见。", "该法令还使委员会得以寻求其认为适当的任何人的援助,以执行其任务,并在开始工作之日起两周内提交报告。", "请将本函作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表" ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. The Secretary-General has the honour to circulate, in accordance with rule 21 of the rules of procedure for United Nations pledging conferences, a statement of contributions pledged or paid at the 2010 United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities for 2011, as at 30 June 2011 (see annexes). Contributions were made to the following funds and programmes:", "Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights)", "Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries", "Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance", "Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs)", "Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia", "United Nations Capital Development Fund", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund", "United Nations Development Programme", "United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women", "United Nations Environment Programme", "United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation", "United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "United Nations Institute for Training and Research", "United Nations Population Fund", "United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations", "United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture", "United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability", "United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery", "United Nations Volunteers", "United Nations Youth Fund", "2. Contributions other than those to the funds and programmes listed above were pledged to:", "Central Emergency Response Fund", "Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States", "3. The Conference heard the announcement of pledges by a number of Governments to one or more programmes and funds, and took note of the fact that several Governments were not in a position to announce their contributions but proposed to communicate their announcement of such contributions to the Secretary-General as soon as they were in a position to do so after the close of the Conference.", "Annex I", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Thailand United States 30 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex II", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (formerly Trust Fund for Support of the Activities of the Centre for Human Rights) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(c) Euro 20 000.00 28 860.03", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of payment.", "^(b) Pledge was made towards the Project for the Optional Protocol of the Convention against Torture.", "^(c) Paid.", "Annex III", "Cumulative contributions to the Perez-Guerrero Trust Fund for Economic and Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries^(a) as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions paid", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \n Algeria 2 000.00 June 1999 \n 10 000.00 April 2004 \n 10 000.00 January 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2005 \n 10 000.00 December 2006 \n 10 000.00 February 2008 \n 10 000.00 January 2009 \n\t10 000.00\tDecember 2009\t72000.00\n Antigua and Barbuda 5 000.00 January 2008 \n\t5000.00^(b)\tNovember 2008\t\n\t5 000.00\tOctober 2009\t15000.00\nArgentina\t5 000.00\tFebruary 2011\t5000.00\n Brazil 2 000.00 March 2004 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2006\t22000.00\n Cameroon 4 514.67 July 2009 \n\t4 461.00\tAugust 2009\t8975.67\nChile\t5 000.00\tNovember 2009\t5000.00\n China 2 000.00 February 2000 \n 20 000.00 July 2007 \n 20 000.00 December 2008 \n 20 000.00 June 2009 \n 20 000.00 July 2010 \n\t20 000.00\tJune 2011\t102000.00\n Cyprus 2 000.00 March 1999 \n 3 000.00 January 2002 \n\t2 775.00\tMay 2003\t7775.00\nDemocratic People’sRepublic of Korea\t2 000.00\tFebruary 1999\t\n 2 000.00 May 2000 \n 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 February 2002 \n 2 000.00 December 2003 \n 2 000.00 October 2004 \n\t2 000.00\tJune 2005\t14000.00\n Egypt 2 000.00 March 2001 \n 2 000.00 September 2002 \n\t10 000.00\tFebruary 2010\t14000.00\nIndia\t2 000.00\tAugust 1999\t2000.00\n Indonesia 2 000.00 March 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tMarch 2010\t7000.00\n Iran (Islamic Republic of) 3 000.00 January 1999 \n\t10000.00^(c)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10000.00^(d)\tFebruary 2005\t\n\t10 000.00\tJuly 2007\t33000.00\nJamaica\t1 000.00\tApril 2009\t1000.00\n Kuwait 3 000.00 April 2003 \n\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2011\t8000.00\nLebanon\t2 000.00\tOctober 2009\t2000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tMay 2010\t1000.00\nMalaysia\t2 000.00\tMay 1999\t2000.00\n Mauritius 500.00 December 1997 500.00 \nNamibia\t1 000.00\tJanuary 2005\t1000.00\n Pakistan 1 000.00 April 1998 \n\t5 000.00\tJune 2006\t6000.00\nPeru\t2 000.00\tAugust 2000\t2000.00\n Philippines 1 500.00 September 1999 \n\t1 500.00\tAugust 2006\t3000.00\n Qatar 10 000.00 January 2004 \n 10 000.00 May 2009 \n\t20 000.00\tMay 2010\t40000.00\n Singapore 2 000.00 December 1998 \n 2 000.00 September 2001 \n 2 000.00 April 2006 \n\t2 000.00\tDecember 2010\t8000.00\n South Africa 3 000.00 August 2001 \n 6 765.90 September 2003 \n 8 187.73 March 2005 \n 8 016.03 December 2006 \n 6 666.67 April 2007 \n 7 645.15 January 2008 \n 5 888.54 February 2009 \n 7 822.00 February 2010 \n\t9 179.83\tFebruary 2011\t63171.85\nSudan\t10 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10000.00\nSuriname\t1 500.00\tNovember 2007\t1500.00\n Thailand 2 000.00 May 1999 \n 2 289.90 April 2002 \n\t2 000.00\tFebruary 2004\t6289.90\n Trinidad and Tobago 4 130.07 August 2006 \n 2 000.00 March 2007 \n 2 000.00 September 2009 \n\t2 000.00\tJanuary 2010\t10130.07\nUnited Republic ofTanzania\t5 000.00\tJanuary 2002\t5000.00\n Uruguay 5 000.00 November 2007 \n\t5 000.00\tMay 2009\t10000.00\nVenezuela (BolivarianRepublic of)\t1 000000.00\tSeptember 2004\t\n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 September 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 November 2004 \n 5 000.00 May 2005 \n 10 000.00 October 2006 \n\t10 000.00\tOctober 2007\t1 045000.00\nViet Nam\t2 000.00\tJune 2001\t2000.00\nTotal 1 535342.40", "B. Contributions pledged", "(In United States dollars)", "Country Amount Date Total \nLao People’s DemocraticRepublic\t1 000.00\tDecember 2009\t1000.00\nMadagascar\t1 000.00\tNovember 2005\t1000.00\nSenegal\t10 000.00\tSeptember 2005\t10000.00\nZimbabwe\t1 000.00\tDecember 2006\t1000.00\nTotal 13000.00", "C. Contributions by international organizations", "(In United States dollars)", "Organization Amount Date Total \nInternational Fund forAgricultural Development\t100000.00\tAugust 2007\t\n\t100000.00\tOctober 2009\t200000.00\nTotal 200000.00", "^(a) Pursuant to the provisions contained in para. 58 of the declaration adopted by the twentieth annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 27 September 1996) as well as the decision contained in para. 47 of the declaration adopted by the twenty-seventh annual meeting of Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Group of 77 (New York, 25 September 2003).", "^(b) Represents contribution for 2009.", "^(c) Represents contribution for 2004.", "^(d) Represents contribution for 2005.", "Annex IV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief Assistance for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex V", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for Strengthening the Office of the Emergency Relief Coordinator (formerly Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Monaco^(b) Euro 40 000.00 53 426.40", "Singapore United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex VI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund for the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Symposia for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Indonesia United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex VII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Capital Development Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Andorra United States 27 000.00 dollar", "Austria Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Belgium Euro 2 200 000.00 3 147 353.00", "Bhutan Ngultrum 181 800.00 3 995.00", "China United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein Swiss franc 60 000.00 63 091.00", "Luxembourg Euro 900 000.00 1 267 606.00", "Norway Norwegian kroner 15 000 000.00 2 750 779.00", "Spain Euro 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 35 000 000.00 5 416 280.00", "Thailand United States 2 500.00 dollar", "United States of United States 1 000 000.00 America dollar", "Total 15 669 834.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex VIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Children’s Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Regular resource Local cost Total", "Afghanistan 1 000.00 1 000.00", "Andorra 28 128.00 28 128.00", "Argentina 25 000.00 25 000.00", "Austria 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "Bangladesh 34 500.00 34 500.00", "Barbados 4 000.00 4 000.00", "Belgium 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "Bhutan 15 435.00 15 435.00", "Burundi 807.75 807.75", "Canada 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "Chile 70 000.00 70 000.00", "China 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "Costa Rica 6 011.91 6 011.91", "Denmark 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "Estonia 48 820.87 48 820.87", "Finland 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "France 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "Germany 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "Honduras 30 005.78 30 005.78", "Hungary 135 250.00 135 250.00", "Iceland 688 248.90 688 248.90", "Ireland 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "Israel 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Italy 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "Japan 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "Kuwait 200 000.00 200 000.00", "Lesotho 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Liechtenstein 54 230.00 54 230.00", "Luxembourg 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "Malaysia 284 000.00 284 000.00", "Mexico 214 000.00 214 000.00", "Monaco 10 685.28 10 685.28", "Montenegro 5000.00 5000.00", "Morocco 84 309.12 84 309.12", "Myanmar 72.79 320.31 393.10", "Netherlands 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "New Zealand 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "Nicaragua 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Norway 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "Pakistan 35 700.00 35 700.00", "Panama 26 750.00 26 750.00", "Philippines 28 168.45 28 168.45", "Portugal 300 000.00 300 000.00", "Qatar 100 000.00 100 000.00", "Republic of Korea 3 000 000.00 3 000 000.00", "Russian Federation 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "Slovenia 31 972.00 31 972.00", "Sweden 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "Switzerland 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "Thailand 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "Togo 2 000.00 2 000.00", "Trinidad and 15 000.00 15 000.00 Tobago", "Turkey 150 000.00 150 000.00", "United Arab 100 000.00 100 000.00 Emirates", "United States of 132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00 America", "Annex IX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 200 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex X", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Development Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Austria Euro 5 000 000.00 6 868 132.00", "Bahrain United States 56 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "Bhutan Bhutan ngultrum 806 738.00 17 731.00", "Canada Canadian dollar 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "Costa Rica Costa Rican colón 60 000 150.00 120 590.00", "Denmark Danish kroner 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Finland Euro 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "France Euro 16 000 000.00 22 792 023.00", "Germany Euro 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "Guyana United States 40 640.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 197 778.00 dollar", "Ireland Euro 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "Italy Euro 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "Kuwait United States 570 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "Morocco Moroccan dirham 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "Netherlands Euro 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "New Zealand New Zealand 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian kroner 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "Pakistan United States 8 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 5 000 000.00 dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 2 000 000.00 dollar", "South Africa South Africa rand 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "Sweden Swedish krona 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 1 313 115.00 28 337.00 Republic", "Thailand United States 865 112.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 324 000.00 Emirates dollar", "Total     511 874 911.00", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at the date of payment. The unpaid amounts have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by applying the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 400.00 dollar", "Angola United States 750.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 12 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b,c) Australian dollar 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "Austria^(b,d) Euro 240 000.00 338 670.00", "Belgium^(b) Euro 1 250 000.00 1 788 269.00", "Bhutan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "Canada^(b) Canadian dollar 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "Chile^(b) United States 23 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 60 000.00 dollar", "Congo United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Côte d’Ivoire CFA franc 10 000 000.00 19 954.00", "Cyprus^(b) United States 7 400.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) Danish krone 20 000 000.00 3 777 862.00", "Dominica United States 475.00 dollar", "Egypt United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Eritrea United States 200.00 dollar", "Finland Euro 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "France^(b) Euro 200 000.00 284 900.00", "Gabon^(b) United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Germany^(b,e) Euro 818 000.00 1 165 242.00", "Ghana United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Greece United States 35 000.00 dollar", "Grenada United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 100.00 dollar", "Guyana^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Honduras^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Iceland^(b) United States 359 022.00 dollar", "India^(b) United States 1 021 043.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 70 000.00 dollar", "Iraq United States 100.00 dollar", "Ireland^(b) Euro 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "Italy Euro 700 000.00 997 151.00", "Jamaica United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Japan United States 446 808.00 dollar", "Jordan United States 1 200.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Liberia^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Liechtenstein^(b) United States 79 482.00 dollar", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00", "Malaysia^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Mauritius^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Montenegro Euro 5 000.00 6 570.00", "Morocco^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Namibia United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Netherlands Euro 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "New Zealand^(b) New Zealand 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 80 000 000.00 15 000 000.00", "Oman^(b) United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Paraguay United States 250.00 dollar", "Peru United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Qatar United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Republic of United States 3 000 000.00 Korea^(b) dollar", "Saudi Arabia United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Senegal United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Serbia^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Sierra Leone United States 500.00 dollar", "Singapore United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Slovenia United States 38 503.00 dollar", "Spain^(f) Euro 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00", "Suriname United States 500.00 dollar", "Sweden^(b,g) Swedish krona 52 000 000.00 8 322 663.00", "Syrian Arab Syrian pound 515 000.00 11 114.00 Republic^(b)", "Thailand United States 13 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 3 500.00 Republic of dollar Macedonia", "Timor-Leste United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Togo^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Trinidad and Tobago United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Tunisia^(b) United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 250 000.00 dollar", "Ukraine^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "United Arab United States 50 000.00 Emirates^(b) dollar", "United Republic of United States 5 000.00 Tanzania dollar", "United States of United States 6 000 000.00 America dollar", "Viet Nam United States 5 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges denominated in local currency have been converted into their United States dollar equivalent by using the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing at the time of the payment.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $7,355,865.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(d) $281,690.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(e) $571,171.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "^(f) Pending parliamentary approval.", "^(g) $4,048,583.00 paid as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Environment Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Bangladesh United States 653.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 450.00 dollar", "India^(c) United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Mongolia^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 900 000.00 Federation^(b) dollar", "Singapore^(b) United States 40 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) $4,415 was received as at 30 June 2011.", "Annex XIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Fund for South-South Cooperation for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "A. Contributions by countries", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "Argentina United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 1 000.00 dollar", "China United States 900 000.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 2 200 887.24 dollar", "Suriname United States 100 000.00 dollar", "B. Contributions by international organizations", "Organization Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent", "German Agency for United States 47 551.71 International dollar Cooperation", "OPEC Fund for United States 20 000.00 International dollar Development", "Annex XIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "India United States 80 000.00 dollar", "Russian United States 10 000.00 Federation^(b,c) dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) Additional pledges made by Kuwait ($347,705) and the Russian Federation ($390,000) were earmarked towards other activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "Annex XV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Institute for Training and Research for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 20 000.00 dollar", "Thailand^(b) United States 2 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XVI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Population Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country or area Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan United States 500.00 dollar", "Angola United States 15 000.00 dollar", "Antigua and Barbuda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Argentina United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Armenia United States 2 500.00 dollar", "Australia Australian 10 500 10 388 205.00 dollar 000.00", "Austria Euro 600 000.00 824 176.00", "Bahamas United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Bangladesh United States 25 000.00 dollar", "Barbados United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "Benin United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Botswana United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Burkina Faso CFA franc 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "Burundi United States 769.00 dollar", "Cambodia United States 8 264.00 dollar", "Canada Canadian dollar 17 350 17 868 177.00 000.00", "China United States 1 050 000.00 dollar", "Comoros United States 500.00 dollar", "Congo CFA franc 25 000 55 496.00 000.00", "Cook Islands New Zealand 1 500.00 1 145.00 dollar", "Costa Rica Costa Rican 1 447 103.00 2 908.00 colón", "Côte d’Ivoire United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Denmark Danish krone 205 700 37 794 985.00 000.00", "Djibouti United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Ecuador United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Equatorial Guinea CFA franc 19 754 41 029.00 315.00", "Eritrea United States 2 000.00 dollar", "Estonia Euro 25 565.00 35 507.00", "Fiji Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 827.00", "Finland Euro 28 500 40 772 532.00 000.00", "Gabon United States 10 016.00 dollar", "Gambia Dalasi 300 000.00 11 009.00", "Georgia United States 3 500.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 15 600 22 003 862.00 000.00", "Ghana United States 12 500.00 dollar", "Guinea United States 5 808.00 dollar", "Guinea-Bissau United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Guyana United States 500.00 dollar", "Iceland United States 71 592.00 dollar", "India United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Indonesia Indonesian 350 000 40 721.00 rupiah 000.00", "Ireland Euro 3 050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "Italy Euro 300 000.00 412 088.00", "Japan United States 25 438 946.00 dollar", "Kenya Kenya shilling 800 000.00 9 610.00", "Kiribati United States 195.00 dollar", "Kuwait United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Liberia United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Luxembourg Euro 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "Malaysia United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Maldives United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Mali CFA franc 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "Marshall Islands United States 1 500.00 dollar", "Mauritania Ouguiya 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "Mexico Mexican peso 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "Micronesia (Federated United States 1 000.00 States of) dollar", "Monaco United States 20 035.00 dollar", "Mongolia United States 4 000.00 dollar", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242.00", "Netherlands Euro 42 538 60 855 508.00 000.00", "New Zealand United States 4 573 775.00 dollar", "Niger United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Nigeria United States 31 167.00 dollar", "Norway Norwegian krone 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "Oman United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Panama United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Papua New Guinea Kina 10 000.00 4 367.00", "Republic of Korea United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Russian Federation United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Rwanda United States 1 000.00 dollar", "Samoa United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Sao Tome and Principe Dobra 300 000 17 607.00 000.00", "Sierra Leone Leone 30 000 6 977.00 000.00", "Singapore United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Solomon Islands United States 1 000.00 dollar", "South Africa Rand 632 000.00 91 303.00", "Swaziland United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 445 500 70 813 208.00 000.00", "Switzerland Swiss franc 14 000 14 861 996.00 000.00", "Syrian Arab Republic Syrian pound 520 000.00 11 221.00", "Thailand United States 96 000.00 dollar", "The former Yugoslav United States 2 500.00 Republic of Macedonia dollar", "Togo CFA franc 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "Tokelau Fiji dollar 8 449.00 4 828.00", "Tonga United States 100.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 150 000.00 dollar", "Tuvalu United States 3 000.00 dollar", "Uganda United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Arab Emirates United States 10 000.00 dollar", "United Kingdom of Great Pound sterling 20 000 32 894 737.00 Britain and Northern 000.00 Ireland", "United States of America United States 40 000 000.00 dollar", "Uruguay United States 5 000.00 dollar", "Uzbekistan United States 1 211.00 dollar", "Vanuatu United States 1 049.00 dollar", "Yemen United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Total 454 339 009.00", "Note: Contribution commitments for 2011 from Botswana, Comoros, Estonia, Gambia, Guinea, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Oman, Rwanda, South Africa, Switzerland, Uganda and Vanuatu were received and recorded in 2010.", "^(a) All unpaid pledges are calculated using the United Nations rate of exchange effective as at 1 June 2011.", "Annex XVII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Trust Fund for Ageing for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XVIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Indigenous Populations for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Holy See^(b) United States 1 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XIX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund for Victims of Torture for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XX", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXI", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Qatar United States 10 000.00 dollar", "Turkey United States 6 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Volunteers for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Argentina^(b) United States 200 000.00 dollar", "Australia^(b) United States 642 540.00 dollar", "Belgium United States 2 252 760.00 dollar", "Belgium Euro 350 000.00 486 111.11", "Brazil^(b) United States 600 000.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 30 000.00 dollar", "Denmark^(b) United States 613 487.00 dollar", "Finland^(b) Euro 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "France Euro 490 000.00 680 555.55", "Germany^(b) Euro 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25", "Germany^(b) United States 400 000.00 dollar", "Germany United States 199 618.00 dollar", "Germany Euro 60 000.00 83 333.33", "Germany^(c) Euro 18 564.40 26 580.51", "Italy^(b) Euro 500 000.00 724 550.00", "Japan^(b) 3 013 199.93", "Luxembourg^(b) Euro 400 000.00 580 120.00", "Micronesia^(b) United States 50 000.00 dollar", "Norway^(b) United States 25 446.00 dollar", "Panama^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Republic of Korea United States 300 000.00 dollar", "Spain^(b) Euro 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00", "Spain^(b) United States 480.31 dollar", "Sweden Swedish krona 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "Switzerland^(b) United States 299 975.00 dollar", "Switzerland Swiss franc 800 000.00 813 008.00", "Syrian Arab Republic^(b) Syrian pound 225 000.00 4 855.42", "United States of America United States 100 000.00 dollar", "Total 17 741 342.48", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 November 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "^(c) This pledge was made before 30 June 2011 but the contribution was received on 8 July 2011. Therefore, this contribution is recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIII", "Contributions pledged or paid to the United Nations Youth Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Turkey United States 10 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer.", "Annex XXIV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Central Emergency Response Fund for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of Amount Amount in pledge United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "Afghanistan^(b) United States 500.00 dollar", "Bhutan^(b) United States 1 500.00 dollar", "China^(b) United States 500 000.00 dollar", "Kuwait^(b) United States 300 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational exchange rate in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the prevailing exchange rate as at the date of transfer.", "^(b) Paid.", "Annex XXV", "Contributions pledged or paid to the Trust Fund in Support of the Activities Undertaken by the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States for 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "Country Currency of pledge Amount Amount in United States dollars or dollar equivalent^(a)", "China United States 20 000.00 dollar", "^(a) Pledges in national currencies are recorded at the United Nations operational rate of exchange in effect as at 1 December 2010. Contributions are recorded at the exchange rate prevailing as at the date of transfer." ]

[ "2011年联合国发展活动认捐会议", "2011年11月8日，纽约", "截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上为2011年度认捐或缴付的款项", "秘书长的说明", "1. 根据联合国认捐会议议事规则第21条，秘书长谨分发截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上为2011年度认捐或缴付款项的报表(见附件)。已向下列基金和方案提供了捐款：", "联合国国际药物管制规划署基金", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(前身为支助人权事务中心活动信托基金)", "发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯·格雷罗信托基金", "救灾援助信托基金", "加强紧急救济协调员办公室信托基金(前身为人道主义事务协调厅)", "联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金", "联合国资本发展基金", "联合国儿童基金会", "联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金", "联合国开发计划署", "联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署", "联合国环境规划署", "联合国南南合作基金", "联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会", "联合国训练研究所", "联合国人口基金", "联合国老龄问题信托基金", "联合国援助土著居民自愿基金", "联合国酷刑受害者自愿基金", "联合国残疾问题自愿基金", "联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金", "联合国志愿人员", "联合国青年基金", "2. 除上述基金和方案外，还对下列基金和方案作了认捐：", "中央应急基金", "支助最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处工作信托基金", "3. 若干国家政府在认捐会议上宣布了对一个或多个方案和基金的认捐。会议注意到，几个国家政府虽然未能宣布捐款数额，但表示在会议结束后一旦有能力这样做，会立刻将捐款数额通知秘书长。", "附件一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国国际药物管制规划署基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "孟加拉国 美元 1 000.00", "中国 美元 30 000.00", "印度^(b) 美元 3 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "新加坡 美元 5 000.00", "泰国 美元 30 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(前身为支助人权事务中心活动信托基金)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "罗马教廷^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "摩纳哥^(c) 欧元 20 000.00 28 860.03", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至付款当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 为《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》项目认捐。", "^(c) 已缴付。", "附件三", "截至2011年6月30日对发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯·格雷罗信托基金的累计捐款^(a)", "A. 缴付捐款", "(单位：美元)", "国家 数额 日期 共计 \n 阿尔及利亚 2 000.00 1999年6月 \n 10 000.00 2004年4月 \n 10 000.00 2005年1月 \n 10 000.00 2005年12月 \n 10 000.00 2006年12月 \n 10 000.00 2008年2月 \n 10 000.00 2009年1月 \n 10 000.00 2009年12月 72 000.00 \n 安提瓜和巴布达 5 000.00 2008年1月 \n 5 000.00^(b) 2008年11月 \n 5 000.00 2009年10月 15 000.00 \n 阿根廷 5 000.00 2011年2月 5 000.00 \n 巴西 2 000.00 2004年3月 \n 20 000.00 2006年6月 22 000.00 \n 喀麦隆 4 514.67 2009年7月 \n 4 461.00 2009年8月 8 975.67 \n 智利 5 000.00 2009年11月 5 000.00 \n 中国 2 000.00 2000年2月 \n 20 000.00 2007年7月 \n 20 000.00 2008年12月 \n 20 000.00 2009年6月 \n 20 000.00 2010年7月 \n 20 000.00 2011年6月 102 000.00 \n 塞浦路斯 2 000.00 1999年3月 \n 3 000.00 2002年1月 \n 2 775.00 2003年5月 7 775.00 \n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国\t2 000.00\t1999年2月\t\n 2 000.00 2000年5月 \n 2 000.00 2001年3月 \n 2 000.00 2002年2月 \n 2 000.00 2003年12月 \n 2 000.00 2004年10月 \n 2 000.00 2005年6月 14 000.00 \n 埃及 2 000.00 2001年3月 \n 2 000.00 2002年9月 \n 10 000.00 2010年2月 14 000.00 \n 印度 2 000.00 1999年8月 2 000.00 \n 印度尼西亚 2 000.00 2003年3月 \n 5 000.00 2010年3月 7 000.00 \n 伊朗伊斯兰共和国 3 000.00 1999年1月 \n 10 000.00^(c) 2005年2月 \n 10 000.00^(d) 2005年2月 \n 10 000.00 2007年7月 33 000.00 \n 牙买加 1 000.00 2009年4月 1 000.00 \n 科威特 3 000.00 2003年4月 \n 5 000.00 2011年1月 8 000.00 \n 黎巴嫩 2 000.00 2009年10月 2 000.00 \n 马达加斯加 1 000.00 2010年5月 1 000.00 \n 马来西亚 2 000.00 1999年5月 2 000.00 \n 毛里求斯 500.00 1997年12月 500.00 \n 纳米比亚 1 000.00 2005年1月 1 000.00 \n 巴基斯坦 1 000.00 1998年4月 \n 5 000.00 2006年6月 6 000.00 \n 秘鲁 2 000.00 2000年8月 2 000.00 \n 菲律宾 1 500.00 1999年9月 \n 1 500.00 2006年8月 3 000.00 \n 卡塔尔 10 000.00 2004年1月 \n 10 000.00 2009年5月 \n 20 000.00 2010年5月 40 000.00 \n 新加坡 2 000.00 1998年12月 \n 2 000.00 2001年9月 \n 2 000.00 2006年4月 \n 2 000.00 2010年12月 8 000.00 \n 南非 3 000.00 2001年8月 \n 6 765.90 2003年9月 \n 8 187.73 2005年3月 \n 8 016.03 2006年12月 \n 6 666.67 2007年4月 \n 7 645.15 2008年1月 \n 5 888.54 2009年2月 \n 7 822.00 2010年2月 \n 9 179.83 2011年2月 63 171.85 \n 苏丹 10 000.00 2010年1月 10 000.00 \n 苏里南 1 500.00 2007年11月 1 500.00 \n 泰国 2 000.00 1999年5月 \n 2 289.90 2002年4月 \n 2 000.00 2004年2月 6 289.90 \n 特立尼达和多巴哥 4 130.07 2006年8月 \n 2 000.00 2007年3月 \n 2 000.00 2009年9月 \n 2 000.00 2010年1月 10 130.07 \n 坦桑尼亚联合共和国 5 000.00 2002年1月 5 000.00 \n 乌拉圭 5 000.00 2007年11月 \n 5 000.00 2009年5月 10 000.00 \n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国\t1 000 000.00\t2004年9月\t\n 5 000.00 2004年9月 \n 5 000.00 2004年9月 \n 5 000.00 2004年11月 \n 5 000.00 2004年11月 \n 5 000.00 2005年5月 \n 10 000.00 2006年10月 \n 10 000.00 2007年10月 1 045 000.00 \n 越南 2 000.00 2001年6月 2 000.00 \n 共计 1 535 342.40", "B. 认捐捐款", "(单位：美元)", "国家 数额 日期 共计 \n 老挝人民民主共和国 1 000.00 2009年12月 1 000.00 \n 马达加斯加 1 000.00 2005年11月 1 000.00 \n 塞内加尔 10 000.00 2005年9月 10 000.00 \n 津巴布韦 1 000.00 2006年12月 1 000.00 \n 共计 13 000.00", "C. 国际组织捐款", "(单位：美元)", "组织 数额 日期 共计 \n 国际农业发展基金 100 000.00 2007年8月 \n 100 000.00 2009年10月 200 000.00 \n 共计 200 000.00", "^(a) 依据77国集团外交部长第二十届年会(1996年9月27日于纽约)通过的宣言第58段规定和77国集团外交部长第二十七届年会(2003年9月25日于纽约)通过的宣言第47段所载决定。", "^(b) 2009年捐款。", "^(c) 2004年捐款。", "^(d) 2005年捐款。", "附件四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度救灾援助信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 500.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度加强紧急救济协调员办公室信托基金(前身为人道主义事务协调厅)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "中国^(b) 美元 30 000.00", "摩纳哥^(b) 欧元 40 000.00 53 426.40", "新加坡 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件六", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "印度尼西亚 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件七", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国资本发展基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家\t认捐货币\t数额\t美元或美元等值数额^(a) \n \n 安道尔 美元 27 000.00 \n 奥地利 欧元 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00 \n 比利时 欧元 2 200 000.00 3 147 353 .00 \n 不丹 努扎姆 181 800.00 3 995.00 \n 中国 美元 30 000.00 \n 列支敦士登 瑞士法郎 60 000.00 63 091.00 \n 卢森堡 欧元 900 000.00 1 267 606.00 \n 挪威 挪威克朗 15 000 000.00 2 750 779.00 \n 西班牙 欧元 1 000 000.00 1 430 615.00 \n 瑞典 瑞典克朗 35 000 000.00 5 416 280.00 \n 泰国 美元 2 500.00 \n 美利坚合众国 美元 1 000 000.00 \n 共计 15 669 834.00", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2011年6月30日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "附件八", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国儿童基金会认捐或缴付的款项", "(美元)", "国家 经常资源 当地费用 共计", "阿富汗 1 000.00 1 000.00", "安道尔 28 128.00 28 128.00", "阿根廷 25 000.00 25 000.00", "奥地利 1 991 763.50 1 991 763.50", "孟加拉国 34 500.00 34 500.00", "巴巴多斯 4 000.00 4 000.00", "比利时 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "不丹 15 435.00 15 435.00", "布隆迪 807.75 807.75", "加拿大 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "智利 70 000.00 70 000.00", "中国 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "哥斯达黎加 6 011.91 6 011.91", "丹麦 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "爱沙尼亚 48 820.87 48 820.87", "芬兰 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "法国 1 994 300.00 1 994 300.00", "德国 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "洪都拉斯 30 005.78 30 005.78", "匈牙利 135 250.00 135 250.00", "冰岛 688 248.90 688 248.90", "爱尔兰 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "以色列 100 000.00 100 000.00", "意大利 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "日本 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "科威特 200 000.00 200 000.00", "莱索托 2 000.00 2 000.00", "列支敦士登 54 230.00 54 230.00", "卢森堡 3 732 392.50 3 732 392.50", "马来西亚 284 000.00 284 000.00", "墨西哥 214 000.00 214 000.00", "摩纳哥 10 685.28 10 685.28", "黑山 5000.00 5000.00", "摩洛哥 84 309.12 84 309.12", "缅甸 72.79 320.31 393.10", "荷兰 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "新西兰 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "尼加拉瓜 2 000.00 2 000.00", "挪威 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "巴基斯坦 35 700.00 35 700.00", "巴拿马 26 750.00 26 750.00", "菲律宾 28 168.45 28 168.45", "葡萄牙 300 000.00 300 000.00", "卡塔尔 100 000.00 100 000.00", "大韩民国 3 000 000.00 3 000 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦 1 000 000.00 1 000 000.00", "斯洛文尼亚 31 972.00 31 972.00", "瑞典 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "瑞士 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "泰国 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "多哥 2 000.00 2 000.00", "特立尼达和多巴哥 15 000.00 15 000.00", "土耳其 150 000.00 150 000.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 100 000.00 100 000.00", "美利坚合众国 132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00", "附件九", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 200 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国开发计划署认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "奥地利 欧元 5 000 000.00 6 868 132.00", "巴林 美元 56 000", "比利时 欧元 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00", "不丹 不丹努扎姆 806 738.00 17 731.00", "加拿大 加拿大元 50 000 000.00 51 493 306.00", "哥斯达黎加 哥斯达黎加科朗 60 000 150.00 120 590.00", "丹麦 丹麦克朗 320 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "爱沙尼亚 欧元 25 565.00 35 507.00", "芬兰 欧元 20 000 000.00 28 612 303.00", "法国 欧元 16 000 000.00 22 792 023.00", "德国 欧元 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00", "圭亚那 美元 40 640.00", "冰岛 美元 197 778.00", "爱尔兰 欧元 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00", "意大利 欧元 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00", "科威特 美元 570 000.00", "卢森堡 欧元 2 950 000.00 4 154 930.00", "摩洛哥 摩洛哥迪拉姆 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "荷兰 欧元 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00", "新西兰 新西兰元 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 770 000 000.00 132 461 724.00", "巴基斯坦 美元 8 000.00", "大韩民国 美元 5 000 000.00", "沙特阿拉伯 美元 2 000 000.00", "南非 南非兰特 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 叙利亚镑 1 313 115.00 28 337.00", "泰国 美元 865 112.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 美元 324 000.00", "共计 511 874 911", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2011年6月30日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "附件十一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗 美元 400.00", "安哥拉 美元 750.00", "安提瓜和巴布达 美元 1 000.00", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 12 000.00", "澳大利亚^(b,c) 澳大利亚元 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "奥地利^(b,d) 欧元 240 000.00 338 670.00", "比利时^(b) 欧元 1 250 000.00 1 788 269.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 500.00", "布基纳法索 非洲法郎 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "加拿大^(b) 加拿大元 10 000 000.00 10 289 124.00", "智利^(b) 美元 23 000.00", "中国^(b) 美元 60 000.00", "刚果 美元 10 000.00", "科特迪瓦 非洲法郎 10 000 000.00 19 954.00", "塞浦路斯^(b) 美元 7 400.00", "丹麦^(b) 丹麦克朗 20 000 000.00 3 777 862.00", "多米尼克 美元 475.00", "埃及 美元 5 000.00", "厄立特里亚 美元 200.00", "芬兰 欧元 3 000 000.00 4 273 504.00", "法国^(b) 欧元 200 000.00 284 900.00", "加蓬^(b) 美元 150 000.00", "德国^(b,e) 欧元 818 000.00 1 165 242.00", "加纳 美元 2 000.00", "希腊 美元 35 000.00", "格林纳达 美元 3 000.00", "几内亚比绍 美元 100.00", "圭亚那^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "洪都拉斯^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "冰岛^(b) 美元 359 022.00", "印度^(b) 美元 1 021 043.00", "印度尼西亚 美元 70 000.00", "伊拉克 美元 100.00", "爱尔兰^(b) 欧元 1 200 000.00 1 690 141.00", "意大利 欧元 700 000.00 997 151.00", "牙买加 美元 2 000.00", "日本 美元 446 808.00", "约旦 美元 1 200.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 20 000.00", "利比里亚^(b) 美元 500.00", "列支敦士登^(b) 美元 79 482.00", "卢森堡^(b) 欧元 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00", "马来西亚^(b) 美元 10 000.00", "毛里求斯^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "黑山 欧元 5 000.00 6 570.00", "摩洛哥^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "纳米比亚 美元 3 000.00", "荷兰 欧元 4 000 000.00 5 925 926.00", "新西兰^(b) 新西兰元 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00", "尼日利亚 美元 500 000.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 80 000 000.00 15 000 000", "阿曼^(b) 美元 5 000.00", "巴拿马^(b) 美元 15 000.00", "巴拉圭 美元 250.00", "秘鲁 美元 2 500.00", "卡塔尔 美元 30 000.00", "大韩民国^(b) 美元 3 000 000.00", "沙特阿拉伯 美元 100 000.00", "塞内加尔 美元 5 000.00", "塞尔维亚^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "塞拉利昂 美元 500.00", "新加坡 美元 50 000.00", "斯洛文尼亚 美元 38 503.00", "西班牙^(f) 欧元 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00", "苏里南 美元 500.00", "瑞典^(b,g) 瑞典克朗 52 000 000.00 8 322 663.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国^(b) 叙利亚镑 515 000.00 11 114.00", "泰国 美元 13 000.00", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 美元 3 500.00", "东帝汶 美元 15 000.00", "多哥^(b) 美元 500.00", "特立尼达和多巴哥 美元 5 000.00", "突尼斯^(b) 美元 12 500.00", "土耳其 美元 250 000.00", "乌克兰^(b) 美元 500.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国^(b) 美元 50 000.00", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国 美元 5 000.00", "美利坚合众国 美元 6 000 000.00", "越南 美元 5 000.00", "^(a) 以当地货币认捐的数额已按付款之日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。未支付的数额按截至2010年11月1日生效的联合国业务汇率兑换成美元等值。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付7 355 865.00美元。", "^(d) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付281 690.00美元。", "^(e) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付571 171.00美元。", "^(f) 等待国会批准。", "^(g) 截至2011年6月30日已缴付4 048 583.00美元。", "附件十二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国环境规划署认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "孟加拉国 美元 653.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 1 450.00", "印度^(c) 美元 100 000.00", "科威特 美元 200 000.00", "蒙古^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦^(b) 美元 900 000.00", "新加坡^(b) 美元 40 000.00", "泰国^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 截至2011年6月30日已收到4 415美元。", "附件十三", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国南南合作基金认捐或缴付的款项", "A. 各国捐款", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额", "阿根廷 美元 30 000.00", "孟加拉国 美元 1 000.00", "中国 美元 900 000.00", "大韩民国 美元 2 200 887.24", "苏里南 美元 100 000.00", "B. 国际组织捐款", "国际组织 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元等值数额", "德国技术合作署 美元 47 551.71", "欧佩克国际发展基金 美元 20 000.00", "附件十四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "印度 美元 80 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦^(b、c) 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 科威特(347 705美元)和俄罗斯联邦(390 000美元)所作其他认捐被指定用于联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的其他活动。", "附件十五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国训练研究所认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "罗马教廷 美元 1 000.00", "印度尼西亚 美元 10 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 20 000.00", "泰国^(b) 美元 2 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件十六", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国人口基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "阿富汗 美元 500.00", "安哥拉 美元 15 000.00", "安提瓜和巴布达 美元 1 000.00", "阿根廷 美元 2 500.00", "亚美尼亚 美元 2 500.00", "澳大利亚 澳大利亚元 10 500 000.00 10 388 205.00", "奥地利 欧元 600 000.00 824 176.00", "巴哈马 美元 1 000.00", "孟加拉国 美元 25 000.00", "巴巴多斯 美元 5 000.00", "比利时 欧元 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00", "贝宁 美元 4 000.00", "博茨瓦纳 美元 5 000.00", "布基纳法索 非洲法郎 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "布隆迪 美元 769.00", "柬埔寨 美元 8 264.00", "加拿大 加拿大元 17 350 000.00 17 868 177.00", "中国 美元 1 050 000.00", "科摩罗 美元 500.00", "刚果 非洲法郎 25 000 000.00 55 496.00", "库克群岛 新西兰元 1 500.00 1 145.00", "哥斯达黎加 哥斯达黎加科朗 1 447 103 2 908.00", "科特迪瓦 美元 10 000.00", "丹麦 丹麦克朗 205 700 000 37 794 985.00", "吉布提 美元 3 000.00", "厄瓜多尔 美元 4 000.00", "赤道几内亚 非洲法郎 19 754 315.00 41 029.00", "厄立特里亚 美元 2 000.00", "爱沙尼亚 欧元 25 565.00 35 507.00", "斐济 斐济元 8 449.00 4 827.00", "芬兰 欧元 28 500 000.00 40 772 532.00", "加蓬 美元 10 016.00", "冈比亚 达拉西 300 000.00 11 009.00", "格鲁吉亚 美元 3 500.00", "德国 欧元 15 600 000.00 22 003 862.00", "加纳 美元 12 500.00", "几内亚 美元 5 808.00", "几内亚比绍 美元 1 000.00", "圭亚那 美元 500.00", "冰岛 美元 71 592.00", "印度 美元 500 000.00", "印度尼西亚 印尼盾 350 000 40 721.00 000.00", "爱尔兰 欧元 3 050 000.00 4 295 775.00", "意大利 欧元 300 000.00 412 088.00", "日本 美元 25 438 946.00", "肯尼亚 肯尼亚先令 800 000.00 9 610.00", "基里巴斯 美元 195.00", "科威特 美元 10 000.00", "利比里亚 美元 10 000.00", "卢森堡 欧元 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00", "马来西亚 美元 200 000.00", "马尔代夫 美元 5 000.00", "马里 非洲法郎 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "马绍尔群岛 美元 1 500.00", "毛里塔尼亚 乌吉亚 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "墨西哥 墨西哥比索 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "密克罗尼西亚联邦 美元 1 000.00", "摩纳哥 美元 20 035.00", "蒙古 美元 4 000.00", "缅甸 缅元 200 000.00 242.00", "荷兰 欧元 42 538 000.00 60 855 508.00", "新西兰 美元 4 573 775.00", "尼日尔 美元 10 000.00", "尼日利亚 美元 31 167.00", "挪威 挪威克朗 332 000 57 113 367.00 000.00", "阿曼 美元 10 000.00", "巴拿马 美元 10 000.00", "巴布亚新几内亚 基纳 10 000.00 4 367.00", "大韩民国 美元 100 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦 美元 300 000.00", "卢旺达 美元 1 000.00", "萨摩亚 美元 3 000.00", "圣多美和普林西比 多布拉 300 000 17 607.00 000.00", "塞拉利昂 利昂 30 000 000.00 6 977.00", "新加坡 美元 5 000.00", "所罗门群岛 美元 1 000.00", "南非 南非兰特 632 000.00 91 303.00", "斯威士兰 美元 10 000.00", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 445 500 000 70 813 208", "瑞士 瑞士法郎 14 000 000.00 14 861 996.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 叙利亚镑 520 000.00 11 221.00", "泰国 美元 96 000.00", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 美元 2 500.00", "多哥 非洲法郎 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "托克劳 斐济元 8 449.00 4 828.00", "汤加 美元 100.00", "土耳其 美元 150 000.00", "图瓦卢 美元 3 000.00", "乌干达 美元 10 000.00", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 美元 10 000.00", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 英镑 20 000 000.00 32 894 737.00", "美利坚合众国 美元 40 000 000.00", "乌拉圭 美元 5 000.00", "乌兹别克斯坦 美元 1 211.00", "瓦努阿图 美元 1 049.00", "也门 美元 30 000.00", "共计 454 339 009.00", "注：下列国家的2011年度捐款承诺于2010年收到并入账：博茨瓦纳、科摩罗、爱沙尼亚、冈比亚、几内亚、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、阿曼、卢旺达、南非、瑞士、乌干达和瓦努阿图。", "^(a) 未支付认捐款余额按截至2011年6月1日生效的联合国业务汇率计算。", "附件十七", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国老龄问题信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)\n 印度 美元 80 000.00", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十八", "截至2011年6月30 日为2011年联合国援助土著居民自愿基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或等值数额^(a)", "罗马教廷^(b) 美元 1 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件十九", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国酷刑受害者自愿基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 10 000.00", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二十", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国残疾问题自愿基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十一", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "卡塔尔 美元 10 000.00", "土耳其 美元 6 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十二", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国志愿人员认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "阿根廷^(b) 美元 200 000.00", "澳大利亚^(b) 美元 642 540.00", "比利时 美元 2 252 760.00", "比利时 欧元 350 000.00 486 111.11", "巴西^(b) 美元 600 000.00", "中国^(b) 美元 30 000.00", "丹麦^(b) 美元 613 487.00", "芬兰^(b) 欧元 770 961.19 1 184 285.29", "法国 欧元 490 000.00 680 555.55", "德国^(b) 欧元 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25", "德国^(b) 美元 400 000.00", "德国 美元 199 618.00", "德国 欧元 60 000.00 83 333.33", "德国^(c) 欧元 18 564.40 26 580.51", "意大利^(b) 欧元 500 000.00 724 550.00", "日本^(b) 3 013 199.93", "卢森堡^(b) 欧元 400 000.00 580 120.00", "密克罗尼西亚^(b) 美元 50 000.00", "挪威^(b) 美元 25 446.00", "巴拿马^(b) 美元 500", "大韩民国 美元 300 000.00", "西班牙^(b) 欧元 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00", "西班牙^(b) 美元 480.31", "瑞典 瑞典克朗 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "瑞士^(b) 美元 299 975.00", "瑞士 瑞士法郎 800 000.00 813 008.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国^(b) 叙利亚镑 225 000.00 4 855.42", "美利坚合众国 美元 100 000.00", "共计 17 741 342.48", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年11月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "^(c) 这一认捐于2011年6月30日之前做出，但捐款于2011年7月8日收到。因此，这一捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十三", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度联合国青年基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "土耳其 美元 10 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度中央应急基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "阿富汗^(b) 美元 500.00", "不丹^(b) 美元 1 500.00", "中国^(b) 美元 500 000.00", "科威特^(b) 美元 300 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转账当日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已缴付。", "附件二十五", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年度支助最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处工作信托基金认捐或缴付的款项", "国家 认捐货币 数额 美元或美元 等值数额^(a)", "中国 美元 20 000.00", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐的数额按截至2010年12月1日生效的联合国业务汇率入账。捐款按截至转 账当日的现行汇率入账。" ]

[ "2011年联合国发展活动认捐会议", "2011年11月8日,纽约", "截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上认捐或缴付的捐款", "秘书长的说明", "页: 1 秘书长谨依照联合国认捐会议议事规则第21条,分发截至2011年6月30日在2010年联合国发展活动认捐会议上认捐或缴付的捐款说明(见附件)。 向下列基金和方案捐款:", "联合国国际药物管制规划署基金", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(原支助人权事务中心活动信托基金)", "发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯-格雷罗信托基金", "救灾援助信托基金", "加强紧急救济协调员办公室信托基金(原人道主义事务协调厅)", "联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金", "联合国资本发展基金", "联合国儿童基金会", "联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金", "联合国开发计划署", "联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体", "联合国环境规划署", "联合国南南合作基金", "联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会", "联合国训练研究所", "联合国人口基金", "联合国老龄问题信托基金", "联合国援助土著居民自愿基金", "联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金", "联合国残疾问题自愿基金", "联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金", "联合国志愿人员", "联合国青年基金", "2. 结 论 除向上述基金和方案提供的捐款外,还承诺:", "中央应急基金", "支持最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处开展活动的信托基金", "3. 。 会议听取了一些国家政府宣布对一个或多个方案和基金作出认捐的情况,并注意到一些国家政府无法宣布捐款,但提议在会议闭幕后能够向秘书长通报其宣布捐款的情况。", "附件一", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国国际药物管制规划署基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "孟加拉国 1 000美元", "中国 30 000美元", "印度^(b) 美元", "科威特日元", "新加坡 5 000美元", "泰国30 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件二", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(原支持人权事务中心活动信托基金)认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "罗马教廷(b) 1 000美元", "摩纳哥^ (c) 20 000.00 28 860.03欧元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按付款日的现行汇率入账。", "为《禁止酷刑公约任择议定书》项目认捐。", "^(c) 已付。", "附件三", "截至2011年6月30日对发展中国家间经济和技术合作佩雷斯-格雷罗信托基金的累计捐款", "A. 导 言 缴款", "(美元)", "国别数额\n阿尔及利亚 1999年6月2日\n2004年4月10日\n2005年1月10日\n2005年12月10日\n2006年12月10日\n2008年2月10日\n2009年1月10日\n2009年12月10日\n安提瓜和巴布达 2008年1月5日\n2008年11月\n2009年10月5日 15000.00\n阿根廷\n2004年3月2日\n2006年6月20日\n喀麦隆 2009年7月4日\n2009年8月4日\n2009年11月5日\n2000年2月2日\n2007年7月20日\n2008年12月20日\n2009年6月20日\n2010年7月20日\n页: 1\n1999年3月2日塞浦路斯\n2002年1月3日\n2003年5月2日 7775.00\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国\n2000年5月2日\n2001年3月2日\n2002年2月2日\n2003年12月2日\n2004年10月2日\n2005年6月2日\n埃及 2001年3月2日\n2002年9月2日\n2010年2月10日\n印度 1999年8月2日。\n印度尼西亚 2003年3月2日\n2010年3月5日 7000.00\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国 1999年1月3日\n2005年2月\n2005年2月\n2007年7月10日\n牙买加 2009年4月1日 1000.00\n科威特 2003年4月3日\n页: 1\n黎巴嫩 2009年10月2日。\n马达加斯加\n马来西亚 1999年5月2日。\n毛里求斯 1997年12月50日\n纳米比亚 2005年1月1日1000.00\n巴基斯坦 1998年4月1日\n2006年6月5日\n秘鲁 2000年8月2日,00\n1999年9月1日\n2006年8月1日\n卡塔尔 2004年1月10日\n2009年5月10日\n20 000.00 May 2010 40000.00\n1998年12月2日\n2001年9月2日\n2006年4月2日\n2010年12月2日\n南非 2001年8月3日\n2003年9月6日\n2005年3月8日\n2006年12月8日\n2007年4月6日\n2008年1月7日\n2009年2月5日\n2010年2月7日\n第9179.83号决定\n苏丹 10 000.00 2010年1月10000.00\n2007年11月1日\n泰国 1999年5月2日\n2002年4月2日\n2004年2月2日\n特立尼达和多巴哥 2006年8月4日。\n2007年3月2日\n2009年9月2日\n2010年1月2日\n2002年1月5日\n2007年11月5日\n2009年5月5日\n委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国 2004年9月1日\n2004年9月5日\n2004年9月5日\n2004年11月5日\n2004年11月5日\n2005年5月5日\n2006年10月10日\n2007年10月10日\n越南 2001年6月2日。\n页: 1", "B. 认捐的捐款", "(美元)", "国别数额\n老挝人民民主共和国\n马达加斯加 2005年11月1日 1000.00\n2005年9月10日\n津巴布韦 2006年12月1日 1000.00\n1300美元", "C. 国际组织的贡献", "(美元)", "本组织数额\n2007年8月10 0000.00美元\n2009年10月10日\n2000年7月", "^(a) 根据77国集团外交部长第二十届年会(1996年9月27日,纽约)通过的宣言第58段所载规定以及载于第12段的决定。 77国集团第二十七次外交部长年度会议(2003年9月25日,纽约)通过的宣言第47段。", "代表2009年的捐款。", "代表2004年的捐款。", "^(d) 2005年的捐款。", "附件四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年救灾援助信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "(a) 以美元或等值美元计算的认捐数额", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件五", "截至2011年6月30日对加强紧急救济协调员办公室(原人道主义事务协调厅)信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "(a) 以美元或等值美元计算的认捐数额", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "中国^(b)美元", "摩纳哥^(b) 40 000.00 53 426.40", "新加坡 20 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件六", "截至2011年6月30日对2011年联合国国际贸易法委员会专题讨论会信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "印度尼西亚", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件七", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年联合国资本发展基金认捐或缴付的款项", "(a) 以美元或等值美元计算的认捐数额", "安道尔 27 000美元", "奥地利 1 000.00欧元 1 430 615.00", "比利时 2 200 000.00欧元 3 147 353.00欧元", "不丹 Nultrum 181 800.00 3 995.00", "中国 30 000美元", "列支敦士登", "卢森堡 900 000.00 1 267 606.00欧元", "挪威克朗", "西班牙 1 000.00欧元", "瑞典克朗 35 000 000 000美元 5 416 280.00", "泰国 2 500.00美元", "美国 1 000.00美元", "共计 15 669 834.00", "^(a) 以当地货币表示的认捐采用付款日联合国业务汇率换算成美元等值。 截至2011年6月30日的联合国业务汇率换算成美元等值。", "附件八", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国儿童基金会认捐或缴付的捐款", "国家经常资源", "阿富汗 1 000.00", "页: 1", "阿根廷 25 000.00", "奥地利 1 991 763.50", "孟加拉国 34 500.00 34 500.00", "巴巴多斯 4 000.00", "比利时 26 641 744.00 26 641 744.00", "不丹 15 435.00 15 435.00", "布隆迪 807.75 807.75", "加拿大 18 848 160.00 18 848 160.00", "智利 70 000.00 70 000.00", "中国 1 316 456.67 1 316 456.67", "哥斯达黎加 6 011.91 6 011.91", "丹麦 28 577 350.00 28 577 350.00", "爱沙尼亚 48 820.87 48 820.87", "芬兰 23 239 425.00 23 239 425.00", "法国 1 994 300.00", "德国 6 480 043.75 6 480 043.75", "洪都拉斯 30 005.78 30 005.78", "匈牙利 135 250.00 135 250.00", "冰岛 688 248.90 688 248.90", "爱尔兰 11 549 290.00 11 549 290.00", "以色列 100 000.00 100 000.00", "意大利 3 708 801.00 3 708 801.00", "日本 18 288 364.00 18 288 364.00", "科威特 200 000.00", "莱索托 2 000.00", "列支敦士登 54 230.00", "卢森堡 3 732 392.50", "马来西亚 284 000.00 284 000.00", "墨西哥 214 000.00 214 000.00", "摩纳哥", "黑山 5000.0000", "摩洛哥 84 309.12 84 309.12", "缅甸72.79 320.31 393.10", "荷兰 48 433 000.00 48 433 000.00", "新西兰 4 580 160.00 4 580 160.00", "尼加拉瓜 2 000.00", "挪威 75 555 000.00 75 555 000.00", "巴基斯坦35 700.00 35 700.00", "巴拿马 26 750.00 26 750.00", "菲律宾 288.45 288", "葡萄牙 300 000.00", "卡塔尔 100 000.00 100 000.00", "大韩民国 3 000.00 3 000.00", "俄罗斯联邦 1 000.00", "斯洛文尼亚 31 972.00 31 972.00", "瑞典 75 024 000.00 75 024 000.00", "瑞士 21 231 400.00 21 231 400.00", "泰国 179 929.00 67 998.50 247 927.50", "多哥 2 000.00", "特立尼达和多巴哥", "土耳其 150 000.00", "United Arab 100 000.00 100 000.00 阿联酋", "美国132 250 000.00 132 250 000.00 美国", "附件九", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "土耳其20 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国开发计划署认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "奥地利 5 000.00 6 868 13200欧元", "巴林56 000美元", "比利时 4 100 000.00 5 891 497.00欧元", "不丹............... 806 738.00 17 731.00", "加拿大$ 50 000.00 51 493 306.00", "哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica colón 60000 150.00 120 590.00", "丹麦克朗 320 000 000 000.00 60 445 788.00", "爱沙尼亚 25 565.00 35 507.00欧元", "芬兰 20 000.00 28 612 303.00欧元", "法国 16 000.00 22 792 023.00欧元", "德国 13 500 000.00 18 852 838.00欧元", "圭亚那40 640.00美元", "冰岛 197 778.00美元", "爱尔兰 8 940 000.00 12 591 549.00欧元", "意大利 1 500 000.00 2 112 676.00欧元", "科威特 570 000美元", "卢森堡 2 950 000欧元 4 154 930.00欧元", "摩洛哥dirham 1 750 000.00 214 198.00", "荷兰 66 300 000.00 94 849 785.00欧元", "新西兰 8 000 000.00 6 191 950.00美元", "挪威克朗", "巴基斯坦 8 000美元", "大韩民国 5 000.00美元", "沙特阿拉伯 2 000 000美元", "南非 1 150 000.00 160 615.00", "Sweden krona 344 500 000.00 54 917 902.00", "叙利亚阿拉伯叙利亚镑 1 313 11500 28 337.00 共和国", "泰国 865 112美元", "United Arab States 324 000.00 阿联酋美元", "共计 511 874 911.00", "^(a) 以当地货币表示的认捐采用付款日联合国业务汇率换算成美元等值。 截至2011年6月30日的联合国业务汇率换算成美元等值。", "附件十一", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女实体)认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "阿富汗400.00美元", "安哥拉", "安提瓜和巴布达 1 000.00美元", "阿根廷(b) 12 000.00美元", "澳大利亚^(b,c) 澳大利亚美元 9 400 000.00 9 494 902.00", "奥地利^ (b,d) 240 000.00 338 670.00欧元", "比利时^(b) 1 250 000.00欧元 1 788 269.00", "不丹(b) 美元 500.00美元", "布基纳法索非洲金融共同体法郎 2 000 000.00 3 620.00", "加拿大^ (b) 加拿大美元 10 000.00 10 289 12400", "智利^(b) 美国 23 000.00美元", "中国^(b)", "页: 1", "科特迪瓦法郎 10 000.00 19 954.00", "塞浦路斯(b) 7 400.00美元", "丹麦^(b)", "多米尼加 475.00美元", "埃及 5 000美元", "厄立特里亚 200.00美元", "芬兰 3 000.00 4 273 504.00欧元", "法国(b) 200 000.00 284 900.00欧元", "加蓬(b) 150 000.00美元", "德国^(b,e) 818 000.00 1 165 242.00欧元", "加纳 2 000美元", "希腊35 000美元", "格林纳达 3 000美元", "几内亚比绍 100.00美元", "圭亚那^(b) 美元", "洪都拉斯(b) 美元", "冰岛^(b) 美国 359 022.00美元", "印度^(b) 美国 1 021 043.00美元", "印度尼西亚", "伊拉克 100.00美元", "爱尔兰^ (b) 1 200 000.00 1 690 14100欧元", "意大利 700 000.00 997 15100欧元", "牙买加 2 000美元", "日本 446 808.00美元", "约旦 1 200.00美元", "科威特(b) 美元", "利比里亚^(b) 500.00美元", "列支敦士登^(b) 美国 79 482.00美元", "卢森堡^ (b) 1 005 000.00 1 415 493.00欧元", "马来西亚^(b) 美元", "毛里求斯(b) 5 000.00美元", "黑山 5 000欧元 6 570.00欧元", "摩洛哥^(b) 5 000.00美元", "纳米比亚 3 000美元", "荷兰 4 000.00 5 925 926.00欧元", "新西兰^ (b) 新西兰 2 500 000.00 1 908 397.00美元", "尼日利亚:500 000美元", "挪威克朗", "阿曼(b) 美元", "巴拿马(b) 15 000.00美元", "巴拉圭 250.00美元", "秘鲁 2 500.00美元", "页: 1", "大韩民国 3 000.00", "沙特阿拉伯 100 000美元", "塞内加尔5 000美元", "页: 1", "塞拉利昂 500.00美元", "新加坡 50 000美元", "斯洛文尼亚 38 503.00美元", "西班牙^(f) 18 500 000.00 25 412 088.00欧元", "苏里南 500.00美元", "瑞典^(b,g) 瑞典克朗 52 000.00 8 322 663.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "泰国13 000美元", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 3 500.00 美元", "东帝汶 15 000.00美元", "多哥(b)美元", "特立尼达和多巴哥 5 000美元", "突尼斯^(b) 12 500.00美元", "土耳其 250 000美元", "乌克兰^ (b) 500.00美元", "阿拉伯联合酋长国", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国 5 000.00美元", "美国 6 000.00美元", "越南 5 000美元", "^(a) 以当地货币表示的认捐采用2010年11月1日生效的联合国业务汇率换算成美元等值。 捐款按付款时的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "^ (c) 7 355 865.00美元,截至2011年6月30日。", "^ (d) 281 690.00美元,截至2011年6月30日。", "^ (e) 截至2011年6月30日支付的571,171.00美元。", "^(f) 有待议会批准。", "^ (g) 4 048 583.00美元,截至2011年6月30日。", "附件十二", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国环境规划署认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "孟加拉国 653.00美元", "不丹(b) 美国 1 450.00美元", "印度^(c) 美国 100 000.00美元", "科威特", "蒙古(b) 1 000.00美元", "美元", "新加坡^(b)", "泰国^(b) 美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "截至2011年6月30日,已收到4 415美元。", "附件十三", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国南南合作基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "A. 导 言 B. 各国的贡献", "认捐美元或美元等值的国家货币", "阿根廷 30 000美元", "孟加拉国 1 000美元", "中国 900 000美元", "大韩民国 2 200 887.24美元", "苏里南 100 000美元", "B. 国际组织的贡献", "认捐美元或美元等值数额的组织货币", "德国美国机构 47 551.71 美元合作", "OPEC Fund for the United States 20 000.00 International$ Development", "附件十四", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国人类住区规划署联合国生境和人类住区基金会认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "印度 80 000美元", "美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "^(c) 科威特(347 705美元)和俄罗斯联邦(390 000美元)的额外认捐被指定用于联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的其他活动。", "附件十五", "截至2011年6月30日对联合国训练研究所认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "罗马教廷 1 000美元", "印度尼西亚 10 000美元", "科威特(b) 美元", "泰国^(b) 美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件十六", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国人口基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "(a) 以美元或美元等值美元认捐的数额的国家或地区", "阿富汗500.00美元", "安哥拉 15 000美元", "安提瓜和巴布达 1 000.00美元", "阿根廷 2 500.00美元", "亚美尼亚 2 500.00美元", "澳大利亚 10 500 10 388 205.00美元", "奥地利 600 000欧元 824美元", "巴哈马 1 000美元", "孟加拉国25 000美元", "巴巴多斯5 000美元", "比利时 4 500 000.00 6 437 768.00欧元", "贝宁 4 000美元", "博茨瓦纳 5 000美元", "布基纳法索非洲金融共同体法郎 4 000 000.00 8 066.00", "布隆迪 769.00美元", "柬埔寨 826美元", "加拿大美元 17 350 17 868 177.00 000.00", "中国 1 050 000美元", "科摩罗 500.00美元", "刚果法郎 25 000 55 496.00 000", "库克群岛 1 500.00 1 145美元", "哥斯达黎加 1 447 10300 2 908.00colón", "科特迪瓦 10 000美元", "丹麦克朗 205 700 37 794 985.00 000", "吉布提 3 000美元", "厄瓜多尔 4 000美元", "赤道几内亚法郎 19 754 41 029.00 315.00", "厄立特里亚2 000美元", "爱沙尼亚 25 565.00 35 507.00欧元", "斐济美元 8 449.00 4 827.00", "芬兰 28 500 40 772 532.00欧元", "加蓬 10 016.00美元", "冈比亚 Dalasi 300 000.00 11 009.00", "格鲁吉亚 3 500.00美元", "德国 15 600 22 003 862.00 000欧元", "加纳 12 500.00美元", "几内亚5 808.00美元", "几内亚比绍 1 000美元", "圭亚那500.00美元", "冰岛71 592.00美元", "印度500 000美元", "印度尼西亚 350 000 40 721.00卢比", "爱尔兰 3 050 000美元", "意大利 300 000.00 412 088.00欧元", "日本 25 438 946.00美元", "肯尼亚", "基里巴斯 195美元", "科威特 10 000美元", "利比里亚 10 000.00美元", "卢森堡 2 650 000.00 3 732 394.00欧元", "马来西亚 200 000.00美元", "马尔代夫 5 000.00美元", "马里非洲金融共同体法郎 3 000 000.00 6 515.00", "马绍尔群岛 1 500.00美元", "毛里塔尼亚 Ouguiya 1 000 000.00 3 610.00", "墨西哥比索 1 183 220.00 100 785.00", "密克罗尼西亚联邦 1 000.00 美元国", "摩纳哥", "蒙古国4 000美元", "Myanmar Kyat 200 000.00 242.00", "荷兰42 538 60 855 508.00欧元", "新西兰4 573 775.00美元", "尼日尔 10 000.00美元", "尼日利亚31 167.00美元", "挪威克朗 33 000 57 113 367.00 000", "阿曼 10 000美元", "巴拿马 10 000美元", "巴布亚新几内亚", "大韩民国 100 000.00美元", "俄罗斯联邦 300 000美元", "卢旺达 1 000美元", "萨摩亚 3 000美元", "圣多美和普林西比", "塞拉利昂 30 000 6 977.00 000", "新加坡 5 000美元", "所罗门群岛 1 000美元", "南非632 000.00 91 303.00", "斯威士兰 10 000美元", "瑞典krona 445 500 70 813 208.00 000", "瑞士瑞士法郎 14 000 14 861 996.00 000", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "泰国 96 000美元", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 2 500.00 美元", "多哥法郎 6 000 000.00 13 030.00", "托克劳 斐济 8 449.00 4 828.00美元", "汤加 100.00美元", "土耳其 150 000美元", "图瓦卢 3 000美元", "乌干达 10 000美元", "阿拉伯联合酋长国 10 000美元", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国", "美利坚合众国 40 000.00美元", "乌拉圭 5 000美元", "乌兹别克斯坦 1 211.00美元", "瓦努阿图 1 049美元", "也门", "共计 454 339 009.00", "注:2010年收到并记录了博茨瓦纳、科摩罗、爱沙尼亚、冈比亚、几内亚、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、阿曼、卢旺达、南非、瑞士、乌干达和瓦努阿图2011年的捐款承诺。", "^(a) 所有未缴认捐款均采用2011年6月1日生效的联合国汇率计算。", "附件十七", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国老龄问题信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "土耳其 10 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件十八", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国土著居民自愿基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "罗马教廷(b) 1 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件十九", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国援助酷刑受害者自愿基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "科威特日元(b)", "土耳其 10 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件二十", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国残疾问题自愿基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "土耳其 10 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十一", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国当代形式奴隶制问题自愿信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "卡塔尔 10 000.00美元", "土耳其 6 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十二", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国志愿人员认捐或缴付的款项", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "阿根廷^(b) 美元", "澳大利亚^(b) 美国 642 540.00美元", "比利时 2 252 760.00美元", "比利时 350 000.00 486 111.11欧元", "巴西^(b) 美元", "中国^(b)美元", "丹麦^(b) 美国 613 487.00美元", "芬兰^(b) 770 961.19 1 184 285.29欧元", "法国 490 000.00 680 555.55欧元", "德国^(b) 1 705 000.00 2 362 394.25欧元", "德国^(b) 美元", "德国 199 618.00美元", "德国 60 000.00 83 333.33欧元", "德国^(c) 18 564.40 26 580.51欧元", "意大利^(b)500 000.00 724 550.00欧元", "日本^(b) 3 013 993", "卢森堡^ (b) 400 000.00 580 120.00欧元", "密克罗尼西亚联邦", "挪威^(b) 美国 25 446.00美元", "巴拿马^(b)美元 500.00美元", "大韩民国 300 000.00美元", "西班牙^ (b) 1 640 000.00 2 284 192.00欧元", "西班牙^(b) 美国480.31美元", "瑞典 4 000 000.00 595 858.78", "瑞士^(b) 美国 299 975.00美元", "瑞士 800 000瑞士法郎 813 008.00", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "美利坚合众国 100 000.00美元", "共计 17 741 342", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年11月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "^(c) 这项认捐是在2011年6月30日之前作出的,但捐款是在2011年7月8日收到的。 因此,这一捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十三", "截至2011年6月30日为联合国青年基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "土耳其 10 000美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "附件二十四", "截至2011年6月30日为2011年中央应急基金认捐或缴付的款项", "认捐美元或等值美元的国家货币", "阿富汗^(b) 500.00美元", "不丹(b) 1 500.00美元", "中国日元", "科威特日元(b)", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。", "^(b) 已付。", "附件二十五", "截至2011年6月30日为支助最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处开展的活动的信托基金认捐或缴付的捐款", "(a) 以美元或等值美元计算的认捐数额", "中国 20 000.00美元", "^(a) 以本国货币认捐按2010年12月1日的联合国业务汇率入账。 捐款按转账日的现行汇率入账。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 87 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Reduction of military budgets: objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Corrigendum", "Annex I, table 7", "Footnote (f) should read", "^(f) Switzerland became a Member State in 2002. Switzerland provided information in 1996 and from 1998 to 2001." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目87(b)", "裁减军事预算：军事情况的客观", "情报，包括军事支出的透明度", "联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告", "秘书长的说明", "更正", "附件一，表7", "把脚注(f)改为：", "^(f) 瑞士于2002年成为会员国。瑞士在1996年和1998年至2001年期间提交了资料。", "^(*) A/66/150。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目87(b)", "裁减军事预算:军事情况的客观情报,包括军事支出的透明度", "联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展政府专家组", "秘书长的说明", "更正", "附件一,表7", "脚注(f)应改为", "^(f) 瑞士于2002年成为会员国。 瑞士于1996年和1998年至2001年提供了资料。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 67 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance: comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of the follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report prepared by the Special Rapporteur of the Human Rights Council on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, Githu Muigai, pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "Summary", "The present report to the General Assembly is submitted pursuant to Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "Following a brief introduction, the Special Rapporteur refers, in section II of the report, to thematic issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly (A/65/295). These issues include: structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "Finally, in section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, he emphasizes that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In this context, the Special Rapporteur provides several recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Issues 4 of concern for the \nmandate A.Manifestations 5 and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance B.Victims 9 of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance C.Best 13 practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related \nintolerance III. Activities 14 of the Special \nRapporteur A.Country 14 \nvisits B.Thematic 15 press \nreleases C.Seminars 16 and \nconsultations IV.Conclusions 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. On 25 March 2011, the Human Rights Council adopted resolution 16/33, by which it extended the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance for a further period of three years, in accordance with the terms of reference contained in Human Rights Council resolution 7/34.", "2. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/240 on global efforts for the total elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance and the comprehensive implementation of and follow-up to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. The Assembly requested the Special Rapporteur, within his mandate, to continue giving particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "3. In this report, the Special Rapporteur gives an overview of the issues of concern as addressed within the framework of his mandate since the submission of his previous report to the Assembly (A/65/295). These issues of concern for the mandate are presented in section II and include structural discrimination; incitement to national, racial or religious hatred; extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements; and victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status. The Special Rapporteur also highlights some best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "4. In section III, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since his previous report to the Assembly, including country visits, thematic press releases, seminars and consultations.", "5. In section IV, the Special Rapporteur presents a number of conclusions and recommendations relating to the above-mentioned issues of concern.", "II. Issues of concern for the mandate", "6. In his thematic reports, press releases, contributions to conferences and other meetings, the Special Rapporteur has continued to give particular attention to the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights, pursuant to paragraph 32 of General Assembly resolution 65/240.", "7. In the present section, the Special Rapporteur refers to various manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection A); victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection B); and best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (subsection C).", "A. Manifestations and forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "1. Structural discrimination", "8. Since the submission of his last report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted the issue of structural discrimination on several occasions, including in a public statement and in his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/40).", "9. On 18 October 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in the thematic discussion on “Structural discrimination: definitions, approaches and trends” held in the framework of the eighth session of the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In the statement delivered on that occasion, the Special Rapporteur acknowledged that while the pervasive existence and manifestations of structural discrimination had been studied and addressed widely, including by United Nations expert mechanisms, that phenomenon remained a difficult one to define. He provided some elements that might contribute to a better understanding of the different manifestations of structural discrimination and its various causes.", "10. The Special Rapporteur took the view that structural discrimination refers to racist, xenophobic or intolerant patterns of behaviour and attitudes within societal structures that target specific individuals or groups of individuals, in relation to their race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. Such “societal” structural discrimination is related, inter alia, to the persistence of deeply rooted racial prejudice and negative stereotypes within the societies.", "11. The Special Rapporteur further highlighted that structural discrimination can be the result of past historical injustices perpetrated against specific groups of individuals. Long after that formalized racial discrimination was dismantled, the inequalities that were created continued to have a disadvantage or disproportionate effect on the human rights of individuals of specific ethnic and racial groups. Indigenous peoples, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status, ethnic minorities and people of African descent remain particularly affected by this historical legacy, notably in the areas of health, housing, employment, education, administration of justice as well as political representation and empowerment. Thus structural discrimination is one example of the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "12. In the context of structural discrimination, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate the importance of addressing any discriminatory effects of those laws, policies and programmes that are prima facie non-discriminatory. Indeed, in some cases while the legislation or the public policies seem to be in conformity with international human rights law, and the aim of Governments is to prohibit racial discrimination, their application may have a discriminatory effect. The Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that may discriminate indirectly against specific groups of individuals. He further recommends that particular attention be paid to the situation of migrants while addressing the question of structural discrimination.", "2. Incitement to national, racial or religious hatred", "13. Since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred has been raised by the Special Rapporteur on several occasions, including in a joint press release and in the joint written submissions presented with the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "14. In the joint press release regarding the situation in Côte d’Ivoire, issued with other United Nations human rights experts on 1 April 2011,[2] the Special Rapporteur called on all parties to refrain from any advocacy of national or racial hatred that might incite to discrimination, hostility or violence. He demanded an end to attacks against foreign nationals and joined his voice to the appeal made by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination to promptly investigate and punish those responsible for ethnic violence.", "15. The Special Rapporteur also addressed the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in the joint written submissions presented in Vienna,[3] Nairobi[4] and Bangkok[5] to the series of expert workshops of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. The expert workshops touched upon the rights and freedoms enshrined in the following provisions of international human rights instruments: article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, respectively, on freedom of thought, conscience and religion; article 19 of the Universal Declaration and of the International Covenant on freedom of opinion and expression, respectively; article 20 of the Covenant on the prohibition of any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination on the eradication of incitement to racial discrimination as well as acts of violence or incitement to such acts.", "16. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur explored some legislative and judicial practices in the workshops’ regions (Europe, Africa and Asia-Pacific; the fourth expert workshop on the Americas will be held in October 2011). He also explored policies conducive to effectively prohibiting and preventing advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence. In that regard, he referred to some examples and pertinent recommendations from the mandate’s country fact-finding visits in the different regions and the communications sent to States to help to review legislative and judicial practices and policies.", "17. The Special Rapporteur reiterated that all human rights were universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated. He underlined that nowhere was that interdependence more obvious than in the discussion on freedom of expression and incitement to national, racial or religious hatred. He strongly emphasized that freedom of expression and the demands of a pluralist, tolerant, broad-minded and democratic society needed to be taken into consideration in all cases being examined. Freedom of expression had to be understood in a positive sense as one of the essential foundations of a democratic and pluralistic society. It had to be guaranteed equally for all as a way to combat racism and discrimination. With the exercise of that freedom, an atmosphere of respect and understanding between peoples, cultures and religions had to be generated.", "18. The Special Rapporteur further recalled that the OHCHR expert seminar on articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant, held in Geneva in October 2008, identified some objective criteria to prevent arbitrary application of national legal standards pertaining to incitement to racial or religious hatred: the public intent of inciting discrimination, hostility or violence must be present for hate speech to be penalized; any limitations on freedom of expression should be clearly and narrowly defined, provided by law, necessary and proportionate to the objective they propound to achieve, i.e., prohibiting hate speech; limitations should not threaten the exercise of the right itself; the least intrusive means insofar as freedom of expression is concerned should be used to prevent a chilling effect; and the adjudication of such limitations should be made by an independent and impartial judiciary. The Special Rapporteur also referred to the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality,[6] which provide useful guidance for the interpretation of international law and standards, inter alia, with regard to incitement to hatred. In that regard, he reiterated Principle 12, which clarifies that “the terms ‘hatred’ and ‘hostility’ refer to intense and irrational emotions of opprobrium, enmity and detestation towards the target group”, that “the term ‘advocacy’ is to be understood as requiring an intention to promote hatred publicly towards the target group” and that “the term ‘incitement’ refers to statements about national, racial or religious groups which create an imminent risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against persons belonging to those groups”.", "19. In the joint written submissions, the Special Rapporteur also noted the positive development of the adoption, on 24 March 2011, by the Human Rights Council, without a vote, of resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence, and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. He expressed his appreciation that the Human Rights Council had, after years of debate, ultimately found a way to unanimously address those worrying phenomena without referring to concepts or notions that would undermine international human rights law. In that context, the Special Rapporteur emphasized the principle that individuals rather than religions per se were the rights-holders.", "3. Extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements", "20. With regard to the issue of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazi and skinhead groups, and similar extremist ideological movements, the Special Rapporteur has submitted a report to the Human Rights Council at its eighteenth session (A/HRC/18/44).", "21. The Special Rapporteur identified good practices developed by States and other stakeholders to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups. In that regard, he welcomed the prohibition of racial discrimination in a number of States’ constitutions and legislation, and appreciated that racial discrimination and incitement to racial hatred were declared an offence under the criminal law of some countries. He also welcomed the fact that racist or xenophobic motives in some criminal legislation were aggravating factors in relation to some offences. Among other good practices, the Special Rapporteur highlighted the programmes specifically launched by States to combat extremism, including to steer youth away from extremist groups; the establishment of specific units to deal with hate crimes in Public Prosecutor’s offices; the collection of data on hate crimes, including racist crimes committed by members of extremist groups; as well as training of law enforcement agents, educational measures and awareness-raising activities to foster tolerance and respect for cultural diversity.", "22. While taking note of efforts made by States to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups, the Special Rapporteur underlined that important challenges remained which required more efforts and increased vigilance, including with regard to the protection of vulnerable groups of individuals against racist and xenophobic crimes. The Special Rapporteur emphasized that members of minorities, including Roma, Sinti, migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers, continued to be the main victims of violence and attacks perpetrated or incited by extremist political parties, movements and groups. He highlighted the remaining impunity of the perpetrators of racist crimes and expressed his concern about the underreporting of such crimes by the victims.", "23. In this context, the Special Rapporteur also raised the challenges posed by extremist political parties, movements and groups regarding the protection and consolidation of democracy and human rights. He highlighted that extremist political parties, movements and groups had gained influence, including through seats obtained in parliaments at the national and regional levels. Furthermore, some extremist political parties, movements and groups had adopted new strategies to secure a place on the political scene by refraining from openly propagating racist and xenophobic discourse. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted with concern the increased use of the Internet to disseminate racist ideas by individuals and groups of individuals closely linked to extremist movements.", "24. In view of upcoming presidential and legislative elections to be held in some countries, the Special Rapporteur called upon traditional political parties to avoid using electoral contexts to fuel populist ideas and to refrain from seeking coalitions with extremist political parties. He further recalled that any measures to counter extremist political parties, movements and groups had to be taken in accordance with international human rights law and in a manner that upheld democratic principles.", "B. Victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "25. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly emphasized the need to adopt a victim-oriented approach, to ensure that actions undertaken truly respond to the concrete needs of those experiencing racism and discrimination. In line with the Durban documents, the Special Rapporteur has highlighted that all victims should receive the same attention and protection and that it is essential to avoid establishing any hierarchy among the different manifestations of discrimination, even if they may vary in nature and degree depending on the historical, geographical and cultural context. All forms of racism and discrimination should be addressed with the same emphasis and determination.", "26. In this context, the Special Rapporteur would like to highlight the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of the civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights of certain groups. Since his previous report to the General Assembly, the Special Rapporteur has discussed the situation of people of African descent (see subsection B.1), Roma (see subsection B.2) and those who face discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status (see subsection B.3).", "1. People of African descent", "27. In the context of the celebration of the International Year for People of African Descent, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the thematic discussion on “Racial discrimination against people of African descent”, held by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in Geneva on 7 March 2011. In addition, he participated in the thematic discussion on “People of African descent: Overview of the current situation facing people of African descent”, held in the framework of the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on 29 March. A joint statement on “Recognition, justice and development: a road map to achieve full equality for people of African descent” was also delivered by the Special Rapporteur and other United Nations independent human rights experts on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination on 21 March.", "28. The Special Rapporteur acknowledged that progress and positive changes had been made; however, he emphasized that important challenges still remained. Indeed, despite century-long fights against racism and racial discrimination, people of African descent continued to be discriminated against and marginalized as a result of the historical injustices and grave human rights violations they had suffered from in the past, including slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. That was particularly blatant in the areas of education, employment, health and housing. Inequalities also seeped into the access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In the administration of justice in particular, important challenges remained with regard to racial discrimination against people of African descent and their unequal treatment before the law, especially in the criminal justice system. They often face institutional racism in the area of penal administration. Racial profiling by the police also adversely affects them.", "29. Inequalities in all aspects of daily life of people of African descent demand continued urgent attention. Subtle, but ever present, structural discrimination or institutionalized racism is part of their everyday existence. They are regrettably not accepted as part of the culture within public institutions or private enterprises, nor within the wider society. It is crucial to recognize that racism and racial discrimination against people of African descent remain embedded in societies.", "30. In that context, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized the situation of women and girls of African descent who often suffer multiple forms of discrimination on the basis of their descent and gender. Women and girls of African descent are regularly more marginalized and discriminated in comparison to men in key areas such as education, public and political life, health, and access to labour markets, and they remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "31. In the Special Rapporteur’s view, the participation of people of African descent in political, economic, social and cultural aspects of society, as well as in the advancement and economic development of their countries, is indispensable for an inclusive society. A particular reference was made in that regard by the Special Rapporteur to paragraph 32 of the Durban Declaration,[7] which affirms the importance and necessity of ensuring the full integration of people of African descent into social, economic and political life with a view to facilitating their full participation at all levels in the decision-making process. The invaluable contributions to the economic, social, cultural, civil and political life of society that have been made by people of African descent were also emphasized.", "32. Racial discrimination against people of African descent is a major obstacle to achieving development. The Special Rapporteur therefore recalled that meaningful participation and empowerment, equality and non-discrimination were central features of a human rights-based approach to development and that progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals should be encouraged.", "2. Roma", "33. In his annual report submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session, the Special Rapporteur analysed the issue of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. He noted that despite the wide range of measures taken by States at the regional and national levels to eliminate racism and racial discrimination against Roma, more remained to be done in the light of their current situation. Indeed, important challenges remained that revealed grave and deep-rooted problems of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that Roma were particularly exposed to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance when it came to the enjoyment of their rights to education, health, employment and housing. The widespread discrimination they faced fed their marginalization and social exclusion in a vicious manner. The Special Rapporteur noted with concern the segregation of Roma children in schools, the high rate of unemployment of Roma, their forced evictions and growing segregation in the area of housing, and the discriminatory practices they experienced while accessing health care and services.", "34. While the socio-economic marginalization and exclusion of Roma was one of the most frequent manifestations of the racism and racial discrimination they faced, Roma were also victims of discrimination in the enjoyment of their civil and political rights. Indeed, in a number of countries, Roma were discriminated against in their access to citizenship, and they were still widely excluded from the public and political life of many countries, where they remained underrepresented or not represented at all in States’ public administration and institutions, or in political parties. The Special Rapporteur also noted with concern that Roma were discriminated against in access to justice, including in the criminal justice system, where discriminatory attitudes by prosecutors, excessive delays in dealing with cases brought by Roma and racial profiling by the police were reported.", "35. Violence against Roma by private and public actors remains a serious and increasing problem in many countries. In this context, the Special Rapporteur highlighted abuse and violence against Roma by the police, the rise of extremism which increased Roma vulnerability to racist violence, and the persistence of racist and xenophobic discourse against Roma by public officials and politicians, including high-ranking State officials.", "36. The situation of Roma migrants who face double discrimination as Roma and non-citizens was also raised with concern by the Special Rapporteur. He noted that the poverty they experienced in their country of origin, as well as racism, racial discrimination and marginalization, often helped to explain their emigration. Furthermore, for several years Roma migrants had frequently been targeted by security policies and discourse that had sometimes resulted in their expulsions. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur expressed his concern about the targeted expulsion of Roma migrants, including to countries where they were likely to face discrimination. He called upon States to respect the rights of Roma migrants as guaranteed by the relevant regional and international human rights instruments.", "37. While assessing the reasons for racial discrimination and racism against Roma remained complex, the Special Rapporteur stressed that three main factors, which should not be considered as exhaustive, might explain the persistence of such a situation. They included the lack of participation of Roma in decision-making processes, the lack of implementation of policies and legislation targeting Roma, and the structural dimension of the racism and racial discrimination they faced. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur also underlined that Roma were confronted with institutionalized discrimination reflected both in legislation, policies and administrative measures, and in the discriminatory attitudes of State officials. He emphasized the need for States to ensure that the behaviour of their agents complied with their international human rights obligations.", "3. Discrimination based on work and descent, including discrimination based on caste and analogous systems of inherited status", "38. The Special Rapporteur has repeatedly raised the negative impact of discrimination based on work and descent on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. He reaffirms that States have to recognize that discrimination on the ground of descent constitutes a form of racial discrimination prohibited by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The Special Rapporteur has associated himself with the position taken by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination which in its general recommendation No. 29: Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention (Descent) (2002), strongly reaffirmed that “discrimination based on ‘descent’ includes discrimination against members of communities based on forms of social stratification such as caste and analogous systems of inherited status which nullify or impair their equal enjoyment of human rights”.", "39. The Special Rapporteur would like to stress that multiple discrimination compounds the severity of the plight of low castes, who sometimes form part of a religious minority. For instance, many Hindu members belonging to “scheduled castes” (Dalits) experience segregation in access to housing, live below the poverty line, earn less than the minimum wage and have no access to education. They suffer from numerous diseases, not least because of lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and sometimes face discrimination in accessing public-health facilities. Pervasive discrimination keeps them poor, uneducated, in terrible living conditions and in menial jobs. Discriminated against in terms of education, children of lower castes are among the most vulnerable, facing recruitment as child labour, soldiers or as sex workers, and rampant torture and corporal punishment. Trafficking and the sale of children, especially young girls, and infanticide of female children are other multiple forms of discrimination. Women and girls face multiple discrimination, including through sexual exploitation, forced prostitution, violence in their family and communities, and from actors in other castes.", "40. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur has identified good practices and challenges in the fight against discrimination based on work and descent at the international and national levels. He notes with satisfaction that some Governments have taken initiatives to address the problems facing communities affected by discrimination based on work and descent, and he encourages them to continue their efforts, share best practices and take the lead in regional and international initiatives to eliminate this form of discrimination.", "41. However, despite Government efforts to eradicate this type of discrimination through constitutional guarantees, legislation and affirmative action programmes, the Special Rapporteur notes that caste-based discrimination remains deplorably widespread and deeply rooted. He would like to reiterate that, notwithstanding the existence of international legal obligations to protect against discrimination based on work and descent, certain Governments have failed to implement such obligations effectively and have, in some instances, sidestepped the question of caste discrimination by claiming that it does not fall under the scope of the international conventions, such as the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in contrast to the opinion of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In that regard, he again recommends that the general measures contained in general recommendation No. 29 (2002) of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination be implemented.", "42. The Special Rapporteur recommends the continued use of the draft principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination based on work and descent[8] as a guiding framework for the elaboration of effective measures to be taken by States to fulfil international legal obligations, and invites Governments to consider creating a consultative body of regional human rights institutions to study the issue and raise regional awareness. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur recommends that measures with regard to the legal framework be taken hand-in-hand with awareness-raising measures.", "C. Best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "43. The issue of best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance has been addressed on several occasions by the Special Rapporteur, including at the “Panel discussion on best practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, held in the framework of the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council on 15 June 2011. The Panel was organized in the context of the upcoming celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.", "44. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to share his experience on this issue. Good practices highlighted by the Special Rapporteur included legal, policy and institutional measures identified during his country visits and in his reports to the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly. The Special Rapporteur noted, in particular, the development of some national laws against racism and racial discrimination that provided good protection.", "45. The outcome document of the Durban Review Conference,[9] in paragraph 28, reaffirmed the call upon States to formulate action plans to prevent, combat and eradicate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In that regard, the Special Rapporteur stressed that some States had developed national action plans against racism that were in line with the provisions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action. In some cases, those national action plans and strategies had been elaborated to cover specific groups of individuals, including, for instance, the Roma. The Special Rapporteur also highlighted the specific measures adopted to protect migrant workers, including through the setting up of channels for foreign workers to submit complaints and the establishment of language and financial assistance to file lawsuits in court.", "46. The Special Rapporteur also stressed that several countries had already invested in education to foster mutual understanding and respect for cultural diversity, and that some educational policies and programmes had been developed to contribute to the peaceful coexistence of the diverse communities at the national level. Other positive examples identified by the Special Rapporteur included the training of law enforcement agents and awareness-raising measures.", "47. In this context, the Special Rapporteur reiterated that creating an institutional framework for the adequate promotion and sharing of best practices in the fight against racism would help States to draw on positive lessons that could be transferred to other contexts. The best practices database of OHCHR, once finalized, will be a key tool in the identification and sharing of good practices. States can also make better use of the universal periodic review process to share good practices.", "III. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "48. In this section, the Special Rapporteur refers to further activities carried out since the submission of his previous report to the General Assembly, including country visits (subsection A), thematic press releases (subsection B) as well as seminars and consultations (subsection C).", "A. Country visits", "1. Mission to Hungary", "49. The Special Rapporteur visited Hungary from 23 to 27 May 2011. He would like to reiterate his sincere appreciation to the Government of Hungary for its full openness and cooperation throughout the visit. A detailed report containing the observations and conclusions of the Special Rapporteur on the visit will be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session, in 2012.", "50. At the press conference held in Budapest on 27 May 2011,[10] the Special Rapporteur highlighted the particular context of his visit, which occurred more than 10 years after the first visit to Hungary of a previous Special Rapporteur on racism, and at a time when the Government of Hungary had adopted a new Constitution and was holding the European Union’s presidency. He further recalled that the issues raised during his mission had to be understood in the context of the history of Hungary, in particular, the impact of the fall of the Communist regime on disadvantaged groups, especially the Roma minority.", "51. The Special Rapporteur commended the Government of Hungary for the significant efforts made to fulfil its international human rights obligations and commitments with respect to the situation of national and ethnic minorities and the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He noted that key legislative, institutional and political measures had been taken. In that regard, he welcomed, among others, key achievements such as Act LXXVII of 1993 on the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities, and Act No. CXXV of 2003 on Equal Treatment and the Promotion of Equal Opportunities, which both provided a comprehensive and valuable legislative framework on anti-discrimination. The Special Rapporteur also welcomed the unique Hungarian system of minority self-governments, the newly adopted agreement between the Government and Roma leaders, and the European Roma Strategy initiated by the Hungarian presidency of the Council of the European Union.", "52. While much had been achieved in the past few years, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that challenges remained, including in relation to the implementation of the measures taken. He stressed that Hungary had to ensure that all those measures led to an effective outcome that would cover the situation of all the individuals who experienced racism and racial discrimination. He identified critical areas which deserved specific attention and determined action. In that regard, he stressed that the situation of refugees, asylum-seekers and migrants was a matter that called for specific attention. The Special Rapporteur also emphasized the importance of ensuring that the constitutional changes would not weaken the legal and institutional framework for the protection of minorities’ rights. He recommended an effective empowerment of members of minorities.", "53. The Special Rapporteur stressed that the situation of Roma individuals, who represented the largest minority group in Hungary, had worsened in the last years, as also recognized by Government officials. They faced racism and racial discrimination, including segregation in the area of education, and were exposed to violence and abuse. Being aware of the historical roots of the current situation of Roma and the difficulties in fixing it, the Special Rapporteur underlined the urgent need for a strong political will to address their situation. There was a great urgency to reinvigorate the education of Roma with all the necessary resources of the Government of Hungary. It was essential that Hungary develop a comprehensive approach for Roma and elaborate a consolidated and coordinating programme of implementation at all levels, starting at the local level. The gap between Hungary’s engagement at the international level and the commitment of local governments must be filled in that regard.", "54. Finally, the Special Rapporteur underlined that immediate action was required to tackle anti-Semitism. He also called upon the vigilance of the Government vis-à-vis the resurgence of extremist political parties, movements and groups, some of which were alleged to have a racist platform, and he drew the attention of the Government to the recurrence of hate speech.", "2. Forthcoming missions", "55. The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Government of Bolivia, which has accepted his request to visit the country. He plans to undertake the mission before the end of 2011. He would like also to thank the Government of South Africa for inviting him to conduct a mission, which he plans to carry out as soon as possible.", "56. The Special Rapporteur is very much looking forward to engaging in a constructive dialogue, respectively, with the authorities of the Governments of Bolivia and South Africa on all matters related to his mandate.", "B. Thematic press releases", "57. On 10 December 2010, in a joint statement delivered by the Coordination Committee of Special Procedures on behalf of mandate holders of the Human Rights Council on the occasion of Human Rights Day,[11] the Special Rapporteur paid tribute to human rights defenders who act against discrimination globally and called for their greater protection. Human rights defenders were the front line of efforts to confront discrimination and all violations of rights — their work was vital, yet they were frequently under threat and must be better protected. On that occasion, the Special Rapporteur also emphasized that human rights defenders had advanced the human rights agenda and brought the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights closer to reality in their societies, promoting equality, the rule of law and justice through their commitment and sacrifices. They had helped to shape the laws and policies that established that no one should be the victim of discrimination. He further underlined that human rights defenders and non-governmental organizations were essential to the functioning of free and fair societies in which anyone, irrespective of his or her ethnicity, religion, gender, politics or sexual identity, had the right to object to inequality or mistreatment and to seek justice and redress.", "58. On 17 September 2010, in anticipation of the High-level Plenary Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint press release on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals,[12] in which he noted that significant progress had been made on the achievement of a number of Millennium Development Goals, but much more needed to be done. A focus on human rights was needed to tackle the structural problems, at both national and international levels, that underpinned and sustained the poverty and underdevelopment whose effects the Millennium Goals tried to alleviate. He emphasized that the Goals were laudable political commitments and had been useful in mobilizing money and energy, but States could achieve those Goals sustainably only if they were guided by human rights obligations that defined which actions should be taken, and by whom. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur stressed that good governance and the rule of law at national and international levels were critical.", "C. Seminars and consultations", "59. On 30 November 2010, the Special Rapporteur held an expert consultation in Geneva on the theme “Equality, non-discrimination and diversity: challenge or opportunity for the mass media?”. That discussion brought together 12 experts with work experience in mass media organizations with a global outreach, as well as the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief. In terms of their professional backgrounds, the 12 experts included a newspaper editor, television anchor, foreign correspondent, wire reporter, online blogger, head of newsgathering and representatives of an umbrella organization of journalists, an international human rights organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and the Alliance of Civilizations. As part of the discussion, two specific cases studies were analysed, i.e., the media coverage of recent plans to burn copies of the Koran[13] and the challenges of reporting on post-electoral conflicts in an ethnically divided country.[14] The Special Rapporteur learned more about the decision-making processes within the different mass media organizations and the conditions for making their day-to-day judgement calls, adhering to the key principles of professionalism and independence. The experts highlighted several challenges faced by mass media, for example, the increasingly competitive nature of the industry and the need to provide news around the clock, coupled with a global and evolving media landscape. Drawing on their work, the experts also reflected upon existing initiatives and guidelines used by mass media organizations to promote equality, freedom of expression and diversity.[15] They acknowledged that self-regulation for mass media was the best system, albeit imperfect, yet they also emphasized that self-regulation should not lead to detrimental self-censorship or a conspiracy of silence. They also stressed the importance of skills training, including with respect to investigative reporting.", "60. On 10 January 2011, the Special Rapporteur contributed to the session on the theme “ECRI [European Commission against Racism and Intolerance] and its international partners: cooperation and synergies”, held in the framework of the seminar organized by the Council of Europe on “The fight against discrimination based on racial, ethnic, religious or other bias” in Ankara. While recalling the Durban documents’ provisions on the role of regional bodies, the Special Rapporteur underlined the considerable contribution of the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe/Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights in the fight against racism at the European level. In order to strengthen cooperation, the Special Rapporteur emphasized that adopting a comprehensive legal framework addressing all forms of racism and discrimination, as it existed at the United Nations and at European levels, was the correct strategy. In addition, best practices should be shared with other countries and regions on a regular basis, including on complementary measures such as education and awareness-raising initiatives aiming at promoting understanding within society. The Special Rapporteur took the view that a more regular exchange of experiences could certainly provide a framework for the development of useful tools to fight discrimination and racism, making use of the lessons learned. He encouraged further joint action of national, regional and international mechanisms fighting discrimination, and welcomed more interaction with European mechanisms, including with respect to the preparation of country visits in Europe, data, studies, case law, and legal and policy measures. A common approach on some issues would also be worthwhile.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "61. The Special Rapporteur takes note of the valuable efforts made by States to address the challenges related to the thematic issues raised in the present report, and commends Governments for having developed a number of good practices both at national and regional levels. However, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize that much remains to be done to effectively counter the racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance faced in practice by many women, men and children worldwide.", "62. Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance unfortunately continue to have a negative impact on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights. This is particularly blatant for people of African descent, Roma, members of communities based on caste or analogous systems of inherited status and ethnic minorities in general, including in the areas of education, employment, health, housing, access to citizenship, administration of justice, racial profiling as well as access to political decision-making and judicial systems. In addition, women and girls belonging to certain communities remain particularly vulnerable to exploitation, trafficking, racial abuse and violence.", "63. Against this background and pursuant to the thematic issues of concern raised in the present report, the Special Rapporteur would like to make the following general recommendations which could be used by States as tools for further analysis and progress.", "64. A first step to be taken to address the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is to recognize its existence in our societies as well as in State institutions. While the Special Rapporteur is aware of the difficulty in acknowledging such a reality, he is, however, convinced that recognition is a vital first step towards ending racial discrimination.", "65. States are not necessarily aware of the manifestations and the spread of racism and racial discrimination in their societies and how it impacts on the everyday life of the victims, including in terms of marginalization and social exclusion. The absence of appropriate tools to assess the situation, including reliable statistics and data, is among the reasons for such a situation. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that such data and statistics are not only needed to identify the persons and groups affected by racial discrimination, but also to better understand the nature and extent of the inequalities they face, and design targeted policies and measures that will remedy inequalities. He therefore encourages States to collect ethnically disaggregated data and to improve the quality of existing data-collection systems. Such collection must be done in consultation with the concerned groups of individuals and in accordance with international human rights standards. The Special Rapporteur also strongly recommends collecting data on racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups. Ethnically disaggregated data may also be an important tool to have a comprehensive picture of the structural dimension of racism and racial discrimination in countries.", "66. In addition, the Special Rapporteur strongly calls upon all States Members to demonstrate further political will to prevent and combat racism and racial discrimination, and to promote further effective action to eliminate instances of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance around the world. Indeed, the elimination of racism and racial discrimination is not always seen as a priority. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reaffirms that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference form the most comprehensive international framework in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. He calls upon all States to bring their support to the Durban process and to effectively implement the commitments contained in those documents. He also urges the concerned States to ratify the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "67. Recognition and strong political will may lead to results if they are also coupled with an increased vigilance, especially with regard to the rise of certain manifestations and forms of racism and racial discrimination, including the phenomenon of extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups, as well as similar ideological extremist movements. The Special Rapporteur recalls that no State is immune from such phenomena. In this regard he reiterates that political leaders and political parties must strongly condemn all political messages that disseminate ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination or xenophobia. Respect for human rights and freedoms, democracy and the rule of law must always be the cornerstone of any programme or activity developed by political parties, while they bear in mind the need to ensure that the political and legal systems reflect the multicultural character of their societies at all levels.", "68. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to develop a comprehensive approach when designing measures to address the negative impact of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance on the full enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.", "69. Furthermore, while developing such a comprehensive approach, States should take into account the structural dimension of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including as experienced by some groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. Indeed, the root causes of structural discrimination need to be addressed through a comprehensive approach that will make it possible to address this phenomenon in all its dimensions. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to review and redesign legislation, policies and programmes that have a disproportionate effect, including the legislation, policies and programmes that discriminate indirectly against some specific groups of individuals. He further recommends the adoption of national strategies and plans of action against racism, focusing on structural discrimination and the interrelation between racism and the socio-economic or political exclusion of certain parts of their population.", "70. An appropriate legal response is a fundamental pillar of the approach recommended by the Special Rapporteur in the present report. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence should be prohibited by law, as should the dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred, incitement to racial discrimination as well as all acts of violence or incitement to such acts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends the enactment of legislation consistent with international human rights standards, including article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. States are also urged to introduce into their domestic criminal law a provision according to which committing an offence with racist or xenophobic motivation or aim constitutes an aggravating circumstance allowing for heavier sanctions. The Special Rapporteur also calls upon States to fully implement articles 19 to 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association and determine the limitations thereto. In this regard, he emphasizes that States should never lose sight of the fact that the ultimate goal, while addressing the issue of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, is to find the most effective ways through which individuals can be protected from advocacy of hatred and violence by others.", "71. Legal responses are far from being sufficient to bring about real changes. Indeed, legislative measures should be complemented by a much broader set of policy measures, such as affirmative action; the collection of ethnically disaggregated data and statistics; human rights training of State agents; and educational and awareness-raising measures to foster mutual understanding, respect and tolerance.", "72. The design and implementation of affirmative action measures or programmes are recommended, including to redress the historical inequalities experienced by certain groups of individuals such as people of African descent, Roma and the victims of discrimination based on work and descent. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur urges States to develop and implement special measures in line with general recommendation No. 32 of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, and the Durban provisions.", "73. Racism and racial discrimination within State institutions is a reality that States should not deny. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States strengthen the capacity of law enforcement agents and members of the judiciary through regular, adequate and mandatory human rights training activities focusing on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, that will also cover racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals closely linked to extremist political parties, movements and groups, including neo-Nazis and skinhead groups.", "74. To address the root causes of racism and racial discrimination within society and build a society based on tolerance, respect for cultural diversity and non-discrimination, the Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States invest in education. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would like to emphasize in particular the importance of history classes in teaching the history of people of African descent, Roma and other communities, their culture and positive contributions, as well as the grave human rights violations they have suffered in the past. He further recalls that human rights education is a major tool in countering the rise of extremist political parties, movements and groups.", "75. States should also raise awareness and challenge long-entrenched perceptions to help to shape public opinion towards fairer and more equitable societies. Awareness-raising measures to inform and sensitize populations should therefore complement education efforts. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur calls upon national human rights institutions to develop appropriate programmes to promote tolerance of, and respect for, all persons and all human rights, and to combat extremism.", "76. Furthermore, particular attention should be paid to the victims. In this respect, the Special Rapporteur urges States to guarantee to victims of racism and racial discrimination full access to effective legal remedies, including the right to seek just and adequate reparation. Prompt, thorough and impartial investigation of racist and xenophobic attitudes and crimes should be undertaken, the victims should be made aware of their rights, and those responsible adequately sanctioned. The empowerment of the victims of racism and racial discrimination through further measures to ensure their access to quality and higher education is also a major step to be taken by States. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur urges States to ensure that victims of racism and racial discrimination be involved in the design, decision-making, implementation and evaluation processes of the national policies, especially those affecting them.", "77. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that all the measures taken to prevent and eliminate racism and racial discrimination should be designed and implemented in conformity with international human rights standards. Moreover, it is crucial that the comprehensive approach, based on a solid legal framework, and key complementary measures are implemented in an effective, inclusive and cooperative manner with the involvement of relevant stakeholders. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur recommends strengthening and better coordinating implementation efforts at the national and local levels, and he encourages States to duly cooperate with civil society organizations, the United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms. He also recommends that further efforts be made by States to share good practices that have been developed at the local, national and regional levels to prevent and eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E.", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.Joint_ SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/ JointSRsubmissionforNairobiworkshop.pdf.", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/ SRSubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf.", "[6] http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[7] See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[8] www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf.", "[9] See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[10] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E.", "[11] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E.", "[12] The full text of the press release is available from www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/ DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E.", "[13] See also the allegation letter of the Special Rapporteurs dated 8 September 2010 (A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, paras. 149-155).", "[14] See www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E.", "[15] See, for example, Al Jazeera’s Code of Ethics (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/ 2008525185733692771.html); the British Broadcasting Corporation’s Editorial Guidelines (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality, prepared by Article 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/Camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); and the International Federation of Journalists, The Ethical Journalism Initiative (http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目67(b)", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和", "相关不容忍行为：《德班宣言和行动", "纲领》的全面执行和后续行动", "打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨依照大会第65/240号决议，向大会成员转递由人权理事会当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员吉苏·穆伊盖编写的临时报告。", "当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员的临时报告", "摘要 本报告是根据大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和其后续活动的第65/240号决议向大会提交的。 在简要的导言之后，特别报告员在报告第二节中提到自他上次向大会提交报告（A/65/295）以来在其任务框架中涉及的专题问题。这些问题包括：结构性歧视；煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨；包括新纳粹分子和光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体；以及种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，其中包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视受害者。特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的一些最佳做法。 在第三节，特别报告员提及自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步行动，包括国家访问、专题新闻稿、研讨会和协商。 \n最后，在第四节，特别报告员提出与上述关切问题相关的若干结论和建议。特别报告员注意到各国为应对挑战所做的可贵努力，并赞扬了各国政府在国家和区域两级采用的若干良好做法。然而，他强调，不幸的是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为继续对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利造成消极影响。一般来说，这些行为尤其公然针对非洲裔人、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员以及少数族裔，包括在教育、就业、保健、住房、获得国籍、司法、种族貌相及进入政治决策和司法系统领域。在此背景之下，特别报告员提出了若干建议，各国可利用这些建议作为进一步分析和进步的工具。", "目录", "页 次", "一、导言 4", "二、任务授权涉及的关切问题 4", "A. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式 5", "B. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者 8", "C. 打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法 11", "三、特别报告员的活动 12", "A. 国家访问 12", "B. 专题新闻稿 14", "C. 研讨会和协商 14", "四、结论和建议 15", "一、导言", "1. 2011年3月25日，人权理事会通过了第16/33号决议，依据人权理事会第7/34号决议阐述的职权范围，将当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员的任务期限延长三年。", "2. 本报告是根据大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和其后续活动的第65/240号决议向大会提交的。大会请特别报告员在其任务范围内继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。", "3. 在本报告中，特别报告员概述了自他上次向大会提交报告（A/65/295）以来在其任务框架中涉及的关切问题。其任务授权涉及的关切问题载于第二节，包括：结构性歧视；煽动种族、种族或宗教仇恨；包括新纳粹分子、光头党和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的极端主义政党、运动和团体；以及种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视受害者。特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的一些最佳做法。", "4. 在第三节，特别报告员提及自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步行动，包括国家访问、专题新闻稿，研讨会和协商。", "5. 在第四节，特别报告员提出与上述关切问题相关的若干结论和建议。", "二、任务授权涉及的关切问题", "6. 特别报告员根据大会第65/240号决议第32段，在其专题报告、新闻稿及向研讨会和其他会议的投稿中继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。", "7. 在本节中，特别报告员提及了种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式（A分节）；种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者（B分节）；和打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法（C分节）。", "A. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的各种表现和形式", "1. 结构性歧视", "8. 自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员已在许多场合，包括一份公开声明和其向人权理事会第十七届会议提交的年度报告（A/HRC/17/40）中强调了结构性歧视问题。", "9. 2010年10月18日，特别报告员参加了在有效执行德班宣言和行动纲领政府间工作组第八届会议框架内举行的关于“结构性歧视：定义、方法和趋势”的专题讨论。在此次讨论发表的声明中，特别报告员承认，尽管包括联合国专家机制在内的各界已广泛研究和讨论结构性歧视的普遍存在和表现形式，但仍难以对该现象进行界定。他提出了可能有助于更好地理解结构性歧视不同表现形式及其各种成因的一些要素。", "10. 特别报告员认为，结构性歧视是指社会结构中针对特定个人或特定人群，涉及种族、肤色、血统或民族或族裔本源的种族主义、仇外心理和不容忍模式的行为和态度。除其他外，这一“社会的”结构性歧视与社会中长期留存的根深蒂固的种族偏见和消极的陈规定型观念有关。", "11. 特别报告员进一步强调结构性歧视可能源于过去对特定人群犯下的历史性不公平。在正式化的种族歧视瓦解很久之后，所形成的不公平继续对特定族裔和种族群体中的个人人权产生不利或不均衡的影响。土著人民、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员、少数族裔和非洲裔人尤其仍受到这一历史遗留问题的影响，特别是在保健、住房、就业、教育、司法以及政治代表权和赋权方面。因此，结构性歧视是种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生消极影响的一个实例。", "12. 在结构性歧视方面，特别报告员希望重申应对那些貌似不具有歧视性的法律、政策和方案的歧视性影响的重要性。实际上，在某些情况下，尽管立法或公共政策似乎符合国际人权法，并且各国政府将禁止种族歧视作为目标，但执行这些立法或政策会产生歧视性后果。特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新制定具有歧视性影响的法律、政策和方案，包括可能间接歧视特定个人群体的法律、政策和方案。他还建议在解决结构性歧视问题时对移民的处境给予特别关注。", "2. 煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨", "13. 自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员已在许多场合，包括在与宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员及促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员共同提交的联合新闻稿和联合意见书中提出煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题。", "14. 2011年4月1日，在与其他联合国人权专家共同发布的关于科特迪瓦局势的新闻稿中，[2] 特别报告员呼吁各方制止宣传会煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族或种族仇恨。他要求结束对外国公民的攻击，并加入到要求消除种族歧视委员会立即调查并惩治族裔暴力事件责任人的呼声之中。", "15. 特别报告员在维也纳、[3] 内罗毕[4] 和曼谷[5] 向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处（人权高专办）专家系列讲习班提交的关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的联合意见书中谈及了煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题。专家讲习班讨论了国际人权文书以下条款明文昭告的权利和自由：《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第18条，分别关于思想、良知和宗教自由；《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条，分别关于见解和言论自由；《公民及政治权利国际公约》第20条，关于禁止鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族、种族或宗教仇恨；以及《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条，关于消除煽动种族歧视和实施暴力行为或煽动此种行为。", "16. 特别报告员在联合意见书中探讨了讲习班涉及的区域（欧洲、非洲和亚太；关于美洲区域的第四期专家讲习班将于2011年10月举办）的一些立法和司法做法，他还探讨了有利于有效禁止和预防鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的民族、种族或宗教仇恨的政策。在这方面，他提及了一些实例和中肯建议，这些实例和建议是从任务授权对不同区域进行国家实况调查访问和向各国发出的旨在帮助审查立法和司法政策和做法的来文中得出的。", "17. 特别报告员重申，所有人权都是普遍的、不可分割的、相互依存和相互关联的。他强调，这种相互依存性在关于言论自由和煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的讨论中最为明显。他极力强调，在被审查的一切情形中，都需要考虑到言论自由和对多元、包容、无偏见和民主的社会的需求。必须以积极的态度来理解言论自由，将其视为民主和多元社会的根本基础。必须保证人人平等，这是打击种族主义和歧视的方式。通过践行言论自由，在不同人群、文化、宗教间将产生尊重和理解氛围。", "18. 特别报告员进一步回顾了2008年10月在日内瓦举办人权高专办关于《公约》第19条和第20条的专家研讨会，研讨会确定了一些客观标准，用以防止任意执行有关煽动种族或宗教仇恨的国家法律标准：必须将煽动歧视、敌对和暴力的公共意图视为敌视性言论并予以惩罚；应按照法律规定明确、狭义界定对言论自由的限制，这对实现其提出的目标，即禁止敌视性言论而言是必要的和相称的；限制不应威胁权利本身的落实；应在言论自由范围内使用最低的侵入性手段来预防寒蝉效应；应由一个独立、公正的司法机构来裁定这些限制。特别报告员同时提及了《关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》，[6] 它为解释国际法和国际标准，特别是与煽动仇恨有关的国际法和国际标准提供了有益指导。在这方面，他重申了《卡姆登原则》第12条，该条指出，“‘仇恨’和‘敌对’词语是指针对目标群体的强烈和非理性的侮辱、敌意和憎恨情绪”，“‘鼓吹’一词应理解为要求有意宣传公开针对目标群体的仇恨”，“‘煽动’一词是针对民族、种族或宗教团体的言论，这种言论可给此类团体成员带来即时的歧视、敌对或暴力风险。”", "19. 特别报告员在联合意见书中也指出了人权理事会2011年3月24日未经表决通过的、题为“打击基于宗教或信仰原因对他人不容忍、进行丑化和侮辱及歧视的行为，以及煽动暴力和暴力侵害他人的行为”的第16/18号决议这一积极事态发展。他表示赞赏人权理事会历经数年辩论最终找到了办法，在不提及会损害国际人权法的概念的情况下一致应对这些令人不安的现象。在此背景之下，特别报告员强调了权利持有人是个人而非宗教本身这一原则。", "3. 包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体", "20. 有关包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义意识形态运动在内的各种极端主义政党、运动和团体问题，特别报告员向人权理事会第十八届会议提交了一份报告（A/HRC/18/44）。", "21. 特别报告员确认了成员国和其他利益攸关方为对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体采用的良好做法。在这方面，他对一些国家的宪法和立法禁止种族歧视表示欢迎，并对一些国家的刑法将种族歧视和煽动种族仇恨列为犯罪表示赞赏。他还欢迎一些刑法将种族主义或仇外动机当作是某些罪行的加重处罚情节。在其他良好做法中，特别报告员强调了各国发起的专门打击极端主义的方案，包括引导青少年远离极端主义团体；在检察署设立处理仇恨罪的具体单位；收集关于仇恨罪的资料，包括极端主义团体犯下的种族主义罪行；以及培训执法人员、教育措施和提高认识活动，以促进对文化多样性的包容和尊重。", "22. 特别报告员注意到各国为打击极端主义政党、运动和团体所做的努力，但他强调仍遇到严峻的挑战，包括保护弱势人群免受种族主义和仇外犯罪之害，这要求付出更多的努力并提高警觉。特别报告员强调，在极端主义政党、运动和团体煽动或发起的攻击中，包括罗姆人、辛提人、移民、难民和寻求庇护者在内的少数群体成员仍然是主要受害者。他强调种族主义罪行的实施者仍然逍遥法外，并表示关切在此类犯罪中受害者人数被低估。", "23. 在此背景之下，特别报告员也提到了极端主义政党、运动和团体在保护和巩固民主与人权方面提出的挑战。他强调，极端主义政党、运动和团体已拥有一定影响力，包括通过在国家和区域两级的议会中获得议席。此外，一些极端主义政党、运动和团体采取了全新战略，借由不公开宣扬种族主义和仇外言论在政治舞台上占得一席之地。特别报告员还关切地强调，与极端主义运动联系密切的个人和团体利用互联网散布种族主义思想做法正与日俱增。", "24. 鉴于一些国家即将举行总统和立法选举，特别报告员呼吁各传统政党避免利用选举背景煽动民粹思想，且不要寻求与极端主义政党联盟。他进一步回顾，必须按照国际人权法并以维护民主原则的方式采取措施，以对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体。", "B. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者", "25. 特别报告员反复强调，需要采用一种以受害者为中心的办法，确保所采取的行动真正满足遭受种族主义和歧视的人士的具体需求。按照德班会议文件，特别报告员强调，所有受害者都应得到同样的关注和保护，关键是要避免对不同表现形式的歧视建立等级，即使各种歧视因历史、地域和文化背景的不同而在性质和程度上有所不同。应以同样的重视和同样的决心对待一切形式的种族主义和歧视。", "26. 在此背景之下，特别报告员希望强调种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对某些群体充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。自他上次向大会提交报告以来，特别报告员讨论了非洲裔人（见B.1分节）、罗姆人（见B.2分节）和因工作和血统面临歧视的人，包括因种姓和类似世系制度遭受歧视的人（见B.3分节）的处境。", "1. 非洲裔人", "27. 在庆祝非洲裔人国际年之际，特别报告员为消除种族歧视委员会于2011年3月7日在日内瓦举行的关于“针对非洲裔人的种族歧视”的专题讨论投稿。此外，他参加了在非洲裔人专家工作组第十届会议框架内于3月29日举行的名为“非洲裔人：非洲裔人面临的现况概述”的专题讨论。在3月21日消除种族歧视国际日之际，特别报告员还会同其他联合国独立人权专家提交了一份名为“认可、公正和发展：实现非洲裔人完全平等的路线图”的联合声明。", "28. 特别报告员承认已经取得了进展和积极变化，但他强调，严峻的挑战依然存在。实际上，尽管与种族主义和种族歧视已进行了一个多世纪的斗争，但因过去曾遭受的历史不公正和严重侵犯人权行为，包括奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易，非洲裔人继续遭受歧视和边缘化。这在教育、就业、保健和住房领域尤为明显。不公平现象还渗透到进入政治决策和司法系统。特别是在司法方面，针对非洲裔人的种族歧视和非洲裔人在法律面前，尤其是在刑事司法系统面前的不公正待遇仍存在严峻的挑战。他们往往在刑罚管理中遭受体制种族主义。警方的种族貌相分析也对其造成不利影响。", "29. 迫切需要持续注意非洲裔人在日常生活的各个方面遭受的不公平。微小但无处不在的结构性歧视或体制种族主义是其日常生活的一部分。令人遗憾的是，他们不被接纳为公共机构或私营企业内部文化的一部分，也不被认可为更广泛社会文化的一部分。至关重要的是，要认识到仍扎根于社会中的针对非洲裔人的种族主义和种族歧视。", "30. 在此背景之下，特别报告员还强调非洲裔妇女和女童的处境，她们往往遭受基于血统和性别的多种形式歧视。在教育、公共和政治生活、保健以及进入劳动力市场等关键领域，同男性相比，非洲裔妇女和女童通常更加边缘化且更加遭受歧视，她们还特别易受剥削、人口贩运、种族虐待和暴力之害。", "31. 特别报告员认为，非洲裔人参与社会的政治、经济、社会和文化方面以及参与其国家进步和经济发展，对一个包容性社会而言必不可少。在这方面，特别报告员特别提及了《德班宣言》第32段，[7] 该段肯定了确保非洲裔人充分融入社会、经济和政治生活以促进其充分参与各级决策制定过程的重要性和必要性。还强调了非洲裔人为社会的经济、社会、文化、公民和政治生活所做的宝贵贡献。", "32. 针对非洲裔人的种族歧视是实现发展的主要障碍。因此，特别报告员回顾，对发展而言，有意义地参与和赋权、平等和非歧视，是基于人权的办法的核心特征，并且应鼓励在实现千年发展目标方面的进步。", "2. 罗姆人", "33. 在其提交给人权理事会第十七届会议的年度报告中，特别报告员分析了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题。他注意到，尽管各国在区域和国家两级采取了广泛措施以消除针对罗姆人的种族主义和种族歧视，但根据现状来看，各国仍任重而道远。实际上，依然存在的严峻挑战揭示了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题的严重性和根深蒂固。在此方面，特别报告员强调，当涉及享受教育、卫生、就业和住房权利时，罗姆人特别容易遭受种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。他们遭受的普遍歧视以一种恶劣方式造成了其边缘处境及社会排斥。特别报告员关切地注意到罗姆儿童在学校被隔离、罗姆人的失业率高、遭受被迫驱逐、在住房领域日益隔离，以及他们在获得保健和服务时遇到的歧视性做法。", "34. 罗姆人的社会经济边缘处境和排斥是其面临的种族主义和种族歧视最常见的表现形式之一，在享受公民和政治权利方面，罗姆人也是歧视的受害者。实际上，在一些国家，罗姆人在获得国籍方面遭受着歧视，他们在许多国家仍被广泛排斥在公共和政治生活之外，在这些国家的公共行政机构或政党中，罗姆人的代表性仍不足或根本没有代表权。特别报告员还关切地注意到罗姆人在诉诸司法，包括刑事司法系统时遭受歧视，例如公诉人的歧视性态度、过分拖延处理罗姆人起诉的案件及报道所称警察对其进行的种族貌相分析。", "35. 在许多国家，私人或公众行为者对罗姆人的暴力仍是一个严重且愈演愈烈的问题。在此背景之下，特别报告员强调了警方对罗姆人的虐待和暴力行为，极端主义的抬头加剧了罗姆人面对种族主义暴力的脆弱性，也增加了包括国家高官在内的公职人员和政客针对罗姆人的种族主义和仇外言论。", "36. 特别报告员也对罗姆移民既是罗姆人又是非国民而面临双重歧视提出关切。他注意到，罗姆人在原籍国所经历的贫穷以及种族主义、种族歧视和边缘化往往有助于解释他们为什么要移居国外。此外，数年来，罗姆移民经常是安全政策和言论的攻击目标，有时这也导致他们被驱除。在这方面，特别报告员表示关切罗姆移民遭受有针对性的驱逐，他们有可能被驱逐到歧视罗姆人的国家。他呼吁各国尊重罗姆移民的权利，这些权利受到相关区域和国际人权文书的保障。", "37. 特别报告员评价针对罗姆人的种族歧视和种族主义的原因仍很复杂，同时强调可以解释这种情况持续存在的三个主要因素，但这不应被视为详尽无遗。这些因素包括：罗姆人在决策过程中缺少参与、针对罗姆人的政策和立法得不到执行，以及他们面临的种族主义和种族歧视的结构性方面。在这方面，特别报告员还强调，罗姆人遭遇的体制性歧视体现在立法、政策和行政措施中以及国家官员的歧视性态度上。他强调，各国有必要确保其行政人员的行为符合国际人权义务。", "3. 基于工作和血统的歧视，包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的歧视", "38. 特别报告员多次提出基于工作和血统的歧视对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的消极影响。他重申，各国必须认识到，以血统为理由的歧视构成种族歧视形式，是被《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》所禁止的。特别报告员赞同消除种族歧视委员会采取的立场，即该委员会第29号一般性建议：2002年《公约》第1条第1款（血统）强烈重申“基于‘血统’的歧视包括基于种姓和类似世系制度的社会分层形式、针对社区成员的歧视，使他们平等享受人权的权利丧失或受到损害”。", "39. 特别报告员想要强调，多重歧视使得低种姓人士遭受的困境更加严重，这些人有时构成了宗教少数群体的一部分。例如，许多属于“贱民种姓”（达利特人）的印度教徒在获得住房方面遭到隔离，生活在贫困线以下，收入低于最低工资，没有受教育机会。他们患有多种疾病，不仅是由于得不到安全饮用水和卫生设施，还因为有时在进入公共卫生机构时受到歧视。无处不在的歧视使他们摆脱不了贫穷、接受不到教育、生活条件糟糕、工作卑微。低种姓儿童在教育方面遭受歧视，是最脆弱人群之一，面临被征募为童工、士兵或沦为性工作者，遭受猖獗的酷刑和体罚。贩运和买卖儿童，尤其是幼女以及杀害女婴是歧视的其他多重形式。妇女和女童面临着多重歧视，包括遭受性剥削、强迫卖淫、家庭和社区暴力以及来自其他种姓行为者的暴力。", "40. 同时，特别报告员确认了在打击基于工作和血统的歧视中国际和国家两级的良好做法和挑战。他满意地注意到，一些国家政府已采取主动行动，解决社区因受基于工作和血统的歧视面临的问题，他鼓励政府继续努力，分享最佳做法，在区域和国际行动中树立榜样以消除这种形式的歧视。", "41. 但是，尽管各国政府努力通过宪法保障、立法和平等权利行动方案来根除这一类歧视，但特别报告员注意到，基于种姓的歧视仍然分布广泛，令人扼腕，并且依然根深蒂固。他想要重申，尽管存在着防止基于工作和血统歧视的国际法律义务，但某些国家政府未能有效履行这些义务，在某些情况下，这些政府借由宣称种姓歧视问题不属于《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等国际公约的管辖范围，回避此类问题，这与消除种族歧视委员会的主张背道而驰。在这方面，他再次建议将消除种族歧视委员会第29号一般性建议（2002年）所载的一般措施加以执行。", "42. 特别报告员建议，继续使用消除基于工作和血统歧视的原则和准则草案，[8] 将其作为制定各国履行国际法律义务所采取的有效措施的指导框架，并请各国政府考虑建立一个区域人权机构的协商机构，研究这一问题并提高区域认识。此外，特别报告员建议同时采取法律框架方面的措施和提高认识方面的措施。", "C. 打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法", "43. 特别报告员已在多个场合，包括在人权理事会第十七届会议框架内于2011年6月15日举行的“打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为最佳做法的专门小组讨论”上，谈及了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最佳做法问题。该专门小组是在即将庆祝《德班宣言和行动纲领》发表十周年之际成立的。", "44. 在那次讨论会上，特别报告员有机会分享了他在这个问题上的经验感受。特别报告员强调的良好做法包括在其国家访问期间和提交给人权理事会和大会的报告中确认的法律、政策和机构措施。特别报告员特别注意到制定了一些打击种族主义和种族歧视的国家法律，提供了良好保护。", "45. 《德班审查会议成果文件》[9] 第28段重申了呼吁各国制定行动计划，防止、打击和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。在这方面，特别报告员强调，一些国家按照《德班宣言和行动纲领》的条款制定了反对种族主义的国家行动计划。在某些情况下，制定这些国家行动计划和战略，是为了涵盖包括罗姆人在内的特定人群。特别报告员还强调了用以保护移徙工人而采取的具体措施，包括为外籍工人建立提出申诉的渠道，以及为其在法庭提起诉讼提供语言和经济援助。", "46. 特别报告员还强调，若干国家已投资于教育，以促进互相理解和对文化多样性的尊重；并且制定了一些教育政策和方案，以促进不同社区在国家一级的和平共处。特别报告员确认的其他积极实例包括培训执法人员及提高认识措施。", "47. 在此背景之下，特别报告员重申，创建体制框架用以充分推广并分享打击种族主义的最佳做法，将有助于各国吸取积极经验，然后再应用在其他情形下。人权高专办的最佳做法数据库一旦完成，将成为确认和分享最佳做法的关键工具。各国也可以更好地利用普遍定期审议进程来分享最佳做法。", "三、特别报告员的活动", "48. 在本节中，特别报告员提及了自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的另一些活动，其中包括国家访问（A分节），专题新闻稿（B分节）以及研讨会和协商（C分节）。", "A. 国家访问", "1. 对匈牙利的访问", "49. 特别报告员于2011年5月23日至27日访问了匈牙利。他希望借此机会再次衷心感谢匈牙利政府在整个访问期间的合作和开诚布公。载有特别报告员关于此次访问的意见和结论的详细报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会第二十届会议。", "50. 2011年5月27日，在布达佩斯举行的新闻发布会上，[10] 特别报告员强调了此次访问的特定背景，这是继前任种族主义问题特别报告员十多年前首访匈牙利后再次对该国进行的访问，也恰逢匈牙利政府通过新宪法并担任欧洲联盟的轮值主席国。他进一步回顾，他在访问中提出的问题必须放在匈牙利的历史背景下加以理解，特别是共产主义政权垮台对弱势群体，尤其是罗姆人的影响。", "51. 特别报告员称赞匈牙利政府为履行其关于民族和族裔少数群体状况的国际人权义务和承诺及在打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为中做出巨大努力。他注意到该国采取的关键立法、体制和政治措施。在此方面，他特别欢迎1993年关于民族和族裔少数群体权利的第七十八号法令和2003年关于平等待遇和促进机会均等的第一百二十五号法令等突出成就，这些法令为消除歧视提供了一个全面而宝贵的立法框架。特别报告员还对匈牙利独特的少数民族自治制度，政府与罗姆人领袖之间新近达成的协议以及匈牙利作为欧洲联盟委员会主席国提出的欧洲罗姆人战略表示欢迎。", "52. 虽然在过去几年取得了巨大的成就，但特别报告员强调，挑战仍然存在，包括在所采取措施的执行方面。他强调，匈牙利必须确保所有措施产生有效成果，且覆盖遭受过种族主义和种族歧视的所有个人的情况。他确认了值得特别关注和果断行动的关键领域。在此方面，他强调，难民、寻求庇护者和移民的处境是一项需要特别关注的问题。特别报告员还强调确保宪法的修改不会减弱保护少数民族权利的法律和体制框架的重要性。他建议赋予少数族群成员有效的权力。", "53. 特别报告员强调，在过去数年里，匈牙利最大的少数民族罗姆人的处境发生恶化，政府官员也认识到这一点。他们面临种族主义和种族歧视，包括教育领域的隔离，并且易遭受暴力和虐待。特别报告员意识到罗姆人当前处境的历史根源及解决这一问题的难度，他强调，迫切需要有一种强烈的政治意愿来解决其处境。利用匈牙利政府的一切必要资源振兴罗姆人的教育极为紧迫。至关重要的是，匈牙利要制定一种针对罗姆人的综合办法并详细制定一项始于地方一级并在所有层面实施的巩固和协调方案。在此方面，必须弥补匈牙利政府在国际一级的参与与地方政府的承诺之间的差距。", "54. 最后，特别报告员强调，必须立即行动，以应对反犹太主义。他还呼吁政府警惕极端主义政党、运动和团体死灰复燃，其中一些据称有种族主义平台，他还提请政府注意仇视性言论再现。", "2. 即将进行的访问", "55. 特别报告员感谢玻利维亚政府同意他访问该国的请求。他计划在2011年年底前到该国访问。他还感谢南非政府邀请他进行访问，他计划尽快成行。", "56. 特别报告员非常期待分别与玻利维亚和南非政府当局就与其任务授权有关的一切事务展开建设性对话。", "B. 专题新闻稿", "57. 在2010年12月10日国际人权日之际，特别程序协调委员会代表联合国人权理事会的任务执行人提交了联合声明。[11] 特别报告员赞扬了在全球范围内与歧视作斗争的人权卫士，并呼吁给予他们更多的保护。人权卫士战斗在打击歧视和一切侵权行为的第一线——他们的工作至关重要，但他们经常受到威胁，必须得到更好的保护。在声明中，特别报告员还强调，人权卫士通过他们的献身精神和牺牲推进了人权议程，并使《世界人权宣言》的原则更接近其社会现状、促进平等以及法治和正义。他们促成了规定人人都不应成为歧视受害者的法律和政策。特别报告员进一步强调，人权卫士和非政府组织对于自由而公正的社会运行而言至关重要，在这种社会，任何人，无论其种族、宗教、性别、政治或性别特性如何，都有权反对不平等或虐待，并有权寻求公正和赔偿。", "58. 2010年9月17日，在迎接千年发展目标高级别全体会议之际，特别报告员就千年发展目标1的实现情况发表了联合新闻稿。[12] 其中他注意到，在若干千年发展目标的实现方面已取得了重大进展，但仍有许多工作有待完成。在国家和国际两级要处理结构性问题，必须着眼于人权，因为人权问题支撑并维持了贫穷和欠发达，千年发展目标正试图缓解其影响。他强调，千年发展目标是值得称道的政治承诺，有利于动员资金和能量，但只有当各国履行了规定应由何人、采取何种行动的人权义务时，才能可持续地实现这些目标。此外，特别报告员强调国家和国际两级的善治和法治十分关键。", "C. 研讨会和协商", "59. 2010年11月30日，特别报告员在日内瓦主持了一场名为“平等、不歧视和多样性：大众媒体的挑战或机遇？”的专家协商。该讨论会汇聚了有着在全球性大众媒体机构供职经验的12名专家以及促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员和宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员。从专业背景来看，这12名专家中各有一名报纸编辑、电视主播、驻外记者、连线记者、在线博客作者和新闻收集负责人以及来自记者联合团体、国际人权组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织和不同文明联盟的代表各一人。作为讨论的一部分，他们分析了两个具体案例研究，即媒体近期对焚烧可兰经副本计划的报道[13] 和在族裔分裂国家报道选举后冲突的挑战。[14] 特别报告员进一步获悉不同大众媒体机构的内部决策过程，以及帮助他们做出日常判断并恪守专业性和独立性关键原则的条件。专家们强调，大众媒体面临若干挑战，例如行业内日益剧烈的竞争，不分昼夜提供新闻的需求，以及全球性和不断演变的媒体视角。根据自己的工作经验，专家们还回顾了大众媒体机构为促进平等、言论自由和多样性所采用的现行举措和准则。[15] 他们承认，尽管不完美，但大众媒体自律还是最佳制度，同时他们强调，自律不应导致自我审查或保持沉默攻守同盟的有害后果。他们还强调了包括调查报道在内的技能培训的重要性。", "60. 2011年1月10日，特别报告员向在欧洲理事会组织的“打击基于种族、民族、宗教或其他偏见的歧视”的研讨会框架内在安卡拉举行的主题为“欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会及其国际伙伴：合作和增效作用”的会议投稿。当回顾《德班文件》关于区域机构的作用的条款时，特别报告员强调欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会、欧安组织民主制度和人权办公室以及欧洲联盟基本权利机构在打击欧洲一级的种族主义方面做出了巨大贡献。为了加强合作，特别报告员强调，采用应对一切形式种族主义和歧视的综合法律框架，使其存在于联合国一级和欧洲一级，是一项正确战略。此外，应定期与其他国家和区域分享最佳做法，包括采取旨在促进社会内部理解的教育和提高认识举措等综合措施。特别报告员认为，利用吸取的经验教训，更频繁地进行经验交流，必定能为制定打击歧视和种族主义的有用工具提供一个框架。他鼓励打击歧视的国家、区域和国际机制展开进一步的联合行动，欢迎与欧洲机制进一步互动，包括在欧洲国家访问的准备、数据、研究、判例法、法律和政策措施方面。同时，在一些问题上值得采用一种通用办法。", "四、结论和建议", "61. 特别报告员注意到各国为解决本报告提出的专题问题的相关挑战所做的可贵努力，并赞扬各国政府在国家和区域两级制定了若干良好做法。但是，特别报告员想要强调，要想有效对抗世界各地许多妇女、男子和儿童实际上面临的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为，仍有很多工作有待完成。", "62. 不幸的是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为继续对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利造成消极影响。这通常在非洲裔人、罗姆人、基于种姓和类似世系制度的社区成员和少数民族身上尤其明显，包括在教育、就业、保健、住房、获得国籍、司法、种族貌相以及进入政治决策和司法系统领域。此外，某些社区的妇女和女童特别容易遭受剥削、贩运、种族虐待和暴力行为。", "63. 在此背景之下，根据本报告提出的令人关切的专题问题，特别报告员想要提出以下一般性建议，各国可将这些建议用作进一步分析和进步的工具。", "64. 对付种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为祸患的第一个步骤是认识到它在社会和国家机构中的存在。尽管特别报告员知道承认这一现实的难度。但他确信，对于终结种族歧视而言，认识到这一点是至关重要的第一步。", "65. 各国不一定知晓种族主义和种族歧视在其社会中的表现形式和蔓延趋势，也不一定知晓它对于受害者日常生活的影响，包括边缘化和社会排斥。缺少评估状况的适当工具，包括可靠的统计资料和数据，是造成这一局面的原因之一。特别报告员重申，这些数据和统计资料不仅需要用来确认受种族歧视影响的个人和群体，还可以用来更好地了解他们面临的不公平的性质和程度，用于制定可补救不公平现象的有针对性的政策和措施。因此，他鼓励各国收集按族裔分列的资料，提高现有的资料收集系统质量。这种收集工作必须根据国际人权标准经与相关人群协商完成。特别报告员还强烈建议收集与极端主义政党、运动和团体，包括新纳粹分子和光头党组织联系密切的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行的资料。按族裔分列的资料也是一种重要工具，可对各国种族主义和种族歧视的结构性方面获得全面了解。", "66. 此外，特别报告员强烈呼吁所有成员国展示其预防和打击种族主义和种族歧视的进一步政治意愿，并促进消除全世界种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的进一步有效行动。实际上，消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为并不总被视为优先事项。在这方面，特别报告员重申，《德班宣言和行动纲领》以及《德班审查会议成果文件》构成了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的最全面的国际框架。他呼吁所有国家支持德班进程，并切实履行载于这些文件中的承诺。他还敦促有关国家批准《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》。", "67. 认识和强烈的政治意愿如果再加上日益提高的警惕性，特别是针对种族主义和种族歧视的某些表现和形式的抬头，包括针对例如新纳粹分子、光头党组织和类似极端主义运动意识形态在内的极端主义政党、运动和团体现象，将产生成效。特别报告员回顾，没有一个国家不存在此类现象。在这方面，他重申政治领袖和政党必须强烈谴责一切散布基于种族优越性或仇恨、煽动种族歧视或仇外心理的政治信息。尊重人权和自由、民主和法治必须始终成为各政党制定的任何方案和活动的基石，同时谨记需要确保政治和法律制度在所有层面体现出社会的多元文化特征。", "68. 特别报告员鼓励各国在制定措施以应对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为对充分享受公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生的消极影响时，采用一种综合性方法。", "69. 此外，在制定此类综合性方法时，各国应考虑到种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的结构性层面，包括非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和血统的歧视受害者等人群遭受的此类行为。实际上，需要通过一种能够解决这一现象方方面面的综合性方法来应对结构性歧视的根源。在此方面，特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新制定影响过大的立法、政策和方案，包括间接歧视一些特定人群的立法、政策和方案。他进一步建议在采取打击种族主义的国家战略和方案时关注结构性歧视以及种族主义与某部分人口受到的社会经济或政治排斥之间的相互关系。", "70. 适当的法律对策是特别报告员在本报告中建议的方法的一个基本支柱。法律应禁止鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌对或暴力的国家、种族或宗教仇恨，同样应禁止传播基于种族优越感或仇恨的思想、煽动种族歧视和实施所有暴力行为和煽动此种行为。在这方面，特别报告员建议制定符合国际人权标准，包括《公民及政治权利国际公约》第20条第2款和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条的法律。他还敦促各国将一项条款纳入国内刑法，根据该条款，犯下具有种族主义或仇外动机或目的的罪行构成加重处罚情节，应受到严惩。特别报告员还呼吁各国充分执行《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19至第22条，上述条款保障了言论、集会和结社自由权并确定了有关限制。在这方面，他强调各国决不能忽略一个事实，即在应对煽动国家、种族或宗教仇恨问题时，最终目标在于找到最有效的方法，使个人得以免受鼓吹仇恨和他人施暴之害。", "71. 法律对策远不足以引起真正变化。实际上，立法措施应辅以一套更广泛的政策措施，诸如平等权利行动；收集按族裔分列的数据和统计资料；对国家工作人员进行人权培训；以及为促进相互了解、尊重和容忍而采取教育和提高认识措施。", "72. 特别报告员对平等权利行动措施或方案的制定和执行提出了建议，包括矫正非洲裔人、罗姆人和基于工作和血统的歧视受害者等特定人群遭受的历史性不平等。在这方面，特别报告员敦促各国按照消除种族歧视委员会第32号一般性建议和德班条款制定并执行特别措施。", "73. 国家机构内部的种族主义和种族歧视是各国不可否认的现实。在这方面，特别报告员建议各国通过定期开展适足的强制性人权培训活动加强执法人员和司法人员的能力，这些培训活动侧重于种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为，同时也涵盖与极端主义政党、运动和团体，包括新纳粹分子、光头党组织联系密切的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行。", "74. 为了解决社会内部的种族主义和种族歧视根源，并建设一个基于容忍、尊重文化多样性和不歧视的社会，特别报告员强烈建议各国投资于教育。在这方面，特别报告员想要特别强调，在教授非洲裔人、罗姆人和其他社区的历史、其文化和积极贡献，以及他们过去遭受的严重侵犯人权行为方面历史课具有重要意义。他进一步回顾，在对抗极端主义政党、运动和团体抬头方面，人权教育是一项主要工具。", "75. 各国也应提高认识并对长期盘踞的观念提出质疑，以促进打造舆论，迈向更公平、更平等的社会。因此，用以启发和敏化居民的提高认识措施应辅以教育工作。在这方面，特别报告员呼吁国家人权机构制定适当的方案，促进对所有人和所有人权的包容和尊重，并对抗极端主义。", "76. 此外，应给予受害者特别关注。在这方面，特别报告员敦促各国保证种族主义和种族歧视受害者充分获得有效的法律补救，包括寻求公正和适当赔偿的权利。应对种族主义和仇外态度和犯罪进行迅速、彻底和公平的调查，应让受害者认识到自身的权利，并且上述罪行责任人应受到应有的惩罚。通过进一步措施赋予种族主义和种族歧视受害者权力，以确保他们获得优质的高等教育，这也是各国应采取的主要步骤。此外，特别报告员敦促各国确保种族主义和种族歧视受害者参与到国家政策，特别是影响他们的政策的设计、决策和执行工作中。", "77. 特别报告员重申，为了预防和消除种族主义和种族歧视所采取的一切措施应依照国际人权标准制定和执行。另外，至关重要的是，基于坚实的法律框架的综合方法和关键补充措施应以有效、包容和合作方式，并在有关利益攸关方参与下加以执行。在这方面，特别报告员建议加强并更好地协调国家和地方两级的执行工作，他鼓励各国适当地与民间社会组织、联合国和区域人权机制合作。他还建议各国做出进一步努力，以分享在地方、国家和区域各级制定的最佳做法，从而防止和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为。", "————————", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 新闻稿全文请登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10908& LangID=E查阅。", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3Joint_SRSubmission_for_ Vienna.pdf。", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles 1920_iccpr/docs/JointSRsubmissionforNairobi workshop.pdf。", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/SR SubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf。", "[6] www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principle-on-freedom-of-expression- and-equality.pdf。", "[7] 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1，第一章。", "[8] www.2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf。", "[9] 见A/CONF.211/8，第一章。", "[10] 新闻稿全文请登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID= E查阅。", "[11] 新闻稿全文可登录www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID= 10587&LangID=E查阅。", "[12] 新闻稿全文可登录www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID= 10344&LangID=E查阅。", "[13] 另见特别报告员2010年9月8日的指控信（A/HRC/17/40/Add.1，第149-155段）。", "[14] 见www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E。", "[15] 例如，见《阿拉伯半岛电视台道德守则》（http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/20085251857 33692771.html）；《英国广播公司编辑指南》（www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines）；《根据第19条编写的关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》（www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/ 1214/camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf）；以及国际新闻工作者联合会，《新闻职业道德倡议》（http://ethicaljournalisminitiative.org）。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程*** 项目67(b)", "消除种族主义和种族歧视:《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动", "打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象以及全面执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递人权理事会当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象问题特别报告员吉苏·穆伊盖根据大会第60/240号决议编写的临时报告。", "当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象问题特别报告员的临时报告", "内容提要", "1. 本报告是按照大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动的第62/240号决议提交的。", "在简短的介绍之后,特别报告员在报告第二节中提到了自向大会提交上一份报告(A/60/295)以来在其任务框架内处理的主题问题。 这些问题包括:结构性歧视;煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨;极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体,以及类似的极端主义意识形态运动;种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者,包括非洲人后裔、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者,包括基于种姓和类似继承身份制度的歧视。 特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的一些最佳做法。", "在第三节中,特别报告员提到自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步活动,包括国别访问、专题新闻稿、研讨会和磋商。", "最后,在第四节中,特别报告员提出了与上述关切问题有关的若干结论和建议。 特别报告员注意到各国为迎接挑战所作的宝贵努力,并赞扬各国政府在国家和区域一级制定了一些良好做法。 然而,他强调,令人遗憾的是,种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象继续对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生不利影响。 对非洲人后裔、罗姆人、基于种姓或类似世系的族群成员以及一般的少数族裔而言,尤其明显,包括在教育、就业、卫生、住房、获得公民身份、司法、种族定性以及获得政治决策和司法系统等方面。 在这方面,特别报告员提出了几项建议,供各国用作进一步分析和进展的工具。", "目录", "页 次\n页: 1 问题4\nA. 任务 5 和形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象\nB. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象\nC. Best 13 practices in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related\n不容忍现象三。 特别活动14\n报告员:A.Country 14\nB. 专题15\nC.Seminars 16 and\n四、结论17和决定\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 人权理事会于2011年3月25日通过了第16/33号决议,根据人权理事会第7/34号决议中所载的职权范围,将当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象问题特别报告员的任期再延长三年。", "2. 结 论 1. 本报告是按照大会关于彻底消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为的全球努力以及《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动的第59/140号决议提交的。 大会请特别报告员在其职权范围内继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的不利影响。", "3. 。 3. 特别报告员在本报告中概述了自向大会提交上一份报告(A/61/395)以来在其任务框架内处理的各项关切问题。 第二节介绍了与任务有关的这些问题,包括结构性歧视;煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨;极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体以及类似的极端主义意识形态运动;种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者,包括非洲人后裔、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者,包括基于种姓和类似继承身份制度的歧视。 特别报告员还强调了打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的一些最佳做法。", "4. 第四届会议 在第三节中,特别报告员提到自他上次向大会提交报告以来开展的进一步活动,包括国别访问、专题新闻稿、研讨会和磋商。", "5. 在第四节中,特别报告员就上述关注问题提出了若干结论和建议。", "II. 二. 任务关切的问题", "6. 任务 特别报告员在其专题报告、新闻稿、对会议和其他会议的贡献中,继续特别注意种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的负面影响。", "7. 基本考虑 5. 在本节中,特别报告员提到各种形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象(A节);种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者(B节);以及打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的最佳做法(C节)。", "A. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的根源和形式", "页: 1 结构性歧视", "8.8 自他上次向大会提交报告以来,特别报告员多次强调了结构性歧视问题,包括公开声明和提交人权理事会第十七届会议的年度报告(A/HRC/17/40)。", "9. 2010年10月18日,特别报告员参加了在有效落实《德班宣言和行动纲领》政府间工作组第八届会议框架内举行的关于“结构性歧视:定义、做法和趋势”的专题讨论。 特别报告员在该次会议上的发言中承认,尽管对结构性歧视的普遍存在和表现进行了广泛研究,包括联合国专家机制,但这一现象仍然难以界定。 他提供了一些有助于更好地了解结构性歧视的不同表现形式及其各种原因的因素。", "10.10 特别报告员认为,结构性歧视指的是针对特定个人或群体的社会结构中针对其种族、肤色、血统或民族或族裔的种族主义、仇外或不容忍行为和态度。 这种“社会”结构性歧视,除其他外,与社会中根深蒂固的种族偏见和消极定型观念持续存在有关。", "注 特别报告员进一步强调,结构性歧视可能是过去针对特定个人群体的历史不公正的结果。 早在正式消除种族歧视之后,所产生的不平等继续给特定族裔和种族群体的个人的人权造成不利或不成比例的影响。 土著人民、罗姆人、基于种姓或类似世袭身份制度的社区成员、少数族裔和非洲人后裔继续受到这一历史遗产的影响,尤其是在卫生、住房、就业、教育、司法以及政治代表权和赋权方面。 因此,结构性歧视是种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的负面影响的一个例子。", "12. 第12段。 在结构性歧视方面,特别报告员要重申,必须处理表面上看上去无歧视的法律、政策和方案的任何歧视性影响。 事实上,在某些情况下,虽然立法或公共政策似乎符合国际人权法,而且政府的目的是禁止种族歧视,但适用这些法律可能具有歧视性。 特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新设计可能间接歧视特定群体的立法、政策和方案。 他还建议在处理结构性歧视问题时特别注意移民的状况。", "2. 煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨", "13 August 2001 自他向大会提交上一份报告以来,特别报告员曾多次提出煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的问题,包括联合新闻稿和向宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员和增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员提交的联合书面材料。", "十四、任 务 在与联合国其他人权专家于2011年4月1日发表的关于科特迪瓦局势的联合新闻稿中,特别报告员呼吁各方不要鼓吹可能煽动歧视、敌视或暴力的民族或种族仇恨。 他要求停止对外国国民的攻击,并赞同消除种族歧视委员会的呼吁,即迅速调查和惩罚对族裔暴力行为负有责任的人。", "15 特别报告员还在维也纳、[3]内罗毕[4]和曼谷向联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的一系列专家研讨会提交的联合书面材料中讨论了煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的问题。 5. 专家讲习班讨论了国际人权文书下列条款所载的权利和自由:《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》关于思想、良心和宗教自由的第18条;《世界人权宣言》和《国际见解和言论自由公约》第19条;《公约》第20条禁止任何鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨的主张,构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力;《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条禁止煽动种族歧视以及暴力行为或煽动这种行为。", "161 在联合提交的书面材料中,特别报告员探讨了讲习班所在区域(欧洲、非洲和亚太)的一些立法和司法做法;第四次美洲问题专家研讨会将于2011年10月举行。 他还探讨了有利于有效禁止和防止鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨、构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力的政策。 在这方面,他提到了任务国在不同区域进行的实况调查访问中的一些实例和有关建议,以及发给各国帮助审查立法和司法做法和政策的来文。", "17. 第17条。 特别报告员重申,所有人权都是普遍、不可分割、相互依存和相互关联的。 他强调指出,与关于言论自由和煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的讨论相比,这种相互依存性更加明显。 他坚决强调,言论自由以及多元、宽容、广泛和民主社会的要求,在所审查的所有案件中都必须加以考虑。 言论自由必须从积极的意义上理解为民主和多元社会的重要基础之一。 它必须作为打击种族主义和歧视的一种方式,为所有人提供平等保障。 在行使这一自由之后,必须营造一种人民、文化和宗教之间尊重和理解的气氛。", "第18条 特别报告员进一步回顾,2008年10月在日内瓦举行的人权高专办关于《公约》第十九条和第二十条的专家研讨会确定了一些客观标准,以防止任意适用与煽动种族或宗教仇恨有关的国家法律标准:煽动歧视、敌视或暴力行为的公开意图必须是惩罚仇恨言论;对言论自由的任何限制应当根据法律加以明确和狭义的界定,并且应当与法律所规定的目标相称,即禁止仇恨言论;限制不应威胁行使权利本身;对言论自由的侵扰性最小手段应当加以利用,防止司法独立裁决。 特别报告员还提到了《关于言论自由和平等问题的卡姆登原则》,该原则为解释国际法与标准提供了有益的指导,特别是在煽动仇恨方面。 在这方面,他重申原则12,其中阐明“```仇恨'和`敌对'一词是指对目标群体的强烈和不合理的情绪',“`仇恨'一词应理解为要求公开煽动对目标群体的仇恨',并且“`煽动'一词是指那些对属于这些群体的人造成歧视、敌视或暴力的民族、种族或宗教团体的声明”。", "191 在联合提交的书面材料中,特别报告员还注意到,人权理事会于2011年3月24日未经表决通过了题为“消除基于宗教或信仰原因的不容忍、消极的定型观念和污名化以及歧视、煽动暴力和暴力侵害”的第16/18号决议。 他表示,他赞赏人权理事会经过多年的辩论,最终找到了一种办法,可以一致处理这些令人担忧的现象,而不必提及将损害国际人权法的概念或概念。 在这方面,特别报告员强调了个人而不是宗教本身是权利拥有者的原则。", "3. 。 极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体,以及类似的极端主义意识形态运动", "20.20 关于极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体以及类似极端主义意识形态运动的问题,特别报告员向人权理事会第十八届会议提交了一份报告(A/HRC/18/44)。", "21.21。 特别报告员确定了各国和其他利益攸关方为打击极端主义政党、运动和团体而制定的良好做法。 在这方面,他欢迎一些国家的宪法和法律禁止种族歧视,并赞赏一些国家的刑法宣布种族歧视和煽动种族仇恨为犯罪行为。 他还欢迎某些刑法中种族主义或仇外动机与某些犯罪有关的加重因素。 除其他良好做法外,特别报告员着重介绍了各国特别发起的打击极端主义的方案,包括引导青年摆脱极端团体;在检察官办事处设立处理仇恨罪的具体单位;收集仇恨犯罪数据,包括极端主义团体成员犯下的种族主义罪行;以及培训执法人员、教育措施和宣传活动,以促进容忍和尊重文化多样性。", "第22章 特别报告员注意到各国为打击极端主义政党、运动和团体所作的努力,同时强调指出,仍然存在重要挑战,需要付出更多的努力,提高警惕,包括保护弱势群体免受种族主义和仇外罪行之害。 特别报告员强调,少数群体成员,包括罗姆人、辛蒂人、移民、难民和寻求庇护者,继续是极端主义政党、运动和团体实施或煽动暴力和攻击的主要受害者。 他着重指出了种族主义罪行的肇事者仍然逍遥法外的情况,并对受害者对这类罪行的报告不足表示关切。", "23. 会议报告。 在这方面,特别报告员还提出了极端主义政党、运动和团体在保护和巩固民主和人权方面面临的挑战。 他强调指出,极端主义政党、运动和团体已经产生影响力,包括通过在国家和区域各级议会中获得的席位。 此外,一些极端主义政党、运动和团体采取了新的战略,通过不公开宣传种族主义和仇外言论,确保政治舞台上有一个地方。 特别报告员还关切地强调,更多地使用互联网传播与极端主义运动密切相关的个人和团体的种族主义思想。", "24. 第24段。 鉴于即将在一些国家举行总统选举和立法选举,特别报告员呼吁传统政党避免利用选举环境煽动民意,避免寻求与极端主义政党的联盟。 他还回顾,任何打击极端主义政党、运动和团体的措施都必须遵循国际人权法,并维护民主原则。", "B. 种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者", "258. 特别报告员一再强调,必须采取以受害者为重的方针,确保采取的行动真正满足那些遭受种族主义和歧视的人的具体需要。 根据德班文件,特别报告员强调,所有受害者都应受到同样的关注和保护,必须避免在不同的歧视表现形式中确立任何等级,即使根据历史、地理和文化背景,这些歧视在性质和程度上可能有所不同。 应对一切形式的种族主义和歧视给予同样的重视和决心。", "262. 报 告 在这方面,特别报告员要强调种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象对充分享有某些群体的公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的负面影响。 自他上次向大会提交报告以来,特别报告员讨论了非洲人后裔的状况(见B.1节)、罗姆人(见B.2节)和那些因工作和出身而受到歧视的人的情况,包括基于种姓和类似继承身份制度的歧视(见B.3节)。", "页: 1 非洲人后裔", "。 在庆祝非洲人后裔国际年的背景下,特别报告员为消除种族歧视委员会于2011年3月7日在日内瓦举行的关于“对非洲人后裔的种族歧视”的专题讨论作出了贡献。 此外,他还参加了关于“非洲人后裔问题”的专题讨论: 3月29日在非洲人后裔问题专家工作组第十届会议框架内举行的非洲人后裔现状概览。 在3月21日消除种族歧视国际日之际,特别报告员和联合国其他独立专家也发表了关于“承认、正义与发展:实现非洲人后裔全面平等路线图”的联合声明。", "第28次会议 特别报告员承认取得了进展和积极的变化;但他强调,仍然存在重大挑战。 事实上,尽管有世纪之久的反种族主义和种族歧视的斗争,由于历史上的不公正和他们过去遭受的严重侵犯人权行为,包括奴隶制和跨大西洋奴隶贸易,非洲人后裔继续受到歧视和边缘化。 这在教育、就业、保健和住房方面尤为明显。 不平等也体现在获得政治决策和司法系统的机会上。 特别是在司法方面,对非洲人后裔的种族歧视和他们在法律面前的不平等待遇,特别是在刑事司法系统中,仍然存在重大挑战。 他们往往在刑事管理领域面临体制上的种族主义。 警察的种族定性也对他们产生不利影响。", "29. 。 非洲人后裔日常生活各个方面的不平等继续引起迫切的关注。 微妙的结构性歧视或制度化的种族主义是其日常存在的部分。 遗憾的是,在公共机构或私营企业中,以及在更广泛的社会中,他们都未能被接纳为文化的一部分。 必须认识到,对非洲人后裔的种族主义和种族歧视仍然植根于社会。", "30. 。 在这方面,特别报告员还强调了非裔妇女和女孩的境况,她们往往因其血统和性别而遭受多种形式的歧视。 与男子相比,非洲裔妇女和女童在教育、公共和政治生活、健康、进入劳动力市场等关键领域往往更加边缘化和歧视,她们仍然特别容易遭受剥削、贩运、种族虐待和暴力。", "313. 特别报告员认为,非洲人后裔参与社会的政治、经济、社会和文化方面,以及参与本国的进步和经济发展,对于一个包容的社会来说是必不可少的。 特别报告员在这方面特别提到了《德班宣言》第32段,其中确认必须确保非洲人后裔充分融入社会、经济和政治生活,以促进他们充分参与各级决策进程。 还强调了非洲人后裔对社会经济、社会、文化、公民和政治生活所作的宝贵贡献。", "323 对非洲人后裔的种族歧视是实现发展的主要障碍。 因此,特别报告员回顾,有意义的参与和赋权、平等和不歧视是基于人权的发展办法的核心特征,应当鼓励在实现千年发展目标方面取得进展。", "2. 结 论 罗姆人", "336. 特别报告员在提交人权理事会第十七届会议的年度报告中分析了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象问题。 他指出,尽管各国在区域和国家一级为消除针对罗姆人的种族主义和种族歧视采取了广泛措施,但根据罗姆人目前的状况,仍有许多工作要做。 事实上,仍然存在重要挑战,揭示了针对罗姆人的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的严重和根深蒂固的问题。 在这方面,特别报告员强调,罗姆人在享受教育、健康、就业和住房权利时,特别容易受到种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和不容忍的影响。 她们面临的广泛歧视使他们陷入了边缘地位,并且以恶毒的方式受到社会排斥。 特别报告员关切地指出,罗姆儿童在学校中被隔离,罗姆人失业率高,被迫搬迁,住房领域日益隔离,他们在获得保健和服务时遭受歧视。", "343. 事实和争论 罗姆人的社会经济边缘化和排斥是他们面临的种族主义和种族歧视的最常见表现之一,但罗姆人在享有公民和政治权利方面也受到歧视。 事实上,在一些国家,罗姆人在获得公民身份方面受到歧视,在许多国家,罗姆人仍然被广泛排除在公共和政治生活之外,在国家公共行政和公共机构或政党中,他们仍然代表不足或根本没有代表。 特别报告员还关切地注意到,罗姆人在诉诸司法方面受到歧视,包括在刑事司法系统中受到歧视,据报告,在刑事司法系统中,检察官的歧视性态度、在处理罗姆人提出的案件时过度拖延以及警察的种族定性。", "353. 私人和公共行为者对罗姆人的暴力行为在许多国家仍然是一个严重和日益严重的问题。 在这方面,特别报告员强调了警察对罗姆人的虐待和暴力行为、加剧罗姆人易受种族主义暴力伤害的极端主义以及政府官员和政界人士,包括高级国家官员对罗姆人的种族主义和仇外言论持续存在。", "363. 。 特别报告员也对罗姆人和非公民面临双重歧视的罗姆人的处境表示关切。 他指出,他们在原籍国经历的贫困以及种族主义、种族歧视和边缘化,往往有助于解释其移民情况。 此外,几年来,罗姆移民经常成为安全政策和言论的目标,有时导致他们被驱逐。 在这方面,特别报告员对有针对性地驱逐罗姆人,包括可能面临歧视的国家表示关切。 他呼吁各国尊重相关区域和国际人权文书保障的罗姆人移民的权利。", "378 在评估对罗姆人的种族歧视和种族主义的原因时,特别报告员强调,不应被视为详尽无遗的三个主要因素可能会解释这种局面的持续存在。 其中包括罗姆人没有参与决策进程,没有执行针对罗姆人的政策和立法,以及他们面临的种族主义和种族歧视的结构方面。 在这方面,特别报告员还强调,罗姆人在立法、政策和行政措施以及国家官员的歧视性态度中都面临着体制化的歧视。 他强调各国必须确保其代理人的行为符合其国际人权义务。", "3. 。 基于工作和出身的歧视,包括基于种姓和类似世系的歧视", "页: 1 特别报告员一再提出基于工作和出身的歧视对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的负面影响。 他重申各国必须认识到,基于血统的歧视构成《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》所禁止的种族歧视形式。 特别报告员赞同消除种族歧视委员会的立场,它在第29号一般性建议:《公约》第一条第一款(世系)(2002年)中强烈重申,“基于“世系”的歧视包括基于种姓和类似世袭身份制度等社会等级形式对社区成员的歧视,这种制度剥夺或损害他们平等享受人权”。", "39 特别报告员强调,多重歧视加剧了低种姓的困境的严重性,他们有时是宗教少数群体的一部分。 例如,许多属于“贱民”的印度教成员在获得住房方面受到隔离,生活在贫困线以下,收入低于最低工资,无法接受教育。 他们患有多种疾病,特别是缺乏安全饮用水和卫生设施,有时在获得公共卫生设施方面受到歧视。 普遍存在的歧视使他们在恶劣的生活条件和男性工作中处于贫穷、未受过教育的境地。 在教育方面遭受歧视,低种姓儿童是最易受伤害的群体,面临被招募为童工、士兵或性工作者,以及猖獗的酷刑和体罚。 贩运和买卖儿童,特别是女童,以及杀害女婴,是其他多种形式的歧视。 妇女和女童面临多重歧视,包括性剥削、强迫卖淫、家庭暴力、其他种姓行为者。", "404 同时,特别报告员确定了在国际和国家两级打击基于工作和出身的歧视的良好做法和挑战。 他满意地注意到,一些国家政府主动解决受基于工作和出身的歧视影响的社区面临的问题,并鼓励它们继续努力,交流最佳做法,并在区域和国际倡议中带头消除这种形式的歧视。", "41 然而,尽管政府努力通过宪法保障、立法和平权行动方案消除这类歧视,但特别报告员指出,基于种姓的歧视依然普遍存在,根深蒂固。 他重申,尽管存在保护不受基于工作和出身的歧视的国际法律义务,但某些国家政府未能有效地履行这些义务,在某些情况下,却回避了种姓歧视问题,声称它不属于《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》等国际公约的范围,而消除种族歧视委员会的意见则相反。 在这方面,他再次建议执行消除种族歧视委员会第29号一般性建议(2002年)所载的一般措施。", "42 特别报告员建议继续使用消除基于工作和出身的歧视的原则和准则草案,作为制定各国为履行国际法律义务而应采取的有效措施的指导框架,并请各国政府考虑设立一个区域人权机构的咨询机构来研究这一问题并提高区域的认识。 此外,特别报告员建议与提高认识的措施同时采取有关法律框架的措施。", "C. 出席情况 打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的最佳做法", "434 特别报告员曾多次讨论打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的最佳做法问题,包括在2011年6月15日人权理事会第十七届会议框架内举行的“关于打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象最佳做法的小组讨论”。 该小组是在即将庆祝《德班宣言和行动纲领》十周年的背景下组织的。", "444 当时,特别报告员有机会分享他在这个问题上的经验。 特别报告员强调的良好做法包括在其国别访问期间以及在提交人权理事会和大会的报告中确定的法律、政策和体制措施。 特别报告员特别注意到,缔约国制定了一些反种族主义和种族歧视的国家法律,提供了很好的保护。", "454 德班审查会议成果文件第28段[9]重申,呼吁各国制定行动计划,防止、打击和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象。 在这方面,特别报告员强调,一些国家制定了符合《德班宣言和行动纲领》规定的反对种族主义国家行动计划。 在某些情况下,这些国家行动计划和战略已经制定,以涵盖特定的个人群体,例如罗姆人。 特别报告员还强调了为保护移徙工人而采取的具体措施,包括建立外国工人提出申诉的渠道,建立语言和财政援助,向法院提起诉讼。", "46 特别报告员还强调,一些国家已经投资于教育,以促进相互理解和尊重文化多样性,并制定了一些教育政策和方案,以促进不同社区在国家一级和平共处。 特别报告员查明的其他积极事例包括培训执法人员和提高认识措施。", "474. 147 在这方面,特别报告员重申,建立适当促进和交流打击种族主义最佳做法的体制框架,将有助于各国吸取可转用于其他情况的正面教训。 人权高专办最佳做法数据库一旦定稿,将成为查明和分享良好做法的关键工具。 各国还可以更好地利用普遍定期审查进程分享良好做法。", "页: 1 B. 特别报告员的活动", "488. 住房 在本节中,特别报告员提到自向大会提交上一份报告以来开展的进一步活动,包括国别访问(A节)、专题新闻稿(B节)以及研讨会和协商(C节)。", "A. 导 言 国别访问", "1. 匈牙利特派团", "494. 人口 特别报告员于2011年5月23日至27日访问了匈牙利。 他希望重申,他衷心感谢匈牙利政府在整个访问期间表现出的开放与合作。 载有特别报告员访问意见和结论的详细报告将于2012年提交人权理事会第二十届会议。", "50 。 在2011年5月27日在布达佩斯举行的新闻发布会上,特别报告员强调了他访问的具体情况,访问是在前一位种族主义问题特别报告员首次访问匈牙利10年多之后进行的,当时匈牙利政府通过了新的《宪法》,并担任欧洲联盟主席。 他还回顾,必须结合匈牙利的历史来理解他在访问期间提出的问题,特别是共产主义政权垮台对弱势群体,特别是罗姆人少数群体的影响。", "51 特别报告员赞扬匈牙利政府作出重大努力,履行关于少数民族和少数族裔状况以及打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的国际人权义务和承诺。 他指出,已经采取了重要的立法、体制和政治措施。 在这方面,他特别欢迎一些关键成就,例如1993年《关于少数民族和少数族裔权利的第LXXVII号法律》和2003年《关于平等待遇和促进平等机会的第CXXV号法律》,这两项法律都提供了一个全面而宝贵的反歧视立法框架。 特别报告员还欢迎匈牙利独特的少数民族自治制度、政府与罗姆人领导人之间新通过的协议以及匈牙利担任欧洲联盟理事会轮值主席国启动的《欧洲罗姆人战略》。", "52 虽然过去几年取得了许多成就,但特别报告员强调,挑战依然存在,包括执行所采取的措施。 他强调,匈牙利必须确保所有这些措施都产生有效结果,涵盖所有遭受种族主义和种族歧视的个人的状况。 他确定了值得特别关注的关键领域,并坚决采取行动。 在这方面,他强调,难民、寻求庇护者和移民的处境是一个需要特别关注的问题。 特别报告员还强调必须确保宪法改革不会削弱保护少数群体权利的法律和体制框架。 他建议有效增强少数群体成员的能力。", "532. 移民 特别报告员强调指出,在过去几年里,代表匈牙利最大少数群体的罗姆人的处境恶化,政府官员也承认了这一点。 他们面临种族主义和种族歧视,包括教育领域的隔离,并遭受暴力和虐待。 特别报告员意识到罗姆人目前状况的历史根源以及解决这一问题的困难,强调迫切需要拿出强有力的政治意愿来解决他们的状况。 迫切需要以匈牙利政府的所有必要资源重振对罗姆人的教育。 匈牙利必须从地方一级着手,为罗姆人制定全面的办法,并制订一项综合和协调各级执行方案。 在这方面,必须填补匈牙利在国际一级的参与与地方政府的承诺之间的差距。", "542. 最后,特别报告员强调,需要立即采取行动处理反犹太主义问题。 他还呼吁政府对极端主义政党、运动和团体重新抬头保持警惕,其中一些政党、运动和团体据称拥有种族主义平台,他提请政府注意仇恨言论的复发。", "2. 结 论 预定举行的特派团", "555. 255 特别报告员感谢玻利维亚政府接受访问该国的请求。 他计划在2011年底前完成这项任务。 他还感谢南非政府邀请他进行访问,他计划尽快完成这项任务。", "565. 妇 女 特别报告员非常期待与玻利维亚和南非政府当局就与其任务有关的所有事项进行建设性对话。", "B. 专题新闻稿", "57 5. 2010年12月10日,特别程序协调委员会代表人权理事会任务执行人在人权日发表的联合声明中,[11]特别报告员向在全球范围内采取行动反对歧视的人权维护者致敬,并呼吁给予他们更大的保护。 人权维护者是消除歧视和所有侵犯权利行为努力的前线——他们的工作至关重要,但他们经常受到威胁,必须受到更好的保护。 在那次会议上,特别报告员还强调,人权维护者推进了人权议程,使《世界人权宣言》的原则更加贴近社会现实,通过承诺和牺牲促进平等、法治和正义。 它们帮助制定了法律和政策,规定任何人不应成为歧视的受害者。 他还强调,人权维护者和非政府组织对于自由和公正的社会的运作至关重要,在这种社会中,任何人,不论其族裔、宗教、性别、政治或性身份,都有权反对不平等或虐待,寻求正义和补救。", "58 7. 2010年9月17日,特别报告员在展望千年发展目标高级别全体会议时,发表了一份关于实现千年发展目标的联合新闻稿,其中他指出,在实现千年发展目标方面已经取得重大进展,但还需要做更多的工作。 需要注重人权,以便在国家和国际两级处理结构性问题,这些问题支撑并维持了千年发展目标努力缓解的贫穷和不发达状况。 他强调,这些目标是值得称道的政治承诺,在调集资金和能源方面是有用的,但各国只有以人权义务为指导,确定应采取何种行动,以及由谁采取行动,才能可持续地实现这些目标。 此外,特别报告员强调,国家和国际一级的善治和法治至关重要。", "C. 研讨会和磋商", "59 5. 2010年11月30日,特别报告员在日内瓦就“平等、不歧视和多样性:大众媒体的挑战或机会”这一主题举行了一次专家磋商。 这次讨论汇集了12名专家,他们在全球媒体组织中具有工作经验,还汇集了促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员和宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员。 在专业背景方面,12名专家包括一名报纸编辑、电视编辑、外国记者、线记者、在线博客、新闻收集负责人以及记者伞式组织、一个国际人权组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织和不同文明联盟的代表。 作为讨论的一部分,对两个具体案例进行了分析,即媒体对最近烧毁《古兰经》[13]副本的计划的报道,以及报告族裔分裂国家选举后冲突的挑战。 [14] 特别报告员更多地了解了不同大众媒体组织的决策进程以及要求其日常判决的条件,遵守专业精神和独立性的关键原则。 专家们强调了大众媒体面临的几个挑战,例如,该行业日益具有竞争力,需要全天提供新闻,同时还要有全球和不断变化的媒体环境。 专家们借鉴其工作,还借鉴了大众媒体组织为促进平等、言论自由和多样性而采用的现有倡议和准则。 [15] 他们承认,大众媒体的自我管制是最佳制度,尽管是不完美的,但他们也强调,自我管制不应导致有害的自我检查或 silence默。 他们还强调技能培训的重要性,包括调查报告。", "60 。 9. 2011年1月10日,特别报告员在欧洲委员会在安卡拉举办的“打击基于种族、族裔、宗教或其他偏见的歧视”研讨会的框架内,为主题为“欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会及其国际伙伴:合作与协同”的会议作出了贡献。 特别报告员回顾德班文件关于区域机构作用的规定,同时强调欧洲反对种族主义和不容忍委员会、欧洲安全与合作组织/民主制度和人权办公室以及欧洲联盟基本权利机构在欧洲打击种族主义方面的重大贡献。 为了加强合作,特别报告员强调,在联合国和欧洲一级,采用一个全面的法律框架,处理一切形式的种族主义和歧视,这是正确的战略。 此外,应定期与其他国家和区域交流最佳做法,包括旨在促进社会内部理解的教育和提高认识等补充措施。 特别报告员认为,更经常地交流经验,肯定能够提供一个框架,利用所吸取的经验教训,开发打击歧视和种族主义的有用工具。 他鼓励国家、区域和国际机制进一步采取联合行动,消除歧视,并欢迎与欧洲机制进行更多的互动,包括在欧洲筹备国别访问、数据、研究、判例法以及法律和政策措施方面。 在某些问题上采取共同办法也是值得的。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "61 特别报告员注意到各国为应对本报告提出的专题问题方面的挑战所作的宝贵努力,并赞扬各国政府在国家和区域各级制定了一些良好做法。 然而,特别报告员要强调,为了有效打击世界上许多妇女、男子和儿童实际上面临的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象,仍有许多工作要做。", "62 。 不幸的是,种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象继续对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利产生不利影响。 对非洲人后裔、罗姆人、基于种姓或类似世系的族群成员以及一般的少数族裔而言,尤其明显,包括在教育、就业、卫生、住房、获得公民身份、司法、种族定性以及获得政治决策和司法系统等方面。 此外,属于某些社区的妇女和女孩仍然特别容易受到剥削、贩运、种族虐待和暴力。", "63/63。 5. 在此背景下,并根据本报告提出的关注专题,特别报告员谨提出以下一般性建议,供各国用作进一步分析和进展的工具。", "644. 应对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象祸害的第一步是承认种族主义存在于我们的社会和国家机构中。 虽然特别报告员认识到承认这种现实的困难,但他相信,承认是消除种族歧视的重要的第一步。", "656.65 各国不一定了解种族主义和种族歧视在其社会中的表现形式和蔓延,以及它如何影响受害者日常生活,包括边缘化和社会排斥。 缺乏评估局势的适当工具,包括可靠的统计数据和数据,是造成这种情况的原因之一。 特别报告员重申,这种数据和统计数字不仅需要查明受种族歧视影响的个人和群体,而且需要更好地了解他们所面临的不平等的性质和程度,并制定有针对性的政策和措施,纠正不平等现象。 因此,他鼓励各国收集按族裔分列的数据,提高现有数据收集系统的质量。 这种收集工作必须与有关个人群体协商,并符合国际人权标准。 特别报告员还强烈建议收集关于与极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体有密切联系的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行的数据。 族裔分门别类的数据也可能是全面了解各国种族主义和种族歧视的结构方面的一个重要工具。", "66 此外,特别报告员强烈呼吁所有会员国进一步表现出政治意愿,防止和打击种族主义和种族歧视,并推动采取进一步有效行动,在世界各地消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象。 事实上,消除种族主义和种族歧视并不总是被视为优先事项。 在这方面,特别报告员重申,《德班宣言和行动纲领》和德班审查会议的成果文件是打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的最全面的国际框架。 他呼吁所有国家支持德班进程,并有效执行这些文件中所载的承诺。 他还敦促有关国家批准《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》。", "67 如果承认和强烈的政治意愿也同时提高警惕,特别是某些表现形式和形式的种族主义和种族歧视的抬头,包括极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹和光头党团体,以及类似的极端主义运动,则可能导致结果。 特别报告员回顾,没有一个国家可以幸免这种现象。 在这方面,他重申,政治领导人和政党必须强烈谴责一切传播基于种族优越或仇恨、煽动种族歧视或仇外心理思想的政治信息。 尊重人权和自由、民主和法治必须始终是政党制定的任何方案或活动的基石,同时铭记需要确保政治和法律制度反映各级社会的多元文化性质。", "686.68 特别报告员鼓励各国制定措施,处理种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象对充分享有公民、文化、经济、政治和社会权利的负面影响。", "69 此外,在拟定这种全面办法的同时,各国应考虑到种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的结构层面,包括非洲人后裔、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者等一些个人群体所经历的情况。 确实,结构性歧视的根源需要通过全面的办法加以解决,以便能够从所有方面处理这一现象。 在这方面,特别报告员敦促各国审查并重新设计具有不成比例效果的立法、政策和方案,包括间接歧视某些特定群体的立法、政策和方案。 他还建议通过国家打击种族主义战略和行动计划,重点是结构性歧视和种族主义与某些部分人口的社会经济或政治排斥之间的相互关系。", "707.70 适当的法律对策是特别报告员在本报告中建议的办法的一个基本支柱。 任何鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨的主张,即煽动歧视、敌视或暴力的行为,都应受到法律禁止,传播基于种族优越或仇恨的思想,煽动种族歧视,以及一切暴力行为或煽动这种行为的行为,也应受到法律禁止。 在这方面,特别报告员建议颁布符合国际人权标准的立法,包括《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第二十条第2款和《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第四条。 还敦促各国在本国刑法中规定,实施具有种族主义或仇外动机或目的的犯罪构成加重处罚情节。 特别报告员还呼吁各国充分执行《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条至第二十二条,该条保障言论、集会和结社自由的权利,并确定其限制。 在这方面,他强调,各国绝不应忽视这样一个事实,即处理煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题的最终目标是找到最有效的途径,保护个人免遭他人的仇恨和暴力。", "71 法律对策远远不足以带来真正的变化。 确实,立法措施应当辅之以更为广泛的政策措施,如平权行动;收集按族裔分列的数据和统计数字;对国家工作人员进行人权培训;采取教育和提高认识的措施,促进相互理解、尊重和容忍。", "72. 第72段。 建议设计和执行平等权利行动措施或方案,包括纠正非洲人后裔、罗姆人和基于工作和出身的歧视受害者等某些群体的历史不平等。 在这方面,特别报告员敦促各国根据消除种族歧视委员会第32号一般性建议和德班条款制定和执行特别措施。", "73 国家机构内的种族主义和种族歧视是国家不应否认的现实。 在这方面,特别报告员建议各国通过定期、充分和强制性的人权培训活动,加强执法人员和司法机构成员的能力,这些活动侧重于种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象,还将涉及与极端主义政党、运动和团体,包括新纳粹分子和光头党团体有密切联系的个人犯下的种族主义和仇外罪行。", "74 为了消除社会中种族主义和种族歧视的根源,建立一个基于容忍、尊重文化多样性和不歧视的社会,特别报告员强烈建议各国投资于教育。 在这方面,特别报告员要特别强调历史课对于教授非洲人后裔、罗姆人和其他社群的历史、他们的文化和积极贡献以及他们过去遭受的严重侵犯人权行为的重要性。 他还回顾,人权教育是遏制极端主义政党、运动和团体抬头的一个主要工具。", "757. 各国还应提高认识,挑战长期观念,以帮助形成对更公平和更公平的社会的舆论。 因此,提高认识的措施应补充教育工作,使民众了解情况并提高认识。 在这方面,特别报告员呼吁国家人权机构制定适当的方案,促进容忍和尊重所有人的所有人权,并打击极端主义。", "76 此外,应当特别关注受害者。 在这方面,特别报告员敦促各国保证种族主义和种族歧视受害者能够充分获得有效的法律补救办法,包括寻求公正和适当赔偿的权利。 应当对种族主义和仇外态度和罪行进行迅速、彻底和公正的调查,应当让受害者了解自己的权利,并适当惩罚那些负有责任的人。 通过进一步的措施增强种族主义和种族歧视受害者的能力,确保他们获得高质量和高等教育,也是各国要采取的重大步骤。 此外,特别报告员敦促各国确保种族主义和种族歧视受害者参与国家政策的设计、决策、执行和评价过程,特别是那些影响到他们的政策。", "77国集团 特别报告员重申,为预防和消除种族主义和种族歧视而采取的所有措施,均应按照国际人权标准制定和执行。 此外,必须在相关利益攸关者参与下,以有效、包容和合作的方式执行建立在坚实的法律框架基础上的全面办法和关键的补充措施。 在这方面,特别报告员建议加强并更好地协调国家和地方一级的执行努力,他鼓励各国与民间社会组织、联合国和区域人权机制适当合作。 他还建议各国进一步努力,交流在地方、国家和区域各级为防止和消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象而制定的良好做法。", "页: 1", "*** 新闻稿全文见www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/。 显示News.aspx?NewsID=10908&LangID=E。", "[3] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/CRP3.Joint_ SRSubmission_for_Vienna.pdf.", "[4] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/ JointSRsubmission forNairobiworkshop.pdf.", "[5] www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/ SRSubmissionBangkokWorkshop.pdf。", "[6] http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf。", "[7] 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1,第一章。 页: 1", "www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/11session/CRP/A-HRC-11CRP3.pdf。", "[9] 见A/CONF.211/8,第一章。", "[10] 新闻稿全文可查阅www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/。 显示News.aspx?NewsID=11078&LangID=E。", "[11] 新闻稿全文可查阅www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/displayNews.aspx?NewsID=10587&LangID=E。", "[12] 新闻稿全文可查阅www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/。 显示News.aspx?NewsID=10344&LangID=E。", "[13] 另见特别报告员2010年9月8日的指控信(A/HRC/17/40/Add.1, 第149-155段)。", "[14] 见www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=2122&LangID=E。", "[15] See, for example, Al Jazeera's Code of Ethics (http://english.aljazeera.net/aboutus/2006/11/2008525185733692771.html); the British Broadcasting Corporation's Editorial Guidelines (www.bbc.co.uk/guidelines/editorialguidelines); Camden Principles on Freedom of expression and Equality, prepared by Article 19 (www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/1214/Camden-Principles-ENGLISH-web.pdf); and the International Federation of journalists, The Ethicsalism Initiative (http://inativejournalism.org)。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Strengthening the role of the United Nations in enhancing the effectiveness of the principle of periodic and genuine elections and the promotion of democratization", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report describes the activities of the United Nations system in providing electoral assistance to Member States over the past two years. United Nations electoral assistance is provided only at the request of a Member State or on the basis of a resolution of the Security Council or the General Assembly. The report indicates that the demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance remains high. During the biennium, the United Nations assisted over 50 countries.", "As the focal point for electoral assistance activities, the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is responsible for the Organization’s electoral policy and for ensuring system-wide coherence and consistency in all United Nations electoral activities. In these tasks, he is supported by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs, which also assists with the design and staffing of United Nations electoral activities and maintains both the roster of electoral experts and the Organization’s electoral institutional memory.", "In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. The United Nations", "Development Programme (UNDP) usually plays a supporting role to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions. UNDP is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context.", "A number of other United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes are also involved in the provision of electoral assistance, including the Department of Field Support, the United Nations Democracy Fund, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the United Nations Volunteers programme, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), and the United Nations Office for Project Services.", "The report highlights progress in the coordination of electoral assistance both within the Organization and with outside actors. The report also notes the various funding vehicles for electoral assistance and the need for Member State contributions.", "It further notes work done by the Organization in the area of gender and elections. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country. This increasingly includes advice on application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures.", "The report notes that although the vast majority of the world’s electoral processes are conducted peacefully, elections can on occasion trigger violence. Most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. To contain those risks, mediation and good offices, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations, can be made available upon request to supplement technical advice.", "The report also deals with issues of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, calling for them to be central considerations in design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. It urges Member States and donors to consider carefully the cost of elections, and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs.", "The report notes an intention to prioritize in the next biennium the improvement of coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point for electoral assistance matters.", "The report concludes with an emphasis on governance. Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without independent and professional judiciaries, open, pluralistic media, a robust civil society, a credible government and effective governance at all levels.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in conformity with General Assembly resolution 64/155 and covers electoral activities undertaken by the United Nations since the previous report on this subject (A/64/304).", "2. It has been 20 years since the first report to the General Assembly on the Organization’s work on supporting elections. Looking back, it is difficult to identify a moment when the desire for genuinely and credibly elected leadership was expressed more dramatically than it was in 2011. The events which began in Tunisia and continue to unfold in the Middle East and North Africa seem to embody the provision of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that “the will of the people shall be the basis of authority of government [and that] this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures”.", "3. Regrettably, the reporting period has also seen elections — including some supported by the United Nations — act as a spark to ignite deep-seated grievances, leading to violence and loss of lives.", "4. The present report provides an opportunity to both reflect on how the United Nations can best assist those Member States which have new electoral needs and aspirations, and how it can best assist in preventing or mitigating electoral-related conflict and violence.", "5. United Nations electoral assistance can be provided to a Member State only upon request and/or a mandate from the Security Council or General Assembly. United Nations electoral assistance is provided in conformity with the principle of the sovereign equality of States and the realization that there is no single electoral methodology or system that is appropriate for all countries. Therefore, a needs assessment is always carried out before any electoral assistance is agreed or provided in order to ensure the assistance is tailored to the specific needs of the situation.", "6. The United Nations today is able to provide the following five basic types of electoral assistance, the first two of which require a General Assembly or Security Council mandate, and are now rarely utilized: (a) organization and conduct of elections; (b) verification/certification; (c) technical assistance; (d) expert panels; and (e) coordination of international observers.", "7. The United Nations has not observed an election since 2001 (Fiji); in contrast, many regional organizations are prioritizing this activity. Today, most United Nations electoral support consists of some type of technical assistance. In recent years, the United Nations has twice been asked to undertake certification of an election. This mandate requires the Organization to verify publicly that various stages of an electoral process are credible and that they conform to that country’s national laws and international commitments on elections. Certification mandates are rare and require a Security Council or General Assembly mandate. For example, in Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations peacekeeping mission has a certification mandate that had its genesis in relevant peace agreements before being included in a Security Council resolution (see also para. 42 below).", "8. During the reporting period, the United Nations provided electoral assistance to more than 50 Member States (see annex II), 11 of them on the basis of a Security Council mandate. Selected examples of electoral assistance are listed in annex I to the present report.", "9. The present report summarizes the work of the United Nations departments, funds, programmes and agencies regarding electoral assistance during the reporting period and discusses cooperation within and outside the United Nations system. It further makes a number of observations aimed at strengthening the provision of electoral assistance by the United Nations system.", "II. United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "A. Mandates and activities", "10. United Nations assistance to Member States in conducting credible, periodic and genuine elections continues to be a system-wide endeavour. The United Nations institutional framework benefits from relatively clear mandates from the General Assembly. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs is the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance matters (hereinafter the focal point), with a mandate under Assembly resolution 64/155 to ensure coordination and coherence and avoid duplication of United Nations electoral assistance. The focal point is also charged by the Assembly with the development and dissemination of electoral policies, building and maintaining the Organization’s electoral institutional memory, and maintaining a diverse roster of pre-screened electoral experts who can be quickly deployed to any United Nations assistance project.", "11. The focal point is supported in these functions by the Electoral Assistance Division of the Department of Political Affairs. The Division conducts all electoral needs assessments for the Organization, recommends to the focal point the parameters for all United Nations electoral assistance and advises on the design of all United Nations electoral projects. It provides, on behalf of the focal point, ongoing political and technical guidance to all United Nations entities involved in electoral assistance, including on the Organization’s normative framework and best practices gleaned from the Organization’s electoral institutional memory. In its resolution 63/261 on strengthening of the Department of Political Affairs, the General Assembly approved a total of eight new core posts (4 Professional and 4 General Service) and one post reclassification for the Electoral Assistance Division. These posts are now filled, and have greatly strengthened the ability of the Department to carry out its electoral mandate.", "12. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the Organization’s major implementing body for support to developing electoral laws, processes and institutions outside the peacekeeping or post-conflict context. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly requested UNDP to continue its democratic governance assistance programmes, in particular those that promote the strengthening of democratic institutions and linkages between civil society and Governments.", "13. In peacekeeping or post-conflict environments, electoral assistance is generally provided through components of field missions under the aegis of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations or the Department of Political Affairs. With the trend towards integrated United Nations efforts, UNDP is increasingly providing support to electoral assistance mandates undertaken by field missions under the aegis of the two Departments. The Electoral Assistance Division provides political and technical guidance to the electoral components of such field missions.", "14. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) continues to provide training and advice on human rights monitoring in the context of elections, support and organization of campaigns for violence-free elections, engage in advocacy for human rights-compliant electoral laws and institutions and monitor and report on human rights violations during electoral processes. Since July 2010, the United Nations Subregional Centre for Human Rights and Democracy in Central Africa, acting as the OHCHR regional office for Central Africa, has carried out capacity-building activities for various actors on the promotion of human rights and democracy during electoral periods.", "15. Other parts of the United Nations system involved in election-related activities include: the Department of Field Support, which is primarily responsible for providing logistics, procurement, human resources and financial administration support to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs; the United Nations Office for Project Services, which provides support to electoral activities, largely in post-conflict/peacekeeping environments, in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UNDP and Member States; the United Nations Volunteers programme, which provides electoral staff to work in UNDP, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs field operations; the United Nations Fund for Democracy, which funds democracy-related civil society projects; and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), which provides technical expertise, on request, to institutional stakeholders to ensure that gender equality and women’s rights and participation are adequately addressed and promotes coherence in such technical support.", "B. Cooperation and coordination within the United Nations system", "16. As I noted in my previous report (A/64/304), although the multiplicity of actors involved in electoral assistance within the United Nations system remains a strength, pressures from within and outside the system can create incentive for disharmony and overlap. In its resolution 64/155, the General Assembly reiterated the importance of reinforced coordination within the United Nations system and reaffirmed the role of the focal point in ensuring system-wide coherence, including by strengthening institutional memory and the development and dissemination of electoral policies.", "17. I have therefore made efforts to promote coherence, predictability and accountability of United Nations electoral assistance a priority during the reporting period. To that end, since my previous report:", "(a) In September 2010, UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs signed a revised note of guidance on electoral assistance[1] (revising the previous note, see A/56/344, annex II). The note helps to clarify roles and responsibilities so that the two entities can work better together;", "(b) I have asked the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management to convene a system-wide discussion on operational arrangements, including recruitment and procurement, to see how procedures that are more flexible and efficient, while ensuring necessary safeguards and controls, could potentially be utilized in electoral activities;", "(c) I have asked the Department of Management, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs to develop means of ensuring that the General Assembly-mandated electoral roster remains a resource for all United Nations electoral assistance projects, in conformity with new human resources rules (see ST/AI/2010/3), by ensuring the interoperability of the roster clearance and recruitment procedures with those of all agencies and programmes;", "(d) I have asked the Department of Political Affairs, with UNDP and in consultation with all relevant partners, to develop plans to enhance production of system-wide policy and best practices documents and to implement the election-related recommendations contained in my 2010 report on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466);", "(e) I have requested the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, as the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance, to facilitate discussions to more clearly delineate the roles and responsibilities of United Nations departments, funds and agencies, in accordance with their mandates as defined by the General Assembly, and appropriate United Nations bodies.", "18. The Inter-Agency Coordination Mechanism for Electoral Assistance, chaired by the Electoral Assistance Division, was established in 2009 under the auspices of the focal point to promote information-sharing and further harmonization of the Organization’s electoral work. It holds monthly meetings, and is also the forum for coordinating the follow-up to my requests above.", "C. Cooperation with other organizations", "19. In the reporting period, the United Nations has continued to enhance cooperation with other international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, both in the field and at Headquarters level, with a view to strengthening the delivery of electoral assistance.", "20. The increasing multiplicity of assistance providers outside the United Nations system has enriched the knowledge pool and opened new opportunities, including for greater South-South cooperation. The United Nations often supports and facilitates these exchanges.", "21. The United Nations continues to be a partner in two global tools that promote capacity-building and institutional memory in electoral knowledge: the ACE Electoral Knowledge Network and the Building Resources in Democracy, Governance and Elections (BRIDGE) project. The ACE Electoral Knowledge Network includes the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), Elections Canada, the Electoral Institute of Southern Africa, Instituto Federal Electoral-Mexico, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, UNDP, the Electoral Assistance Division and the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The ACE Network provides comprehensive and authoritative information on elections, promotes networking among election-related professionals and offers capacity-development services for electoral management bodies and others. The second electoral knowledge tool, the BRIDGE project, is a partnership of the Australian Electoral Commission, International IDEA, the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP. The purpose of the partnership is to develop, implement and maintain a comprehensive curriculum on effective administration of electoral processes, and provide modular training packages for electoral management bodies.", "22. The United Nations, through UN-Women and UNDP, is also a partner in the International Knowledge Network of Women in Politics (iKNOW), an innovative global platform that uses the exchange of information and networking to promote women’s increased role and presence in political processes around the world. Partners also include the Inter-Parliamentary Union, International IDEA and the National Democratic Institute.", "23. In 2010, the Kofi Annan Foundation and International IDEA created the Global Commission on Elections, Democracy and Security. It is a high-level panel aimed at providing realistic policy recommendations on how to better deal with challenges to the integrity of elections and to the integrity of international electoral assistance. The Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, in his capacity as focal point, and the UNDP Administrator participate as Friends of the Commission.", "24. A Framework for Cooperation between the secretariat of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Department of Political Affairs, on behalf of the United Nations Secretariat was signed on 21 September 2010. It provides that the Department shall support the strengthening of the SADC electoral capacity, along with cooperation in mediation and the exchange of lessons learned. The United Nations also continues to work on electoral issues in collaboration with regional intergovernmental organizations including the African Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and many others. I particularly hope to promote further organizational cooperation in the electoral field with the League of Arab States. That cooperation will be particularly important given the rapid developments being seen in the Middle East and North Africa.", "25. The European Union and UNDP have developed a strong partnership in electoral assistance over the last seven years. UNDP continues to deliver a significant part of its electoral assistance activities within the formal framework of a partnership with the European Union. In addition to joint projects at the country level, the partnership hosted a number of workshops, including on elections and violence and the use of technology in electoral processes.", "26. The United Nations also works with individual Member States on various electoral issues. To name just one, in June 2010, the Electoral Assistance Division and UNDP, in conjunction with the Government of Romania, organized a workshop on out-of-country voting, attended by representatives of approximately 30 Member States, the European Union, International IDEA, OSCE, and the Association of Central and Eastern European Electoral Officials, as well as members of the United Nations system. I encourage Member States to endorse the key conclusions of the workshop, including that host countries should consider how they can best facilitate and support out-of-country voting on their territories, and that regional organizations could consider developing a set of good practices or guidelines to assist host countries in doing so.", "27. Although the United Nations rarely observes elections, the Electoral Assistance Division continues to participate in discussions to further enhance performance of electoral observers, through adherence to the Declaration of Principles for International Election Observation. That document, launched at the United Nations in 2005, aims to harmonize the methodologies of the many intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations engaged in observing elections, including those practices which guarantee respect for national sovereignty. The more than 40 signatories now include the vast majority of recognized and respected actors in the field. I encourage others to join the broad consensus which has emerged around the globe regarding these principles.", "III. Gender and elections", "28. The United Nations continues to prioritize assistance to making election processes inclusive, with attention to ensuring that women and underrepresented groups are able to take part in the political life of their country.", "29. This increasingly includes advice on the application of relevant provisions of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, including, in particular, its provisions regarding temporary special measures. The United Nations advocates the inclusion of women in electoral management bodies and encourages and supports efforts by national authorities to include a gender perspective in their electoral laws and regulations. The Organization has contributed to targeted outreach attempts to mobilize women’s participation in elections, both as voters and candidates. Special attention has been also accorded to women among internally displaced populations and to women’s access to electoral dispute resolution mechanisms.", "30. To ensure continued gender mainstreaming in United Nations electoral assistance, the focal point now requires that every electoral needs assessment carried out in response to a request from a Member State includes specific attention to the issue of women’s representation. In addition, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Political Affairs, the Department of Field Support, UN-Women and UNDP are revising the “DPKO/DFS-DPA Joint Guidelines on Enhancing the Role of Women in Post-Conflict Electoral Processes”, with input from field missions that have used the existing guidelines and using their suggestions for improvement.", "IV. United Nations resources for electoral assistance", "31. The regular budget of the Electoral Assistance Division covers its core staff costs, while extrabudgetary funds, including the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the Rapid Response Trust Fund, are also utilized. Electoral assistance projects managed by UNDP country offices are typically funded through voluntary contributions by Member States that often result in multi-partner basket funds, which include national counterparts in the management structure in order to ensure greater national ownership. In integrated peace operations with an electoral component, the peace operations budget covers some of the electoral work, while the balance, often quite substantial, is funded through UNDP multi-donor funding mechanisms. The Peacebuilding Support Office has occasionally utilized its Peacebuilding Fund to provide support when a lack of funding could have put at risk the organization of elections. With core funds and through its Fund for Gender Equality, UN-Women provides complementary funding for gender and elections work, closely aligned to, or integrated in, UNDP-managed electoral assistance projects.", "32. Since mid-2009, UNDP has been implementing a Global Programme on Electoral Cycle Support, which strengthens the UNDP practice architecture by, inter alia, developing knowledge products, mainstreaming gender issues into electoral programming and supporting regional and country-level initiatives to strengthen electoral institutions and processes. The Global Programme initiative draws from a dedicated funding source (the Government of Spain, with a contribution from the Government of Canada) and full time advisers to help implement its activities. It is directly executed by the UNDP Bureau for Development Policy, under a Steering Committee consisting of UNDP and representatives of the two donor countries.", "33. The United Nations Democracy Fund provides financial support for projects that strengthen the voice of civil society, promote human rights and encourage the participation of all groups in democratic processes, including many projects aimed at building capacity among voters and candidates, training and supporting civil society observers and ensuring wide democratic engagement and participation, including the ACE project. To date, contributions of more than $110 million have been received from over 39 countries, and a further 64 projects were recently approved by me in the fifth funding round.", "34. The Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs, administered by the Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, along with the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, remain important sources of critical extrabudgetary funding for electoral assistance activities. Such funds allow the implementation of rapid response and innovative or catalytic projects and programmes, including those aimed at the prevention of conflict and at supporting the participation of women and underrepresented groups in political processes. Extrabudgetary funds were used during the reporting period to rapidly establish activities, inter alia, in Haiti, Guinea, the Niger and Kyrgyzstan (for further details, see annex I).", "V. Elections and violence", "35. In my previous two reports, I expressed concern over the potential for elections to be overshadowed by political discord or violence, especially after results are announced.", "36. Such violence can be triggered by electoral shortcomings, such as severely flawed voter lists, the misuse of incumbency, a lack of transparency or the actual or perceived bias of election officials, which can result in real or perceived fraud. However, most often technical shortcomings are not the fundamental cause of violence or violent conflict, but merely the spark that ignites deeper-rooted social, economic or political tensions. Thus, if underlying political conditions are not conducive to confidence among stakeholders, or simply if one of the candidates refuses to accept credible results, elections can be a trigger for violence.", "37. We must of course keep the problem in context. The vast majority of the world’s elections are conducted peacefully, even though electoral controversy is not uncommon, especially when results are close. In general, such controversy is resolved peacefully by political processes or State institutions. However, where State institutions or political processes do not contain, or, at worst, exacerbate controversy, the result can be violence, death and displacement, with possible broader implications for peace and security.", "38. During the biennium, the United Nations took several specific measures to prevent or mitigate violent conflict related to elections. I will mention two cases: Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire.", "39. In Guinea, following the death of President Lansana Conté and a coup d’état in 2008, the adoption of the Ouagadougou Accord of 15 January 2010 set the stage for presidential elections on 27 June 2010, followed by a second round on 19 September 2010. These were the first democratic elections in almost 40 years, for a very diverse population during a complicated transition. The United Nations provided technical support to the process through a UNDP project, and also provided political and diplomatic support, within the framework of the International Contact Group on Guinea, co-chaired by the African Union and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).", "40. On the eve of both rounds of elections, the Deputy Director of the Electoral Assistance Division was deployed to support to the UNDP team on the ground. When a last-minute request for funding for security for the elections was presented by the Government, the Peacebuilding Support Office managed to assess the request and release the necessary funding from the Peacebuilding Fund in record time. The United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) provided logistics support on very short notice. In addition, the newly established OHCHR office in Guinea monitored the human rights situation before, during and after the elections, which increased trust and confidence in the process.", "41. My Special Representative for West Africa worked closely and intensively with the African Union and ECOWAS during the transition, visiting the country together with envoys of the African Union and ECOWAS more than 20 times, with the support of a United Nations senior mediation adviser specially deployed to Conakry. In the end, despite close results and some political controversy, Alpha Condé was elected President in a largely peaceful process. Among the critical factors were the appointment of an election commission chairperson who enjoyed trust of the two contestants in the second round, and the statesmanlike acceptance of the final results by runner-up Cellou Dalein Diallo.", "42. In Côte d’Ivoire, the United Nations mandate to certify elections was based on the 2005 Pretoria Accord and the subsequent decision of the Security Council (resolution 1765 (2007)). The conditions for certification, developed by the United Nations pursuant to the 2007 Ouagadougou Political Agreement, in consultation with the Facilitator of the inter-Ivorian dialogue, President Blaise Compaoré of Burkina Faso, and the Ivorian parties, included: restoration of peace across the country; an inclusive political process; equal access to the State media; the establishment of objective electoral lists; and fair and unbiased poll results. The first round of presidential elections was held on 31 October 2010, with a second round on 28 November 2010. On 3 December 2010, my Special Representative certified that the fair and unbiased result of the second round was, as announced by the Independent Electoral Commission on 2 December, the victory of Alassane Ouattara.", "43. As we know, the refusal of the incumbent to accept the result led, regrettably, to violent conflict and tragic loss of life. Yet the certification provided a consensus basis for diplomatic action, including by ECOWAS, to ensure that the democratically expressed will of the Ivorian people was respected. Although diplomacy did not prevent violence in this case, the legitimate President is now in office, and the United Nations continues to support the Government in addressing key challenges with a view to establishing lasting peace and stability.", "44. The obvious contrast between the violent outcome in Côte d’Ivoire and the largely peaceful outcome in Guinea was the refusal of the runner-up, despite urging from the United Nations and other parties, to accept the legitimate outcome.", "45. In the aftermath of these two events, my Special Representative in West Africa and the United Nations Office for West Africa (UNOWA) organized a regional conference on elections and stability in West Africa, in May 2011 in Praia, Cape Verde. The conference was hosted by the Government of Cape Verde and organized in partnership with the Department of Political Affairs and UNDP. It received the support of ECOWAS, the African Union, the International Organization of la Francophonie, the European Union and the International Peace Institute. The resulting Praia Declaration on Elections and Stability in West Africa, adopted on 20 May 2011, identified practical recommendations to facilitate the conduct of peaceful elections, including: further encouraging the United Nations-ECOWAS-African Union partnership in conflict prevention; strengthening cooperation between UNOWA, OHCHR, ECOWAS and Governments in developing a regional capacity-building programme in electoral affairs; and establishing early warning mechanisms. In a press statement on 8 July 2011, the Security Council welcomed the adoption of the Praia Declaration and encouraged all relevant actors to follow up on its recommendations.", "46. Also during the biennium, the Electoral Assistance Division participated on behalf of the Secretariat, as a technical resource during deliberations of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) to help design an IPU framework to address electoral-related violence. The resulting resolution on providing a sound legislative framework aimed at preventing electoral violence, improving electoral monitoring and ensuring the smooth transition of power was adopted by consensus at the 124th IPU assembly on 20 April 2011. The resolution calls, inter alia, for greater cooperation between the United Nations and IPU in the prevention of electoral violence, and in ensuring a smooth and peaceful transition of political power, as well as in the implementation throughout the electoral cycle of relevant recommendations made by electoral observation missions.", "47. The United Nations took other measures during the biennium to help to prevent violent conflict related to elections. One example is the Sudan, where the Secretary-General established, at the request of the authorities, a Panel on the Southern Sudan Referenda, to monitor the process and offer good offices to help resolve political discord during the referendum. In addition to consulting closely with the leadership in the North and South, the Panel worked in coordination with the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and the African Union mediation process, as well as concerned Member States. Substantial electoral technical assistance was also provided by UNMIS and UNDP under an integrated structure. The referendum was held peacefully and its results were accepted by both sides and by the international community. South Sudan became an independent country on 9 July 2011.", "VI. Sustainability", "48. Well-run elections are a crucial investment, but experience throughout the world has shown that it is not the case that the more complex or expensive a system, the more successful the elections will be. Some processes are more costly per voter than others, and vendors continue to promote some of the most expensive electoral processes and complicated technology to some of the poorest countries in the world. While the choice of electoral system and process is, of course, the sovereign right of Member States, the General Assembly in its resolution 64/155 obliges the Organization to bear in mind “sustainability and cost-effectiveness” in its work.", "49. I remain concerned about electoral techniques and systems that are so complex or expensive that they have the potential to leave countries dependent on vendors or donors. Some technologies will have large cost implications not just at the moment they are implemented, but in the future, which should be thoroughly considered. In making choices about electoral technology, donors and recipients need to look carefully at national budget forecasts in order to aim squarely at the goal of nationally self-funded elections in future.", "50. It is now accepted that electoral assistance should be made available whenever it is most needed and not just at the time of the election itself. For example, assistance is available for discussions on electoral reform which may be initiated years before an electoral event. The General Assembly recommended in its resolution 64/155, that the United Nations continue to provide technical advice and other assistance throughout the time span of the entire electoral cycle, including before and after elections, as appropriate. This “electoral-cycle approach” is also a useful planning tool for assistance providers and donors. But we should not confuse funding cycles with what a country wants or needs; nor should they be justifications for assistance that pays little attention to the end state.", "VII. Observations", "51. Demand from Member States for United Nations electoral assistance continues to be high. Given the increasing need for flexible and rapid response in electoral assistance, particularly in the light of current events, I encourage Member States to consider making further voluntary contributions for electoral assistance, including earmarked contributions for rapid response and for the inclusion of women, minorities and underrepresented groups, to the Trust Fund in Support of Political Affairs and the UNDP Democratic Governance Thematic Trust Fund, as well as to the United Nations Democracy Fund and the Fund for Gender Equality.", "52. The continued demand for electoral assistance is an indication of the general appreciation of the work of the United Nations in supporting democratic development, including credible, periodic and genuine elections. This, I believe, is based largely on the commitment, as directed by the General Assembly, in its resolution 64/155, to carry out assistance in an objective, impartial, neutral and independent manner. United Nations assistance is also given with the understanding that there is no “one size fits all” model or solution, and that each country must be in charge of its own destiny, but the Organization is ready to make its expertise, best practices and lessons learned available.", "53. The United Nations also upholds the importance of the implementation of international commitments, norms and principles with respect to elections, as well as the need for transparency, credibility, inclusiveness and universal suffrage. Various United Nations conventions protect the right of every citizen to take part in the conduct of public affairs and the right to vote and to be elected. Political inclusiveness, in particular women’s political participation as well as that of minorities and other underrepresented groups, remains crucial for stable democracy, and is an important consideration in the assistance that the United Nations provides.", "54. However, we must recognize that even the most inclusive, best-run elections cannot by themselves erase the risk of electoral violence. While elections are technical processes, they are fundamentally political events. To contain such risks, the United Nations must ensure that the support available to Member States includes not just technical advice but also mediation and good offices, if requested, preferably in collaboration with regional or subregional organizations. This approach would aim to address underlying grievances before elections, for example, by encouraging the design of political institutions to prevent the monopoly of power and political marginalization of the opposition and, after the election, to support dialogue and encourage statesmanship both in victory and in defeat. The true measure of an election is whether it engenders broad public confidence in the process and trust in the outcome. An election run honestly and transparently, respecting basic rights, with the effective and neutral support of State institutions and the responsible conduct of participants (leaders, candidates and voters) is most likely to achieve an accepted and peaceful outcome.", "55. Sustainability and cost-effectiveness must increasingly be central considerations in the design and provision of electoral assistance, whether by the United Nations or other bodies. Building capacity that is permanent does not require permanent capacity-building. All assistance should have long-term sustainability and national ownership as its goals, and should aim at clearly defined end states. In addition, we must remember that more costly electoral machinery is not a panacea for fraud. I continue to call upon Member States to consider carefully the cost of elections and of electoral assistance, in the light of other development needs. I encourage Member States and donors to consider the recommendation of the African Union Panel of the Wise that, for political and development reasons, States should establish as an important goal the funding of elections from national budgets, as soon as possible.", "56. I will continue to prioritize efforts to improve the coherence, predictability and accountability in delivery of electoral assistance. Such efforts should be built upon the clear leadership role in all matters related to electoral assistance assigned by the General Assembly to the focal point.", "57. At the same time, I will work to strengthen the ability of the Organization’s various administrative processes to support its missions, UNDP and others in the United Nations Development Group in order to ensure that assistance programmes to Member States can be delivered with greater efficiency, predictability and accountability.", "58. In support of this goal, United Nations electoral assistance should be provided in an integrated manner in all contexts, whether or not it is provided through a formally integrated field mission. I believe that this will greatly improve efficiency and promote coordination at the field level. I encourage Member States to take this into account when drafting Security Council electoral mandates and considering budgets and contributions to basket funds.", "59. Coherence and efficiency can also be strengthened outside the Organization. While the multiplicity of electoral assistance providers and donors worldwide can ensure a broad range of useful advice for Member States seeking assistance, it can also create an unhelpful cacophony that has the potential to undermine preparations. I encourage Member States, when requesting assistance, to consider designating the United Nations (or another organization, if preferred) to help to ensure coherence among electoral assistance providers. I further urge that mandates for electoral assistance include a role for the United Nations in ensuring coherence among electoral assistance providers in any electoral assistance mandate given to a field mission.", "60. Finally, we should be investing more time and resources in governance. Recently, one of my staff members was discussing an upcoming election with a young woman from a developing country. He said, “This country desperately needs a good election.” The wise young woman replied, “No, what this country desperately needs is for those elected to govern well after their election.” Investments in elections will not yield sustainable peace and development without good and effective governance at all levels, including independent and professional judiciaries, full respect for human rights, open and pluralistic media, a robust civil society and a credible and responsive Government.", "Annex I", "Selected examples of United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan", "1. Afghanistan held presidential and provincial elections in August 2009, followed by parliamentary elections in September 2010, with technical and logistical support from the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The Enhancing Legal and Electoral Capacity for Tomorrow programme, managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), continues to support the Independent Election Commission and other electoral stakeholders. The United Nations also helped in the creation of an Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC) and Media Commission. The United Nations Development Fund for Women (now UN-Women) supported dialogue between women members of parliament and the Independent Election Commission aimed at ensuring that women’s concerns about the electoral process were heard and addressed adequately.", "2. The 2009 and 2010 Presidential, Provincial Council and National Assembly elections were conducted by an all-Afghan Independent Election Commission (IEC) and complaints were investigated by ECC, which was composed of two United Nations-nominated commissioners and three Afghan commissioners. The 2009 and 2010 elections were conducted under more difficult and insecure conditions than the 2004-2005 polls. Extensive fraud was investigated by ECC, leading to the exclusion of approximately 1.5 million votes in 2009 and 1.3 million votes in 2010. Insecurity in some areas was also a complicating factor: many candidates had difficulties conducting their campaign in insurgency-prone areas; voter turnout was lower than in 2004-2005, and many candidates and voters felt disenfranchised owing to the insecurity. This led to the establishment of a controversial “special tribunal” attached to the Supreme Court to deal with electoral disenfranchisement and fraud issues. After considerable tensions, the Wolesi Jirga was inaugurated on 26 January 2011, with an agreement that the special tribunal would continue to investigate electoral crimes. The establishment of the special tribunal was considered illegal by legal experts and it was never recognized by IEC. The special tribunal’s subsequent decision to remove 62 members from Parliament owing to “recount” results created a difficult impasse between the branches of Government. The tribunal was then dissolved by presidential decree in August. However, the highlight of the 2010 election was that IEC was able to take a proactive approach in detecting fraud while referring many suspected cases of electoral offences to ECC. In addition, IEC was able to take on more responsibility and therefore continue to build electoral capacity that will allow for better implementation of elections in the future.", "Côte d’Ivoire", "3. The United Nations provided technical, material, logistical and security support to the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) for the first and second round of presidential elections. The first round took place on 31 October 2010; a run-off was then necessary between the two top candidates after the first round, Alassane Ouattara and Laurent Gbagbo. Following the second round, held on 28 November 2010, IEC announced the provisional results on 2 December and declared candidate Ouattara as the winner of the run-off election, while the Constitutional Council proclaimed a version of results on 3 December that gave victory to Mr. Gbagbo. As requested by the Ivorian parties within the framework of the 2005 Pretoria Accord and mandated by the Security Council, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Côte d’Ivoire certified the second round of presidential elections, confirming the outcome as announced by the Electoral Commission. The results announced by IEC and certified by the United Nations were subsequently endorsed by the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union and the Security Council. Unfortunately, a violent crisis ensued as a result of Mr. Gbagbo’s refusal to cede power. President Ouattara was inaugurated on 21 May, with the Secretary-General in attendance along with some 20 Heads of State.", "Haiti", "4. Preparations for elections in February 2010 were already under way when Haiti was struck by a devastating earthquake on 12 January 2010. In the light of the significant human loss and the considerable material damage, elections were postponed. Following a technical feasibility mission dispatched by the United Nations focal point for electoral assistance at the request of President Préval, a new electoral timetable was then adopted, with the first round of the elections set for 28 November 2010. The presidential elections were combined with the parliamentary elections (renewal of the lower chamber and one third of the upper chamber). The electoral process was further hampered by a cholera epidemic and a tropical storm.", "5. Successful elections were held, overcoming doubts that they were possible given the complex and volatile political and socio-economic context and threats of boycott from some political groups. The first and second rounds of the presidential and legislative elections were held on 28 November 2010 and 20 March 2011. In line with its Security Council mandate, the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) coordinated all international support to the electoral process, including assisting in the setting up of 1,500 registration centres for displaced voters, inspecting all 1,483 voting centres and identifying new locations to replace those that had been damaged or destroyed, distributing the updated voters’ list and, in coordination with the Haitian National Police, developing and implementing an integrated electoral security plan. Resources deployed in support of the elections included more than 6,200 United Nations peacekeeping troops, 1,300 United Nations police, 200 civilian staff, 174 flight hours and 230 vehicles. A UNDP project focused on supporting the capacity of the provisional election commission as well as on complementary areas such as support to the tabulation centre, the voter list, electoral disputes and civic education.", "Iraq", "6. The United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has continued to provide technical advice and support to the Independent High Electoral Commission (IHEC) of Iraq. Along with its partner organizations, including UNDP, UNOPS and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNAMI has provided technical and policy advice, and worked to build the capacity of IHEC and its staff. With the support of its United Nations and other international partners, IHEC overcame numerous operational, security and legal challenges and successfully conducted the national election for the Council of Representatives in March 2010. There was considerably broader participation at the local level than in the first parliamentary election in 2005. Voting was also conducted for eligible Iraqi voters in 16 other countries. Civil society participation was strong. Following a court order, IHEC recounted a significant amount of the cast ballots, a process that confirmed the accuracy of the earlier results. In total, IHEC has now prepared and conducted three major electoral events since the appointment of its Commissioners in 2007, including the governorate council elections (January 2009), presidential and parliamentary elections in the Kurdistan region (July 2009) and the national parliamentary elections.", "Kyrgyzstan", "7. Following the request of the Kyrgyz Interim Government in the aftermath of the April 2010 events, the United Nations responded by establishing the Kyrgyz Election Support Project executed by UNDP, focusing on technical operational preparations, the streamlining of the complaints process and women’s participation. In addition, the United Nations deployed two international advisory members to the Kyrgyz Central Electoral Commission, with expertise in legal and procedural issues. Despite the fragile political situation and tight timelines, the June constitutional referendum and the 10 October parliamentary elections took place successfully and on time.", "Liberia", "8. Liberia will hold a referendum and presidential and legislative elections during the second half of 2011. For the second generation of elections since the end of the Liberian conflict, the United Nations will ensure that the primary responsibility for organizing the elections remain with the national authorities while providing them with needed support. The National Elections Commission receives technical assistance through the UNDP capacity-building programme for the 2010-2012 electoral cycle. Additionally, the National Elections Commission, UNDP and the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) have identified less accessible areas where additional logistics support from UNMIL will be provided. In line with the mandate from the Security Council, UNMIL also supports the authorities in securing the elections while intensifying its work with the Liberian authorities on legal, political, judicial, security and human rights issues to mitigate tensions and create an atmosphere conducive to peaceful elections.", "Papua New Guinea (Bougainville)", "9. Upon the request of the Government of Papua New Guinea, the United Nations deployed an Electoral Expert Monitoring Team for Bougainville’s second presidential and parliamentary elections in May 2010. That election — the winner of which would lead the region to the preparation process for the referendum on the status of Bougainville (envisaged between 2015-2020) — was a milestone in the consolidation of peace and democracy in the country. The election was, therefore, seen as critical, and there were also serious concerns about the possibility of the recurrence of violence. The Monitoring Team was able to visit polling stations all over the region including in some areas in the south where many people were voting for the first time. The United Nations presence was welcomed by all concerned stakeholders and was widely seen as an important factor in building confidence in the electoral process and consequently contributing to the ultimately peaceful electoral environment.", "Sudan", "10. The United Nations provided technical advice and assistance to the Southern Sudan Referendum Commission (SSRC), via the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, composed of the electoral division of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) and UNDP. SSRC registered 3.9 million voters for the Southern Sudan Referendum between 15 November and 8 December 2010, for a referendum in January 2011 to determine if the people of Southern Sudan wished to secede from or remain a part of the Sudan. Between 9 and 15 January 2011, 3.9 million registered voters had the opportunity to cast their ballot. Over 250 United Nations staff worked to support SSRC down to the state and county levels. The United Nations, in cooperation with international partners, also provided financial and logistical support to the referendum process, including out-of-country voting in eight locations. United Nations air assets also transported materials by air to remote and isolated referendum centres. The results were accepted by all parties, with an overwhelming vote for secession.", "11. In addition to the direct support provided by the United Nations Integrated Referendum and Electoral Division, in a letter to the Secretary-General dated 17 July 2010, the parties to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement requested the United Nations to deploy a monitoring mission for the referendum. The Secretary-General appointed a panel to monitor and assess the referendums process. While standard practice is that the United Nations does not usually monitor electoral processes in which it also provides technical assistance, the role of the United Nations with respect to monitoring the referendums was deemed to be critical in enhancing confidence in the process and acceptance of results. Panel staff monitored the referendum in 46 counties in all states in Southern Sudan, focusing on remote areas; in 13 out of 15 states in northern Sudan; and in all eight countries where out-of-country voting took place. The panel reported to the Secretary-General that the outcome of the referendum reflected the free will of the people of Southern Sudan.", "Tunisia", "12. In response to the interim Government’s request for electoral assistance, the United Nations deployed a high-level electoral needs assessment mission to Tunisia on 1 March 2011. The recommendations contained in the report of the Mission were approved by the focal point. Based on those recommendations, the United Nations has implemented a project assisting the Tunisian authorities in their organization of the Constituent Assembly elections envisaged for October 2011. The project has been defined to focus on areas where the United Nations has a clear comparative advantage and to ensure synergies and avoid duplication with other programmes being put in place by other actors. It includes measures to support the electoral management body and to help to promote inclusive participation in the electoral process on the part of women and civil society groups in particular.", "Annex II", "Countries and territories receiving United Nations electoral assistance during the reporting period", "Afghanistan[2]", "Argentina", "Bangladesh", "Benin", "Bolivia (Plurinational State of)", "Burundi^(a)", "Burkina Faso", "Cambodia", "Cameroon", "Central African Republic", "Chad", "Comoros", "Congo", "Côte d’Ivoire^(a)", "Democratic Republic of the Congo^(a)", "El Salvador", "Ethiopia", "Gambia", "Guatemala", "Guinea", "Guinea-Bissau^(a)", "Guyana", "Haiti^(a)", "Indonesia", "Iraq^(a)", "Kenya", "Kyrgyzstan", "Lebanon", "Lesotho", "Liberia^(a)", "Malawi", "Maldives", "Mexico", "Mozambique", "Nepal", "Netherlands Antilles (Bonaire)", "Niger", "Nigeria", "Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Panama", "Papua New Guinea", "Peru", "Republic of Moldova", "Romania", "Rwanda", "Sierra Leone^(a)", "Solomon Islands", "Sudan^(a)", "Suriname", "Timor-Leste^(a)", "Togo", "Tunisia", "Turkmenistan", "United Republic of Tanzania", "Yemen", "Zambia", "Zimbabwe", "[1] The September 2010 note of guidance is available in all the official languages of the Organization. For copies, please contact the Electoral Assistance Division at [email protected]. An English-language copy is available on the UNDP website: see http://www.beta.undp.org/ undp/en/home/html.", "[2] Assistance being provided under a Security Council mandate." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "加强联合国在提高定期真正选举原则的有效性和促进民主化中的作用", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告阐述过去两年联合国系统在向会员国提供选举援助方面的活动。联合国的选举援助仅在会员国的要求下，或在安理会或大会决议的基础上提供。报告显示，会员国对于联合国选举援助的需求仍然很大。在这两年期内，联合国援助了50多个国家。", "作为选举援助活动的牵头人，负责政治事务的副秘书长负责本组织的选举政策，并确保全系统范围所有联合国选举活动的一致性和连贯性。在这些任务中，政治事务部选举援助司为其提供支助，并还协助策划联合国的选举活动及其人员配备，以及维持选举专家的备选名册和本组织的选举机构记忆。", "在维和或冲突后环境中，选举援助一般通过维和行动部或政治事务部主持下 的实地特派团的组成单位提供。联合国开发计划署(开发署)通常对由实地特派团承担的选举援助任务发挥配合作用。开发署是本组织在维和或冲突后情况以外为选举法律、程序和体制提供支持的主要执行机构。", "其他一些联合国部门、机构、基金和方案也参与提供选举援助，其中包括外勤支助部、联合国民主基金、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国志愿人员方案、加强两性平等和增强妇女权能(妇女署)和联合国项目事务厅。", "本报告着重介绍联合国内以及与外部行为者在选举援助的协调方面的进展情况。报告还指出了选举援助的各种资助手段以及会员国提供捐款的必要性。", "报告进一步指出本组织在性别与选举领域所做的工作。联合国继续将让选举过程做到具有包容性的援助放在优先地位，务必确保妇女和代表性不足的群体能参加自己国家的政治生活。这日益包括就消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约相关条款的适用问题提出咨询意见，其中特别包括关于临时特别措施的条款。", "报告指出，虽然全世界绝大多数的选举程序是和平地进行的，但有时选举会引发暴力行动。大多数情况下，技术缺点并不是暴力的根本原因，而只是点燃更根深蒂固的社会经济或政治紧张局势的火星。为遏制这些风险，可应要求提供调解和斡旋——最好是与区域或次区域组织一起进行——以补充技术咨询。", "报告还论述了可持续性和成本效益问题，要求联合国或其他机构将其作为设计和提供选举援助时的核心考虑因素。报告促请会员国和捐助方根据其他发展需要，仔细考虑选举成本以及选举援助成本的问题。", "报告指出，在下一个两年期内将优先重视提高提供选举援助的一致性、可预见性和问责制。这样的努力应以大会指定的、选举援助事务牵头人在所有与选举援助相关的事务中明确的领导作用为基础。", "报告最后强调了管治问题。没有独立和专业的司法、开放多元的媒体、生气勃勃的民间社会、可信赖的政府、和各级有效的管治，对于选举的投资并不能收获可持续的和平和发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告系根据大会第64/155号决议编写，阐述自同一议题的上一次报告(A/64/304)以来联合国所开展的选举活动。", "2. 自向大会提交关于本组织支持选举活动的第一次工作报告以来已有20年了。 回顾过去，很难指出某个时刻对于真正的、可信赖的选举产生的领导的渴望要比今年所表达的更为强烈。始于突尼斯并继续在中东和北非展开的事件似乎体现了世界人权宣言的规定，“人民的意志是政府权力的基础；这一意志应以定期的和真正的选举予以表现，而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权，并以不记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行”。", "3. 遗憾的是，报告期内也发生了选举——包括某些联合国支持的选举——成了点燃根深蒂固的仇怨并导致暴力和生灵涂炭的火星。", "4. 本报告提供了一种机会，借此可思考联合国如何能向具有选举需要和渴望的会员国提供最好的援助，以及如何最有效的协助预防或减轻与选举有关的冲突和暴力的问题。", "5. 联合国可应会员国的要求，和(或)根据安理会或大会的授权，向会员国提供选举援助。联合国选举援助的提供须符合国家主权平等的原则，并认识到没有任何一种选举方法或制度是适合所有国家的。因此，在商定或提供任何选举援助之前总要进行需求评估，以确保援助是按情况的特殊需要而量身定做的。", "6. 目前，联合国能够提供五种基本类型的选举援助。前两种需要大会或安理会授权，现在很少使用：", "(a) 组织和操办选举；", "(b) 核实/认证；", "(c) 技术援助；", "(d) 专家小组；", "(e) 协调国际观察员。", "7. 自2001年(菲济)以来，联合国没有派员观察任何选举；相反，许多区域组织正将这一活动置于优先地位。今天，大多数联合国的选举支助是由某种形式的技术援助构成的。近年来，联合国已被两次要求为选举进行认证。这一任务要求联合国公开核实一个选举过程的各个阶段都是可信的并符合相关国家的法律和关于选举的国际承诺的。认证任务极少并需要安理会或大会授权。例如，在科特迪瓦，联合国维和特派团有认证任务，这在纳入安理会决议之前就已写入了相关的和平协议之中了(还见下文第42段。)", "8. 在报告期内，联合国向50多个会员国提供了选举援助(见附件二)，其中有11次是根据安理会授权进行的。本报告附件一列有一些选举援助的例子。", "9. 本报告归纳了联合国各部厅、基金会、方案和机构在报告期内选举援助方面的工作，并论及联合国系统内外的合作情况。报告还进一步提出了一些看法，旨在加强联合国系统选举援助的提供。", "二. 报告期内联合国的选举援助", "A. 任务和活动", "10. 联合国协助会员国进行可信的定期真正选举，这继续是全系统范围的事业。联合国的体制框架受益于来自大会的比较明确的授权。负责政治事务的副秘书长是联合国负责选举援助事务的牵头人(以下简称牵头人)，具有大会第64/155号决议的授权，“确保联合国选举援助的协调和一致，并避免重叠”。大会还责成牵头人制定和传播选举政策，建立和维持本组织的选举机构记忆，并维持一个事先筛选过的、多种多样的选举专家备选名册，以便迅速部署到任何联合国援助项目。", "11. 牵头人在履行这些职责时得到政治事务部选举援助司的支助。该司为本组织进行所有选举需求评估，向牵头人建议所有联合国选举援助的参数，并就所有联合国选举项目的设计提供咨询意见。它代表牵头人向所有参与选举援助的联合国实体提供日常的政治和技术指导，包括本组织的规范性框架和从本组织选举机构记忆中收集的最佳做法。大会在其关于加强政治事务部的第63/261号决议中批准了共八个新的核心员额(5个专业和3个一般事务)，和选举援助司一个员额的改叙。这些员额现已填满，大大加强了政治事务部完成其选举任务的能力。", "12. 联合国开发计划署(开发署)是维和和冲突后情况外，本组织支持制定选举法律、程序和体制的主要执行机构。大会第64/155号决议要求开发署继续其民主管治援助方案，特别是那些促进强化民主体制和民间社会与政府之间的联系的方案。", "13. 维和或冲突后环境中，选举援助一般通过维和行动部或政治事务部主持下的实地特派团的组成单位提供。随着联合国努力趋向一体化，开发署越来越为维和行动部或政治事务部主持下的实地特派团承担的选举援助任务提供支持。选举援助司则对这些实地特派团的选举单位提供政治和技术指导。", "14. 人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)继续提供选举情况下的人权监测培训和咨询意见，支持和组织无暴力选举宣传运动，进行遵守人权的选举法和体制的倡导工作，并监测和报告选举过程中的违反人权现象。自2010年7月以来，联合国中非人权和民主中心作为人权高专办中非区域办事处，就选举期间增进人权和民主问题为不同的行为者开展了能力建设活动。", "15. 联合国系统中参与同选举有关的活动的其它单位包括：外勤支持部——主要负责为维和行动部和政治事务部提供后勤、采购、人力资源和财务行政管理方面的支助；联合国项目事务厅——与政治事务部、维和行动部、开发署和会员国合作，为一般在冲突后/维和环境中的选举活动提供支助；联合国志愿人员方案——提供选举工作人员到开发署、维和行动部和政治事务部的实地行动工作；联合国民主基金会——为民主相关的民间社会项目提供资助；和妇女署——应要求，向机构利益攸关方提供技术专门知识，以确保两性平等和妇女的权利和参与问题得到足够的处理，并促进这类技术支持的一致性。", "B. 联合国系统内的合作和协调", "16. 如我在上一次报告(A/64/304)中所指出的，虽然联合国系统内众多行为者参与选举援助乃是一种实力，但来自系统内外的压力会产生不协调和重叠的刺激。大会在第64/155号决议中重申加强联合国系统内协调的重要性，并再次肯定牵头人在确保全组织范围的一致性——包括通过加强机构记忆以及制定和传播选举政策——方面的作用。", "17. 因此，我在报告期内将促进联合国选举援助的一致性、可预见性和问责制作为优先事项。为此，自我上次报告以来：", "(a) 开发署和政治事务部于2010年9月签署了修订后的选举援助指导说明[2] (修订以前的说明，见A/56/344，附件二)。这一文件帮助澄清了本组织这两个单位各自的作用和责任，以便其更好地合作。", "(b) 我已请外勤支持部和管理部就包括招聘和采购在内的业务安排问题，举行全系统范围的讨论，以了解在选举活动中在确保必要的保障和控制的同时，可如何利用更灵活有效的程序。", "(c) 我已请管理部、外勤支持部和政治事务部制定方法，以确保大会授权的选举名册成为所有联合国选举援助项目的一种资源，在遵守新的人力资源规则(ST/AI/2010/3)的前提下，确保名册的审批和招聘程序与所有机构和方案的名册可互通。", "(d) 我已请政治事务部与开发署一起，同所有相关合作伙伴协商，制定计划， 加强全系统范围政策和最佳做法文件的制作，并落实我2010年关于妇女参与建设和平的报告中所载的与选举有关的建议(A/65/354-S/2010/466)。", "(e) 我已要求我的负责政治事务的副秘书长，作为联合国选举援助问题牵头人，推动开展讨论，以便根据大会和适当的联合国机关所规定的联合国各部门、基金会和机构的任务，更清楚地界定其各自的作用和责任。", "18. 由选举援助司担任主席的机构间选举援助协调机制于2009年在牵头人主持下成立，旨在促进本组织选举工作的信息交流和进一步协调一致。它每月举行一次会议并也是协调落实我的上述要求的论坛。", "C. 与其它组织的合作", "19. 在报告期内，联合国为加强选举援助的交付，在实地和总部层面都继续加强了与其它国际、政府和非政府组织的合作。", "20. 联合国之外援助提供者的数目与日俱增，丰富了知识宝库并开辟了新的机会，包括扩大南南合作的机会。联合国经常为这样的交流提供支持和便利。", "21. 联合国继续是两个促进选举知识的能力建设和机构记忆的全球工具的合作伙伴：选举行政和费用选举知识网和民主、管治和选举的建设资源项目。选举行政和费用选举知识网包括民主和选举援助国际研究所、选举加拿大、南部非洲选举研究所、联邦选举研究所-墨西哥、选举制度国际基金会、开发署、选举援助部、和联合国经济和社会事务部。选举行政和费用项目就选举问题提供全面的权威信息，促进与选举相关的专业人员结成网络，并为选举管理机构等提供能力开发服务。第二个选举知识库——民主、管治和选举的建设资源项目——是澳大利亚选举委员会、民主和选举援助国际研究所、选举制度国际基金会、选举援助司和开发署的合作伙伴。合作伙伴关系的目的是就选举程序的有效行政管理制定、实施和维持一个全面的课程表，并为选举管理机构提供一揽子课程培训。", "22. 联合国通过妇女署和开发署，也是国际从政妇女知识网的合作伙伴——该网络是一个有创意的全球平台，利用信息交流和联网，促进全世界妇女加强在政治进程中的作用和参与。合作伙伴还包括议会联盟、民主和选举援助国际研究所、和联合国民主研究所。", "23. 2010年，科菲·安南基金会和民主和选举援助国际研究所创立了全球选举、民主和安全委员会。这一个高级别小组，旨在就如何更好地处理选举的完整性和国际选举援助的完整性所面临的挑战问题提供现实的政策建议。我的负责政治事务的副秘书长以其牵头人的身份和开发署署长作为委员会之友参加。", "24. 南部非洲发展委员会秘书处和政治事务部代表联合国秘书处于2010年9月21日签署了合作框架。其中规定，政治事务部应支持加强南部非洲发展委员会秘书处的选举能力，以及在调解和交流经验教训方面开展合作。联合国还与区域政府间组织，包括非洲联盟、欧洲安全和合作组织(欧安组织)和许多其它组织，继续就选举问题开展合作。我特别希望促进与阿拉伯联盟国家在选举领域的进一步组织间合作。鉴于我们所看到的在中东和北非的迅速发展动态，这一合作将有特别重要的意义。", "25. 在过去七年里，欧洲联盟和开发署在选举援助领域发展了牢固的伙伴关系。 开发署继续在与欧盟的合作伙伴框架内开展其选举援助活动的很大一部分。除了在国家层面的联合项目之外，伙伴关系主办了一些讲习班，内容包括选举与暴力和选举程序中技术的利用等。", "26. 联合国还就各种选举问题与个别国家开展合作。仅举一例：2010年6月，选举援助司和开发署会同罗马尼亚政府就国外投票问题举办了一次讲习班，约30个会员国、欧洲联盟、民主和选举援助国际研究所、欧安组织、中欧和东欧选举官员协会的代表、以及联合国系统的其它成员出席了讲习班。我鼓励会员国核可讲习班的主要结论，包括东道国应考虑如何为在其领土上进行的国外投票提供最大的便利和支持，而区域组织则应考虑制定一套良好做法或准则，以协助东道国这样做。", "27. 虽然联合国极少观察选举，但选举援助司继续参加各种讨论，以通过遵守国际选举观察原则宣言进一步提高选举观察员的业绩。这一文件于2005年在联合国首发，旨在协调统一许多从事选举观察的政府间和非政府组织的方法，包括保证尊重国家主权的做法。现在已有40个以上的签字，其中包括在这一领域公认的受到尊重的绝大多数行为者。我鼓励其它人参加围绕这些原则在全世界已出现的这一广泛的共识。", "三. 性别和选举", "28. 联合国继续优先重视使选举程序具有包容性的援助，关注确保妇女和代表性不足的群体能参加其本国的政治生活。", "29. 这包括日益强调应用消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约的相关条款，其中尤其包括关于临时特别措施的条款。联合国主张吸收妇女进入选举管理机构，并鼓励和支持国家当局努力将性别观点纳入选举法和条例。本组织推动了有针对性的“走出去”努力，以动员妇女既作为选举者也作为候选人，参加选举。对于境内流离失所的人口中的妇女，以及妇女利用选举争端解决机制的渠道，也给以了特别的关注。", "30. 为确保继续将性别观点纳入联合国选举援助的主流，牵头人现在要求，应会员国要求进行的每一项选举需求评估须包括对妇女代表性问题的特别关注。此外，维和行动部、政治事务部、外勤支持部、妇女署和开发署正在修订维和行动部/外勤支持部-政治事务部关于提高妇女在冲突后选举程序中的作用准则，并收到了来自使用现行准则的实地特派团的投入和吸收了他们的改进建议。", "四. 联合国选举援助的资源", "31. 选举援助司的经常预算覆盖其核心工作人员费用，而预算外资金——包括支持政治事务信托基金和快速反应信托基金——也加以利用。由开发署国别办事处管理的选举援助项目通常通过会员国的自愿捐款获得资金，而自愿捐款往往成了多个伙伴一揽子基金，其中包括了管理结构中的国家对口单位，以确保国家更大的所有权。在包括选举工作的综合和平行动中，和平行动的预算覆盖一些选举工作，而差额往往相当大，这是通过开发署多捐助方筹资机制供资的。当资金缺乏会威胁到选举的组织工作时，建设和平支持办公室偶尔也利用其建设和平基金来提供支持。妇女署有核心资金并可通过其促进两性平等基金为性别和选举工作提供补充资金，这是与开发署管理的选举援助项目密切协调、或结合进行的。", "32. 自2009年年中以来，开发署一直在实施全球选举周期支持方案，从而通过开发知识产品、将性别问题纳入选举方案编制的主流、和支持区域和国家层面举措加强选举体制和程序，强化了开发署的实践基础。全球选举周期支持方案资金来自专项资金来源(西班牙政府，并有来自加拿大政府的捐款)，并有全职顾问帮助实施其活动。它由开发署发展政策局在由开发署和两个捐助国代表组成的指导委员会领导下直接操作。", "33. 联合国民主基金为加强民间社会的声音、增进人权、和鼓励所有群体参加民主进程的项目提供资金。联合国民主基金目前为许多项目提供资金，这些项目旨在建设选举人和候选人的能力，培训和支持民间社会观察员，以及确保广泛的民主接触和参与，其中包括选举行政和费用项目。到目前为止，已收到来自39个国家的1亿1 000多万美元的捐款，并且，我最近已批准在第五轮供资中的另外64个项目。", "34. 由我的负责政治事务的副秘书长管理的支持政治事务信托基金和开发署民主管治专题信托基金仍然是选举援助活动的不可或缺的预算外资金的重要来源。有了这样的资金便可实施快速反应，创新或催化项目和方案，包括旨在预防冲突和旨在支持妇女和代表性不足的群体参与政治进程的项目和方案。在报告期内使用了预算外资金迅速开展了活动，例如，在海地、几内亚和吉尔吉斯斯坦(进一步详情见附件一)。", "五. 选举与暴力", "35. 在我的前两次报告中，我对选举、特别是在结果宣布之后有可能被政治分歧或暴力所压倒表示关切。", "36. 这种暴力可能是被选举的缺陷所引发的，例如，漏洞百出的选民名单、当政者的滥用职权、缺乏透明度、或实际的或感觉上的选举官员的偏向——这可造成实际的或感觉上的骗局。但是，最经常的情况是，技术缺陷并不是暴力或暴力冲突的根本原因，只不过是个点燃了更根深蒂固的社会、经济或政治紧张关系的火星而已。因此，如果基本的政治状况对利益攸关方之间建立信任无益，或干脆如果一个候选人拒绝接受可信的结果，那么，选举就可能成为暴力的导火索。", "37. 当然，我们必须正确看待这个问题。世界上绝大多数的选举是和平地进行的——即使选举的争议司空见惯，特别是在结果互相咬的很近的时候。这样的争议一般都是通过政治程序或国家体制和平解决的。但是，当国家体制或政治程序不能遏制，或从最坏处说，加剧了争议的时候，结果就可能是暴力、伤亡和流离失所，并可能对和平和安全造成更广泛的影响。", "38. 在两年期内，联合国为预防或减轻与选举有关的暴力冲突，采取了几项特别措施。我将举两个例子：几内亚和科特迪瓦。", "39. 在几内亚，在兰萨纳·孔戴总统去世和2008年政变后，2010年1月15日瓦加杜古协定的通过为2010年6月27日总统选举搭好了舞台，此后在2010年9月19日举行了第二轮选举。这些选举，对于处在复杂的过渡期的非常多样的人口来说，是几乎40年来头一次民主选举。联合国通过开发署的一个项目向这一进程提供了技术支助，并在由非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体共同担任主席的几内亚问题国际接触小组的框架内，还提供了政治和外交支助。", "40. 在这两轮选举前夕，选举援助司副司长被派往实地支持开发署团队的工作。该国政府在最后一分钟提出了为选举的安全提供资助的要求，建设和平支助办公室设法评估了这一要求并以创纪录的速度从建设和平基金放出了必要的款项。项目厅在极紧急的临时通知的情况下提供了后勤支持。此外，新成立的人力厅驻几内亚办事处在选举前、选举中和选举后都监测了人权状况，这提高了对这一进程的信任和信心。", "41. 我的西非问题特别代表与非盟和西非经共体在过渡期间进行了密切紧张的合作。我的西非问题特别代表与非盟和西非经共体使节在一名联合国特别派驻科纳克里的高级调解顾问的支助下，联合访问了该国20多次。最后，尽管结果很接近并有一些政治争议，阿尔法·康德在一个大体上和平的进程中当选为总统。一些关键的因素包括：任命了一名得到第二轮竞选双方都信任的选举委员会主席，和获票第二位的塞卢·达莱因·迪亚洛以政治家风度接受了最后结果。", "42. 在科特迪瓦，本组织的认证选举的任务的依据是2005年比勒陀尼亚协定，以及随后的安理会决定(第1765(2007)号决议)。认证的条件是联合国根据2007年瓦加杜古政治协定会同科特迪瓦内部直接对话协调人、布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷和科特迪瓦各方制定的，其中包括：全国恢复和平，一个包容性的政治进程，平等利用国家媒体，建立客观的选举名单，公平公正的投票结果。第一轮总统选举于2011年10月31日举行，第二轮在11月28日举行。我的特别代表于12月3日证明：第二轮的公平公正的结果就是独立选举委员会在12月2日宣布的结果，胜出者为阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉先生。", "43. 众所周知，当政者拒绝接受结果会令人遗憾地导致暴力冲突和悲惨的生灵涂炭。然而，认证则能提供一种共识基础开展外交行动——包括西非国家经济共同体——以确保科特迪瓦人民民主表达的意愿得到尊重。虽然外交在此案例中并未制止暴力，但合法总统现已就任，并且，联合国继续支持该国政府处理主要的挑战以建立持久的和平与稳定。", "44. 科特迪瓦的暴力结果和几内亚大体上和平的结果形成了明显的对照，原因是得票第二的候选人不顾联合国及其它方面对其的催促，拒绝接受合法的结果。", "45. 在这两个事件之后，我的西非问题特别代表和他的办公室(西非办)于2011年5月在佛得角普拉亚举办了西非选举与稳定区域会议。会议由佛得角政府主办，与政治事务部和开发署合作组织。会议得到了西非经共体、非洲联盟、国际法语国家组织、欧洲联盟和国际和平研究所的支持。会议产生的西非选举与稳定普拉亚宣言于2011年5月20日通过，其中提出了推动和平选举运作的务实的建议，包括：进一步鼓励联合国-西非经共体-非盟冲突预防伙伴关系；加强西非办、人权高专办、西非经共体和相关政府之间的合作，制定选举事务区域能力建设方案；和建立早期预警机制。联合国安全理事会在2011年7月8日的新闻声明中对通过普拉亚宣言表示欢迎，并鼓励所有相关行为者落实其建议。", "46. 在两年期内，选举支持司还代表秘书处作为技术顾问出席了议会间联盟(议会联盟)会议，帮助设计处理与选举有关的暴力问题的议会联盟框架。会议产生的决议，“提供一个健全的立法框架以预防选举暴力，改进选举监测，和确保权力平稳过渡”，于2011年4月20日在议会联盟第124次大会上以协商一致通过。决议呼吁，除其它外，“联合国和议会联盟加强合作，预防选举暴力和确保政治权力平稳和平过渡，以及在整个选举周期中实施选举观察团提出的相关建议。”", "47. 在两年期内，联合国还采取了其它措施帮助预防与选举有关的暴力冲突。苏丹就是一个例子，在那里，我应当局要求设立了南部苏丹公民投票问题小组，以监测这一进程并提供斡旋，帮助解决公民投票期间出现的政治分歧。除了与南北双方的领导层保持密切磋商之外，我的小组还与联合国苏丹特派团和非洲联盟调解进程以及相关的会员国开展协调工作。联合国苏丹特派团和开发署在一个一体化结构下提供了大量选举技术援助。公民投票以和平方式进行，其结果被双方和国际社会所接受。南苏丹共和国于2011年7月9日成为一个独立的国家。", "六. 可持续性", "48. 运作良好的选举是一种极重要的投资，但全世界的经验表明，并不是制度越复杂花钱越多，选举就一定越成功。一些程序平均每个选举人的费用比其它的要贵，而供应商则继续向世界上最贫穷的国家推销某些最昂贵的选举程序和复杂的技术。虽然对选举制度和程序的选择当然是会员国的主权，但大会第64/155号决议责成本组织在我们的工作中“牢记可持续性和成本效益”。", "49. 我仍然对那些如此复杂或昂贵的选举技术和系统感到关切，担心它们有可能使一些国家要依赖供应商或捐助方。有些技术不仅在安装使用的时候，而且在将来，会涉及巨额成本影响，因此应加以彻底考虑。在选择选举技术时，捐助方和接受方需仔细考虑国家预算预报，以坚定地走向未来的选举资金自给自足的目标。", "50. 现在人们公认，选举援助应在最需要的时候提供，而不只是在选举本身进行的时候。例如，援助应在选举之前若干年就开始的关于选举改革的讨论时就提供。大会第64/155号决议建议，“联合国在整个选举周期的时间跨度内继续提供技术咨询和其它援助，包括选举前和选举后，视情况而定。”这一“选举周期做法”对于援助提供者和捐助方也是一种有用的规划工具。但我们不应将供资周期与一个国家的要求和需要混为一谈；它也不应成为忽视最终状态的援助的理由。", "七. 意见", "51. 会员国对于联合国选举援助的需求仍然很大。鉴于越来越需要对选举援助做出灵活的快速反应，尤其是在目前事件的情况下，我鼓励会员国考虑为选举援助进一步提供自愿捐款，包括为快速反应和为纳入妇女、少数群体和代表性不足的群体，向支持政治事务信托基金和开发署民主管治专题信托基金，以及向联合国民主基金和两性平等基金提供专项捐款。", "52. 对选举援助的继续需求表明人们普遍赞赏联合国在支持民主发展，包括可信、定期和真正的选举方面的工作。我相信，这主要是基于对以客观、公正、中立和独立的方式进行援助的承诺，而这正是大会在第64/155号决议中的指示。本组织的援助也基于这样的理解，即，没有“一刀切”的模式或解决办法，并且，每个国家必须掌控自己的命运。但是，联合国随时愿意奉献其专长、最佳做法和经验教训。", "53. 联合国还坚持认为实施关于选举和关于透明、可信、包容和普选权的国际承诺、准则和原则十分重要。各种联合国公约都保护每一个公民参与公共事务运作的权利，和选举和被选举权。政治包容性，特别是妇女的政治参与、以及少数群体和其它代表性不足的群体的政治参与，对于稳定的民主仍然不可或缺，是联合国提供的援助中的重要考虑因素。", "54. 但是，我们必须承认，即使是最有包容性的、搞得最好的选举本身也不能消除选举暴力的风险。虽然选举是技术性的程序，但却是根本性的政治事件。为遏制这些风险，我们必须确保向会员国提供的援助不只是技术咨询而已，而是调解和斡旋——如果有此要求的话，最好是与区域或次区域组织协作进行。这一做法的目的是在选举前解决背后的怨恨，例如，通过鼓励设计预防垄断权力和将反对派政治边缘化的政治体制，以及在选举后支持对话和鼓励以政治家风度对待胜败。一场选举的真正衡量标准是它是否导致广大公众对这一进程的信心和对结果的信任。一场选举，如果是诚实透明地运作、尊重基本的权利、得到政府机关有效和中立的支持、以及有参加者(领导人、候选人和选民)的负责任的行为，就很有可能取得大家接受的、和平的结果。", "55. 无论是联合国或是其它机构，在设计和提供选举援助时必须将可持续性和成本效益越来越作为核心因素加以考虑。建设永久性的能力并不需要永久性的能力建设。一切援助必须以长期的可持续性和国家所有权为目标，并针对明确界定的最终状态。此外，我们必须牢记更昂贵的选举机器并非治骗局的灵丹妙药。我继续呼吁会员国对照其它发展需要，仔细考虑选举的成本以及选举援助的成本。我鼓励会员国和捐助方考虑非洲联盟智者小组的建议，即，出于政治和发展理由，各国应作为一项重要目标，尽快从国家预算确立选举资金。", "56. 我将继续优先重视在提供选举援助时改进一致性、可预见性和问责制的努力。这种努力应建立在大会委派给牵头人的与选举援助相关的所有事务的明确的领导作用的基础上。", "57. 同时，我将努力加强本组织各行政程序支持其特派团、开发署和联合国发展集团其它单位的能力，以确保对会员国的援助方案能以更高的效率、更可预见和更严格的问责的方式提供。", "58. 为支持这一目标，联合国选举援助应在所有情况下都以一体化的方式提供——不管是否通过正式的一体化的实地特派团提供的。我相信这将大大提高效率和促进在实地一级的协调。我鼓励会员国在起草安理会选举授权和审议预算和对一揽子基金的捐款时，将这一点考虑进去。", "59. 在本组织外面也能加强一致性和效率。全世界多种多样的选举援助提供者和捐助者可确保向寻求援助的会员国提供范围广泛的实用的建议，但也能形成可能破坏筹备工作的无济于事的众说纷纭现象。我鼓励会员国在要求援助时，考虑指定联合国(或另一个组织，如果更偏好的话)帮助确保选举援助提供者的一致性。我进一步敦促，在所有给实地特派团的选举援助授权中，选举援助的授权应包括联合国在确保选举援助提供者的一致性方面的作用。", "60. 最后，我们应把更多的时间和资源投入管治。最近，我的工作人员中的一位年轻人与一位来自发展中国家的女青年讨论即将举行的选举。他说：“这个国家迫切需要一场好的选举。”聪明的女青年回答说，“不，这个国家迫切需要的是那些被选上的人在选举后管好它。”没有各级良好有效的管治——包括独立和专业的司法、充分尊重人权、开放多元的媒体、生气勃勃的民间社会、和可信的顺应民意的政府——对选举的投资就不会收获可持续的和平和发展。", "附件一", "报告期内联合国选举援助的一些例子", "阿富汗", "1. 阿富汗在联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)的技术和后勤支助下，于2009年8月举行了总统选举和省级选举，随后于2010年9月举行了议会选举。由联合国开发计划署(开发署)管理的“为明天提高法律和选举能力方案”继续为独立选举委员会和其它选举利益攸关方提供支持。联合国还帮助成立了选举投诉委员会和媒体委员会。为确保妇女对选举过程的关切能被人倾听并得到适当处理，联合国妇女发展基金(现称联合国妇女)为议会女议员与独立选举委员会的对话提供了支持。", "2. 2009年和2010年的总统选举、省议会选举和国民大会选举是由全阿富汗独立选举委员会操办的，由两名联合国提名的委员和三名阿富汗委员组成的选举投诉委员会对投诉进行了调查。2009年和2010年的选举举行的条件比2004-2005年投票时的条件更困难、更不安全。选举投诉委员会对广泛的欺骗进行了调查，导致2009年约150万张选票和2010年约130万张选票被作废。一些地区的不安全也是一个复杂的因素：许多候选人很难在叛乱地区搞竞选；出来投票的选民比2004-2005年少，许多候选人和选民因不安全而感到被剥夺了公民权。这种情况导致了一个有争议的附属于最高法院的“特别法庭”的设立，以处理选举公民权被剥夺和欺诈问题。在出现了相当紧张的局面后，于2011年1月26日启动了Wolesi Jirga，并达成协议，由特别法庭继续调查选举犯罪问题。法律专家认为，特别法庭的设立是不合法的，独立选举委员会从来就没有承认过它。特别法庭随后的决定——62名议员因其“重新计票”的结果须从议会清理出去——在政府部门之间造成了困难的僵局。该法庭后来根据总统令于8月被解散。虽然如此，2010年选举的亮点在于独立选举委员会能够采取未雨绸缪的做法发现骗局，同时把许多选举违法的疑案移交选举投诉委员会。此外，独立选举委员会能承担更多的责任，因此能继续建设选举能力，以便将来能更好的举办选举。", "科特迪瓦", "3. 在第一和第二轮总统选举中，联合国向独立选举委员会提供了技术、物资、后勤和安保支助。第一轮于2010年10月31日进行；在第一轮后，在两个领先的候选人阿拉萨纳·瓦塔拉和劳伦·格巴博之间有必要进行一场对决赛。在2010年11月28日举行的第二轮选举后，独立选举委员会于12月2日宣布了临时结果并宣布候选人瓦塔拉为对决赛的赢家，而宪法理事会却在12月3日公布了一个结果版本，把胜利给了格巴博先生。应2005年比勒陀利亚协定框架内科特迪瓦各派的要求和经安理会授权，秘书长在科特迪瓦的特别代表为第二轮总统选举做了证明，确认了选举委员会宣布的结果。独立选举委员会宣布并经联合国证明的结果随后被西非经共体、非洲联盟和安理会核可。不幸的是，由于格巴博先生拒绝交出权力，随后就发生了一场充满暴力的危机。秘书长和约20位国家元首出席见证了5月21日瓦塔拉总统的就职典礼。", "海地", "4. 当2010年1月12日地震灾难袭击海地的时候，2010年2月的选举筹备工作已经在如火如荼地进行了。鉴于重大的人员伤亡和巨大的物质破坏，选举被推迟。在联合国选举援助牵头人应普雷瓦尔总统的请求派遣了一个技术可行性工作队之后，通过了一个新的选举时间表，第一轮选举定于2010年11月28日举行。总统选举和议会选举(改选下院及上院的三分之一)结合在一起进行。选举进程因霍乱大爆发和热带风暴而进一步受阻。", "5. 鉴于错综复杂和动荡的政治和经济社会状况，以及一些政治团体扬言要抵制，人们对于是否可能举行选举产生了疑虑，在克服了这些疑虑之后，成功举行了选举。第一和第二轮总统和立法选举分别于2010年11月28日和2011年3月20日举行。联合国海地稳定特派团根据安理会的授权，协调了选举进程的所有国际支持，包括协助设立1 500个流离失所选民的登记站，检查所有1 483个投票站和为取代已经被损坏和摧毁的投票站物色新的地点，散发更新的选民名单，以及与海地国家警署协调，制订并实施选举安全综合计划。为支持选举而部署的资源包括：6 200名联合国维和部队，1 300名联合国警察，200名文职工作人员，174个飞行小时，和230部车辆。开发署的项目集中于支持临时选举委员会的能力，以及一些辅助领域，如，支持统计列表中心、选民名单、选举争议处理和公民教育等。", "伊拉克", "6. 联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)继续向伊拉克独立高级选举委员会提供技术咨询和支持。与包括开发署、项目厅和教科文组织在内的伙伴组织一起，联伊援助团提供了技术和警务咨询，并努力增强独立高级选举委员会及其工作人员的能力。在联合国和其他国际合作伙伴的支持下，独立高级选举委员会克服了许许多多运作、安全和法律挑战，于2010年3月成功举行了全国国民议会的选举。地方一级的参与程度比2005年的第一次议会选举要广泛的多。在其他16个国家也为符合资格的伊拉克选民举行了国外投票。民间社会的参与很踊跃。在法院的命令下，独立高级选举委员会对相当数量的已投选票进行了重新计数，结果肯定了以前结果的准确性。自2007年任命了委员会委员以来，独立高级选举委员会现已筹备并操办了共三次大的选举，包括省议会选举(2009年1月)，库尔德地区的总统和议会选举(2009年7月)和全国议会选举。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "7. 为响应2010年4月事件之后吉尔吉斯过渡政府的请求，联合国设立了由开发署执行的吉尔吉斯选举支持项目，其重点是技术业务准备、简化投诉程序和妇女的参与。此外，联合国派遣了两名国际顾问担任吉尔吉斯中央选举委员会成员，其专长是法律和程序问题。尽管政治形势脆弱并且时间很紧，但6月份的宪法公民表决和10月10日的议会选举都如期成功举行。", "利比里亚", "8. 利比里亚将在2011年下半年举行公民表决和总统和议会选举。自利比里亚冲突结束以来，这是第二代选举，联合国将确保组织选举的首要责任仍在国家当局，并同时向其提供必要的支助。国家选举委员会通过开发署2010-2012年选举周期能力建设方案接受技术援助。此外，国家选举委员会、开发署和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)已查明了交通不便的地区，联利特派团将提供额外的后勤支持。根据安理会的授权，联利特派团还将支持当局确保选举，同时加紧了与利比里亚当局在法律、政治、司法、安全和人权问题上的工作，以减轻紧张局势并创造有利于和平选举的气氛。", "巴布亚新几内亚(布干维尔)", "9. 应巴布亚新几内亚政府的请求，联合国为布干维尔2010年5月的第二次总统和议会选举派遣了一个选举专家监测工作队。这次选举——胜者将领导该地区的布干维尔地位公民表决(设想在2015-2020年期间举行)的筹备进程——是在巩固布干维尔和平和民主过程中的一个里程碑。因此，这场选举被视为至关重要，而且，人们对暴力卷土重来的可能性也十分担心。选举专家监测工作队访问了全地区的投票站，包括一些在南方的许多人是第一次投票的地区。联合国的存在受到了所有有关利益攸关方的欢迎，并被广泛看作是在选举进程中建立信心从而促成最终的和平选举环境的一个重要因素。", "苏丹", "10. 联合国通过联合国公民表决和选举综合司向南部苏丹公民表决委员会(南苏丹公决委)提供了技术咨询和援助，该司由联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)选举处和开发署组成。南苏丹公决委为南部苏丹2010年11月15日至12月8日公决和为2011年1月公决，以确定南苏丹人是希望与北部分离还是统一，登记了390万名选民。2011年1月9日至15日，390万登记的选民有了投上自己一票的机会。250多名联合国工作人员向南苏丹公决委提供支持，一直到州和县一级。联合国与国际合作伙伴合作，也向公决进程提供了财政和后勤支持，包括在八个地点进行国外投票。联合国的飞机也将物资空运到偏僻和与世隔绝的公决中心。公决的结果为所有各方所接受，绝大多数赞成分离。", "11. 除了联合国公民表决和选举综合司的直接支助之外，全面和平协定的各方在2010年7月17日给联合国秘书长的一封信中要求联合国为公决派遣一个监测团。秘书长任命了一个小组监测和评估公决过程。虽然标准的做法是联合国一般不监测自己也提供技术援助的选举过程，但联合国在监测公决方面的作用被认为对于提高对进程的信心和接受其结果十分关键。因此，小组工作人员监测了南部苏丹所有各州的46个县的公决，重点是偏僻地区；在南部苏丹15个州中的13个州；以及在进行国外投票的所有八个点。小组向秘书长报告说，公决的结果反映了南部苏丹人民的自由意志。", "突尼斯", "12. 应临时政府关于选举援助的请求，联合国于2011年3月1日向突尼斯派遣了一个高级别选举需求评估团。该团报告中所载的建议得到了牵头人的批准。根据这些建议，联合国实施了一个项目——援助突尼斯当局组织设想在2011年10月举行的制宪会议代表选举。项目被确定为把重点放在联合国有明确的比较优势的领域，要确保协同增效和避免与其他行为者已经在开展的其他方案发生重叠。项目包括了一些措施，以支持选举管理机构和帮助促进包容性的参与选举进程，特别是妇女和民间社会团体。", "附件二", "报告期内接受联合国选举援助的国家和领土", "^(a) 援助是根据安理会授权提供的。", "阿富汗^(a)", "阿根廷", "孟加拉国", "贝宁", "多民族玻利维亚国", "布隆迪^(a)", "布基纳法索", "柬埔寨", "喀麦隆", "中非共和国", "乍得", "科摩罗", "刚果共和国", "科特迪瓦^(a)", "刚果民主共和国^(a)", "萨尔瓦多", "埃塞俄比亚", "冈比亚", "危地马拉", "几内亚", "几内亚比绍^(a)", "圭亚那", "海地^(a)", "印度尼西亚", "伊拉克^(a)", "肯尼亚", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "黎巴嫩", "莱索托", "利比里亚^(a)", "马拉维", "马尔代夫", "墨西哥", "莫桑比克", "尼泊尔", "荷属安的列斯(博内尔岛)", "尼日尔", "尼日利亚", "巴勒斯坦被占领土", "巴拿马", "巴布亚新几内亚", "秘鲁", "摩尔多瓦共和国", "罗马尼亚", "卢旺达", "塞拉利昂^(a)", "所罗门群岛", "苏丹^(a)", "苏里南", "东蒂汶^(a)", "多哥", "突尼斯", "土库曼斯坦", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "也门", "赞比亚", "津巴布韦", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 2010年9月的指导说明已译成所有六种正式语文。索要文本，请通过[email protected]与选举援助司联系。英文本可在开发署网站上检索：http://www.beta.undp.org/undp/en/home/html。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "加强联合国在提高定期真正选举原则的效力和促进民主化方面的作用", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告介绍了联合国系统过去两年向会员国提供选举援助的活动。 联合国选举援助只应会员国的请求或根据安全理事会或大会的决议提供。 报告指出,会员国对联合国选举援助的需求仍然很高。 在两年期内,联合国协助50多个国家。", "主管政治事务副秘书长作为选举援助活动的协调中心,负责本组织的选举政策,确保联合国所有选举活动在全系统协调一致。 在这些任务中,他得到政治事务部选举援助司的支助,该司还协助设计联合国选举活动并配备人员,并维持选举专家名册和联合国的选举机构记忆。", "在维持和平或冲突后环境中,选举援助一般是通过维持和平行动部或政治事务部主持的外地特派团的组成部分提供的。 联合国", "联合国开发计划署(开发署)通常对外地特派团开展的选举援助任务发挥支持作用。 开发署是本组织支持维持和平或冲突后选举法、进程和机构的主要执行机构。", "联合国其他一些部门、机构、基金和方案也参与提供选举援助,包括外勤支助部、联合国民主基金、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、联合国志愿人员方案、联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女)和联合国项目事务厅。", "报告强调了本组织内部以及与外部行为者协调选举援助方面的进展。 报告还指出选举援助的各种供资手段以及会员国捐款的必要性。", "委员会还注意到本组织在性别和选举领域所做的工作。 联合国继续优先提供援助,使选举进程具有包容性,并注意确保妇女和任职人数不足的群体能够参与本国政治生活。 这越来越多地包括适用《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》相关条款的建议,尤其是关于暂行特别措施的规定。", "报告指出,虽然世界上绝大多数选举进程都是和平进行的,但选举有时会引发暴力。 最常见的技术缺陷不是暴力的基本原因,而只是引起更深层的社会、经济或政治紧张的火焰。 为了控制这些风险,最好与区域或次区域组织合作提供调解和斡旋,以补充技术咨询。", "报告还涉及可持续性和成本效益问题,呼吁这些问题在联合国或其他机构设计和提供选举援助时成为核心考虑。 安理会敦促各会员国和捐助者根据其他发展需要,认真考虑选举和选举援助的费用。", "该报告指出,打算在下一个两年期优先注意提高选举援助工作的一致性、可预测性和问责制。 这些努力应建立在大会指定选举援助协调人的所有与选举援助有关的事项上明确领导作用的基础上。", "报告最后强调治理。 如果没有独立和专业的司法机构、开放、多元化的媒体、强大的民间社会、可信的政府和各级的有效治理,对选举的投资不会带来可持续的和平与发展。", "一. 导言", "1. 导言 1. 本报告是按照大会第64/155号决议编写的,涵盖自上次关于这个问题的报告(A/64/304)以来联合国开展的选举活动。", "2. 结 论 自向大会提交关于本组织支持选举工作的第一次报告以来,已有20年。 反之,很难确定在2011年真正和有说服力地选举领导人的愿望表达得比起的时候。 在突尼斯开始并在中东和北非继续展开的活动似乎体现了《世界人权宣言》的规定,即“人民的意志是政府权力的基础[并且]将在定期和真正的选举中表达,选举应以普遍和平等的投票权,并以无记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行”。", "3. 。 令人遗憾的是,在本报告所述期间,选举——包括联合国支持的一些选举——成为引发深层不满、导致暴力和生命损失的火焰。", "4. . 本报告提供了一个机会,既可思考联合国如何能够最好地帮助那些有新的选举需求和愿望的会员国,又可如何最好地协助预防或减轻与选举有关的冲突和暴力。", "5. 结 论 联合国选举援助只能应会员国的请求和(或)安全理事会或大会的授权提供。 联合国选举援助是按照各国主权平等的原则提供的,并认识到没有适合所有国家的单一选举方法或制度。 因此,在商定或提供选举援助之前,总是进行需求评估,以确保援助符合局势的具体需要。", "6. 任务 联合国今天能够提供以下五种基本类型的选举援助,其中前两个需要大会或安全理事会的授权,现在很少加以利用:(a) 选举的组织和进行;(b) 核查/核证;(c) 技术援助;(d) 专家小组;(e) 国际观察员的协调。", "7. 基本生活 自2001年以来,联合国一直没有举行选举(斐济);相比之下,许多区域组织将这一活动列为优先事项。 今天,大多数联合国选举支助包括某种类型的技术援助。 近年来,联合国两次被要求进行选举认证。 这项任务要求本组织公开核实选举进程的各个阶段是可信的,并且符合该国国家法律和关于选举的国际承诺。 认证任务很少,需要安全理事会或大会的授权。 例如,在科特迪瓦,联合国维持和平特派团有一个认证任务,在列入安全理事会决议之前,先在相关和平协定中提出证明(另见下文第42段)。", "8.8 在本报告所述期间,联合国根据安全理事会的授权,向50多个会员国提供了选举援助(见附件二),其中11个国家提供了选举援助。 本报告附件一列出了一些选举援助实例。", "9.9 本报告概述了联合国各部、基金、方案和机构在报告所述期间在选举援助方面的工作,并讨论了联合国系统内外的合作。 它还提出了若干旨在加强联合国系统提供选举援助的意见。", "附件二。 本报告所述期间的联合国选举援助", "A. 导 言 A. 任务和活动", "10. 联合国协助会员国进行可信、定期和真正的选举,仍然是全系统的努力。 联合国体制框架得益于大会相对明确的任务规定。 主管政治事务副秘书长是联合国选举援助事项协调中心(以下简称协调人),大会第64/155号决议授权确保协调和统一,避免联合国选举援助工作重复。 大会还责成该协调人制定和传播选举政策,建立和维持本组织选举机构记忆,并维持一个多样化的预选选举专家名册,这些专家可以迅速部署到任何联合国援助项目。", "注 政治事务部选举援助司支持协调人履行这些职能。 该司为本组织进行所有选举需求评估,向协调人建议联合国所有选举援助的参数,并就联合国所有选举项目的设计提供咨询意见。 它代表协调人,向参与选举援助的所有联合国实体提供持续的政治和技术指导,包括本组织规范框架和从本组织选举机构记忆中总结的最佳做法。 大会关于加强政治事务部的第63/261号决议核准选举援助司总共新设8个核心员额(4个专业人员和4个一般事务人员)和1个员额改叙。 这些员额现已填补,大大加强了该部执行其选举任务的能力。", "12. 联合国开发计划署(开发署)是本组织支持制定维持和平或冲突后选举法、进程和机构的主要执行机构。 大会在其第64/155号决议中请开发署继续执行民主治理援助方案,特别是促进加强民主机构和加强民间社会和政府之间的联系的方案。", "13 August 2001 在维持和平或冲突后环境中,选举援助一般是通过维持和平行动部或政治事务部主持的外地特派团的组成部分提供的。 随着联合国一体化努力的趋势,开发署越来越多地向两个部主持的外地特派团开展的选举援助任务提供支助。 选举援助司向这些外地特派团的选举部门提供政治和技术指导。", "十四、任 务 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)继续在选举方面提供人权监测方面的培训和咨询,支持和组织无暴力选举运动,宣传符合人权的选举法和机构,监测和报告选举进程中的侵犯人权行为。 自2010年7月以来,作为人权高专办中非区域办事处的联合国中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心在选举期间为各种行为者开展了促进人权和民主的能力建设活动。", "15. 第十五条 参与选举相关活动的联合国系统其他部分包括:外勤支助部,该部主要负责向维持和平行动部和政治事务部提供后勤、采购、人力资源和财政行政支助;联合国项目事务厅,主要在冲突后/维持和平环境中,与政治事务部、维持和平行动部、开发署和会员国合作,支助选举活动;联合国志愿人员方案,为开发署、维持和平行动部和政治事务部外地业务工作提供选举工作人员;联合国民主基金,为与民主有关的民间社会项目提供资金;以及要求联合国两性平等机构支助;", "B. 联合国系统内的合作与协调", "161 正如我在前一份报告(A/64/304)中指出的那样,虽然联合国系统内参与选举援助的众多行为者依然强大,但联合国系统内外的压力可能助长不和谐和重叠。 大会在第64/155号决议中重申了加强联合国系统内部协调的重要性,并重申协调人在确保全系统一致性方面的作用,包括加强机构记忆以及制定和传播选举政策。", "17. 第17条。 因此,在本报告所述期间,我努力促进联合国选举援助的一致性、可预测性和问责制。 为此,自我上次报告以来:", "(a) 2010年9月,开发署和政治事务部签署了关于选举援助的经修订的指导说明? 该说明有助于澄清双方的作用和责任,以便两个实体能够更好地合作;", "(b) 我已请外勤支助部和管理事务部就包括征聘和采购在内的业务安排召开一次全系统讨论,以了解在确保必要的保障和控制的同时,如何在选举活动中利用更加灵活和高效的程序;", "(c) 我已请管理事务部、外勤支助部和政治事务部制定办法,确保大会授权的选举名册仍然是所有联合国选举援助项目的资源,符合新的人力资源规则(见ST/AI/ 2008/3),确保名册审批和征聘程序与所有机构和方案的程序相互协调;", "(d) 我已请政治事务部与开发署合作,并与所有相关伙伴协商,制定计划,加强全系统政策和最佳做法文件的编写,并执行我在2010年关于妇女参与建设和平的报告(A/61/354-S/ 746)中提出的与选举有关的建议;", "(e) 我已请主管政治事务副秘书长作为联合国选举援助协调中心,促进讨论,以便按照大会和联合国相关机构规定的任务,更明确地界定联合国各部、基金和方案的作用和责任。", "第18条 机构间选举援助协调机制由选举援助司主持,于2009年在协调人的主持下设立,以促进信息共享和进一步协调本组织的选举工作。 它每月举行会议,也是协调对我上述要求采取后续行动的论坛。", "C. 与其他组织的合作", "191 在本报告所述期间,联合国继续在外地和总部一级加强与其他国际组织、政府组织和非政府组织的合作,以加强选举援助的提供。", "20.20 联合国系统外越来越多的援助提供者丰富了知识库,开辟了新的机会,包括加强南南合作。 联合国常常支持和促进这些交流。", "21.21。 联合国继续是两个促进选举知识能力建设和机构记忆的全球工具的伙伴:欧安委选举知识网络和民主、治理和选举资源建设项目。 欧安会选举知识网包括国际民主和选举援助学会(民主选举学会)、加拿大选举研究所、南部非洲选举研究所、墨西哥联邦选举研究所、国际选举制度基金会、开发署、选举援助司和经济和社会事务部。 欧安会网络提供关于选举的全面和权威信息,促进与选举有关的专业人员之间的联网,并为选举管理机构和其他机构提供能力发展服务。 第二个选举知识工具,即BRIDGE项目,是澳大利亚选举委员会、国际民主和选举援助学会、国际选举制度基金会、选举援助司和开发署的伙伴关系。 伙伴关系的目的是制定、执行和维持关于有效管理选举进程的综合课程,并为选举管理机构提供模块式培训包。", "222. 联合国通过联合国妇女和开发署,也是国际妇女参与政治知识网络(iKNOW)的伙伴,这是一个创新的全球平台,利用信息交流和网络促进妇女在全世界政治进程中发挥更大的作用和增加参与。 合作伙伴还包括各国议会联盟、国际民主和选举援助学会和国家民主研究所。", "23. 会议报告。 2010年,科菲·安南基金会和国际民主选举学会成立了全球选举、民主和安全委员会。 这是一个高级别小组,旨在就如何更好地应对选举的完整性和国际选举援助的完整性的挑战提出现实的政策建议。 主管政治事务副秘书长作为协调人和开发署署长作为委员会之友参加。", "24. 南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)秘书处与政治事务部代表联合国秘书处签署了合作框架。 它规定,该部将支持加强南共体选举能力,并在调解和交流经验教训方面开展合作。 联合国还继续与区域政府间组织,包括非洲联盟、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)和其他许多组织合作,处理选举问题。 我特别希望促进与阿拉伯国家联盟在选举领域的进一步组织合作。 鉴于中东和北非地区正在迅速发展,这种合作尤其重要。", "25. 。 在过去7年里,欧洲联盟和开发署在选举援助方面建立了强有力的伙伴关系。 开发署继续在与欧洲联盟合作的正式框架内开展其选举援助活动。 除了国家一级的联合项目外,伙伴关系还主办了一些讲习班,包括选举和暴力以及选举进程中技术的使用。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 联合国还在各种选举问题上与个别会员国合作。 仅举一个名字,选举援助司和开发署与罗马尼亚政府一道,于2010年6月组织了一次关于国外投票的讲习班,约30个会员国的代表、欧洲联盟、国际民主和选举援助学会、欧安组织、中欧和东欧选举官员协会以及联合国系统成员参加了讲习班。 我鼓励会员国赞同讲习班的主要结论,包括东道国应考虑如何以最佳方式便利和支持在其领土上的境外投票,区域组织可以考虑制定一套良好做法或准则,以协助东道国这样做。", "。 尽管联合国很少观察选举,但选举援助司继续参加讨论,通过遵守《国际选举观察原则宣言》,进一步提高选举观察员的业绩。 该文件于2005年在联合国启动,旨在统一参与观察选举的许多政府间组织和非政府组织的方法,包括保证尊重国家主权的做法。 40多个签字方现在包括该领域绝大多数得到承认和尊重的行为者。 我鼓励其他国家加入全球就这些原则达成的广泛共识。", "页: 1 性别和选举", "第28次会议 联合国继续优先提供援助,使选举进程具有包容性,并注意确保妇女和任职人数不足的群体能够参与本国政治生活。", "29. 。 这越来越多地包括关于适用《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》相关条款的咨询意见,尤其是关于暂行特别措施的规定。 联合国倡导将妇女纳入选举管理机构,鼓励并支持国家当局努力将性别观点纳入其选举法律和条例。 本组织为有针对性的外联努力作出了贡献,以动员妇女作为选民和候选人参加选举。 还特别关注国内流离失所人口中的妇女和妇女利用选举争端解决机制的机会。", "30. 任务 为确保继续将性别观点纳入联合国选举援助的主流,协调人现在要求根据会员国的请求进行的所有选举需求评估都特别注意妇女代表的问题。 此外,维持和平行动部、政治事务部、外勤支助部、联合国妇女和开发计划署正在修订“维和部/外勤部-政治部关于加强妇女在冲突后选举进程中的作用的联合指导方针”,并得到了外地特派团的投入,这些特派团利用了现行准则,并运用了它们的建议加以改进。", "四、结 论 联合国选举援助资源", "313. 选举援助司的经常预算用于支付其核心工作人员费用,而包括支持政治事务信托基金和快速反应信托基金在内的预算外资金也得到利用。 开发署国家办事处管理的选举援助项目通常由会员国自愿捐款供资,这些捐助往往产生多方伙伴篮子基金,其中包括管理结构中的国家对应机构,以确保国家拥有更大的自主权。 在包含选举构成部分的综合和平行动中,和平行动预算涵盖一些选举工作,而余额往往相当可观,由开发署多方捐助者筹资机制供资。 建设和平支助办公室有时利用建设和平基金提供支助,因为缺乏资金可能危及选举的组织工作。 通过联合国两性平等基金,联合国妇女为两性平等和选举工作提供补充资金,与开发署管理的选举援助项目密切配合或整合。", "323 自2009年中期以来,开发署一直在实施一项全球选举周期支助方案,该方案通过开发知识产品、将性别问题纳入选举方案的主流以及支持区域和国家一级加强选举机构和进程的举措,加强开发署的实践结构。 全球方案倡议利用一个专用供资来源(西班牙政府,加拿大政府捐助)和全职顾问帮助开展其活动。 由开发署和两个捐助国代表组成的指导委员会直接执行。", "336 联合国民主基金向加强民间社会声音、促进人权和鼓励所有团体参与民主进程的项目提供财政支持,包括许多旨在建设选民和候选人能力、培训和支持民间社会观察员以及确保广泛的民主参与和参与的项目,包括阿加倡议项目。 迄今为止,已收到超过39个国家的1.1亿美元捐款,我最近在第五轮供资中核准了另外64个项目。", "344. 事实 主管政治事务的副秘书长管理的政治事务信托基金以及开发署民主治理专题信托基金仍然是选举援助活动的重要预算外资金来源。 这些资金可以实施快速反应和创新或催化项目和方案,包括旨在预防冲突和支持妇女和任职人数不足的群体参与政治进程的项目和方案。 在报告所述期间,利用预算外资金迅速开展活动,特别是在海地、几内亚、尼日尔和吉尔吉斯斯坦(详情见附件一)。", "页: 1 选举和暴力", "353. 在我的前两份报告中,我对选举可能因政治不和或暴力而被掩盖表示关切,特别是在宣布结果之后。", "363. 。 这种暴力可以由选举缺陷引发,例如选民名单严重缺陷、滥用任职、缺乏透明度或选举官员的实际或感觉的偏见,从而造成真正的或感觉的欺诈。 然而,大多数技术性缺陷并非暴力或暴力冲突的根本起因,而只是引发更深层的社会、经济或政治紧张的火焰。 因此,如果根本的政治条件不利于利益攸关方之间的信任,或者简单地说,如果一名候选人拒绝接受可信的结果,选举就可能成为暴力的一个诱因。", "378 当然,我们必须把这个问题放在实情之中。 世界上绝大多数选举都是和平进行的,尽管选举争议并非罕见,特别是在结果结束时。 一般而言,这种争议通过政治进程或国家机构和平解决。 然而,如果国家机构或政治进程没有遏制,或最糟糕的是加剧了争议,结果可能是暴力、死亡和流离失所,可能对和平与安全产生更广泛的影响。", "页: 1 在该两年期内,联合国采取若干具体措施,防止或减轻与选举有关的暴力冲突。 我将提到两起案件:几内亚和科特迪瓦。", "39 在几内亚,继2008年兰萨纳·孔戴总统去世和政变之后,2010年1月15日《瓦加杜古协议》的通过为2010年6月27日的总统选举奠定了基础,随后于2010年9月19日进行了第二轮选举。 这些选举是近40年来第一次民主选举,在复杂过渡期间,选举人数众多。 联合国通过开发署的项目为这一进程提供技术支助,并在非洲联盟和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)共同主持的几内亚问题国际联络小组框架内提供政治和外交支持。", "404 在两轮选举前夕,选举援助司副主任被部署到支持开发署实地小组。 当政府提出最后一刻的选举安全经费请求时,建设和平支助办公室设法评估请求,并在创纪录的时间内从建设和平基金获得必要的资金。 联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)在很短时间内提供了后勤支助。 此外,新成立的人权高专办驻几内亚办事处在选举前、选举期间和选举之后监测人权状况,从而增加了对这一进程的信任和信心。", "41 在过渡时期,我的西非问题特别代表与非洲联盟和西非经共体密切合作,20多次与非洲联盟和西非经共体特使一起访问该国,并得到专门部署在科纳克里的联合国高级调解顾问的支持。 最后,尽管取得了近效和一些政治争议,但阿尔法·孔德在基本上和平的进程中当选为总统。 关键因素包括任命一位在第二轮选举中获得两名候选人信任的选举委员会主席,以及Palner-up Cellou Dalein Diallo对最后结果的认可。", "42 在科特迪瓦,联合国根据2005年《比勒陀利亚协定》和随后安全理事会的决定(第1765(2007)号决议),授权选举。 联合国根据2007年《瓦加杜古政治协议》与科特迪瓦人对话调解人、布基纳法索总统布莱斯·孔波雷和科特迪瓦各方协商制定的认证条件包括:在全国恢复和平;包容各方的政治进程;平等接触国家媒体;制定客观的选举名单;以及公平和无偏见的投票结果。 第一轮总统选举于2010年10月31日举行,第二轮选举于2010年11月28日举行。 我的特别代表于2010年12月3日证明,第二轮选举的公正、公正的结果,如独立选举委员会12月2日宣布的,是阿拉萨内·瓦塔拉的胜利。", "434 我们知道,任职者拒绝接受这一结果,令人遗憾地导致暴力冲突和悲惨的生命损失。 然而,认证为包括西非经共体在内的外交行动提供了共识基础,以确保科特迪瓦人民以民主方式表达的意愿得到尊重。 尽管外交没有防止这一情况下的暴力,合法总统现在就职,联合国继续支持政府应对重大挑战,以期实现持久和平与稳定。", "444 科特迪瓦的暴力结果与几内亚基本和平成果之间的明显对比是,尽管联合国和其他各方敦促,但统治者拒绝接受合法结果。", "454 在这两项活动之后,我的西非问题特别代表和联合国西非办事处(西非办事处)于2011年5月在佛得角普拉亚举行了一次关于西非选举和稳定问题的区域会议。 会议由佛得角政府主办,并与政治事务部和开发署合作举办。 它得到了西非经共体、非洲联盟、法语国家国际组织、欧洲联盟和国际和平研究所的支持。 由此产生的《西非选举与稳定普拉亚宣言》于2011年5月20日获得通过,其中提出了便利和平选举的实际建议,包括:进一步鼓励联合国-西非经共体-非洲联盟在预防冲突方面的伙伴关系;加强西非办事处、人权高专办、西非经共体和各国政府之间的合作,制定选举事务区域能力建设方案;建立早期预警机制。 在2011年7月8日的新闻发布会上,安全理事会欢迎通过《普拉亚宣言》,并鼓励所有相关行为体对其建议采取后续行动。", "46 在该两年期内,选举援助司还代表秘书处作为技术资源参加了各国议会联盟(议会联盟)的审议工作,帮助设计议会联盟框架,解决与选举有关的暴力问题。 议会联盟第124次会议于2011年4月20日以协商一致方式通过了由此产生的关于提供健全的立法框架以预防选举暴力、改善选举监测和确保权力顺利过渡的决议。 该决议除其他外,呼吁联合国和议会联盟加强合作,防止选举暴力,确保政治权力的平稳和平过渡,在整个选举周期执行选举观察团提出的相关建议。", "474. 147 联合国在该两年期内采取了其他措施,帮助防止与选举有关的暴力冲突。 其中一个例子是苏丹,秘书长应当局要求设立了一个苏丹南部全民投票小组,监测这一进程,并提供斡旋,帮助解决全民投票期间的政治分歧。 除了与北方和南方领导人密切协商外,小组还与联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)和非洲联盟调解进程以及相关会员国进行协调。 联苏特派团和开发署在综合结构下也提供了大量选举技术援助。 全民投票是和平举行的,双方和国际社会都接受了全民投票的结果。 苏丹南部于2011年7月9日成为一个独立国家。", "六、结 论 可持续性", "148 顺利举行的选举是一项关键投资,但世界各地的经验表明,一个制度越复杂,越价越高,选举就越成功。 一些进程比其他进程的成本要高,供应商继续推动一些最昂贵的选举进程,并向世界上一些最贫穷的国家提供复杂的技术。 虽然选举制度和程序的选择当然是会员国的主权权利,但大会第64/155号决议要求本组织在其工作中铭记“可持续性和成本效益”。", "494. 农村妇女 我仍然对选举技巧和制度感到关切,这些技术和制度非常复杂或非常昂贵,有可能让各国依赖供应商或捐助者。 一些技术将不仅在投入使用的时候,而且今后将产生巨大的成本影响,应当彻底考虑这些影响。 在就选举技术作出选择时,捐助方和受援者需要仔细研究国家预算预测,以便明确着眼于今后由国家自筹资金选举的目标。", "50 。 现在人们公认,选举援助应在最需要的时候提供,而不仅仅是在选举本身的时候。 例如,可以协助讨论选举改革问题,这项工作可能在选举活动之前几年启动。 大会在其第64/155号决议中建议,联合国在整个选举周期的整个期间,包括在选举前后,继续酌情提供技术咨询和其他援助。 这种“选举周期办法”也是援助提供者和捐助者的有用规划工具。 但是,我们不应把供资周期与一个国家想要或需要混为一谈;也不应成为援助的理由,而这种援助对最终状态几乎没有什么重视。", "七、结论和建议 意 见", "51 会员国对联合国选举援助的需求仍然很高。 鉴于选举援助方面越来越需要灵活和迅速的反应,特别是鉴于当前的事态,我鼓励会员国考虑进一步自愿捐款,用于选举援助,包括用于快速反应和包括妇女、少数群体和任职人数不足群体在内的专用捐款,用于支持政治事务信托基金和开发署民主治理专题信托基金以及联合国民主基金和两性平等基金。", "52. 结 论 对选举援助的持续需求表明,联合国支持民主发展的工作,包括可信、定期和真正的选举,得到了普遍赞赏。 我认为,这主要基于大会第64/155号决议指示的以客观、公正、中立和独立的方式提供援助的承诺。 联合国在提供援助时还有一项谅解,即没有“一刀切”的模式或解决办法,每个国家都必须掌握自己的命运,但本组织愿意提供其专门知识、最佳做法和经验教训。", "532. 联合国还坚持履行有关选举的国际承诺、规范和原则的重要性,以及透明、可信、包容和普选的必要性。 联合国的各种公约保护每个公民参与公共事务的权利以及投票和被选举的权利。 政治包容性,特别是妇女的政治参与以及少数群体和其他代表不足的群体的参与,对于稳定的民主仍然至关重要,也是联合国提供援助的一个重要考虑因素。", "544 然而,我们必须认识到,即使是最包容、最优秀的选举本身也不能消除选举暴力的风险。 虽然选举是技术进程,但从根本上说是政治事件。 为了遏制这种风险,联合国必须确保会员国获得的支持不仅包括技术咨询,而且包括调解和斡旋,如果提出要求,最好是与区域和次区域组织合作。 这种做法旨在解决选举前的根本不满,例如鼓励设计政治机构,防止权力垄断和反对派的政治边缘化,并在选举后支持对话,鼓励在胜利和失败中实行政治家风度。 真正的选举措施是,选举是否引起公众对选举过程的广泛信任和对选举结果的信任。 在国家机构的有效和中立支持以及参与者(领导人、候选人和选民)的负责任的行为下,诚实和透明地进行选举,尊重基本权利,最有可能取得公认的和平结果。", "555 无论是联合国还是其他机构,在设计和提供选举援助时,可持续性和成本效益必须越来越成为核心考虑。 建设长期能力并不需要长期能力建设。 所有援助都应具有长期可持续性和国家自主权,作为其目标,并应针对明确界定的最终国家。 此外,我们必须记住,更昂贵的选举机制不是欺诈的灵丹妙药。 我继续呼吁会员国根据其他发展需要,认真考虑选举和选举援助的费用。 我鼓励会员国和捐助方考虑非洲联盟智者小组的建议,即,出于政治和发展原因,各国应当尽快确定从国家预算中为选举提供经费的一个重要目标。", "565. 妇 女 我将继续优先努力,提高选举援助工作的一致性、可预测性和问责制。 这种努力应当建立在大会指定协调人的所有与选举援助有关的事项上的明确领导作用的基础上。", "57 与此同时,我将努力加强本组织各种行政程序支持其特派团、开发署和联合国发展集团其他特派团的能力,以确保以更高的效率、可预测性和问责制向会员国提供援助方案。", "58 为了支持这一目标,联合国选举援助应以综合方式提供,不论是否通过正式的综合外地特派团提供。 我认为,这将大大提高效率,促进外地一级的协调。 我鼓励会员国在起草安全理事会选举任务、审议预算和篮子基金捐款时,考虑到这一点。", "59 一致性和效率也可在本组织之外得到加强。 虽然世界各地的选举援助提供者和捐助者多种多样,可以确保向寻求援助的会员国提供广泛的有益建议,但也能够形成一种可能破坏准备工作的无益的调子。 我鼓励会员国在请求援助时,考虑指定联合国(或更可取的其他组织)帮助确保选举援助提供者之间的一致性。 我还敦促选举援助任务包括联合国发挥作用,确保选举援助提供者在赋予外地特派团的任何选举援助任务中的一致性。", "60 。 最后,我们应当为治理投入更多的时间和资源。 最近,我的一名工作人员正在与来自发展中国家的一名年轻妇女讨论即将举行的选举。 他说,“该国迫切需要良好的选举。” 明智的年轻女性回答说,“没有,这个国家迫切需要的是那些在当选后当选的人。 如果不在各级实行良好和有效的治理,包括独立和专业司法机构、充分尊重人权、公开和多元化媒体、强大的民间社会以及一个可信和有反应能力的政府,对选举的投资就不可能实现可持续和平与发展。", "附件一", "报告所述期间联合国选举援助的若干实例", "阿富汗", "1. 导言 阿富汗于2009年8月举行了总统和省级选举,随后于2010年9月举行了议会选举,得到了联合国阿富汗援助团和联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)的技术和后勤支助。 联合国开发计划署(开发署)管理的“加强明天的法律和选举能力”方案继续支持独立选举委员会和其他选举利益攸关方。 联合国还帮助设立了选举投诉委员会和媒体委员会。 联合国妇女发展基金(现称联合国妇女基金)支持女议员与独立选举委员会之间的对话,目的是确保妇女对选举进程的关切得到听取和适当处理。", "2. 2009年和2010年总统、省议会和国民议会选举由全阿富汉独立选举委员会(IEC)进行,该委员会由两名联合国提名的委员和三名阿富汗专员组成,对申诉进行调查。 2009年和2010年的选举是在比2004-2005年投票困难和不安全的条件下进行的。 欧洲竞争委员会调查了大量欺诈行为,导致2009年约150万票和2010年130万票被排除在外。 一些地区的不安全也是一个复杂因素:许多候选人难以在容易发生叛乱的地区开展竞选活动;投票率低于2004-2005年,许多候选人和选民感到由于不安全而被剥夺选举权。 这导致在最高法院下设立了一个有争议的“特别法庭”,以处理选举剥夺权利和欺诈问题。 经过相当紧张的紧张,人民院于2011年1月26日正式成立,商定特别法庭将继续调查选举罪行。 特别法庭的设立被法律专家认为是非法的,而国际独立调查委员会从未承认过。 由于“反思”的结果,特别法庭随后决定将62名议员从议会中除名,造成政府各部门之间的困难僵局。 之后,法庭于8月通过总统令解散。 然而,2010年选举的突出之处是,独立选举委员会能够在发现欺诈行为时采取积极主动的做法,同时把许多涉嫌选举犯罪的案件移交给欧洲选举委员会。 此外,独立选举委员会能够承担更多的责任,因此继续建设选举能力,以便今后更好地执行选举。", "科特迪瓦", "3. 。 联合国向独立选举委员会(IEC)提供技术、物质、后勤和安全支助,协助举行第一轮和第二轮总统选举。 第一轮投票于2010年10月31日举行;第一轮投票后,Alassane Ouattara和洛朗·巴博这两个高级候选人之间必须进行第二轮投票。 第二轮选举于2010年11月28日举行,此后,独立选举委员会于12月2日宣布了临时结果,并宣布候选人瓦塔拉为第二轮选举的获胜者,而宪法委员会则于12月3日宣布结果,使巴博先生获得了胜利。 根据科特迪瓦各方在2005年《比勒陀利亚协定》框架内提出的要求,并根据安全理事会的授权,秘书长驻科特迪瓦特别代表核证了第二轮总统选举,确认了选举委员会宣布的结果。 西非国家经济共同体、非洲联盟和安全理事会随后认可了国际选举委员会宣布并经联合国核证的结果。 不幸的是,由于巴博先生拒绝执政,发生了一场暴力危机。 瓦塔拉总统于5月21日就职,秘书长与约20位国家元首一起出席。", "海地", "4. . 海地在2010年1月12日遭受毁灭性地震袭击时,已经开始筹备2010年2月的选举。 鉴于人类的巨大损失和巨大的物质损失,选举被推迟。 联合国选举援助协调中心应普雷瓦尔总统的请求派出了一个技术可行性特派团,随后通过了新的选举时间表,第一轮选举定于2010年11月28日举行。 总统选举与议会选举(下议院和上议院三分之一)合并。 霍乱疫情和热带风暴进一步阻碍了选举进程。", "5. 结 论 成功举行了选举,克服了人们的疑虑,即鉴于复杂的、动荡的政治和社会经济背景以及一些政治团体抵制的威胁,选举是可能的。 第一轮和第二轮总统选举和立法选举于2010年11月28日和2011年3月20日举行。 根据其安全理事会的授权,联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)协调对选举进程的所有国际支持,包括协助为流离失所选民设立1 500个登记中心,检查所有1 483个投票中心,确定新的地点,以取代被破坏或破坏的投票中心,分发最新的选民名单,并与海地国家警察协调,制定和实施综合选举安全计划。 为支持选举而部署的资源包括6 200多名联合国维持和平部队、1 300名联合国警察、200名文职人员、174个飞行小时和230辆汽车。 开发署的一个项目侧重于支持临时选举委员会的能力,以及支持制表中心、选民名单、选举争端和公民教育等补充领域。", "伊拉克", "6. 任务 联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)继续向伊拉克独立高级选举委员会提供技术咨询和支助。 联伊援助团与包括开发署、项目厅和联合国教育、科学及文化组织在内的伙伴组织一道,提供技术和政策咨询意见,并努力建设伊斯兰经济共同体及其工作人员的能力。 在其联合国和其他国际伙伴的支持下,国际赫尔辛基委员会克服了许多业务、安全和法律挑战,并于2010年3月成功举行了国民议会全国选举。 地方一级的参与比2005年第一次议会选举大得多。 还为16个其他国家的合格伊拉克选民进行了投票。 民间社会的参与是有力的。 根据法院命令,独立党重新计算了大量选票,这一过程证实了先前结果的准确性。 自2007年任命专员以来,该委员会共筹备并举行了三次重大选举活动,包括省议会选举(2009年1月)、库尔德地区总统和议会选举(2009年7月)以及国家议会选举。", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "7. 基本生活 根据吉尔吉斯斯坦临时政府在2010年4月事件之后提出的要求,联合国作出了回应,设立了由开发署执行的吉尔吉斯斯坦选举支助项目,重点是技术业务准备工作、精简投诉程序和妇女参与。 此外,联合国向吉尔吉斯斯坦中央选举委员会部署了两名国际顾问,在法律和程序问题方面具有专门知识。 尽管政治局势脆弱,时间很紧,6月份的立宪公民投票和10月10日的议会选举还是及时成功举行。", "利比里亚", "8.8 利比里亚将在2011年下半年举行全民投票以及总统选举和立法选举。 就利比里亚冲突结束以来的第二代选举而言,联合国将确保国家当局对组织选举负有主要责任,同时向它们提供必要的支持。 国家选举委员会通过开发署2010-2012年选举周期能力建设方案获得技术援助。 此外,全国选举委员会、开发署和联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)已查明哪些领域可供联利特派团提供额外后勤支助。 根据安全理事会的授权,联利特派团还支持当局确保选举的安全,同时加强与利比里亚当局在法律、政治、司法、安全和人权问题上的合作,以缓解紧张局势,营造有利于和平选举的气氛。", "巴布亚新几内亚(博茨瓦纳)", "9.9 应巴布亚新几内亚政府的请求,联合国于2010年5月为布干维尔第二次总统选举和议会选举部署了选举专家监察组。 这次选举的获胜者将领导该区域筹备关于布干维尔地位问题的全民投票(预计在2015-2020年期间举行),是巩固该国和平与民主的里程碑。 因此,选举被认为至关重要,而且人们对暴力可能再次爆发也表示严重关切。 监察组得以访问该地区各地的投票站,包括在南部一些地区,许多人第一次投票。 联合国的存在受到所有有关利益攸关方的欢迎,被广泛视为建立对选举进程的信心,从而促成最终的和平选举环境的一个重要因素。", "苏丹", "10. 其他事项。 联合国通过由联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)选举司和开发署组成的联合国全民投票和选举司,向苏丹南部全民投票委员会提供技术咨询和援助。 在2010年11月15日至12月8日期间,苏人解为苏丹南部全民投票登记了390万选民,他们将于2011年1月举行全民投票,以确定苏丹南部人民是否希望脱离或继续成为苏丹的一部分。 在2011年1月9日至15日期间,390万登记选民有机会投票。 超过250名联合国工作人员努力向邦和县级的苏人解提供支助。 联合国还与国际伙伴合作,为全民投票进程提供财政和后勤支持,包括在8个地点进行境外投票。 联合国航空资产还通过空运材料到偏远和孤立的全民投票中心。 各方都接受了这些结果,对分离投了压倒性表决。", "注 除了联合国综合全民投票和选举司提供的直接支助外,《全面和平协议》各方在2010年7月17日给秘书长的信中要求联合国为全民投票部署一个监测团。 秘书长任命了一个小组,监测和评估全民投票进程。 虽然标准做法是,联合国通常不监测提供技术援助的选举进程,但联合国在监测全民投票方面的作用被认为对增强对进程的信心和接受结果至关重要。 小组工作人员监测了苏丹南部所有各州46个县的全民投票,重点是偏远地区;在苏丹北部15个州中有13个县;在境外投票的所有8个国家。 小组向秘书长报告说,全民投票的结果反映了苏丹南部人民的自由意愿。", "突尼斯", "12. 第12段。 根据临时政府提出的选举援助请求,联合国于2011年3月1日向突尼斯派出了一个高级别选举需求评估特派团。 协调人核准了特派团报告所载的各项建议。 根据这些建议,联合国实施了一个项目,协助突尼斯当局组织定于2011年10月举行的制宪会议选举。 该项目的定义是,侧重于联合国具有明显相对优势的领域,确保与其他行为者正在实施的方案发挥协同作用,避免重复。 这包括采取措施支持选举管理机构,帮助促进妇女、特别是民间社会团体参与选举进程。", "附件二", "在本报告所述期间接受联合国选举援助的国家和地区", "阿富汗b", "阿根廷", "孟加拉国", "贝宁", "玻利维亚(多民族国)", "布隆迪^(a)", "布基纳法索", "柬埔寨", "喀麦隆", "中非共和国", "乍得", "科摩罗", "刚果", "科特迪瓦", "刚果民主共和国", "萨尔瓦多", "埃塞俄比亚", "冈比亚", "危地马拉", "几内亚", "几内亚比绍(a)", "圭亚那", "海地(a)", "印度尼西亚", "伊拉克^(a)", "肯尼亚", "吉尔吉斯斯坦", "黎巴嫩", "莱索托", "利比里亚(a)", "马拉维", "马尔代夫", "墨西哥", "莫桑比克", "尼泊尔", "荷属安的列斯(马耳他)", "尼日尔", "尼日利亚", "巴勒斯坦被占领土", "巴拿马", "巴布亚新几内亚", "秘鲁", "摩尔多瓦共和国", "罗马尼亚", "卢旺达", "塞拉利昂^(a)", "所罗门群岛", "苏丹^(a)", "苏里南", "东帝汶(a)", "多哥", "突尼斯", "土库曼斯坦", "坦桑尼亚联合共和国", "也门", "赞比亚", "津巴布韦", "*** 2010年9月的指导说明以联合国所有正式语文提供。 请在选举@un.org接洽选举援助司。 英文版可在开发署网站上查阅:http://www.beta.undp.org/。 undp/en/home/html。", "*** 根据安全理事会的授权提供援助。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session[1]", "Geneva, 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011", "Introduction", "The fifty-third executive session of the Trade and Development Board was opened by Mr. Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh (Dominican Republic), President of the Board, on Monday, 27 June 2011. In the course of the session, the Board held four plenary meetings, the 1067th to the 1070th.", "I. Action by the Trade and Development Board on substantive items on its agenda", "A. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "Decision 506 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling General Assembly resolutions 57/32 and 57/47,", "Recognizes the unique inter-State character of IPU;", "Decides to align the modalities for its cooperation with IPU with the practices of the General Assembly;", "Decides to remove IPU from the list of NGOs having status with UNCTAD and to list it as an observer international organization of parliamentarians.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "B. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "Decision 507 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board,", "Recalling Economic and Social Council resolution 1996/31 and paragraph 35 (f) of the UNCTAD communications strategy (TD/B/56/9/Rev.1) adopted by the Board at its fifty-sixth session,", "Taking note of the secretariat note contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6,", "Decides that, henceforth, national, regional and subregional non-governmental organizations, as well as the national affiliates of international non-governmental organizations already in status with UNCTAD, are eligible to apply for consultative status with UNCTAD in accordance with the existing applicable procedures and practices for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "C. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "Decision 508 (EX-53)", "The Trade and Development Board", "1. Decides to adopt the same arrangements for the accreditation and participation of civil society in UNCTAD-XIII and its preparatory meetings as at past Conferences, on the understanding that all applications for accreditation will be submitted to member States for approval; civil society organizations that were accredited to UNCTAD-XII may apply for accreditation to UNCTAD-XIII without the necessity to resubmit the related documentation;", "2. Further decides that two hearings with civil society, parliamentarians and the private sector will be convened within the framework of the Preparatory Committee for UNCTAD-XIII.", "1070th plenary meeting 11 July 2011", "D. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies", "1. Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(a))", "1. The Board took note of the Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.I/21) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Trade and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII, to be held in Doha, Qatar, in April 2012.", "2. Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(Agenda item 3(b))", "2. The Board took note of the Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session (TD/B/C.II/15). The Board decided to postpone the fourth session of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission until late 2012. The agenda and topics for the fourth session of the Commission were to be decided as soon as possible after UNCTAD-XIII.", "3. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, pledged the secretariat’s full cooperation in implementing the decisions of the Board regarding the Commissions. Depending on the topics chosen for the Commission sessions, and when they were chosen — he said that the secretariat might request from the Board some flexibility concerning submission dates for pre-sessional documentation. That notwithstanding, he assured the Board that the secretariat would do its utmost to ensure that high-quality documentation was prepared in a timely manner so that the Commissions could fulfil their mandates effectively.", "3. Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(Agenda item 3(c))", "4. The Board decided — on an exceptional basis and without setting a precedent — that the two single-year expert meetings for the current cycle would not take place.", "4. Report of the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(d))", "5. The Board took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-seventh session (TD/B/WP/227) and endorsed the agreed conclusions contained therein. It also took note of the Report of the Working Party on the Strategic Framework and the Programme Budget on its fifty-eighth session (TD/B/WP/230).", "5. Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "(Agenda item 3(e))", "6. The Board decided to seek clarification from United Nations headquarters in New York concerning subparagraphs 1 (a) and 1 (g) of the document “Draft terms of reference for the Working Party” (TD/B/EX(53)/4). In the meantime, it decided to postpone adoption of the draft terms of reference for the Working Party until the next appropriate session of the Trade and Development Board.", "E. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters", "1. Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(Agenda item 4 (a))", "7. The Board approved the applications of LDC Watch and Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) International as contained in documents TD/B/EX(52)/R.1 and TD/B/EX(52)/R.2.", "2. Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(Agenda item 4 (b))", "8. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/5. See chapter I above.", "3. Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(Agenda item 4 (c))", "9. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/6. See chapter I above.", "4. Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "(Agenda item 4 (d))", "10. The Board adopted the draft decision contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/7. See chapter I above.", "F. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "(Agenda item 5)", "11. The Trade and Development Board welcomed the “Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices” (TD/RBP/CONF.7/11) and the resolution contained therein.", "G. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "(Agenda item 7)", "12. The Trade and Development Board authorized the Rapporteur to finalize the report of its fifty-third executive session.", "II. President’s summary", "A. Opening of the session", "13. The following speakers made statements: Mr. Petko Draganov, Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD; the representative of Lesotho, speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China; the representative of Ghana, speaking on behalf of the African Group; the representative of the European Union; the representative of Nepal, speaking on behalf of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Group; the representative of El Salvador on behalf of the Group for Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC); the representative of China; the representative of Ethiopia; and the representative of Thailand.", "14. The Deputy Secretary-General noted that Africa was bouncing back from the recent economic crisis, but that challenges remained. Rising food prices were a concern, and engaging in structural transformation to reduce dependence on commodities and accelerate economic diversification remained important objectives for the region. Meanwhile, the weak recovery of Africa’s traditional trading partners in the North implied that the region needed to remain vigilant about the sustainability of its own recovery. The Deputy Secretary-General said that aid should be seen as part of a broader development agenda, and countries also had to build their productive capacities and enhance domestic resource mobilization to lessen dependence on aid. He said that UNCTAD had agreed to focus on (a) enhancing coherence at all levels to achieve sustainable economic development and poverty reduction, especially through greater regional integration and cooperation; (b) further enhancing the role of trade as an engine of development, including poverty reduction; (c) enhancing the enabling environment at all levels to strengthen productive capacities, trade and investment; and (d) strengthening UNCTAD itself.", "15. Delegates noted that the recent positive economic performance of developing countries had been due in large part to high but volatile commodity prices. Official development assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources, and other innovative resource-raising efforts that were needed to finance development, continued to be critical. Technical assistance and capacity-building also remained crucial. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s efforts in the field of agriculture.", "16. Speakers called for an intensification of UNCTAD’s efforts in Africa in its three pillars of research and policy analysis, technical cooperation and consensus-building. More concrete means were also called for on how UNCTAD could collaborate with governments, development partners and institutions of the African region in order to more directly contribute towards the implementation of the African Union (AU)/New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Programme in more direct and significant ways. Some delegates called for strengthening the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC).", "17. It was felt by some that (a) the current aid regime too often reflected the priorities and interests of donors, rather than the real needs and priorities of recipients; (b) the global aid regime was outdated; (c) the current aid architecture confused means for ends; and (d) there was a disquieting and persistent challenge of aid commitments versus delivery gap.", "18. Some delegates expressed the view that, while Africa’s development needed to be led from within by Africans themselves, there was also the need for the international development community to accompany Africa on this journey through policy advice and technical assistance, and by promoting the sharing of best practices and experiences from other regions.", "19. Some delegates felt that the third session of UNCTAD’s Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission, which took place in May 2011, provided for useful discussions regarding the promotion of investment for development, confirmed the vital importance of infrastructure development, and enhanced productive capacities as key elements for sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction for developing countries. However, some thought it was regrettable that the Commission had failed to reach agreed conclusions within the scheduled time of its session. Nevertheless, delegates encouraged the Commission to continue its high quality work, which was considered to be very useful.", "20. Delegates felt that the Trade and Development Commission, which took place in June 2011, brought up two very interesting and relevant issues, namely the assessment of the evolution of the international trading system and the enhancement of its contribution to development and economic recovery, as well as the integration of developing countries in global supply chains, including through adding value to their exports. Delegates said they would welcome continued research and analysis by UNCTAD, both at the national and international levels, towards assisting developing countries to integrate into the global supply chains. Regional as well as South-South and Triangular cooperation was felt to be necessary to enhance the productive capacities of African economies.", "21. Delegates welcomed the session’s focus on Africa. They also praised the themes and sub-themes chosen for UNCTAD-XIII. Delegates also praised the document prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat, “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2), and called for different regions that shared the same problems to cooperate with African countries.", "B. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "(Agenda item 2)", "22. The Board took note of the two documents prepared by the secretariat: (a) “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” (TD/B/EX(53)/2) and; (b) “Enhancing aid effectiveness: from Paris to Busan” (TD/B/EX(53)/3). The secretariat provided an overview of the activities carried out by UNCTAD in the period under review. Many delegates expressed their appreciation of UNCTAD’s research, technical cooperation and consensus-building activities, and their contribution to economic development in Africa.", "23. During the interactive debate that followed the presentation by the secretariat, several delegates noted that Africa’s recent economic performance largely reflected the effects of booming commodity prices, which contributed to macroeconomic instability in the region. Much remained to be done in the areas of improving “soft infrastructure” (such as the legal, regulatory and financial systems), “hard infrastructure” (such as roads and bridges), upgrading productive capacities in non‑extractive primary sectors, enabling engagement of firms in value addition and global supply chains, intensifying regional activities, boosting intra-African trade, lessening food insecurity and raising the quality of growth. Such activities would require ODA, FDI, remittances, mobilization of domestic resources and other innovative resources for financing development.", "24. Appreciation was expressed for UNCTAD’s work in drawing the attention of policymakers to the need to develop productive capacities, especially in the field of agriculture. There were calls for UNCTAD to intensify its work in order to support the implementation of the recently concluded Istanbul Programme of Action. There was a call for UNCTAD to implement some of the ideas and recommendations of its Least Developed Countries Report, 2010: Towards a New International Development Architecture for LDCs and its Economic Development in Africa Report 2010: South-South Cooperation: Africa and the New Forms of Development Partnership. It was recognized that the State needed to be strengthened for it to play a critical developmental role, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).", "25. The report “Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa” was positively received by delegates. Many of them appreciated the fact that the secretariat had made efforts to highlight the impact of its activities in Africa as recommended in previous executive sessions of the Trade and Development Board. Delegates stressed the need for the report to continue emphasizing the impact of UNCTAD’s work as the international development community was pressing for greater aid and development effectiveness. One delegate noted that UNCTAD’s activities in Africa were aligned with national and regional development programmes and were demand-driven. However, it was suggested for UNCTAD to engage with beneficiaries to undertake more focused and area-specific assessments to ensure more effective contributions. It was also suggested for UNCTAD to engage in technical cooperation activities when such activities had the potential for increasing value added and for having a valuable impact on developing countries, and that the impact of such activities should be assessed.", "26. UNCTAD was commended for the setting up of a NEPAD Steering Group for strengthening internal coordination of its activities in support of Africa. One delegate suggested that UNCTAD should collaborate with the International Institute for Trade and Development (ITD) of Thailand to do joint work on the impact and developments of trade liberalization in African countries. Interest was also expressed by some delegates for an intensification of exchanges in terms of lessons learnt between the Latin American and Caribbean region and Africa.", "27. One delegate called for UNCTAD to strengthen its interventions in Africa in the following areas: the development of insurance, the fostering of industrial development and technological upgrading, aid for trade, climate change and ICT. Another delegate called for new measures to be developed to enhance technology development and diffusion, including renewable energy technology through strategies such as public-private partnerships and the use of FDI. The same delegate encouraged UNCTAD to assist African economies in the area of statistics and data collection in order to facilitate proper investment decisions by foreign investors and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It was suggested that UNCTAD should focus its research issues in Africa in the field of regional integration, economic diversification and the role of the private sector in enhancing productive capacities. Some delegates also called upon UNCTAD to collaborate more with African institutions to implement the NEPAD agenda for better development results.", "28. Many delegates highlighted the need for more to be done for the Africa region and for a strengthening of the Africa Section and the Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC). In this regard, they requested UNCTAD to make more efforts to implement the agreed conclusions of previous sessions of the Trade and Development Board regarding providing more resources to ALDC.", "29. Some delegates noted efforts by the Board to enhance the role of the Working Party. They stressed the need for the draft Terms of Reference on enhancing the functioning of the Working Party to be approved and transmitted to the General Assembly for approval. Some delegates also noted that LDC Watch and the Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS) were added as non-governmental organizations (NGOs) at UNCTAD.", "Panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan”", "30. A panel session on “Enhancing aid effectiveness: From Paris to Busan” was held as part of agenda item 2. Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris, was the keynote speaker at the panel session. The session also featured three panellists: (a) Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania; (b) Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda; and (c) Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana. The Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD, Mr. Petko Draganov, made opening remarks at the panel session.", "31. The questions addressed by the panel included:", "(a) How can aid be used to catalyse other forms of development finance and lay the foundations for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run?", "(b) How can the aid community improve on the quality of aid disbursed to recipient countries?", "(c) How can lessons from South-South cooperation contribute towards greater aid effectiveness?", "(d) What kinds of institutional mechanisms should be put in place by African governments to improve on the quality of aid?", "(e) What does Africa expect from the Fourth High-level Conference on Aid Effectiveness?", "32. The key recommendations made and issues that arose from the opening remarks, the keynote address, the panel discussion and the interactive debate were as follows:", "(a) Fulfil existing commitments — Africa faces enormous development challenges, including meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), dealing with climate change, preventing and reducing conflicts, and dealing with high food and energy prices. The mobilization of domestic and external resources will be critical to addressing these challenges. Despite the recent increase in ODA flows to Africa, donors are yet to meet the existing international commitments made to the region. In this regard, there is the need for donors to ratchet-up efforts to honour the existing aid commitments made to Africa;", "(b) Aid effectiveness also depends on the quantity of aid — The discussion on aid effectiveness often gives the impression of a dichotomy between aid quality and aid quantity. However, the quantity of aid is one of the factors determining whether or not aid is effective. Consequently, there is the need for donors and recipients to recognize the fact that increasing aid quantity is a necessary condition for enhancing aid quality in Africa;", "(c) Use of aid versus delivery of aid — Aid effectiveness depends on both the quality of the use of aid and the quality of the delivery of aid. The former depends mainly on the practices of the recipients, whilst the latter depends on the practices of the donors. The cases of Ghana and Rwanda showed that there has been significant progress in improving the quality of use of aid at the country level, but there has not been much progress in enhancing the quality of delivery of aid. Further efforts by donors to reduce unpredictability of aid, avoid aid fragmentation, enhance the use of country systems and reduce conditionalities associated with aid flows will all contribute to improving the quality of aid delivery;", "(d) Country ownership and leadership are important — Country ownership of the aid and development process is important in enhancing aid effectiveness. If recipient countries are to use aid to achieve their national development objectives, they have to be able to lead in the aid delivery and management process. In particular, they have to ensure that aid addresses their development needs and priorities. For African countries to successfully exercise such leadership, the psychological aspect of aid dependence has to be dealt with. It erodes recipient countries’ ability to exercise leadership and take responsibility for development. There is a need to publicize examples of recipient governments that have been able to successfully assert themselves in the donor-recipient relationship. While country ownership and leadership matter, there is also a need to recognize regional contexts, as development is increasingly influenced by regional cooperation;", "(e) Enforce the use of country systems — Despite progress by recipient countries in improving the quality of local country systems and institutions, donors are still reluctant to use them. The limited use of country systems by donors is one of the areas where there has been the least progress in enhancing aid effectiveness over the past few years. There is also the need to integrate aid into treasury, accounting and auditing mechanisms in recipient countries. The challenge of aid fragmentation both for bilateral and multilateral aid can be best addressed by strengthening country systems. It is, however, important to do this in a transparent and credible manner;", "(f) Improve information on aid flows — There is a need for more and better information on aid flows as an important element in enhancing aid effectiveness. At the recipient country level, governments should make more effort to provide information on aid flows to all local stakeholders. At the donor level, there is the need to make public information on aid flows to civil society organizations operating in recipient countries. Furthermore, emerging donors should provide more information on their development cooperation activities in recipient countries. In this regard, there is the need for more cooperation among donors and recipients in improving aid statistics;", "(g) Strategies are needed for exiting aid dependence — African countries should have strategies for exiting from aid dependence in the medium-to-long run. While aid is needed in the short run, it should be used to avoid aid dependence in the long run. One way to accomplish this is to use aid to enhance capacity for domestic resource mobilization. It could also be used to catalyse other sources of modes of development finance, such as FDI, trade and commercial financing. There are already indications that private capital flows are growing faster than aid flows as sources of development finance in Africa. Given the heterogeneity of African countries, they cannot be expected to exit aid dependence at the same time. The graduation from aid dependence will vary across countries, reflecting their differing levels of development;", "(h) Recognize the link between aid and trade — Aid effectiveness is also affected by the nature of the multilateral trading system. Incoherence between trade and aid policies of donor countries has significant impact on the effectiveness of aid in recipient countries. When donors give aid to recipients and also impose trade measures that limit the ability of recipients to trade, they make it difficult for recipients to achieve their development goals. In this regard, it is important that aid is delivered in a way that allows recipients to participate more effectively in the multilateral trading system as well as move up the value chain in the trading process;", "(i) Aid and development effectiveness are related — There is no need to overemphasize the distinction between aid effectiveness and development effectiveness because the former is geared towards enhancing the later. By making aid more effective, it would have more impact in recipient countries, thereby enhancing development effectiveness. It is important that recipient countries’ capacities be taken into account in the discussions on aid effectiveness. It is equally important to take into account the diverse modes of development cooperation: for example, South-South versus North-South. In this context, donors should respect the choice of mode of cooperation made by recipients. Furthermore, it is important that recipient countries see South-South cooperation as a complement rather than a substitute for North-South cooperation;", "(j) Need for mutual accountability — In the aid effectiveness debate, accountability seems to be applied more to recipient countries than to the development partners. However, mutual accountability is what is required for aid effectiveness. Furthermore, there is the tendency for recipient countries to be more accountable to the donors than to their local stakeholders. There is the need for recipient governments to demonstrate more accountability to local stakeholders to ensure genuine ownership of the process. Better domestic governance that recognizes local values and cultures can contribute to achieving this objective. Furthermore, there is the need for clear and objective indicators of good governance;", "(k) Improve aid coordination at the national level — There is the need for recipient countries to improve aid coordination at the national level. This requires recipient countries exercising more control over the aid management and delivery process to ensure that aid addresses their national development needs and priorities. Furthermore, coordination should cover aid from traditional donors as well as official financial flows which are part of South-South cooperation.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "(Agenda item 1)", "33. At its opening plenary meeting, on 27 June 2011, the Board adopted the provisional agenda contained in document TD/B/EX(53)/1. Accordingly, the agenda for the executive session was as follows:", "1. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "2. Activities undertaken by UNCTAD in support of Africa", "3. Matters requiring action by the Board arising from or related to reports and activities of its subsidiary bodies:", "(a) Report of the Trade and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(b) Report of the Investment, Enterprise and Development Commission on its third session, and agenda for its fourth session", "(c) Topics for upcoming single-year expert meetings", "(d) Report of the Working Party", "(e) Draft terms of reference for the Working Party", "4. Institutional, organizational, administrative and related matters:", "(a) Designation of non-governmental organizations for the purposes of rule 77 of the rules of procedure of the Board", "(b) Cooperation between UNCTAD and the Inter-Parliamentary Union", "(c) Arrangements for the participation of non-governmental organizations in the activities of UNCTAD", "(d) Accreditation of civil society organizations for the purposes of UNCTAD-XIII", "5. Report of the Sixth United Nations Conference to Review All Aspects of the Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices", "6. Other business", "7. Report of the Board on its fifty-third executive session", "Annex", "Attendance[2]", "1. Representatives of the following States members of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Algeria Kazakhstan\n Angola Kuwait", "Argentina Lesotho", "Austria Madagascar", "Azerbaijan Mali", "Bahrain Mauritania", "Belarus Mexico", "Benin Morocco", "Brazil Nepal", "Brunei Darussalam Nicaragua", "Burkina Faso Nigeria", "Cambodia Oman", "Cameroon Panama", "Canada Philippines", "China Poland", "Congo Portugal", "Côte d’Ivoire Romania", "Cuba Russian Federation", "Cyprus Rwanda", "Czech Republic Saudi Arabia", "Dominican Republic Singapore", "El Salvador South Africa", "Ethiopia Spain", "Finland Sudan", "France Switzerland", "Germany Syrian Arab Republic", "Ghana Thailand", "Guatemala The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", "Hungary Togo", "Indonesia Turkey", "Iran (Islamic Republic of) Ukraine", "Iraq United States of America", "Israel Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)", "Italy Viet Nam", "Jamaica Yemen", "Japan Zambia", "Jordan", "2. Representatives of the following State member of UNCTAD but not a member of the Trade and Development Board attended the session:", "Holy See", "3. The following intergovernmental organizations were represented at the session:", "African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States", "African Union", "European Union", "Organisation internationale de la Francophonie", "4. The following United Nations organizations were represented at the session:", "Economic Commission for Europe", "International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO", "5. The following specialized agencies and related organizations were represented at the session:", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Trade Organization", "6. The following panellists participated in the session:", "Mr. Jon Lomoy, Director, Development Cooperation Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development", "Mr. Samuel Wangwe, Executive Chair, Daima Associates Ltd., United Republic of Tanzania", "Ms. Ingrid Mutima, External Resources Mobilization Expert, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Rwanda", "Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana", "[1] * The present document is an advance version of the report of the Trade and Development Board on its fifty-third executive session, held at the United Nations Office at Geneva on 27 and 28 June and 11 July 2011. It will appear in final form, together with the reports on the fifty-first executive session, the fifty-second executive session and the fifty-eighth session of the Board, as Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/66/15).", "[2] For the list of participants, see TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告^(*)", "2011年6月27日至28日和7月11日，日内瓦", "导言", "2011年6月27日星期一，路易斯·曼努埃尔·皮安蒂尼·蒙奈先生(多米尼加共和国)宣布贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议开幕。会议期间，理事会举行了四次全体会议，即第1067次至第1070次会议。", "^(*) 本文件是2011年6月27日至28日和7月11日在联合国日内瓦办事处举行的贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议报告的预发本。最后定本将连同理事会第五十一届执行会议、第五十二届执行会议和第五十八届执行会议的报告，作为《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第15号》(A/66/15)印发。", "导言", "贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议于2011年6月27日星期一由理事会主席Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh先生(多米尼加共和国)宣布开幕。会议期间，理事会举行了4次全体会议，即第1067至1070次会议。", "一. 贸易和发展理事会就议程实质性项目采取的行动", "A. 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作", "第506(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "忆及大会第57/32和57/47号决定，", "承认各国议会联盟独特的国家间性质，", "决定使其与各国议会联盟合作的方式与大会的做法保持一致，", "决定将各国议会联盟从在贸发会议具有地位的非政府组织名单中除名，并将其列为议员国际组织观察员。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "B. 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "第507(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "回顾经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议和理事会第五十六届会议通过的贸发会议传播战略(TD/B/56/9/Rev.1)第35(f)段，", "注意到载于TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件的秘书处的说明，", "决定，今后，国家级、区域级和次区域级非政府组织，包括已拥有贸发会议咨商地位的国际非政府组织的国家分支机构，均有资格按照非政府组织参与贸发会议活动事宜的现行程序和做法申请贸发会议的咨商地位。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "C. 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证", "第508(EX-53)号决定", "贸易和发展理事会，", "1. 决定基于所有资格认证申请将提交成员国批准的谅解，对民间社会经认证并参加贸发十三大及其筹备会议的问题采取与往届会议相同的安排；经贸发十二大认证的民间社会组织可申请贸发十三大的资格认证，而无需重新提交相关文件；", "2. 还决定在贸发十三大筹备委员会的框架下与民间社会、议员和私营部门举办两次听证会。", "第1070次全体会议 2011年7月11日", "D. 附属机构的报告和活动引起的或与这些报告和活动有关的需要 理事会采取行动的事项", "1. 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程 (议程项目3(a))", "1. 理事会注意到贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告(TD/B/C.I/21)，并核可其中所载的议定结论。理事会决定将贸易和发展委员会第四届会议推迟至2012年底举行。委员会第四届会议的议程和议题将在2012年4月卡塔尔多哈举行贸发十三大之后尽快决定。", "2. 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程 (议程项目3(b))", "2. 理事会注意到投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告(TD/B/C.II/15)。理事会决定将投资、企业和发展委员会第四届会议推迟至2012年底举行。委员会第四届会议的议程和议题将在贸发十三大之后尽快确定。", "3. 贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉甘诺夫先生承诺，秘书处将在执行理事会关于委员会的决定方面给予充分合作。他说，秘书处可能根据委员会会议选择的议题以及选择议题的时间，要求理事会在会前文件的提交日期方面发挥灵活性。即便如此，他向理事会保证，秘书处将尽最大努力，确保及时编写高质量的文件，以便委员会有效执行任务。", "3. 即将举行的一年期专家会议议题 (议程项目3(c))", "4. 理事会决定作为例外并且在不构成先例的情况下，不举行本轮两年期专家会议。", "4. 工作组报告 (议程项目3(d))", "5. 理事会注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十七届会议报告(TD/B/WP/ 227)，并核可其中所载的议定结论。理事会还注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十八届会议报告(TD/B/WP/230)。", "5. 工作组职权范围草案 (议程项目3(e))", "6. 理事会决定请纽约联合国总部对“工作组职权范围草案”文件(TD/B/EX(53)/ 4)中1(a)和1(g)小段提供明确解释。同时，理事会决定将“工作组职权范围草案”推迟至贸易和发展理事会下次会议时通过。", "E. 体制、组织、行政和相关事项", "1. 按照理事会议事规则第77条指定非政府组织 (议程项目4(a))", "7. 理事会批准最不发达国家观察和消费者团结和信任国际协会载于TD/B/EX (52)/R.1和TD/B/EX(52)/R.2号文件的申请。", "2. 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作 (议程项目4(b))", "8. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/5号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "3 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排 (议程项目4(c))", "9. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "4. 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证 (议程项目4(d))", "10. 理事会通过载于TD/B/EX(53)/7号文件的决定草案。见以上第一章。", "F. 第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的 公平原则和规则》会议的报告 (议程项目5)", "11. 贸易和发展理事会欢迎“第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的公平原则和规则》会议的报告”(TD/RBP/CONF.7/11)以及其中所载决议。", "G. 理事会第五十三届执行会议报告 (议程项目7)", "12. 贸易和发展理事会授权报告员完成第五十三届执行会议报告。", "二. 主席的总结", "A. 会议开幕", "13. 以下发言者作了发言：贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生；莱索托代表，代表77国集团和中国发言；加纳代表，代表非洲集团发言；欧洲联盟代表；尼泊尔代表，代表最不发达国家集团发言；萨尔瓦多代表，代表拉丁美洲和加勒比国家集团发言；中国代表；埃塞俄比亚代表；泰国代表。", "14. 副秘书长指出，非洲正在走出近期的经济危机，但仍然面临一些挑战。食物价格上涨令人关切，该地区的主要目标仍然是开展结构转型，以减少对初级商品的依赖，并加快经济多样化的步伐。同时，非洲传统的北方贸易伙伴复苏缓慢，因此，非洲仍需注意其自身经济复苏的可持续性。副秘书长说，应把援助看作更广泛的发展议程的一部分，各国应发展各自的生产能力，促进调动国内资源，以减少对援助的依赖。他说，贸发会议已商定以下工作重点：(a) 促进所有层面的一致性，尤其是通过更广泛的区域一体化和合作，实现可持续经济发展和减贫；(b) 进一步促进贸易作为发展，包括减贫的动力的作用；(c) 促进所有层面的扶持型环境，以加强生产能力、贸易和投资；以及(d) 加强贸发会议自身的实力。", "15. 代表们指出，发展中国家近来在经济方面的良好业绩主要是初级商品的价格上涨(虽有所波动)所致。官方发展援助、外国直接投资流入、汇款、调动国内资源，以及为发展所需融资寻求其他筹集资源的创新方式仍至关重要。技术援助和能力建设仍非常重要。贸发会议在农业领域所做的工作得到赞赏。", "16. 发言者呼吁贸发会议在非洲加大三大支柱，即研究和政策分析、技术合作和建立共识等方面的工作力度。还呼吁贸发会议采取更为切实的手段，与非洲区域的政府、发展伙伴及机构合作，以便以更直接和有效的方式，为执行非洲联盟(非盟)/非洲发展新伙伴关系方案做出直接贡献。一些代表呼吁加强非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司的实力。", "17. 一些代表认为：(a) 目前的援助制度常常反映出捐助方的优先事项和兴趣，而非接受国的真正需要和优先事项；(b) 全球的援助制度已过时；(c) 当前的援助框架本末倒置；以及(d) 承诺援助额与实际援助之间的缺口始终存在令人不安的挑战。", "18. 一些代表表示，虽然非洲的发展需在非洲人民自己的带领下在非洲内部进行，但也需要国际发展界通过政策建议、技术援助，以及促进共享其他区域的最佳做法和经验等方式，在这一征程中助非洲一臂之力。", "19. 一些代表认为，2011年5月举行的贸发会议投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议为促进发展投资提供了有益的讨论，确认了基础设施发展的重要意义，并将促进生产能力视为发展中国家可持续经济发展和减贫的关键要素。然而，有代表认为，委员会没有在会议既定的时间范围内达成议定结论令人遗憾。尽管如此，代表们鼓励委员会继续开展其高质量且公认为非常有益的工作。", "20. 代表们认为，2011年6月举行的贸易和发展委员会会议提出了两项重要且相关的议题，即评估国际贸易体制的演变情况和增强该体制对发展和经济复苏的贡献，以及发展中国家融入全球供应链，包括通过其出口产品增值。代表们说，他们欢迎贸发会议继续在国家和国际层面开展研究与分析，以协助发展中国家融入全球供应链。代表们认为，有必要通过区域合作、南南合作及三方合作促进非洲经济体的生产能力。", "21. 代表们欢迎会议以非洲为重点。他们还赞赏为贸发十三大选定的主题和分主题。代表们还赞扬贸发会议秘书处编写的文件――“贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”(TD/B/EX(53)/2)，并呼吁存在相同问题的各个地区与非洲国家开展合作。", "B. 贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动 (议程项目2)", "22. 理事会注意到秘书处编写的两份文件：(a) “贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”(TD/B/EX(53)/2)和 (b) “加强实效：从巴黎到釜山”(TD/B/EX(53)/3)。秘书处概括介绍了贸发会议在审查期内开展的活动。许多代表表示赞赏贸发会议的研究、技术合作和建立共识活动，以及这些活动对非洲的经济发展的贡献。", "23. 在秘书处的介绍之后的互动辩论中，一些代表指出：非洲近期在经济方面的业绩主要反映出初级商品价格飙升的影响，这也是导致该地区宏观经济不稳定的因素之一。改善“软基础设施”(如法律、规章和金融系统)和“硬基础设施”(如道路和桥梁)、非采掘初级部门生产能力升级、将企业纳入增值和全球供应链、加强区域活动、促进非洲内部贸易、减少食物无保障状况和提高增长的质量，以上所有领域都有待开展大量工作。这些活动都需要官方发展援助、直接外资、汇款、调动国内资源和其他创新的发展筹资来源。", "24. 代表们赞赏贸发会议为吸引政策制定者关注发展生产能力的必要性，尤其是在农业领域发展这方面的能力所做的工作。有代表呼吁贸发会议加大努力，以支持执行近期缔结的《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》。一名代表呼吁贸发会议实施其《2010年最不发达国家报告：建立支援最不发达国家的新国际发展架构》和《2010年非洲经济发展报告：南南合作－非洲与新形式的发展伙伴关系》中的一些意见和建议。代表们承认，需加强国家的实力，使其能够在发展方面发挥重要作用，尤其是最不发达国家。", "25. 题为“贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动”的报告受到代表的好评。许多代表赞赏秘书处根据贸易和发展理事会前几次执行会议的建议，大力突出展示其活动在非洲的影响力。代表们强调，鉴于国际发展界迫切要求更多的援助和发展实效，因此该报告应继续强调贸发会议工作的影响力。一名代表指出，贸发会议在非洲的活动符合国家和区域的发展方案，而且是以需求为驱动的。然而，有代表建议贸发会议与受益国合作，开展重点更加突出和针对具体区域的评估，以确保做出更为有效的贡献。还建议贸发会议开展技术合作活动，因为这类活动可能提高附加值，并对发展中国家发挥有利影响，还应对这类活动的影响进行评估。", "26. 贸发会议为加强支援非洲活动的内部协调，设立了非洲发展新伙伴关系指导小组，这一举动受到赞扬。一名代表建议贸发会议与泰国的国际贸易和发展研究所合作研究非洲国家贸易自由化的影响和进展。还有一些代表表示，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区与非洲应加强交流学到的教训。", "27. 一名代表呼吁贸发会议在以下领域加强对非洲的介入：保险业的发展、加强工业发展和技术升级、贸易援助计划、气候变化和信通技术。另一名代表呼吁制定新的措施，以促进技术发展和传播，包括通过公私伙伴战略和使用直接外资等方式发展和传播可再生能源技术。该代表还鼓励贸发会议协助非洲经济体开展统计和数据收集工作，以便为外国投资者和中小企业做出适当的投资决策提供便利。有代表建议贸发会议将非洲的研究重点放在区域一体化、经济多样化和私营部门对促进生产能力发挥的作用等方面。一些代表还呼吁贸发会议在执行非洲发展新伙伴关系议程方面与非洲的机构开展更多合作，以取得更好的发展成果。", "28. 许多代表强调，有必要为非洲地区、为加强非洲科和非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司的力量开展更多工作。在这方面，代表们请贸发会议做出更大努力，执行贸易和发展理事会前几届会议关于向非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司提供更多资源的议定结论。", "29. 一些代表注意到理事会为加大工作组的作用所做的努力。他们强调，有必要批准有关加强工作组职能的职权范围草案，并将该草案转交大会批准。一些代表还注意到贸发会议增加了最不发达国家观察和消费者团结和信任国际协会这两个非政府组织。", "关于“加强援助实效：从巴黎到釜山”的专题小组讨论会", "30. 在议程项目2之下就“加强援助实效：从巴黎到釜山”举行了专题小组讨论会。巴黎经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展合作司司长Jon Lomoy先生在讨论会上作了主旨发言。出席讨论会的还有三名专题小组成员，分别是(a) 坦桑尼亚联合共和国Daima Associates Ltd咨询公司执行总裁Samuel Wangwe先生；(b) 卢旺达财政和经济规划部调动外部资源专家Ingrid Mutima女士；以及(c) 加纳财政和经济规划部对外经济关系司司长Helen Allotey女士。贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉甘诺夫先生在专题讨论会上作了开幕发言。", "31. 专题小组讨论的问题包括：", "(a) 如何利用援助来推动其他形式的发展融资，并为摆脱对援助的中长期依赖奠定基础？", "(b) 援助界如何提高向受援国提供的援助质量？", "(c) 从南南合作中吸取的经验教训如何促进援助实效的提高？", "(d) 非洲国家政府应为提高援助质量建立何种体制机制？", "(e) 非洲对第四次援助实效问题高级别会议有何期待？", "32. 开幕词、主旨发言、专题讨论和互动辩论提出的关键建议和问题如下：", "(a) 履行已做出的承诺。非洲面临巨大的发展挑战，包括实现千年发展目标、应对气候变化、防止和减少冲突，以及应对高昂的粮食和能源价格。调动国内和外部资源对应对这些挑战至关重要。虽然近来对非洲的官方发展援助有所增加，但捐助方还没有履行对该地区做出的国际承诺。在这方面，捐助方有必要逐步加大努力，履行已对非洲做出的援助承诺；", "(b) 援助的实效还取决于援助的数量。关于援助实效的讨论常常使人产生援助质量和援助数量被一分为二的印象。其实，援助数量是确定援助是否有效的因素之一，因此，捐助方和接收方需承认，增加援助数量是促进对非洲的援助质量的一个必要条件；", "(c) 使用援助和提供援助。援助的有效性既取决于使用援助的质量，也取决于提供援助的质量。前者主要取决于接收方的做法，而后者则取决于捐助方的做法。加纳和卢旺达的情况表明，国家一级在提高使用援助的质量方面取得了显著进展，但在促进所提供援助的质量方面还没有太多进展。捐助方做出进一步努力减少援助的不可预测性，避免援助的分散性，促进使用国家制度及减少援助附带的条件，也有利于提高提供援助的质量；", "(d) 国家的自主权和领导作用非常重要。国家对援助和发展过程的自主权对促进援助的实效至关重要。受援国必须能够领导援助的提供和管理过程，才能利用援助实现其国家发展目标。具体而言，这些国家必须确保将援助用于其发展需要和优先事项。非洲国家要成功地发挥这方面的领导作用，必须克服依赖援助的心理，因为这一心理破坏受援国发挥领导作用和承担发展责任的能力。在处理捐助方—接收方关系方面成功地坚持自己主张的受援国政府的做法实例应得到宣传。虽然国家的自主权和领导作用非常重要，但也需承认区域环境的作用，因为发展日益受到区域合作情况的影响；", "(e) 促进使用国家制度。虽然受援国在提高本国制度和机构质量方面取得了进展，但捐助方仍不愿意利用这类制度。在过去几年中，捐助方使用国家制度有限的领域正是促进援助实效进展最微弱的领域。受援国还需将援助纳入财政、会计和审计机制。加强国家制度可能成为应对双边和多边援助分散性的最佳方式。然而，必须以透明和可信的方式开展这方面的工作；", "(f) 改善有关援助流量的资料。有必要针对援助流量提供更多和更好的资料，作为促进援助实效的一项重要元素。就受援国而言，政府应做出更大努力，向所有地方利益攸关方提供有关援助流量的资料。就捐助方而言，有必要向在受援国运营的民间社会组织公布有关援助流量的资料。此外，新出现的捐助方应提供更多资料，说明其在受援国开展发展合作活动的情况。在这方面，捐助方和接收方有必要就改善援助统计工作开展更多合作；", "(g) 需要有关摆脱援助依赖的战略。非洲国家应制定战略，以摆脱中长期对援助的依赖。虽然短期内需要援助，但应利用短期援助摆脱对援助的长期依赖。实现这一目标的方式之一，是利用援助促进调动国内资源的能力。还可利用援助促进发展融资的其他来源，如直接外资、贸易和商业筹资等。已经有迹象表明，非洲的私人资本流量增速大于来自发展筹资的援助流量。鉴于非洲国家的异质性，所以不能指望它们同时摆脱对援助的依赖。告别援助依赖的情况将因国家而异，因而可反映出各国发展程度的差异；", "(h) 承认援助与贸易之间的联系。援助实效还受到多边贸易体系性质的影响。捐助国的贸易和援助政策不一致，对受援国的援助实效产生严重影响。如果捐助国在向受援国提供援助的同时向受援国强加一些限制受援国贸易能力的贸易措施，则受援国很难实现其发展目标。因此，提供的援助应帮助受援国更有效地参与多边贸易体系，并在贸易进程中向价值链的上游移动；", "(i) 援助和发展实效是相互关联的。没有必要过分强调援助实效和发展实效之间的区别，因为前者的目的是为了促进后者。加强援助实效可对受援国产生更大影响，进而促进发展实效。在讨论援助实效时考虑受援国的能力至关重要。考虑南南合作或南北合作等各种发展合作的模式同样重要。在这方面，捐助方应尊重受援国选择的合作模式。此外应注意的是，受援国将南南合作视为南北合作的补充而非替代物；", "(j) 相互问责的必要性。在讨论援助实效时，问责制似乎被更多地适用于受援国，而非适用于它们的发展伙伴。其实，援助实效要求相互问责。此外，还存在受援国对捐助方承担的责任大于对地方利益攸关方承担责任的趋势。受援国政府应对地方利益攸关方负起更大责任，以确保对这一进程的真正自主权。承认地方价值和文化的更好的国内治理有助于实现这一目标。此外，还需要为良好治理提供明确和客观的指标；", "(k) 在国家层面加强援助的协调工作。受援国有必要在国家层面加强援助的协调工作。这要求受援国对援助的管理和提供程序实施更多控制，以确保将援助用于解决国家发展需要和优先事项。此外，协调工作应包括传统捐助方提供的援助以及来自南南合作的官方资金流。", "三. 通过议程和安排工作 (议程项目1)", "33. 理事会在2011年6月27日的开幕全体会议上通过TD/B/EX(53)/1号文件所载临时议程。因此，执行会议的议程如下：", "1. 通过议程和安排工作", "2. 贸发会议为支援非洲所开展的活动", "3. 附属机构的报告和活动引起的或与这些报告和活动有关的需要理事会采取行动的事项：", "(a) 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程", "(b) 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和委员会第四届会议议程", "(c) 即将举行的一年期专家会议议题", "(d) 工作组报告", "(e) 工作组职权范围草案", "4. 体制、组织、行政和有关事项：", "(a) 按照理事会议事规则第77条指定非政府组织", "(b) 贸发会议同各国议会联盟的合作", "(c) 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "(d) 民间社会组织参加贸发十三大的资格认证", "5. 第六次联合国全面审查《管制限制性商业惯例的一套多边协议的公平原则和规则》会议的报告", "6. 其他事项", "7. 理事会第五十三届执行会议报告", "附件", "出席情况[1]", "1. 贸易和发展理事会以下成员国的代表出席了会议：", "阿尔及利亚 伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)", "安哥拉 伊拉克", "阿根廷 以色列", "奥地利 意大利", "阿塞拜疆 牙买加", "巴林 日本", "白俄罗斯 约旦", "贝宁 哈萨克斯坦", "巴西 科威特", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 莱索托", "布基纳法索 马达加斯加", "柬埔寨 马里", "喀麦隆 毛里塔尼亚", "加拿大 墨西哥", "中国 摩洛哥", "刚果 尼泊尔", "科特迪瓦 尼加拉瓜", "古巴 尼日利亚", "塞浦路斯 阿曼", "捷克共和国 巴拿马", "多米尼加共和国 菲律宾", "萨尔瓦多 波兰", "埃塞俄比亚 葡萄牙", "芬兰 罗马尼亚", "法国 俄罗斯联邦", "德国 卢旺达", "加纳 沙特阿拉伯", "危地马拉 新加坡", "匈牙利 南非", "印度尼西亚 西班牙", "苏丹 乌克兰", "瑞士 美利坚合众国", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "泰国 越南", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 也门", "多哥 赞比亚", "土耳其", "2. 以下不属于贸易和发展理事会成员的贸发会议成员国代表出席了会议：", "教廷", "3. 以下政府间组织派代表出席了会议：", "非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团", "非洲联盟", "欧洲联盟", "法语国家国际组织", "4. 以下联合国组织派代表出席了会议：", "欧洲经济委员会", "贸发会议/世贸组织国际贸易中心", "5. 以下专门机构和相关组织派代表出席了会议：", "国际电信联盟", "世界贸易组织", "6. 以下专题小组成员出席了会议：", "Jon Lomoy先生，经济合作与发展组织发展合作司司长", "Samuel Wangwe先生，坦桑尼亚联合共和国Daima Associates Ltd咨询公司执行总裁", "Ingrid Mutima女士，卢旺达财政和经济规划部调动外部资源专家", "Helen Allotey女士，加纳财政和经济规划部对外经济关系司司长", "[1] 与会者名单见TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告 ∗", "2011年6月27日和28日及7月11日,日内瓦", "一. 导言", "1. 贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议于2011年6月27日星期一由理事会主席Luis Manuel Piantini Munnigh先生(多米尼加共和国)主持开幕。 在届会期间,理事会举行了4次全体会议,即第1067次至1070次。", "一. 贸易和发展理事会就其议程上的实质性项目采取的行动", "A. 贸发会议与各国议会联盟的合作", "第506号决定(EX-53)", "贸易和发展理事会,", "回顾大会第57/32号和第57/47号决议,", "2. 确认议会联盟的独特国家间性质;", "2. 决定使其与议会联盟的合作方式与大会的做法保持一致;", "6. 决定从具有贸发会议地位的非政府组织名单中删除议会联盟,并将其列为具有议员地位的观察员国际组织。", "第1070次全体会议", "B. 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "第507号决定(EX-53)", "贸易和发展理事会,", "回顾经济及社会理事会第1996/31号决议和理事会第五十六届会议通过的贸发会议传播战略(TD/B/56/9/Rev.1)第35(f)段,", "注意到TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件所载秘书处的说明,", "6. 决定,从此以后,国家、区域和次区域非政府组织以及已经具有贸发会议地位的国际非政府组织的国家附属机构,有资格按照非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的现行适用程序和做法申请贸发会议咨商地位。", "第1070次全体会议", "C. 为贸发十三大之目的认可民间社会组织", "第508号决定(EX-53)", "贸易和发展理事会", "1. 导言 2. 决定通过与以往会议一样的认可民间社会参与贸发十三大及其筹备会议的安排,但有一项谅解,即所有认证申请都将提交成员国核准;经认可参加贸发十二大的民间社会组织可申请认可参加贸发十三大,不必再提交有关文件;", "2. 结 论 还决定,将在贸发十三大筹备委员会的框架内,与民间社会、议员和私营部门举行两次听证会。", "第1070次全体会议", "D. 各附属机构的报告和活动引起或涉及需要理事会采取行动的事项", "1. 导言 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和第四届会议议程", "(议程项目3(a))", "1. 导言 理事会注意到贸易和发展委员会第三届会议的报告(TD/B/C.I/21),并认可了其中所载的议定结论。 理事会决定将贸易和发展委员会第四届会议推迟到2012年底。 将在2012年4月在卡塔尔多哈举行的贸发十三大之后,尽快决定委员会第四届会议的议程和议题。", "2. 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和第四届会议议程", "(议程项目3(b))", "2. 结 论 理事会注意到投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议的报告(TD/B/C.II/15)。 理事会决定将投资、企业和发展委员会第四届会议推迟到2012年底。 委员会第四届会议的议程和议题将在贸发十三大之后尽快决定。", "3. 。 贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生保证,秘书处在执行理事会关于各委员会的决定方面通力合作。 他根据为委员会届会选择的专题,并在选定专题时表示,秘书处可请理事会就会前文件的提交日期提供一定的灵活性。 尽管如此,他还是向执行局保证,秘书处将竭尽全力确保及时编写高质量的文件,以便委员会能够有效地完成任务。", "3. 。 即将举行的单年度专家会议的议题", "(议程项目3(c))", "4. . 理事会决定,作为例外,在不开创先例的情况下,不举行本周期的两次单年度专家会议。", "4. . 工作组的报告", "(议程项目3(d))", "5. 结 论 理事会注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十七届会议的报告(TD/B/WP/227),并认可了其中所载的议定结论。 委员会还注意到战略框架和方案预算工作组第五十八届会议的报告(TD/B/WP/230)。", "5. 结 论 工作组的职权范围草案", "(议程项目3(e))", "6. 任务 理事会决定要求纽约联合国总部澄清“工作组职权范围草案”文件(TD/B/EX(53)/4)第1(a)和1(g)分段。 同时,委员会决定将工作组的职权范围草案推迟到贸易和发展理事会下届常会通过。", "E. 体制、组织、行政和有关事项", "1. 导言 为理事会议事规则第77条的目的指定非政府组织", "(议程项目4(a))", "7. 基本生活 理事会核准了载于TD/B/EX(52)/R.1和TD/B/EX(52)/R.2号文件的最不发达国家观察和消费者团结与信任协会国际的申请。", "2. 贸发会议与各国议会联盟的合作", "(议程项目4(b))", "8.8 理事会通过了TD/B/EX(53)/5号文件所载决定草案。 见上文第一章。", "3. 。 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "(议程项目4(c))", "9.9 理事会通过了TD/B/EX(53)/6号文件所载决定草案。 见上文第一章。", "4. . 为贸发十三大之目的认可民间社会组织", "(议程项目4(d))", "10. 其他事项。 理事会通过TD/B/EX(53)/7号文件所载决定草案。 见上文第一章。", "F. 第六次联合国全面审查《多边协议的一套管制限制性商业惯例的公平原则和规则》会议的报告", "(议程项目5)", "注 贸易和发展理事会欢迎“第六次联合国全面审查《多边协议的一套管制限制性商业惯例的公平原则和规则》会议的报告”(TD/RBP/CONF.7/11)和其中所载决议。", "G. 理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告", "(议程项目7)", "12. 第12段。 贸易和发展理事会授权报告员完成第五十三届执行会议的报告。", "附件二。 主席的总结", "A. 导 言 会议开幕", "13 August 2001 以下发言者作了发言:贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生;莱索托代表以77国集团加中国名义发言;加纳代表以非洲集团名义发言;欧洲联盟代表;尼泊尔代表以最不发达国家集团名义发言;萨尔瓦多代表以拉丁美洲和加勒比集团的名义;中国代表;埃塞俄比亚代表;泰国代表。", "十四、任 务 常务副秘书长指出,非洲正在从最近的经济危机中退步,但挑战依然存在。 粮食价格上涨是一个令人关切的问题,参与结构改革以减少对商品的依赖,加快经济多样化,仍然是该区域的重要目标。 与此同时,非洲传统贸易伙伴在北方的恢复薄弱,意味着该区域需要继续警惕其自身恢复的可持续性。 常务副秘书长说,应将援助视为更广泛的发展议程的一部分,各国还必须建设生产能力,加强国内资源调动,以减少对援助的依赖。 他说,贸发会议同意把重点放在:(a) 加强各级的一致性,以实现可持续的经济发展和减贫,特别是通过加强区域一体化和合作;(b) 进一步加强贸易作为发展引擎的作用,包括减贫;(c) 加强各级扶持环境,以加强生产能力、贸易和投资;(d) 加强贸发会议本身。", "15. 第十五条 代表们指出,发展中国家最近的积极经济表现在很大程度上是由于商品价格高但不稳定。 官方发展援助、外国直接投资流入、汇款、调动国内资源以及发展筹资所需的其他创新资源努力依然至关重要。 技术援助和能力建设也依然至关重要。 与会者赞赏贸发会议在农业领域的努力。", "161 发言者们呼吁加强贸发会议在非洲的研究和政策分析、技术合作和建立共识三大支柱方面的努力。 与会者还呼吁贸发会议如何与非洲区域各国政府、发展伙伴和机构合作,以便更直接地促进非洲联盟/非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)的执行。 以更直接和重要的方式开展方案。 一些代表呼吁加强非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司。", "17. 第17条。 一些人认为:(a) 目前的援助制度往往反映捐助者的优先事项和利益,而不是受援国的实际需要和优先事项;(b) 全球援助制度已经过时;(c) 目前的援助结构混淆了实现目标的手段;(d) 援助承诺与交付差距存在不安和持续的挑战。", "第18条 一些代表认为,虽然非洲的发展需要由非洲人自己主导,但国际发展界还需要通过政策咨询和技术援助,并通过促进其他区域交流最佳做法和经验,陪同非洲走上这一道路。", "191 一些代表认为,2011年5月举行的贸发会议投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议就促进投资促进发展问题进行了有益的讨论,确认基础设施发展以及提高生产能力作为发展中国家可持续经济增长和减贫的关键因素至关重要。 然而,有些人认为,令人遗憾的是,委员会未能在预定会期内达成议定结论。 然而,代表们鼓励委员会继续开展其认为非常有用的高质量工作。", "20.20 代表们认为,2011年6月举行的贸易和发展委员会提出了两个非常令人感兴趣的相关问题,即评估国际贸易体系的演变,增加其对发展和经济复苏的贡献,以及发展中国家融入全球供应链,包括增加出口价值。 代表们说,他们欢迎贸发会议继续在国家和国际一级进行研究和分析,协助发展中国家融入全球供应链。 据认为,为了提高非洲经济体的生产能力,有必要开展区域和南南合作及三角合作。", "21.21。 代表们欢迎会议对非洲的重视。 他们还赞扬贸发十三大选择的主题和次主题。 代表们还赞扬贸发会议秘书处编写的题为“贸发会议为支持非洲所开展的活动”的文件(TD/B/EX(53)/2),并呼吁有相同问题的各区域与非洲国家合作。", "B. 贸发会议为支持非洲所开展的活动", "B. 选举主席团成员 (议程项目2)", "222. 理事会注意到秘书处编写的两份文件:(a) 贸发会议为支持非洲所开展的活动(TD/B/EX(53)/2);(b)“提高援助实效:从巴黎到釜山”(TD/B/EX(53)/3)。 秘书处概述了贸发会议在报告所述期间开展的活动。 许多代表对贸发会议的研究、技术合作和建立共识活动及其对非洲经济发展的贡献表示赞赏。", "23. 会议报告。 在秘书处介绍之后的交互式辩论中,几位代表指出,非洲最近的经济表现在很大程度上反映了商品价格暴涨的影响,造成该区域的宏观经济不稳定。 在改进“软基础设施”(例如法律、监管和金融系统)、“硬基础设施”(例如道路和桥梁)、提升非活跃的初级部门的生产能力、使公司能够参与增值和全球供应链、加强区域活动、促进非洲内部贸易、减少粮食不安全和提高增长质量等领域仍有许多工作要做。 这些活动需要官方发展援助、外国直接投资、汇款、调动国内资源和其他创新资源,用于发展筹资。", "24. 第24段。 与会者赞赏贸发会议努力提请决策者注意发展生产能力的必要性,特别是在农业领域。 与会者呼吁贸发会议加紧工作,以支持执行最近结束的《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》。 与会者呼吁贸发会议落实其《2010年最不发达国家报告》中的一些想法和建议: 《2010年非洲经济发展报告:南南合作:非洲和新型发展伙伴关系》。 与会者承认,需要加强国家,使其能够发挥关键的发展作用,特别是在最不发达国家。", "25. 。 代表们对题为“贸发会议为支持非洲所开展的活动”的报告表示肯定。 其中许多人赞赏秘书处按照贸易和发展理事会以往执行会议的建议,努力强调非洲活动的影响。 代表们强调,报告需要继续强调贸发会议工作的影响,因为国际发展界迫切需要提高援助和发展的效力。 一位代表指出,贸发会议在非洲的活动符合国家和区域发展方案,并且是需求驱动的。 但是,建议贸发会议与受益者接触,进行重点更集中、更具体领域的评估,以确保更有效的贡献。 与会者还建议贸发会议开展技术合作活动,如果这些活动有可能增加附加值,并对发展中国家产生宝贵的影响,并评估这些活动的影响。", "26. 与会者赞扬贸发会议设立了一个新伙伴关系指导小组,以加强其支持非洲活动的内部协调。 一位代表建议贸发会议与泰国国际贸易和发展研究所合作,就非洲国家贸易自由化的影响和发展开展联合工作。 一些代表也表示有兴趣加强拉丁美洲和加勒比地区与非洲之间经验教训的交流。", "。 一位代表呼吁贸发会议加强其在非洲以下领域的干预措施:发展保险、促进工业发展和技术升级、贸易援助、气候变化和信通技术。 另一位代表呼吁制定新的措施,通过公私伙伴关系和利用外国直接投资等战略,加强技术开发和传播,包括可再生能源技术。 这位代表鼓励贸发会议协助非洲经济体在统计和数据收集领域开展工作,以便促进外国投资者以及中小企业作出适当的投资决定。 有与会者建议,贸发会议应将其在非洲的研究问题集中在区域一体化、经济多样化和私营部门在提高生产能力方面的作用方面。 一些代表还呼吁贸发会议与非洲机构合作,执行新伙伴关系议程,以取得更好的发展成果。", "第28次会议 许多代表强调需要为非洲区域做更多的工作,加强非洲科和非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案司。 在这方面,他们请贸发会议作出更大努力,执行贸易和发展理事会以往各届会议关于向亚太经合组织提供更多资源的商定结论。", "29. 。 一些代表指出,麻管局努力加强工作组的作用。 他们强调需要核准关于加强工作组运作的职权范围草案,并提交大会批准。 一些代表还指出,贸发会议增加了最不发达国家观察和消费者团结和信任协会作为非政府组织。", "小组讨论“提高援助实效: 从巴黎到釜山", "30. 任务 作为议程项目的一部分,举行了一次关于“提高援助实效:从巴黎到釜山”的小组讨论。 2. 巴黎经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)发展合作司司长若约·洛莫伊先生担任小组会议的主旨发言。 会议还有三名小组成员:(a) 坦桑尼亚联合共和国戴马公司执行董事长塞缪尔·旺韦先生;(b) 卢旺达财政和经济规划部外部资源调动专家Ingrid Mutima女士;(c) 加纳财政和经济规划部对外经济关系司司长海伦·阿洛特女士。 贸发会议副秘书长佩特科·德拉加诺夫先生在小组会议上致开幕词。", "313. 小组处理的问题包括:", "(a) 如何利用援助促进其他形式的发展筹资,并为摆脱中长期依赖援助奠定基础?", "(b) 援助界如何提高向受援国支付援助的质量?", "(c) 南南合作的经验教训如何有助于提高援助实效?", "(d) 非洲国家政府应当建立何种体制机制来提高援助的质量?", "(e) 非洲对第四次援助实效问题高级别会议有何期望?", "323 3. 开幕发言、主旨发言、小组讨论和互动辩论提出的主要建议和问题如下:", "(a) 履行现有承诺——非洲面临巨大的发展挑战,包括实现千年发展目标,应对气候变化,预防和减少冲突,以及处理粮食和能源高价问题。 调动国内外资源对于应对这些挑战至关重要。 尽管最近向非洲提供的官方发展援助有所增加,但捐助者尚未履行对本区域的现有国际承诺。 在这方面,捐助方必须加紧努力,履行对非洲的现有援助承诺;", "(b) 援助实效还取决于援助的数量——关于援助实效的讨论常常给人造成援助质量和援助数量之间分崩离析的印象。 然而,援助数量是确定援助是否有效的因素之一。 因此,捐助方和受援国必须认识到,增加援助数量是提高非洲援助质量的必要条件;", "(c) 援助的利用与援助的提供——援助实效既取决于援助使用的质量,又取决于提供援助的质量。 前者主要取决于受援国的做法,后者则取决于捐助方的做法。 加纳和卢旺达的案例表明,在国家一级提高援助使用质量方面取得了重大进展,但在提高援助交付质量方面没有取得很大进展。 捐助者进一步努力减少援助的不可预测性,避免援助分散,加强使用国家系统,减少与援助流动有关的附加条件,都将有助于提高援助交付的质量;", "(d) 国家自主权和领导权很重要——国家对援助和发展进程的自主权对于提高援助实效很重要。 如果受援国要利用援助来实现本国的发展目标,它们就必须能够领导援助提供和管理进程。 它们尤其必须确保援助满足其发展需要和优先事项。 非洲国家要成功发挥这种领导作用,就必须处理依赖援助的心理问题。 它削弱了受援国发挥领导作用和承担发展责任的能力。 有必要公布受援国政府的实例,这些政府能够成功地在捐助方-受援国关系中坚持自己。 虽然国家自主权和领导权问题,但也有必要承认区域环境,因为发展日益受到区域合作的影响;", "(e) 强制使用国家系统——尽管受援国在提高当地国家系统和机构的质量方面取得了进展,但捐助者仍然不愿意使用这些系统。 捐助方对国家系统的有限使用是过去几年来在提高援助实效方面进展最少的领域之一。 还需要将援助纳入受援国的国库、会计和审计机制。 双边和多边援助援助的零散化挑战最好通过加强国家体系加以解决。 然而,必须以透明和可信的方式做到这一点;", "(f) 改善关于援助流动的信息—— 需要更多和更好的关于援助流动的信息,这是提高援助实效的一个重要因素。 在受援国一级,政府应作出更大努力,向当地所有利益攸关方提供关于援助流动的信息。 在捐助者一级,需要向在受援国开展活动的民间社会组织公布援助流动情况。 此外,新兴捐助方应提供更多关于其在受援国的发展合作活动的信息。 在这方面,捐助方和受援国需要加强合作,改进援助统计;", "(g) 需要制定战略,摆脱对援助的依赖——非洲国家应该有战略摆脱中长期依赖援助。 虽然短期内需要援助,但从长远来看,援助应被用来避免依赖援助。 实现这一目标的一个途径是利用援助增强国内资源调集能力。 也可利用这一机会推动发展融资的其他来源,例如外国直接投资、贸易和商业融资。 已有迹象表明,私人资本流动的增长快于作为非洲发展筹资来源的援助流动。 鉴于非洲国家的多样性,不能指望它们同时摆脱对援助的依赖。 各国从依赖援助中毕业的情况将有所不同,这反映了各国不同的发展水平;", "(h) 承认援助与贸易之间的联系——援助实效也受到多边贸易体系的性质的影响。 捐助国的贸易和援助政策不一致,对受援国援助的效力产生了重大影响。 当捐助方向受援者提供援助并实行限制受援者贸易能力的贸易措施时,它们使受援者难以实现其发展目标。 在这方面,提供援助的方式必须使受援国能够更有效地参与多边贸易体系,并在贸易过程中提升价值链;", "(一) 援助和发展实效相互关联—— 没有必要过分强调援助效力与发展效力之间的区别,因为前者是为了加强后一个目标。 通过使援助更加有效,它将对受援国产生更大的影响,从而提高发展实效。 在讨论援助实效问题时必须考虑到受援国的能力。 同样重要的是要考虑到发展合作的不同模式:例如南南和北南合作。 在这方面,捐助方应尊重受援国选择的合作模式。 此外,受援国必须将南南合作视为南北合作的补充而不是替代;", "(j) 相互问责的必要性—— 在援助实效辩论中,问责制似乎更多地适用于受援国,而不是适用于发展伙伴。 然而,相互问责是援助实效的必要条件。 此外,受援国往往比对当地利益攸关方更加负责。 受援国政府需要向当地利益攸关方展示更多的问责制,以确保这一进程的真正所有权。 更好的国内治理,承认地方价值观和文化,有助于实现这一目标。 此外,需要明确的、客观的善政指标;", "(k) 改善国家一级的援助协调——受援国需要改善国家一级的援助协调。 这就要求受援国更多地控制援助管理和交付进程,以确保援助满足其国家发展需要和优先事项。 此外,协调应涵盖传统捐助者的援助以及作为南南合作一部分的官方资金流动。", "页: 1 通过议程和工作安排", "B. 选举主席团成员 (议程项目1)", "336 在2011年6月27日的开幕全体会议上,理事会通过了TD/B/EX(53)/1号文件所载的临时议程。 因此,执行会议议程如下:", "1. 导言 通过议程和工作安排", "2. 结 论 贸发会议为支持非洲所开展的活动", "3. 。 3. 各附属机构的报告和活动引起或涉及需要理事会采取行动的事项:", "(a) 贸易和发展委员会第三届会议报告和第四届会议议程", "(b) 投资、企业和发展委员会第三届会议报告和第四届会议议程", "(c) 即将举行的单年度专家会议的主题", "(d) 工作组的报告", "(e) 工作组的职权范围草案", "4. . 2. 体制、组织、行政和有关事项:", "(a) 为理事会议事规则第77条的目的指定非政府组织", "(b) 贸发会议与各国议会联盟的合作", "(c) 非政府组织参加贸发会议活动的安排", "(d) 为贸发十三大之目的认可民间社会组织", "5. 结 论 第六次联合国全面审查《多边协议的一套管制限制性商业惯例的公平原则和规则》会议的报告", "6. 任务 其他事项", "7. 基本生活 理事会第五十三届执行会议的报告", "附件", "出席情况", "1. 导言 1. 贸易和发展理事会下列成员国的代表出席了本届会议:", "阿尔及利亚\n安哥拉 科威特", "阿根廷 莱索托", "奥地利 马达加斯加", "阿塞拜疆", "巴林 毛里塔尼亚", "白俄罗斯 墨西哥", "贝宁 摩洛哥", "巴西 尼泊尔", "文莱达鲁萨兰国 尼加拉瓜", "布基纳法索", "柬埔寨", "喀麦隆 巴拿马", "加拿大", "中国", "刚果", "科特迪瓦 罗马尼亚", "古巴 俄罗斯联邦", "塞浦路斯", "捷克共和国 沙特阿拉伯", "多米尼加共和国 新加坡", "萨尔瓦多 南非", "埃塞俄比亚 西班牙", "芬兰 苏丹", "法国", "德国 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "加纳 泰国", "危地马拉 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国", "匈牙利 多哥", "印度尼西亚", "伊朗伊斯兰共和国 乌克兰", "伊拉克 美利坚合众国", "以色列 委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国", "意大利 越南", "牙买加 也门", "日本", "约旦", "2. 结 论 1. 下列贸发会议成员国但非贸易和发展理事会成员国的代表出席了本届会议:", "罗马教廷", "3. 。 5. 以下政府间组织派代表出席了会议:", "非洲、加勒比和太平洋国家集团", "非洲联盟", "欧洲联盟", "法语国家国际组织", "4. . 5. 以下联合国组织派代表出席了会议:", "欧洲经济委员会", "贸发会议/世贸组织国际贸易中心", "5. 结 论 5. 以下专门机构和相关组织派代表出席了会议:", "国际电信联盟", "世界贸易组织", "6. 任务 5. 以下小组成员出席了会议:", "Jon Lomoy先生,经济合作与发展组织发展合作司司长", "Samuel Wangwe先生,坦桑尼亚联合共和国Dainma Associates Ltd执行董事", "Ingrid Mutima女士,卢旺达财政和经济规划部外部资源调动专家", "Ms. Helen Allotey, Director, External Economic Relations Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Ghana", "页: 1 本文件是2011年6月27日和28日和7月11日在联合国日内瓦办事处举行的贸易和发展理事会第五十三届执行会议报告的预发本。 报告将最后定本,连同关于第五十一届执行会议、第五十二届执行会议和理事会第五十八届会议的报告,作为《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第15号》(A/66/15)。", "*** 与会者名单见TD/B/EX(53)/Inf.1。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 140 of the provisional agenda*", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime” (JIU/REP/2010/10).", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME (UNODC)", "Prepared by", "Yishan Zhang", "Papa Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Geneva 2010", "EXECUTIVE SUMMARY", "Review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "Objectives This “Review of management and administration in the United NationsOffice on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)” is part of a series of reviews ofparticipating organizations undertaken by the Joint Inspection Unitin recent years. The objective is to identify areas for improvementin governance, executive management, administration, strategicplanning and budgeting, human resources management and oversight. Main findings and conclusions The Office is mandated to assist Member States in their fight againstdrugs, crime and terrorism which fall in the priority spheres of theUnited Nations. The importance of the Office’s mandates isincreasingly recognized in the international community and moststakeholders considered that the Office delivers. The Office was set up in 1997 by merging various United Nationsentities. However, the original governing bodies, the Commission onNarcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention andCriminal Justice (CCPCJ), were kept unchanged, so were the respectivetrust funds. As a result, both governance and financial frameworksare characterized by fragmentation, which impacts on theeffectiveness and efficiency of the Office. Conscious of thedifficulties, member States in 2008 initiated a governance reviewexercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working groupaiming at improving the governance and financial situation of theOffice. The Inspectors present in the report three options forenhancing governance arrangements and one concrete recommendation tohave an integrated and more adhesive mechanism to govern and guidethe activities of the Office. The Office has to deal with complex financial management through twoseparate trust funds. The Inspectors encourage increased efficiencyand streamlining of the financial management and believe thatopportunities to merge the two trust funds should be explored. The substantive and technical cooperation activities have expanded tonew and diversified areas as a result of both the Office joining thepeace, security and development agenda of the United Nations system,notably via partnerships with other international organizations andits efforts to attract increased financial support. This trend forexpansion has somehow diluted the strategic vision and theprioritization functions within the Office. The Inspectors recommendto the Office that it conduct a thorough mandate review and aprioritization exercise on these mandates and related activities. The Office faces a difficult situation: the increasing number ofmandates and the expansion of related activities are not matched withfinancial and human resources. While the tightly earmarked voluntarycontributions are increasing, the Office is lacking regular fundingto secure its core functions. The Inspectors make severalrecommendations including one requesting the General Assembly toensure that core functions of the Office be funded via regular budgetresources to ensure that UNODC can carry out its mandates in aconsistent and sustainable manner. The rapid expansion of its field presence and technical assistanceactivities in the last decade heavily impacts on UNODC managementtoday in many aspects: coordination and support from the headquartersto the field, adequacy of administrative rules and procedures, etc. The report also highlights areas such as executive management(vision, management practices and communication) and human resourcesmanagement (transparency, fairness, consistency of policies,training). The Inspectors also studied the case of the independentquasi-judicial International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) and itssecretariat and recommended that the administrative structure andreporting lines concerning INCB be changed. Recommendations The Inspectors made 14 recommendations; 12 are directed to theExecutive Director, one is addressed to the Commission on NarcoticDrugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and CriminalJustice (CCPCJ), and one is addressed to the General Assembly. Recommendation 1 The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on CrimePrevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessionsthat would serve as an integrated governing body, tasked to overseebudgetary and programmatic activities of the Office. Recommendation 3 \nThe General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Officeare funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistentand sustainable manner.", "CONTENTS", "Page\n\tEXECUTIVESUMMARY. 3\n\tABBREVIATIONS. 6\n\tChapter Paragraphs\t\nI.\tINTRODUCTION. 1-14\t7\n\tA.\tScope, objectives and methodology\t1-7\t7\n\tB.\tAn Office with diversified and demandingmandates\t8-14\t7\nII.\tGOVERNANCEFRAMEWORK 15-38\t8\n\tA.\tComplexity of governance arrangements\t15-21\t8\n\tB.\tOptions for improving governance\t22-31\t10\n\tC.\tConsolidated mandate review andprioritization exercise\t32-38\t11\nIII.\tFINANCIALFRAMEWORK 39-59\t13\n\tA.\tFinancing corporate functions remains achallenge\t43-48\t15\n\tB.\tSimplification of financial management\t49-50\t16\n\tC.\tNecessary efforts for reducing rigorousearmarking\t51-56\t17\n\tD.\tFund-raising strategy to further enlargethe donor basis\t57-59\t18\nIV.\tEXECUTIVEMANAGEMENT 60-94\t19\n\tA.\tManagement attitude questioned by staff\t63-64\t19\n\tB.\tOrganizational restructuring in 2010\t65-68\t20\n\tC.\tLack of coordination reduces effectiveness\t69-73\t21\n\tD.\tStrategic planning and results-basedmanagement\t74-83\t22\n\tE.\tChallenges related to field presence\t84-94\t24\nV.\tHUMANRESOURCESMANAGEMENT 95-112\t27\n\tA.\tHuman resources flagged as problematic\t98-101\t27\n\tB.\tUNODC workforce\t102-105\t28\n\tC.\tGender balance and workforce diversity\t106-110\t30\n\tD.\tInsufficient training resources, uneventraining opportunities\t111-112\t31\nVI.\tOVERSIGHT 113-121\t32\n\tA.\tOversight framework\t113-119\t32\n\tB.\tTowards a strengthened corporateevaluation capacity\t120-121\t33\nVII.\tOTHERISSUES 122-130\t33\n\tA.\tThe International Narcotics Control Board\t122-125\t33\n\tB.\tUNOV/UNODC arrangements\t126-128\t34\n\tC.\tInformation and communication technologyservices\t129-130\t35\nVIII.\tSURVEYHIGHLIGHTS 131-134\t35\nANNEXES \nI.\tUNODCorganizationalchart 38II.\tGeographicaldiversityatProfessionallevelandabove 39 \n\t(asofDecember2009) \nIII.\tUNODCfieldpresence 40\nIV.\tOverviewonactiontobetakenonrecommendations 41", "ABBREVIATIONS", "ACABQ Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "CCPCJ Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice", "CEB United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination", "CICP Centre for International Crime Prevention", "CND Commission on Narcotic Drugs", "CPC Committee for Programme Coordination", "CPS Co-financing and Partnership Section", "DPA Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "GPF General Purpose Funds", "ECOSOC Economic and Social Council", "FRMS Financial Resources Management Services", "FRS Field Representatives Seminar", "HRAP Human Resources Action Planning Cycle", "IEU Independent Evaluation Unit", "INCB International Narcotics Control Board", "ITS Information Technology Section", "JIU Joint Inspection Unit", "MDTF Multi-Donors Trust Funds", "MOU Memorandum of Understanding", "MRC Management Review Committee", "ODCCP United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention", "OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services", "PSC Programme support costs", "RBM Results-based management", "SPF Special Purpose Funds", "SPU Strategic Planning Unit", "UNCAC United Nations Convention against Corruption", "UNCTOC United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime", "UNDCP United Nations International Drug Control Programme", "UNDP United Nations Development Programme", "UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna", "I. INTRODUCTION", "A. Scope, objectives and methodology", "As part of its programme of work for 2010, the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) conducted a review of management and administration in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which is a component of the United Nations Secretariat. This report is part of a series of reviews of management and administration of participating organizations undertaken in recent years.", "The objectives are to identify areas for improvement such as in governance, executive management, administration, strategic planning and budgeting, human resources management, oversight, etc., as well as to pinpoint best practices and share them with other United Nations system organizations. The 2008-2009 financial crisis noticeably and negatively impacted on the Office as its business model relies mainly on extrabudgetary contributions. It led to a severe cost-saving exercise in 2009 and an internal restructuring in 2010. At this critical moment, Member States embarked on an ambitious remedial exercise by setting up a working group on governance and finance.", "In accordance with the JIU internal standards and guidelines and its internal working procedures, the methodology followed in preparing this report included an in-depth analysis of internal documentation as well as interviews with UNODC officials and staff representatives. Moreover, the Inspectors met with ambassadors/heads of delegations, including the Chairmen and members of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND), the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (CCPCJ) and the Working Group on Governance and Finance as well as the regional groups, major donors and recipient countries. The Inspectors also attended the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar to dialogue with UNODC field representatives. The JIU review was welcomed as timely by both Member States and UNODC staff/managers.", "The Inspectors solicited the opinions of UNODC employees from headquarters and field locations via an online staff survey. The responses provided useful insights into various aspects tackled in this report. In addition to presenting aggregated figures, the Inspectors made an extensive analysis of more than 1,500 separate remarks, comments and suggestions made via the open questions of the survey.", "In accordance with the JIU statute, this report has been finalized after consultation among the Inspectors so as to test its conclusions and recommendations against the collective wisdom of the Unit. UNODC provided factual and substantive comments on the draft report that were taken into account in finalizing the report.", "To facilitate the handling of the report and the implementation of its recommendations and the monitoring thereof, Annex IV contains a table specifying those recommendations that require a decision by the UNODC governing bodies and those that can be acted upon by the Executive Director.", "The Inspectors wish to express their appreciation to all who assisted them in the preparation of this report, particularly to those who participated in the interviews and so willingly shared their knowledge and expertise. In order to avoid duplication, the review was conducted in coordination with the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) that carried out a governance audit of UNODC in 2010.", "B. An Office with diversified and demanding mandates", "The Office was created in 1997 by merging the United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP) and the Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP). From the management point of view, the interrelated and transnational nature of drugs, crime and terrorism led, through successive administrative reforms, to the creation of a single entity tackling all these matters.[1] It was first called the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention (ODCCP) and renamed UNODC in 2002. UNODC is mandated to assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, crime and terrorism in all its forms and manifestations. UNODC mandates are of primary importance and fall in the priority spheres of the United Nations as determined by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/247.", "The Office combines normative services for effective implementation of international legal instruments; research and analysis capacities as well as technical assistance and capacity building activities in the field. This is reflected by the denomination of the three UNODC divisions (Treaty Affairs, Policy Analysis and Public Affairs and Operations), complemented by the Division for Management, which is in common at the United Nations Office at Vienna (UNOV).", "Since its inception, the mandates entrusted to the Office have proliferated, in particular in the last decade in the field of crime prevention. However, these tasks have not been accompanied by a parallel increase of adequate regular budget resources. In turn, the structure and the internal procedures have not been adapted to the rising new challenges. This situation entails a major risk of it not being able to fully meet the mandates requirements.", "The Office has expanded its field presence for carrying out a wide range of technical assistance activities. The political advisor and guardian of international conventions headquarters-based entity now coexists with a field network similar to a specialized agency delivering expert technical assistance/cooperation services. Whether the structure and the procedures were sufficiently adapted to match the requirements of this evolution is a key aspect in assessing UNODC. For example, the rules and procedures for managing human resources or dealing with procurement do not seem to be adequate in all situations to ensure effectiveness and are seen by many, especially those working in the field, as not conducive to organizational effectiveness.", "The former Executive Director (2002-2010) focused his attention on integrating the activities of the Office into the peace, security and development agenda of the United Nations through an interrelated and interdisciplinary approach as well as on developing partnership with other international organizations. During the course of the preparation of this report, the United Nations Secretary-General appointed a new Executive Director who took office in September 2010.", "Recent years have seen increased recognition of UNODC and its achievements, as reflected in the increase of extra-budgetary contributions, even though most are earmarked. The fact that the Office delivers despite difficult circumstances was generally highlighted by most of the interviewees. Nevertheless, this report flags the fragmentation which is persistent in many areas: fragmentation of governance framework affecting policy guidance and oversight, fragmentation of sources of funding affecting sustainability and predictability of resources and fragmentation of management affecting efficiency and effectiveness.", "In preparing this review, the Inspectors came across a number of reports prepared by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in recent years containing critical assessments of UNODC as well as some of its field offices. The Inspectors have noticed that the efforts deployed by UNODC resulted in some improvements in terms of management compared to the critical situation of the Office at the early 2000s.", "II. GOVERNANCE", "A. Complexity of governance arrangements", "The Office is characterized by completely separate main governing bodies, namely the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The fragmentation and complexity of the governance framework of the Office are pictured in figure 1 below. In 2007, the OIOS Risk Assessment of UNODC concluded that the areas of strategic management and governance were at higher risk.[2] The Inspectors concur with the opinion that the governance arrangements present a challenge that is affecting the efficient functioning of the Office in fulfilling its mandates.", "Policy guidance and mandates originate from resolutions or decisions of multiple United Nations bodies. Besides the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council and its two functional commissions, international conventions related to the Office’s areas of work such as the three international drug control conventions, the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) and the Protocols, the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the universal legal instruments against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations are all legally binding bodies. Other United Nations activities such as the Congress on Crime Prevention, the Millennium Declaration and the Counter-Terrorism Strategy add to the complexity of the mandates. Figure 1 also highlights the disconnection between mandates and funding.", "Figure 1: UNODC governance framework", "[]", "The reasons for governance fragmentation are historical: in the 1990s the entities responsible for the implementation of two different programmes on drugs and crime were merged into one Office while at the same time the two governing bodies (CND and CCPCJ) and their twin trust funds were kept as original and unchanged. The integrated substantive approach of drugs and crime issues was thus not reflected in the governance structure with policy and normative functions taking predominance in each commission within their respective substantive areas.", "CND and CCPCJ have different memberships, agendas and priorities of concern. They currently operate in parallel, individually and separately. Repetitive actions have to be taken in various fora. For example, similar UNODC presentations and documents have to be presented to both commissions. The interval (one year) between the main sessions of CND and CCPCJ affect the effectiveness of governing bodies, as timely reactions and follow-up appears more difficult. Furthermore, the current length of the sessions provides little time to address management and administrative aspects during the operational segments. In the recent past, the commissions themselves have expressed some reservation on the effectiveness of UNODC governance arrangements, in particular in terms of monitoring of the Office activities.", "The Inspectors perceived some disappointment and frustration among UNODC managers about the absence of timely and effective guidance to the Office from the commissions and their Member States. In turn, Member States shared their concerns with the Inspectors regarding the absence of consultation and transparency at various levels of UNODC, with criticism by major donor countries as well as recipient countries in areas such as project design and implementation (self-initiatives), allocation of resources, structure and staffing composition, data and figures utilized in reports or publications.", "In 2008, Member States embarked in an ambitious governance review exercise by creating an open-ended intergovernmental working group on improving the governance and financial situation of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime[3] (hereafter the “WG FinGov”). The Inspectors welcome this initiative that provides an avenue to create a dialogue not only within the Member State community, donors and recipient countries, but also with UNODC senior management. As a consequence, Member States and UNODC gained a better understanding of each other’s constraints, preoccupations and expectations. The Inspectors consider that such a forum, if used properly, should serve as a confidence-builder for the future.", "CND and CCPCJ institutionalized the WG FinGov for a period of two years, with the understanding that its dynamics and concrete results should be evaluated in 2011.[4] In that perspective, a clear evaluation framework will need to be discussed and agreed upon since the resolution is not precise on that matter. The WG FinGov is tasked to submit to the two commissions recommendations on administrative, programmatic and financial matters within the areas of their respective mandates.", "B. Options for improving governance", "During their discussions with Member States and senior managers of the Office, the Inspectors were impressed by the common interest for a more integrated and coherent governance mechanism that would ensure more effective scrutiny of the Office’s activities. Some interviewees suggested budgetary and programmatic mechanisms similar to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) and the Committee for Programme Coordination (CPC) while some others proposed the setting up of an executive board/executive programme and budget committee. The objective is to create an effective mechanism ensuring that UNODC senior management and Member States reach a sufficient level of dialogue and understanding in order to prioritize and monitor the work of the Office and its activities, and make the link with necessary and adequate resources to achieve its goals.", "The Inspectors were urged to make concrete recommendations to improve the future governance arrangements of the Office. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the options at stake can be summarized as follows:", "Option 1: Institutional reform: merging of two ECOSOC commissions", "The concept of merging the two commissions could be traced back to the time when the Office was established by combining the separate drug and crime programmes. This option represents a major change of the basic structure of the Economic and Social Council, in particular concerning CND which had been in existence since the very beginning of the United Nations. The primary benefit would be to align the governing scheme to the administrative structure and provide the conditions to act in an integrated manner for policy guidance, financial responsibility and programmatic decisions among Member States. At the same time, it would reduce duplication and difficulties caused by the present dual governance framework.", "Though believed by many to be the root option to solve problems, the Inspectors are conscious that the institutional reform depends on the political willingness of Member States and that it is a time-consuming exercise. The abolition of the Commission on Human Rights, another functional commission of the Economic and Social Council, and its replacement by the Human Rights Council offered an illustrative example. It took years to discuss and negotiate issues like mandates, membership and other related arrangements.", "In the opinion of the Inspectors, the option of having one commission dealing with both drugs and crime issues should be fully explored in the long run, but it could not solve at once the current difficulties in governance.", "Option 2: Institutional addition: creating an executive body", "To set up an additional body such as an executive board or a programme and budget committee and task it to oversee specifically the strategic management, the budget and the activities of the Office. This option provides a more permanent governance and oversight mechanism. Other United Nations entities do have similar mechanisms such as the Executive Board for UNDP, the WFP Executive Board or the Executive Committee for UNHCR.", "However, UNODC is the only United Nations entity to have two parallel governing bodies, which have brought with them a delicate situation in governance. In the view of the Inspectors, if such a board or committee were to be set up its relationship with the two Commissions, its reporting lines should be clearly stipulated. The Inspectors would like to warn that a major drawback of this option is that it might add another layer to the current already quite complex governance. It should not be underestimated in terms of investment for such a mechanism, especially when the Office is experiencing financial constraints.", "Option 3: Institutional improvement: combining the reconvened sessions", "CND and CCPCJ reconvened sessions provide an opportunity for Member States to discuss organizational and financial matters related to UNODC. These sessions are currently held back to back, separately and independently, in practice during the same week in the later half of the year. Agenda and documentation are similar.", "This option stands for a combined meeting of the reconvened sessions of both commissions with their roles and functions adjusted or converted so as to serve as a strengthened budgetary and programmatic mechanism. This option would not only offer opportunities for cost savings and streamlining the organizational and servicing aspects but also would provide to a certain extent, a framework for a more integrated approach of substantive issues.", "In the Inspectors’ views, option 3 appears to be the more actionable scenario at this point in time. They trust that it could provide a framework for a more integrated, more effective and coherent governance structure, if provided with sufficient level of commitment from Member States. The Inspectors suggest combining the current reconvened sessions for an initial period of three years, so as to test the effectiveness of the new arrangements and its impact on the Office’s governance. Member States would then be in a position to decide whether or not this arrangement is satisfactory.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to improve the effectiveness of the governance arrangements of the Office.", "Recommendation 1", "The Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice should hold joint reconvened sessions that would serve as an integrated governing body providing policy guidance to the Office, tasked to oversee budgetary and programmatic activities.", "C. Consolidated mandate review and prioritization exercise", "As noted by the Secretary-General when conducting a mandate review exercise in 2006,[5] the activities of the United Nations in the fields of drug control, transnational crime prevention and combating terrorism have expanded considerably with direct consequences on the Office which is a key player in these areas. At that time, the Secretary-General had identified 364 mandates of various nature (reporting obligations, preparation of studies, conferences organization, normative or technical assistance) for which UNODC was the implementing entity. In addition, the Office is also acting as secretariat for several international conventions such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and its Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNCTOC) that entered into force in the last decade.", "One of the findings that the Inspectors wish to stress is the number of positive responses collected among staff concerning the diversity of UNODC mandates. It is remarkable that 66 per cent of the respondents are of the opinion that the diversity of UNODC mandates has positively impacted their work and activities. However, the respondents also consider that the integration of these mandates is far from being achieved, with only 25.2 per cent and 20.3 per cent of positive expressions regarding integration of programme/project design and activities, respectively.", "Tables 1 and 2: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on mandate diversity (in percentage)", "Has the diversity of UNODC mandates (drugs, crime, etc.) impacted your work and activities?\n Yes, Yes, No Don’t know positively negatively", "All employees 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "International Professional 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3 staff only", "P-5 and above 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "Headquarters staff 56.8 11.1 20.1 12.0", "Field staff 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "In your view, is there sufficient integration between drugs and crime issues in UNODC programme and project design?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "International Professional 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8 staff only", "P-5 and above 31.3 31.3 29.2 8.3", "Headquarters staff 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "Field staff 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "In your view, are UNODC activities with regard to drugs, crime and terrorism mandates sufficiently integrated?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "International Professional 11.2 39.1 40.8 8.9 staff only", "P-5 and above 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "Headquarters staff 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "Field staff 22.6 39.0 23.8 14.6", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "The type and sources of funding as described in Chapter III give limited predictable income for UNODC programme support and administrative functions and no secured funds for the implementation of operational and technical activities as approved by the commissions. There is thus a risk concerning mandate implementation.", "The Inspectors reviewed the notes prepared in 2008 by UNODC for CND at its fifty-first session and CCPCJ at its seventeenth session, respectively, which contain information on the “implementation status and resources requirements of resolutions and decisions adopted by the General Assembly, the Economic and Social Council and the commissions themselves in which the Office action was requested for the period 2003-2007”.[6] While UNODC presents a high rate of compliance of its reporting obligations, the implementation status of operational or technical assistance mandates faces some real difficulties. In the crime prevention and criminal justice area, partly implemented mandates represented 33 per cent of operational and technical assistance mandates, in most of the cases allegedly due to lack of resources. Twenty-one per cent of actions requested of the Office were recorded as ongoing assignments. In the drug area, operational and technical mandates were fulfilled at 22 per cent while partly implemented represented 37 per cent for the same budgetary reason. Ongoing implementation concerned 37 per cent of the cases. In both drug and crime matters, mandates not implemented were estimated at fewer than 10 per cent. Given the fragmentation of the governance, it is a challenge to have a consolidated vision of mandates and missions entrusted to the Office. The Inspectors believe that it is time to have a thorough review of these mandates and missions in order to provide a consolidated picture to the Member States of all governance bodies. That would provide better information to Member States to enable more effective and informed guidance. The 2008 notes are a valuable basis that should be completed, updated and expanded to cover all policy guidance bodies.", "On that basis, the Member States would be in a position to reassess ongoing mandates, as well as their relevance and resources availability. Member States could determine their prioritization scheme and further develop an integrated approach to tackle drugs, crime and terrorism substantive issues. In turn, the Executive Director would be in a position to align the Office to work on the basis of a reconfirmed framework and allocate resources accordingly taking into consideration existing limitations. The Inspectors believe that such exercise would contribute to enhance the coherence of the Office’ work. Ideally, it should be complemented by a functional review of all UNODC units to have them fully aligned to the priorities as defined.", "As for other United Nations entities, the Inspectors consider that Member States should be informed about the financial implications of resolutions adopted by the commissions as well as on UNODC capacities to meet their operational requirements prior to the resolutions’ adoption. In the financial context in which UNODC operates, it is of primary importance that new missions and assignments entrusted to the Office be systematically accompanied by clear programme budget implications statements discussed by the commissions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office in delivering and fulfilling its mandates.", "Recommendation 2", "The Executive Director should establish a consolidated review of all mandates entrusted to the Office, including resources required and allocated, as well as status of implementation. On that basis, the Executive Director should submit, at the earliest opportunity, a prioritization document to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.", "III. FINANCIAL FRAMEWORK", "The Office has a fragmented structure of funding mechanisms with resources composed of multiple sections of the United Nations regular programme budget (Sections 16 and 22 as well as Sections 1 and 28F for the United Nations Office at Vienna) and of the two trust funds, namely the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund overseen by respective commission. Each fund is divided into un-earmarked contributions, earmarked contributions and Programme support costs resources. The fragmentation is entailed in the financial rules which state that biennial budget should distinguish between the International Drug Control Programme Fund and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Fund and that the accounting of the funds should also be distinguished.", "Box 1. Definitions", "Definitions from Article II of the Financial Rules of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2008)", "General Purpose Funds (GPF) shall mean “un-earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC Funds that are provided to finance executive direction and management, programme and programme support component of biennial budget”;", "Special Purpose Funds (SPF) shall mean “earmarked voluntary contributions to the UNODC that are provided to finance technical cooperation and other activities”;", "Programme support costs (PSC) shall mean “the indirect costs recovered in support of activities financed from voluntary contributions”.", "The delicate financial situation of the Office has been at the centre of interest for years and has been widely commented. Figures 2 and 3 below highlight the evolution of UNODC resources and picture the fragmentation of UNODC budgetary framework as well as the distribution of resources among its trust funds (while the drug control programme fund still represents more than two third of the overall budget, the weight of the crime prevention and criminal justice fund has significantly increased).", "Member States and UNODC officials agreed during interviews that one of the major factors most affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of UNODC is its financial situation. This opinion was confirmed by the survey. In the recent past, the lack of resources has triggered reductions in, for example, travel, consultancies, training, operating expenses and contractual services.", "Since 2004-2006, there has been, however, a sharp increase of UNODC overall funding (reaching 466,099 million USD in 2008-2009) with a percentage growth of almost 120 per cent. However, this favourable evolution hides problematic aspects that might affect the Office’s functioning and implementing capacity: this augmentation mainly corresponds to more earmarked contributions related with spectacular augmentation of UNODC projects and activities of all kinds, together with a decline of non-earmarked contributions.", "Figure 2: Evolution of UNODC budget (based on expenditures), 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9).", "Figure 3: Distribution UNODC budget (based on expenditures) by source of funding, 2004-2005 to 2008-2009, in millions of USD", "[]", "Note: Data consolidated using Board of Auditors reports (A/63/5/Add.9 and A/65/5/Add.9). Until 2006-2007, programme support costs were classified as general purpose.", "A. Financing corporate functions remains a challenge", "At UNODC, core functions should be financed primarily from regular budget resources and General Purpose Funds (GPFs). With the increase of its mandates and the development of its field network, the roles and functions of UNODC have expanded considerably. However, the expansion was not accompanied with matching human and financial core resources. Despite the fact that assessed United Nations contributions (regular budget, or RB) have increased since 2004-2005 in nominal terms (by 27 per cent), the Inspectors noted that the RB share of the overall UNODC budget has in fact decreased from 14.3 per cent in 2004-2005 to 8.3 per cent in 2008-2009.", "At the same time, aggregated resources from RB and GPFs represented 36.1 per cent of the financial capacity in 2004-2005 but dropped to only 19.1 per cent four years later (including PSC). GPF resources in each of the funds are critical to finance corporate management functions and support services but are sharply declining. The ratio of GPF versus SPF has been deteriorating for several years now and there is no sign to be seen for improvement which is worrisome for the sustainability of the Office.", "The Inspectors noted that some key corporate functions of the Office are not funded by assessed contributions (such as the Director of the Division for Operations, the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Service, the Chief of Information Technology Services, the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit, the UNODC spokesperson, some of the evaluation officers, substantive officers in several branches, etc.).", "As a matter of fact, the General Assembly Fifth Committee also “expressed concern regarding the overall financial situation of UNODC, and requests the Secretary-General to submit proposals in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 to ensure that the Office has sufficient resources to carry out its mandate”.[7]", "The Inspectors concur with the consensus view by Member States of Vienna-based permanent missions and UNODC senior management that an increase of core resources is needed in order to secure basic corporate functions. This could be achieved either by receiving a larger allocation from the United Nations regular budget or by a stronger commitment to increased and sustained contributions to GPFs, or by a combination of both means. Previous statements encouraging Member States to commit a share of their contributions to general-purpose funding to ensure a sustainable balance between GPFs and SPFs contributions have not produced a sufficient effect.", "Therefore, the Inspectors consider that the request for an increase of regular budget resources as introduced by the Office for the 2012-2013 biennium, notably on the basis of General Assembly resolution 64/243 (para. 83), merits further attention to secure more sustained and predictable resources to ensure stability of UNODC structure. However, a precondition is that key corporate functions are clearly identified by UNODC in the context of an agreed and well supported strategic long-term vision based on the mandate review as recommended above in Chapter II (recommendation 2).", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency and the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 3", "The General Assembly should ensure that core functions of the Office are funded by regular budget resources, starting at the 2012-2013 biennium, to enable UNODC to carry out its mandates in a consistent and sustainable manner.", "B. Simplification of financial management", "The funding structure involves a cumbersome process for the preparation and presentation of the biennial budget, as the approval of the budget by governing bodies has not been consolidated. The comment made by the Executive Director in 2008 on this issue is self explanatory: “UNODC still prepares and presents two budgets: its regular budget submission to United Nations Headquarters (for inclusion in the programme budget of the United Nations) and a budget on its voluntary funds, the consolidated budget, to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice. The two budget documents contain the same information, albeit with a different focus, and are presented to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on two different occasions and to Member States on three different occasions. UNODC also prepares two sets of accounts according to different schedules, accounts that are audited separately”.[8]", "UNODC has to work with two separate trust funds which is not conducive for effectiveness. The issue of merging the two existing trust funds had been discussed in the past at CND and CCPCJ, without reaching any concrete conclusions. Believing that the fund-merging could streamline the financial management and increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the Office, but also conscious that such merging supposes a sufficient level of confidence from donors, the Inspectors wish to raise the issue again and call for a feasibility study to take stock of potential benefits and difficulties related to such adjustment of the financial structure. To address Member States’ concerns, it should be possible to manage drugs and crime programmes allocations within the same fund, in full transparency and more effectively.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the financial management of the Office.", "Recommendation 4", "The Executive Director should commission a study on the feasibility, benefits and drawbacks of merging the Fund of the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Fund and report thereon to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2012 at the latest.", "C. Necessary efforts for reducing rigorous earmarking", "Earmarking is a delicate and sensitive issue, sometimes bearing political connotations and mainly decided by the donor’s policies. Generally speaking, the earmarking practice impacts on planning, prioritization and resources allocations, especially coupled with the decline of core resources. It also entails a risk of shifting priorities at the implementation stage since resources contributed by donors are often strictly earmarked to specific projects, which is very much the case of UNODC, therefore limiting flexibility in the use of resources and the prioritization. In 2008-2009 contributions to SPFs represented as much as 80.9 per cent of UNODC funding. To some extend, strict earmarking also results from the fact that UNODC mandates are broad in nature and donors wish to target their financial support to precise areas of work.", "The Inspectors are concerned by the fact that while Member States show willingness to invest in UNODC activities through contributions to SPFs, either for mandate implementation or for national project execution, they are reluctant to invest in UNODC basic structure via the GPFs. As a matter of fact, one UNODC representative addressing the CND 51st session warned that “UNODC could soon find itself in a position where it would have to refuse extra-budgetary contributions linked to specific projects because the general-purpose funds were not sufficient to meet operational costs”.[9] At UNODC, there is no institutional mechanism that links the contributions made to the SPF with contributions to GPF. In the view of the Inspectors, unless such a mechanism is developed and implemented, there is a permanent risk of financial tensions.", "To some extent, its financial situation forces the Office itself to adapt to the earmarking trend by designing projects capable of sparking off funding in a “popular” area and therefore securing resources for the organization. The constant pressure to search for money translates into a trend for expansion of activities by including a wide range of substantive areas not directly related to its core mandates. This spreading is not always well understood by UNODC staff as shown by multiple comments expressed via the survey. The thematic and regional programming initiatives described in Chapter IV are an attempt to introduce more flexibility into earmarking practices and increase predictability via multi-year pledges.", "During interviews, some Member States attributed the strong earmarking to the absence of sufficient level of transparency, not only in the allocation of resources but at various levels within the Office and also to what they consider as insufficient oversight in their eyes. The Inspectors learned with concern that some donors apply earmarking to their contributions to UNODC while they do not do so when contributing to other organizations which shows that there is room for improvement.", "Joint efforts, from both donors and UNODC, are needed in order to reduce the strict earmarking of contributions. The Office should further improve the transparency of its processes, continue to improve its reporting and information sharing capacities, and increase the user-friendliness of documents when communicating to Member States. The latter should, through CND and CCPCJ, appeal to donors to refrain from earmarking and to further develop when applicable a practice of multi-year pledging.", "UNODC should take further and concrete measures to build up donors’ confidence by demonstrating accountability at all levels of the Office, both for programme implementation and senior management practices. As a first step, the Executive Committee (Excom, see Chapter IV) confirmed the need to create a specific mechanism to monitor UNODC’s financial situation on a more regular basis. It translated into regular briefings of the divisions’ Directors by the Chief of the Financial Resources Management Section. In the Inspectors’ opinion, this could be expanded into an institutional mechanism such as a resources allocation committee to review the financial situation and oversee the strategic prioritization in the allocation of resources and prioritize fund raising appeals. The existence of such committee could also contribute to raise transparency and confidence of donors so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness and transparency of the Organization.", "Recommendation 5", "The Executive Director should institute a corporate mechanism to oversee the financial situation of the Office and to determine overall resource allocation, notably aiming at increasing transparency so as to strive for reducing earmarking of contributions.", "D. Fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the donor base", "UNODC categorizes its donors into five main groups as shown in Table 3. UNODC relies for more than two thirds of its extrabudgetary (XB) contributions on one category of donors, even more when adding other categories such as the multi-donor trusts funds or the international financial institutions which are also mainly relying on the same pool of countries. It is a positive sign to note that this dependence has been significantly lowered since 2005; it has been largely boosted by bilateral contributions for national execution projects for which implementation is delegated to UNODC. The Inspectors noted with satisfaction that the share of the category of emerging and national donors has more than doubled in the last five years. Despite a significant drop from 2008 to 2009, it represents a share of over 25 per cent of the extrabudgetary income for UNODC.", "Table 3: UNODC donors respective share of extrabudgetary contributions (2005-2009), in percentage", "UNODC donor category 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009", "Major donors 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "Emerging and national 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6 donors", "United Nations 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4 agencies", "Multi-donor trust 0 0 0 2.1 2.3 funds", "IFIs and IGOs 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "Private sector 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "Source: UNODC Annual reports 2006-2010.", "The International Monetary Fund Executive Board recently reformed itself, increasing the quotas for the emerging markets and developing countries. The World Bank had already taken similar actions. These changes are in recognition that developing countries are playing an increasing role in world economy. In the view of the Inspectors, UNODC should continue its efforts to further enlarge its donor base from among developing countries, in particular those with emerging markets, as well as towards the private sector.", "The current management instruction on fund-raising[10] lacks a clear statement on UNODC strategic approach to resources mobilization. It focuses on overall policy and procedures. The Inspectors recommend updating the document, notably to include more strategic aspects.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 6", "The Executive Director should formulate a fund-raising strategy to further enlarge the Office’s donor base.", "IV. EXECUTIVE MANAGEMENT", "At UNODC, the main management mechanisms are: (a) the Executive Committee (Excom); (b) the Management Review Committee (MRC); (c) the UNODC senior staff meeting, and (d) the Divisions’ meetings.[11]", "The Excom is intended to be the main forum for decision-making at the highest level. It is a common UNOV/UNODC body composed of all directors of both entities as well as other senior officials. It may lack appropriate focus on UNODC specific issues and thus have limited effect as a senior management committee for the office. The Inspectors studied the records of Excom meetings in recent years as well as the monitoring tables of its decisions and noted that meetings were more of an information sharing opportunity. In the Inspectors’ opinion, there is room for strengthening the Executive Committee and have it to focus more on substantive and strategic management (vision) with particular interest of UNODC. Its senior management should assess if this can be achieved in the current UNOV/UNODC format of the Excom or via a UNODC-dedicated mechanism.", "The MRC was replaced by the Senior Management Team in April 2010. Its terms of reference are limited in scope and focused on performance management issues and staff development plans. Discussions regarding individual’s performance appraisal (e-PAS) are generally limited to compliance and average rating. The Inspectors encourage senior managers to further explore how individual performance appraisal could be a more effective tool for managing staff in the context of an organization characterized by job uncertainty. The former Executive Director also expressed his concerns that the e-PAS was not used adequately by some of the managers.", "A. Management questioned by staff", "As far as executive management is concerned, improvements are significant as compared to a decade ago. Nevertheless, the Inspectors received a considerable number of comments revealing dissatisfaction of staff with overall management of the Office and with senior managers in particular, showing that staff morale is low in the Office. Lack of transparency in decision making, absence of sufficient communication and encouragement to open discussions, absence of follow-up to decisions, mismanagement, etc. are frequently cited as examples of concerns as shown in figure 4 below.", "The Inspectors are convinced that urgent attention should be given to overall management in order to create a better atmosphere and conditions for effectiveness. In that spirit, UNODC senior management should ensure that institutionalized mechanisms of dialogue and communication with staff are undertaken on a regular basis and provide a real forum for exchange of views in order to increase staff ownership of decisions directly affecting their working conditions and environment.", "Figure 4: Areas of concern of UNODC employees regarding executive management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "B. Organizational restructuring in 2010", "UNODC has implemented an organizational restructuring in April 2010 that was triggered not only by financial difficulties requiring some streamlining of the structure but also by previous oversight recommendations that pointed out duplications, overlaps/gaps of substantive or administrative functions as well as a lack of coordination and the existence of internal competition. The guiding principle of the realignment exercise was to consolidate thematic expertise to increase substantive integration of themes by redeploying sections and units of two divisions, namely the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs.", "At the time of the Inspectors’ review, the structural changes were too recent to enable drawing any conclusion on its positive or negative aspects. However, some remarks were made to the Inspectors, mostly regretting that the exercise was partial, involving only two of the four divisions of UNODC and therefore could be considered as a missed opportunity to further align the structure with the mandates of the Office.", "The Inspectors also received comments from staff expressing concerns on a constant restructuring pattern at UNODC. The reasons for organizational restructuring are not always obvious for staff and not clearly communicated to them. Some interviewees strongly questioned the rationale for the administrative changes, stressing their impression of the realization of a personal agenda above the organization’s benefit, in some cases.", "Following the mandate review and the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors would also advise the Executive Director to conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, and align them to the reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office, including by reorienting human and financial resources if necessary.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 7", "The Executive Director should conduct a functional review of all UNODC divisions, sections and units, in order to align them as part of a reconfirmed and prioritized framework for action of the Office as proposed in recommendation 2.", "C. Lack of coordination reduces effectiveness", "The lack of coordination and even some competition between UNODC entities have been pointed out by previous oversight reports. These problems are the result of merging entities of different origins and two different cultures into a single Office. It is also the consequence of the financial context in which activities of each unit are highly dependent on the voluntary contributions raised.", "Table 4 displays the survey results on coordination and cooperation of UNODC divisions/departments/units on one hand and between Headquarters and field level on the other hand. Indeed, coordination issues were repeatedly pointed out as problematic by interviewees occupying various hierarchical levels. The table also shows that opinions expressed vary significantly according to the category of respondents. The Inspectors noted that the views of international professionals were more critical. Interestingly, the assessment made by Headquarters staff is consistently more critical compared to the feedback from the field. In addition, UNODC employees are critical on the way responsibilities and work processes are documented which could impact on the internal effectiveness of the Office.", "As an example, the Inspectors heard repeated comments on the absence of coordination in fund-raising activities and even on competition between units/offices that are tempted to mobilize funds for their own projects, therefore securing their existence. This also appears to contribute to divert officers from the substantive aspects of their work.", "The Inspectors recommend that UNODC review its current coordination mechanisms and their effectiveness in order to identify either duplication or redundancy in processes or bypassing and overlapping practices.", "Table 4: Views of various categories of UNODC employees on coordination issues (in percentage)", "Do you consider that there is sufficient coordination and cooperation among divisions/departments/units at UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "International Professional 9.4 34.4 54.4 1.7 staff only", "Headquarters staff 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "Field staff 23.6 42.0 28.9 5.5", "Do you find that the level of coordination and cooperation between Headquarters/Field Offices is adequate?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.4 40.1 31.0 8.5", "International Professional 7.8 35.0 53.9 3.3 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 42.0 34.2 11.5", "Field staff 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "Do you find that respective responsibilities and work processes among divisions and/or departments are clear and well documented?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "International Professional 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6 staff only", "Headquarters staff 12.3 44.0 35.8 7.8", "Field staff 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "As a good practice, the Inspectors noted the annual Field Representatives Seminar (FRS) serving as an internal coordination mechanism which involves UNODC regional and country representatives and officials from various sections at Headquarters. In addition to substantive discussions, the seminar tackles a wide range of management and administrative issues that are addressed and discussed in a collective manner. It is an opportunity for field managers to directly interact with managers at Headquarters, both in collective session and in bilateral meetings. The Inspectors see it as a useful forum to increase mutual understanding of respective capacities, constraints, procedures, functions, achievements, etc. that could alleviate a certain feeling of disconnection with Headquarters.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance overall coordination within the Office and therefore its effectiveness.", "Recommendation 8", "The Executive Director should undertake a comprehensive review and assessment of coordination mechanisms and procedures within the Office and take appropriate measures for improvement by the end of 2012.", "D. Strategic planning and results-based management", "Strategic planning has undergone a major development at UNODC with the adoption of the UNODC Medium-term Strategy for the period 2008-2011 complementing the corresponding programme of the United Nations Strategic Framework.[12]", "Whether the UNODC mid-term strategy was sufficiently addressing strategic issues and would be used as a strategic management tool to develop a common vision for UNODC generated mixed comments from interviewees. The Inspectors received repeated comments on the absence of a long-term vision for the Office and its missions, or at least the absence of a clear communication of this vision to all units and staff. This situation is also the result of the trend observed in recent years during which UNODC positioned itself in many different areas to capture financial support. As shown in figure 5 below, UNODC launched in recent years regional and thematic planning initiatives. Supported by Member States, the ongoing thematic[13] and regional programming is an attempt to reconcile numerous fragmented and sporadic projects into a more strategic and consolidated set of programmes. The Inspectors could perceive through their interviews and their review of programming documents a strong internal commitment and a proactive attitude to adjust the process and build it on lessons learned from programmes already designed. Some regional and thematic programmes are currently under development.", "The multiple layers and timeframes that UNODC has to face in its strategic planning processes are shown in figure 5 below, which also shows that all planning documents are not fully aligned as they are conceived and developed gradually.", "Figure 5: Strategic planning at UNODC", "[]", "There are many benefits expected from the thematic and programmatic approach: (a) the enhanced dialogue with Member States therefore increasing ownership via the involvement of regional actors at the drafting stage and their participation in the steering committees at the implementation stage; (b) the potential for resource mobilization and softer earmarking done at the programme level rather than at single projects; (c) the increased administrative effectiveness by dealing with a number of management activities at the programme level, and (d) the creation of a reinforced oversight framework in which headquarters and field offices would contribute to increased accountability.", "However, some more problematic aspects have been identified: (a) UNODC has to better manage the transition and the phasing out of existing projects into programming; (b) UNODC has to manage the coexistence in its portfolio of programmes and national projects developed according to local situations; (c) UNODC needs to adjust current managing and reporting corporate tools to meet the full requirements for financial and administrative support of more comprehensive programmes (such as reporting, tracking down information, monitoring pledges, expenditures, etc.); (d) UNODC has to reconcile the alignment of various programming layers that are not developed, drafted and endorsed at the same time.", "The Inspectors conclude that strategic planning at UNODC represents a challenge given the context characterized by the unpredictability of resources mainly due to earmarking. However, they stress that strategic planning should be based on long-term vision and prioritization (recommendation 2) of actions to reach targeted outcomes. This is of primary importance for an organization like UNODC to avoid donor-driven programmes and activities. The Inspectors also recommend a thorough independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming implementation to be conducted and be presented to the governing bodies.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the efficiency of the Office.", "Recommendation 9", "The Executive Director should present an independent evaluation of thematic and regional programming and report on its implementation status, impact and lessons learned to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice by the end of 2013.", "While the results-based management (RBM) approach receives strong support from Member States, in the view of the Inspectors, the Office continues to face a number of challenges in that regard. The online survey showed that there is relatively low and disparate level of RBM knowledge among UNODC staff members, a fact that was confirmed during interviews with relevant managers. It was encouraging to see that professional staff members are more aware about RBM but at the same time, it should be noted that 36 per cent of them stated that the objectives and expected results of UNODC are not clearly communicated to them. The doubts expressed in the responses concerning the impact of RBM on overall performance improvement are troublesome, in particular those of senior managers (4.2 per cent of positive answers). Based on the answers to the survey, there is also an urgent need for more training on RBM.", "Table 5: Views of UNODC employees concerning the impact of RBM on the Office performances (in percentage)", "In your view, has the implementation of RBM improved the overall performance of UNODC?", "Yes Somewhat No Don’t know", "All employees 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "International Professional staff only 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "Senior managers (P-5 and above) 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.0", "Headquarters staff 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1", "Field staff 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Previous OIOS observations pointed out the difficulties in planning and results-based management at UNODC. The Inspectors consider that a stronger RBM culture at UNODC would certainly benefit the organization by contributing to donors’ better understanding of the Office’s activities and achievements, via increasing transparency and accountability. This is a way to reinforce the confidence of donors, therefore attracting more resources. The Inspectors reviewed several planning documents and acknowledged progress in recent years taking into consideration that some difficulties might arise in identifying relevant parameters measuring achievements in areas such as drugs or crime, which are delicate by nature.", "The Inspectors encourage UNODC managers and regional representatives to continue their efforts to increase the pertinence, relevance and quality of indicators. The Inspectors encourage UNODC senior management to further develop a planning and result-based culture to progressively create institutional knowledge and a shared RBM culture among staff.", "E. Challenges related to field presence", "Since its creation, UNODC has significantly developed its field presence and countries coverage that corresponds to the expansion of its portfolio of technical cooperation activities. As shown in figure 6 below, the Office’s field network encompasses four categories of entities, namely (a) Regional Offices (headed by a Field Representative); (b) Country Offices (headed by a Field Representative or a Country Manager); (c) Programme Offices (headed by a Chief or Programme Coordinator, as appropriate), and (d) advisers. Annex III contains a map of UNODC field deployment.", "The Inspectors noted the UNODC efforts to further formalize the structure and the nomenclature of its field network. In 2010, the Excom endorsed the guidance note defining the respective roles, duties and responsibilities of each entity and their interactions with other entities within and outside UNODC. During the review, it was however obvious that this document was not sufficiently made known in the Office, even within the field representatives’ community. There is thus a need to disseminate this concept note to ensure that field offices comply with their provisions and directives.", "Figure 6: Evolution of UNODC field presence (2005-2009)", "[]", "Source: Data consolidated on the basis of UNODC Annual Reports and information provided by UNODC. Country", "coverage may change during a given year.", "The operating environments of UNODC field offices vary tremendously from one country office to another, so do the scope and the nature of activities carried out. The Inspectors wish to highlight that the field presence is perceived by survey respondents as beneficial for the Office and its delivery capacity. Almost 60 per cent consider that field presence is successful and contributes to improve UNODC capacity to deliver. Only 5.2 per cent expressed negative opinion.", "However, during the review, there was a consensus that UNODC presence in the field remains limited in terms of resources and expertise available. As a matter of fact, field deployment is almost entirely sustained by extrabudgetary sources, so is the Division of Operations. This creates tensions and uncertainty and might have an influence on programme priorities as well as on mandates implementation. Among field entities there are self-sustained offices (dealing with a large portfolio of projects) or subsidized offices (dealing with a smaller project base).", "At this point in time, building on the prioritization exercise (recommendation 2), the Inspectors believe that the Office should redefine the strategic approach of its field presence and reconfirm its deployment principles, in particular the strategy to strengthen its regional presence and/or its country deployment.", "There are a number of management challenges at field level. The efficiency and effectiveness of the field presence is strongly related to the leadership and management capacities of the Field Representatives. Often, an office functions with one or two international staff complemented by local staff. The Inspectors noted that the level of UNODC representatives varies from P-4 to D-1, according to the size of the operations for which they are responsible. The job descriptions of these positions are dated from 1999 and there is certainly a need to update them taking into account the evolution of the Office and its field operations. In that context, the Inspectors noted that efforts are underway to develop generic job descriptions for the heads of field offices and of regional offices. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to continue to enrol its Field Representatives to leadership and management training modules that could contribute to enhance managerial capacity of UNODC field office.", "Due to its limited capacity, UNODC relies on UNDP for support services in areas such as selection and administration of field personnel, financial and administrative management of field offices, administrative support to projects, etc. The Inspectors heard a number of remarks regarding the delays and the quality of services provided to UNODC field offices. It was also recognized that the local situation was a major element of variability in terms of quality of services. The Inspectors also consider that UNODC itself has a central role to play in smooth functioning of these arrangements.", "Most of field deployed employees are hired as service contractors by UNDP under UNDP contractual status and according to UNDP policies. They are contributing to implement the Office’s mandates while they are not considered as UNODC staff. The fact that various contractual status coexist might entail consequences in terms of management. It creates differences among employees and also imposes cumbersome processes and procedures on managers that are facing two sets of rules and regulations, which at times can be contradictory. There are also differences in staff status, entitlements, performance appraisal system and administration of justice processes. Ultimately, the situation might impair the quality of delivery by impacting on staff motivation as well as on staff retention.", "A 1997 Memorandum of Understanding defines the working arrangements and services provided under the Universal Price List, which is often competitive. In the Inspectors’ opinion, the MOU provisions with regards the assessment of services and the mechanisms for conflict resolutions are too general. UNODC should consult with UNDP to amend the MOU with precise performance indicators to ensure a shared framework for assessing performances and services. The Inspectors also encourage UNODC to keep in mind alternative solutions. UNODC uses services offered by UNOPS in project management, procurement, human resources and financial management for which a comparative advantage exists. Options to establish collaborations with the United Nations Department of Field Support or to retain some administrative actions at central level and act remotely, when possible could be explored as well. Explorations are also under way with United Nations Offices in co-locations (for example in Nairobi or Bangkok). More generally, while for programmatic aspects, field officers have most of the time a counterpart at Headquarters, the administrative supporting structure and mechanisms have not been adjusted to face the increased decentralized presence. It is time for UNODC to put in place a specific structure dealing with field operations support.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the effectiveness of the Office.", "Recommendation 10", "The Executive Director should consult at the earliest opportunity with the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme in order to review and update the existing Memorandum of Understanding with a view to include provisions for the assessment of services.", "Monitoring of field activities is a requirement but is, to some extent, impeded by a lack of internal capacity. Recent audits show that in addition to existing check and balance mechanisms, there is a need to increase administrative and financial oversight from Headquarters on field offices. The Inspectors are pleased that UNODC has developed a new monitoring system for performance and efficiency of its field operations as presented during the 2010 Field Representatives Seminar. By doing so, UNODC endeavours to set the conditions (a) to demonstrate more corporate accountability via transparency and documented records in order to assist UNODC corporate oversight, decision making and organizational learning; (b) to measure programme performance throughout its implementation; and (c) to promote organizational learning. Strong corporate commitment to support this system, with full cooperation of all concerned entities (field offices but also other UNODC entities such as FRMS, ITS, Tasks Teams, IEU, SPU, CPS, Quality Control and Oversight Unit) appears as the prerequisite for success.", "V. HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT", "Human resources management remains under the United Nations framework. The UNOV/UNODC Human Resources Management Section (HRMS) has therefore a limited scope for action in a number of areas. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC targets are defined and assessed in many areas through the United Nations objectives as expressed in the Human Resources Action Planning Cycle (HRAP). For the purpose of this review, the Inspectors wished to analyse figures in a larger perspective by including positions funded by means other than regular budget.", "Due to the dual nature of activities of the Office (normative and technical cooperation), the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that some of the United Nations rules might not be fully adapted to the Office’s needs, in particular with regards its increased field dimension. In some aspects, the Office now presents the profile of a specialized agency (focused expertise, field presence, need for rapid responsiveness, etc.).", "The funding modalities create constant tensions about job security, which is a concern of most UNODC employees. The survey confirms that the impact on corporate performance is not negligible and seems higher within the Professional category. The Inspectors noted the efforts of UNODC in that matter as in the case of the cost saving exercise in 2009 during which very few jobs were lost. But it must be noted that respondents were not receptive to this action and pointed out the fact that UNODC has no mechanism to face and alleviate job uncertainty, as it is often the case in a similar context.", "Table 6: Views of various categories of UNODC employees regarding impact of job uncertainty (in percentage)", "In your opinion, to what extent does job uncertainty at UNODC affect overall performance?", "Considerably Not so Somewhat Insignificantly Not at all much", "All employees 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "International 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6 professional staff only", "Headquarters 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3 staff", "Field staff 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "A. Human resources flagged as problematic", "The Inspectors are aware that human-resource issues tend to generate debates, discussions and frustration among staff of any international organizations. Nevertheless, the examples provided during interviews sessions and the extremely critical comments expressed via the survey are indicative of the views of UNODC staff regarding aspects such as transparency of procedures and selection processes, compliance with rules and consistency in their application, impression of favouritism and doubts regarding equity towards candidates, gender biases, etc. The Inspectors are convinced that it is of primary importance to address these perceptions by applying and demonstrating the highest degree of compliance, transparency and communication in these matters at all stages in order to avoid ground for frustration and rumours.", "In addition, numerous criticisms regarding the poor quality of services provided by the Human Resources Management Section were made describing HRMS as not sufficiently client-oriented. The Inspectors recommend that HRMS take measures to collect clients’ feedback on a more regular basis in order to identify its clients’ perception and adjust accordingly if possible within its capacity and resources.", "Figure 7: Human-resources issues mentioned by UNODC employees", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Mobility is determined by the United Nations policy which is currently being re-evaluated. In that area, UNODC participates in the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange (VINE) to promote mobility of staff. The Inspectors believe that, despite the absence of a required mobility scheme, more rotation between headquarters and field staff members could benefit the Office by developing better corporate and institutional knowledge based on increased sharing of experiences. At the moment, Professionals who are the primary target of the mobility scheme, consider that UNODC does not sufficiently encourage such rotation. The Inspectors consider the absence of such system as a missed opportunity in UNODC’s context.", "With regard to human resources matters as well as for other critical issues of staff interest, the Inspectors recall that, since 2009, the Regional Branch of the United Nations Ombudsman in Vienna constitutes an opportunity for staff to raise issues of concerns and explore ways of informal problem solving.", "B. UNODC workforce", "Tables 7 and 8 provide a snapshot of the UNODC workforce composition. The Inspectors wish to stress the difficulties encountered in having a clear picture of UNODC staffing due to shared resources with UNOV. As a consequence, data presented were extracted from the IMIS database and do not include staff members working in the Division of Management.", "Table 7: UNODC workforce by locations for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "RB XB RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "All employees 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "Table 8: UNODC workforce by categories for the years 2005 and 2009, distributed by regular and", "extra-budgetary funding", "2005 2009 Percentage Growth", "RB XB RB XB RB XB", "Headquarters staff 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "International 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1 Professional Staff", "General Service 41 55 43 55 4.9 0.0", "Individual Contractors 12 7 3 40 -75.0 471.4", "Consultants 12 16 33 79 175.0 393.8", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 78 - 15 - -80.8 Experts/Volunteers),", "Interns - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "Field staff 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "International 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3 Professional Staff", "General Service 1 1 1 0.0 -100.0", "External contractors - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "Consultants - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "National officers - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "Other: (JPO/Associate - 14 - 9 - -35.7 Experts: Intern, Volunteer, etc.)", "UNDP hired staff* - 26 - 148 469.2", "Total by source of 137 696 161 2449 17.5 251.9 funding", "Total employees 833 2610 + 213.3", "Source: Data consolidated on basis of figures provided by UNODC.", "There is a general increase of the workforce coincident with a reduction of the proportion of positions funded by regular budget resources. The ratio RB/XB illustrates the risk for business continuity, organizational effectiveness, retention of expertise and institutional knowledge at UNODC. In 2005, RB positions represented 16.5 per cent of the workforce (83.5 per cent of XB-funded posts) but dropped to 6.1 per cent in 2009. The Inspectors also noted that two categories of the workforce (interns and consultants) are characterized by a sharp increase. In parallel, the Junior Professional Officers (JPO) category has significantly reduced.", "Internship programmes at United Nations entities are seen as a positive experience for all parties involved: organizations, supervisors and interns. The Inspectors question the considerable and increasing recourse to interns at Headquarters which might indicate a lack of the necessary resources to meet requirements of the Office. In that context, it is challenging, to say the least, to comply with policy requirements of creating a working environment conducive to interns’ substantive learning and professional development accompanied by a proper supervision.", "Contractors and consultants have been increasing as well due to the expansion of the portfolio. For instance, the number of consultants in the field has greatly multiplied. The Inspectors are concerned in particular since, as noted by the Board of Auditors in a number of reports, the management of consultancy contracts at local level might be challenging with regards aspects such as selection, monitoring and evaluation.", "C. Gender balance and workforce diversity", "Table 9 demonstrates the sharp difference in the proportion of females to males according to the hierarchical level. The gender distribution within the entire Professional category has slightly improved and the female share reached 42.4 per cent in 2009. Improvement also occurred concerning senior level positions (P-5 and above), even though these posts are still largely held by males (more than three quarters). At field level, the gender distribution of field representatives is more unfavourable (17.6 per cent female), while for consultants it is estimated at 38 per cent female. This situation generated comments during the interviews and complaints via the survey that UNODC was “a male-dominated organization”.", "Table 9: Gender distribution in UNODC at Professional level and above for the years 2005 and 2009", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "All Professional staff", "Female 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "Male 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "Senior Professional staff (P5 and above)", "Female 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "Male 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The same positive trend regarding gender balance is noticeable for recruitment and promotion exercises in the professional category. But again, the promotion at senior level remains male dominated. The forecasts for retirement at senior level in the next three years create an opportunity for action to increase women representation as 8 out of the 10 senior positions concerned are currently occupied by male staff members. The Inspectors urge the Executive Director to seize this opportunity to better balance the gender representation within senior managers.", "Table 10: Gender distribution of recruitment and promotion at Professional level and above for the", "period 2005-2009", "Recruitment (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 10 47.6%", "Male 11 52.4%", "Not enough recruitment exercises were conducted involving senior professional staff (P5 and above) to draw any conclusion", "Promotion (RB) Total 2005-2009 Total (%) 2005-2009", "All Professional staff", "Female 31 64.6%", "Male 17 35.4%", "Senior Professional staff (P-5 and above)", "Female 5 33.3%", "Male 10 66.7%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance gender representation at senior level within the Office.", "Recommendation 11", "The Executive Director should undertake further measures to improve the gender balance at senior level, including for Field Representatives.", "The issue of the diversity of UNODC workforce also requires some attention. Annex II shows that geographic origin of Professional staff is not sufficiently balanced. While 68 nationalities were represented among UNODC Professional workforce in 2009, almost one third of these originate from three countries of the Western European and Others Group (WEOG) of States. This situation should be addressed by a medium-term proactive recruitment strategy. After reviewing data on recruitment and promotion exercises, the Inspectors would like to see more serious and consistent efforts made to broaden the diversity of recruitment towards candidates from developing countries, including at senior level.", "The geographical balance of consultants is also worrisome. In 2009, four countries (namely, the United Kingdom, Australia, the United States and Canada) contributed 51 per cent of the consultants’ pool. This concentration means a loss of diversity of expertise and experiences and a loss of participation and contributions from other regions. Even though the directors for DTA and DO advocated for enlarging the diversity of consultants’ nationalities, the situation has not improved much.", "Given the specificity of the mandates, UNODC workforce has to be highly specialized in various areas such as trafficking, corruption, etc. HRMS should take measures to strengthen its capacity for proactively seeking such specialized expertise; in particular in developing countries. UNODC intends to use the features of the new United Nations recruitment tool Inspira to support such outreach efforts.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance geographical balance of the professional workforce of the Office.", "Recommendation 12", "The Executive Director should establish a clear plan of action to broaden the diversity of the Professional workforce, as well as of the pool of consultants, in particular by considering more candidates from developing countries.", "D. Insufficient training resources, uneven training opportunities", "Given the necessity of maintaining substantive expertise in legal and varied technical areas, training and retraining of staff is strategic for UNODC. As shown in figure 7 above, training is one of the biggest interests of staff that responded to the survey.", "While the Inspectors noted that the number of staff trained doubled in the last five years, the following issues retained the Inspectors’ attention:", "(a) Training funds are provided on the basis of the workforce as funded by regular budget resources, not taking into account staff members financed via other funding types. As a consequence, resources for training are notably insufficient. UNODC has proactively introduced creative solutions to widen as much as possible enrolment, but with limited impact.", "(b) Access to training is not only limited but also uneven among categories of staff. Field-based staff members are not sufficiently exposed to training opportunities, despite the existence of online modules. At the local level, contractual status is also an obstacle. In the opinion of the Inspectors, this situation entails a major corporate risk as staff responsible for key operational procedures or provision of services is likely not to receive sufficient and regular coaching. Expectations of holding decentralized training events were limited by financial restrictions. As a consequence, field staff often goes through a “learning by doing” process.", "(c) As mentioned, UNODC deals with very specific skills and competencies, therefore the adequacy of training, in particular upgrading of substantive and technical skills to enhance professional effectiveness of UNODC officers is of primary importance. In that regard, the Inspectors draw attention to the fact that only 27 per cent of the survey respondents in the Professional category were satisfied with the adequacy of training provided to them. The Inspectors also consider that it could be beneficial to develop basic training modules on all UNODC mandates in order to increase corporate understanding and knowledge.", "VI. OVERSIGHT", "A. Oversight framework", "The oversight framework is presented in figure 1 of this report, together with the governance arrangements. As part of the United Nations Secretariat, UNODC is subject to internal oversight from the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) which is responsible for audit, evaluation, inspection and investigation functions. OIOS follows a risk-based approach to select its audit or inspection/evaluation assignments and produced a number of reports in each of these specific areas.", "A 1999 Memorandum of Understanding governs the audit arrangements (resources funding, planning, etc.). The Inspectors share the recommendation of the Board of Auditors to consider the update and revision of this agreement. In their opinion, these arrangements do not take sufficiently into consideration the expansion of the field presence and the development of UNODC portfolio in the last decade. Initial steps have been undertaken in that regard.", "With regard to evaluation, in addition to the recent inspection of UNODC monitoring and evaluation systems, the Inspectors were informed that OIOS expects to conduct a comprehensive programme evaluation of the Office in the next two years. Within existing resources UNODC is likely not to be subjected to another such evaluation for over a decade, which is not in line with the eight-year cycle envisioned by OIOS as adequate and reasonable in the United Nations context.", "The Joint Inspection Unit provides independent external oversight to the Office, which is one of its participating organizations. The Inspectors commend the compliance and timeliness of UNODC feedback to the annual request for follow-up information on recommendations included in JIU reports and notes. The Inspectors welcome the fact that the WG on Governance and Finance requested that “relevant JIU reports and the summary of relevant OIOS reports should also be submitted to the Commissions”.[14] The Inspectors consider that it could contribute to enhance oversight, keeping in mind that consideration of JIU reports and resulting actions by General Assembly are in principle applicable to the Office.", "Concerning JIU reports and notes issued during the period 2004-2009, UNODC accepted 40 per cent of recommendations addressed to it. The implementation phase of accepted recommendations is very satisfactory, with more than 90 per cent marked as either implemented or in progress. The rather low acceptance rate can be explained by the fact that a number of recommendations included in system-wide JIU reports is addressing matters related to policies and guidelines as developed and implemented at the level of the United Nations and its Secretariat and for which the Office has little latitude to take action.", "The Board of Auditors audits the consolidated financial statements and reviews the operations of the Office for each biennium. The Board issued an unqualified audit opinion for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 but pointed out a series of issues that require attention by UNODC. The Inspectors urge UNODC to take appropriate measures to implement the recommendations made by the Board in previous reports that are not currently fully implemented.", "The Inspectors also noted that UNODC did not currently have a system of monitoring the implementation of accepted oversight recommendations, either internal or external. They believe such a system should be urgently developed.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the Office.", "Recommendation 13", "The Executive Director should undertake measures to create, by the end of 2011, an internal system to monitor the implementation of recommendations made by relevant oversight bodies.", "B. Towards a strengthened corporate evaluation capacity", "At the time of the review, and despite significant attention given by Member States and by UNODC in recent years to the Independent Evaluation Unit (IEU), the evaluation function at UNODC was not considered as giving sufficient assurance to Member States and donors on the assessment of UNODC performance. In the view of the Inspectors, this is a priority area of consideration as it is of primary importance for UNODC to be able to measure and demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of its programme delivery and related programmes outcomes. In addition, the IEU has a role to play in many important areas such as accountability, learning mechanisms and enhanced project/programme designing within the Office.", "The issue of independence of the evaluation function arising from previous structural and reporting arrangements were addressed by placing the IEU under the Executive Director in the Office’s structure. The Inspectors wish to stress the need to further promote a corporate evaluation culture, as a shared responsibility: (a) Member States have to grant sufficient resources and exercise their oversight responsibility in particular with regards how the findings of evaluations are used by management. The fact that Member State representatives have explicitly requested that evaluation reports should be circulated to the governing bodies directly and at the same time to UNODC senior management is welcomed by the Inspectors as a sign of commitment; (b) UNODC senior managers should create the conditions for a strong corporate evaluation capacity and create the mechanisms to ensure that evaluation findings and lessons learned are fed-back into the future project and programme cycles; (c) the evaluation unit itself has to contribute to its own credibility and demonstrate its usefulness by producing high quality evaluation reports in compliance with professionals norms and standards, and (d) UNODC staff at all levels (senior managers, mid-level or project managers, substantive officers) have to adopt an open and supporting attitude towards evaluations conducted.", "VII. OTHER ISSUES", "A. The International Narcotics Control Board", "The International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) is the independent and quasi-judicial monitoring body for the implementation of the three United Nations international drug control conventions: the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971); and the United Nations Conventions against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (1988). Established in 1968 in accordance with the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, it had predecessors under the former drug-control treaties as far back as the time of the League of Nations.", "INCB plays a pivotal role in the international fight against illegal drugs. It is assisted by a secretariat in the exercise of its treaty-body functions. The INCB secretariat is an administrative entity of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, but is responsible solely to the Board on matter of substance. To ensure its independence, INCB secretariat is funded through United Nations regular budget resources.", "The Inspectors believe that better understanding and cooperation between UNODC and INCB secretariat would ensure the smooth functioning of INCB. The need to improve these relationships was indeed expressed by both sides, pointing out some difficulties in terms of budget resources and management, recruitment of staff, procurement and administrative support.", "The reporting line of the INCB secretary (D-1) within the UNODC organizational structure has caused some concerns as it reports to the Head of the Division for Treaty Affairs rather than directly to the Executive Director. The Inspectors consulted Economic and Social Council resolution 1991/48, endorsed by General Assembly resolution 46/104, on the administrative arrangements between INCB secretariat and the International Drug Control Programme, the predecessor of UNODC. The resolution says: “The Secretary of the Board shall be appointed or assigned by the Secretary-General in consultation with the Board”. The secretary shall be responsible to the Board in all substantial matters and to the Executive Director in other matters. Based on the resolution, the Inspectors hold that to ensure the independence of INCB and its secretariat, the secretary should report directly to the Executive Director.", "The implementation of the following recommendation is expected to enhance the accountability and performance of the INCB secretariat.", "Recommendation 14", "The Executive Director should modify at the earliest opportunity the existing reporting lines of the INCB secretary, and place this position directly under his responsibility in the organizational structure.", "B. UNOV/UNODC arrangements", "The current organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Vienna and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime were established by ST/SGB/2004/5 and ST/SGB/2004/6, respectively. The main characteristic is that UNOV and UNODC, as separate entities, are sharing one Division for Management that provides services to both entities, as well as to other United Nations entities at Vienna. Core functions of the division are split between both offices.", "While the arrangements are satisfactory in practice at the working level and are not questioned by the Inspectors as such, it should be noted that in 2010 the Board of Auditors raised the point of shared administrative services such as financial management and noted difficulties to precise breakdown of staff and related costs between UNOV and UNODC.[15] As an example, it was pointed out that management costs of UNODC can therefore not be easily identified and estimated. In the course of the review, the Inspectors encountered difficulties in collecting data focusing only on UNODC staffing, for example.", "Figure 8 below provides a summary of the views of respondents with regard several aspects of services provided by the Division of Management in support of UNODC activities.", "Figure 8: Assessment by UNODC employees of the services provided by the Division of Management", "[]", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "C. Information and communication technology services", "The UNOV/UNODC Information and Technology Section (ITS) has solid reputation and a high profile within the United Nations in terms of advanced ICT capacities, as recognized by several user-satisfaction surveys. During the review some comments, however, were registered that ITS could concentrate more on providing timely and good support services to UNODC various units.", "In addition to support services, ITS also develops software applications for external clients, mainly Governments, in areas covered by UNODC programmes such as money-laundering and financial crime, and for which few alternatives are available on the commercial market. These substantive services are viewed as technical cooperation activities provided on a costs recovery basis and are governed by service level agreements. UNODC pointed out that “the ability of Member States to effectively carry out their mandates in areas such as drug control, statistical reporting and monitoring, criminal justice reform and countering money laundering and terrorist financing is significantly enhanced by the employment of sophisticated IT solutions and communications infrastructures”. While they do not question the added value for Member States, the Inspectors wish to stress that these activities should be conducted in full coordination with other UNODC entities. For example, the Inspectors stress that UNODC field representatives should be aware of and associated with all technical cooperation activities were conducted by ITS in support of Governments of countries falling into their regional scope.", "VIII. SURVEY HIGHLIGHTS", "UNODC employees contributed to the Inspectors’ review through an online survey made available to both Headquarters and field-deployed staff in May and June 2010. The link was distributed through the UNODC information management system and responses were collected and processed confidentially by the Inspectors. The participation rate, in particular at Vienna, is illustrative and statistically representative of the views of some categories of staff. The findings based on aggregated and filtered data by various categories of staff and locations have been included in the narrative of the report.", "Table 11: Participation in the JIU survey 2010, by location", "Locations Recipients Respondents Participation rate", "Vienna Headquarters 464 269 58 %", "Field locations* 1350 368 27.3 %", "Total 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* Includes all staff located outside of headquarters.", "** Includes incomplete surveys.", "In analysing the responses, the Inspectors noted the following points of interest: (a) international Professionals are often the more critical in their assessment; (b) senior managers (above P-5 level) are surprisingly critical in areas falling under their responsibility by stating that transparency is lacking in the application of rules and regulations and in management decisions; they also do not consider that there is enough encouragement for open discussion, and (c) there are some strong differences of perception between headquarters staff and field employees.", "The Inspectors collected 584 comments and suggestions through the open questions. They amounted to 1,526 different points tackling a vast number of management and administration issues within the Office. Through content analysis, the Inspectors categorized these remarks in several broad headings, as represented in figure 9 below. In addition, the opinions expressed by staff were also incorporated in the narrative when they were related to a specific issue.", "The Inspectors suggest that a staff survey be conducted on a regular basis within the Office: on one hand, UNODC staff showed that it is keen to contribute to such initiative and on the other hand, senior management could benefit from this feedback expressed by all components of UNODC workforce.", "Figure 9: Areas mentioned by UNODC respondents", "Source: JIU survey 2010.", "Main aspects covered\n HR Management Training, Career Development, Contractual Status, Job Security, diversity of the workforce, Recruitment, Mobility, Institutional Knowledge, Working Conditions.", "Executive Transparency, Senior management, Performance Management Management, Strategic Planning and RBM, Management Practices, communication.", "Organizational Internal Coordination and Cooperation, Internal Structure Communication, Decentralization and Restructuring.", "Administrative Feed back on the quality of FRMS, HRMS, Procurement Services Services, and Relations with UNDP. In particular with regard to field support from HQ.", "Financial Framework Financial Management, Financial Resources and Funding.", "Legal Framework Governance arrangements, mandates of the Office, relevance of rules and regulations.", "Oversight Audit of field offices, evaluation, monitoring of Field Offices.", "Other issues Security, transportation, Project Management and comments of general nature.", "ANNEXES", "Annex I: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime organizational chart, as of April 2010 (source UNODC)", "[]", "Annex II: Geographical diversity at professional level and above (as of December 2009)", "Nationality Number In per Nationality Number In per of staff cent of staff cent\n Italy 29 10.5% 23.6% Belarus 1 0.4%", "Germany 19 6.9% Bosnia and 1 0.4% Herzegovina", "United States of 17 6.2% Botswana 1 0.4% America", "Canada 14 5.1% Cote d’Ivoire 1 0.4%", "France 13 4.7% Czech Republic 1 0.4%", "United Kingdom 13 4.7% Ecuador 1 0.4%", "Austria 11 4.0% Georgia 1 0.4%", "Spain 9 3.3% Ghana 1 0.4%", "India 8 2.9% Honduras 1 0.4%", "Denmark 7 2.5% Indonesia 1 0.4%", "Japan 7 2.5% Iran 1 0.4%", "Brazil 6 2.2% Ireland 1 0.4%", "Australia 5 1.8% Israel 1 0.4%", "Belgium 5 1.8% Kyrgyzstan 1 0.4%", "South Africa 5 1.8% Libyan Arab 1 0.4% Jamahiriya", "Egypt 4 1.4% Mali 1 0.4%", "Greece 4 1.4% Malta 1 0.4%", "New Zealand 4 1.4% Mexico 1 0.4%", "Norway 4 1.4% Mongolia 1 0.4%", "Sweden 4 1.4% Morocco 1 0.4%", "Uzbekistan 4 1.4% Myanmar 1 0.4%", "Argentina 3 1.1% Namibia 1 0.4%", "Cameroon 3 1.1% Paraguay 1 0.4%", "Finland 3 1.1% Peru 1 0.4%", "Kazakhstan 3 1.1% Poland 1 0.4%", "Kenya 3 1.1% Portugal 1 0.4%", "Netherlands 3 1.1% Qatar 1 0.4%", "Turkey 3 1.1% Republic of 1 0.4% Moldova", "Azerbaijan 2 0.7% Romania 1 0.4%", "Bolivia 2 0.7% Russian 1 0.4% Federation", "Bulgaria 2 0.7% Senegal 1 0.4%", "China 2 0.7% Seychelles 1 0.4%", "Iran 2 0.7% Slovakia 1 0.4%", "Jamaica 2 0.7% Switzerland 1 0.4%", "Latvia 2 0.7% Thailand 1 0.4%", "Lebanon 2 0.7% Turkmenistan 1 0.4%", "Mauritius 2 0.7% Uganda 1 0.4%", "Pakistan 2 0.7% Uruguay 1 0.4%", "Algeria 1 0.4% Venezuela 1 0.4%", "Bangladesh 1 0.4% Zimbabwe 1 0.4%", "Barbados 1 0.4% Grand Total 276 100%", "Source: Data provided by UNODC.", "Annex III: UNODC field presence in 2010 (source UNODC Annual Report 2010)", "[]", "Regional offices (10) Country offices (9) Liaison offices (2)\n Brazil and the Southern Cone Afghanistan New York", "Central Asia Plurinational State of Brussels Bolivia", "Eastern Africa Colombia", "Middle East and North Africa Islamic Republic of Iran", "Mexico, Central America and the Lao People’s Caribbean Democratic Republic", "Peru, Plurinational State of Myanmar Bolivia and Ecuador", "South Asia Nigeria", "Southern Africa Pakistan", "West and Central Africa Viet Nam", "Centre for East Asia and the Pacific", "Programme offices (32)", "Regional Programme Office in Panama, Regional Programme Office for South Eastern Europe, Sub-Regional Programme Office in the United Arab Emirates (for the Gulf States), Sub-Regional Programme Office in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Albania, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Republic of Moldova, Nepal, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan.", "Annex IV", "Overview of action to be taken by participating organizations on the recommendations of the Joint Inspection Unit", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "Legend: L: Recommendation for decision by legislative organ E: Recommendation for action by executive head", ": Recommendation does not require action by this organization Intended impact: a: enhanced accountability b: dissemination of best practices c: enhanced coordination and cooperation d: enhanced controls and compliance e: enhanced effectiveness f: significant financial savings g: enhanced efficiency o: other. * Covers all entities listed in ST/SGB/2002/11 other than UNCTAD, UNODC, UNEP, UN-Habitat, UNHCR, UNRWA.", "[1] See A/51/950, paragraphs 143-145, ST/SGB/Organization, Section: UNDCP (1993), ST/SGB/1998/17 and ST/SBG/2004/6.", "[2] See OIOS Report AE2007/361/0", "[3] Commission on Narcotic Drugs decision 51/1 and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice decision 17/2.", "[4] See CND resolution 52/13, CCPCJ resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, report of the Secretary-General on “Mandating and delivering: analysis and recommendations to facilitate the review of mandates”.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2008/13 and E/CN.15/2008/18.", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1, op 85.", "[8] See E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15.", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15.", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1.", "[11] See UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1 June 2002.", "[12] Strategy for the period 2008-2011 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, E/CN.7/2007/14- E/CN.15/2007/5, approved by Economic and Social Council resolutions 2007/12 and 2007/19.", "[13] As of December 2010, Thematic Programmes include: (a) Action against Corruption and Economic Crime, (b) Crime Prevention and Criminal justice reform, (c) Addressing Health and Human Development Vulnerabilities in the Context of Drugs and Crime, (d) Scientific and Forensic services, (e) Terrorism Prevention, (f) Research and Trend Analysis and (g) Organized Crime and Illicit Trafficking (including THB, Smuggling, Money Laundering, Firearms).", "[14] See E/CN.15/2009/21.", "[15] See A/63/5/Add.9, Financial report and audited financial statements." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目140", "联合检查组", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查”的报告(JIU/REP/2010/10)。", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政审查", "撰写人", "张义山", "帕帕·路易斯·法尔", "猪又忠德", "联合检查组", "2010年，日内瓦", "执行摘要", "联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政审查", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "目的 《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政审查》是联合检查组近年来针对参与机构开展的系列审查之一，目的是在治理、管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理和监督等方面确定需要改进的领域。 主要结果和结论 毒品和犯罪问题办公室受命协助会员国打击毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义，这些都是联合国的优先要务。办公室的各项任务的重要性日益得到国际社会的认可，大多数利益攸关方都认为办公室履行了这些任务。 1997年，有关方面合并了多个联合国实体，组成了毒品和犯罪问题办公室。但最初的理事机构——麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会保留了下来，相关信托基金也保持不变。由此造成治理框架和财务框架结构分散，影响到办公室的工作成效和效率。会员国认识到这些问题，在2008年组建了不限成员名额政府间工作组，启动了治理审查工作，目的是改善办公室的治理和财务状况。检查专员在本报告中提出了改进治理安排的三个备选方案，并针对建立一个结构更加紧密的综合机制来管理并指导办公室的各项活动，提出了一项具体建议。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须通过两个独立的信托基金来处理复杂的财务管理问题。检查专员鼓励提高财务管理效率，同时精简机构，检查专员认为应研究能否合并这两个信托基金。 由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室主要通过与其他国际组织缔结合作伙伴关系，参与联合国系统的和平、安全与发展议程，同时努力吸引更多财政支持，实务合作及技术合作活动已经扩展到众多新领域。这种扩张趋势在一定程度上削弱了办公室的战略远景和排序职能。检查专员建议办公室开展一次全面任务审查，对于这些任务及其相关活动排定轻重缓急的先后次序。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室面临困境：任务越来越多，相关活动范围日益扩展，而财政资源和人力资源并没有相应增加。严格限定用途的自愿捐款增加了，但办公室缺少能够支持其核心职能的经常资金。检查专员提出了多条建议，其中一条建议要求大会利用经常预算资源，确保为办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而确保办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地派驻机构和技术援助活动近十年来迅速扩展，在很多方面给当前的管理工作造成严重影响，这些方面包括：总部对于外地的协调和支持，行政规则和程序是否充足，等等。 本报告还着重强调了行政管理（远见、管理做法和交流）和人力资源管理（透明、公平、政策的连贯性、培训）等领域。 此外，检查专员研究了独立的准司法机构——国际麻醉品管制局（麻管局）及其秘书处，并建议更改与之相关的行政结构和隶属关系。 建议 检查专员提出了14条建议，其中12条针对执行主任，1条针对麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，另有1条建议针对大会。 建议1 麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应联合召开届会续会，作为统一的理事机构，负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的预算及方案活动。 建议3 \n从2012-2013两年期开始，大会应利用经常预算资源，确保为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而使办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。", "目录", "页次\n\t执行摘要. iii\n\t简称表. vi\n\t章次 段次\t\n一.\t导言. 1-14\t1\n\tA.\t规模、目标和方法\t1-7\t1\n\tB.\t办公室责任繁重，任务艰巨\t8-14\t1\n二.\t治理. 15-38\t3\n\tA.\t错综复杂的治理安排\t15-21\t3\n\tB.\t改善治理的选择方案\t22-31\t4\n\tC.\t综合任务审查和排定先后次序\t32-38\t5\n三.\t财务管理框架 39-59\t8\n\tA.\t为共同职能筹措资金，依然是一个难题\t43-48\t10\n\tB.\t简化财务管理\t49-50\t10\n\tC.\t减少严格限定资金用途的必要工作\t51-56\t11\n\tD.\t进一步扩大捐助方群体的融资战略\t57-59\t12\n四.\t行政管理 60-94\t13\n\tA.\t受到工作人员质疑的管理\t63-64\t13\n\tB.\t2010年机构改革\t65-68\t14\n\tC.\t协调不力影响成效\t69-73\t15\n\tD.\t战略规划和成果管理制\t74-83\t16\n\tE.\t与外地派驻机构有关的挑战\t84-94\t18\n五.\t人力资源管理 95-112\t20\n\tA.\t人力资源问题\t98-101\t20\n\tB.\t毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员\t102-105\t21\n\tC.\t两性均衡和工作人员的多样性\t106-110\t22\n\tD.\t培训资源匮乏，培训机会不平等\t111-112\t24\n六.\t监督. 113-121\t25\n\tA.\t监督框架\t113-119\t25\n\tB.\t加强整体评估能力\t120-121\t25\n七.\t其他问题 122-130\t27\n\tA.\t国际麻醉品管制局\t122-125\t27\n\tB.\t维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排\t126-128\t27\n\tC.\t信息和通信技术服务\t129-130\t28\n八.\t调查重点 131-134\t29\n附件 \n一.\t联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构图 31二.\t专业及更高级别工作人员的原籍国地域分布情况 32 \n\t（截至2009年12月） \n三.\t毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构 33\n四.\t根据建议采取的行动概览 34", "简称表", "行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "行政首长协调会 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会", "预防犯罪中心 国际预防犯罪中心", "麻委会 麻醉药品委员会", "方案协调会 方案和协调委员会", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "经社理事会 经济及社会理事会", "麻管局 国际麻醉品管制局", "信技科 信息技术科", "联检组 联合检查组", "药管防罪办事处 联合国药物管制和预防犯罪办事处", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "药物管制署 联合国国际药物管制规划署", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室", "维也纳办事处 联合国维也纳办事处", "一. 导言", "A. 规模、目标和方法", "1. 作为2010年工作方案的内容之一，联合检查组（联检组）对隶属于联合国秘书处的联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（毒品和犯罪问题办公室）的管理和行政工作进行了审查。本报告是联检组近年来撰写的参与组织管理和行政系列审查报告之一。", "2. 审查的目的是在治理、管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理和监督等方面查明需要改进的领域，同时确定最佳做法，并与联合国系统其他机构相互交流。由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的业务模式主要依靠预算外捐款，2008至2009年的金融危机给办公室明显造成不利影响。为此，办公室在2009年厉行节约，并在2010年推行内部改革。在这一关键时刻，会员国采取了一项宏大的补救行动，组建了治理和财务问题工作组。", "3. 根据联检组的内部标准、准则及其内部工作程序，在编写本报告时采用的方法包括：对内部文献进行深度分析，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室的官员和工作人员代表进行访谈。此外，检查专员走访了各国大使/代表团团长，其中包括麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会、治理和财务问题工作组的主席及成员，以及区域集团、主要捐助方和受援国。检查专员还出席了2010年外地代表讨论会，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地代表开展对话。会员国和毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员/管理人员对联检组的审查工作表示欢迎，认为此次审查是适时的。", "4. 检查专员采用在线员工调查的方式，向毒品和犯罪问题办公室总部及外地工作人员征询意见。这些答复针对本报告涉及的多个方面提出了有益的见解。除掌握总体情况之外，检查专员还广泛分析了此次调查的开放性问题部分收集到的超过1,500条各类意见、评论和建议。", "5. 根据联检组章程，为利用联检组的集体智慧检验报告提出的结论和建议，本报告在最终定稿之前在检查专员中进行了磋商。毒品和犯罪问题办公室就报告草稿提出了事实性和实质性意见，在报告最终定稿时考虑到了这些意见。", "6. 为便于处理报告以及落实报告提出的建议并监督落实情况，附件四的表格具体说明了哪些建议要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室的理事机构做出决定，以及执行主任可以根据哪些建议采取行动。", "7. 检查专员谨对协助编写本报告的所有人员表示感谢，特别要感谢那些参与访谈并自愿介绍自身知识和专长的人。为避免重复，本次审查同内部监督事务厅（监督厅）合作开展，后者在2010年对毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行了治理审计。", "B. 办公室责任繁重，任务艰巨", "8. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室成立于1997年，由联合国国际药物管制规划署（药物管制署）和国际预防犯罪中心（预防犯罪中心）合并而成。从管理的角度来看，毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义三者之间相互关联，且都具有跨国性质，通过历次行政改革，最终形成一个统一的实体负责处理所有这些问题。[1] 办公室最初名为联合国药物管制和预防犯罪办事处（药管防罪办事处），2002年更名为毒品和犯罪问题办公室。办公室受命协助会员国打击毒品、犯罪和一切形式和表现的恐怖主义。办公室的任务极为重要，属于大会第63/247号决议确定的联合国优先领域。", "9. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室从事规范性工作以促进切实执行国际法律文书，同时在外地开展研究和分析以及技术援助和能力建设活动。这反映在办公室所辖三个司的名称上（条约事务司、政策分析和公共事务司以及业务司），此外另设管理司，与联合国维也纳办事处（维也纳办事处）共用。", "10. 自成立以来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室承担的任务不断增加，特别是近十年来在预防犯罪领域。但在任务增多的同时，充足的经常预算资源并没有相应增加。由此导致结构和内部程序不适应越来越多的新挑战。这种情况致使办公室面临重大风险，可能无法全面满足各项任务要求。", "11. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室增加了外地派驻人员，以便执行多种技术援助活动。目前，国际公约总部型实体的政治咨询和监护机构同外地机构网络并存，后者类似于专门机构，提供专家技术援助/合作服务。对相关结构和程序是否做出充分调整以满足这一发展变化提出的各项要求，是毒品和犯罪问题办公室评估工作的核心内容。例如，人力资源管理或采购细则和程序似乎不足以在所有情况下确保工作成效，很多人、特别是外地工作人员认为这些细则和程序不利于提高组织的工作成效。", "12. 前任执行主任（2002至2010年）的关注重点是通过相辅相成的跨学科方式，以及同其他国际组织缔结合作伙伴关系，将毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各项活动同联合国的和平、安全和发展议程联系起来。在本报告编写期间，联合国秘书长任命了新一届执行主任，后者于2010年9月就职。", "13. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其工作成绩近年来日益得到认可，预算外捐助的增加就表明了这一点，但其中大多数资金都有指定用途。大部分受访者普遍强调，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在困难条件下履行了职责。但是，很多领域都存在本报告指出的结构分散问题，治理框架的分散影响到政策引导和监督，资金来源的分散影响到资源的可持续性和可预见性，管理的分散影响到效率和实效。", "14. 在此次审查的筹备期间，检查专员翻阅了内部监督事务厅（监督厅）近年来编写的多份报告，其中载有关于毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其某些外地机构的重要评估。检查专员注意到，同2000年之后几年的严峻情况相比，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在管理方面设法做出了某些改善。", "二. 治理", "A. 错综复杂的治理安排", "15. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室拥有两个完全独立的主要理事机构，即麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会。下文图1体现出了该办公室在治理框架上的分散程度和复杂性。2007年，监督厅的《毒品和犯罪问题办公室风险评估》得出结论认为战略管理和治理领域存在较高风险。[2] 检查专员同样认为，治理安排存在问题，正在影响到毒品和犯罪问题办公室在履行任务的过程中有效行使职能。", "16. 政策指导和任务授权来自多个联合国机构的决议或决定。除大会、经济及社会理事会及其两个职司委员会之外，同毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作领域有关的国际公约都是具有法律约束力的实体，例如关于药物管制的三部国际公约、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其各项议定书、《联合国反腐败公约》以及打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的国际法律文书。联合国预防犯罪大会、《千年宣言》和《反恐战略》等其他联合国活动进一步增加了这些任务的复杂性。图1还突显出任务和资金之间的脱节。", "图1：毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理框架", "[]", "17. 治理结构分散是有历史原因的。1990年代，负责执行毒品问题方案和犯罪问题方案这两个不同方案的多个实体被合并，组成统一的毒品和犯罪问题办公室，但两个理事机构（麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会）及其两个信托基金却原封不动地保留了下来。由此，在处理毒品和犯罪问题时所采用的统筹的实务方法便没有体现在治理结构上，在两个委员会各自的实质性领域中政策和规范职能起着主导作用。", "18. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的成员、议程和关注要点各不相同。目前二者平行运作，各行其是，相互独立。相同的工作在各种论坛上不得不重复进行。例如，毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须向这两个委员会提交类似的呈文和文件。麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会主要届会的间隔时间（一年）影响到理事机构的工作成效，及时做出反应和采取后续行动更加困难。此外，根据目前的届会长度，几乎没有时间在业务部分处理管理和行政问题。不久前，这两个委员会对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理安排成效、特别是办公室各项活动的监督工作提出了某些异议。", "19. 检查专员察觉到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理人员对于两个委员会及其成员国没能对办公室的工作给予及时有效的指导感到失望和挫折。会员国和检查专员都关切地注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各个层面缺乏磋商和透明，主要捐助国和受援国针对项目设计和执行（主动行动）、资源分配、机构和人员构成以及报告或出版物所采用的数据和图表等问题提出批评。", "20. 2008年，会员国启动了一项宏大的治理审查工作，组建了改进联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和财务状况不限成员名额政府间工作组[3]（下文简称“治理和财务问题工作组”）。检查专员欢迎这项措施，这不仅在会员国、捐助方和受援国之间开辟了对话途径，同时也为有关方面同毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层进行对话创造了条件。会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过这种方式深入了解了对方的困难、关注重点和期望。检查专员认为，这一论坛如能使用得当，将有助于今后建立信任。", "21. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会规定，治理和财务问题工作组的任务有效期为两年，前提是应在2011年评估工作组的活动情况和具体成果。[4]鉴此，由于相关决议在这个问题上没有做出确切规定，需要讨论并商定明确的评估框架。治理和财务问题工作组受命针对两个委员会各自任务范围内各领域的行政、方案和财务问题向两个委员会提出建议。", "B. 改善治理的选择方案", "22. 在同会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员进行讨论的过程中，检查专员注意到各方普遍希望增进治理机制的统一性和协调性，以确保更有效监督办公室的各项活动。某些受访者提议建立类似于行政和预算问题咨询委员会（行预咨委会）及方案和协调委员会（方案协调会）的预算和方案机制，其他一些人则提议成立执行委员会/方案和预算执行委员会。这样做的目的是建立有效机制，确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层和会员国能够实现充分对话和充分理解，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作及其活动排定先后次序，进行监督，同时联系必要和充足的资源，以实现其目标。", "23. 各方敦促检查专员为改善毒品和犯罪问题办公室今后的治理安排提出具体建议。检查专员认为，相关选择方案可以简要归纳如下。", "选择方案1：机构改革：合并经社理事会下设的两个委员会", "24. 合并这两个委员会的构想，可以追溯到通过合并毒品问题方案和犯罪问题方案建立毒品和犯罪问题办公室时期。这项选择方案将极大地改变经济及社会理事会的基本结构，特别是从联合国成立伊始存在至今的麻醉药品委员会。这样做的主要益处是将治理机制同行政结构统一起来，为会员国在政策指导、财务责任和方案决定方面采取统筹行动创造条件。另一方面，这样做还可以减少当前的两层治理框架导致的重复和困难。", "25. 很多人认为这是解决问题的根本出路，但检查专员知道，机构改革要靠会员国的政治意愿来推动，而且耗费时间。撤销经济及社会理事会的另一个职司委员会——人权委员会，代之以人权理事会，就是一个很能说明问题的实例。关于任务授权、成员和其他相关安排等问题的讨论和磋商历时数年之久。", "26. 检查专员认为，从长远看，应充分研究能否以一个委员会同时负责处毒品问题和犯罪问题，但这并不能马上解决当前面临的治理难题。", "选择方案2：增设机构：建立执行机构", "27. 增设执行委员会或方案和预算委员会，专门负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略管理、预算和各项活动。这项方案提出建立常设性治理和监督机制。其他联合国实体设有类似机制，例如开发署执行局、粮食计划署执行局以及难民署执行委员会。", "28. 但是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室是唯一一个具备双重平行理事机构的联合国实体，这就在治理方面造成了棘手问题。检查专员认为，假如建立董事会或委员会，应明确规定该机构同上述两个委员会之间的关系及其隶属关系。检查专员警告说，这项方案存在一项严重缺陷，可能会在当前本已十分复杂的治理结构上再增加一层。这一机制带来的投资问题也不同低估，特别是在毒品和犯罪问题办公室正面临财政困难时期。", "选择方案3：完善机构：合并届会续会", "29. 麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会召开届会续会，为会员国讨论同毒品和犯罪问题办公室有关的组织和财务问题创造了条件。目前的做法是连续、分别召开会议，各会议之间相互独立，实际上都在下半年的同一周内进行，会议议程和文件也很类似。", "30. 这项方案建议两个委员会联合召开统一的届会续会，同时调整或转换委员会的作用和职责，成为强有力的预算和方案机制。这项方案不仅为节约成本和精简组织及服务工作创造了条件，同时在一定程度上为各方采用统筹方法处理实质性问题搭建起框架。", "31. 检查专员认为，目前看来选择方案3是比较可行的。检查专员相信这项方案如能得到会员国的充分支持，就能够为更加统一、有效和协调的治理机构构建起框架。检查专员建议，初步计划在三年内合并当前的届会续会，用以检验新安排的实际效果及其对毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理的影响。会员国届时可以判断这一安排能否令人满意。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理安排的成效。", "建议1", "麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应联合召开届会续会，作为统一的理事机构，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供政策指导，并负责监督预算和方案活动。", "C. 综合任务审查和排定先后次序", "32. 正如秘书长在2006年开展任务审查时指出，[5] 联合国在药品管制、预防跨国犯罪和打击恐怖主义等方面的活动大量增加，直接影响到在这些领域发挥重要作用的毒品和犯罪问题办公室。秘书长同时指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室负责执行的各种性质的任务多达364项（报告义务、编写研究报告、组织会议、规范性或技术援助）。此外，该办公室还充当《联合国反腐败公约》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》等近十年来生效的多部国际公约的秘书处。", "33. 检查专员希望强调指出的结论意见之一是，针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多，为数众多的工作人员做出了积极的反应。令人惊异的是，有66%的受访者认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多，给他们的工作和活动带来了积极影响。但受访者也认为，这些任务的整合工作还远未完成，对于方案/项目设计和活动的整合情况表示满意的受访者分别只有25.2%和 20.3%。", "表1和表2：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员如何看待办公室的任务繁多（百分比）", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务繁多（毒品、犯罪，等等），对你的工作和活动是否有影响？\n 有积极影响 有负面影响 没有影响 不知道", "全体工作人员 66.6 6.9 16.7 9.8", "国际专业工作人员 63.7 14.0 15.1 7.3", "P-5及更高级别 66.7 18.8 12.50 2.1", "总部工作人员 56.8 11.1 20.1 12.0", "外地工作人员 72.9 4.2 15.2 7.7", "你认为毒品和犯罪这两个问题在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案和项目设计工作中是否做到了充分整合？", "做到了 在一定程度上 没有做到 不知道", "全体工作人员 25.2 40.7 17.7 16.4", "国际专业工作人员 15.6 44.1 32.4 7.8", "P-5及更高级别 31.3 31.3 29.2 8.3", "总部工作人员 18.8 40.2 20.1 20.9", "外地工作人员 29.5 40.8 16.7 13.1", "你认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室在毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义任务方面的活动是否做到了充分整合？", "做到了 在一定程度上 没有做到 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.3 38.5 23.5 17.7", "国际专业工作人员 11.2 39.1 40.8 8.9", "P-5及更高级别 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "总部工作人员 16.7 36.8 24.4 22.2", "外地工作人员 22.6 39.0 23.8 14.6", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "34. 第三章记述的资金类型和资金来源为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案支助和行政职能提供了有限的可预测收入，不能保证为执行委员会批准的业务活动和技术活动获取资金。由此在任务执行方面存在风险。", "35. 检查专员审查了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2008年分别为麻委会第五十一届会议及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第十七届会议编写的说明，其中载有资料，介绍“大会、经济及社会理事会及委员会自身在2003至2007年间通过的要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取行动的各项决议和决定的执行情况及所需资源”。[6] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室在遵守报告义务方面表现良好，但业务任务和技术援助业务的执行状况则面临某些实际困难。在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域，有33%的业务任务和技术援助任务没有得到充分落实，其中大多数情况据说是因为缺乏资源。在要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展的行动当中，有21%属于持续任务。在毒品领域，有22%的业务任务和技术任务得到充分落实，未完成任务为37%，这同样是由于预算原因。有37%的任务正处于执行过程中。在毒品和犯罪这两个领域，未执行的任务估计不足10%。", "36. 鉴于治理结构分散，必须综合看待毒品和犯罪问题办公室受命负责的各项任务和使命。检查专员认为，现在应该全面审查这些任务和使命，以便各个理事机构的成员国能够了解整体情况。通过这种方式，会员国能够深入了解情况，提出更加有效、明智的指导意见。2008年的说明提供了重要的基础，应进一步充实、更新并扩充内容，涉及到各个政策指导机构。", "37. 在此基础上，会员国能够再次评估当前的各项任务及其针对性和资源的可得性。会员国应确定这些任务的轻重缓急，进一步制订统筹方法来应对毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义的实质性问题。这样一来，执行主任便可以在重新确认的框架基础上调整毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作，并相应分配资源，同时考虑到现有的各种局限性。检查专员认为，这项工作有助于提高该办公室各项工作的协调性。理想的做法是，在开展这项工作的同时，对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有部门进行职能审查，使其充分适应已确定的优先事项。", "38. 关于其他联合国实体，检查专员认为，在委员会通过决议之前，应该向会员国通报相关决议的所涉经费问题以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室满足其业务要求的能力。鉴于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况，在授权该办公室负责新的使命和任务的同时，应系统地提供委员会讨论的所涉方案预算问题的明确说明 。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室在履行任务方面的成效。", "建议2", "执行主任应综合审查毒品和犯罪问题办公室负责的所有各项任务，包括必要的资源和分配的资源，及其执行情况。在此基础上，执行主任应尽早向麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交关于排定各项任务轻重缓急次序的文件。", "三. 财务管理框架", "39. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的融资机制结构分散，资源来自多款联合国经常方案预算（第16款、第22款以及联合国维也纳办事处第1款和第28F款）以及分别由相关委员会监管的两个信托基金——联合国国际药物管制规划署基金及联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金。每个基金均分为未指定用途捐款、指定用途捐款和方案支助费用资源。财务管理细则规定，两年期预算应将国际药物管制规划署基金及预防犯罪和刑事司法基金区分开，基金的会计工作也应分开进行，由此造成了这种分散状态。", "文本框1. 定义", "《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室财务细则》（2008年）第二条的定义", "普通用途资金：“提供给毒品和犯罪问题办公室基金的未指定用途自愿捐款，用于资助两年期预算中的行政领导和管理、方案及方案支助费用等部分。”", "特别用途资金：“提供给毒品和犯罪问题办公室的指定用途自愿捐款，用于资助技术合作及其他活动。”", "方案支助费用：“支持由自愿捐款资助的活动收回的间接费用。”", "40. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室棘手的财务状况多年来始终受到关注，各方纷纷就此发表意见。下文图2和图3展示了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的资金变化情况，从中可以看出该办公室的预算框架分散以及信托基金之间的资源分配（药物管制方案基金依然占到预算总额的三分之二以上，但预防犯罪和刑事司法基金的比重显著上升）。", "41. 会员国及毒品和犯罪问题办公室的官员在访谈中一致认为，对该办公室的工作成效和效率影响最大的主要因素之一是其财务状况。调查也印证了这一观点。例如就在不久前，由于缺乏资源，削减了差旅、咨询、培训、业务费用及订约承办事务。", "42. 但2004-2006年以来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的资金总额大幅增加（2008-2009年达到4,660.99亿美元），增幅几近120%。然而，这项利好变化背后隐藏的问题可能会影响办公室的职司和执行能力。随着办公室的各类项目和活动激增，相关的指定用途捐款增加，拉动资金总额增长，而与此同时，未指定用途捐款减少。", "图2：2004-2005至2008-2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算变化（以开支计）（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "注：采用审计委员会报告得出的综合数据（A/63/5/Add.9和A/65/5/Add.9）。", "图3：2004-2005至2008-2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室不同来源资金的预算分配（以开支计） （单位：百万美元）", "[]", "注：采用审计委员会报告得出的综合数据（A/63/5/Add.9和A/65/5/Add.9）。2006-2007年以前，方案支助费用被列为普通用途资金。", "A. 为共同职能筹措资金，依然是一个难题", "43. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室核心职能的经费应主要来自经常预算资源和普通用途资金。随着任务的增多和外地机构网络的扩展，该办公室的作用和职能显著增加，但人力资源及核心财政资源并没有相应增加。2004-2005年以来，联合国分摊会费（经常预算）略有增加（27%），但检查专员注意到，经常预算在该办公室预算总额中所占比例反而下降了，从2004-2005年14.3%降至2008-2009年的8.3%。", "44. 另一方面，经常预算和普通用途资金总数在2004-2005年占财政资源的36.1%，四年之后便跌至19.1%（其中包括方案支助费用）。各基金的普通用途资金对于支持共同管理职能和各项服务至关重要，但这笔资金正在大幅减少。普通用途资金与特别用途资金之间的比率数年来持续下降，目前没有看到任何改善的迹象，不禁让人担心毒品和犯罪问题办公室是否持续发展下去。", "45. 检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的某些核心共同职能不是由分摊会费来支持的（例如，业务司司长、财政资源管理处处长、信息技术科科长、战略规划股股长、毒品和犯罪问题办公室发言人、某些评估干事、某些部门的实务干事，等等）。", "46. 事实上，大会第五委员会“关切联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处的总体财务状况，请秘书长在其2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交有关建议，以确保该办事处有足够的资源执行其任务”。[7]", "47. 检查专员同意会员国常驻维也纳代表团以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员的意见，他们认为必须增加核心资源，以保证基本共同职能。提高联合国经常预算的分配比例，或是以更大的力度支持为普通用途资金提供更多的持续捐款，或者同时采用这两种方式，都可以实现这一目标。以往曾经鼓励会员国将一部分捐款用于普通用途资金，确保普通用途资金和特别用途资金捐款能够保持持续平衡，这些言论没能起到有效作用。", "48. 为此，检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室主要依据大会第64/243号决议（第83段）要求在2012-2013两年期增加经常预算资源的请求应受到更多关注，以确保该办公室能够获得更加持续和可预测的资源，从而维护办公室的结构稳定。但前提是，毒品和犯罪问题办公室以第二章（建议2）提议的任务审查为依据，制订由各方商定并得到充分拥护的长期战略构想，并在此基础上明确界定核心共同职能。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的效率和成效。", "建议3", "从2012-2013两年期开始，大会应利用经常预算资源，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的核心职能提供资金支持，从而确保办公室能够以连贯和可持续的方式执行任务。", "B. 简化财务管理", "49. 供资结构包括编制和提交两年期预算的繁琐过程，这是由于尚未整合理事机构核准预算的程序。执行主任在2008年就此发表的评论做出了解释：“毒品和犯罪问题办公室仍然编制和提交两份预算：提交联合国总部的经常预算（以并入联合国的方案预算）和提交麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的自愿资金预算，即合并预算。这两份预算文件包含的资料相同，只是重点不同，却在两个不同场合提交给行政和预算问题咨询委员会，并在三个不同场合提交给会员国。毒品和犯罪问题办公室还按照不同的列表编写两套分开审计的账目。”[8]", "50. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须同两个独立的信托基金合作，这不利于提高成效。麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会曾经讨论过能否合并现有的两个信托基金，但没有得出具体结论。检查专员认为，合并基金能够精简财务管理，提高办公室的效率和成效，但检查专员也认识到，合并的前提是捐助方对此充分信任，检查专员希望提出这一问题，并呼吁开展可行性研究，评估财务结构的这项调整可能造成的潜在裨益和相关困难。应采用充分透明和更加有效的方式在同一基金内管理药物管制方案和预防犯罪方案的拨款，以便消除会员国的顾虑。", "执行如下建议，有望增进毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务管理成效。", "建议4", "执行主任应下令研究合并联合国国际药物管制规划署基金及联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金的可行性和利弊，并在最迟不晚于2012年底之前向麻醉药品委员会（麻委会）及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交相关报告。", "C. 减少严格限定资金用途的必要工作", "51. 限定资金用途是一个敏感的棘手问题，有时涉及政治含义，主要取决于捐助方的政策。一般说来，限定资金用途的做法会影响到规划、先后安排和资源分配，在核心资源减少的情况则更是如此。捐助方提供的资源通常严格限定于某些具体项目，这种情况在毒品和犯罪问题办公室尤为突出，由此削弱了在利用资源和排定优先次序方面的灵活性，在执行阶段可能会打破轻重缓急的顺序。2008-2009年，特别用途资金捐款占到办公室资金总额的80.9%之多。此外，严格限定资金用途在一定程度上是由于办公室承担多种性质的任务，而捐助方希望将其财政支持集中用于具体工作领域。", "52. 检查专员关切地指出，会员国表示愿意通过向特别用途资金捐款的方式，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的活动提供资金，以执行任务或开展国家项目，但会员国不愿通过普通用途资金为该办公室的基础结构提供资金。事实上，办公室的一名代表在麻委会第五十一届会议上发言时警告说：“由于普通用途资金现不足以支付业务活动费用，毒品和犯罪问题办公室不久将不得不拒绝与具体项目挂钩的预算外捐助。” [9] 毒品和犯罪问题办公室缺乏将特别用途资金捐款与普通用途资金捐款联系起来的体制机制。检查专员认为，如不能建立并执行这一机制，财政紧张的情况可能会一直持续下去。", "53. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况在一定能够程度上迫使其努力适应限定资金用途的趋势，制订能够在“流行”领域吸引资金的项目，从而为组织争取资源。寻找资金的长期压力发展为扩展活动领域，将与其核心任务没有直接关系的一系列实质性领域都纳入工作范围。办公室工作人员在调查中表达的多种意见表明，这种扩张做法并没有得到所有员工的理解。第四章记述了专题及区域方案拟定活动，其目的是通过多年期承诺，为限定资金用途的做法增加灵活性，同时提高可预见性。", "54. 某些会员国在访谈中表示，严格限定资金的用途是由于资源分配以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部各个层面的透明度不足，再加之会员国认为监督不力。检查专员关切地了解到，某些捐助方对于提供给办公室的捐款指定用途，但在捐款给其他组织时则不会限定资金用途，这表明存在改进的空间。", "55. 要减少严格限定捐款用途的做法，需要捐助方及毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作。办公室应进一步提高工作程序的透明度，继续强化报告和信息分享能力，在向会员国提交文件时努力提高文件的使用舒适度。会员国应通过麻委会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会，呼吁捐助方不要限定资金用途，并在适当情况下更多地采用多年期承诺。", "56. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室应采取深入和具体的措施，在办公室的各个层面针对执行方案和高级管理层的做法推行问责制，从而增强捐助方的信心。首先，执行委员会（见第四章）确认有必要建立专门机制，负责更为频繁地监督办公室的财务状况。为此，财政资源管理处处长定期向各司司长汇报情况。检查专员认为可以扩大这种做法，使之成为一种体制机制，类似于资源分配委员会，负责审查财务状况，监督资源分配问题上的战略顺序，排定融资要求的先后次序。设立这样一个委员会还有助于提高透明度，增强捐助方的信心，从而努力减少限定捐款用途的现象。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效和透明度。", "建议5", "执行主任应组建合作机制，负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况，决定总体资源分配情况，主要目的是提高透明度，从而努力减少限定捐款用途的现象。", "D. 进一步扩大捐助方群体的融资战略", "57. 正如下文表3所示，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的捐助方分为五大类。其中一类捐助方提供的资助占办公室预算外捐款总额的三分之二以上，如果把基本上依靠同样一些国家的多方捐助者信托基金或国际金融机构也计算在内，这一比例更高。积极的迹象是，这种依赖程度自2005年以来显著减少，这在很大程度上是由于提供给国家执行项目的双边捐款，这些项目的执行工作被委派给毒品和犯罪问题办公室。检查专员满意地注意到，新兴国家捐助方的捐款在近五年内增加了一倍以上。这类捐款在2008至2009年大幅减少，但在办公室的预算外收入中所占比例已经超过了25%。", "表3：毒品和犯罪问题办公室捐助方预算外捐款比例（2005至2009年）（百分比）", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室捐助方类别 2005年 2006年 2007年 2008年 2009年", "主要捐助方 83.5 61.5 71.7 53.9 64.7", "新兴国家捐助方 10.5 31.7 21.2 38.7 25.6", "联合国机构 3.9 5.1 6 3.5 5.4", "多方捐助者信托基金 0 0 0 2.1 2.3", "国际金融机构和政府间组织 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "私营部门 0.4 0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室2006至2010年年度报告。", "58. 国际货币基金组织执行董事会不久前进行改组，提高了新兴市场和发展中国家的配额。世界银行此前已经采取了类似的行动。这些变化承认发展中国家在世界经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室应继续努力，进一步扩大捐助方群体，吸收发展中国家、特别是有着新兴市场的发展中国家以及私营部门。", "59. 现行的融资管理指示[10] 没有明确说明毒品和犯罪问题办公室在调动资源问题上的战略方法，而是注重整体政策和程序。检查专员建议更新这一文件，特别是要包含更多的战略内容。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议6", "执行主任应制订融资战略，进一步扩大毒品和犯罪问题办公室的捐助方群体。", "四. 行政管理", "60. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的主要管理机制包括：(a)执行委员会；(b)管理审查委员会；(c)毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级工作人员会议；以及(d)各司的会议。[11]", "61. 执行委员会是级别最高的主要决策论坛，属维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室共有，成员包括这两个实体的所有司长及其他一些高级官员。执行委员会或许没能准确认识到毒品和犯罪问题办公室的具体问题，作为高级管理委员会，它对于办公室的影响有限。检查专员分析了执行委员会近年来的会议记录及其各项决定的监督表，并注意到这些会议更像是与会者在分享信息。检查专员认为，有必要加强执行委员会，使其更加专注于毒品和犯罪问题办公室特别关注的实质性及战略性管理（愿景）。高级管理层应评估，现行的维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室共有的执行委员会模式能否做到这一点，还是应建立毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专属机制。", "62. 2010年4月，高级管理小组取代了管理审查委员会，其工作范围有限，重点是业绩管理问题和工作人员发展计划。关于个人业绩评估（电子考绩制度）的讨论逐渐局限于遵约和平均分。检查专员鼓励高层管理者深入研究，在工作岗位不稳定的组织内部如何运用个人业绩评估，使之成为更加有效的员工管理工具。前任执行主任也曾关切地指出，某些管理者没有充分利用电子考绩制度。", "A. 受到工作人员质疑的管理", "63. 同十年前相比，行政管理有了很大改进。但检查专员收集到大量意见，表明工作人员对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体管理状况、特别是某些高级管理者感到不满，办公室工作人员士气低落。下文图4显示，在谈到关切问题时，经常被提及的事例包括决策不透明、缺乏交流、没有充分鼓励公开讨论、做出决策之后缺乏后续行动、管理失误等等。", "64. 检查专员认为，迫切需要关注总体管理状况，以便为提高成效创造更加有利的氛围和条件。为此，毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层应确保同工作人员开展对话和交流的机制形成制度化，定期开展对话和交流，为相互交换意见搭建切实可行的平台，以便工作人员对于直接影响其工作条件和工作环境的各项决定拥有更多的主导权。", "图4：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于行政管理表示关切的领域", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "B. 2010年机构改革", "65. 2010年4月，毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展机构改革，其起因不仅仅是由于财政困难要求精简某些机构，同时还是由于此前的监督建议指出实务职能或行政职能存在重复、重叠或空白，缺乏协作，以及存在内部竞争。整顿工作的指导原则是通过调整业务司和条约事务司下设的科室，整合各专题的专业知识，促进各个专题的实质性融合。", "66. 在检查专员进行审查时，结构改革刚刚完成不久，还无法就其利弊做出结论意见。但检查专员还是听到了某些意见，其中大多数意见遗憾地指出，这项工作进行得不够彻底，只涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室四个司中的两个司，错失了根据办公室的任务来进一步调整结构的良机。", "67. 此外，有工作人员向检查专员表示，对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的不断重组感到关切。工作人员并不总能了解开展机构改革的原因，也没有向工作人员明确说明这些原因。某些受访者强烈质疑行政变动的理由，并指出在某些情况下，这些变动给他们留下的印象是个人目的高于组织利益。", "68. 除任务审查和排定先后次序（建议2）之外，检查专员还希望建议执行主任对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室所辖各司、科、股进行职能审查，并根据经过重新确定并已经排定先后次序的活动框架，对其进行调整，其中包括调整人力资源和财政资源（如必要）。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议7", "执行主任应对毒品和犯罪问题办公室所辖各司、科、股进行职能审查，以便对其进行调整，作为建议2提议的经过重新确定并排定先后次序的行动框架的一部分。", "C. 协调不力影响成效", "69. 此前曾有监督报告指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各个实体之间缺乏协调，有时甚至相互竞争。之所以会出现这些问题，原因之一是为了形成一个统一的办公室，合并了两个不同起源、不同文化的实体。另一项原因是财务状况，各个部门的活动严重依赖自愿捐款。", "70. 表4列出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/部/股之间的协调与合作以及总部和外地机构之间的协调与合作调查结果。事实上，各级受访者一再指出，协作存在问题。表4还显示出，不同类别的受访者给出的意见大相径庭。检查专员注意到，国际专业人员提出的批评意见较多。令人关注的是，同外地工作人员发回的反馈意见相比，总部工作人员的评估意见总是更多地带有批评。此外，毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于责任和工作程序的记录方式也提出批评，这可能会影响到办公室的内部工作成效。", "71. 例如，检查专员一再听到有人抱怨筹资活动缺乏协调，不同科室之间相互竞争，竭力为各自的项目调动资源，从而保住本部门。这似乎也导致官员无法专注于实质性工作。", "72. 检查专员建议毒品和犯罪问题办公室审查现行的协调机制及其有效性，以便查清程序中的重复或繁冗之处，或是确定兜圈子或重叠的做法。", "表4：毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类工作人员如何看待协作问题（百分比）", "你认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/部/股之间是否有充足的协调与合作？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.2 39.7 34.3 5.7", "国际专业工作人员 9.4 34.4 54.4 1.7", "总部工作人员 14.4 37.4 43.2 4.9", "外地工作人员 23.6 42.0 28.9 5.5", "你认为总部和外地办事处之间是否有充足的协调与合作？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.4 40.1 31.0 8.5", "国际专业工作人员 7.8 35.0 53.9 3.3", "总部工作人员 12.3 42.0 34.2 11.5", "外地工作人员 25.7 38.8 30.0 5.5", "你认为各司和/或部门的相关责任和工作程序是否明确，是否有详细记录？", "有 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 20.0 39.6 31.4 9.0", "国际专业工作人员 6.7 38.9 48.9 5.6", "总部工作人员 12.3 44.0 35.8 7.8", "外地工作人员 24.8 36.2 29.2 9.9", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "73. 检查专员注意到，一年一度的外地代表讨论会是一项很好的做法，这是个内部协调机制，参与者包括毒品和犯罪问题办公室的区域代表、国家代表以及总部多个部门的官员。除实质性讨论之外，谈论会还将集体处理并讨论众多管理和行政问题。借助这个机会，外地机构的管理者与总部的管理者可以在集体会议和双边会议上开展直接互动。检查专员认为外地代表讨论会是一个有益的论坛，有利于双方在能力、局限、程序、职能、成绩等方面加深相互了解，消除同总部脱节的感觉。", "执行如下建议，有望加强毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部的整体协调，从而增强其成效。", "建议8", "在2012年底之前，执行主任应全面审查并评估毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部的协调机制和程序，并采取适当的改进措施。", "D. 战略规划和成果管理制", "74. 通过《毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年中期战略》，办公室的战略规划实现了长足发展。这项战略是《联合国战略框架》中相关方案的补充内容。[12]", "75. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室中期战略是否充分涉及战略问题，能否被用作战略管理工具，为办公室制订整体战略远景，受访者对此有着不同的见解。检查专员多次听到受访者评论办公室及其特派团缺乏长远眼光，或至少是没有把远景规划明确告知所有部门和全体工作人员。导致这种情况的另一项原因是毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来在多个不同领域争取获得财政支持。", "76. 正如下文图5所示，毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来启动了区域和主题规划活动。当前的主题方案[13]和区域方案得到会员国的支持，目的是协调众多分散且零星的项目，形成一系列更具有战略性和综合性的方案。检查专员通过访谈以及对方案拟定文件的审查，可以感受到办公室内部大力支持调整程序以及在已有方案的经验教训的基础上进一步完善程序，并持积极态度。某些区域方案和主题方案目前正在制订当中。", "77. 下文图5列出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在战略规划过程中必须应对的多个层面和时限，从中还可以看出，由于规划文件是逐步构想并制订的，这些文件之间没有做到充分协调一致。", "图5：毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划", "[]", "78. 制订主题方案和区域方案的做法有多个好处：(a)加强同会员国的对话，区域行为者参与方案拟定阶段以及在执行阶段参与指导委员会，从而增强会员国的主导权；(b)有可能调动资源，在方案层面上减少限定资金用途的现象，而不是针对单一项目；(c)在方案层面上开展多项管理活动，提高行政工作的成效；以及(d)强化监督框架，总部和外地办事处借助这一框架有助于加强问责制。", "79. 但也发现某些方面存在问题：(a)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须更好地管理现有项目向方案的过渡和转化工作；(b)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须应对因地制宜制订的多种方案和国家项目共存的情况；(c)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须调整现有的整体管理和报告工具，以便充分满足为更加综合性的方案提供财政和行政支持的各项要求（例如报告、搜集资料、监督承诺、开支，等等）；(d)毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须协调方案拟定工作的各个层面，使其做到同时开发、拟定并获得支持。", "80. 检查专员认为，主要由于限定资金用途的做法造成资源的不可预测，在这种情况下，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划是一项难题。但检查专员强调，战略规划应以长期愿景和行动的先后次序（建议2）为依据，以期达到预期成果。毒品和犯罪问题办公室这样的组织要避免由捐助方主导各项方案和活动，这一点尤为重要。检查专员还建议对主题及区域方案拟定和执行工作开展深入细致的独立评估，并将评估结果上报理事机构。", "执行如下建议，有望提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室的效率。", "建议9", "执行主任应在2013年底之前向麻醉药品委员会及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交主题及区域方案拟定独立评估报告，并汇报方案执行情况、影响和经验教训。", "81. 成果管理制得到会员国的大力支持，但检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面依然面临多项难题。在线调查发现，毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于成果管理制的了解程度偏低，而且彼此之间相差悬殊，同相关管理者进行的访谈也证实了这一点。令人感到鼓舞的是，专业工作人员对于成果管理制的了解更多一些，但同时应该指出，有36%的专业工作人员表示，没有向他们明确告知成果管理制的目标和预期结果。关于成果管理制对于提升总体业绩的作用，受访者在回答中表现出的疑虑令人担心，特别是某些高级管理者（肯定答复仅有4.2%）。从调查得到答复来看，迫切需要开展关于成果管理制的更多培训。", "表5：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员如何看待成果管理制对于办公室业绩的影响（百分比）", "在你看来，执行成果管理制是否改善了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体业绩？", "是的 在一定程度上 没有 不知道", "全体工作人员 8.6 21.7 20.8 48.9", "国际专业工作人员 5.6 26.4 32.6 35.4", "高级管理者（P-5及更高级别） 4.2 27.1 43.8 25.0", "总部工作人员 5.7 24.1 24.1 46.1", "外地工作人员 10.0 20.2 19.0 50.8", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "82. 监督厅此前曾指出毒品和犯罪问题办公室在规划和成果管理制方面存在的困难。检查专员认为，在该办公室内部加强成果管理制将提高透明度，强化问责制，有助于捐助方更加深入了解办公室的活动和成绩，必然是对办公室有利的。通过这种方法可以提高捐助方的信心，从而吸引更多资源。检查专员审查了多份规划文件，承认近年来取得了进展，同时考虑到在性质特殊的毒品和犯罪领域，要确定衡量成绩的相关标准存在某些困难。", "83. 检查专员鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理者和区域代表继续努力提高各项指标的针对性、相关性和质量。检查专员鼓励办公室的高级管理层进一步推广规划和成果管理文化，在工作人员当中逐步普及制度知识，形成人人注重成果管理的文化。", "E. 与外地派驻机构有关的挑战", "84. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室自成立以来，随着技术合作活动的扩展，外地派驻机构和国家覆盖率也相应得到长足发展。下文图6显示，办公室的外地机构网络包括四类实体：(a)区域办事处（由外地代表领导）；(b)国家办事处（由外地代表或国别负责人领导）；(c)方案办事处（酌情由部门主管或方案协调员领导）；以及(d)顾问机构。附件三载有毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地机构分布图。", "85. 检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室努力推动外地机构网络结构和名称实现正常化。2010年，执行委员会通过了指导说明，界定了每个实体的作用、职能和责任及其同办公室内部及外部其他实体之间的相互关系。但在审查期间发现，办公室工作人员对于这份文件显然没有充分了解，即便是外地代表也不例外。为此，有必要宣传这份概念说明文件，确保外地办事处能够遵守各项规定和指令。", "图6：毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构的发展（2005-2009年）", "[]", "资料来源：依据《毒品和犯罪问题办公室年度报告》及办公室提供的资料得出的综合数据。所涉国家在特定年度可能有所不同。", "86. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地办事处的工作环境在不同国家有着天壤之别，开展活动的规模和性质也大不相同。检查专员希望强调指出，调查答复者认为外地派驻机构有利于办公室及其执行能力。近六成的答复者认为，外地派驻机构很成功，有助于提高办公室的执行能力。仅有5.2%的答复者给出了反面意见。", "87. 但在审查过程中，各方普遍认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构的资源和专业知识有限。事实上，外地派驻机构几乎完全依靠预算外资源，业务司的情况也是一样。由此造成了矛盾和不确定性，可能会影响到方案的先后次序以及任务的执行情况。在外地实体当中，有些办事处能够自我维持（负责开展大量项目），有些办事处则需要补贴（负责的项目较少）。", "88. 检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室目前应在排定各项事务优先次序（建议2）的基础上，重新制订外地派驻机构的战略方法，再次确认这些机构的分布原则，特别是加强区域派驻机构和/或国别机构的战略。", "89. 外地派驻机构在管理方面存在不少问题。这些机构的工作效率及成效同外地代表的领导和管理能力密切相关。办事处通常包含一到两名国际工作人员，其余均为当地工作人员。检查专员注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地代表的级别从P-4到D-1不等，视其负责的业务活动的规模而定。这些职位的职务说明制订于1999年，自然应该依据办公室及其外地业务的发展变化情况进行更新。在这方面，检查专员指出，正在制订关于外地办事处及区域办事处负责人的职务说明。检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续为外地代表开办领导和管理培训课程，这将有助于提高办公室外地办事处的管理能力。", "90. 由于能力有限，在外地员工的选拔和行政管理、外地办事处的财务和行政管理以及项目的行政支持等方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室依靠开发署提供支持。检查专员听到关于为办公室外地办事处提供的服务速度迟缓和存在质量问题的很多意见。各方还认识到，当地局势是造成服务质量不稳定的主要因素。此外，检查专员认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室自身对于外地机构的顺利运作负有主要责任。", "91. 外地机构的大部分员工是开发署按照自身合同地位和政策雇用的服务签约人。这些人协助执行毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务，却不被视为办公室的工作人员。各种合同地位并存的情况可能会引发管理问题。这种情况造成员工之间的差异，同时给管理者带来繁琐的工作和程序，他们必须应对两套不同的、有时甚至相互抵触的规章制度。在工作人员的地位、福利、业绩评估制度和司法程序等方面也存在差异。这种情况最终可能会影响到工作人员的动力和人员留用，从而损害工作质量。", "92. 1997年《谅解备忘录》规定了按照《统一价目表》提供的工作安排和服务，这一价目表通常还是有竞争力的。检查专员认为，《谅解备忘录》对于服务评估和冲突解决机制的规定过于宽泛。毒品和犯罪问题办公室应与开发署协商，修订这份《谅解备忘录》，规定明确的业绩指标，确保采用共同的框架开展业绩和服务评估。检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室注意到替代解决办法。该办公室在项目管理、采购、人力资源和财务管理等领域采用项目厅提供的具有相对优势的服务。还可考虑如下方案：同联合国外勤支助部合作；或是在可行情况下将某些行政活动集中保留在中央层面，同时在各地开展活动。此外，正在研究能否与联合国办事处共用同一地点（例如在内罗毕或曼谷）。", "93. 一般说来，在方案问题上，外地干事基本上都能得到总部的支持，但尚未调整行政支持结构和机制来应对这种日益分散的局面。毒品和犯罪问题办公室现在应该设立具体机构，负责提供外地业务支持。", "执行如下建议，有望增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成效。", "建议10", "执行主任应尽早同联合国开发计划署署长进行磋商，以便审查并更新现行《备忘录》，补充关于服务评估的规定。", "94. 监督外地活动是一项要求，但这项工作在某种程度上由于内部能力不足而受阻。近年来的审计发现，在现有制衡机构以外，应该加强总部对于外地办事处的行政和财务监督。检查专员满意地注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室针对外地业务的业绩和效率制订了新的监督制度，并在2010年外地代表讨论会上公布。毒品和犯罪问题办公室通过这种方式为如下工作创造了条件：(a)通过透明度和完备的记录增强整体问责制，协助办公室开展整体监督、决策和组织学习；(b)在执行的各个阶段衡量方案业绩；以及(c)促进组织学习。这项制度取得成功的先决条件是得到各方的有力支持以及所有相关实体给予充分配合（外地办事处以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室的其他实体，例如财政资源管理处、信息技术科、工作队、独立评价单位、战略规划股、共同供资和伙伴关系科、质量控制和监督股）。", "五. 人力资源管理", "95. 人力资源管理依然遵循联合国框架。为此，维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室人力资源管理处在很多领域内能够采取行动的范围有限。人力资源行动规划周期表明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国秘书处的下属机构，在很多领域的目标需要联系联合国的目标来界定和评估。为开展此次审查，检查专员希望从更广泛的角度着手来分析数据，将采用除经常预算以外的其他方式支持的职位也考虑在内。", "96. 由于毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展两类活动（规范性活动及技术合作），检查专员希望提请各方注意，联合国的某些规章制度可能不完全适用于办公室的需要，特别是鉴于办公室的外地派驻机构增加。办公室在某些方面目前看起来像是一个专门机构（专业知识集中、外地派驻机构、需要快速做出反应，等等）。", "97. 供资方式时常在工作保障方面造成矛盾，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的大部分工作人员都对此表示关切。调查证实，这个问题对于整体业绩的影响十分明显，而且在专业职类中表示得更加突出。检查专员注意到毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面所做的努力，例如在2009年厉行节约成本的工作中，只有削减了极少数职位。但必须指出的是，受访者并不欢迎这项行动，而且指出毒品和犯罪问题办公室一反类似情况下的惯例，并没有建立机制来应对并缓解工作不稳定的情况。", "表6：毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类工作人员如何看待工作不稳定（百分比）", "在你看来，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作不稳定在何种程度上对整体业绩造成影响？", "严重影响 没有太大影响 有一些影响 影响不大 没有影响", "全体工作人员 63.3 12.5 20.4 2.4 1.4", "国际专业工作人员 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6", "总部工作人员 67.5 9.2 18.9 3.1 1.3", "外地工作人员 61.3 14.6 20.4 2.1 1.5", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "A. 人力资源问题", "98. 检查专员了解到，人力资源问题在任何国际组织的工作人员当中都会激发辩论和讨论，并造成挫折感。但在访谈过程中提到的实例以及通过调查了解到的严厉的批评意见，都表明毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于如下问题的看法：程序的透明度和选拔过程；遵守规章制度以及执行工作的连贯性；对于候选人的偏袒以及关于公平问题的怀疑；以及性别歧视等。检查专员认为，要改变上述看法，重要的是在处理这些问题时，在各个阶段最大限度地遵守规章制度、保持透明度并开展交流，避免产生挫折感和流言蜚语。", "99. 此外，众多批评意见指出人力资源管理处的服务质量不佳，指责这一部门没有充分为服务对象考虑。检查专员建议人力资源管理处采取措施，更加频繁地收集服务对象的反馈意见，了解对方的意见，并在自身能力和资源允许范围内做出相应调整。", "图7：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员提及的人力资源问题", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "100. 流动性取决于联合国政策，相关政策目前正在接受重新评估。在这方面，毒品和犯罪问题办公室参与了自愿网络交流倡议，以便增强工作人员的流动性。检查专员认为，虽然缺少必要的流动机制，但在总部和外地工作人员之间增加轮换，可以在更多共同经验的基础上增加对于机构的整体了解，从而有利于办公室的工作。目前，流动机制主要针对的是专业人员，而这些专业人员认为办公室没有充分鼓励这种轮换。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室缺少流动机制是错失良机。", "101. 关于人力资源管理以及工作人员关注的其他重要问题，检查专员忆及，从2009年开始，工作人员可以通过驻维也纳的联合国监察员区域处提出关注的问题，并研究解决这些问题的非正式方法。", "B. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员", "102. 表7和表8简要介绍了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员构成情况。由于同维也纳办事处共用资源，难以清楚地了解毒品和犯罪问题办公室的人员配置情况，检查专员希望解决这个问题。为此，表格中的数据摘自综合管理信息系统（综管系统）数据库，并且不包括管理司的工作人员。", "表7：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各地工作人员，按经常预算和预算外资金分列", "2005年 2009年 2005年（%） 2009年（%）", "经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源", "总部工作人员 135 304 159 509 30.8 69.2 23.8 76.2", "外地工作人员 2 392 2 1940 0.5 99.5 0.1 99.9", "全体工作人员 137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 6.2 93.8", "资料来源：依据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据得出的综合数据。", "表8：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各类工作人员，按经常预算和预算外资金分列", "2005年 2009年 百分比", "经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源 经常资源 预算外资源", "总部工作人员 135 304 159 509 17.8 67.4", "国际专业工作人员 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1", "一般事务人员 41 55 43 55 4.9 0.0", "个体订约人 12 7 3 40 -75.0 471.4", "顾问 12 16 33 79 175.0 393.8", "其他（初级专业人员/协理专家/志愿者） - 78 - 15 - -80.8", "实习生 - 75 - 225 - 200.0", "外地工作人员 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "国际专业工作人员 1 67 1 100 0.0 49.3", "一般事务人员 1 1 1 0.0 -100.0", "外部订约人 - 226 - 1290 - 470.8", "顾问 - 39 - 366 - 838.5", "本国干事 - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "其他（初级专业人员/协理专家/实习生/志愿者，等等） - 14 - 9 - -35.7", "开发署雇员* - 26 - 148 469.2", "不同资金来源资助的工作人员总数 137 696 161 2449 17.5 251.9", "工作人员总数 833 2610 + 213.3", "资料来源：依据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据得出的综合数据。", "103. 在员工总数增加的同时，依靠经常预算资源资助的职位比例却下降了。经常预算和预算外资源之间的比率表明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的业务连续性、组织成效、以及专业知识和机构知识的保留都存在风险。2005年，采用经常资源的职位占总数的16.5%（采用预算外资源的职位占83.5%），但到了2009年，这一比例降至6.1%。检查专员还注意到，有两类职位（实习生和顾问）明显增加。与此同时，初级专业人员显著减少。", "104. 联合国实体的实习方案对于组织、监督者和实习生等所有相关各方都有利。检查专员对于总部越来越多地启用大量实习生提出质疑，这可能导致没有必要的资源来满足毒品和犯罪问题办公室的要求。在这种情况下，要落实政策要求，创造良好的工作环境以便有利于实习生在适当监督下开展实务学习和实现专业发展，至少是很困难的。", "105. 由于方案的增加，订约人和顾问也增加了。例如，外地顾问人数成倍增长。检查专员特别关切地注意到，正如审计委员会在多份报告中指出，在人员选拔、监督和评估等方面，顾问合同在当地的管理是一项难题。", "C. 两性均衡和工作人员的多样性", "106. 表9显示出不同级别的男女人员比例存在显著差异。专业人员职类的男女比例略有改进，女性比例在2009年为42.4%。这一改进还体现在高级职等（P-5及更高级别），但这些职位依然大多数（四分之三以上）为男性把持。在外地层面，外地代表的男女比例更加悬殊（女性为17.6%），女性顾问的比例估计约为38%。通过访谈和调查发现，人们对这种情况颇有微词，抱怨毒品和犯罪问题办公室是“男性主导的组织”。", "表9：2005和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业人员职等及更高级别的男女比例", "2005年 2009年 2005年（%） 2009年（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 85 117 40.3% 42.4%", "男性 126 159 59.7% 57.6%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）", "女性 10 15 16.4% 24.2%", "男性 51 47 83.6% 75.8%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "107. 专业人员职类的征募和晋级工作在男女比例上明显呈现出积极的发展态势。但高级职等的晋级依然以男性为主。关于今后三年高级职等的征聘预测为采取行动来提高女性任职比例提供了一次机会，相关高级职位目前有八成被男性占据。检查专员敦促执行主任把握住这次机会，进一步增进高级管理人员的男女比例平等。", "表10：2005至2009年专业人员职等及更高级别征聘和晋级中的男女比例", "征聘（经常预算） 2005-2009年总数 占2005-2009年总数的 百分比（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 10 47.6%", "男性 11 52.4%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）的招募工作不多，不足以据此得出结论。", "晋级（经常预算） 2005-2009年总数 占2005-2009年总数的 百分比（%）", "全体专业工作人员", "女性 31 64.6%", "男性 17 35.4%", "高级专业工作人员（P-5及更高级别）", "女性 5 33.3%", "男性 10 66.7%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "执行如下建议，有望改善毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级职等的男女任职比例。", "建议11", "执行主任应采取进一步措施，改善包括外地代表在内的高级职等的男女比例。", "108. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的多样性问题也值得注意。附件二表明，专业工作人员的原籍地域分布不够均等。2009年，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专业工作人员来自68个不同国家，但其中将近三分之一来自西欧和其他国家集团中的三个国家。应制订积极的中期征募战略来改变这种情况。检查专员审查了关于征募和晋级的数据，希望看到有关方面采取更加严肃和协调的工作，努力增强征募人员的多样性，吸收来自发展中国家的候选人，包括高级职等。", "109. 顾问的地域分布情况也有令人担心。2009年，有51%的顾问来自四个国家（联合王国、澳大利亚、美国和加拿大）。这种人员集中的情况降低了专业知识和经验的多样性，导致其他区域的参与和贡献不足。条约事务司和业务司司长主张从更多国家征聘顾问，但这种情况没有太大改观。", "110. 考虑到任务的特殊性，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员必须精通贩运人口、腐败等众多领域。人力资源管理处应采取措施，提高自身能力，主动寻求具备相关专业知识的人才，重点是从发展中国家。毒品和犯罪问题办公室往往采用新的联合国人才征聘工具Inspira来支持这方面的外联工作。", "执行如下建议，有望增进毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业工作人员的地域分配均衡。", "建议12", "执行主任应制订明确的行动计划，增强专业工作人员和顾问的多样性，特别是要更多地考虑发展中国家的候选人。", "D. 培训资源匮乏，培训机会不平等", "111. 考虑到必须在法律领域和各项技术领域保持大量专业知识，工作人员的培训和再培训对于毒品和犯罪问题办公室具有战略意义。正如上文图7所示，工作人员在调查中表示，培训是他们最关心的问题之一。", "112. 检查专员注意到，接受过培训的工作人员人数在过去五年里翻了一番，但以下问题依然值得关注：", "(a) 提供培训资金的依据是经常预算资源资助的工作人员数量，没有考虑到通过其他供资方式资助的员工，于是造成培训资源严重短缺。毒品和犯罪问题办公室积极采用创造性的解决办法，努力增加受训人数，但成果有限。", "(b) 接受培训的机会不多，而且不同职类的培训机会不平等。虽然有在线课程，但没有为外地工作人员提供充足的培训机会。在地方层面，合同地位也是一项障碍。检查专员认为，由于负责关键业务程序或提供服务的工作人员得不到充足的定期培训，这种情况可能造成重大整体风险。由于财力不足，开办基层培训课程的希望渺茫。为此，外地工作人员往往要经历一段“边干边学”的过程。", "(c) 如上所述，毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须具备特定的技能和能力，提供充足的培训，特别是提升实务技能和技术技能，增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的专业工作成效，至关重要。在这方面，检查专员提请各方注意，仅有27%的专业职类受访者在调查中表示自己得到了充足的培训。此外，检查专员认为有必要针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有各项任务制订基础培训课程，加深员工对于机构的整体了解和知识。", "六. 监督", "A. 监督框架", "113. 本报告图1显示了监督框架和治理安排。毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为联合国秘书处的下属机构，接受联合国内部监督事务厅（监督厅）的内部监督。监督厅承担着审计、评估、检查和调查职能，根据风险来确定审计或检查/监督任务，在上述各个领域均提出了多份报告。", "114. 1999年《谅解备忘录》规定了审计安排（提供资金和规划等）。检查专员同意审计委员会的建议，应该考虑更新并修订这份协议。检查专员认为，这些安排没有充分考虑到近十年来外地派驻机构的扩展以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室任务的发展情况。在这方面已经采取了初步措施。", "115. 关于评估，除不久前对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的监督及评估系统进行检查之外，检查专员还了解到，监督厅计划在今后两年内对办公室开展一项全面的方案评估。根据现有资源，在今后十多年内可能不会对毒品和犯罪问题办公室再次进行类似的评估。这样做违反了八年周期，监督厅认为八年在联合国内部是一个充分且合理的周期。", "116. 联合检查组对于作为参与机构的毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行独立的外部监督。联检组每年会要求针对其报告和说明中所载的建议提供后续资料，检查专员赞赏毒品和犯罪问题办公室遵守这项要求并做出及时反馈。检查专员支持治理和财务问题工作组要求“联检组的相关报告和监督厅相关报告的摘要也应当提交给委员会”。[14] 检查专员认为，这样做有助于加强监督，同时要铭记大会对于联检组报告的审议及由此采取的行动原则上适用于毒品和犯罪问题办公室。", "117. 关于联检组在2004至2009年间发表的报告和说明，毒品和犯罪问题办公室接受了其中40%的建议。这些建议的执行阶段非常令人满意，90%以上的建议已经得到落实或正在落实当中。接受建议的比例较低，是由于联检组的报告涉及到全系统，其中所载的多项建议针对与联合国及秘书处制订并执行的政策和准则有关的事务，而毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面采取行动的自由程度有限。", "118. 审计委员会审计了毒品和犯罪问题办公室各个两年期的合并财务报表，并审查了历年业务情况。审计委员会针对2006-2007年及2008-2009年提出了无保留的审计意见，但同时指出了毒品和犯罪问题办公室需要关注的一系列问题。检查专员敦促毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取适当措施，执行审计委员会在此前的报告中提出的、尚未得到充分落实的建议。", "119. 检查专员还注意到，毒品和犯罪问题办公室对于已经接受的建议的执行情况目前缺乏监督制度，内部及外部监督同时缺失。检查专员认为迫切需要建立监督制度。", "执行如下建议，有望提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室的问责制和工作业绩。", "建议13", "执行主任应采取措施，在2011年底之前建立内部监督机制度，检查相关监督机构提出的建议的执行情况。", "B. 加强整体评估能力", "120. 在审查期间，虽然会员国以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来极为重视独立评价单位，但办公室的评估职能还不足以说服会员国和捐助方信任办公室的业绩评估。检查专员认为，毒品和犯罪问题办公室能否衡量并表示出在方案执行和相关方案成果方面的成效和效率，对于办公室至关重要，这是一个需要优先考虑的问题。此外，独立评价单位在很多重要问题上可以发挥作用，例如办公室内部的问责制、学习机制以及加强项目/方案制订工作。", "121. 在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的组织结构中将独立评价单位置于执行主任的领导下，解决了因此前的结构和隶属安排所致的评估职能的独立性问题。检查专员希望强调指出，有必要进一步提倡整体评估文化，以此作为一项共同的责任：(a)会员国必须提供充足的资源，并行使监督责任，特别要监督管理层是如何使用评估资金的。会员国代表明确要求，在向毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层提交评估报告的同时，应向理事机构直接分发评估报告，检查专员支持这项要求，认为这标志着做出承诺；(b)毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理者应为提高整体评估能力创造条件，并建立机制，确保在今后的项目和方案周期中吸收评估结论和经验教训；(c)评估部门应在遵守专业人员规范和标准的情况下提出高质量的评估报告，从而提高自身的公信力，表明自身的价值；以及(d)毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各级工作人员（高级管理者、中层或项目管理者、实务干事）对于评估工作应采取开放并支持的态度。", "七. 其他问题", "A. 国际麻醉品管制局", "122. 国际麻醉品管制局（麻管局）是独立的准司法监督机构，负责监督三部联合国国籍药品管制公约的执行情况：《麻醉品单一公约》（1961年），《精神药物公约》（1971年），以及《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》（1988年）。1968年根据《麻醉品单一公约》成立了麻管局，其前身是依据此前的药物管制条约建立的机构，可以追溯到国际联盟时期。", "123. 麻管局在国际社会打击非法药物的工作中发挥了关键作用。在秘书处的协助下，麻管局行使条约机构的职能。麻管局秘书处是隶属于联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的行政实体，但在实质问题上仅对麻管局负责。为保持独立性，麻管局秘书处采用联合国经常预算资源。", "124. 检查专员认为，加强毒品和犯罪问题办公室与麻管局秘书处之间的相互了解与合作可以确保麻管局顺利运作。事实上，双方都曾表示有必要改善两者之间的关系，并指出在预算资源和管理、工作人员征聘、采购以及行政支持方面存在某些困难。", "125. 麻管局秘书在毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构中的隶属关系（D-1）引发关切，麻管局秘书服从条约事务司司长的领导，而不是直接听命于执行主任。检查专员查阅了大会第46/104号决议通过的经济及社会理事会第1991/48号决议，其中涉及麻管局秘书处与国际药物管制规划署（毒品和犯罪问题办公室的前身）之间的行政安排。决议规定：“麻管局秘书由秘书长与麻管局协商后任命或指派。”麻管局秘书应在所有实质性事务方面接受麻管局的指示，在其他事务方面接受执行主任的指示。根据这项决议，检查专员认为要保持麻管局及其秘书处的独立性，麻管局秘书处应直接服从执行主任的领导。", "执行如下建议，有望提高麻管局秘书处的问责制和工作业绩。", "建议14", "执行主任应尽早改变麻管局秘书的现行隶属关系，在组织结构中将这一职位直接置于执行主任的领导下。", "B. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排", "126. ST/SGB/2004/5号文件和ST/SGB/2004/6号文件分别规定了联合国维也纳办事处与联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的现行组织机构。其主要特点是，维也纳办事处与毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为两个独立的实体，共用一个管理司，后者为双方以及驻维也纳的其他联合国实体提供服务。管理司的核心职能被这两个机构一分为二。", "127. 相关安排在实际工作层面令人满意，检查专员对此没有异议，但应该指出的是，审计委员会在2010年提出了财务管理等共用行政服务问题，并指出很难将维也纳办事处与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员及相关开支截然分开。[15] 例如，这种情况导致难以确定及估算毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理开支。在审查过程中，检查专员在收集只涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的数据时便遇到了困难。", "128. 下文图8概述了受访者从多个方面如何看待管理司提供服务支持毒品和犯罪问题办公室的各项活动。", "图8：毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于管理司提供的服务的评价", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "C. 信息和通信技术服务", "129. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室信息技术科在联合国内部声名显赫，以先进的信息和通信技术能力而著称，多次用户满意度调查都证实了这一点。但在审查期间，有些意见认为信息技术科可以集中更多精力，为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的多个部门提供及时和优质的支持服务。", "130. 除提供支持服务外，信息技术科还在洗钱和金融犯罪等毒品和犯罪问题办公室方案所涉领域，为以各国政府为主的外部客户开发在商业市场上难得一见的软件应用程序。这些实务服务被视为在成本回收基础上开展的技术合作活动，需要遵守服务协定。毒品和犯罪问题办公室指出：“采用先进的信息技术解决方案和通信基础设施，极大地增强了会员国在药品管制、统计报告和监督、刑事司法改革、打击洗钱和禁止为恐怖主义筹资等领域有效履行任务的能力。”检查专员并不怀疑这些活动给会员国带来的增值效益，但检查专员希望强调，在开展这些活动时应与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的其他实体充分协调。例如，检查专员强调指出，毒品和犯罪问题办公室的外地代表应了解并参与信息技术科为支持其所在区域各国政府开展的所有各项技术合作活动。", "八. 调查重点", "131. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总部及外地工作人员在2010年5月和6月参与了在线调查，协助检查专员开展审查工作。在线调查的链接借助毒品和犯罪问题办公室的信息管理系统，答复由检查专员秘密收集并处理。参与比例很能说明问题，从统计意义上能够代表某些职类的工作人员的意见，特别是在维也纳。依据工作人员的不同职类和不同地点对数据进行了综合及过滤，在此基础上得出的结论已写入本报告的文字部分。", "表11：2010年联检组调查的参与情况，按不同地点分列", "地点 接受调查者 答复者 参与率", "维也纳总部 464 269 58 %", "外地* 1350 368 27.3 %", "总计 1814 665** 36.7 %", "* 包括总部外全体工作人员 ** 包括不完整调查", "132. 检查专员在分析答复时发现了如下要点：(a)国际专业工作人员的评估往往更加苛刻；(b)高级管理者（P-5以上级别）对其本人负责的领域表现出惊人的苛求，指出在执行规章制度和管理决策方面缺乏透明度，没有充分鼓励公开讨论；以及(c)总部工作人员与外地雇员的观念存在某些差异。", "133. 检查专员通过开放性问题收集到584条意见和建议，针对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的众多管理和行政问题提出了1,526点意见。检查专员分析了这些意见的内容，采用若干标题将其分类，见下文图9。此外，假如工作人员的意见涉及到具体问题，则写入报告的文字部分。", "134. 检查专员建议毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部定期开展工作人员调查。一方面，办公室的工作人员表示积极支持此类举措；另一方面，办公室的高级管理层能够从各类工作人员的反馈意见中受益。", "图9：毒品和犯罪问题办公室受访者提及的领域", "[]", "资料来源：2010年联检组调查。", "涉及到的主要方面\n 人力资源管理 培训，职业发展，合同地位，工作保障，员工多样性，征聘，流动性，机构知识，工作条件", "行政管理 透明度，高级管理层，业绩管理，战略规划和成果管理制，管理做法，交流", "组织结构 内部协调与合作，内部交流，权力下放和改革", "行政服务 财政资源管理处的质量反馈，人力资源给管理处，采购事务，同开发署的关系，特别是总部对于外地的支持", "财务框架 财务管理，财政资源，资金", "法律框架 管理安排，办公室的任务，规章制度的针对性", "监督 外地办事处的审计，评估，外地办事处的监督", "其他问题 安全，交通运输，项目管理，一般性意见", "A/66/315", "附件", "附件一：联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构图（截至2010年4月，资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室）", "[]", "附件二：专业及更高级别工作人员的原籍国地域分布情况（截至2009年12月）", "国籍 工作人员人数 百分比 国籍 工作人员人数 百分比\n 意大利 29 10.5% 23.6% 白俄罗斯 1 0.4%", "德国 19 6.9% 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 1 0.4%", "美利坚合众国 17 6.2% 博茨瓦纳 1 0.4%", "加拿大 14 5.1% 科特迪瓦 1 0.4%", "法国 13 4.7% 捷克共和国 1 0.4%", "联合王国 13 4.7% 厄瓜多尔 1 0.4%", "奥地利 11 4.0% 格鲁吉亚 1 0.4%", "西班牙 9 3.3% 加纳 1 0.4%", "印度 8 2.9% 洪都拉斯 1 0.4%", "丹麦 7 2.5% 印度尼西亚 1 0.4%", "日本 7 2.5% 伊朗 1 0.4%", "巴西 6 2.2% 爱尔兰 1 0.4%", "澳大利亚 5 1.8% 以色列 1 0.4%", "比利时 5 1.8% 吉尔吉斯斯坦 1 0.4%", "南非 5 1.8% 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 1 0.4%", "埃及 4 1.4% 马里 1 0.4%", "希腊 4 1.4% 马耳他 1 0.4%", "新西兰 4 1.4% 墨西哥 1 0.4%", "挪威 4 1.4% 蒙古 1 0.4%", "瑞典 4 1.4% 摩洛哥 1 0.4%", "乌兹别克斯坦 4 1.4% 缅甸 1 0.4%", "阿根廷 3 1.1% 纳米比亚 1 0.4%", "喀麦隆 3 1.1% 巴拉圭 1 0.4%", "芬兰 3 1.1% 秘鲁 1 0.4%", "哈萨克斯坦 3 1.1% 波兰 1 0.4%", "肯尼亚 3 1.1% 葡萄牙 1 0.4%", "荷兰 3 1.1% 卡塔尔 1 0.4%", "土耳其 3 1.1% 摩尔多瓦共和国 1 0.4%", "阿塞拜疆 2 0.7% 罗马尼亚 1 0.4%", "玻利维亚 2 0.7% 俄罗斯联邦 1 0.4%", "保加利亚 2 0.7% 塞内加尔 1 0.4%", "中国 2 0.7% 塞舌尔 1 0.4%", "伊朗 2 0.7% 斯洛伐克 1 0.4%", "牙买加 2 0.7% 瑞士 1 0.4%", "拉脱维亚 2 0.7% 泰国 1 0.4%", "黎巴嫩 2 0.7% 土库曼斯坦 1 0.4%", "毛里求斯 2 0.7% 乌干达 1 0.4%", "巴基斯坦 2 0.7% 乌拉圭 1 0.4%", "阿尔及利亚 1 0.4% 委内瑞拉 1 0.4%", "孟加拉国 1 0.4% 津巴布韦 1 0.4%", "巴巴多斯 1 0.4% 总计 276 100%", "资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "A/66/315", "附件三：2010年毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地派驻机构（资料来源：毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年年度报告）", "区域办事处（10） 国家办事处（9） 联络处（2）\n 巴西和南方共同市场国家 阿富汗 纽约", "中亚 多民族玻利维亚国 布鲁塞尔", "东非 哥伦比亚", "中东和北非 伊朗伊斯兰共和国", "墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比地区 老挝人民民主共和国", "秘鲁、多民族玻利维亚国和厄瓜多尔 缅甸", "南亚 尼日利亚", "南部非洲 巴基斯坦", "西非和中非 越南", "东亚和太平洋地区中心", "方案办事处（32）", "巴拿马区域方案办事处，东南欧区域方案办事处，阿拉伯联合酋长国次区域方案办事处（针对海湾国家），以及如下次区域方案办事处：阿拉伯利比亚民众国、阿尔巴尼亚、布隆迪、柬埔寨、佛得角、中国、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚比绍、危地马拉、印度尼西亚、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、摩尔多瓦共和国、尼泊尔、巴勒斯坦被占领土、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、索马里、苏丹、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其、土库曼斯坦。", "[]", "A/66/315", "附件四", "参与组织根据联合检查组的建议所采取的行动概览", "JIU/REP/2010/10", "[TABLE]", "图例：L：供立法机构做出决定的建议 E：供行政首脑采取行动的建议 ：不要求相关组织采取行动的建议", "预期影响：a：加强问责制 b：传播最佳做法 c：加强协调与合作 d：加强控制和遵约 e：增强成效 f：重大财政节省 g：提高效率 o：其他", "*　除贸发会议、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、环境署、人居署、难民署和近东救济工程处外，涵盖 ST/SGB/2002/11号文件列出的所有实体。", "[1] 见A/51/950，第143-145段；ST/SGB/Organization，部门：药物管制署（1993年）；ST/SGB/1998/17和ST/SBG/2004/6。", "[2] 见监督厅的报告AE2007/361/0。", "[3] 麻醉药品委员会第51/1号决定及预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第17/2号决定。", "[4] 见麻委会第52/13号决议、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第18/3号决议以及经济及社会理事会第2009/251号决定。", "[5] A/60/733，秘书长的报告，“任务的制定与实施：为便利任务审查而提出的分析与建议”。", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2008/13和E/CN.15/2008/18。", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1，第85段。", "[8] 见E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15。", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15。", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1。", "[11] 见UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1，2002年6月。", "[12] 《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年战略》，E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5，经济及社会理事会第2007/12号决议和第2007/19号决议核准。", "[13] 截至2010年12月，主题方案包括：(a)采取行动打击腐败和经济犯罪；(b)预防犯罪和刑事司法改革；(c)结合毒品和犯罪问题处理卫生和人类发展方面的脆弱性；(d)科学和法医服务；(e)防止恐怖主义；(f)研究和趋势分析；以及(g)有组织犯罪和非法贩运（包括贩运人口、走私、洗钱和火器）。", "[14] 见E/CN.15/2009/21。", "[15] 见A/63/5/Add.9，《财务报告和已审计财务报表》。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目140", "联合检查组", "审查联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政工作", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递联合检查组题为“审查联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室管理和行政工作”的报告(JIU/REP/2007/10)。", "JIU/REP/2007/10", "三、审查联合国内部的管理和行政管理", "撰稿人", "张义山", "Papa Louis Fall", "Tadanori Inomata", "联合检查组", "2010年,日内瓦", "内容提要", "审查联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理和行政工作", "JIU/REP/2007/10", "目标 “联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)管理和行政审查”是联合检查组近年来对参与组织进行的一系列审查的一部分。 目标是确定治理、行政管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理和监督等领域。 主要调查结果和结论 该办公室的任务是协助会员国打击属于联合国优先领域的毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义。 国际社会日益认识到监督厅任务的重要性,大多数利益攸关方认为,该厅能够完成任务。 该办公室成立于1997年,合并了联合国的各种实体。 然而,最初的理事机构,即缉毒委员会(CND)和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会(CPCJ)保持不变,而且各自的信托基金也保持不变。 因此,治理和财务框架都以零散为特征,影响到办事处的效力和效率。 成员国认识到这一缺陷,于2008年启动了治理审查经验,设立了一个不限成员名额的政府间工作组,以改善该办公室的治理和财务状况。 检查专员在报告中提出了三个加强治理安排的备选办法,以及一个具体建议,即建立一个管理和指导办事处活动的综合和更具说服力的机制。 该厅必须通过两个不同的信托基金处理复杂的财务管理问题。 检查专员鼓励提高财务管理的效率和精简,并认为应探讨合并这两个信托基金的机会。 由于该厅加入联合国系统和平、安全和发展议程,特别是与其他国际组织建立伙伴关系,并努力吸引更多的财政支助,实质性和技术合作活动已扩展到新的和多样化领域。 这种扩大的趋势在某种程度上淡化了该厅的战略愿景和优先化职能。 检查专员建议监督厅对这些授权和相关活动进行彻底的任务审查和优先安排。 该厅面临一个困难的情况:任务增加,相关活动扩大,与财政和人力资源不相称。 虽然严格指定用途的自愿捐助不断增加,但该办公室缺乏经常经费,无法保障其核心职能。 检查专员提出了几项建议,包括要求大会确保通过经常预算资源为该办公室的核心职能提供资金,以确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室能够以一致和可持续的方式执行其任务。 过去十年外地存在的迅速扩大和技术援助活动在许多方面对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的日常管理产生了严重影响:总部对外地的协调和支持、行政规则和程序的充分性等等。 报告还强调了行政管理(远景、管理做法和通信)和人力资源管理(透明度、公平、政策一致性、培训)等领域。 检查专员们还研究了独立的国际麻醉品管制局(麻管局)及其秘书处的情况,并建议改变麻管局的行政结构和报告渠道。 建议 检查专员提出了14项建议;12项针对执行主任,1项针对麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会,1项针对大会。 建议 1 麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应举行联席会议,作为综合理事机构,负责监督毒品和犯罪问题办公室的预算和方案活动。 建议3\n大会应确保从2012-2013两年期开始由经常预算资源供资的该办公室核心职能,使毒品和犯罪问题办公室能够以一致和可持续的方式执行任务。", "目 录", "页 次\n页: 1 3月\n缩略语 6月\n章 次 段 次\n页: 1 一、导 言1 - 14 7\nA. 范围、目标和方法 1-7 7\nB. 具有多样化和高要求任务的办公室 8-14 7\n附件二。 A. 政府15 - 38 8\nA. 治理安排的复杂性 15 - 21 8\nB. 改善治理的备选办法 22 - 31 10\nC. 综合任务审查和优先工作 32 - 38 11\n页: 1 FINANCIALFRAMEWORK 39-59 13\nA. 为公司职能筹措资金的情况 43 - 48 16\nB. 简化财务管理 49-50 16\nC. 减少严格指定用途的必要努力 51 - 56 17\nD. 进一步扩大捐助者基础的筹款战略 57 - 59 18\n四. 导言 EXECUTIVEMANAGEMENT 60-94 19\nA. 工作人员质疑的管理态度 63 - 64 19\nB. 2010年组织改组 65-68 21\nC. 缺乏协调降低了效力 69-73 21\nD. 战略规划和成果管理制 74-83 22\nE. 与外地存在有关的挑战 84-94 24\n五、人力资源管理 95 - 112 27\nA. 举出有问题的人力资源 98-101 27\nB. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员102 - 105 28\nC. 性别均衡和劳动力多样性 106 - 110 28\nD. 培训资源不足,培训机会不平衡 111 - 112 31\n六、结 论 概述 113 - 121 32\nA. 监督框架 113 - 119 28\nB. 加强整体评价能力 120-121 33\n七、结论和建议 B. 其他文书 122 - 130 33\nA. 国际麻醉品管制局122-125 33\nB. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排 126-128 34\nC. 信息和通信技术服务129-130 35\n八. 导言 五、《公约》第四条第1款的执行情况\n附件\n一、毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织的第38II条. 地理多样性\n(截至2009年12月)\n页: 1 UNODCfieldpresence 40\n四. 导言 A. 概述41", "缩略语", "行预咨委会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "CCPCJ 预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会", "行政首长理事会", "CICP 国际预防犯罪中心", "CND 麻醉药品委员会", "方案和协调委员会", "CPS 共同供资和伙伴关系科", "政治部政策分析和公共事务司", "维和部维持和平行动部", "GPF 一般用途基金", "经社理事会 经济及社会理事会", "FRMS 财政资源管理处", "FRS 外地代表讨论会", "HRAP 人力资源行动计划", "IEU 独立评价股", "INCB 国际麻醉品管制局", "ITS 信息技术科", "JIU 联合检查组", "MDTF 多功能信托基金", "谅解备忘录", "MRC 管理审查委员会", "ODCCP 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "PSC 方案支助费用", "成果管理制", "SPF 特殊用途基金", "SPU 战略规划股", "UNCAC 联合国反腐败公约", "UNCTOC 联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约", "药物管制署 联合国国际 药物管制方案", "UNDP 联合国开发计划署", "UNODC 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处", "UNOV 联合国维也纳办事处", "一、导 言", "A. 导 言 A. 范围、目标和方法", "1. 作为2010年工作方案的一部分,联合检查组(联检组)审查了作为联合国秘书处组成部分的联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)的管理和行政工作。 本报告是近年来对参加组织的管理和行政进行的一系列审查的一部分。", "目标是确定治理、行政管理、行政、战略规划和预算编制、人力资源管理、监督等方面的改进领域,并确定最佳做法,并与联合国系统其他组织分享。 由于该厅的业务模式主要依靠预算外捐款,2008-2009年金融危机明显对该厅产生不利影响。 这导致在2009年开展了严重的节省费用的工作,并在2010年进行了内部改组。 在这一关键时刻,会员国着手开展一项雄心勃勃的补救行动,设立了一个治理和财务工作组。", "根据联检组内部标准和准则及其内部工作程序,编写本报告所采用的方法包括深入分析内部文件以及与毒品和犯罪问题办公室官员和工作人员代表的面谈。 此外,检查专员会见了各代表团的大使/负责人,包括麻醉药品委员会、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会、治理和财务工作组的主席和成员以及区域集团、主要捐助方和受援国。 检查专员还出席了2010年外地代表研讨会,与毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地代表进行对话。 会员国对联检组的审查表示欢迎,认为这次审查是及时进行的。", "检查专员通过在线工作人员调查征求了毒品和犯罪问题办公室总部和外地工作人员的意见。 这些答复对本报告涉及的各个方面提供了有益的见解。 除提出汇总数字外,检查专员还对通过调查的公开问题发表的1 500多份单独评论、评论和建议进行了广泛的分析。", "根据联检组章程,本报告是在检查专员们磋商之后定稿的,以便用联检组的集体智慧检验其结论和建议。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室就报告草稿提供了事实和实质性意见,并在报告定稿时予以考虑。", "为了便于处理报告并落实其建议并监测其执行情况,附件四载有一份表格,列出需要毒品和犯罪问题办公室理事机构作出决定的建议以及执行主任可以采取行动的建议。", "检查专员感谢所有协助编写本报告的人,特别是参加面谈并自愿分享知识和专长的人。 为避免重复,审查是与内部监督事务厅(监督厅)协调进行的,监督厅于2010年对毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行了治理审计。", "B. 具有多样化和艰巨任务的办事处", "该办公室成立于1997年,合并了联合国国际药物管制规划署(药物管制署)和国际预防犯罪中心(预防犯罪中心)。 从管理角度看,毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义的相互关联和跨国性质通过连续的行政改革,导致设立了一个单一的实体来处理所有这些问题。 *** 2002年首次称为联合国药物管制和预防犯罪办事处,改名为毒品和犯罪问题办公室。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务是协助会员国打击非法药物、犯罪和一切形式和表现的恐怖主义。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务极为重要,属于大会第63/247号决议确定的联合国优先领域。", "该办公室将规范服务结合起来,以便有效执行国际法律文书;研究和分析能力以及这一领域的技术援助和能力建设活动。 这一点反映在毒品和犯罪问题办公室三个司(条约事务、政策分析和公共事务及业务)的名词上,并得到联合国维也纳办事处(维也纳办事处)共同的管理司的补充。", "自成立以来,赋予该办公室的任务不断增加,特别是在预防犯罪领域的过去十年。 然而,这些任务并没有同时增加足够的经常预算资源。 反过来,结构和内部程序没有适应日益增加的新挑战。 这种情况给它带来重大风险,使它无法充分满足任务要求。", "该厅扩大了外地存在,以开展广泛的技术援助活动。 设在总部的国际公约实体的政治顾问和监护人现在与一个提供专家技术援助/合作服务的专门机构类似的外地网络共存。 结构和程序是否充分适应这一变化的要求,是评估毒品和犯罪问题办公室的一个关键方面。 例如,管理人力资源或处理采购问题的规则和程序似乎在所有情况下都不足以确保效力,而且许多人,特别是在实地工作的人员认为这些规则和程序不利于组织效力。", "前任执行主任(2002-2010年)将注意力集中在通过相互关联和跨学科的方法将该办公室的活动纳入联合国和平、安全和发展议程,以及发展与其他国际组织的伙伴关系。 在编写本报告时,联合国秘书长任命了一位新执行主任,于2010年9月就职。", "近年来,对毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其成就的认识有所提高,这反映在预算外捐款的增加上,尽管大多数是指定用途的。 大部分受访者普遍强调,尽管情况困难,但办事处还是提供。 然而,本报告指出了在许多领域持续存在的支离破碎现象:影响政策指导和监督的治理框架支离破碎,影响资源可持续性和可预测性的资金来源分散,以及影响效率和实效的管理分散。", "在筹备这次审查时,检查专员们收到了内部监督事务厅(监督厅)近年来编写的一些报告,其中载有对毒品和犯罪问题办公室及其一些外地办事处的关键评估。 检查专员们注意到,毒品和犯罪问题办公室所作的努力与监督厅2000年代初的危急情况相比,在管理方面取得了一些改进。", "附件二。 政府", "A. 治理安排的复杂性", "该办公室的特点是完全分开的主要理事机构,即麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会。 下面图1显示了该厅治理框架的分散和复杂性。 2007年,监督厅对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的风险评估得出结论,战略管理和治理领域的风险较高。 *** 检查专员同意以下观点,即治理安排是一项挑战,正在影响办事处在执行任务方面的高效运作。", "政策指导和任务源自多个联合国机构的决议或决定。 除了大会和经济及社会理事会及其两个职司委员会外,与该办公室工作领域有关的国际公约,例如三项国际药物管制公约、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其议定书、《联合国反腐败公约》和打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义的普遍法律文书,都是具有法律约束力的机构。 联合国的其他活动,如预防犯罪大会、《千年宣言》和《反恐战略》,使任务更加复杂。 图1还突出了任务与供资之间的脱节。", "图1:毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理框架", "[]", "治理支离破碎的原因具有历史意义:在1990年代,负责实施两个不同毒品和犯罪问题方案的实体合并为一个办事处,同时两个理事机构(CND和CPCJ)及其两个信托基金保持原有和不变。 因此,毒品和犯罪问题的综合实质性办法没有反映在治理结构中,每个委员会在各自实质性领域都占据主导地位,具有政策和规范职能。", "CND和CCPCJ有不同的成员、议程和优先关注事项。 它们目前同时、单独和单独运作。 必须在各个论坛上采取重复行动。 例如,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的类似介绍和文件必须提交给这两个委员会。 由于及时的反应和后续行动似乎更加困难,国家排雷委员会与刑事司法委员会的主要届会之间的间隔(一年)影响到理事机构的效力。 此外,目前届会的会期几乎没有时间在业务部门讨论管理和行政问题。 最近,各委员会本身对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理安排的有效性,特别是在监测毒品和犯罪问题办公室的活动方面,表示了一些保留。", "检查专员们认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理人员对于委员会及其会员国没有及时、有效地指导毒品和犯罪问题办公室感到有些失望和沮丧。 反过来,会员国与检查专员们一样,对毒品和犯罪问题办公室各级缺乏协商和透明度感到关切,主要捐助国和受援国在项目设计和执行(主动倡议)、资源分配、结构和人员配置构成、报告或出版物中使用的数据和数字等方面提出了批评。", "2008年,会员国开展了一项雄心勃勃的治理审查工作,设立了一个改善联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理和财务状况不限成员名额政府间工作组(下称“工作组”)。 检查专员欢迎这一举措,它为不仅在会员国社区内、捐助方和受援国内部,而且也与毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层开展对话提供了渠道。 因此,会员国和毒品和犯罪问题办公室更好地了解彼此的制约因素、关切和期望。 检查专员们认为,这样一个论坛如果得到适当利用,就应当成为未来的信任者。", "国家空间活动委员会和太平洋渔业委员会将工作组的FinGov制度化两年,但有一项谅解,即工作组的动态和具体成果应在2011年评估。 [4] 从这个角度看,需要讨论和商定一个明确的评价框架,因为该决议对这一事项并不准确。 该工作组的任务是向两个委员会提出关于各自任务领域内行政、方案和财务事项的建议。", "B. 改善治理的备选办法", "在与会员国和监督厅高级管理人员讨论期间,检查专员们对建立一个更加统筹一致的治理机制的共同兴趣印象深刻,这一机制将确保更有效地监督监督厅的活动。 一些受访者建议设立类似于行政和预算问题咨询委员会(行预咨委会)和方案协调委员会(方案协调会)的预算和方案机制,而另一些人则提议设立一个执行委员会/执行方案预算委员会。 目的是建立一个有效的机制,确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层和会员国达到充分的对话和了解水平,以便优先安排和监测毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作及其活动,并与实现其目标的必要和充足的资源建立联系。", "与会者敦促检查专员提出具体的建议,改进该办公室今后的治理安排。 检查专员认为,所涉备选办法概述如下:", "备选办法1:机构改革:合并两个经社理事会委员会", "两个委员会合并的概念可追溯到办事处通过合并单独的毒品和犯罪问题方案而设立之时。 这一选择是经济及社会理事会基本结构的重大改变,特别是自联合国成立以来存在的净捐助国结构。 主要好处是使管理办法与行政结构保持一致,并为会员国之间的政策指导、财务责任和方案决定提供综合行动的条件。 与此同时,这将减少目前双重治理框架所造成的重复和困难。", "虽然许多人认为是解决问题的根本选择,但检查专员们认识到,体制改革取决于会员国的政治意愿,是一项耗时的工作。 取消人权委员会是经济及社会理事会的另一个职司委员会,由人权理事会取代,是一个例子。 多年来讨论和谈判任务、成员和其他有关安排等问题。", "检查专员们认为,从长远来看,应当充分探讨设立一个处理毒品和犯罪问题的委员会的办法,但它不能一劳永逸地解决当前的治理困难。", "备选办法2:机构增加:设立执行机构", "增设一个机构,如一个执行委员会或一个方案和预算委员会,并具体监督战略管理、预算和办公室的活动。 这一选择提供了更长期的治理和监督机制。 其他联合国实体确实有类似机制,例如开发署执行局、粮食计划署执行局或难民署执行委员会。", "然而,毒品和犯罪问题办公室是唯一一个拥有两个平行理事机构的联合国实体,它们带来了治理方面的微妙状况。 检查专员们认为,如果要设立该委员会或委员会与两个委员会的关系,就应当明确规定其隶属关系。 检查专员们警告说,这一选择的一个主要缺点是,它可能会在目前已经相当复杂的治理中增加另一层。 不应低估这种机制的投资,特别是在办事处面临财政困难的情况下。", "备选办法3:机构改进:合并续会", "国家犯罪和刑事司法委员会续会为会员国讨论与毒品和犯罪问题办公室有关的组织和财务事项提供了机会。 这些会议目前单独和独立地在下半年同一星期内实际举行。 议程和文件类似。", "这一选择是两个委员会重新召开会议,其作用和职能经过调整或调整,以作为强化的预算和方案机制。 这种办法不仅为节省费用、精简组织和服务方面提供了机会,而且还在一定程度上为更综合处理实质性问题提供了一个框架。", "检查专员们认为,目前备选办法3似乎是比较可操作的设想。 它们相信,如果会员国作出充分承诺,它可以提供一个框架,建立一个更加综合、更加有效和连贯的治理结构。 检查专员们建议,将目前的重新召集会议合并三年,以检验新安排的有效性及其对办事处治理的影响。 会员国届时将能够决定这一安排是否令人满意。", "预计以下建议的实施将提高该厅治理安排的效力。", "建议1", "麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会应举行联合续会,作为向该办公室提供政策指导的综合理事机构,负责监督预算和方案活动。", "C. 综合任务审查和确定优先次序的工作", "正如秘书长在2006年开展任务审查活动时指出的那样,联合国在药物管制、预防跨国犯罪和打击恐怖主义领域的活动大大扩展,给办事处带来直接影响,该办公室是这些领域的主要行为者。 当时,秘书长确定了364项不同性质的任务(报告义务、编写研究报告、组织会议、规范或技术援助),毒品和犯罪问题办公室是执行实体。 此外,该办公室还担任过去十年生效的《联合国反腐败公约》及其《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》等若干国际公约的秘书处。", "检查专员们希望强调的一个结论是,工作人员就毒品和犯罪问题办公室任务的多样性所收集的积极反应数量很多。 值得注意的是,66%的答复者认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室任务的多样性对其工作和活动产生了积极影响。 然而,答复者还认为,这些任务的整合远未实现,方案/项目设计和活动一体化的积极表述分别为25.2%和20.3%。", "表1和2:毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类雇员对任务多样性的看法(百分比)", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室任务的多样性(毒品、犯罪等)是否影响到你的工作和活动?\n是的,是不是Don't 积极认识", "所有雇员", "国际专业人员", "P-5及66.7以上", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "您认为,毒品与犯罪问题是否充分融入毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案和项目设计?", "是 不知道", "雇员总数", "国际专业人员", "P-5及31.3以上", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "您认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义任务方面的活动是否充分整合?", "是 不知道", "所有雇员", "国际工作人员", "P-5以上 25.0 31.3 35.4 8.3", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "第三章所述的供资类型和来源为毒品和犯罪问题办公室的方案支助和行政职能提供了有限的可预测的收入,而且没有为执行委员会核准的业务和技术活动提供担保资金。 因此,任务执行有风险。", "检查专员审查了毒品和犯罪问题办公室分别于2008年第五十一届会议和委员会第十七届会议为国别审查编写的说明,其中载有关于“大会、经济及社会理事会和委员会本身通过的决议和决定的执行状况和所需资源的信息,在这些决议和决定中要求毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2003-2007年期间采取行动”。 [6] 虽然毒品和犯罪问题办公室的报告义务的履行率很高,但业务或技术援助任务的执行状况面临一些实际困难。 在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域,部分执行的任务占业务和技术援助任务的33%,大多数案件据称是由于缺乏资源。 办事处要求采取的行动中有21%被列为正在进行的任务。 在毒品领域,业务和技术任务完成率为22%,而部分执行的预算占37%。 正在进行的执行涉及37%的案件。 在毒品和犯罪问题方面,未执行的任务估计不到10%。 鉴于治理不成体系,对赋予该办公室的任务和任务有一个综合愿景是一项挑战。 检查专员们认为,现在是彻底审查这些任务和任务的时候了,以便综合了解所有治理机构的会员国的情况。 这将向会员国提供更好的信息,以便获得更加有效和知情的指导。 2008年的说明是一个宝贵的基础,应当完成、更新和扩大,以涵盖所有政策指导机构。", "在此基础上,会员国将能够重新评估正在进行的任务及其相关性和资源情况。 会员国可确定轻重缓急安排,并进一步制定综合办法,处理毒品、犯罪和恐怖主义实质性问题。 反过来,执行主任将能够使办事处在重新确认的框架基础上开展工作,并相应分配资源,同时考虑到现有的限制。 检查专员们认为,这项工作将有助于加强监督厅工作的一致性。 理想的情况是,应当辅之以对毒品和犯罪问题办公室所有单位进行职能审查,使其充分符合所确定的优先事项。", "至于其他联合国实体,检查专员认为,应向会员国通报委员会通过的各项决议所涉经费问题以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室在决议通过之前满足其业务要求的能力。 在毒品和犯罪问题办公室开展业务的财务方面,至关重要的是,委托该办公室执行的新任务和任务必须系统地附上各委员会讨论的明确的所涉方案预算问题说明。", "预计执行以下建议将提高该办公室在执行任务和完成任务方面的成效。", "建议2", "执行主任应全面审查赋予该办公室的所有任务,包括所需资源和分配的资源,以及执行情况。 在此基础上,执行主任应尽早向麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交确定优先次序的文件。", "页: 1 财政框架", "该厅的供资机制结构支离破碎,资源由联合国经常预算(第16和22款以及联合国维也纳办事处第1和第28F款)和两个信托基金(即联合国国际药物管制规划署基金和由各自委员会监督的联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金)的多个部分组成。 每个基金分为未指定用途的捐款、专用捐款和方案支助费用资源。 财务细则规定,两年期预算应当区分国际药物管制方案基金和预防犯罪和刑事司法方案基金,基金会计也应加以区别。", "方框1. 定义", "《联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室财务细则》第二条(2008年)的定义", "1. 普通用途基金系指“向毒品和犯罪问题办公室基金提供的非专用自愿捐款,用于资助两年期预算的行政领导和管理、方案及方案支助部分”;", "1. 特别用途基金系指“向毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的用于资助技术合作和其他活动的专用自愿捐款”;", "方案支助费用系指“为支持由自愿捐款供资的活动而回收的间接费用”。", "多年来,该厅脆弱的财政状况一直处于关注的核心,并得到广泛评论。 下面图2和图3着重说明毒品和犯罪问题办公室资源的演变情况、毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算框架的支离破碎情况以及各信托基金之间的资源分配情况(虽然药物管制方案基金占总预算的三分之二以上,但预防犯罪和刑事司法基金所占比重却大幅增加)。", "会员国和毒品和犯罪问题办公室官员在面谈期间一致认为,影响毒品和犯罪问题办公室效率和效力的主要因素之一是其财务状况。 调查证实了这一意见。 最近,由于缺少资源,例如差旅费、咨询费、培训、业务费用和订约承办事务减少了。", "然而,自2004-2006年以来,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体供资急剧增加(2008-2009年为466 099万美元),其百分比增长近1.20%。 然而,这种有利的发展掩盖了可能影响毒品和犯罪问题办公室运作和执行能力的问题:这一增加主要与毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类项目和活动激增有关的更多的专用捐款,以及非专用捐款的减少。", "图1 2. 2004-2005年至2008-2009年期间毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算的演变(根据支出计算),以百万美元计", "[]", "注:利用审计委员会的报告合并数据(A/63/5/Add.9和A/63/5/Add.9)。", "图3:2004-2005年至2008-2009年按资金来源分列的毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算分布情况,百万美元", "[]", "注:利用审计委员会的报告合并数据(A/63/5/Add.9和A/63/5/Add.9)。 在2006-2007年之前,方案支助费用被列为一般用途。", "A. 导 言 为公司职能供资仍然是一项挑战。", "在毒品和犯罪问题办公室,核心职能主要由经常预算资源和普通用途基金供资。 随着其任务的增加及其外地网络的发展,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的作用和职能大大扩展。 然而,在扩大的同时,没有配齐人力和财政资源。 尽管联合国摊款(经常预算或经常预算)自2004-2005年以来按名义价值计算(27%)有所增加,但检查专员注意到,毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算总额中经常预算的份额实际上从2004-2005年的14.3%降至2008-2009年的8.3%。", "与此同时,从经常预算和全球基金中累计的资源占2004-2005年财务能力的36.1%,但四年后降至19.1%(包括方案支助费用)。 每一基金中的全球森林基金资源对资助公司管理职能和支助服务至关重要,但急剧下降。 几年来,全球森林基金与特别森林基金的比率一直在下降,现在没有任何迹象表明需要改进,这对办事处的可持续性是令人担忧的。", "检查专员们指出,该办公室的一些关键公司职能没有由分摊会费供资(例如业务司司长、财务资源管理处处长、信息技术处处长、战略规划股股长、毒品和犯罪问题办公室发言人、一些评价干事、几个处的实质性干事等)。", "事实上,大会第五委员会还“对毒品和犯罪问题办公室总体财务状况表示关切,并请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提出建议,确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室有足够的资源执行其任务”。 [7]", "检查专员同意设在维也纳的常驻代表团和毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员的共识,即需要增加核心资源,以确保基本的公司职能。 可以通过从联合国经常预算中获得更多拨款,或更有力地承诺增加和持续地向全球森林基金捐款,或以这两种手段相结合来实现。 以往鼓励会员国承诺为普通用途资金提供一定份额的捐款,以确保全球森林基金与特别森林基金捐款之间的可持续平衡,这些声明没有产生足够的效果。", "因此,检查专员认为,监督厅提出的增加经常预算资源的请求,特别是根据大会第64/243号决议(第83段)提出的增加经常预算资源的请求,值得进一步注意,以确保有更持续和可预测的资源,以确保毒品和犯罪问题办公室的结构稳定。 然而,一个先决条件是,毒品和犯罪问题办公室根据第二章中所建议的任务审查,在商定并得到良好支持的战略长期构想(建议2)。", "预计执行以下建议将提高该办公室的效率和成效。", "建议3", "大会应确保从2012-2013两年期开始,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的核心职能由经常预算资源供资,使毒品和犯罪问题办公室能够以一致和可持续的方式执行任务。", "B. 简化财务管理", "供资结构涉及编制和列报两年期预算的繁琐过程,因为理事机构对预算的核准尚未合并。 执行主任2008年就此问题发表的评论意见不言而喻:“毒品和犯罪问题办公室仍然编制和提出两个预算:向联合国总部提交的经常预算(列入联合国方案预算)和关于其自愿基金的预算、合并预算,提交麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会。 两份预算文件载有同样的资料,虽然重点不同,但在不同场合向行政和预算问题咨询委员会提出,并三次向会员国提交。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室还按照不同的附表编制两套账目,分别审计账目”。 页: 1", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须利用两个不有利于成效的单独信托基金开展工作。 合并现有两个信托基金的问题过去已在国家排雷中心和刑事司法委员会讨论过,但没有得出任何具体结论。 检查专员认为,合并资金可以精简财务管理,提高办事处的效率和成效,但也认识到,这种合并产生捐助方的足够信任,因此希望再次提出这一问题,并呼吁进行可行性研究,评估与调整财务结构相关的潜在利益和困难。 为了解决会员国的关切,应当能够充分透明、更有效地管理同一基金内的毒品和犯罪问题方案拨款。", "执行以下建议可望提高办事处财务管理的效力。", "建议4", "执行主任应委托进行一项关于合并联合国国际药物管制规划署基金和联合国预防犯罪和刑事司法基金的可行性、效益和缺点的研究,并最迟于2012年底就此向麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提出报告。", "C. 减少严格指定用途的必要努力", "标志是一个微妙和敏感的问题,有时带有政治含义,主要由捐助方的政策决定。 一般来说,指定用途的做法对规划、确定优先次序和资源分配产生影响,特别是核心资源减少。 由于捐助方捐助的资源往往被严格指定用于具体项目,因此,在资源使用和优先次序确定方面限制了灵活性,因此,这也带来了在执行阶段转移优先事项的风险。 在2008-2009年,对特别基金的捐款占毒品和犯罪问题办公室资金的80.9%。 在一定程度上,严格指定用途还源于毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务性质广泛,捐助方希望将其财政支助用于准确的工作领域。", "检查专员们感到关切的是,虽然会员国表示愿意通过向特别小组捐款,对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的活动进行投资,无论是为任务执行还是为国家项目执行捐款,但它们不愿意通过全球伙伴对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的基本结构进行投资。 事实上,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的一名代表在麻委会第五十一届会议上警告说,“毒品和犯罪问题办公室可能很快不得不拒绝与具体项目有关的预算外捐款,因为普通用途资金不足以支付业务费用”。 [9] 在毒品和犯罪问题办公室,没有任何机构机制把对特别森林基金的捐款与对全球森林基金的捐款联系起来。 检查专员们认为,除非这种机制得到制定和实施,否则长期存在着财政紧张的风险。", "在某种程度上,其财政状况迫使办事处自己适应指定用途的趋势,设计能够在“民众”地区启动资金的项目,从而为本组织争取资源。 寻求资金的持续压力,通过将与其核心任务没有直接关系的广泛实质性领域包括在内,形成了扩大活动的趋势。 正如通过调查发表的多项评论所显示的,毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员并不总是非常了解这一传播。 第四章所述专题和区域方案编制举措试图通过多年认捐,在指定做法方面增加灵活性,并提高可预测性。", "在访谈中,一些会员国认为,没有足够透明度,不仅在资源分配方面,而且在办事处内部各级,而且他们认为监督不够。 检查专员关切地获悉,一些捐助方在向其他组织捐款时,却未指定用途,这表明还有改进的余地。", "捐助方和毒品和犯罪问题办公室都需要共同努力,以减少捐款的严格指定用途。 该厅应进一步提高其进程的透明度,继续提高其报告和信息共享能力,并在与会员国沟通时提高文件的方便用户。 后者应通过国家排雷中心和刑事司法委员会呼吁捐助方不要指定用途,并在适用的情况下进一步发展多年认捐的做法。", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室应当采取进一步的具体措施,通过在办事处各级展示对方案执行和高级管理层做法的问责制,增强捐助方的信心。 作为第一步,执行委员会(Excom,见第四章)确认需要建立一个具体机制,更经常地监测毒品和犯罪问题办公室的财务状况。 它转化为各司的定期通报。 财务资源管理科科长。 检查专员们认为,可以将其扩大到一个机构机制,例如一个资源分配委员会,以审查财务状况,监督资源分配的战略优先次序,并优先处理筹资呼吁。 这种委员会的存在也可有助于提高捐助方的透明度和信心,从而努力减少捐款的指定用途。", "执行以下建议可望提高本组织的效力和透明度。", "建议5", "执行主任应建立一个整体机制,监督办事处的财务状况,确定总体资源分配,特别是增加透明度,以便努力减少捐款的指定用途。", "D. 进一步扩大捐助者基础的筹款战略", "如表3所示,毒品和犯罪问题办公室将其捐助方分成五个主要组别。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室将其三分之二以上的预算外(预算外)捐款依赖一个类别的捐助者,甚至增加了其他类别,如多方捐助者信托基金或主要依靠同一国家库的国际金融机构。 积极的迹象是,自2005年以来,这种依赖性已大大降低;通过向国家执行项目提供双边捐助,这种捐助在很大程度上得到了加强,这些项目的实施被委托给毒品和犯罪问题办公室。 检查专员满意地注意到,在过去五年中,新兴捐助国和国家捐助方的份额增加了一倍多。 尽管2008年至2009年大幅下降,但占毒品和犯罪问题办公室预算外收入的25%以上。", "表3:毒品和犯罪问题办公室各捐助方在预算外捐款中所占的份额(2005-2009年),百分比", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室2005年捐助方类别", "主要捐助方", "1. 新兴和本国捐助方", "联合国3.9.1.6 3.5 5.4机构", "2.1 多方捐助者信托基金 0", "IFI and IGOs 1.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.1", "私营部门0.4 0.3 1 0.8", "资料来源:毒品和犯罪问题办公室。 2006-2010年年度报告。", "国际货币基金组织执行局最近进行了改革,增加了新兴市场和发展中国家的配额。 世界银行已经采取了类似行动。 这些变化认识到,发展中国家在世界经济中发挥着越来越大的作用。 检查专员们认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室应当继续努力,进一步扩大其捐助基础,从发展中国家,特别是新兴市场的发展中国家以及私营部门。", "目前的筹资管理指示[10]没有明确说明毒品和犯罪问题办公室调集资源的战略办法。 它侧重于总体政策和程序。 检查专员建议对该文件进行更新,特别是列入更多的战略方面。", "预计执行以下建议将提高该办公室的效力。", "建议6", "执行主任应制定一项筹资战略,以进一步扩大办事处的捐助基础。", "四. 导言 三、管理", "在毒品和犯罪问题办公室,主要管理机制是:(a) 执行委员会(Excom);(b) 管理审查委员会;(c) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级工作人员会议;(d) 该司的会议。 [11]", "参会是最高层决策的主要论坛。 这是一个由两个实体的所有主任和其他高级官员组成的共同的维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室机构。 它可能缺乏对毒品和犯罪问题办公室具体问题的适当关注,因此作为办事处高级管理委员会的作用有限。 检查专员们研究了近年来的Excom会议记录及其决定的监测表,并指出,会议更是一个分享信息的机会。 检查专员认为,在加强执行委员会方面仍有余地,而且委员会必须更加关注实质性和战略性管理(设想),并特别关注毒品和犯罪问题办公室的特殊利益。 其高级管理人员应当评估,是否可以通过目前维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的Excom格式或通过毒品和犯罪问题办公室的指定机制做到这一点。", "监测和评价委员会于2010年4月由高级管理小组取代。 其职权范围范围有限,侧重于业绩管理问题和工作人员发展计划。 关于个人考绩的讨论一般限于合规和平均评级。 检查专员鼓励高级管理人员进一步探索个人考绩如何成为在工作不稳定的组织内管理工作人员更有效的工具。 前执行主任还对一些管理人员没有充分利用电子考绩制度表示关切。", "A. 导 言 工作人员询问的管理", "就行政管理而言,与十年前相比,改进幅度很大。 不过,检查专员收到大量意见,表明工作人员对监督厅的总体管理,特别是对高级管理人员的不满,表明该办公室的工作人员士气低。 决策缺乏透明度、缺乏足够的沟通和鼓励公开讨论、对决定缺乏后续行动、管理不善等,经常被引述为下文图4所示的关切实例。", "检查专员相信,应当紧急关注总体管理,以便创造更好的气氛和提高效率的条件。 本着这一精神,毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理层应确保与工作人员定期进行制度化的对话和交流机制,并为交流看法提供一个真正的论坛,以便提高工作人员对直接影响其工作条件和环境的决定的自主权。", "图4:毒品和犯罪问题办公室雇员对行政管理的关切领域", "[]", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "B. 2010年组织改组", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2010年4月进行了组织改组,这不仅是因为财务困难要求精简结构,而且是因为以往的监督建议指出,实质性或行政职能重叠/重叠,缺乏协调和内部竞争的存在。 调整工作的指导原则是合并专题专门知识,通过调动两个司(业务司和条约事务司)的科室和股,加强主题的实质性整合。", "在检查专员审查时,结构变化太近,无法得出任何积极或消极方面的结论。 然而,对检查专员们发表了一些意见,多数人对这项工作只是部分进行的遗憾,只涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室四个司中的两个司,因此可以认为这错失了使结构与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务进一步一致的机会。", "检查专员还收到工作人员的意见,对毒品和犯罪问题办公室不断重组的模式表示关切。 对工作人员来说,组织改组的原因并不总是显而易见的,也没有明确地告知工作人员。 一些受访者强烈质疑行政改革的理由,强调他们对于实现个人议程的印象有时超过了本组织的利益。", "在任务审查和确定优先次序的工作(建议2)之后,检查专员还将建议执行主任对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有司、科和股进行职能审查,使之符合经确认和优先排序的毒品和犯罪问题办公室行动框架,包括在必要时调整人力和财政资源。", "预计执行以下建议将提高该办公室的效力。", "建议7", "执行主任应当对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的所有司、科室和股进行职能审查,以便按照建议2的提议,将它们作为经重新确认和优先排序的毒品和犯罪问题办公室行动框架的一部分。", "C. 缺乏协调降低了成效", "以往的监督报告指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室各实体之间缺乏协调,甚至有些竞争。 这些问题是将不同血统和两种不同文化的实体合并成单一办公室的结果。 这也是每个单位的活动高度依赖自愿捐款的财务情况的结果。", "表4显示了毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/部门/单位之间以及总部和外地之间协调与合作的调查结果。 事实上,不同等级的受访者一再指出,协调问题存在问题。 该表还显示,对答复者类别的意见差别很大。 检查专员们指出,国际专业人员的意见更为重要。 有趣的是,与外地的反馈意见相比,总部工作人员所作的评估始终比较重要。 此外,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的雇员对于记录责任和工作程序的方式至关重要,这些方式可能对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的内部效力产生影响。", "举例来说,检查专员们一再听到关于筹资活动缺乏协调,甚至关于为自己的项目筹集资金的单位/办事处之间的竞争的意见,从而保证了它们的存在。 这也似乎有助于将主席团成员从其工作的实质性方面转移出去。", "检查专员们建议毒品和犯罪问题办公室审查其目前的协调机制及其有效性,以便查明在程序或绕行和重叠做法方面的重复或重复。", "表4:毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类雇员对协调问题的看法(百分比)", "您是否认为毒品和犯罪问题办公室各司/司/股之间有足够的协调与合作?", "是 不知道", "所有雇员", "国际专业人员9.4 344 544 1.7人", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "你是否认为总部/外地办事处之间的协调与合作水平是充分的?", "是 不知道", "所有雇员", "国际专业人员7.8 35.0 53.9", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "你们是否认为各司和(或)各部各自的责任和工作程序是明确和有文件可查的?", "是 不知道", "所有雇员", "国际专业人员", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "作为一项良好做法,检查专员们注意到,年度外地代表研讨会是一个内部协调机制,涉及毒品和犯罪问题办公室的区域和国家代表和总部各科的官员。 除实质性讨论外,研讨会还处理以集体方式处理和讨论的各种管理和行政问题。 外地管理人员有机会在集体会议和双边会议上与总部管理人员直接互动。 检查专员认为,它是一个有益的论坛,可以增进对各自能力、制约因素、程序、职能、成就等的相互了解,从而缓解与总部的某些脱节感。", "预计执行以下建议将加强该厅内部的总体协调,从而提高工作效率。", "建议8", "执行主任应全面审查和评估该厅内的协调机制和程序,并采取适当措施,在2012年底之前加以改进。", "D. 战略规划和成果管理制", "战略规划在毒品和犯罪问题办公室取得了重大发展,通过了毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年期间中期战略,补充了联合国战略框架的相应方案。 [12]", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室的中期战略是否充分处理了战略问题,并将用作战略管理工具,为毒品和犯罪问题办公室制定共同愿景,这产生了接受面谈者的混合评论。 检查专员们一再收到评论,指出该办公室及其特派团缺乏长期愿景,或至少没有向所有单位和工作人员明确传达这一愿景。 这种情况也是近年来所观察到的趋势的结果,在此期间,毒品和犯罪问题办公室将自己定位于许多不同领域,以获取财政支持。 如下文图5所示,毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来启动了区域和专题规划举措。 在会员国的支持下,正在进行的专题[13]和区域方案拟订试图将许多零散和零星的项目协调成一套更具战略性的综合方案。 检查专员可以通过面谈和审查方案拟订文件来看待强有力的内部承诺和积极主动的态度,以调整进程,借鉴从已经设计的方案吸取的经验教训。 一些区域和专题方案目前正在制订之中。", "下面图5显示了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在其战略规划过程中必须面对的多层次和时间框架,这还表明,所有规划文件并没有随着其构想和逐渐发展而完全一致。", "图5:毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划", "[]", "专题和方案办法预期会带来许多好处:(a) 因此,通过区域行为者在起草阶段的参与及其在执行阶段对指导委员会的参与,加强与会员国的对话;(b) 在方案一级而不是在单一项目中进行资源调动和软性指定用途的可能性;(c) 通过处理方案一级的一些管理活动,提高行政效力;(d) 建立强化的监督框架,使总部和外地办事处能够促进加强问责制。", "不过,还发现了一些更成问题的问题:(a) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须更好地管理过渡,逐步取消现有项目为方案规划;(b) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须管理根据当地情况制定的方案和国家项目组合中的共存;(c) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室需要调整目前的管理和报告公司工具,以满足更全面的方案的财务和行政支助的全部要求(例如报告、跟踪信息、监测认捐、支出等);(d) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室必须协调未制定、起草和核准的不同层次方案规划。", "检查专员得出结论,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略规划是一项挑战,因为主要由于指定用途的资源难以预测。 然而,他们强调,战略规划应以长期愿景和优先行动(建议2)为基础,以实现目标明确的成果。 这对于像毒品和犯罪问题办公室这样的组织避免捐助方驱动的方案和活动至关重要。 检查专员还建议对专题和区域方案编制执行情况进行一次彻底的独立评价,并提交给理事机构。", "执行以下建议可望提高该办公室的效率。", "建议9", "执行主任应在2013年底之前向麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提交专题和区域方案编制的独立评价报告,并报告其执行情况、影响和吸取的经验教训。", "检查专员认为,成果管理制办法得到会员国的大力支持,但监督厅在这方面继续面临若干挑战。 在线调查表明,毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对成果管理制的了解程度相对较低,而且不同,这一事实在与相关管理人员的面谈中得到了确认。 令人鼓舞的是,专业工作人员更加了解成果管理制,但同时应该指出,其中36%的人表示,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的目标和预期成果没有明确地告知他们。 答复中对成果管理制对总体业绩改进的影响表示的疑虑,特别是高级管理人员的疑虑(占积极答复的4.2%)。 根据对调查的答复,还迫切需要对成果管理制进行更多的培训。", "表5:毒品和犯罪问题办公室雇员对成果管理制对办事处业绩的影响的看法(百分比)", "您认为,成果管理制的实施是否改善了毒品和犯罪问题办公室的总体业绩?", "是 不知道", "所有雇员", "国际专业工作人员", "高级主管(P-5及以上)4.2", "总部工作人员", "外勤人员", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "监督厅以前的意见指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在规划和成果管理制方面存在困难。 检查专员们认为,加强毒品和犯罪问题办公室的成果管理制文化,必将有利于本组织,办法是通过提高透明度和加强问责制,帮助捐助方更好地了解办事处的活动和成就。 这是加强捐助方信心的一种方法,因此吸引了更多的资源。 检查专员审查了几份规划文件,承认近年来取得的进展,同时考虑到在确定衡量毒品或犯罪等领域成就的相关参数方面可能遇到一些困难,这些参数的性质很微妙。", "检查专员鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室管理人员和区域代表继续努力,提高指标的持久性、相关性和质量。 检查专员鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员进一步发展一种规划和基于成果的文化,以便逐步在工作人员中创造体制知识和共享的成果管理制文化。", "E. 导 言 与外地存在有关的挑战", "自设立以来,毒品和犯罪问题办公室已大大发展其外地存在和国家覆盖面,以扩大其技术合作活动组合。 如下文图6所示,该厅的外地网络包括四类实体,即:(a) 区域办事处(由一名外地代表领导);(b) 国家办事处(由一名外地代表或一名国家主管领导);(c) 方案办公室(酌情由一名主任或方案协调员领导)和(d) 顾问。 附件三载有毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地部署地图。", "检查专员注意到毒品和犯罪问题办公室为进一步使其外地网络的结构和名称正规化而作出的努力。 2010年,Excom认可了指导说明,其中界定了每个实体各自的作用、义务和责任以及它们与毒品和犯罪问题办公室内外其他实体的互动。 然而,在审查过程中,显而易见的是,即使在外地代表的社区内,这一文件在办事处还没有得到充分宣传。 因此,有必要传播这一概念说明,以确保外地办事处遵守其规定和指示。", "图6:毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地存在的演变(2005-2009年)", "[]", "资料来源:根据毒品和犯罪问题办公室年度报告和毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的资料汇编的数据。 A. 国家", "覆盖面可能在某一年发生变化。", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地办事处的业务环境各国家办事处之间差别很大,所开展活动的范围和性质也是如此。 检查专员希望强调,调查答卷人认为外地存在有利于办事处及其交付能力。 将近60%认为外地存在是成功的,有助于提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室的交付能力。 只有5.2%表示反对。", "然而,在审查期间,与会者一致认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在外地的存在在现有资源和专门知识方面仍然有限。 事实上,外地部署几乎完全由预算外资源维持,业务司也是如此。 这造成了紧张和不确定性,可能对方案优先事项和任务执行产生影响。 在外地实体中,有自我维持的办事处(有大批项目组合)或补贴的办事处(有较小的项目基地)。", "此时,在确定优先次序的工作(建议2)的基础上,检查专员们认为,监督厅应重新界定其外地存在的战略办法,并重申其部署原则,特别是加强其区域存在和(或)国家部署的战略。", "外地一级存在一些管理挑战。 外地存在的效率和效力与外地代表的领导和管理能力密切相关。 办事处往往由一名或两名国际工作人员辅助,并由当地工作人员辅助。 检查专员们指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的代表级别从P-4到D-1不等,根据他们负责的业务规模。 这些职位的职务说明始于1999年,当然需要更新这些职位,同时考虑到办事处及其外地业务的演变情况。 在这方面,检查专员指出,目前正在努力为外地办事处和区域办事处负责人编写通用职务说明。 检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室继续使其外地代表加入领导和管理培训单元,这些单元有助于增强毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地办事处的管理能力。", "由于能力有限,毒品和犯罪问题办公室依靠开发署在甄选和管理外勤人员、外地办事处的财务和行政管理、对项目的行政支持等领域提供支助服务。 检查专员们听取了一些关于向毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地办事处提供的服务的延误和质量的评论。 与会者还认识到,当地情况是服务质量变化的主要因素。 检查专员们还认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室本身可在这些安排的顺利运作方面发挥核心作用。", "大部分外地部署的雇员都是开发署根据开发署的合同状况和开发署的政策雇用为服务承包商的。 他们在不被视为毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的情况下为执行毒品和犯罪问题办公室的任务作出了贡献。 各种合同地位共存可能给管理带来后果。 它造成雇员之间的差别,并对面临两套规章和条例的管理人员施加繁琐的过程和程序,有时可能相互矛盾。 在工作人员地位、应享权利、考绩制度和司法程序管理方面也有差异。 最终,这种情况可能会影响到工作人员的动机和工作人员留用,从而损害交付的质量。", "1997年《谅解备忘录》界定了根据《世界价格清单》提供的工作安排和服务,该清单往往具有竞争力。 检查专员认为,谅解备忘录中关于评估服务和解决冲突机制的规定过于笼统。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室应当与开发署协商,修订谅解备忘录,并附上准确的绩效指标,以确保有一个评估业绩和服务的共同框架。 检查专员还鼓励毒品和犯罪问题办公室铭记其他解决办法。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室利用项目厅提供的服务进行项目管理、采购、人力资源和具有相对优势的财务管理。 可以探讨与联合国外勤支助部建立协作或保留一些中央一级的行政行动并在可能时采取远程行动的各种选择。 正在与联合国办事处共同进行勘探(例如内罗毕或曼谷)。 更一般而言,虽然就方案而言,外地干事大部分时间是总部对口人员,但行政支助结构和机制没有经过调整,以面对权力分散增加的情况。 现在是毒品和犯罪问题办公室建立一个处理外勤业务支助的具体结构的时候了。", "预计执行以下建议将提高该办公室的效力。", "建议10", "执行主任应尽早与联合国开发计划署署长协商,以便审查和更新现有的《谅解备忘录》,以便列入服务评估的规定。", "监测外地活动是一项要求,但在一定程度上受到缺乏内部能力的制约。 最近的审计表明,除了现有的检查和平衡机制外,还需要加强总部对外地办事处的行政和财政监督。 检查专员感到高兴的是,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2010年外地代表研讨会上提出了新的外地业务业绩和效率监测系统。 通过这样做,毒品和犯罪问题办公室努力创造条件(a) 通过透明和有文件记载的记录显示更多的公司问责制,以协助毒品和犯罪问题办公室的机构监督、决策和组织学习;(b) 在整个实施过程中衡量方案执行情况;(c) 促进组织学习。 所有有关实体(外地办事处,以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室其他实体,如金融监督系统、国际贸易体系、工作队、国际欧盟、万国邮联、加拿大卫生和植物检疫中心、质量控制和监督股)通力合作,大力支持这一系统,似乎是取得成功的先决条件。", "页: 1 人力资源管理", "人力资源管理仍然在联合国框架内进行。 因此,维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室人力资源管理科在一些领域的行动范围有限。 作为联合国秘书处的一部分,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的目标通过《人力资源行动计划》周期中表述的联合国目标在许多领域得到确定和评估。 为本审查的目的,检查专员希望从更大角度分析数字,包括由经常预算以外的手段供资的职位。", "由于该厅活动具有双重性质(规范和技术合作),检查专员提请注意,联合国的一些规则可能无法完全适应办事处的需要,特别是在外地方面。 在某些方面,该厅现在介绍一个专门机构的概况(重点专门知识、外地存在、迅速反应的需要等)。", "筹资方式造成对工作保障的持续紧张,这是毒品和犯罪问题办公室大多数雇员所关切的问题。 调查确认,对公司业绩的影响并不微乎其微,在专业职类中似乎更高。 检查专员们注意到毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这方面所作的努力,例如2009年节省费用的工作,在这项工作中,很少有人失去工作。 但必须指出的是,答复者并不接受这一行动,并指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室没有机制应对和缓解工作不确定性,因为在类似情况下,情况往往如此。", "表6:毒品和犯罪问题办公室各类雇员对工作不确定性的影响的看法(百分比)", "您认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作不确定性在多大程度上影响到总体业绩?", "值得注意的是 至少", "所有雇员", "International 72.5 7.3 16.9 2.8 0.6 Professional Staff only", "总部", "外地工作人员", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "A. 人力资源被列为问题", "检查专员们认识到,人力资源问题往往引起任何国际组织工作人员的辩论、讨论和沮丧。 然而,在面谈期间提供的例子以及通过调查表达的极其重要的评论,表明了毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员对于程序和甄选程序的透明度、遵守规则及其适用的一致性、对候选人的偏袒和怀疑、性别偏见等各方面的意见。 检查专员们深信,至关重要的是,要通过在所有阶段应用和展示在这些问题上的最高程度的合规、透明度和沟通,来消除这些看法,以避免出现沮丧和谣言。", "此外,对人力资源管理科提供的服务质量差提出了许多批评,认为人力资源管理处没有充分面向客户。 检查专员建议,人力资源管理处采取措施,更经常地收集客户的反馈意见,以便查明客户的看法,并尽可能在其能力和资源范围内加以调整。", "图7:毒品和犯罪问题办公室雇员提到的人力资源问题", "[]", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "流动由目前正在重新评估的联合国政策决定。 在这方面,毒品和犯罪问题办公室参加了促进工作人员流动的自愿网络交流倡议。 检查专员们认为,尽管缺乏必要的流动计划,总部与外地工作人员之间更多的轮换办法仍有利于办事处,办法是根据更多经验交流发展更好的公司和机构知识。 目前,作为流动计划主要目标的专业人员认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室没有充分鼓励这种轮换。 检查专员们认为,在毒品和犯罪问题办公室的背景下,缺乏这种制度是一种错失的机会。", "关于人力资源事项以及工作人员感兴趣的其他关键问题,检查专员回顾,自2009年以来,维也纳联合国监察员区域处为工作人员提供了一个机会,可以提出关切问题并探讨非正式解决问题的办法。", "B. 毒品和犯罪问题办公室的劳动力", "表7和表8概述了毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员的组成情况。 检查专员希望强调,由于与维也纳办事处共享资源,在明确了解毒品和犯罪问题办公室人员配置方面遇到困难。 因此,所提供的数据取自综管系统数据库,不包括在管理司工作的工作人员。", "表7:2005年和2009年按地点分列的毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员情况,按经常和定期分列", "预算外供资", "2005 2009 2005 2009 (%) (%)", "RB XB 经常预算 XB", "总部工作人员135 304 159 509 30.8 692 23.8 762", "外勤人员 2 392 2 19400.5 99.50.199.9", "所有雇员137 696 161 2449 16.4 83.6 066 696", "资料来源:根据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据合并数据。", "表8:2005年和2009年按职类分列的毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员情况,按经常和定期分列", "预算外供资", "2005年 百分比", "RB XB RB XB", "总部工作人员135 304 159 509 17.8 674", "International 70 73 80 95 14.3 30.1 Professional Staff", "一般事务/其他职等 1人", "A. 个人承包者 12 7 3 40 - 75.0 471.4", "顾问12 16 33 79 175 393.8", "其他(初级专业人员/助理——78 - 15 - 80.8名专家/志愿者)", "实习生——75 - 225 - 200.0", "外勤人员 2 392 2 1940 0.0 394.9", "国际 1 67 1 100 0.0 493", "一般事务人员 1人", "外部承包商226 - 1290 - 470.8", "顾问——39 - 366 - 838.5", "本国干事 - 19 - 27 - 42.1", "其他: (初级专业人员/协会——14 - 9 - 35.7 专家:实习生、志愿人员等)", "开发署雇用的工作人员* - 26 - 148 469.2", "按来源分列的资金总额 137 696 161 2449 17.5 259", "雇员总数 833 2610", "资料来源:根据毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据合并数据。", "劳动力普遍增加,同时减少由经常预算资源供资的职位比例。 RB/XB的比率表明毒品和犯罪问题办公室在业务连续性、组织有效性、保留专门知识和体制知识方面的风险。 2005年,经常预算职位占劳动力的16.5%(占XB供资的员额的83.5%),但2009年降至6.1%。 检查专员还注意到,这两类劳动力(实习生和顾问)的特点是大幅增加。 与此同时,初级专业人员类别大幅减少。", "联合国各实体的实习方案被视为有关各方的积极经验:组织、监督和实习生。 检查专员对总部大量和越来越多地求助于实习生表示质疑,这可能表明缺乏必要资源来满足该办公室的需要。 在这方面,至少要遵守政策要求,创造一个有利于实习生的实质性学习和专业发展的工作环境,同时进行适当的监督,是具有挑战性的。", "由于项目组合扩大,承包者和咨询人也一直在增加。 例如,外地的咨询人数量大增。 检查专员尤其感到关切,因为正如审计委员会在很多报告中指出的那样,在地方一级管理咨询合同在甄选、监测和评价等方面可能具有挑战性。", "C. 性别均衡和劳动力多样性", "表9显示,按等级划分的女性比例与男性的差别很大。 整个专业职类的性别分布略有改善,2009年女性比例达到42.4%。 高级职位(P-5及以上)也有所改善,尽管这些职位仍然主要由男性担任(超过四分之三)。 在外地一级,外地代表的性别分布比较不利(17.6%为女性),而咨询人的男女比例估计为38%。 这种情况在面谈期间产生了评论意见,通过调查,毒品和犯罪问题办公室是“男性主导的组织”。", "表9:2005年和2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业及以上职类的性别分布情况", "2005 2009 2005 (%) 2009 (%)", "所有专业人员", "女 男", "男性126 159,59.7%", "高级专业工作人员(P5及以上)", "女性", "男性", "资料来源:毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "在专业职类的招聘和晋升工作中,两性平衡也呈现出同样的积极趋势。 但是,高级职位晋升仍然以男性为主。 预测今后三年高级职位退休,为采取行动增加妇女任职人数创造了机会,因为10个高级职位中有8个目前由男性工作人员担任。 检查专员促请执行主任抓住这一机会,更好地平衡高级管理人员中的性别代表性。", "表10:专业及以上职类征聘和晋升的性别分布情况", "2005-2009年期间", "2005-2009年征聘总人数(%)", "所有专业人员", "女性", "男性", "聘用高级专业工作人员(P5及以上)的人数不足,无法得出任何结论。", "2005-2009年总数(%)", "所有专业人员", "女性", "男性17 354", "高级专业工作人员(P-5及以上)", "女性", "男性", "资料来源:毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "落实以下建议可望加强该办公室内部高层的性别代表性。", "建议11", "执行主任应采取进一步措施,改善包括外地代表在内的高级职等的性别均衡。", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室劳动力的多样性问题也需要引起一些关注。 附件二显示,专业工作人员的地域来源不够平衡。 虽然2009年毒品和犯罪问题办公室专业人员中共有68个国家,其中近三分之一来自西欧和其他国家组的三个国家。 应通过中期主动征聘战略解决这一问题。 在审查征聘和晋升工作的数据之后,检查专员希望看到作出更加严肃和一致的努力,扩大征聘工作对发展中国家候选人,包括高级候选人的多样性。", "咨询人的地域平衡也令人担忧。 2009年,四个国家(即联合王国、澳大利亚、美国和加拿大)捐助了51%的咨询人。 这种集中意味着丧失专门知识和经验的多样性,以及丧失其他区域的参与和贡献。 尽管DTA和DO的主任主张扩大咨询人国籍的多样性,但情况并没有改善。", "鉴于任务的特殊性,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员必须在贩运、腐败等各个领域高度专业化。 人权处应采取措施,加强其主动寻求这种专门知识的能力,特别是在发展中国家。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室打算利用新的联合国征聘工具“灵感”的特点,支持这种外联工作。", "落实以下建议可望加强该办公室专业工作人员地域平衡。", "建议12", "执行主任应当制定一项明确的行动计划,扩大专业工作人员队伍和顾问队伍的多样性,特别是考虑更多来自发展中国家的候选人。", "D. 培训资源不足,培训机会不平衡", "鉴于需要在法律和不同技术领域保持实质性专门知识,对毒品和犯罪问题办公室来说,工作人员的培训和再培训是战略性的。 如上文图7所示,培训是答复调查的工作人员的最大利益之一。", "检查专员们指出,在过去五年中受过培训的工作人员人数翻了一番,但以下问题仍然引起检查专员的注意:", "(a) 训练经费按由经常预算资源供资的劳动力提供,而不考虑由其他供资类别供资的工作人员。 因此,培训资源明显不足。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室积极采用创新办法,尽可能扩大入学率,但效果有限。", "(b) 接受培训的机会不仅有限,而且在各类工作人员之间也不平衡。 外地工作人员尽管有在线模块,但没有充分获得培训机会。 在地方一级,合同地位也是一个障碍。 检查专员们认为,这种情况带来重大的公司风险,因为负责关键业务程序或提供服务的工作人员可能得不到足够的定期辅导。 举办分散培训活动的前景受到财政限制的限制。 因此,外勤人员往往通过“边做边学”进程。", "(c) 如前所述,毒品和犯罪问题办公室处理非常具体的技能和能力,因此,培训是否充分,特别是提高实务和技术技能以提高毒品和犯罪问题办公室官员的专业效力至关重要。 在这方面,检查专员提请注意,只有27%的专业人员职类调查答卷人对所提供的培训是否充分感到满意。 检查专员们还认为,制定毒品和犯罪问题办公室所有任务的基本培训单元,以便提高公司的认识和知识,可能是有益的。", "六、结 论 监督", "A. 导 言 监督框架", "本报告图1连同治理安排介绍了监督框架。 作为联合国秘书处的一部分,毒品和犯罪问题办公室接受内部监督事务厅(监督厅)的内部监督,监督厅负责审计、评价、检查和调查职能。 监督厅采取基于风险的办法,选择审计或检查/评价任务,并在每个具体领域编写若干报告。", "1999年《谅解备忘录》规定了审计安排(资源、规划等)。 检查专员同意审计委员会关于考虑更新和修订该协定的建议。 他们认为,这些安排没有充分考虑到过去十年外地存在的扩大以及毒品和犯罪问题办公室组合的发展。 在这方面已采取初步步骤。", "关于评价,除了最近对毒品和犯罪问题办公室监测和评价系统进行的检查外,检查专员获悉,监督厅预计在今后两年内对毒品和犯罪问题办公室进行一次全面的方案评价。 在现有资源范围内,毒品和犯罪问题办公室很可能不会再受到10多年的这种评价,这不符合监督厅认为在联合国范围内适当和合理的8年周期。", "联合检查组 该股向该厅提供独立的外部监督,该厅是其参与组织之一。 检查专员赞扬毒品和犯罪问题办公室对联检组报告和说明中所载建议的后续信息年度请求所作的反馈的合规性和及时性。 检查专员们欢迎以下事实,即治理和财务问题工作组要求“联检组的相关报告和监督厅相关报告的摘要也应提交给各委员会”。", "关于2004-2009年期间发表的联检组报告和说明,毒品和犯罪问题办公室接受了向其提出的建议的40%。 被接受的建议的执行阶段非常令人满意,90%以上是执行或执行中的。 接受率较低的原因是,联检组全系统报告中的一些建议涉及在联合国及其秘书处一级制定和执行的政策和指导准则,而监督厅对此几乎没有采取行动的余地。", "审计委员会审计了合并财务报表,并审查了该厅每个两年期的业务。 审计委员会发表了2006-2007年和2008-2009年无保留审计意见,但指出了一系列需要毒品和犯罪问题办公室注意的问题。 检查专员敦促毒品和犯罪问题办公室采取适当措施,执行麻管局在以往报告中提出但尚未充分执行的建议。", "检查专员们还指出,毒品和犯罪问题办公室目前没有内部或外部监督建议执行情况的监测系统。 他们认为,应当紧急建立这种制度。", "预计执行以下建议将加强该厅的问责制和业绩。", "建议13", "执行主任应采取措施,在2011年底之前建立一个内部系统,监测相关监督机构所提建议的执行情况。", "B. 加强公司评价能力", "在进行这次审查时,尽管会员国和毒品和犯罪问题办公室近年来对独立评价股给予了极大关注,但毒品和犯罪问题办公室的评价职能并未被视为充分向会员国和捐助方保证毒品和犯罪问题办公室的业绩评估。 检查专员们认为,这是一个需要考虑的优先领域,因为毒品和犯罪问题办公室能够衡量和展示其方案交付和相关方案成果的成效和效率至关重要。 此外,国际欧盟在问责、学习机制和加强办事处内的项目/方案设计等许多重要领域可以发挥作用。", "以前的结构和报告安排所产生的评价职能的独立性问题通过将欧盟理事会置于执行主任的架构内加以解决。 检查专员们希望强调,作为共同责任,必须进一步促进公司评价文化:(a) 会员国必须提供充足的资源,并履行其监督职责,特别是在管理层如何利用评价结果方面。 成员国代表明确要求将评价报告直接分发给各理事机构,同时分发给毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员,这受到检查专员们的欢迎,认为这是承诺的信号;(b) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室高级管理人员应当为强有力的公司评价能力创造条件,并建立各种机制,确保评价结果和经验教训反馈到今后的项目和方案周期;(c) 评价股本身必须促进自身的信誉,并表明其有用性,按照专业人员规范和标准编制高质量的评价报告;(d) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室各级工作人员(高级管理人员、中级或项目管理人员、实务官员)对评价采取公开和支持的态度。", "七、结论和建议 其他问题", "A. 导 言 国际麻醉品管制局", "1. 国际麻醉品管制局(麻管局)是执行三项联合国国际药物管制公约的独立和准司法监测机构:《麻醉品单一公约》(1961年)、《精神药物公约》(1971年)和《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》(1988年)。 它是根据《麻醉品单一公约》于1968年设立的,其前身是以前的药物管制条约,时间已接近国际联盟。", "麻管局在国际打击非法药物斗争中发挥了关键作用。 秘书处在履行其条约机构职能方面给予协助。 麻管局秘书处是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的一个行政实体,但仅就实质性问题向理事会负责。 为确保其独立性,麻管局秘书处由联合国经常预算资源供资。", "检查专员认为,毒品和犯罪问题办公室与麻管局秘书处之间的更好理解与合作将确保麻管局的顺利运作。 双方确实表示需要改善这些关系,指出在预算资源和管理、征聘工作人员、采购和行政支助方面有一些困难。", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构内麻管局秘书(D-1)的报告关系引起了一些关切,因为它向条约事务司司长而不是直接向执行主任报告。 检查专员们咨询了经大会第46/104号决议认可的经济及社会理事会关于麻管局秘书处与毒品和犯罪问题办公室前身联合国国际药物管制规划署之间的行政安排的第1991/48号决议。 该决议指出:“理事会秘书应由秘书长与理事会协商任命或指派”。 秘书负责所有实质性事项,并在其他事项上向执行主任负责。 根据该决议,检查专员认为,为了确保麻管局及其秘书处的独立性,秘书应向执行主任直接报告。", "预计执行以下建议将加强麻管局秘书处的问责制和运作。", "建议14", "执行主任应尽早修改麻管局秘书的现有隶属关系,并将这一职位直接置于组织结构之下。", "B. 维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室的安排", "联合国维也纳办事处和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处目前的组织结构分别由ST/SGB/2004/5和ST/SGB/2004/6确定。 主要特点是,维也纳办事处和毒品和犯罪问题办公室作为单独实体,正在共用一个管理司,向两个实体以及设在维也纳的联合国其他实体提供服务。 该司的核心职能在两个办事处之间分配。", "虽然这些安排在工作一级是令人满意的,但检查员并未就此提出疑问,但应指出的是,审计委员会在2010年提出了诸如财务管理等共享行政服务点,并指出在联合国维也纳办事处和毒品和犯罪问题办公室之间准确划分工作人员和相关费用方面存在困难。 [15] 举例而言,有与会者指出,因此无法轻易确定和估算毒品和犯罪问题办公室的管理费用。 在审查过程中,检查专员在收集仅侧重于毒品和犯罪问题办公室人员配置的数据方面遇到困难,例如。", "下文图8概述了答卷人对管理司为支持毒品和犯罪问题办公室的活动而提供的服务的若干方面的看法。", "图8:毒品和犯罪问题办公室雇员对管理司提供的服务的评估", "[]", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "C. 信息和通信技术服务", "维也纳办事处/毒品和犯罪问题办公室信息与技术科在联合国内部在先进的信通技术能力方面有着坚实的声誉和很高的知名度,这得到了一些用户满意度调查的承认。 然而,在审查过程中,一些评论表明,国际贸易体系可以更多地侧重于向毒品和犯罪问题办公室各单位提供及时和良好的支助服务。", "除支助服务外,国际贸易体系还在毒品和犯罪问题办公室方案所涵盖的领域(例如洗钱和金融犯罪)开发外部客户(主要是政府)的软件应用,而在商业市场上几乎没有其他办法。 这些实质性服务被视为在费用回收基础上开展的技术合作活动,受服务级协议的管理。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室指出,“利用尖端的信息技术解决方案和通讯基础设施,大大加强了会员国在药物管制、统计报告和监测、刑事司法改革以及打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义等领域有效执行任务的能力”。 虽然他们不质疑会员国的附加价值,但检查专员希望强调,这些活动应当与毒品和犯罪问题办公室其他实体充分协调进行。 例如,检查专员们强调,毒品和犯罪问题办公室外地代表应当了解并参与所有技术合作活动,这些活动是由国际交易日志开展的,以支持属于区域范围的国家的政府。", "八. 导言 SURV HighEYLLI", "毒品和犯罪问题办公室雇员通过在2010年5月和6月向总部和外地工作人员提供的在线调查,为检查专员的审查作出了贡献。 该链接通过毒品和犯罪问题办公室的信息管理系统进行分发,检查员秘密收集和处理答复。 参与率,特别是维也纳的参与率,说明某些职类工作人员的观点,并具有统计意义。 根据各类工作人员和工作地点的汇总和过滤数据得出的研究结果已列入报告说明。", "表11:按地点分列的参加联检组2010年调查的情况", "接收者", "维也纳总部 464 269 58 %", "外地办事处* 1350 368 273", "1814 665**", "* 包括总部外的所有工作人员。", "** 包括不完整的调查。", "在分析这些答复时,检查专员注意到以下关注点:(a) 国际专业人员在评估中往往比较关键;(b) 高级管理人员(P-5级以上)在属于他们负责的领域具有令人惊讶的关键,指出在适用细则和条例和管理决定方面缺乏透明度;他们还认为,公开讨论受到足够的鼓励;(c) 总部工作人员和外地雇员之间有强烈的意见分歧。", "检查专员通过公开的问题收集了584项意见和建议。 共有1 526个不同点,处理办事处内部大量管理和行政问题。 通过内容分析,检查专员将这些意见分为几个大标题,如下图9所示。 此外,工作人员表示的意见在涉及某一具体问题时也列入说明。", "检查专员们建议,在毒品和犯罪问题办公室内部定期进行工作人员调查:一方面,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作人员表明,他们非常愿意为这一举措作出贡献,另一方面,高级管理层可以从毒品和犯罪问题办公室工作人员队伍所有组成部分的这种反馈中受益。", "图9:毒品和犯罪问题办公室答复者提到的领域", "资料来源:联检组2010年调查。", "所涉主要方面\n人力资源管理培训、职业发展、合同状况、工作保障、劳动力多样性、征聘、流动、机构知识、工作条件。", "执行透明度、高级管理、业绩管理、战略规划和成果管理制、管理做法、沟通。", "组织内部协调与合作、内部结构沟通、权力下放和改组。", "关于财务执行情况、人力资源管理、采购事务和与开发署的关系的行政反馈。 特别是在总部提供外地支助方面。", "财务框架财务管理、财政资源和供资。", "法律框架治理安排、办公室的任务、细则和条例的相关性。", "外地办事处的监督审计、评价、外地办事处的监测。", "其他问题包括安全问题、运输、项目管理和一般评论。", "附件", "附件一:联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织图,截至2010年4月(资料来源:毒品和犯罪问题办公室)", "[]", "附件 二:专业及专业以上地域多样性(截至2009年12月)", "国籍数 占工作人员百分比\n意大利290.5%", "德国 196.9%", "博茨瓦纳 10.4%", "加拿大145.1% 科特迪瓦 1 0.4%", "法国 13 4.7% 捷克共和国 1 0.4%", "United Kingdom 134.7% 厄瓜多尔 10.4%", "奥地利 11 4.0% 格鲁吉亚 10.4%", "西班牙 93.3% 加纳 10.4%", "印度 82.9% 洪都拉斯 10.4%", "丹麦 72.5% 印度尼西亚 10.4%", "日本 72.5%", "巴西 62.2% 爱尔兰 10.4%", "澳大利亚 51.8% 以色列 10.4%", "比利时 51.8% 吉尔吉斯斯坦 10.4%", "南非 51.8% 阿拉伯利比亚民众国 10.4%", "埃及 4 1.4% 马里 1 0.4%", "希腊 41.4% 马耳他 10.4%", "新西兰 4 1.4% 墨西哥 1 0.4%", "挪威 4 1.4% 蒙古 1 0.4%", "瑞典 41.4% 摩洛哥 10.4%", "乌兹别克斯坦 4 1.4% 缅甸 10.4%", "阿根廷3.1% 纳米比亚10.4%", "喀麦隆3.1% 巴拉圭10.4%", "芬兰3.1% 秘鲁 10.4%", "哈萨克斯坦 3.1% 波兰 10.4%", "肯尼亚3.1% 葡萄牙 10.4%", "荷兰3.1% 卡塔尔 10.4%", "土耳其3.1% 摩尔多瓦共和国10.4%", "阿塞拜疆 20.7% 罗马尼亚 10.4%", "玻利维亚 20.7% 俄罗斯联邦 10.4%", "保加利亚 20.7% 塞内加尔 10.4%", "中国 20.7% 塞舌尔 10.4%", "伊朗 20.7% 斯洛伐克 10.4%", "牙买加 20.7% 瑞士 10.4%", "拉脱维亚 20.7% 泰国 10.4%", "黎巴嫩 20.7% 土库曼斯坦 10.4%", "毛里求斯 20.7% 乌干达 10.4%", "巴基斯坦 20.7% 乌拉圭 10.4%", "阿尔及利亚 1 0.4% 委内瑞拉 1 0.4%", "孟加拉国 1 0.4% 津巴布韦 1 0.4%", "巴巴多斯 10.4%", "资料来源:毒品和犯罪问题办公室提供的数据。", "附件三:毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年外地存在(毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010年年度报告)", "[]", "区域办事处 (10) 国家办事处(9个)\n巴西和南锥体阿富汗纽约", "中亚多民族国家", "东非哥伦比亚", "中东和北非 伊朗伊斯兰共和国", "墨西哥、中美洲和老挝人民民主共和国", "秘鲁、缅甸多民族国和厄瓜多尔", "南亚尼日利亚", "南部非洲 巴基斯坦", "越南西部和中部非洲", "东亚和太平洋中心", "方案办公室(32)", "巴拿马区域方案办公室、东南欧区域方案办事处、阿拉伯联合酋长国次区域方案办事处(海湾国家)、阿拉伯利比亚民众国次区域方案办事处、阿尔巴尼亚、布隆迪、柬埔寨、佛得角、中国、刚果民主共和国、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、几内亚比绍、危地马拉、印度尼西亚、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、黎巴嫩、摩尔多瓦共和国、尼泊尔、巴勒斯坦被占领土、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、索马里、苏丹、塔吉克斯坦、土耳其、土库曼斯坦。", "附件四", "一、各参加组织根据联合检查组的建议采取的行动概述", "JIU/REP/2007/10", "[TABLE]", "图例:L:供立法机关作出决定的建议 E:供行政首长采取行动的建议", ":建议不需要本组织采取行动; 预期影响:a:加强问责制 b:推广最佳做法 c:加强协调与合作 d:加强控制和遵守 e:提高效益 f:节省大量资金 g:提高效率 o:其他 * E/CN.6/2009/1。 涵盖ST/SGB/2002/11中所列的除贸发会议、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、环境署、人居署、难民署、近东救济工程处以外的所有实体。", "*** 见A/51/950,第143-145段,ST/SGB/Organization, Section:药物管制署(1993),ST/SGB/1998/17和ST/SBG/2004/6。", "页: 1", "[3] 麻醉药品委员会第51/1号决定和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第17/2号决定。", "[4] See CND resolution52/13, CCPCJ resolution 18/3 and Economic and Social Council decision 2009/251.", "[5] A/60/733, Report of the Secretary-General on “Mandating and submitting: analysis and recommendations to promote the review of mandate”.", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2008/13和E/CN.15/2008/18。", "[7] A/64/548/Add.1,第85段。", "*** 见E/CN.7/2008/11-E/CN.15/2008/15。", "[9] E/2008/28-E/CN.7/2008/15。", "[10] UNODC/MI/6/Rev.1。", "[11] See UNOV/DGB.13/Rev.1-ODCCP/EDB.13/Rev.1 June 2002.", "[12] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2008-2011年期间的战略,E/CN.7/2007/14-E/CN.15/2007/5,经经济及社会理事会第2007/12和2007/19号决议核准。", "[13] 截至2010年12月,专题方案包括:(a) 反腐败和经济犯罪行动,(b) 预防犯罪和刑事司法改革,(c) 解决毒品和犯罪背景下的健康和人类发展能力,(d) 科学和法证服务,(e) 预防恐怖主义,(f) 研究和趋势分析,以及(g) 有组织犯罪和非法贩运(包括THB、走私、洗钱、枪支)。", "[14] 见E/CN.15/2009/21。", "[15] 见A/63/5/Add.9,财务报告和已审计财务报表。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 112 (a)", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of seven members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "Addendum", "1. By its decision 2009/201 D of 27 July 2009, the Economic and Social Council postponed the nomination of one member from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2010.", "2. At its 10th plenary meeting, on 27 April 2011, the Economic and Social Council nominated France for election by the General Assembly to fill the outstanding vacancy on the Committee for a term beginning on the date of election and expiring on 31 December 2012 (see Council decision 2011/201 B).", "3. At the same meeting, the Council further postponed the nomination of three members from Western European and other States for terms beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2011 and one member from Asian States for a term beginning on the date of election by the General Assembly and expiring on 31 December 2013." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目112(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补 空缺，并进行其他选举", "选举七个方案和协调委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "1. 经济及社会理事会在2009年7月27日第2009/201 D号决定中，推迟供大会选举的一个西欧和其他国家成员的提名，任期自2010年1月1日起，为期三年。", "2. 在2011年4月27日第10次全体会议上，经济及社会理事会提名法国供大会选举，以填补委员会的一个待填补的空缺，任期自选出之日始，至2012年12月31日止(见理事会第2011/201 B号决定)。", "3. 在同次会议上，理事会进一步推迟三个西欧和其他国家成员的提名，任期自大会选出之日始，至2011年12月31日止，并推迟一个亚洲国家成员的提名，任期自大会选出之日始，至2013 年12 月31 日止。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目112(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "选举方案和协调委员会七个成员", "秘书长的说明", "增编", "1. 导言 经济及社会理事会2009年7月27日第2009/201 D号决定推迟提名西欧和其他国家一名成员,由大会选举,任期三年,自2010年1月1日开始。", "2. 结 论 经济及社会理事会2011年4月27日第10次全体会议提名法国填补委员会尚待填补的空缺,任期自当选之日起,至2012年12月31日止(见理事会第2011/201 B号决定)。", "3. 。 在同次会议上,理事会还推迟提名西欧和其他国家三名成员,任期自大会选出之日起,至2011年12月31日止,并推迟提名亚洲国家一名成员,任期自大会选出之日起,至2013年12月31日止。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Representatives of Cambodia, Japan, Nepal, the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "We, the undersigned, have the honour to request, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly”.", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties was launched in Manila, in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As of May 2011, membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean, in 2008, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in other continents, including in particular Africa.", "So far the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has held six general assemblies — in Manila (2000), Bangkok (2002), Beijing (2004), Seoul (2006), Astana (2009) and Phnom Penh (2010). These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia. Its Standing Committee — made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States — has met at least twice a year since 2004. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties has also organized special conferences on key continental issues since 2008 — such as those of minimizing political corruption (Seoul, 2008), strengthening State capacity (Kathmandu, 2009), easing mass poverty (Kunming, 2010) and dealing with natural disasters (Kuala Lumpur, 2011).", "From its inception, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the organization’s Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration endorsing the bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations. The International Conference of Asian Political Parties is also coordinating with the joint initiatives of Governments of other States Members of the United Nations towards the same objective.", "We believe that the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties of Asia, and those of Latin America and Africa in the future, the three continents of the emerging democracies, by aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of the peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental, promoting people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations, and building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges. In addition, the International Conference of Asian Political Parties can provide support for political parties in the emerging democracies and increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "Attached are an explanatory memorandum (annex I) and a draft resolution regarding the item (annex II).", "We have the honour to request that the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Kosal Sea", "Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Cambodia to the United Nations", "(Signed) Tsuneo Nishida", "Permanent Representative of Japan to the United Nations", "(Signed) Gyan Chandra Acharya", "Permanent Representative of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal to the United Nations", "(Signed) Libran N. Cabactulan", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations", "(Signed) Kim Sook", "Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea to the United Nations", "(Signed) Le Hoai Trung", "Permanent Representative of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam", "to the United Nations", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Historical background", "The International Conference of Asian Political Parties (ICAPP) was launched by the leaders of 46 political parties of Asia in Manila in September 2000, to build bridges of political cooperation and to establish networks of mutual benefit among mainstream political parties in Asia, both ruling and in opposition. Over its first decade, ICAPP has grown steadily in both membership and influence. As at the end of May 2011, its membership has reached more than 340 eligible political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia.", "So far, six general assemblies of ICAPP have been successfully held, in Manila in 2000, Bangkok in 2002, Beijing in 2004, Seoul in 2006, Astana in 2009 and Phnom Penh in 2010, and they have brought together political leaders in the region to exchange opinions and communicate with each other, and helped to strengthen unity among Asian States and propel Asia along the road towards stability and prosperity.", "The ICAPP Standing Committee, made up of 18 leading political parties in 18 States, has met at least twice a year since 2004. ICAPP has also been annually organizing special conferences on key continental issues since May 2008 — such as those on minimizing political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviating mass poverty and effectively handling natural disasters.", "Purpose", "Article 1 of the ICAPP Charter, adopted at the fourth general assembly in September 2006, stipulates the objectives of ICAPP as follows:", "(a) To promote exchanges and cooperation between political parties with various ideologies in Asia;", "(b) To enhance mutual understanding and trust among the peoples and countries in the region;", "(c) To promote regional cooperation through the unique role and channel of political parties;", "(d) To create an environment for sustained peace and shared prosperity in the region.", "Organizational structure", "Membership", "Article 2 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that ICAPP “shall be open to all political parties in Asia with democratically elected members in the parliaments of their respective countries, which are Member States of the United Nations”. At the 5th meeting of the Standing Committee in June 2006, it was agreed to extend invitations to political parties in the Palestinian National Authority in an effort to render ICAPP activities more inclusive and representative of the diversities existing in the region. At the 8th meeting of the Standing Committee in November 2008, it was further agreed to apply two criteria to the political parties in Asia to be eligible for invitation to the future ICAPP activities: (1) political parties which have more than 1 per cent of elected seats in their parliaments; (2) political parties which have won more than 1 per cent of popular votes in their latest parliamentary elections, as certified and recognized by their national election commissions.", "According to these criteria, there are 341 political parties in 52 States and 1 territory in Asia that are eligible to participate in ICAPP activities as at the end of May 2011.", "General assembly", "According to article 4 of the ICAPP Charter, a general assembly is held once every two years on a rotational basis among the members, unless otherwise decided by the Standing Committee. In principle, it is held for three working days during the latter half of the year, and is composed of an opening session, plenary session and thematic committee meetings, special workshops on specific topics as approved by the Standing Committee and a closing session.", "Standing Committee", "According to articles 9 and 10 of the ICAPP Charter, a Standing Committee, composed of the representatives of 18 members from an equal number of countries, was established. The members of the Standing Committee serve for two years from the end of a general assembly until the end of the following general assembly. The Standing Committee makes decisions and lays out the procedures on issues regarding the organization of the ICAPP meetings, including the general assemblies and special conferences, as well as other issues regarding other ICAPP activities and programmes.", "Currently, the Standing Committee is composed of the representatives of the 18 leading political parties from 18 States representing different subregions of Asia, namely, Central Asia, North-East Asia, South Asia, South-East Asia, West Asia and Oceania, and has been meeting more than twice a year since 2004.", "Secretariat", "The permanent secretariat of ICAPP was established in Seoul by a decision unanimously taken at the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, and as endorsed at the fifth general assembly in September 2009.", "In accordance with article 12 of the ICAPP Charter, the secretariat executes such functions, among others, as (1) maintaining and updating the list of political parties and the official website; (2) providing necessary information and assistance to the ICAPP members; and (3) establishing contacts and promoting cooperation with other international or regional organizations.", "Financing", "Article 8 of the ICAPP Charter stipulates that the political parties hosting the general assembly shall bear the primary expenses of the general assemblies. The primary expenses include logistical arrangements, that is, conference facilities, domestic transportation and the like. The primary expenses shall not include, inter alia, international transportation to and from the location of the general assembly. For the purposes of holding the general assembly, the political parties hosting the general assemblies may seek voluntary contributions from members of ICAPP and other organizations.", "The ICAPP activities, namely the general assemblies, Standing Committee meetings and special conferences, are funded in principle by the political parties that host such events, which usually cover the costs of organizing conferences and minimum local accommodation for a limited number of representatives of political parties participating in the events.", "At the 10th meeting of the Standing Committee in March 2009, it was agreed that the budget and personnel to implement the functions of the ICAPP secretariat shall be initially provided by the host country. It was further agreed that the Standing Committee will continue to discuss issues relating to the budget and personnel of the secretariat. Since 2010, the Korea Foundation in Seoul has provided funds to support a part of the secretariat activities. Other administrative budgets, including office maintenance and personnel costs, are covered by private donations.", "Activities", "General assemblies", "So far, six ICAPP general assemblies have been held. The first was held in Manila in September 2000 with representatives of 46 political parties from 26 countries, the second in Bangkok in November 2002 with 77 parties from 35 countries, the third in Beijing in September 2004 with 81 parties from 35 countries, the fourth in Seoul in September 2006 with 92 parties from 36 countries, the fifth in Astana in September 2009 with 63 parties from 33 countries, and the sixth in Phnom Penh in December 2010 with 90 parties from 36 countries.", "These assemblies have brought together the Asian continent’s most prominent political leaders to search for ways of coexisting in a more peaceful, more democratic and more prosperous Asia.", "Special conferences", "Special conferences and workshops have also been convened for the ICAPP members on key challenges that the region is facing, such as prevention of political corruption, strengthening State capacity, alleviation of poverty and dealing with natural disasters. ICAPP is preparing to host another special conference on the issues relating to poverty alleviation in China in September 2011.", "Relations with other organizations", "Recently, ICAPP has been trying to reach out to other regions in the world. The first joint session with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean was successfully held in Buenos Aires in July 2009. After establishing fraternal linkages and cooperation with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, ICAPP has been undertaking efforts to reach out to the political parties in Africa, in coordination with the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, with a view to organizing the first trilateral meeting of political parties in Asia, Africa and Latin America in the near future.", "In this regard, ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "Character of the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "Although ICAPP is not an intergovernmental organization per se, the following points with regard to its legal status should be taken into consideration by the States Members of the United Nations:", "(a) ICAPP is unique in nature in that it is open to all political parties regardless of their political orientation;", "(b) The political parties participating in ICAPP activities are either responsible for forming the Governments in their respective countries and making most of their policies, or eligible to form future Governments depending on the results of elections;", "(c) ICAPP has also been channelling to the United Nations system the results of its political debates at all levels, local, national and continental, like submitting the Kunming Declaration on Poverty Alleviation, which was adopted at the special ICAPP conference in Kunming in July 2010, in time for the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held two months later;", "(d) In addition, in recent years, ICAPP has been in close cooperation with political parties in other regions, namely, Latin America and Africa, with a view to forming a global forum of political parties and, in the case of Latin America, ICAPP and the Permanent Conference of Political Parties in Latin America and the Caribbean have been holding annual joint sessions to coordinate their activities to promote United Nations objectives.", "Reasons for seeking observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties", "From its inception, ICAPP has been a staunch supporter of the United Nations and its activities. The first paragraph of the preamble to the ICAPP Charter, adopted in September 2006, declares the unequivocal commitment of ICAPP to the principles and objectives of the Charter of the United Nations. Representatives of the political parties that took part in the sixth general assembly in Phnom Penh in December 2010 unanimously adopted a declaration that endorsed the ICAPP bid for observer status in the General Assembly of the United Nations.", "ICAPP will play a key and continuing role not only in Asia’s inevitable movement to build an Asian community but also in the global quest for a more peaceful and prosperous world.", "ICAPP can also play a major role in forging cooperation between the United Nations and the political parties not only of Asia but also of Latin America and Africa — the three continents of the emerging democracies — in the following areas:", "(a) Aggregating and channelling to the United Nations system the views of our peoples in all their diversity, as expressed in political debates and discussions at all dimensions, local, national and continental;", "(b) Promoting ordinary people’s awareness, approval and support of international agreements reached at the United Nations and through United Nations programmes;", "(c) Building international consensus on United Nations action to meet key global challenges;", "(d) Providing support for political parties in the emerging democracies — to increase their capacity to carry out at the local and national level their law-making and oversight functions on matters subject to international cooperation at the United Nations.", "In addition, the Secretary-General of the United Nations has been sending video messages to all major programmes of ICAPP, including the opening sessions of the fifth and sixth general assemblies, held in Astana and Phnom Penh, and the ICAPP special conference on poverty alleviation held in Kunming, and has provided valuable contributions and guidance to deliberations on the main themes of the conferences.", "More detailed information on ICAPP, including the address of the secretariat, the officers and the members of the Standing Committees, can be found on its website, at www.theicapp.org.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the International Conference of Asian Political Parties in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the International Conference of Asian Political Parties,", "1. Decides to invite the International Conference of Asian Political Parties to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "亚洲政党国际会议在大会的观察员地位", "2011年8月10日柬埔寨、日本、尼泊尔、菲律宾、大韩民国和越南常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "我等下列签署人谨根据大会议事规则第14条请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“亚洲政党国际会议在大会的观察员地位”的补充项目。", "亚洲政党国际会议于2000年9月在马尼拉发起，目的是在亚洲主流执政党和反对党间建立政治合作的桥梁和互惠互利的网络。在第一个十年间，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数和影响力稳步增长。截至2011年5月，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数已达到亚洲52个国家和1个领土内的340多个符合资格的政党。在2008年与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立兄弟般的联系与合作后，亚洲政党国际会议还一直努力与其他各大洲特别是非洲的政党拓展联系。", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已举行了六次大会——地点分别在马尼拉(2000年)、曼谷(2002年)、北京(2004年)、首尔(2006年)、阿斯塔纳(2009年)、金边(2010年)。这些大会汇集了亚洲大陆最杰出的政治领导人，以寻找在一个更加和平、更加民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的途径。由18个国家的18个主要政党组成的常设委员会自2004年以来每年至少举行两次会议。亚洲政党国际会议自2008年以来还组织了数次特别会议，讨论亚洲的关键问题——例如最大限度地减少政治腐败(2008年，首尔)、加强国家能力(2009年，加德满都)、减轻大规模贫穷(2010年，昆明)和应对自然灾害(2011年，吉隆坡)。", "亚洲政党国际会议自成立以来，一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。于2006年9月通过的该组织章程的序言第一段宣明亚洲政党国际会议明确恪守《联合国宪章》各项原则和目标。参加2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的政党代表一致通过了一项宣言，支持争取在联合国大会的观察员地位的努力。亚洲政党国际会议还与联合国其他会员国政府向着同一个目标的联合举措进行协调。", "我们相信，亚洲政党国际会议能够在建立联合国与亚洲以及今后与拉丁美洲和非洲这三个新兴民主国家大洲的政党间的合作方面发挥重大作用，途径包括汇集并向联合国系统传递富有多样性的各国人民在地方、国家和大陆等所有层面政治辩论和讨论中表达的意见，促进人们对在联合国达成的国际协定的认识、赞同和支持，以及就联合国为应对关键的全球性挑战而采取的行动建立国际共识。此外，亚洲政党国际会议可以为新兴民主国家的政党提供支持，并提高其能力，以便在地方和国家一级就需在联合国开展国际合作的事项履行立法和监督职能。", "附上关于该项目的解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "柬埔寨王国常驻联合国代表 日本常驻联合国代表 \n 西谷沙(签名) 西田恒夫(签名) \n尼泊尔联邦民主共和国常驻联合国代表\t菲律宾共和国常驻联合国代表\n 吉安·钱德拉·阿查里亚(签名) 利夫兰·卡瓦克图兰(签名) \n大韩民国常驻联合国代表\t越南社会主义共和国常驻联合国代表\n 金塾(签名) 黎怀忠(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "历史背景", "亚洲政党国际会议由亚洲46个政党领导人于2000年9月在马尼拉发起，目的是在亚洲主流执政党和反对党间建立政治合作的桥梁和互惠互利的网络。在第一个十年间，亚洲政党国际会议的成员数和影响力稳步增长。截至2011年5月底，国际会议的成员数已达到亚洲52个国家和1个领土内的340多个符合资格的政党。", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已成功举行了六次大会，地点分别在马尼拉(2000年)、曼谷(2002年)、北京(2004年)、首尔(2006年)、阿斯塔纳(2009年)、金边(2010年)。这些大会汇集了该区域的政治领导人，以交流意见，相互沟通，并且有助于加强亚洲国家之间的团结，推动亚洲朝着稳定和繁荣的道路前进。", "由18个国家的18个主要政党组成的亚洲政党国际会议常设委员会自2004年以来每年至少举行两次会议。亚洲政党国际会议自2008年5月以来还每年组织特别会议，讨论亚洲的关键问题——例如最大限度地减少政治腐败、加强国家能力、减轻大规模贫穷和有效应对自然灾害。", "宗旨", "于2006年9月举行的第四次大会通过的《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第1条规定亚洲政党国际会议的目标如下：", "(a) 促进亚洲各种意识形态政党之间的交流和合作；", "(b) 加强本区域各国人民和各国之间的相互了解和信任；", "(c) 通过政党的独特作用和渠道促进区域合作；", "(d) 为本区域持久和平与共同繁荣创造环境。", "组织结构", "成员", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第2条规定，亚洲政党国际会议“应对所在国家为联合国会员国且在各自国家的议会中有民选议员的亚洲各政党开放”。2006年6月常设委员会第五次会议商定，向巴勒斯坦民族权力机构中的各政党发出邀请，以努力使亚洲政党国际会议的活动更具包容性和更能代表在该区域存在的多样性。2008年11月常设委员会第八次会议进一步商定，对受邀参加亚洲政党国际会议今后活动的亚洲政党适用两项资格标准：(1) 政党在其议会选举产生的议席中占1%以上；(2) 经国家选举委员会核证和确认，政党在最近的议会选举中赢得超过1%的选票。", "根据这些标准，截至2011年5月底在亚洲52个国家和1个领土中有341个政党有资格参加亚洲政党国际会议的活动。", "大会", "根据《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第4条，每两年在成员间轮流举行一次大会，除非常设委员会另有决定。原则上，大会在下半年举行，为期三个工作日，由开幕会议、全体会议和专题委员会会议、常设委员会批准的特定主题特别研讨会和闭幕会议组成。", "常设委员会", "根据《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第9和10条，成立了一个由18个国家的18个成员的代表组成的常设委员会。常设委员会成员任期为两年，从一次大会结束时开始到下一次大会结束时为止。常设委员会负责就组织亚洲政党国际会议的各种会议包括大会和特别会议的问题以及关于亚洲政党国际会议其他活动和方案的其他问题作出决定和规定程序。", "目前，常设委员会由18个国家的18个主要政党的代表组成，这些国家代表亚洲不同次区域，即中亚、东北亚、南亚、东南亚、西亚和大洋洲，委员会自2004年以来每年举行两次以上会议。", "秘书处", "根据2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议一致作出并经2009年9月第5次大会认可的决定，亚洲政党国际会议常设秘书处在首尔成立。", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第12条规定，秘书处履行的职能除其他外包括(1) 维护和更新政党名单和官方网站；(2) 为亚洲政党国际会议的成员提供必要的信息和协助；(3) 与其他国际或区域组织建立联系，促进合作。", "经费筹措", "《亚洲政党国际会议章程》第8条规定，主办大会的政党应承担大会的主要费用。主要费用包括后勤安排，即会议设施、国内交通等。主要费用应不包括往返大会举办地的国际交通费用等。为举行大会的目的，主办大会的政党可寻求亚洲政党国际会议和其他组织的成员提供自愿捐助。", "亚洲政党国际会议的活动，即大会、常设委员会会议和特别会议，原则上由主办此类活动的政党提供经费，主办方通常负担组织会议的费用和为参加会议的政党数量有限的代表提供最低限度的当地住宿。", "2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议商定，履行亚洲政党国际会议秘书处职能的预算和人员最初应由东道国提供。会议还商定，常设委员会将继续讨论有关秘书处的预算和人员的问题。2010年以来，汉城的韩国国际交流财团提供资金，支持秘书处的一部分活动。其他行政预算，包括办公室维护和人事费用，由私人捐款负担。", "活动", "大会", "到目前为止，亚洲政党国际会议已经举行6次大会。第一次于2000年9月在马尼拉举行，来自26个国家的46个政党的代表参加，第二次于2002年11月在曼谷举行，来自35个国家的77个政党参加，第三次于2004年9月在北京举行，来自35个国家的81个政党参加，第四次于2006年9月在首尔举行，来自36个国家的92个政党参加，第五次于2009年9月在阿斯塔纳举行，来自33个国家的63个政党参加，第六次于2010年12月在金边举行，来自36个国家的90个政党参加。", "这些大会汇集了亚洲大陆最杰出的政治领导人，以寻找在一个更加和平、更加民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的途径。", "特别会议", "还召开了亚洲政党国际会议成员的特别会议和研讨会，讨论该区域面临的主要挑战，诸如预防政治腐败、加强国家能力、减轻贫穷和应对自然灾害。亚洲政党国际会议正在准备于2011年9月在中国主办另一次特别会议，讨论与减轻贫穷有关的问题。", "与其他组织的关系", "最近，亚洲政党国际会议一直试图拓展与世界其他区域的联系。2009年7月在布宜诺斯艾利斯与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议成功举行了第一次联席会议。在与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立兄弟般的联系和合作后，亚洲政党国际会议一直努力与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议协调，拓展与非洲政党的联系，以期在不久的将来组织亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲政党的第一次三方会议。", "在这方面，亚洲政党国际会议不仅将在亚洲建立一个亚洲共同体的必然运动中，而且将在建立一个更加和平和繁荣的世界的全球努力中，发挥关键和持续作用。", "亚洲政党国际会议的特点", "虽然亚洲政党国际会议本身不是一个政府间组织，但联合国会员国应考虑到其法律地位方面的以下几点：", "(a) 亚洲政党国际会议在性质上是独一无二的，因为它向所有政党开放，无论其政治倾向如何；", "(b) 参加亚洲政党国际会议活动的政党或者负责组建各自国家的政府和决定其大部分政策，或者有资格组建未来的政府，这取决于选举的结果；", "(c) 亚洲政党国际会议还将其在地方、国家和大陆各级的政治辩论结果送交联合国系统，比如在举行关于千年发展目标问题的大会高级别全体会议前两个月，提交了2010年7月亚洲政党国际会议特别会议在昆明通过的《关于扶贫事业的昆明倡议》；", "(d) 此外，近年来，亚洲政党国际会议与其他区域即拉丁美洲和非洲的政党密切合作，以期形成政党的全球论坛，并且在拉丁美洲，亚洲政党国际会议一直与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议举行年度联合会议，以协调其增进联合国目标的活动。", "寻求亚洲政党国际会议观察员地位的原因", "亚洲政党国际会议自成立以来，一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。于2006年9月通过的《亚洲政党国际会议章程》序言第一段宣明亚洲政党国际会议明确恪守《联合国宪章》各项原则和目标。参加2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的政党代表一致通过了一项宣言，支持亚洲政党国际会议争取在联合国大会的观察员地位的努力。", "亚洲政党国际会议不仅将在亚洲建立一个亚洲共同体的必然运动中，而且将在建立一个更加和平和繁荣的世界的全球努力中，发挥关键和持续作用。", "亚洲政党国际会议还能在建立联合国与亚洲以及拉丁美洲和非洲这三个新兴民主国家大洲的政党间的合作方面发挥重大作用，领域包括：", "(a) 汇集并向联合国系统传递富有多样性的亚洲各国人民在地方、国家和大陆等所有层面政治辩论和讨论中表达的意见；", "(b) 促进普通民众对在联合国和通过联合国方案达成的国际协定的认识、赞同和支持；", "(c) 就联合国为应对关键的全球性挑战而采取的行动建立国际共识；", "(d) 为新兴民主国家的政党提供支持——提高其能力，以便在地方和国家一级就需在联合国开展国际合作的事项履行立法和监督职能。", "此外，联合国秘书长一直发送录像致词给亚洲政党国际会议的所有主要方案，包括分别在阿斯塔纳和金边举行的第5和6次大会开幕会议以及亚洲政党国际会议在昆明举行的扶贫特别会议，并为各次会议主要议题的审议提供了宝贵意见和指导。", "关于亚洲政党国际会议的更详细信息，包括秘书处地址、常设委员会主席团成员和成员，见其网站www.theicapp.org。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予亚洲政党国际会议大会观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国与亚洲政党国际会议之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请亚洲政党国际会议以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予亚洲政党国际会议大会观察员地位", "柬埔寨、日本、尼泊尔、菲律宾、大韩民国和越南常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "以下署名者谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“给予亚洲政党国际会议大会观察员地位”的补充项目。", "亚洲政党国际会议于2000年9月在马尼拉举行,目的是建立政治合作的桥梁,并在亚洲主要政党,包括执政党和反对派之间建立互利的网络。 过去十年来,亚洲政党国际会议的成员和影响力都在稳步增长。 截至2011年5月,在亚洲52个国家和1个领土上,会员人数已达到340多个合格的政党。 在与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立兄弟般的联系和合作之后,亚洲政党国际会议也在努力与包括非洲在内的其他大陆的政党进行接触。", "迄今为止,亚洲政党国际会议在马尼拉(2000年)、曼谷(2002年)、北京(2004年)、首尔(2006年)、阿斯塔纳(2009年)和金边(2010年)举行了6次大会。 这些大会聚集了亚洲大陆最著名的政治领导人,寻求在一个更加和平、民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的方法。 常设委员会由18个国家18个主要政党组成,自2004年以来每年至少开会两次。 自2008年以来,亚洲政党国际会议还组织了关于主要大陆问题的特别会议,如尽量减少政治腐败(Seoul,2008年)、加强国家能力(Kathmandu,2009年)、缓解大规模贫困(Kunming,2010年)和处理自然灾害等问题的会议(吉隆坡,2011年)。", "亚洲政党国际会议自成立以来,一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。 2006年9月通过的该组织《宪章》序言第一段宣布,亚洲政党国际会议明确致力于《联合国宪章》的原则和目标。 参加了2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的各政党代表一致通过了一项宣言,赞同在联合国大会上申请观察员地位。 亚洲政党国际会议还与联合国其他会员国政府为实现同一目标而采取的联合举措进行协调。", "我们认为,亚洲政治党派国际会议可以发挥重要作用,促进联合国同亚洲各政党、拉丁美洲和非洲的政党、新兴民主国家的三个大陆之间的合作,汇集并向联合国系统转达地方、国家和大陆各方面的政治辩论和讨论中表达的各国人民对多样性的看法,促进人们对联合国达成的国际协定的认识、赞同和支持,并就联合国应对重大全球挑战的行动达成国际共识。 此外,亚洲政党国际会议可以向新兴民主国家的政党提供支持,并提高其在地方和国家一级履行有关联合国国际合作事项的法律和监督职能的能力。", "随附一份解释性备忘录(附件一)和关于该项目的决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "科萨尔海(签名)", "柬埔寨王国常驻联合国代表", "常驻代表", "日本常驻联合国代表", "贾尼·钱德拉(签名) Acharya", "尼泊尔联邦民主共和国常驻联合国代表", "Libran N. Cabactulan(签名)", "菲律宾常驻联合国代表", "常驻代表 Kim Sook", "大韩民国常驻联合国代表", "黎怀忠(签名)", "越南社会主义共和国常驻代表", "联 合 国", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "历史背景", "1. 亚洲46个政党领导人于2000年9月在马尼拉发起了亚洲政党国际会议,以建立政治合作的桥梁,并在亚洲主要政党,无论是执政党还是反对派政党之间建立互利的网络。 在第一个十年中,亚洲信任协会的成员和影响力都在稳步增长。 截至2011年5月底,在亚洲52个国家和1个领土,其成员已达到340多个合格的政党。", "至今,2000年在马尼拉、2002年在曼谷、2004年在北京、2009年在阿斯塔纳和2010年在金边成功举行了六届亚洲促进人民民主论坛大会,使该区域政治领导人聚集一堂,相互交流意见和交流,帮助加强亚洲国家之间的团结,推动亚洲走向稳定和繁荣。", "自2004年以来,由18个国家18个主要政党组成的加盟人民党常设委员会每年至少举行两次会议。 自2008年5月以来,国际房联还每年举办关于非洲大陆主要问题的特别会议,例如关于尽量减少政治腐败、加强国家能力、减轻大规模贫困和有效处理自然灾害等问题的会议。", "宗旨", "2006年9月第四届大会通过的《中华人民共和国宪法》第1条规定,日本国际法学会的目标如下:", "(a) 促进亚洲不同意识形态的政党之间的交流与合作;", "(b) 2. 加强该区域各国人民之间的相互理解和信任;", "(c) 通过政党的独特作用和渠道促进区域合作;", "(d) 为该区域的持久和平与共同繁荣创造有利环境。", "组织结构", "成员", "《亚洲促进平等论坛宪章》第二条规定,亚洲促进平等论坛“应向亚洲所有政党开放,在作为联合国会员国的各自国家的议会中民选成员”。 在2006年6月常设委员会第5次会议上,与会者同意向巴勒斯坦民族权力机构的各政党发出邀请,努力使巴勒斯坦民族权力机构的活动更具包容性,并代表该区域现有的多样性。 在2008年11月常设委员会第8次会议上,与会者进一步同意对亚洲各政党适用两个标准,以便他们有资格参加未来亚洲信任会议的活动:(1) 在其议会中拥有1%以上的民选席位的政党;(2) 在其最近举行的议会选举中赢得1%以上的民选的政党,得到其国家选举委员会的认证和承认。", "根据这些标准,截至2011年5月底,亚洲有52个国家和1个领土有341个政党有资格参加亚洲信任协会的活动。", "大会", "根据《中华人民共和国宪法》第4条,除非常设委员会另有决定,否则每两年在成员之间轮流举行一次大会。 原则上,在后半年举行为期3个工作日的会议,包括开幕会议、全体会议和专题委员会会议、常设委员会批准的具体专题特别讲习班和闭幕会议。", "常设委员会", "根据《国际仲裁裁决汇编》第9条和第10条,设立了一个常设委员会,由来自相同数目国家的18个成员的代表组成。 常设委员会成员任期两年,从大会结束到下届大会结束为止。 常设委员会就举办国际笔会会议,包括大会和特别会议的问题,以及涉及国际笔会其他活动和方案的其他问题作出决定和制定程序。", "目前,常设委员会由代表亚洲不同次区域的18个国家(即中亚、东北亚、南亚、东南亚、西亚和大洋洲)的18个主要政党的代表组成,自2004年以来每年举行两次会议。", "秘书处", "制图学会常设秘书处是根据2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议一致通过的决定在首尔成立的,并经2009年9月第五届大会核可。", "根据《亚洲信任会议宪章》第十二条,除其他外,秘书处履行以下职能:(1) 维持和更新政党名单和官方网站;(2) 向亚洲信任会议成员提供必要的信息和援助;(3) 与其他国际或区域组织建立联系并促进合作。", "筹资", "《中华人民共和国宪法》第8条规定,主办大会的政党应承担大会的主要费用。 主要支出包括后勤安排,即会议设施、国内交通等。 主要费用除其他外,不应包括往返大会地点的国际运输。 为举行大会的目的,主办大会的政党可向协会成员和其他组织寻求自愿捐款。", "基督教协进会的活动,即大会、常设委员会会议和特别会议,原则上由主办此类活动的政党供资,这些政党通常负责组织会议的费用,并为少数参与活动的政党代表提供起码的地方住宿。", "在2009年3月常设委员会第10次会议上,与会者一致认为,执行亚洲信任会议秘书处职能的预算和人员最初应由东道国提供。 与会者还一致认为,常设委员会将继续讨论与秘书处预算和人员有关的问题。 自2010年以来,韩国首尔基金会提供资金,支持秘书处的部分活动。 其他行政预算,包括办公室维护和人事费用,由私人捐款支付。", "活动", "普通集会", "迄今为止,共举行了六届亚洲人民论坛大会。 第一次会议于2000年9月在马尼拉举行,有来自26个国家的46个政党的代表;第二次于2002年11月在曼谷与35个国家的77个政党举行;第三次于2004年9月在北京举行,有35个国家的81个政党参加;第四次于2006年9月在首尔举行,有36个国家的92个政党参加;第五次于2009年9月在阿斯塔纳举行,有33个国家的63个政党参加;第六次于2010年12月在金边举行,有36个国家的90个政党参加。", "这些大会聚集了亚洲大陆最著名的政治领导人,寻求在一个更加和平、民主和更加繁荣的亚洲共存的方法。", "特别会议", "还就本区域面临的重大挑战,例如预防政治腐败、加强国家能力、减缓贫穷和处理自然灾害等问题,为亚洲预防犯罪协会成员举办了特别会议和讲习班。 国际房联正准备在2011年9月主办另一次关于中国减贫问题的特别会议。", "与其他组织的关系", "最近,国际房联一直试图与世界其他区域接触。 与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议的第一次联席会议于2009年7月在布宜诺斯艾利斯成功举行。 在与拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设会议建立了兄弟般的联系和合作之后,国际房联一直在与拉丁美洲和加勒比各政党常设会议协调,努力与非洲各政党接触,以便在不久的将来组织亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲各政治党派的第一次三边会议。", "在这方面,亚洲信任会议将发挥关键和持续的作用,不仅在亚洲建立亚洲社会这一不可避免的运动中,而且在全球寻求一个更加和平与繁荣的世界方面。", "亚洲政党国际会议的特点", "虽然亚洲信任会议本身不是一个政府间组织,但联合国会员国应考虑到关于其法律地位的下列要点:", "(a) 购买力平价具有独特性质,因为它向所有政党开放,不论其政治倾向如何;", "(b) 参与亚洲信任会议活动的政党要么负责组成各自国家的政府,制定大部分政策,要么有资格根据选举结果组建未来的政府;", "(c) 国际房联还一直在向联合国系统传达其在地方、国家和大陆各级政治辩论的结果,如提交2010年7月在昆明举行的国际房联特别会议通过的《关于减贫的昆明宣言》,当时正值两个月后举行的千年发展目标问题大会高级别全体会议;", "(d) 此外,近年来,协会一直与其他区域的政党,即拉丁美洲和非洲政党密切合作,以期形成一个全球政党论坛,就拉丁美洲而言,协会和拉丁美洲和加勒比政党常设大会每年都举行联席会议,协调它们的活动,促进联合国的各项目标。", "寻求亚洲政党国际会议观察员地位的理由", "自联合国成立以来,国际房联一直是联合国及其活动的坚定支持者。 2006年9月通过的《加盟宪章》序言第一段宣布,加盟政府明确致力于《联合国宪章》的原则和目标。 参加了2010年12月在金边举行的第六次大会的各政党代表一致通过了一项宣言,认可了日本国际协力事业团在联合国大会上申请观察员地位。", "亚非伙伴关系将不仅在亚洲建立亚洲社区这一不可避免的运动中,而且在全球寻求一个更加和平与繁荣的世界方面发挥关键和持续的作用。", "亚非伙伴关系还可以在以下领域发挥主要作用,促进联合国与亚洲、拉丁美洲和非洲——新兴民主国家的三个大陆——的政党之间的合作:", "(a) 根据地方、国家和大陆各方面的政治辩论和讨论,总结并向联合国系统转达我们各国人民对多样性的看法;", "(b) 促进普通民众对联合国和联合国方案达成的国际协定的认识、认可和支持;", "(c) 就联合国应对重大全球挑战的行动建立国际共识;", "(d) 支持新兴民主国家的政党——提高它们在地方和国家一级履行联合国国际合作事项立法和监督职能的能力。", "此外,联合国秘书长向协会所有主要方案发送了视频信息,包括在阿斯塔纳和金边举行的第五次和第六次大会开幕会议和在昆明举行的亚洲扶贫论坛减贫特别会议,并为会议主要主题的审议工作提供了宝贵的贡献和指导。", "关于国际伙伴关系方案的更详细信息,包括秘书处、常设委员会主席团成员和成员的讲话,可查阅其网站:www.theicapp.org。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予亚洲政党国际会议大会观察员地位", "大会,", "希望促进联合国同亚洲政党国际会议的合作,", "1. 导言 1. 决定邀请亚洲政党国际会议以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作;", "2. 结 论 3. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "* A/66/150.", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-sixth session Sixty-seventh year Item 123 (a) of the provisionalagenda* \nStrengthening of the United Nationssystem", "Civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary Countries emerging from conflict typically confront a wide range ofurgent demands to build and sustain peace, yet they often face acritical shortage of capacity to meet priority needs quickly andeffectively. The international community has recognized thischallenge, and many bilateral and multilateral actors have takensteps to improve support to conflict-affected countries. Theseindividual efforts, however, have fallen short of a establishing areliable and effective mechanism to provide countries with theassistance that they seek. The United Nations still struggles torecruit and deploy civilian expertise and to support national actorsin expanding and deepening their skills. In March 2010, I appointed aSenior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General forPeacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to undertake anindependent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflictwith a view to providing concrete and practical proposals tostrengthen civilian support for sustainable peace and development. \nThe report of the Senior Advisory Group (A/65/747-S/2011/85) waspresented to Member States in February 2011. It is a wide-rangingreport that makes a number of recommendations relevant to MemberStates, to regional and civil society organizations and to the UnitedNations. Recognizing the scope of the report, I established aSteering Committee, chaired by Susana Malcorra,Under-Secretary-General for Field Support, to lead a coordinatedfollow-up to the report.\nThe present report is the first response of the United Nations to theindependent review on civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict.Its starting point is the current United Nations system and theprocedures and practices that fall within my purview asSecretary-General to strengthen the support provided by theOrganization\nto countries emerging from conflict. Putting our own house in orderis a prerequisite for effective engagement with Member States,regional organizations, civil society partners and, above all, thecountries seeking our assistance. This alone, however, is not enoughto improve international civilian support. We all have an obligationto review our respective individual efforts, as well as ourpartnerships, in support of communities and people who have enduredviolence and deprivation. In subsequent phases I shall focus on therole that others must play and the partnerships that we must put inplace to enable us to collectively strengthen the quality andefficiency of civilian support after conflict.The present report identifies a set of concrete priority actions andtimelines for the United Nations over the course of the next 12months aimed at improving its civilian response and becoming a betterpartner for others. These include: (a) Developing guidelines for better use and development of nationalcapacity, as well as guidance to ensure that procurement practices donot exclude local suppliers; (b) Giving stronger strategic direction to new planning processes; (c) Undertaking a review of how gender expertise is structured anddeployed; (d) Consulting Member States and regional organizations on developingstronger partnerships, to ensure we make the best possible use oftheir capabilities; (e) Establishing an online platform to broadcast civilian needs andavailable capacities and better connect Governments, the UnitedNations and external capacity providers; (f) Exploring modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnelprovided by Governments or other entities; (g) Detailing critical capacity gap areas and ensuring thatdesignated United Nations focal points engage with external partnersto address them; (h) Pursuing a corporate emergency model in the United NationsSecretariat to enable an effective response to situations where rapiddeployment is required; (i) Ensuring that United Nations leaders in the field exercise theoperational and financial agility entrusted to them to fulfil theirmandates; (j) Applying the principle of comparative advantage in dischargingmandates; (k) Piloting these approaches in the field, for example mobilizingnational and regional expertise and examining the scope for localprocurement in South Sudan. \nAbove all, the present report makes clear that a sustainable peace isa national peace. Externally imposed solutions or skills cannotreplace ownership by, and capacity of, national communities, theirleaders and their institutions. That starting point must be our endgoal.", "I. Introduction", "1. National efforts to build and consolidate peace after conflict need to be supported by timely, effective civilian capacities. As I emphasized in my report on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict (A/63/881-S/2009/304), we must seize the window of opportunity often offered in the post-conflict period to provide basic security, deliver peace dividends, build confidence in political processes, strengthen national capacity to lead peacebuilding and lay the foundations for sustainable development.", "2. To meet this challenge, the international community, especially the United Nations, needs to deliver the requisite specialized civilian capacities more quickly and effectively, i.e. the skills and expertise needed to support national actors as they seek to re-establish the rule of law, revitalize the economy, restore basic services to the population and develop the capacities to make these gains sustainable. The risk of relapse in the early years of peace is high. Instability and conflict spill over borders and destabilize neighbouring countries. There are strong linkages between security, peace and development; countries affected by conflict are the furthest away from achieving the Millennium Development Goals. For sustainable peace and development, we need to invest in the right civilian capacities early on.", "3. It was in response to these imperatives that I initiated a review to analyse how to broaden and deepen the pool of civilian expertise to support the immediate capacity-development needs of countries emerging from conflict. In March 2010, I appointed a Senior Advisory Group, chaired by former Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, to carry out an independent review. The Group consulted entities across the United Nations system, at Headquarters and in the field, Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, regional organizations, civil society and academia. I submitted its report (A/65/747-S/2011/85) to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council on 22 February 2011. I subsequently appointed a Steering Committee, with members representing entities from across the United Nations system, to consider how the recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group should be taken forward.", "4. The report of the Senior Advisory Group is founded on certain key principles: that stronger civilian capacities are vital to building lasting peace; that latent national capacities in conflict-affected countries must be nurtured; that international support must respond to demand, not be driven by supply; and that the United Nations needs to be more responsive, flexible and cost-effective in providing that support. I have been encouraged by the widespread support Member States have expressed for these principles, for the emphasis in the report on a demand-driven approach and field focus and for many of its recommendations.", "5. I share the assessment of the Senior Advisory Group that to meet these challenges we need to build stronger partnerships with external partners; broaden the supply of specialized capacities by better identifying and deploying those available, especially in the global South and among women; develop more effective ways of working together across the United Nations system; and develop a management culture and business practices that enable my senior leaders to respond swiftly and effectively to changing realities in the field. The emphasis placed by the Senior Advisory Group on achieving these goals while making better use of systems already in place, is in line with the approach I have charted to build a more accountable, transparent, efficient and effective United Nations.", "6. In my second term I intend to prioritize measures that will make the United Nations more effective and efficient, including through my change management programme. A key feature will be the implementation of the present report on civilian capacity. Many existing United Nations initiatives (such as my agenda for action on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict, the global field support strategy, the strategic framework on women, peace and security, our system-wide coherence efforts and my forthcoming report on preventive diplomacy) have the potential to improve the deployment of civilian capacities, even if that is not their primary objective. So do initiatives developed with partners, such as the World Bank World Development Report 2011, the United Nations-European Commission partnership on natural resources, conflict and peacebuilding, and the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding.", "7. In the present report I set out how the United Nations should respond to the report of the Senior Advisory Group: what action the United Nations itself should take to improve the quality, speed and effectiveness of civilian support to conflict-affected countries and what it should do in partnership with others. I set out a road map for action along three major axes: developing greater national capacity and ownership in our post-conflict response; building the external partnerships and making the necessary adjustments within the United Nations system to source the civilian capacities required; and exercising the organizational agility necessary to respond nimbly to unpredictable post-conflict situations.", "8. I envisage our response falling into different categories. First are the priorities for early implementation: those initiatives falling within my own authority or that of the executive heads of United Nations entities which offer the greatest potential for impact on the ground. I set out in the present report how I intend to pursue these in the short term. Next are ideas that require more careful reflection before being taken forward. Some of these fall within the purview of the United Nations system, others are for Member States or other stakeholders to consider; I intend to revert to Member States on these ideas in more detail at a later date. Last are issues which are already being addressed in other reform processes within the United Nations. Most of these should continue to be dealt within those processes, while highlighting their relevance to civilian capacities.", "9. Much of my agenda will be applicable across the various responses of the United Nations in the aftermath of conflict. Where humanitarian needs persist in parallel with the beginning of recovery and development programming, humanitarian action will continue to be guided by the principles of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence.", "II. National capacity", "10. As communities emerge from conflict they often face a critical shortage of capacities to secure sustainable peace. As I stressed in my reports on peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict and on women’s participation in peacebuilding (A/65/354-S/2010/466) and as the Security Council and the Peacebuilding Commission have emphasized, identifying, developing and using national capacities must be a priority in the aftermath of conflict. This will help to develop the national ownership that is essential to achieving sustainable peace and development.", "11. This is not a technical exercise. Supporting post-conflict national institutions is a high-risk, political undertaking. It extends beyond Governments into civil society and the private sector and beyond national institutions to subnational, local and community levels. There are tensions between the imperatives of starting to build national capacity from day one and delivering early peace dividends like basic services.", "12. Nevertheless, capacity-development is a process that must begin from the earliest days of international involvement, a challenge to be addressed by the United Nations and all international actors. It must include capacity assessment, capacity-building, including through targeted training and mentoring, capacity utilization, and capacity sustainability. While there are many examples of the United Nations developing and using national capacity, a more systematic approach is needed. Within the United Nations, I have asked the inter-agency working group on capacity-development, chaired by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to develop, by 2012, core principles and guidelines for better using and developing national capacity in post-conflict contexts, as well as plans for developing concrete tools to equip field teams to conduct capacity assessments, design strategies and monitor results. These tools should include strategies to target specific constituencies, including women and young people.", "13. One important aspect to be considered is the need to avoid any negative impact on national capacity-development, for example the brain drain of local capacity to international and bilateral organizations. In order to foster coherence among international efforts, the United Nations will work with the World Bank and maintain a dialogue with interested Member States. We can only succeed if all major international actors work together to develop national capacity.", "14. Equally important in strategies for capacity-development is to pay more attention to the subnational level, where results are often more visible and important to people and can catalyse capacity-development efforts at the national level. This is vital in transitions, where the inability of a State to deliver on core functions can undermine its legitimacy and credibility and put peace consolidation at risk.", "15. While we must aim to maximize the use of national capacity from the outset, in some cases international capacity is needed to provide the requisite technical expertise. In other cases, international capacity may be necessary to ensure impartiality, neutrality or security, or where a protracted conflict has weakened systems of accountability and transparency to the point where temporary substitution measures are needed to restore confidence. Such measures should be one element of a broader strategy, with benchmarks set for their duration and a realistic exit strategy clearly defined.[1] Such strategies must take into account the need for proper balance and sequencing of the use of international assistance and national (even if still weak) capacities in order to further the goal of strengthening national legitimacy, ownership and long-term sustainability. Direct international support and capacity-development must take place in parallel to prevent long-term dependency on international resources.", "16. One of the ways in which United Nations peacekeeping operations and special political missions can contribute to building capacity is by training national staff. For example, a capacity-building project launched in 2010 by the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste is training over 900 national staff, using local and regional training providers where possible. Such efforts should be guided by national requirements[2] and built into early mission planning. The use of National Professional Officers increases the opportunities for national staff to contribute to the work of field missions and to build their capacities in critical peacebuilding and State-building functions.[3] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support, UNDP and other United Nations entities are collaborating to mobilize national expertise for South Sudan, including from the diaspora where appropriate, for example through job fairs in neighbouring countries and a national United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme. Such initiatives are equally important in non-mission countries, where efforts to build national capacities to manage conflict[4] are an important part of sustainable peacebuilding. I urge Member States to support these initiatives by funding return and reintegration for nationals and programmes that foster national staff development.", "17. Capacity-development needs to be built into planning from the start. Recent innovations such as the post-conflict needs assessment, the strategic assessment, the integrated strategic framework and the revised guidelines for United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks have done much to improve integrated United Nations planning. But we still have further to go. Early planning must include a strong field perspective, with United Nations staff already in country working with national stakeholders to assess national priorities and existing national capacity,[5] including in the diaspora. This will help to ensure that planning is driven by national priorities and needs and not by the availability of international staff or other resources, and that it explores the opportunities to use and develop latent national capacity. Plans need to be flexible enough to adapt to changing circumstances and an increasing degree of national ownership. The Integration Steering Group has decided that the integrated mission planning process guidelines will be revised by 2012. This will include reflecting the importance of engaging national actors in the assessment, planning, and implementation phases. Clear strategic guidance will be provided on how to ensure that national perspectives and capacities are taken into account from the outset of each planning process.", "18. Strategies for capacity-development should pay special attention to the needs and capacities of women. As my report on women’s participation in peacebuilding emphasized, post-conflict transition is a critical moment for reassessing gender roles and capacities and taking steps towards gender equality. Work is under way to integrate gender equality principles into United Nations post-conflict planning. United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks periodically undergo retrospective gender reviews and gender mainstreaming guidance has been developed for post-conflict needs assessments.", "19. However, while guidelines can be important tools, they do not appear to be effective in ensuring that women’s needs are addressed, or that women are included in post-conflict planning and programme implementation. The factors that do make a difference are committed and convinced leadership, the early engagement of gender experts (particularly with sector-specific skills) and effective accountability frameworks. The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) will undertake by mid-2012 a rapid and cost-effective review of the way gender expertise is structured and deployed in post-conflict situations, with recommendations for increasing its effectiveness. In addition, I call on my senior leaders to ensure that United Nations planning frameworks integrate targets and indicators from the system-wide strategic framework based on Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) to better support the participation of women in peacebuilding.", "20. Since 2009, the United Nations has been working with Member States to encourage more women to join their national police services and to nominate more women for international deployment as part of the global effort to increase the share of women in United Nations police components to 20 per cent by 2014.", "21. Support for core government functions is vital for reinforcing national ownership. The priorities that the Senior Advisory Group singled out were policy management and prioritization, aid coordination and public financial management. The World Development Report 2011 pointed to the importance of effective institutions for citizen security, justice and jobs. The preliminary results of the lessons-learned review of public administration in post-conflict contexts add civil service personnel management and local government capacities. Civil service management should include measures to attract and retain personnel, including through a variety of incentives.", "22. Strengthening core government functions requires more than stronger technical capacities, however. Public administration and governance are legitimized not only by the way in which the State delivers technically, but also through its interaction with society: the way decisions are made, how public goods and resources are allocated and how populations can engage with the State. Building confidence between States and populations through participation in decision-making and delivery of peace dividends is crucial to avoid the recurrence of conflict. Early international engagement must focus on strengthening capacities for building State-society relations. Sufficient funding from Member States is essential to enable an effective and predictable United Nations response in these areas.", "23. In its report, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that, where appropriate, international personnel in post-conflict settings should be physically co-located within national institutions. We have experience of this in many post-conflict settings and we are examining the options for co-location of civilian staff with Government personnel in the new mission in South Sudan.[6] In assessing whether co-location is appropriate and when, the degree of absorption capacity of national institutions should be considered, as should the need to safeguard the impartiality of international assistance,[7] effective human rights monitoring and reporting, the security of staff and whether international staff are responsible for mentoring and knowledge transfer or for providing technical expertise. The inter-agency working group on capacity-development should include in its guidelines advice on co‑location, building on past experience.[8]", "24. United Nations procurement may involve opportunities to expand the positive economic impact of United Nations field presences. Local procurement is already substantial in some post-conflict countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Liberia. Business seminars are conducted in those countries to inform local markets of the procurement requirements of the United Nations. I request field missions to make every effort to include local suppliers in procurement solicitations issued by the United Nations. Beginning in 2012, I will request peacekeeping operations periodically to provide information on their local economic impact and their contribution to local economies.", "25. As for the agencies, funds and programmes, the World Food Programme (WFP) has a procurement programme that seeks to stimulate the agricultural sector by purchasing from small farmers;[9] the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) procures an increasingly large proportion of supplies on the local market; and UNDP purchases local goods and services through streamlined bidding processes. Conflict-sensitive local procurement in the humanitarian phase can help establish partnerships that can be leveraged during post-conflict recovery.", "26. Much more can be accomplished within the existing regulatory framework for procurement without compromising transparency, international competition and quality standards. The Department of Management will issue guidance so that procurement practices do not exclude local suppliers, so that as far as possible requisitions can be unbundled to make them more accessible to local providers, including microenterprises, and so that financial criteria for eligible vendors can be reviewed to enable small companies to compete. We are examining the scope for local procurement in South Sudan. One possibility is for non-governmental organizations to support small companies to bid for contracts for maintenance and support services,[10] or help to establish small companies, where they do not exist.", "27. I have asked the Department of Management to review existing United Nations procurement processes and procedures in 2012, to analyse selected country situations to identify obstacles to greater local procurement and whether these can be addressed within existing procedures, to assess recent innovations and to recommend revisions accordingly.[11] I support similar innovations in the agencies, funds and programmes.", "III. International civilian capacities", "28. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group for more effective mobilization of international civilian capacities can be seen as three concentric circles: better leveraging of external capacity through partnerships with non-United Nations entities; enhanced capacity and interoperability across the United Nations; and change within the Secretariat. The area of external partnerships offers particular scope for innovative approaches that can deliver greater responsiveness on the ground.", "A. Leveraging external capacity: partnerships with non-United Nations entities", "29. The large number of United Nations interventions in conflict-affected countries and the breadth and complexity of their mandates, require more and increasingly specialized civilian capacities. These include “niche” functions (for example, public-private partnerships or specialized rule of law tasks like investigative expertise), as well as expertise that may be unique to a country or region, such as traditional justice or anti-piracy expertise. To find this expertise and fill current gaps, the United Nations needs to explore a greater variety of sources of capacity, particularly among actors from the global South, and to build effective partnerships with potential providers.", "30. Building these partnerships will be a priority for my second term. In so doing I will be guided by certain principles. First, accessibility and inclusiveness: new partnership opportunities must be visible and accessible to all potential partners, from all regions. This should include countries with recent experience of change or transition, which offer a growing pool of relevant experience to draw upon.[12] This approach should also enable us to identify and access more capacities among women.", "31. Second, to meet the needs of conflict-affected countries, we need a more broadly composed workforce in which core United Nations staff are supplemented by additional capacities deployed on a flexible, on-demand basis from Governments, international and regional organizations and non-governmental entities. This approach, already applied by United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and by some parts of the Secretariat, should align the composition of our workforce more closely with operational requirements. It will also offer Member States increased opportunities to provide civilian capacities in partnership with the United Nations. We will consult Member States to ensure that we make the best use possible of the capabilities of different countries and regions. I encourage Member States and regional organizations to participate actively in these consultations.", "32. Within this broad policy framework, we are beginning work on the instruments and modalities that will be needed to support more effective deployment through external partners. As a first step, I intend to pilot tools to link demand and supply, which can be developed progressively in the light of experience. Work has begun on developing a “virtual marketplace” of civilian capacity, an online platform where needs and capacities can be broadcast, helping Governments and the United Nations system to find potential suppliers of the capacities they need and to better connect the United Nations in the field to external capacity providers. The platform will offer information about standardized partnership modalities, so that the United Nations can rapidly access the capacities of partners without reinventing the process every time. It will also begin to publicize existing rosters — both those within the United Nations system and those managed by external providers — and enhance their efficiency by enabling roster managers to communicate with each other, as well as to understand better what experience and skills are currently most in demand.", "33. The goal of better connecting with external partners is a complex and important undertaking which will not be fulfilled through a platform alone. To ensure that we make early progress towards this priority goal, we are setting up a small team, initially from within existing resources, to identify the main challenges to be addressed in implementation. The team will develop the necessary partnership modalities, create standardized legal arrangements to make long-term partnerships more fruitful and foster greater South-South and triangular cooperation, engaging closely in dialogue with Member States on the evolving demands and sources of capacity described below.", "34. Modalities to enable partners to work together easily, freely available to all potential partners and operating within a clear policy framework, are essential to broadening the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities, whether as individuals or as groups. The United Nations already has long-standing, efficient modalities (such as letters of assist and memorandums of understanding) that govern the deployment of military and police personnel and the provision of specialist logistics support from Member States to peacekeeping operations, as well as memorandums of understanding for the provision of standby personnel for humanitarian purposes.[13] The Department of Management will take the lead in developing ways to extend these to civilian deployment, including in situations where groups of specialized personnel are needed for specific initiatives, or where regional expertise is required and building on lessons learned in the agencies, funds and programmes in arranging such deployments with non-United Nations partners, including with regard to quality control and accountability issues.", "35. In addition, there may be ways beyond the existing modalities to broaden the scope for deploying personnel provided by Governments or other entities. Once we have clarified what is possible when the Secretariat makes full use of its existing authority, I may revert to the General Assembly in 2012 with proposals to update the relevant policies.", "36. I encourage Member States and established rosters and training centres to invest more in developing capacity in the global South. Many existing rosters already include members from North and South. While some civilian capacity partnerships may be supported from mission or agency budgets, other financing options, including trust funds, should be explored. Better communication between southern providers and the United Nations in the field can help identify new opportunities for South-South cooperation, including in areas where southern Governments may themselves have already faced and addressed similar challenges.[14] Partnering with centres of excellence or civil society organizations, especially those in the South, offers an entry point for tapping such capacities.[15]", "37. I also encourage Member States to explore opportunities for triangular cooperation, such as for example the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) initiative for capacity enhancement in South Sudan, supported by UNDP and Norway, under which the Government of South Sudan will place 200 civil servants from IGAD member States in key functions in South Sudan for two years. This project is also an example of South-South cooperation, as the countries sending their civil servants to South Sudan will continue to pay their salaries.", "38. I encourage my senior leaders in the field to make greater use of United Nations Volunteers — 80 per cent of whom originate from the global South — in national capacity-building, especially at the local public administration and community levels, and to include them in early mission planning, particularly in integrated operations where UNV is working with UNDP and other United Nations partners in national institution-building as, for instance, in South Sudan. The Secretariat will work with UNV to implement the recommendations of the recent Department of Field Support-UNV partnership evaluation by, for example, placing greater emphasis on capacity-building for national staff and the use of national United Nations volunteers and more strategic deployment of those volunteers during periods of peace and development and the transition to United Nations country teams and political missions. In 2012, the Department of Field Support, the Department of Political Affairs and UNV will conduct a follow-on review to investigate why United Nations volunteers have been underutilized in political missions and to propose how to improve this engagement.", "B. System-wide capacity and interoperability", "39. Many United Nations entities across the system are involved in providing the range of civilian capacities required in complex post-conflict environments. National partners, whose resources are usually severely depleted, need to find the United Nations strategically and operationally coherent, notwithstanding the separate character, governance structures, mandate and source of financing of its different entities.", "40. As the Senior Advisory Group observed, recruitment and appointment systems vary greatly across the United Nations. A United Nations entity cannot easily deploy personnel from another part of the system. In addition, most agencies, funds and programmes maintain their own rosters of specialized civilian experts to be deployed in a crisis. However, they are set up differently and are not easily interoperable. Since field operations demand a wide variety of expertise, much of which will be found throughout the wider United Nations system, the rosters throughout the system should be shared resources.", "41. The civilian capacities online platform described above will be a first step towards greater system-wide collaboration. Establishing real interoperability, however, will be a more complex exercise. The Department of Management is leading an inter-agency group to define what measures would be required, including an inventory of existing rosters and related training, minimum standards for roster participants, gap identification and analysis of options (including the development of a joint or shared roster, cost sharing and administrative modalities for rapid release). Working with the Human Resources Network, the group will report on options by 2012.", "42. Work is separately under way in the Department of Management to expand to the agencies, funds and programmes the staff exchange system (the Voluntary Initiative for Network Exchange) that currently operates in the Secretariat. I am committed to removing obstacles that hinder staff from one United Nations entity being deployed or recruited by another; mobility will remain a priority in my second term.", "C. Within the United Nations Secretariat", "43. United Nations missions and field operations are planned and staffed, and much civilian capacity is recruited and deployed, from among Secretariat staff. The tendency to try to find all the necessary capacities among Secretariat staff or through direct recruitment to the Secretariat means that we often fail to deliver the right civilian capacities quickly enough.", "44. At the same time, strengthening our external partnerships and accessing more resources from across the United Nations system is not a substitute for improving the way we recruit and manage staffing in the Secretariat. Fundamental to improving this is the need to move away from using a single process to fulfil different human resources management needs for recruitment, promotion and assignment.", "45. The Senior Advisory Group makes several useful proposals for measures to improve the ability of the United Nations to staff its missions. While some of these require further consideration, several of them, including mobility, staff welfare and performance management, are already being considered by the General Assembly or pursued in other reform processes. I believe that these are most effectively addressed under those existing initiatives. Some, such as staff welfare and mobility, have implications for the wider United Nations system.", "46. I intend to pursue the recommendations for a corporate emergency model separately[16] (which will require defining the terms of such a model, including who may declare an emergency; developing a system for lateral moves of staff across the United Nations system; and developing a fast-track recruitment mechanism) and establishing a roster of rapidly deployable Secretariat staff who have undergone standardized training, including in management, human rights and gender issues.", "47. The Senior Advisory Group recommends that clear and transparent processes be developed to manage mission start-ups and transitions. This is being addressed by initiatives such as the elaboration and extension of the global field support strategy, the ongoing review of the integrated missions planning process and preparatory work for my forthcoming report on funding, backstopping and support to special political missions.", "IV. Expertise and accountability", "A. Leadership and accountability", "48. The report of the Senior Advisory Group includes recommendations to strengthen the capacity and accountability of senior United Nations leaders. I intend to build on existing initiatives to select leaders based on competence, to examine ways to conduct a more rigorous review of the track record of potential leaders, including on gender mainstreaming, and to use innovative and appropriate methods of assessment. I will also explore other initiatives aimed at ensuring the integrity of senior appointment processes, such as increasing the number of senior posts advertised. I will continue to require that women are included in all phases of the recruitment process and will encourage the conduct of interviews for senior-level positions.", "49. In terms of improving the capacity of senior leaders to manage the United Nations response to conflict, we will explore ways in which training for leaders can be improved within existing resources. These include an increased focus on administrative and support issues in training for senior leaders, including sessions with their head of administration during induction; providing online advice to leaders, incorporating lessons learned from audit recommendations and the justice system; including staff development programmes in conference schedules to maximize opportunities for group learning; and ensuring leaders devote five days per year to training.[17] The Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support and the Department of Political Affairs will continue to develop a methodology for missions to deliver scenario-based exercises targeting decision-making and crisis management.", "50. I strongly share the view of the Senior Advisory Group that senior leaders should be held accountable for results to national actors and populations, as well as to the United Nations. Expected results should be defined on the basis of agreed goals. Accountability should extend beyond results to service provision and working with other parts of the United Nations system. Moreover, there should be a degree of shared accountability for the delivery of results between senior staff from across the United Nations system.", "51. Strengthened oversight and accountability for results must, however, be seen in the context of complex post-conflict situations. Achieving results in such situations will often require taking a calculated degree of risk. Senior leaders should be empowered, not constrained, from taking measured risks.", "52. I have asked the Department of Management to work with UN-Women to review and enhance the systems in place to uphold accountability for gender equality in the immediate aftermath of conflict, including accountability for the implementation of my seven-point action plan on women’s participation in peacebuilding. Systems will include regular audits of progress against agreed criteria, such as the indicators in Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and senior staff performance assessments. I will return to the General Assembly in 2012 with a further proposal for accountability for gender equality in post-conflict contexts.", "B. Accountability and responsibility", "53. I agree with the Senior Advisory Group that there are critical gaps in the provision of global civilian capacities and that we need to create mechanisms that can help fill these gaps, enhance accountability and reinforce substantive leadership. The Senior Advisory Group recommended establishing a cluster system and designated leads for core areas of peacebuilding activity. I support the underlying objective of the Group to deliver more effective, accountable and predictable international assistance in the aftermath of conflict. Capacity gaps represent not only structural deficits in international assistance but also urgent needs for countries with different contexts, in both mission and non-mission settings. Our aim must be to ensure that core areas are covered with access to sufficient deployable capacities, adequately funded and that there is no duplication. This is necessary to ensure that conflict-affected countries receive the support they need, but also to make the provision of support more efficient.", "54. The consideration of what the United Nations system needs to do to strengthen core capacities cannot be separated from the issue of broader international capacities. A sustained dialogue is needed with Member States and the international financial institutions on the evolving demands for and sources of capacity. As a starting point, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to consult Member States and other providers of civilian capacity to detail the demand for and sources of capacity in the priority areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group,[18] focusing on the most urgent operational needs (such as security, police and criminal justice sector reform) and building on the capacity mapping done by the Senior Advisory Group. Within these broad areas, more work is needed to pinpoint the critical capacity gaps, some of which are highly specialized functions. The needs and emerging lessons from immediate country situations, such as South Sudan, should help to illustrate what the gaps are and how they might best be filled. Dialogue with Member States and other key actors will also help to map civilian capacity and track long-term commitment to filling the gaps. It will inform and energize our efforts at clarifying responsibility and accountability for core peacebuilding areas.", "55. Within the United Nations, I am committed to establishing a more practical, flexible approach to this challenge, based on the following elements:", "(a) Within the United Nations system, a focal point is needed at Headquarters for each specific area, responsible for knowing where capacities and gaps exist;", "(b) The role of the focal point will differ across areas, in the light of capacities and context;", "(c) In addition to understanding global and country-specific capacities, the focal point for a particular area should identify existing knowledge products, help fill knowledge gaps and share best practices and lessons learned. The focal point will be responsible for ensuring that information on relevant commitments, along with the provision of technical assistance for gender mainstreaming and women’s participation, is provided to country partners, in coordination with UN-Women;", "(d) Focal points can provide an entry point into the United Nations system for field leaders seeking capacity, as well for Member States, service providers and other partners, thus helping formal and informal networks and exchange of information to flourish in each area;", "(e) Arrangements for responsibility and accountability to provide capacity in each core area of expertise need to be tailored to the particular area and driven by needs in the field. While there is a need for predictable and deployable capacities in core areas, arrangements will differ from country to country within the same core area depending on comparative advantage;", "(f) Arrangements in specific country situations need to be clear to all. They should be addressed in early planning, taking into account global arrangements and capacities at Headquarters and in the field, and drawing on lessons learned, including in terms of efficiency, accountability and results. They should be reviewed as circumstances evolve. Such clarity will also enable donors to direct their support, on the advice of United Nations leaders in the field, to the appropriate implementing entity, avoiding overlap and helping to fill gaps by directing investment to underfunded areas.", "56. I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee, whose members represent entities from across the United Nations system, to make such an approach a priority for the work of the Committee over the coming months, beginning with a review of the areas identified by the Senior Advisory Group as having critical capacity gaps and drawing on the focal points proposed by the Group:", "(a) In the area of basic safety and security: disarmament and demobilization, police and security sector reform and governance;", "(b) In the area of justice: corrections, criminal justice and judicial and legal reform;", "(c) In the area of inclusive political processes: political party development and public information;", "(d) In the area of core government functionality: aid policy and coordination, legislative branch and public financial management;", "(e) In the area of economic revitalization: employment generation, natural resource management and private sector development.", "57. The Steering Committee should assess any critical gaps beyond those already identified by the Senior Advisory Group. I intend to assess progress after one year and report back to Member States.", "V. Financial and operational agility", "58. In volatile post-conflict situations, time is of the essence in efforts to build capacity, to avoid the risk of relapse and to deliver critical peace dividends. The need for operational and financial agility to adapt to changing circumstances is increasingly understood as essential for effective international support. The Senior Advisory Group rightly draws attention to three areas in which it considers the United Nations can make further improvements: the capacity of missions to redeploy resources as needs change; using the entity best equipped to implement mandated tasks, based on the principle of comparative advantage; and facilitating the flow and timeliness of resources.", "59. Nimbleness is essential in the international response to the needs of post-conflict countries, and in particular to the ability of the United Nations to support the capacity of the State to deliver early progress in key areas such as security, justice and basic services. My Special Representatives have a responsibility and opportunity to facilitate this beyond the resources they manage as heads of mission, in helping to ensure the congruity, complementarity and sequencing of international support for State-building and peacebuilding.", "60. Operational and financial agility is particularly important with respect to mission design and budget at start-up and immediately thereafter. The basic mission design and initial budget is prepared, as the Senior Advisory Group points out, in fluid circumstances when knowledge of local requirements and capacities is limited. In keeping with this, the initial mission plan should be understood as preliminary. It was to acknowledge the uncertainty that prevails in this early phase that I proposed for the initial year of peacekeeping operations a standardized funding model, which the General Assembly has approved.[19] I intend to refine the model further to provide explicitly for subsequent changes by my Special Representatives in the mix of civilian capacity, so as to take advantage of nascent national capacity or to access expertise not readily sourced from within the United Nations.", "61. The need to adapt to changing needs and circumstances continues throughout the life of a mission. Assessed budgets for field missions are planned 10 to 11 months before the start of the financial year and set out detailed information on all the envisaged inputs 10 to 24 months into the future. In reality, requirements change, especially in the early period after conflict. My Special Representatives need the ability to make some changes accordingly, including the ability to use the resources associated with vacant posts and positions, if necessary, to meet emerging priorities. A variety of practices are used by Governments and international organizations in addressing such contingencies, such as enhanced delegation to the field linked to risk management and accountability. While the United Nations has already taken similar measures, there may be more to be learned from assessing the applicability of those approaches to United Nations field missions.", "62. Current funding arrangements provide some limited scope to adapt to changing circumstances. For example, the budget cycle for peacekeeping operations is annual, rather than biennial, and the appropriation structure reflects the understanding by the General Assembly of the need to enable the shifting of resources. Further, in line with the actions set out in “Renewing the United Nations: a Programme for Reform” (A/51/950) concerning the delegation of maximum authority to line managers, administrative measures were taken within the Secretariat in 2002 to enhance the authority of peacekeeping operations in the management of resources within the three major categories of expenditure: military and police, civilian personnel and operational costs.", "63. I intend to explore ways of further improving how we work within the current regulatory framework, while ensuring the necessary transparency and accountability for decisions made in the field. In order to ensure that senior managers are fully cognizant of the scope and procedures for adjustments during the implementation of an approved budget, we will ensure that training for senior leaders addresses this issue and that heads of field missions, programme managers and directors of mission support receive the same information.", "64. I also intend to explore the possibility of making improvements in the presentation of information in proposed budgets for peacekeeping operations, so as to provide a more integrated and transparent display of the resources related to civilian capacity, which will be one of the three main categories of expenditure. Resources for civilian capacity would thereby be more clearly seen by the General Assembly and more readily deployed, or redeployed, as required by the mission.", "65. The Senior Advisory Group also noted that mission design and budgets do not necessarily provide for implementation by those entities with a comparative advantage to perform the function. I shall issue appropriate guidance to heads of field missions and planners to apply the principle of comparative advantage in recommending how to go about discharging a mandate. The use of other United Nations actors, for example, to discharge mandated and budgeted functions for which they are well equipped, can offer practical advantages, including engagement with an entity often present in the country or area before a mission deploys and likely to be present after the mission leaves. Cooperative or joint planning, such as the development of an integrated strategic framework, should help to determine the comparative advantages of United Nations actors in the field. My priority will be to strengthen the ability of United Nations entities to plan, cooperate and work together in critical post-conflict situations.", "66. The recommendations of the Senior Advisory Group also address the gaps in the timely availability of funding that delay the start of critical peacebuilding tasks. Pointing to the differences in funding streams that support implementation of the mandate and the perceived lack of flexibility in their use, the Senior Advisory Group makes a number of interrelated recommendations: that field missions be able to provide the necessary programmatic funds from assessed budgets when civilian capacities within missions have the comparative advantage to implement a mandated task; that voluntary contributions to support civilian capacities within missions be facilitated by reducing the overhead charged by mission trust funds; and that the agencies, funds and programmes that have not already done so consider measures to improve their rapid-response financing capacity.", "67. Proposals for United Nations missions to carry out programmatic activities with assessed funding are not new; the joint United Nations community violence reduction programme supported by the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, UNDP and others is one example.[20] In some cases, due to its presence and capacities, the mission can and should initiate an activity for a mandated function for which the voluntary funds are not available or have not yet been mobilized. Such measures should be assessed in the light of comparative advantage in that context and the work carried out by other actors, while respecting the fundamental competencies and mandates of United Nations entities. As always, the point of departure for the inclusion of a resource requirement in a proposed budget and its subsequent consideration by the General Assembly is the mandate.", "68. With respect to encouraging voluntary contributions to peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict to complement work done by missions through assessed budgets, the Senior Advisory Group recommends that overheads charged by the Secretariat be aligned with the 7 per cent applied to multi-donor trust funds. The appeal of this idea can be readily understood from the standpoint of reducing competition among entities based purely on overhead rates. This is nonetheless a complex issue which needs to be examined from the standpoint of the Organization as a whole, in the context of cost recovery policies and arrangements for the United Nations. A central premise of long-standing policy is that core resources should not subsidize the activities of non-core resources.", "69. An internal review of existing practices, which date from 1980, commenced in late 2010. This review is intended to contribute to an updated perspective of extrabudgetary funding in the financial architecture of the United Nations. It will clarify what costs are to be recovered and the means for doing so, and consider how the application of a cost-recovery policy can take account of partnerships and contributions in support of mandated tasks, in addition to contributions aimed at providing services for others. It will also examine the scope for aligning United Nations practices with those of other United Nations entities. This review is expected to be completed by the first quarter of 2012. I intend to keep the General Assembly informed of progress in this area.", "70. The Senior Advisory Group also recommended that access for the agencies, funds and programmes to rapid-response financing should be improved, drawing on innovations at WFP and UNDP. I urge Member States to examine such mechanisms and to accelerate the availability of financing for recovery, transition and development for United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, so as to reduce financing gaps, especially in critical post-conflict settings.", "VI. Conclusions and observations", "71. It is widely agreed that the international community and the United Nations in particular, can and must do better at providing rapid, effective civilian capacities to conflict-affected countries. Those States themselves are calling for change. In the context of the International Dialogue for Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ grouping[21] has proposed “a new deal to deliver international assistance to fragile States which generates results that are aligned with peacebuilding and statebuilding objectives, is more transparent, flexible and effective, and strengthens (rather than duplicates) national and local capacities and institutions”.[22]", "72. The Senior Advisory Group made valuable suggestions for how to do this. Their report covers a wide range of interconnected issues, all of which have a bearing on how we find and deploy civilian capacities. I have also listened closely to the views of Member States in the General Assembly, the Peacebuilding Commission and the Security Council. I welcome the engagement of Member States and their support for a focus on national needs and priorities and for a demand-driven response to the recommendations in the report.", "73. These challenges apply to more than just the United Nations, but since the United Nations leads or coordinates much international assistance in conflict-affected countries, we have a particular responsibility to take action. In the present report, I set out some early priorities for action. In taking them forward, I have asked the Chair of the Steering Committee to ensure that country-specific task forces, mission leadership and United Nations country teams are fully engaged. Their involvement will help to identify opportunities for testing ideas and approaches, particularly in countries with new missions or existing missions with new mandates (such as in Côte d’Ivoire or South Sudan), as well as in non-mission settings in the aftermath of conflict or crisis.", "74. I consider it a priority to make progress in the areas within my own authority or that of the United Nations executive heads. However, this is a collective enterprise, which must involve Member States, the international financial institutions and the wider group of peacebuilding stakeholders — civil society, academia and the private sector. The approach therefore emphasizes the development of proposals in partnership with others. I am grateful for the supportive engagement of the Peacebuilding Commission. I shall rely on its continued involvement and that of the consultative group of Member States, particularly in the proposed dialogue with Member States to analyse the supply and demand for particular capacities. The expertise of those leaders who have grappled with civilian capacity challenges at Headquarters and in the field is of great value, and I shall continue to draw upon the experience of the Senior Advisory Group. Finally, efforts within the United Nations must take account of other initiatives, in particular through the International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, the g7+ and the operationalization of the World Development Report.", "75. The present report focuses on what the United Nations can do now, but also looks beyond to broader partnerships and ahead to future steps. I intend to report back to Member States in 2012 on progress and on further initiatives that may be needed, including any which may require decisions by the General Assembly. Meanwhile, I shall depend upon the support and cooperation of all our partners in working towards our common objectives.", "[1] The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is developing capacity-development strategies to inform their programmes in South Sudan, with an emphasis on outcomes and exit strategies.", "[2] Training for national staff is a joint priority of the Government of Timor-Leste and the United Nations Integrated Mission. Mission training courses and facilities are open to staff in government ministries and other national institutions, as far as resources allow.", "[3] As in the case of the new mission in South Sudan.", "[4] Such as the Ghana peace infrastructure supported by the Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[5] See A/63/881-S/2009/304, para. 46.", "[6] See Security Council resolution 1996 (2011), para. 22.", "[7] This is particularly important for the humanitarian agencies that base their response on the principles of impartiality, neutrality and independence, which in some cases may make co-location inappropriate.", "[8] For instance, UNICEF efforts to transfer knowledge and skills in the health sector in Afghanistan and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) support to aid management in Nepal and to the electoral commission in Liberia.", "[9] Through the Purchase for Progress initiative, the World Food Programme has purchased maize in South Sudan to supply food for displaced Congolese and Central African refugees in South Sudan.", "[10] As, for example, the Peace Dividend Trust has done in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan.", "[11] The political impact of buying locally must also be considered. If greater local procurement tends to concentrate wealth among the powerful few, it may inadvertently increase inequality and tensions in a post-conflict society.", "[12] For example, Indonesian expertise on mediation; the experience of Latin American countries in dealing with urban and criminal violence; Bangladeshi experience in promoting the empowerment of women in areas such as microcredit and community health; and South African electoral and mediation expertise in Burundi.", "[13] Such as the pool of experts the United Nations Office for Project Services can call on for its mine action services.", "[14] Such as Brazilian economic revitalization projects in Angola, or South Africa’s partnership with Germany to support legal and judicial training in South Sudan.", "[15] For example, the Brazilian non-governmental organization Igarapé is developing a roster of civilian experts to deploy to peace operations, with the support of the Governments of Brazil, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "[16] Drawing on the experience of the humanitarian crisis response models, including those established by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNDP, UNICEF and the United Nations Population Fund.", "[17] An example of current efforts to improve training for senior leaders is the 5-8 day mission-specific training programme being developed by the Department for Peacekeeping Operations for heads of military components.", "[18] Basic safety and security, justice, inclusive political processes, core government functionality and economic revitalization.", "[19] See General Assembly resolution 65/289.", "[20] Other mandated areas that have dedicated programmatic funds are disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, public information, mine action and quick-impact projects.", "[21] The g7+ is an open group of countries experiencing or emerging from conflict established in 2008 and comprising Afghanistan, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Liberia, Nepal, Solomon Islands, Sierra Leone, South Sudan and Timor-Leste.", "[22] See the Monrovia road map agreed at the second International Dialogue on Peacebuilding and Statebuilding, 15-16 June 2011, available at http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十六届会议 第六十七年", "临时议程^(*) 项目123(a)", "^(*) A/66/150。", "加强联合国系统", "冲突后文职能力", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "刚刚摆脱冲突的国家通常面临建设和维持和平的广泛迫切需要，但常常面临严重缺乏能力的情况，无法迅速和有效地满足优先需要。国际社会已认识到这一挑战，很多双边和多边行为体已采取措施加强对受冲突影响国家的支持。但这些单独的努力还没有能够建立一种可靠和有效的机制，为各国提供其所寻求的援助。联合国仍在努力招聘和部署文职人才，支持国家行为体扩展和深化它们的技能。2010年3月，我任命了由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组，对冲突后文职能力进行一次独立的审查，以期提出具体而实际的建议，加强对可持续和平与发展的文职支助。", "高级咨询小组的报告(A/65/747-S/2011/85)已于2011年2月提交各会员国。这份涉及广泛的报告提出了一些同各会员国、区域和民间社会组织以及联合国有关的建议。认识到该报告所涉范围广泛，我设立了由主管外勤支助事务副秘书长苏珊娜·马尔科拉主持的指导委员会，领导就该报告采取协调的后续行动。", "本报告是联合国对冲突后文职能力的独立审查作出的首次反应。报告的出发点是目前的联合国系统以及我作为秘书长权限范围内加强本组织对刚刚摆脱冲突国家所提供支助的各项程序和做法。将自己的事情做好，是同会员国、区域组织和民间社会伙伴以及尤其是寻求我们帮助的国家有效打交道的一个先决条件。但这本身还不足以改善国际文职支助。我们都有义务审查我们各自以及我们伙伴为支持经历了暴力和贫穷的社区及人民所做的努力。在今后各阶段里，我将集中关注其他行为体必须发挥的作用，并集中关注我们必须建立的伙伴关系，以使我们能够有效地加强冲突后文职支助的质量和效率。", "本报告确定了联合国今后12个月期间内的一整套具体优先行动和时间表，目的是加强联合国的民事反应，成为其他行为体的更好的伙伴。这包括：", "(a) 制定更好使用和发展本国能力的准则以及确保采购做法不排除当地供应商的指导；", "(b) 对新规划进程给予更有力的战略性指导；", "(c) 对如何构建和部署性别问题人才队伍进行一次审查；", "(d) 同会员国和区域组织就发展更强有力的伙伴关系进行协商，确保我们尽可能最佳利用它们的能力；", "(e) 建立在线平台通报文职需求和现有能力，加强各国政府、联合国和外部能力提供者之间的联系；", "(f) 探讨采取何种方式扩大各国政府和其他实体所提供人员的部署范围；", "(g) 详细说明存在严重能力不足的领域，并确保联合国各指定协调中心让外部伙伴一道参与解决这些问题；", "(h) 在联合国秘书处采用公司应急模式以便能够有效应对需要快速部署的局势；", "(i) 确保在外地的联合国负责人利用被赋予的业务和财务上的灵活性执行任务；", "(j) 运用比较优势的原则执行任务；", "(k) 在外地试行上述办法，例如通过动员本国和区域人才和审查南苏丹本地采购的范围。", "总之，本报告表明，可持续的和平才是国家的和平。外部施加的解决办法或技能不能替代各民族、其领导人及其机构的主导作用和能力。这一出发点必须成为我们的最终目标。", "一. 导言", "1. 冲突后建设和巩固和平的国家努力需要有及时和有效的文职能力的支持。正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的报告(A/63/881-S/2009/304)中强调的，我们必须抓住冲突后时期通常提供的机会之窗，提供基本的安全，交付和平红利，建立对政治进程的信心，加强国家领导建设和平工作的能力，从而奠定可持续发展的基础。", "2. 为应对这一挑战，国际社会、特别是联合国需要更迅速有效地提供必要的专业文职能力，即国家行为体在寻求重建法治、重振经济、恢复对民众的基本服务和发展保持这些成就的能力所需要的技能和人才。和平的初期走回头路的风险很大。不稳定和冲突蔓延到边境以外并破坏邻国的稳定。安全、和平与发展之间密切相关；受冲突影响的国家实现《千年发展目标》的机会最为渺茫。就可持续和平和发展而言，我们必须从一开始就对必要的文职能力进行投资。", "3. 正是为了回应这些迫切需要，我开始进行审查，分析如何扩展和深化文职人才库，支持刚刚摆脱冲突的国家迫切的能力发展需求。2010年3月，我任命了由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组进行独立审查。该小组同总部和外地的联合国系统各实体、会员国、建设和平委员会、区域组织、民间社会和学术界进行了协商。2011年2月22日，我向大会主席和安全理事会主席提交了该小组的报告(A/65/747-S/2011/85)。我随后又任命了一个指导委员会，其成员代表联合国系统各实体，以审议如何推进高级咨询小组的建议。", "4. 高级咨询小组的报告立足于一些关键原则之上：加强文职能力对于建设持久和平而言至关重要；必须培养受冲突影响国家的潜在本国能力；国际支持必须适应需求，而不是由供应驱动；联合国必须提高提供支助的反应力、灵活性和成本效益。让我感到鼓舞的是，会员国都表示普遍支持这些原则，支持报告强调的需求驱动的办法和外地重点，支持高级咨询小组的很多建议。", "5. 我赞同高级咨询小组的评估，即：为应对这些挑战，我们需要同外部伙伴建立更强有力的伙伴关系；通过更好查明和发展现有专门能力，特别是全球南部国家的能力和妇女的能力，扩大专门能力的供应；发展联合国系统内开展合作的更有效方法；发展能够让我的高级别领导人能够迅速有效应对外地不断变化的实际情况的管理文化和业务做法。高级咨询小组强调在更好利用现有系统的情况下实现上述目标，这符合我所制定的建立一个更负责、透明、高效和有效的联合国的办法。", "6. 在我第二个任期内，我打算优先采取能让联合国更加有效、高效的措施，包括我的变革管理方案。主要的一点就是执行关于文职能力的本报告。很多现有联合国倡议(例如我的关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的行动纲领、全球外勤支助战略、妇女、和平与安全战略框架、我们的全系统协调统一努力以及我即将提出的关于预防性外交的报告)，都有加强文职能力部署的潜力，尽管这都不是它们的主要目标。同伙伴一道制定的各项倡议，例如世界银行的《2011年世界发展报告》、联合国-欧洲联盟委员会关于自然资源、冲突与建设和平伙伴关系以及建设和平与国家建设国际对话，也有加强文职能力部署的潜力。", "7. 我在本报告中提出了联合国应该如何回应高级咨询小组的报告：联合国本身应采取何种行动加强对受冲突影响国家的文职支助的质量、速度和成效，以及联合国应该通过与其他行为体的合作做些什么。我根据以下三大轴心提出了行动路线图：加强我们冲突后应对中的本国能力和本国主导作用；建立外部伙伴关系以及在联合国系统内做必要调整以获得所需文职能力；运用必要的组织灵活性，敏捷应对无法预测的冲突后局势。", "8. 我的设想是，我们的措施分为不同的类别。第一类是及早实施的优先事项：属于我的权限或者属于那些对实际工作影响力最大的联合国实体的行政首脑权限范围内的倡议。我在本报告中提出了短期内我如何落实的打算。另一类是在推行之前需要仔细考量的各种想法。其中一些想法属于联合国系统的权限，其他则应由会员国或其他利益攸关方考虑；我准备晚些时候再向会员国详细报告这些想法。最后一类是正在联合国其他改革进程中处理的问题。其中大多数问题应该继续在这些进程中处理，与此同时，重点说明它们同文职能力的相关性。", "9. 我的议程很大一部分将适用于冲突后联合国的各种应对措施。凡是持续存在人道主义需要，恢复和发展规划工作又刚刚开始的地方，人道主义行动将继续以人道、公正、中立和独立的原则为指导。", "二. 本国能力", "10. 刚刚摆脱冲突的社区常常遇到严重缺乏能力的情况，难以保障可持续的和平。正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平和妇女参加建设和平的报告(A/65/354-S/2010/466)中强调、安全理事会和建设和平委员会也强调的，查明、建立和利用本国能力必须成为冲突后的优先事项。这有助于发展对实现可持续和平与发展至关重要的本国主导作用。", "11. 这不是一项技术性工作。支持冲突后国家机构是风险性很高的政治任务。这一任务超越了政府范围，涉及到民间社会和私人部门，同时也超越了国家机构的范围，涉及到国家以下、地方和社区各级。在必须从一开始就建立本国能力和必须尽早交付诸如基本服务等和平红利之间存在着紧张关系。", "12. 然而，能力发展是必须从国际参与的初期就开始的进程，联合国和所有国际行为体必须应对这一挑战。能力发展必须包括能力评估、能力建设，包括通过有针对性的培训和辅导、能力的利用以及能力的可持续性。尽管有很多实例说明联合国正在发展和利用本国能力，但仍然需要更系统的办法。在联合国内，我请联合国开发计划署(开发署)主持的能力发展问题机构间工作组在2012年底之前制定出冲突后情况下更好利用和发展本国能力的核心原则和准则，并制作让外地小组能够用以进行能力评估、制定战略和监测结果的具体工具。这些工具应该包括针对具体群体、包括妇女和青年的战略。", "13. 需要考虑的一个重要方面是必须避免对本国能力发展造成任何负面影响，例如，当地能力中人才向国际和双边组织的流失。为了增进国际努力的协调一致，联合国将与世界银行合作，并同有关会员国保持对话。只有所有主要国际行为体合作发展本国能力，我们才能获得成功。", "14. 在能力发展战略中，同样重要的是必须更多注意国家以下一级，这一级的结果往往更加清晰可见，对于人民而言更加重要，能够增进国家一级的能力发展努力。这一点在过渡中非常重要，在这方面，国家如果没有能力履行核心的职能，便有可能破坏其合法性和信誉，危及巩固和平。", "15. 尽管我们必须力求从一开始就最大限度地利用本国能力，但在某些情况下，仍然需要国际能力来提供必要的技术人才。在其他情况下，可能需要通过国际能力来确保公正性、中立性和安全，或是旷日持久的冲突削弱了问责和透明度制度，以至需要临时性替代措施来恢复信心。这些措施应该成为更广泛战略的一项内容，对措施适用的期限规定了基准，同时明确规定了实际可行的撤出战略。[1] 这些战略必须考虑到利用国际援助和本国能力(即便仍嫌薄弱的)的妥善平衡和先后次序，以便推进加强国家合法性、所有权和长期可持续性的目标。直接的国际支持和能力发展必须同防止长期依赖国际资源双管齐下。", "16. 联合国维持和平行动和特别政治任务可以为能力建设作出贡献的方式之一是培训本国工作人员。例如，2010年由联合国东帝汶综合特派团发起的能力建设项目，尽可能利用当地和区域培训提供者，正在培训900多名本国工作人员。这些努力应该围绕国家需要，[2] 并纳入到特派团的初期规划中。本国专业干事的使用，增加了本国工作人员为外地特派团的工作做贡献和建立自己在重要的建设和平和建立国家工作中的能力的机会。[3] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部、开发署和其他联合国实体正在合作为南苏丹动员本国人才，包括根据情况动员侨民，例如在邻国举办人才招聘会以及本国的联合国志愿人员方案。这些倡议在无特派团的国家同样重要，在这些国家，建设本国管理冲突[4] 的努力是可持续建设和平的一个重要部分。我敦促会员国支持这些倡议，为国民的回国和重返社会以及促进本国工作人员发展的方案提供资金。", "17. 必须从一开始就把能力发展需要纳入规划。冲突后需求评估、战略评估、综合战略框架和联合国发展援助框架修订准则等近期内的创新，在加强联合国综合规划方面发挥了很大作用。但是我们仍然有很多工作要做。早期规划必须包括坚定的实地观点，联合国工作人员在该国、包括在侨民中同本国利益攸关方合作评估该国的优先事项和现有的本国能力。[5] 这将有助于确保规划工作由国家优先事项和需要驱动，而不是由是否有国际工作人员或其他资源驱动，同时确保规划工作能够探讨利用和发展本国潜在能力的各种机会。计划需要具有足够的灵活性，以便能够适应不断变化的情况和本国主导作用的不断扩大。一体化指导小组已决定于2012年底之前修订综合特派团规划进程准则。修订工作的目的之一是反映出让本国行为体参与评估、规划和执行的各阶段的重要性。将就如何确保从每一规划进程的一开始就考虑到国家观点和能力提供明确的战略指导。", "18. 能力发展战略应特别注意妇女的需要和能力。正如我在关于妇女参与建设和平问题的报告中强调的，冲突后过渡是重新评估性别角色和能力以及采取措施实现性别平等的重要时刻。目前正在努力将性别平等原则纳入联合国冲突后规划工作中。联合国发展援助框架定期对性别问题进行事后审查，还为冲突后需要评估制定了性别问题主流化问题指南。", "19. 然而，尽管准则可以成为重要的工具，但似乎准则并未有效确保解决妇女的需要以及将妇女的需要纳入冲突后规划和方案执行工作。能够真正让局面改观的是坚定而自信的领导、性别问题专家(特别是具有具体行业技能的专家)的及早参与和有效的问责框架。联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)将于2012年年底前对冲突后局势中如何构建和部署性别问题人才进行一次成本效益高的快速审查，并就提高其效力的问题提出建议。此外，我还呼吁我的高级别负责人确保联合国规划框架根据安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议，纳入来自全系统战略框架的各项目标和指标，以便更好地支持妇女参与建设和平。", "20. 2009年以来，联合国同会员国合作鼓励更多妇女加入本国警察队伍，并任命更多妇女参加国际部署，作为到2014年将妇女在联合国警察部门中的比率年增加到20%的全球努力的一部分。", "21. 支持政府的核心职能对于加强本国主导作用至关重要。高级咨询小组特别提到的优先事项是政策管理和优化、援助协调和公共财务管理。2011年《世界发展报告》提及公民安全、司法和就业方面有效的机构的重要性。冲突后情况下公共管理经验教训审查的初步结果增列了公务员人事管理和地方政府能力。公务员管理应该包括吸引和留住人员的措施，包括各种奖励措施。", "22. 然而，加强核心政府职能需要的不仅仅是更强的技术能力。公共管理和治理合法化不仅在于国家在技术上提供服务的方式，而且在于国家与社会的互动，即：决策方式、公共物资和资源的分配方式以及民众与国家打交道的方式。通过参与决策和提供和平红利建立起国家与民众之间的信任，对于避免冲突卷土重来至关重要。国际社会的及早参与必须将重点放在加强建设国家-社会关系的能力上。会员国提供充足的资金,对于确保联合国能够在这些领域作出有效和可预测的回应至关重要。", "23. 高级咨询小组在其报告中建议，冲突后局势中国际人员应酌情与本国机构合用同一地点。我们在很多冲突后局势中有过这种经验，我们正在审查在南苏丹的新特派团中文职工作人员与政府人员合用同一地点的备选办法。[6] 在评估合用同一地点是否合适以及何时应该合用同一地点时，应当考虑国家机构的吸收能力，还应当考虑必须维护国际援助的公正性、[7] 有效的人权监测和报告、工作人员的安全以及国际工作人员是否负责进行辅导和知识转让或提供技术专门知识。能力建设问题机构间工作组应根据过去的经验，将关于合用同一地点的咨询意见列入准则。[8]", "24. 联合国的采购可能成为扩大联合国外地存在的积极经济影响的机会。在刚果民主共和国和利比里亚等一些冲突后国家，本地采购的数量已经很多。在这些国家举办了商业研讨会，向当地市场介绍联合国的采购要求。我请外地特派团尽一切努力将当地供应商纳入联合国公布的采购招标中。自2012年起，我将要求维持和平行动定期提供关于联合国采购对当地经济的影响和对当地经济的贡献的信息。", "25. 至于各机构、基金和方案，世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)制定的采购方案寻求通过向小农户采购刺激农业部门；[9] 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)在当地市场上采购数量越来越多的供应；开发署通过精简招标程序采购当地货物和服务。人道主义阶段内对冲突有敏感认识的当地采购，能够帮助建立在冲突后恢复中可资利用的伙伴关系。", "26. 在现有采购规章框架内，在不影响透明度、国际竞争和质量标准的情况下，能做的还有很多。管理事务部将发布指南，以便采购做法不排除当地供应商，尽可能将可能的请购加以分割，以方便当地供应商、包括小企业，并且可以对合格供应商财务标准进行审查，便于小公司参与竞争。我们正在研究南苏丹当地采购的范围。一种可能性是让非政府组织支持小公司竞标维修和支助服务的合同，[10] 或帮助在没有小公司的地方建立小公司。", "27. 我已请管理事务部在2012年对联合国现有采购进程和程序进行一次审查，分析一些国家的情况，以查明妨碍进行更多当地采购的障碍以及可否在现有程序内加以解决，评估最近的创新，并提出相应的修改建议。[11] 我支持各机构、基金和方案的类似创新。", "三. 国际文职能力", "28. 高级咨询小组关于更有效动员国际文职能力的建议可被视作三个同心圆：通过与非联合国实体的伙伴关系更好利用外部能力；加强整个联合国的能力和相互通用性；秘书处内实行变革。外部伙伴关系这一方面尤其为创新做法带来机会，可能提高实地反应的力度。", "A. 利用外部能力：同非联合国实体的伙伴关系", "29. 联合国在受冲突影响国家采取的大量措施以及这些任务所涉问题的范围和复杂程度，要求必须具有更多和日趋专门化的文职能力。这些包括“适当”功能(例如，公私伙伴关系或诸如调查专门知识等专门性法治任务)，以及对于某一国家或地区而言非常独特的专门知识，如传统司法或反海盗专门知识。为找到这些专门知识并弥补当前的差距，联合国必须探索更多各类能力来源，特别是从全球南部行为体中寻找能力来源，并同潜在供应商建立有效的伙伴关系。", "30. 建立这些伙伴关系是我第二个任期中的一个优先事项。为此，我将以一些原则为指导。首先，无障碍和包容性：新的伙伴关系的机会必须是可见的，要让所有区域的所有潜在伙伴都能抓住。这应包括近期内经历了改革或过渡的国家，这些国家提供了可资利用的大量相关经验。[12] 这一办法还能够让我们确定并获得更多妇女的能力。", "31. 其次，为满足受冲突影响国家的需求，我们需要一支人员构成更广泛的员工队伍，在这一队伍中，根据需要灵活部署的来自政府、国际和区域组织以及非政府实体的额外能力补充了核心联合国工作人员。联合国机构、基金和方案以及秘书处的若干部门业已实施这一办法。这种办法应该让我们员工队伍的组成同业务要求更紧密结合起来。这一办法将为会员国提供更多的机会，同联合国合作提供文职能力。我们将同会员国进行协商，以确保我们最佳地利用不同国家和区域的能力。我鼓励会员国和区域组织积极参加协商。", "32. 在这一大的政策框架内，我们已开始就支持通过外部伙伴更有效进行部署所需要采用的手段和模式问题开展工作。作为第一步，我打算试行将供求挂钩的工具，可以参照经验逐步地制作这些工具。我们已开始建立文职能力的“虚拟市场”的工作，可以凭借这一在线平台传播各种需要和能力，帮助各国政府和联合国系统找到其所需要的能力的潜在供应者，并将外地联合国机构同外部能力提供者更好联系起来。这一平台将提供有关标准化伙伴关系模式的信息，使联合国能够迅速获得伙伴的能力，而不必每次都要重新设计新的进程。这一平台还要着手公布目前联合国系统内和由外部提供者所管理的名册，通过让名册的管理者能够相互沟通提高它们的效率，同时更好了解当前最需要哪些经验和技能。", "33. 加强同外部伙伴联系的目标，是一项复杂而重要的任务，单单通过一个平台无法完成。为确保我们能够在实现这一重要目标方面尽早取得进展，我们正在设立一个初期利用现有资源组成的小组，以便查明执行中将要应对的主要挑战。这一小组将制定伙伴关系的必要模式，创建标准化的法律安排使长期伙伴关系更加富有成果，促进加强南南和三边合作，就下述不断变化的需求和能力来源同各会员国开展密切的对话。", "34. 让各伙伴能够融洽地进行合作，让所有潜在伙伴都能自由获得，并在明确政策框架内运作的模式，对于扩大部署各国政府和其他实体——不论是个人还是集体——提供的人员的范围而言至关重要。联合国已经有了长期高效的模式(如协助通知书和谅解备忘录)，以规范军事和警务人员的部署和向维持和平行动提供来自会员国的专业化后勤支助，同时还有关于为人道主义目的提供待命人员的谅解备忘录。[13] 管理事务部将带头制定各种办法，将这些措施扩大到文职人员的部署，包括在以下两种情况下的部署：一是需要专家小组实施具体举措的情况；二是需要区域专门知识并需要依靠各机构、基金和方案在安排与非联合国伙伴进行此种部署方面的经验(包括在质量控制和问责问题上的经验)的情况。", "35. 此外，除了现有模式外，很可能存在其他扩大各国政府或其他实体提供的人员的部署范围的途径。一旦我们弄清秘书处在充分利用现有授权方面可以有何做为时，我可能于2012年再次向大会提交关于更新有关政策的建议。", "36. 我鼓励会员国和已建立的名册和培训中心为发展全球南部的能力作更多的投资。现有的很多名册已包括了来自北方和南方的成员。尽管可以通过特派团或机构预算支助某些文职能力伙伴关系，但还应探索其他筹资办法，包括信托基金。改进南方供应者与外地联合国机构之间的沟通，能有助于查清南南合作的新机遇，在包括南方国家政府本身已经面临或正在应对类似挑战的领域中的机遇。[14] 同英才中心或民间社会组织合作，特别是与南方的英才中心和民间社会组织的合作，为利用这些能力提供了切入点。[15]", "37. 我还鼓励会员国探讨三边合作的机会，例如，由开发署和挪威支持的政府间发展管理局(伊加特)关于加强南南苏丹能力的倡议。根据这一倡议，南苏丹政府将在南苏丹的主要职位上部署200名伊加特的公务员，为期两年。这一项目也是南南合作的一个典范，因为向南苏丹派出公务员的国家将继续支付他们的薪金。", "38. 为鼓励我在外地的高级负责人在本国能力建设中更多利用联合国志愿人员——他们中有80%是来自全球南部，特别是在当地公共行政管理和社区一级，并将他们纳入特派团的初期规划，特别是联合国志愿人员正在与开发署和其他联合国伙伴进行国家机构建设的综合行动内，例如在南苏丹。秘书处将与联合国志愿人员一道，共同执行外勤支助部-联合国志愿人员伙伴关系在最近的评估后提出的建议，例如更多强调本国工作人员的能力建设以及使用本国联合国志愿人员，以及在和平与发展时期和向联合国国家工作队和政治任务过渡期间，从更高战略角度部署联合国志愿人员。2012年，外勤支助部、政治事务部和联合国志愿人员将进行一次后续审查，以调查政治任务中没有充分利用联合国志愿人员的原因，同时提出关于如何加强这种参与的建议。", "B. 全系统能力和协作", "39. 在联合国整个系统内，有很多实体参与提供错综复杂的冲突后环境所需要的各种文职能力。资源通常严重匮乏的国家伙伴需要看到的是，尽管联合国不同实体具有不同特点、管理结构、任务和资金来源，但联合国从战略和业务上必须协调统一。", "40. 正如高级咨询小组指出的，联合国各机构的征聘和任用制度大不相同。个一联合国实体无法轻易地部署来自系统另一部分的人员。此外，大多数机构、基金和方案都拥有在危机时进行部署的自己的专门文职专家名册。但是，名册的制定方式很不相同，无法方便地相互通用。由于外地行动需要多种多样的专门知识，其中许多都可以从全联合国系统中找到，因此，整个系统的名册应该是共享的资源。", "41. 上述文职能力在线平台，是实现全系统更有力协作的第一步。但真正实现相互通用性将是一项更复杂的工作。管理事务部正在领导一机构间小组确定需要采取哪些措施，包括对现有名册和相关培训的清点、名册参加者的最低标准、查明差距和分析备选办法(包括编制联合或共同名册、费用分摊和迅速放人的管理模式)。该小组同人力资源网络合作，将于2012年就备选办法提出报告。", "42. 管理事务部在单独开展工作，将秘书处目前实行的工作人员交流制度(自愿网络交流倡议)扩展到各机构、基金和方案。我决心消除阻碍联合国一实体工作人员接受另一实体的部署或征聘的障碍；流动性将继续是我第二个任期的一个重点事项。", "C. 在联合国秘书处内", "43. 联合国特派团和外地行动由秘书处工作人员进行规划和人员配备，很大一部分文职能力的征聘和部署来自秘书处工作人员。试图从秘书处工作人员中寻找或通过直接征聘到秘书处来配备所有必要的能力的趋势意味着，我们常常足够快地提供正确的文职能力。", "44. 与此同时，加强我们的外部伙伴关系以及从全联合国系统获得更多资源，不能取代改进我们征聘和管理秘书处人员配置的方式。这方面要实现改进，根本的一点是必须摈弃使用单一进程来满足征聘、晋升和工作分配方面的不同人力资源管理需求的做法。", "45. 高级咨询小组就加强联合国为特派团配置人员的能力的措施提出了一些有益的建议。虽然一些建议还需作进一步的考虑，但其中一些建议，包括流动性、工作人员福利和业绩管理，已由大会进行审议，或由其他改革进程继续研究中。我相信，现有的这些倡议会最有效地处理这些问题。一些问题，如工作人员福利和流动性，对全联合国系统都有影响。", "46. 我打算继续另行研究有关公司紧急模式的建议[16] (这需要明确此种模式的有关规定，包括谁可以宣布紧急状态；建立在联合国系统内横向调动工作人员的制度；建立“快速”征聘机制)，以及编制已经过标准化培训(包括管理、人权和性别平等问题培训)的可快速部署的秘书处工作人员名册。", "47. 高级咨询小组建议建立明确和透明的进程以管理特派团启动阶段和过渡。详细拟订和扩大全球外勤支助战略、当前对综合特派团规划进程的审查以及我的关于对特别政治任务的供资、支助和支持的下一份报告的筹备工作等举措，都将致力于解决这一问题。", "四. 经验和问责", "A. 领导和问责", "48. 高级咨询小组的报告包括了关于加强联合国高级领导人能力和问责的建议。我打算利用现有各项倡议，根据能力来挑选负责人，研究如何对潜在负责人的业绩记录(包括在性别平等主流化方面的业绩记录)进行更严格的审查，并使用有创意的适当的评估方法。我还将探讨其他旨在确保高级任命过程保持廉正的举措，如增加刊登广告的高级员额的数量。我将继续要求征聘的所有阶段都必须包括妇女，并鼓励就高级职位举行面谈。", "49. 关于加强高级负责人管理联合国冲突反应的能力的问题，我们将研究如何在现有资源范围内对领导人进行培训。办法包括更加注重高级领导人培训中的行政和支助问题，包括就职培训期间与行政负责人会面；向负责人提供在线咨询意见，纳入从审计建议和司法制度吸取的经验教训；将工作人员发展方案列入大型会议的日程安排，以便创造尽可能多的小组学习的机会；确保负责人每年拿出5天接受培训。[17] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部将继续为特派团制定可以提供针对决策和危机管理的基于假想情况的演习的方法。", "50. 我非常赞同高级咨询小组的意见，即：应该追究高级负责人给国家行为体和民众造成的结果的责任和对联合国的责任。应该根据商定目标制订预期成果。问责范围应超出预期成果，扩展到服务提供和与联合国系统其他部门合作的情况。此外，在交付成果方面，全联合国系统的高级工作人员应该在某种程度上共担责任。", "51. 但是，必须从错综复杂的冲突后局势的角度来看待加强监督和成果问责的问题。要在这种局势中取得成果，往往需要冒一定程度的风险。应该让高级负责人有权在经过斟酌后承担一定的风险，而不是限制他们这样做。", "52. 我已请管理事务部同妇女署合作共同审查和加强现有制度，以便在冲突后立即对性别平等进行问责，包括对我关于妇女参与建设和平的七点行动计划的执行情况进行问责。各项制度应该包括根据商定的标准，例如安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议所列指标和高级工作人员业绩评估，对进展情况进行定期审计。我将于2012年再次向大会提交关于冲突后情况下性别平等问责制的建议。", "B. 问责和责任", "53. 我赞同高级咨询小组所说的，在提供全球文职能力方面存在重大差距，我们必须创建有助于缩小这些差距、加强问责和加强实质性领导的机制。高级咨询小组建议设立分组制度并指定建设和平活动核心领域的牵头人。我支持高级咨询小组提出的冲突后开展更加有效、负责和可预测的国际援助的根本目标。能力差距不仅说明国际援助存在结构性的不足，而且说明派驻和没有派驻特派团的不同背景国家有着迫切的需要。我们的目的必须是确保核心领域获得足够可部署的能力和充足的资金，而且不发生重叠。这有助于确保受冲突影响国家能够得到所需要的支助，同时使所支助的提供更加高效。", "54. 考虑联合国系统为加强核心能力需要做些什么，就不能不考虑更广泛的国际能力问题。需要同各会员国和国际金融机构就不断变化的能力需求和来源进行持续的对话。作为一个起点，我已请指导委员会主席同会员国以及文职能力的其他提供者进行协商，详细列出高级咨询小组所确定的重点领域的能力需求和来源，[18] 将重点放在最迫切的业务需要(如安全、警察和刑事司法部门改革)上，并利用高级咨询小组的能力调查结果。在这些广泛的领域内，需要开展更多工作以查清重要的能力差距，其中一些是高度专门化的功能。南苏丹等一些刚刚结束冲突的国家的需要和出现的经验教训，应该有助于说明哪些方面存在差距和如何更好地弥补差距。同会员国以及其他主要行为体的对话，也会有助于弄清文职能力情况并跟踪弥补差距的长期承诺。这种对话将指导和鞭策我们澄清核心建设和平领域的权责的努力。", "55. 在联合国内，我决心根据以下要点，制定应对这一挑战的更加实际、灵活的办法：", "(a) 在联合国系统内，需要在总部设立各具体领域的协调中心，负责了解在哪些方面具备能力和存在差距；", "(b) 由于能力和背景的不同，不同领域的协调中心作用各不相同；", "(c) 除了了解全球和具体国家的能力外，某一领域的协调中心应查清现有的知识产品，帮助弥补知识差距并分享最佳做法和经验教训。协调中心将负责确保向国家伙伴提供关于相关承诺的信息，并与妇女署协调，提供性别平等主流化和妇女参与方面的技术援助；", "(d) 协调中心可以为寻找有关能力的外地负责人以及会员国、服务提供者和其他伙伴提供进入联合国系统的切入点，从而帮助正规和非正规网络，并使各个领域的信息交流畅通；", "(e) 提供各核心专长领域能力的权责安排，必须适应具体的领域，并视实地需要而定。尽管核心领域需要可预测和可部署的能力，但在同一核心领域内，根据比较优势情况，不同国家的安排也各不相同；", "(f) 需要让所有各方清楚了解具体国家局势中的安排。应该在初期规划时就筹划这些安排，同时考虑到总部和外地的总体安排和能力，借鉴所汲取的经验教训，包括在效率、问责和成果方面的经验教训。随着情况的变化，应对这些安排进行审查。情况清楚以后，捐助方就能够根据联合国在外地的负责人的建议，将它们的支持投给适当的执行实体，将投资引向资金紧缺的领域，避免重叠，同时又帮助弥补差距。", "56. 指导委员会成员代表来自联合国系统各实体。我已请该委员会主席将这一办法定为委员会今后几个月工作的重点，首先是审查经高级咨询小组确定为存在严重能力差距的领域，并借鉴该小组所提议的协调中心的意见：", "(a) 在基本安全和安保领域：解除武装和复员，警察和安保部门改革以及治理；", "(b) 在司法领域：惩教、刑事司法以及司法和法律改革；", "(c) 在包容各方的政治进程领域：政党发展和公共信息；", "(d) 在核心政府职能领域：援助政策和协调、立法部门和公共财政管理；", "(e) 在重振经济领域：创造就业机会、自然资源管理和私人部门发展。", "57. 指导委员会还应评估高级咨询小组已指出的差距以外的其他重要差距。我打算一年之后对进展作出评估并向会员国作出汇报。", "五. 财务和业务灵活性", "58. 在动荡不定的冲突后局势中，时间是建设能力、避免出现反复的危险并交付重要的和平红利的关键。业务和财务上需要有一定灵活性，以适应不断变化的情况，人们越来越多地认识到，这对于有效的国际支助至关重要。高级咨询小组正确地提请注意三个方面，该小组认为，联合国还可在这三个方面作进一步的改进：特派团随着需要的改变部署资源的能力；根据比较优势的原则，利用最有能力的实体执行规定的任务；便利资源的流动和及时性。", "59. 灵活性对于国际上响应冲突后国家的需要至关重要，特别是联合国是否有能力支持国家确保在安全、司法和基本服务方面尽早取得进展的能力。我的特别代表有责任，也有机会在他们作为特派团首长所掌握的资源之外，帮助确保为建设国家和建设和平所提供国际支持的协调一致、相互补充和井然有序。", "60. 业务和财务上的灵活性对于特派团启动和随后阶段的设计和预算尤其重要。正如高级咨询小组指出的，特派团的基本设计和初期预算是在情况不稳定时编制的，当时对当地的要求和能力的了解都很有限。牢记这一点，应该把特派团的初期计划视为初步计划。正是由于认识到这种初期阶段的不确定性，我提议维持和平行动最初一年采用一种标准筹资模式，大会已批准这一模式。[19] 我打算进一步完善这一模式，明确规定我的特别代表嗣后有权对文职能力的成分比例作出调整，以便能够借助国家的新生能力，或能够获得联合国内无法获得的专门知识。", "61. 需要适应不断变化的需要和情况，这种必要性贯穿特派团的整个任务期。外地特派团的分摊预算在每一财政年度开始之前10至11个月即进行规划，其中详细列明未来10至24个月的所有预想投入信息。在实际中，需求是不断变化的，特别是在冲突后的初期。我的特别代表需要拥有做某些相应改动的灵活性，包括必要时利用同出缺员额和职位相关的资源满足新的优先事项的能力。各国政府和国际组织在应对这种紧急情况时，采取了多种多样的做法，如将风险管理和问责方面的权力更多下放到外地。尽管联合国已经采取了类似的措施，但是，或许可以从评估这些办法是否适用于联合国外地特派团中学习到更多。", "62. 现行供资安排为适应不断变化的情况提供的机会很有限。例如，维持和平行动的预算周期是一年，而不是二年，而批款结构反映的是大会对于确保资源转移的必要性的理解。此外，根据关于尽量把管理权下放给项目管理人的“革新联合国：改革方案”(A/51/950)中规定的行动，2002年秘书处内部采取了行政措施，扩大各维持和平行动在管理军事和警务人员、文职人员和业务费用三大类开支的资源方面的管理权。", "63. 我打算探讨如何能够进一步改进我们在现行管理框架内的工作，同时确保外地所做决定的必要透明度和问责。为确保高级管理人员充分认识到在核定预算执行期间进行调整的范围和程序，我们将确保对高级管理人员的培训包含这一问题，并确保外地特派团的负责人、方案主管和特派团支助事务主管收到同样的信息。", "64. 我还打算探讨能否改进维持和平行动拟议预算中信息列示的方式，以便更全面和透明地展示作为三大类开支之一的文职能力方面的资源。因此，文职能力资源大会将能够更清楚地为大会所了解，也能够更容易地根据特派团的要求予以部署或重新部署。", "65. 高级咨询小组还注意到，特派团的设计和预算不一定会规定应由那些在履行该职能方面具有比较优势的实体来执行。我将向外地特派团的首长和规划人员发出适当指示，说明在建议如何落实任务时应该运用比较优势原则。例如，利用其他联合国行为体来履行它们最有能力应对的已获授权的列入预算的职能，能够带来实际的优势，包括与部署特派团之前便在某一国家或地区存在、特派团离开后还会继续存在的实体建立起联系。合作式规划或联合规划，如制定综合战略框架，应该有助于确定在外地的联合国行为体的比较优势。我的重点将是加强联合国实体在冲突后的严峻局势中规划、合作和一道工作的能力。", "66. 高级咨询小组的建议还涉及解决及时提供资金方面的差距，这方面存在差距会拖延建设和平重要任务的启动。在提到支持任务执行的资金流与对资金使用缺乏灵活性的看法的区别时，高级咨询小组提出了一些相互关联的建议：在特派团内部文职能力具有执行某一规定任务的比较优势时，外地特派团应可以从分摊预算中提供必要的方案资金；应该为支持特派团内部文职能力的自愿捐款提供便利，减少特派团信托基金收取的间接费用；还没有加强其快速反应筹资能力的机构、基金和方案应考虑采取措施这样做。", "67. 关于联合国特派团应通过分摊款执行方案活动的建议，并不是一项新建议，由联合国海地稳定特派团、开发署和其他有关方支助的联合国共同减少社区暴力方案就是一个实例。[20] 在一些情况下，由于特派团的存在和能力，特派团能够并应该为没有或尚未调动自愿资金的规定职能开展工作。应该参照这方面的比较优势和其他行为体开展的工作来评估这类措施，同时尊重联合国各实体的基本权限和任务。在拟议预算中列入某项所需资源以及大会嗣后的审议，出发点始终都是授权任务。", "68. 关于鼓励为冲突后立即建设和平提供自愿捐款，以补充特派团通过分摊预算开展的工作的问题，高级咨询小组建议，秘书处收取的间接费用应该适用多方捐助信托基金的7%的间接费用比率。从减少各实体间纯粹基于间接费用比例的竞争的角度出发，就会容易理解这一想法的吸引人之处。但这也是一个复杂的问题，需要在联合国的费用回收政策和安排问题上，从整个联合国的角度加以审查。长期政策的一个重要前提是，不应该用核心资源补贴非核心资源的活动。", "69. 对1980年以来一直实行的现有做法的内部审查，已于2010年下半年开始。该审查的目的是促进对联合国财务架构采取一种预算外供资的最新观点。这一审查将澄清哪些费用应该回收以及回收的手段，并考虑费用回收政策的运用如何能够考虑到支持授权任务的伙伴关系和捐款，而不仅仅是那些旨在为其他各方提供服务的捐款。审查还将研究在让联合国的做法同联合国其他实体的做法保持一致方面的机会。预期审查将于2012年第一季度完成。我打算向大会通报这方面取得的进展。", "70. 高级咨询小组还建议，应该借鉴粮食计划署和开发署的创新做法，增加各机构、基金和方案获得快速反应筹资的机会。我敦促会员国审查这些机制并加快为联合国各机构、基金和方案的恢复、过渡和发展提供资金，以缩小资金缺口，特别是在严重的冲突后环境中。", "六. 结论和建议", "71. 各国普遍认为，国际社会、特别是联合国能够而且必须更好地为受冲突影响国家提供快速而有效的文职能力。这些国家本身也正在呼吁改变现状。就建设和平与国家建设国际对话而言，七国加一集团[21] 建议达成一项“向脆弱国家提供国际援助的新政，这一新政带来的成果符合建设和平和国家建设的目标，更加透明、灵活和有效，并能够加强(而不是重复)国家和当地的能力和机构。”。[22]", "72. 高级咨询小组就如何开展这项工作提出了宝贵的建议。该小组的报告述及相互关联的广泛问题，所有这些问题都对我们如何寻找和部署文职能力具有影响。我还在大会、建设和平委员会和安全理事会内仔细听取了会员国的意见。我欢迎会员国的参与，欢迎它们支持重视国家需要和优先事项和支持对报告的建议采取以需求为驱动的反应。", "73. 这些挑战不仅影响联合国，而且由于联合国领导或协调对受冲突影响国家的国际援助，我们还肩负着采取行动的特殊责任。我在本报告中提出了一些早期优先行动。为了落实这些优先行动，我请指导委员会主席确保各国家工作队、特派团领导和联合国国家工作队都全面参与到这些优先行动中。它们的参与将有助于查明检验各种想法和办法的机会，特别是在新设特派团的国家或现有特派团肩负新的任务的国家(如科特迪瓦或南苏丹)，以及无特派团的冲突或危机后环境中。", "74. 我认为，在我的权限范围或联合国行政首长权限范围内的各领域取得进展是一项优先事项。但这是一项共同事业，涉及到会员国、国际金融机构和建设和平方面的广大利益攸关方——民间社会、学术界和私人部门。因此，我们的办法强调同其他各方合作制定建议。我感谢建设和平委员会本着积极的态度进行参与。我将继续依靠该委员会和会员国磋商小组的持续参与，特别是参与分析对具体能力的供求的与会员国的拟议对话。这些领导人在总部和外地应对过文职能力问题上的挑战。他们的经验极其有用，我将继续依靠高级咨询小组的经验。最后，联合国内的努力必须考虑到其他倡议，特别是建设和平与国家建设国际对话、七国加一集团以及《世界发展报告》的运作。", "75. 本报告重点述及联合国当前能做哪些工作，但也进一步审视了更广泛的伙伴关系，展望了未来的步骤。我打算于2012年向会员国报告取得的进展和可能需要采取的进一步举措，包括可能需要大会作出决定的举措。与此同时，我将依赖我们所有伙伴的支持与合作，以实现我们的共同目标。", "[1] 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)正在制定能力发展战略以指导其在南苏丹的各项方案，重点是成果和撤出战略。", "[2] 培训本国工作人员是东帝汶政府和联东综合团的共同优先事项。只要资源允许，特派团培训班和设施都对政府部委和其他国家机构工作人员开放。", "[3] 设在南苏丹的新特派团的情况就是这样。", "[4] 例如政治事务部和联合国开发计划署支持的加纳和平基础设施。", "[5] 见A/63/881-S/2009/304，第46段。", "[6] 见安全理事会第1996(2011)号决议，第22段。", "[7] 这一点对于依照公正、中立和独立的原则采取应对措施的人道主义机构来说尤其重要，根据这些原则，有些情况下合用同一地点的做法可能不合适。", "[8] 例如，儿基会致力于向阿富汗卫生部门努力转让知识和技术，联合国开发计划署(开发署)支持尼泊尔的援助管理和利比里亚的选举委员会。", "[9] 世界粮食计划署执行“采购换进步”倡议，在南苏丹购买玉米，为南苏丹境内的刚果和中非难民供应粮食。", "[10] 如例如“和平红利倡议”在东帝汶和阿富汗采取的做法。", "[11] 还必须考虑在当地采购的政治影响。如果更多地在当地采购有助于让财富集中于少数有权势的人的手中，这一做法便可能无意中加剧冲突后国家的不平等和紧张。", "[12] 例如，印度尼西亚关于调解的经验；拉丁美洲国家关于处理城市和暴力犯罪行为的经验；孟加拉国关于促进妇女在小额贷款和社区卫生等方面的权力的经验；南非在布隆迪选举和调解方面的专门知识。", "[13] 例如联合国项目事务厅可以请其提供排雷行动服务的专家库。", "[14] 例如巴西在安哥拉的重振经济项目，或南非同德国合作支持南苏丹的法律和司法培训。", "[15] 例如，巴西非政府组织Igarapé正在巴西、加拿大以及大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府支持下编制可部署到和平行动的文职专家名册。", "[16] 借鉴人道主义危机应对模式，包括人道主义事务协调厅、开发署、儿童基金会和联合国人口基金制定的模式。", "[17] 当前，加强高级负责人培训努力的一个实例是，维持和平行动部正在为军事部门首长制定一个5至8天的特派团培训方案。", "[18] 基本安全和安保、司法、包容各方的政治进程、核心政府职能以及重振经济。", "[19] 见大会第65/289号决议。", "[20] 其他具有专用方案资金的规定领域是：解除武装、复员和重返社会，新闻，扫雷行动和速效项目。", "[21] 七国加一集团于2008年成立，是正在经历或摆脱冲突的国家的一个开放式集团，其成员包括阿富汗、布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、海地、利比里亚、尼泊尔、所罗门群岛、塞拉利昂、南苏丹和东帝汶。", "[22] 见2011年6月15至16日第二次建设和平与国家建设国际对话通过的蒙罗维亚路线图，可查阅：http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf。" ]

[ "* A/66/150。", "临时议程* 项目123(a)\n加强联合国系统", "冲突后的文职能力", "秘书长的报告", "刚摆脱冲突的简要国家通常面临广泛的建设和维持和平的紧迫需求,但它们往往面临迅速和有效地满足优先需要的能力严重短缺。 国际社会承认了这一报复,许多双边和多边行为者已采取步骤加强对受冲突影响国家的支持。 然而,这些个别的努力未能建立一个可信赖和有效的机制,为各国提供它们寻求的援助。 联合国仍在努力重建和部署文职专门知识,并支持国家行为体扩大和深化其技能。 2010年3月,我任命了一个由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组,对冲突后的文职能力进行独立审查,以期提出具体和切实可行的建议,加强平民对可持续和平与发展的支持。\n高级咨询小组的报告(A/62/247-S/ 2007/85)于2011年2月提交给会员国。 这是一份内容广泛的报告,就会员国、区域组织和民间社会组织以及联合宣言提出了一些建议。 我认识到报告的范围,设立了一个由主管外勤支助事务副秘书长苏珊娜·马尔科拉担任主席的指导委员会,以领导对报告的协调后续行动。\n1. 本报告是联合国对冲突后民事能力独立审查的第一次答复。 其起点是目前的联合国系统以及属于秘书长职权范围的程序和做法,以加强本组织提供的支助。\n提交冲突后国家。 建设我们自己的家园,以便成为与会员国、区域组织、民间社会伙伴,特别是寻求我们援助的国家进行有效接触的先决条件。 然而,单靠这样做不足以改善国际民事支助。 我们都有义务审查我们各自的努力以及我们的伙伴关系,以支持遭受暴力和匮乏的社区和人民。 在随后的阶段,我将着重谈谈其他人必须发挥的作用,以及我们必须建立的伙伴关系,使我们能够在冲突后集体加强文职支助的质量和效率。 本报告确定了联合国在今后12个月中采取的一整套具体优先行动和时间路线,目的是改进其民事反应,成为其他伙伴。 (a) 制定更好地使用和发展国家能力的准则,以及确保采购做法不排斥当地供应商的指导;(b) 加强对新的规划进程的战略指导;(c) 审查性别专门知识的结构和运作情况;(d) 就发展天文学伙伴关系问题征求会员国和区域组织的意见,以确保我们尽可能利用自己的能力;(e) 建立在线平台,以广播民用需求和可利用的能力,并更好地连接各国政府、联合国和外部能力提供方;(f) 探索如何扩大由政府或其他实体提供的人员部署范围。\n最重要的是,本报告明确指出,持久和平是国家和平。 外部强加的解决办法或技能不能取代民族社区、其领导人及其机构的所有权和能力。 这一起点必须是我们的目标。", "一. 导言", "1. 导言 冲突后建设和巩固和平的国家努力需要得到及时、有效的文职能力的支持。 正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的报告(A/63/881-S/2009/304)中强调的那样,我们必须抓住冲突后时期经常提供的机会之窗,提供基本的安全,提供和平红利,建立对政治进程的信心,加强国家领导建设和平的能力,并为可持续发展奠定基础。", "2. 结 论 为迎接这一挑战,国际社会,特别是联合国,需要更快、更有效地提供必要的专业文职能力,即支持国家行为体努力重建法治、振兴经济、恢复向民众提供基本服务以及发展使这些成就得以持续的能力所需的技能和专门知识。 和平早期恢复的风险很高。 不稳定和冲突蔓延到边界,并破坏邻国的稳定。 安全、和平与发展之间有着牢固的联系;受冲突影响的国家距离实现千年发展目标最远。 为了实现可持续和平与发展,我们必须尽早投资于适当的文职能力。", "3. 。 为了响应这些要求,我发起了一项审查,以分析如何扩大和深化文职专门知识库,以支持刚摆脱冲突国家当前的能力发展需要。 2010年3月,我任命了由前主管维持和平行动副秘书长让-马里·盖埃诺主持的高级咨询小组,进行独立审查。 专家组与整个联合国系统、总部和外地的实体、会员国、建设和平委员会、区域组织、民间社会和学术界进行了协商。 我于2011年2月22日向大会主席和安全理事会主席提交了报告(A/62/247-S/ 2001/85)。 我随后任命了一个指导委员会,其成员代表整个联合国系统的实体,以审议应如何落实高级咨询小组的建议。", "4. . 高级咨询小组的报告以某些关键原则为基础:加强文职能力对于建立持久和平至关重要;必须培养受冲突影响国家的潜在国家能力;国际支持必须满足需求,而不是由供应驱动;联合国在提供这种支助方面需要更加积极、灵活和具有成本效益。 令我感到鼓舞的是,会员国普遍支持这些原则,报告强调需求驱动的办法和外地重点,以及许多建议。", "5. 结 论 我赞同高级咨询小组的评估,即为了应对这些挑战,我们需要与外部伙伴建立更强有力的伙伴关系;通过更好地确定和部署现有能力,特别是全球南方和女性的能力,扩大提供专门能力;制定更有效的方法,在整个联合国系统开展合作;发展管理文化和商业做法,使我的高级领导人能够迅速有效地应对外地现实的变化。 高级咨询小组强调在更好地利用已经建立的系统的同时实现这些目标,这符合我为建立一个更加负责、透明、高效和有效的联合国而制定的方针。", "6. 任务 在我的第二个任期内,我打算优先采取措施,包括通过我的改革管理方案,提高联合国的效力和效率。 一个重要特点是执行本报告关于文职能力的内容。 联合国现有的许多倡议(如我关于冲突结束后立即建设和平的行动议程、全球外地支助战略、关于妇女、和平与安全的战略框架、我们全系统的协调一致努力以及我即将发表的关于预防性外交的报告)都有可能改善文职人员的部署,即使这不是其主要目标。 因此,与合作伙伴共同制定了一些举措,如世界银行《2011年世界发展报告》、联合国-欧洲联盟委员会在自然资源、冲突和建设和平方面的伙伴关系以及建设和平和国家建设国际对话。", "7. 基本生活 在本报告中,我阐述了联合国应如何回应高级咨询小组的报告:联合国本身应采取何种行动,提高向受冲突影响国家提供文职支助的质量、速度和效力,以及它应与其他各方合作采取什么行动。 我提出了沿三个主要轴采取行动的路线图:在我们冲突后应对工作中发展更大的国家能力和自主权;建立外部伙伴关系,并在联合国系统内进行必要的调整,以提供所需的文职能力;以及行使必要的组织能力,对无法预测的冲突后局势作出有力反应。", "8.8 我设想我们的反应属于不同类别。 首先是早期执行的优先事项:那些属于我或联合国实体行政首长权限范围、对实地产生影响潜力最大的举措。 我在本报告中阐述了我打算如何在短期内继续这样做。 下面是需要更仔细思考的想法,才能向前推进。 其中一些属于联合国系统的职权范围,另一些属于会员国或其他利益攸关方审议的范围;我打算在日后更详细地向会员国介绍这些想法。 最后,联合国内部其他改革进程已经处理过这些问题。 其中多数问题应继续在这些进程中处理,同时强调它们与文职能力的相关性。", "9.9 我的许多议程将适用于联合国冲突后的各种对策。 在人道主义需要与恢复和发展方案规划同时存在的情况下,人道主义行动将继续遵循人道、公正、中立和独立的原则。", "附件二。 国家能力", "10. 其他事项。 随着社区摆脱冲突,他们往往面临确保可持续和平的能力严重短缺。 正如我在关于冲突结束后立即建设和平和妇女参与建设和平的报告(A/61/354-S/ 2008/466)中强调的那样,正如安全理事会和建设和平委员会强调的那样,确定、发展和利用国家能力必须是冲突后的优先事项。 这将有助于发展对于实现可持续和平与发展至关重要的国家自主权。", "注 这不是一项技术性工作。 支持冲突后国家机构是一项高风险的政治任务。 它超越政府、民间社会和私营部门,超越国家机构,扩大到国家以下各级、地方和社区各级。 从一天开始建设国家能力,提供像基本服务等早期和平红利,这两者之间存在紧张关系。", "12. 第12段。 然而,能力发展是一个进程,必须从国际参与的最初几天开始,这是联合国和所有国际行为体必须应对的挑战。 它必须包括能力评估、能力建设,包括通过有针对性的培训和辅导、能力利用和能力的可持续性。 虽然联合国有许多发展和利用国家能力的例子,但需要采取更系统的做法。 在联合国内,我已要求由联合国开发计划署(开发署)主持的能力发展问题机构间工作组到2012年制定核心原则和准则,以便在冲突后环境中更好地利用和发展国家能力,并计划制定具体工具,使外地工作队能够进行能力评估、设计战略和监测成果。 这些工具应包括针对特定群体,包括妇女和青年的战略。", "13 August 2001 需要考虑的一个重要方面是,必须避免对国家能力发展产生任何负面影响,例如,当地人才外流到国际组织和双边组织。 为了促进国际努力的一致性,联合国将与世界银行合作,并与感兴趣的会员国保持对话。 只有所有主要国际行为体共同努力发展国家能力,我们才能取得成功。", "十四、任 务 在能力建设战略中,同样重要的是更加重视国家以下一级,因为国家以下一级的结果往往更加明显,对人民很重要,能够促进国家一级的能力发展努力。 这在过渡阶段至关重要,因为一国无法履行核心职能,可能会损害其合法性和信誉,并危及巩固和平。", "15. 第十五条 虽然我们必须从一开始就尽量利用国家能力,但在某些情况下,需要国际能力提供必要的技术专门知识。 在其他情况下,可能需要国际能力,以确保公正、中立或安全,或长期冲突削弱了问责制和透明度制度,以致需要采取临时替代措施来恢复信任。 这种措施应当成为更广泛的战略的一个内容,为这些措施的期限设定基准,并明确界定现实的撤出战略。 *** 这种战略必须考虑到需要适当平衡和排序利用国际援助和国家(即使仍然薄弱)能力的情况,以推进加强国家合法性、自主权和长期可持续性的目标。 直接的国际支持和能力建设必须同时进行,以防止长期依赖国际资源。", "161 联合国维持和平行动和特别政治任务能够促进能力建设的途径之一是培训本国工作人员。 例如,联合国东帝汶综合特派团于2010年启动的一个能力建设项目正在培训900多名本国工作人员,尽可能利用当地和区域培训提供者。 这些努力应当以国家要求为指导,并纳入早期任务规划。 本国专业干事的利用增加了本国工作人员为外地特派团的工作作出贡献的机会,提高了他们在关键的建设和平和国家建设职能方面的能力。 [3] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部、开发署和其他联合国实体正在协作,为苏丹南部调动国家专门知识,包括酌情从海外侨民中调动本国专门知识,例如通过在邻国举办工作展览会和实施一项联合国志愿人员国家方案。 这些举措在非特派团国家同样重要,在这些国家,建设国家能力以管理冲突的努力[4]是可持续建设和平的重要组成部分。 我促请会员国支持这些举措,为国民的回返和重返社会提供资金,并为促进本国工作人员发展的方案提供资金。", "17. 能力建设需要从一开始就纳入规划。 最近的创新,如冲突后需求评估、战略评估、综合战略框架和联合国发展援助框架订正准则,为改善联合国综合规划做了许多工作。 但是,我们还要走下去。 早期规划必须包含强有力的外地视角,联合国工作人员已经在各国同国家利益攸关方合作,评估国家优先事项和现有国家能力,包括在海外侨民中。 这将有助于确保规划工作以国家优先事项和需求为驱动,而不是由国际工作人员或其他资源提供,并探讨利用和发展国家能力的机会。 各项计划必须具有足够的灵活性,以适应不断变化的情况和日益增强的国家自主权。 一体化指导小组决定,特派团综合规划进程准则将在2012年前修订。 这将包括反映让国家行为者参与评估、规划和实施阶段的重要性。 将就如何确保从每个规划进程一开始就考虑到国家观点和能力提供明确的战略指导。", "第18条 能力发展战略应特别注意妇女的需要和能力。 正如我关于妇女参与建设和平的报告所强调的,冲突后过渡是重新评估性别角色和能力以及采取步骤实现两性平等的关键时刻。 目前正在努力将两性平等原则纳入联合国冲突后规划。 联合国发展援助框架定期进行性别回顾性审查,并为冲突后需求评估制定了两性平等主流化指导。", "191 然而,虽然指导方针可以成为重要工具,但似乎在确保满足妇女的需要或将妇女纳入冲突后规划和方案执行方面并不有效。 确实发挥作用的因素有决心并深信领导力、性别问题专家的早期参与(尤其是与具体部门的技能)和有效的问责制框架。 联合国两性平等和赋予妇女权力实体(联合国妇女实体)将在2012年年中之前迅速和符合成本效益地审查在冲突后局势中如何安排和部署两性平等问题专门知识,并提出提高其效力的建议。 此外,我呼吁我的高级领导人确保联合国规划框架纳入根据安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议制定的全系统战略框架的目标和指标,以更好地支持妇女参与建设和平工作。", "20.20 自2009年以来,联合国一直在与会员国合作,鼓励更多妇女加入本国警察部队,并提名更多的妇女参加国际部署,作为到2014年把妇女在联合国警察部分中所占比例提高到20%的全球努力的一部分。", "21.21。 支持政府核心职能对于加强国家自主权至关重要。 高级咨询小组提出的优先事项是政策管理和优先次序、援助协调和公共财政管理。 《2011年世界发展报告》指出,有效的机构对于公民安全、司法和工作十分重要。 在冲突后背景下对公共行政进行的经验教训审查的初步结果增加了公务员管理和地方政府的能力。 公务员管理应包括吸引和留住人员的措施,包括通过各种激励措施。", "222. 然而,加强政府核心职能需要更强的技术能力。 公共行政和治理不仅通过国家提供技术的方式,而且通过与社会的互动,是合法的:决策方式、公共物品和资源的分配方式以及民众如何与国家交往。 通过参与决策和交付和平红利,在各国和民众之间建立信任,对于避免冲突再次发生至关重要。 早期的国际参与必须侧重于加强建设国家-社会关系的能力。 会员国提供充足的资金对于联合国在这些领域作出有效和可预测的反应至关重要。", "23. 会议报告。 高级咨询小组在其报告中建议,酌情在冲突后环境中的国际人员应在国家机构内共同办公。 我们在许多冲突后环境中都有这方面的经验,我们正在研究在苏丹南部新特派团中将文职人员同政府人员合用同一地点的各种选择。 [6] 在评估合用同一地点是否适当以及何时应考虑国家机构的吸收能力时,也应考虑保障国际援助的公正性、有效的人权监测和报告、工作人员的安全以及国际工作人员是否负责辅导和知识转让或提供技术专门知识。 能力建设问题机构间工作组应借鉴以往的经验,在其准则中列入关于合用同一地点的咨询意见。 页: 1", "24. 联合国的采购可能涉及扩大联合国外地存在的积极经济影响的机会。 在刚果民主共和国和利比里亚等一些冲突后国家,当地采购已经相当可观。 在这些国家举办商业讨论会,向当地市场通报联合国的采购要求。 我请外地特派团尽一切努力将当地供应商纳入联合国发布的采购招标。 从2012年开始,我将要求维持和平行动定期提供关于当地经济影响及其对当地经济的贡献的信息。", "25. 。 至于各机构、基金和方案,世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)有一个采购方案,旨在通过从小农户购买刺激农业部门;[9] 联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)在当地市场上采购越来越多的供应品;开发署通过简化招标程序采购当地货物和服务。 人道主义阶段对冲突敏感的地方采购有助于建立在冲突后恢复期间能够发挥杠杆作用的伙伴关系。", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 在不损害透明度、国际竞争和质量标准的情况下,在现有采购管理框架中可以取得更大成就。 管理事务部将发布指导,以便采购做法不排斥当地供应商,以便尽可能避免请购单,使之更容易为当地供应商,包括微型企业提供,从而可以审查合格供应商的财务标准,使小公司能够竞争。 我们正在审查苏丹南部当地采购的范围。 一种可能性是,非政府组织支持小型公司投标维护和支助服务合同,或帮助建立不存在的小型公司。", "。 我已请管理事务部在2012年审查现有的联合国采购程序和程序,分析选定的国家情况,查明妨碍更多当地采购的障碍,以及这些障碍是否可以在现有程序范围内处理,评估近期的创新做法,并提出相应的修订建议。 [11] 我支持各机构、基金和方案的类似创新。", "页: 1 国际民事能力", "第28次会议 高级咨询小组关于更有效地调动国际文职能力的建议可视为三个核心方面:通过与非联合国实体建立伙伴关系,更好地利用外部能力;加强整个联合国的能力和互通性;以及秘书处内的变革。 外部伙伴关系领域为能够在实地作出更大反应的创新做法提供了特殊空间。", "A. 导 言 利用外部能力:与非联合国实体的伙伴关系", "29. 。 联合国对受冲突影响国家的大量干预,以及它们任务的广度和复杂性,需要越来越专业化的文职能力。 这些职能包括“团队”职能(例如,公私伙伴关系或专门的法治任务,如调查专门知识),以及国家或区域可能特有的专门知识,例如传统司法或反海盗专门知识。 为了找到这一专门知识并填补目前的空白,联合国需要探索各种能力来源,特别是全球南方行为者的能力来源,并与潜在的供应商建立有效的伙伴关系。", "30. 任务 建立这些伙伴关系将是我第二个任期的优先事项。 在此过程中,我将遵循某些原则。 第一,无障碍和包容性:所有区域的所有潜在伙伴都必须看到和获得新的伙伴关系机会。 这应当包括最近经历变革或过渡的国家,这些国家提供越来越多的相关经验,以借鉴。", "313. 第二,为了满足受冲突影响国家的需要,我们需要一支更为广泛的工作人员队伍,在这种队伍中,联合国的核心工作人员得到各国政府、国际和区域组织以及非政府实体灵活、按要求部署的额外能力的补充。 联合国各机构、基金和方案以及秘书处某些部门已经采用这种做法,应当使我们的工作人员构成更加符合业务要求。 它还将为会员国提供更多机会,与联合国合作,提供民事能力。 我们将与会员国协商,以确保我们尽可能充分利用不同国家和区域的能力。 我鼓励会员国和区域组织积极参加这些磋商。", "323 在这一广泛的政策框架下,我们正在开始制定必要的工具和模式,以支持通过外部伙伴更有效地部署。 作为第一步,我打算试验将供需联系起来的工具,这些工具可根据经验逐步开发。 已开始开发民用能力的“虚拟市场”,这是一个在线平台,可以播放需要和能力,帮助各国政府和联合国系统找到它们所需要的能力的潜在供应商,并更好地将联合国在外地与外部能力提供者联系起来。 该平台将提供有关标准化伙伴关系模式的信息,以便联合国能够迅速利用合作伙伴的能力,而不每次重新启动这一进程。 它还将开始公布现有的名册,包括联合国系统内名册和外部供应商管理的名册,并通过使名册管理员能够相互沟通,以及更好地了解目前最需要的经验和技能,提高其效率。", "336 更好地与外部伙伴建立联系的目标是一项复杂而重要的工作,不能仅仅通过平台来实现。 为确保我们早日朝着这一优先目标取得进展,我们正在设立一个小小组,首先从现有资源内,查明执行工作中要解决的主要挑战。 该小组将制定必要的伙伴关系模式,建立标准化的法律安排,使长期伙伴关系更有成效,并促进更多的南南合作和三角合作,就下文所述不断变化的需求和能力来源与会员国密切对话。", "344. 事实 各种方式使合作伙伴能够轻松、自由地合作,并在明确的政策框架内开展工作,这些模式对于扩大各国政府或其他实体提供的人员部署范围至关重要,无论它们是个人还是团体。 联合国已经有长期有效的模式(例如协助通知书和谅解备忘录),规范军事和警察人员的部署,以及会员国向维持和平行动提供专业后勤支助,以及关于为人道主义目的提供待命人员的谅解备忘录。 [13] 管理事务部将牵头制定办法,将此类部署扩大到文职人员部署,包括在需要特定举措的专门人员群体的情况下,或在需要区域专门知识的情况下,利用各机构、基金和方案的经验教训,与非联合国伙伴安排此类部署,包括在质量控制和问责制问题上。", "353. 此外,除了现有模式外,还可能有办法扩大政府或其他实体提供的人员部署范围。 一旦我们澄清了当秘书处充分利用其现有权力时可以做些什么,我就可以在2012年再次向大会提出建议,更新相关政策。", "363. 。 我鼓励会员国、建立名册和培训中心,更多地投资于全球南方的能力建设。 许多现有名册已经包括南北成员。 虽然一些文职能力伙伴关系可能得到特派团或机构预算的支助,但应探讨其他筹资办法,包括信托基金。 南方提供者与联合国在实地更好地沟通,有助于为南南合作找到新的机会,包括在南方政府可能已经面临并应对类似挑战的领域。 [14] 与英才中心或民间社会组织,特别是南方的民间社会组织建立伙伴关系,为利用这些能力提供了一个切入点。 [15]", "378 我还鼓励会员国探索三角合作的机会,例如联合国开发计划署和挪威支持的政府间发展管理局(伊加特)加强苏丹南部能力倡议,根据这一倡议,苏丹南部政府将安排来自伊加特成员国的200名公务员在苏丹南部担任关键职务,为期两年。 该项目也是南南合作的一个例子,因为向苏丹南部派遣公务员的国家将继续支付其薪金。", "页: 1 我鼓励我的外地高级领导人更多地利用联合国志愿人员——其中80%来自全球南方——进行国家能力建设,特别是在地方公共行政和社区各级,并将他们纳入早期任务规划,特别是在志愿人员与开发署和联合国其他伙伴共同从事国家体制建设的综合性行动中。 秘书处将与志愿人员方案合作,执行最近外勤支助部-志愿人员方案伙伴关系评价的建议,例如,更加重视本国工作人员的能力建设和利用本国联合国志愿人员,并在和平与发展以及过渡到联合国国家工作队和政治特派团期间,更战略性地部署这些志愿人员。 外勤支助部、政治事务部和志愿人员方案将在2012年进行一次后续审查,调查为什么在政治特派团中联合国志愿人员没有得到充分利用,并就如何改进这一参与提出建议。", "B. 全系统能力和通用性", "39 整个联合国系统的许多联合国实体都参与提供复杂的冲突后环境中所需的各种文职能力。 本国伙伴的资源通常严重耗尽,需要找到联合国在战略和业务上的一致性,尽管其不同实体具有不同的特性、治理结构、任务和资金来源。", "404 正如高级咨询小组所指出,联合国的征聘和任命制度有很大差异。 联合国实体不能轻易从联合国系统另一部分部署人员。 此外,大多数机构、基金和方案都有自己的专业文职专家名册,以便在危机中部署。 然而,这些协议的设立方式不同,不易相互操作。 由于外地业务需要各种各样的专门知识,其中大部分知识将在整个联合国系统找到,因此整个系统的名册应当共享资源。", "41 上文所述的文职能力在线平台将是加强全系统协作的第一步。 然而,确定真正的互操作性将是一项更为复杂的工作。 管理事务部正在领导一个机构间小组,以确定需要采取哪些措施,包括现有名册和相关培训清单、名册参与者的最低标准、确定和分析备选办法(包括制定联合或共享名册、分摊费用以及迅速释放的行政模式)。 该工作组将与人力资源网合作,在2012年之前报告备选办法。", "42 管理事务部正在单独开展工作,将工作人员交流系统(自愿网络交流倡议)扩大到目前秘书处运作的各机构、基金和方案。 我致力于排除妨碍一个联合国实体工作人员被另一个实体部署或征聘的障碍;我的第二个任期仍将是流动问题。", "C. 联合国秘书处内部", "434 规划并配备了联合国特派团和外地行动的工作人员,从秘书处工作人员中征聘和部署了大量文职能力。 试图在秘书处工作人员中找到所有必要的能力或通过直接征聘秘书处,这种倾向意味着我们往往未能尽快交付适当的文职能力。", "444 与此同时,加强我们的外部伙伴关系,从整个联合国系统获得更多资源,并不能替代改进我们征聘和管理秘书处工作人员的方式。 至关重要的是,必须停止使用单一程序来满足征聘、晋升和派任方面不同的人力资源管理需要。", "454 高级咨询小组就提高联合国为特派团配备工作人员的能力的措施提出了若干有益的建议。 虽然其中一些需要进一步审议,但其中一些问题,包括流动、工作人员福利和业绩管理问题,已由大会审议或在其他改革进程中进行。 我认为,这些现有举措最有效地处理了这些问题。 有些人,如工作人员福利和流动,对更广泛的联合国系统产生影响。", "46 我打算单独执行关于公司应急模式的建议[16](这将要求确定这种模式的条件,包括谁可以宣布紧急状况;建立一个联合国系统工作人员横向流动的制度;建立一个快速征聘机制),并建立一个受过标准化培训的秘书处工作人员名册,包括管理、人权和性别问题。", "474. 147 高级咨询小组建议制定明确和透明的程序,以管理特派团的开办和过渡。 正在通过下列举措解决这一问题:制定和推广全球外地支助战略,不断审查综合特派团规划进程,筹备我即将提出的关于向特别政治任务提供资金、支助和支助的报告。", "四、结 论 专门知识和问责制", "A. 领导和问责制", "148 高级咨询小组的报告包括加强联合国高级领导人的能力和问责制的建议。 我打算利用现有举措,根据能力遴选领导人,审查如何更严格地审查潜在领导人的成绩记录,包括两性平等主流化,并利用创新和适当的评估方法。 我还将探讨其他举措,以确保高级任命程序的完整性,例如增加公布的高级职位。 我将继续要求将妇女纳入征聘过程的所有阶段,并鼓励为高级职位进行面试。", "494. 农村妇女 在提高高级领导人管理联合国应对冲突的能力方面,我们将探讨如何在现有资源范围内改进对领导人的培训。 其中包括在培训高级领导人时更多地注重行政和支助问题,包括在上岗期间与行政首长举行会议;向领导人提供在线咨询,纳入审计建议和司法系统的经验教训;将工作人员发展方案列入会议时间表,以尽量扩大集体学习的机会;确保领导人每年用五天时间进行培训。 [17] 维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部将继续为特派团制定一种方法,开展针对决策和危机管理的基于设想的演习。", "50 。 我强烈赞同高级咨询小组的意见,即高级领导人应当对国家行为者和民众以及联合国负责取得成果。 预期结果应根据商定目标加以界定。 问责制应超越成果,扩大到提供服务,并与联合国系统其他部门合作。 此外,整个联合国系统高级工作人员应在一定程度上共同负责取得成果。", "51 然而,在复杂的冲突后局势中,必须加强对成果的监督和问责。 在这种情形下取得成果往往需要计算风险程度。 应当赋予高级领导人权力,而不应限制他们承担一定的风险。", "52. 结 论 我已请管理事务部与联合国妇女合作,审查和加强现有制度,以维护冲突结束后立即实现两性平等的问责制,包括负责实施我关于妇女参与建设和平的七点行动计划。 系统将包括按照商定标准定期审计进展情况,如安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议的指标和高级工作人员考绩。 我将在2012年再次向大会提交关于冲突后情况下两性平等问责制的进一步建议。", "B. 问责制和责任制", "532. 我同意高级咨询小组的意见,即在提供全球文职能力方面存在重大差距,我们需要建立能够帮助填补这些空白、加强问责制和加强实质性领导的机制。 高级咨询小组建议设立一个分组制度,指定牵头单位负责建设和平活动的核心领域。 我支持该小组在冲突后提供更有效、更负责和可预测的国际援助的根本目标。 能力差距不仅是国际援助方面的结构性缺陷,也是任务和非任务环境中不同背景的国家的紧迫需要。 我们的目标必须是确保核心领域能够获得足够可部署的能力、资金充足、没有重复。 这对于确保受冲突影响的国家得到它们所需要的支持是必要的,同时也使提供支助更加有效。", "544 审议联合国系统为加强核心能力需要做些什么,不能脱离更广泛的国际能力问题。 需要与会员国和国际金融机构就不断变化的能力需求和能力来源持续对话。 作为起点,我已请指导委员会主席与会员国和其他文职能力提供者协商,详细说明高级咨询小组确定的优先领域的需求和能力来源,重点是最紧迫的业务需要(例如安全、警察和刑事司法部门改革),并以高级咨询小组进行的能力规划为基础。 在这些广泛领域,需要开展更多的工作,以找出关键的能力差距,其中一些是高度专业化的职能。 诸如苏丹南部等当前国家局势的需求和新出现的教训应有助于说明差距是什么以及如何最好地填补这些差距。 与会员国和其他主要行为体的对话还将有助于规划文职能力,追踪填补空白的长期承诺。 它将为我们澄清核心建设和平领域的责任和问责的努力提供信息和激励。", "555 在联合国内,我致力于根据以下要素,对这一挑战采取更加务实、灵活的做法:", "(a) 在联合国系统内,每个具体领域都需要在总部设立一个协调人,负责了解存在哪些能力和差距;", "(b) 鉴于能力和背景,协调人的作用将在各个领域有所不同;", "(c) 除了了解全球和具体国家的能力外,某一特定领域的协调中心应查明现有的知识产品,帮助填补知识空白,交流最佳做法和经验教训。 协调人将负责确保向国家合作伙伴提供相关承诺的信息,并为两性平等主流化和妇女的参与提供技术援助,同时与联合国妇女协调;", "(d) 协调中心可以为寻求能力的外地领导人以及会员国、服务提供者和其他伙伴提供一个进入联合国系统的切入点,从而帮助建立正式和非正式的网络和交流信息,以便在每个领域蓬勃发展;", "(e) 责任和问责安排,以便在每个核心专门知识领域提供能力,必须适应特定领域,并受外地需求驱动。 虽然在核心领域需要有可预见和可部署的能力,但各国根据相对优势,在同一核心领域作出不同的安排;", "(f) 具体国家情况下的安排需要向所有人明确。 应在早期规划中处理这些问题,同时考虑到总部和外地的全球安排和能力,并吸取经验教训,包括在效率、问责制和成果方面的经验教训。 应当随着情况的变化对其进行审查。 这种明确性还将使捐助方能够根据联合国外地领导人的建议,向适当的执行实体提供支持,避免重叠,并通过将投资引导到资金不足的地区来弥补差距。", "565. 妇 女 我已请指导委员会主席,其成员代表整个联合国系统的实体,从审查高级咨询小组确定哪些领域具有重大能力差距,并利用该小组提议的协调人开始,将这种做法作为今后几个月委员会工作的优先事项:", "(a) 在基本安全和安保领域:解除武装和复员、警察和安全部门改革和治理;", "(b) 在司法领域:惩戒、刑事司法以及司法和法律改革;", "(c) 在包容性政治进程领域:政党发展和新闻;", "(d) 在核心政府职能领域:援助政策和协调、立法部门和公共财政管理;", "(e) 在经济振兴领域:创造就业、自然资源管理和私营部门发展。", "57 指导委员会应评估除了高级咨询小组已经查明的缺口之外的任何重大差距。 我打算在一年后评估进展情况,并向会员国汇报。", "页: 1 财政和业务能力", "58 在动荡的冲突后局势中,建设能力、避免重陷风险以及提供关键的和平红利的努力,时间至关重要。 日益认识到,必须具备适应不断变化的情况的业务和财政灵活性,这对有效的国际支持至关重要。 高级咨询小组正确地提请注意它认为联合国可以进一步改进的三个领域:特派团在需要变化时重新部署资源的能力;根据相对优势原则利用最适合执行授权任务的实体;促进资源的流动和及时性。", "59 在国际应对冲突后国家的需要方面,特别是对于联合国支持该国在安全、司法和基本服务等关键领域尽早取得进展的能力而言,和谐至关重要。 我的特别代表有责任和机会,在他们作为特派团团长管理的资源之外,协助确保国际社会支持建设和建设和平的协调一致、互补性和顺序。", "60 。 运作和财务灵活性对于特派团在开办阶段及其后立即制定的预算尤其重要。 正如高级咨询小组指出的,特派团的基本设计和初步预算是在对当地需求和能力的了解有限的情况下,在不稳定的情况下编制的。 根据这一点,最初的特派团计划应理解为初步计划。 我提议在维持和平行动的最初一年采用一个标准化的筹资模式,这是我已经核可的。 [19] 我打算进一步完善这一模式,明确规定我的特别代表在文职能力组合方面的随后变化,以便利用新生国家能力,或获得联合国内部无法轻易获得的专门知识。", "61 适应不断变化的需要和情况的需要在特派团整个一生中继续存在。 外地特派团的分摊预算计划在财政年度开始前10至11个月编制,并详细说明今后10至24个月的所有设想投入。 实际上,需求发生变化,特别是在冲突后初期。 我的特别代表需要有能力作出相应的改变,包括有能力在必要时利用与空缺员额和职位有关的资源来满足新出现的优先事项。 各国政府和各国际组织在处理这些突发事件时采用多种做法,例如加强对与风险管理和问责制有关的外地的授权。 虽然联合国已经采取了类似措施,但从评估这些办法对联合国外地特派团的适用性方面,可能有更多的经验教训。", "62 。 目前的供资安排为适应不断变化的情况提供了一些有限的范围。 例如,维持和平行动的预算周期是每年而不是两年,批款结构反映了大会对需要使资源转移的理解。 此外,根据“革新联合国:改革方案”(A/51/950)中关于将最高权力下放给各级管理人员的行动,2002年在秘书处内采取了行政措施,以加强维持和平行动在三大支出类别(军事和警察、文职人员和业务费用)内资源管理的权力。", "63/63。 我打算探讨如何进一步改进我们如何在现有管理框架范围内开展工作,同时确保外地所作决定的必要的透明度和问责制。 为了确保高级管理人员在核定预算执行期间充分意识到调整的范围和程序,我们将确保高级领导人的培训解决这一问题,并确保外地特派团负责人、方案主管和特派团支助主任获得同样的信息。", "646. 我也打算探讨是否可能改进维持和平行动拟议预算中信息的列报方式,以便更综合、更透明地显示与文职能力有关的资源,这是三大支出类别之一。 因此,大会将更清楚地看到用于文职能力的资源,并根据特派团的要求,更便于部署或调动。", "656.65 高级咨询小组还指出,任务设计和预算并不一定为具有相对优势的实体执行职能提供条件。 我将向外地特派团负责人和规划人员提供适当的指导,以便在建议如何完成任务时适用相对优势原则。 举例来说,利用联合国其他行为者来履行他们装备精良的授权和预算职能,可以提供实际好处,包括同特派团部署之前经常驻在该国或地区的实体接触,并在特派团离开后可能在场。 合作或联合规划,如制定综合战略框架,应有助于确定联合国行为者在外地的相对优势。 我的优先事项是加强联合国各实体在冲突后局势中规划、合作和共同努力的能力。", "66 高级咨询小组的建议还涉及及时获得资金方面的差距,从而拖延了关键建设和平任务的开始。 高级咨询小组指出,支助任务执行的资金流存在差异,而且认为在使用方面缺乏灵活性,因此提出了若干相互关联的建议:外地特派团能够在特派团内部的文职能力具有执行授权任务的相对优势时,从分摊预算中提供必要的方案资金;通过减少特派团信托基金收取的间接费用,为支助特派团内部的文职能力提供自愿捐助提供便利;尚未这样做的机构、基金和方案考虑采取措施提高其快速反应筹资能力。", "67 关于联合国特派团以分摊经费开展方案活动的提议并非新鲜;联合国海地稳定特派团、开发署和其他机构支助的联合国减少社区暴力联合方案就是一例。 [20] 在某些情况下,由于特派团的存在和能力,特派团能够而且应当启动一项授权职能的活动,因为没有自愿基金或尚未调动自愿基金。 应根据这方面的相对优势和其他行动者开展的工作来评估这些措施,同时尊重联合国各实体的基本能力和任务。 如同以往一样,将所需资源列入拟议预算以及大会随后对其进行审议的出发点是任务。", "686 686 关于鼓励在冲突结束后立即为建设和平提供自愿捐款,以补充特派团通过分摊预算开展的工作,高级咨询小组建议,秘书处收取的间接费用应与对多方捐助者信托基金适用的7%保持一致。 从纯粹以间接费用为基础减少各实体之间的竞争的角度,可以随时理解这一想法。 不过,这是一个复杂的问题,需要从整个联合国的角度,在联合国费用回收政策和安排方面加以审查。 长期政策的核心前提是,核心资源不应补贴非核心资源的活动。", "69 对现行做法的内部审查始于1980年,于2010年底开始。 这次审查旨在有助于对联合国金融结构中预算外资金的最新观点。 它将澄清收回哪些费用以及这样做的手段,并审议除了旨在向他人提供服务的捐款外,如何适用费用回收政策还可考虑伙伴关系和支持授权任务的贡献。 还将审查将联合国的做法与其他联合国实体的做法保持一致的范围。 预计这一审查将在2012年第一季度完成。 我打算随时向大会通报这方面的进展。", "70. 远东 高级咨询小组还建议,应当利用粮食计划署和开发署的创新做法,改善各机构、基金和方案获得快速反应资金的机会。 我促请会员国审查这种机制,加快向联合国各机构、基金和方案提供复原、过渡和发展资金,以减少供资缺口,特别是在关键的冲突后环境中。", "六、结 论 三. 结论和意见", "71 人们普遍同意,国际社会,特别是联合国,能够而且必须更好地向受冲突影响的国家提供迅速、有效的文职能力。 这些国家本身正在呼吁变革。 在国际建设和平和国家建设对话的框架内,七国集团提出了“向脆弱国家提供国际援助的新协议,产生与建设和平和国家建设目标相一致的成果,更加透明、灵活、有效,并加强国家和地方的能力和机构”。", "72. 第72段。 高级咨询小组就如何做到这一点提出了宝贵的建议。 他们的报告涉及一系列广泛的相互关联的问题,这些问题都影响到我们如何找到和部署文职能力。 我还密切聆听了会员国在大会、建设和平委员会和安全理事会的看法。 我欢迎会员国的参与,支持把重点放在国家需要和优先事项上,支持对报告中各项建议采取需求驱动的反应。", "73 这些挑战不仅适用于联合国,而且由于联合国领导和协调受冲突影响国家的许多国际援助,我们特别有责任采取行动。 在本报告中,我提出了一些早期优先行动。 在推进这些进程时,我已请指导委员会主席确保国别工作队、特派团领导和联合国国家工作队充分参与。 他们的参与将有助于查明各种办法和办法的测试机会,特别是在新特派团或现有特派团(如在科特迪瓦或苏丹南部)的国家,以及在冲突或危机之后的不特派团环境中。", "74 我认为,在我自己或联合国行政首长的职权范围内取得进展是一个优先事项。 然而,这是一个集体企业,必须涉及会员国、国际金融机构以及更广泛的建设和平利益攸关方群体——民间社会、学术界和私营部门。 因此,这种办法强调与其他方面合作拟订建议。 我感谢建设和平委员会的支持参与。 我将依靠安理会和会员国协商小组的持续参与,特别是在与会员国的拟议对话中,分析特定能力的供应和需求。 在总部和外地应对文职能力挑战的领导人的专门知识很有价值,我将继续借鉴高级咨询小组的经验。 最后,联合国内部的努力必须考虑到其他举措,特别是通过关于建设和平和国家建设的国际对话、七国集团+和《世界发展报告》的实施。", "757. 本报告重点阐述联合国现在可以做些什么,但也展望更广泛的伙伴关系,并展望今后的步骤。 我打算在2012年向会员国报告进展情况和可能需要的进一步举措,包括可能需要大会作出决定的任何举措。 与此同时,我将依靠我们所有伙伴的支持和合作,努力实现我们的共同目标。", "*** 联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)正在制订能力发展战略,为苏丹南部的方案提供信息,重点是成果和撤出战略。", "*** 本国工作人员培训是东帝汶政府和联合国综合特派团的共同优先事项。 在资源允许的情况下,为政府各部和其他国家机构的工作人员开设特派团培训课程和设施。", "[3] 与苏丹南部新特派团的情况一样。", "[4] 政治事务部和联合国开发计划署支持的加纳和平基础设施。", "[5] 见A/63/881-S/2009/304,第46段。", "[6] 见安全理事会第1996(2011)号决议,第22段。", "[7] 这对于人道主义机构来说尤其重要,因为这些机构的反应是以公正、中立和独立原则为基础的,在某些情况下,这些原则可能使得合用同一地点变得不合适。", "*** 例如,儿童基金会努力转让阿富汗卫生部门的知识和技能,联合国开发计划署(开发署)支持尼泊尔的援助管理和利比里亚选举委员会。", "[9] 世界粮食计划署通过采购促进进步倡议,在苏丹南部购买玉米,为苏丹南部流离失所的刚果和中非难民提供粮食。", "[10] 例如,和平红利信托组织在东帝汶和阿富汗开展工作。", "[11] 还必须考虑在当地采购的政治影响。 如果更多的当地采购倾向于把财富集中到少数强国中,则可能无意中增加冲突后社会中的不平等和紧张关系。", "[12] 例如,印度尼西亚在调解方面的专门知识;拉丁美洲国家处理城市和犯罪暴力行为的经验;孟加拉国在小额信贷和社区保健等领域促进赋予妇女权力的经验;南非在布隆迪的选举和调解专门知识。", "[13] 联合国项目事务厅可要求其提供排雷行动服务的专家库。", "[14] 例如,巴西在安哥拉的经济振兴项目,或南非与德国的伙伴关系,以支持苏丹南部的法律和司法培训。", "[15] 例如,在巴西、加拿大和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府的支持下,巴西非政府组织Igarapé正在编制一个文职专家名册,以部署到和平行动。", "[16] 借鉴人道主义危机应对模式的经验,包括人道主义事务协调厅、开发署、儿童基金会和联合国人口基金建立的经验。", "[17] 目前改进高级领导人培训工作的一个例子是维持和平行动部正在为军事部门首长制订的5-8天具体任务培训方案。", "[18] 基本安全和安保、司法、包容性政治进程、核心政府职能和经济振兴。", "[19] 见大会第56/89号决议。", "[20] 其他已获授权的领域包括解除武装、复员和重返社会、新闻、排雷行动和速效项目。", "[21] g7+是2008年建立的、由阿富汗、布隆迪、中非共和国、乍得、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、海地、利比里亚、尼泊尔、所罗门群岛、塞拉利昂、苏丹南部和东帝汶组成、正在经历或正在摆脱冲突的国家的开放小组。", "[22] 见关于建设和平和国家建设的第二次国际对话商定的蒙罗维亚路线图,2011年6月15日至16日,可查阅http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/24/48345560.pdf。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 114 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) and General Assembly decision 42/450, the members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination are nominated by the Council and elected by the Assembly.", "2. The membership of the Committee in 2011 is as follows (the term of office expires on 31 December in the year indicated):[1] Algeria (2013); Antigua and Barbuda (2013); Argentina (2011); Armenia (2011); Belarus (2011); Benin (2013); Brazil (2011); Central African Republic (2011); China (2013); Comoros (2012); Cuba (2011); Eritrea (2013); France (2012); Guinea (2011); Haiti (2012); India (2011); Iran (Islamic Republic of) (2011); Israel (2012); Italy (2011); Kazakhstan (2011); Namibia (2012); Nigeria (2011); Pakistan (2011); Republic of Korea (2013); Russian Federation (2012); South Africa (2011); Spain (2011); Ukraine (2011); Uruguay (2011); and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2012).", "3. The General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, will be called upon to elect 20 members, on the nomination of the Economic and Social Council, to fill the vacancies in the Committee that will occur on 31 December 2011 upon the expiration of the terms of office of the following members: Argentina, Armenia, Belarus, Brazil, Central African Republic, Cuba, Guinea, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Italy, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, Ukraine and Uruguay.", "4. In accordance with General Assembly decision 42/450, the vacancies are to be filled as follows:", "(a) Four members from African States;", "(b) Four members from Asian States;", "(c) Three members from Eastern European States;", "(d) Four members from Latin American and Caribbean States;", "(e) Five members from Western European and other States.", "5. By its decision 2011/201 B, the Economic and Social Council nominated the following 12 Member States for election by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012: Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cuba, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia, Pakistan, Republic of Moldova, Uruguay and Zimbabwe.", "6. The geographical distribution of the nominated Member States is as follows:", "(a) African States (four vacancies): Cameroon and Zimbabwe;[2]", "(b) Asian States (four vacancies): Iran (Islamic Republic of), Malaysia and Pakistan;²", "(c) Eastern European States (three vacancies): Belarus, Bulgaria and Republic of Moldova;", "(d) Latin American and Caribbean States (four vacancies): Argentina, Brazil, Cuba and Uruguay;", "(e) Western European and other States (five vacancies).²", "[1] * A/66/150.", "There are three vacancies for Western European and other States, for members whose terms of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2011, and one vacancy for Asian States, for a member whose term of office would begin on the date of election and expire on 31 December 2013.", "[2] The Council postponed the nomination of two members from African States, one member from Asian States and five members from Western European and other States for election by the General Assembly for a three-year term beginning on 1 January 2012 (decision 2011/201 B)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目114(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺， 并进行其他选举", "选举二十名方案和协调委员会成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 依照经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第42/450号决定，方案和协调委员会的成员由理事会提名，大会选举产生。", "2. 2011年委员会成员组成如下(任期至所标示年份的12月31日届满)：[2] 阿尔及利亚(2013年)；安提瓜和巴布达(2013年)；阿根廷(2011年)；亚美尼亚(2011年)；白俄罗斯(2011年)；贝宁(2013年)；巴西(2011年)；中非共和国(2011年)；中国(2013年)；科摩罗(2012年)；古巴(2011年)；厄立特里亚(2013年)；法国(2012年)；几内亚(2011年)；海地(2012年)；印度(2011年)；伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)(2011年)；以色列(2012年)；意大利(2011年)；哈萨克斯坦(2011年)；纳米比亚(2012年)；尼日利亚(2011年)；巴基斯坦(2011年)；大韩民国(2013年)；俄罗斯联邦(2012年)；南非(2011年)；西班牙(2011年)；乌克兰(2011年)；乌拉圭(2011年)和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2012年)。", "3. 大会第六十六届会议须根据经济及社会理事会的提名，选举成员二十名，以填补下列方案和协调委员会成员在2011年12月31日任满后出现的空缺：阿根廷、亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、巴西、中非共和国、古巴、几内亚、印度、伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、南非、西班牙、乌克兰和乌拉圭。", "4. 依照大会第42/450号决定的规定，空缺将按以下方式填补：", "(a) 非洲国家成员四名；", "(b) 亚洲国家成员四名；", "(c) 东欧国家成员三名；", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家成员四名；", "(e) 西欧和其他国家成员五名。", "5. 经济及社会理事会在其第2011/201 B号决定中提名下列十二个会员国，供大会第六十六届会议选举，委员会成员任期三年，从2012年1月1日开始：阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、保加利亚、喀麦隆、古巴、伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、乌拉圭和津巴布韦。", "6. 被提名会员国的地域分配情况如下：", "(a) 非洲国家(四个空缺)：喀麦隆和津巴布韦；[3]", "(b) 亚洲国家(四个空缺)：伊朗(伊斯兰共和国)、马来西亚和巴基斯坦；²", "(c) 东欧国家(三个空缺)：白俄罗斯、保加利亚和摩尔多瓦共和国；", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家(四个空缺)：阿根廷、巴西、古巴和乌拉圭；", "(e) 西欧和其他国家(五个空缺)。²", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 西欧和其他国家有三个空缺，成员任期将于当选之日开始，2011年12月31日届满。亚洲国家有一个空缺，成员任期将于当选之日开始，2013年12月31日届满。。", "[3] 理事会推迟提名非洲国家的两名成员、亚洲国家的一名成员和西欧及其他国家的五名成员供大会选举，其任期三年，自2012年1月1日开始(第2011/201 B号决定)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目114(a)", "选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "选举方案和协调委员会二十个成员", "秘书长的说明", "1. 导言 根据经济及社会理事会第2008(LX)号决议和大会第42/450号决定,方案和协调委员会成员由理事会提名,由大会选出。", "2. 结 论 委员会2011年的成员如下(任期于12月31日届满:阿尔及利亚(2013年)、安提瓜和巴布达(2013年)、阿根廷(2011年)、亚美尼亚(2011年)、白俄罗斯(2011年)、贝宁(2013年)、巴西(2011年)、中非共和国(2011年)、中国(2013年)、科摩罗(2012年)、古巴(2011年)、厄立特里亚(2013年)、法国(2012年)、几内亚(2011年)、海地(2012年)、印度(2011年)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2011年)、以色列(2012年)、意大利(2011年)、哈萨克斯坦(2011年)、纳米比亚(2012年)、尼日利亚(2011年)、巴基斯坦(2011年)、大韩民国(2013年)、俄罗斯联邦(2012年)、南非(2011年)、西班牙(2011年)、乌克兰(2011年)、乌拉圭(2011年)和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2012年)。", "3. 。 将吁请大会第五十六届会议根据经济及社会理事会的提名选举20个成员,以填补委员会将于下列成员任期结束时出现的空缺:阿根廷、亚美尼亚、白俄罗斯、巴西、中非共和国、古巴、几内亚、印度、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、意大利、哈萨克斯坦、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、南非、西班牙、乌克兰和乌拉圭。", "4. . 根据大会第42/450号决定,空缺如下:", "(a) 非洲国家四名;", "(b) 亚洲国家四名;", "(c) 东欧国家三名;", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家四名;", "(e) 西欧和其他国家五名。", "5. 结 论 1. 经济及社会理事会在其第2011/201 B号决定中提名以下12个会员国供大会第五十六届会议选举,自2012年1月1日起,任期三年:阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、保加利亚、喀麦隆、古巴、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、摩尔多瓦共和国、乌拉圭和津巴布韦。", "6. 任务 提名的会员国的地域分配如下:", "(a) 非洲国家(4个空缺):喀麦隆和津巴布韦;", "(b) 亚洲国家(4个空缺):伊朗伊斯兰共和国、马来西亚和巴基斯坦;2", "(c) 东欧国家(三个空缺): 白俄罗斯、保加利亚和摩尔多瓦共和国;", "(d) 拉丁美洲和加勒比国家(四个空缺):阿根廷、巴西、古巴和乌拉圭;", "(e) 西欧和其他国家(5个空缺)。 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 FS, 2 NS", "页: 1", "西欧和其他国家有3个空缺,任期从当选之日起至2011年12月31日届满的成员,亚洲国家有1个空缺,其任期自当选之日起,至2013年12月31日止。", "*** 理事会推迟提名2个非洲国家成员、1个亚洲国家成员和5个西欧和其他国家成员,由大会选出,任期三年,自2012年1月1日起(第2011/201 B号决定)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/360)]", "66/1. Credentials of representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Credentials Committee[1] and the recommendation contained therein,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "2nd plenary meeting 16 September 2011", "[1]  A/66/360." ]

[ "2011年9月16日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/360)]", "66/1. 出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书", "大会，", "审查了全权证书委员会的报告[1] 和其中所载建议，", "核可全权证书委员会的报告。", "2011年9月16日", "第2次全体会议", "[1] A/66/360。" ]

[ "大会2011年9月16日通过的决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/63/360)]", "页: 1 出席大会第五十六届会议各国代表的全权证书", "大会,", "审议了全权证书委员会的报告 和其中所载建议,", "1. 核可全权证书委员会的报告。", "第2次全体会议", "页: 1" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases annexed to the present resolution.", "3rd plenary meeting 19 September 2011", "Annex", "Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, assembled at the United Nations on 19 and 20 September 2011, to address the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases worldwide, with a particular focus on developmental and other challenges and social and economic impacts, particularly for developing countries,", "1. Acknowledge that the global burden and threat of non-communicable diseases constitutes one of the major challenges for development in the twenty-first century, which undermines social and economic development throughout the world and threatens the achievement of internationally agreed development goals;", "2. Recognize that non-communicable diseases are a threat to the economies of many Member States and may lead to increasing inequalities between countries and populations;", "3. Recognize the primary role and responsibility of Governments in responding to the challenge of non-communicable diseases and the essential need for the efforts and engagement of all sectors of society to generate effective responses for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "4. Recognize also the important role of the international community and international cooperation in assisting Member States, particularly developing countries, in complementing national efforts to generate an effective response to non-communicable diseases;", "5. Reaffirm the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "6. Recognize the urgent need for greater measures at the global, regional and national levels to prevent and control non-communicable diseases in order to contribute to the full realization of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health;", "7. Recall the relevant mandates of the General Assembly, in particular resolutions 64/265 of 13 May 2010 and 65/238 of 24 December 2010;", "8. Note with appreciation the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control,[1] reaffirm all relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the World Health Assembly on the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, and underline the importance for Member States to continue addressing common risk factors for non-communicable diseases through the implementation of the World Health Organization 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases[2] as well as the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health[3] and the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol;[4]", "9. Recall the ministerial declaration adopted at the 2009 high-level segment of the Economic and Social Council,[5] in which a call was made for urgent action to implement the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non‑communicable Diseases and its related Action Plan;", "10. Take note with appreciation of all the regional initiatives undertaken on the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, including the Declaration of the Heads of State and Government of the Caribbean Community entitled “Uniting to stop the epidemic of chronic non-communicable diseases”, adopted in September 2007, the Libreville Declaration on Health and Environment in Africa, adopted in August 2008, the statement of the Commonwealth Heads of Government on action to combat non-communicable diseases, adopted in November 2009, the declaration of commitment of the Fifth Summit of the Americas, adopted in June 2009, the Parma Declaration on Environment and Health, adopted by the member States in the European region of the World Health Organization in March 2010, the Dubai Declaration on Diabetes and Chronic Non-communicable Diseases in the Middle East and Northern Africa Region, adopted in December 2010, the European Charter on Counteracting Obesity, adopted in November 2006, the Aruba Call for Action on Obesity of June 2011, and the Honiara Communiqué on addressing non-communicable disease challenges in the Pacific region, adopted in July 2011;", "11. Take note with appreciation also of the outcomes of the regional multisectoral consultations, including the adoption of ministerial declarations, which were held by the World Health Organization in collaboration with Member States, with the support and active participation of regional commissions and other relevant United Nations agencies and entities, and served to provide inputs to the preparations for the high‑level meeting in accordance with resolution 65/238;", "12. Welcome the convening of the first Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Non-communicable Disease Control, which was organized by the Russian Federation and the World Health Organization and held in Moscow on 28 and 29 April 2011, and the adoption of the Moscow Declaration,[6] and recall resolution 64.11 of the World Health Assembly;[7]", "13. Recognize the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health, including its roles and functions with regard to health policy in accordance with its mandate, and reaffirm its leadership and coordination role in promoting and monitoring global action against non-communicable diseases in relation to the work of other relevant United Nations agencies, development banks and other regional and international organizations in addressing non‑communicable diseases in a coordinated manner;", "A challenge of epidemic proportions and its socio-economic and developmental impacts", "14. Note with profound concern that, according to the World Health Organization, in 2008, an estimated 36 million of the 57 million global deaths were due to non-communicable diseases, principally cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, including about 9 million deaths before the age of 60, and that nearly 80 per cent of those deaths occurred in developing countries;", "15. Note also with profound concern that non-communicable diseases are among the leading causes of preventable morbidity and of related disability;", "16. Recognize further that communicable diseases, maternal and perinatal conditions and nutritional deficiencies are currently the most common causes of death in Africa, and note with concern the growing double burden of disease, including in Africa, caused by the rapidly rising incidence of non-communicable diseases, which are projected to become the most common causes of death by 2030;", "17. Note further that there is a range of other non-communicable diseases and conditions, for which the risk factors and the need for preventive measures, screening, treatment and care are linked with the four most prominent non‑communicable diseases;", "18. Recognize that mental and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, are an important cause of morbidity and contribute to the global non‑communicable disease burden, for which there is a need to provide equitable access to effective programmes and health-care interventions;", "19. Recognize that renal, oral and eye diseases pose a major health burden for many countries and that these diseases share common risk factors and can benefit from common responses to non-communicable diseases;", "20. Recognize that the most prominent non-communicable diseases are linked to common risk factors, namely tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, an unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity;", "21. Recognize that the conditions in which people live and their lifestyles influence their health and quality of life and that poverty, uneven distribution of wealth, lack of education, rapid urbanization, population ageing and the economic social, gender, political, behavioural and environmental determinants of health are among the contributing factors to the rising incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases;", "22. Note with grave concern the vicious cycle whereby non-communicable diseases and their risk factors worsen poverty, while poverty contributes to rising rates of non-communicable diseases, posing a threat to public health and economic and social development;", "23. Note with concern that the rapidly growing magnitude of non-communicable diseases affects people of all ages, gender, race and income levels, and further that poor populations and those living in vulnerable situations, in particular in developing countries, bear a disproportionate burden and that non-communicable diseases can affect women and men differently;", "24. Note with concern the rising levels of obesity in different regions, particularly among children and youth, and note that obesity, an unhealthy diet and physical inactivity have strong linkages with the four main non-communicable diseases and are associated with higher health costs and reduced productivity;", "25. Express deep concern that women bear a disproportionate share of the burden of caregiving and that, in some populations, women tend to be less physically active than men, are more likely to be obese and are taking up smoking at alarming rates;", "26. Note also with concern that maternal and child health is inextricably linked with non-communicable diseases and their risk factors, specifically as prenatal malnutrition and low birth weight create a predisposition to obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes later in life, and that pregnancy conditions, such as maternal obesity and gestational diabetes, are associated with similar risks in both the mother and her offspring;", "27. Note with concern the possible linkages between non-communicable diseases and some communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, call for the integration, as appropriate, of responses to HIV/AIDS and non-communicable diseases, and in this regard call for attention to be given to people living with HIV/AIDS, especially in countries with a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, in accordance with national priorities;", "28. Recognize that smoke exposure from the use of inefficient cooking stoves for indoor cooking or heating contributes to and may exacerbate lung and respiratory conditions, with a disproportionate effect on women and children in poor populations whose households may be dependant on such fuels;", "29. Acknowledge also the existence of significant inequalities in the burden of non‑communicable diseases and in access to non-communicable disease prevention and control, both between countries, and within countries and communities;", "30. Recognize the critical importance of strengthening health systems, including health-care infrastructure, human resources for health, and health and social protection systems, particularly in developing countries, in order to respond effectively and equitably to the health-care needs of people with non-communicable diseases;", "31. Note with grave concern that non-communicable diseases and their risk factors lead to increased burdens on individuals, families and communities, including impoverishment from long-term treatment and care costs, and to a loss of productivity that threatens household income and leads to productivity loss for individuals and their families and to the economies of Member States, making non‑communicable diseases a contributing factor to poverty and hunger, which may have a direct impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals;", "32. Express deep concern at the ongoing negative impacts of the financial and economic crisis, volatile energy and food prices and ongoing concerns over food security, as well as the increasing challenges posed by climate change and the loss of biodiversity, and their effect on the control and prevention of non-communicable diseases, and emphasize in this regard the need for prompt and robust, coordinated and multisectoral efforts to address those impacts, while building on efforts already under way;", "Responding to the challenge: a whole-of-government and a whole-of-society effort", "33. Recognize that the rising prevalence, morbidity and mortality of non‑communicable diseases worldwide can be largely prevented and controlled through collective and multisectoral action by all Member States and other relevant stakeholders at the local, national, regional and global levels, and by raising the priority accorded to non-communicable diseases in development cooperation by enhancing such cooperation in this regard;", "34. Recognize that prevention must be the cornerstone of the global response to non-communicable diseases;", "35. Recognize also the critical importance of reducing the level of exposure of individuals and populations to the common modifiable risk factors for non‑communicable diseases, namely, tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and the harmful use of alcohol, and their determinants, while at the same time strengthening the capacity of individuals and populations to make healthier choices and follow lifestyle patterns that foster good health;", "36. Recognize that effective non-communicable disease prevention and control require leadership and multisectoral approaches for health at the government level, including, as appropriate, health in all policies and whole-of-government approaches across such sectors as health, education, energy, agriculture, sports, transport, communication, urban planning, environment, labour, employment, industry and trade, finance, and social and economic development;", "37. Acknowledge the contribution of and important role played by all relevant stakeholders, including individuals, families and communities, intergovernmental organizations and religious institutions, civil society, academia, the media, voluntary associations and, where and as appropriate, the private sector and industry, in support of national efforts for non-communicable disease prevention and control, and recognize the need to further support the strengthening of coordination among these stakeholders in order to improve the effectiveness of these efforts;", "38. Recognize the fundamental conflict of interest between the tobacco industry and public health;", "39. Recognize that the incidence and impacts of non-communicable diseases can be largely prevented or reduced with an approach that incorporates evidence-based, affordable, cost-effective, population-wide and multisectoral interventions;", "40. Acknowledge that resources devoted to combating the challenges posed by non-communicable diseases at the national, regional and international levels are not commensurate with the magnitude of the problem;", "41. Recognize the importance of strengthening local, provincial, national and regional capacities to address and effectively combat non-communicable diseases, particularly in developing countries, and that this may entail increased and sustained human, financial and technical resources;", "42. Acknowledge the need to put forward a multisectoral approach for health at all government levels, to address non-communicable disease risk factors and underlying determinants of health comprehensively and decisively;", "Non-communicable diseases can be prevented and their impacts significantly reduced, with millions of lives saved and untold suffering avoided. We therefore commit to:", "Reduce risk factors and create health-promoting environments", "43. Advance the implementation of multisectoral, cost-effective, population-wide interventions in order to reduce the impact of the common non-communicable disease risk factors, namely tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol, through the implementation of relevant international agreements and strategies, and education, legislative, regulatory and fiscal measures, without prejudice to the right of sovereign nations to determine and establish their taxation policies and other policies, where appropriate, by involving all relevant sectors, civil society and communities, as appropriate, and by taking the following actions:", "(a) Encourage the development of multisectoral public policies that create equitable health-promoting environments that empower individuals, families and communities to make healthy choices and lead healthy lives;", "(b) Develop, strengthen and implement, as appropriate, multisectoral public policies and action plans to promote health education and health literacy, including through evidence-based education and information strategies and programmes in and out of schools and through public awareness campaigns, as important factors in furthering the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, recognizing that a strong focus on health literacy is at an early stage in many countries;", "(c) Accelerate implementation by States parties of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, recognizing the full range of measures, including measures to reduce consumption and availability, and encourage countries that have not yet done so to consider acceding to the Convention, recognizing that substantially reducing tobacco consumption is an important contribution to reducing non-communicable diseases and can have considerable health benefits for individuals and countries and that price and tax measures are an effective and important means of reducing tobacco consumption;", "(d) Advance the implementation of the Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, including, where appropriate, through the introduction of policies and actions aimed at promoting healthy diets and increasing physical activity in the entire population, including in all aspects of daily living, such as giving priority to regular and intense physical education classes in schools, urban planning and re-engineering for active transport, the provision of incentives for work-site healthy-lifestyle programmes, and increased availability of safe environments in public parks and recreational spaces to encourage physical activity;", "(e) Promote the implementation of the Global Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol, while recognizing the need to develop appropriate domestic action plans, in consultation with relevant stakeholders, for developing specific policies and programmes, including taking into account the full range of options as identified in the Global Strategy, as well as raise awareness of the problems caused by the harmful use of alcohol, particularly among young people, and call upon the World Health Organization to intensify efforts to assist Member States in this regard;", "(f) Promote the implementation of the World Health Organization Set of Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-alcoholic Beverages to Children,[8] including foods that are high in saturated fats, trans-fatty acids, free sugars or salt, recognizing that research shows that food advertising geared to children is extensive, that a significant amount of the marketing is for foods with a high content of fat, sugar or salt and that television advertising influences children’s food preferences, purchase requests and consumption patterns, while taking into account existing legislation and national policies, as appropriate;", "(g) Promote the development and initiate the implementation, as appropriate, of cost-effective interventions to reduce salt, sugar and saturated fats and eliminate industrially produced trans-fats in foods, including through discouraging the production and marketing of foods that contribute to unhealthy diet, while taking into account existing legislation and policies;", "(h) Encourage policies that support the production and manufacture of, and facilitate access to, foods that contribute to healthy diet, and provide greater opportunities for utilization of healthy local agricultural products and foods, thus contributing to efforts to cope with the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities posed by globalization and to achieve food security;", "(i) Promote, protect and support breastfeeding, including exclusive breastfeeding for about six months from birth, as appropriate, as breastfeeding reduces susceptibility to infections and the risk of undernutrition, promotes the growth and development of infants and young children and helps to reduce the risk of developing conditions such as obesity and non-communicable diseases later in life, and in this regard strengthen the implementation of the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes[9] and subsequent relevant World Health Assembly resolutions;", "(j) Promote increased access to cost-effective vaccinations to prevent infections associated with cancers, as part of national immunization schedules;", "(k) Promote increased access to cost-effective cancer screening programmes, as determined by national situations;", "(l) Scale up, where appropriate, a package of proven, effective interventions, such as health promotion and primary prevention approaches, and galvanize actions for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through a meaningful multisectoral response, addressing risk factors and determinants of health;", "44. With a view to strengthening its contribution to non-communicable disease prevention and control, call upon the private sector, where appropriate, to:", "(a) Take measures to implement the World Health Organization set of recommendations to reduce the impact of the marketing of unhealthy foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children, while taking into account existing national legislation and policies;", "(b) Consider producing and promoting more food products consistent with a healthy diet, including by reformulating products to provide healthier options that are affordable and accessible and that follow relevant nutrition facts and labelling standards, including information on sugars, salt and fats and, where appropriate, trans-fat content;", "(c) Promote and create an enabling environment for healthy behaviours among workers, including by establishing tobacco-free workplaces and safe and healthy working environments through occupational safety and health measures, including, where appropriate, through good corporate practices, workplace wellness programmes and health insurance plans;", "(d) Work towards reducing the use of salt in the food industry in order to lower sodium consumption;", "(e) Contribute to efforts to improve access to and affordability of medicines and technologies in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases;", "Strengthen national policies and health systems", "45. Promote, establish or support and strengthen, by 2013, as appropriate, multisectoral national policies and plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, taking into account, as appropriate, the 2008–2013 Action Plan for the Global Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and the objectives contained therein, and take steps to implement such policies and plans:", "(a) Strengthen and integrate, as appropriate, non-communicable disease policies and programmes into health-planning processes and the national development agenda of each Member State;", "(b) Pursue, as appropriate, comprehensive strengthening of health systems that support primary health care and deliver effective, sustainable and coordinated responses and evidence-based, cost-effective, equitable and integrated essential services for addressing non-communicable disease risk factors and for the prevention, treatment and care of non-communicable diseases, acknowledging the importance of promoting patient empowerment, rehabilitation and palliative care for persons with non-communicable diseases and of a life course approach, given the often chronic nature of non-communicable diseases;", "(c) According to national priorities, and taking into account domestic circumstances, increase and prioritize budgetary allocations for addressing non‑communicable disease risk factors and for surveillance, prevention, early detection and treatment of non-communicable diseases and the related care and support, including palliative care;", "(d) Explore the provision of adequate, predictable and sustained resources, through domestic, bilateral, regional and multilateral channels, including traditional and voluntary innovative financing mechanisms;", "(e) Pursue and promote gender-based approaches for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases founded on data disaggregated by sex and age in an effort to address the critical differences in the risks of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases for women and men;", "(f) Promote multisectoral and multi-stakeholder engagement in order to reverse, stop and decrease the rising trends of obesity in child, youth and adult populations, respectively;", "(g) Recognize where health disparities exist between indigenous peoples and non-indigenous populations in the incidence of non-communicable diseases and their common risk factors, and that these disparities are often linked to historical, economic and social factors, and encourage the involvement of indigenous peoples and communities in the development, implementation and evaluation of non‑communicable disease prevention and control policies, plans and programmes, where appropriate, while promoting the development and strengthening of capacities at various levels and recognizing the cultural heritage and traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples and respecting, preserving and promoting, as appropriate, their traditional medicine, including conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals;", "(h) Recognize further the potential and contribution of traditional and local knowledge, and in this regard respect and preserve, in accordance with national capacities, priorities, relevant legislation and circumstances, the knowledge and safe and effective use of traditional medicine, treatments and practices, appropriately based on the circumstances in each country;", "(i) Pursue all necessary efforts to strengthen nationally driven, sustainable, cost-effective and comprehensive responses in all sectors for the prevention of non‑communicable diseases, with the full and active participation of people living with these diseases, civil society and the private sector, where appropriate;", "(j) Promote the production, training and retention of health workers with a view to facilitating adequate deployment of a skilled health workforce within countries and regions, in accordance with the World Health Organization Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel;[10]", "(k) Strengthen, as appropriate, information systems for health planning and management, including through the collection, disaggregation, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of data and the development of population-based national registries and surveys, where appropriate, to facilitate appropriate and timely interventions for the entire population;", "(l) According to national priorities, give greater priority to surveillance, early detection, screening, diagnosis and treatment of non-communicable diseases and prevention and control, and to improving accessibility to safe, affordable, effective and quality medicines and technologies to diagnose and to treat them; provide sustainable access to medicines and technologies, including through the development and use of evidence-based guidelines for the treatment of non‑communicable diseases, and efficient procurement and distribution of medicines in countries; and strengthen viable financing options and promote the use of affordable medicines, including generics, as well as improved access to preventive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative services, particularly at the community level;", "(m) According to country-led prioritization, ensure the scaling-up of effective, evidence-based and cost-effective interventions that demonstrate the potential to treat individuals with non-communicable diseases, protect those at high risk of developing them and reduce risk across populations;", "(n) Recognize the importance of universal coverage in national health systems, especially through primary health care and social protection mechanisms, to provide access to health services for all, in particular for the poorest segments of the population;", "(o) Promote the inclusion of non-communicable disease prevention and control within sexual and reproductive health and maternal and child health programmes, especially at the primary health-care level, as well as other programmes, as appropriate, and also integrate interventions in these areas into non‑communicable disease prevention programmes;", "(p) Promote access to comprehensive and cost-effective prevention, treatment and care for the integrated management of non-communicable diseases, including, inter alia, increased access to affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and diagnostics and other technologies, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) flexibilities;", "(q) Improve diagnostic services, including by increasing the capacity of and access to laboratory and imaging services with adequate and skilled manpower to deliver such services, and collaborate with the private sector to improve affordability, accessibility and maintenance of diagnostic equipment and technologies;", "(r) Encourage alliances and networks that bring together national, regional and global actors, including academic and research institutes, for the development of new medicines, vaccines, diagnostics and technologies, learning from experiences in the field of HIV/AIDS, among others, according to national priorities and strategies;", "(s) Strengthen health-care infrastructure, including for procurement, storage and distribution of medicine, in particular transportation and storage networks to facilitate efficient service delivery;", "International cooperation, including collaborative partnerships", "46. Strengthen international cooperation in support of national, regional and global plans for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, inter alia, through the exchange of best practices in the areas of health promotion, legislation, regulation and health systems strengthening, training of health personnel, development of appropriate health-care infrastructure and diagnostics, and by promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate, affordable and sustainable transfer of technology on mutually agreed terms and the production of affordable, safe, effective and quality medicines and vaccines, while recognizing the leading role of the World Health Organization as the primary specialized agency for health in that regard;", "47. Acknowledge the contribution of aid targeted at the health sector, while recognizing that much more needs to be done. We call for the fulfilment of all official development assistance-related commitments, including the commitments by many developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income for official development assistance by 2015, as well as the commitments contained in the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the Decade 2011–2020,[11] and strongly urge those developed countries that have not yet done so to make additional concrete efforts to fulfil their commitments;", "48. Stress the importance of North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation, in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, to promote at the national, regional and international levels an enabling environment to facilitate healthy lifestyles and choices, bearing in mind that South-South cooperation is not a substitute for, but rather a complement to, North-South cooperation;", "49. Promote all possible means to identify and mobilize adequate, predictable and sustained financial resources and the necessary human and technical resources, and to consider support for voluntary, cost-effective, innovative approaches for a long- term financing of non-communicable disease prevention and control, taking into account the Millennium Development Goals;", "50. Acknowledge the contribution of international cooperation and assistance in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, and in this regard encourage the continued inclusion of non-communicable diseases in development cooperation agendas and initiatives;", "51. Call upon the World Health Organization, as the lead United Nations specialized agency for health, and all other relevant United Nations system agencies, funds and programmes, the international financial institutions, development banks and other key international organizations to work together in a coordinated manner to support national efforts to prevent and control non-communicable diseases and mitigate their impacts;", "52. Urge relevant international organizations to continue to provide technical assistance and capacity-building to developing countries, especially to the least developed countries, in the areas of non-communicable disease prevention and control and promotion of access to medicines for all, including through the full use of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights flexibilities and provisions;", "53. Enhance the quality of aid by strengthening national ownership, alignment, harmonization, predictability, mutual accountability and transparency, and results orientation;", "54. Engage non-health actors and key stakeholders, where appropriate, including the private sector and civil society, in collaborative partnerships to promote health and to reduce non-communicable disease risk factors, including through building community capacity in promoting healthy diets and lifestyles;", "55. Foster partnerships between government and civil society, building on the contribution of health-related non-governmental organizations and patients’ organizations, to support, as appropriate, the provision of services for the prevention and control, treatment and care, including palliative care, of non-communicable diseases;", "56. Promote the capacity-building of non-communicable-disease-related non-governmental organizations at the national and regional levels, in order to realize their full potential as partners in the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases;", "Research and development", "57. Promote actively national and international investments and strengthen national capacity for quality research and development, for all aspects related to the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases, in a sustainable and cost‑effective manner, while noting the importance of continuing to incentivize innovation;", "58. Promote the use of information and communications technology to improve programme implementation, health outcomes, health promotion, and reporting and surveillance systems and to disseminate, as appropriate, information on affordable, cost-effective, sustainable and quality interventions, best practices and lessons learned in the field of non-communicable diseases;", "59. Support and facilitate non-communicable-disease-related research, and its translation, to enhance the knowledge base for ongoing national, regional and global action;", "Monitoring and evaluation", "60. Strengthen, as appropriate, country-level surveillance and monitoring systems, including surveys that are integrated into existing national health information systems and include monitoring exposure to risk factors, outcomes, social and economic determinants of health, and health system responses, recognizing that such systems are critical in appropriately addressing non-communicable diseases;", "61. Call upon the World Health Organization, with the full participation of Member States, informed by their national situations, through its existing structures, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on continuing efforts to develop, before the end of 2012, a comprehensive global monitoring framework, including a set of indicators, capable of application across regional and country settings, including through multisectoral approaches, to monitor trends and to assess progress made in the implementation of national strategies and plans on non-communicable diseases;", "62. Call upon the World Health Organization, in collaboration with Member States through the governing bodies of the World Health Organization, and in collaboration with United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and other relevant regional and international organizations, as appropriate, building on the work already under way, to prepare recommendations for a set of voluntary global targets for the prevention and control of non‑communicable diseases, before the end of 2012;", "63. Consider the development of national targets and indicators based on national situations, building on guidance provided by the World Health Organization, to focus on efforts to address the impacts of non-communicable diseases and to assess the progress made in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases and their risk factors and determinants;", "Follow-up", "64. Request the Secretary-General, in close collaboration with the Director-General of the World Health Organization, and in consultation with Member States, United Nations funds and programmes and other relevant international organizations, to submit by the end of 2012 to the General Assembly, at its sixty-seventh session, for consideration by Member States, options for strengthening and facilitating multisectoral action for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases through effective partnership;", "65. Request the Secretary-General, in collaboration with Member States, the World Health Organization and relevant funds, programmes and specialized agencies of the United Nations system to present to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in this Political Declaration, including on the progress of multisectoral action, and the impact on the achievement of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in preparation for a comprehensive review and assessment in 2014 of the progress achieved in the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases.", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2302, No. 41032.", "[2]  Available at http://www.who.int/publications/en/.", "[3]  World Health Organization, Fifty-seventh World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–22 May 2004, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA57/2004/REC/1), resolution 57.17, annex.", "[4]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 3.", "[5]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/64/3/Rev.1), chap. III, para. 56.", "[6]  See A/65/859.", "[7]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-fourth World Health Assembly, Geneva, 16–24 May 2011, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA64/2011/REC/1).", "[8]  World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 4.", "[9]  Available at www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf.", "[10]  See World Health Organization, Sixty-third World Health Assembly, Geneva, 17–21 May 2010, Resolutions and Decisions, Annexes (WHA63/2010/REC/1), annex 5.", "[11]  See Report of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Istanbul, Turkey, 9‑13 May 2011 (United Nations publication, Sales No. 11.II.A.1), chap. II." ]

[ "2011年9月19日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.1)]", "66/2. 预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议 的政治宣言", "大会", "通过本决议所附《预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议的政治宣言》。", "2011年9月19日", "第3次全体会议", "附件", "预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议的政治宣言", "我们这些国家元首和政府首脑及国家和政府的代表于2011年9月19日至20日汇聚联合国，审议全世界预防和控制非传染性疾病问题，尤其侧重于由此带来的特别是对发展中国家而言在发展和其他方面的挑战及社会和经济影响，", "1. 承认非传染性疾病给全球带来的负担和威胁是二十一世纪发展的主要挑战之一，有损世界各地的社会和经济发展，并威胁到国际商定发展目标的实现；", "2. 确认非传染性疾病对许多会员国的经济是一个威胁，可能导致国家之间及人口之间的不平等加剧；", "3. 确认各国政府在应对非传染性疾病挑战方面有着首要作用，承担首要责任，社会所有部门都必须作出努力，参与进来，以拿出预防和控制非传染性疾病的有效对策；", "4. 又确认国际社会和国际合作可以发挥重要作用，协助会员国，特别是发展中国家，并补充各国为拿出有效对策以应对非传染性疾病而作出的努力；", "5. 重申人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利；", "6. 确认迫切需要在全球、区域和国家各级采取更大力度的预防和控制非传染性疾病措施，以便推动全面实现人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利；", "7. 回顾大会的相关规定，尤其是2010年5月12日第64/265号和2010年12月24日第65/238号决议；", "8. 赞赏地注意到世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》，[1] 重申世界卫生大会通过的关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有相关决议和决定，并着重指出，会员国必须通过实施世界卫生组织《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》[2] 以及《饮食、锻炼和健康全球战略》[3] 和《减少酗酒全球战略》，[4] 继续应对非传染性疾病的共同风险因素；", "9. 回顾经济及社会理事会2009年高级别部分通过的部长级宣言，[5] 其中呼吁采取紧急行动实施《预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略》及其相关的《行动计划》；", "10. 赞赏地表示注意到在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面采取的所有区域举措，包括2007年9月通过的题为“团结一致共同制止慢性非传染性疾病流行”的《加勒比共同体国家元首和政府首脑宣言》、2008年8月通过的《关于非洲健康与环境的利伯维尔宣言》、2009年11月通过的关于采取行动战胜非传染性疾病的英联邦政府首脑声明、2009年6月通过的第五次美洲首脑会议承诺宣言、世界卫生组织欧洲区域成员国于2010年3月通过的《环境与健康问题帕尔马宣言》、2010年12月通过的《中东和北非区域糖尿病和慢性非传染性疾病问题迪拜宣言》、2006年11月通过的《欧洲制止肥胖宪章》、2011年6月《肥胖问题阿鲁巴行动呼吁》和2011年7月通过的关于太平洋区域应对非传染性疾病挑战的《霍尼拉公报》；", "11. 又赞赏地表示注意到区域多部门协商的成果，包括部长级宣言的通过，这些协商由世界卫生组织与会员国协作进行，各区域委员会和其他相关联合国机构和实体给予支持并积极参与，协商目的是依照第65/238号决议为高级别会议的筹备提供投入；", "12. 欣见俄罗斯联邦和世界卫生组织于2011年4月28日和29日在莫斯科组织召开了首届健康生活方式和非传染性疾病控制问题全球部长级会议并通过《莫斯科宣言》，[6] 并回顾世界卫生大会第64.11号决议；[7]", "13. 确认世界卫生组织作为负责卫生事务的首要专门机构的主导作用，包括根据其任务规定在卫生政策方面的作用和职能，并重申它在促进和监测其他相关联合国机构、开发银行及其他区域和国际组织采取全球行动防治非传染性疾病以协调应对此类疾病方面工作的领导和协调作用；", "一个已达流行病严重程度的挑战及其对社会经济和发展的影响", "14. 深为关切地注意到，根据世界卫生组织2008年的资料，全球5 700万例死亡中估计有3 600万例系非传染性疾病致死，主要是心血管疾病、癌症、慢性呼吸系统疾病和糖尿病，包括约900万未满60岁死亡者，而这些死亡案例有近80%发生在发展中国家；", "15. 又深为关切地注意到，非传染性疾病是可避免的发病及相关的致残问题的主因之一；", "16. 进一步确认，非洲目前最常见的死因是传染病、孕产和围产期病症及营养不足，并关切地注意到，包括在非洲，非传染性疾病发生率迅速上升所造成的双重疾病负担不断加重，预计到2030年，非传染性疾病将成为最常见的死因；", "17. 进一步注意到另外还有多种非传染性疾病和病症，其风险因素以及对预防措施、筛查、治疗和护理的需要与四种最主要的非传染性疾病有关联；", "18. 确认精神和神经失常，包括阿尔茨海默氏病，是一大病因，增加了全球非传染性疾病负担，为此需要提供可公平享有的有效方案和保健干预措施的机会；", "19. 确认肾脏和口腔疾病及眼疾对许多国家构成一大卫生负担，这些疾病有着共同的风险因素，可得益于防治非传染性疾病的共同对策；", "20. 确认最主要的几种非传染性疾病都与吸烟、酗酒、不健康饮食和缺少锻炼这些共同风险因素有关联；", "21. 确认人们的生活条件和生活方式影响其健康和生活质量，贫穷、财富分配不均、缺乏教育、迅速城市化、人口老化以及经济社会、性别、政治、行为和环境方面的健康决定因素等等，都是导致非传染性疾病发生率和流行率上升的因素；", "22. 严重关切地注意到，非传染性疾病及其风险因素加剧贫穷，而贫穷又导致非传染性疾病发生率上升，形成一个恶性循环，对公共卫生及经济和社会发展构成威胁；", "23. 关切地注意到，非传染性疾病的患病人数迅速增加，影响到所有年龄、性别、种族和收入水平的人，又关切地注意到，贫穷人口和处境脆弱者，特别是在发展中国家，承受着不成比例的负担，并关切地注意到，非传染性疾病可能对男女产生不同的影响；", "24. 关切地注意到，肥胖在不同区域，尤其是在儿童和青年之中，日趋普遍，并注意到肥胖、不健康饮食和缺少锻炼与四大非传染性疾病有着很大的关联，并且关系到卫生费用趋高和生产力下降；", "25. 表示深为关切妇女承担着不成比例的护理负担，而在有些群体中，妇女往往比男子的体力活动少，更有可能肥胖，她们吸烟比例也在惊人地增长；", "26. 又关切地注意到，母婴健康与非传染性疾病及其风险因素有着密不可分的关联，具体地说，产前营养不良和出生体重过低导致今后易患肥胖症、高血压、心脏病和糖尿病的体质，而妊娠情况，诸如孕产妇肥胖和妊娠糖尿病，也与母亲及其子女所面临的类似风险有关联；", "27. 关切地注意到，非传染性疾病与艾滋病毒/艾滋病等一些传染性疾病可能有关联，呼吁酌情将艾滋病毒/艾滋病和非传染性疾病防治对策结合起来，并在此方面吁请遵照各国的国家优先事项，关注艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染者，特别是在艾滋病毒/艾滋病感染率高的国家；", "28. 确认室内烹调或供暖所用的低能效炉灶所产生的烟雾导致并可能加剧肺病和呼吸系统疾病，对贫穷人口中的妇女和儿童影响尤其之大，因为这些家庭可能依赖此类燃料；", "29. 又承认在非传染性疾病负担方面，以及在非传染性疾病的预防和控制机会方面，国与国之间、国家内部和社区内部都存在着显著的不平等；", "30. 确认加强卫生系统，包括加强保健基础设施、卫生人力资源及卫生和社会保护系统，尤其是在发展中国家，以便有效和公平地应对非传染性疾病患者的保健需要，至关重要；", "31. 严重关切地注意到，非传染性疾病及其风险因素导致个人、家庭和社区的负担加重，包括长期治疗和护理费用所致的贫穷，并导致生产力损失，威胁到家庭收入，致使个人和家庭的生产力和会员国的经济受损，从而使非传染性疾病成为贫穷和饥饿的一个导因，可能直接影响到包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的实现；", "32. 表示深为关切金融和经济危机、动荡的能源和粮食价格、对粮食安全的持续关切所产生的持续消极影响，以及气候变化和生物多样性丧失所引起的日益严重的挑战及其对预防和控制非传染性疾病的影响，并在此方面强调需要迅速作出强有力、协调和多部门的努力来应对这些影响，同时加强已在进行的努力；", "应对挑战：整个政府和全社会的努力", "33. 确认通过所有会员国和其他相关的利益攸关方在地方、国家、区域和全球各级采取集体和多部门的行动，通过在发展合作中更优先重视非传染性疾病并在此方面加强合作，全世界不断趋升的非传染性疾病流行率、发病率和死亡率在很大程度上可以得到预防和控制；", "34. 确认预防工作必须是全球防治非传染性疾病对策的基石；", "35. 又确认亟需降低个人和人口群体受非传染性疾病共同的可改变的风险因素(即吸烟、不健康饮食、缺少锻炼和酗酒)及其决定因素的影响程度，同时增强个人和人口群体作出更健康的选择和采取促进健康的生活方式的能力；", "36. 确认为了有效地预防和控制非传染性疾病，需要在政府一级发挥领导作用和采取多部门的卫生举措，包括酌情将卫生工作纳入跨越卫生、教育、能源、农业、体育、交通、通信、城市规划、环境、劳务、就业、工业和贸易、金融及社会和经济发展各个部门的所有政策和整个政府的举措之中；", "37. 肯定个人、家庭和社区、政府间组织和宗教机构、民间社会、学术界、媒体、志愿社团以及在适当情况下包括私营部门和企业界在内的所有相关利益攸关方在支持预防和控制非传染性疾病的国家努力方面所作出的贡献和发挥的重要作用，并确认需要进一步支持加强在这些利益攸关方之间的协调，以便提高这些努力的成效；", "38. 确认烟草业与公共卫生之间有着根本的利益冲突；", "39. 确认采取一种融入循证、可负担、具有成本效益、面向全民的多部门干预措施的办法，可在很大程度上预防或减少非传染性疾病的发生率和影响；", "40. 承认国家、区域和国际各级专用于应对非传染性疾病挑战的资源与这个问题的严重程度不匹配；", "41. 确认必须加强地方、省市、国家和区域各级的能力，以应对和有效防治非传染性疾病，尤其是在发展中国家，为此可能需要长期提供更多的人力、财政和技术资源；", "42. 承认需要在政府各级订立多部门的卫生方针，以期全面、果断地应对非传染性疾病的风险因素和影响健康的基本决定因素；", "非传染性疾病是可以预防的，其影响可以大幅减少，从而可以挽救成百上千万人的生命，并避免难言之苦。因此，我们承诺：", "减少风险因素并创造促进健康的环境", "43. 推进采取多部门、具有成本效益、面向全民的干预措施，以便减少非传染性疾病的共同风险因素，即吸烟、不健康饮食、缺少锻炼和酗酒等因素的影响，途径包括在无损主权国家酌情决定和订立税收政策和其他政策的权利的前提下，执行相关的国际协定和战略以及教育、立法、调控和财政措施，为此而酌情使所有相关的部门、民间社会和社区参与其中，并采取以下行动：", "(a) 鼓励拟订多部门公共政策，以期创造公平的促进健康环境，使个人、家庭和社区有能力作出健康的选择和过上健康的生活；", "(b) 酌情拟订、强化和实施多部门公共政策和行动计划以促进卫生教育和卫生知识普及，包括为此在学校内外实施循证教育及宣传战略和方案并开展公共认识宣传，以此作为推进非传染性疾病预防和控制工作的要素，同时确认在许多国家，对卫生知识普及工作的大力注重还处于早期阶段；", "(c) 世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》缔约国加快执行该《公约》，确认有众多措施，包括旨在减少消费和供应的措施可供采取，并鼓励尚未加入该《公约》的国家考虑加入，确认大幅减少烟草消费是有助于减少非传染性疾病的一个重要因素，可对个人和国家产生可观的健康惠益，而价格和征税措施是减少烟草消费的有效和重要手段；", "(d) 推进实施《饮食、锻炼和健康全球战略》，包括为此酌情采取旨在促进全民健康饮食和增加锻炼的政策和行动，触及日常生活的各个方面，诸如优先重视学校的常规和强化体育课,进行利于非机动出行的城市规划和改造，为工作场所健康生活方案提供奖励，并增加公园及娱乐场所可供公众使用的安全环境以鼓励身体锻炼；", "(e) 推动实施《减少酗酒全球战略》，同时确认需要与相关的利益攸关方协商拟订适当的国内行动计划，以便拟订具体的政策和方案，包括考虑到全球战略中指出的众多可选办法，以及提高对酗酒所致问题的认识，尤其是在年轻人中，并呼吁世界卫生组织在此方面加紧努力帮助会员国；", "(f) 在酌情考虑到现有立法和国家政策的情况下，推动实施世界卫生组织《关于向儿童推销食品和非酒精类饮料的一套建议》，[8] 包括饱和脂肪、反式脂肪酸、游离糖或盐含量高的食品，同时确认研究表明，面向儿童的食品广告很多，所推销的有很大一部分是高脂肪、高糖或高盐食品，而电视广告影响着儿童的食物喜好、购买要求和消费模式；", "(g) 在考虑到现有立法和政策的情况下，酌情推动拟订和着手实施具有成本效益的干预措施，以减少食品中的盐、糖和饱和脂肪并消除工业生产的反式脂肪，包括为此而劝阻生产和推销不利于健康饮食的食品；", "(h) 鼓励旨在支持生产和制造及便利获取有利于健康饮食的食品的政策，并为利用健康的当地农产品和食品提供更多机会，从而帮助努力应对全球化带来的挑战和利用由此带来的机会，并实现粮食安全；", "(i) 促进、保护和支持母乳喂养，包括酌情采取出生至6个月左右完全母乳喂养的办法，因为母乳喂养减少易受感染和营养不足的风险，促进婴幼儿成长和发育，有助于减少今后患上肥胖症和非传染性疾病等问题的风险，并在这方面加强《母乳代用品国际营销守则》[9] 及其后的世界卫生大会相关决议的实施；", "(j) 推动扩大具有成本效益的疫苗接种面，以预防与癌症相关的感染，作为国家免疫计划的一部分；", "(k) 根据国情推动扩大具有成本效益的癌症筛查方案的覆盖面；", "(l) 酌情扩大已证明有效的一揽子干预措施，诸如促进健康和初级干预办法，并通过有意义的多部门对策激发预防和控制非传染性疾病的行动，应对风险因素和健康决定因素；", "44. 为了增强其对非传染性疾病预防和控制工作的贡献，呼吁私营部门酌情：", "(a) 采取措施实施世界卫生组织《关于减少向儿童推销不健康食品和非酒精类饮料的影响的一套建议》，其中要考虑到现有的国家立法和政策；", "(b) 考虑生产和促销更多符合健康饮食要求的食品，包括为此而改变产品配方以提供更健康的选择，使这些产品可以负担、可以得到并符合相关的营养成分和标签标准，包括提供关于糖、盐和脂肪的信息，并酌情提供反式脂肪含量信息；", "(c) 在工人中促进和创造有利于健康行为的环境，包括通过职业安全和健康措施，酌情包括良好的企业做法、工作场所身心健康方案和健康保险计划，建立无烟工作场所及安全和健康的工作环境；", "(d) 努力减少食品业的用盐量，以便降低钠消费；", "(e) 帮助努力改善预防和控制非传染性疾病的药物和技术的可获得性和可负担性；", "加强国家政策和卫生系统", "45. 酌情在2013年以前促进、建立或支持和加强预防和控制非传染性疾病的多部门国家政策和计划，同时要酌情考虑到《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》及其中所载目标，并采取步骤执行这些政策和计划：", "(a) 加强非传染性疾病政策和方案，并酌情将其纳入每个会员国的卫生规划进程和国家发展议程之中；", "(b) 酌情努力全面加强卫生系统，支持初级保健，提供有效、可持续和协调的应对措施以及循证、具有成本效益、公平和综合的基本服务，解决非传染性疾病的风险因素和非传染性疾病的预防、治疗和护理问题，承认促进增强非传染性疾病患者的病人权能、康复和姑息护理以及采取终生办法的重要性，因为非传染性疾病往往具有慢性性质；", "(c) 根据国家优先事项，并考虑到国情，增加并优先安排预算分配来应对非传染性疾病的风险因素，监测、预防、及早发现和治疗非传染性疾病及提供相关的护理和支持，包括姑息护理；", "(d) 探索通过国内、双边、区域和多边渠道，包括传统的和自愿创新的筹资机制来提供足够、可预测和持续的资源；", "(e) 追求和促进利用以按性别和年龄分类的数据为依据的基于性别的方法来预防和控制非传染性疾病，努力解决非传染性疾病对女性和男性在发病和死亡风险方面的重大差异；", "(f) 促进多部门和多方利益攸关方的参与，以分别扭转、遏止和减少儿童、青年和成年人中肥胖的上升趋势；", "(g) 确认土著人民与非土著人口在非传染性疾病发生率及其共同风险因素方面存在何种健康差距，而这些差距往往与历史、经济和社会因素相关联，鼓励土著人民和社区酌情参与拟订、实施和评价非传染性疾病预防和控制政策、计划和方案，同时促进发展和加强各级能力，承认土著人民的文化遗产和传统知识，尊重、保护和酌情促进他们的传统医药，包括保护他们重要的药用植物、动物和矿物；", "(h) 进一步确认传统和地方知识的潜力和贡献，并在这方面，酌情根据每个国家的国情，按照国家能力、优先事项、相关立法和情形，尊重和维护传统医药、治疗和做法的知识及安全和有效利用；", "(i) 作出一切必要的努力，在所有部门加强国家主导的、可持续、具有成本效益和全面的预防非传染性疾病的对策，要酌情争取这些疾病的患者、民间社会和私营部门充分和积极的参与；", "(j) 促进造就、培训和留住卫生工作人员，以推动按照世界卫生组织《全球卫生人员国际招聘行为守则》，[10] 在各国和区域内部充足部署熟练的卫生工作人员队伍；", "(k) 酌情加强卫生工作规划和管理信息系统，包括为此而收集、分类、分析、解释和传播数据以及酌情开发基于人口的国家登记册和调查，以便利对整个人口采取适当和及时的干预措施；", "(l) 根据国家优先事项，更加优先重视非传染性疾病的监测、早期发现、筛查、诊断和治疗以及预防和控制，改进获得安全、负担得起、有效和优质的药物和技术来诊断和治疗这些疾病的情况；通过拟订和使用循证准则来治疗非传染性疾病，在各国高效率采购和分配药物等手段来提供可持续获得药物和技术的机会；加强可行的筹资方案，促进使用负担得起的药物，包括非专利药，并特别是在社区一级改善获得预防、治疗、姑息护理和康复等服务的机会；", "(m) 根据国家主导制定的优先次序，确保扩大展现出治疗非传染性疾病患者的潜力的有效、循证和具有成本效益的干预措施，保护那些有高染病风险的人，并降低整个人口的风险；", "(n) 确认国家卫生系统覆盖全民，特别是通过初级保健和社会保护机制，向所有人，特别是人口中最贫穷的阶层提供获得卫生服务的机会的重要性；", "(o) 推动将非传染性疾病的预防和控制纳入性健康和生殖健康以及孕产妇和儿童健康方案中，特别是在初级保健一级，且酌情纳入其他方案，并将这些领域的干预措施纳入非传染性疾病预防方案中；", "(p) 促进获得全面和具有成本效益的预防、治疗和护理的机会，以综合管理非传染性疾病，其中除其他外，包括增加获得负担得起、安全、有效和优质药物和诊断及其他技术的机会，包括为此充分利用与贸易有关的知识产权灵活做法；", "(q) 改善诊断服务，包括增加实验室和影像服务的能力和获得这些服务的机会，以充足和熟练的人力资源来提供这种服务，并与私营部门合作，改善诊断设备和技术的可负担性、可获得性和保养；", "(r) 鼓励结成联盟和网络，将国家、区域和全球行为体，包括学术和研究机构聚集在一起，根据国家优先事项和战略，借鉴艾滋病毒/艾滋病及其他领域的经验，开发新药物、疫苗、诊断办法和技术；", "(s) 加强保健基础设施，包括用于采购、储存和分发药物的设施，特别是运输和存储网络，以便促进高效率的服务供应；", "国际合作，包括合作伙伴关系", "46. 加强国际合作，支持国家、区域和全球预防和控制非传染性疾病计划，尤其是交流下列领域的最佳做法：促进健康，加强立法、法规和卫生系统，培训卫生人员，发展适当的保健基础设施和诊断办法，以及促进开发和以共同商定的条件传播适当、负担得起和可持续的技术转让，生产负担得起、安全、有效和优质的药物和疫苗，同时认识到世界卫生组织作为负责卫生问题的主要专门机构在这方面的领导作用；", "47. 承认专门针对卫生部门的援助的贡献，同时确认还有许多工作要做。我们呼吁履行所有与官方发展援助有关的承诺，包括许多发达国家作出的到2015年使官方发展援助占其国民总收入0.7%的承诺和《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领 》[11] 中所载的承诺，并强烈敦促那些尚未这样做的发达国家作出更多具体努力来履行其承诺；", "48. 强调在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面开展南北、南南和三角合作，在国家、区域和国际各级促进有利的环境来推动健康的生活方式和选择的重要性，同时铭记南南合作不是要取代，而是补充南北合作；", "49. 促进以一切可能的手段确定和调动充足、可预测和持续的财政资源以及必要的人力和技术资源，并考虑支持以自愿、具有成本效益和创新的办法为预防和控制非传染性疾病筹措长期资金，同时要考虑到千年发展目标；", "50. 承认国际合作和援助在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面所作的贡献，并在这方面鼓励继续将非传染性疾病列入发展合作议程和倡议中；", "51. 吁请作为负责卫生问题的联合国主管专门机构的世界卫生组织和联合国系统所有其他相关的机构、基金和方案以及国际金融机构、开发银行和其他重要国际组织，以协调的方式共同努力，支持各国努力预防和控制非传染性疾病和减轻其影响；", "52. 敦促相关国际组织继续在预防和控制非传染性疾病以及促进所有人有机会获得药物方面，向发展中国家，特别是向最不发达国家提供技术援助和能力建设，包括为此充分利用与贸易有关的知识产权灵活做法和规定；", "53. 加强国家自主、看齐调整、统一、可预测性、相互问责和透明度以及注重成果，从而提高援助质量；", "54. 酌情让非卫生部门行为体和关键利益攸关方，包括私营部门和民间社会参与合作伙伴关系，促进健康和减少非传染性疾病风险因素，包括为此建设社区促进健康饮食和生活方式的能力；", "55. 培育政府和民间社会之间的伙伴关系，利用与卫生有关的非政府组织和患者组织所作的贡献，酌情支持提供预防和控制、治疗和护理非传染性疾病的服务，包括姑息护理服务；", "56. 在国家和区域各级促进与非传染性疾病有关的非政府组织的能力建设，以实现其作为预防和控制非传染性疾病合作伙伴的全部潜力；", "研发工作", "57. 积极促进国家和国际投资，并加强以可持续和具有成本效益的方式对涉及预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有方面进行优质研发的国家能力，同时注意到继续激励创新的重要性；", "58. 促进利用信息和通信技术改善方案执行、卫生成果、卫生宣传及报告和监视系统，并酌情传播有关非传染性疾病领域负担得起、具有成本效益、可持续和优质的干预措施、最佳做法和经验教训等方面的信息；", "59. 支持和促进有关非传染性疾病的研究及其翻译，以改进可供进行中的国家、区域和全球行动使用的知识库；", "监测与评价", "60. 酌情加强国家一级的监督和监测系统，包括已纳入现有的国家卫生信息系统，且包含对健康的风险因素、结果及其社会和经济决定因素的监测以及卫生系统的对策等内容的调查，同时确认此类系统对妥善处理非传染性疾病至关重要；", "61. 呼吁世界卫生组织在会员国的充分参与下，参照各国的国情，通过其现有架构，并与联合国各机构、基金和方案，酌情与其他相关的区域和国际组织合作，以正在持续作出的努力为基础，在2012年年底前制定出包括一套指标，能够适用于各个区域和国家背景的全面的全球监测框架，包括采取多部门办法，监测有关非传染性疾病的国家战略和计划的执行趋势，并评估有关的进展情况；", "62. 呼吁世界卫生组织通过其各理事机构与会员国合作，并与联合国各机构、基金和方案，以及酌情与其他相关的区域和国际组织合作，以业已开展的工作为基础，为在2012年年底前出台一套预防和控制非传染性疾病全球自愿指标编写有关建议；", "63. 考虑以世界卫生组织提供的指导为基础，根据国情制订国家目标和指标，着重努力解决非传染性疾病的影响，评估在预防和控制非传染性疾病及其风险因素和决定因素方面取得的进展；", "后续行动", "64. 请秘书长与世界卫生组织总干事密切合作，并与会员国、联合国各基金和方案及其他相关国际组织协商，在2012年年底前向大会第六十七届会议提交有关通过有效的伙伴关系加强和促进采取预防和控制非传染性疾病多部门行动的各种备选办法，供会员国审议；", "65. 请秘书长与会员国、世界卫生组织和联合国系统相关基金、方案和专门机构合作，向大会第六十八届会议提交一份报告，说明在实现本《政治宣言》中所作承诺方面取得的进展，包括多部门行动的进展，以及对实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的影响，以筹备2014年全面审查和评估在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面取得的进展。", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2302卷，第41032号。", "[2] 可查阅http://www.who.int/publications/eng/。", "[3] 世界卫生组织，《第五十七届世界卫生大会，2004年5月17日至22日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA57/2004/REC/1)，第57.17号决议，附件。", "[4] 世界卫生组织，《第六十三次世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件3。", "[5] 见《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第3号》(A/64/3/Rev.1)，第三章，第56段。", "[6] 见A/65/859。", "[7] 见世界卫生组织，《第六十四届世界卫生大会，2011年5月16日至24日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA64/2011/REC/1)。", "[8] 世界卫生组织，《第六十三届世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件4。", "[9] 可查阅www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf。", "[10] 见世界卫生组织，《第六十三届世界卫生大会，2010年5月17日至21日，日内瓦，决议和决定，附件》(WHA63/2010/REC/1)，附件5。", "[11] 见《第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的报告，2011年5月9日至13日，土耳其伊斯坦布尔》(A/CONF.219/7)，第二章。" ]

[ "大会2011年9月19日通过的决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.1)]", " 66/2 预防和控制非传染性疾病大会高级别会议的政治宣言", "大会", "通过本决议所附《预防和控制非传染性疾病问题大会高级别会议政治宣言》。", "第3次全体会议", "附件", "预防和控制非传染性疾病大会高级别会议的政治宣言", "我们,各国国家元首和政府首脑以及各国和各国政府的代表,于2011年9月19日和20日聚集在联合国,讨论预防和控制全世界非传染性疾病的问题,特别侧重于发展和其他挑战以及社会和经济影响,特别是对发展中国家的影响,", "1. 导言 3. 确认非传染性疾病的全球负担和威胁是二十一世纪发展面临的主要挑战之一,它破坏全世界的社会和经济发展,并威胁实现国际商定发展目标;", "2. 结 论 2. 认识到非传染性疾病对许多会员国的经济构成威胁,并可能导致国家和人口之间日益不平等;", "3. 。 2. 确认各国政府在应对非传染性疾病挑战方面的首要作用和责任,以及社会所有部门努力和参与为预防和控制非传染性疾病作出有效反应的基本需要;", "4. . 2. 又确认国际社会和国际合作在协助会员国,特别是发展中国家补充国家努力,有效应对非传染性疾病方面的重要作用;", "5. 结 论 1. 重申人人有权享有能达到的最高标准身心健康;", "6. 任务 2. 确认迫切需要在全球、区域和国家各级采取更多措施,预防和控制非传染性疾病,以促进充分实现人人享有能达到的最高标准身心健康的权利;", "7. 基本生活 1. 回顾大会相关任务,特别是2010年5月13日第64/265号决议和2010年12月24日第56/238号决议;", "8.8 赞赏地注意到世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》, *** 重申世界卫生大会通过的关于预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有相关决议和决定,并强调会员国必须通过执行世界卫生组织《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》 和《全球饮食、体育活动和健康战略》[3] 以及《减少有害使用酒精全球战略》 ,继续处理非传染性疾病的共同风险因素;[4]", "9.9 回顾经济及社会理事会2009年高级别部分通过的部长宣言, 其中呼吁采取紧急行动,执行《预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略》及其相关行动计划;", "10. 其他事项。 1. 赞赏地注意到在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面采取的所有区域举措,包括2007年9月通过的《加勒比共同体国家元首和政府首脑宣言》、 2008年8月通过的《关于非洲健康和环境的利伯维尔宣言》、 2009年11月通过的《英联邦政府首脑关于采取行动防治非传染性疾病的声明》、 2009年6月通过的《第五次美洲首脑会议承诺宣言》、2010年3月世界卫生组织欧洲区域成员国通过的《关于环境和卫生的帕拉马宣言》、2011年6月《关于北非和北阿鲁巴防治疾病的迪拜宣言》、", "注 2. 又赞赏地注意到区域多部门协商的成果,包括世界卫生组织与会员国合作,在各区域委员会和联合国其他相关机构和实体的支持和积极参与下,通过部长声明,并为根据第68/38号决议筹备生态高级别会议提供投入;", "12. 第12段。 1. 欢迎俄罗斯联邦和世界卫生组织于2011年4月28日和29日在莫斯科组织的第一届全球健康生活方式和非传染性疾病控制部长级会议的召开,以及《莫斯科宣言》的通过,回顾世界卫生大会第64.11号决议;[7]", "13 August 2001 2. 确认世界卫生组织作为主要保健专门机构的领导作用,包括根据其任务规定在卫生政策方面的作用和职能,并重申它在促进和监测针对非传染性疾病的全球行动方面发挥的领导作用和协调作用,涉及联合国其他相关机构、开发银行和其他区域和国际组织以协调的方式处理非传染疾病的工作;", "A. 流行病比例及其社会经济和发展影响的挑战", "十四、任 务 2. 深为关切地注意到,据世界卫生组织称,2008年,全球5 700万例死亡中,估计有3 600万人死于非传染性疾病,主要是心血管疾病、癌症、慢性呼吸道疾病和糖尿病,其中约900万人在60岁以前死亡,其中近80%发生在发展中国家;", "15. 第十五条 还深为关切地注意到非传染性疾病是可预防的发病率和相关残疾的主要原因;", "161 7. 还认识到传染病、产妇和围产期条件和营养不足目前是非洲最常见的死因,并关切地注意到,非洲等疾病的双重负担日益加重,原因是非传染性疾病的发病率迅速上升,预计到2030年成为最常见的死因;", "17. 第17条。 3. 还注意到存在一系列其他非传染性疾病和条件,其中风险因素以及采取预防措施、筛查、治疗和护理的必要性与四个最突出的非传染疾病有关;", "第18条 2. 认识到精神和神经紊乱,包括Alzheimer的疾病,是发病的重要原因,有助于应对全球非传染性疾病负担,为此,必须提供平等的机会,以获得有效的方案和保健干预措施;", "191 认识到肾、口和眼睛疾病对许多国家构成重大健康负担,这些疾病具有共同的风险因素,并且能够从共同应对非传染性疾病中受益;", "20.20 认识到最突出的非传染疾病与常见风险因素有关,即吸烟、有害使用酒精、饮食不健康以及缺乏体育活动;", "21.21。 认识到人们生活的条件及其生活方式影响到他们的健康和生活质量,贫穷、财富分配不均、缺乏教育、迅速城市化、人口老龄化以及健康的经济社会、性别、政治、行为和环境决定因素,是导致非传染性疾病发病率和流行率上升的因素之一;", "222. 2. 严重关切地注意到非传染疾病及其风险因素使贫穷加剧的恶性循环,而贫穷则导致非传染疾病发病率上升,对公共卫生及经济和社会发展构成威胁;", "23. 会议报告。 4. 关切地注意到非传染性疾病的迅速增长影响到所有年龄、性别、种族和收入水平的人,并进一步注意到穷人和处于脆弱境地的人,特别是发展中国家的穷人,承受着不成比例的负担,非传染性疾病对妇女和男子的影响可能有所不同;", "24. 第24段。 4. 关切地注意到不同区域的肥胖症,特别是儿童和青年的肥胖症,并注意到肥胖症、不健康饮食和身体不活跃与四种主要非传染性疾病有密切关系,与较高的健康成本和生产力下降有关;", "25. 。 2. 深切关注妇女承担不成比例的护理负担,在有些人口中,妇女往往比男性少,更有可能肥胖,而且吸烟率高得惊人;", "262. 艾滋病毒/艾滋病 还关切地注意到,产妇和儿童健康与非传染疾病及其风险因素密不可分,特别是由于产前营养不良和出生体重不足,在生活中造成肥胖症、高血压、心脏病和糖尿病的先发制人,而妊娠条件,如产妇肥胖症和ges性糖尿病,与母亲和后代的类似风险有关;", "。 4. 关切地注意到非传染性疾病和某些传染病(如艾滋病毒/艾滋病)之间可能存在的联系,呼吁酌情纳入应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病和非传染疾病的措施,并在这方面呼吁根据国家优先事项,特别注意艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者,特别是在艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行率较高的国家;", "第28次会议 认识到在室内烹饪或取暖中使用低效烹饪炉所产生的烟雾导致并可能加剧肺和呼吸道疾病,对贫穷人口中可能依赖此类燃料的妇女和儿童造成不成比例的影响;", "29. 。 5. 又确认各国之间以及各国和社区之间在非传染性疾病负担和非传染性疾病预防和控制方面存在严重不平等;", "30. 任务 3. 认识到加强卫生系统,包括保健基础设施、保健人力资源、保健和社会保护制度,特别是在发展中国家,至关重要,以便有效、公平地应对非传染性疾病患者的保健需要;", "313. 2. 严重关切地注意到,非传染性疾病及其风险因素导致个人、家庭和社区的负担增加,包括长期治疗和护理费用导致贫穷,以及生产力的丧失,威胁到家庭收入,导致个人及其家庭和会员国经济的生产力损失,使非传染性疾病成为造成贫穷和饥饿的因素,可能对实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标产生直接影响;", "323 3. 深为关切金融和经济危机、能源和粮食价格动荡、粮食保障持续关切、气候变化和生物多样性丧失构成的日益严峻挑战及其对控制和预防非传染性疾病的影响,并在这方面强调必须迅速、有力、协调和多部门努力,在已作出的努力的基础上,应对这些影响;", "应对挑战:全政府和全社会努力", "336 3. 认识到全球非传染疾病的发病率、发病率和死亡率的上升,可以通过所有会员国和其他相关利益攸关方在地方、国家、区域和全球各级采取集体和多部门行动,并通过加强这方面的合作,在发展合作中更加重视非传染性疾病,加以预防和控制;", "344. 事实 认识到预防必须是全球应对非传染性疾病的基石;", "353. 5. 还认识到减少个人和人口接触非突发性传染疾病的共同可变风险因素,即烟草使用、不健康饮食、身体不活跃和有害使用酒精及其决定因素的程度至关重要,同时加强个人和人口作出更健康选择和遵循有利于健康的生活方式的能力;", "363. 。 4. 认识到有效的非传染性疾病预防和控制需要政府一级的领导和多部门保健办法,包括酌情在卫生、教育、能源、农业、体育、运输、通信、城市规划、环境、劳工、就业、工业和贸易、金融、社会和经济发展等所有政策和整个政府办法中提供保健;", "378 2. 确认所有相关的利益攸关方,包括个人、家庭和社区、政府间组织和宗教机构、民间社会、学术界、媒体、自愿协会以及酌情支持本国预防和控制非传染性疾病的努力,作出的贡献和发挥的重要作用,并确认需要进一步支持加强这些利益攸关方之间的协调,以提高这些努力的效力;", "页: 1 承认烟草业与公共卫生之间的根本利益冲突;", "39 3. 认识到通过采用基于证据、负担得起、成本效益高、全人口和多部门干预措施的办法,可以在很大程度上预防或减少非传染性疾病的发生率和影响;", "404 2. 确认用于在国家、区域和国际各级应对非传染性疾病挑战的资源与问题的严重程度不相称;", "41 认识到必须加强地方、省、国家和区域的能力,以应对和有效地防治非传染性疾病,特别是在发展中国家,这可能需要增加和持续的人力资源、财政和技术资源;", "42 3. 确认必须在政府各级提出多部门的保健办法,全面果断地处理非传染性疾病风险因素和健康的基本决定因素;", "非传染性疾病是可以预防的,其影响可以大大减少,数百万人的生命得以拯救,无法承受的痛苦。 因此,我们承诺:", "降低风险因素,创造促进健康的环境", "434 通过执行相关的国际协定和战略以及教育、立法、管理和财政措施,推动实施多部门、成本效益高、全人口范围的干预措施,酌情让所有相关部门、民间社会和社区参与进来,并采取以下行动,以减少常见的非传染疾病风险因素的影响,即烟草使用、不健康饮食、身体不活跃和有害使用酒精:", "(a) 鼓励制定多部门公共政策,创造公平的健康促进环境,使个人、家庭和社区有能力作出健康选择并过健康的生活;", "(b) 酌情制定、加强和执行多部门公共政策和行动计划,促进健康教育和卫生知识,包括在学校内外通过基于证据的教育和信息战略和方案,并开展提高公众认识的运动,以此作为促进预防和控制非传染性疾病的重要因素,同时认识到许多国家正在早期阶段大力注重卫生知识;", "(c) 加速执行《世界卫生组织烟草控制框架公约》,确认包括减少消费和供应措施在内的各项措施,并鼓励尚未加入《公约》的国家考虑加入《公约》,认识到大幅减少烟草消费是减少非传染性疾病的一项重要贡献,可为个人和国家带来巨大的健康惠益,而价格和税收措施是减少烟草消费的有效和重要手段;", "(d) 推进执行《全球饮食、体育活动和健康战略》,包括酌情制定政策和行动,促进健康饮食,增加整个人口的体育活动,包括在日常生活的各个方面,例如优先重视学校经常和密集的体育课堂、城市规划和积极运输的再设计、奖励工作场所健康生活方式方案以及增加公共公园和娱乐场所的安全环境以鼓励体育活动;", "(e) 促进《减少有害使用酒精全球战略》的执行,同时认识到需要与有关利益攸关方协商,制定适当的国内行动计划,制定具体政策和方案,包括考虑到《全球战略》所确定的各种备选办法,并提高对有害使用酒精特别是年轻人使用酒精所造成的问题的认识,并吁请世界卫生组织加紧努力,在这方面向会员国提供援助;", "(f) 促进执行世界卫生组织《关于向儿童销售食品和非酒精饮料的一套建议》, 包括高饱和脂肪、转脂酸、免费食糖或盐类的食物,同时认识到研究表明,针对儿童的食品广告范围广泛,大量销售是脂肪、糖或盐类含量高的食品,电视广告影响到儿童的粮食选择、购买要求和消费模式,同时酌情考虑到现行立法和国家政策;", "(g) 促进制定并着手酌情实施成本效益高的干预措施,减少盐类、糖和饱和脂肪,消除食品中工业生产的甲壳,包括停止生产和销售导致不健康饮食的食物,同时考虑到现行立法和政策;", "(h) 鼓励采取政策,支持生产、制造和便利获得有助于健康饮食的粮食,并为利用健康的当地农产品和粮食提供更多机会,从而有助于应对挑战,利用全球化带来的机会,实现粮食保障;", "(一) 促进、保护和支持母乳喂养,包括酌情在婴儿出生后六个月内实行全母乳喂养,因为母乳喂养降低了感染的可能性和营养不良的风险,促进了婴儿和幼儿的成长和发展,有助于减少发育不良和人生后出现非传染疾病等条件的风险,并在这方面加强执行《母乳代用品国际销售守则》[9]和其后的《世界卫生大会相关决议》;", "(j) 作为国家免疫计划的一部分,促进获得成本效益高的疫苗,以防止与癌症有关的感染;", "(k) 根据各国的情况,促进更多获得成本效益高的癌症筛查方案;", "(l) 酌情扩大一揽子经证明有效的干预措施,如健康促进和初级预防办法,并通过有意义的多部门对策,促进预防和控制非传染性疾病的行动,处理健康的风险因素和决定因素;", "444 为了加强其对预防和控制非传染性疾病的贡献,呼吁私营部门酌情:", "(a) 采取措施执行世界卫生组织的一套建议,以减少向儿童推销不健康食品和非酒精饮料的影响,同时考虑到现有的国家立法和政策;", "(b) 考虑生产并推广符合健康饮食的食品,包括重新制定产品,以提供负担得起的、可获得的更健康的选择,并遵循相关的营养事实和标签标准,包括关于食糖、食盐和脂肪的信息,以及酌情包括转脂内容的信息;", "(c) 通过职业安全和健康措施,包括酌情通过良好的公司做法、工作场所健康方案和医疗保险计划,促进和创造一个有利于工人健康行为的环境,包括建立无烟草工作场所以及安全和健康的工作环境;", "(d) 努力减少食品行业对盐的使用,以降低odium消费量;", "(e) 协助努力增加获得药物和技术的机会,并提高其承受能力,预防和控制非传染性疾病;", "加强国家政策和卫生系统", "454 酌情考虑到《2008-2013年预防和控制非传染性疾病全球战略行动计划》及其所载目标,在2013年之前酌情促进、制定或支持和加强预防和控制非传染性疾病的多部门国家政策和计划,并采取步骤执行这些政策和计划:", "(a) 加强并酌情将非传染性疾病政策和方案纳入每个会员国的卫生规划进程和国家发展议程;", "(b) 酌情全面加强卫生系统,支持初级保健,提供有效、可持续和协调的应对办法和基于证据、成本效益高、公平和综合的基本服务,以应对非传染性疾病的风险因素,预防、治疗和护理非传染性疾病,确认鉴于非传染疾病往往具有长期性,必须促进赋予病人权力、康复和减轻痛苦的护理,并采取生命周期办法;", "(c) 根据国家优先事项,并考虑到国内情况,增加并优先划拨预算,用于处理非传染疾病风险因素,用于监测、预防、早期发现和治疗非传染性疾病及相关护理和支助,包括缓解护理;", "(d) 探讨通过国内、双边、区域和多边渠道,包括传统和自愿的创新筹资机制,提供充足、可预测和持续的资源;", "(e) 根据按性别和年龄分列的数据,采取和促进基于性别的办法来预防和控制非传染性疾病,努力解决妇女和男子在非传染疾病的发病率和死亡率方面的严重差异;", "(f) 促进多部门和多方利益攸关者的参与,以扭转、制止和减少儿童、青年和成年人口的肥胖症上升趋势;", "(g) 承认土著人民与非土著居民之间在非传染性疾病及其共同风险因素的发病率方面存在健康差距,认识到这些差异往往与历史、经济和社会因素有关,鼓励土著人民和社区酌情参与制定、执行和评价非传染疾病预防和控制政策、计划和方案,同时促进各级能力的发展和加强,承认土著人民的文化遗产和传统知识,尊重、保存和促进其传统医学,包括保护其关键药用植物、动物和矿物;", "(h) 进一步认识到传统和地方知识的潜力和贡献,并在这方面根据国家能力、优先事项、相关立法和情况,适当根据各国的情况,保存传统知识、治疗和做法的知识,并安全有效地加以利用;", "(一) 作出一切必要努力,加强所有部门的国家驱动、可持续、成本效益高和全面的防治措施,以预防非传染性疾病,并酌情让这些疾病的患者、民间社会和私营部门充分和积极参与;", "(j) 促进卫生工作者的生产、培训和留用,以便根据世界卫生组织《国际征聘保健人员全球业务守则》促进在各国和各区域适当部署熟练保健工作人员;[10]", "(k) 酌情加强卫生规划和管理信息系统,包括收集、分类、分析、解释和传播数据,并酌情发展以人口为基础的国家登记册和调查,以便利对全体人口采取适当和及时的干预措施;", "(l) 根据国家优先事项,更加重视监测、早期发现、筛查、诊断和治疗非传染性疾病以及预防和控制,改善获得安全、负担得起、有效和优质药物和技术的机会,以诊断和治疗这些药物;提供可持续获得药物和技术的机会,包括制订和使用基于证据的治疗非传染病的指导方针,并高效率地采购和分发药物;加强可行的筹资办法,促进使用负担得起的药品,包括通用药品,并改善获得预防、治疗、缓解和康复服务的机会,特别是在社区一级;", "(m) 根据国家主导的优先事项,确保扩大有效的、基于证据的和具有成本效益的干预措施,这些干预措施表明有可能治疗非传染性疾病的个人,保护有发展这些疾病风险的人,减少人口风险;", "(n) 认识到普及国家卫生系统的重要性,特别是通过初级保健和社会保护机制,使所有人,特别是最贫困阶层都能获得保健服务;", "(o) 促进将非传染性疾病的预防和控制纳入性健康和生殖健康方案以及妇幼保健方案,特别是在初级保健一级,以及酌情纳入其他方案,并将这些领域的干预措施纳入非传染疾病预防方案;", "(p) 促进获得全面和具有成本效益的预防、治疗和护理,以综合管理非传染性疾病,除其他外,包括增加获得负担得起的、安全、有效和优质的药品和诊断及其他技术的机会,包括充分利用与贸易有关的知识产权的灵活性;", "(q) 改善诊断服务,包括提高实验室和成像服务的能力和获得这种服务的机会,提供充足和熟练的人力,并与私营部门合作,提高诊断设备和技术的可承受性、可获取性和维修性;", "(r) 鼓励联盟和网络,汇集国家、区域和全球行为者,包括学术和研究机构,根据国家优先事项和战略,开发新的药物、疫苗、诊断和技术,学习艾滋病毒/艾滋病领域的经验;", "(s) 加强保健基础设施,包括采购、储存和分发药品,特别是运输和储存网络,以促进高效提供服务;", "国际合作,包括合作伙伴关系", "46 加强国际合作,支持国家、区域和全球预防和控制非传染性疾病计划,途径包括交流促进健康、立法、管理和卫生系统加强、培训保健人员、发展适当的保健基础设施和诊断等方面的最佳做法,促进按照相互商定的条件开发和传播适当、负担得起和可持续的技术转让,生产负担得起的、安全、有效和优质的药品和疫苗,同时确认世界卫生组织作为保健方面的主要专门机构的领导作用;", "474. 147 承认援助对卫生部门的贡献,同时认识到还需要做更多的工作。 我们呼吁履行与官方发展援助有关的所有承诺,包括许多发达国家承诺到2015年实现官方发展援助占国民总收入0.7%的目标,以及《2011-2020十年期支援最不发达国家行动纲领》[11]所载承诺,并强烈敦促尚未这样做的发达国家作出更多具体努力,履行承诺;", "148 3. 强调南北合作、南南合作和三角合作在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面的重要性,以便在国家、区域和国际各级促进一种有利于健康的生活方式和选择的环境,同时铭记南南合作不是北南合作的替代,而是南北合作的补充;", "494. 农村妇女 1. 促进一切可能的手段,确定和调动充足、可预测和持续的财政资源以及必要的人力和技术资源,并考虑支持采取自愿、具有成本效益的创新做法,长期为预防和控制非传染性疾病提供资金,同时考虑到千年发展目标;", "50 。 2. 确认在预防和控制非传染性疾病方面国际合作和援助的贡献,并在这方面鼓励继续将非传染性疾病列入发展合作议程和倡议;", "51 5. 吁请世界卫生组织作为联合国主要保健机构,以及联合国系统所有其他相关机构、基金和方案、国际金融机构、开发银行和其他主要国际组织,以协调的方式共同努力,支持各国努力预防和控制非传染性疾病并减轻其影响;", "52. 结 论 5. 敦促有关国际组织继续向发展中国家提供技术援助和能力建设,特别是向最不发达国家提供在预防和控制非传染性疾病和促进人人获得药品方面的技术援助和能力建设,途径包括充分利用知识产权灵活性和规定与贸易有关的方面;", "532. 通过加强国家自主权、协调、统一、可预测性、相互问责制和透明度以及成果导向,提高援助的质量;", "544 酌情吸收非保健行为体和主要利益攸关方,包括私营部门和民间社会,结成合作伙伴关系,促进健康和减少非传染性疾病的风险因素,包括建设社区促进健康饮食和生活方式的能力;", "555 在卫生非政府组织和病人组织的贡献的基础上,促进政府与民间社会的伙伴关系,酌情支持提供预防和控制、治疗和护理服务,包括提供缓和护理服务,以防治非传染性疾病;", "565. 妇 女 3. 促进国家和区域两级与非传染性疾病有关的非政府组织的能力建设,以充分发挥其作为预防和控制非传染性疾病合作伙伴的潜力;", "研究和开发", "57 2. 积极促进国家和国际投资,加强国家能力,以可持续和具有成本效益的方式,在预防和控制非传染性疾病的所有方面进行高质量的研究和开发,同时注意到继续激励创新的重要性;", "58 3. 促进利用信息和通信技术改进方案执行、健康成果、促进健康、报告和监测系统,并酌情传播关于负担得起的、具有成本效益、可持续和高质量的干预措施、最佳做法和非传染性疾病领域的经验教训的信息;", "59 支持和促进与非传染性疾病有关的研究及其翻译,以加强目前国家、区域和全球行动的知识基础;", "监测和评价", "60 。 酌情加强国家一级的监测和监测系统,包括纳入现有国家卫生信息系统的调查,包括监测对风险因素、结果、健康的社会和经济决定因素以及卫生系统应对措施的影响,同时认识到这些系统对于适当处理非传染性疾病至关重要;", "61 5. 吁请世界卫生组织,在会员国充分参与下,通过现有结构,酌情与联合国各机构、基金和方案以及其他有关区域和国际组织合作,在会员国充分参与下,继续努力在2012年年底前建立一个全面的全球监测框架,包括一套指标,能够在区域和国家范围内适用,包括通过多部门办法,监测趋势,评估在执行国家非传染性疾病战略和计划方面取得的进展;", "62 。 3. 吁请世界卫生组织与会员国合作,通过世界卫生组织的理事机构,酌情与联合国各机构、基金和方案以及其他有关区域和国际组织合作,在已经开展的工作的基础上,为一套预防和控制非传染性疾病的全球自愿目标提出建议,在2012年底之前完成;", "63/63。 1. 考虑根据各国情况制定国家目标和指标,以世界卫生组织提供的指导为基础,着重努力处理非传染性疾病的影响,并评估预防和控制非传染性疾病及其风险因素和决定因素方面取得的进展;", "后续行动", "646. 8. 请秘书长同世界卫生组织总干事密切协作,与会员国、联合国各基金和方案以及其他国际组织协商,在2012年年底前,向大会第五十七届会议提出备选方案,通过有效的伙伴关系加强和促进多部门行动,预防和控制非传染性疾病,供会员国审议;", "656.65 8. 请秘书长与会员国、世界卫生组织和联合国系统相关基金、方案和专门机构合作,向大会第五十八届会议提交报告,说明在履行本《政治宣言》所作承诺方面取得的进展,包括多部门行动的进展,以及对实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标的影响,以筹备2014年全面审查和评估预防和控制非传染性疾病的进展情况。", "*** 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2302卷,第41032号。", "http://www.who.int/publications/en/。", "[3] 世界卫生组织,第五十七届世界卫生大会,2004年5月17日至22日,日内瓦,决议和决定,附件(WHA57/2004/REC/1),第57.17号决议,附件。", "[4] 世界卫生组织,《第六十三届世界卫生大会,2010年5月17日至21日,日内瓦,决议和决定,附件》(WHA63/ 2010REC/1),附件3。", "[5] 见《大会正式记录,第六十四届会议,补编第3号》(A/64/3/Rev.1),第三章,第4段。 565. 妇 女", "[6] 见A/63/859。", "[7] 见世界卫生组织,第六十四届世界卫生大会,2011年5月16日至24日,日内瓦,决议和决定,附件(WHA64/REC/1)。", "*** 世界卫生组织,第六十三届世界卫生大会,2010年5月17日至21日,日内瓦,决议和决定,附件(WHA63/ 2010REC/1),附件4。", "[9] 可查阅www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf。", "[10] 见世界卫生组织,《第六十三届世界卫生大会,2010年5月17日至21日,日内瓦,决议和决定,附件》(WHA63/ 2010REC/1),附件5。", "[11] 见《第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的报告,土耳其伊斯坦布尔,2011年5月9日(联合国出版物,出售品编号:11.II.A.1),第二章。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 September 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "The General Assembly", "Adopts the following political declaration of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action:[1]", "United against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance", "We, Heads of State and Government and representatives of States and Governments, gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 September 2011, on the occasion of the high-level meeting of the General Assembly to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action,¹", "1. Reaffirm that the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, adopted in 2001,¹ and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, adopted in 2009,[2] provide a comprehensive United Nations framework and solid foundation for combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "2. Recall that the aim of this commemoration is to mobilize political will at the national, regional and international levels, and reaffirm our political commitment to the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, and their follow-up processes, at all these levels;", "3. Welcome the progress made in many parts of the world in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance since 2001;", "4. Acknowledge that, in spite of concerted efforts by the international community in the past ten years, building on efforts of the past decades, the scourge of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, including their new forms and manifestations, still persists in all parts of the world and that countless human beings continue to the present day to be victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "5. Reaffirm that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance constitute a negation of the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights[3] and that equality and non-discrimination are fundamental principles of international law;", "6. Recall, in that regard, the importance of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[4] and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, as well as of universal ratification and effective implementation of the Convention;", "7. Resolve to pursue our common goal of ensuring the effective enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, especially for victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in all societies;", "8. Welcome the initiative to erect a permanent memorial to honour the victims of slavery and the transatlantic slave trade;", "9. Reiterate that the primary responsibility for effectively combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance lies with States;", "10. Welcome the adoption of legislative measures and the establishment of specialized national mechanisms to combat racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance;", "11. Call upon the United Nations system and international and regional organizations and invite all stakeholders, including parliaments, civil society and the private sector, to fully commit themselves and to intensify their efforts in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and welcome the continued engagement of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in incorporating the implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action into the United Nations system;", "12. Proclaim together our strong determination to make the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, and the protection of the victims thereof, a high priority for our countries.", "14th plenary meeting 22 September 2011", "[1]  See A/CONF.189/12 and Corr.1, chap. I.", "[2]  See A/CONF.211/8, chap. I.", "[3]  Resolution 217 A (III).", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, No. 9464." ]

[ "2011年9月22日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.2)]", "66/3. 团结起来，反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理 和相关不容忍行为", "大会", "通过大会纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》[1] 通过十周年高级别会议的以下政治宣言:", "团结起来，反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为", "在举行大会纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》¹ 通过十周年高级别会议之际，我们，各国国家元首和政府首脑以及国家和政府代表，于2011年9月22日齐聚纽约联合国总部，", "1. 重申，2001年通过的《德班宣言和行动纲领》¹ 以及2009年通过的德班审查会议成果文件[2] 提供了一个联合国综合框架，为打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为奠定了牢固基础；", "2. 回顾这次纪念活动的目的是调动国家、区域和国际各级的政治意愿，重申我们对在所有这些级别全面切实执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》、德班审查会议成果文件及其后续进程作出的政治承诺；", "3. 欢迎2001年以来世界许多地区在打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为方面取得进展；", "4. 承认，尽管国际社会在过去十年里作出一致努力，在过去数十年努力的基础上再接再厉，但是，种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为这一祸害，包括其新的形式和表现，依然在世界各地继续存在，无数人至今依然受害于种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为；", "5. 重申种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为是对《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》[3] 的宗旨和原则的否定，并重申平等和不歧视是国际法基本原则；", "6. 在这方面回顾《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》[4] 和消除种族歧视委员会以及普遍批准和切实执行《公约》的重要性；", "7. 决心努力实现确保各个社会的每个人，特别是种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的受害者，切实享受所有人权和基本自由这一共同目标；", "8. 欢迎竖立奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害人永久纪念碑的举措；", "9. 重申各国承担切实打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的主要责任；", "10. 欢迎采取立法措施和建立专门国家机制，打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为；", "11. 呼吁联合国系统、国际和区域组织并邀请议会、民间社会和私营部门等利益攸关方作出全面承诺，加强打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为的力度，并欢迎联合国人权事务高级专员继续参与，将执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》纳入联合国系统工作；", "12. 共同宣布我们坚定决心把打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为以及保护其受害人作为我们各国的高度优先事项。", "2011年9月22日", "第14次全体会议", "[1] 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1，第一章。", "[2] 见A/CONF.211/8，第一章。", "[3] 第217A(III)号决议。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第660卷，第9464号。" ]

[ "大会2011年9月22日通过的决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.2)]", "66/3。 反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象", "大会", "通过了纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》通过十周年的大会高级别会议的下列政治宣言:", "反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象", "我们,国家元首和政府首脑以及各国和各国政府的代表,于2011年9月22日为纪念《德班宣言和行动纲领》1 通过十周年而举行的大会高级别会议之际,聚集在纽约联合国总部。", "1. 导言 1. 重申2001年通过的《德班宣言和行动纲领》1 和2009年通过的德班审查会议成果文件, 都是联合国打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的全面框架和坚实基础;", "2. 结 论 2. 回顾这次纪念活动的目的是在国家、区域和国际各级调动政治意愿,并重申我们对在各级充分和有效执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》和德班审查会议成果文件及其后续进程作出的政治承诺;", "3. 。 1. 欢迎自2001年以来世界许多地方在打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象方面取得的进展;", "4. . 3. 确认尽管过去十年来国际社会共同努力,以过去几十年的努力为基础,但世界各地仍然存在种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的祸害,包括其新的形式和表现,无数人继续成为种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者;", "5. 结 论 1. 重申种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象是对《联合国宪章》和《世界人权宣言》的宗旨和原则的否定,平等和不歧视是国际法的基本原则;", "6. 任务 5. 在这方面回顾《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》[4]和消除种族歧视委员会的重要性,以及普遍批准和有效执行《公约》的重要性;", "7. 基本生活 决心实现我们的共同目标,即确保人人,特别是所有社会中种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的受害者,切实享受所有人权和基本自由;", "8.8 1. 欢迎建立一个永久纪念碑以纪念奴隶制和跨大西洋贩卖奴隶行为受害者的倡议;", "9.9 1. 重申有效打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象的主要责任在于各国;", "10. 其他事项。 2. 欢迎通过立法措施和建立国家专门机制,打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象;", "注 5. 吁请联合国系统、国际和区域组织并邀请包括议会、民间社会和私营部门在内的所有利益攸关方充分承诺,加紧努力打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象,并欢迎联合国人权事务高级专员继续参与将《德班宣言和行动纲领》的执行工作纳入联合国系统;", "12. 第12段。 共同表示我们坚定决心,把打击种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象以及保护其受害者作为我们各国的高度优先事项。", "第14次全体会议", "*** 见A/CONF.189/12和Corr.1,第一章。 页: 1", "见A/CONF.211/8,第一章。", "[3] 第217 A(III)号决议。", "[4] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第660卷,第9464号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 October 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/492)]", "66/4. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations: requests under Article 19 of the Charter", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered chapter V of the report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session,[1]", "Reaffirming the obligation of Member States under Article 17 of the Charter of the United Nations to bear the expenses of the Organization as apportioned by the General Assembly,", "1. Reaffirms its role in accordance with the provisions of Article 19 of the Charter of the United Nations and the advisory role of the Committee on Contributions in accordance with rule 160 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly;", "2. Also reaffirms its resolution 54/237 C of 23 December 1999;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to bring to the attention of Member States the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C, including through an early announcement in the Journal of the United Nations and through direct communication;", "4. Urges all Member States requesting exemption under Article 19 of the Charter to submit as much information as possible in support of their requests and to consider submitting such information in advance of the deadline specified in resolution 54/237 C so as to enable the collation of any additional detailed information that may be necessary;", "5. Agrees that the failure of the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia to pay the full minimum amount necessary to avoid the application of Article 19 of the Charter was due to conditions beyond their control;", "6. Decides that the Central African Republic, the Comoros, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Sao Tome and Principe and Somalia shall be permitted to vote in the General Assembly until the end of its sixty-sixth session.", "32nd plenary meeting 11 October 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11)." ]

[ "2011年10月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/492)通过]", "66/4. 联合国经费分摊比额表：根据《宪章》第十九条提出的请求", "大会，", "审议了会费委员会第七十一届会议报告[1] 第五章，", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第十七条，会员国有义务承担大会分摊的联合国经费，", "1. 重申其根据《联合国宪章》第十九条的规定所起的作用以及会费委员会根据大会议事规则第160条所起的咨询作用；", "2. 又重申其1999年12月23日第54/237C号决议；", "3. 请秘书长通过在《联合国日刊》上提早通知和直接沟通等方式，继续提请会员国注意第54/237C号决议规定的截止日期；", "4. 敦促根据《宪章》第十九条的规定请求豁免的所有会员国提交尽可能多的资料，作为其请求的佐证，并考虑在第54/237C号决议规定的截止日期前预先提出此类资料，以便收集整理可能必要的一切额外详细资料；", "5. 同意中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里之所以未能足额缴纳避免适用《宪章》第十九条所需的最低款额，是其无法控制的情形所致；", "6. 决定准许中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里在大会投票，到大会第六十六届会议结束为止。", "2011年10月11日", "第32次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第11号》(A/66/11)。" ]

[ "2011年10月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/492)通", "第66/4号. 联合国经费分摊比额表:根据《宪章》第十九条提出的请求", "大会,", "审议了会费委员会第七十一届会议报告 第五章,", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第十七条,会员国有义务承担大会分摊的联合国经费,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申其根据《联合国宪章》第十九条规定所起的作用和会费委员会根据大会议事规则第160条所起的咨询作用;", "2. 联合国 2. 又重申其1999年12月23日第54/237 C号决议;", "3个 9. 请秘书长继续提请会员国注意第54/237 C号决议规定的截止日期,包括在《联合国日刊》上提早通知,并进行直接沟通;", " 4.四. 4. 敦促根据《宪章》第十九条提出豁免请求的所有会员国提供尽可能多的资料,以支持其请求,并考虑在第54/237 C号决议规定的截止日期前预先提交这种资料,以便整理出可能必要的任何其他详细资料;", "5 (韩语). 2. 同意中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里之所以未能足额缴付避免适用《宪章》第十九条所必要的最低款额,是其无法控制的情况所造成;", "6. 国家 决定允许中非共和国、科摩罗、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、圣多美和普林西比和索马里在大会投票,直至大会第六十六届会议结束。", "2011年10月11日 第32次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第11号》(A/66/11)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 17 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.3 and Add.1)]", "66/5. Building a peaceful and better world through sport", "and the Olympic ideal", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/4 of 19 October 2009, in which it decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑sixth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal”, and recalling also its prior decision to consider the sub‑item every two years, in advance of each Summer and Winter Olympic Games,", "Recalling also its resolution 48/11 of 25 October 1993, which, inter alia, revived the ancient Greek tradition of ekecheiria (“Olympic Truce”) calling for a truce during the Olympic Games that would encourage a peaceful environment and ensure the safe passage and participation of athletes and relevant persons at the Games, thereby mobilizing the youth of the world to the cause of peace,", "Recalling further that the core concept of ekecheiria, historically, was the cessation of hostilities from seven days before until seven days after the Olympic Games, which, according to the legendary oracle of Delphi, was to replace the cycle of conflict with a friendly athletic competition every four years,", "Reaffirming the value of sport in promoting education, health, development and peace,", "Recalling the inclusion in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[1] of an appeal for the observance of the Olympic Truce now and in the future and for support for the International Olympic Committee in its efforts to promote peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal,", "Acknowledging the valuable contribution that the appeal launched by the International Olympic Committee for an Olympic Truce could make towards advancing the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Noting that the Games of the XXX Olympiad will take place from 27 July to 12 August 2012, and that the XIV Paralympic Games will take place from 29 August to 9 September 2012, in London,", "Welcoming the granting of observer status to the International Olympic Committee in the General Assembly pursuant to the adoption of resolution 64/3 on 19 October 2009 and the participation of the Committee in the sessions and work of the Assembly,", "Acknowledging the joint endeavours of the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee, the Office of the Special Adviser to the Secretary‑General on Sport for Development and Peace, and the United Nations system in such fields as human development, poverty alleviation, humanitarian assistance, health promotion, HIV and AIDS prevention, child and youth education, gender equality, peacebuilding and sustainable development,", "Noting the successful conclusion of the first Youth Olympic Games, held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, and welcoming the first Youth Winter Olympic Games, to be held in Innsbruck, Austria, from 13 to 22 January 2012, and the second Youth Olympic Games, to be held in Nanjing, China, from 16 to 28 August 2014,", "Recalling the articles on leisure, recreation, sport and play of relevant international conventions, including article 30 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[2] recognizing the right of persons with disabilities to take part on an equal basis with others in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport, and noting that the 1948 Olympic Games, held in London, inspired the staging of the first organized sporting event for patients with spinal cord injuries, in Stoke Mandeville, near London, heralding the birth of a new global sporting movement for athletes with disabilities; the establishment of the Paralympic Games; and plans to stage integrated and inclusive Games for Everyone in 2012,", "Recalling also that the main themes of the Olympic and Paralympic Games in London in 2012 are to host genuinely sustainable Games that deliver long‑term social, economic, environmental and sporting benefits, helping to promote more stable, inclusive and peaceful communities and urban regeneration, addressing climate change, enhancing international relations and cooperation, and changing attitudes towards disability; and to inspire young people around the world to enrich their lives through sport, for example through the introduction of International Inspiration, the London 2012 international legacy programme,", "Welcoming the commitment made by various States Members of the United Nations to developing national and international programmes which promote peace and conflict resolution and the Olympic and Paralympic values through sport and through culture, education, sustainable development and wider public engagement,", "Recognizing the humanitarian opportunities presented by the Olympic Truce and by other initiatives supported by the United Nations to achieve the cessation of conflict, such as the International Day of Peace, established by General Assembly resolution 36/67 of 30 November 1981,", "Noting with satisfaction the flying of the United Nations flag at the Olympic Park,", "1. Urges Member States to observe, within the framework of the Charter of the United Nations, the Olympic Truce, individually and collectively, throughout the period beginning with the start of the Games of the XXX Olympiad and ending with the close of the XIV Paralympic Games;", "2. Welcomes the work of the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee to mobilize international sports organizations and the National Olympic Committees and National Paralympic Committees of Member States to undertake concrete actions at the local, national, regional and international levels to promote and strengthen a culture of peace based on the spirit of the Olympic Truce, and invites those organizations and national committees to share information and best practices, as appropriate;", "3. Also welcomes the leadership of Olympic and Paralympic athletes in promoting peace and human understanding through sport and the Olympic ideal;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee in their efforts to use sport as a tool to promote peace, dialogue and reconciliation in areas of conflict during and beyond the period of the Olympic and Paralympic Games;", "5. Welcomes the cooperation among Member States, the United Nations and the specialized agencies, funds and programmes, and the International Olympic Committee and, where appropriate, the International Paralympic Committee, to work towards a meaningful and sustainable contribution through sport to raising awareness of and to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and encourages the Olympic and Paralympic movements to work closely with national and international sports organizations on the use of sport to contribute to the Millennium Development Goals;", "6. Requests the Secretary‑General and the President of the General Assembly to promote the observance of the Olympic Truce among Member States and support for human development initiatives through sport and to cooperate with the International Olympic Committee, the International Paralympic Committee and the sporting community in general in the realization of those objectives;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty‑eighth session the sub‑item entitled “Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal” and to consider the sub‑item before the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympic Winter Games, to be held in Sochi, Russian Federation, in 2014.", "34th plenary meeting 17 October 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, No. 44910." ]

[ "2011年10月17日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.3和Add.1)]", "66/5. 通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界", "大会，", "回顾其2009年10月19日第64/4号决议，其中大会决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界”的分项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程，又回顾它在此前决定每两年在每届夏季和冬季奥林匹克运动会举行前审议该项目，", "又回顾其1993年10月25日第48/11号决议，该决议除其他外，恢复了“握手言和”(ekecheiria)(“奥林匹克休战”)的古希腊传统，呼吁在奥林匹克运动会期间休战，以鼓励创建和平环境，并确保运动员和相关人员安全通行和参加奥运会，以此动员全世界青年支持和平事业，", "还回顾历史上“握手言和”的核心概念为自奥运会开幕前七天到奥运会闭幕后七天停止敌对行动，根据传说中的德尔斐神谕，这是为了用每四年一次的友好体育竞争取代周而复始的冲突，", "重申体育对于促进教育、健康、发展与和平的价值，", "回顾《联合国千年宣言》[1] 呼吁从今而后遵守奥林匹克休战，支持国际奥林匹克委员会努力通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类相互了解，", "确认国际奥林匹克委员会发出的奥林匹克休战呼吁可对推进《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则作出宝贵的贡献，", "注意到第三十届奥林匹克运动会和第十四届残疾人奥林匹克运动会将分别于2012年7月27日至8月12日和2012年8月29日至9月9日在伦敦举行，", "欢迎2009年10月19日大会第64/3号决议通过后给予国际奥林匹克委员会大会观察员地位并欢迎该委员会参加大会的届会和工作，", "确认国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥委员会、秘书长体育促进发展与和平特别顾问办公室和联合国系统在人类发展、减缓贫穷、人道主义援助、促进健康、预防艾滋病毒和艾滋病、儿童与青年教育、性别平等、建设和平与可持续发展等领域的共同努力，", "注意到2010年8月14日至26日在新加坡举行的第一届青年奥林匹克运动会圆满成功，并欢迎第一届青年冬季奥林匹克运动会和第二届青年奥林匹克运动会将分别于2012年1月13日至22日在奥地利因斯布鲁克和2014年8月16日至28日在中国南京举行，", "回顾各国际公约关于休闲、娱乐、体育和文娱的有关条款，包括《残疾人权利公约》[2] 第三十条，该条确认残疾人有权在与其他人平等的基础上参与文化生活、娱乐、休闲和体育运动；并注意到受在伦敦举行的1948年奥林匹克运动会的启发，在伦敦附近的斯多克·曼德威尔第一次有组织地为脊椎受伤的病人举办了运动会，从而宣告为残疾人运动员设立的新兴全球体育运动的诞生；设立了残疾人奥林匹克运动会；并计划在2012年举办人人参与的包容性综合运动会，", "又回顾2012年伦敦奥运会和残奥会的主要主题是：主办真正可持续发展的运动会，提供长期的社会、经济、环境和体育效益，帮助促进更稳定、包容与和平的社区，促进城市复兴，解决气候变化，加强国际关系和合作，并改变对残疾的态度；并激励世界各地的年轻人通过体育丰富生活，例如通过引入2012年伦敦奥运会的国际遗产计划“国际激励”项目，", "欢迎联合国各会员国作出承诺，制定国家和国际方案，通过体育和文化、教育、可持续发展及更广泛的公众参与，推动和平和解决冲突以及奥运会和残奥会的价值观，", "确认奥林匹克休战和联合国支持的其他停止冲突倡议(如1981年11月30日大会第36/67号决议设立的联合国国际和平日)提供的人道主义机遇，", "满意地注意到奥林匹克公园悬挂联合国旗帜，", "1. 敦促会员国依循《联合国宪章》，自第三十届奥林匹克运动会开幕起至第十四届残疾人奥林匹克运动会闭幕止，各自和集体遵守奥林匹克休战；", "2. 欢迎国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥委员会努力动员国际体育组织及会员国的国家奥林匹克委员会和国家残奥委员会，在地方、国家、区域和国际各级采取具体行动，弘扬和加强建立在奥林匹克休战精神基础上的和平文化，并邀请这些组织和国家委员会酌情交流信息和最佳做法；", "3. 又欢迎奥林匹克和残疾人奥林匹克运动员在通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类相互了解方面发挥领导作用；", "4. 吁请所有会员国在奥林匹克运动会和残疾人奥林匹克运动会期间和其后，同国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥委员会合作，努力在冲突地区通过体育来促进和平、对话与和解；", "5. 欢迎各会员国、联合国及其专门机构、基金和方案与国际奥林匹克委员会合作，并酌情与国际残奥委员会合作，共同努力通过体育作出有意义和可持续的贡献，提高对千年发展目标的认识并促进其实现，并鼓励奥林匹克和残奥会运动与国家和国际体育组织紧密合作，通过体育促进实现千年发展目标；", "6. 请秘书长和大会主席推动会员国遵守奥林匹克休战，通过体育来支持人类发展举措，并同国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥委员会和体育界合作，以实现这些目标；", "7. 决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好的世界”的分项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程，并于2014年在俄罗斯联邦索契举行第二十二届冬季奥林匹克运动会和第十一届残疾人冬季奥林匹克运动会之前审议这一分项目。", "2011年10月17日", "第34次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》， 第2515卷，第44910号。" ]

[ "2011年10月17日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.3和Add.1)]", "第66/5号. 通过体育建立一个和平的更美好世界", "和奥林匹克理想", "大会,", "回顾其2009年10月19日第64/4号决议,其中大会决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好世界”的分项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程,又回顾其先前决定每两年在每届夏季和冬季奥林匹克运动会之前审议该分项目,", "又回顾其1993年10月25日第48/11号决议,其中除其他外,恢复了古希腊的ekecheiria(“奥林匹克休战”)传统,要求在奥林匹克运动会期间休战,以鼓励和平环境,确保运动员和有关人员安全通行并参加奥林匹克运动会,从而动员世界青年致力于和平事业,", "还回顾在历史上, \" ekecheiria \" 的核心概念是奥林匹克运动会前七天至后七天停止敌对行动,根据传说中的德尔菲神谕,这是为了用每四年一次的友好体育比赛来取而代之,", "重申体育在促进教育、健康、发展与和平方面的价值,", "回顾《联合国千年宣言》[1] 呼吁现在和将来遵守奥林匹克休战,并支持国际奥林匹克委员会通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类谅解的努力,", "承认国际奥林匹克委员会发出的奥林匹克休战呼吁可为促进《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则作出宝贵贡献,", "注意到第三十届奥林匹克运动会将于2012年7月27日至8月12日举行,第十四届残奥会将于2012年8月29日至9月9日在伦敦举行,", "欢迎根据2009年10月19日通过的第64/3号决议给予国际奥林匹克委员会大会观察员地位并让该委员会参加大会的届会和工作,", "确认国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥会委员会、秘书长体育促进发展与和平特别顾问办公室以及联合国系统在人类发展、减贫、人道主义援助、促进健康、艾滋病毒和艾滋病预防、儿童和青年教育、两性平等、建设和平和可持续发展等领域的共同努力,", "注意到2010年8月14日至26日在新加坡举行的第一届青年奥林匹克运动会圆满结束,并欣见2012年1月13日至22日在奥地利因斯布鲁克举行的第一届青年冬季奥林匹克运动会和2014年8月16日至28日在中国南京举行的第二届青年奥林匹克运动会,", "回顾相关国际公约中关于休闲、娱乐、体育和游戏的条款,包括《残疾人权利公约》[2] 第30条,其中确认残疾人有权在与其他人平等的基础上参与文化生活、娱乐、休闲和体育活动,并注意到1948年在伦敦举行的奥林匹克运动会激励在伦敦附近的斯托克·曼德维尔为脊髓损伤患者举办了首次有组织的体育活动,预示着新的全球残疾人运动会的诞生;设立了残奥会;并计划于2012年举办一体化的包容性运动会,", "又回顾2012年在伦敦举行的奥林匹克运动会和残奥会的主题是主办真正可持续的运动会,提供长期的社会、经济、环境和体育惠益,帮助促进更稳定、更具包容性与和平的社区及城市再生,应对气候变化,加强国际关系与合作,并改变对残疾问题的态度;并激励世界各地的青年人通过体育来丰富生活,例如通过引入国际灵感、伦敦2012年国际遗产方案来丰富生活,", "欢迎联合国会员国承诺制定国家和国际方案,通过体育、文化、教育、可持续发展和更广泛的公众参与来促进和平与解决冲突以及奥林匹克和残奥会价值观,", "确认奥林匹克休战和联合国所支持的其他倡议,如大会1981年11月30日第36/67号决议确定的国际和平日,为实现停止冲突而提供的人道主义机会,", "满意地注意到奥林匹克公园悬挂联合国旗帜,", "1. 联合国 4. 敦促会员国在《联合国宪章》框架内,在自第三十届奥林匹克运动会开始至第十四届残奥会结束的整个期间,单独地和集体地遵守奥林匹克休战;", "2. 联合国 5. 欢迎国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥委员会开展工作,动员国际体育组织以及会员国的国家奥林匹克委员会和国家残奥会委员会在地方、国家、区域和国际各级采取具体行动,以本着奥林匹克休战的精神促进和加强和平文化,并邀请这些组织和国家委员会酌情交流信息和最佳做法;", "3个 2. 又欢迎奥林匹克运动会和残奥会运动员发挥领导作用,通过体育和奥林匹克理想促进和平与人类了解;", " 4.四. 5. 吁请所有会员国同国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残奥会合作,努力将体育作为在奥林匹克会和残奥会期间及之后促进冲突地区和平、对话与和解的工具;", "5 (韩语). 4. 欢迎会员国、联合国和专门机构、基金和方案以及国际奥林匹克委员会,并酌情欢迎国际残奥会委员会开展合作,通过体育为提高对千年发展目标的认识并实现千年发展目标作出有意义和可持续的贡献,并鼓励奥林匹克会和残奥会运动同国家和国际体育组织密切合作,利用体育为千年发展目标作出贡献;", "6. 国家 5. 请秘书长和大会主席促进会员国遵守奥林匹克休战,通过体育支持人类发展倡议,并与国际奥林匹克委员会、国际残奥会委员会和整个体育界合作以实现这些目标;", "7. 联合国 9. 决定将题为“通过体育和奥林匹克理想建立一个和平的更美好世界”的分项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程,并审议定于2014年在俄罗斯联邦索奇举行的第二十二届冬季奥林匹克运动会和第十一届冬季残疾人奥林匹克运动会之前的分项目。", "第34次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2515卷,第44910号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 25 October 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to encourage strict compliance with the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming, among other principles, the sovereign equality of States, non‑intervention and non-interference in their internal affairs and freedom of international trade and navigation, which are also enshrined in many international legal instruments,", "Recalling the statements of the Heads of State or Government at the Ibero‑American Summits concerning the need to eliminate the unilateral application of economic and trade measures by one State against another that affect the free flow of international trade,", "Concerned about the continued promulgation and application by Member States of laws and regulations, such as that promulgated on 12 March 1996 known as “the Helms-Burton Act”, the extraterritorial effects of which affect the sovereignty of other States, the legitimate interests of entities or persons under their jurisdiction and the freedom of trade and navigation,", "Taking note of declarations and resolutions of different intergovernmental forums, bodies and Governments that express the rejection by the international community and public opinion of the promulgation and application of measures of the kind referred to above,", "Recalling its resolutions 47/19 of 24 November 1992, 48/16 of 3 November 1993, 49/9 of 26 October 1994, 50/10 of 2 November 1995, 51/17 of 12 November 1996, 52/10 of 5 November 1997, 53/4 of 14 October 1998, 54/21 of 9 November 1999, 55/20 of 9 November 2000, 56/9 of 27 November 2001, 57/11 of 12 November 2002, 58/7 of 4 November 2003, 59/11 of 28 October 2004, 60/12 of 8 November 2005, 61/11 of 8 November 2006, 62/3 of 30 October 2007, 63/7 of 29 October 2008, 64/6 of 28 October 2009 and 65/6 of 26 October 2010,", "Concerned that, since the adoption of its resolutions 47/19, 48/16, 49/9, 50/10, 51/17, 52/10, 53/4, 54/21, 55/20, 56/9, 57/11, 58/7, 59/11, 60/12, 61/11, 62/3, 63/7, 64/6 and 65/6, further measures of that nature aimed at strengthening and extending the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba continue to be promulgated and applied, and concerned also about the adverse effects of such measures on the Cuban people and on Cuban nationals living in other countries,", "1. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/6;[1]", "2. Reiterates its call upon all States to refrain from promulgating and applying laws and measures of the kind referred to in the preamble to the present resolution, in conformity with their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and international law, which, inter alia, reaffirm the freedom of trade and navigation;", "3. Once again urges States that have and continue to apply such laws and measures to take the necessary steps to repeal or invalidate them as soon as possible in accordance with their legal regime;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, in consultation with the appropriate organs and agencies of the United Nations system, to prepare a report on the implementation of the present resolution in the light of the purposes and principles of the Charter and international law and to submit it to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Necessity of ending the economic, commercial and financial embargo imposed by the United States of America against Cuba”.", "41st plenary meeting 25 October 2011", "[1]  A/66/114." ]

[ "2011年10月25日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.4)]", "66/6. 必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁", "大会，", "决心鼓励严格遵守《联合国宪章》所载宗旨和原则，", "尤其重申许多国际法律文书也载列的国家主权平等、不干预和不干涉各国内政、国际贸易和航行自由等原则，", "回顾各国国家元首或政府首脑在各次伊比利亚-美洲首脑会议上发表的关于必须撤销一国对另一国单方面实施影响国际贸易自由流动的经济和贸易措施的声明，", "关切仍有会员国颁布和实施法律和条例，如1996年3月12日颁布的所谓“赫尔姆斯-伯顿法”，其域外效力影响到其他国家的主权和在其管辖下的实体或个人的正当利益，并影响到贸易和航行自由，", "表示注意到不同政府间论坛、机构及政府颁发的表明国际社会和公众舆论反对颁布和实施上述这类措施的宣言和决议，", "回顾其1992年11月24日第47/19号、1993年11月3日第48/16号、1994年10月26日第49/9号、1995年11月2日第50/10号、1996年11月12日第51/17号、1997年11月5日第52/10号、1998年10月14日第53/4号、1999年11月9日第54/21号、2000年11月9日第55/20号、2001年11月27日第56/9号、2002年11月12日第57/11号、2003年11月4日第58/7号、2004年10月28日第59/11号、2005年11月8日第60/12号、2006年11月8日第61/11号、2007年10月30日第62/3号、2008年10月29日第63/7号、2009年10月28日第64/6号决议和2010年10月26日第65/6号决议，", "关切自其第47/19、48/16、49/9、50/10、51/17、52/10、53/4、54/21、55/20、56/9、57/11、58/7、59/11、60/12、61/11、62/3、63/7、64/6和65/6号决议通过以来，这种旨在加强和延长对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁的进一步措施仍在继续颁布和实施，并关切这些措施对古巴人民和住在其他国家的古巴国民造成的不利影响，", "1. 表示注意到秘书长关于第65/6号决议执行情况的报告；[1]", "2. 再次吁请所有国家遵照它们根据《联合国宪章》和尤其重申贸易和航行自由的国际法所承担的义务，不要颁布和实施本决议序言部分提到的那一类法律和措施；", "3. 再次敦促存在并且仍在实施此种法律和措施的国家尽早依照其法律制度采取必要步骤，予以撤销或废止；", "4. 请秘书长与联合国系统的有关机关和机构协商，参照《宪章》的宗旨和原则以及国际法，编写一份关于本决议执行情况的报告，提交大会第六十七届会议；", "5. 决定将题为“必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年10月25日", "第41次全体会议", "[1] A/66/114。" ]

[ "2011年10月25日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.4)]", "66/6 (英语). 必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁", "大会,", "决心鼓励严格遵守《联合国宪章》所揭示的宗旨和原则,", "重申许多国际法律文书也载明的国家主权平等、不干预和不干涉他国内政以及国际贸易和航行自由等原则,", "回顾国家元首或政府首脑在各次伊比利亚-美洲首脑会议上发表的关于需要取消一国对另一国单方面实施影响国际贸易自由流动的经济和贸易措施的声明,", "关切会员国继续颁布并适用法律和条例,例如1996年3月12日颁布的称为“赫尔姆斯-伯顿法”的法律和条例,其域外效力影响到其他国家的主权及其管辖下的实体或个人的合法利益以及贸易和航行自由,", "注意到不同政府间论坛、机构和政府的宣言和决议,其中表示国际社会和公众舆论反对颁布和实施上述那种措施,", "回顾其1992年11月24日第47/19号、1993年11月3日第48/16号、1994年10月26日第49/9号、1995年11月2日第50/10号、1996年11月12日第51/17号、1997年11月5日第52/10号、1998年10月14日第53/4号、1999年11月9日第54/21号、2000年11月9日第55/20号、2001年11月27日第56/9号、2002年11月12日第57/11号、2003年11月4日第58/7号、2004年10月28日第59/11号、2005年11月8日第60/12号、2006年11月8日第61/11号、2007年10月30日第62/3号、2008年10月29日第63/7号、2009年10月28日第64/6号和2010年10月26日第65/6号决议,", "关切自第47/19号、第48/16号、第49/9号、第50/10号、第51/17号、第52/10号、第53/4号、第54/21号、第55/20号、第56/9号、第57/11号、第58/7号、第59/11号、第60/12号、第61/11号、第62/3号、第63/7号、第64/6号和第65/6号决议通过以来,继续颁布和实施旨在加强和扩大对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁的进一步措施,并关切这些措施对古巴人民和居住在其他国家的古巴国民的不利影响,", "1. 联合国 注意到秘书长关于第65/6号决议执行情况的报告;[1]", "2. 再次吁请所有国家遵守它们根据《联合国宪章》和国际法所承担的义务,其中特别重申贸易和航行自由,不要颁布和实施本决议序言部分所述的那一类法律和措施;", "3个 3. 再次敦促有这种法律和措施并仍在加以实施的国家尽早依照其法律制度采取必要步骤,予以撤销或废止;", " 4.四. 9. 请秘书长同联合国系统有关机关和机构协商,就按照《宪章》的宗旨和原则及国际法执行本决议的情况编写一份报告,提交大会第六十七届会议;", "5 (韩语). 6. 决定将题为“必须终止美利坚合众国对古巴的经济、商业和金融封锁”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年10月25日 第41次全体会议", "[1] A/66/114 (英语)." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.6 and Add.1)]", "66/7. Report of the International Atomic Energy Agency", "The General Assembly,", "Having received the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency for 2010,[1]", "Taking note of the statement by the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency,[2] in which he provided additional information on the main developments in the activities of the Agency during 2011,", "Recognizing the importance of the work of the Agency,", "Recognizing also the cooperation between the United Nations and the Agency and the Agreement governing the relationship between the United Nations and the Agency as approved by the General Conference of the Agency on 23 October 1957 and by the General Assembly in the annex to its resolution 1145 (XII) of 14 November 1957,", "1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the International Atomic Energy Agency;¹", "2. Takes note of resolutions GC(55)/RES/9 on measures to strengthen international cooperation in nuclear, radiation, transport and waste safety; GC(55)/RES/10 on nuclear security; GC(55)/RES/11 on the strengthening of the Agency’s technical cooperation activities; GC(55)/RES/12 on strengthening the Agency’s activities related to nuclear science, technology and applications, comprising GC(55)/RES/12 A on non-power nuclear applications and GC(55)/RES/12 B on nuclear power applications; GC(55)/RES/13 on the implementation of the Agreement between the Agency and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea for the application of safeguards in connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; GC(55)/RES/14 on the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East; and GC(55)/RES/15 on personnel matters, comprising GC(55)/RES/15 A on the staffing of the Agency’s Secretariat and GC(55)/RES/15 B on women in the Secretariat; and decisions GC(55)/DEC/10 on the amendment to article XIV.A of the Statute of the Agency; GC(55)/DEC/11 on strengthening the effectiveness and improving the efficiency of the safeguards system and application of the Model Additional Protocol; and GC(55)/DEC/12 on the amendment to article VI of the Statute, adopted by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session, held from 19 to 23 September 2011;[3]", "3. Reaffirms its strong support for the indispensable role of the Agency in encouraging and assisting the development and practical application of atomic energy for peaceful uses, in technology transfer to developing countries and in nuclear safety, verification and security;", "4. Appeals to Member States to continue to support the activities of the Agency;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Director General of the Agency the records of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly relating to the activities of the Agency.", "48th plenary meeting 2 November 2011", "[1]  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Annual Report for 2010 (GC(55)/2); transmitted to the members of the General Assembly by a note by the Secretary-General (A/66/95).", "[2]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Plenary Meetings, 46th meeting (A/66/PV.46), and corrigendum.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))." ]

[ "2011年11月2日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.6和Add.1)]", "66/7. 国际原子能机构的报告", "大会，", "收到国际原子能机构2010年的报告，[1]", "注意到国际原子能机构总干事的发言，[2] 其中就原子能机构2011年活动的主要发展情况提供了进一步资料，", "确认原子能机构工作的重要性，", "又确认联合国与原子能机构之间的合作，以及由原子能机构大会于1957年10月23日核可并由联合国大会在1957年11月14日第1145(XII)号决议附件中核可的《联合国与原子能机构间关系协定》，", "1. 赞赏地注意到国际原子能机构的报告；¹", "2. 注意到2011年9月19日至23日召开的原子能机构大会第五十五届常会通过的关于加强核安全、辐射安全、运输安全和废物安全方面国际合作的措施的GC(55)/RES/9号决议；关于核安保的GC(55)/RES/10号决议；关于加强原子能机构的技术合作活动的GC(55)/RES/11号决议；关于加强原子能机构有关核科学、技术和应用的活动的GC(55)/RES/12号决议，其中包括关于核的非动力应用的GC(55)/RES/12A号和关于核动力应用的GC(55)/RES/12B号决议；关于执行原子能机构和朝鲜民主主义人民共和国与《不扩散核武器条约》有关的保障协定的GC(55)/RES/13号决议；关于在中东实施原子能机构保障的GC(55)/RES/14号决议；关于人事事项的GC(55)/RES/15号决议，其中包括关于原子能机构秘书处工作人员的员额的GC(55)/RES/15A号决议和关于秘书处的妇女问题的GC(55)/RES/15B号决议；关于《原子能机构规约》第十四条A款修正案的GC(55)/DEC/10号决定和关于加强保障制度效力和提高保障制度效率以及适用《示范附加议定书》的GC(55)/DEC/11号决定；以及关于《原子能机构规约》第六条修正案的GC(55)/DEC/12号决定；[3]", "3. 重申坚决支持原子能机构在鼓励和协助为和平用途发展和实际应用原子能方面，在向发展中国家转让技术方面以及在核安全、核核查与核安保方面发挥不可或缺的作用；", "4. 呼吁会员国继续支持原子能机构的活动；", "5. 请秘书长将大会第六十六届会议有关原子能机构活动的会议记录转交给原子能机构总干事。", "2011年11月2日", "第48次全体会议", "[1] 国际原子能机构，《2010年年度报告》(GC(55)/2)；已通过秘书长的说明(A/66/95)转交大会会员国。", "[2] 见《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，全体会议》，第46次会议(A/66/PV/46)和更正。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。" ]

[ "2011年11月2日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.6和Add.1)]", "第66/7号。 国际原子能机构的报告", "大会,", "收到了国际原子能机构2010年报告,[1]", "注意到国际原子能机构总干事的发言,[2] 其中他就原子能机构2011年活动的主要发展情况提供了补充资料,", "认识到原子能机构工作的重要性,", "又认识到联合国同原子能机构的合作以及原子能机构大会于1957年10月23日和大会1957年11月14日第1145(XII)号决议附件所核可的《关于联合国与原子能机构之间关系的协定》,", "1. 联合国 1. 赞赏地注意到国际原子能机构的报告;1", "2. 联合国 注意到关于加强核、辐射、运输和废物安全方面国际合作的措施的GC(55)/RES/9号决议;关于核安全的GC(55)/RES/10号决议;关于加强原子能机构技术合作活动的GC(55)/RES/11号决议;关于加强原子能机构与核科学、技术和应用有关的活动的GC(55)/RES/12号决议,包括关于非动力核应用的GC(55)/RES/12 A号决议和关于核能应用的GC(55)/RES/12 B号决议;关于执行原子能机构同朝鲜民主主义人民共和国之间关于适用与《不扩散核武器条约》有关的保障措施的协定的GC(55)/RES/13号决议;关于在中东适用原子能机构保障措施的GC(55)/RES/14号决议;和关于人事问题的GC(55)/RES/15号决议,包括GC(55)/RES/15/15号决议, A. 原子能机构秘书处的员额配置和GC(55)/RES/15 B. 秘书处内的妇女;以及关于第十四条修正案的GC(55)/DEC/10号决定。 [3]", "3个 1. 重申坚决支持原子能机构在鼓励和协助为和平目的发展和实际应用原子能、向发展中国家转让技术以及在核安全、核查和保安方面发挥不可或缺的作用;", " 4.四. 4. 呼吁会员国继续支持原子能机构的活动;", "5 (韩语). 请秘书长向原子能机构总干事转递大会第六十六届会议与原子能机构活动有关的记录。", "第48次全体会议 2011年11月2日,纽约", "[1] 国际原子能机构,《2010年年度报告》(GC(55)/2);由秘书长的说明(A/66/95)转递给大会会员国。", "[2] 见《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,全体会议》,第46次会议(A/66/PV.46)和更正。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构,《大会决议和其他决定,第五十五届常会,2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[on the report of the Fifth Committee (A/66/525)]", "66/8. Programme planning", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 37/234 of 21 December 1982, 38/227 A of 20 December 1983, 41/213 of 19 December 1986, 55/234 of 23 December 2000, 56/253 of 24 December 2001, 57/282 of 20 December 2002, 58/268 and 58/269 of 23 December 2003, 59/275 of 23 December 2004, 60/257 of 8 May 2006, 61/235 of 22 December 2006, 62/224 of 22 December 2007 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010,", "Recalling also the terms of reference of the Committee for Programme and Coordination, as outlined in the annex to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008 (LX) of 14 May 1976,", "Having considered the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the work of its fifty-first session,[1]", "1. Reaffirms the role of the Committee for Programme and Coordination as the main subsidiary organ of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council for planning, programming and coordination;", "2. Re-emphasizes the role of the plenary and the Main Committees of the General Assembly in reviewing and taking action on the appropriate recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination relevant to their work, in accordance with regulation 4.10 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation;[2]", "3. Stresses that setting the priorities of the United Nations is the prerogative of the Member States, as reflected in legislative mandates;", "4. Also stresses the need for Member States to participate fully in the budget preparation process, from its early stages and throughout the process;", "5. Recalls paragraph 131 of the report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination,¹ and reaffirms the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 62/236 of 22 December 2007, 63/260 of 24 December 2008, 64/243 of 24 December 2009 and 65/244 of 24 December 2010 concerning the appointment of the Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa, and in this regard reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to abide by those mandates;", "6. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on evaluation,[3] on the annual overview report of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination for 2010/11[4] and on United Nations system support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development.[5]", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16).", "[2]  ST/SGB/2000/8.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16), chap. II, sect. B.", "[4]  Ibid., chap. III, sect. A.", "[5]  Ibid., sect. B." ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/525)通过]", "66/8. 方案规划", "大会，", "回顾其1982年12月21日第37/234 号、1983年12月20日第38/227A号、1986年12月19日第41/213号、2000年12月23日第55/234号、2001年12月24日第56/253号、2002年12月20日第57/282号、2003年12月23日第58/268和 58/269 号、2004年12月23日第59/275号、2006年5月8日第60/257号、2006年12月22日第61/235号、2007年12月22日第62/224号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议，", "又回顾经济及社会理事会1976年5月14日第2008(LX)号决议附件所述方案和协调委员会的职权范围，", "审议了方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议工作报告，[1]", "1. 重申方案和协调委员会作为大会和经济及社会理事会负责规划、方案拟订和协调的主要附属机关的作用；", "2. 再次强调大会全体会议和各主要委员会按照《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》[2] 条例4.10对方案和协调委员会就大会全体会议和各主要委员会工作提出的有关建议进行审查和采取行动的作用；", "3. 强调指出，如立法授权所示，确定联合国优先事项是会员国的特权；", "4. 又强调指出会员国有必要自始至终充分参与预算编制过程；", "5. 回顾方案和协调委员会报告¹第131段，并重申大会2007年12月22日第62/236号、2008年12月24日第63/260号、2009年12月24日第64/243号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议关于任命副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问的规定，在这方面再次请秘书长遵守这些授权；", "6. 认可方案和协调委员会关于评价、[3] 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会2010/11年度概览报告[4] 以及联合国系统支助非洲发展新伙伴关系[5] 的结论和建议。", "2011年11月11日", "第58次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第16号》（A/66/16）。", "[2] ST/SGB/2000/8。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第16号》（A/66/16），第二章，B节。", "[4] 同上，第三章，A节。", "[5] 同上，B节。" ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[根据第五委员会的报告(A/66/525)通", "第66/8号. 方案规划", "大会,", "回顾其1982年12月21日第37/234号、1983年12月20日第38/227 A号、1986年12月19日第41/213号、2000年12月23日第55/234号、2001年12月24日第56/253号、2002年12月20日第57/282号、2003年12月23日第58/268号和第58/269号、2004年12月23日第59/275号、2006年5月8日第60/257号、2006年12月22日第61/235号、2007年12月22日第62/224号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议,", "又回顾经济及社会理事会1976年5月14日第2008(LX)号决议附件所概述方案和协调委员会的职权范围,", "审议了方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议工作报告,[1]", "1. 联合国 1. 重申方案和协调委员会作为大会和经济及社会理事会负责规划、方案拟订和协调的主要附属机关的作用;", "2. 联合国 再次强调大会全体会议和各主要委员会根据《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》条例4.10,在审查方案和协调委员会与其工作有关的相关建议并采取行动方面的作用;[2]", "3个 2. 强调如立法授权所反映,确定联合国的优先事项是会员国的特权;", " 4.四. 5. 又着重指出会员国需要从最初阶段起,在整个预算编制过程中充分参与;", "5 (韩语). 10. 回顾方案和协调委员会报告1 第131段,重申大会关于任命副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问的2007年12月22日第62/236号、2008年12月24日第63/260号、2009年12月24日第64/243号和2010年12月24日第65/244号决议的规定,并在此方面再请秘书长遵守这些任务规定;", "6. 国家 赞同方案和协调委员会关于评价、[3] 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会2010/11年度概览报告[4] 和关于联合国系统对非洲发展新伙伴关系的支助的结论和建议。 [5]", "第58次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第16号》(A/66/16)。", "[2] ST/SGB/2000/8。", "[3] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第16号》(A/66/16),第二章。 页:1 B组.", "[4] 同上,第三章,A节。 A类.", "[5] 同上,C节。 B组." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 11 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.7 and Add.1)]", "66/9. Emergency humanitarian assistance for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all relevant resolutions of the General Assembly on emergency humanitarian assistance, and reaffirming the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence for the provision of humanitarian assistance,", "Deeply disturbed by the loss of life that brought grief to so many families in Central America and by just how many people were affected by the Pacific tropical depression E-12 and the intense rainfall in Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama from 10 to 19 October 2011,", "Aware of the extensive material damage to crops, housing, basic infrastructure and tourist and other areas, which, inter alia, poses a severe threat to the food security of the people of Central America, particularly the poorest families, and of the adverse effects on economic activity and trade in the isthmus,", "Also aware that the geography of Central American countries makes them especially vulnerable to the adverse effects of meteorological phenomena associated with climate change and other factors which, in recent years, have given rise to new risk scenarios, plunging the most vulnerable populations deeper into poverty and undermining efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals and promote more sustainable development for the people of Central America,", "Recognizing the efforts of the Central American Governments to minimize loss of life and provide speedy assistance to the stricken population,", "Considering the Declaration of Comalapa adopted at the special summit of Heads of State and Government of the countries members of the Central American Integration System, held in San Salvador on 25 October 2011,", "Also considering the enormous effort needed to rebuild the stricken areas and to address the serious situation left in the wake of a natural disaster which, over nine days, produced some of the heaviest rains ever seen in Central America, with twice the amount of rain recorded during hurricane Mitch in 1998, and that this effort will require the broad, coordinated and sustained support of the international community,", "1. Expresses its solidarity with and support for the Governments and peoples of Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama;", "2. Expresses its appreciation to the members of the international community that have already provided timely assistance for rescue and aid efforts targeted at the stricken population, in particular, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the United Nations Development Programme, and commends the efforts of the Emergency Relief Coordinator to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian assistance;", "3. Acknowledges the efforts and progress made by Central American countries in strengthening their disaster-preparedness capacity, emphasizes the importance of investing in disaster risk reduction, and encourages the international community to continue to cooperate with the affected Governments towards this end;", "4. Appeals to all Member States and all organs and agencies of the United Nations system, as well as the international financial and development institutions, to continue to cooperate with Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama in their relief, rehabilitation and humanitarian assistance efforts and in rebuilding the region;", "5. Requests the relevant organizations and bodies of the United Nations system and other multilateral organizations to support and assist national and regional capacity-building in the areas of natural disaster preparedness, prevention and mitigation and risk management in the above-mentioned countries according to needs and in the specialized institution of the Central American Integration System, the Coordination Centre for Natural Disaster Prevention in Central America;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution and progress made in relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts in the stricken countries.", "58th plenary meeting 11 November 2011" ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.7和Add.1)]", "66/9. 为恢复和重建伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马提供紧急人道主义援助", "大会，", "回顾大会关于紧急人道主义援助的所有相关决议，并重申提供人道主义援助的人道、中立、公正和独立原则，", "深感不安的是受太平洋热带低压E-12影响，2011年10月10日至19日伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马普降暴雨，致使中美洲许多家庭痛失亲人，众多民众受到影响，", "意识到作物、房屋、基本基础设施、旅游及其他领域遭受严重物质损失，这尤其对中美洲人民，特别是最贫穷家庭的粮食保障构成严重威胁，并对中美洲地峡区域的经济活动和贸易产生了负面影响，", "又意识到，中美洲各国的地理情况使这些国家尤其容易受到与气候变化相关的气象现象和其他因素的负面影响，这些影响近年来造成了新的风险情景，使得最脆弱人群更加深陷贫穷，破坏了为中美洲人民实现千年发展目标以及促进更加可持续发展所做的各项努力，", "认识到中美洲各国政府为将人员伤亡减到最低，向受灾民众迅速提供援助方面所做的努力，", "考虑到中美洲一体化体系成员国家元首和政府首脑2011年10月25日在圣萨尔瓦多举行的特别首脑会议上通过的《科马拉帕宣言》，", "又考虑到有必要作出重大努力，重建受灾区域，缓解这一自然灾害造成的严重局面，这场堪称中美洲史上最强暴雨，连下9天多，是1998年“米奇”飓风降雨量的两倍，并考虑到这一努力要求国际社会提供广泛、协调、长期的支持，", "1. 表示声援和支持伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马的政府和人民；", "2. 感谢已经向受灾民众提供及时救助和援助的国际社会成员，特别是秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和联合国开发计划署，并赞扬紧急救济协调员努力加强协调人道主义援助；", "3. 承认中美洲国家在加强备灾能力方面的努力和进步，强调在减少灾害风险方面投资的重要性，并鼓励国际社会继续为这一目标与受灾国家政府合作；", "4. 呼吁所有会员国，联合国系统所有机关和机构以及国际金融和发展机构与伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马继续合作，开展救济、恢复和人道主义援助工作，并重建该区域；", "5. 请联合国系统相关组织和机构及其他多边组织支持和帮助上述国家和中美洲一体化系统的专门机构中美洲防止自然灾害协调中心根据需求加强在自然灾害备灾、防灾、减灾和风险管理方面的国家和区域能力；", "6. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议执行情况以及在救济、恢复和重建受灾国家方面取得的进展。", "2011年11月11日", "第58次全体会议" ]

[ "2011年11月11日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.7和Add.1)]", "66/9 (英语). 为伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马的恢复和重建提供紧急人道主义援助", "大会,", "回顾大会关于紧急人道主义援助的所有相关决议,并重申提供人道主义援助的人道、中立、公正和独立等原则,", "深感不安的是,2011年10月10日至19日,中美洲有这么多家庭丧生并受到太平洋热带低气压E-12和伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马强降雨的影响,", "意识到对作物、住房、基本基础设施和旅游及其他地区造成的巨大物质破坏,除其他外,对中美洲人民,特别是最贫穷家庭的粮食安全构成严重威胁,并意识到对地峡经济活动和贸易的不利影响,", "还意识到中美洲国家的地理条件使它们特别容易受到与气候变化有关的气象现象和其他因素的不利影响,这些现象和因素近年来产生了新的风险假设,使最脆弱的人口更深地陷入贫穷,并破坏了为实现千年发展目标和促进中美洲人民更可持续的发展而作的努力,", "确认中美洲各国政府为尽量减少生命损失并迅速向灾民提供援助而作的努力,", "考虑到2011年10月25日在圣萨尔瓦多举行的中美洲一体化体系成员国国家元首和政府首脑特别首脑会议通过的《科马拉帕宣言》,", "还考虑到必须作出巨大努力来重建灾区并处理自然灾害后留下的严重局势,在9天多的时间里,中美洲出现了一些最严重的降雨,是1998年米奇飓风期间降下雨量的两倍,这一努力需要国际社会提供广泛、协调和持续的支持,", "1. 联合国 1. 表示声援和支持伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马等国政府和人民;", "2. 联合国 2. 感谢已经及时提供援助以救助灾民的国际社会成员,特别是秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和联合国开发计划署,并赞赏紧急救济协调员努力加强人道主义援助的协调;", "3个 11. 承认中美洲国家在加强其备灾能力方面所作的努力和取得的进展,强调必须投资于减少灾害风险,并鼓励国际社会为此目的继续与受灾国政府合作;", " 4.四. 4. 呼吁所有会员国和联合国系统所有机关和机构以及国际金融和发展机构同伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、洪都拉斯、尼加拉瓜和巴拿马继续合作,进行救济、复原和人道主义援助努力并重建该区域;", "5 (韩语). 7. 请联合国系统有关组织和机构以及其他多边组织根据需要,在中美洲一体化体系的专门机构中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心内,支持和协助上述国家在防备、预防和减轻自然灾害及风险管理领域开展国家和区域能力建设;", "6. 国家 5. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况和受灾国救济、恢复和重建工作的进展情况。", "第58次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.5/Rev.1 and Add.1)]", "66/10. United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling all General Assembly resolutions on measures to eliminate international terrorism and Security Council resolutions on threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts,", "Reaffirming its resolutions 60/288 of 8 September 2006, 62/272 of 5 September 2008, 64/235 of 24 December 2009 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 concerning the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy,", "Noting with appreciation the contribution agreement to launch the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre signed by the United Nations and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on 19 September 2011,", "1. Welcomes the establishment of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre at United Nations Headquarters;", "2. Also welcomes the decision of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to fund for three years the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre established within the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Office, to be funded through voluntary contributions;", "3. Notes that the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre will operate under the direction of the Secretary-General and will contribute to promoting the implementation of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy through the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force;", "4. Encourages all Member States to collaborate with the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Centre in contributing to the implementation of its activities in support of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy;", "5. Decides to review the implementation of the present resolution at its sixty-eighth session within the existing reporting and review framework of the fourth biennial review of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.5/Rev.1和Add.1)]", "66/10. 联合国反恐中心", "大会，", "回顾所有关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的大会决议和关于恐怖主义行为对国际和平与安全的威胁的安全理事会决议，", "重申其关于联合国全球反恐战略的2006年9月8日第60/288号、2008年9月5日第62/272号、2009年12月24日第64/235号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议，", "赞赏地注意到联合国同沙特阿拉伯于2011年9月19日就设立联合国反恐中心签署的《供应协定》，", "1. 欢迎在联合国总部设立联合国反恐中心；", "2. 又欢迎沙特阿拉伯王国决定通过自愿捐款为将在反恐执行工作队办公室内设立的联合国反恐中心提供经费，为期三年；", "3. 注意到联合国反恐中心将在秘书长领导下开展工作并通过反恐执行工作队帮助推动执行《联合国全球反恐战略》；", "4. 鼓励所有会员国与联合国反恐中心合作,帮助开展支持《联合国全球反恐战略》的各项活动；", "5. 决定在大会第六十八届会议期间,在联合国全球反恐战略第四次两年期审查现行报告和审查框架内,审查本决议实施情况。", "2011年11月18日", "第60次全体会议" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.5/Rev.1和Add.1)]", "66/10. 联合国反恐怖主义中心", "大会,", "回顾大会关于消除国际恐怖主义的措施的所有决议和安全理事会关于恐怖行为对国际和平与安全所构成威胁的各项决议,", "重申其关于《联合国全球反恐战略》的2006年9月8日第60/288号、2008年9月5日第62/272号、2009年12月24日第64/235号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议,", "赞赏地注意到联合国与沙特阿拉伯王国于2011年9月19日签署的启动联合国反恐中心的捐助协定,", "1. 联合国 1. 欢迎在联合国总部设立联合国反恐中心;", "2. 联合国 2. 又欢迎沙特阿拉伯王国决定为反恐执行工作队办公室内设立的联合国反恐中心提供三年经费,由自愿捐款提供;", "3个 4. 注意到联合国反恐中心将在秘书长的指导下运作,并将有助于通过反恐执行工作队促进《联合国全球反恐战略》的执行;", " 4.四. 4. 鼓励所有会员国同反恐中心合作,协助执行中心为支持《联合国全球反恐战略》而开展的活动;", "5 (韩语). 决定大会第六十八届会议在《联合国全球反恐战略》第四次两年期审查的现有报告和审查框架内审查本决议的执行情况。", "第60次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.9 and Add.1)]", "66/11. Restoration of the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006,", "Recalling also its resolution 65/265 of 1 March 2011, in which it decided to suspend the rights of membership of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the Human Rights Council,", "Recalling further its resolution 66/1 A of 16 September 2011, in which it accepted the credentials of the representatives to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly, including the credentials of the delegation of Libya,", "Taking note of Human Rights Council resolution 18/9 of 29 September 2011,[1]", "Welcoming the commitments made by Libya to uphold its obligations under international human rights law, to promote and protect human rights, democracy and the rule of law, and to cooperate with relevant international human rights mechanisms, as well as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the International Commission of Inquiry established by the Human Rights Council in its resolution S‑15/1 of 25 February 2011,[2]", "Decides to restore the rights of membership of Libya in the Human Rights Council.", "60th plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 53A and corrigendum (A/66/53/Add.1 and Corr.1), chap. I.", "[2]  Ibid., Supplement No. 53 (A/66/53), chap. I." ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.9和Add.1)]", "66/11. 恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格", "大会，", "回顾其2006年3月15日第60/251号决议，", "又回顾其2011年3月1日第65/265号决议，其中决定暂时取消阿拉伯利比亚民众国在人权理事会的成员资格，", "还回顾其2011年9月16日第66/1A号决议，其中接受了出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书，包括利比亚代表团的全权证书，", "注意到人权理事会2011年9月29日第18/9号决议，[1]", "欢迎利比亚承诺履行其根据国际人权法所承担的各项义务，促进和保护人权、民主和法治，并与相关的国际人权机制以及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和人权理事会2011年2月25日S-15/1号决议所设国际调查委员会合作，[2]", "决定恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格。", "2011年11月18日", "第60次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第53A号》(A/66/53/Add.1)，第一章。", "[2] 同上，《补编第53号》(A/66/53)，第一章。" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.9和Add.1)]", "66/11 (英语). 恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格", "大会,", "回顾其2006年3月15日第60/251号决议,", "又回顾其2011年3月1日第65/265号决议,其中大会决定暂停阿拉伯利比亚民众国在人权理事会的成员资格,", "还回顾其2011年9月16日第66/1 A号决议,其中大会接受出席大会第六十六届会议代表的全权证书,包括利比亚代表团的全权证书,", "表示注意到人权理事会2011年9月29日第18/9号决议,[1]", "欢迎利比亚承诺履行国际人权法规定的义务,促进和保护人权、民主和法治,同相关国际人权机制以及联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和人权理事会2011年2月25日第S-115/1号决议所设国际调查委员会合作,[2]", "决定恢复利比亚在人权理事会的成员资格。", "第60次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第53 A号》和更正(A/66/53/Add.1和Corr.1),第二章。 我当然知道 I.", "[2] 同上,《补编第53号》(A/66/53),第二章。 我当然知道 I." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 18 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.8 and Add.1)]", "66/12. Terrorist attacks on internationally protected persons", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, and reaffirming its role under the Charter, including on questions related to international peace and security,", "Recalling the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, contained in General Assembly resolution 60/288 of 8 September 2006, as well as Assembly resolutions 62/272 of 5 September 2008 and 64/297 of 8 September 2010 which reaffirmed the Strategy,", "Recalling also the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,[1]", "Renewing its unwavering commitment to strengthening international cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism in all its forms and manifestations,", "Convinced that respect for the principles and rules of international law governing diplomatic and consular relations is a basic prerequisite for the normal conduct of relations among States and for the fulfilment of the purposes and principles of the Charter,", "Concerned at the failure to respect the inviolability of diplomatic and consular missions and representatives,", "Noting the note verbale dated 7 April 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding hostile actions committed against diplomatic missions in the Islamic Republic of Iran,[2] and recalling the obligations of States regarding the protection, security and safety of diplomatic missions, consulates and personnel on their territories,", "Emphasizing the duty of States to take all appropriate measures required by international law in a timely manner, including measures of a preventive nature, and to bring offenders to justice,", "Noting the letter dated 14 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Saudi Arabia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General regarding a disrupted plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,[3] and noting also the statement of the Gulf Cooperation Council of 12 October 2011 and of the Council of the League of Arab States of 13 October 2011,[4]", "Noting also the letter dated 11 October 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General reporting an Iranian plot,[5]", "Noting further the letter dated 11 October 2011, from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council,[6]", "Alarmed by the new and recurring acts of violence against diplomatic and consular representatives, which endanger or take innocent lives and seriously impede the normal work of such representatives and officials,", "Deeply concerned by the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America,", "1. Reiterates its strong and unequivocal condemnation of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever and for whatever purposes, as it constitutes one of the most serious threats to international peace and security;", "2. Strongly condemns acts of violence against diplomatic and consular missions and representatives, as well as against missions and representatives of international intergovernmental organizations and officials of such organizations, and emphasizes that such acts can never be justified;", "3. Deplores the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America;", "4. Encourages all States to take additional steps to prevent, on their territories, the planning, financing, sponsorship or organization or commission of similar terrorist acts and to deny safe haven to those who plan, finance, support or commit such terrorist acts;", "5. Calls upon the Islamic Republic of Iran to comply with all of its obligations under international law, including the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents,¹ particularly with respect to its obligations to provide law enforcement assistance, and to cooperate with States seeking to bring to justice all those who participated in the planning, sponsoring, organization and attempted execution of the plot to assassinate the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States of America.", "61st plenary meeting 18 November 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1035, No. 15410.", "[2]  A/65/946.", "[3]  A/66/553.", "[4]  S/2011/640, annex.", "[5]  See A/66/517‑S/2011/649.", "[6]  A/66/513‑S/2011/633." ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.8和Add.1)]", "66/12. 对应受国际保护人员的恐怖袭击", "大会，", "遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，重申其依照《宪章》应发挥的作用，包括在涉及国际和平与安全的问题上的作用，", "回顾其2006年9月8日第60/288号决议所载《联合国全球反恐战略》以及重申了该《战略》的2008年9月5日第62/272号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议，", "又回顾《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》，[1]", "重申坚定致力于加强国际合作以防止和打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义，", "深信尊重关于外交和领事关系的国际法原则和规则是正常处理国家间关系及实现《宪章》宗旨和原则的一个基本先决条件，", "关切外交和领事使团和代表不容侵犯的原则未获尊重，", "注意到2011年4月7日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表团给秘书长的普通照会，其中述及对伊朗伊斯兰共和国境内外交使团采取的敌对行动，[2] 并回顾各国对其境内外交使团、领事馆和人员的保护、安全及保障所负义务，", "强调各国有义务及时采取国际法规定的一切适当措施，包括预防措施，并将犯罪者绳之以法，", "注意到2011年10月14日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信，其中述及一起刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的未遂阴谋，[3] 又注意到2011年10月12日海湾合作委员会的声明和2011年10月13日阿拉伯国家联盟理事会的声明，[4]", "又注意到2011年10月11日美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信，其中报告了伊朗的一项阴谋，[5]", "还注意到2011年10月11日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长、大会主席和安全理事会主席的信，[6]", "对新近和一再发生针对外交和领事代表的暴力行为感到震惊，这些行为危及或夺走无辜生命，严重妨碍这些代表和官员的正常工作，", "深切关注刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋，", "1. 再次明确强烈谴责无论由何人、在何处、为任何目的实施的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义，因为它是对国际和平与安全的最严重威胁之一；", "2. 强烈谴责针对外交和领事使团和代表以及国际政府间组织的代表团、代表和官员的暴力行为，并强调这种行为在任何情况下都是无可辩解的；", "3. 斥责刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋；", "4. 鼓励各国采取更多措施防止在其境内发生策划、资助、赞助或组织或实施类似恐怖行为的活动，且不向那些策划、资助、支持或实施恐怖主义行为的人提供藏身之所；", "5. 吁请伊朗伊斯兰共和国履行国际法，包括《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》¹ 为其规定的所有义务，尤其是根据义务提供执法协助并与有关国家合作，以便将所有参与策划、赞助、组织和企图实施刺杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋的人绳之以法。", "2011年11月18日", "第61次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1035卷，第15410号。", "[2] A/65/946。", "[3] A/66/553。", "[4] S/2011/640，附件。", "[5] 见A/66/517-S/2011/649。", "[6] A/66/513-S/2011/633。" ]

[ "2011年11月18日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.8和Add.1)]", "66/12 (英语). 对受国际保护人员的恐怖袭击", "大会,", "遵循《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则,并重申其在《宪章》下的作用,包括在同国际和平与安全有关的问题上的作用,", "回顾大会2006年9月8日第60/288号决议所载《联合国全球反恐战略》,以及重申该战略的2008年9月5日第62/272号和2010年9月8日第64/297号决议,", "又回顾《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》,[1]", "重申坚定不移地承诺加强国际合作,防止和打击一切形式和表现的恐怖主义,", "深信尊重关于外交和领事关系的国际法原则和规则是正常处理国家间关系及实现《宪章》宗旨和原则的一个基本先决条件,", "关切外交和领事使团和代表不容侵犯的原则未获尊重,", "注意到2011年4月7日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表团就针对驻伊朗伊斯兰共和国外交使团的敌对行动给秘书长的普通照会,[2] 并回顾各国在保护本国领土上的外交使团、领事馆和人员的安全方面的义务,", "强调各国有义务及时采取国际法规定的一切适当措施,包括预防性措施,并将犯罪者绳之以法,", "注意到2011年10月14日沙特阿拉伯常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信,事关暗杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋被破坏,[3] 并又注意到海湾合作委员会2011年10月12日的声明和阿拉伯国家联盟理事会2011年10月13日的声明,[4]", "又注意到2011年10月11日美利坚合众国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信, 其中报告了伊朗的阴谋,[5]", "还注意到2011年10月11日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长、大会主席和安全理事会主席的信,[6]", "震惊地注意到外交和领事代表不断遭受新的暴力行为,危及或夺取无辜生命,并严重妨碍这些代表和官员的正常工作,", "深为关切暗杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申坚决和毫不含糊地谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义,不论何人所为,在何处发生,为何目的而为,因为它是对国际和平与安全的最严重威胁之一;", "2. 联合国 1. 强烈谴责侵犯外交和领事使团和代表以及国际政府间组织的使团和代表及这些组织的官员的暴力行为,并强调这种行为绝不能有正当理由;", "3个 2. 痛惜暗杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋;", " 4.四. 5. 鼓励所有国家采取更多步骤,防止在其境内策划、资助、赞助、组织或实施类似的恐怖主义行为,并拒绝向计划、资助、支持或实施此种恐怖主义行为的人提供庇护;", "5 (韩语). 3. 呼吁伊朗伊斯兰共和国遵守其根据国际法所承担所有义务,包括《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》,1 特别是履行其提供执法援助的义务,并与各国合作,设法将所有参与策划、赞助、组织和企图实施暗杀沙特阿拉伯驻美利坚合众国大使的阴谋的人绳之以法。", "第61次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1035卷,第15410号。", "[2] A/65/946。", "[3] A/66/553。", "[4] S/2011/640,附件。", "[5] 见A/66/517-S/2011/649。", "[6] A/66/513-S/2011/633。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 21 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.10 and Add.1)]", "66/13. The situation in Afghanistan", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/8 of 4 November 2010 and all its previous relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also all relevant Security Council resolutions and statements by the President of the Council on the situation in Afghanistan, in particular resolutions 1974 (2011) of 22 March 2011 and 2011 (2011) of 12 October 2011,", "Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and national unity of Afghanistan, and respecting its multicultural, multi‑ethnic and historical heritage,", "Recognizing once again the interconnected nature of the challenges in Afghanistan, reaffirming that sustainable progress on security, governance, human rights, the rule of law and development, as well as on the cross-cutting theme of counter-narcotics, is mutually reinforcing, and welcoming the continuing efforts of the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to address these challenges in a coherent manner,", "Recalling the long-term commitment of the international community to Afghanistan, including the mutual commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, held on 28 January and 20 July 2010, respectively, looking forward to the upcoming comprehensive review by the Secretary-General, in consultation with the Government of Afghanistan and relevant international stakeholders, of the mandated activities of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, with the aim of strengthening national ownership and leadership consistent with the Kabul process, and taking into account the evolving nature of the presence of the international community,", "Looking forward to the International Afghanistan Conference on Afghanistan and the International Community: From Transition to the Transformation Decade, to be held in Bonn, Germany, on 5 December 2011, chaired by the Government of Afghanistan, at which civil aspects of transition, the long-term commitment of the international community in Afghanistan within the region and the support of the political process will be further defined,", "Supporting increased regional efforts towards the continued implementation of previous declarations of good-neighbourly relations, welcoming the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, held in Istanbul, Turkey, on 2 November 2011, at which Afghanistan and its regional partners, with the support of the international community, affirmed their commitment to promoting regional security and cooperation through confidence-building measures, and looking forward to the first follow-up to the Istanbul Conference for Afghanistan, scheduled to convene at the ministerial level in Kabul in June 2012,", "Noting regional initiatives, such as those being implemented within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the Economic Cooperation Organization and other relevant initiatives aimed at increased regional economic cooperation with Afghanistan, such as the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan and the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, and noting also the ministerial meeting to enhance trade connectivity along historical trade routes, held in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Underlining the significance of the agreement reached between the Government of Afghanistan and countries contributing to the International Security Assistance Force, at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit, held in Lisbon on 19 and 20 November 2010, to gradually transfer lead security responsibility in Afghanistan to the Government of Afghanistan country-wide by the end of 2014, welcoming the ongoing implementation of the transition, looking forward to its phased extension to the rest of the country, underlining the continuing role of the Assistance Force in support of the Government of Afghanistan and in promoting a responsible transition and the importance of the enhancement of the operational capabilities of the Afghan National Security Forces, stressing the long-term commitment, beyond 2014, of the international community to support the further development, including training, and professionalization of the Afghan National Security Forces and their capacity to counter continued threats to Afghanistan’s security, with a view to establishing lasting peace, security and stability, and noting that these issues will be discussed at the North Atlantic Treaty Organization summit in Chicago, United States of America, in 2012,", "Reiterating the urgent need to tackle the challenges in Afghanistan, in particular the ongoing violent criminal and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and the development of Government of Afghanistan institutions, including at the subnational level, the strengthening of the rule of law and democratic processes, the fight against corruption, the acceleration of justice sector reform, the promotion of national reconciliation, without prejudice to the fulfilment of the measures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999 and 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) of 17 June 2011 and other relevant resolutions, an Afghan-led transitional justice process, the safe and voluntary return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons in an orderly and dignified manner, the promotion and protection of human rights and the advancement of economic and social development,", "Deeply concerned about the continued high level of violence in Afghanistan, condemning in the strongest terms all violent attacks, and recognizing in that regard the continuously alarming threats posed by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, as well as the challenges related to the efforts to address such threats,", "Expressing its serious concern about the high number of civilian casualties, recalling that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups are responsible for the significant majority of the civilian casualties in Afghanistan, and calling for compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law and for all appropriate measures to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians,", "Recognizing further progress made by the Assistance Force, authorized by the Security Council, and other international forces in ensuring the protection of the civilian population and in minimizing civilian casualties, and calling upon them to continue to make enhanced efforts in this regard, notably through the continuous review of tactics and procedures and the conduct of after-action reviews and investigations in cooperation with the Government of Afghanistan in cases where civilian casualties have occurred and when the Government finds these joint investigations appropriate,", "Noting the importance of the national Government being inclusive and representative of the ethnic diversity of the country and ensuring also the full and equal participation of women,", "1. Emphasizes the central and impartial role of the United Nations in promoting peace and stability in Afghanistan, expresses its appreciation and strong support for all efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Representative in this regard, expresses its appreciation also for the work of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in accordance with Security Council resolution 1974 (2011), stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in Afghanistan in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international civilian efforts, guided by the principle of reinforcing Afghan ownership and leadership, and in this regard looks forward to the results of the upcoming comprehensive review of the mandated activities of the Assistance Mission and of United Nations support in Afghanistan, as mandated by the Council in resolution 1974 (2011);", "2. Welcomes the reports of the Secretary-General[1] and the recommendations contained therein;", "3. Pledges its continued support to the Government and people of Afghanistan, as they rebuild a stable, secure, economically self-sufficient State, free of terrorism and narcotics, and strengthen the foundations of a constitutional democracy, as a responsible member of the international community;", "4. Appreciates the renewed commitment by the Government of Afghanistan to the Afghan people and the renewed commitment by the international community to Afghanistan expressed in the communiqués of the London[2] and Kabul[3] Conferences, reiterates in this regard its appreciation for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy, underlines the need for continued development and implementation, including costing plans, of the national priority programmes, and looks forward to the presentation of the remaining national priority programmes;", "5. Welcomes further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and acknowledges, to that effect, the important work being done through the interministerial coordination mechanism and its role in prioritizing and implementing the National Development Strategy and the national priority programmes;", "6. Encourages all partners to support constructively the Kabul process, building upon a deep and broad international partnership towards further increased Afghan responsibility and ownership in security, governance and development, aiming at a secure, prosperous and democratic Afghanistan, focusing on strengthening the constitutional checks and balances that guarantee citizen rights and obligations, and implementing structural reform to enable an accountable and effective Government to deliver concrete progress to its people;", "7. Supports the continuing and growing ownership of reconstruction and development efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, and emphasizes the crucial need to achieve ownership and accountability in all fields of governance and to improve institutional capabilities, including at the subnational level, in order to use aid more effectively;", "Security and transition", "8. Reiterates once again its serious concern about the security situation in Afghanistan, stresses the need to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan caused by the ongoing violent and terrorist activity by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals, including those involved in the narcotics trade, and reiterates in this regard its call for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in relevant Security Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011);", "9. Condemns in the strongest terms all acts of violence and intimidation and attacks, including improvised explosive device attacks, suicide attacks, assassinations, including of public figures, abductions, the indiscriminate targeting of civilians, attacks against humanitarian workers and the targeting of Afghan and international forces, and their deleterious effect on the stabilization, reconstruction and development efforts in Afghanistan, and condemns further the use, by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups, of civilians as human shields;", "10. Stresses the need for the Government of Afghanistan and the international community to continue to work closely together in countering these acts, which are threatening peace and stability in Afghanistan and the democratic process, the achievements and continued implementation of the Afghanistan reconstruction and development process as well as humanitarian aid measures, and calls upon all Member States to deny those groups any form of sanctuary or financial, material and political support;", "11. Expresses deep regret at the resulting loss of life and physical harm inflicted upon Afghan civilians and civilians of other nationalities, including the personnel of Afghan and international agencies and all other humanitarian workers and the diplomatic corps, the Assistance Mission, as well as upon the personnel of the Afghan National Security Forces, the International Security Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, and pays homage to all those who have lost their lives;", "12. Stresses the importance of the provision of sufficient security, calls upon the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to continue to address the threat to the security and stability of Afghanistan, and commends the Afghan National Security Forces and their international partners for their efforts in this regard;", "13. Notes that the responsibility for providing security and law and order throughout the country resides with the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, and underlines the importance of further extending central government authority, including the strengthening of the presence of Afghan security forces, to all provinces of Afghanistan, consistent with the goal of transition;", "14. Expresses its support for the objective of the Government of Afghanistan, as endorsed by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, to ensure that the Afghan National Security Forces have the necessary strength and operational capability to take over the lead security responsibility from the Assistance Force in all provinces by the end of 2014, and calls upon the international community to provide the support necessary to increase security, as well as to provide continued support by training, equipping and contributing to the financing of the Afghan National Security Forces to take on the task of securing their country;", "15. Welcomes the start of the transition process for lead security responsibility in July 2011, as agreed upon by the Government of Afghanistan and the countries taking part in the Assistance Force, commends the continuing progress that has been made in this regard, looks forward to the further stages in the transition, also welcomes the commitment of Afghanistan’s international partners to support the Government in creating the conditions necessary to allow for transition and to continue to support the transition process to enable it to advance to the point at which the Afghan National Security Forces are fully capable of meeting the security needs of the country, including public order, law enforcement, the security of Afghanistan’s borders and preservation of the constitutional rights of Afghan citizens, and calls upon Member States to continue to support the transition process with the necessary continued financial and technical support;", "16. Also welcomes, in this regard, the presence of the Assistance Force and the Operation Enduring Freedom coalition, expresses its appreciation for the support they have provided to the Afghan National Army, as well as for the assistance provided to the Afghan National Police by international partners, in particular by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization through its training mission in Afghanistan and by the European Gendarmerie Force contribution to that mission, acknowledges the continued deployment of the European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan as well as other bilateral training programmes, and, in light of the transition process, encourages further coordination where appropriate;", "17. Further welcomes the commitment of the Government of Afghanistan, with a view to ensuring stability and providing conditions for the effective rule of law, to continue the implementation of the Afghan National Police Strategy and the National Police Plan underpinning it, to build a strong, professional police force, with a focus on the ongoing institutional and administrative reforms of the Ministry of the Interior, including the implementation of its anti-corruption action plan, and leadership development, as well as to progressively enhance the quality and increase the strength of the Afghan National Police, with the necessary continued financial and technical support by the international community;", "18. Calls upon Member States to continue contributing personnel, equipment and other resources to the Assistance Force and to adequately support the evolution of the provincial reconstruction teams in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and the Assistance Mission;", "19. Notes, in the context of the comprehensive approach and the ongoing transition process, the continued importance of the synergies in the objectives of the Assistance Mission and the Assistance Force, and emphasizes, in particular, the continued need to maintain, strengthen and review civil-military relations among international actors, as appropriate, at all levels in order to ensure complementarity of action based on the different mandates and comparative advantages of the humanitarian, development, law enforcement and military actors present in Afghanistan;", "20. Urges the Afghan authorities, with the support of the international community, to take all possible steps to ensure the safety, security and free movement of all United Nations, development and humanitarian personnel and their full, safe and unhindered access to all affected populations, and to protect the property of the United Nations and of development or humanitarian organizations, and notes the efforts made in regulating private security contractors operating in Afghanistan;", "21. Also urges the Afghan authorities to make every effort, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 60/123 of 15 December 2005 on the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and protection of United Nations personnel, to bring to justice the perpetrators of attacks;", "22. Stresses the importance of advancing the full implementation of the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups throughout the country, under Afghan ownership, while ensuring coordination and coherence with other relevant efforts, including security sector reform, community development, counter-narcotics, district-level development and Afghan-led initiatives to ensure that entities and individuals do not illegally participate in the political process, in particular in future elections, in accordance with adopted laws and regulations in Afghanistan;", "23. Expresses its appreciation for the progress achieved by the Government of Afghanistan in the programme of disbandment of illegal armed groups and its integration into the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the continued commitment of the Government to work actively at the national, provincial and local levels to advance this commitment, stresses the importance of all efforts to create sufficient legal income-earning opportunities, and calls for continued international support for these efforts;", "24. Remains deeply concerned about the persisting problem of anti-personnel landmines and explosive remnants of war, which constitute a great danger to the population and a major obstacle to the resumption of economic activities and to recovery and reconstruction efforts;", "25. Welcomes the progress achieved through the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan, supports the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to meet its responsibilities under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,[4] to cooperate fully with the Mine Action Programme coordinated by the United Nations and to eliminate all known or new stocks of anti-personnel landmines, and acknowledges the need for continued assistance from the international community in this regard;", "26. Notes the ratification by Afghanistan of the Convention on Cluster Munitions;[5]", "Peace, reconciliation and reintegration", "27. Welcomes the adoption of Security Council resolutions 1988 (2011) and 1989 (2011) succeeding resolutions 1267 (1999), and 1904 (2009) of 17 December 2009, welcomes also the establishment of the 1988 Committee and the measures in resolution 1988 (2011) with respect to individuals, groups, undertakings and entities associated with the Taliban in constituting a threat to the peace, stability and security of Afghanistan, calls for the full implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced in the relevant Council resolutions, in particular resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011), and calls for consultations, as appropriate, with the Government of Afghanistan as stipulated in resolution 1988 (2011);", "28. Expresses its support for the Government of Afghanistan-led comprehensive process of peace and reconciliation, as recommended by the national Consultative Peace Jirga in June 2010, commends the renewed efforts of the Afghan Government, including the efforts of the High Peace Council and the ongoing implementation of the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme with the aim of promoting an inclusive dialogue between all Afghan groups, including those elements in opposition to the Government who are prepared to renounce violence, denounce terrorism, break ties with Al‑Qaida and other terrorist organizations and abide by the Afghan Constitution, and expresses its support for calls upon those concerned to engage in dialogue with the goal of meeting these conditions and reconcile and reintegrate, without prejudice to the implementation of measures and application of procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999), 1988 (2011), 1989 (2011) and all other relevant resolutions in this regard;", "29. Strongly condemns the assassination of Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani, Chairman of the High Peace Council, emphasizes the importance of all States with relevant information extending to the Afghan authorities the assistance they may need and all relevant information they may possess pertaining to this terrorist attack, stresses the need for calm and solidarity in Afghanistan at this time and for all parties to reduce tensions, and expresses its firm commitment to support the Government of Afghanistan in its efforts to advance the peace and reconciliation process, in line with the Kabul communiqué and within the framework of the Afghan Constitution and application of the procedures introduced by the Security Council in its resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1988 (2011) as well as other relevant resolutions of the Council;", "30. Calls upon all relevant States and international organizations to remain engaged in the Afghan-led peace process, and recognizes the impact terrorist attacks have on the Afghan people and risk having on future prospects for a peace settlement;", "31. Underlines the fact that reconciliation efforts should enjoy the support of all Afghans, including civil society, minorities and women’s groups;", "32. Calls upon the Government of Afghanistan to ensure that the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme is implemented in an inclusive manner consistent with the Afghan Constitution and the international legal obligations of Afghanistan, while upholding the human rights of all Afghans and countering impunity;", "33. Welcomes the establishment of the Peace and Reintegration Trust Fund, recalls the respective commitments made at the London and Kabul Conferences, and stresses the importance of continued contributions by the international community to the Trust Fund;", "34. Recognizes the ongoing progress in the reconciliation with the Government of Afghanistan of those Taliban individuals who have rejected the terrorist ideology of Al‑Qaida and its followers, abide by the Constitution and support a peaceful resolution to the continuing conflict in Afghanistan, calls upon the Taliban to accept the offer put forward by President Hamid Karzai to renounce violence, sever ties with terrorist groups, abide by the Constitution and join the peace and reconciliation process, and recognizes also that, notwithstanding the evolution of the situation in Afghanistan and progress in reconciliation, security remains a serious challenge in Afghanistan and the region;", "35. Also recognizes the increased number of reintegrees who have joined the Afghan Peace and Reintegration Programme, welcomes the results of the review conference of the Programme held in May 2011 and recent efforts to ensure its implementation, encourages further efforts to address remaining operational challenges, including through an appropriate vetting mechanism and by ensuring this work is linked to wider efforts to address conflict and grievance resolution at the local level, and further encourages the international community to support this Afghan-led effort;", "Governance, rule of law and human rights", "36. Emphasizes that good governance, the rule of law and human rights form the foundation for the achievement of a stable and prosperous Afghanistan, and notes the importance of building the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to promote and protect human rights, the rule of law and governance in an accountable and effective manner;", "A. Democracy", "37. Recognizes the importance of holding free, fair, transparent, credible, secure and inclusive elections as crucial steps towards consolidating democracy for all Afghans, stresses the responsibility of the Afghan authorities in this regard, also stresses the need for the timely and orderly preparation of elections, calls upon the international community to continue to provide financial and technical assistance, stresses the leading role of the Assistance Mission in coordinating these efforts, and calls upon the international community to support the Government of Afghanistan and the relevant Afghan institutions;", "38. Welcomes the settlement of the institutional impasse after the decision to leave the Independent Electoral Commission with the final authority in electoral questions, reiterates the commitment of the Afghan Government in the Kabul communiqué to address long-term electoral reform, based on lessons learned in previous elections, including the 2010 parliamentary elections, and reaffirms that Afghanistan’s peaceful future lies in strengthened and transparent democratic institutions, respect for the separation of powers, reinforced constitutional checks and balances and the guarantee and enforcement of citizens’ rights and obligations;", "B. Justice", "39. Also welcomes the steps taken by the Government of Afghanistan on justice sector reform and the commitment to improving access to the delivery of justice throughout Afghanistan made by the Government of Afghanistan at the Kabul Conference, stresses the need for further accelerated progress towards the establishment of a fair, transparent and effective justice system, in particular by implementing the National Justice Programme, the National Justice Strategy and the forthcoming National Priority Programme on Law and Justice for All in a timely manner and by providing security and ensuring the rule of law throughout the country, and urges the international community to continue to support the efforts of the Government in these areas in a coordinated manner;", "40. Acknowledges the progress made by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community in devoting adequate resources to the reconstruction and reform of the prison sector in order to improve respect for the rule of law and human rights therein, while reducing physical and mental health risks to inmates;", "41. Encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the Assistance Mission, the international community and other partners, including the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission, in protecting and preventing abuses of the human rights of those detained in all Afghan prisons and detention facilities, consistent with the Afghan Constitution, Afghan laws and international obligations, and in ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law within Afghanistan, welcomes the cooperation of the Government of Afghanistan, as well as the efforts of the international community to provide support in this regard, takes note of the recommendations contained in the report of the Assistance Mission of 10 October 2011,[6] and reiterates the importance of following the appropriate legal procedures in order to ensure justice;", "42. Emphasizes the importance of ensuring access for relevant organizations to all prisons in Afghanistan, and calls for full respect for relevant international law, including humanitarian law and human rights law, where applicable, including with regard to minors, if detained;", "C. Public administration", "43. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to continue to effectively reform the public administration sector in order to implement the rule of law and to ensure good governance and accountability, in accordance with the Kabul process, at both the national and subnational levels, with the support of the international community, welcomes the efforts of the Government and commitments made at the Kabul Conference in this regard, stresses the importance of transparent appointment and promotion procedures for civil servants, and continues to encourage the Government to make active use of the Senior Appointments Panel;", "44. Encourages the international community, including all donor nations as well as international institutions and organizations, governmental and non‑governmental, to assist the Government of Afghanistan in making capacity-building and human resources development a cross-cutting priority and to align, in a coordinated manner, with efforts by the Government, including the work of the Independent Administrative Reform and Civil Service Commission, to build administrative capacity at the national and subnational levels;", "45. Reiterates the importance of institution-building in complementing and contributing to the development of an economy characterized by sound macroeconomic policies, the development of a financial sector that provides services, inter alia, to microenterprises, small and medium-sized enterprises and households, transparent business regulations and accountability, and emphasizes the connection between generating economic growth, including through infrastructural projects, and the creation of job opportunities in Afghanistan;", "46. Recalls the ratification by Afghanistan of the United Nations Convention against Corruption,[7] reiterates its appreciation for the anti-corruption commitments made by the Government of Afghanistan at the London and Kabul Conferences, calls for further action by the Government to fulfil those commitments in order to establish a more effective, accountable and transparent administration at the national, provincial and local levels of Government, welcomes continued international support to that end, and notes with deep concern the effects of corruption with regard to security, good governance, the combating of the narcotics industry and economic development;", "47. Welcomes the principles of effective partnership set out in the communiqué of the Kabul Conference, in this context calls for the full implementation of the commitments made at the London Conference and reaffirmed at the Kabul Conference to align and channel increasing international resources through the budget of the Government of Afghanistan and in greater alignment with Afghan priorities, encourages all partners to work with the Government to implement the “Operational guide: criteria for effective off-budget development finance”, to improve procurement procedures and due diligence in international contracting procedures and to promote Afghan parliamentary oversight of expenditures and development programming, and recalls that progress in this area requires that the necessary reforms of the public financial management systems be achieved, corruption be reduced, budget execution be improved and revenue collection be increased;", "48. Underlines the importance of the recent agreement of the Government of Afghanistan with the International Monetary Fund on a three-year arrangement reaffirming the commitment to successful cooperation based on effective and transparent economic reforms;", "49. Welcomes the Subnational Governance Policy, underscores the importance of more visible, accountable and capable subnational institutions and actors in reducing the political space for insurgents, emphasizes the importance of the Kabul process being accompanied by the implementation of national programmes at the subnational level, encourages the capacity-building and empowerment of local institutions in a phased and fiscally sustainable manner, and calls for the predictable and regular allocation of more resources to provincial authorities, including continued vital support from the Assistance Mission and the international community;", "50. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to address, with the assistance of the international community, the question of claims for land property through a comprehensive land titling programme, including formal registration of all property and improved security of property rights, and welcomes the steps already taken by the Government in this regard;", "D. Human rights", "51. Recalls the constitutional guarantee of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans as a significant political achievement, calls for full respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all, without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need to fully implement the human rights provisions of the Afghan Constitution, in accordance with obligations under applicable international law, including those regarding the full enjoyment by women and children of their human rights;", "52. Acknowledges and encourages the efforts made by the Government of Afghanistan in promoting respect for human rights, and expresses its concern at the harmful consequences of violent and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals for the enjoyment of human rights and for the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to ensure human rights and fundamental freedoms for all Afghans, notes with concern reports of continued violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law, including violent or discriminatory practices, violations committed against persons belonging to ethnic and religious minorities, as well as against women and children, in particular girls, stresses the need to promote tolerance and religious freedom as guaranteed by the Afghan Constitution, emphasizes the necessity of investigating allegations of current and past violations, and stresses the importance of facilitating the provision of efficient and effective remedies to the victims and of bringing the perpetrators to justice in accordance with national and international law;", "53. Commends the Government of Afghanistan for its active participation in the universal periodic review process, calls for continued active participation of Afghan civil society in this process, and encourages the timely implementation of the recommendations addressed in the relevant report;", "54. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of thought, conscience or belief as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution, in this regard calls for full implementation of the mass media law, while noting with concern the continuing intimidation and violence targeting Afghan journalists and challenges to the independence of the media, condemns cases of the abduction and even killing of journalists by terrorist as well as extremist and criminal groups, and urges that harassment and attacks on journalists be investigated by Afghan authorities and that those responsible be brought to justice;", "55. Reiterates the important role of the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission in the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, stresses the need to guarantee its constitutional status and implement its mandate, focusing on communities across Afghanistan, so as to foster a more informed public and increase Government accountability, welcomes the decision of the Government of Afghanistan to take full responsibility for the core funding of the Commission, urges the Commission to cooperate closely with Afghan civil society, and calls upon the international community for continued support in this regard;", "56. Recalls Security Council resolutions 1674 (2006) of 28 April 2006, 1738 (2006) of 23 December 2006, 1894 (2009) of 11 November 2009 and the mid‑year report of July 2011 on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, prepared by the Assistance Mission,³ expresses its serious concern at the high number of civilian casualties, including women and children, and its impact on local communities, notes that the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups remain responsible for the significant majority of civilian casualties, reiterates its call for all feasible steps to be taken to ensure the protection of civilians, and calls for additional appropriate steps in this regard and for full compliance with international humanitarian and human rights law;", "57. Also recalls Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) of 31 October 2000, 1820 (2008) of 19 June 2008, 1888 (2009) of 30 September 2009, 1889 (2009) of 5 October 2009 and 1960 (2010) of 16 December 2010 on women and peace and security, and reiterates the importance of upholding international obligations for the advancement of women’s rights as enshrined in the Afghan Constitution;", "58. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to mainstream gender issues, including into the national priority programmes, and to protect and promote the equal rights of women and men as guaranteed, inter alia, by virtue of its ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women,[8] and by the Afghan Constitution and the implementation of the National Action Plan for Women, reiterates the continued importance of the full and equal participation of women in all spheres of Afghan life, and of equality before the law and equal access to legal counsel without discrimination of any kind, and stresses the need for continued progress on gender issues in accordance with the obligations of Afghanistan under international law;", "59. Strongly condemns incidents of discrimination and violence against women and girls, in particular if directed against women activists and women prominent in public life, wherever they occur in Afghanistan, including killings, maimings and “honour killings” in certain parts of the country;", "60. Reiterates its appreciation for the Elimination of Violence against Women Special Fund of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) as well as for its Urgent Response Fund, which continues to address targeted violence against women and women’s rights defenders in Afghanistan, and stresses the need for continued financial contributions by the international community to those funds;", "61. Welcomes the achievements and efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in countering discrimination, urges the Government to actively involve all elements of Afghan society, in particular women, in the development and implementation of relief, rehabilitation, recovery and reconstruction programmes, as well as in national priority programmes, and accurately track the progress of the full integration of women into political, economic and social life, stresses the need for continued progress on gender equality, in accordance with its obligations under international law and in the empowerment of women in Afghan politics and public administration, including in leadership positions and at the subnational level, also stresses the need to facilitate the access of women to employment and to ensure female literacy and training, and calls upon the international community to continue to provide support in this regard;", "62. Stresses the need to ensure respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of children in Afghanistan, and recalls the need for the full implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child[9] and the two Optional Protocols thereto[10] by all States parties, as well as of Security Council resolutions 1612 (2005) of 26 July 2005, 1882 (2009) of 4 August 2009 and 1998 (2011) of 12 July 2011 on children and armed conflict;", "63. Expresses its concern, in this regard, about the ongoing recruitment and use of children by illegal armed and terrorist groups in Afghanistan, stresses the importance of ending the use of children contrary to international law, expresses appreciation for the progress achieved by and the firm commitment of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, including its strong condemnation of any exploitation of children, as indicated by the establishment of the Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee for the Protection of the Rights of Children, the appointment of a focal point on child protection and the signing by the Government of Afghanistan, in January 2011, of an action plan, including the annexes thereto, on children associated with national security forces in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of the provisions of the action plan, in close cooperation with the Assistance Mission;", "64. Recognizes the special needs of girls, strongly condemns terrorist attacks as well as threats of attacks on educational facilities, especially on those for Afghan girls, and/or hospitals and protected persons in relation to them in Afghanistan, in contravention of applicable international law, and expresses deep concern about the high number of school closures as a result of terrorist attacks or threats of attacks;", "65. Welcomes the adoption by the Government of Afghanistan of the National Plan of Action on Combating Child Trafficking, also welcomes initiatives to pass legislation on human trafficking, guided by the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime,[11] and stresses the importance of considering becoming a party to the Protocol;", "Social and economic development", "66. Urgently appeals to all States, the United Nations system and international and non-governmental organizations, including the international and regional financial institutions, to continue to provide, in close coordination with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with Afghan priorities and the National Development Strategy, all possible and necessary humanitarian, recovery, reconstruction, development, financial, educational, technical and material assistance for Afghanistan, and recalls in this regard the leading role of the Assistance Mission in seeking to further improve the coherence and coordination of international efforts;", "67. Stresses the need for a continued strong international commitment to humanitarian assistance and for programmes, under the ownership of the Government of Afghanistan, of recovery, rehabilitation, reconstruction and development, while expressing its appreciation to the United Nations system and to all States and international and non-governmental organizations whose international and local staff continue to respond positively to the humanitarian, transition and development needs of Afghanistan despite security concerns and difficulties of access in certain areas;", "68. Expresses its appreciation for the humanitarian and development assistance work of the international community in the reconstruction and development of Afghanistan, recognizes the necessity for further improvement in the living conditions of the Afghan people, and emphasizes the need to strengthen and support the development of the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to deliver basic social services, in particular education and public health services, and to promote development;", "69. Urges the Government of Afghanistan to enhance efforts to reform key service delivery sectors, such as energy and drinking water supply, as preconditions for progress in social and economic development, commends the Government for its efforts to date to reach fiscal sustainability, notes the challenges ahead, and urges continued commitment to revenue generation;", "70. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the provincial reconstruction teams as they work within the provincial context to support national priorities to build the capacities of local institutions;", "71. Encourages the international community and the corporate sector to support the Afghan economy as a measure for long-term stability and to explore possibilities for increased trade and investments and enhanced local procurements, and further encourages the Government of Afghanistan to continue to promote an economic environment favourable for private-sector investments at both the national and subnational levels;", "72. Urgently encourages all States as well as intergovernmental and non‑governmental organizations to expand agricultural cooperation with Afghanistan, within the National Agricultural Development Framework and in line with the National Development Strategy, with a view to helping to eradicate poverty and ensure social and economic development, including in rural communities;", "73. Reiterates the necessity of providing Afghan children, especially Afghan girls, with educational and health facilities in all parts of the country, welcomes the progress achieved in the sector of public education, recalls the National Education Strategic Plan as a promising basis for further achievements, encourages the Government of Afghanistan, with the assistance of the international community, to expand those facilities, train professional staff and promote full and equal access to them by all members of Afghan society, including in remote areas, and reiterates further the need to provide vocational training for adolescents;", "74. Commends the relief efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and donors, but continues to express its concern at the overall humanitarian situation, stresses the continued need for food assistance, and calls for continued international support for and the early fulfilment, before the approaching winter, of the funding targets of the Afghanistan Humanitarian Action Plan;", "75. Recognizes that underdevelopment and lack of capacity increase the vulnerability of Afghanistan to natural disasters and to harsh climate conditions, and urges in this regard the Government of Afghanistan, with the support of the international community, to increase its efforts aimed at strengthening disaster risk reduction at the national and subnational levels and at modernizing the agricultural sector and strengthening its agricultural production, thereby reducing the vulnerability of Afghanistan to adverse external conditions such as drought, flooding and other natural disasters;", "76. Expresses its appreciation to those Governments that continue to host Afghan refugees, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran, acknowledging the huge burden they have so far shouldered in this regard, and asks for continued generous support by the international community, with a view to facilitating their voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable return, rehabilitation and reintegration;", "77. Reiterates to host countries and the international community the obligations under international refugee law with respect to the protection of refugees, the principle of voluntary return and the right to seek asylum and to ensure full, safe and unhindered access for humanitarian relief agencies in order to provide protection and assistance to the refugees, and calls upon countries to continue to accept an appropriate number of Afghan refugees for resettlement, as a manifestation of their shared responsibility and solidarity;", "78. Welcomes the continued return of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons, in a voluntary, safe, dignified and sustainable manner, while noting with concern that conditions in parts of Afghanistan are not yet conducive to a safe and sustainable return to some places of origin;", "79. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, acting with the support of the international community, to continue to strengthen its efforts to create the conditions for sustainable return by continuing to strengthen its absorption capacity for the full rehabilitation and reintegration of the remaining Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons;", "80. Notes, in this regard, the continued constructive work between the countries of the region, as well as the tripartite agreements between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Government of Afghanistan and the Governments of countries hosting refugees from Afghanistan, in particular Pakistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran;", "Regional cooperation", "81. Stresses the crucial role of advancing constructive regional cooperation in promoting peace, security, stability and economic and social development in Afghanistan, encourages further improved relations and enhanced engagement between Afghanistan and its neighbours, and calls for further efforts in this regard, including by regional organizations;", "82. Commends the continuing efforts of the signatories of the Kabul Declaration on Good-neighbourly Relations of 22 December 2002[12] to implement their commitments under the Declaration, calls upon all other States to respect and support the implementation of those provisions, and welcomes the reaffirmation, in the Kabul Conference communiqué, of the principles set out in the Declaration;", "83. Welcomes and encourages further efforts by the Government of Afghanistan and its neighbouring partners to foster trust and cooperation with each other, and looks forward, where appropriate, to increasing cooperation between Afghanistan, all its neighbouring and regional partners and regional organizations against the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other extremist and criminal groups and in promoting peace and prosperity in Afghanistan, in the region and beyond;", "84. Welcomes, in this regard, the increased efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, its neighbouring and regional partners and international organizations to foster trust and cooperation with each other, as well as recent cooperation initiatives developed by the countries concerned and regional organizations, including the trilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey; Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan; Pakistan, Afghanistan and the United States of America; and Afghanistan, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates; and the quadrilateral summits of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan and the Russian Federation, as well as those of the Tripartite Commission, comprising Afghanistan, Pakistan and the Assistance Force, and the European Union, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization;", "85. Also welcomes the Conference on Security and Cooperation in the Heart of Asia, and encourages Afghanistan and its regional partners to actively endeavour to implement confidence-building measures within the framework set out in the Istanbul Process on Regional Security and Cooperation for a Secure and Stable Afghanistan, adopted on 2 November 2011;[13]", "86. Expresses its appreciation for all efforts to increase regional economic cooperation aimed at promoting economic cooperation between Afghanistan, regional neighbours, international partners and financial institutions, recognizes, inter alia, the important role of the Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Regional Economic Cooperation Programme, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, as well as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the European Union and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in promoting the development of Afghanistan, and looks forward to the Fifth Regional Economic Cooperation Conference on Afghanistan, to be held in Tajikistan on 26 and 27 March 2012;", "87. Welcomes and urges further efforts to strengthen the process of regional economic cooperation, including measures to facilitate regional trade and transit, including through regional and bilateral transit trade agreements, expanded consular visa cooperation and facilitation of business travel, to expand trade, to increase foreign investments and to develop infrastructure, including infrastructural connectivity, energy supply, transport and integrated border management, with a view to promoting sustainable economic growth and the creation of jobs in Afghanistan, noting the historic role of Afghanistan as a land bridge in Asia;", "88. Encourages the Group of Eight countries to continue to stimulate and support cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours through mutual consultation and agreement, including on development projects in areas such as infrastructural connectivity, border management and economic development, and in this regard looks forward to the creation of the Afghan rail authority announced at the regional rail conference in Paris on 4 and 5 July 2011;", "Counter-narcotics", "89. Welcomes the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in fighting drug production in Afghanistan, takes note of the report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2011, released in December 2011,[14] reiterates its deep concern about the increase in the cultivation and production of illicit narcotic drugs in Afghanistan, mainly concentrated in areas where the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminals are particularly active, as well as the ongoing drug trafficking, and, based on the principle of common and shared responsibility, stresses the need for strengthened joint, more coordinated and resolute efforts by the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international and regional actors as well as the Assistance Force, within their designated responsibilities, to fight this menace;", "90. Stresses the importance of a comprehensive and balanced approach in addressing the drug problem of Afghanistan, which, to be effective, must be integrated into the wider context of efforts carried out in the areas of security, governance, the rule of law and human rights, and economic and social development;", "91. Also stresses, in this regard, that the development of alternative livelihood programmes is of key importance in the success of the counter-narcotics efforts in Afghanistan and that sustainable strategies require international cooperation, and urges the Government of Afghanistan, assisted by the international community, to promote the development of sustainable livelihoods in the formal production sector, as well as in other sectors, and to improve access to reasonable and sustainable credit and financing in rural areas, thus improving substantially the lives, health and security of the people, particularly in rural areas;", "92. Notes with great concern the strong nexus between the drug trade and terrorist activities by the Taliban, Al‑Qaida and other violent and extremist groups and criminal groups, which pose a serious threat to security, the rule of law and development in Afghanistan, and stresses the importance of the full implementation of all relevant Security Council resolutions in this regard, including resolutions 1735 (2006) of 22 December 2006 and 1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008;", "93. Calls upon all Member States, in this regard, to further intensify their efforts to reduce the demand for drugs in their respective countries and globally in order to contribute to the sustainability of the elimination of illicit cultivation in Afghanistan;", "94. Stresses the need to prevent trafficking in and diversion of chemical precursors used in the illicit manufacturing of drugs in Afghanistan, and calls for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1817 (2008) of 11 June 2008 in this regard;", "95. Supports the fight against the illicit trafficking in drugs from and precursors to Afghanistan and neighbouring States and countries along trafficking routes, including increased cooperation among them in strengthening anti-narcotic controls and the monitoring of the international trade in chemical precursors, and underlines the importance of technical assistance and support to the most affected transit States to support their capacities in this regard;", "96. Urges the Government of Afghanistan, supported by the international community, to work to mainstream counter-narcotics throughout all the national programmes and to ensure that counter-narcotics is a fundamental part of the comprehensive approach, as well as to increase its efforts against opium cultivation and drug trafficking in accordance with the balanced eight-pillar plan of the updated Afghan National Drug Control Strategy;", "97. Commends the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan in this regard, as well as the efforts to update and carry out the National Drug Control Strategy, including the Prioritized Implementation Plan and benchmarks, urges the Government and the international community to take decisive action, in particular to stop the processing of and trade in drugs, by pursuing the concrete steps set out in the Strategy and through initiatives such as the Good Performers Initiative established to provide incentives for governors to reduce cultivation in their provinces, and encourages the Afghan authorities to work at the provincial level on elaborating counter-narcotics implementation plans;", "98. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist the Government of Afghanistan in implementing its National Drug Control Strategy, aimed at eliminating the cultivation, production, trafficking in and consumption of illicit drugs, including through increased support for Afghan law enforcement and criminal justice agencies, agricultural and rural development for the creation of alternative livelihoods for farmers, demand reduction, the elimination of illicit crops, increased public awareness and the building of the capacity of drug control institutions and care and treatment centres for drug addicts, and reiterates its call upon the international community to channel counter-narcotics funding through the Government to the extent possible;", "99. Recalls the need to strengthen international and regional cooperation with Afghanistan in its sustained efforts to address drug production and trafficking, recognizes the threat posed by illicit drug production, trade and trafficking to international peace and stability in the region and beyond, also recognizes the progress achieved by relevant initiatives within the framework of the Paris Pact initiative of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, stresses the importance of further progress in the implementation of these initiatives, and welcomes the upcoming ministerial meeting of the Paris Pact initiative to be held in Vienna, in continuation of the “Paris-Moscow” process, as well as the intent of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation in this regard;", "100. Pays homage to all those who have innocently lost their lives in the fight against drug traffickers, in particular members of the security forces of Afghanistan and its neighbours;", "101. Welcomes initiatives to enhance border management cooperation between Afghanistan and its neighbours in ensuring comprehensive measures for drug control, including the financial dimension, emphasizes the importance of pursuing such cooperation, especially through bilateral arrangements and those launched by the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-building Measures in Asia, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Central Asian Anti-Drug Quartet and others, and welcomes the intention of the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen international and regional cooperation with relevant partners in the field of border control;", "102. Stresses the importance of further, effective cooperative support by relevant international and regional actors, including the United Nations and the Assistance Force, within its designated responsibilities, to Afghan-led sustained efforts to address the threat posed by the illicit production of and trafficking in drugs, welcomes in this regard the regional programme on Afghanistan and neighbouring countries of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, and encourages the respective countries to continue to participate;", "103. Acknowledges the regional activities carried out by Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan within the framework of their triangular initiative to counter narcotics, and welcomes the next ministerial meetings to be held in Kabul and Tehran, consecutively;", "Coordination", "104. Expresses its appreciation for the work of the Assistance Mission as mandated by the Security Council in its resolution 1974 (2011), and stresses the continued importance of the central and impartial coordinating role of the United Nations in promoting a more coherent international engagement;", "105. Welcomes the presence of the Assistance Mission in the provinces, which ensures that the United Nations can fulfil its essential coordinating and support role, as requested by the Government of Afghanistan, security conditions permitting;", "106. Stresses the need to ensure that the Assistance Mission is adequately resourced and protected by the Afghan authorities, with international support, as appropriate, to fulfil its mandate;", "107. Acknowledges the central role played by the Joint Coordination and Monitoring Board, stresses that the role of the Board is to support Afghanistan by, inter alia, monitoring and supporting the Kabul process and coordinating international assistance and reconstruction programmes, and welcomes further efforts to provide appropriate guidance and promote a more coherent international engagement;", "108. Expresses its appreciation for and emphasizes the importance of the continued and long-term commitment of the international community to supporting the stability and development of Afghanistan, and recalls the additional international support as pledged;", "109. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly every three months on developments in Afghanistan, as well as on the progress made in the implementation of the present resolution;", "110. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The situation in Afghanistan”.", "62nd plenary meeting 21 November 2011", "[1]  A/65/612‑S/2010/630, A/65/783‑S/2011/120, A/65/873‑S/2011/381 and A/66/369‑S/2011/590.", "[2]  See S/2010/65, annex II.", "[3]  Available from www.unama.unmissions.org.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[5]  A/C.1/63/5, enclosure, part II.", "[6]  Available from www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html.", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2349, No. 42146.", "[8]  Ibid., vol. 1249, No. 20378.", "[9]  Ibid., vol. 1577, No. 27531.", "[10]  Ibid., vols. 2171 and 2173, No. 27531.", "[11]  Ibid., vol. 2237, No. 39574.", "[12]  S/2002/1416, annex.", "[13]  See A/66/601-S/2011/767.", "[14]  Available from www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html." ]

[ "2011年11月21日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.10和Add.1)]", "66/13. 阿富汗局势", "大会，", "回顾其2010年11月4日第65/8号决议及以往所有有关决议，", "又回顾安全理事会关于阿富汗局势的所有相关决议和安理会主席声明，特别是2011年3月22日第1974(2011)号和2011年10月12日第2011(2011)号决议，", "重申坚决维护阿富汗的主权、独立、领土完整和国家统一，尊重其多元文化、多族裔的历史传承，", "再次确认阿富汗境内的各种挑战是相互关联的，重申在安全、治理、人权、法治和发展领域以及在缉毒这一贯穿不同领域的问题上取得持久进展可以起相辅相成的作用，欣见阿富汗政府和国际社会继续作出努力，协调应对这些挑战，", "回顾国际社会对阿富汗的长期承诺，包括在分别于2010年1月28日和7月20日举行的伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出的相互承诺，期待秘书长同阿富汗政府和国际上的有关利益攸关方协商，对联合国阿富汗援助团已获授权的活动和联合国在阿富汗的支助工作进行一次全面审查，以便按照喀布尔进程加强国家自主权和领导，同时考虑到国际社会驻留情况在不断变化，", "期待将于2011年12月5日在德国波恩由阿富汗政府主持召开题为“阿富汗与国际社会：从过渡走向转变的十年”的阿富汗问题国际会议，会议将进一步界定民事方面的过渡内容、国际社会在该区域内对阿富汗的长期承诺以及对政治进程的支持，", "支持增加区域努力，以不断落实以前各项睦邻关系宣言,欣见2011年11月2日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔召开的亚洲中心地带安全和合作会议，会上阿富汗及其区域伙伴在国际社会的支持下，重申了对通过建立信任措施促进区域安全与合作的承诺，并期待定于2012年6月在喀布尔召开伊斯坦布尔会议第一次部长级后续会议，", "注意到诸如在上海合作组织、集体安全条约组织、欧洲联盟、欧洲安全与合作组织、南亚区域合作联盟、经济合作与发展组织框架内正在执行的各区域倡议以及诸如阿富汗问题区域经济合作会议、中亚区域经济合作方案等其他旨在增加与阿富汗的区域经济合作的相关倡议，又注意到2011年9月22日在纽约召开的关于加强沿历史贸易路线的贸易联系的部长级会议，", "着重指出在2010年11月19日和20日在里斯本召开的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议上，阿富汗政府与国际安全援助部队派遣国达成协议，将在2014年年底前把阿富汗全境的主要安全责任逐步移交阿富汗政府，这具有重要意义，欢迎正在实施的过渡进程，期待这一进程分阶段扩大至该国其他地区，着重指出援助部队在支持阿富汗政府和促进负责任的过渡方面继续发挥作用，且必须加强阿富汗国家安全部队的能力，强调指出国际社会要作出2014年以后的长期承诺，支持阿富汗国家安全部队包括训练在内的进一步发展和专业化，支持建设其应对阿富汗安全所受持续威胁的能力，以实现持久和平、安全与稳定，并注意到2012年在美利坚合众国芝加哥召开的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议将讨论这些问题，", "再次申明迫切需要应对阿富汗境内的各种挑战，尤其是要处理塔利班、基地组织及其他包括从事毒品贸易的暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子不断进行的暴力犯罪活动和恐怖活动，组建包括国家以下各级的阿富汗政府机构，加强法治和民主进程，打击腐败，加快司法部门的改革，在不妨碍执行安全理事会1999年10月15日第1267(1999)号、2011年6月17日第1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议及其他相关决议规定的措施的情况下促进民族和解，促进由阿富汗主导的过渡时期司法进程，实现阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者安全有序和有尊严地自愿返回，促进和保护人权以及推动经济和社会发展，", "深切关注阿富汗境内暴力行为继续频发，最强烈地谴责所有暴力袭击，在这方面确认塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的威胁继续令人担忧，而消除这些威胁的努力面临挑战，", "严重关切平民伤亡人数众多，回顾阿富汗境内绝大多数平民伤亡是塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的，呼吁遵守国际人道主义法和人权法并采取一切适当措施保护平民，", "确认安全理事会授权的援助部队和其他国际部队在确保平民得到保护和尽量减少平民伤亡方面取得的进一步进展，吁请他们继续为此作出更多努力，特别是继续对战术和程序进行审查，并在发生平民伤亡时，如阿富汗政府认为宜进行联合调查，同阿富汗政府合作，进行事后审查和调查，", "注意到全国政府必须具有包容性，体现阿富汗的族裔多元性，并确保妇女的全面平等参与，", "1. 强调联合国在促进阿富汗的和平与稳定方面发挥不偏不倚的中心作用，感谢并大力支持秘书长及其特别代表为此作出的所有努力，又感谢联合国阿富汗援助团按照安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议开展的工作，强调指出援助团应发挥主导作用，依循加强阿富汗自主权和领导作用这一原则，进一步改善国际民事努力的一致性与协调,在这方面期待按照安理会第1974(2011)号决议的授权即将对援助团已获授权的活动及联合国在阿富汗的支助工作进行的全面审查的结果；", "2. 欣见秘书长的报告[1] 和其中所载建议；", "3. 承诺继续支持阿富汗政府和人民重建一个稳定、安全、经济自给自足、没有恐怖主义和毒品的国家，加强宪政民主的基础，成为国际社会负责任的一员；", "4. 赞赏在伦敦会议[2] 和喀布尔会议的公报[3] 中，阿富汗政府再度对阿富汗人民作出承诺，国际社会再度对阿富汗作出承诺；在这方面重申赞赏《阿富汗国家发展战略》,着重指出需要继续制定和实施国家优先方案，包括费用计算计划，期待提出其余的国家优先方案；", "5. 欣见阿富汗政府作出进一步努力以实现千年发展目标，肯定通过部际协调机制所作的重要工作和该机制在确定《国家发展战略》和国家优先方案的优先次序并予以实施方面所起的作用；", "6. 鼓励所有伙伴建设性地支持喀布尔进程，借助广泛和深入的国际伙伴关系，促进增加阿富汗在安全、治理和发展方面的责任和自主权，努力建设安全、繁荣和民主的阿富汗，重点加强保障公民权利和义务的宪法制衡措施，进行结构改革，建设接受问责和有效力的政府，使人民看到具体进展；", "7. 支持阿富汗政府继续进一步当家作主，开展重建和发展工作，强调迫切需要在所有治理领域当家作主且实行问责制，并提高包括在国家以下各级的体制能力，以便更有效地利用援助；", "安全和过渡", "8. 再次重申严重关切阿富汗境内的安全局势，强调需要继续消除因塔利班、基地组织及其他包括从事毒品贸易的暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子不断进行暴力和恐怖活动而对阿富汗的安全与稳定的威胁，并为此再次呼吁全面执行安全理事会有关决议，特别是第1267(1999)、1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议提出的措施和程序；", "9. 最强烈地谴责所有暴力行为、恐吓和袭击，包括简易爆炸装置袭击、自杀式袭击、刺杀(包括对公众人物的刺杀)、绑架、不加区分地以平民为目标、对人道主义工作者的袭击和以阿富汗部队和国际部队为目标，这些都对阿富汗的稳定、重建和发展工作产生有害影响；进一步谴责塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体使用平民作人盾；", "10. 强调指出阿富汗政府和国际社会需要继续密切合作，应对这些行为，因为它们威胁阿富汗和平与安全以及民主进程，威胁阿富汗重建和发展进程的成果以及这一进程的继续实施，并威胁人道主义援助措施；吁请所有会员国不让这些团体获得任何形式的庇护或财务、物质和政治支持；", "11. 深感遗憾的是阿富汗和其他国家的平民，包括阿富汗和国际机构人员、所有其他人道主义工作人员和外交使团人员、援助团以及阿富汗国家安全部队、国际安全援助部队和持久自由行动联盟的人员均因此遭受伤亡，谨向所有丧生者表示敬意；", "12. 强调指出必须提供足够的安全，吁请阿富汗政府在国际社会协助下，继续消除阿富汗安全与稳定面临的威胁,赞扬阿富汗国家安全部队及其国际伙伴在这方面的努力；", "13. 注意到阿富汗政府负有在国际社会支持下在阿富汗全境提供安全、维持法律和秩序的责任，并强调指出必须按照过渡的目标，将中央政府的权力进一步扩展到阿富汗所有省份，包括加强阿富汗安全部队的存在；", "14. 支持阿富汗政府已获协调和监察联合委员会核准的目标，即确保到2014年年底，阿富汗国家安全部队有必要的兵力和行动能力在所有省份从援助部队手中接管主要安全责任，吁请国际社会提供必要支持，以加强安全，并继续向阿富汗国家安全部队提供培训、设备和财力支持，使其有能力执行确保本国安全的任务；", "15. 欣见阿富汗政府与援助部队参加国商定的主要安全责任过渡进程于2011年7月启动，赞扬在这方面已取得的持续进展，期待进一步的过渡阶段，又欣见阿富汗各国际伙伴承诺支持阿富汗政府创造过渡所需条件，并继续支持过渡进程，直到阿富汗国家安全部队完全有能力满足该国安全需要，包括维持公共秩序、执行法律、确保阿富汗边界安全和维护阿富汗公民的宪法权利，并吁请会员国继续支持过渡进程，继续提供必要的资金和技术支持；", "16. 在这方面又欣见援助部队和持久自由行动联盟的存在，赞赏他们支持阿富汗国民军，赞赏各国际伙伴，特别是北大西洋条约组织通过其阿富汗培训特派团和对该特派团提供支持的欧洲宪兵部队，援助阿富汗国家警察，肯定欧洲联盟驻阿富汗警察特派团的继续部署和其他双边训练方案，并鉴于过渡进程，鼓励酌情进一步开展协调工作；", "17. 还欣见阿富汗政府承诺，为确保稳定并创造有效法治的条件，将继续执行《阿富汗国家警察战略》及支撑该《战略》的《国家警察计划》，以建设一支强大、专业化的警察部队，并将重点推动内政部正在进行的体制和行政改革，包括执行其反腐行动计划，发展领导能力，在国际社会继续提供必要资金和技术支持的情况下，逐渐从质量和兵力上加强阿富汗国家警察；", "18. 吁请会员国继续向援助部队提供人员、设备和其他资源，并与阿富汗政府和援助团密切协调，充分支持省级重建队的发展；", "19. 注意到在采取全面做法方面和正在进行的过渡进程中，援助团和援助部队的目标的合力作用仍然具有重要意义，特别强调国际行为体需要继续酌情在各级维持、加强和审查军民关系，以便确保按阿富汗境内人道主义、发展、执法和军事等行为体的不同授权和相对优势采取的行动能够相互配合；", "20. 敦促阿富汗当局在国际社会支持下采取一切可能的措施，确保所有联合国人员及发展和人道主义人员的人身安全、人身保障和行动自由，确保他们能够充分、安全和不受阻碍地接触所有有关居民，并保护联合国、发展组织或人道主义组织的财产，并注意到为对在阿富汗活动的私人安全承包商进行管制而进行的努力；", "21. 又敦促阿富汗当局根据大会2005年12月15日关于人道主义人员的安全保障和对联合国人员的保护的第60/123号决议，尽一切努力将发动袭击者绳之以法；", "22. 强调指出必须由阿富汗主导，推动在全国全面执行解散非法武装团体方案，与此同时，必须与安全部门改革、社区发展、缉毒、县级发展和阿富汗主导的举措等其他相关工作协调统一，确保实体和个人根据已获通过的阿富汗法律和规章，合法参加有关政治进程，尤其是参加今后举行的选举；", "23. 表示赞赏阿富汗政府在实施解散非法武装团体方案并将之其纳入《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》方面取得的进展，欣见阿富汗政府持续承诺在国家、省和地方各级积极开展工作，推动履行这一承诺，强调指出为创造足够的合法赚取收入机会而作出的所有努力的重要性，并呼吁国际社会继续支持这些努力；", "24. 仍然深感关切的是，杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题持续存在，对民众构成很大的威胁，是恢复经济活动及复原和重建工作的一大障碍；", "25. 欣见通过阿富汗地雷行动方案取得的进展，支持阿富汗政府努力履行其根据《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》[4] 承担的责任，与由联合国负责协调的地雷行动方案充分合作，销毁所有已知或新的杀伤人员地雷库存，并承认在这方面需要国际社会继续提供援助；", "26. 注意到阿富汗批准了《集束弹药公约》；[5]", "和平、和解与重返社会", "27. 欣见继第1267(1999)号和2009年12月17日第1904(2009)号决议之后安全理事会通过第1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议，又欣见1988委员会的建立以及第1988(2011)号决议中关于与塔利班有关联的对阿富汗和平、稳定与安全构成威胁的个人、团体、企业和实体的措施，呼吁全面实施安理会有关决议，特别是第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议提出的措施和程序，呼吁按照第1988(2011)号决议的规定酌情与阿富汗政府进行协商；", "28. 支持全国协商和平支尔格2010年6月建议的由阿富汗政府主导的全面和平与和解进程，赞扬阿富汗政府作出新的努力，包括高级和平委员会的努力以及正在实施的阿富汗和平与重返社会方案，其目的是促进阿富汗所有团体之间的包容性对话，包括那些准备放弃暴力、谴责恐怖主义、断绝与基地组织及其他恐怖组织联系并遵守《阿富汗宪法》的反政府派成员，并支持关于请有关方面参与对话以满足这些条件、进行和解和重新融入社会的呼吁，但不妨碍实施安全理事会在其第1267(1999)、1988(2011)、1989(2011)号决议和所有其他相关决议中提出的有关措施和程序；", "29. 强烈谴责暗杀阿富汗高级和平委员会主席布尔汉努丁·拉巴尼教授，强调所有掌握有关情报的国家必须向阿富汗当局提供后者可能需要的协助和自己可能掌握的有关这次恐怖袭击的全部情报，强调指出在此时刻需要保持阿富汗国内的平静与团结，需要所有方面缓和紧张状态；坚定承诺支持阿富汗政府按照《喀布尔公报》，在《阿富汗宪法》框架内，在适用安全理事会第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议及其他有关决议所规定程序的范围内，努力推动和平与和解进程；", "30. 吁请所有有关国家和国际组织坚持参与阿富汗主导的和平进程，确认恐怖袭击对阿富汗人民造成的影响以及给未来的和平解决前景带来的风险；", "31. 着重指出和解的努力应享有包括民间社会、少数族裔和妇女团体在内的所有阿富汗人的支持；", "32. 吁请阿富汗政府确保以包容各方的方式，根据《阿富汗宪法》的规定和阿富汗的国际法律义务，实施《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》，同时维护所有阿富汗人的人权，打击有罪不罚现象；", "33. 欣见设立了和平与重返社会信托基金，回顾分别在伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出的承诺，强调指出国际社会持续向信托基金捐款的重要性；", "34. 确认一些塔利班成员已摈弃基地组织及其追随者的恐怖主义意识形态，遵守《宪法》并支持和平解决阿富汗国内的持续冲突，他们同阿富汗政府的和解正在取得进展，吁请塔利班接受哈米德·卡尔扎伊总统关于放弃暴力、断绝与恐怖团体关系、遵守《宪法》、参与和平与和解进程的提议，又确认尽管阿富汗局势在演进且和解取得进展，但是安全问题仍在阿富汗和该区域构成严重挑战；", "35. 又确认越来越多的重返社会者参与了《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》，欣见2011年5月举行的该方案审查会议取得的成果和最近为确保执行该方案所进行的努力，鼓励进行更多的努力来克服操作方面的剩余挑战，包括建立一个适当的甄别机制并确保这项工作与在地方一级解决冲突和冤情的更广泛努力联系起来，并进一步鼓励国际社会支持这项由阿富汗主导的努力；", "治理、法治和人权", "36. 强调善政、法治和人权是阿富汗走向稳定和繁荣的基础，注意到必须建设阿富汗政府以接受问责和有效的方式促进和保护人权、法治和治理的能力；", "A. 民主", "37. 确认举行自由、公正、透明、有公信力、安全和包容各方的选举十分重要，这是为所有阿富汗人巩固民主的关键步骤，强调指出阿富汗当局在这方面的责任，又强调指出有必要及时有序地筹备选举，吁请国际社会继续提供资金和技术援助，强调指出援助团在协调这些努力方面发挥的主导作用，吁请国际社会支持阿富汗政府和阿富汗相关机构；", "38. 欣见在决定独立选举委员会对于选举问题拥有最后权力之后打破了体制僵局，再次申明阿富汗政府在喀布尔公报中承诺，将根据以前选举，包括2010年议会选举吸取的经验教训，推行长期选举改革，并重申阿富汗的和平未来依赖于巩固民主体制并使之透明，尊重权力分立，加强宪法制衡及保证和落实公民权利和义务；", "B. 司法正义", "39. 又欣见阿富汗政府采取的司法部门改革步骤和在喀布尔会议上作出的增加阿富汗全国获得司法正义的机会的承诺，强调指出在建立公正、透明和有效司法制度方面需要进一步加速取得进展，特别是需要及时执行《国家司法方案》、《国家司法战略》和即将出台的《人人享有法律和司法正义国家优先方案》，在全国提供安全环境和确保法治，敦促国际社会继续协调一致地支持阿富汗政府在这些领域的努力；", "40. 承认阿富汗政府和国际社会在提供足够资源用于监狱部门的重建和改革方面取得进展，以便在监狱部门更好地尊重法治和人权，同时减少囚犯的身体和心理健康风险；", "41. 鼓励阿富汗政府在援助团、国际社会和其他伙伴，包括阿富汗独立人权委员会的支持下，依照《阿富汗宪法》、阿富汗法律和国际义务，进一步努力保护阿富汗监狱和拘留设施中所有被拘留者的人权，防止其人权受到侵犯，并确保在阿富汗境内尊重人权和法治，欣见阿富汗政府给予合作且国际社会也努力在这方面提供支持，注意到援助团2011年10月10日报告[6] 所载建议，重申必须遵循适当法律程序以确保司法正义；", "42. 强调必须确保有关组织能够进出阿富汗所有监狱，呼吁全面遵守适用的相关国际法，包括人道主义法和人权法，同时，如有未成年人受羁押，上述法律亦当适用；", "C. 公共行政", "43. 敦促阿富汗政府继续有效地改革公共行政部门，以便在国际社会的支助下，在国家和国家以下各级按照喀布尔进程实行法治并确保善政和问责，欣见阿富汗政府在这方面的努力和在喀布尔会议上作出的承诺，强调指出公务员任命和提拔过程具有透明度的重要性，继续鼓励阿富汗政府充分利用高级任命小组；", "44. 鼓励国际社会，包括所有捐助国以及政府和非政府国际机构和组织，协助阿富汗政府把能力建设和人力资源开发作为一个贯穿各领域的优先事项来抓，并与阿富汗政府的努力，包括行政改革和公务员制度独立委员会的工作协调配合，以进行国家和国家以下各级的行政能力建设；", "45. 再次申明体制建设十分重要，它可辅助并推动创建拥有健全宏观经济政策的经济，尤其为微型企业、中小企业和家庭提供服务的金融部门以及透明的商业规则和问责制；强调在阿富汗实现经济增长，包括通过基建项目实现经济增长与创造就业机会之间的关联；", "46. 回顾阿富汗批准了《联合国反腐败公约》，[7] 再次赞赏阿富汗政府在伦敦会议和喀布尔会议上作出了反腐败承诺，呼吁阿富汗政府采取进一步行动履行这些承诺，以便在国家、省和地方各级政府建立更加有效、可问责和透明的行政当局，欢迎继续提供这方面的国际支助，深为关切地注意到腐败对安全、善政、打击毒品业和经济发展产生的影响；", "47. 欢迎喀布尔会议公报所载的有效伙伴关系原则，在这方面呼吁充分履行在伦敦会议上作出并在喀布尔会议上重申的承诺，通过阿富汗政府预算以更符合阿富汗优先事项的方式调整和输送更多的国际资源，鼓励所有伙伴与阿富汗政府合作，实施“业务准则：有效的预算外发展筹资标准”，改进国际合同程序中的采购程序和尽责情况，并推动阿富汗议会监督开支和发展规划，并回顾要在这方面取得进展，务必对公共财政管理制度进行必要改革，减少腐败，改进预算执行并增加税收；", "48. 着重指出阿富汗政府与国际货币基金组织不久前商定的三年安排具有重要意义，这一安排重申承诺在切实和透明的经济改革的基础上成功开展合作；", "49. 欢迎《国家以下各级治理政策》，强调能见度更高、更负责和更有能力的国家以下各级机构和行为体对缩小叛乱的政治空间具有重要意义，强调在实施喀布尔进程的同时还必须在国家以下各级实施国家方案，鼓励以具有财务可持续性的方式分阶段进行地方机构能力和权能建设，并呼吁为省级政府分配更多可预见的经常资源，包括援助团和国际社会继续提供的重要支助；", "50. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的援助下，通过执行土地产权综合方案，解决土地产权问题，包括对所有财产进行正式登记，加强对产权的保障，并欢迎阿富汗政府在这方面已经采取的步骤；", "D. 人权", "51. 回顾宪法保障所有阿富汗人的人权和基本自由这一项重大政治成就，呼吁充分尊重所有人的人权和基本自由，不得有任何歧视，强调指出需要根据适用的国际法规定的义务，全面落实《阿富汗宪法》的人权条款，包括有关妇女和儿童充分享有人权的条款；", "52. 承认并鼓励阿富汗政府为促进尊重人权所作的努力，关切塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子的暴力和恐怖活动对人权的享有和阿富汗政府保障所有阿富汗人的人权和基本权利的能力产生不利影响，关切地注意到据报仍有侵犯人权和国际人道主义法的行为，包括暴力或歧视性做法，对在族裔和宗教上属于少数的人以及妇女和儿童尤其是女童的侵害，强调指出需要宣传容忍精神和《阿富汗宪法》保障的宗教自由，强调指出有必要对有关目前和过去侵害行为的指控予以调查，必须协助为受害人提供充分有效的补偿，并根据国内法和国际法，将侵权者绳之以法；", "53. 赞扬阿富汗政府积极参加普遍定期审议进程，呼吁阿富汗民间社会继续积极参加这一进程，并鼓励及时执行相关报告述及的建议；", "54. 强调指出需要确保《阿富汗宪法》庄严载明的言论自由权以及思想、良心或信仰自由权得到尊重，在这方面呼吁充分执行大众媒体法，同时关切地注意到针对阿富汗记者的恐吓和暴力行为持续存在，媒体的独立性遭到挑战，谴责恐怖主义、极端主义和犯罪团体绑架甚至杀害记者，敦促阿富汗当局调查对记者的骚扰和袭击，并将行为人绳之以法；", "55. 再次申明阿富汗独立人权委员会在促进和保护人权和基本自由方面发挥重大作用，强调指出需要保障宪法为其规定的地位，使其能够以社区为重点在阿富汗各地执行任务，使大众进一步了解情况，增加对政府的问责，欣见阿富汗政府决定充分承担委员会的核心资金，敦促委员会与阿富汗民间社会密切合作，并吁请国际社会继续在这方面提供支助；", "56. 回顾关于武装冲突中保护平民的安全理事会2006年4月28日第1674(2006)号、2006年12月23日第1738(2006)号和2009年11月11日第1894(2009)号决议以及援助团2011年7月编写的关于该议题的年中报告，³ 对包括妇女和儿童在内的大批平民伤亡及其对地方社区的影响表示严重关切，注意到绝大多数平民伤亡仍是塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体造成的，再次呼吁采取一切可行步骤，以确保保护平民，呼吁在这方面进一步采取适当措施并充分遵守国际人道主义法和人权法；", "57. 又回顾安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的2000年10月31日第1325(2000)号、2008年6月19日第1820(2008)号、2009年9月30日第1888(2009)号、2009年10月5日第1889(2009)号和2010年12月16日第1960(2010)号决议，并重申必须履行《阿富汗宪法》庄严载明的促进妇女权利的国际义务；", "58. 赞扬阿富汗政府努力将两性平等视为一项重要工作，包括将其纳入国家优先方案，保护和增进男女平等权利，这些权利由于阿富汗政府批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》[8] 而得到了保障，也由《阿富汗宪法》和《国家妇女行动计划》的执行提供了保障，并重申，妇女平等地全面参与阿富汗所有领域的活动、在法律面前享有平等地位和在不受任何歧视的情况下平等获得法律顾问服务仍然十分重要，强调指出需要按照阿富汗根据国际法所承担的义务，继续在两性平等问题上取得进展；", "59. 强烈谴责对妇女和女童的歧视和暴力事件，尤其是针对女活动家和女公众人物的事件，不管这些事件在阿富汗何处发生，包括该国某些地方发生的杀害、致残和“名誉杀人”事件；", "60. 再次赞赏联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)的消除暴力侵害妇女行为特别基金及其紧急应对基金，这些基金继续处理阿富汗针对妇女和妇女权利卫士的暴力行为，强调指出国际社会需继续向这些基金捐款；", "61. 欣见阿富汗政府在反对歧视方面取得的成就和作出的努力，敦促它积极推动阿富汗社会的所有方面，特别是妇女，参加各种救济、复原、恢复和重建方案及国家优先方案的制订和执行，准确地追踪妇女全面融入阿富汗政治、经济、社会生活的进展，强调指出它需要根据国际法义务，促进两性平等，增强妇女在阿富汗政治生活和公共行政中的权能，包括在领导职位和国家以下各级的权能，并继续取得进展，还需要为妇女获得就业机会提供便利，确保对妇女进行扫盲和培训；吁请国际社会在这方面继续提供支持；", "62. 强调指出需要确保阿富汗儿童的人权和基本自由得到尊重，并回顾所有缔约国都需要全面执行《儿童权利公约》[9] 及其两项《任择议定书》[10] 以及安全理事会关于儿童与武装冲突的2005年7月26日第1612(2005)号、2009年8月4日第1882(2009)号和2011年7月12日第1998(2011)号决议；", "63. 为此表示关切非法武装团体和恐怖团体持续招募和使用儿童兵，强调指出必须终止违反国际法使用儿童的行为，赞赏阿富汗政府在这方面作出的坚定承诺和取得的进展，包括坚决谴责任何剥削儿童的行为，为此设立了保护儿童权利部际指导委员会，任命了保护儿童问题协调人，并于2011年1月签署了一项关于与阿富汗境内国家安全部队有关联的儿童问题的行动计划及其附件，并呼吁在援助团的密切合作下充分执行行动计划的规定；", "64. 确认女童有特殊需求，强烈谴责违反适用的国际法，恐怖袭击和威胁袭击阿富汗境内教育设施(特别是阿富汗女童的教育设施)和（或）医院以及与之有联系的受保护人的行为，并表示严重关切大量学校因受到恐怖袭击和袭击威胁而关闭；", "65. 欢迎阿富汗政府通过《打击贩卖儿童行为国家行动计划》，并欢迎依循《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》[11] 采取举措，以便通过有关打击人口贩运的法律，并强调指出考虑加入该《议定书》的重要性；", "社会和经济发展", "66. 紧急呼吁所有国家、联合国系统、国际组织和非政府组织，包括国际和区域金融机构，继续与阿富汗政府密切协调，按照阿富汗优先事项和《国家发展战略》，向阿富汗提供一切可能和必要的人道主义、恢复、重建、发展、财务、教育、技术及物质援助，在这方面回顾援助团在寻求进一步改善国际努力的一致性和协调方面发挥的重要作用；", "67. 强调指出需要国际社会继续大力承诺提供人道主义援助，需要有由阿富汗政府掌管的恢复、复原、重建和发展方案，同时感谢联合国系统和所有有关国家及国际组织和非政府组织，感谢它们的国际和当地工作人员在安全关切日增、进出某些地区有困难的情况下，继续对阿富汗的人道主义、过渡和发展需求作出积极的反应；", "68. 感谢国际社会为阿富汗的重建和发展开展人道主义和发展援助工作，确认需要进一步改善阿富汗人民的生活条件，强调需要加强和支持阿富汗政府的能力，以提供基本社会服务，特别是教育和公共卫生服务，促进发展；", "69. 敦促阿富汗政府加强努力，在诸如能源和饮水供应等关键服务部门进行改革，这是在社会和经济发展方面取得进步的前提条件，赞扬阿富汗政府迄今为达到财政可持续性所作的努力，注意到未来种种挑战，并敦促继续承诺创造收入；", "70. 赞赏省级重建队开展的工作，他们通过努力在省一级支助国家优先事项来促进地方机构能力建设；", "71. 鼓励国际社会和企业界支持阿富汗经济，将其作为一项实现长期稳定的措施，并探讨增加贸易和投资及当地采购的可能性，并进一步鼓励阿富汗政府继续在国家及国家以下各级推动建立有利于私营部门投资的经济环境；", "72. 紧急鼓励所有国家以及政府间组织和非政府组织在《国家农业发展框架》内，根据《国家发展战略》，扩大与阿富汗的农业合作，以帮助消除贫穷并确保社会和经济发展，包括在农村社区；", "73. 再次申明必须在全国各地为阿富汗儿童，特别是女童，提供教育和卫生设施，欣见公共教育部门取得的进展，回顾《国家教育战略计划》为继续取得进展奠定了有利基础，鼓励阿富汗政府在国际社会的帮助下扩建这些设施，培训专业工作人员,让阿富汗社会所有成员，包括边远地区的成员，都能平等地充分利用这些设施；并进一步重申需要为青少年提供职业培训；", "74. 赞扬阿富汗政府和捐助方的救济工作，但对总体的人道主义局势继续表示关切，强调指出继续需要粮食援助，呼吁国际社会继续支持《阿富汗人道主义行动计划》，并在即将来临的冬季到来之前，及早完成《行动计划》的筹资目标；", "75. 确认不发达和能力缺乏使阿富汗更容易受到自然灾害和恶劣气候的影响，为此敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下，进一步努力加强国家和国家以下各级减少灾害风险的工作，实现农业现代化，加强农业生产，从而减轻阿富汗易受旱灾、洪灾和其他自然灾害等不利外界条件影响的程度；", "76. 感谢继续收容阿富汗难民的各国政府，特别是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国，承认它们到目前为止已为此承担了沉重负担，并请国际社会继续提供慷慨支助，以便难民自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地返回、恢复正常生活和重返社会；", "77. 向收容国和国际社会再次申明，按照国际难民法，它们有义务保护难民、遵守难民自愿返回原则和尊重他们寻求庇护的权利，并确保国际救济组织充分、安全和不受阻碍地接触难民，以便向他们提供保护和援助；呼吁各国继续接纳适当数量的阿富汗难民定居，表现出共担责任和休戚与共的精神；", "78. 欣见阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者继续自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地返回，同时关切地注意到阿富汗部分地区的条件仍然不利于他们安全和可持续地返回某些原居地；", "79. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下采取行动，继续加强努力为可持续返回创造条件，继续加强吸收能力，使剩余的难民和境内流离失所者充分恢复正常生活和重新融入社会；", "80. 在这方面注意到该区域各国继续相互开展建设性工作，并注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、阿富汗政府和阿富汗难民收容国(尤其是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国)政府之间的三方协定；", "区域合作", "81. 强调指出开展建设性区域合作对于促进阿富汗和平、安全、稳定与经济和社会发展至关重要，鼓励阿富汗与其邻国进一步改善关系，加强互动，并呼吁在这方面进一步作出努力，包括呼吁区域组织进一步作出努力；", "82. 赞扬2002年12月22日《喀布尔睦邻友好关系宣言》[12] 签署国继续为履行《宣言》承诺作出努力，吁请所有其他国家尊重并支持执行这些条款，并欣见喀布尔会议公报重申了《宣言》所述的各项原则；", "83. 欢迎并鼓励阿富汗政府及其邻国伙伴进一步努力加强相互之间的信任与合作，期待阿富汗及其所有邻国伙伴、区域伙伴和区域组织加强必要的合作，打击塔利班、基地组织及其他极端主义和犯罪团体，促进阿富汗和该区域内外的和平与繁荣；", "84. 在这方面欣见阿富汗政府及其邻国伙伴和区域伙伴加强努力增进相互信任与合作，欣见有关国家和区域组织最近采取的合作举措，包括阿富汗、巴基斯坦和土耳其三边峰会，阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦三边峰会，巴基斯坦、阿富汗和美利坚合众国三边峰会，阿富汗、巴基斯坦和阿拉伯联合酋长国三边峰会，阿富汗、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和俄罗斯联邦四边峰会，并欣见由阿富汗、巴基斯坦和国际安全援助部队组成的三边委员会，欧洲联盟，伊斯兰合作组织，欧洲安全与合作组织，南亚区域合作联盟和上海合作组织采取的各项举措；", "85. 又欣见亚洲中心地带安全和合作会议的举行，并鼓励阿富汗及其区域伙伴在2011年11月2日通过的《关于加强区域安全与合作实现阿富汗安全稳定的伊斯坦布尔进程》[13] 所设框架内，积极努力执行建立信任措施；", "86. 赞赏所有旨在增进区域经济合作以促进阿富汗、区域邻国、国际伙伴和金融机构之间经济合作的努力，确认阿富汗区域经济合作会议、经济合作组织、中亚区域经济合作方案、南亚区域合作联盟以及上海合作组织、欧洲联盟和欧洲安全与合作组织等等在促进阿富汗发展方面的重要作用，并期待第五次阿富汗区域经济合作会议将于2012年3月26日和27日在塔吉克斯坦举行；", "87. 欢迎并敦促进一步努力加强区域经济合作进程，包括采取各种措施，通过区域和双边过境贸易协定、扩大领事签证合作和便利商务旅行等方式促进区域贸易和过境，扩大贸易，增加外来投资和发展基础设施，包括基础设施连接、能源供应、运输和综合边境管理，以促进阿富汗的可持续经济增长，创造就业，同时注意到阿富汗在历史上起到的亚洲陆地桥梁作用；", "88. 鼓励八国集团继续通过相互协商和协议，包括在基础设施连接、边界管理和经济发展领域执行发展项目，继续推动和支持阿富汗与其邻国之间的合作，在这方面期待设立由2011年7月4日和5日在巴黎举行的区域铁路会议宣布的阿富汗铁路管理局；", "禁毒", "89. 欣见阿富汗政府为打击本国毒品生产所作的努力，注意到2011年12月联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室公布的题为《2011年阿富汗鸦片情况调查》的报告，[14] 重申深为关切阿富汗境内麻醉药物的种植和生产增加，主要集中在塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体及犯罪分子活动特别频繁的地区，关切目前的毒品贩运活动，并根据共同分担责任的原则，强调指出阿富汗政府需要在国际和区域行动者及援助部队依照其指定职责所提供的支持下，加强配合，增进协调，作出更加坚定的努力，以消除这一威胁；", "90. 强调指出必须采用平衡兼顾的综合性做法来处理阿富汗毒品问题，要使这一做法发挥效力，就必须将其纳入在安全、治理、法治和人权以及经济和社会发展等领域作出的更为广泛努力之中；", "91. 在这方面又强调指出制订替代谋生方案对阿富汗禁毒工作取得成功至关重要，而可持续战略需要国际合作；敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下，促进在正规生产部门和其他部门发展可持续谋生手段，增加农村地区获得合理的可持续信贷和融资的机会，以此大幅度改善人民的生活、健康和安全，特别是在农村地区；", "92. 极为关切地注意到毒品贸易与塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体及犯罪团体的恐怖活动之间的密切联系，严重威胁到阿富汗的安全、法治和发展，强调指出必须全面执行安全理事会在这方面的所有相关决议，包括2006年12月22日第1735(2006)号和2008年6月30日第1822(2008)号决议；", "93. 在这方面吁请所有会员国进一步加紧努力，减少本国和全球对毒品的需求，以协助实现在阿富汗消除非法种植工作的可持续性；", "94. 强调指出必须防止用于在阿富汗非法生产毒品的化学前体的贩运和转用，为此呼吁全面执行安全理事会2008年6月11日第1817(2008)号决议；", "95. 支持打击非法将毒品运出阿富汗、其邻国和贩运路线沿线国家并将前体运入的活动，包括加强相互合作，以增强缉毒管制和监测化学前体的国际贸易，并强调必须对受影响最大的过境国提供技术援助和支助，以支持它们在这方面的能力；", "96. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会支持下，努力将禁毒工作列入所有国家方案，确保禁毒是有关综合性做法的一个重要部分，并根据更新的《阿富汗国家毒品管制战略》兼顾各种因素的八点计划，进一步努力打击罂粟种植和毒品贩运；", "97. 赞扬阿富汗政府为此以及为增订和执行《国家毒品管制战略》，包括《优先执行计划》和基准作出的努力，敦促阿富汗政府和国际社会采取果断行动，特别是采取该《战略》提出的具体步骤，通过各种举措，例如为激励各省省长减少本省罂粟种植而提出的绩优者举措，来制止毒品加工和毒品贸易，并鼓励阿富汗当局努力在省级制订打击麻醉品执行计划；", "98. 吁请国际社会继续协助阿富汗政府执行旨在根除非法毒品的种植、生产、贩运和消费的《国家毒品管制战略》，包括加大支持力度，支持阿富汗执法和刑事司法机构，促进农业和农村发展，为农民提供替代谋生手段，减少需求，清除非法作物，提高公众认识，建立毒品管制机构的能力，建立吸毒者照料和医治中心，并再次吁请国际社会尽可能通过阿富汗政府提供禁毒资金；", "99. 回顾必须加强与阿富汗的国际和区域合作，协助该国为解决毒品生产和贩运问题作出可持续的努力，确认非法毒品生产、贸易、贩运对国际和平与该区域内外的稳定构成威胁，又确认在《巴黎公约倡议》框架内采取的相关举措所取得的进展，强调指出在落实这些举措方面进一步取得进展的重要性，欢迎联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的巴黎公约倡议部长级会议将在维也纳举行，以继续巴黎-莫斯科进程，并欣见阿富汗政府有意加强这方面的国际和区域合作；", "100.　向所有在打击贩毒者过程中无辜牺牲的人员，特别是阿富汗及其邻国的安全部队成员表示敬意；", "101.　欣见采取各种举措加强阿富汗与其邻国之间边境管理合作，确保制定包括金融层面的综合性毒品管制措施，强调必须开展这类合作，特别是通过双边安排和由集体安全条约组织、亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议、经济合作组织、上海合作组织、中亚禁毒四方及其他方面发起的安排开展合作，欣见阿富汗政府打算在边境管制方面加强与相关伙伴的国际和区域合作；", "102.　强调指出有关国际和区域行为体，包括联合国和根据其指定职责行事的援助部队，必须进一步为阿富汗主导的持久努力提供有效的合作支持，以消除非法生产和贩运毒品带来的威胁，在这方面对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室关于阿富汗及其邻国的区域方案表示欢迎，鼓励相关国家继续参与；", "103.　肯定阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦在其三边禁毒举措的框架内开展的活动，并欢迎将分别在喀布尔和德黑兰举行的部长级会议；", "协调", "104.　赞赏援助团按照安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议授权开展工作，并强调指出联合国必须继续发挥公平协调的中心作用，推动国际社会以更加协调一致的方式进行参与；", "105.　欣见援助团应阿富汗政府的请求，在安全条件允许的情况下到各省开展工作，确保联合国能够发挥重要的协调支助作用；", "106.　强调指出应确保援助团具备充足资源并得到阿富汗当局的保护，在适当的国际支助下完成任务；", "107.　肯定协调和监察联合委员会发挥的中心作用，强调指出委员会的作用是通过监察和支持喀布尔进程，协调国际援助和重建方案等方式向阿富汗提供支持，并欢迎进一步作出努力，提供适当的指导，推动国际社会以更加协调一致的方式进行参与；", "108.　赞赏国际社会支持阿富汗稳定与发展的持续长期承诺，强调这一承诺具有重要意义，并回顾已保证提供进一步的国际支持；", "109.　请秘书长每三个月向大会提交一次报告，介绍阿富汗的事态发展和执行本决议的进展情况；", "110. 决定将题为“阿富汗局势”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年11月21日", "第62次全体会议", "[1] A/65/612-S/2010/630、A/65/783-S/2011/120、A/65/873-S/2011/381和A/66/369-S/2011/590。", "[2] 见S/2010/65，附件二。", "[3] 可查阅www.unama.unmissions.org。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2056卷，第35597号。", "[5] A/C.1/63/5，附文，第二部分。", "[6] 可查阅www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2349卷，第42146号。", "[8] 同上，第1249卷，第20378号。", "[9] 同上，第1577卷，第27531号。", "[10] 同上，第2171和2173卷，第27531号。", "[11] 同上，第2237卷，第39574号。", "[12] S/2002/1416，附件。", "[13] 见A/66/601-S/2011/767。", "[14] 可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-monitoring/index.html。" ]

[ "2011年11月21日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.10和Add.1)]", "66/13 (英语). 阿富汗局势", "大会,", "回顾其2010年11月4日第65/8号决议和以往所有相关决议,", "又回顾安全理事会关于阿富汗局势的所有相关决议和主席声明,特别是2011年3月22日第1974(2011)号和2011年10月12日第2011(2011)号决议,", "重申对阿富汗主权、独立、领土完整和国家统一的坚定承诺,并尊重其多文化、多族裔和历史遗产,", "再次确认阿富汗境内的各种挑战相互关联,重申在安全、治理、人权、法治和发展以及在禁毒这一贯穿各领域的主题上取得持续进展是相辅相成的,欣见阿富汗政府和国际社会继续努力以协调一致的方式应对这些挑战,", "回顾国际社会对阿富汗的长期承诺,包括在分别于2010年1月28日和7月20日举行的伦敦和喀布尔会议上作出的相互承诺,期待秘书长同阿富汗政府和相关的国际利益攸关方协商,即将对联合国阿富汗援助团已获授权的活动和联合国在阿富汗的支助情况进行全面审查,以期按照喀布尔进程加强国家的自主权和领导权,同时考虑到国际社会的存在不断变化的性质,", "期待由阿富汗政府主持,于2011年12月5日在德国波恩举行阿富汗与国际社会:从过渡到转型十年问题国际会议,会上将进一步确定过渡的民政方面、国际社会在阿富汗境内的长期承诺以及对政治进程的支持,", "支持加强区域努力,以继续执行以往各项睦邻友好关系宣言,欢迎2011年11月2日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的亚洲心脏地带安全与合作会议,会上阿富汗及其区域伙伴在国际社会的支持下,申明承诺通过建立信任措施促进区域安全与合作,并期待着定于2012年6月在喀布尔举行的阿富汗伊斯坦布尔部长级会议的第一次后续行动,", "注意到一些区域举措,如正在上海合作组织、集体安全条约组织、欧洲联盟、欧洲安全与合作组织、南亚区域合作联盟、经济合作组织等框架内实施的举措,以及旨在加强同阿富汗的区域经济合作的其他相关举措,如阿富汗问题区域经济合作会议和中亚区域经济合作方案,又注意到2011年9月22日在纽约举行的加强沿历史贸易路线的贸易连通性的部长级会议,", "强调阿富汗政府同国际安全援助部队派遣国在2010年11月19日和20日于里斯本举行的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议上达成的协议的重要意义,该协议规定到2014年底,在阿富汗全境逐步将主导安全责任移交给阿富汗政府,欣见过渡正在得到实施,期待分阶段向该国其他地区扩展,着重指出援助部队在支持阿富汗政府和促进负责任的过渡方面继续发挥作用,并着重指出必须加强阿富汗国家安全部队的行动能力,强调国际社会长期承诺在2014年以后支持阿富汗国家安全部队的进一步发展,包括培训和专业化,支持其应对阿富汗安全持续受威胁的能力,以建立持久和平、安全与稳定,并注意到这些问题将在2012年美利坚合众国芝加哥北大西洋公约组织首脑会议上得到讨论,", "重申迫切需要应对阿富汗境内的挑战,特别是塔利班、 \" 基地 \" 组织和其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子,包括参与毒品贸易的团体和犯罪分子正在发生的暴力犯罪和恐怖活动,并发展阿富汗政府机构,包括在国以下一级,加强法治和民主进程,打击腐败,加快司法部门改革,促进民族和解,但不妨碍执行安全理事会1999年10月15日第1267(1999)号、第1988(2011)号和2011年6月17日第1989(2011)号决议及其他相关决议规定的措施,阿富汗主导的过渡时期司法进程,阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者有秩序地和有尊严地安全和自愿地回返,促进和保护人权并推进经济和社会发展,", "深为关切阿富汗境内暴力持续高发,最强烈地谴责一切暴力袭击,并在这方面确认塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体所构成的威胁持续令人震惊,以及在努力消除这些威胁方面面临的挑战,", "表示严重关切大量平民伤亡,回顾塔利班、 \" 基地 \" 组织和其他暴力和极端主义团体要为阿富汗境内绝大多数平民伤亡负责,呼吁遵守国际人道主义法和人权法并采取一切适当措施来保护平民,", "确认安全理事会授权的援助部队和其他国际部队在确保保护平民和尽量减少平民伤亡方面取得进一步进展,吁请它们继续在这方面加强努力,特别是不断审查战术和程序,同阿富汗政府合作,就已发生平民伤亡的案件和阿富汗政府认为适当的联合调查进行行动后审查和调查,", "注意到国家政府必须具有包容性并代表该国的族裔多样性,还必须确保妇女充分而平等地参与,", "1. 联合国 强调联合国在推动阿富汗和平与稳定方面的核心和公正作用,表示赞赏并大力支持秘书长及其特别代表在这方面所作的一切努力,还赞赏联合国阿富汗援助团根据安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议开展的工作,并强调指出,援助团在加强阿富汗自主权和领导权的原则指导下,在努力进一步改善国际民事努力的一致性和协调方面发挥领导作用,并在此方面期待即将按照安理会第1974(2011)号决议的授权全面审查援助团的授权活动和联合国在阿富汗的支助的成果;", "2. 联合国 1. 欢迎秘书长的报告[1]和其中所载的建议;", "3个 1. 保证继续支持阿富汗政府和人民重建一个稳定、安全、经济上自给自足、没有恐怖主义和毒品的国家,并巩固作为国际社会负责任成员的宪政民主的基础;", " 4.四. 赞赏阿富汗政府再次对阿富汗人民作出承诺,以及国际社会在《伦敦公报》[2]和《喀布尔公报》[3]中再次对阿富汗作出承诺, 会议在这方面重申赞赏《阿富汗国家发展战略》,强调需要继续制定和执行国家优先方案,包括计算费用计划,并期待着提出其余国家优先方案;", "5 (韩语). 5. 欢迎阿富汗政府为实现千年发展目标而作的进一步努力,并承认为此通过部际协调机制正在做的重要工作及其在优先安排和执行国家发展战略和国家优先方案方面的作用;", "6. 国家 4. 鼓励所有伙伴以深入而广泛的国际伙伴关系为基础,为阿富汗在安全、治理和发展方面进一步增强责任和自主权而建设性地支持喀布尔进程,以期建立一个安全、繁荣和民主的阿富汗,重点是加强保障公民权利和义务的宪法制衡,并进行结构改革,使一个负责而有效的政府能为其人民带来具体进展;", "7. 联合国 8. 支持阿富汗政府继续并日益自主地开展重建和发展工作,并强调需要在所有治理领域实现自主权和问责制,并增强体制能力,包括国家以下各级的能力,以更有效地利用援助;", "安全和过渡", "8. 联合国 2. 再次重申严重关切阿富汗的安全局势,强调需要继续应对塔利班、 \" 基地 \" 组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子,包括参与毒品贸易的团体和犯罪分子正在进行的暴力和恐怖活动对阿富汗安全与稳定造成的威胁,并在此方面再次呼吁全面执行安全理事会相关决议,特别是第1267(1999)号、第1988(2011)号和第1989(2011)号决议提出的措施并适用其中的程序;", "9. 国家 2. 最强烈地谴责一切暴力和恐吓和攻击行为,包括简易爆炸装置袭击、自杀式袭击、包括公众人物在内的暗杀、绑架、不分青红皂白地以平民为攻击目标、袭击人道主义工作者以及以阿富汗和国际部队为攻击目标等行为,并谴责这些行为对阿富汗稳定、重建和发展努力的有害影响,还谴责塔利班、基地组织和其他暴力和极端主义团体以平民为人盾;", "10个 8. 强调阿富汗政府和国际社会必须继续密切合作,打击这些威胁阿富汗和平与稳定及民主进程、阿富汗重建和发展进程的成就和继续实施以及人道主义援助措施的行为,并吁请所有会员国拒绝给予这些团体任何形式的庇护或财政、物质和政治支持;", "11个 2. 对阿富汗平民和包括阿富汗和国际机构人员、所有其他人道主义工作者和外交使团、援助团以及阿富汗国家安全部队、国际安全援助部队和 \" 持久自由行动 \" 联盟人员在内的其他国籍平民由此遭受的生命损失和人身伤害深表遗憾,并向所有丧生者致敬;", "12个 6. 强调必须提供足够安全,吁请阿富汗政府在国际社会的协助下,继续应对对阿富汗安全与稳定的威胁,并称赞阿富汗国家安全部队及其国际伙伴在这方面作出的努力;", "13个 4. 注意到阿富汗政府有责任在该国全境提供安全及法律和秩序,并得到国际社会的支持,并着重指出必须按照过渡目标,将中央政府权力,包括加强阿富汗安全部队的存在,进一步扩展到阿富汗所有省份;", "14个 3. 表示支持经协调和监察联合委员会认可的阿富汗政府的目标,即确保阿富汗国家安全部队拥有必要的兵力和行动能力,到2014年底从援助部队手中接过所有省份的牵头安全责任,并吁请国际社会提供必要的支持来增强安全,并持续提供训练、装备和捐助,为阿富汗国家安全部队承担保障国家安全的任务提供资金;", "15个 欢迎阿富汗政府和参加援助部队的国家商定的牵头安全责任过渡进程于2011年7月启动,赞扬在这方面已持续取得进展,期待过渡的更进一步阶段,又欢迎阿富汗的国际伙伴承诺支持阿富汗政府创造必要条件来进行过渡并继续支持过渡进程,使阿富汗国家安全部队能够推进到能够充分满足该国安全需要的地步,包括公共秩序、执法、阿富汗边界安全和维护阿富汗公民的宪法权利,并吁请会员国继续提供必要的财政和技术支助来支助过渡进程;", "16号. 4. 在这方面又欣见援助部队和持久自由行动联盟的存在,表示赞赏它们向阿富汗国民军提供的支助,以及国际伙伴,特别是北大西洋公约组织通过其在阿富汗的培训特派团向阿富汗国家警察提供的援助,以及欧洲宪兵部队为该特派团提供的捐助,确认继续部署欧洲联盟驻阿富汗警察特派团以及其他双边培训方案,并鉴于过渡进程,鼓励酌情进一步协调;", "17岁。 3. 还欢迎阿富汗政府承诺,为了确保稳定和为有效法治创造条件,继续执行《阿富汗国家警察战略》和作为该战略基础的《国家警察计划》,建立一支强大而专业的警察部队,重点是内政部正在进行的机构和行政改革,包括执行其反腐败行动计划和培养领导能力,并逐步提高阿富汗国家警察的质量并增加其兵力,同时得到国际社会必要的持续财政和技术支助;", "18岁。 4. 吁请会员国同阿富汗政府和援助团密切协调,继续向援助部队提供人员、装备和其他资源,并充分支持省级重建队的发展;", " 19. 19. 5. 注意到在全面办法和正在展开的过渡进程中,援助团和援助部队的目标继续具有协同作用的重要性,并特别强调继续需要酌情在各级维持、加强和审查国际行为体之间的军民关系,以确保根据阿富汗境内人道主义、发展、执法和军事行为体的不同任务和相对优势而采取行动的互补性;", "20号. 5. 敦促阿富汗当局在国际社会的支持下,采取一切可能步骤,确保所有联合国人员、发展和人道主义人员的安全保障和行动自由,确保他们能充分、安全和不受阻碍地接触所有受影响的民众,并保护联合国、发展或人道主义组织的财产,并注意到为规范在阿富汗活动的私营安保承包商而作的努力;", "21岁 4. 又敦促阿富汗当局根据大会2005年12月15日关于人道主义人员的安全保障和对联合国人员的保护的第60/123号决议,尽一切努力将攻击行为人绳之以法;", "22号. 3. 强调必须推动在阿富汗主导下,在全国各地全面执行解散非法武装团体方案,同时确保与安全部门改革、社区发展、禁毒、地区一级发展和由阿富汗主导的举措等其他相关努力协调一致,确保实体和个人按照阿富汗已通过的法律和条例,不非法参与政治进程,尤其是今后的选举;", "23. 联合国 5. 表示赞赏阿富汗政府在解散非法武装团体并将其纳入阿富汗和平与重返社会方案方案方面取得的进展,欢迎阿富汗政府继续承诺在国家、省和地方各级积极开展工作以推进这一承诺,强调为创造足够的合法创收机会而作一切努力的重要性,并呼吁国际社会继续支持这些努力;", "24 (韩语). 2. 仍然深切关注杀伤人员地雷和战争遗留爆炸物问题持续存在,对民众构成巨大危险并严重阻碍经济活动的恢复以及恢复和重建努力;", "25岁 5. 欢迎通过《阿富汗地雷行动方案》取得的进展,支持阿富汗政府努力履行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》所赋予的职责,[4] 与联合国协调的《地雷行动方案》充分合作并消除所有已知或新的杀伤人员地雷储存,并承认国际社会需要在这方面继续提供援助;", "26. 联合国 1. 注意到阿富汗批准了《集束弹药公约》;[5]", "和平、和解和重返社会", "27个 欢迎安全理事会通过第1988(2011)和1989(2011)号决议,其后继第1267(1999)和2009年12月17日第1904(2009)号决议;又欢迎设立1988 委员会,并欣见第1988(2011)号决议针对与塔利班有关系并威胁阿富汗和平、稳定与安全的个人、团体、企业和实体采取的措施;呼吁全面执行安理会相关决议,特别是第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议所引入的措施并适用相关程序;呼吁酌情同阿富汗政府协商;", "28岁 表示支持阿富汗政府按照2010年6月全国协商和平支尔格的建议,牵头开展全面的和平与和解进程,赞扬阿富汗政府重新作出努力,包括高级和平委员会作出努力并正在执行《阿富汗和平与重返社会方案》,以促进阿富汗所有团体,包括那些准备放弃暴力、谴责恐怖主义、同基地组织和其他恐怖组织断绝关系并遵守《阿富汗宪法》的反对派团体之间的包容性对话,并表示支持呼吁有关各方进行对话,以期满足这些条件并和解和重返社会,但不妨碍执行和适用安全理事会第1267(1999)号、第1988(2011)号、第1989(2011)号决议和这方面的所有其他有关决议所介绍的措施;", "29. 国家 2. 强烈谴责高级和平委员会主席布尔汉努丁·拉巴尼教授被暗杀,强调所有国家都必须掌握向阿富汗当局提供可能需要的协助的相关信息和它们可能掌握的与这次恐怖袭击有关的所有信息,强调阿富汗此时需要平静和团结,所有各方需要缓和紧张局势,并坚决承诺支持阿富汗政府按照《喀布尔公报》和《阿富汗宪法》的框架并适用安全理事会第1267(1999)和1988(2011)号决议以及安理会其他有关决议所引入的程序来推动和平与和解进程;", "30岁。 5. 吁请所有有关国家和国际组织继续参与由阿富汗主导的和平进程,并承认恐怖袭击对阿富汗人民的影响以及今后和平解决的前景的风险;", "31岁 强调和解努力应得到所有阿富汗人,包括民间社会、少数群体和妇女团体的支持;", "32. 联合国 5. 吁请阿富汗政府确保以符合《阿富汗宪法》和阿富汗的国际法律义务的包容性方式执行阿富汗和平与重返社会方案,同时维护所有阿富汗人的人权并打击有罪不罚现象;", "33. (中文(简体) ). 4. 欢迎设立和平与重返社会信托基金,回顾在伦敦和喀布尔会议上分别作出的承诺,并着重指出国际社会必须继续向信托基金捐款;", "34. 国家 4. 确认在与阿富汗政府和解方面,反对基地组织及其追随者的恐怖主义意识形态的塔利班个人正在取得进展,遵守《宪法》,支持和平解决阿富汗境内的持续冲突,呼吁塔利班接受哈米德·卡尔扎伊总统提出的放弃暴力、切断与恐怖主义团体的联系、遵守《宪法》并加入和平与和解进程的提议,又确认尽管阿富汗局势有所演变,和解也取得了进展,但安全仍然是阿富汗和该区域面临的严重挑战;", "35. 联合国 4. 又确认加入阿富汗和平与重返社会方案的重返社会人员人数增加,欢迎2011年5月举行的该方案审查会议的结果和最近为确保执行该方案而作的努力,鼓励进一步努力应对其余的业务挑战,包括为此建立适当的审查机制,并确保这项工作与地方一级解决冲突和冤情的更广泛努力相挂钩,还鼓励国际社会支持由阿富汗主导的这一努力;", "治理、法治和人权", "36. (中文(简体) ). 4. 强调善政、法治和人权是建立一个稳定和繁荣的阿富汗的基础,并指出必须建设阿富汗政府以负责和有效方式促进和保护人权、法治和治理的能力;", "A. 民主", "37. 联合国 11. 确认必须举行自由、公正、透明、可信、有保障和包容各方的选举,这是为所有阿富汗人巩固民主的关键步骤,强调阿富汗当局在这方面的责任,并着重指出需要及时有秩序地筹备选举,吁请国际社会继续提供财政和技术援助,强调援助团在协调这些努力方面的主导作用,并吁请国际社会支持阿富汗政府和阿富汗相关机构;", "38. 国家 欢迎在决定让独立选举委员会在选举问题上拥有最后权力之后解决了体制僵局,重申阿富汗政府在喀布尔公报中承诺根据以往选举,包括2010年议会选举的经验教训,处理长期选举改革问题,并重申阿富汗的和平未来在于加强和透明的民主体制,尊重分权,加强宪法制衡,保障和执行公民的权利和义务;", "B. 司法", "39. 联合国 6. 又欢迎阿富汗政府在喀布尔会议上采取步骤进行司法部门改革并致力于在阿富汗全境改善诉诸司法的机会,强调需要进一步加快在建立公正、透明和有效的司法系统方面取得进展,特别是要及时执行国家司法方案、国家司法战略以及即将出台的《全民法律和司法国家优先方案》,在全国提供安全和确保法治,并敦促国际社会以协调一致的方式继续支持阿富汗政府在这些领域的努力;", " 40. 40. 9. 确认阿富汗政府和国际社会在为监狱部门的重建和改革提供充足资源以增进对法治和人权的尊重并同时减少囚犯的身心健康风险方面取得的进展;", "41. 国家 鼓励阿富汗政府在援助团、国际社会和包括阿富汗独立人权委员会在内的其他伙伴的支持下,依照《阿富汗宪法》、阿富汗法律和国际义务,进一步努力保护和防止在阿富汗所有监狱和拘留设施中被拘押者的人权被侵犯,并确保阿富汗境内的人权和法治得到尊重,欢迎阿富汗政府提供合作并努力提供这方面的支持,注意到2011年10月10日援助团报告所载建议,[6] 并重申遵循适当法律程序以确保正义的重要性;", "42. 国家 11. 强调必须确保有关组织能够进入阿富汗境内的所有监狱,并呼吁充分尊重相关国际法,包括适用的人道主义法和人权法,包括被拘留的未成年人;", "C. 公共行政", "43. 东帝汶 5. 敦促阿富汗政府继续有效改革公共行政部门,以在国际社会的支持下,按照喀布尔进程,在国家和国家以下各级实行法治,确保善治和问责制,欢迎阿富汗政府在这方面作出的努力和在喀布尔会议上作出的承诺,强调公务员任命和晋升程序必须透明,并继续鼓励阿富汗政府积极利用高级任命小组;", "44. 国家 5. 鼓励国际社会,包括所有捐助国以及政府和非政府国际机构和组织,协助阿富汗政府将能力建设和人力资源开发作为一个贯穿各领域的优先事项,并协调一致地配合阿富汗政府为在国家和国家以下各级建设行政能力而作的努力,包括独立行政改革和公务员制度委员会的工作;", "45. 国家 5. 重申体制建设在补充和促进以健全的宏观经济政策为特点的经济的发展、发展向微型企业、中小型企业和家庭提供服务等的金融部门、透明的商业条例和问责制方面的重要性,并着重指出通过基础设施项目等途径实现经济增长与在阿富汗创造就业机会之间的联系;", "46. 经常预算: 4. 回顾阿富汗批准了《联合国反腐败公约》,[7] 再次赞赏阿富汗政府在伦敦和喀布尔会议上作出的反腐败承诺,呼吁阿富汗政府采取进一步行动来履行这些承诺,以便在国家、省和地方各级政府中建立一个更有效、更负责和更透明的行政机构,欢迎国际社会继续为此提供支持,并深为关切地指出腐败对安全、善治、打击毒品工业和经济发展的影响;", "47. 国家 4. 欢迎喀布尔会议公报所阐明的有效伙伴关系原则,在这方面呼吁全面履行在伦敦会议上作出和在喀布尔会议上重申的各项承诺,通过阿富汗政府的预算并更符合阿富汗的优先事项来调整和输送更多的国际资源,鼓励所有伙伴与政府合作执行“业务指南:有效预算外发展资金的标准”,改进国际订约程序中的采购程序和克尽职守,促进阿富汗议会对支出和发展方案的监督,并忆及要在这方面取得进展,就必须对公共财政管理系统进行必要的改革,减少腐败,改进预算执行并增加税收;", " 48. 48. 3. 强调阿富汗政府最近同国际货币基金组织就三年安排所达成的协议的重要性,其中重申致力于在有效和透明的经济改革基础上进行成功合作;", "49. (中文(简体) ). 4. 欢迎国家以下各级治理政策,强调更能见度高、更负责、更有能力的国家以下各级机构和行为体在减少叛乱分子的政治空间方面的重要性,强调在喀布尔进程的同时,必须在国家以下各级实施国家方案,鼓励以分阶段和财政上可持续的方式,为地方机构提供能力建设和赋权,并呼吁以可预测的方式定期向省级当局提供更多的资源,包括援助团和国际社会继续提供至关重要的支助;", " 50. 50. 6. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的协助下,通过一项全面的土地产权方案,包括对所有财产进行正式登记并增进财产权的安全,解决土地产权主张问题,并欢迎阿富汗政府已在这方面采取的步骤;", "D. 人权", "51. 联合国 4. 回顾宪法保障尊重所有阿富汗人的人权和基本自由是一项重大政治成就,呼吁充分尊重所有人的人权和基本自由,不得有任何歧视,并强调需要按照适用的国际法规定的义务,充分执行《阿富汗宪法》的人权条款,包括妇女和儿童充分享有人权;", "52. (中文(简体) ). 11. 承认和鼓励阿富汗政府努力促进对人权的尊重,并表示关切塔利班、 \" 基地 \" 组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪分子的暴力和恐怖活动会给所有阿富汗人享受人权和确保人权和基本自由的能力带来有害后果,关切地注意到有报道称,继续发生侵犯人权和国际人道主义法的行为,包括暴力或歧视性做法,侵犯少数民族和宗教少数群体成员以及妇女和儿童,特别是女童的行为,强调必须促进《阿富汗宪法》所保障的容忍和宗教自由,强调必须调查关于目前和过去侵犯行为的指控,并着重指出,必须协助为受害者提供切实有效的补救办法,并依照国内法和国际法将行为人绳之以法;", "53. 联合国 2. 赞扬阿富汗政府积极参与普遍定期审议进程,呼吁阿富汗民间社会继续积极参与这一进程,并鼓励及时执行相关报告所提出的建议;", "54. 联合国 14. 强调必须确保尊重《阿富汗宪法》所揭示的言论自由权和思想、良心或信仰自由权,为此呼吁全面执行大众媒体法,同时关切地注意到阿富汗记者继续遭受恐吓和暴力并受到媒体独立的挑战,谴责恐怖分子以及极端主义和犯罪团体绑架甚至杀害记者的案件,敦促阿富汗当局调查骚扰和袭击记者的行为,将责任人绳之以法;", "55. 国家 6. 重申阿富汗独立人权委员会在促进和保护人权和基本自由方面的重要作用,强调需要保障其宪法地位并执行其任务,以阿富汗各地的社区为重点,以促使公众了解情况并增强政府问责制,欢迎阿富汗政府决定全面负责为委员会提供核心资金,敦促委员会同阿富汗民间社会密切合作,并呼吁国际社会继续在这方面提供支助;", "56. (中文(简体) ). 4. 回顾安全理事会2006年4月28日第1674(2006)号、2006年12月23日第1738(2006)号、2009年11月11日第1894(2009)号和援助团编写的2011年7月关于武装冲突中保护平民的年中报告,3 表示严重关切包括妇女和儿童在内的大量平民伤亡及其对地方社区的影响,注意到塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体仍要为绝大多数平民伤亡负责,再次呼吁采取一切可行步骤确保平民得到保护,呼吁在这方面采取更多适当步骤并充分遵守国际人道主义法和人权法;", "57. 萨尔瓦多 又回顾安全理事会关于妇女、和平与安全的2000年10月31日第1325(2000)号、2008年6月19日第1820(2008)号、2009年9月30日第1888(2009)号、2009年10月5日第1889(2009)号和2010年12月16日第1960(2010)号决议,并重申必须履行《阿富汗宪法》规定的促进妇女权利的国际义务;", "58. 联合国 4. 赞扬阿富汗政府努力将两性平等问题纳入主流,包括将其纳入国家优先方案,并保护和促进除其他外由阿富汗批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》[8]所保障的男女平等权利,以及《阿富汗宪法》和《全国妇女行动计划》的执行所保障的平等权利,重申妇女充分而平等地参与阿富汗生活的各个方面,在法律面前平等以及不受任何歧视地平等获得法律咨询,仍然十分重要,并强调需要根据国际法为阿富汗规定的义务在性别问题上继续取得进展;", "59. (中文(简体) ). 1. 强烈谴责针对妇女和女孩的歧视和暴力事件,特别是针对妇女活动分子和公共生活中突出出的妇女的事件,而不论这些事件发生在阿富汗境内何处,包括在阿富汗某些地区发生的杀害、致残和“为维护名誉而杀人”;", "60. 联合国 1. 重申赞赏联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)消除暴力侵害妇女行为特别基金及其紧急应急基金,该基金继续处理阿富汗境内针对妇女的暴力行为和妇女权利维护者的问题,并着重指出国际社会需要继续向这些基金提供捐款;", "61. 国家 5. 欢迎阿富汗政府在消除歧视方面取得的成就和作出的努力,敦促阿富汗政府积极让阿富汗社会所有阶层,特别是妇女,参与制订和执行救济、复兴、恢复和重建方案以及国家优先方案,并准确跟踪妇女充分融入政治、经济和社会生活的进展情况,强调需要根据国际法规定的义务,在两性平等方面以及在增强妇女在阿富汗政治和公共行政中,包括在领导职位和国家以下各级的权能方面,继续取得进展,又强调需要为妇女获得就业提供便利,并确保妇女识字和培训,并吁请国际社会继续提供这方面的支助;", "62. 联合国 强调需要确保阿富汗境内儿童的人权和基本自由得到尊重,并回顾所有缔约国需要全面执行《儿童权利公约》[9] 及其两项任择议定书[10],以及安全理事会关于儿童与武装冲突的2005年7月26日第1612(2005)号、2009年8月4日第1882(2009)号和2011年7月12日第1998(2011)号决议;", "63. 国家 在这方面表示关切阿富汗非法武装团体和恐怖主义团体正在招募和使用儿童,强调必须终止违反国际法使用儿童的行为,表示赞赏阿富汗政府在这方面取得的进展并作出坚定承诺,包括强烈谴责任何剥削儿童的行为,如设立保护儿童权利部际指导委员会、任命儿童保护问题协调人和阿富汗政府于2011年1月就与阿富汗国家安全部队有关系的儿童问题签署行动计划,包括行动计划附件,并呼吁与援助团密切合作,全面执行行动计划的规定;", "64. (中文(简体) ). 8. 确认女童的特殊需要,强烈谴责违反适用的国际法,在阿富汗发生的恐怖袭击以及袭击教育设施,特别是袭击阿富汗女童设施和(或)与其有关的医院和受保护人员的威胁,并深为关切恐怖袭击或袭击威胁导致大量学校关闭;", "65. 国家 2. 欢迎阿富汗政府通过《打击贩卖儿童国家行动计划》,又欢迎在《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》[11] 的指导下采取主动行动,就贩卖人口问题通过立法,并着重指出考虑加入该议定书的重要性;", "社会和经济发展", "66. (中文(简体) ). 4. 紧急呼吁所有国家、联合国系统、国际组织和非政府组织,包括国际和区域金融机构,同阿富汗政府密切协调,并依照阿富汗优先事项和《国家发展战略》,继续向阿富汗提供一切可能的和必要的人道主义、恢复、重建、发展、财政、教育、技术和物质援助,并在这方面回顾援助团在努力进一步改善国际努力的协调一致方面发挥的主导作用;", "67. (中文(简体) ). 6. 强调需要继续对人道主义援助作出强有力的国际承诺,并需要制订由阿富汗政府掌管的复原、恢复、重建和发展方案,同时感谢联合国系统以及所有其国际和当地工作人员不顾某些地区的安全关切和进出困难,继续积极响应阿富汗的人道主义、过渡和发展需要;", "68. (中文(简体) ). 5. 表示赞赏国际社会在重建和发展阿富汗方面开展的人道主义和发展援助工作,确认需要进一步改善阿富汗人民的生活条件,并强调需要加强和支持阿富汗政府提供基本社会服务,特别是教育和公共卫生服务并促进发展的能力;", "69. (中文(简体) ). 6. 敦促阿富汗政府加强努力,改革能源和饮用水供应等关键服务提供部门,以此作为社会和经济发展取得进展的先决条件,赞扬阿富汗政府迄今为达到财政可持续性而作的努力,注意到今后的挑战,并敦促继续致力于创收;", "70. 联合国 3. 表示赞赏省级重建队在省一级开展工作,支持国家优先事项,建设地方机构的能力;", "71. 联合国 6. 鼓励国际社会和企业部门支持阿富汗经济,以此作为实现长期稳定的一项措施,并探讨增加贸易和投资以及增加当地采购的可能性,还鼓励阿富汗政府继续在国家和国家以下各级促进有利于私营部门投资的经济环境;", "72. 联合国 3. 紧急鼓励所有国家以及政府间组织和非政府组织在国家农业发展框架内并依照国家发展战略,扩大同阿富汗的农业合作,以期帮助消除贫穷并确保社会和经济发展,包括农村社区的社会和经济发展;", "73 (中文(简体) ). 8. 重申需要在全国各地为阿富汗儿童,特别是为阿富汗女孩提供教育和保健设施,欢迎在公共教育部门取得的进展,回顾《国家教育战略计划》是取得进一步成就的有希望的基础,鼓励阿富汗政府在国际社会的协助下扩大这些设施,培训专业工作人员并促使阿富汗社会所有成员,包括边远地区的专业人员,都能充分和平等地利用这些设施,还重申需要为青少年提供职业培训;", "74. 国家 3. 赞扬阿富汗政府和捐助者的救济努力,但继续对整个人道主义局势表示关切,强调继续需要粮食援助,并呼吁国际社会继续支持《阿富汗人道主义行动计划》并早日在即将到来的冬季之前实现该计划的供资目标;", "75. 国家 11. 确认不发达和能力不足使阿富汗更容易受自然灾害和恶劣气候条件的影响,在这方面敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下,进一步努力加强国家和国家以下各级的减少灾害风险工作,使农业部门现代化并加强其农业生产,从而减少阿富汗受干旱、水灾等不利外部条件影响的脆弱性;", "76. 联合国 2. 感谢继续收容阿富汗难民的各国政府,特别是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国,确认它们迄今在这方面已承担了巨大的负担,并请求国际社会继续提供慷慨支助,以便利他们自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续地返回、恢复正常生活和重返社会;", "77. 国家 5. 重申收容国和国际社会根据国际难民法在保护难民、自愿返回原则和寻求庇护权方面承担的义务,确保人道主义救济机构能够充分、安全和不受阻碍地进入,为难民提供保护和援助,并吁请各国继续接受适当数量的阿富汗难民重新定居,以示它们共同承担责任并团结一致;", "78. 国家 4. 欢迎阿富汗难民和境内流离失所者继续以自愿、安全、有尊严和可持续的方式回返,同时关切地注意到阿富汗部分地区的条件还不利于安全和可持续地回返一些原籍地;", "79. 联合国 5. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下采取行动,继续加强努力为可持续回返创造条件,继续加强吸收能力,使剩余的阿富汗难民和国内流离失所者完全恢复正常生活并重返社会;", "80个 4. 在这方面注意到该区域各国之间继续进行建设性工作,并注意到联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、阿富汗政府和阿富汗难民收容国政府,特别是巴基斯坦和伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府之间的三方协定;", "区域合作", "81个 3. 强调推动建设性的区域合作对促进阿富汗和平、安全、稳定及经济和社会发展的关键作用,鼓励进一步改善阿富汗与邻国之间的关系并增进它们之间的接触,呼吁在这方面作出进一步努力,包括由区域组织作出努力;", "82. 2. 赞扬2002年12月22日《喀布尔睦邻友好关系宣言》[12] 签署国继续努力履行根据《宣言》作出的承诺,吁请所有其他国家尊重和支持执行这些规定,并欢迎喀布尔会议公报中重申《宣言》所阐明的原则;", "83个 11. 欢迎和鼓励阿富汗政府及其相邻伙伴进一步努力增进相互信任与合作,并期望阿富汗及其相邻和区域伙伴以及区域组织酌情加强合作,打击塔利班、基地组织和其他极端主义和犯罪团体,促进阿富汗、该区域内外的和平与繁荣;", "第八十四会. 4. 在这方面欢迎阿富汗政府、其邻国伙伴和区域伙伴及国际组织加强努力,增进相互信任与合作,欢迎有关国家和区域组织最近提出的合作倡议,包括阿富汗、巴基斯坦和土耳其、阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦、巴基斯坦、阿富汗和美利坚合众国、阿富汗、巴基斯坦和阿拉伯联合酋长国三方首脑会议;阿富汗、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和俄罗斯联邦四方首脑会议,以及由阿富汗、巴基斯坦和援助部队组成的三方委员会和欧洲联盟、伊斯兰合作组织、欧洲安全与合作组织、南亚区域合作联盟和上海合作组织;", "85. 2. 又欢迎亚洲心脏地带安全与合作会议,并鼓励阿富汗及其区域伙伴在2011年11月2日通过的 \" 关于区域安全与合作实现阿富汗安全稳定的伊斯坦布尔进程 \" 所制定的框架内积极努力执行建立信任措施;[13]", "86号. 2. 表示赞赏为增进区域经济合作而作的一切努力,以促进阿富汗同区域邻国、国际伙伴和金融机构之间的经济合作,除其他外,确认阿富汗问题区域经济合作会议、经济合作组织、中亚区域经济合作方案、南亚区域合作联盟以及上海合作组织、欧洲联盟和欧洲安全与合作组织在促进阿富汗发展方面的重要作用,并期待着定于2012年3月26日和27日在塔吉克斯坦举行的第五次阿富汗问题区域经济合作会议;", "87个 6. 欢迎并敦请进一步努力加强区域经济合作进程,包括采取措施为区域贸易和过境提供便利,包括订立区域和双边过境贸易协定,扩大领事签证合作并便利商务旅行,扩大贸易,增加外国投资并发展基础设施,包括基础设施连通性、能源供应、运输和综合边境管理,以促进阿富汗的可持续经济增长和创造就业,同时注意到阿富汗作为亚洲陆地桥梁的历史作用;", "88个 5. 鼓励八国集团继续通过相互协商和协议,包括就基础设施连通性、边境管理和经济发展等领域的发展项目,来刺激和支持阿富汗与邻国之间的合作,并在此方面期待2011年7月4日和5日在巴黎举行的区域铁路会议上宣布设立阿富汗铁路管理局;", "禁毒", "89. 国家 4. 欢迎阿富汗政府努力打击阿富汗境内的毒品生产,注意到联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2011年12月公布的《2011年阿富汗鸦片概览》,[14] 重申深为关切阿富汗境内非法麻醉药品的种植和生产有所增加,主要集中于塔利班、基地组织和其他暴力和极端主义团体及犯罪分子特别活跃的地区,并持续进行毒品贩运,并着重指出阿富汗政府需要根据共同分担责任的原则,在国际和区域行为体以及援助部队所指定的职责范围内,加强联合、更协调和坚决的努力来打击这一威胁;", "90. (中文(简体) ). 3. 强调必须以全面而平衡的方式处理阿富汗的毒品问题,这个问题要有效,就必须纳入安全、治理、法治和人权以及经济和社会发展等领域所进行努力的更广阔范围内;", "91. 联合国 10. 在这方面又强调指出,制订替代生计方案对阿富汗禁毒工作取得成功至关重要,而可持续战略需要国际合作,敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的协助下,促进正规生产部门及其他部门可持续生计的发展,并增加农村地区获得合理和可持续的信贷和融资的机会,从而大大改善人民的生活、健康和安全,特别是农村地区的人民的生活、健康和安全;", "92. (中文(简体) ). 2. 极为关切地注意到毒品贸易同塔利班、基地组织及其他暴力和极端主义团体和犯罪团体的恐怖活动密切相关,对阿富汗的安全、法治和发展构成严重威胁,强调必须全面执行安全理事会这方面的所有相关决议,包括2006年12月22日第1735(2006)号和2008年6月30日第1822(2008)号决议;", "93. 国家 3. 吁请所有会员国在这方面进一步加紧努力,减少本国和全球对毒品的需求,以有助于可持续地消除阿富汗境内的非法种植;", "94. 国家 4. 强调必须防止用于在阿富汗非法制造毒品的化学前体被贩运和转移,并在此方面要求全面执行安全理事会2008年6月11日第1817(2008)号决议;", "95号. 8. 支持打击从阿富汗和邻国以及贩运路线沿线国家非法贩运毒品和前体的活动,包括加强这些国家在加强禁毒管制和监测化学前体国际贸易方面的合作,并着重指出必须向受影响最大的过境国提供技术援助和支助,以支持它们在这方面的能力;", "96. (中文(简体) ). 5. 敦促阿富汗政府在国际社会的支持下,努力将禁毒工作纳入所有国家方案的主流,确保禁毒工作成为全面办法的一个基本部分,并依照更新后的《阿富汗国家毒品管制战略》中平衡的八大支柱计划,进一步努力打击鸦片种植和毒品贩运;", "97. 国家 5. 赞扬阿富汗政府在这方面作出的努力,以及为更新和执行《国家药物管制战略》,包括《优先执行计划》和各项基准而作的努力,敦促阿富汗政府和国际社会采取果断行动,特别是采取《战略》所阐明的具体步骤和为奖励省长减少各省的种植而制订的 \" 良好业绩者倡议 \" 等举措,以制止毒品加工和毒品贸易,并鼓励阿富汗当局在省一级制订禁毒执行计划;", "98 (英语). 5. 吁请国际社会继续协助阿富汗政府执行旨在根除非法药物的种植、生产、贩运和消费的国家药物管制战略,包括增加对阿富汗执法和刑事司法机构、农业和农村发展的支助,以创造农民的替代生计、减少需求、铲除非法作物、提高公众认识并建设药物管制机构和吸毒者护理和治疗中心的能力,并再次吁请国际社会尽可能通过阿富汗政府提供禁毒资金;", "99号. 4. 回顾需要同阿富汗加强国际和区域合作以持续努力解决毒品生产和贩运问题,认识到非法药物生产、贸易和贩运对该区域内外国际和平与稳定构成的威胁,又确认联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室《巴黎公约》倡议框架内的相关举措已取得进展,强调必须在执行这些举措方面取得进一步进展,并欣见即将在维也纳举行《巴黎-莫斯科》倡议部长级会议,以继续开展“巴黎-莫斯科”进程,并欣见阿富汗政府打算加强这方面的国际和区域合作;", "一百个 3. 向所有在打击贩毒分子的斗争中无辜地丧生的人,特别是阿富汗及其邻国的安全部队成员表示敬意;", "101. (中文(简体) ). 5. 欢迎加强阿富汗同邻国之间的边境管理合作以确保采取包括财政方面在内的全面药物管制措施的倡议,强调必须进行这种合作,特别是通过双边安排和由集体安全条约组织、亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议、经济合作组织、上海合作组织、中亚禁毒四方等发起的安排,并欢迎阿富汗政府打算在边境管制领域加强与相关伙伴的国际和区域合作;", "102. 国家 5. 强调包括联合国和援助部队在内的相关国际和区域行为体必须在其指定职责范围内进一步提供有效的合作支持,以持续开展由阿富汗主导的努力,消除非法生产和贩运毒品所构成的威胁,在这方面欢迎联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的阿富汗及其邻国区域方案,并鼓励有关国家继续参与;", "第103页。 2. 确认阿富汗、伊朗伊斯兰共和国和巴基斯坦在打击麻醉品三角倡议框架内开展的区域活动,并欣见接连在喀布尔和德黑兰举行的下一次部长级会议;", "协调", "104 (韩语). 2. 表示赞赏援助团根据安全理事会第1974(2011)号决议所授权开展的工作,并着重指出联合国在促进更协调一致的国际参与方面继续发挥核心和公正的协调作用的重要性;", "105. (中文(简体) ). 4. 欢迎援助团在各省派驻人员,确保联合国能够在安全条件允许的情况下,根据阿富汗政府的请求,发挥重要的协调和支助作用;", "106. (中文(简体) ). 5. 强调必须确保援助团有足够的资源,并得到阿富汗当局的保护,酌情得到国际支助,以完成其任务;", "107 (韩语). 11. 确认协调和监测联合委员会发挥的核心作用,强调该委员会的作用是除其他外,通过监测和支持喀布尔进程和协调国际援助和重建方案来支助阿富汗,并欢迎进一步努力提供适当指导,促进更协调一致的国际参与;", "108. (中文(简体) ). 2. 表示赞赏并着重指出国际社会必须继续作出长期承诺,支持阿富汗的稳定和发展,并忆及已承诺提供的额外国际支持;", "第109页. 4. 请秘书长每三个月向大会报告阿富汗的事态发展和本决议的执行进展情况;", "110. 国家 9. 决定将题为“阿富汗局势”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第62次全体会议", "[1] A/65/612-S/2010/630、A/65/783-S/2011/120、A/65/873-S/2011/381 A/66/369-S/2011/590。", "[2] 见S/2010/65,附件二。", "[3] 可查阅www.unama.unmissions.org。", "[4] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2056卷,第35597号。", "[5] A/C.1/63/5,附录,第二部分。", "[6] 可查阅www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4e93ecb22.html。", "[7] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2349卷,第42146号。", "[8] 同上,第1249卷,第20378号。", "[9] 同上,第1577卷,第27531号。", "[10] 同上,第2171和2173卷,第27531号。", "[11] 同上,第2237卷,第39574号。", "[12] S/2002/1416,附件。", "[13] 见A/66/601-S/2011/767。", "[14] 可查阅www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop-survey/index.html。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.15 and Add.1)]", "66/14. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights", "of the Palestinian People", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, 194 (III) of 11 December 1948, 3236 (XXIX) of 22 November 1974, 3375 (XXX) and 3376 (XXX) of 10 November 1975, 31/20 of 24 November 1976 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its emergency special sessions and its resolution 65/13 of 30 November 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides and the need for full compliance with those agreements,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[5]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Expresses its appreciation to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People for its efforts in performing the tasks assigned to it by the General Assembly, and takes note of its annual report,¹ including the conclusions and valuable recommendations contained in chapter VII thereof;", "2. Requests the Committee to continue to exert all efforts to promote the realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including their right to self-determination, to support the Middle East peace process for the achievement of the two-State solution on the basis of the pre‑1967 borders and the just resolution of all final status issues and to mobilize international support for and assistance to the Palestinian people, and in this regard authorizes the Committee to make such adjustments in its approved programme of work as it may consider appropriate and necessary in the light of developments and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session and thereafter;", "3. Also requests the Committee to continue to keep under review the situation relating to the question of Palestine and to report and make suggestions to the General Assembly, the Security Council or the Secretary-General, as appropriate;", "4. Further requests the Committee to continue to extend its cooperation and support to Palestinian and other civil society organizations and to continue to involve additional civil society organizations and parliamentarians in its work in order to mobilize international solidarity and support for the Palestinian people, particularly during this critical period of political instability, humanitarian hardship and financial crisis, with the overall aim of promoting the achievement by the Palestinian people of its inalienable rights and a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative² and the Quartet road map;³", "5. Requests the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, established under General Assembly resolution 194 (III), and other United Nations bodies associated with the question of Palestine to continue to cooperate fully with the Committee and to make available to it, at its request, the relevant information and documentation which they have at their disposal;", "6. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Committee in the performance of its tasks;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to circulate the report of the Committee to all the competent bodies of the United Nations, and urges them to take the necessary action, as appropriate;", "8. Also requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Committee with all the necessary facilities for the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[5]  A/66/371‑S/2011/592, annex I." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.15和Add.1)]", "66/14. 巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "大会，", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号、1948年12月11日第194(III)号、1974年11月22日第3236(XXIX)号、1975年11月10日第3375(XXX)和3376(XXX)号、1976年11月24日第31/20号决议和其后的所有相关决议，包括其紧急特别会议通过的各项决议和2010年11月30日第65/13号决议，", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定以及全面遵守这些协定的必要性，", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和经安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议赞同的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决方案四方路线图[3] 为基础的中东和平进程，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[4] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议，", "表示注意到巴勒斯坦于2011年9月23日提交了关于加入为联合国会员国的申请书，[5]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依循国际合法性得到满意解决为止，", "1. 感谢巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会为完成大会交给它的任务作出努力，注意到委员会年度报告，¹ 包括报告第七章中的结论和宝贵建议；", "2. 请委员会继续尽全力促进实现巴勒斯坦人民的不可剥夺权利，包括自决权利，支持中东和平进程，以达成基于1967年以前边界的两国解决方案并公正解决所有最终地位问题，动员国际社会支持和援助巴勒斯坦人民，在这方面授权委员会根据事态发展，对它的核定工作方案作出它认为必要的适当调整，并就此向大会第六十七届会议及其后各届会议提出报告；", "3. 又请委员会继续经常审查与巴勒斯坦问题有关的局势，酌情向大会、安全理事会或秘书长提出报告和建议；", "4. 还请委员会继续同巴勒斯坦的和其他的民间社会组织合作并给予支持，继续争取更多的民间社会组织和议员参与其工作，以动员国际社会声援和支持巴勒斯坦人民，尤其是在出现政治不稳定、人道主义困境和财政危机的这一关键时期，总体目标是根据联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、《阿拉伯和平倡议》² 和四方路线图，³ 促进实现巴勒斯坦人民的不可剥夺权利，公正、持久、和平地解决作为阿拉伯-以色列冲突核心的巴勒斯坦问题；", "5. 请大会第194(III)号决议所设联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会以及与巴勒斯坦问题有关的其他联合国机构继续同委员会充分合作，并在委员会要求时，向委员会提供它们掌握的相关信息和文件；", "6. 邀请各国政府和各组织在委员会开展工作过程中同它合作；", "7. 请秘书长将委员会的报告分发给联合国所有主管机构，并敦促它们酌情采取必要的行动；", "8. 又请秘书长继续向委员会提供它开展工作所需要的一切便利。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529，附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[5] A/66/371-S/2011/592，附件一。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.15和Add.1)]", "66/14. 巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会", "所设委员会", "大会,", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号、1948年12月11日第194(III)号、1974年11月22日第3236(XXIX)号、1975年11月10日第3375(XXX)和3376(XXX)号、1976年11月24日第31/20号决议及其后所有有关决议,包括大会紧急特别会议通过的决议和2010年11月30日第65/13号决议,", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议,", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告,[1]", "回顾以色列国政府同巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认,并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定以及全面遵守这些协定的必要性,", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议职权范围,包括以土地换和平原则、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议核可的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决办法四方路线图 为基础的中东和平进程,[3]", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就 \" 在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果 \" 发表的咨询意见,[4] 并回顾其2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议,", "表示注意到2011年9月23日巴勒斯坦提出的加入为联合国会员国的申请,[5]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题负有永久责任,直至这个问题的所有方面都依照国际法得到满意解决为止,", "1. 联合国 1. 表示赞赏巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会为执行大会所指派的任务而作的努力,并注意到其年度报告,1 包括其中第七章所载的结论和宝贵建议;", "2. 联合国 7. 请委员会继续竭尽全力促进实现巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利,包括自决权,支持中东和平进程,以在1967年以前的边界基础上实现两国解决办法并公正解决所有最后地位问题,并动员国际社会支持和援助巴勒斯坦人民,为此授权委员会根据事态发展,对其核定工作方案作委员会认为适当而必要的调整,并就此向大会第六十七届会议及其后各届会议提出报告;", "3个 7. 又请委员会继续审查与巴勒斯坦问题有关的局势,并酌情向大会、安全理事会或秘书长提出报告和建议;", " 4.四. 7. 还请委员会继续同巴勒斯坦和其他民间社会组织合作并给予支持,并让更多的民间社会组织和议员参与其工作,以动员国际社会声援和支持巴勒斯坦人民,特别是在政治不稳定、人道主义困难和金融危机的这一关键时期,总体目标是推动巴勒斯坦人民根据联合国相关决议、马德里会议的职权范围,包括土地换和平原则、《阿拉伯和平倡议》2 和四方路线图3 ,实现其不可剥夺的权利并公正、持久地和平解决作为阿以冲突核心的巴勒斯坦问题;", "5 (韩语). 4. 请大会第194(III)号决议所设联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会以及与巴勒斯坦问题有关的联合国其他机构继续同委员会充分合作,并应委员会要求向其提供它们所掌握的有关资料和文件;", "6. 国家 5. 邀请各国政府和各组织同委员会合作,协助委员会执行任务;", "7. 联合国 8. 请秘书长将委员会的报告分发给联合国所有主管机构,并敦促它们酌情采取必要行动;", "8. 国家 7. 又请秘书长继续向委员会提供执行其任务所必要的一切便利。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932,附件二,第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529,附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1;另见《在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "[5] A/66/371-S/2011/592,附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.16 and Add.1)]", "66/15. Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the action taken by the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat in accordance with their mandates,", "Recalling its resolution 32/40 B of 2 December 1977 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including its resolution 65/14 of 30 November 2010,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Secretary-General in compliance with its resolution 65/14;", "2. Considers that, by providing substantive support to the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People in the implementation of its mandate, the Division for Palestinian Rights of the Secretariat continues to make a most useful and constructive contribution to raising international awareness of the question of Palestine and of the urgency of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine in all its aspects on the basis of international law and United Nations resolutions and the efforts being exerted in this regard, and to generating international support for the rights of the Palestinian people;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to provide the Division with the necessary resources and to ensure that it continues to carry out its programme of work as detailed in relevant earlier resolutions, in consultation with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People and under its guidance;", "4. Requests the Division, in particular, to continue to monitor developments relevant to the question of Palestine, organize international meetings and conferences in various regions with the participation of all sectors of the international community, liaise and cooperate with civil society and parliamentarians, develop and expand the “Question of Palestine” website and the documents collection of the United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, prepare and widely disseminate publications and information materials on various aspects of the question of Palestine and develop and enhance the annual training programme for staff of the Palestinian Authority in contribution to Palestinian capacity-building efforts;", "5. Also requests the Division, as part of the observance of the International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People on 29 November, to continue to organize, under the guidance of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, an annual exhibit on Palestinian rights or a cultural event in cooperation with the Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations, and encourages Member States to continue to give the widest support and publicity to the observance of the Day of Solidarity;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to ensure the continued cooperation with the Division of the United Nations system entities with programme components addressing various aspects of the question of Palestine and the situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "7. Invites all Governments and organizations to extend their cooperation to the Division in the performance of its tasks.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35)." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.16和Add.1)]", "66/15. 秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司", "大会，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "特别表示注意到巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会和秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司根据其任务采取的行动，", "回顾其1977年12月2日第32/40B号决议及其后的所有相关决议，包括2010年11月30日第65/14号决议，", "1. 赞赏地注意到秘书长遵照大会第65/14号决议采取的行动；", "2. 认为秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司通过实质性支助巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会执行其任务，继续以十分有益和建设性的方式协助加深国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题、对根据国际法和联合国决议在所有方面和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的紧迫性以及对这方面正在作出的努力的了解，促使国际社会支持巴勒斯坦人民的权利；", "3. 请秘书长继续为该司提供必要的资源，确保该司继续与巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会协商，在其指导下执行以往相关决议阐述的工作方案；", "4. 请该司特别要继续监测与巴勒斯坦问题有关的事态发展，在各区域举办国际社会各界都参加的国际会议，同民间社会和议员建立联系和开展合作，开发并扩充“巴勒斯坦问题”网站和联合国巴勒斯坦问题信息系统的文件库，编制并广泛分发有关巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和信息材料，发展和加强为巴勒斯坦权力机构工作人员提供的年度培训方案以促进巴勒斯坦的能力建设工作；", "5. 又请该司在巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的指导下，同巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团合作，继续每年举办一次有关巴勒斯坦人民权利的展览或一项文化活动，作为11月29日声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日活动的一部分，并鼓励会员国继续最广泛地支持和宣传声援日的活动；", "6. 请秘书长确保那些有针对巴勒斯坦问题各个方面和包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土局势的方案构成部分的各联合国实体与该司继续合作；", "7. 邀请各国政府和各组织在该司开展工作过程中给予合作。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.16和Add.1)]", "66/15. 秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司", "大会,", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告,[1]", "特别注意到巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会和秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司根据其任务规定采取的行动,", "回顾其决议 1977年12月2日第32/40 B号决议及其后所有相关决议,包括2010年11月30日第65/14号决议,", "1. 联合国 1. 赞赏地注意到秘书长遵照大会第65/14号决议采取的行动;", "2. 联合国 3. 认为秘书处巴勒斯坦人民权利司向巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会提供实务支助以执行其任务,继续作出最有用和最有建设性的贡献,以提高国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题和对根据国际法和联合国决议和平解决巴勒斯坦问题所有方面的紧迫性的认识,并促使国际社会支持巴勒斯坦人民的权利;", "3个 8. 请秘书长继续为该司提供必要的资源,确保该司同巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会协商并在其指导下继续执行先前相关决议所详述的工作方案;", " 4.四. 7. 请该司特别继续监测与巴勒斯坦问题有关的事态发展,在各区域举办有国际社会所有部门参加的国际会议,同民间社会和议员联络并合作,建立并扩充“巴勒斯坦问题”网站和联合国巴勒斯坦问题信息系统的文件库,编制并广泛传播关于巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和新闻材料,为巴勒斯坦权力机构工作人员制订并增强年度培训方案,以促进巴勒斯坦的能力建设;", "5 (韩语). 5. 又请该司同巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员代表团合作,在巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的指导下,继续每年举办一次关于巴勒斯坦人民权利的展览会或一次文化活动,作为11月29日声援巴勒斯坦人民国际日纪念活动的一部分,并鼓励会员国继续最广泛地支持和宣传声援日的纪念活动;", "6. 国家 9. 请秘书长确保同有方案构成部分的联合国系统各实体司继续合作,处理巴勒斯坦问题的各个方面和包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的局势;", "7. 联合国 4. 邀请各国政府和各组织同该司合作,协助该司执行任务。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第35号》(A/66/35)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.17 and Add.1)]", "66/16. Special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People,[1]", "Taking note, in particular, of the information contained in chapter VI of that report,", "Recalling its resolution 65/15 of 30 November 2010,", "Convinced that the worldwide dissemination of accurate and comprehensive information and the role of civil society organizations and institutions remain of vital importance in heightening awareness of and support for the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, including the right to self-determination and independence, and for the efforts to achieve a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people, as well as the existing agreements between the two sides,", "Affirming its support for the Middle East peace process on the basis of the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,[2] and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, endorsed by the Security Council in resolution 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003,[3]", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[4]", "Reaffirming that the United Nations has a permanent responsibility towards the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in a satisfactory manner in accordance with international legitimacy,", "1. Notes with appreciation the action taken by the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat in compliance with resolution 65/15;", "2. Considers that the special information programme on the question of Palestine of the Department is very useful in raising the awareness of the international community concerning the question of Palestine and the situation in the Middle East and that the programme is contributing effectively to an atmosphere conducive to dialogue and supportive of the peace process and should receive the necessary support for the fulfilment of its tasks;", "3. Requests the Department, in full cooperation and coordination with the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, to continue, with the necessary flexibility as may be required by developments affecting the question of Palestine, its special information programme for 2011–2012, in particular:", "(a) To disseminate information on all the activities of the United Nations system relating to the question of Palestine and the peace process, including reports on the work carried out by the relevant United Nations organizations, as well as on the efforts of the Secretary-General and his Special Envoy vis-à-vis the peace process;", "(b) To continue to issue, update and modernize publications and audio-visual materials on the various aspects of the question of Palestine in all fields, including materials concerning the relevant recent developments in that regard, in particular the efforts to achieve a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine;", "(c) To expand its collection of audio-visual material on the question of Palestine, to continue the production and preservation of such material and to update, on a periodic basis, the public exhibit on the question of Palestine displayed in the General Assembly building as well as at United Nations headquarters in Geneva and Vienna;", "(d) To organize and promote fact-finding news missions for journalists to the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel;", "(e) To organize international, regional and national seminars or encounters for journalists aimed in particular at sensitizing public opinion to the question of Palestine and the peace process and at enhancing dialogue and understanding between Palestinians and Israelis for the promotion of a peaceful settlement to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, including by fostering and encouraging the contribution of the media in support of peace between the two sides;", "(f) To continue to provide assistance to the Palestinian people in the field of media development, in particular to strengthen the annual training programme for Palestinian broadcasters and journalists;", "4. Encourages the Department to formulate ways for the media and representatives of civil society to engage in open and positive discussions to explore means for encouraging people-to-people dialogue and promoting peace and mutual understanding in the region.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 35 (A/66/35).", "[2]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[3]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[4]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.17和Add.1)]", "66/16. 秘书处新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案", "大会，", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告，[1]", "特别表示注意到报告第六章中的信息，", "回顾其2010年11月30日第65/15号决议，", "深信在世界各地传播准确和全面的信息，依靠民间社会组织和机构发挥作用，对于加深对巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺权利，包括自决和独立权利的了解和支持，对于努力公正、持久、和平解决巴勒斯坦问题，仍然极为重要，", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定，", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议上通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和经安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议赞同的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决方案四方路线图[3] 为基础的中东和平进程，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[4]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依循国际合法性得到满意解决为止，", "1. 赞赏地注意到秘书处新闻部遵照第65/15号决议采取的行动；", "2. 认为新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案非常有助于加深国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题和中东局势的了解，并认为该方案正在切实协助营造有利于对话和支持和平进程的氛围，应得到必要支持以完成其任务；", "3. 请新闻部同巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会充分合作和协调，根据对巴勒斯坦问题产生影响的事态发展灵活行事，继续开展2011-2012年特别新闻方案，特别是：", "(a) 传播联合国系统所有与巴勒斯坦问题及和平进程有关的活动的信息，包括关于联合国各相关组织开展的工作的报告，传播关于秘书长及其特使就和平进程所作努力的信息；", "(b) 继续发行和增订所有领域中关于巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和视听材料，包括有关这方面的近期事态发展，特别是和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力的材料，并使之现代化；", "(c) 扩大其关于巴勒斯坦问题的视听材料库，继续制作和保存这些材料，定期更新在大会大楼以及在日内瓦和维也纳的联合国总部举办的有关巴勒斯坦问题的公开展览；", "(d) 组织和鼓励记者实况调查采访团前往包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和以色列；", "(e) 在国际、区域和国家各级举办记者讨论会或座谈会，特别是借此增强公众舆论对巴勒斯坦问题及和平进程的关注，增进巴勒斯坦人和以色列人之间的对话和理解，以促进以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的和平解决，包括促进和鼓励媒体对支持双方和平作出贡献；", "(f) 继续向巴勒斯坦人民提供媒体发展援助，特别是加强为巴勒斯坦广播人员和记者举办的年度培训方案；", "4. 鼓励新闻部拟定方法，让媒体和民间社会代表进行公开积极的讨论，探讨如何鼓励人民之间的对话，推动该区域的和平和相互理解。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529，附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.17和Add.1)]", "66/16. 秘书处新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案", "大会,", "审议了巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会的报告,[1]", "特别注意到该报告第六章所载的资料,", "回顾其2010年11月30日第65/15号决议,", "深信在世界各地传播准确而全面的信息以及民间社会组织和机构的作用对于提高对巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利,包括自决和独立权利的认识和支持,对于实现巴勒斯坦问题的公正、持久与和平解决的努力,仍然至关重要,", "回顾以色列国政府同巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认,并回顾双方之间现有的各项协定,", "申明支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围,包括以土地换和平原则、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》[2] 和安全理事会2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号决议核可的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决办法四方路线图 为根据的中东和平进程,[3]", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就 \" 在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果 \" 发表的咨询意见,[4]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题负有永久责任,直至这个问题的所有方面都依照国际法得到满意解决为止,", "1. 联合国 1. 赞赏地注意到秘书处新闻部遵照第65/15号决议采取的行动;", "2. 联合国 2. 认为新闻部巴勒斯坦问题特别新闻方案非常有助于提高国际社会对巴勒斯坦问题和中东局势的认识,并认为该方案正在有效促进有利于对话和支持和平进程的气氛,并应得到完成任务所需的支助;", "3个 请新闻部同巴勒斯坦人民行使不可剥夺权利委员会充分合作和协调,根据影响巴勒斯坦问题的事态发展,以必要的灵活性,继续执行2011-2012年特别新闻方案,特别是:", "(a) 国家 传播联合国系统与巴勒斯坦问题和和平进程有关的所有活动的信息,包括联合国各有关组织所开展工作的报告,以及秘书长及其特使就和平进程所做出的努力;", "(b) 继续印发、更新和现代化所有领域关于巴勒斯坦问题各个方面的出版物和视听材料,包括有关这方面最近有关事态发展,特别是和平解决巴勒斯坦问题的努力的材料;", "(c) 扩大其关于巴勒斯坦问题的视听材料库,继续制作和保存此类材料,并定期更新在大会大楼以及日内瓦和维也纳联合国总部举办的巴勒斯坦问题公开展览;", "(d) 国家 组织和推动记者实况调查团前往包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和以色列;", "(e) 为记者举办国际、区域和国家研讨会或座谈会,目的特别是要使公众舆论注意巴勒斯坦问题和和平进程,并增进巴勒斯坦人和以色列人之间的对话和了解,以促成以巴冲突的和平解决,包括促进和鼓励媒体作出贡献,支持双方之间的和平;", "(f) 继续在媒体发展领域向巴勒斯坦人民提供援助,特别是加强巴勒斯坦广播人员和记者年度培训方案;", " 4.四. 6. 鼓励新闻部为媒体和民间社会代表制定参与公开和积极讨论的途径,以探讨鼓励人民间对话以及促进该区域和平与相互了解的途径。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第35号》(A/66/35)。", "[2] A/56/1026-S/2002/932,附件二,第14/221号决议。", "[3] S/2003/529,附件。", "[4] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1;另见《在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.18 and Add.1)]", "66/17. Peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions, including those adopted at its tenth emergency special session,", "Recalling also its resolution 58/292 of 6 May 2004,", "Recalling further relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973, 1397 (2002) of 12 March 2002, 1515 (2003) of 19 November 2003, 1544 (2004) of 19 May 2004 and 1850 (2008) of 16 December 2008,", "Recalling the affirmation by the Security Council of the vision of a region where two States, Israel and Palestine, live side by side within secure and recognized borders,", "Noting with concern that it has been more than sixty years since the adoption of its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947 and forty-four years since the occupation of Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem, in 1967,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to the request made in its resolution 65/16 of 30 November 2010,[1]", "Reaffirming the permanent responsibility of the United Nations with regard to the question of Palestine until the question is resolved in all its aspects in accordance with international law and relevant resolutions,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[2] and recalling also its resolutions ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004 and ES‑10/17 of 15 December 2006,", "Convinced that achieving a just, lasting and comprehensive settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, is imperative for the attainment of comprehensive and lasting peace and stability in the Middle East,", "Stressing that the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples is among the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war,", "Recalling its resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24 October 1970,", "Reaffirming the illegality of the Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem,", "Stressing the extremely detrimental impact of Israeli settlement policies, decisions and activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, on efforts to resume and advance the peace process and to achieve peace in the Middle East,", "Reaffirming the illegality of Israeli actions aimed at changing the status of Jerusalem, including settlement construction and expansion, home demolitions, evictions of Palestinian residents, excavations in and around religious and historic sites, and all other unilateral measures aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the city and of the Territory as a whole,", "Reaffirming also that the construction by Israel, the occupying Power, of a wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including in and around East Jerusalem, and its associated regime are contrary to international law,", "Expressing deep concern about the continuing Israeli policy of closures and severe restrictions on the movement of persons and goods, including medical and humanitarian, via the imposition of prolonged closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade, as well as of checkpoints and a permit regime throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the consequent negative impact on the contiguity of the Territory and the serious socio-economic and humanitarian situation of the Palestinian people, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, and on the efforts aimed at rehabilitating and developing the damaged Palestinian economy, while taking note of recent developments regarding the situation of access to the Gaza Strip,", "Recalling the mutual recognition between the Government of the State of Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization, the representative of the Palestinian people,[3] and the need for full compliance with the agreements concluded between the two sides,", "Recalling also the endorsement by the Security Council, in resolution 1515 (2003), of the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict[4] and the call in Council resolution 1850 (2008) for the parties to fulfil their obligations under the road map and to refrain from any steps that could undermine confidence or prejudice the outcome of negotiations, and recalling further in this regard the relevant Quartet statements, including that of 23 September 2011,[5]", "Noting the Israeli withdrawal in 2005 from the Gaza Strip and parts of the northern West Bank and the dismantlement of the settlements therein as a step towards the implementation of the road map, and stressing in this regard the road-map obligation upon Israel to freeze settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle all settlement outposts erected since March 2001,", "Recalling the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session, held in Beirut on 27 and 28 March 2002,[6]", "Expressing support for the agreed principles for bilateral negotiations, as affirmed by the parties in the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis, United States of America, on 27 November 2007,[7] aimed at concluding a peace treaty resolving all outstanding issues, including all core issues, without exception, for the achievement of a just, lasting and peaceful settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and ultimately of the Arab-Israeli conflict as a whole for the realization of a comprehensive peace in the Middle East,", "Reiterating support for the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008) and the Quartet statement of 23 September 2011, for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process,", "Noting the important contribution to the peace process of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process and Personal Representative of the Secretary-General to the Palestine Liberation Organization and the Palestinian Authority, including within the framework of the activities of the Quartet,", "Noting also the continuing efforts of the Quartet’s Special Representative towards the resumption of the peace process, in particular the efforts to strengthen Palestinian institutions, promote Palestinian economic development and mobilize donor support,", "Welcoming the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee for the Coordination of the International Assistance to Palestinians, under the chairmanship of Norway, at United Nations Headquarters on 18 September 2011, at which, based on relevant reports by the United Nations, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the donor countries reconfirmed the assessment that the institutions of the Palestinian Authority are above the threshold of a functioning State in the key sectors studied and reaffirmed the necessity of continued donor support for the Palestinian Authority,", "Recognizing the efforts being undertaken by the Palestinian Authority, with international support, to rebuild, reform and strengthen its damaged institutions, emphasizing the need to preserve and further develop Palestinian institutions and infrastructure and commending, in this regard, the implementation of the Palestinian Authority’s August 2009 plan for constructing the institutions of an independent Palestinian State within a twenty-four-month period, and the significant achievements made, as confirmed by international institutions, including the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations, in their reports to the meeting of the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee on 13 April 2011,", "Welcoming the continued efforts and tangible progress made in the security sector by the Palestinian Authority, calling upon the parties to continue cooperation that benefits both Palestinians and Israelis, in particular by promoting security and building confidence, and expressing the hope that such progress will be extended to all major population centres,", "Reiterating its concern over the negative developments that have continued to occur in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, including the large number of deaths and injuries, mostly among Palestinian civilians, the construction and expansion of settlements and the wall, acts of violence, vandalism and brutality committed against Palestinian civilians by Israeli settlers in the West Bank, the widespread destruction of public and private Palestinian property and infrastructure, the internal displacement of civilians and the serious deterioration of the socio-economic and humanitarian conditions of the Palestinian people,", "Expressing grave concern, in particular, over the crisis in the Gaza Strip as a result of the continuing prolonged Israeli closures and severe economic and movement restrictions that in effect amount to a blockade and the military operations in the Gaza Strip between December 2008 and January 2009, which caused extensive loss of life and injury, particularly among Palestinian civilians, including children and women, widespread damage and destruction to Palestinian homes, properties, vital infrastructure, public institutions, including hospitals and schools, and United Nations facilities, and internal displacement of civilians,", "Stressing the need for the full implementation by all parties of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) of 8 January 2009 and General Assembly resolution ES‑10/18 of 16 January 2009,", "Expressing concern over continuing military actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including raids and arrest campaigns, and over the continued imposition of hundreds of checkpoints and obstacles to movement in and around Palestinian population centres by the Israeli occupying forces, and emphasizing in this regard the need for the implementation by both sides of the Sharm el‑Sheikh understandings,", "Emphasizing the importance of the safety, protection and well-being of all civilians in the whole Middle East region, and condemning all acts of violence and terror against civilians on both sides,", "Expressing the hope for speedy progress towards Palestinian reconciliation for the restoration of Palestinian unity, under the leadership of the President of the Palestinian Authority, Mahmoud Abbas, and consistent with Palestine Liberation Organization commitments, and of the situation in the Gaza Strip to that which existed prior to June 2007, and calling for the continuation of the serious efforts being exerted by Egypt, the League of Arab States and other concerned parties towards the achievement of this aim,", "Stressing the urgent need for sustained and active international involvement, including by the Quartet, to support both parties in resuming, advancing and accelerating the peace process negotiations for the achievement of a just, lasting and comprehensive peace settlement, on the basis of United Nations resolutions, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative,", "Noting the Quartet’s determination in the recent period to support the parties throughout the negotiations, which can be completed and resolve all final status issues within one year, and in the implementation of an agreement between the two sides that ends the occupation which began in 1967 and results in the independence of a democratic, contiguous and viable Palestinian State living side by side in peace and security with Israel and its other neighbours,", "Taking note of the application of Palestine for admission to membership in the United Nations, submitted on 23 September 2011,[8]", "Acknowledging the efforts being undertaken by civil society to promote a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine,", "Recalling the findings by the International Court of Justice, in its advisory opinion, including on the urgent necessity for the United Nations as a whole to redouble its efforts to bring the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which continues to pose a threat to international peace and security, to a speedy conclusion, thereby establishing a just and lasting peace in the region,[9]", "Affirming once again the right of all States in the region to live in peace within secure and internationally recognized borders,", "1. Reaffirms the necessity of achieving a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine, the core of the Arab-Israeli conflict, in all its aspects, and of intensifying all efforts towards that end, and stresses in this regard the urgency of salvaging the prospects for realizing the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "2. Also reaffirms its full support for the Middle East peace process, based on the relevant United Nations resolutions, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, including the principle of land for peace, the Arab Peace Initiative adopted by the Council of the League of Arab States at its fourteenth session,⁶ and the Quartet road map to a permanent two-State solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,⁴ and for the existing agreements between the Israeli and Palestinian sides, stresses the necessity for the establishment of a comprehensive, just and lasting peace in the Middle East, and welcomes in this regard the ongoing efforts of the Quartet and of the League of Arab States;", "3. Encourages continued serious regional and international efforts to follow up and promote the Arab Peace Initiative, including by the Ministerial Committee formed at the Riyadh summit in March 2007;", "4. Urges the parties to undertake, with the support of the Quartet and the international community, immediate and concrete steps in follow-up to the Israeli-Palestinian Joint Understanding reached at the international conference held in Annapolis,⁷ including through the resumption of active and serious bilateral negotiations;", "5. Encourages, in this regard, the convening of an international conference in Moscow, as envisioned by the Security Council in resolution 1850 (2008), for the advancement and acceleration of a resumed peace process;", "6. Calls upon both parties to act on the basis of international law and their previous agreements and obligations, in particular adherence to the road map, irrespective of reciprocity, in order to create the conditions necessary for the resumption and accelerated advancement of negotiations in the near term;", "7. Calls upon the parties themselves, with the support of the Quartet and other interested parties, to exert all efforts necessary to halt the deterioration of the situation and to reverse all unilateral and unlawful measures taken on the ground since 28 September 2000;", "8. Calls upon the parties to observe calm and restraint and to refrain from provocative actions and inflammatory rhetoric, especially in areas of religious and cultural sensitivity;", "9. Underscores the need for the parties to take confidence-building measures aimed at improving the situation on the ground, promoting stability and fostering the peace process, including the need for the further release of prisoners following the exchange of prisoners in October 2011;", "10. Stresses the need for the removal of checkpoints and other obstructions to the movement of persons and goods throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and the need for respect and preservation of the territorial unity, contiguity and integrity of all of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem;", "11. Also stresses the need for an immediate and complete cessation of all acts of violence, including military attacks, destruction and acts of terror;", "12. Reiterates its demand for the full implementation of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009);", "13. Reiterates the need for the full implementation by both parties of the Agreement on Movement and Access and of the Agreed Principles for the Rafah Crossing, of 15 November 2005, and the need, specifically, to allow for the sustained opening of all crossings into and out of the Gaza Strip for humanitarian supplies, movement and access, as well as for commercial flows and all necessary construction materials, which are essential for alleviating the humanitarian crisis, improving the living conditions of the Palestinian people and promoting the recovery of the Palestinian economy;", "14. Stresses, in this regard, the urgent necessity for the advancement of reconstruction in the Gaza Strip, including through the completion of numerous suspended projects managed by the United Nations and the accelerated implementation of United Nations-led civilian reconstruction activities;", "15. Calls upon Israel, the occupying Power, to comply strictly with its obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law, and to cease all of its measures that are contrary to international law and unilateral actions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, that are aimed at altering the character, status and demographic composition of the Territory, including via the confiscation and de facto annexation of land, and thus at prejudging the final outcome of peace negotiations;", "16. Reiterates its demand for the complete cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and in the occupied Syrian Golan, and calls for the full implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "17. Stresses, in this regard, the need for Israel forthwith to abide by its road-map obligation to freeze all settlement activity, including so-called “natural growth”, and to dismantle settlement outposts erected since March 2001;", "18. Calls for the cessation of all provocations, including by Israeli settlers, in East Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites;", "19. Demands, accordingly, that Israel, the occupying Power, comply with its legal obligations under international law, as mentioned in the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice² and as demanded in General Assembly resolutions ES‑10/13 of 21 October 2003 and ES‑10/15, and, inter alia, that it immediately cease its construction of the wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and calls upon all States Members of the United Nations to comply with their legal obligations, as mentioned in the advisory opinion;", "20. Reaffirms its commitment, in accordance with international law, to the two-State solution of Israel and Palestine, living side by side in peace and security within recognized borders, based on the pre‑1967 borders;", "21. Stresses the need for:", "(a) The withdrawal of Israel from the Palestinian territory occupied since 1967, including East Jerusalem;", "(b) The realization of the inalienable rights of the Palestinian people, primarily the right to self-determination and the right to their independent State;", "22. Also stresses the need for a just resolution of the problem of Palestine refugees in conformity with its resolution 194 (III) of 11 December 1948;", "23. Calls upon the parties to resume and accelerate direct peace negotiations towards the conclusion of a final peaceful settlement on the basis of relevant United Nations resolutions, especially of the Security Council, the terms of reference of the Madrid Conference, the road map and the Arab Peace Initiative;", "24. Urges Member States to expedite the provision of economic, humanitarian and technical assistance to the Palestinian people and the Palestinian Authority during this critical period in order to help to alleviate the serious humanitarian situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, which is critical in the Gaza Strip, to rehabilitate the Palestinian economy and infrastructure and to support the development and strengthening of Palestinian institutions and Palestinian State-building efforts in preparation for independence;", "25. Requests the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with the parties concerned, and in consultation with the Security Council, towards the attainment of a peaceful settlement of the question of Palestine and the promotion of peace in the region and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on these efforts and on developments on this matter.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/367‑S/2011/585.", "[2]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[3]  See A/48/486‑S/26560, annex.", "[4]  S/2003/529, annex.", "[5]  Available from www.unsco.org.", "[6]  A/56/1026‑S/2002/932, annex II, resolution 14/221.", "[7]  Available from http://unispal.un.org.", "[8]  A/66/371-S/2011/592, annex I.", "[9]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1, advisory opinion, para. 161; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.18和Add.1)]", "66/17. 和平解决巴勒斯坦问题", "大会,", "回顾其各项相关决议，包括第十届紧急特别会议通过的决议，", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议，", "还回顾安全理事会各项相关决议，包括1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号、2002年3月12日第1397(2002)号、2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号、2004年5月19日第1544(2004)号和2008年12月16日第1850(2008)号决议,", "回顾安全理事会肯定以色列和巴勒斯坦两国在该区域中在安全和公认的边界内毗邻共存的设想，", "关切地注意到1947年11月29日通过第181(II)号决议至今已有60多年，而包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土自1967年被占领至今也已有44年,", "审议了秘书长按照大会2010年11月30日第65/16号决议要求提交的报告，[1]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题担负永久责任，直到这个问题的所有方面都依照国际法和有关决议获得解决为止，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[2] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议，", "深信巴勒斯坦问题是阿拉伯-以色列冲突的核心，公正、持久和全面地解决这一问题，是在中东实现全面持久和平与稳定必不可少的条件，", "强调指出人民权利平等和自决原则，是庄严载入《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则之一，", "重申不容许通过战争获取领土的原则，", "回顾其1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议，", "重申在包括东耶路撒冷在内的自1967年以来被占领的巴勒斯坦领土内建立的以色列定居点均属非法，", "强调指出以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土的定居点政策、决定和活动对重启和推进和平进程以及实现中东和平具有极为有害的影响，", "重申以色列旨在改变耶路撒冷地位的行动，包括建造和扩建定居点、拆毁房屋、驱逐巴勒斯坦居民、在宗教场所和历史遗迹及其周围进行挖掘等措施和其他所有旨在改变该城乃至整个领土的性质、地位和人口构成的单方面措施，均属非法，", "又重申占领国以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土，包括在东耶路撒冷城内和周围修建隔离墙和建立相关的制度，都是违反国际法的，", "深为关切以色列通过实行实际上等同于封锁的长期关闭做法和严厉的经济和出入限制措施，建立检查站和实行许可制度，继续在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土奉行关闭和严格限制人员和货物，包括医护和人道主义人员和货物流动的政策，深为关切这样做对被占领土的毗连、对巴勒斯坦人民所处的严重的社会经济和人道主义状况（其中加沙地带状况危急）以及对旨在恢复和发展遭到破坏的巴勒斯坦经济的努力产生不利影响，同时注意到最近在加沙地带准入方面的事态发展，", "回顾以色列国政府与巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认，[3] 有必要全面遵守双方缔结的各项协定，", "又回顾安全理事会在第1515(2003)号决议中赞同以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的永久性两国解决方案四方路线图，[4] 并回顾安理会第1850(2008)号决议吁请双方履行路线图所规定的义务，不采取任何可能破坏信心或损害谈判结果的步骤，在这方面还回顾有关的四方声明，包括2011年9月23日发表的声明，[5]", "注意到作为执行路线图的一个步骤，以色列已于2005年从加沙地带和西岸北部部分地区撤出，并拆除了那里的定居点，在这方面，强调路线图规定以色列有义务冻结定居点活动，包括所谓的“自然增长”，拆除自2001年3月以来建立的所有前沿定居点，", "回顾阿拉伯国家联盟理事会在2002年3月27日和28日在贝鲁特举行的第十四届会议上通过了《阿拉伯和平倡议》，[6]", "支持各方于2007年11月27日在美利坚合众国安纳波利斯召开的国际会议上达成的《以色列-巴勒斯坦共同谅解》中所申明的有关开展双边谈判的商定原则，[7] 以缔结一项和平条约，无一例外地解决所有悬而未决的问题，包括所有核心问题，公正、持久、和平地解决以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突，最终解决整个阿拉伯-以色列冲突，在中东实现全面和平，", "重申支持按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议和2011年9月23日四方声明的设想，在莫斯科召开一次国际会议，以推进和加快重启的和平进程，", "注意到联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表对和平进程作出的重要贡献，包括在四方活动的框架内作出的贡献，", "又注意到四方特别代表继续努力恢复和平进程，尤其是努力加强巴勒斯坦机构，推动巴勒斯坦经济发展和动员捐助者提供支持，", "欣见2011年9月18日由挪威主持在联合国总部召开了协调对巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会会议，在会上，根据联合国、世界银行和国际货币基金组织的相关报告，捐助国再次确认了评估结果，即在对关键部门进行研究后认为，巴勒斯坦权力机构已符合一个正常运作的国家政府所需达到的条件，并重申巴勒斯坦权力机构仍需获得捐助支持，", "确认巴勒斯坦权力机构正在国际社会支持下，努力重建、改革和加强其受到破坏的机构，强调需要维护和进一步发展巴勒斯坦的机构和基础设施，在这方面，赞赏巴勒斯坦权力机构2009年8月计划，即在24个月内构建独立的巴勒斯坦国的机构的计划得到落实，并赞赏为此取得的重大成就，各国际机构，包括世界银行、国际货币基金组织和联合国在向特设联络委员会2011年4月13日举行的会议提交的报告中均证实了这一点，", "欣见巴勒斯坦权力机构在安全方面继续作出努力并取得实际进展，吁请各方特别是通过促进安全和建立信任，继续开展对巴勒斯坦人和以色列人都有益的合作，并希望这种进展扩大到所有主要人口中心，", "再次关切包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土内继续出现不利的事态发展，包括众多人死伤，其中大多数为巴勒斯坦平民，建造并扩大定居点和隔离墙，西岸的以色列定居者对巴勒斯坦平民实施暴力和残忍行为，进行破坏活动，巴勒斯坦的公共和私有财产及基础设施普遍遭到破坏，平民在境内流离失所，巴勒斯坦人民的社会经济和人道主义状况严重恶化，", "尤为严重关切加沙地带出现的危机，造成危机的原因是以色列实行实际上等同于封锁的长期持续关闭做法和严厉的经济和出入限制措施，并于2008年12月至2009年1月在加沙地带开展军事行动，造成大量伤亡，尤其是包括妇女和儿童在内的巴勒斯坦平民的伤亡，大规模损毁巴勒斯坦人的家园、财产、重要基础设施、公共机构(包括医院、学校)和联合国设施，并造成平民境内流离失所，", "强调指出各方需要充分执行安全理事会2009年1月8日第1860(2009)号决议和大会2009年1月16日ES-10/18号决议，", "关切以色列占领部队在巴勒斯坦被占领土不断开展军事行动，包括突袭和逮捕运动，并在巴勒斯坦人口中心内外继续设置检查站和出入障碍，为此强调双方都需要落实在沙姆沙伊赫达成的谅解，", "强调必须保障整个中东区域所有平民的安全、保护和福祉，谴责一切针对双方平民的暴力和恐怖行为，", "希望在实现巴勒斯坦和解方面迅速取得进展，以便在巴勒斯坦权力机构主席马哈茂德·阿巴斯的领导下，按照巴勒斯坦解放组织所作承诺恢复巴勒斯坦团结，并恢复加沙地带2007年6月前的状态，呼吁继续埃及、阿拉伯国家联盟和其他有关各方作出的重大努力，以实现这一目标，", "强调指出迫切需要国际社会，包括四方的不断积极参与，以支持双方按照联合国决议、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》，恢复、推进和加快和平进程谈判，以期达成公正、持久和全面的和平解决，", "注意到四方近期决心支持各方在一年内完成整个谈判过程，解决所有最后地位问题，并支持实施双方达成的协议，结束自1967年开始的占领并建立一个与以色列和其他邻国和平、安全地毗邻共存的独立、民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国，", "表示注意到巴勒斯坦于2011年9月23日提交了关于加入为联合国会员国的申请书，[8]", "承认民间社会目前为推动和平解决巴勒斯坦问题作出的努力，", "回顾国际法院在其咨询意见中作出的裁定，其中指出迫切需要整个联合国加倍努力，迅速结束继续威胁国际和平与安全的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突，从而在该区域实现公正持久和平，[9]", "再次申明该区域内所有国家都有在安全和国际公认的边界内和平生活的权利，", "1. 重申巴勒斯坦问题是阿拉伯-以色列冲突的核心，必须从所有方面和平解决这一问题，必须为此加强一切努力，并强调指出，在这一方面，亟需挽救实现以色列和巴勒斯坦两国解决方案的前景，使它们在以1967年前的边界为基础的公认边界内和平、安全地毗邻共存；", "2. 又重申全力支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议的职权范围(包括土地换和平原则)、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》⁶ 和以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的永久性两国解决方案四方路线图⁴ 为基础的中东和平进程，支持以色列和巴勒斯坦之间的现有协定，强调指出必须在中东建立全面、公正和持久的和平，并为此欢迎四方和阿拉伯国家联盟目前作出的努力；", "3. 鼓励继续为落实和推动《阿拉伯和平倡议》认真作出区域和国际努力，包括通过2007年3月利雅得首脑会议设立的部长级委员会作出努力；", "4. 敦促各方在四方和国际社会的支持下，立即采取具体步骤，包括通过积极、认真地恢复双边谈判，落实它们在安纳波利斯国际会议上达成的《以色列-巴勒斯坦共同谅解》；⁷", "5. 在这方面，鼓励按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议的设想，在莫斯科召开一次国际会议，以推进和加快重启的和平进程；", "6. 吁请双方不论对等与否，根据国际法和以往的协议和义务采取行动，尤其是恪守路线图，为在近期重开和加快推进谈判创造必要的条件；", "7. 吁请各方在四方和其他有关方面的支持下，自己作出一切必要努力来制止局势的恶化，撤消自2000年9月28日以来在实地采取的一切单方面非法措施；", "8. 吁请各方保持平静和克制，避免挑衅行为和煽动性言论，尤其是在宗教和文化敏感领域；", "9. 着重指出各方需要采取建立信任措施，以改善实地局势，促进稳定并推动和平进程，包括需要在2011年10月交换囚犯后进一步释放囚犯；", "10. 强调指出需要在包括东耶路撒冷在内的所有巴勒斯坦被占领土撤除检查站和取消对人员和货物流动的其他限制，并需要尊重和维护包括东耶路撒冷在内的所有巴勒斯坦被占领土的领土统一、毗连和完整；", "11. 又强调指出需要立即全面停止一切暴力行为，包括军事攻击、破坏和恐怖行为；", "12. 再次要求充分执行安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议；", "13. 重申双方需要全面执行2005年11月15日《通行进出协定》和《拉法口岸商定原则》，尤其要为人道主义物资、通行进出和商品流动以及一切必要的建筑材料持续开放进出加沙地带的所有过境点，这对减缓人道主义危机、改善巴勒斯坦人民的生活条件和推动巴勒斯坦经济的复苏至关重要；", "14. 在这方面，强调指出亟需通过完成由联合国管理的大批停工项目，加快联合国牵头的民用设施重建活动，推动加沙地带的重建；", "15. 吁请占领国以色列严格遵守国际法，包括国际人道主义法规定的义务，停止它采取的一切违反国际法的措施，停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土单方面采取的旨在改变该领土的性质、地位和人口构成，包括没收和事实上吞并土地并以此来预先限定和平谈判最终结果的行动；", "16. 再次要求以色列完全停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土和在被占领的叙利亚戈兰的一切定居活动，呼吁全面执行安全理事会各项相关决议；", "17. 在这方面，强调指出以色列需要立即遵守其根据路线图承担的义务，冻结所有定居点活动，包括所谓的“自然增长”，并拆除2001年3月以来建立的前沿定居点；", "18. 呼吁在包括宗教场所及其周围在内的东耶路撒冷停止一切挑衅活动，包括以色列定居者的挑衅活动；", "19. 为此，要求占领国以色列按照国际法院2004年7月9日发表的咨询意见² 所述和大会2003年10月21日ES-10/13号决议及ES-10/15号决议的要求，遵守国际法为其规定的法律义务，特别是立即停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙，吁请联合国所有会员国遵守咨询意见所述的其法律义务；", "20. 重申致力于根据国际法谋求以色列和巴勒斯坦在以1967年前的边界为基础的公认边界内和平、安全地毗邻共存的两国解决方案；", "21. 强调指出：", "(a) 以色列必须撤出自1967年以来被占领的包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土；", "(b) 必须实现巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利，首先是自决权和建立自己的独立国家的权利；", "22. 又强调指出必须依照大会1948年12月11日第194(III)号决议公正解决巴勒斯坦难民问题；", "23. 吁请各方重开和加快直接和平谈判，以便根据联合国(特别是安全理事会)的相关决议、马德里会议的职权范围、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》，达成最终和平解决；", "24. 敦促会员国在这一关键时期，加快向巴勒斯坦人民和巴勒斯坦权力机构提供经济、人道主义和技术援助，帮助减轻包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土严重的人道主义状况，特别是加沙地带危急的状况，恢复巴勒斯坦的经济和基础设施，支持发展和加强巴勒斯坦机构，支持巴勒斯坦的建国努力，为独立做准备；", "25. 请秘书长继续同有关各方一起，并同安全理事会协商，为实现和平解决巴勒斯坦问题及促进该区域的和平作出努力，并向大会第六十七届会议提交报告，阐述这些努力和这方面的事态发展。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/367-S/2011/585。", "[2] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[3] 见A/48/486-S/26560，附件。", "[4] S/2003/529，附件。", "[5] 可查阅www.unsco.org。", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932，附件二，第14/221号决议。", "[7] 见http://unispal.un.org。", "[8] A/66/371-S/2011/592，附件一。", "[9] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1，咨询意见，第161段；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.18和Add.1)]", "66/17 (中文(简体) ). 和平解决巴勒斯坦问题", "大会,", "回顾其各项有关决议,包括第十届紧急特别会议通过的决议,", "又回顾其2004年5月6日第58/292号决议,", "还回顾 安全理事会各项决议,包括1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号、2002年3月12日第1397(2002)号、2003年11月19日第1515(2003)号、2004年5月19日第1544(2004)号和2008年12月16日第1850(2008)号决议,", "回顾安全理事会申明以色列和巴勒斯坦两国在该区域在安全和公认的边界内毗邻共存的设想,", "关切地注意到自1947年11月29日通过第181(II)号决议以来已有60多年,而包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土自1967年被占领以来已有44年,", "审议了秘书长按照大会2010年11月30日第65/16号决议的要求提交的报告,[1]", "重申联合国对巴勒斯坦问题负有永久责任,直至这个问题的所有方面都依照国际法和相关决议获得解决为止,", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就 \" 在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果 \" 发表的咨询意见,[2] 并回顾其2004年7月20日ES-10/15号和2006年12月15日ES-10/17号决议,", "深信阿以冲突的核心是巴勒斯坦问题,公正、持久和全面地解决巴勒斯坦问题,是在中东实现全面持久和平与稳定所必不可少的,", "强调人民平等权利和自决原则是《联合国宪章》所揭示的宗旨和原则之一,", "重申不容许以战争夺取领土的原则,", "回顾其1970年10月24日第2625(XXV)号决议,", "重申以色列在自1967年以来包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土内的定居点是非法的,", "强调以色列在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土内的定居点政策、决定和活动对恢复和推动和平进程及实现中东和平的努力产生极为有害的影响,", "重申以色列旨在改变耶路撒冷地位的行动,包括建造和扩大定居点、拆毁房屋、驱逐巴勒斯坦居民、在宗教遗址和历史遗址及其周围进行挖掘,以及旨在改变该市和整个领土的性质、地位和人口组成的所有其他单方面措施均属非法,", "又重申占领国以色列在巴勒斯坦被占领土,包括东耶路撒冷及其周围修建隔离墙及其相关制度违反国际法,", "深为关切以色列继续实行封锁和严格限制人员和货物,包括医疗和人道主义物资流动的政策,实施长期封锁和实际上相当于封锁的严厉经济和出行限制,并在整个包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土建立检查站和许可证制度,从而对该领土的毗连以及加沙地带巴勒斯坦人民严峻的社会经济和人道主义状况产生不利影响,并深为关切为恢复和发展被破坏的巴勒斯坦经济而作的努力,同时注意到加沙地带准入情况的最新发展,", "回顾以色列国政府同巴勒斯坦人民的代表巴勒斯坦解放组织已相互承认,[3] 必须全面遵守双方缔结的各项协定,", "又回顾安全理事会第1515(2003)号决议核可了四方提出的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突永久性两国解决办法路线图,[4] 并回顾安理会第1850(2008)号决议呼吁各方履行路线图规定的义务,并避免采取任何可能破坏信任或损害谈判结果的步骤,还在这方面回顾四方的相关声明,包括2011年9月23日的声明,[5]", "注意到以色列2005年从加沙地带和西岸北部部分地区撤出并拆除了那里的定居点,这是向执行路线图迈出的一步,并在这方面强调以色列有义务冻结定居点活动,包括所谓的“自然增长”,并拆除自2001年3月以来建立的所有定居点前哨站,", "回顾2002年3月27日和28日在贝鲁特举行的阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》,[6]", "表示支持双方于2007年11月27日在美利坚合众国安纳波利斯举行的国际会议所达成的《以巴共同谅解》所申明的双边谈判商定原则,[7] 其目的是缔结一项和平条约,无一例外地解决所有未决问题,包括所有核心问题,以公正、持久地和平解决以巴冲突,并最终解决整个阿以冲突,在中东实现全面和平,", "重申支持按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议和2011年9月23日四方声明的设想,在莫斯科召开一次国际会议,以推进并加快恢复的和平进程,", "注意到联合国中东和平进程特别协调员兼秘书长派驻巴勒斯坦解放组织和巴勒斯坦权力机构个人代表对和平进程的重要贡献,包括在四方活动框架内作出的贡献,", "又注意到四方特别代表为恢复和平进程而作的持续努力,特别是为加强巴勒斯坦机构、促进巴勒斯坦经济发展和动员捐助者支持而作的努力,", "欢迎协调向巴勒斯坦人提供国际援助特设联络委员会于2011年9月18日在联合国总部举行由挪威担任主席的会议,会上根据联合国、世界银行和国际货币基金组织的有关报告,各捐助国再次确认,巴勒斯坦权力机构各机构在所研究的关键部门已超过一个正常运作的国家的门槛,并重申需要捐助者继续向巴勒斯坦权力机构提供支助,", "确认巴勒斯坦权力机构在国际支持下为重建、改革和加强其被破坏的机构而作的努力,强调需要维护和进一步发展巴勒斯坦机构和基础设施,在这方面赞扬巴勒斯坦权力机构2009年8月关于在二十四个月内建立独立巴勒斯坦国机构的计划得到实施,以及国际机构,包括世界银行、国际货币基金组织和联合国,在2011年4月13日特设联络委员会会议上所证实的重大成就,", "欢迎巴勒斯坦权力机构在安全部门继续作出努力并取得实际进展,吁请双方继续提供有益于巴勒斯坦人和以色列人的合作,特别是促进安全和建立信任,并表示希望将这种进展扩大到所有主要人口中心,", "重申关切包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土上继续出现消极事态发展,包括死伤人数众多,多为巴勒斯坦平民;建造和扩大定居点和隔离墙;以色列定居者在西岸对巴勒斯坦平民实施暴力、破坏和残暴行为;巴勒斯坦公共和私人财产和基础设施被广泛毁坏;平民在境内流离失所;巴勒斯坦人民的社会经济和人道主义状况严重恶化,", "表示特别严重关切加沙地带的危机,因为以色列继续长期封锁,实行严厉的经济和行动限制,实际上相当于2008年12月至2009年1月期间在加沙地带实施的封锁和军事行动,造成大量人员伤亡,特别是包括儿童和妇女在内的巴勒斯坦平民的伤亡,巴勒斯坦住房、财产、重要基础设施、包括医院和学校在内的公共机构以及联合国设施被广泛破坏和毁坏,并造成平民境内流离失所,", "强调所有各方需要全面执行安全理事会2009年1月8日第1860(2009)号决议和大会2009年1月16日第ES-10/18号决议,", "关切巴勒斯坦被占领土上持续的军事行动,包括突袭和逮捕行动,并关切以色列占领军继续设置数百个检查站和障碍,以阻止在巴勒斯坦人口中心及其周围的行动,在这方面强调双方需要执行沙姆沙伊赫谅解,", "强调整个中东地区所有平民的安全、保护和福祉的重要性,并谴责针对双方平民的一切暴力和恐怖行为,", "希望迅速取得进展,实现巴勒斯坦和解,以在巴勒斯坦权力机构主席马哈茂德·阿巴斯的领导下并依照巴勒斯坦解放组织的承诺,恢复巴勒斯坦的团结,并实现加沙地带2007年6月以前的局势,呼吁埃及、阿拉伯国家联盟和其他有关各方为实现这一目标继续作出认真努力,", "强调迫切需要包括四方在内的国际社会持续积极参与,支持双方恢复、推进和加快和平进程谈判,以根据联合国各项决议、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》实现公正、持久和全面和平解决,", "注意到四方在最近一段时期决心在整个谈判期间支持双方,谈判可在一年内完成并解决所有最后地位问题,并决心执行双方之间的一项协议,以结束自1967年开始的占领并导致一个与以色列和其他邻国和平、安全地毗邻共存的民主、毗连和有生存能力的巴勒斯坦国的独立,", "表示注意到2011年9月23日巴勒斯坦提出的加入为联合国会员国的申请,[8]", "确认民间社会正努力促进巴勒斯坦问题的和平解决,", "回顾国际法院在其咨询意见中作出的裁定,包括认为迫切需要整个联合国加倍努力,迅速结束继续对国际和平与安全构成威胁的以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突,从而在该地区建立公正和持久的和平,[9]", "再次申明该区域所有国家在安全和国际公认的疆界内和平生活的权利,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申阿拉伯-以色列冲突的核心是巴勒斯坦问题,必须在所有方面实现和平解决,并为此目的加强一切努力,为此强调迫切需要挽救以色列和巴勒斯坦在以1967年以前边界为基础的公认边界内和平、安全地毗邻共存的两国解决办法;", "2. 联合国 2. 又重申全力支持以联合国有关决议、马德里会议职权范围,包括以土地换和平原则、阿拉伯国家联盟理事会第十四届会议通过的《阿拉伯和平倡议》、6 以及以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的永久性两国解决办法四方路线图4 为根据的中东和平进程,并全力支持以色列和巴勒斯坦双方之间现有的各项协定,强调必须在中东建立全面、公正和持久的和平,并在这方面欢迎四方和阿拉伯国家联盟正在作出的努力;", "3个 4. 鼓励继续认真开展区域和国际努力,包括2007年3月利雅得首脑会议设立的部长级委员会,以贯彻和促进《阿拉伯和平倡议》;", " 4.四. 4. 敦促双方在四方和国际社会的支持下,立即采取具体步骤,就安纳波利斯国际会议所达成的《以巴共同谅解》7 采取后续行动,包括恢复积极而认真的双边谈判;", "5 (韩语). 在这方面鼓励按照安全理事会第1850(2008)号决议的设想,在莫斯科召开一次国际会议,以推进并加快恢复的和平进程;", "6. 国家 4. 吁请双方根据国际法及其先前的协定和义务采取行动,特别是不论对等原则遵守路线图,为在近期内恢复并加速推进谈判创造必要条件;", "7. 联合国 2. 吁请双方自己在四方和其他有关方面的支持下,作出一切必要努力来制止局势的恶化并扭转自2000年9月28日以来在实地采取的一切单方面和非法措施;", "8. 国家 4. 吁请双方保持冷静和克制,特别是在宗教和文化敏感地区,不要采取挑衅行动和发表煽动性言论;", "9. 国家 4. 强调各方需要采取建立信任措施,以改善当地局势,促进稳定和促进和平进程,包括在2011年10月交换囚犯后进一步释放囚犯;", "10个 3. 强调必须在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上撤除检查站并撤除其他阻碍人员和货物流动的障碍,并需要尊重和维护包括东耶路撒冷在内的所有巴勒斯坦被占领土的领土统一、毗连和完整;", "11个 4. 又强调需要立即完全停止一切暴力行为,包括军事攻击、破坏和恐怖行为;", "12. 再次要求全面执行安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议;", "13个 4. 重申双方需要全面执行2005年11月15日《通行进出协定》和《拉法口岸商定原则》,尤其需要允许持续开放进出加沙地带的所有过境点,以提供人道主义用品、通行进出以及商业流动和所有必要建筑材料,这对于缓解人道主义危机、改善巴勒斯坦人民的生活条件和促进巴勒斯坦经济的恢复至关重要;", "14个 3. 在这方面强调迫切需要推动加沙地带的重建,包括完成联合国管理的被暂停的众多项目并加快执行联合国领导的民事重建活动;", "15个 2. 吁请占领国以色列严格遵守包括国际人道主义法在内的国际法规定的义务,并停止其旨在改变该领土的性质、地位和人口组成的所有违反国际法的措施和在包括东耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土采取的单方面行动,包括没收和事实上吞并土地,从而预先判断和平谈判的最后结果;", "16号. 2. 重申要求以色列完全停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土和被占领的叙利亚戈兰的一切定居点活动,并要求全面执行安全理事会各项有关决议;", "17岁。 3. 在这方面强调以色列需要立即遵守其路线图义务,冻结所有定居点活动,包括所谓的“自然增长”,并拆除自2001年3月以来建立的定居点前哨;", "18岁。 3. 要求停止在东耶路撒冷,包括在宗教场所及其周围的一切挑衅行为,包括以色列定居者的挑衅行为;", " 19. 19. 1. 因此要求占领国以色列如2004年7月9日国际法院发表的咨询意见2 所提及并如大会2003年10月21日第ES-10/13号决议和ES-10/15号决议所要求,遵守国际法规定的法律义务,并除其他外,立即停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上修建隔离墙,并吁请联合国所有会员国遵守咨询意见所提及其法律义务;", "20号. 1. 重申决心根据国际法,在以1967年以前边界为基础的公认边界内,实现以色列和巴勒斯坦在和平与安全中毗邻共存的两国解决办法;", "21岁 3. 强调:", "(a) 国家 以色列从自1967年以来占领的包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土上撤出;", "(b) 国家 实现巴勒斯坦人民不可剥夺的权利,主要是自决权和建立自己独立国家的权利;", "22号. 3. 又强调需要按照大会1948年12月11日第194(III)号决议公正解决巴勒斯坦难民问题;", "23. 联合国 3. 吁请双方恢复并加快直接和平谈判,以根据联合国有关决议,特别是安全理事会的决议、马德里会议的职权范围、路线图和《阿拉伯和平倡议》,达成最终和平解决;", "24 (韩语). 4. 敦促会员国在这一关键时期加快向巴勒斯坦人民和巴勒斯坦权力机构提供经济、人道主义和技术援助,以帮助缓解包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上严峻的人道主义局势,这对加沙地带至关重要,并恢复巴勒斯坦经济和基础设施,支持发展和加强巴勒斯坦各机构和巴勒斯坦建国努力,为独立作准备;", "25岁 4. 请秘书长同有关各方一起并同安全理事会协商,继续努力以达成巴勒斯坦问题的和平解决和促进该区域的和平,并就这些努力和这方面的事态发展向大会第六十七届会议提出报告。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/367-S/2011/585。", "[2] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1;又见《在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "[3] 见A/48/486-S/26560,附件。", "[4] S/2003/529,附件。", "[5] 可查阅www.unsco.org。", "[6] A/56/1026-S/2002/932,附件二,第14/221号决议。", "[7] 可查阅http://unispal.un.org。", "[8] A/66/371-S/2011/592,附件一。", "[9] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1,咨询意见,第161段;又见在被占领巴勒斯坦领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,《2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.19 and Add.1)]", "66/18. Jerusalem", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 181 (II) of 29 November 1947, in particular its provisions regarding the City of Jerusalem,", "Recalling also its resolution 36/120 E of 10 December 1981 and all its subsequent relevant resolutions, including resolution 56/31 of 3 December 2001, in which it, inter alia, determined that all legislative and administrative measures and actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, which have altered or purported to alter the character and status of the Holy City of Jerusalem, in particular the so‑called “Basic Law” on Jerusalem and the proclamation of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, were null and void and must be rescinded forthwith,", "Recalling further the Security Council resolutions relevant to Jerusalem, including resolution 478 (1980) of 20 August 1980, in which the Council, inter alia, decided not to recognize the “Basic Law” on Jerusalem,", "Recalling the advisory opinion rendered on 9 July 2004 by the International Court of Justice on the Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory,[1] and recalling its resolution ES‑10/15 of 20 July 2004,", "Expressing its grave concern about any action taken by any body, governmental or non-governmental, in violation of the above-mentioned resolutions,", "Expressing its grave concern also, in particular, about the continuation by Israel, the occupying Power, of illegal settlement activities, including the so-called E‑1 plan, its construction of the wall in and around East Jerusalem, its restrictions on access to and residence in East Jerusalem and the further isolation of the city from the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, which are having a detrimental effect on the lives of Palestinians and could prejudge a final status agreement on Jerusalem,", "Expressing its grave concern further about the continuing Israeli demolition of Palestinian homes, the revocation of residency rights and the eviction and displacement of numerous Palestinian families from East Jerusalem neighbourhoods, as well as other acts of provocation and incitement, including by Israeli settlers, in the city,", "Expressing its concern about the Israeli excavations undertaken in the Old City of Jerusalem, including in and around religious sites,", "Reaffirming that the international community, through the United Nations, has a legitimate interest in the question of the City of Jerusalem and in the protection of the unique spiritual, religious and cultural dimensions of the city, as foreseen in relevant United Nations resolutions on this matter,", "Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[2]", "1. Reiterates its determination that any actions taken by Israel, the occupying Power, to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the Holy City of Jerusalem are illegal and therefore null and void and have no validity whatsoever, and calls upon Israel to immediately cease all such illegal and unilateral measures;", "2. Stresses that a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the question of the City of Jerusalem should take into account the legitimate concerns of both the Palestinian and Israeli sides and should include internationally guaranteed provisions to ensure the freedom of religion and of conscience of its inhabitants, as well as permanent, free and unhindered access to the holy places by the people of all religions and nationalities;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  See A/ES‑10/273 and Corr.1; see also Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 2004, p. 136.", "[2]  A/66/338." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.19和Add.1)]", "66/18. 耶路撒冷", "大会，", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号决议，特别是其中有关耶路撒冷城的规定，", "又回顾其1981年12月10日第36/120E号决议及其后所有相关决议，包括2001年12月3日第56/31号决议，其中大会除其他外，认定占领国以色列改变或意图改变耶路撒冷圣城的性质和地位的一切立法和行政措施及行动，特别是所谓的耶路撒冷“基本法”以及宣布耶路撒冷为以色列首都，一概无效，必须立即撤销，", "还回顾安全理事会有关耶路撒冷的各项决议，包括1980年8月20日第478(1980)号决议，其中安理会除其他外，决定不承认耶路撒冷“基本法”，", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果”发表的咨询意见，[1] 并回顾大会2004年7月20日ES-10/15号决议，", "严重关切任何政府机构或非政府机构采取的任何违反上述决议的行动，", "又严重关切特别是占领国以色列继续进行建立非法定居点的活动，包括所谓的“E-1计划”，在东耶路撒冷城内和周围修建隔离墙，对出入和居住在东耶路撒冷实行限制，进一步将该城与巴勒斯坦被占领土的其他地区相隔绝，对巴勒斯坦人的生活产生不利影响，并可能会预先限定有关耶路撒冷的最后地位协定，", "还严重关切以色列继续摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园，取消为数众多的巴勒斯坦家庭的居住权并将他们赶出东耶路撒冷居民区,使他们流离失所，并在城内进行其他挑衅和煽动行为，包括以色列定居者实施的此类行为，", "关切以色列在耶路撒冷旧城，包括在宗教场所及其周围进行挖掘，", "重申，如联合国关于这一事项的相关决议所示，国际社会通过联合国，对耶路撒冷城问题和对保护它独特的精神、宗教和文化特性感到关注，是正当合法的，", "审议了秘书长关于中东局势的报告，[2]", "1. 再次认定占领国以色列采取的任何强行在耶路撒冷圣城实施其法律、司法管辖和行政管理的行动都是非法的，因此完全无效，没有任何合法性，并吁请以色列立即停止所有这些非法的单方面措施；", "2. 强调指出全面、公正和持久解决耶路撒冷城问题的方案应考虑到巴勒斯坦和以色列双方的正当关切，并应有国际担保条款，确保该城居民享有宗教和良心自由，并确保不同宗教信仰和不同国籍的人永远都可以自由无阻地前往各处圣地；", "3. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1；另见“在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果，咨询意见”，《2004年国际法院案例汇编》，英文第136页。", "[2] A/66/338。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.19和Add.1)]", "66/18 (英语). 耶路撒冷", "大会,", "回顾其1947年11月29日第181(II)号决议,特别是关于耶路撒冷城的规定,", "又回顾其1981年12月10日第36/120 E号决议及其后各项有关决议,包括2001年12月3日第56/31号决议,其中除其他外,确定占领国以色列改变或意图改变耶路撒冷圣城的性质和地位的一切立法和行政措施及行动,特别是所谓的耶路撒冷“基本法”和宣布耶路撒冷为以色列首都,均属无效,必须立即撤销,", "还回顾安全理事会与耶路撒冷有关的各项决议,包括1980年8月20日第478(1980)号决议,其中安理会除其他外,决定不承认关于耶路撒冷的\"基本法\",", "回顾国际法院2004年7月9日就 \" 在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果 \" 发表的咨询意见,[1] 并回顾其2004年7月20日ES-10/15号决议,", "表示严重关切任何政府机构或非政府机构所采取的任何违反上述决议的行动,", "又表示严重关切占领国以色列继续进行非法定居活动,包括在东耶路撒冷及其周围修建隔离墙、限制进入和居住在东耶路撒冷,以及进一步将该城同其余被占领巴勒斯坦领土隔绝,这些都对巴勒斯坦人的生活产生不利影响并可能预先判断关于耶路撒冷的最后地位协定,", "还表示严重关切以色列继续拆毁巴勒斯坦人的房屋,取消居住权,将许多巴勒斯坦家庭从东耶路撒冷居民区驱逐和流离失所,并表示严重关切包括由以色列定居者在内的人在该市进行的其他挑衅和煽动行为,", "表示关切以色列在耶路撒冷老城,包括在宗教场所及其周围进行的挖掘,", "重申如联合国关于这一事项的相关决议所预见,国际社会通过联合国对耶路撒冷城问题和保护该城独特的精神、宗教和文化方面有合法利益,", "审议了秘书长关于中东局势的报告,[2]", "1. 联合国 1. 重申认定占领国以色列为将其法律、管辖权和行政权强加于耶路撒冷圣城而采取的任何行动都是非法的,因此完全无效,没有任何效力,并要求以色列立即停止所有这些非法和单方面措施;", "2. 联合国 4. 强调耶路撒冷城问题的全面、公正和持久解决应考虑到巴勒斯坦和以色列双方的正当关切,并应包括得到国际保障的规定,以确保该城居民的宗教和良心自由,以及所有宗教和国籍的人民能够永久、自由和不受阻碍地进入圣地;", "3个 8. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] 见A/ES-10/273和Corr.1;另见《在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙的法律后果,咨询意见,2004年国际法院案例汇编》,第136页。", "[2] A/66/338。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 30 November 2011", "[without reference to a Main Committee (A/66/L.20 and Add.1)]", "66/19. The Syrian Golan", "The General Assembly,", "Having considered the item entitled “The situation in the Middle East”,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General on the situation in the Middle East,[1]", "Recalling Security Council resolution 497 (1981) of 17 December 1981,", "Reaffirming the fundamental principle of the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force, in accordance with international law and the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming once more the applicability of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, of 12 August 1949,[2] to the occupied Syrian Golan,", "Deeply concerned that Israel has not withdrawn from the Syrian Golan, which has been under occupation since 1967, contrary to the relevant Security Council and General Assembly resolutions,", "Stressing the illegality of the Israeli settlement construction and other activities in the occupied Syrian Golan since 1967,", "Noting with satisfaction the convening in Madrid on 30 October 1991 of the Peace Conference on the Middle East, on the basis of Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) of 22 November 1967, 338 (1973) of 22 October 1973 and 425 (1978) of 19 March 1978 and the formula of land for peace,", "Expressing grave concern over the halt in the peace process on the Syrian track, and expressing the hope that peace talks will soon resume from the point they had reached,", "1. Declares that Israel has failed so far to comply with Security Council resolution 497 (1981);", "2. Also declares that the Israeli decision of 14 December 1981 to impose its laws, jurisdiction and administration on the occupied Syrian Golan is null and void and has no validity whatsoever, as confirmed by the Security Council in its resolution 497 (1981), and calls upon Israel to rescind it;", "3. Reaffirms its determination that all relevant provisions of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention IV of 1907,[3] and the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War,² continue to apply to the Syrian territory occupied by Israel since 1967, and calls upon the parties thereto to respect and ensure respect for their obligations under those instruments in all circumstances;", "4. Determines once more that the continued occupation of the Syrian Golan and its de facto annexation constitute a stumbling block in the way of achieving a just, comprehensive and lasting peace in the region;", "5. Calls upon Israel to resume the talks on the Syrian and Lebanese tracks and to respect the commitments and undertakings reached during the previous talks;", "6. Demands once more that Israel withdraw from all the occupied Syrian Golan to the line of 4 June 1967 in implementation of the relevant Security Council resolutions;", "7. Calls upon all the parties concerned, the co-sponsors of the peace process and the entire international community to exert all the necessary efforts to ensure the resumption of the peace process and its success by implementing Security Council resolutions 242 (1967) and 338 (1973);", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution.", "69th plenary meeting 30 November 2011", "[1]  A/66/338.", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 75, No. 973.", "[3]  See Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907 (New York, Oxford University Press, 1915)." ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.20和Add.1)]", "66/19. 叙利亚戈兰", "大会，", "审议了题为“中东局势”的项目，", "注意到秘书长关于中东局势的报告，[1]", "回顾安全理事会1981年12月17日第497(1981)号决议，", "重申依照国际法和《联合国宪章》不容许以武力取得领土的基本原则，", "再次重申1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》[2] 适用于被占领的叙利亚戈兰，", "深为关切以色列违反安全理事会和大会的有关决议，没有撤离自1967年以来被占领的叙利亚戈兰，", "强调以色列在自1967年以来被占领的叙利亚戈兰建造定居点和开展其他活", "动都是非法的，", "满意地注意到根据安全理事会1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号和1978年3月19日第425(1978)号决议和以土地换和平的办法，于1991年10月30日在马德里召开中东和平会议，", "严重关切叙利亚轨道上的和平进程已经停顿下来，希望不久以已经达到的阶段为起点，重新恢复和平会谈，", "1. 宣布以色列迄今没有遵守安全理事会第497(1981)号决议；", "2. 又宣布安全理事会第497(1981)号决议已确认，以色列1981年12月14日关于强行在被占领的叙利亚戈兰实施其法律、司法管辖和行政管理的决定完全无效，没有任何合法性，吁请以色列予以撤销；", "3. 重申认定1907年《海牙第四公约》所附《章程》[3] 和《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》² 的所有相关规定继续适用于自1967年以来被以色列占领的叙利亚领土，吁请这些文书的缔约国在任何情况下都遵守并确保各方遵守这些文书为其规定的义务；", "4. 再次认定继续占领和事实上兼并叙利亚戈兰是该区域实现公正、全面、持久和平的绊脚石；", "5. 吁请以色列恢复叙利亚和黎巴嫩轨道上的会谈，遵守以前的会谈中做出的承诺和保证；", "6. 再次要求以色列执行安全理事会的有关决议，从被占领的叙利亚戈兰的所有地区撤至1967年6月4日的分界线；", "7. 吁请所有有关各方、和平进程的共同保证国和整个国际社会作出一切必要努力，通过执行安全理事会第242(1967)和338(1973)号决议来确保和平进程得以恢复并取得成功；", "8. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况。", "2011年11月30日", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/338。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第75卷，第973号。", "[3] 见卡内基国际和平基金会，《1899年和1907年海牙公约与宣言》(牛津大学出版社，1915年，纽约)。" ]

[ "2011年11月30日大会决议", "[未经发交主要委员会而通过(A/66/L.20和Add.1)]", "66/19 (英语). 叙利亚戈兰", "大会,", "审议了题为“中东局势”的项目,", "注意到秘书长关于中东局势的报告,[1]", "回顾安全理事会1981年12月17日第497(1981)号决议,", "重申依照国际法和《联合国宪章》不容许以武力夺取领土的基本原则,", "再次重申1949年8月12日《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》[2] 适用于被占领的叙利亚戈兰,", "深为关切以色列违反安全理事会和大会的有关决议,没有从自1967年以来占领的叙利亚戈兰撤出,", "强调以色列在自1967年以来被占领的叙利亚戈兰的定居点建设和其他活动都是非法的,", "满意地注意到根据安全理事会1967年11月22日第242(1967)号、1973年10月22日第338(1973)号和1978年3月19日第425(1978)号决议和以土地换取和平的办法于1991年10月30日在马德里召开中东和平会议,", "严重关切叙利亚轨道上和平进程已停止,并表示希望和谈能从已到达的点上很快恢复,", "1. 联合国 1. 宣布以色列迄今没有遵守安全理事会第497(1981)号决议;", "2. 联合国 2. 又宣布安全理事会第497(1981)号决议所确认,以色列1981年12月14日将其法律、司法管辖和行政强加于被占领的叙利亚戈兰的决定是无效的,不具任何效力,并要求以色列予以撤销;", "3个 1. 重申确定1907年《海牙第四公约》所附条例[3]和《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》2 的所有相关规定继续适用于自1967年以来被以色列占领的叙利亚领土,并吁请这些文书缔约国在任何情况下都遵守和确保遵守这些文书规定的义务;", " 4.四. 3. 再次确定继续占领和事实上并吞叙利亚戈兰是在该区域实现公正、全面和持久和平的绊脚石;", "5 (韩语). 3. 吁请以色列恢复叙利亚和黎巴嫩轨道上的会谈,并尊重以前会谈中作出的承诺和保证;", "6. 国家 2. 再次要求以色列执行安全理事会各项有关决议,从被占领的叙利亚戈兰的所有地方撤至1967年6月4日的分界线;", "7. 联合国 4. 吁请有关各方、和平进程的共同发起国和整个国际社会作出一切必要努力,执行安全理事会第242(1967)号和第338(1973)号决议,确保和平进程得到恢复并取得成功;", "8. 国家 8. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告。", "第69次全体会议", "[1] A/66/338 (英语).", "[2] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第75卷,第973号。", "[3] 见卡内基国际和平基金会,《1899年和1907年海牙公约和宣言》(牛津大学出版社,1915年,纽约)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/401)]", "66/20. Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/72 of 4 December 1998, 54/43 of 1 December 1999, 56/14 of 29 November 2001, 58/28 of 8 December 2003, 60/44 of 8 December 2005, 62/13 of 5 December 2007 and 64/22 of 2 December 2009 on objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures,", "Recalling also its resolution 35/142 B of 12 December 1980, which introduced the United Nations system for the standardized reporting of military expenditures, its resolutions 48/62 of 16 December 1993, 49/66 of 15 December 1994, 51/38 of 10 December 1996 and 52/32 of 9 December 1997, calling upon all Member States to participate in it, and its resolution 47/54 B of 9 December 1992, endorsing the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters and inviting Member States to provide the Secretary-General with relevant information regarding their implementation,", "Noting that, since then, national reports on military expenditures and on the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters have been submitted by a number of Member States belonging to different geographical regions,", "Convinced that the improvement of international relations forms a sound basis for promoting further openness and transparency in all military matters,", "Convinced also that transparency in military matters is an essential element for building a climate of trust and confidence between States worldwide and that a better flow of objective information on military matters can help to relieve international tension and is therefore an important contribution to conflict prevention,", "Noting the role of the standardized reporting system, as instituted through its resolution 35/142 B, as an important instrument to enhance transparency in military matters,", "Conscious that the value of the standardized reporting system would be enhanced by a broader participation of Member States,", "Noting that a periodic review of the Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures could facilitate its further development and maintain its continued relevance and operation, and recalling resolution 62/13, in which the General Assembly established the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,", "Recalling, in that regard, the report of the Secretary-General on ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[1]", "Recalling also that the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters recommended certain areas for further consideration, such as the improvement of the standardized reporting system,", "Welcoming the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on further ways and means to implement the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters, including, in particular, on how to strengthen and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system,[2]", "Noting the efforts of several regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures, including standardized annual exchanges of relevant information among their member States,", "Emphasizing the continuing importance of the Standardized Instrument under the current political and economic circumstances,", "Mindful of the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, including its Article 26,", "1. Endorses the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the Operation and Further Development of the United Nations Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures,² the recommendations contained therein and the new title of the instrument, namely, the United Nations Report on Military Expenditures;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving the broadest possible participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 30 April annually, with reports on their military expenditures for the latest fiscal year for which data are available, using preferably and to the extent possible, one of the reporting forms, including a “nil” report if appropriate, on the basis of recommendations contained in paragraphs 68 to 71 of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts and annex II thereto, or as appropriate, any other format developed in the context of similar reporting on military expenditures to other international or regional organizations;", "3. Recommends that, for the purpose of reporting by Member States of their national military expenditures in the framework of the Report on Military Expenditures, “military expenditures” be commonly understood to refer to all financial resources that a State spends on the uses and functions of its military forces and information on military expenditures represents an actual outlay in current prices and domestic currency;", "4. Also recommends the guidelines and recommendations for objective information on military matters to all Member States for implementation, fully taking into account specific political, military and other conditions prevailing in a region, on the basis of initiatives and with the agreement of the States of the region concerned;", "5. Invites Member States in a position to do so to supplement their reports, on a voluntary basis, with explanatory remarks regarding submitted data to explain or clarify the figures provided in the reporting forms, such as the total military expenditures as a share of gross domestic product, major changes from previous reports and any additional information reflecting their defence policy, military strategies and doctrines;", "6. Invites Member States to provide, preferably with their annual report, their national points of contact, on the basis of annex II and paragraph 72 (e) of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts;", "7. Encourages relevant international bodies and regional organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to enhance complementarities among reporting systems, taking into account the particular characteristics of each region, and to consider the possibility of an exchange of information with the United Nations;", "8. Takes note of the annual reports of the Secretary-General;[3]", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, within available resources:", "(a) To continue the practice of sending an annual note verbale to Member States requesting the submission of their Report on Military Expenditures;", "(b) To circulate annually a note verbale to Member States detailing which reports on military expenditures were submitted and are available electronically on the website for military expenditures;[4]", "(c) To continue consultations with relevant international bodies, with a view to ascertaining requirements for adjusting the present instrument, with a view to encouraging wider participation, and to make recommendations, based on the outcome of those consultations and taking into account the views of Member States, on necessary changes to the content and structure of the standardized reporting system;", "(d) To encourage relevant international bodies and organizations to promote transparency of military expenditures and to consult with those bodies and organizations with emphasis on examining possibilities for enhancing complementarities among international and regional reporting systems and for exchanging related information between those bodies and the United Nations;", "(e) To continue to foster further cooperation with relevant regional organizations with a view to raising awareness of the Report on Military Expenditures and its role as a confidence-building measure;", "(f) To encourage the United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament in Africa, in Asia and the Pacific, and in Latin America and the Caribbean to assist Member States in their regions in enhancing their knowledge of the standardized reporting system;", "(g) To promote international and regional/subregional symposiums and training seminars to explain the purpose of the standardized reporting system and to give relevant technical instructions;", "(h) To report on experiences gained during such symposiums and training seminars;", "(i) To provide, upon request, technical assistance to Member States lacking the capacity to report data, and to encourage Member States to voluntarily provide bilateral assistance to other Member States;", "(j) To encourage the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the financial and technical support of interested States, as appropriate, to continue to improve the existing database on military expenditures with a view to making it more user-friendly and up-to-date technologically and to increasing its functionality;", "10. Encourages Member States:", "(a) To inform the Secretary-General about possible problems with the standardized reporting system and their reasons for not submitting the requested data;", "(b) To continue to provide the Secretary-General with their views and suggestions on ways and means to improve the future functioning of and broaden participation in the standardized reporting system, including necessary changes to its content and structure,", "11. Recommends the establishment of a process for periodic reviews, in order to ensure the continued relevance and operation of the Report on Military Expenditures and that another review of the continuing relevance and operation of the Report be conducted in five years;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Objective information on military matters, including transparency of military expenditures”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/298.", "[2]  See A/66/89 and Corr.1–3.", "[3]  A/58/202 and Add.1–3, A/59/192 and Add.1, A/60/159 and Add.1–3, A/61/133 and Add.1–3, A/62/158 and Add.1–3, A/63/97 and Add.1 and 2, A/64/113 and Add.1 and 2, A/65/118 and Corr.1 and Add.1 and 2 and A/66/117 and Add.1.", "[4]  www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/401)通过]", "66/20. 军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度", "大会，", "回顾其关于军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度的1998年12月4日第53/72号、1999年12月1日第54/43号、2001年11月29日第56/14号、2003年12月8日第58/28号、2005年12月8日第60/44号、2007年12月5日第62/13号和2009年12月2日第64/22号决议，", "又回顾其1980年12月12日第35/142B号决议拟订了联合国军事支出标准汇报制度，1993年12月16日第48/62号、1994年12月15日第49/66号、1996年12月10日第51/38号和1997年12月9日第52/32号决议要求所有会员国参加这一制度，1992年12月9日第47/54B号决议赞同关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，并邀请会员国就其执行情况向秘书长提供有关资料，", "注意到其后属于不同地理区域的若干会员国就军事支出以及关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议提交了国家报告，", "深信国际关系的改进是促使所有军事情况进一步公开和透明化的健全基础，", "又深信军事情况的透明化是建立世界各国之间信任气氛的关键要素，增进军事情况客观情报的流动有助于缓和国际紧张局势，因而能对预防冲突作出重大贡献，", "注意到通过第35/142B号决议制定的标准汇报制度作为增进军事情况透明度的重要工具的作用，", "意识到会员国的更广泛参与将增进标准汇报制度的价值，", "注意到对军事支出标准汇报表进行定期审查可以促进其进一步发展并保持其持续相关性和运作，回顾大会第62/13号决议设立了联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组，", "在这方面回顾秘书长的报告，其中阐述了如何执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，尤其是包括如何加强和扩大对标准汇报制度的参与，[1]", "又回顾关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议提出了应进一步审议的若干领域，例如改进标准汇报制度，", "欢迎政府专家组的报告，该报告探讨了应进一步运用何种方式和方法执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，尤其是包括如何加强和扩大对标准汇报制度的参与，[2]", "注意到一些区域组织努力促进提高军事支出透明度，包括在其成员国间每年以标准方式交流有关信息，", "强调标准汇报表在当前政治和经济环境下依然十分重要，", "铭记《联合国宪章》的各项规定，包括其第二十六条的规定，", "1. 赞同联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告、² 报告所载建议以及汇报表的新名称，即“联合国军事支出报告”；", "2. 吁请会员国为实现尽可能广泛的参与，每年在4月30日以前，向秘书长提供一份报告，说明最近一个已有数据的财政年度的本国军事支出，最好并尽可能根据政府专家组报告第68至71段所载建议和报告附件二使用其中一份汇报表格，包括酌情使用“无”报告，或酌情使用为向其他国际或区域组织提出类似军事支出报告而制定的任何其他格式；", "3. 建议，为在军事支出报告框架内汇报国家军事支出的目的，“军事支出”通常应理解为是指一国在其军队的使用和职能上花费的所有财政资源，关于军事支出的资料代表了以当前价格和国内货币表示的实际支出；", "4. 又建议所有会员国执行关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议，同时根据有关区域各国的倡议并征得其同意，充分考虑到一个区域具体的政治、军事及其他情况；", "5. 邀请有能力这样做的会员国，在自愿基础上补充其报告，并就提交的数据提供解释性备注，以解释或澄清在汇报表格中提供的数字，例如军事支出总额占国内总产值的比例，从前一次报告以来发生的重大变化，以及反映其国防政策、军事战略和理论的更多资料；", "6. 邀请会员国根据政府专家组报告附件二和第72(e)段提供国家联络点的情况，最好是在其年度报告中提供；", "7. 鼓励有关国际机构和区域组织促进提高军事支出透明度并加强各报告制度的互补性，同时考虑到每一区域的特殊性质，并考虑是否可能与联合国交换信息；", "8. 表示注意到秘书长的年度报告；[3]", "9. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内：", "(a) 继续每年向会员国发出普通照会，要求提交关于军事支出的报告；", "(b) 每年向会员国分发一份普通照会，详细说明哪些军事支出报告已提交，哪些报告可通过电子方式在关于军事支出的网页[4] 上查阅；", "(c) 继续与有关国际机构协商确定调整现有汇报表格的要求，以鼓励更广泛地参与，并根据这些协商的结果，同时考虑到会员国的看法，就对标准汇报制度的内容和结构进行必要修改提出建议；", "(d) 鼓励有关国际机构和组织促进提高军事支出的透明度，并与这些机构和组织进行协商，重点研究增进国际汇报制度和区域汇报制度之间的互补性和这些机构与联合国交换有关情报的可能性；", "(e) 继续促进与相关区域组织进一步合作，以提高对联合国军事支出报告及其作为建立信任措施的作用的认识；", "(f) 鼓励联合国设于非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比的和平与裁军区域中心协助其所在区域的会员国提高对标准汇报制度的认识；", "(g) 促进举办国际和区域/次区域专题研讨会和培训讨论会，说明标准汇报制度的宗旨，并给予有关的技术指导；", "(h) 就这种专题研讨会和培训讨论会取得的经验提出报告；", "(i) 应请求向没有能力报告数据的会员国提供技术援助，并鼓励会员国自愿向其他会员国提供双边援助；", "(j) 鼓励秘书处裁军事务厅酌情在有关国家的财政和技术支助下，继续改进现有的军事支出数据库，以使其更加方便用户，技术上更加先进，并增强其功能；", "10. 鼓励会员国：", "(a) 通知秘书长在使用标准汇报制度方面可能出现的问题，以及不提供所要求的数据的理由；", "(b) 继续向秘书长提出其看法和建议，说明改进标准汇报制度今后运作和扩大参与的方式和方法，包括对其内容和结构的必要修改；", "11. 建议设立一个定期审议进程，以确保军事支出报告的持续相关性和运作，并在五年后再次审查该报告的持续相关性和运作；", "12. 决定将题为“军事情况的客观情报，包括军事支出的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/298。", "[2] 见A/66/89和Corr.3。", "[3] A/58/202和Add.1-3、A/59/192和Add.1、A/60/159和Add.1-3、A/61/133和Add.1-3、A/62/158和Add.1-3、A/63/97和Add.1和2、A/64/113和Add.1和2、A/65/118和Corr.1和Add.1和2、A/66/117和Add.1。", "[4] www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/401)通", "66/20 (英语). 军事情况的客观情报,包括军事支出的透明度", "大会,", "回顾其关于军事情况的客观情报,包括军事支出的透明度的1998年12月4日第53/72号、1999年12月1日第54/43号、2001年11月29日第56/14号、2003年12月8日第58/28号、2005年12月8日第60/44号、2007年12月5日第62/13号和2009年12月2日第64/22号决议,", "又回顾其1980年12月12日第35/142 B号决议,其中提出了联合国军事支出标准汇报制度,1993年12月16日第48/62号、1994年12月15日第49/66号、1996年12月10日第51/38号和1997年12月9日第52/32号决议,其中吁请所有会员国参加这一制度,并回顾其1992年12月9日第47/54 B号决议,其中赞同关于军事情况的客观情报的指导方针和建议并请会员国就其执行情况向秘书长提供有关资料,", "注意到其后属于不同地理区域的若干会员国已提出关于军事支出以及关于军事情况客观情报的指导方针和建议的国家报告,", "深信国际关系的改善是促使所有军事情况进一步公开和透明化的健全基础,", "又深信军事情况的透明度是在全世界各国之间建立信任和信心气氛的重要因素,增进军事情况的客观情报的流动有助于缓和国际紧张局势,因此是对预防冲突的重要贡献,", "注意到通过其第35/142 B号决议建立的标准汇报制度作为提高军事情况透明度的重要工具的作用,", "意识到会员国的广泛参与会加强标准汇报制度的价值,", "注意到定期审查《军事支出标准汇报表》可促进其进一步发展并保持其持续的相关性和可操作性,并忆及大会第62/13号决议设立了联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组,", "在这方面回顾秘书长关于执行军事情况的客观情报的指导方针和建议的方式和方法的报告,其中特别包括如何加强和扩大参加标准汇报制度,[1]", "又回顾关于军事情况的客观情报的指导方针和建议建议了需要进一步审议的某些领域,例如改进标准汇报制度,", "欢迎政府专家组关于执行军事情况的客观情报的指导方针和建议的进一步方式和方法的报告,其中特别包括如何加强和扩大参加标准汇报制度,[2]", "注意到一些区域组织努力促进提高军事支出的透明度,包括在其成员国之间以标准方式每年交换有关资料,", "强调《标准汇报表》在当前政治和经济环境下继续具有重要性,", "铭记《联合国宪章》的规定,包括其第二十六条,", "1. 联合国 1. 认可联合国军事支出标准汇报表的运作和进一步发展问题政府专家组的报告、2 其中所载建议和该汇报表的新标题,即《联合国军事支出报告》;", "2. 吁请会员国为了实现最广泛的参与,每年在4月30日之前,就最近一个已有数据的财政年度的军事支出向秘书长提出报告,最好并尽可能使用其中一种报告表格,包括酌情根据政府专家组报告第68至71段和该报告附件二所载建议,或根据向其他国际组织或区域组织提出类似军事支出报告时拟订的任何其他格式,提出 \" 无 \" 报告;", "3个 4. 建议,为由会员国在军事支出报告框架内报告本国军事支出的目的, \" 军事支出 \" 通通理解为是指一国在其军事部队的使用和职能上所花的一切财政资源,而军事支出资料是以现行价格和本国货币计算的实际开支;", " 4.四. 3. 又建议所有会员国执行关于军事情况的客观情报的指导方针和建议,同时根据有关区域各国的倡议并征得其同意,充分考虑到一个区域的具体政治、军事和其他情况;", "5 (韩语). 2. 请能够这样做的会员国在自愿的基础上对其报告作补充说明,说明所提交的数据,以解释或澄清报告表格提供的数字,如军事支出总额占国内生产总值的比例、以往报告的重大变动以及反映其国防政策、军事战略和理论的任何其他资料;", "6. 国家 4. 邀请会员国最好在其年度报告中提供本国联络点,以政府专家组报告附件二和报告第72(e)段为基础;", "7. 联合国 6. 鼓励有关国际机构和区域组织促进提高军事支出的透明度并增进各报告制度的互补性,同时考虑到每个区域的特殊性,并考虑是否可能与联合国交换信息;", "8. 国家 1. 注意到秘书长的年度报告;[3]", "9. 国家 5. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内:", "(a) 国家 继续每年向会员国发出普通照会,请它们提交军事支出报告;", "(b) 国家 每年向会员国分发一份普通照会,详细说明哪些军事支出报告已经提交并以电子方式可在军事支出网站上查阅;[4]", "(c) 继续与有关国际机构协商,以确定调整本文书的要求,以鼓励更广泛的参与,并参照这些协商的结果并参考会员国的意见,就标准汇报制度的内容和结构作必要修改提出建议;", "(d) 国家 鼓励有关国际机构和组织促进提高军事支出的透明度并同这些机构和组织协商,着重审查是否可能加强国际和区域报告制度的互补性和这些机构与联合国交换有关情报;", "(e) 继续促进同有关区域组织的进一步合作,以提高人们对《军事支出报告》及其作为建立信任措施的作用的认识;", "(f) 鼓励联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心、亚洲及太平洋区域中心以及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心协助各自区域的会员国提高对标准汇报制度的认识;", "(g) 促进举办国际和区域/次区域专题讨论会和培训讨论会,以解释标准汇报制度的宗旨并给予有关技术指示;", "(h) 报告在这类专题讨论会和培训讨论会上取得的经验;", "(一) 应请求向缺乏数据报告能力的会员国提供技术援助,并鼓励会员国自愿向其他会员国提供双边援助;", "(j) 鼓励秘书处裁军事务厅酌情在有关国家的财政和技术支助下,继续改进现有的军事支出数据库,以期使其更方便用户,技术上更能更新,并加强其功能;", "10个 4. 鼓励会员国:", "(a) 国家 将标准汇报制度可能出现的问题及其不提交所要求数据的理由通知秘书长;", "(b) 就改进标准汇报制度未来运作和扩大参与的方式和方法,包括对其内容和结构作必要修改,继续向秘书长提供意见和建议,", "11个 4. 建议建立定期审查程序,以确保《军事支出报告》继续具有相关性和可操作性,并在五年后再审查《报告》是否继续具有相关性和可操作性;", "12个 6. 决定将题为“军事情况的客观情报,包括军事支出的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/298。", "[2] 见A/66/89和Corr.1-3。", "[3] A/58/202和Add.1-3、A/59/192和Add.1、A/60/159和Add.1-3、A/61/133和Add.1-3、A/62/158和Add.1-3、A/63/97和Add.1和2、A/64/113和Add.1和2、A/65/118和Corr.1和2以及A/66/117和Add.1。", "[4] www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Milex/。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/402)]", "66/21. Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling also its resolutions 51/37 of 10 December 1996, 54/44 of 1 December 1999, 57/50 of 22 November 2002, 60/46 of 8 December 2005 and 63/36 of 2 December 2008 relating to the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,", "Recalling further paragraph 77 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Determined to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction that have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of weapons of mass destruction identified in the definition of weapons of mass destruction adopted by the United Nations in 1948,[2]", "Noting with appreciation the discussions which have been held in the Conference on Disarmament under the item entitled “New types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons; radiological weapons”,[3]", "Noting the desirability of keeping the matter under review, as appropriate,", "1. Reaffirms that effective measures should be taken to prevent the emergence of new types of weapons of mass destruction;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament, without prejudice to further overview of its agenda, to keep the matter under review, as appropriate, with a view to making, when necessary, recommendations on undertaking specific negotiations on identified types of such weapons;", "3. Calls upon all States, immediately following any recommendations of the Conference on Disarmament, to give favourable consideration to those recommendations;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to transmit to the Conference on Disarmament all documents relating to the consideration of this item by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to report the results of any consideration of the matter in its annual reports to the General Assembly;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference on Disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The definition was adopted by the Commission for Conventional Armaments (see S/C.3/32/Rev.1).", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E; ibid., Sixty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/65/27), chap. III, sect. E; and ibid., Sixty‑sixth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/66/27), chap. III, sect. E." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/402)通过]", "66/21. 禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统：裁军谈判会议的报告", "大会，", "回顾其以往关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的各项决议，", "又回顾其关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的1996年12月10日第51/37号、1999年12月1日第54/44号、2002年11月22日第57/50号、2005年12月8日第60/46号和2008年12月2日第63/36号决议，", "还回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[1] 第77段，", "决心防止出现破坏效果与联合国1948年通过的大规模毁灭性武器定义[2] 所指的大规模毁灭性武器相当的新型大规模毁灭性武器，", "赞赏地注意到裁军谈判会议在题为“新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器的新系统；放射性武器”项目下进行的讨论，[3]", "注意到应酌情不断审议这一事项，", "1. 重申应采取有效措施，防止出现新型大规模毁灭性武器；", "2. 请裁军谈判会议在不影响其议程的进一步全面审查的情况下，酌情不断审议这一事项，以期在必要时提出建议，指出应否就确定的几类这种武器进行具体谈判；", "3. 吁请所有国家在裁军谈判会议提出任何建议后，立即对这些建议给予有利的考虑；", "4. 请秘书长向裁军谈判会议转递与大会第六十六届会议审议本项目有关的所有文件；", "5. 请裁军谈判会议把审议这一问题的任何结果列入其提交大会的年度报告；", "6. 决定将题为“禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统：裁军谈判会议的报告”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 该定义由常规军备委员会通过(见S/C.3/32/Rev.1)。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十四届会议，补编第27号》(A/64/27)，第三章，E节；同上，《第六十五届会议，补编第27号》(A/65/27)，第三章，E节；以及同上，《第六十六届会议，补编第27号》(A/66/27)，第三章，E节。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/402)通", "66/21 (英语). 禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统:裁军谈判会议的报告", "大会,", "回顾其以往关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的各项决议,", "又回顾其关于禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统的1996年12月10日第51/37号、1999年12月1日第54/44号、2002年11月22日第57/50号、2005年12月8日第60/46号和2008年12月2日第63/36号决议,", "还回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》 第77段,[1]", "决心防止出现具有同1948年联合国通过的大规模毁灭性武器定义所指明的大规模毁灭性武器相类似的毁灭性作用的新型大规模毁灭性武器,[2]", "赞赏地注意到裁军谈判会议在题为“新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统;放射性武器”的项目下进行的讨论,[3]", "注意到宜于酌情经常审查此事,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申应采取有效措施防止新型大规模毁灭性武器的出现;", "2. 联合国 3. 请裁军谈判会议在不影响其议程的进一步全面审查的情况下,酌情不断审查这一事项,以期在必要时提出建议,说明就所查明的几类此种武器进行具体谈判的情况;", "3个 4. 吁请所有国家在裁军谈判会议提出任何建议后,立即对这些建议给予有利的考虑;", " 4.四. 4. 请秘书长向裁军谈判会议转递与大会第六十六届会议审议该项目有关的所有文件;", "5 (韩语). 5. 请裁军谈判会议将审议此事的任何结果列入其提交大会的年度报告;", "6. 国家 9. 决定将题为“禁止发展和制造新型大规模毁灭性武器和此种武器新系统:裁军谈判会议的报告”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] 常规武器委员会通过了该定义(见S/C.3/32/Rev.1)。", "[3] 《大会正式记录,第六十四届会议,补编第27号》(A/64/27),第三章,A节。 同上,《第六十五届会议,补编第27号》(A/65/27),第三章,A节。 同上,《第六十六届会议,补编第27号》(A/66/27),第三章,A节。 页:1" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/403)]", "66/22. Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace, contained in its resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971, and recalling also its resolutions 54/47 of 1 December 1999, 56/16 of 29 November 2001, 58/29 of 8 December 2003, 60/48 of 8 December 2005, 62/14 of 5 December 2007 and 64/23 of 2 December 2009 and other relevant resolutions,", "Recalling also the report of the Meeting of the Littoral and Hinterland States of the Indian Ocean held in New York from 2 to 13 July 1979,[1]", "Recalling further paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur in 24 and 25 February 2003,[2] in which it was noted, inter alia, that the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean would continue his informal consultations on the future work of the Committee,", "Emphasizing the need to foster consensual approaches that are conducive to the pursuit of such endeavours,", "Noting the initiatives taken by countries of the region to promote cooperation, in particular economic cooperation, in the Indian Ocean area and the possible contribution of such initiatives to overall objectives of a zone of peace,", "Convinced that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would assist the progress of a mutually beneficial dialogue to develop conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Considering that greater efforts and more time are required to develop a focused discussion on practical measures to ensure conditions of peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region,", "Having considered the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean,[3]", "1. Takes note of the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian Ocean;³", "2. Reiterates its conviction that the participation of all permanent members of the Security Council and the major maritime users of the Indian Ocean in the work of the Ad Hoc Committee is important and would greatly facilitate the development of a mutually beneficial dialogue to advance peace, security and stability in the Indian Ocean region;", "3. Requests the Chair of the Ad Hoc Committee to continue his informal consultations with the members of the Committee and to report through the Committee to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to render, within existing resources, all necessary assistance to the Ad Hoc Committee, including the provision of summary records;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a Zone of Peace”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Thirty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 45 and corrigendum (A/34/45 and Corr.1).", "[2]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-sixth Session, Supplement No  29 (A/66/29)." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/403)通过]", "66/22. 《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其1971年12月16日第2832(XXVI)号决议所载的《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》，并回顾其1999年12月1日第54/47号、2001年11月29日第56/16号、2003年12月8日第58/29号、2005年12月8日第60/48号、2007年12月5日第62/14号、2009年12月2日第64/23号和其他有关决议，", "又回顾1979年7月2日至13日在纽约举行的印度洋沿岸国和内陆国会议的报告，[1]", "还回顾2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[2] 第102段，其中注意到，除其他外，印度洋特设委员会主席将继续就委员会今后的工作进行非正式协商，", "强调有必要促进有利于这一努力的协商一致方式，", "注意到区域内各国为促进印度洋地区的合作、特别是经济合作所采取的举措，以及这些举措可能会推动建立和平区的全面目标，", "深信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作至关重要，有助于互利对话取得进展，为印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定创造条件，", "认为必须作出更多努力，投入更多时间，集中讨论切实措施，以确保在印度洋区域创造和平、安全和稳定的条件，", "审议了印度洋特设委员会的报告，[3]", "1. 注意到印度洋特设委员会的报告；", "2. 重申坚信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作至关重要，非常有助于发展互利对话，促进印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定；", "3. 请特设委员会主席继续与委员会成员进行非正式协商，并通过委员会向大会第六十八届会议提出报告；", "4. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内继续向特设委员会提供一切必要协助，包括提供简要记录；", "5. 决定将题为“《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第三十四届会议，补编第45号》和更正(A/34/45和Corr.1)。", "[2] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332，附件一。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第六十六届会议，补编第29号》(A/66/29)。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/403)通", "66/22. 《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况", "大会,", "回顾其1971年12月16日第2832(XXVI)号决议所载《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》,又回顾其1999年12月1日第54/47号、2001年11月29日第56/16号、2003年12月8日第58/29号、2005年12月8日第60/48号、2007年12月5日第62/14号和2009年12月2日第64/23号决议以及其他有关决议,", "又回顾1979年7月2日至13日在纽约举行的印度洋沿岸国和内陆国会议的报告,[1]", "还回顾2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》 第102段,[2] 其中除其他外,注意到印度洋特设委员会主席将继续就委员会今后的工作进行非正式协商,", "强调需要促进有利于进行这种努力的协商一致办法,", "注意到该区域各国为在印度洋地区促进合作,特别是经济合作而采取的主动行动,以及这些主动行动可能对和平区的总目标作出的贡献,", "深信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作十分重要,将有助于互利对话取得进展,为印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定创造条件,", "认为需要更多的努力和时间来集中讨论实际措施,以确保印度洋区域的和平、安全和稳定的条件,", "审议了印度洋特设委员会的报告,[3]", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到印度洋特设委员会的报告;3", "2. 重申深信安全理事会所有常任理事国和使用印度洋的主要航海国参与特设委员会的工作十分重要,并会大大促进互利对话的发展,以促进印度洋区域的和平、安全与稳定;", "3个 4. 请特设委员会主席继续与特设委员会成员进行非正式协商,并通过特设委员会向大会第六十八届会议提出报告;", " 4.四. 8. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内继续向特设委员会提供所有必要协助,包括提供简要记录;", "5 (韩语). 9. 决定将题为“《宣布印度洋为和平区宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第三十四届会议,补编第45号》和更正(A/34/45和Corr.1)。", "[2] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332,附件一。", "[3] 《大会正式记录,第六十六届会议,补编第29号》(A/66/29)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/404)]", "66/23. African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 51/53 of 10 December 1996 and 56/17 of 29 November 2001 and all its other relevant resolutions, as well as those of the Organization of African Unity and of the African Union,", "Recalling also the signing of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)[1] in Cairo on 11 April 1996,", "Recalling further the Cairo Declaration adopted on that occasion,[2] which emphasized that nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in regions of tension, such as the Middle East, enhance global and regional peace and security,", "Recalling the statement made by the President of the Security Council on behalf of the members of the Council on 12 April 1996,[3] affirming that the signature of the Treaty constituted an important contribution by the African countries to the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Considering that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones, especially in the Middle East, would enhance the security of Africa and the viability of the African nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "1. Recalls with satisfaction the entry into force of the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba)¹ on 15 July 2009;", "2. Calls upon African States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Treaty as soon as possible;", "3. Expresses its appreciation to the nuclear-weapon States that have signed the Protocols to the Treaty¹ that concern them, and calls upon those that have not yet ratified the Protocols that concern them to do so as soon as possible;", "4. Calls upon the States contemplated in Protocol III to the Treaty that have not yet done so to take all necessary measures to ensure the speedy application of the Treaty to territories for which they are, de jure or de facto, internationally responsible and which lie within the limits of the geographical zone established in the Treaty;", "5. Calls upon the African States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that have not yet done so to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the International Atomic Energy Agency pursuant to the Treaty, thereby satisfying the requirements of article 9 (b) of and annex II to the Treaty of Pelindaba, and to conclude additional protocols to their safeguards agreements on the basis of the Model Protocol approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997;[5]", "6. Expresses its gratitude to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Chair of the African Union Commission and the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency for the diligence with which they have rendered effective assistance to the signatories to the Treaty;", "7. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[2]  A/51/113‑S/1996/276, annex.", "[3]  S/PRST/1996/17; see Resolutions and Decisions of the Security Council, 1996.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards (International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected))." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/404)通过]", "66/23. 非洲无核武器区条约", "大会，", "回顾其1996年12月10日第51/53号和2001年11月29日第56/17号决议和所有其他有关决议以及非洲统一组织和非洲联盟的有关决议，", "又回顾1996年4月11日在开罗签署《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)，[1]", "还回顾当时通过的《开罗宣言》，[2] 其中强调无核武器区，尤其是在中东等局势紧张区域建立无核武器区，将增进全球和区域的和平与安全，", "回顾1996年4月12日安全理事会主席代表安理会成员发表的声明，[3] 其中申明《条约》的签署是非洲国家对维护国际和平与安全的重要贡献，", "认为建立无核武器区，特别是在中东建立无核武器区，将会增强非洲的安全和非洲无核武器区的可行性，", "1. 满意地回顾《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)¹ 于2009年7月15日生效；", "2. 吁请尚未签署和批准该条约的非洲国家尽快签署和批准；", "3. 表示赞赏已签署与其有关的《条约议定书》¹ 的核武器国家，并呼吁尚未批准与其有关的《议定书》的核武器国家尽快予以批准；", "4. 吁请《条约第三号议定书》所考虑的那些国家，如尚未采取措施，则应采取一切必要措施，确保尽快将《条约》适用于它们在法律上或事实上负有国际责任并且位于《条约》所定地理区域界限以内的领土；", "5. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 的非洲缔约国，如尚未依照该《条约》与国际原子能机构缔结全面保障监督协定，则应着手缔结这样的协定，从而满足《佩林达巴条约》第九条第㈡款和附件二的要求，并根据1997年5月15日原子能机构理事会批准的议定书范本，[5] 缔结其保障监督协定的附加议定书；", "6. 表示感谢联合国秘书长、非洲联盟委员会主席和国际原子能机构总干事坚持不懈地向《条约》签署国提供有效协助；", "7. 决定将题为“非洲无核武器区条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/50/426，附件。", "[2] A/51/113-S/1996/276，附件。", "[3] S/PRST/1996/17；见《安全理事会决议及决定，1996年》。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 各国和国际原子能机构关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本(国际原子能机构，INFCIRC/540号文件(经订正))。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/404)通", "66/23. 非洲无核武器区条约", "大会,", "回顾其1996年12月10日第51/53号和2001年11月29日第56/17号决议及所有其他有关决议,以及非洲统一组织和非洲联盟的有关决议,", "又回顾1996年4月11日在开罗签署《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》),[1]", "还回顾当时通过的《开罗宣言》,[2] 其中强调无核武器区,特别是在中东等局势紧张区域建立无核武器区,可加强全球和区域和平与安全,", "回顾1996年4月12日安全理事会主席代表安理会成员发表的声明,[3] 其中申明《条约》的签署是非洲国家对维持国际和平与安全的重要贡献,", "认为建立无核武器区,特别是在中东建立无核武器区,将增进非洲的安全和非洲无核武器区的可行性,", "1. 联合国 1. 满意地回顾《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)1 于2009年7月15日生效;", "2. 吁请尚未签署和批准《条约》的非洲国家尽快签署和批准;", "3个 2. 表示赞赏已签署与其有关的《条约议定书》1 的核武器国家,并吁请尚未批准与其有关的《议定书》的核武器国家尽快予以批准;", " 4.四. 2. 吁请条约第三议定书所考虑的那些国家,如尚未采取一切必要措施,则应采取一切必要措施,确保迅速将条约适用于它们在法律上或事实上负有国际责任并位于条约所划定地理区域界限以内的领土;", "5 (韩语). 2. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 的非洲缔约国,如尚未依照该条约同国际原子能机构缔结全面保障监督协定,则应这样做,从而满足《佩林达巴条约》 第9(b)条和附件二的要求,并依照1997年5月15日原子能机构理事会所核准的议定书范本,缔结其保障监督协定的附加议定书;[5]", "6. 国家 1. 感谢联合国秘书长、非洲联盟委员会主席和国际原子能机构总干事勤奋地向条约签署国提供有效协助;", "7. 联合国 6. 决定将题为“非洲无核武器区条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见A/50/426,附件。", "[2] A/51/113-S/1996/276,附件。", "[3] S/PRST/1996/17;见《安全理事会决议及决定,1996年》。", "[4] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[5] 各国同国际原子能机构之间关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本(国际原子能机构,INFCIRC/540 (Corrected)号文件)。" ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1804 25 October 2006 \nENGLISHOriginal: ENGLISH/FRENCH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 14 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF SENEGAL ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT TRANSMITTING THE SUMMARY REPORT OF A SEMINAR ON NEGATIVE SECURITY ASSURANCES ORGANIZED BY UNIDIR AND HELD IN GENEVA ON 8 AUGUST 2006", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal to the United Nations Office at Geneva presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to request that the attached summary report prepared by UNIDIR following the seminar on negative security assurances held in Geneva on 8 August 2006 should be introduced as a document of the Conference.", "The Permanent Mission of Senegal avails itself of this opportunity to convey to the secretariat of the Conference on Disarmament the renewed assurances of its highest consideration.", "GE.06-64905 (E) 141106 291106", "Negative Security Assurances", "Seminar held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva, on 8 August 2006", "At the initiative of the President of the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) held a seminar on Negative Security Assurances, on 8 August 2006, at the Palais des Nations.", "This seminar took place as the Conference on Disarmament (CD) was discussing agenda item four: “Effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”, with the aim of assisting the work of the Conference and providing expert knowledge to the discussion.", "The seminar was chaired by Dr. Patrick McCarthy, Network Coordinator of the Geneva Forum. Ambassador Ousmane Camara, Permanent Representative of Senegal and President of the Conference on Disarmament, delivered the opening remarks. Prof. Jozef Goldblat, Resident Senior Fellow at UNIDIR, spoke on “Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?”. Mr. John King, Director of the Business Humanitarian Forum, presented his views on “Should negative security assurances be negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament?”. Dr. Sola Ogunbanwo, Chief Expert Adviser on the African Nuclear Free Zone, concluded the seminar with remarks on “Negative security assurances from an African expert’s perspective”.", "The discussion following the presentations focused on several issues: NSAs as a step towards nuclear disarmament; the forum in which to pursue NSAs; ways to pursue NSAs within the Conference on Disarmament; and the possible contribution of relevant Security Council resolutions and relevant articles in nuclear-weapons-free zone (NWFZ) treaties towards granting NSAs.", "A number of participants saw NSAs as a first step and necessary provisional measure towards nuclear disarmament and the total elimination of nuclear weapons. However, views diverged both on whether to pursue an international legal instrument on NSAs and how this instrument should be pursued. The discussion also revolved around the type of forum in which NSAs should be discussed. Several forums were proposed: the CD, the NPT or within a specific nuclear disarmament conference. The choice between the CD and the NPT as a negotiating forum for NSAs depended on diverging views over the status of States not party to the NPT within future NSA arrangements.", "There was further discussion on the possible approaches to pursue NSAs discussions at the CD, in particular the question was raised of the establishment of an ad hoc committee on NSA with a negotiating mandate.", "Participants pointed out that while NSAs had been part of the non-proliferation and disarmament regime created by the NPT, these types of NSAs have been accompanied by conditions, have been of different nature and have not been necessarily legally binding. Security Council Resolutions 255 (1968) and 984 (1995) both contain security assurances. However, it was felt by some that these resolutions did not represent a legal instrument and that their content was limited. Finally, some interventions pointed out that while NWFZs were a way of enhancing NSAs on a regional basis, the NWFZs involved, by nature, only a limited number of countries and that not all nuclear-weapons States had ratified the different NWFZ treaties.", "Attached: 2 presentations", "Attachment I", "Negative security assurances or a global ban on use?", "Mr. jozef golDblat", "(Talking points)", "Thank you for inviting me to speak on negative security assurances, a subject I have been dealing with for many years.", "By negative security assurances (NSA) we mean, in the disarmament parlance, the obligations of nuclear-weapon States not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against non‑nuclear-weapon States.", "NSA constitutes a link in the chain of measures forming the non-proliferation regime. But it is the weakest link of the regime. It is not even referred to in the Non-Proliferation Treaty.  The conference of non-nuclear-weapon States, convened at the initiative of Pakistan in August 1968 (just after the signing of the NPT), discussed the issue of NSA but failed to reach agreement. Only 25 years later just before the 1995 NPT Review and Extension Conference, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution concerning the NSA. This resolution (984), took note of the relevant statements made by the nuclear-weapon States at the Conference on Disarmament. But a resolution is not considered to be legally binding.", "Moreover - and this is even more important - the assurances given by the nuclear powers are conditional. The United States, the United Kingdom, France and Russia made it clear that their assurances would cease to be valid in case of an attack on them or their allies, carried out or sustained in association or alliance with a nuclear-weapon State. In other words, the four powers feel free to resort to nuclear weapons, whenever they decide that the conditions for use, which they had formulated, have been met.", "Paradoxically, in stipulating nuclear disarmament, generally understood as the elimination of nuclear arms, the NPT passes over in silence the renunciation of use, which, logically, must precede elimination.", "Assurances of no use of nuclear weapons are also contained in the protocols to nuclear‑weapon-free-zone treaties. But they are subject to the same conditions as the assurances given to the NPT Parties under the mentioned 984 resolution. Some nuclear NPT Parties have not signed these protocols. Others have signed but not ratified them. Still others have made statements of understanding to record the conditions for complying with the non-use commitment.", "Negative security assurances were conceived as an incentive for non-nuclear-weapon States to give up nuclear weapon aspirations and join the NPT. At present, there are no hold‑outs from the NPT left. With the exception of India, Pakistan and Israel, which are unlikely to be attracted by the NPT. And North Korea, which may need other incentives than the NSA to rejoin the NPT. A broader approach to nuclear security is therefore needed.", "I propose that, considering the overwhelming destructive potential of nuclear arms and the uncontrollable consequences of their employment, the prohibition of their use become a norm of international law. Negotiations at the Conference on Disarmament should lead to a multilateral treaty containing an undertaking by the Parties never to use or threaten to use a nuclear weapon against any other State.", "According to the doctrine of belligerent reprisals, the use of a nuclear weapon in retaliation for a prior use of such a weapon would not be considered a breach of the ban. But the effects of the second use would have to be proportional to those of the first use.", "The proposed no-first-use treaty could be open for signature to all States, whether or not they are Parties to the NPT, neutral or militarily aligned. It should, however, enter into force only upon the deposit of the instruments of ratification by all those States, which conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards applied by the International Atomic Energy Agency. This category of States would include China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, the United States, India, Pakistan and Israel. Because these countries do conduct significant nuclear activities and are not subject to comprehensive nuclear safeguards.", "The right to withdraw from the treaty would have to be strictly circumscribed, if not forbidden altogether. Reservations should not be allowed.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would certainly diminish the risk of nuclear war. It would also weaken the political force of explicit or implicit threats to initiate such a war. The doctrine of nuclear deterrence, insofar as it consists in threatening a nuclear attack in response to a non-nuclear attack, would have to be declared invalid.", "A global ban on the use of nuclear weapons would thus constitute a major step towards solving the nuclear dilemma. Mere cuts in the numbers of nuclear warheads will not dispel the feelings of anxiety generated by the threat of their use.", "Attachment II", "Should the CD negotiate a NSA Treaty?", "Mr. John H. King", "(Talking points)", "1. Views expressed are my own, based on many years of experience in following and studying these issues.", "2. Question I propose to discuss: Should the CD negotiate a global and legally-binding NSA Treaty?", "3. Short answer: NO, but not for the reasons you usually hear. I think there are other considerations to bear in mind.", "4. Reasons:", "(a) The CD has been trying to negotiate an NSA treaty for more than two decades, with no results. Except for 1998, there has been no AHC to do so after 1994. This indicates there’s a problem that needs to be addressed, both procedurally (the CD linkage problem) and substantively (the situation with NSAs themselves);", "(b) There are strong arguments for negotiating such an NSA treaty in the NPT context, or as a part of NFWZ treaties. The latter has already seen some success, indicating there are fewer problems in such forums. The United States has even ratified the NSA protocols for the Tlatelolco treaty, and has signed but not ratified such protocols for SPNWFZ and Pelindaba;", "(c) The concept of NSAs is changing in a post-cold war and new international security environment. While still valid in the NPT context, the importance of NSAs is dropping in priority as other security concepts and needs rise in importance. The CD should be focusing on those higher priority issues since they will improve security for more countries more effectively;", "(d) The nature of NSAs makes it more difficult to manage them in a treaty context. NSAs are declaratory arms control rather than substantive arms control, and they are difficult if not impossible to monitor, much less verify. They depend on the credibility of that most elusive of concepts - intentions;", "(e) One has to realistically ask if a NWS facing massive and devastating attack by any means on its homeland would continue to honour a legally-binding NSA pledge if it felt its existence was at stake. [Acheson quote] Personally, I doubt it;", "(f) The changing role of NSAs in the new international security situation - to include the need for them and the form they should take - has frankly not been deeply examined, even by academics. This lack of new analysis deters many from wanting to negotiate a treaty concerning an issue that may have changed beyond all recognition in today’s security environment;", "(g) The ephemeral nature of NSAs, even if legally binding, leaves everyone with a vague sense of unease and uncertainty. While no arms control or disarmament measure is 100 per cent effective or verifiable, NSAs provide minimal if any real sense of security to those to whom they have been given, especially since they come with conditions. That’s why the NNWS will always ask for “more”, no matter what form an NSA may take. I suspect that even a global and legally binding treaty may not be sufficient to assuage security concerns. And that’s why the value of NSAs is minimal compared to other, more substantive forms of arms control;", "(h) NSAs cannot therefore be negotiated in isolation. They only make sense in the context of a relationship to other, more concrete arms control measures. And the latter, if truly effective, can make NSAs superfluous and redundant.", "5. To suggest an alternative on assurances, let me try my hand at some new thinking:", "(a) In the modern international security situation, why is the CD still focusing on NSAs? In the NSA context, today’s problem really is WMD proliferation to States or non-State actors who definitely are NOT going to give NSAs. Proliferation makes State-to-State NSAs virtually meaningless, even if legally binding;", "(b) A better idea: Rather than NSAs, why not consider a global and legally binding treaty on NPAs? NPAs stands for Non-Proliferation Assurances;", "(c) Sure, this duplicates the NPT, but not everyone in the CD is a NPT member. In fact, NPAs could most usefully be applied to some of the non-NPT members. As for the NPT, NPAs would reacknowledge, reinforce and strengthen the obligations of all NPT members, NWS and Non-NWS alike;", "(d) Unlike NSAs, which are given by some States to other States, NPAs would truly be non-discriminatory. NPAs would be given equally by all States to the international community. This is politically important;", "(e) NPAs can be more easily monitored and verified than NSAs. We already know and have recorded in the CTBT the States that have nuclear technology capabilities, about a quarter of the world’s States. NPAs can also cover chemical and biological weapons technology, thereby strengthening those treaties as well;", "(f) The negotiation of an NPA treaty might also involve a “grand bargain” regarding NSAs, with the latter possibly being included in an appropriate way. When taken together with NPAs, NSAs could assume a new and more meaningful context, and they would then be more relevant to today’s security requirements.", "6. Conclusion: I’m just throwing one new idea out into the ether. Someone will always find a problem with it or any other new idea. Such ideas take time to filter through the system and to find their niche. But one needs to start somewhere and not just casually toss such ideas aside. The CD could usefully examine this and other new concepts, modifying them as necessary to increase their mutual security advantages." ]

[ "2006年9月14日塞内加尔共和国常驻代表团致 裁军谈判会议秘书处的普通照会，其中转交 联合国裁军研究所于2006年8月8日 在日内瓦组织召开的关于消极 安全保证的研讨会摘要", "塞内加尔共和国常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书处致意，并请秘书处将所附摘要列为裁军谈判会议文件，该摘要由联合国裁军研究所在2006年8月8日在日内瓦举行的关于消极安全保证的研讨会结束之后编写。", "塞内加尔共和国常驻代表团借此机会再次向裁军谈判会议秘书处致以崇高敬意。", "关于消极安全保证的研讨会", "2006年8月8日在日内瓦万国宫举行", "在裁军谈判会议主席、塞内加尔常驻代表奥斯曼·卡马拉大使的倡议下，联合国裁军研究所于2006年8月8日在万国宫举行了关于消极安全保证的研讨会。", "该研讨会在裁军谈判会议讨论议程项目4“保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的时候举行，目的是协助会议的工作并为讨论提供专家见解。", "该研讨会由日内瓦论坛网络协调员Patrick McCarthy博士主持。塞内加尔常驻代表兼裁军谈判会议主席奥斯曼·卡马拉大使致开幕辞。裁军研究所驻地高级研究员 Jozef Goldblat教授就“消极安全保证还是全面禁止使用？”作了发言。企业人道主义论坛主管John King先生介绍了自己对“应在裁军谈判会议上谈判消极安全保证吗？”的看法。非洲无核武器区问题首席专家顾问Sola Ogunbanwo博士在研讨会的最后发表了意见，内容是“从一位非洲专家的角度谈消极安全保证”。", "作完介绍后，以几个问题为重点进行了讨论：消极安全保证作为实现核裁军的一个步骤；就消极安全保证开展工作的论坛；裁军谈判会议就消极安全保证开展工作的方式；以及相关的安全理事会决议和无核武器区条约中的相关条款对于提供消极安全保证可能起到的促进作用。", "许多与会者把消极安全保证看作是实现核裁军和彻底消除核武器的第一步和必要的临时措施。不过，在是否应就一项关于消极安全保证的国际法律文书开展工作以及应如何就该文书开展工作方面，存在意见分歧。在讨论中还谈到了应该在哪类论坛讨论消极安全保证的问题。提议了几个论坛：裁军谈判会议、《不扩散条约》或者在一次特殊的核裁军会议上。选择裁军谈判会议还是选择《不扩散条约》作为消极安全保证的谈判论坛，取决于各方对非《不扩散条约》缔约国在未来的消极安全保证安排中的地位的不同意见。", "与会者进一步讨论了在裁军谈判会议中谈论消极安全保证的可能的方式，特别提出了成立一个得到谈判任务授权的消极安全保证特设委员会的问题。", "与会者指出，尽管消极安全保证一直是《不扩散条约》所建立的不扩散和裁军制度的一个组成部分，但这类消极安全保证附有条件，性质不同，并且不一定具有法律约束力。安全理事会第255(1968)号决议和第984(1995)号决议都包含有安全保证。但一些人认为这些决议不是法律文书，而且其内容有限。最后，一些人指出，虽然无核武器区是在区域基础上加强消极安全保证的一种方式，但从性质上说，无核武器区只涉及为数有限的国家，并且不是所有核武器国家都批准了不同的无核武器区条约。", "附件：两份介绍", "附 件 一", "消极安全保证还是全面禁止使用？", "JOZEF GOLDBLAT先生", "(讲话要点)", "感谢您们邀请我就消极安全保证发言，我研究这一问题已经有许多年了。", "我们说的消极安全保证在裁军谈判中是指核武器国家不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的义务。", "消极安全保证是组成不扩散制度的一系列措施中的一环。但它是该制度中最薄弱的一环。甚至在《不扩散条约》中都没有提到消极安全保证。1968年8月(签署《不扩散条约》后不久)在巴基斯坦的倡议下举行的无核武器国家会议讨论了消极安全保证的问题，但未能达成一致。25年以后，在1995年《不扩散条约》审议和延期大会即将召开的时候，联合国安全理事会才通过了一项关于消极安全保证的决议。该决议(第984号)注意到了核武器国家在裁军谈判会议上所作的相关声明。但一项决议不被认为具有法律约束力。", "此外――这一点甚至更为重要――核大国提供的保证是有条件的。美国、联合王国、法国和俄罗斯说得很清楚，一旦与一个核武器国家联合或联盟对它们或其盟友进行攻击或者支持对它们或其盟友进行攻击，那么它们的保证就不再有效。换言之，四个大国认为，一旦它们断定它们所阐明的使用条件得到满足，它们就可以使用核武器。", "核裁军一般被理解为旨在消除核武器，奇怪的是，在对核裁军作出规定时，《不扩散条约》没有提到放弃使用核武器，而从逻辑上说，在消除之前必须先放弃使用。", "不使用核武器的保证也包含在无核武器区条约的议定书中。但这些保证要满足的条件与根据前述第984号决议给予《不扩散条约》缔约方的保证一样。一些有核武器的《不扩散条约》缔约方没有签署这些议定书。另一些签署了但没有批准议定书。还有一些作了谅解声明，目的是为履行不使用核武器的承诺标出条件。", "消极安全保证被设想为是一种激励手段，促使无核武器国家放弃对核武器的向往并加入《不扩散条约》。目前，没有什么国家没有加入《不扩散条约》。印度、巴基斯坦和以色列是例外，它们不可能被《不扩散条约》吸引。还有朝鲜，为了重新加入《不扩散条约》，它也许需要除消极安全保证之外的其他激励措施。因此对于核安全问题需要作更广泛的探讨。", "我提议，考虑到核武器具有不可抵挡的摧毁力以及使用核武器的后果无法控制，禁止使用核武器应成为一项国际法准则。裁军谈判会议的谈判应产生一项多边条约，其中载有缔约方对于决不对其他任何国家使用或威胁使用核武器的承诺。", "按照交战报复理论，用使用核武器来报复先使用这样的武器不会被认为是对禁令的违反。但第二次使用的效果必须与第一次使用的效果相称。", "拟议的不首先使用核武器条约可以开放供所有国家签署，不论它们是不是《不扩散条约》的缔约国，是中立的还是在军事上有盟友的。不过，只有在所有从事重要核活动并且不受国际原子能机构实行的全面核保障措施约束的国家交存批准书后，该条约才应生效。这类国家将包括中国、法国、俄罗斯、联合王国、美国、印度、巴基斯坦和以色列。因为这些国家的确在进行重要的核活动并且不受全面核保障措施的约束。", "退出条约的权利即便不一概禁止，也必须受到严格限制。不应该允许保留。", "全面禁止使用核武器肯定会减少核战争的风险，还会削弱或明或暗地威胁要发动核战争的政治力量。核威慑理论只要是威胁以核攻击对付非核攻击，就必须被宣布为不正当。", "全面禁止使用核武器因此将朝着解决核困境迈出一大步。仅仅削减核弹头的数量不会消除威胁使用核弹头所引起的焦虑情绪。", "附 件 二", "裁军谈判会议应谈判一个消极安全保证条约吗？", "JOHN H. KING先生", "(讲话要点)", "1. 这里所表达的是我自己的观点，我依据的是在关注和研究这些问题方面多年积累的经验。", "2. 我想讨论的问题是：裁军谈判会议应谈判一个全面和具有法律约束力的消极安全保证条约吗？", "3. 简短的回答是：不应谈判，但不是出于各位通常听到的理由。我认为有其他原因值得考虑。", "4. 理由：", "(a) 二十多年来，裁军谈判会议一直试图谈判一项消极安全保证条约，但一无所成。除1998年外，在1994年以后没有设立特设委员会来谈判这样一项条约。这表明，不管是在程序上(裁军谈判会议的议题挂钩问题)还是在实质上(消极安全保证本身的问题)，都有问题需要解决。", "(b) 有强有力的论据支持在《不扩散条约》的框架内或者作为无核武器区条约的一个组成部分谈判这样一项消极安全保证条约。后者已经取得了一些成功，表明在这样的论坛上问题较少。美国甚至批准了《特拉特洛尔科条约》的消极安全保证议定书，签署但没有批准《拉罗通加条约》和《佩林达巴条约》的此种议定书。", "(c) 在冷战后和新的国际安全环境中，消极安全保证的概念在发生变化。尽管在《不扩散条约》的范围内仍然有效，但随着其他安全概念和需要越来越重要，消极安全保证的重要性在降低。裁军谈判会议应把重点放在那些更为优先的问题上，因为这将更加有效地为更多国家改善安全状况。", "(d) 消极安全保证的性质使得在一项条约的框架内处理这个问题较为困难。消极安全保证与其说是实质性军备控制，不如说是宣布性的军备控制，如果不可能进行监督，更不必说核查的话，这些保证难以兑现。消极安全保证取决于最难以捉摸的概念――意向的可信性。", "(e) 实际上人们不得不问，一个核武器国家在自己的国土面临以任何手段进行的大规模毁灭性攻击这样一个生死存亡关头，它是否会继续履行具有法律约束力的消极安全保证诺言？[引用艾奇逊的话]就我个人而言，我很怀疑。", "(f) 在新的国际安全形势下，消极安全保证的作用正在发生改变――包括对消极安全保证的需要和消极安全保证应采取的形式，但坦白地说，这一点没有得到深入的研究，甚至学者也没有进行这样的研究。由于缺乏这样的新分析，许多人不愿意就一个在今天的安全环境中也许已经变得模糊不清的问题谈判一项条约。", "(g) 消极安全保证即便具有法律约束力也是暂时性的，这让所有人隐隐感到不安和不确定。尽管没有什么军备控制措施或裁军措施是100%有效的或可核查的，但消极安全保证给于保证对象的实际安全感即便有也是最少的，尤其是因为这些保证是有条件的。这就是为什么无核武器国家总会要得“更多”，不论消极安全保证可能采取什么形式。我猜想即使一项全面的和具有法律约束力的条约也不足以减轻安全方面的担忧。这就是为什么与其他更加实质性的军备控制形式相比，消极安全保证的价值是最小的。", "(h) 因此不能孤立地谈判消极安全保证。只有在联系其他更具体的军备控制措施的背景下，消极安全保证才有意义。而这些更具体的措施如果真的有效的话，会使消极安全保证显得多余和不必要。", "5. 为了建议保证方面的其他选择，让我试着提出一些新思路：", "(a) 在现代国际安全形势下，为什么裁军谈判会议仍把重点放在消极安全保证上？就消极安全保证而言，今天的问题实际上是大规模毁灭性武器向绝对不会提供消极安全保证的国家或非国家行为者扩散。扩散使得国家对国家的消极安全保证其实毫无意义，即便这些保证具有法律约束力。", "(b) 一个更好的想法：与其考虑消极安全保证，为什么不考虑一个关于“NPA”的全面的和具有法律约束力的条约？“NPA”的意思是不扩散保证。", "(c) 当然，这与《不扩散条约》重叠，但并非裁军谈判会议的所有成员都是《不扩散条约》的成员。事实上，不扩散保证能够更有效地适用于一些非《不扩散条约》成员。至于《不扩散条约》，不扩散保证将再次承认、补充和加强所有《不扩散条约》成员的义务，核武器国家和无核武器国家全都一样。", "(d) 与一些国家给予另一些国家的消极安全保证不同，不扩散保证将是真正非歧视性的。所有国家将向国际社会平等地提供不扩散保证。这在政治上具有重要意义。", "(e) 不扩散保证比消极安全保证更容易受到监督和核查。我们已经知道并在《全面禁止核试验条约》中记录了有核技术能力的国家，这些国家在全世界所有国家中大约占四分之一。不扩散保证也可以涵盖化学武器和生物武器技术，从而使这些条约同样得到加强。", "(f) 不扩散保证条约的谈判也可以包含关于消极安全保证的一个“总协议”，可以通过适当的方式将消极安全保证包括进来。在与不扩散保证联系在一起时，消极安全保证能够呈现一个新的、更有意义的框架，因而更符合今天的安全要求。", "6. 结论：我只是随便提出一个新想法。发现这一想法的问题或任何其他新想法总是有可能的。这样的想法需要时间来渗透进系统并找到自己的适当位置。但有必要从什么地方开始而不只是随意地将这样的想法搁置不管。裁军谈判会议不妨审议这一想法以及其他新概念，对它们进行必要的修订，以增强它们共同的安全利益。" ]

[ "2006年10月25日致裁军谈判会议主席的信\n原件:英文/法文", "2006年9月14日塞内加尔常驻代表团致裁军谈判会议秘书处的普通照会,其中转交裁研所和2006年8月8日于日内瓦举行的", "塞内加尔常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书处致意,并谨请将所附裁研所在2006年8月8日于日内瓦举行的消极安全保证问题研讨会后编写的总结报告作为裁军谈判会议的文件分发。", "塞内加尔常驻代表团借此机会再次向裁军谈判会议秘书处致以最崇高的敬意。", "页:1", "消极安全保证", "2006年8月8日在日内瓦万国宫举行的研讨会", "1. 在裁军谈判会议主席、塞内加尔常驻代表奥斯曼·卡马拉大使的倡议下,联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)于2006年8月8日在万国宫举行了一次消极安全保证研讨会。", "这次研讨会是在裁军谈判会议(裁谈会)讨论题为“保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的议程项目4时举行的,目的是协助裁谈会的工作并为讨论提供专家知识。", "讨论会由日内瓦论坛网络协调员Patrick McCarthy博士主持。 塞内加尔常驻代表兼裁军谈判会议主席奥斯曼·卡马拉大使致开幕词。 师曰. 裁研所驻地高级研究员Jozef Goldblat就“消极安全保证或全球禁止使用?” 商业人道主义论坛主任John King先生就“裁军谈判会议是否应该谈判消极安全保证?” 发表了他的看法。 非洲无核区首席专家顾问Sola Ogunbanwo博士在研讨会结束时发表了关于 \" 从非洲专家的角度看缺乏安全保证 \" 的讲话。", "发言后的讨论侧重于几个问题: 消极安全保证作为实现核裁军的一个步骤;进行消极安全保证的论坛;在裁军谈判会议内进行消极安全保证的途径;以及安全理事会相关决议和无核武器区条约有关条款对给予消极安全保证可能作出的贡献。", "一些与会者认为消极安全保证是实现核裁军和彻底消除核武器的第一步和必要的临时措施。 然而,在是否推行一项关于消极安全保证的国际法律文书以及如何推行这一文书的问题上,意见分歧。 讨论还围绕讨论消极安全保证的论坛类型。 提出了几个论坛:裁谈会、《不扩散条约》或具体的核裁军会议。 裁谈会和《不扩散条约》之间作为消极安全保证谈判论坛的选择取决于对非《不扩散条约》缔约国在未来消极安全保证安排中的地位的意见分歧。", "会上进一步讨论了在裁谈会讨论消极安全保证的可能办法,特别是提出了设立一个具有谈判授权的消极安全保证特设委员会的问题。", "与会者指出,虽然消极安全保证是《不扩散条约》所建立的不扩散和裁军制度的一部分,但这些类型的消极安全保证附带条件,性质不同,不一定具有法律约束力。 安全理事会第255(1968)和984(1995)号决议都载有安全保证。 然而,有些人认为,这些决议不是法律文书,其内容有限。 最后,一些发言指出,虽然无核武器区是在区域基础上加强消极安全保证的一种方式,但从本质上讲,无核武器区只涉及数目有限的国家,而且并非所有核武器国家都批准了不同的无核武器区条约。", "随函附上:2个专题介绍", "附录一", "消极安全保证还是全球禁止使用?", "乔泽夫先生 弹簧", "(打点)", "感谢你邀请我就消极安全保证问题发言,这个问题我多年来一直在处理。", "通过消极安全保证,我们在裁军方面是指核武器国家有义务不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器。", "消极安全保证是构成不扩散制度的一系列措施中的一个环节。 但它是该政权的最薄弱环节。 《不扩散条约》甚至没有提到这个问题。 在巴基斯坦的倡议下于1968年8月召开的无核武器国家会议(就在《不扩散条约》签署之后)讨论了消极安全保证问题,但没有达成协议。 就在1995年不扩散条约审议和延期大会召开前25年,联合国安全理事会通过了一项关于消极安全保证的决议。 该决议(984)注意到核武器国家在裁军谈判会议上所作的有关发言。 但是,一项决议并不被认为具有法律约束力。", "此外,核大国提供的保证是有条件的,这一点更为重要。 美国、联合王国、法国和俄罗斯明确表示,在与核武器国家联合或结盟进行或持续进行攻击时,它们的保证将不再有效。 换句话说,当四个大国决定它们提出的使用条件已经得到满足时,它们可以自由地诉诸核武器。", "矛盾的是,在规定核裁军(通常被理解为消除核武器)时,《不扩散条约》沉默地放弃使用,这在逻辑上必须先于消除。", "无核武器区条约的议定书也载有不使用核武器的保证。 但是,它们必须遵守与根据上述984号决议向《不扩散条约》缔约国作出的保证相同的条件。 一些《不扩散条约》核缔约国尚未签署这些议定书。 其他国家已签署但尚未批准这些公约。 还有一些国家已作出谅解声明,以记录遵守不使用承诺的条件。", "消极安全保证被认为是鼓励无核武器国家放弃核武器愿望并加入《不扩散条约》。 目前,《不扩散条约》已无保留。 除印度、巴基斯坦和以色列外,它们不大可能被《不扩散条约》所吸引。 以及朝鲜,朝鲜可能需要除消极安全保证之外的其他激励措施来重新加入\"不扩散条约\". 因此,需要对核安全采取更广泛的办法。", "我提议,鉴于核武器具有极大的破坏潜力,而且其使用造成无法控制的后果,禁止使用核武器应成为国际法的一项规范。 裁军谈判会议上的谈判应导致缔结一项多边条约,其中包含缔约国承诺绝不对任何其他国家使用或威胁使用核武器。", "根据交战国报复的理论,使用核武器来报复事先使用这种武器不应被视为违反禁令。 但第二次使用的效果必须与第一次使用的效果成正比.", "拟议的不首先使用条约可以向所有国家开放签字,无论它们是否是《不扩散条约》缔约国,是否中立或军事上一致。 然而,它只有在所有从事重大核活动并不受国际原子能机构全面核保障监督的国家交存批准书后才能生效。 这类国家包括中国、法国、俄罗斯、联合王国、美国、印度、巴基斯坦和以色列。 因为这些国家确实进行了重大的核活动,并且不受全面核保障监督。", "退出条约的权利必须受到严格限制,如果不是完全禁止的话。 不应允许保留。", "全球禁止使用核武器无疑会减少核战争的风险。 它还会削弱发动这种战争的明示或默示威胁的政治力量。 核威慑理论包括威胁对非核攻击进行核攻击,必须宣布其无效。", "因此,全球禁止使用核武器将构成解决核难题的重大步骤。 仅仅削减核弹头数量并不能消除威胁使用核弹头所造成的焦虑情绪。", "附录二", "裁谈会是否应谈判一项消极安全保证条约?", "约翰·金先生", "(打点)", "1. 联合国 表达的观点是我本人根据多年跟踪和研究这些问题的经验表达的。", "2. 问 题 我提议讨论: 裁谈会是否应谈判一项全球性和有法律约束力的消极安全保证条约?", "3个 简短的回答:没有,但并不是因为你通常听到的原因. 我认为还有其他考虑需要考虑。", " 4.四. 原因:", "二十多年来,裁谈会一直试图谈判一项消极安全保证条约,但没有结果。 除1998年外,1994年以后没有AHC这样做. 这表明在程序上(裁谈会联系问题)和实质上(消极安全保证本身的情况)都存在需要解决的问题;", "(b) 国家 在《不扩散条约》范围内,或作为无核武器区条约的一部分,谈判这样一项消极安全保证条约有很强的理由。 后者已经取得一些成功,表明在这种论坛上存在的问题较少。 美国甚至批准了《特拉特洛尔科条约》的消极安全保证议定书,并签署了但尚未批准《南太平洋无核武器区议定书》和《佩林达巴条约》;", "(c)) 在冷战后和新的国际安全环境中,消极安全保证的概念正在发生变化。 虽然在《不扩散条约》背景下仍然有效,但随着其他安全概念和需要的重要性增加,消极安全保证的重要性正在下降。 裁谈会应侧重于这些更优先的问题,因为这些问题将更有效地改善更多国家的安全;", "(d) 国家 消极安全保证的性质使得在条约范围内管理消极安全保证更为困难。 消极安全保证是宣示性的军备控制,而不是实质性的军备控制,它们很难监测,甚至不可能监测,更难核查。 它们取决于这种最难以捉摸的概念的可信度----意图;", "(e) 协助 人们必须现实地问,一个面临以任何手段对祖国发动大规模和毁灭性攻击的核武器国家如果感到其存在处于危险之中,是否将继续履行具有法律约束力的消极安全保证承诺。 [Acheson引证] 就个人而言,我怀疑;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 消极安全保证在新的国际安全形势中不断变化的作用,包括对它们的需要和它们应该采取的形式,坦率地说,甚至学术界也没有深入地加以审查。 这种缺乏新分析的情况使许多人不愿就一个在当今安全环境中可能已经超越一切承认的问题谈判一项条约;", "(g) 消极安全保证的短暂性,即使具有法律约束力,也使每个人感到模糊不安和不确定。 虽然没有任何军备控制或裁军措施是100%有效或可核查的,但消极安全保证却为那些得到这种措施的人提供了最起码的、甚至任何实际的安全感,特别是因为它们带有条件。 因此,无论消极安全保证可能采取何种形式,无核武器国家总是要求“更多”。 我怀疑,即使是一项全球性和有法律约束力的条约,也不足以缓解安全问题。 因此,与其他更具实质性的军备控制形式相比,消极安全保证的价值微不足道;", "因此,不能孤立地谈判消极安全保证。 它们只有在与其他更具体军备控制措施的关系方面才有意义。 而后者如果真正有效,会使消极安全保证变得多余和多余。", "5 (韩语). 为了就保证问题提出一个替代办法,让我尝试一下一些新的想法:", "(a) 国家 在现代国际安全形势下,裁谈会为什么仍然侧重于消极安全保证? 在消极安全保证方面,今天的问题实际上是向国家或非国家行为者扩散大规模毁灭性武器,而这些国家或非国家行为者肯定不会给予消极安全保证。 扩散使国与国之间的消极安全保证实际上毫无意义,即使有法律约束力;", "(b) 更好的想法:为什么不考虑就国家行动计划缔结一项全球性和有法律约束力的条约,而不是消极安全保证? NPA代表不扩散保证;", "(c) 当然,这与《不扩散条约》重复,但并非裁谈会中的每个人都是《不扩散条约》的成员。 事实上,国家行动计划最能适用于一些非《不扩散条约》成员国。 至于《不扩散条约》,《国家行动计划》将重新确认、加强和加强《不扩散条约》所有成员国,包括核武器国家和无核武器国家的义务;", "(d) 与一些国家给予其他国家的消极安全保证不同,国家行动计划将真正是非歧视性的。 所有国家将平等地向国际社会提供国家行动计划。 这在政治上很重要;", "(e) 国家行动计划比消极安全保证更容易得到监测和核实。 我们已经知道并在《全面禁试条约》中记录了拥有核技术能力的国家,约占世界四分之一的国家。 国家行动计划还可涵盖化学和生物武器技术,从而加强这些条约;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 关于《国家行动计划》条约的谈判也可能涉及关于消极安全保证的“大交易”,后者可能以适当方式列入。 如果将消极安全保证与《国家行动计划》结合起来,则可以设想一个新的、更有意义的背景,然后它们就更符合当今的安全需要。", "6. 国家 结论: 我只是把一个新想法扔进乙醚。 总有人会发现一个问题 对于它或任何其他新的想法。 这种想法需要时间来过滤整个系统,并找到自己的专长。 但需要从某个地方开始,而不只是随意抛出这种想法。 裁谈会可以有益地审查这个概念和其他新概念,必要时加以修改,以增进它们的共同安全优势。" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/7 \n 2 November 2006 \n Original: English \n \nCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESSERVINGASTHEMEETING OF THEPARTIES TO THEKYOTO PROTOCOL \nSecondsession \nNairobi,6–17November2006 \nItem9 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReportoftheadministratoroftheinternationaltransactionlogundertheKyotoProtocol", "Annual report of the administrator of the", "international transaction log under the Kyoto Protocol", "Note by the secretariat [1]", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1–4 3", "A. Mandate 1–2 3", "B. Scope of the note 3 3", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation 4 3", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken 5–10 3", "III. Technical activities 11–26 4", "A. Development activities 11–17 4", "B. Operational activities 18–21 5", "C. Initialization activities 22–25 6", "D. Schedule summary 26 7", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum 27−41 7", "A. Forum facilitation 27–34 7", "B. Working group activities 35–38 8", "C. Registry system developers group 39–41 9", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources 42–47 9", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP), by its decision 13/CMP.1, requested the secretariat to establish and maintain the international transaction log (ITL) in order to verify the validity of transactions undertaken by registries established under decisions 3/CMP.1 and 13/CMP.1.", "2. By its decision 12/CMP.1, the COP/MOP requested the secretariat, as administrator of the ITL, to report annually to the COP/MOP on organizational arrangements, activities and resource requirements and to make any necessary recommendations to enhance the operation of registry systems. It further requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) to consider, at its future sessions, these annual reports of the administrator of the ITL, with a view to it requesting the COP/MOP to provide guidance, as necessary, in relation to the operation of registry systems.", "B. Scope of the note", "1. This second annual report of the administrator of the ITL provides information to the COP/MOP on progress made in implementing the ITL. It covers the reporting period from 18 November 2005 to 27 October 2006. In particular, the report provides information on progress in the development of the ITL software, establishment of the ITL infrastructure and facilitation of cooperation with registry system administrators (RSAs) through the activities of the RSA Forum.", "C. Possible action by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation", "1. The SBI may wish to take note of the information contained in this report and provide guidance to the secretariat and Parties, as necessary, concerning the implementation of registry systems.", "II. Summary of challenges and work undertaken", "1. Substantial work has been undertaken to implement the ITL and cooperate with RSAs during the 2006 reporting period. Although the bulk of the ITL design was completed in 2004, it was only in 2005 that contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in relation to this work reached the level required to allow the procurement of external service providers to proceed.", "2. Two external service providers were selected and contracted to the secretariat during 2006, in accordance with United Nations financial rules and procedures, to implement the ITL and conduct its day-to-day operation through the first commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Trasys, an IT company based in Belgium, has been contracted to develop and maintain the software. LogicaCMG has been contracted to deploy and operate the ITL software from two data centres located in London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and to establish a service desk in Wales from which it will provide support to registries.", "3. These providers, hereinafter referred to as the developer and operator of the ITL, have made rapid progress in their work during 2006. The first version of the ITL software has been completed and has been deployed and tested in its infrastructure at the primary data centre. This is an important milestone in the implementation of the ITL and promotes confidence in the quality and appropriateness of the software. Pilot testing of this software is now under way in conjunction with several registries. The full version of the ITL software is to be deployed at both data centres in December 2006, allowing other registry systems to complete the process of initializing their connections to the ITL by April 2007.", "4. With the operational phase of registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol rapidly approaching, the ITL administrator established the RSA Forum in 2006 as an informal setting in which technical and management issues relating to registry systems may be discussed and coordinated among RSAs. This forum has met twice during the reporting period. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, its work has focused on the preparation of common procedures to coordinate the operational activities of all registry systems. An extranet has been established to enhance the communication among RSAs in relation to their systems and operations and to meetings and other forum activities.", "5. The ITL administrator has also used the RSA Forum to share information and receive feedback on the implementation of the ITL and the initialization of registry system connections to it. The forum will continue to play this role as registry systems undertake the initialization process. The RSA Forum has further provided a means for all developers of registry system software to coordinate technical and scheduling issues for the development of their systems.", "6. The activities of the ITL administrator have been intense during the reporting period. As a result of these efforts, the implementation of the ITL is on track to allow registry systems to connect to the ITL and become fully operational by April 2007, in accordance with the timing specified in decision 12/CMP.1. It is expected that the first registries will have already completed their initialization testing and entered the operational phase by early in the first quarter of 2007.", "III. Technical activities", "A. Development activities", "1. The ITL is being developed to be fully consistent with the same data exchange standards as are being implemented in all other registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol. This universal standard is required to enable all such registry systems to operate together in a compatible and efficient manner. The specification of the ITL software was developed in parallel with the data exchange standards in 2004 and is now complemented by ITL operational requirements elaborated during 2005.", "2. As reported to the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) at its twenty-first session, the European Commission has undertaken to provide the secretariat, as an in kind contribution, with the programme code for elements of the Community Independent Transaction Log (CITL) which are common to the ITL (see document FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12). This is part of an agreement under which the specification of the ITL software was provided to the European Commission in 2004 as the basis for its development of the CITL. This agreement has reduced the development costs of the ITL, thus responding to the request of the SBSTA, at its nineteenth session, that the secretariat pursue means to reduce the resource requirements associated with the ITL development. The agreeement has also helped to ensure the technical compatibility of the CITL with the ITL.", "3. On the basis of the substantial technical work previously undertaken, the development of the ITL software is proceeding at a quick pace and may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL developer has practically concluded the review of the software specification to ensure its completeness, coherency and consistency. Only minor changes have been identified as being necessary, although some components were not fully defined and are still undergoing elaboration, in particular those relating to the administrator application and interfaces with other secretariat data systems;", "b. Some corrections and clarifications of the data exchange standards have been identified and are being included in a revised version of their technical specification;", "c. The pilot version of the ITL software is complete and has been deployed and tested within its operational environment at the primary data centre of the ITL. This marks the most significant milestone to date in the implementation of the ITL;", "d. The pilot software contains all functions to allow the ITL to support and verify the following transactions undertaken by registries: the initial issuance of units; conversion of units under joint implementation (JI); unit cancellation; unit retirement for purposes of demonstrating compliance with commitments under Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol; external transfers of units between registries; the carry-over of units to the next commitment period; and the change of expiry dates for units generated by afforestation and reforestation projects under the clean development mechanism (CDM). Functions and checks for replacement transactions are under development but are not yet complete;", "e. The pilot software contains several completed administrative processes and provides for the routing of messages between the ITL and the CITL;", "f. The development of the ITL administrator application, through which the ITL will be monitored and controlled, has commenced and basic functions have been completed.", "4. The current version of the ITL software is presently undergoing pilot testing against several registries, in particular those established for the CDM, and for Japan and New Zealand. This pilot testing is intended primarily to verify and improve the ITL software, although it is also useful for registry developers in verifying their systems against the ITL. For this reason, once it has passed its pilot testing, a test version of the ITL is to be made available to all registries.", "5. The full version of the ITL software, taking into account the results of the pilot testing, is to be completed in December 2006 and will be subject at that stage to detailed acceptance testing by the operator and the secretariat. This version will include all functions necessary for the initialization of the links between other registry systems and the ITL, thus allowing all registries and the CITL to successfully connect to the ITL by April 2007, as was requested by the COP/MOP (decision 12/CMP.1).", "6. Further development of the ITL will be required during 2007 to complete the functionality of the ITL administrator application and connect other secretariat data systems as they become ready. These systems include the CDM information system, which is to be connected in parallel with the initialization of the CDM registry, and the compilation and accounting database and JI information system.", "7. The ITL developer is about to commence its training of personnel for the ITL service desk being established by the operator. Once the service desk is fully established, the developer will continue to assist it through the provision of technical support and maintenance of the software.", "B. Operational activities", "1. The verification of registry transactions by the ITL is to occur in real time. Where transactions conform to the rules established by the COP/MOP, the checking by the ITL should not affect the operation of registries or the settlement of transactions that they undertake. For this reason, the ITL is being implemented as a high-availability and business-critical system. The secondary data centre is intended to allow the ITL to continue operation if a significant problem arises on the primary site.", "2. The work to establish the infrastructure and operational environment of the ITL is proceeding in parallel with the development of the software. Progress may be summarized as follows:", "a. The ITL infrastructure at the primary data centre has been put in place and the pilot version of the ITL software has been deployed and tested within it. This infrastructure includes configuration of all the necessary hardware and software licences for the reliable and secure operation of the ITL. The construction of the ITL database has been completed and work on the secondary data centre has commenced;", "b. Systems for the monitoring of the ITL operation are being established. These systems will provide the basis for assessing whether the target system performance is achieved;", "c. The network end at the primary data centre, including the required authentication and security features, has been completed and is ready to link to registries and the CITL. The network link between the primary and secondary data centres is installed. A leased network line direct to the secretariat is being installed in order to ensure the robust connection of secretariat systems and reliable access to the administrator application;", "d. The service desk of the ITL operator has begun work, in limited form, in support of the pilot testing. Its personnel is undergoing further training in the business and technical features of the ITL and other registry systems. The system tools for its use are nearing completion and work has commenced on the procedures for the operation of the desk.", "3. Further versions of the ITL software will be deployed at the data centres of the operator. The full initialization version will be deployed in December 2006 and will be the version with which registries and the CITL undergo initialization testing. Once these systems are approved by the ITL administrator, the links of these registry systems to the live ITL production environment will be activated. In addition, a number of test environments will be made available for use by test instances of registry systems.", "4. The full service desk is to be established in time for the initialization of registries and the CITL. Once in place, it is to act as a focal point of all support provided to RSAs in relation to the operation of the ITL. It will receive support requests by telephone and e-mail and coordinate the resolution of problems that are identified, including their escalation, as appropriate, to more detailed technical support by the ITL developer or higher levels of support provided by the secretariat.", "C. Initialization activities", "1. Before being approved for use with the live operational environment of the ITL, each registry and the CITL must meet the requirements set in the specification of the data exchange standards. The process of assessing the operation of a registry or CITL, and activating it where the assessment is positive, is referred to as the initialization process and is to occur in three stages:", "a. Documentation review: the operation of the registry or CITL is assessed by reviewing its technical and operational documentation, as specified in the data exchange standards;", "b. Connectivity testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to connect to the ITL is assessed by verifying that it can undertake basic communication steps with the ITL in the manner specified in the data exchange standards;", "c. Functional testing: the ability of the registry or CITL to carry out required functions is assessed by verifying that it can undertake transaction, reconciliation and administrative processes, including for notifications, as specified in the data exchange standards.", "2. The ITL administrator will be ready to receive the technical and operational documentation for review from November 2006. In order to facilitate this process, further information on the criteria for assessing this documentation is being distributed to RSAs.", "3. The connectivity and functional testing of registries and the CITL will be undertaken by using the initialization version of the ITL software, which is to be deployed in the initialization environment of", "the ITL by the end of December 2006. Test cases for use during the initialization process are currently under development and will be circulated to registry developers and RSAs in November 2006. The specific timing with which registry systems undergo initialization testing will depend on their implementation schedules. Further clarification of registry readiness is being sought in order that the ITL service desk may manage the schedule for the connectivity and functional testing of each system.", "4. Terms for the use of the ITL by registry systems are currently being considered, with a view to clarifying issues relating to their connection and operation. It is anticipated that a variety of issues will be addressed, such as service descriptions, appropriate standards to be used, security, data protection and confidentiality, in a manner that provides for the equal treatment of registry systems.", "D. Schedule summary", "1. The current schedule for the development and operation of the ITL, and the initialization of registries and the CITL with the ITL, is set out in the following table.", "Schedule summary for registry system implementation", "Date Description of activity", "Mid-October 2006 Deployment of pilot version of ITL software in its operational infrastructure", "November 2006 ITL pilot testing with registries", "November 2006 ITL administrator ready to receive registry and CITL documentation", "End-December 2006 Deployment of initialization version of ITL software in both data centres", "January–February Initialization of CDM registry and commencement of 2007 live ITL operations; additional initialization of national registries as they become ready", "End-February 2007 Completion and deployment of the full ITL administrator application", "March–April 2007 Initialization testing of further registries with the ITL as they become ready", "April–May 2007 Initialization of CITL with the ITL and full end-to-end initialization testing of registries belonging to European Union Parties", "IV. Activities of the Registry System Administrators Forum", "A. Forum facilitation", "1. In accordance with decision 12/CMP.1, the primary objective of the ITL administrator in convening the RSA Forum is to provide an effective medium for cooperation with RSAs as input to the development of common procedures, recommended practices and information-sharing measures. In addressing these issues, the forum is to provide a broad channel for the coordination of technical and management activities of administrators.", "2. Two meetings of the RSA Forum were held during 2006. The inaugural meeting took place on 10–11 April 2006 and was aimed at setting the direction and priorities for the work of the forum and establishing the process by which this work is to continue. The second meeting took place on 9–10 October 2006 and was primarily aimed at sharing more information on the ITL implementation and giving guidance to the working groups which are to undertake detailed work for the development of the common procedures. Both meetings took place in Bonn, Germany, and included the involvement of appropriate experts from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.", "3. Priority in the work of the forum has been given to the development of common procedures to be implemented by all registry systems, in particular in relation to data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, the management of change in standards and procedures implemented by registry systems, and the preparation of independent assessment reports for registry systems.", "4. In line with the priority given to the development of common procedures, which are to be implemented by all RSAs, three working groups have been established to prepare draft procedures for consideration in the wider RSA Forum. Agreed procedures are to be in place in time for the operation of registry systems with the ITL. The working groups are made up of six to eight specific individuals, made available by their RSAs, who are expected to contribute as individual members and act in the common interest of all RSAs. The results of the work of the groups is to be reported back to the RSA Forum at key points in order to obtain feedback from participants and, where appropriate, be agreed by the forum.", "5. The ITL administrator, in its role as administrator of the ITL, has convened the RSA Forum in an informal manner and hopes that the forum will conduct its work in a transparent, cooperative and consensus-building manner. The meetings of the RSA Forum were chaired by a representative of the secretariat. The meetings were supported and serviced by staff of the secretariat.", "6. Participation in the RSA Forum is open to all administrators of national registries and the CDM registry under the Kyoto Protocol and supplementary transaction logs (such as the CITL). RSAs send participants appropriate to the specific items to be addressed at meetings. The ITL administrator also invites a number of participants from Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention that are Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Although these Parties have no requirement under the Kyoto Protocol to implement registry systems, the participation of such experts is intended to increase the transparency of the RSA Forum and allow experience with registry systems under the Kyoto Protocol to be shared with experts implementing similar systems for environmental policy purposes in non-Annex I Parties.", "7. It is envisaged that, once the intensive implementation phase of registry systems is complete, there will generally be two RSA Forum meetings per year. A third forum meeting for 2006 is planned for 11–12 December and will focus primarily on the processes for initializing registry and CITL links with the ITL. The European Commission has kindly offered to host this meeting of the RSA Forum at its facilities in Brussels, Belgium.", "8. The ITL administrator has established an extranet in order to provide a central location for the sharing of all technical information required by RSAs for the implementation of the ITL. It will also provide access to technical collaboration tools and the exchange of technical information between RSAs.", "B. Working group activities", "1. The following three working groups have been established to prepare draft common procedures for consideration by the RSA Forum:", "a. The reconciliation working group is to develop a procedure to periodically compare and, where necessary, adjust data on assigned amount holdings between the ITL, registries and, where appropriate, the CITL. The focus is on the procedural aspects (scheduling, timing, determination of adjustments), based on technical functions for reconciliation being implemented in the ITL and other registry systems;", "b. The change management working group is to develop a procedure for proposing, evaluating, agreeing and implementing changes in the technical and operational aspects of registry systems. The major subject of change management is the data exchange standards being implemented by all registry systems. The procedure will also apply to changes in some operational aspects of registry systems;", "c. The working group on independent assessment reporting is to develop a procedure and format for consolidating assessment and test results for each registry system on an annual basis. Most of the results will come from the process of assessing and testing registries prior to the initialization of their links to the ITL. Other results will emerge during the operation of registries and through any required re-initialization of functions after substantial changes in registry systems have been made. The annual independent assessment report will be made available to the public and to review teams under Article 8 of the Kyoto Protocol. It is expected that the review teams will rely heavily on the independent assessment reports in their review of each Party to the Kyoto Protocol with a commitment inscribed in Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party).", "2. Possible elements to be addressed during the preparation of the draft common procedures were discussed by the RSA Forum. These elements provide guidance to the working groups in their work.", "3. The reconciliation working group was the first to begin its work and has met twice during the reporting period. It has reviewed the technical processes of data reconciliation between the ITL and registries, as defined in the data exchange standards, and given feedback on drafts of the reconciliation procedure prepared by the ITL administrator. The working group will meet again in November 2006 and early 2007 in order to continue its work and report back at subsequent RSA Forum meetings.", "4. Owing to difficulties in identifying a time suitable to all members, the working group on change management has had to postpone its first meeting until after COP/MOP 2. Nominations for the working group on the independent assessment reporting of registry systems are currently being sought and the group is also to begin its work after COP/MOP 2.", "C. Registry system developers group", "1. In order to provide for enhanced coordination of technical and scheduling issues for the development of the ITL and other registry systems, an informal group of developers has been convened under the RSA Forum. This group brings together all developers of software for the registries (many of which share their software with other registry administrators) and the CITL.", "2. The group has met twice so far and has focused on sharing information on development schedules and clarifying questions on the manner in which the data exchange standards are to be implemented. Questions raised by participants in relation to these data exchange standards have been compiled and written responses from the secretariat were distributed to participants. This process is continuing through issue-tracking software tools established for the group by the European Commission.", "3. The group has proved very useful in sharing information required by the developers of the ITL and other registry systems. It is envisaged that the group will continue to meet periodically through the initial implementation and initialization of registries and the CITL.", "V. Organizational arrangements and resources", "1. The functions of the ITL administrator are performed by the Reporting, Data and Analysis programme of the secretariat. This programme is also responsible for the substantive work of the secretariat relating to other aspects of emissions trading and the accounting of assigned amounts under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as that relating to the submission, analysis and review of information submitted by Parties under the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol and the intergovernmental negotiations on national communications, inventories, assigned amounts, registry systems and policy instruments.", "2. The resource requirements for the implementation of the ITL are being provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities. These requirements for the", "implementation of the ITL amount to approximately USD 4 million during the biennium 2006–2007 budget. As at the end of the reporting period, the contributions made by Parties to the Trust Fund totalled approximately USD 3.2 million, leaving a shortfall of approximately USD 0.8 million.", "3. Resources required for the operation of the ITL, including the support for the RSA Forum and other ITL-related activities, amount to approximately USD 2.5 million during the 2006–2007 biennium. There is currently a shortfall of approximately USD 1.7 million of this amount which needs to be provided through contributions to the UNFCCC Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities.", "4. The total outstanding resource requirements for the implementation and operation of the ITL during 2006–2007, including the other areas of secretariat support for this work, therefore stands at approximately USD 2.5 million.", "5. In view of the delays and insufficiency of funding for the ITL development, the COP, by its decision 16/CP.10, requested the secretariat to explore options in the 2006–2007 budget for the predictable and sufficient provision of resources for the operational activities of the ITL administrator. A number of options were considered by the COP/MOP, at its first session, in the context of the Programme Budget, including connection and transaction fees. The COP/MOP, by its decision 34/CMP.1, authorized the Executive Secretary to collect fees from users of the ITL as an additional income to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities in 2006–2007.", "6. In view of this mandate, the Executive Secretary intends to notify Parties which plan to operate registry systems in connection with the ITL of respective contributions to the Trust Fund to cover the shortfall in resources. It is proposed that the distribution among these Parties follow the indicative scale of contributions from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol for the biennium 2006–2007, as contained in decision 34/CMP.1, taking into account appropriate adjustments to include only Annex B Parties.", "[1] ^(*) This document has been submitted late in order to include information on the latest progress in this work." ]

[ "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议", "第二届会议", "2006年11月6日至17日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目9", "《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志管理人的报告", "《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志管理人的报告", "秘书处的说明[1]", "概 要 这是国际交易日志管理人的第二份年度报告，目的是向作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)提供关于2005年11月至2006年10月期间国际交易日志实施方面的进展情况。 本报告介绍开发国际交易日志软件、建立国际交易日志基础结构以及促进与登记册系统管理人开展合作方面的进展情况。 \n《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第12/CMP.1号决定请附属履行机构(履行机构)在未来届会上审议国际交易日志管理人的年度报告。履行机构不妨注意本报告中的信息，并视需要就登记册系统的实施向秘书处和缔约方提供指导意见。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言................. 1 - 4 3", "A. 任务...................... 1 - 2 3", "B. 本说明的范围 3 3", "C. 履行机构可采取的行动 4 3", "二、挑战和工作情况概述.................. 5 - 10 3", "三、技术活动.................. 11 - 26 5", "A. 开发活动.................................................... . 11 - 17 5", "B. 运行活动....................................... 18 - 21 6", "C. 启动活动....................................... 22 - 25 8", "D. 时间表概要...... 26 8", "四、登记册系统管理人论坛的活动 27 - 41 9", "A. 协助举行论坛........ 27 - 34 9", "B. 工作组活动....... 35 - 38 11", "C. 登记册系统开发人小组................................. 39 - 41 12", "五、组织安排和资源.... 42 - 47 12", "一、导 言", "A. 任 务", "1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)第13/CMP.1号决定请秘书处建立和维持国际交易日志，用以核实和审定根据第3/CMP.1号和第13/CMP.1号决定设立的登记册所进行的交易。", "2. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第12/CMP.1号决定请秘书处作为国际交易日志管理人，每年向作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)报告组织安排、活动情况和资源需求，并提出改进登记册系统运行的必要建议。它还请附属履行机构(履行机构)在未来届会上审议国际交易日志管理人的这种年度报告，以请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就登记册系统的运行提供必要的指导意见。", "B. 本说明的范围", "3. 这是国际交易日志管理人的第二份年度报告，目的是向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通报国际交易日志实施方面的进展情况。报告期为2005年11月18日至2006年10月27日。具体而言，本报告介绍开发国际交易日志软件、建立国际交易日志基础结构以及通过登记册系统管理人论坛促进与登记册系统管理人开展合作方面的进展情况。", "C. 履行机构可采取的行动", "4. 履行机构不妨注意本报告中的信息，并视需要就登记册系统的实施向秘书处和缔约方提供指导意见。", "二、挑战和工作情况概述", "5. 2006年报告期内在实施国际交易日志和与登记册系统管理人合作方面作了大量工作。虽然国际交易日志的大部分设计工作在2004年已经完成，但向《气候公约》补充活动信托基金提供的与这项工作有关的捐款只是在2005年才达到着手聘用外部服务提供商所需的水平。", "6. 2006年，按照联合国财务规则和程序，选定了两个外部服务提供商并与秘书处签订了合同，以便实施国际交易日志和进行《京都议定书》之下的第一个承诺期的日常运行。总部设在比利时的信息技术公司Trasys承包了软件的开发和维护。LogicaCMG承包的工作是，从设在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国伦敦的两个数据中心实施和操作国际交易日志软件的工作，以及在威尔士设立一个为登记册提供支助的服务台。", "7. 这两个提供商――下称国际交易日志开发人和操作人――的工作在2006年取得了迅速的进展。国际交易日志软件第一版已经完成，已在主数据中心的基础设施中安装和测试。这是国际交易日志实施工作中的一个重要里程碑，有助于提高人们对软件质量和适合性的信心。目前正在结合若干登记册对该软件进行试点测试。国际交易日志软件的完整版将于2006年12月在两个数据中心安装，这样，其他登记册系统可以在2007年4月前完成与国际交易日志连接的启动工作。", "8. 随着《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的实际运行阶段的迅速接近，国际交易日志管理人于2006年建立了登记册系统管理人论坛，以此作为一个在登记册系统管理人之间讨论和协调与登记册系统有关的技术和管理问题的非正式场合。按照第12/CMP.1号决定，论坛的工作侧重于编制共同程序，据以协调所有登记册系统的业务活动。建立了一个外联网，以增进登记册系统管理人之间在各自系统和运作以及会议和其他论坛活动有关的方面进行通信联络。", "9. 国际交易日志管理人还利用登记册系统管理人论坛就国际交易日志的实施及与之连接的登记册系统的启动通报信息和接收反馈意见。随着各登记册系统进入启动进程，论坛将继续发挥这种作用。登记册系统管理人论坛还为登记册系统软件的所有开发人提供了一个途径，可以协调系统开发方面的技术问题和时间安排问题。", "10. 国际交易日志管理人在报告所涉期间加紧了活动。通过这些努力，国际交易日志的实施工作进展顺利，使得各登记册系统能够按照第12/CMP.1号决定连接到国际交易日志并于2007年4月前投入全面运行。预期第一批登记册到2007年第一季度初将能够完成启动测试并进入运行阶段。", "三、技术活动", "A. 开发活动", "11. 目前正在开发的国际交易日志要与《京都议定书》之下的所有其他登记册系统正在实施的同样的数据交换标准取得充分的一致。之所以需要这样的普遍标准，是因为要能让所有这样的登记册系统都能相互匹配和高效率地共同运作。国际交易日志软件的规格是2004年与数据交换标准平行制订的，现在又得到2005年拟订的国际交易日志业务要求的补充。", "12. 如已向附属科学技术咨询机构(科技咨询机构)第二十一届会议所报告的那样，作为一种慷慨捐助，欧盟委员会已承诺向秘书处提供对于国际交易日志具有通用性的“共同体独立交易日志”(CITL)构成要素的程序码(见FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12号文件)。这是一个协议的一部分，根据该协议，2004年向欧盟委员会提供了国际交易日志软件的规格要求，作为欧盟委员会开发CITL的依据。由于该协议，国际交易日志的开发成本得以降低，满足了科技咨询机构第十九届会议提出的要求，即，秘书处设法减少与国际交易日志开发有关的资源要求。该协议还有助于确保CITL与国际交易日志的匹配性。", "13. 在以前开展的大量技术工作的基础上，国际交易日志软件的开发工作正在迅速进展，具体情况可概述如下：", "(a) 国际交易日志开发人已基本上完成了对软件规格的研究，以确保其完整性、连贯性和一致性。据指出，仅需作很小的改动，但也有些部分没有充分界定，仍在详细拟订中，特别是与管理人应用程序以及同其他秘书处数据系统结构有关的部分；", "(b) 对于数据交换标准提出了一些更正和澄清，目前正在纳入技术规格的订正版本；", "(c) 国际交易日志软件的试点版本已经完成，并且已经在国际交易日志主数据中心的运行环境中安装和测试。这是迄今为止在落实国际交易日志方面的最重要的里程碑；", "(d) 试点软件包含国际交易日志为支持和核验各登记册进行的下列交易而需要的所有功能：(排减)单位的初始发放、联合执行之下(排减)单位的换算、(排减)单位的注销、为证明遵守《京都议定书》第三条之下的承诺而留存(排减)单位、登记册之间(排减)单位的外部转让、(排减)单位结转到下一个承诺期，以及清洁发展机制之下造林和再造林项目所产生的(排减)单位过期日的改变。与替代交易有关的功能和检验办法正在开发，尚未完成；", "(e) 试点软件包含若干已完成的行政程序，可在国际交易日志与CITL之间传送信息；", "(f) 已开始开发用于监测和控制国际交易日志的国际交易日志管理人应用程序，基本功能的开发已经完成。", "14. 目前版本的国际交易日志软件正在针对若干登记册进行试点测试，特别是为清洁发展机制以及为日本和新西兰设立的登记册。这个试点测试的目的主要是验证和改进国际交易日志软件，但也有助于登记册开发人针对国际交易日志验证所开发的系统。由于这一原因，在试点测试结束后，国际交易日志的试验版本将提供给所有登记册。", "15. 吸收了试点测试结果的国际交易日志软件完整版将于2006年12月完成，届时将由操作人和秘书处进行详细的验收测试。该版本将包含其他登记册系统与国际交易日志链路启动所需要的全部功能，这样，所有登记册和CITL将能如《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议(第12/CMP.1号决定)的要求在2007年4月前成功地连接到国际交易日志。", "16. 2007年将需要进一步开发国际交易日志，以完成国际交易日志管理人应用程序的功能，并随着秘书处其他数据系统的就绪而建立连接。这些系统包括清洁发展机制信息系统，该系统要与清洁发展机制登记册以及汇编和核算数据库和联合执行信息系统的启动平行建立连接。", "17. 国际交易日志开发人将开始培训由操作人建立的国际交易日志服务台人员。在服务台充分就绪之后，开发人将继续予以协助，为之提供技术支助和软件维护。", "B. 运行活动", "18. 国际交易日志对登记册交易的核验将是实时进行。只要交易符合《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议确定的规则，国际交易日志的核验就不至于影响登记册的运作或所作交易的结算。由于这一原因，国际交易日志设置成一个高可得性和侧重业务型的系统。次数据中心是为了保证在主数据中心出现重大问题时国际交易日志仍能继续运行。", "19. 为国际交易日志建立基础结构和运行环境的工作正在与软件的开发平行进行。进展情况可概述如下：", "(a) 主数据中心的国际交易日志基础结构已经就绪，并在其中安装和测试了国际交易日志软件的试点版本。这个基础结构包括国际交易日志可靠和稳妥运行所需要的全部硬件的配置以及软件使用许可。国际交易日志数据库的构建已经完成，关于次数据中心的工作已经开始；", "(b) 正在建立用于监测国际交易日志运行的系统。这些系统将为评估是否达到目标系统性能而提供基础；", "(c) 已经完成主数据库的网络端，包括所需要的验证和保全功能，可以与登记册和CITL连接。主数据库和次数据和之间的网络链路已经安装。目前正在安装直通秘书处的一条租用的网络链路，以确保秘书处系统的牢靠连接和管理人应用程序的可靠路径；", "(d) 国际交易日志操作人服务台已经开始投入有限的工作，为试点测试提供支助。操作在工作人员正在接受国际交易日志和其他登记册系统业务和技术特性方面的进一步培训。与使用服务台有关的系统工具已接近完成，关于服务台运行程序的工作已经开始。", "20. 国际交易日志软件的进一步版本将安装在操作人的数据中心。完整的启动版将在2006年12月安装，登记册和CITL将使用该版本进行启动测试。在这些系统得到国际登记册管理人核准之后，将激活这些登记册系统与国际交易日志在线生产环境的链路。此外，将提供一些测试环境，以便登记册系统的测试操作加以运用。", "21. 将为登记册和CITL的启动及时建立功能完整的服务台。服务台一旦就绪，将成为就国际交易日志运行向登记册系统管理人提供所有各种支助的联络点。服务台将接收通过电话和电子邮件提出的支助请求，并协调解决所指出的问题，包括酌情上升到由国际交易日志开发人提供的更详细的技术支助或秘书处提供的高一级支助。", "C. 启动活动", "22. 在获准用于国际交易日志在线运行环境之前，每个登记册和CITL必须达到数据交换标准规则中确定的要求。对一个登记册或CITL的运行进行评估的过程以及在评估结果良好的情况下予以激活的过程称为启动进程，分为三个阶段：", "(a) 书面材料审评：按照数据交换标准的规定，审评技术和业务文件，以此评估登记册或CITL的运行；", "(b) 连接状况测试：验证确实能够以数据交换标准规定的方式实施与国际交易日志进行通信的基本步骤，以此评估登记册或CITL与国际交易日志的连接能力；", "(c) 功能测试：验证确实能够按照数据交换标准的规定进行交易、协调和行政程序，包括通知，以此评估登记册或CITL执行所需功能的能力。", "23. 国际交易日志管理人将准备好从2006年11月开始接收用于审评的技术文件和业务文件。为便利这一进程，目前正在向登记册系统管理人分发关于进行这种书面材料评估的标准的进一步信息。", "24. 登记册和CITL的连接状况测试和功能测试将利用国际登记册系统软件的启动版，该版本将于2006年12月底前安装在国际交易日志启动环境中。目前正在开发在启动进程中使用的测试案例，这些案例将于2006年11月分发给登记册开发人和登记册系统管理人。登记册系统启动测试的具体时间安排将取决于各自的实施时间表。目前正在请有关方面就登记册就绪条件作进一步澄清，以便国际交易日志服务台能够把握每个系统连接状况测试和功能测试的时间安排。", "25. 目前正在考虑登记册系统使用国际交易日志的条件，以期澄清与连接和运行有关的问题。设想将以各登记册系统待遇相同为前提处理一系列不同的问题，诸如服务说明、准备使用的适当标准、安全保障、数据保护和保密等。", "D. 时间表概要", "26. 下表列出国际交易日志开发和运行以及各登记册和CITL与国际交易日志(连接)启动的现行时间安排。", "登记册系统落实工作的时间表概要", "日期 活动说明\n 2006年10月中 国际交易日志软件试点版在运行基础结构中安装", "2006年11月 与各登记册进行国际交易日志连接运行试点测试", "2006年11月 国际交易日志管理人准备接收登记册和CITL所发书面材料", "2006年12月底 国际交易日志软件启动版在两个数据中心安装", "2007年1-2月 清洁发展机制登记册启动，国际交易日志在线运行开始；随着各国家登记册就绪而进一步启动", "2007年2月底 完整的国际交易日志管理人应用程序完成和安装", "2007年3-4月 随着更多登记册的就绪启动这些登记册与国际交易日志连接运行的测试", "2007年4-5月 启动CITL与国际交易日志的连接运行以及启动属于欧洲联盟缔约方的登记册全面端到端测试", "四、登记册系统管理人论坛的活动", "A. 协助举行论坛", "27. 根据第12/CMP.1号决定，国际交易日志管理人召集登记册系统管理人论坛的主要目标是，为登记册系统管理人的合作提供的有效的途径，以此作为一项贡献，帮助拟订共同程序、推荐做法和信息分享措施。在处理这些问题时，论坛要为管理人的技术活动和管理活动的协调提供一个广阔的渠道。", "28. 2006年登记册系统管理人论坛举行了两次会议。论坛成立会议于2006年4月10日至11日举行，着眼于为论坛的工作确定方向和重点，并确立继续进行这项工作的进程。第二次会议于2006年10月9日至10日举行，主要着眼于进一步分享关于国际交易日志实施情况的信息，并为准备在制订共同程序方面开展详细工作的各工作组提供指导意见。两次会议均在德国波恩举行，有来自非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的相关专家参加。", "29. 论坛工作的重点已确定为拟订所有登记册系统都将执行的共同程序，特别是在国际交易日志与各登记册的数据协调、对各登记册系统所执行的标准和程序的修改的管理，以及为登记册系统编写独立评估报告等方面。", "30. 按照所有登记册系统管理人都要执行的共同程序的拟订工作这项重点，设立了三个工作组负责编拟程序草案，以便在大范围的登记册系统管理人论坛上加以审议。议定的程序要及时就绪，以便登记册系统能与国际交易日志一起运行。工作组由所属登记册系统管理人提出的6至8名个人组成，以个人身份担任成员，他们以所有登记册系统管理人的共同利益行事。工作组的工作结果要在关键的时间点汇报给登记册系统管理人论坛，以便从参加者得到反馈，并在适当情况下有整个论坛予以议定。", "31. 国际交易日志管理人以这个身份召集了非正式形式的登记册系统管理人论坛，希望该论坛能够以透明、合作和争取共识的方式进行工作。登记册系统管理人论坛会议由秘书处的一位代表主持。秘书处工作人员为会议提供了支助和服务。", "32. 登记册系统管理人论坛向《京都议定书》之下的所有国家登记册和清洁发展机制登记册以及补充交易日志(包括CITL)的管理人开放。各登记册系统管理人分别就会议上要处理的具体事项派遣了适当的与会者。国际交易日志管理人还邀请了已加入《京都议定书》的非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的一些与会者。虽然《京都议定书》之下并不要求这些缔约方实施登记册系统，但邀请这些专家参与是为了提高登记册系统管理人论坛的透明度，并向非附件一缔约方负责为环境政策实施类似系统的专家介绍《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的经验。", "33. 设想在登记册系统的集中实施阶段完成之后，登记册系统管理人论坛一般每年将举行两次会议。论坛2006年的第三次会议计划于12月11日至12日举行，主要集中讨论登记册和CITL与国际交易日志链路的启动进程。欧盟委员会已慷慨表示愿在比利时布鲁塞尔的委员会设施内承办登记册系统管理人论坛的该次会议。", "34. 国际交易日志管理人建立了一个外联网，以便为登记册系统管理人在实施国际交易日志方面共享所需要的各种技术信息提供一个中心点。它还将提供技术合作工具和帮助在登记册系统管理人之间交流技术信息。", "B. 工作组活动", "35. 为拟订供登记册系统管理人论坛审议的共同程序草案，设立了下列三个工作组：", "(a) 数据协调工作组负责制订用于在国际交易日志、各登记册以及适当情况下包括CITL之间定期比较和在必要时调整配量持有量数据的程序。重点放在程序方面(时间安排、时间选择、调整额的确定)，以国际交易日志和其他登记册系统准备执行的数据协调技术功能为依据；", "(b) 修改管理工作组负责制订用于提出、评价、议定和执行登记册系统技术和业务方面的修改的程序。修改管理工作的主要事项是所有登记册系统执行的数据交换标准。该程序也将适用于登记册系统某些业务方面的修改。", "(c) 独立评估报告工作组负责为每年汇总每个登记册系统的评估和测试结果而制订一个程序和格式。在登记册与国际交易日志的链路启动之前，大多数结果将来自对登记册的评估和测试进程。另一些结果则将产生于登记册的运行以及登记册系统重大修改之后所需要的任何功能的再启动。年度独立评估报告将根据《京都议定书》第八条提供给公众和审评组。预计审评组在对每个负有《京都议定书》附件B所规定的一项承诺的议定书缔约方(附件B缔约方)进行审评时将在很大程度上依赖独立评估报告。", "36. 登记册系统管理人论坛讨论了共同程序草案拟订过程中要处理的可能的要点。这些要点为工作组的工作提供了指导。", "37. 数据协调工作组最早开始工作，在报告所涉期间举行了两次会议。该工作组审查了数据交换标准所界定的国际交易日志与登记册之间进行数据协调的技术进程，并就国际交易日志管理人拟出的数据协调程序草案提供了反馈意见。工作组将于2006年11月和2007年初再次举行会议，以便继续进行工作，并向以后的登记册系统管理人论坛会议报告情况。", "38. 由于难以确定对所有成员都适合的时间，修改管理工作组不得不将首次会议推迟到《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议以后举行。目前正在征求对登记册系统独立评估报告工作组的成员提名，该工作组也将在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议以后开始工作。", "C. 登记册系统开发人小组", "39. 为了加强在国际交易日志和其他登记册系统开发方面技术问题和时间安排问题上的协调，在登记册系统管理人论坛之下召集了一个非正式的开发人小组。参加该小组的有登记册(其中许多所有软件与其他登记册管理人所用相同)软件的所有开发人以及CITL软件的开发人。", "40. 该小组其间举行了两次会议，侧重于分享关于开发工作时间安排的信息，并澄清与准备执行数据交换标准的方式有关的问题。参加者就这些数据交换标准提出的问题已经汇集在一起，秘书处的书面答复也已分发给参加者。目前正在通过欧盟委员会为该小组确定的问题追踪软件工具继续开展这一进程。", "41. 该小组已证明十分有助于共享国际交易日志和其他登记册系统开发人所需要的信息。设想该小组将在登记册和CITL的初步实施和启动过程中继续定期举行会议。", "五、组织安排和资源", "42. 国际交易日志管理人的职能由秘书处的报告、数据和分析方案承担。该方案还负责秘书处在另外一些方面的实质性工作，涉及《京都议定书》之下的排放量交易和配量核算，以及缔约方在《气候公约》和《京都议定书》之下所提出的信息的提交、分析和审评，此外还有关于国家信息通报、清单、配量、登记册系统和政策工具的政府间谈判。", "43. 实施国际交易日志的所需资源由《气候公约》补充活动信托基金得到的捐款支付。实施国际交易日志的这些资源需要量在2006-2007年预算中大致为400万美元。截至报告期末，缔约方对信托基金的捐款共计大约320万美元，尚缺大约80万美元。", "44. 国际交易日志运行所需资源，包括为登记册系统管理人论坛和其他与国际交易日志有关的活动提供支助所需资源，在2006-2007年预算中大致为250万美元。在该数额中，目前大致尚缺170万美元，需要通过对《气候公约》补充活动信托基金的捐款予以填补。", "45. 因此，对于2006-2007年国际交易日志的实施和运行、包括秘书处为这项工作提供的支助的其他方面，所需资源尚缺大约250万美元。", "46. 鉴于在为国际交易日志的开发工作提供资金方面的延误和效率欠缺，缔约方会议在第16/CP.10号决定中请秘书处探讨2006-2007年预算中的选择办法，以便为国际交易日志管理人的业务活动提供可预测的和充分的资源。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议联系方案预算，包括在连接和交易收费方面，审议了一些选择办法。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第34/CMP.1号决定授权执行秘书向国际交易日志用户收取费用，作为2006-2007年补充活动信托基金的额外收入。", "47. 鉴于这项任务规定，执行秘书准备向计划联系国际交易日志运行登记册系统的缔约方通知其各自为填补资源短缺而须向信托基金缴款的数额。建议这些缔约方之间缴款额的分配沿用第34/CMP.1号决定所载2006-2007两年期《京都议定书》缔约方捐款的示意性比额表，同时考虑到由于仅包含附件B缔约方而须作的适当调整。", "[1] * 本文件迟交，是为了列入本项工作的最新进展情况。" ]

[ "[ 联 合 国\n联合国\n[原件:英文]\n常规\n气候变化框架公约\n纽约\n页:1\n\n会议服务部门 《京都议定书》的\n第二届会议\n2006年11月6-17日,内罗毕\n临时议程项目9\n《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志负责人的报告", "署长的年度报告", "《京都议定书》之下的国际交易日志", "秘书处的说明 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "目录", "段次 页次", "一. 导言 1-4 3", "A. 任务. 1-2 3", "B. 本说明的范围 3 3", "C. 附属履行机构可采取的行动 4 3", "二. 二. 挑战和所开展工作概述 5-10 3", "三. B. 技术活动 11-26 4", "A. 发展活动 11-17 4", "B. 业务活动 18-21 5", "C. 初始化活动 22-25 6", "D. 附表总表 26 7", "四、结 论 B. 登记册系统管理员论坛的活动 27-41 7", "A类. 论坛便利 27-34 7", "B. 工作组的活动 35-38 8", "C. 登记系统开发组 39-41 9", " V. B. 组织安排和资源 42-47 9", "一. 导言", "A. 任务", "1. 联合国 1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)第13/CMP.1号决定请秘书处建立并维持国际交易日志,以核实根据第3/CMP.1和13/CMP.1号决定设立的登记册所进行的交易的有效性。", "2. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第12/CMP.1号决定请秘书处作为国际交易日志管理人,每年向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议报告组织安排、活动和资源需要,并就如何加强登记册系统的运行提出任何必要的建议。 科技咨询机构还请附属履行机构(履行机构)在今后届会上审议国际交易日志管理人的这些年度报告,以期请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就登记册系统的运行提供必要的指导。", "B. 本说明的范围", "1. 联合国 国际交易日志管理人的第二份年度报告向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议介绍了实施国际交易日志的进展情况。 本报告所述期间为2005年11月18日至2006年10月27日。 特别是,报告介绍了在开发国际交易日志软件、建立国际交易日志基础设施和通过登记册系统管理人论坛的活动促进与登记册系统管理人合作等方面取得的进展。", "C. 附属履行机构可采取的行动", "1. 联合国 履行机构不妨注意本报告所载信息,并视需要就登记册系统的实施向秘书处和缔约方提供指导意见。", "二. 挑战和所开展工作概述", "1. 联合国 在2006年报告期内,为执行国际交易日志以及与登记册系统管理人合作开展了大量工作。 尽管国际交易日志的大部分设计于2004年完成,但直到2005年,对《气候公约》补充活动信托基金与这项工作有关的捐款才达到允许采购外部服务提供商所需的水平。", "2. 联合国 2006年,按照联合国财务细则和程序,选定了两家外部服务供应商并与秘书处签订合同,以实施国际交易日志,并在整个《京都议定书》下的第一个承诺期开展其日常运作。 Trassys是一家位于比利时的信息技术公司,已签约开发和维护该软件。 已与LogicaCMG签订合同,从位于大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国伦敦的两个数据中心部署和运行国际交易日志软件,并在威尔士设立一个服务台,从那里向登记册提供支助。", "3个 这些供应商(下称国际交易日志开发商和运营商)在2006年的工作取得了迅速进展。 国际交易日志软件的第一个版本已经完成,并已部署和测试在主数据中心的基础设施中。 这是实施国际交易日志的一个重要里程碑,有助于提高对软件质量和适当性的信心。 目前正在与几个登记册一起对该软件进行试点测试。 国际交易日志软件的完整版本将于2006年12月在两个数据中心部署,使其他登记册系统能够在2007年4月之前完成与国际交易日志连接的初始化进程。", " 4.四. 随着《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的运行阶段迅速临近,国际交易日志管理人于2006年设立了登记册系统管理人论坛,作为登记册系统管理人讨论和协调与登记册系统有关的技术和管理问题的非正式场所。 在本报告所述期间,该论坛举行了两次会议。 根据第12/CMP.1号决定,委员会的工作重点是拟订协调所有登记册系统的业务活动的共同程序。 为加强登记册系统管理人之间关于其系统和业务以及会议和其他论坛活动的沟通,已经建立了一个外部网。", "5 (韩语). 国际交易日志管理人还利用登记册系统管理人论坛共享信息并接收关于国际交易日志实施情况和登记册系统连接初始化的反馈。 随着登记册系统开始初始化进程,论坛将继续发挥这一作用。 登记册系统管理人论坛还为登记册系统软件的所有开发者提供了一个手段,以协调开发其系统的技术和时间安排问题。", "6. 国家 国际交易日志管理人的活动在报告期内十分活跃。 由于这些努力,国际交易日志的实施正在按计划进行,以便登记册系统能够按照第12/CMP.1号决定规定的时间与国际交易日志连接,并至迟于2007年4月全面运作。 预计第一批登记册将在2007年第一季度初完成初始化测试并进入运行阶段。", "三. 技术活动", "A. 发展活动", "1. 联合国 国际交易日志的开发完全符合《京都议定书》之下所有其他登记册系统正在实施的数据交换标准。 为使所有这些登记册系统能够以兼容和高效的方式共同运作,需要这一普遍标准。 国际交易日志软件的规格与2004年的数据交换标准同时制定,现在又得到2005年制定的国际交易日志业务要求的补充。", "2. 联合国 如向附属科学技术咨询机构(科技咨询机构)第二十一届会议所报告,欧盟委员会承诺作为实物捐助,向秘书处提供与国际交易日志共同的共同体独立交易日志内容的方案代码(见FCCC/SBSTA/2004/12号文件)。 这是一份协议的一部分,根据该协议,2004年向欧洲委员会提供了国际交易日志软件的规格,作为其开发CITL的基础。 该协议减少了国际交易日志的开发费用,从而响应了科技咨询机构第十九届会议的要求,即秘书处设法减少与国际交易日志开发相关的资源需要。 协议还有助于确保CITL与国际交易日志的技术相容。", "3个 根据以前开展的大量技术工作,国际交易日志软件的开发正在快速进行,可归纳如下:", "(单位:千美元) 国际交易日志开发商实际上完成了对软件规格的审查,以确保其完整性、一致性和一致性。 虽然有些组成部分没有得到充分定义,而且仍在拟订之中,尤其是关于管理人应用程序和与秘书处其他数据系统的接口的改动,但仅确定需要作一些小的改动;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 数据交换标准的一些更正和澄清已经确定,正在列入订正版的技术规格;", "C. 结 论 国际交易日志软件的试点版本已经完成,已在国际交易日志主要数据中心的运行环境中部署和测试。 这是迄今为止实施国际交易日志方面最重要的里程碑;", "(单位:千美元) 试验软件包含所有功能,使国际交易日志能够支持和核实登记册的下列交易:单位的初始发放;联合执行下单位的转换;单位注销;单位留存,以证明遵守《京都议定书》第三条下的承诺;登记册之间单位的外部转让;单位结转到下一个承诺期;清洁发展机制下造林和再造林项目产生的单位的终止日期的改变。 替换交易的职能和检查正在拟订中,但尚未完成;", "e. 资源 试点软件包含若干已完成的行政程序,并规定在国际交易日志和CITL之间传递信息;", "页:1 国际交易日志管理人应用软件的开发工作已经开始,将通过该软件监测和控制国际交易日志,基本功能已经完成。", " 4.四. 目前版本的国际交易日志软件目前正在对若干登记册进行试点测试,特别是为清洁发展机制以及日本和新西兰设立的登记册。 这一试点测试主要是为了核实和改进国际交易日志软件,不过对于登记册开发人员对照国际交易日志核实其系统也是有用的。 因此,一旦测试通过,将向所有登记册提供国际交易日志的测试版本。", "5 (韩语). 考虑到试点测试的结果,国际交易日志软件的完整版本将于2006年12月完成,届时将由运营商和秘书处进行详细的验收测试。 这一版本将包括启动其他登记册系统和国际交易日志之间联系所必要的所有功能,从而使所有登记册和CITL能够按照《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的要求(第12/CMP.1号决定),在2007年4月之前成功地与国际交易日志连接。", "6. 国家 2007年将需要进一步开发国际交易日志,以完成国际交易日志管理人应用程序的功能,并在其他秘书处数据系统准备就绪时将其连接起来。 这些系统包括清洁发展机制信息系统,该系统将与清洁发展机制登记册初始化同时连接,以及汇编和核算数据库和联合执行信息系统。", "7. 联合国 国际交易日志开发商即将开始为运营商正在设立的国际交易日志服务台培训人员。 一旦服务台完全建立,开发商将继续通过提供技术支持和维护软件来协助它。", "B. 业务活动", "1. 联合国 国际交易日志对登记册交易的核查将实时进行。 如果交易符合《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议所制定的规则,国际交易日志的核对不应影响登记册的运作或登记册交易的结算。 因此,国际交易日志作为一个高可用性和业务关键性系统得到实施。 备用数据中心的用意是,如果主站点出现重大问题,国际交易日志可以继续运行。", "2. 联合国 建立国际交易日志基础设施和业务环境的工作与软件开发同时进行。 进展情况可概述如下:", "(单位:千美元) 主要数据中心的国际交易日志基础设施已经到位,国际交易日志软件的试点版本已经在其内部部署和测试。 这种基础设施包括配置国际交易日志可靠和安全运行所需的所有硬件和软件许可证。 国际交易日志数据库的建设工作已经完成,二级数据中心的工作已经开始;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 正在建立国际交易日志运行监测系统。 这些系统将为评估目标系统业绩是否实现提供依据;", "C. 结 论 一级数据中心的网络端,包括必要的认证和安全功能,已经完成,并准备与登记册和CITL连接。 安装了一级数据中心和二级数据中心之间的网络链接。 正在安装一条直接向秘书处租用的网络线路,以确保秘书处系统的牢固连接和对管理人应用程序的可靠访问;", "(单位:千美元) 国际交易日志运营商的服务台已经开始有限形式的工作,以支持试点测试。 其人员正在接受国际交易日志和其他登记册系统的业务和技术特征方面的进一步培训。 该系统的使用工具已接近完成,有关服务台运作程序的工作已着手进行。", "3个 将在运营商的数据中心部署更多的国际交易日志软件版本。 完整的初始化版本将于2006年12月部署,将成为登记册和CITL进行初始化测试的版本。 一旦这些系统得到国际交易日志管理人的批准,这些登记册系统与实时国际交易日志生产环境的联系将启动。 此外,还将提供一些测试环境供登记册系统的测试实例使用。", " 4.四. 将为登记册和CITL的初始化及时设立完整的服务台。 一旦建立,它将成为向登记册系统管理人提供与国际交易日志运作有关的所有支助的联络点。 它将通过电话和电子邮件接收支持请求,并协调解决所发现的问题,包括酌情将这些问题升级为国际交易日志开发者提供的更详尽的技术支持或秘书处提供的更高水平的支持。", "C. 初始化活动", "1. 联合国 在核准与国际交易日志实时运行环境一起使用之前,每个登记册和CITL必须符合数据交换标准具体规定的要求。 评估登记册或CITL的运作情况的过程,如果评估是肯定的,则启动这一过程称为初始化过程,分三个阶段进行:", "(单位:千美元) 文件审查:按照数据交换标准的规定,通过审查其技术和业务文件,评估登记册或CITL的运作;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 连接性测试:通过核实登记册或CITL能够按照数据交换标准规定的方式与国际交易日志进行基本通信步骤,评估登记册或CITL与国际交易日志连接的能力;", "C. 结 论 功能测试:通过核实登记册或CITL能够按照数据交换标准的规定进行交易、核对和行政程序,包括通知,评估其履行规定职能的能力。", "2. 联合国 国际交易日志管理人将准备从2006年11月起收到技术和业务文件供审查。 为了便利这一进程,正在向登记册系统管理人分发关于评估这些文件标准的进一步资料。", "3个 登记册和CITL的连接和功能测试将通过使用国际交易日志软件的初始化版本进行,该软件将部署在初始化环境中。", "在2006年12月底之前提交国际交易日志。 目前正在开发用于初始化进程的测试案例,将于2006年11月分发给登记册开发者和登记册系统管理人。 登记册系统进行初始化测试的具体时间将取决于其实施时间表。 目前正在要求进一步澄清登记册的准备情况,以便国际交易日志服务台能够管理每个系统的连接和功能测试时间表。", " 4.四. 目前正在考虑登记册系统使用国际交易日志的术语,以澄清与其连接和运作有关的问题。 预计将处理各种问题,例如服务说明、使用的适当标准、安全、数据保护和保密,以便平等对待登记系统。", "D. 附表总表", "1. 联合国 国际交易日志的开发和运行以及登记册和CITL与国际交易日志的初始化的现行时间表见下表。", "登记册系统实施时间表概要", "活动说明", "2006年10月中旬 在运行基础设施中部署国际交易日志软件试验版", "纽约 国际交易日志对登记册的试点测试", "纽约 国际交易日志管理人准备接收登记册和CITL文件", "2006年12月底 在两个数据中心部署国际交易日志软件的初始化版本", "清洁发展机制登记册的初始化和2007年国际交易日志实际运行的启动;国家登记册准备就绪后再启动", "2007年2月底 完成和部署国际交易日志管理人的完整应用程序", "2007年3月至4月 (中文(简体) ). 随着国际交易日志的准备就绪,对更多的登记册进行初始化测试", "2007年4月至5月 (中文(简体) ). CITL与国际交易日志的初始化和属于欧洲联盟缔约方的登记册的全面端到端初始化测试", "四、结 论 登记册系统管理员论坛的活动", "A类. 论坛促进", "1. 联合国 根据第12/CMP.1号决定,国际交易日志管理人召开登记册系统管理人论坛的主要目的是为与登记册系统管理人合作提供一个有效的媒介,为制定共同程序、建议的做法和信息共享措施提供投入。 在处理这些问题时,论坛将提供一个广泛的渠道来协调行政人员的技术和管理活动。", "2. 联合国 2006年,登记册系统管理人论坛举行了两次会议。 首次会议于2006年4月10日至11日举行,目的是为论坛的工作确定方向和优先事项,并确立继续开展这项工作的进程。 第二次会议于2006年10月9日至10日举行,主要目的是分享关于国际交易日志执行情况的更多信息并指导工作组为制定共同程序开展详细工作。 这两次会议均在德国波恩举行,非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的适当专家参加了会议。", "3个 论坛工作的优先事项是制定将由所有登记册系统实施的共同程序,特别是在国际交易日志和登记册之间的数据核对、管理登记册系统执行的标准和程序的变化以及为登记册系统编写独立评估报告方面。", " 4.四. 根据所有登记册系统管理人应优先执行的共同程序,设立了三个工作组来编写程序草案,供更广泛的登记册系统管理人论坛审议。 将为登记册系统与国际交易日志的运行及时制定商定程序。 工作组由六至八名具体人员组成,由其登记册系统管理人提供,他们将作为个人成员作出贡献,并本着所有登记册系统管理人的共同利益行事。 各工作组的工作成果将在关键环节向登记册系统管理人论坛报告,以便获得与会者的反馈,并酌情由论坛商定。", "5 (韩语). 国际交易日志管理人作为国际交易日志管理人,以非正式方式召集了登记册系统管理人论坛,希望论坛以透明、合作和建立共识的方式开展工作。 登记册系统管理人论坛的会议由秘书处的一名代表主持。 会议得到了秘书处工作人员的支持和服务。", "6. 国家 登记册系统管理人论坛向《京都议定书》之下的国家登记册和清洁发展机制登记册以及补充交易日志(如CITL)的所有管理人开放。 登记册系统管理人派适当人员参加拟在会议上讨论的具体项目。 国际交易日志管理人还邀请了非《公约》附件一所列缔约方的《京都议定书》缔约方的一些与会者。 虽然《京都议定书》没有要求这些缔约方实施登记册系统,但这类专家的参与是为了提高登记册系统管理人论坛的透明度,并与非附件一缔约方为环境政策目的实施类似系统的专家分享《京都议定书》之下登记册系统的经验。", "7. 联合国 预计一旦登记册系统的密集实施阶段完成,一般每年将举行两次登记册系统管理人论坛会议。 计划于2006年12月11日至12日举行第三次论坛会议,将主要侧重于登记册和CITL与国际交易日志联系的初始化进程。 欧洲联盟委员会愿意在比利时布鲁塞尔的设施主办登记册系统管理人论坛的这次会议。", "8. 联合国 国际交易日志管理人建立了外联网,以便为登记册系统管理人共享实施国际交易日志所需的所有技术信息提供一个中心位置。 它还将提供利用技术协作工具和登记册系统管理人之间交流技术信息的机会。", "B. 工作组的活动", "1. 联合国 现已设立以下三个工作组,以编写供登记册系统管理人论坛审议的共同程序草案:", "(单位:千美元) 核对工作组将制定一个程序,定期比较并在必要时调整国际交易日志、登记册和酌情调整CITL之间分配数量持有量的数据。 重点是程序方面(时间安排、时间安排、调整的确定),以国际交易日志和其他登记册系统中正在实施的核对技术功能为基础;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 变更管理工作组将制定一种程序,用于提议、评价、商定和执行登记册系统技术和业务方面的变更。 更改管理的主要议题是所有登记册系统正在实施的数据交换标准。 该程序还将适用于登记册系统某些业务方面的变化;", "C. 结 论 独立评估报告工作组将每年为每个登记册系统制定统一评估和测试结果的程序和格式。 大多数结果将来自登记册与国际交易日志链接初始化之前的评估和测试过程。 其他结果将在登记册运作期间以及在登记册系统发生重大变化之后通过任何必要的职能重新启动而出现。 将根据《京都议定书》第八条向公众和审评组提供年度独立评估报告。 预计审评组在审评《京都议定书》附件B中载明的承诺的每个缔约方(附件B缔约方)时将严重依赖独立评估报告。", "2. 联合国 登记册系统管理人论坛讨论了编写共同程序草案期间可能要处理的内容。 这些因素为工作组的工作提供了指导。", "3个 和解工作组是第一个开始工作的工作组,在本报告所述期间举行了两次会议。 它审查了数据交换标准所定义的国际交易日志与登记册之间数据核对的技术程序,并就国际交易日志管理人编写的核对程序草案提供了反馈。 工作组将在2006年11月和2007年初再次举行会议,以继续开展工作,并在随后的登记册系统管理人论坛会议上提出报告。", " 4.四. 由于难以确定适合所有成员的时间,改革管理工作组不得不将第一次会议推迟到《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议之后。 目前正在寻求登记册系统独立评估报告工作组的提名,该工作组还将在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议后开始工作。", "C. 登记系统开发组", "1. 联合国 为了更好地协调开发国际交易日志和其他登记册系统的技术和时间安排问题,在登记册系统管理人论坛下召集了一个非正式的开发者小组。 该小组汇集了登记册软件的所有开发者(其中许多人与其他登记册管理人共享软件)和CITL。", "2. 联合国 迄今为止,该小组已举行了两次会议,重点是分享关于发展时间表的信息并澄清关于如何执行数据交换标准的问题。 与会者就这些数据交换标准提出的问题已经汇编,秘书处向与会者分发了书面答复。 这一进程正在通过欧洲联盟委员会为该小组设立的问题跟踪软件工具而继续进行。", "3个 事实证明,该小组在分享国际交易日志和其他登记册系统开发者所需要的信息方面非常有用。 预计该小组将继续通过登记册和CITL的初步实施和初始化定期举行会议。", " V. 组织安排和资源", "1. 联合国 国际交易日志管理人的职能由秘书处的报告、数据和分析方案履行。 本方案还负责秘书处的实质性工作,涉及排放量交易和《京都议定书》下配量核算的其他方面,以及缔约方在《气候公约》和《京都议定书》下所提交信息的提交、分析和审评,以及国家信息通报、清单、配量、登记册系统和政策文书等政府间谈判。", "2. 联合国 执行国际交易日志的资源要求是通过对《气候公约》补充活动信托基金的捐款提供的。 经常预算:", "在2006-2007两年期预算中,国际交易日志的执行额约为400万美元。 截至报告期结束时,缔约方向信托基金提供的捐款总额约为320万美元,短缺约80万美元。", "3个 在2006-2007两年期,国际交易日志的运作所需资源,包括支持登记册系统管理人论坛和与国际交易日志有关的其他活动,约为250万美元。 这笔资金目前短缺约170万美元,需要通过对《气候公约》补充活动信托基金的捐款提供。", " 4.四. 因此,2006-2007年期间国际交易日志的执行和运作,包括秘书处支持这项工作的其他领域,尚未解决的资源需要总额约为250万美元。", "5 (韩语). 鉴于国际交易日志开发资金的拖延和不足,缔约方会议第16/CP.10号决定请秘书处在2006-2007年预算中探讨为国际交易日志管理人的业务活动提供可预测和充足资源的备选办法。 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议在方案预算范围内审议了若干备选办法,包括连接费和交易费。 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第34/CMP.1号决定授权执行秘书向国际交易日志用户收取费用,作为2006-2007年补充活动信托基金的额外收入。", "6. 国家 鉴于这一任务,执行秘书打算通知计划运行与国际交易日志有关的登记册系统的缔约方向信托基金分别提供捐款,以弥补资源短缺。 建议这些缔约方之间的分配遵循第34/CMP.1号决定所载《京都议定书》缔约方2006-2007两年期指示性缴款比额表,同时考虑到仅包括附件B缔约方的适当调整。", "[1] ^(*) 本文件迟交是为了列入关于这项工作最新进展的资料。" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1", "STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED 6 November 2006", "PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON", "PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE", "OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH", "MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS", "OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda", "Adoption of arrangements for", "meeting the costs of the Conference", "ESTIMATED COSTS OF THE NINTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Note by the Secretariat", "1. The Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed To Be Excessively Injurious or To Have Indiscriminate Effects, held in Geneva on 6 November 2006, decided to convene a one-day meeting of the Ninth Annual Conference of the States Parties on _ November 2007.", "2 This document is submitted pursuant to the above-mentioned decision of the States Parties and provides estimated costs in the amount of US$255,200 for convening that meeting. A breakdown of these costs is provided in the attached table.", "3. It should be noted that the costs are estimated on the basis of past experience and anticipated workload. The actual costs will be determined after the closure of the meeting and completion of related work, with all relevant expenditures recorded in the accounts. At that time, any adjustments in contributions by the participants sharing the costs will be determined accordingly.", "4. With regard to the financial arrangements, it will be recalled that, in accordance with the practice followed on the occasion of previous multilateral disarmament conferences and related meetings, and as reflected in their Rules of Procedure, the costs are shared among the States Parties participating in the conferences, based upon the United Nations scale of assessment pro-rated to take into account the number of States Parties participating in the meetings. States that are not States Parties but that have accepted the invitation to take part in the meetings share in the costs to the extent of their respective rates of assessment under the United Nations scale of assessments.", "5. Subject to the States Parties’ approval of the estimated costs and cost-sharing formula, assessment notices will be prepared based on the overall estimated costs and applicable cost-sharing formula. Since the above-mentioned activities shall have no financial implication for the regular budget of the Organization, States Parties should proceed with the payment of their share of the estimated costs as soon as assessment notices have been received.", "[]" ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目6", "通过会议费用的分摊安排", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国 第九届年度会议费用估计", "秘书处的说明", "1. 200６年11月６日在日内瓦举行的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议决定，于200７年１１月_日举行缔约国第八届年度会议，为期一天。", "2. 本文件就是根据缔约国的上述决定提交的，文件中开列了召开上述会议的估计费用，数额为255,200美元。费用估计的细目见附表。", "3. 应指出，费用估计是根据以往的经验和预期工作量算出的。实际开支须待会议闭幕和有关工作结束并将所有有关费用记入帐户之后才能确定。届时将对分摊费用的各与会国的摊款额作相应的调整。", "4. 关于财务安排，须说明的是，依照以往多边裁军会议及有关会议的惯例，并如此种会议的议事规则中所反映的那样，会议费用是由参加会议的缔约国按照联合国会费分摊比额表分摊的，同时根据参加会议的缔约国数目按比例作出调整。接受邀请参加会议的非缔约国按联合国会费分摊比额表中各自的分摊比率分摊会议费用。", "5. 待缔约国核准费用估计和摊款办法之后，将根据估计费用总额和适用的摊款办法拟订摊款通知。鉴于上述活动不涉及联合国经常预算的经费问题，缔约国一收到摊款通知，即应尽快支付估计费用分摊额。", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》经1996年5月3日修正后的 第二号议定书(《禁止或限制使用地雷、诱杀装置和 其他装置的议定书》)缔约国第九届年度会议", "2007年11月，为期一天，日内瓦", "会议服务 会议服务 会前文件(美 会期文件(美 简要记录(美 会后文件(美 所需支助 所需其他 合 计* 项 目 (美 元)* 元)* 元)* 元)* 元)* 服 务 服 务 (美 元) (美元)* (美元)*", "口译和会议服务 12,600 12,600", "文件翻译 112,500 16,300 36,900 30,600     196,300", "所需支助服务 1,700   1,700", "所需其他服务 5,600  5,600", "合 计 12,600 112,500 16,300 36,900 30,600 1,700 5,600  216,200", "* 按1美元= 1.24瑞士法郎计算", "A. 所需会议服务费用合计(包括13%方案支助费用) 216,200", "B. 所需非会议服务费用", "一名P3, 3个月 34,500", "小 计 34,500", "方案支助费用(B的13%) 4,500", "B小计 39,000", "A+B总计(四舍五入) 255,200" ]

[ "CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/L.1号文件", "2006年11月6日修正后的缔约国", "公约第二号议定书", "禁止或限制使用", "常规武器公约》", "可能严重", "影响或滥杀滥伤 贸易和发展理事会", "2006年11月6日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目6", "通过会议安排", "会议费用", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第九届年度会议费用估计", "秘书处的说明", "1. 联合国 2006年11月6日在日内瓦举行的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八次年度会议决定于2007年11月_日举行为期一天的缔约国第九届年度会议。", "2个 本文件根据缔约国的上述决定提交,其中开列了召开这次会议的估计费用,数额为255,200美元。 费用估计的细目见附表。", "3个 应当指出,费用估计是根据以往的经验和预期工作量算出的。 实际开支须待会议闭幕和有关工作结束并将所有有关支出记入账目后才能确定。 届时将对分摊费用的各与会国的摊款额作相应的调整。", " 4.四. 关于财务安排,须说明的是,按照以往多边裁军会议及有关会议的惯例并如其议事规则所反映,会议费用由参加会议的缔约国按照联合国会费分摊比额表分摊,同时根据参加会议的缔约国数目按比例作出调整。 接受邀请参加会议的非缔约国按照联合国会费分摊比额表中各自的分摊比率分摊会议费用。", "5 (韩语). 待缔约国核准费用估计和摊款办法后,将根据估计费用总额和适用的摊款办法拟订摊款通知。 鉴于上述活动不涉及联合国经常预算的经费问题,缔约国一收到摊款通知,即应尽快支付估计费用分摊额。", "[]" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.210 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 2nd MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, 3 p.m.", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S)", "OTHER MATTERS", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "The meeting was called to order at 3.35 p.m.", "REPORT(S) OF ANY SUBSIDIARY ORGAN(S) (agenda item 12)", "1. The PRESIDENT noted that no subsidiary bodies had been established.", "OTHER MATTERS (agenda item 13)", "2. Mr. RIVASSEAU (France) and Mr. ITZCHAKI (Israel) informed the Conference that France and Israel had submitted their annual reports under the Amended Protocol to the Depositary on 18 October and 6 November 2006 respectively.", "CONSIDERATION AND ADOPTION OF THE FINAL DOCUMENTS (agenda item 14) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1; non-paper containing amendments to CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1 circulated in the meeting room in English only)", "3. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1) and the non-paper containing relevant amendments, and invited the Conference to examine the draft report paragraph by paragraph prior to adopting the text as a whole.", "Paragraphs 1-5", "4. Paragraphs 1-5 were adopted.", "Paragraph 6", "5. The PRESIDENT said that Israel and Venezuela should be added to the list of participants contained in paragraph 6.", "6. Paragraph 6, as amended, was adopted.", "Paragraphs 7 to 17", "7. Paragraphs 7 to 17 were adopted.", "Paragraph 18", "8. The PRESIDENT drew attention to the Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II, which had been circulated as part of the amendments to the draft report, and invited the Conference to adopt the Appeal, as well as paragraph 18.", "9. The Appeal for the universality of Amended Protocol II was adopted.", "10. Paragraph 18 was adopted.", "Paragraph 19", "11. Paragraph 19 was adopted.", "Paragraph 20", "Nomination of the President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference", "12. The PRESIDENT invited the groups of States to put forward candidates for the posts of President and vice-presidents of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "13. Mr. KHOKHER (Pakistan), speaking on behalf of the group of Non-Aligned and Other States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Burayzat of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "14. Mr. BLAŽEK (Czech Republic), speaking on behalf of the group of Eastern European States, said that the group wished to propose Ambassador Anton Pinter of Slovakia as Vice‑President of the Ninth Annual Conference.", "15. Mr. BRASACK (Germany), speaking on behalf of the Western group, said that the group would nominate its candidate for Vice-President on 9 November 2006.", "16. The PRESIDENT said that if he heard no objections, he would take it that the Conference wished to designate the Ambassador of Jordan as President of the Ninth Annual Conference and the Ambassador of Slovakia as a Vice-President. The name of the Vice-President nominated by the Western group would be included in the final report of the Conference.", "17. It was so decided.", "18. Paragraph 20 was adopted on that understanding.", "Paragraphs 21 and 22", "19. Paragraphs 21 and 22 were adopted.", "20. The draft report of the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II as a whole, as amended, was adopted.", "CLOSURE OF THE CONFERENCE", "21. After thanking all the delegations as well as the secretariat and the conference services for their contributions, the PRESIDENT declared the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II closed.", "The meeting rose at 4 p.m." ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "第2次会议简要记录", "2006年11月6日星期一下午3时 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "主 席：胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)", "目 录", "任何附属机构的报告", "其他事项", "审议并通过最后文件", "会议闭幕", "本记录可加以更正。", "对本记录的更正应以工作语文之一提出，以备忘录说明更正之处，并改在一份已印发的记录上，更正应在本文件印发之日起一周内送交日内瓦万国宫E. 4108室编辑科。", "本会议各次会议记录的所有更正将汇编成一份总的更正，于会议结束后不久印发。", "下午3时35分会议开始", "任何附属机构的报告(议程项目12)", "1. 主席注意到没有设立任何附属机构。", "其他事项(议程项目13)", "2. 里瓦索先生(法国)和伊扎克先生(以色列)向会议通报，法国和以色列分别在2006年10月18日和11月6日根据经修正后的议定书向保存人提交了年度报告。", "审议并通过最后文件(议程项目14)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1；在会议室分发了一份非文件，只有英文，其中载有对CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1的修正案)", "3. 主席提请大家注意经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议的报告草案(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1)和载有相关修正案的非文件，并请会议逐段审查，然后通过整个报告。", "第1至第5段", "4. 第1至第5段通过。", "第 6 段", "5. 主席说，应当在第6段所载与会者名单中增列以色列和委内瑞拉。", "6. 经修正后的第6段通过。", "第7至第17段", "7. 第7段至第17段通过。", "第18段", "8. 主席提请注意关于普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁，这项呼吁已作为报告草案修正案的一部分分发，并请会议通过该呼吁和第18段。", "9. 关于普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁通过。", "10. 第18段通过。", "第19段", "11. 第19段通过。", "第20段", "任命第九届年度会议的主席和副主席", "12. 主席请各国家集团为第九届年度会议的主席和副主席提出候选人。", "13. 霍赫尔先生(巴基斯坦)代表不结盟运动及其他国家集团发言说，该集团希望推荐约旦布赖扎特大使担任第九届年度会议主席。", "14. 布拉热克先生(捷克共和国)代表东欧国家集团发言说，该集团希望推荐斯洛伐克的安东·平特大使担任第九届会议副主席。", "15. 布拉萨克先生(德国)代表西方国家集团发言说，该集团将在2006年11月9日提名副主席候选人。", "16. 主席说，若无人反对，他就认为会议希望任命约旦大使担任第九届会议主席，斯洛伐克大使担任副主席。西方国家集团提名的副主席的名字将列入会议的最后报告。", "17. 就这样决定。", "18. 根据这一谅解，第20段通过。", "第21和22段", "19. 第21和22段通过。", "20. 第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议经修正后的的整个报告草案通过。", "会议闭幕", "21. 在向各代表团及秘书处和会议服务部门所作的贡献表示感谢后，主席宣布经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议结束。", "下午4时散会。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月6日,日内瓦", "第2次会议简要记录", "在日内瓦万国宫举行", "2006年11月6日星期一下午3时 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "主席: 胡萨克先生 (捷克共和国)", "目 录", "任何附属机构的报告", "其他事项", "审议并通过最后文件", "会议闭幕", "下午3时35分宣布开会", "任何附属机构的报告(议程项目12)", "1. 联合国 主席指出,没有设立任何附属机构。", "其他事项(议程项目13)", "2. 里瓦索先生(法国)和ITZCHAKI先生(以色列)通知会议,法国和以色列分别于2006年10月18日和11月6日根据修正后的议定书向保存人提交了年度报告。", "审议并通过最后文件(议程项目14)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1;载有对CCW/AP的修正的非文件)。 II/CONF.8/CRP.1 在会议室仅以英文分发)", "3个 1. 主席提请注意经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议报告草稿(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/CRP.1)和载有相关修正案的非文件,并请会议在通过整个案文之前逐段地审查报告草稿。", "第1-5段", " 4.四. 第1-5段通过。", "执行部分第6段", "5 (韩语). 6. 主席说,应将以色列和委内瑞拉列入第6段所载的与会者名单。", "6. 经修正的第6段获得通过。", "第7至17段", "7. 联合国 第7至17段通过。", "执行部分第18段", "8. 联合国 主席提请注意作为报告草案修正案一部分分发的关于普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁,并请会议通过该呼吁以及第18段。", "9. 国家 会议通过了普遍加入经修正后的第二号议定书的呼吁。", "10个 第18段通过。", "第19段(a)分段", "11个 第19段通过。", "第20段(a)分段", "第九届年度会议主席和副主席的提名", "12个 1. 主席请各国家集团提出第九届年度会议主席和副主席候选人。", "13. KHOKHER先生(巴基斯坦)代表不结盟国家和其他国家集团发言说,该集团想提议约旦的布拉伊扎特大使出任第九届年度会议主席。", "14. BLAŽEK先生(捷克共和国)代表东欧国家集团发言说,该集团想提议斯洛伐克的安东·平特大使担任第九届年度会议副主席。", "15. BRASAK先生(德国)代表西方集团发言说,该集团将于2006年11月9日提名副主席候选人。", "16号. 1. 主席说,如果没有人反对,他就认为会议希望指定约旦大使为第九届年度会议主席,斯洛伐克大使为副主席。 由西方集团提名的副主席的名字将列入会议的最后报告。", "17岁。 就这样决定。", "18岁。 2. 第20段就是本着这一理解而通过的。", "第21和22段", "19. 第21和22段通过。", "20号. 经修正的经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议报告草稿全文获得通过。", "会议闭幕", "21岁 在感谢所有代表团以及秘书处和会议服务部门所作的贡献后,主席宣布经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议闭幕。", "下午4时散会。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/CRP.17 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 18 of the Agenda", "Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "CONTENTS", "Part I: Report of the Third Review Conference", "Annex: List of Documents", "Part II: Final Declaration", "Annex:", "Part III: Documents of the Third Review Conference", "[- Agenda of the Third Review Conference", "[…]", "Part IV: Summary Records of Plenary Meetings", "Part V: List of Participants", "GE.06-64988", "PART I", "REPORT OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "I. Introduction", "1. The First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects agreed, inter alia, that “future review conferences should be held more frequently, with consideration to be given to holding a review conference every five years” (CCW/CONF.I/16, Part I, Annex C, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "2. The Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention agreed, inter alia, that future Review Conferences should continue to be held on a regular basis. In this connection, the Conference decided, “consistent with Article 8.3(c) of the Convention, to convene a further Conference five years following the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference, but in any case not later than 2006, with preparatory meetings starting as early as 2005, if necessary” (CCW/CONF.II/2, Part II, Final Declaration, Article 8).", "3. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in operative paragraph 8 of its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled the decision of the States Parties to convene a further conference not later than 2006; requested that the Conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by as many preparatory meetings as deemed necessary; and also requested the Meeting of the States Parties on 24 and 25 November 2005 to take a final decision on these matters. Furthermore, in operative paragraph 9 of its resolution 60/93, the General Assembly noted that, “in conformity with Article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposal for amendments to the Convention or the Protocols thereto as well as any proposal for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing protocols to the Convention”.", "4. Following the decision of the Second Review Conference and the recommendation of United Nations General Assembly resolution 60/93, the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention (Geneva, 24 and 25 November 2005) decided, as contained in paragraphs 26, 27 and 29 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, “to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.” In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties decided to commission follow-up work under the oversight of the President-designate of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, and that all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference be undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The Meeting of the States Parties also approved the estimated costs of the Third Review Conference and the three sessions of the Group of Governmental Experts in 2006 (CCW/MSP/2005/2, paragraph 39).", "5. The 2005 Meeting of the States Parties unanimously decided, as contained in paragraph 38 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to designate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to be held in 2006. In this connection, the Meeting of the States Parties agreed that “the principle of equitable geographical rotation among the regional groups shall be ensured when addressing the Presidency of future Review Conferences of the States Parties to the Convention.”", "6. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 30 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the Third Review Conference in 2006.”", "7. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 31 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, that the Working Group on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines would continue its work in the year 2006 with the following mandate:", "“a) To continue to consider all proposals on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines put forward since the establishment of the Group of Governmental Experts with the aim of elaborating appropriate recommendations on Mines Other Than Anti-Personnel Mines for submission to the Third Review Conference in 2006.", "b) Meetings of military experts shall also be conducted to provide advice on these activities.”", "8. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 32 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on possible options to promote compliance with the Convention and its annexed Protocols, taking into account proposals put forward, and shall submit a report, adopted by consensus, to the States Parties.”", "9. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 33 of CCW/MSP/2005/2 that “the President-designate shall undertake consultations during the intersessional period on the possibility to establish a sponsorship programme under the Convention and on the modalities of such a sponsorship programme, and shall report to the States Parties.”", "10. The Meeting of the States Parties decided, as contained in paragraph 35 of CCW/MSP/2005/2, to recommend that “the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as Depositary of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, and the President-designate, on behalf of the States Parties, exercise their authority to achieve the goal of universality of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.”", "11. Following the decision of the 2005 Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, the Group of Governmental Experts held three sessions at Geneva, as follows:", "10 March 2006;", "23 June 2006;", "August to 6 September 2006.", "12. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Provisional Agenda of the Third Review Conference, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/1, as well as the Draft Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/GGE/XIII/3. The Group also decided to nominate Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer, Department for Disarmament Affairs, Geneva Branch, as Provisional Secretary-General of the Third Review Conference.", "13. The Fourteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference its Provisional Programme of Work as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/2, as well as the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee I, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/4, and the Provisional Agenda of its Main Committee II, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Plan of Action to Promote Universality of the CCW, as it appears in CCW/CONF.III/6.", "14. The Fifteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided, inter alia, to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee I of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4, and Provisional Programme of Work of Main Committee II of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects” as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.5. The Group also decided to recommend to the Third Review Conference the Draft Final Document of the Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7, the Draft Declaration on the Entry into force of CCW Protocol V on ERW, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6, as well as the Draft Decision on the Establishment of a Sponsorship Programme under the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8.", "II. Organisation of the Third Review Conference", "15. The Third Review Conference was held at Geneva from 7 to 17 November 2006.", "16. On 7 November 2006, the Conference was opened by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Department for Disarmament Affairs (Geneva Branch).", "17. At its first plenary meeting, on 7 November 2006, the Conference confirmed by acclamation the nomination of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as President of the Third Review Conference.", "18. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its Agenda as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "19. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Rules of Procedure, as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts. In connection with the adoption of the Rules of Procedure, the President of the Third Review Conference made the following statement:", "“With regard to Rule 34 of the Rules of Procedure, it is affirmed that, in the deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, High Contracting Parties have proceeded on the basis of consensus and no decisions have been taken by vote.”", "20. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference unanimously confirmed the nomination of Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs as Secretary-General of the Conference.", "21. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted the Programme of Work as recommended by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/2). The Conference also decided to distribute its work between the two Main Committees as follows:", "Convention and its annexed Protocols; consideration of any proposal for the Convention and its existing Protocols; and preparation and consideration of the final documents;", "protocols to the Convention.", "22. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference, in accordance with its Rules of Procedure, unanimously elected 10 Vice-Presidents from the following States Parties: Bulgaria, China, Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland and Switzerland.", "23. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference also unanimously elected the Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Credentials Committee, the two Main Committees and the Drafting Committee, as follows:", "Credentials Chairperson Mr. Gordan Markotić (Croatia) Committee:", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Enrique Ochoa Martínez (Mexico)", "Main Committee I: Chairperson Mr. Edvardas Borisovas (Lithuania)", "Vice-Chairperson Ms. Katherine Baker (United States)", "Main Committee II: Chairperson Mr. Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos (Brazil)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Vladimir Novokhatskiy (Russian Federation)", "Drafting Committee: Chairperson Mr. Jayant Prasad (India)", "Vice-Chairperson Mr. Itzhak Levanon (Israel)", "24. The Conference also appointed, on the proposal of the President, representatives from the following three States Parties as members of the Credentials Committee: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa.", "25. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by Mr. Tim Caughley, Director of the Geneva Branch of Department for Disarmament Affairs. Subsequently, the President of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, submitted the Report of the Group of Governmental Experts for consideration by the Conference.", "26. The following States Parties to the Convention participated in the work of the Conference: […].", "27. The following States which have ratified or otherwise acceded to the Convention, but for which it is not yet in force, participated in the work of the Conference: [...]", "28. The following Signatory States also participated in the work of the Conference: […]", "29. The following States not parties to the Convention participated as observers: […]", "30. The representatives of the […] also participated in the work of the Conference.", "31. The representatives of the […] attended public meetings of the Conference.", "III. Work of the Third Review Conference", "32. Under the presidency of Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, the Conference held […] plenary meetings. The documentation and summary records of these meetings are included in the Final Document.", "33. On 7 [and 8] November 2006, the Conference held a general exchange of views. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views. Non-governmental organisations, namely […], also participated in the exchange of views.", "34. On 13 November 2006, the Conference held a special plenary meeting to mark the entry into force, on 12 November 2006, of Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War. The following delegations participated in that exchange of views on the occasion of the entry into force of the Protocol: […]. The representative of the […] also participated in the exchange of views.", "35. At the same special plenary meeting, the Conference received a message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations which was delivered by the Under Secretary-General of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, Mr. Nobuaki Tanaka.", "36. Main Committee I held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Edvardas Borisovas of Lithuania presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "37. Main Committee II held […] meetings from […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Carlos da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on […] November 2006.", "38. The Credentials Committee held […] meetings on […] and […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Gordan Markotić of Croatia, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "39. The Drafting Committee held […] meetings on […] November 2006. The Chairperson of the Committee, Ambassador Jayant Prasad of India, presented its report to the Conference at its fourth plenary meeting on [17] November 2006.", "IV. Decisions and Recommendations", "40. At its […] plenary meeting, on [17] November 2006, the Conference took note of the reports of Main Committee I, as contained in […], Main Committee II, as contained in […] and the Drafting Committee, as contained in […]. At the same plenary meeting the Conference approved the report of the Credentials Committee, as contained in […] and adopted the draft resolution contained therein.", "41. The Third Review Conference expressed deep gratitude to all office holders of the Group of Governmental Experts since its establishment by the Second Review Conference for their contribution to the work of the Group.", "42. At the same plenary meeting the Conference adopted […].", "43. At the same plenary meeting, the Conference adopted its final report, as contained in document […], as orally amended, which is being issued as document CCW/CONF.III/xxx.", "PART II", "FINAL DECLARATION", "[…]" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "议程项目18", "审议和通过最后文件", "最后文件草案", "目 录", "第一部分： 第三次审查会议的报告", "附件：文件清单", "第二部分： 最后宣言", "附件：", "第三部分： 第三次审查会议的文件", "[- 第三次审查会议议程", "[……]", "第四部分： 全体会议简要记录", "第五部分： 与会者名单", "第 一 部 分", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 第三次审查会议的报告", "一、导 言", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》第一次审查会议除其他外商定，“今后应更经常地召开审查会议，可考虑每五年举行一次审查会议”(CCW/CONF.I/16, 第一部分，附件C, 最后宣言，第八条)。", "2. 《公约》第二次审查会议除其他外商定，今后应继续经常召开审查会议。在这方面，会议决定，“根据第八条第3款(c)项，在第二次审查会议通过的修正生效后五年召开一次会议，但无论如何至迟于2006年召开此一会议，必要时，可提前于2005年开始举行筹备会议”(CCW/CONF.II/2, 第二部分，最后宣言，第八条)。", "3. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议执行部分第8段中，除其他外，回顾缔约国决定最迟在2006年再举行一次会议；要求会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行，在此之前召开筹备会议，筹备会议次数不限，以认为有必要为准；并要求2005年11月24日和25日举行的缔约国会议就这些事项作出最后决定。而且，大会在第60/93号决议执行部分第9段中指出，“根据《公约》第八条，第三次审议大会可审议对《公约》或其《议定书》提出的任何修正案以及就《公约》现有议定书未包括的其他类别常规武器提出的附加议定书提案”。", "4. 按照第二次审查会议的决定和联合国大会第60/93号决议的建议，《公约》缔约国会议(2005年11月24日和25日，日内瓦)决定，如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第26、27和29段所载，“2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议一同举行”。在这方面，缔约国会议决定，在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席的督导下开展后续工作，并在现有政府专家小组的框架内为第三次审查会议进行一切必要的筹备。缔约国会议还核可了2006年举行第三次审查会议及政府专家小组三届会议的费用估计(CCW/MSP/2005/2, 第39段)。", "5. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第38段所载，2005年缔约国会议一致决定，指定法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使为2006年将举行的缔约国第三次审查会议的主席。在这方面，缔约国会议议定，“在考虑《公约》缔约国未来的审查会议主席人选时，应确保在各区域集团之间实行公平地域轮流的原则”。", "6. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所载，缔约国会议决定，战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事专家和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向2006年的第三次审查会议报告所做的工作”。", "7. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所载，缔约国会议决定，非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组在2006年期间应按以下的职权范围继续开展工作：", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来提出的关于非杀伤人员地雷的所有提案，目的是就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议，以提交2006年的第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议，就上述活动提供咨询意见。”", "8. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所载，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附各议定书的遵守。他应考虑到所提出的各项建议，并应向缔约国提交一份以协商一致方式通过的报告”。", "9. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第33段所载，缔约国会议决定“请候任主席在休会期间进行磋商，以探讨有无可能在《公约》之下建立一项赞助方案并研讨此一方案的运转模式。他应向缔约国提交一份报告”。", "10. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第35段所载，缔约国会议建议，“作为《公约》及其所附议定书保存人的联合国秘书长和代表各缔约国的候任主席履行他们的职责，以实现各国普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书这一目标”。", "11. 根据《公约》2005年缔约国会议的决定，政府专家小组在日内瓦举行了如下三届会议：", "12. 政府专家小组第十三届会议除其他外决定，建议第三次审查会议通过载于CCW/GGE/XIII/1号文件的第三次审查会议临时议程，以及载于CCW/GGE/ XIII/3号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案。小组还决定，提名裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生为第三次审查会议临时秘书长。", "13. 政府专家小组第十四届会议除其他外决定，向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/2号文件的临时工作计划，以及载于CCW/CONF.III/4号文件的第一主要委员会临时议程和载于CCW/CONF.III/5号文件的第二主要委员会临时议程。小组还决定向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/6号文件的促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》的行动计划。", "14. 政府专家小组第十五届会议除其他外决定，向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划，载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5－CCW/GGE/XV/6/ Add.5号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划。小组还决定向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案，载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6号文件的关于《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)开始生效的宣言草案，和载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8－CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8号文件的关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》之下建立一项赞助方案的决定草案。", "二、第三次审查会议的组织", "15. 第三次审查会议于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行。", "16. 2006年11月7日，会议由裁军事务部(日内瓦办事处)主任蒂姆·考勒先生主持开幕。", "17. 在2006年11月7日第一次全体会议上，会议以鼓掌方式确认了法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使担任第三次审查会议主席的任命。", "18. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的议程(CCW/ CONF.III/1)。", "19. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的议事规则。第三次审查会议主席就通过议事规则做了下列声明：", "“关于议事规则第34条，要申明的是，在与《公约》及其所附各议定书有关的审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出决定。”", "20. 在同一次全体会议上，会议一致确认了裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任会议秘书长的任命。", "21. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了政府专家小组建议的工作计划(CCW/CONF.III/2)。会议还决定，两个主要委员会分工如下：", "22. 在同一次全体会议上，会议按照议事规则一致选举下列十个缔约国为副主席：保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士。", "23. 在同一次全体会议上，会议还一致选举全权证书委员会、两个主要委员会和起草委员会的主席和副主席如下：", "全权证书委员会： 主 席 戈丹·马尔科蒂奇先生 (克罗地亚)", "副主席 恩里克·奥乔亚·马丁内斯先生 (墨西哥)", "第一主要委员会： 主 席 爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯先生 (立陶宛)", "副主席 凯瑟琳·贝克女士 (美国)", "第二主要委员会： 主 席 卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕兰奥斯先生(巴西)", "副主席 弗拉基米尔·诺沃哈茨基先生(俄罗斯联邦)", "起草委员会： 主 席 贾扬特·普拉萨德先生(印度)", "副主席 伊扎克·莱瓦农先生(以色列)", "24. 会议还根据主席的提议，任命下列三个缔约国为全权证书委员会成员国：澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "25. 在同一次全体会议上，会议收到了联合国秘书长的贺词，裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任蒂姆. 考勒先生宣读了贺词。随后，第三次审查会议主席、法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使提交了政府专家小组的报告，供会议审议。", "26. 《公约》下列缔约国参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "27. 已批准或加入《公约》、但《公约》尚未对其生效的下列国家参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "28. 下列签署国也参加了会议的工作：[……]。", "29. 下列非《公约》缔约国作为观察员参加了会议：[……]。", "30. [……]的代表也参加了会议的工作。", "31. [……]的代表出席了缔约国会议的公开会议。", "三、第三次审查会议的工作", "32. 在法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索的主持下，会议举行了[……]次全体会议。这些会议的文件和简要记录列入最后文件。", "33. 2006年11月7日[和8日]，会议举行了一次一般性意见交换。下列代表团参加了意见交换：[……]。[……]的代表也参加了意见交换。[……]等非政府组织也参加了意见交换。", "34. 2006年11月13日，会议举行了一次特别全体会议，纪念关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效。下列代表团参加了在议定书生效之际的意见交换：[……]。[……]的代表也参加了意见交换。", "35. 在同一次特别全体会议上，会议收到了联合国秘书长的贺词，主管联合国裁军事务部的副秘书长诺布亚基·塔纳卡先生宣读了贺词。", "36. 第一主要委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、立陶宛的爱德华达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使于2006年11月[……]向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "37. 第二主要委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、巴西的卡洛斯·达罗沙·帕兰奥斯大使于2006年11月[……]向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "38. 全权证书委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、克罗地亚的戈丹·马尔科蒂奇大使于2006年11月[17]日向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "39. 起草委员会2006年11月[……]举行了[……]次会议。委员会主席、印度的贾扬特·普拉萨德大使于2006年11月[17]日向会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "四、决定和建议", "40. 在2006年11月[17]日第[……]次全体会议上，会议注意到载于[……]的第一主要委员会的报告、载于[……]的第二主要委员会报告和载于[……]的起草委员会的报告。在同一次全体会议上，会议核可了载于[……]的全权证书委员会的报告，并通过了其中所载的决议草案。", "41. 第三次审查会议对自第二次审查会议设立政府专家小组以来任职的所有人员深表感谢，感谢他们对小组工作的贡献。", "42. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了[……]。", "43. 在同一次全体会议上，会议通过了经口头修订的最后报告，报告载于[……]号文件，将作为CCW/CONF.III/xxx号文件印发。", "第二部分", "最后宣言", "[……]" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "议程项目18", "审议并通过最后文件", "最后文件草案", "目 录", "第一部分:第三次审查会议的报告", "附件:文件清单", "第二部分:最后宣言", "页:1", "第三部分:第三次审查会议的文件", "[- 第三次审查会议议程", "[…]", "第四部分:全体会议简要记录", "第五部分:与会者名单", "段 次 页 次", "第一编", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第一次审查会议除其他外商定,“今后应更经常地举行审查会议,并考虑每五年举行一次审查会议”(CCW/CONF.I/16, 第一部分,附件C,最后宣言,第8条)。", "2. 《公约》缔约国第二次审议大会除其他外商定,今后的审议大会应继续定期举行。 在这方面,会议决定,“按照《公约》第8条第3款(c)项,在第二次审查会议通过的修正案生效后五年再召开一次会议,但无论如何不迟于2006年,如有必要,筹备会议最早从2005年开始”(CCW/CONF.II/2,第二部分,最后宣言,第8条)。", "3个 1. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议执行部分第8段中,除其他外,回顾缔约国决定至迟于2006年再召开一次会议;请会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行,并视需要举行尽可能多的筹备会议;又请缔约国会议于2005年11月24日和25日就这些事项作出最后决定。 此外,大会第60/93号决议执行部分第9段指出,“根据《公约》第8条,第三次审查会议可审议对《公约》或其各项《议定书》提出的任何修正案以及关于《公约》现有议定书未涵盖的其他类别常规武器的附加议定书的任何提案”。", " 4.四. 根据第二次审查会议的决定和联合国大会第60/93号决议的建议,如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第26、27和29段所述,《公约》缔约国会议(2005年11月24和25日,日内瓦)决定“于2006年11月7至17日在日内瓦结合经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议召开《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议。” 在这方面,缔约国会议决定在《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议候任主席的监督下开展后续工作,并在现有政府专家组的框架内为第三次审查会议作一切必要的筹备工作。 缔约国会议还核准了2006年第三次审查会议和政府专家小组三届会议的估计费用(CCW/MSP/2005/2, 第39段)。", "5 (韩语). 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第38段所述,2005年缔约国会议一致决定指定法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使为2006年举行的缔约国第三次审查会议主席。 在这方面,缔约国会议商定,“在向《公约》缔约国未来审查会议主席发言时,应确保各区域集团公平地域轮换的原则。 “", "6. 国家 缔约国会议决定,如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第30段所载,战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组将在2006年继续开展工作,其任务如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施情况,包括由法律专家参加审议,并在可自由参加的基础上进一步研究可否采取预防措施来改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型弹药的设计,以期将此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险降至最低程度,同时特别强调军事和技术专家会议。 信息交换、援助与合作将是这项工作的一部分。 工作组将向2006年第三次审查会议报告所做的工作。 “", "7. 联合国 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第31段所述,缔约国会议决定,非杀伤人员地雷问题工作组将在2006年继续开展工作,其任务如下:", "“(a) 继续审议自政府专家小组设立以来就非杀伤人员地雷提出的所有提案,以就非杀伤人员地雷拟订适当的建议,提交2006年第三次审查会议。", "(b) 还应举行军事专家会议,就这些活动提供意见。 “", "8. 联合国 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第32段所述,缔约国会议决定,“候任主席应在闭会期间进行磋商,以探讨可采取何种办法来促进对《公约》及其所附议定书的遵守,同时考虑到所提出的建议,并应以协商一致的方式向缔约国提交一份报告。 “", "9. 国家 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第33段所述,缔约国会议决定,“候任主席应在休会期间进行磋商,以探讨是否有可能在《公约》下设立一个赞助方案,并探讨这一赞助方案的模式,并向缔约国报告。 “", "10个 2. 如CCW/MSP/2005/2号文件第35段所述,缔约国会议决定建议“联合国秘书长作为《公约》及其所附议定书的保存人和候任主席代表缔约国行使职权,以实现普遍加入《公约》及其所附议定书的目标。 “", "11个 根据2005年《公约》缔约国会议的决定,政府专家小组在日内瓦举行了如下三届会议:", "- 2006年3月10日;", "2006年6月23日;", "2006年8月至9月6日 (中文(简体) ).", "12个 政府专家小组第十三届会议决定,除其他外,建议第三次审查会议通过CCW/GGE/XIII/1号文件所载的第三次审查会议临时议程和CCW/GGE/XIII/3号文件所载的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案。 工作组还决定提名裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生为第三次审查会议临时秘书长。", "13个 政府专家小组第十四届会议决定,除其他外,向第三次审查会议建议CCW/CONF.III/2号文件所载的临时工作计划以及CCW/CONF.III/4号文件所载的第一主要委员会临时议程和CCW/CONF.III/5号文件所载的第二主要委员会临时议程。 工作组还决定向第三次审查会议建议载于CCW/CONF.96号文件的促进普遍加入《特定常规武器公约》的行动计划。 III/6 (中文(简体) ).", "14个 政府专家小组第十五届会议决定,除其他外,向第三次审查会议建议CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.4号文件所载的《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第一主要委员会临时工作计划和《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议第二主要委员会临时工作计划。 工作组还决定向第三次审查会议推荐CCW/CONF.96/10号文件所载的禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约缔约国第三次审查会议最后文件草案。 3/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7、CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.6-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.6号文件所载关于《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书生效的宣言草案以及CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.8-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.8号文件所载关于在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》下设立赞助方案的决定草案。", "二. 第三次审查会议的组织", "15个 第三次审查会议于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行。", "16号. 2006年11月7日,裁军事务部(日内瓦分会)主任蒂姆·考勒先生宣布会议开幕。", "17岁。 7. 在2006年11月7日第一次全体会议上,会议以鼓掌方式确认了法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使担任第三次审查会议主席的任命。", "18岁。 在同次会议上,会议通过了政府专家小组建议的议程(CCW/CONF.III/1)。", " 19. 19. 在同一次全体会议上,会议根据政府专家小组的建议通过了议事规则。 关于通过议事规则,第三次审查会议主席作如下发言:", "“关于议事规则第34条,兹申明,在与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的审议和谈判中,各缔约方是在协商一致的基础上进行的,没有以表决方式作出决定。 “", "20号. 5. 在同一次全体会议上,会议一致确认提名裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生为会议秘书长。", "21岁 5. 在同一次全体会议上,会议通过了政府专家小组建议的工作方案(CCW/CONF.III/2)。 大会还决定在两个主要委员会之间将其工作分配如下:", "《公约》及其所附议定书;审议关于《公约》及其现有议定书的任何提案;并编写和审议最后文件;", "《公约》各议定书的执行情况。", "22号. 5. 在同一次全体会议上,会议根据其议事规则,一致选举了来自下列缔约国的10名副主席:保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士。", "23. 联合国 4. 在同一次全体会议上,会议还一致选举全权证书委员会、两个主要委员会和起草委员会的主席和副主席如下:", "全权证书:戈尔丹·马尔科蒂奇先生(克罗地亚) 委员会:", "副主席 恩里克·奥乔亚·马丁内斯先生(墨西哥)", "第一主要委员会:主席:埃德瓦尔达斯·鲍里索瓦斯先生(立陶宛)", "副主席 凯瑟琳·贝克女士(美国)", "主要委员会 主席:卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯先生(巴西)", "副主席 弗拉基米尔·诺沃克哈茨基先生(俄罗斯联邦)", "起草委员会:主席:贾扬特·普拉萨德先生(印度)", "副主席 伊扎克·莱瓦农先生(以色列)", "24 (韩语). 会议还根据主席的提议,任命下列三个缔约国的代表为全权证书委员会成员:澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "25岁 在同一次全体会议上,会议收到了由裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任蒂姆·考勒先生宣读的联合国秘书长的贺词。 随后,第三次审查会议主席法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使提交了政府专家小组的报告,供会议审议。", "26. 联合国 2. 下列公约缔约国参加了会议的工作:[...]。", "27个 批准或加入公约但尚未对其生效的下列国家参加了会议的工作:[...]", "28岁 下列签署国也参加了会议的工作:[...]。", "29. 国家 下列非《公约》缔约国以观察员身份参加了会议:[...]。", "30岁。 [...]的代表也参加了会议的工作。", "31岁 [.]的代表出席了会议的公开会议。", "三. 第三次审查会议的工作", "32. 联合国 在法国弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使的主持下,本会议举行了[...]次全体会议。 这些会议的文件和简要记录载于最后文件。", "33. 2006年11月7日[和8日],会议进行了一般性意见交换。 下列代表团参加了意见交换:[...]。 [...]的代表也参加了意见交流。 非政府组织[.]也参加了意见交流。", "34. 国家 2006年11月13日,会议举行了一次特别全体会议,以纪念关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书于2006年11月12日生效。 下列代表团在议定书生效时参加了意见交换:[...]。 [...]的代表也参加了意见交流。", "35. 联合国 5. 在同一特别全体会议上,会议收到了联合国秘书长的贺词,由联合国裁军事务部副秘书长田中信明先生宣读。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 主要委员会 我于2006年11月[...]日举行了[...]次会议。 委员会主席、立陶宛的埃德瓦尔达斯·鲍里索瓦斯大使于[...]年[...]月[...]日向缔约国会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。 2006年11月 (中文(简体) ).", "37. 联合国 第二主要委员会从2006年11月[...]起举行了[...]次会议。 委员会主席、巴西的卡洛斯·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使于[...]月[...]日向缔约国会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。 2006年11月 (中文(简体) ).", "38. 国家 全权证书委员会于2006年11月[...]和[...]日举行了[...]次会议。 委员会主席、克罗地亚的戈尔丹·马尔科蒂奇大使于2006年11月17日向本会议第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "39. 联合国 起草委员会于2006年11月[...]日举行了[...]次会议。 委员会主席印度的贾扬特·普拉萨德大使于2006年11月17日向大会第四次全体会议提交了报告。", "四、结 论 决定和建议", " 40. 40. 1. 在2006年11月[17]日第[...]次全体会议上,会议注意到载于[...]的第一主要委员会、载于[...]的第二主要委员会和载于[...]的起草委员会的报告。 在同一次全体会议上,会议核准了载于[...]的全权证书委员会的报告,并通过了其中所载的决议草案。", "41. 国家 第三次审查会议深切感谢政府专家小组自第二次审查会议设立以来的所有官员对小组工作的贡献。", "42. 国家 在同一次全体会议上,会议通过了[.]。", "43. 东帝汶 在同一次全体会议上,会议通过了载于[...]号文件并经过口头修正的最后报告,该报告已作为CCW/CONF.III/XXXx号文件印发。", "第二编", "最后宣言", "[…]" ]

[ "SIXTH REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON THEPROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIONAND STOCKPILING OF BACTERIOLOGICAL(BIOLOGICAL) AND TOXIN WEAPONS AND ONTHEIR DESTRUCTION BWC/CONF.VI/27 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 20 November – 8 December 2006", "Item 9 of the provisional agenda", "Programme of work", "PROVISIONAL INDICATIVE PROGRAMME OF WORK", "Mon 20 Nov\tTue 21 Nov\tWed 22 Nov\tThur 23Nov\tFri 24 Nov\nAM\tOpeningformalitiesGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate\tPlenaryCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesI-IV)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesXI-XV)\nPM\tGeneraldebate\tGeneraldebate(16:30:suspendfor NGOstatements)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesV-VI)\tCommitteeof theWhole(ArticlesVII-X)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)Plenary", "Mon 27 Nov\tTue 28 Nov\tWed 29 Nov\tThur 30Nov\tFri 1 Dec\nAM\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tInformalplenary(thematicdiscussion)\tPlenary:Report oftheCommitteeof theWhole\tDraftingCommittee\nPM\tCommitteeof theWhole(Articlebyarticle)\tPlenary:Progressreview(Art. byart. andthematic)Committeeof theWhole\tCommitteeof theWhole(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tDraftingCommittee(firstdraft ofFinalDocument)\tInformalconsultations", "Mon 4 Dec Tue 5 Dec Wed 6 Dec Thur 7 Dec Fri 8 Dec \nAM\tPlenary:ProgressreviewDraftingCommittee(seconddraft)\tDraftingCommittee(considerationof theCommittee’sreport)\tInformalconsultations\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)PM\tDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Report oftheDraftingCommittee\tPlenary:Adoptionof theFinalDocument\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired)\t(Additionalmeeting ifrequired) \n Closingformalities" ]

[ "2006年11月20日至12月8日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目9", "工作计划", "临时指示性工作计划", "11月20日，星期一\t11月21日，星期二\t11月22日，星期三\t11月23日，星期四\t11月24日，星期五\n上午\t开幕仪式一般性辩论\t一般性辩论\t全体会议全体委员会(第一至第四条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体委员会(第十一至第十五条)\n下午\t一般性辩论\t一般性辩论(16时30分休会，以便非政府组织发言)\t全体委员会(第五至第六条)\t全体委员会(第七至第十条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)全体会议", "11月27日，星期一\t11月28日,星期二\t11月29日，星期三\t11月30日，星期四\t12月1日，星期五\n上午\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体委员会(逐条)\t非正式全体会议(专题讨论)\t全体会议：全体委员会的报告\t起草委员会下午\t全体委员会(逐条)\t全体会议：进度审查(逐条和按专题)\t全体委员会(审议委员会的报告)\t起草委员会(最后文件第一稿)\t非正式磋商 \n 全体委员会", "12月4日,星期一\t12月5日，星期二\t12月6日，星期三\t12月7日，星期四\t12月8日，星期五\n上午\t全体会议：进度审查起草委员会第二稿)\t起草委员会(审议委员会的报告)\t非正式磋商\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)下午\t起草委员会\t全体会议：起草委员会的报告\t全体会议：通过最后文件\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议)\t(若需要，可举行额外的会议) \n 闭幕仪式" ]

[ "《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》缔约国第六次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月20日至12月8日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目9", "工作方案", "临时初步方案 工作计划", "周一 11月20日 11月21日\nAM 开幕式 普通辩论 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议 全体会议\nPM 一般辩论(16:30:非政府组织发言暂停) 全体会议(专题讨论) 全体会议", "11月28日 11月29日 11月30日 11月1日\nAM 全体委员会非正式全体会议(专题讨论) 非正式全体会议(专题讨论) 全体会议: 起草委员会\n(逐条) 全体会议:进度审查(按条款和专题) 起草委员会(最后文件第一稿) 非正式协商", "12月4日 12月5日 12月6日 12月7日 12月8日\nAM 全体会议: 起草委员会(第二稿) 起草委员会(审议委员会的报告) 非正式磋商(如果需要额外会议)(如果需要额外会议) 全体会议:起草委员会的报告 全体会议:通过最后文件 (如果需要额外会议) (如果需要额外会议)\n闭幕式" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.69 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: RUSSIAN", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO EFFORTS TO ENSURE MORE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS FROM MINES OTHER THAN ANTI-PERSONNEL MINES", "Submitted by the Russian Federation", "Introduction", "1. This paper is submitted as a contribution by the Russian Federation to discussion of the problem of mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM).", "2. The approaches to the MOTAPM problem contained in the paper are based on Russian experience in minefield clearance, the results of studies carried out in the GGE, the recommendations drawn up by the GGE Coordinators, and the existing rules of international humanitarian law.", "3. The paper was drafted taking into consideration the fact that anti-personnel mines (АРМ) and MOTAPM are designed for different combat tasks, so that it is not justified to apply to MOTAPM technical standards on detectability and active life similar to those for АРМ.", "4. Account is taken of the fact that nowadays improvised explosive devices, which cause victims among both civilians and combatants, present a major humanitarian risk. Accordingly, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) must consolidate their efforts to oppose the use of such devices.", "5. In view of the diversity of options for resolving the MOTAPM problems that have been discussed in the GGE, this paper focuses on an integrated approach to efforts to ensure more effective protection of civilians from MOTAPM, which might be acceptable to all CCW States parties.", "GE.06-65004 (E) 131106 131106", "I. General provisions", "6. With a view to enhancing the effectiveness of steps taken to implement the provisions of the CCW, the States parties to the Convention recommend that, where agreement is reached, States should:", "(i) Express their determination to take appropriate and effective steps to provide post‑conflict humanitarian assistance and create conditions for the reconstruction and development of previously mined areas;", "(ii) Be guided by the intention to promote a sound balance between the humanitarian consequences of the use of MOTAPM and legitimate defence interests;", "(iii) Confirm that the use of MOTAPM by regular forces in accordance with national instructions and the rules of international humanitarian law makes it possible to reduce the risks associated with the use of such mines;", "(iv) Acknowledge the right of each State to determine independently how mines will be developed and how MOTAPM will be used, in accordance with existing obligations under international humanitarian law and the provisions of this paper;", "(v) Confirm their readiness to cooperate in exchanging MOTAPM detection technologies and equipment in accordance with their domestic legislation and with best practice relating to the exclusion of civilians from mined areas;", "(vi) Express their readiness to take appropriate measures to prevent the improper use of MOTAPM and their illegal transfer.", "II. Scope of application", "7. The present set of provisions apply to the use on land or the transfer of mines other than anti-personnel mines.", "8. This paper is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, the provisions of the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects or other international instruments and decisions of the Security Council of the United Nations which provide for stricter obligations or have a wider scope of application.", "III. Definitions", "9. The definitions in this paper are those used in Amended Protocol II of 1996, plus the following:", "(i) “Mine other than anti-personnel mine” means a mine which is primarily designed to be exploded by the presence, proximity or contact of a tracked or wheeled vehicle and which can damage, incapacitate or destroy such a tracked or wheeled vehicle;", "(ii) “Remotely delivered mine” means a mine which is not directly emplaced but delivered by artillery, rocket, mortar or similar means, or dropped from an aircraft. Mines delivered by a land-based system from less than 500 metres, including scatterable mines, are not considered to be “remotely delivered”;", "(iii) “Self-destruction” means the automatic destruction (explosion) of a munition;", "(iv) “Self-neutralization” means automatically rendering a munition inoperable (ineffective for combat use);", "(v) “Minefield designation” means actions which are carried out by military or authorized personnel in order to prevent access by military personnel and civilians to a mined area, and which are organized through monitoring and protection of the minefield by those persons, or by using various means, including special means, to mark the minefield boundaries;", "(vi) “Minefield fencing” involves the installation along a minefield perimeter of means which as far as possible inform military personnel and civilians of the mine hazard and prevent the entry of individuals into the minefield;", "(vii) “Perimeter-marked area” means an area which, in order to ensure the effective exclusion of civilians, is monitored by military or other authorized personnel, or protected and marked by fencing or other means. During periods of active hostilities the marking requirements are not applied.", "IV. General restrictions on the use of MOTAPM", "10. The use of MOTAPM is subject to the restrictions set out in article 3 of Amended Protocol II of 1996, as well as the following restrictions:", "(i) The indiscriminate use of MOTAPM is prohibited. Placement of MOTAPM against military objects is considered to be a legitimate use;", "(ii) To protect civilians from the effects of MOTAPM, all possible precautions shall be taken which are practicable taking into account all circumstances ruling at the time, including humanitarian and military considerations;", "(iii) Effective advance warning shall be given of any emplacement of MOTAPM and of areas which are dangerous for civilians owing to mines located therein, unless circumstances do not permit.", "V. Measures to regulate minefield laying, detection, neutralization and clearance", "Measures to be taken by military personnel when laying minefields", "11. As far as possible, the parties to a conflict must ensure that minefields are laid in strict compliance with national instructions and regulations, as well as the requirements set out in this paper and existing obligations under international humanitarian law.", "12. When laying minefields, the parties to a conflict shall be obliged to record them as well as to organize their monitoring or their marking. If circumstances permit, the parties to a conflict shall take all possible measures to fence minefields in order to exclude civilians from mined areas.", "13. The location of MOTAPM shall be recorded by mapping minefields and drawing up a minefield logbook.", "14. A minefield logbook should include a text section, a diagram of the minefield and a reference diagram.", "(i) The text section shall contain information on the extent of the minefield, the types of mines, their quantity and method of emplacement, the types of fuses and their active life, the date and time of laying as well as any other information on the minefield laid;", "(ii) The minefield diagram indicates the location of the mines, the outline of the minefield, the location of rows, the distance between the rows and between the mines in a row, and the position of passages left free;", "(iii) The reference diagram indicates the outline of the minefield, one or two reference points, bearings and distances from reference points to the corners of the minefield.", "15. The approximate location and area of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be specified by means of coordinates of initial positions, corrected at the earliest opportunity and marked on the ground whenever feasible. The total number and types of MOTAPM laid, the date and time of emplacement and the deadlines by which they will self-destruct or be rendered inoperable shall also be recorded.", "16. Copies of records shall be stored in such a way as to guarantee their safety.", "17. The boundaries of a minefield shall be marked using natural or artificial landscape features or combinations thereof, and, when feasible, by installing warning signs in accordance with the requirements of Amended Protocol II of 1996.", "18. Means of marking minefield boundaries may include, but shall not be limited to:", "(i) Mine-marking tape, wire, pickets (iron, timber, concrete, plastic or other) and signage;", "(ii) Painting of natural landscape features;", "(iii) Any other available hazard warning materials;", "(iv) In some cases, where prevailing circumstances so require, a marked State boundary in the area can be used to mark part of the minefield perimeter.", "19. The markings should inform military personnel and civilians that they are approaching an area which is dangerous because of the presence of mines.", "20. As far as possible, information on the means used to designate mine hazards shall be communicated to civilians.", "21. Depending on evolving circumstances, the parties to a conflict may fence a minefield in addition to marking it.", "22. To fence a minefield, barbed wire, mine hazard markers or other effective means shall be used.", "Measures related to mine and minefield detection and clearance", "23. The following guidelines related to clearance of MOTAPM from minefields and mined areas are recommended:", "(i) States shall endeavour to equip their troops and mine clearance specialists with state-of-the-art mine detection technologies, and to provide technical and material assistance to States which face mine hazards;", "(ii) In order to facilitate MOTAPM detection, States shall endeavour to produce mines which, once the military need for them has ceased, possess features which increase their detectability (change of colour of mine casing, change in plant cover in the mine emplacement area, display of visual and electronic markers, etc.);", "(iii) Without delay, as soon as the situation permits after the cessation of active hostilities, all minefields and mined areas containing MOTAPM shall be cleared, removed, destroyed or maintained in compliance with the provisions of this paper;", "(iv) At the earliest opportunity and to the extent feasible, all minefields within the territory controlled by the party concerned must be protected by military or other authorized personnel. To the extent feasible, all minefields shall be protected and marked by fencing or with other means in order to ensure the effective exclusion of military personnel and civilians from the mined area;", "(v) After hostilities, military and civilian specialists shall be engaged to clear minefields under control of the State which laid them;", "(vi) Organizations which are able to work with the specific types of mines that have been emplaced in the minefield and have effective mine detection equipment shall be engaged for humanitarian mine clearance;", "(vii) When a State which has laid a minefield does not control the mined area, the minefield maps and logbooks shall be transferred to the State in control of the area, and cooperation between the parties shall be organized for the exchange of recommendations concerning best practice as regards mine clearance;", "(viii) All technical requirements concerning MOTAPM detectability should be advisory in nature.", "VI. Shortening the life cycle of remotely delivered mines", "24. Insofar as they are technically and financially able, States shall strive to manufacture remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) limiting the period during which they are functional to the duration of military need.", "25. States shall make efforts to ensure that the technical characteristics of mine self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices) which they manufacture are such as to ensure that a minimum number of mines remain functional after they cease to be militarily necessary.", "26. If a State determines that it cannot immediately begin to manufacture mines with self‑destruction or deactivation mechanisms (devices), it shall wherever feasible minimize its use of MOTAPM not fitted with such mechanisms.", "27. When deploying remotely delivered MOTAPM fitted with mechanisms (devices) to limit their active life cycle, States shall take steps to ensure that civilians are prevented from entering areas rendered hazardous by the placement of self-destroying mines.", "28. All technical requirements relating to the limitation of the life cycle of remotely delivered MOTAPM shall be formulated as recommendations.", "VII. Cooperation and assistance", "29. States shall be guided in their provision of cooperation and assistance by article 11 of Amended Protocol II, and by the following:", "30. Each State in a position to do so shall enhance cooperation and assistance at bilateral, regional and international levels aimed at assisting the other States in the fulfilment of their obligations in respect of MOTAPM. Cooperation and assistance may be provided through humanitarian organizations. Such cooperation and assistance may include the following:", "(i) Provision of technical and financial assistance, including exchange of experience, technology other than weapons technology, and information, in order to facilitate efforts to improve the reliability of MOTAPM. Such assistance may also be used to facilitate the development, if feasible, of advanced mine detection equipment and to make such equipment readily available;", "(vii) Provision of human assistance for the rapid and effective clearance, removal or destruction of MOTAPM;", "(viii) Timely provision of graphic and technical information on MOTAPM to designated humanitarian missions and to the database on mine action maintained within the United Nations system;", "(ix) Cooperation and assistance on the provision of risk education for civilian populations;", "(x) Cooperation and assistance with the care and rehabilitation and the social and economic reintegration of victims of MOTAPM;", "(xi) To counter the risk of improvised explosive devices being used, States shall strive to cooperate with one another and exchange information on the basis of mutual agreements on the following matters:", "(a) Analysis of the tactics of non-State groupings;", "(b) Development of ways and means of detecting improvised explosive devices and rendering them harmless;", "(c) Formulation of recommendations on the issues of jamming and destroying improvised explosive devices;", "(xii) Cooperation and assistance in the implementation of these provisions.", "VIII. Measures to restrict the inappropriate use of MOTAPM", "31. Each State shall take action with a view to limiting the irresponsible use of MOTAPM, which may include:", "(i) Establishment of adequate national systems and corresponding documentation;", "(ii) Adoption of such measures as may be necessary, including, where appropriate, penal sanctions, to prevent and suppress activities prohibited by these provisions;", "(iii) Suppression of activities related to the unlicensed production of MOTAPM;", "(iv) Greater cooperation for the purpose of giving effect to this set of provisions.", "32. States, in accordance with their national procedures, shall adopt and enforce appropriate laws to prohibit the production, acquisition, possession, development, transport, transfer or use of MOTAPM by any non-State entity and complicity in, assistance with or the financing of any of the above-mentioned actions.", "33. States shall adopt and enforce all feasible, effective and appropriate measures to establish national controls with a view to preventing the illicit spread of MOTAPM, and shall to that end:", "(a) Devise and apply measures to account for and ensure the safe keeping of MOTAPM during production, deployment, storage and transport;", "(b) Devise and apply measures of physical protection;", "(c) Devise and apply border-control and law-enforcement measures with a view to detecting, suppressing, preventing and countering, through international cooperation among other means, illegal traffic and brokering in MOTAPM in accordance with national legislation and international law;", "(d) Establish, strengthen, review and support national-level controls on the export and transport in transit of such mines, including appropriate laws and regulations governing export control, transit, movement across borders and re-export; establish controls on the provision of facilities and services associated with such export and cross-border movement, financing and transport, for example, which might facilitate the spread [of MOTAPM], and introduce checks on end-users; and institute and enforce appropriate criminal and civil liability for breaches of such laws and regulations on export control.", "IX. Design of MOTAPM fuzes and sensors", "34. In the future production of MOTAPM States shall, as far as is feasible, follow best practice in the manufacture of fuzes, designing them to minimize the possibility of involuntary or accidental activation of a mine by a person.", "35. In the future production of fuzes States shall, as far as is financially and technologically feasible, strive to apply modern, including multi-sensor, technology, developing them with due regard for technological, life-cycle and environmental considerations.", "X. Transfers", "36. In furtherance of the aims of this text, all States shall be guided in matters of MOTAPM transfer by article 8 of Amended Protocol II and by the following provisions:", "(i) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM without an end-user certificate;", "(ii) They shall undertake not to transfer any MOTAPM whose use is restricted by this text except for destruction purposes or for the development of new means and improved methods of detecting and destroying mines or rendering them harmless.", "XI. Protection of humanitarian missions", "37. Humanitarian missions shall be protected in accordance with article 12 of Amended Protocol II of 1996. Any humanitarian mission operating in the vicinity and monitored by military personnel shall be required to obtain approval for its operations from the military command and shall be strictly guided by the instructions it receives from the military command.", "XII. Transparency and other confidence-building measures", "38. Each State shall provide to the Depositary, who shall circulate to the other States, information on the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations.", "(a) This information should include the following elements:", "(i) An initial report, to be provided upon the entry into force of this set of recommendations for each State; and", "(ii) Periodic updating of the report.", "(b) The report may include, inter alia:", "(i) Dissemination of information on the provisions of this set of recommendations to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(ii) Mine clearance and rehabilitation programmes;", "(iii) Steps taken to meet technical requirements of the provisions of this set of recommendations and any other relevant information pertaining thereto, other than that relating to weapons technology;", "(iv) Legislative and other measures taken for the implementation of the provisions of this set of recommendations;", "(v) Measures taken on cooperation and provision of assistance;", "(vi) General information on national rules and requirements for transfers of MOTAPMs, and information on these transfers; and", "(vii) Other related matters." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "努力提高保护平民免遭非杀伤人员 地雷的效力的综合办法", "由俄罗斯联邦提出", "导 言", "1. 本文件是俄罗斯联邦为讨论非杀伤人员地雷问题提出的材料。", "2. 本文件所载的解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的办法所根据的是俄罗斯联邦在排雷方面取得的经验、政府专家小组的研究结果、政府专家小组协调员拟订的一套建议、以及国际人道主义法的现行规则。", "3. 在编写本文件时考虑到，杀伤人员地雷和非杀伤人员地雷所要完成的战斗任务是不同的，因此，对非杀伤人员地雷采用与杀伤人员地雷相似的探测和有效期技术标准是没有道理的。", "4. 文中谈到，当今简易爆炸装置造成了重大的人道主义威胁，它们既伤害平民，也伤害战斗人员。因此，《常规武器公约》缔约国应齐心协力，防止使用这种装置。", "5. 鉴于政府专家小组内讨论了各种解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的方案，本文件着重于努力提高保护平民免遭非杀伤人员地雷的效力的综合办法，希望《常规武器公约》所有缔约国都能接受。", "一、一般规定", "6. 为了提高执行《常规武器公约》条款的各项活动的效力，《公约》缔约国建议，如果达成协议，则各国应：", "(1) 表示决心采取适当和有效的措施，在冲突后提供人道主义援助，为雷区的重建和发展创造必要的条件；", "(2) 争取促使在使用非杀伤人员地雷所造成的人道主义后果与正当防卫利益之间达成合理的平衡；", "(3) 重申，正规部队按照国内指示和国际人道主义法规范使用非杀伤人员地雷可以减少这种地雷所造成的危险；", "(4) 承认各国有权按照国际人道主义法规定的现行义务和本文件的规定，独立自主地确定地雷武器的发展方向和非杀伤人员地雷的使用问题；", "(5) 确认愿意开展合作，根据其国家法律和不让平民进入雷区的最佳办法，交流探测非杀伤人员地雷的技术和设备；", "(6) 表示愿意采取适当措施，防止非杀伤人员地雷遭到不当使用和非法转让。", "二、适用范围", "7. 本组规定适用于非杀伤人员地雷的陆上使用或转让。", "8. 本文件不影响现有国际人道主义法、1980《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的各项规定、或规定的义务更严格或适用范围更广的其他国际文书和联合国安全理事会的决定。", "三、定 义", "9. 本文件采用1996年《第二号修正议定书》和下列定义：", "(1) “非杀伤人员地雷”是指主要设计成在履带式或轮式车辆出现、接近或接触时爆炸并使这种履带式或轮式车辆受损、丧失能力或毁坏的一种地雷；", "(2) “遥布的地雷”是指非直接布设而是以火炮、火箭、迫击炮和其他类似手段布设或由飞机投布的一种地雷。由一种陆基系统在不到500米范围内布设的地雷、包括可撒布的地雷，不作为“遥布的地雷”看待；", "(3) “自毁”是指弹药的自动销毁(爆炸)；", "(4) “自失效”是指自动使弹药无法起作用(无法用于战斗)；", "(5) “雷场标记”是指为防止军人和平民进入雷区而由军事人员或得到授权的人员开展的行动，或由这些人员监视和守护雷场，或以不同的手段、包括特别手段标出雷场界线；", "(6) “雷场设栏”是指沿着雷场四周安设标记，尽可能让军人和平民注意地雷威胁，防止个人进入雷场；", "(7) “标记区”是指为了确保把平民有效地排除在外而由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以监视或以栅栏或其他手段加以保护和作出标记的区域。在现行敌对行动期间，有关标记的规定不适用。", "四、对使用非杀伤人员地雷的一般限制", "10. 非杀伤人员地雷的使用受1996年《第二号修正议定书》第3条规定的限制，并受到以下各项限制：", "(1) 禁止滥用非杀伤人员地雷。对军事目标布设非杀伤人员地雷被认为是正当使用。", "(2) 应考虑到当时存在的一切情况，包括从人道和军事角度考虑后，采取一切可行的预防措施，保护平民免遭非杀伤人员地雷的影响。", "(3) 除非情况不允许，否则对于非杀伤人员地雷的任何布设和因布有地雷而对平民有危险的地区，均应事先发出有效的警告。", "五、规范雷场的布设、探测、失效和清除的措施", "军事人员在布设雷场时应采取的措施：", "11. 冲突各方应在可行的情况下确保在布设雷场时严格遵守国家指示和规定，并考虑到本文件的规定和国际人道主义法规定的现有义务。", "12. 冲突各方在布设雷场时，有义务对雷场加以记录并进行监视或作出标记。如果情况允许，冲突各方应采取一切可能的措施，将沿雷场设栏，以确保将平民排除在雷区之外。", "13. 应将雷场标入地图和整理雷场日志，以记录非杀伤人员地雷的位置。", "14. 雷场日志应包括文字部分、雷场图形和参考图形。", "(1) 文字部分应说明雷场的范围、地雷的类型、数量和布设方法、引信的类型及其寿命、布设日期和时间以及有关所布雷场的其他任何资料；", "(2) 雷场图形表明雷场的位置、雷场的外形、各行的位置、它们之间的距离和同一行中地雷之间的距离、以及保留的通道的位置；", "(3) 参考图形表明雷场的外形、一、两个参考点、从参考点至雷场角点的距离。", "15. 应以初始位置的座标具体说明遥布的非杀伤人员地雷的估计位置和区域，并应尽早加以纠正，可行使在地面上加以有效标记。所布设的非杀伤人员地雷的总数和类型、布设日期和时间、自毁或失效的期限也应记录下来。", "16. 记录副本应妥善加以保存，以保证记录安全。", "17. 雷场的界线应用天然或人工地形特征或两者兼用加以标出，可行使应按照1996年《第二号修正议定书》的有关规定设置示警标记。", "18. 雷场界线标记手段可包括但不应限于：", "(1) 标记地雷用的条形材料、线、装置(由铁、木头、水泥、塑料或其他材料制成)以及标志；", "(2) 涂抹天然地形特征；", "(3) 其他任何能找到的表示危险的材料；", "(4) 在一些情况下，如果情况要求这样做，雷场部分周边线可利用当地的国界线标示。", "19. 标志手段应确保军事人员和平民了解，区内布有地雷，接近雷区危险。", "20. 应尽可能让平民了解用来标志地雷危险的某些标志手段。", "21. 视具体情况而定，冲突各方除对雷场加以标志之外，还可以设栏。", "22. 为了对雷场设栏，可以用有刺铁丝网、地雷危险标志或其他有效手段。", "有关地雷和雷场探测和排除的措施", "23. 建议采用有关排除非杀伤人员地雷、雷场和雷区的以下规定：", "(1) 各国应努力为其部队和排雷专家配备最先进的地雷探测技术，向面临地雷危险的国家提供技术和物质援助。", "(2) 为了便于探测非杀伤人员地雷，各国应努力生产此种地雷：在过了军事必要期之后，它们具有的一些特征使它们更容易被探测(雷壳颜色的改变、布雷区植被的改变、视觉和电子标记的展示等等)。", "(3) 在现行敌对行动停止之后，只要情况允许，便应按照本文件的规定，立即清除、排除、销毁或维持含有非杀伤人员地雷的所有雷场和雷区。", "(4) 有关当事方所控制领土内的所有雷场应尽早并在可行的情况下由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员加以保护。在可行的情况下，所有雷场均应以栅栏或其他手段加以保护和作出标记，以确保有效地将军事人员和平民排除在雷区之外。", "(5) 在敌对行动后，应请军事和民事专家在布雷国控制的雷场清雷。", "(6) 应请能够处理雷场内的某类地雷、并拥有有效的测雷手段的组织进行人道主义排雷。", "(7) 当布设雷场的国家失去对雷区的控制时，它应将雷场地图和日志移交给控制该区的国家，双方应开展合作，交流有关排雷的最佳措施的建议。", "(8) 有关非杀伤人员地雷可探测性的所有技术规定均应是建议性质的。", "六、缩短遥布地雷的寿命", "24. 各国应努力在其技术和财政能力允许的范围内，生产带有将寿命限制在军事需要期限内的机制(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷。", "25. 各国应努力确保其生产的导致地雷自毁或失效的机制(装置)的技术特征，以确保在过了军事需要期限后，使有效地雷的数目降到最低。", "26. 如果一国确定没有能力立即开始生产带有地雷自毁或失效机制(装置)的非杀伤人员地雷，则该国应尽量减少使用不带有这种机制的非杀伤人员地雷。", "27. 在使用带有确保减少有效寿命的机制(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷时，各国应采取措施，确保不让平民进入布设自毁地雷所造成的危险区。", "28. 有关缩短遥布非杀伤人员地雷的寿命的所有技术规定均应是建议性质的。", "七、合作与援助", "29. 在提供合作与援助方面，各国应遵循《第二号修正议定书》第11条的规定和以下规定：", "30. 有能力这样做的每个国家都应加强双边一级、区域一级和国际一级的合作与援助，以协助其他国家履行其有关非杀伤人员地雷的义务。可通过人道主义组织提供合作与援助。这种合作与援助可包括以下内容：", "(1) 提供技术和财政援助，包括交流经验、除武器技术以外的技术和信息，以提高非杀伤人员地雷的可靠性。也可以提供这种援助，以在可行的情况下协助先进的探雷设备的研制，并使此种设备能普遍获得；", "(2) 为迅速和有效地清除、排除或销毁非杀伤人员地雷而提供人员援助；", "(3) 向指定的人道主义特派团和联合国系统内拥有的排雷行动数据库及时提供非杀伤人员地雷的图形信息和技术信息；", "(4) 在对平民开展非杀伤人员地雷危险性教育方面进行合作和提供援助；", "(5) 为使非杀伤人员地雷受害者受到照料、康复及重新融入社会和经济生活而进行合作和提供援助；", "(6) 为打击使用简易爆炸装置的威胁，各国应在相互协议就以下领域交流信息的基础上努力开展合作：", "a. 分析非国家团伙的战术；", "b. 探讨探测和清除简易爆炸装置的方式方法；", "c. 拟订关于简易爆炸装置的封杀和销毁问题的建议。", "(7) 在实施本文件规定方面进行合作和提供援助。", "八、限制不适当地使用非杀伤人员地雷的措施", "31. 各国应采取行动限制不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷，包括采取下列行动：", "1. 建立适当的国家制度和相关文件；", "2. 采取一切必要的措施，包括酌情进行刑事处罚，防止和制止受到本规定禁止的活动；", "3. 制止与依据无效许可生产非杀伤人员地雷有关的活动；", "4. 就落实本组规定加强合作。", "32. 各国应依照其本国程序，通过并执行适当法律，禁止任何非国家实体生产、获取、拥有、研制、运输、转让或使用非杀伤人员地雷，或作为共犯协助或资助上述活动。", "33. 各国应通过并采取一切可行、有效和适当的措施，建立国家管制手段，以防止非杀伤人员地雷的非法扩散，并应为此目的：", "a. 制订并采取措施，在生产、部署、储存和运输期间对非杀伤人员地雷加以点算并确保其安全；", "b. 制订并采取有形保护措施；", "c. 制订并采取边界管制和执法措施，以便通过国际合作等手段，根据本国法律和国际法，查明、制止、防止和打击非杀伤人员地雷的非法贩运以及经纪活动；", "d. 建立、加强、审查和支持关于此种地雷的出口和过境运输的国家一级的管制手段，包括有关出口管制、过境、跨界运输和再出口的法律和规章；在提供与此种出口和跨界运输有关的便利和服务、如供资和运输(可能有助于非杀伤人员地雷的扩散)等方面进行管制，对最终用户进行检查；对违反关于出口管制的此种法律和规章者规定并追究适当的刑事和民事责任。", "九、非杀伤人员地雷的引信和传感器设计", "34. 各国在今后生产非杀伤人员地雷时，应在可行的情况下，采取与引信有关的最佳做法，其设计应将个人非自愿或意外引爆地雷的可能性降至最低。", "35. 各国在今后的引信生产中，应在可行的情况下，尽力适用现代技术，包括多传感器技术，在适当考虑到技术因素和寿命及环境因素基础上加以研制。", "十、转 让", "36. 为了达到本文件的目的，所有国家在非杀伤人员地雷的转让事务上均应遵守《第二号修正议定书》第8条和以下规定：", "(1) 各国应承诺不向无最终用户证明者转让任何非杀伤人员地雷；", "(2) 各国应承诺不转让任何本文件限止使用非杀伤人员地雷，但为销毁目的或为开发探测地雷、清除地雷或销毁地雷的新办法或改良办法而进行的转让除外。", "十一、保护人道主义特派团", "37. 应按照1996年《第二号修正议定书》第12条的规定保护人道主义特派团。在附近开展活动、并受到军事人员监视的所有人道主义特派团均必须获得军事指挥部的同意才可开展活动，并应严格遵守军事指挥部所给的指示。", "十二、透明度和其他建立信任措施", "38. 每一国应向保存人提供与本组建议的执行情况有关的资料，而保存人应将此种资料转交其他国家。", "(a) 此种资料应包括下列内容：", "(1) 在本组建议在该国生效后提交的初次报告；", "(2) 对该报告所作的定期更新。", "(b) 除其他外，报告还可包括：", "(1) 向武装部队和平民群体传播有关本组建议内容资料；", "(2) 清除地雷和善后重建方案；", "(3) 除有关武器技术外，为满足本组建议的技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(4) 为落实本组建议而采取的立法措施和其他措施；", "(5) 就合作采取的措施和所提供的援助；", "(6) 关于非杀伤人员地雷转让的国家规则和要求的一般资料和有关此种转让的资料；", "(7) 其他有关事项。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "努力确保非杀伤人员地雷更切实地保护平民的综合办法", "俄罗斯联邦提交", "导言", "1. 联合国 本文件是俄罗斯联邦为讨论非杀伤人员地雷问题而提交的。", "2. 联合国 该文件所载的处理非杀伤人员地雷问题的办法基于俄罗斯在清除雷场方面的经验、政府专家小组所开展研究的结果、政府专家小组协调员所提出的建议以及国际人道主义法的现行规则。", "3个 起草该文件时考虑到杀伤人员地雷和非杀伤人员地雷是为不同的作战任务而设计的,因此没有理由对非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性和有效寿命技术标准适用与对非杀伤人员地雷的可探测性和有效寿命技术标准相类似的标准。", " 4.四. 考虑到了这样一个事实,即现在造成平民和战斗人员受害者的简易爆炸装置构成重大人道主义风险。 因此,《特定常规武器公约》缔约国必须加强努力,反对使用这种装置。", "5 (韩语). 鉴于政府专家小组已讨论过解决非杀伤人员地雷问题的各种备选办法,本文件着重阐述了确保更有效地保护平民不受非杀伤人员地雷伤害的综合办法,《特定常规武器公约》所有缔约国都可能接受这种办法。", "页:1", "一. 一般规定", "6. 国家 为加强为执行《特定常规武器公约》所采取措施的有效性,《公约》缔约国建议,在达成协议后,各国应:", "(一) 表示决心采取适当而有效的步骤,提供冲突后人道主义援助并创造条件来重建和发展以前有地雷的地区;", "以在使用非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义后果与正当国防利益之间达成良好平衡的意向为指导;", "确认正规部队按照国家指示和国际人道主义法规则使用非杀伤人员地雷可以减少使用此种地雷的风险;", "(四) 确认各国有权根据国际人道主义法和本文件规定的现有义务,独立决定如何开发地雷和如何使用非杀伤人员地雷;", "(五) 确认愿意根据本国法律和排除平民进入雷区的最佳做法,在交流非杀伤人员地雷探测技术和设备方面进行合作;", "(六) 表示愿意采取适当措施,防止不当使用和非法转让非杀伤人员地雷。", "二. 适用范围", "7. 联合国 本套规定适用于非杀伤人员地雷的陆上使用或转让。", "8. 联合国 本文件不妨碍现行国际人道主义法、1980年《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的规定或规定更严格义务或适用范围更广的其他国际文书和联合国安全理事会的决定。", "三. 定义", "9. 国家 本文件中的定义是1996年经修正后的第二号议定书中使用的定义外加下列定义:", "(一) “非杀伤人员地雷”指主要设计为由履带或轮式车辆存在、靠近或接触而爆炸并可以损坏、丧失能力或销毁履带或轮式车辆的地雷;", "(二) “遥布地雷”指不是直接布设而由火炮、火箭、迫击炮或类似手段布设或从飞机上投下的地雷。 从500米以内由陆基系统交付的地雷,包括可撒布的地雷,不被视为“遥布”;", "“自毁”是指自动销毁(爆炸)一弹药;", "“自失效”是指弹药自动失效(对作战无效);", "(五) “雷场指定”是指由军事人员或经授权的人员为防止军事人员和平民进入雷区而采取、由这些人员通过监测和保护雷场,或通过各种手段,包括特别手段,来标示雷场界限而组织的行动;", "(六) “雷场围栏”是指在雷场周围安装手段,使军事人员和平民尽可能了解地雷的危险并防止个人进入雷场;", "(七) “标界区”指由军事人员或其他得到授权的人员监视或以栅栏或其他手段保护和标出的区域,以确保有效地将平民排除在外。 在现行敌对行动期间,不适用标记要求。", "四、结 论 对使用非杀伤人员地雷的一般限制", "10个 1. 非杀伤人员地雷的使用受1996年经修正后的第二号议定书第3条规定的限制以及下列限制:", "(一) 禁止滥用非杀伤人员地雷。 在军事物体上放置非杀伤人员地雷被视为合法用途;", "(二) 为保护平民不受非杀伤人员地雷的影响,应采取一切可行的预防措施,同时考虑到当时的所有情况,包括人道主义和军事方面的考虑;", "(三) 除非情况不允许,否则应对布设的非杀伤人员地雷和由于布设的地雷而对平民有危险的地区发出有效的事先警告。", " V. 管制雷场的布设、探测、失效和清除的措施", "军事人员在布设雷场时应采取的措施", "11个 冲突各方必须尽可能确保雷场的布设严格遵守国家指示和条例以及本文件的要求和国际人道主义法规定的现有义务。", "12个 冲突各方在布设雷场时,必须加以记录并组织监测或作标记。 在情况许可时,冲突各方应采取一切可能的措施,以围起雷场,将平民排除在雷区之外。", "13个 非杀伤人员地雷的位置应通过绘制雷场地图和绘制雷场日志加以记录。", "14个 雷场日志应包括文字部分、雷场图和参考图。", "(一) 案文部分应载有关于雷场的范围、地雷类型、数量和布设方法、引信类型和有效寿命、布设日期和时间以及关于所布设雷场的任何其他资料;", "(二) 雷场图要标明地雷的位置、雷场的轮廓、行的位置、行与行之间的相距以及空出通道的位置;", "(三) 参考图表示雷场的轮廓、一至两个参考点、轴承和从参考点到雷场角的距离。", "15个 遥布非杀伤人员地雷的大致位置和面积应通过最初位置坐标加以确定,并尽早加以更正,并尽可能地在地面上作标记。 所布设的非杀伤人员地雷总数和类型、布设日期和时间以及自毁或无法使用的最后期限也应记录在案。", "16号. 记录副本的保存应保证其安全。", "17岁。 雷场的边界应使用自然或人工地貌地貌特征或其组合加以标记,并在可行时按照1996年经修正后的第二号议定书的要求安装示警标志。", "18岁。 标示雷场边界的手段可包括但不应限于:", "(一) 标记地雷的胶带、铁丝网、栅栏(铁、木材、混凝土、塑料等)和标志;", "(二) 绘制自然地貌地貌;", "(三) 任何其他可用的危险警告材料;", "(四) 在某些情况下,在当时情况需要时,可使用该地区有标记的国家边界来标示雷场周界的一部分。", " 19. 19. 标记应告知军事人员和平民,他们正接近一个由于地雷而危险的地区。", "20号. 应尽可能向平民通报有关用于确定地雷危险的手段的信息。", "21岁 根据不断变化的情况,冲突各方除了标示雷场外,还可以设置围栏。", "22号. 围起雷场、铁丝网、地雷危险标志或其他有效手段。", "与地雷和雷场探测和清除有关的措施", "23. 联合国 建议关于从雷场和雷区清除非杀伤人员地雷的下列准则:", "(一) 各国应努力为本国部队和排雷专家提供最先进的探雷技术,并给面临地雷危险的国家提供技术和物质援助;", "(二) 为便利探测非杀伤人员地雷,各国应努力生产一旦军事需要停止而具有增加可探测性特征的地雷(改变地雷外壳颜色、改变埋放地的植被、显示可视和电子标记等);", "在现行敌对行动停止后,一旦情况许可,应立即按照本文件的规定清除、排除、销毁或维持所有雷场和雷区;", "(四) 在可行的情况下,有关当事方所控制领土内的所有雷场都必须由军事人员或其他经授权的人员加以保护。 在可行的情况下,所有雷场均应以栅栏或其他方式加以保护和标志,以确保有效地将军事人员和平民排除在雷区之外;", "(五) 在敌对行动后,军事和民事专家应参与清除布设这些雷场的国家所控制的雷场;", "(六) 能够与雷场所布有的特定类型地雷合作并拥有有效地雷探测设备的组织,应参与人道主义排雷工作;", "(七) 如果已布设雷场的国家不控制雷区,应将雷场地图和日志转交控制雷区的国家,并应组织双方合作,就排雷方面的最佳做法交流建议;", "关于非杀伤人员地雷可探测性的所有技术要求均应是咨询性质的。", "六、结 论 缩短遥布地雷的寿命周期", "24 (韩语). 2. 各国应在技术和财政能力范围内,努力制造装有机制(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷,其作用期限应限于军事需要期间。", "25岁 3. 各国应努力确保所制造的自毁地雷或失能装置(装置)的技术特性,确保最低限度的地雷在军事上不再有必要后仍能起作用。", "26. 联合国 如果一国确定它不能立即开始以自毁或失能装置(装置)来生产地雷,它应在可行的情况下尽量减少使用未装有自毁装置的非杀伤人员地雷。", "27个 1. 在部署装有限制其有效寿命的装置(装置)的遥布非杀伤人员地雷时,各国应采取步骤,确保防止平民进入布设自毁地雷而造成危险的区域。", "28岁 与限制遥布非杀伤人员地雷寿命周期有关的所有技术要求应作为建议提出。", "页:1 合作与援助", "29. 国家 各国在提供合作与援助时应遵循经修正后的第二号议定书第11条,并遵循以下各条:", "30岁。 每一有能力的国家应加强双边、区域和国际各级的合作与援助,以协助其他国家履行其关于非杀伤人员地雷的义务。 可以通过人道主义组织提供合作与援助。 此类合作与援助可包括以下方面:", "提供技术和财政援助,包括交流经验、武器技术以外的技术和信息,以利提高非杀伤人员地雷的可靠性。 这种援助还可以用于在可行的情况下促进发展先进的探雷设备并随时提供这些设备;", "为迅速和有效地清除、排除或销毁非杀伤人员地雷提供人力援助;", "及时向指定的人道主义特派团和联合国系统内维持的排雷行动数据库提供非杀伤人员地雷的图象和技术资料;", "(九) 在为平民人口提供危险性教育方面进行合作并提供援助;", "在非杀伤人员地雷受害者的照料、康复和重新融入社会经济生活方面进行合作和提供援助;", "(十一) 为应对使用简易爆炸装置的风险,各国应努力相互合作,并依据关于下列事项的相互协议交流信息:", "(a) 分析非国家集团的战术;", "(b) 制定探测简易爆炸装置并使其无害的方式和方法;", "(c) 就干扰和销毁简易爆炸装置问题提出建议;", "(十二)合作协助执行本规定.", "第八编. 限制不适当使用非杀伤人员地雷的措施", "31岁 1. 各国应采取行动限制不负责任地使用非杀伤人员地雷,其中可包括:", "(一) 建立适当的国家制度和相应的文件;", "(二) 采取必要措施,包括酌情进行刑事制裁,以防止和制止这些规定所禁止的活动;", "(三) 禁止与未经许可生产非杀伤人员地雷有关的活动;", "(四)为实施本套规定而加强合作.", "32. 联合国 2. 各国应根据本国程序,通过并强制执行适当的法律,以禁止生产、获取、拥有、开发、运输、转让或使用任何非国家实体所生产的非杀伤人员地雷并禁止参与、协助或资助上述任何行动。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 1. 各国应采取并强制执行一切可行、有效和适当的措施,以建立国家管制,防止非杀伤人员地雷的非法扩散,并为此目的:", "(a) 制定和执行措施,说明和确保非杀伤人员地雷在生产、部署、储存和运输期间的安全保存;", "(b) 制定和实施实物保护措施;", "(c) 制定和执行边境管制和执法措施,以期根据国家立法和国际法,通过国际合作等手段,探测、制止、防止和打击非杀伤人员地雷的非法贩运和中间商交易;", "(d) 建立、加强、审查和支持对这类地雷的出口和运输的国家一级管制,包括关于出口管制、过境、跨界流动和再出口的适当法律和条例;建立对提供与这种出口和跨界流动、融资和运输有关的设施和服务的管制,例如,这种管制可能为[非杀伤人员地雷]的扩散提供方便,并对最终用户实行检查;对违反这种出口管制法律和条例的行为规定和实施适当的刑事和民事责任。", "第九编. 非杀伤人员地雷引信和传感器的设计", "34. 国家 在今后生产非杀伤人员地雷时,各国应在可行范围内遵循制造引信的最佳做法,设计引信以尽量减少个人非自愿地或意外地引爆地雷的可能性。", "35. 联合国 在今后生产引信时,各国应在财政和技术上可行的情况下,努力应用现代技术,包括多传感器技术,并适当考虑到技术、寿命周期和环境方面的考虑。", " . 转账", "36. (中文(简体) ). 为了促进本案文的目的,所有国家在非杀伤人员地雷的转让方面应遵循经修正后的第二号议定书第8条和下列规定:", "(一) 它们应承诺不转让无最终用户证书的任何非杀伤人员地雷;", "(二) 承诺不转让受本案文限制使用的任何非杀伤人员地雷,但为销毁目的或为开发探测和销毁地雷或使其无害的新手段和改良方法而转让的除外。", "十一会. 保护人道主义特派团", "37. 应根据1996年经修正后的第二号议定书第12条保护人道主义特派团。 任何在附近作业并受军事人员监督的人道主义任务,必须获得军事指挥部的批准并严格遵守军事指挥部的指示。", "第十二编. 透明度和其他建立信任措施", "38. 国家 每一国家应向保存人提供本套建议各项规定的执行情况,由保存人分送其他国家。", "(a) 国家 这些资料应包括下列内容:", "(一) 本套建议对每个国家生效后提交的初次报告;和", "(二) 定期更新报告。", "(b) 国家 除其他外,报告可包括:", "(一) 向其武装部队和平民传播有关本套建议规定的资料;", "(二) 排雷和善后方案;", "(三) 为满足本套建议规定的技术要求而采取的步骤以及除与武器技术有关的任何其他有关资料;", "(四) 为执行本套建议的规定而采取的立法和其他措施;", "(五) 在合作和援助方面采取的措施;", "关于非杀伤人员地雷转让的国家规则和要求的一般资料以及关于这些转让的资料;和", "(七) 其他有关事项。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS ORRESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONSWHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUSOR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/CONF.III/WP.810 November 2006ENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "draft amendment to document ccw/conf.iii/6 entitled “PLAN OF ACTION TO PROMOTE UNIVERSALITY OF THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS”", "Submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela", "1. Paragraph 9, action No. 6 should read:", "Undertake all appropriate steps to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and its annexed protocols, by persons or on territory under their jurisdiction or control, in accordance with the domestic law of each State party and the norms and principles of international law.", "Comment: The aim is to establish a framework to govern the application of the measures set out in the Convention and protocols, in the context of full respect for the domestic law of each State party and the norms of international law.", "2. Paragraph 9, action No. 7 should read:", "Encourage and support involvement and active cooperation in these universalization efforts by all relevant partners, including the United Nations, other international institutions and regional organizations and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "GE.06‑65018 (E) 101106 101106", "Comment: Although it is understood that the universalization of multilateral agreements is essentially the responsibility of States, the need for cooperation from international agencies is recognized. Including non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians and citizens in this paragraph would mean placing actors with different functions and responsibilities on an equal footing.", "3. Paragraph 10 should read:", "For achieving the above actions the States parties should undertake all appropriate measures within the framework of international law, which should include, inter alia:", "Comment: The proposal is designed to place the measures applied by the high contracting parties in the context of international law." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于CCW/CONF.III/6号文件提出的促进普遍加入《禁止或限制 使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤 作用的常规武器公约》行动计划的修正案", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国提出", "1. 第9段行动6应改为：", "采取一切适当步骤，根据每个缔约国的国内法和国际法的准则和原则，防止和制止受其管辖或控制的个人或在其管辖或控制的领土上发生违反《公约》的行为。", "评论：目的是要确定一个范围，规范《公约》及其议定书所设想行动的适用，要考虑到存在并应充分尊重缔约国国内法和国际法准则。", "2. 第9段行动7应改为：", "鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴、特别是联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织及红十字国际委员会参与这些促进普遍加入的努力并开展积极的合作。", "评论：尽管人们了解，普遍加入多边协议是各国的一项基本义务，但人们承认，必须依靠各国际组织的合作。在本段中列入非政府组织、议员和公民，就会将职责和责任不同的行为者置于同等的地位。", "3. 第10段应改为：", "为了开展上述行动，缔约国应在国际法的范围内采取所有适当措施，其中应包括：", "评论：有关建议旨在限定缔约国在国际法的范围内采取有关措施。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 西班牙语", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "对题为“促进普遍加入《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》的行动计划”的文件ccw/conf.iii/6的修正草案", "委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国提交", "1. 第9段,行动6应改为:", "采取一切适当步骤,根据每一缔约国的国内法和国际法的准则和原则,防止和制止在其管辖或控制下的人或在其管辖或控制下领土上违反《公约》及其所附议定书。", "说明:目的是建立一个框架,在充分尊重每一缔约国的国内法和国际法准则的情况下,管理《公约》和各项议定书所载列措施的适用。", "2. 第9段,行动7应改为:", "鼓励和支持所有相关伙伴,包括联合国、其他国际机构和区域组织以及红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会),参与并积极配合这些促进普遍加入的努力。", "页:1", "说明:虽然人们理解多边协定的普遍化基本上是国家的责任,但承认国际机构必须进行合作。 将非政府组织、议员和公民纳入这一段意味着将具有不同职能和责任的行为者置于平等的地位。", "3个 第10段应改为:", "为实现上述行动,缔约国应在国际法框架内采取一切适当措施,其中包括:", "说明:该提案旨在将缔约方所实施的措施纳入国际法。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.710 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL OF AMENDMENT TO DOCUMENT", "CCW/CONF.III/7/ADD.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/ADD.7 ENTITLED", "DRAFT FINAL DOCUMENT", "OF THE THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "1. In Part II, Final Declaration, insert two new operative paragraphs to read:", "Their reaffirmation of the recognition by the First and the Second Review Conferences of the need for a total prohibition of blinding laser weapons, the use and transfer of which are prohibited in Protocol IV,", "Their recognition of the importance of keeping the blinding effects related to the use of laser systems under consideration, taking into account scientific and technological developments,[1]", "2. Part II, Review, Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons (Protocol IV), should read:", "The Conference takes note of the provisions of this Protocol. [CCW/CONF.II/2, review of Protocol IV]", "The Conference highlights the importance, in light of new technical developments in the field of laser technology since the adoption of Protocol IV, of taking all feasible precautions to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision in the employment of military laser systems.", "[1] Same language as in the Final Declaration of the Second Review Conference." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于题为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查 会议最后文件草案的CCW/CONF.III/7/Add, 7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号 文件的修正案", "德国和瑞典提出", "1. 在第二部分，最后宣言中插入两个新的执行段如下：", "重申第一次和第二次审查会议确认，虽已在第四号议定书中禁止使用和转让激光致盲武器，但还需实现彻底禁止此种武器，", "确认考虑到科学和技术发展情况而继续审议与使用激光系统有关的致盲效应问题的重要性，[1]", "2. 第二部分，审查，《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四号议定书)应为：", "会议注意到该议定书的规定。[CCW/CONF.II/2, 对第四号议定书的审查]", "鉴于第四号议定书通过以来激光技术领域新的技术发展情况，会议强调在使用军用激光系统时应采取一切可行的预防措施，避免对未用增视器材状态下的视觉器官造成永久失明的重要性。", "[1] 与第二次审查会议最后宣言中的措辞相同。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "文件修正提案", "CCW/GGE/XV/6/ADD.7号文件", "最后文件草案", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或", "德国和瑞典提交", "1. 联合国 在第二部分《最后宣言》中,增加两个新的执行段落如下:", "重申第一次和第二次审查会议确认需要全面禁止使用和转让第四号议定书所禁止使用和转让的激光致盲武器,", "它们认识到,考虑到科学和技术的发展,必须不断考虑与使用激光系统有关的致盲效应,[1]", "2. 第二部分,审查,《关于激光致盲武器的议定书》(第四议定书),应改为:", "会议注意到本议定书的规定。 [CCW/CONF.II/2, 审查第四议定书]", "会议强调,鉴于自《第四号议定书》通过以来激光技术领域的新的技术发展,必须采取一切可行的预防措施,避免在使用军用激光系统时出现对未增强视力的永久性失明。", "[1] 与第二次审议会议《最后宣言》中的措辞相同。" ]

[ "EIGHTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE STATESPARTIESTO AMENDED PROTOCOL II TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USEOF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAYBE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS ORTO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS\tCCW/AP.II/CONF.8/SR.114 September 2007ENGLISHOriginal: FRENCH", "Geneva, 6 November 2006", "SUMMARY RECORD OF THE 1st MEETING", "Held at the Palais des Nations, Geneva,", "on Monday, 6 November 2006, at 10.20 a.m.", "Temporary President: Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs)", "President: Mr. HUSÁK (Czech Republic)", "CONTENTS", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES", "The meeting was called to order at 10.20 a.m.", "OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE", "1. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT, acting on behalf of the United Nations Secretary‑General, who is the depositary of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects and the protocols thereto, called to order the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Protocol II on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby-Traps and Other Devices, as amended on 3 May 1996, which is annexed to the Convention.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE NOMINATION OF THE PRESIDENT AND OTHER OFFICERS (item 2 of the provisional agenda)", "2. The TEMPORARY PRESIDENT pointed out that the States parties had decided at their Fourth Annual Conference, in order to ensure continuity in the preparatory work carried out by the Chair, that the incoming President and Vice-Presidents would be designated at the end of each annual conference. Accordingly, at the Seventh Annual Conference, the representative of the Czech Republic had been nominated as President of the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20). If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to confirm the nomination of the representative of the Czech Republic, Mr. Tomáš Husák, to take the Chair.", "3. It was so decided.", "4. Mr. Husák (Czech Republic) took the Chair.", "5. The PRESIDENT, citing the decision taken at the Seventh Annual Conference concerning the posts of Vice-President, (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, para. 20), said that after consultations with the regional groups and China, it appeared that the Conference was in agreement to confirm the appointment of the Ambassador of Germany, Mr. Bernhard Brasack, the Ambassador of China, Mr. Cheng Jingye, and the Ambassador of Jordan, Mr. Mousa Burayzat, as Vice-Presidents. He invited the Conference to confirm the appointment of those representatives as Vice-Presidents.", "6. The appointment of Mr. Brasack (Germany), Mr. Cheng (China) and Mr. Burayzat (Jordan) as Vice-Presidents of the Conference was confirmed.", "ADOPTION OF THE AGENDA (item 3 of the provisional agenda) (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. The provisional agenda was adopted.", "CONFIRMATION OF THE RULES OF PROCEDURE (agenda item 4)", "8. The PRESIDENT, drawing delegations’ attention to document CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, containing the rules of procedure as amended at the Fourth Annual Conference, said that, at the First Annual Conference, the incumbent President had noted, with reference to rule 29 of the rules of procedure, that the high contracting parties had proceeded on the basis of consensus in their deliberations and negotiations and had not taken any decision by vote. He proceeded from the principle that that version of the rules of procedure, read in conjunction with that statement, applied mutatis mutandis to the Eighth Annual Conference.", "9. It was so decided.", "APPOINTMENT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 5)", "10. The PRESIDENT, referring to rule 10 of the rules of procedure, said his consultations had indicated that the delegations were in agreement to appoint Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs, as Secretary‑General of the Conference. He took it that it was the wish of the Conference to appoint Mr. Kolarov to that office.", "11. It was so decided.", "ADOPTION OF ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEETING THE COSTS OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 6)", "12. The PRESIDENT noted that the cost estimates for the Eighth Annual Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, annex IV) had been considered in 2005 at the Seventh Conference. If there was no objection, he would take it that the Conference wished to approve the cost estimates as presented.", "13. It was so decided.", "MESSAGE FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS", "14. At the invitation of the President, Mr. CAUGHLEY (Deputy Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and Director of the Geneva Branch of the Department for Disarmament Affairs) read out a message from the United Nations Secretary-General.", "15. In his message, the Secretary-General said that mines, booby-traps and improvised explosive devices aggravated the suffering of combatants and prolonged the horrendous consequences of armed conflict, indiscriminately killing civilians, peacekeepers and humanitarian workers, as well as hampering the return and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons and impeding post-conflict reconstruction.", "16. By adopting amended Protocol II a decade previously, the States parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons had shown that they were committed to developing international humanitarian law so as to combat the threat posed by the mines and devices in question. Yet that threat persisted, and there was much work to do to achieve the objective of eliminating mines of all shapes and sizes. The Secretary-General therefore urged the States parties to amend Protocol II to study ways of better protecting civilians against the danger of mines and to promote universal adherence to the Protocol. He urged countries which had not yet notified their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II, and particularly those which were parties to the original Protocol, to do so as soon as possible.", "ORGANIZATION OF WORK, INCLUDING THAT OF ANY SUBSIDIARY BODIES OF THE CONFERENCE (agenda item 7)", "17. The PRESIDENT said that, in view of the brevity of the Conference, he hesitated to propose the establishment of a subsidiary body. Instead, he invited the participants to address, during the traditional general exchange of views, all the substantive issues of interest to them which were listed on the agenda, keeping for consideration under items 9, 10 and 11 issues arising specifically from those items.", "GENERAL EXCHANGE OF VIEWS (agenda item 8)", "18. Mr. KAHILUOTO (Finland), speaking on behalf of the European Union, the acceding countries (Bulgaria and Romania), the candidate countries (Turkey, Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia), the countries of the Stabilization and Association Process and potential candidates (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro) - a process of which Croatia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia continue to be part - as well as Ukraine and Moldova, said that the European Union continued to attach high priority to the full implementation of amended Protocol II, which, while complementing the Ottawa Convention by virtue of its wider scope, could, if its prohibitions and restrictions were effectively applied, enhance the security of military ground operations and curtail the impact of mines, booby-traps and other devices on civilian populations. The obligations related to recording, protection and removal of minefields, together with the provisions for international cooperation, were essential as they facilitated humanitarian assistance, post-conflict recovery and peacekeeping operations. The European Union welcomed the accession of Tunisia to amended Protocol II in 2006 and again called on all States parties to the Convention to adhere to it as soon as possible, as well as to any other protocols to which they were not yet party. It fully supported the Plan of Action on Universalization of the Convention and its Protocols which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention. That said, the effectiveness of amended Protocol II would be measured not only by its universalization, but also by the timely submission of the States parties’ annual reports, which contributed to transparency and cooperation in the implementation of the instrument. States which were not parties should prepare such reports voluntarily.", "19. The European Union would like annual conferences of the States parties to amended Protocol II to offer an opportunity for interactive and more substantial discussion on the content of the annual reports. It would also be interested in exploring ways and means to use the annual conferences more concretely to strengthen the provisions of the Protocol and their implementation. As for the States parties which had opted to defer compliance with the provisions of the technical annex on detectability and the self-destruction and self-deactivation of anti-personnel mines for a period of nine years following the entry into force of the Protocol, the European Union invited them to indicate where they stood in the process of implementing the relevant provisions, as the deferral period would soon end, on 3 December 2007. The Union encouraged the States parties which had exercised that right and had become parties to the Ottawa Convention in the meantime to rescind their deferrals immediately.", "20. Ms. MILLAR (Australia) said that her country, which was a party to the Ottawa Convention alongside 150 other States, and which therefore placed particular emphasis on the implementation and universalization of a total ban on anti-personnel mines, nevertheless attached importance to amended Protocol II because of the humanitarian gains it offered, which were admittedly less substantial but not negligible, and the role it played in gathering together States which remained major users and producers of mines and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention.", "21. Australia remained firmly committed to the elimination of anti-personnel mines throughout the world. In 2005, it had pledged $A 75 million over five years for international mine action, and in 2006 it had allocated $11 million to mine clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance, principally for the benefit of Asian countries. Some government agencies, after developing a multi-sensor system now used around the world, continued to work on new methods of mine clearance. Australian companies had embarked on the development of technologies to speed up the rate at which mines could be removed from the ground; the detector devised by Minelab Electronics was currently used in United Nations demining operations and by the NATO Partnership for Peace.", "22. Mr. CHENG (China) noted that amended Protocol II struck a proper balance between humanitarian concerns and the legitimate military needs of States, that the international community widely acknowledged its importance, since 86 States were now parties to it, and that it played an indispensable role in reducing the number of accidents caused by landmines in which the victims were civilians. That said, landmines continued to pose a serious threat, and in some countries remained a major obstacle to social and economic reconstruction. China had striven to fulfil its obligations under the Protocol. At the national level, it had continued to carry out public awareness and education campaigns, and had produced a television programme to disseminate information concerning the implementation of the Protocol to the armed forces and the civilian population. The Chinese military had destroyed more than 1,000 tons of obsolete anti-personnel mines and had begun to modify stockpiled mines that still functioned normally, so that they met the technical requirements of the Protocol. In that way China planned to be in a position to comply with its obligations by the end of the period during which the application of certain technical requirements under the Protocol had been deferred.", "23. Internationally, China, which was a member of the Mine Action Support Group, had played an active part in demining assistance efforts. It had sent an expert team to Thailand for several months in 2005 to train 30 demining personnel, and in September 2006 had started a humanitarian demining training course in China for 42 demining personnel from Lebanon and Jordan. It also supported humanitarian demining operations in Africa. It believed that, in the field of mine action, the various existing international mechanisms were complementary, and so had maintained extensive contacts with the States parties to the Ottawa Convention, as well as the representatives of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining and the International Committee of the Red Cross.", "24. Ms. KANG (Republic of Korea) reconfirmed her country’s unwavering commitment to the letter and spirit of amended Protocol II. She noted that, although the number of States parties to the Protocol was steadily increasing, efforts should nevertheless be redoubled to ensure its universalization - the Republic of Korea placed much hope in the plan of action to that end which was to be adopted at the Third Conference to review the Convention.", "25. In 2006 the Republic of Korea had destroyed over 7,000 landmines and planned to complete its mine clearance activities by 2009. The Government had faithfully observed a moratorium on the export of such devices for the past nine years. Internationally, the Government continued to support humanitarian demining projects by contributing to the various United Nations trust funds, and was exploring ways to share the experience acquired and techniques developed with mine-affected countries.", "26. While recognizing that amended Protocol II applied partially to mines other than anti‑personnel mines, she believed that a more focused instrument was needed to address the humanitarian risks posed by such mines, and looked forward to the speedy adoption of a new Protocol specifically regulating them.", "27. Mr. TURCOTTE (Canada) said that amended Protocol II, though notable in certain respects, did not provide adequate protection from the grave threats posed by anti-personnel landmines, especially in humanitarian terms. In contrast, the Ottawa Convention, which gathered together more than three quarters of the world’s nations, provided a comprehensive framework for action to address those problems which went beyond the Protocol by purely and simply banning anti-personnel mines, requiring the destruction of stockpiles by a precise deadline and making provision for assistance to victims to enable them to return to their communities. At the first conference held to review the Ottawa Convention, in November 2004, the States parties had adopted an ambitious action plan for the period 2004-2009, which had enabled them to record significant progress towards the complete elimination of the scourge of anti-personnel landmines, even if much remained to be done to reach that goal. Canada urged all States to accede to the Ottawa Convention and, in the interim, to apply its norms fully, as the lives and livelihoods of civilian populations throughout the world were at stake.", "28. The principal value of amended Protocol II lay in the fact that it applied to mines other than anti-personnel mines. For that reason, Canada urged all States to comply fully with their commitments regarding the prohibition of the indiscriminate use of mines, mine clearance after the cessation of active hostilities and assistance for mine clearance, not to mention the regular and timely submission of their annual reports, which were a key element in compliance with the provisions of the Protocol. It also urged them to fulfil their obligations in relation to anti-vehicle mines, which caused appalling suffering to civilians.", "29. Mr. STREULI (Switzerland) pointed out that the effectiveness of amended Protocol II, and in particular that of the guarantees it laid down in relation to protection of the civilian population, depended on the effective application of its provisions, including the submission of annual reports by the States parties, in accordance with article 13, paragraph 4, and participation in their annual conferences. Switzerland welcomed the steady rise in the number of States parties to the Protocol and invited all States which had not yet done so to accede to it. It stood ready to cooperate actively at the bilateral or multilateral level in resolving any technical problems related to mines which might prevent certain States from becoming parties to the Protocol. In 2005 the Swiss Government had allocated $12 million for mine action worldwide, and it had earmarked a similar amount in the budget for 2006, which would be used mainly to fund demining projects, awareness campaigns and victim assistance projects. It also supplied experts and equipment for mine clearance missions in many countries.", "30. Mr. BIELASHOV (Ukraine), noting that Ukraine had associated itself with the statement made by the delegation of Finland on behalf of the European Union and other countries, said that his country, which was a party not only to the Convention but also to its five protocols, was fully committed to strict compliance with and the appropriate domestic application of those instruments, particularly amended Protocol II, which offered an important means of reducing the often disastrous consequences of armed conflict, both for combatants during hostilities and for civilians afterwards.", "31. In Ukraine, demining experts reported that between 40,000 and 50,000 items of unexploded ordnance were extracted from the ground each year during construction work and other operations. The Government allocated considerable effort and financial resources to liquidating that scourge, a heritage of the Second World War, but the successes recorded in that area would not have been possible without substantial support from its foreign partners. Ukraine believed that the international community could, without fear of duplication of activities, continue broad support for the programmes set up by mine-affected States to combat the effects of those devices. Indeed, it was thanks to cooperation from the European Commission for the destruction of 6 million PFM anti-personnel mines in Ukraine that the country had been able to consider becoming a party to the Ottawa Convention, and had done so recently.", "32. Mr. PRASAD (India) said that his country remained committed to the ultimate objective of a universal ban on anti-personnel landmines which took account of States’ legitimate security requirements. Progress could be made towards the complete elimination of such mines if low‑cost, militarily effective and non-lethal alternative technologies were available. By striking a balance between States’ security imperatives and the concern to protect civilian populations against the irresponsible and indiscriminate use of all types of mines, amended Protocol II had made a major contribution to the gradual realization of a mine-free world. India unreservedly supported the measures taken by States parties to promote the universalization of the Protocol, and in particular the drafting of the plan of action which was to be submitted to the conference to be held in a few days’ time to review the Convention. The efficacy of the consultation, cooperation and compliance mechanism laid down in articles 13 and 14 of the Protocol had been demonstrated by the large number of States parties that regularly submitted their national annual reports.", "33. India had taken the requisite steps to comply with the provisions of the Protocol. Only the armed forces were authorized to use landmines, and they laid them only to protect the borders, in accordance with standard operating procedures. The Indian authorities had never used mines for maintenance of internal order, even against terrorist groups, which did use mines and improvised explosive devices indiscriminately against civilians. The moratorium on the export of landmines continued to be applied. Efforts were regularly made to disseminate information on anti‑personnel mines to the armed forces and among the public, using publications, training courses and civil-society actions. The Indian army continued to contribute its skills to the implementation of United Nations-sponsored mine clearance programmes, in peacekeeping operations, principally in Africa. India would favour strengthened cooperation in mine action in all its forms. The famous “Jaipur foot” was distributed in certain mine-affected countries in Africa and Asia.", "34. Mr. MINE (Japan) said that his country, which remained convinced that only a universal ban on anti-personnel mines would make it possible to end the suffering caused by those weapons, placed great importance on the Ottawa Convention and had been actively working to encourage those States which had not yet done so to become parties to the Convention. That said, Japan also believed that amended Protocol II offered a realistic and logical means of alleviating the humanitarian problems caused by those devices, so that the countries which would find it difficult to become parties to the Ottawa Convention should consider acceding to amended Protocol II, which would enable them to participate in the efforts of the international community to reduce the suffering due to mines. The Japanese delegation hoped that the countries which had opted to defer the application of the detectability and active-life requirements for anti-personnel mines until December 2007 would report on their progress in the implementation of those provisions to the current Conference. Japan had energetically supported mine action in recent years and, jointly with industry, the universities and civil society in the country, had embarked on the development of new mine detection and clearance equipment. Japan called on all States parties to reaffirm the significance of amended Protocol II, which regulated not only anti-personnel landmines but also mines other than anti-personnel mines, and to make efforts towards the steady implementation and progressive universalization of that instrument.", "35. Mr. ANTONOV (Russian Federation), noting that amended Protocol II offered the unique advantage of reconciling the interests of all States, whether they were in favour of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines or had to make use of such devices to ensure their security, considered that the possibilities offered by the Protocol should be better exploited. In practical terms, efforts should be undertaken to make the Protocol universal by means of cooperation with States which had not yet acceded to it owing to a difficult military and political situation. The Russian Federation had had to overcome such difficulties itself before it was able to declare its consent to be bound by the Protocol, in December 2004. Its provisions should also be better applied. The Russian Federation was confident that the responsible implementation of the stipulations and prohibitions laid down in the Protocol would help to reduce considerably the number of victims of landmines and the damage they caused, obviating the need to adopt new instruments to address the problem.", "36. For many years the Russian Federation had been taking practical steps to reduce the mine threat. It had renounced the production of blast mines more than 10 years previously, and had recently destroyed more than 8 million anti-personnel mines. The Ministry of Defence had drawn up recommendations on the laying and marking of minefields, and the armed forces had begun to implement the technical stipulations of the Protocol.", "37. The Russian Federation had completed the handover to Tajikistan of all the records relating to minefields laid along the border between that country and Afghanistan. The Russian media disseminated information on the provisions of the Protocol and the steps taken by the authorities to ensure compliance. The Russian Federation had begun to develop new mine detection and neutralization techniques and had devised new means of destroying anti-personnel mines whose use was restricted by the Protocol. It offered to train foreign demining specialists as part of international cooperation.", "38. Mr. KHAN (Pakistan) said that his country attached a great deal of significance to amended Protocol II because of its very wide scope, the balance it struck between humanitarian concerns and States’ security requirements, the effectiveness of its voluntary, non-intrusive and non-discriminatory compliance mechanism and the fact that the main mine-producing countries were parties to it. Pakistan fully applied its provisions and submitted its annual reports without fail.", "39. In Pakistan, production of mines was restricted to the public sector, while storage of mines and emplacement during periods of active hostilities were entrusted to dedicated units of the armed forces. All necessary steps had been taken to protect civilians and military personnel against mines, in particular as regards information provided to members of the armed forces concerning the provisions of the Protocol and the risks posed by mines for the civilian population, marking of minefields, monitoring of minefields and their fencing in peacetime, education of civilians living in the vicinity of minefields, including children attending local schools, and assistance to Afghan refugees who were mine victims.", "40. The States parties to the Protocol should spare no effort to universalize the instrument by emphasizing its benefits in terms of assistance for demining and rehabilitation of mine victims.", "41. Ms. BAKER (United States of America) said that her country had become a party to amended Protocol II because it was committed to eliminating the risks posed to humans by all landmines, including anti-vehicle mines, and had in fact introduced prohibitions at the national level which went beyond the requirements of the Protocol. In February 2004 the Government of the United States had decided that, after the year 2010, the United States would no longer use persistent landmines, while continuing to authorize the use of mines with a short active life, which self-destructed and self-deactivated automatically and presented no significant risk for non-combatants. It had also prohibited the use of all non-detectable mines from 1 January 2005, whether they were anti-personnel mines or anti-vehicle mines.", "42. At the international level, the United States had played a sustained major role in the persistent efforts of a score of donor countries and the European Commission to support mine action throughout the world. To date, the country had allocated over $1 billion for demining, promotion of awareness of the risks posed by mines, assistance to mine accident survivors, research and development on the most effective mine detection and clearance techniques and training of foreign demining experts, in nearly 50 mine-affected countries. In fiscal year 2006 alone, United States humanitarian aid for mine action amounted to over $76.6 million, which went to 30 mine-affected countries on four continents. Subject to approval by the United States Congress, a comparable sum would be earmarked for the same purpose in 2007. Its participation in mine action throughout the world had convinced the United States of the need to draw up a strong instrument to reduce the humanitarian impact of mines other than anti-personnel mines, and so it encouraged all States to combine their efforts to finalize such an instrument at the forthcoming third conference to review the Convention.", "43. Mr. GOOSE (Human Rights Watch) noted with satisfaction that in only 10 years amended Protocol II had become largely redundant. In that time anti-personnel mines had been completely banned by the Ottawa Convention, as had anti-vehicle mines which functioned as anti-personnel mines, while the issue of post-conflict remedial measures had been resolved by the Ottawa Convention and, above all, Protocol V on explosive remnants of war. In that way, only the provisions of Protocol II which related to anti-vehicle mines were still of effective use, although many States parties had emphasized that those provisions were too weak. He deplored the fact that States had not reached consensus on ways and means of strengthening those provisions. Moreover, amended Protocol II remained relevant only for the 10 States which were parties to it and had not yet acceded to the Ottawa Convention and accepted the stricter and more comprehensive obligations laid down in it. He considered that the Protocol should not be viewed as a convenient stage along the road to a complete ban on anti-personnel mines, in which States could still produce, stockpile and use such mines whereas the entire world community should condemn them.", "44. That said, he noted with satisfaction that even States which were not parties to the Ottawa Convention acknowledged the rule it laid down and complied with it in practice. Even they had announced that they had ceased producing anti-personnel mines. World trade in anti-personnel mines had more or less stopped in 10 years, while only the Russian Federation and Myanmar had continued to lay mines during the past year. Many States which were not party to the Ottawa Convention had begun to vote in favour of the United Nations General Assembly’s annual resolution on the Ottawa Convention, including China, Morocco, Sri Lanka and Finland, which were parties to amended Protocol II, and even Azerbaijan and Kuwait, which were parties to neither. He encouraged all States parties to the Protocol which had expressed support at the present Conference for the goal of a complete ban on anti-personnel mines to take the necessary steps immediately to become parties to the Ottawa Convention. Lastly, he noted with disappointment that neither China nor Pakistan had supplied details of what steps they had taken to be able to comply in December 2007 with the Protocol obligations whose application they had opted to defer.", "REVIEW OF THE OPERATION AND STATUS OF THE PROTOCOL (agenda item 9)", "45. The PRESIDENT said that to date 86 had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by the Protocol, a figure which remained relatively modest given the importance of the international instrument. He invited the States parties to examine possible ways and means of promoting the universalization of the instrument. In particular, he encouraged the six States which, at the time they declared their consent to be bound by the Protocol, had opted to defer the application of the provisions relating to detectability of anti-personnel mines and the active life of remotely delivered mines of that type to indicate, if they had not done so during the general exchange of views, where they stood in their preparations for the application of those provisions, as the deferral period would expire on 3 December 2007.", "46. Ms. DUMPE (Latvia), noting that her country had opted for deferral of the implementation of the obligations relating to detectability and self-destruction of mines, said that her country had become a party to the Ottawa Convention on 1 January 2006, and had thus assumed legal obligations which rendered the deferral null and void. The Latvian Government had taken the necessary steps domestically to withdraw that reservation relating to amended Protocol II officially as soon as possible. The Latvian delegation would keep the States parties to the Protocol informed of progress with that procedure.", "47. Mr. GRINEVICH (Belarus) said that there was little point at the present stage in a renunciation by Belarus of the deferral in the implementation of certain obligations it had entered into under amended Protocol II, since the country had in the meantime become a party to the Ottawa Convention. Belarus did not intend to fit self-destruction, self-deactivation or self‑neutralization mechanisms to its stocks of anti-personnel mines, since it would in any case have destroyed those stocks by 1 March 2008, in pursuance of the Ottawa Convention, with the assistance of NATO and the European Union.", "CONSIDERATION OF MATTERS ARISING FROM REPORTS BY HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES ACCORDING TO PARAGRAPH 4 OF ARTICLE 13 OF THE AMENDED PROTOCOL II (agenda item 10)", "48. The PRESIDENT noted that in 2006, 42 of the 86 States which had notified the depositary of their consent to be bound by amended Protocol II had submitted the national annual reports referred to in article 13. To date, 14 of those reports had been issued as official documents of the Conference (CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14); 8 others would be issued when the secretariat had received them in electronic form. All the reports that had been submitted could be consulted on the Convention website, and the list of countries which had submitted them would appear in the report of the Conference.", "49. At their Fifth Annual Conference, the States parties had decided to simplify the communication of national annual reports (CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, para. 20), and States parties could henceforth confine themselves to indicating on a sheet summarizing the situation that the information to be supplied for the current year on one or other of the forms had not changed since the previous year, and not complete the form or forms in question - in other words, they could submit only the new summary, the cover page and the forms containing new information.", "50. In addition, in accordance with established practice, annual reports should be submitted no later than eight weeks prior to the convening of the annual conference. It was important for States parties to comply with that rule. The secretariat had prepared a table recapitulating the data supplied in 2006 in the national reports, which would be annexed to the final document of the Eighth Conference.", "51. Mr. DALCERO (Brazil) said that Brazil would submit its national report that very day, and asked the secretariat to reflect that fact in the table.", "CONSIDERATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES TO PROTECT CIVILIANS AGAINST INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS OF MINES (agenda item 11)", "52. The PRESIDENT noted that no delegation wished to speak under item 11.", "The meeting rose at 12.30 p.m." ]

[ "2006年11月6日，日内瓦", "第1次会议简要记录", "2006年11月6日星期一上午10时20分 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "临时主席：考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长 兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)", "主 席：胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)", "目 录", "会议开幕", "通过主席及主席团其他成员的提名", "通过议程", "通过议事规则", "任命会议秘书长", "通过会议费用的分摊安排", "联合国秘书长的贺词", "工作安排，包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排", "交换一般性意见", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况", "审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书第13条第4款提交的报告所涉事项", "审议各种保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况", "上午10时20分会议开始", "会议开幕", "1. 临时主席代表作为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》及其各项议定书保存人的联合国秘书长宣布，于1996年5月3日修正的《公约》所附《禁止或限制使用地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他装置的第二号议定书》的缔约国第八届年度会议开幕。", "通过主席及主席团其他成员的提名(临时议程项目2)", "2. 临时主席指出，缔约国曾在第四届年度会议上商定，为确保主席筹备工作的延续性，应在每届年度会议结束时为下届会议指定一名主席和若干名副主席。据此，在第七届年度会议上，捷克共和国代表被提名担任第八届年度会议候任主席(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 第20段)。如果没有人反对，他就认为会议通过了由捷克共和国代表托马什·胡萨克先生担任主席的提名。", "3. 就这样决定。", "4. 托马什·胡萨克先生(捷克共和国)就任主席。", "5. 主席引用第七届年度会议关于副主席职位形成的决定(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/ 2, 第20段)，指出会议在与区域小组和中国协商以后似乎同意通过由德国的伯恩哈德·布拉萨克大使、中国的成竞业大使和约旦的穆萨·布赖扎特大使担任副主席的提名。他请会议通过这些代表担任副主席的提名。", "6. 会议通过了由布拉萨克先生(德国)、成竞业先生(中国)和布赖扎特先生(约旦)担任副主席的提名。", "通过议程(临时议程项目3)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. 临时议程获得通过。", "通过议事规则(议程项目4)", "8. 主席请与会代表注意载有经第四届年度会议修订的议事规则的文件CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2, 他说，在第一届年度会议上，当时的会议主席就议事规则第29条做出声明，在审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方一直在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出任何决定。因此，他按照以下原则开展了工作：现有议事规则加上该声明也在对细节作出适当修订的基础上适用于第八届年度会议。", "9. 就这样决定。", "任命会议秘书长(议程项目5)", "10. 主席提及议事规则第10条，说由他召集的磋商表明，各方一致同意任命裁军事务部日内瓦分部政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任会议秘书长。因此，他认为会议愿任命彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任这一职务。", "11. 就这样决定。", "通过会议费用的分摊安排(议程项目6)", "12. 主席指出，2005年第七届年度会议审议了第八届年度会议的费用估计(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 附件四)。如果没有人反对，他就认为会议愿核准所提出的费用估算。", "13. 就这样决定。", "联合国秘书长的贺词", "14. 应主席邀请，考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)宣读了联合国秘书长的贺词。", "15. 秘书长在贺词中指出，地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他爆炸装置加剧了对战斗人员的伤害，延长了武装冲突骇人听闻的后果，滥杀了平民、维和人员和人道主义工作者，而且阻碍了难民和流离失所者返回和重新融入社会，并妨碍了冲突后的重建工作。", "16. 经修正后的第二号议定书获得通过已有十年，《特定常规武器公约》缔约国籍此表明了它们一直致力于制订国际人道主义法律，以便克服地雷(水雷)和有关装置所构成的威胁。不过威胁依然存在，为了实现消灭各种形式和规模的地雷(水雷)的目标，仍有大量的工作亟待展开。因此，秘书长敦促经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国研究各种可以更好地保护平民不受地雷(水雷)危害的方式，并推动各国普遍遵守议定书。他敦促尚未表示同意接受经修正后的第二号议定书的国家尽快表示同意，尤其是原原议定书的缔约国尽快这样做。", "工作安排，包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排(议程项目7)", "17. 主席说，考虑到会议时间短促，他不想提议设立附属机构。相反，他请与会者在按惯例进行一般性交换意见时处理议程上所有相关实质性议题，在议程项目9、10和11下审议这些项目内具体的问题。", "交换一般性意见(议程项目8)", "18. 卡希洛托先生(芬兰)代表欧洲联盟及其正处于加入进程中的国家(保加利亚和罗马尼亚)与候选国家(土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)、稳定与结盟进程国家及其可能的候选国(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚和黑山)――克罗地亚、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国也将继续加入此进程――以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦发言，说欧洲联盟将继续全部执行经修正后的第二号议定书，这是一项头等大事，议定书由于包括的范围较广而对《渥太华公约》做出了补充，同时，如能有效运用其禁止性和限制性条件，将有助于加强军队地面行动的安全，并减少地雷(水雷)、诱杀装置和其他爆炸装置对平民群体的不利影响。由于有关雷场记录、保护和清除的义务与国际合作的各项规定为人道主义援助、冲突后恢复及维持和平行动提供了便利，因而这些义务及规定必不可少。欧洲联盟欢迎突尼斯于2006年加入经修正后的第二号议定书，并再次呼吁《公约》所有缔约国尽快遵守议定书以及尚未加入的其他议定书。欧盟完全支持将在审议《公约》的第三次会议上予以通过的《普及〈公约〉及其议定书的行动计划》。这就是说，经修正后的第二号议定书的实效不仅是通过其普及程度予以衡量，而且缔约国年度报告的及时提交程度也将用于衡量其实效，这促进了文书落实工作中的透明度和合作。尚未加入议定书的各国可在自愿的基础上编制年度报告。", "19. 欧盟希望缔约国经修正后的第二号议定书的年度会议可以提供一个机会，对年度报告的内容进行互动的、更具实质性的讨论。欧盟也有兴趣探索各种方式方法以便更切实地利用年度会议以加强议定书各项规定及其执行。对于那些决定在议定书生效后推迟九年再遵守关于杀伤人员地雷的可探测性、自行销毁和自行解除待发状态的技术附件各项规定的国家，欧盟请它们说明其对相关规定的执行处于何种阶段，因为延期期限即将于2007年12月3日结束。欧盟鼓励已行使此项权利并与此同时加入《渥太华公约》的各缔约国立即取消其延期。", "20. 米勒女士(澳大利亚)说，该国和其他150个国家共同缔结了《渥太华公约》，从而特别强调了执行和普遍加入彻底禁止杀伤人员地雷的禁令。不可否认，由于修正后第二号议定书在人道主义所带来的并非重大但也不可忽视的进展，而且由于该议定书发挥了作用，将目前仍是地雷(水雷)主要使用国和生产国与尚未加入《渥太华公约》的国家汇集在一起，因此，该国还是重视经修正后的第二号议定书的。", "21. 澳大利亚仍坚定地致力于消灭全世界的杀伤人员地雷(水雷)。2005年，澳大利亚承诺在五年内为国际排雷行动提供7500万澳元，并在2006年划拨了1100万美元给扫雷、地雷危险教育和受害者援助活动，亚洲国家是这些资金的主要受益国。一些政府机构在开发了一项目前运用于全世界的多传感系统后，继续从事开发扫雷新方法的工作。澳大利亚一些公司曾着手开发技术，以加快从地面清除地雷的速度；地雷实验室电子公司设计的探测器普遍运用于联合国的排雷作业，并为北约和平伙伴关系普遍采用。", "22. 成先生(中国)指出，经修正后的第二号议定书在人道主义关注和缔约国合法军事需求之间达成了适当的平衡，而且由于目前已有86个国家成为缔约国，国际社会也广泛承认了议定书的重要性，并且议定书在减少地雷伤害平民的事故数量方面发挥了不可替代的作用。尽管如此，地雷仍构成了严重的威胁，而且在有些国家仍是经济和社会发展的主要障碍。中国努力履行了议定书所规定承担的义务。在国家一级，中国继续开展了公众宣传和教育的运动，并制作了一个电视节目向武装部队和群众传播有关议定书执行情况的资料。中国军方已销毁了1000多吨已淘汰的杀伤人员地雷，并开始对一般的库存地雷进行了改进，从而使这些地雷达到了议定书规定的技术要求。中国计划通过这种方式在议定书规定的若干技术要求的过渡实施期限到期之前，达到符合议定书所规定义务的状况。", "23. 在国际上，中国是排雷行动支助小组的成员，在排雷援助工作中发挥了积极的作用。2005年中国向泰国派出了一个专家组，在几个月中培训了30名排雷人员，并于2006年9月在中国为来自黎巴嫩和约旦的42名排雷人员进行了人道主义排雷培训。中国也支持非洲的人道主义排雷行动。该国认为，在排雷行动领域，各类现行国际机制是相互补充的，因此与《渥太华公约》缔约国以及国际禁止地雷运动、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和红十字国际委员会的代表都保持着广泛联系。", "24. 姜女士(大韩民国)重申，该国从未放弃对经修正后的第二号议定书的字面意义和精神实质的承诺。她指出，尽管加入该议定书的缔约国数量正在稳定增长，但是应加倍努力以保障更多国家加入议定书，大韩民国对为此目的制定的并将在审议《公约》的第三次会议上予以通过的行动计划寄予厚望。", "25. 2006年大韩民国销毁了7,000多枚地雷，并计划在2009年前完成其扫雷活动。该国政府在以往九年里忠实地履行了禁止出口此类装置的禁令，在国际上，该国政府通过向联合国各类自愿信托基金捐款，继续支持人道主义排雷项目，并正在探索方式方法，与受到地雷(水雷)影响的国家交流经验和分享已开发的技术。", "26. 她承认经修正后的第二号议定书部分适用于杀伤人员之外的其他地雷(水雷)，同时她认为需要一个重点更为突出的文书以处理这些地雷(水雷)在人道主义方面所造成的危险，并期望迅速通过具体管制这些地雷的新议定书。", "27. 特科特先生(加拿大)说，尽管经修正后的第二号议定书在某些方面可圈可点，但是没有提供足够的保护以避免杀伤人员地雷造成严重威胁，尤其是在人道主义方面。相反，《渥太华公约》汇集了全世界四分之三多的国家，通过纯粹地、单一地禁止杀伤人员地雷，要求在一个确定的期限之前销毁储存的地雷，以及规定为受害者提供援助使其可以重返社区，为采取行动处理那些超出了议定书范围的问题提供了综合性框架。在2004年11月审议《渥太华公约》的第一届会议上，缔约国通过了一项雄心勃勃的2004-2009年期间的行动计划，促使各缔约国在完全消除杀伤人员地雷所造成伤害方面取得重大进展，尽管要达到此目标仍有许多工作亟待进行。加拿大敦促所有议定书缔约国加入《渥太华公约》，并在过渡期间全面实施其规定，因为世界各地平民大众的生命和生计正遭到威胁。", "28. 经修正后的第二号议定书的主要价值在于：该议定书适用于杀伤人员之外的地雷(水雷)。基于此理由，加拿大敦促所有缔约国充分履行以下方面的承诺：禁止使用地雷(水雷)滥杀滥伤，在激烈的敌对行动停止后开展扫雷工作并对扫雷工作提供援助；另外更应充分履行定期及时提交年度报告的承诺，该报告是遵守议定书各项规定的关键要素。该国也敦促各缔约国履行有关反车辆地雷的义务，这种地雷对平民造成了极大的痛苦。", "29. 施特莱先生(瑞士)指出，经修正后的第二号议定书的实效，尤其是其关于保护平民大众所做保证的实效，取决于其中各项规定的有效实施程度，包括缔约国根据第13条第4款提交年度报告并参加年度会议。瑞士对经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国数目的稳定上升表示欢迎，并请尚未加入议定书的国家加入议定书。该国准备在双边或多边各个层面积极开展合作，解决任何阻碍某些国家加入议定书的有关地雷(水雷)的技术性问题。瑞士政府在2005年划拨了1200万美元给全世界范围内的排雷行动，在2006年的预算中也指定了相当的金额，这将主要用于资助排雷项目、宣传运动和受害者援助项目。该国也为许多国家的扫雷任务派出了专家并提供了设备。", "30. 别拉绍夫先生(乌克兰)，指出乌克兰对芬兰代表团代表欧洲联盟和其他国家所作的声明表示赞成，说该国不仅是《公约》缔约国，也是其五项议定书的缔约国，该国全面致力于严格遵守这些文书，且在国内予以适当运用，尤其是经修正后的第二号议定书，该议定书为减缓武装冲突造成的经常性、灾难性后果提供了重要的方式，不仅减缓了在敌对活动中对战斗人员所造成的后果，而且还减缓了在敌对活动后对平民所造成的伤害。", "31. 排雷专家报告，乌克兰每年在建设施工和其他作业中可从地下挖掘出4万至5万枚未爆弹药。政府每年开展相当多的工作并拨出相当多的财政资源来清除这些第二次世界大战遗留的隐患，但是如果没有外国伙伴的实质性支持，就不可能在此领域取得重大成功。乌克兰认为，国际社会不应担心重复活动，应继续广泛支持受到地雷影响国家所设立的消除这些装置的方案。的确，该国应感谢欧洲理事会在乌克兰销毁600万枚PFM型杀伤人员的地雷方面给与的合作，从而使该国有条件考虑加入《渥太华公约》，而且已在近期加入。", "32. 普拉萨德先生(印度)说，该国继续承诺最终实现考虑到了各国合法的安全需求的、普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷的目标。如果可以获得低成本的、在军事上有效的及非致命的其他技术，该国可以在完全消除此类地雷方面获得进展。经修正后的第二号议定书通过在各国的安全需要与对保护平民大众避免受到不负责任滥用一切类型地雷(水雷)滥杀滥伤的关注之间达成平衡，对逐步实现无雷世界做出了巨大贡献。印度毫无保留地支持缔约国采取促进各国普遍加入议定书的措施，尤其是起草将向在几日内举行的审议《公约》的会议提交的行动计划草案。很多缔约国定期提交国家年度报告，这证明了议定书第13条和第14条所制定的协商、合作和遵守机制发挥了作用。", "33. 印度采取了必要的步骤遵守议定书各项规定。只有武装部队获准使用地雷，而且只能在保护边境时才可以布置地雷，且须遵照标准作业程序。印度当局从不使用地雷维持内部秩序，即使是在打击对平民使用地雷和简易爆炸装置滥杀滥伤的暴力群体时，也从不这样做。印度将继续执行禁止出口地雷的禁令。通过出版物、培训课程和民间社会行动，该国不断努力向武装部队和民众宣传关于杀伤人员地雷的资料。在维和行动中，尤其是在非洲，印度军队继续向执行联合国赞助的扫雷方案提供技术贡献，印度赞成加强排雷行动方面所有形式的合作。该国在受到地雷影响的若干非洲和亚洲国家分发了有名的“斋普尔假肢”。", "34. 峰先生(日本)说，该国仍确信只有普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷(水雷)才有可能终结这些武器所造成的痛苦，而且高度重视《渥太华公约》，并一直在积极鼓励尚未加入的各国成为《公约》缔约国。尽管如此，日本也认为经修正后的第二号议定书为减轻这些装置所造成的人道主义问题提供了一种实际的、合理的方式，因此那些在加入《渥太华公约》方面存在困难的国家应考虑加入经修正后的第二号议定书，这使其可以参与国际社会为减少地雷(水雷)所造成痛苦而开展的工作。日本代表希望那些已决定推迟到2007年12月才实施关于杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的可探测性、活跃期要求的国家向本届会议报告它们在执行这些规定方面所取得的进展。日本积极支持了近年的排雷行动，并与该国产业界、大学和民间社会一起着手开发新的探雷和扫雷设备。经修正后的第二号议定书不仅对杀伤人员地雷而且对杀伤人员地雷以外的其它地雷(水雷)做出了规定，日本呼吁所有缔约国重申议定书的重要性，努力稳步实施该文书，以及努力逐渐推动更多国家加入议定书。", "35. 安东诺夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)指出，鉴于经修正后的第二号议定书在协调各国的利益方面具有独特的优势，不论是赞成完全禁止杀伤人员地雷的国家还是必须使用此类装置保障安全的国家，因此，应当对其提供的可能性加以较好地利用。具体而言，应通过与由于军事和政治上的困难尚未加入议定书的国家进行合作，努力促进它们普遍加入议定书。俄罗斯联邦在2004年12月宣布同意接受议定书约束之前，自身也曾克服了这方面的困难。议定书的各项规定应更好地予以实施。俄罗斯联确信，负责任地执行议定书制定的各项规定和限制，有助于大大减少地雷受害者数目及地雷所造成的伤害，从而避免通过新的文书来解决这些问题。", "36. 多年来，俄罗斯联邦一直采取实际步骤以减少地雷(水雷)的威胁。该国放弃生产爆破雷已有10多年，而且最近销毁了800多万枚杀伤人员地雷。国防部长已就雷场的排布和标识提出了建议，而且武装部队已开始执行议定书的各项技术规定。", "37. 俄罗斯联邦已完成了向塔吉克斯坦移交所有有关在该国与阿富汗的边境所布雷情况纪录。俄罗斯媒体散发了关于议定书各项规定的资料以及当局为保证遵守规定所采取的步骤。俄罗斯联邦已开始开发新的地雷探测和失效技术，并对议定书限制使用的杀伤人员地雷设计了新的销毁方式。作为国际合作的部分内容，该国向外国排雷专业人员提供了培训。", "38. 汗先生(巴基斯坦)说，因为经修正后的第二号议定书范围非常广泛，在人道主义关注和各国安全需求之间达成了平衡，其自愿的、不加以干涉和非歧视的遵守机制很有效，以及事实上主要的地雷(水雷)生产国都加入了议定书，该国高度重视经修正后的第二号议定书。巴基斯坦充分实施了议定书的各项规定，并从未遗漏过提交年度报告。", "39. 在巴基斯坦，地雷的生产限制于公共部门，而在激烈冲突期间地雷的储存和安置授权给予武装部队的专门单位。该国已采取了所有的必要步骤来保护平民和军人避免受到地雷伤害，尤其是在以下方面：向武装部队成员提供有关议定书各项规定的资料并向平民大众提供地雷所造成危险的资料，标示雷场、监测雷场及在和平时期对雷场进行防护，对居住在雷场附近的平民进行教育，包括在当地就学的儿童，并向遭到地雷伤害的阿富汗难民提供援助。", "40. 议定书缔约国应通过强调议定书在向排雷和地雷(水雷)受害者的康复提供援助方面的益处，不遗余力地促进各国普遍加入文书。", "41. 贝克女士(美利坚合众国)说，该国已成为经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国，因为该国承诺终结包括反车辆地雷在内的所有地雷对人类构成的危险，而且实际上已在国家一级推行超出议定书要求的禁令。2004年2月，美国政府决定从2010年后不再使用永久性地雷，而继续允许使用只有短暂活跃期、可自动进行自行销毁、自行解除待发状态且不对非战斗人员造成巨大危险的地雷。该国自2005年1月1日起禁止使用所有无法探测的地雷(水雷)，无论其是杀伤人员地雷(水雷)或是反车辆地雷(水雷)。", "42. 在国际一级，美国在二十个捐助国和欧洲委员会支持全世界排雷行动的坚持不懈的努力中持续发挥重要作用。迄今为止，该国划拨了10亿多美元在近50个受到地雷影响的国家用于排雷、提高对地雷(水雷)所造成危险的认识、援助地雷(水雷)事故幸存者、研究与开发最有效探测和清除地雷(水雷)方面的技术以及培训外国排雷专家。仅在2006财政年度里，美国在排雷行动方面的人道主义援助就达到7660万美元之多，用于四个大陆中30个受到地雷影响的国家。根据美国国会的批准，2007年指定用于同一用途的金额基本相当。美国通过参与全世界的排雷活动，确信有必要制定一份强有力的文书以减少杀伤人员地雷之外的地雷(水雷)在人道主义方面造成的影响，因此该国鼓励所有缔约国共同努力在即将举行的审议《公约》的第三届会议上将此项文书最终定稿。", "43. 古斯先生 (人权观察)满意地指出，仅在10年内经修正后的第二号议定书就在很大程度上变得多余了。当时，《渥太华公约》彻底禁止使用杀伤人员地雷(水雷)，而作为杀伤人员地雷使用的反车辆地雷也遭彻底禁止，同时《渥太华公约》与特别关于战争爆炸遗留物的第五号议定书已解决了冲突后补救措施的问题。因此，第二号议定书中只有关于反车辆地雷的规定仍然有用，尽管许多缔约国强调这些规定太过无力。他强烈反对这样一个事实，即各国尚未就加强这些规定的方式方法达成一致意见。此外，经修正后的第二号议定书只适用于10个尚未加入《渥太华公约》并接受其所规定的更严格和更全面义务的议定书缔约国。他认为，议定书不应被视为在实现全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的进程中的一个过渡性阶段，在此期间各国仍可以制造、储存和使用此类地雷，这应遭到全世界的谴责。", "44. 尽管如此，他满意地指出，一些国家尽管尚未加入《渥太华公约》，但未承认其制定的规则并在实践中遵守公约。这些国家甚至宣布它们已停止生产杀伤人员地雷(水雷)。杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的世界贸易差不多停止了10年，而在过去一年只有俄罗斯联邦和缅甸在继续布雷。许多尚未加入《渥太华公约》的国家已开始投票赞成联合国大会关于《渥太华公约》的年度决议，其中包括中国、摩洛哥、斯里兰卡和芬兰等已加入经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国，甚至还包括阿塞拜疆和科威特等没有加入《公约》及议定书的国家。他鼓励已表示支持在本届会议上达成完全禁止杀伤人员地雷目标的所有议定书缔约国，立即采取必要步骤加入《渥太华公约》。最后，他失望地指出，无论是中国还是巴基斯坦都决定了推迟到2007年12月才实施《议定书》规定的义务，但是两国都没有提供为届时实施义务所采取的步骤的详细资料。", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况(议程项目9)", "45. 主席说，迄今为止，共有86个国家已通知保管人同意接受议定书的约束，但对这样一项重要的国际文书来说，这一数目仍然太少。他请缔约国研究各种推动各国普遍加入这项文书的可能的方式方法。尤其是，有六个国家在宣布同意接受议定书的约束时，已决定推迟执行关于杀伤人员地雷(水雷)的可探测性和此类型中散雷的活跃期的各项规定。他鼓励这六国说明实施这些规定的准备工作进度，如果它们在一般意见交流阶段还没有作出说明的话，因为延期期限即将于2007年12月3日结束。", "46. 杜姆佩女士(拉脱维亚)指出，该国已决定推迟履行有关地雷(水雷)的可探测性和自我销毁的义务，并说该国已于2006年1月1日加入《渥太华公约》，从而承担了导致延期无效的法律义务。拉脱维亚政府已在国内采取了必要的步骤，以尽快正式撤销对经修正后的第二号议定书的保留。拉脱维亚代表将向议定书各缔约国通报该程序所取得的进展。", "47. 格里涅维什先生(白俄罗斯)说，白俄罗斯放弃推迟执行经修正后的第二号议定书规定的若干义务，这在现阶段几乎没有任何意义，因为与此同时该国已加入了《渥太华公约》。白俄罗斯未曾打算对其储存的杀伤人员地雷(水雷)安装自毁、自行解除待发状态或自行失效装置，因为根据《渥太华公约》，无论如何该国必须在2008年3月1日之前在北约和欧洲联盟的协助下销毁这些库存。", "审议各缔约方根据《经修正的第二号议定书》第13条第4款提交的报告所涉事项(议程项目10)", "48. 主席说，2006年在通知保存人同意接受经修正后的第二号议定书的86个国家中，有42个国家已经按照第13条第4款的要求提交了年度报告。迄今为止，其中14份报告已被作为会议的正式文件分发(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14)；一旦秘书处收到其余8份报告的电子版本，即予以分发。在《公约》网站上可查阅提交的所有报告，提交报告的国家清单也将列于会议报告。", "49. 在第五届年度会议上，缔约国决定简化国家年度报告的提交方式(CCW/ AP.II/CONF.5/2, 第20段)，缔约国只需在一页上简要说明：这一年在表格的某页或其他页提交的资料自上年以来发生变化的情况，而不用完成整份表格或几份表格。换言之，缔约国只需提交新的摘要、封面和载有新信息的表格。", "50. 此外，根据既定惯例，年度报告最迟须在年度会议召开八周之前提交。缔约国必须遵守这一规则。秘书处编制了一张表，概括了2006年提交国家报告的情况，并将作为第八届会议最后文件的附件。", "51. 达尔塞罗先生(巴西)说巴西将于当天提交国家报告，并请秘书处在表格中反映这一事实。", "审议各种保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况(议程项目11)", "52. 主席注意到，没有人要求就议程项目11发言。", "下午12时30分散会" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八次年度会议 法国", "2006年11月6日,日内瓦", "第1次会议简要记录", "在日内瓦万国宫举行", "2006年11月6日星期一上午10时20分 在日内瓦万国宫举行", "临时主席:考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)", "主席: 胡萨克先生 (捷克共和国)", "目 录", "会议开幕", "确认主席和主席团其他成员的任命", "通过议程", "确认议事规则", "任命会议秘书长", "通过会议费用的分摊安排", "联合国秘书长致词", "工作安排,包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排", "一般性交换意见", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况", "审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书 第13条第4款提交的报告所引起的事项", "审议保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况", "上午10时20分宣布开会。", "会议开幕", "1. 联合国 1. 临时主席代表作为《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》及其议定书保存人的联合国秘书长采取行动,宣布经1996年5月3日修正后的《禁止或限制使用地(水)雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的第二议定书》缔约国第八次年度会议开幕。", "确认主席和主席团其他成员的任命(临时议程项目2)", "2. 临时主席指出,缔约国在其第四届年度会议上决定,为了确保主席所进行筹备工作的连续性,将在每次年度会议结束时指定继任主席和副主席。 因此,在第七届年度会议上,捷克共和国代表被提名为第八届年度会议主席(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 第20段)。 如果没有人反对,他就认为会议希望确认捷克共和国代表汤姆什·胡萨克先生担任主席的提名。", "3个 就这样决定。", "4. Husák先生(捷克共和国)主持会议。", "5 (韩语). 1. 主席援引第七届年度会议就副主席职位所作出的决定(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2, 第20段),说在同各区域集团和中国磋商后,会议似乎同意认可任命德国大使伯恩哈德·布拉萨克先生、中国大使成竞业先生和约旦大使穆萨·布赖扎特先生为副主席。 他请会议认可任命这些代表为副主席。", "6. 国家 认可任命布拉萨克先生(德国)、成先生(中国)和布拉伊扎特先生(约旦)为会议副主席。", "通过议程(临时议程项目3)(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/1)", "7. 联合国 临时议程获得通过。", "确认议事规则(议程项目4)", "8. 联合国 主席提请各代表团注意载有第四届年度会议所修正的议事规则的CCW/AP.II/CONF.6/2号文件。 他说,在第一届年度会议上,现任主席提到议事规则第29条,指出缔约方在审议和谈判时是在协商一致的基础上进行的,没有以表决方式作出任何决定。 他从以下原则出发:与该发言一并阅读的议事规则文本比照适用于第八届年度会议。", "9. 国家 就这样决定。", "任命会议秘书长(议程项目5)", "10个 4. 主席提到议事规则第10条时说,他的磋商表明,各代表团同意任命裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生为会议秘书长。 他认为会议希望任命科拉罗夫先生出任这一职务。", "11个 就这样决定。", "通过会议费用的分摊安排(议程项目6)", "12个 3. 主席指出,第八届年度会议的费用估计(CCW/AP.II/CONF.7/2,附件四)已于2005年由第七届会议审议。 如果没有人反对,他就认为大会希望核准所提出的费用估计数。", "13个 就这样决定。", "联合国秘书长致词", "14个 应主席邀请,考勒先生(裁军谈判会议副秘书长兼裁军事务部日内瓦办事处主任)宣读了联合国秘书长的贺词。", "15个 秘书长在贺词中说,地雷、诱杀装置和简易爆炸装置加剧了战斗人员的痛苦并延长了武装冲突的可怕后果,不分青红皂白地杀害了平民、维和人员和人道主义工作人员,并阻碍了难民和流离失所者的返回和重返社会,并阻碍了冲突后重建。", "16号. 《某些常规武器公约》缔约国十年前通过了经修正的第二号议定书,这表明它们致力于发展国际人道主义法,以对付有关地雷和装置所构成的威胁。 然而,这种威胁仍然存在,为了实现消除各种形状和大小的地雷的目标,还有许多工作要做。 因此,秘书长敦促缔约国修订第二号议定书,以研究如何更好地保护平民免受地雷危险,并促使各国普遍加入该议定书。 他敦促尚未通知同意受经修正后的第二号议定书约束的国家,特别是原议定书缔约方尽快通知。", "工作安排,包括会议任何附属机构的工作安排(议程项目7)", "17岁。 5. 主席说,鉴于会议时间很短,他不愿提议设立一个附属机构。 相反,他请与会者在传统的一般性意见交流期间,讨论他们感兴趣的所有实质性问题,并将这些项目具体产生的问题保留在项目9、10和11下审议。", "一般性交换意见(议程项目8)", "18. 卡希洛托先生(芬兰)代表欧洲联盟、加入国(保加利亚和罗马尼亚)、候选国(土耳其、克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)、稳定与结盟进程国和潜在候选国(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、塞尔维亚和黑山) -- -- 克罗地亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国继续参与这一进程 -- -- 以及乌克兰和摩尔多瓦发言。 他说,欧洲联盟继续高度重视全面执行经修正的第二号议定书,该议定书虽然因其范围较广而补充了《渥太华公约》 -- -- 如果有效实施其禁令和限制措施,可以加强地面军事行动的安全并减少地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置对平民的影响。 有关记录、保护和清除雷场的义务以及国际合作的规定至关重要,因为它们有助于人道主义援助、冲突后恢复和维持和平行动。 欧洲联盟欢迎突尼斯于2006年加入经修正的第二号议定书,并再次呼吁《公约》所有缔约国尽快加入该议定书以及它们尚未加入的任何其他议定书。 它完全支持将在审查《公约》的第三次会议上通过的关于普遍加入《公约》及其议定书的行动计划。 尽管如此,《第二号议定书》是否有效,不仅取决于《议定书》的普遍性,而且取决于缔约国及时提交年度报告,这有助于提高执行该文书的透明度与合作。 非缔约国应自愿编写此类报告。", " 19. 19. 欧洲联盟希望经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国年度会议提供机会,就年度报告的内容进行更实质性的互动讨论。 它还有兴趣探讨如何更具体地利用年度会议来加强议定书的规定及其执行。 关于选择在《议定书》生效后将杀伤人员地雷可探测性及自毁和自失能问题技术附件规定的遵守推迟九年的缔约国,欧洲联盟请它们说明它们在执行有关规定的过程中所处的位置,因为推迟期将很快于2007年12月3日结束。 欧盟鼓励行使了这一权利并在此期间成为《渥太华公约》缔约国的缔约国立即撤销其延期。", "20. 米勒女士(澳大利亚)说,澳大利亚是《渥太华公约》的缔约国,与150个其他国家一道,因此特别强调全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的实施和普遍化,然而,澳大利亚仍然重视经修正后的第二号议定书,因为该议定书所提供的人道主义利益虽然不大但并非微不足道,而且它在汇集仍然使用和生产地雷并尚未加入《渥太华公约》的国家方面发挥了作用。", "21岁 澳大利亚仍然坚定地致力于在全世界消除杀伤人员地雷。 2005年,它承诺在五年内为国际排雷行动提供7 500万澳元,2006年,它拨款1 100万美元用于排雷、地雷危险教育和受害者援助,主要受益者是亚洲国家。 一些政府机构在发展了目前在世界各地使用的多传感器系统后,继续就新的排雷方法开展工作。 澳大利亚公司已开始开发技术来加快从地上取出地雷的速度;Minelab Electronics设计的探测器目前用于联合国排雷行动和北约和平伙伴关系。", "22. 成先生(中国)指出,经修正后的第二号议定书在人道主义关切与各国的合法军事需要之间达成了适当的平衡,国际社会广泛承认其重要性,因为目前有86个国家成为缔约国,而且该议定书在减少由地雷造成的、受害者是平民的事故数量方面发挥了不可或缺的作用。 尽管如此,地雷继续构成严重威胁,在一些国家,地雷仍然是社会和经济重建的主要障碍。 中国努力履行《议定书》规定的义务。 在国家一级,它继续开展提高公众认识和教育活动,并制作了一个电视节目,向武装部队和平民宣传议定书的执行情况。 中国军方已销毁了1 000多吨已过时的杀伤人员地雷并开始修改仍然正常使用的所储存的地雷,使之符合《议定书》的技术要求。 这样,中国计划在推迟适用《议定书》某些技术要求的期间结束之前能够履行其义务。", "23. 联合国 在国际上,中国作为排雷行动支助小组的成员,在排雷援助工作中发挥了积极作用。 2005年,它派出一个专家小组到泰国培训了30名排雷人员,为期几个月。 2006年9月,它在中国为来自黎巴嫩和约旦的42名排雷人员开办了人道主义排雷培训班。 它还支持了非洲的人道主义排雷行动。 它认为,在排雷行动领域,现有的各种国际机制是相辅相成的,因此与《渥太华公约》缔约国以及国际禁止地雷运动、日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心和红十字国际委员会的代表保持了广泛的联系。", "24. 姜女士(大韩民国)重申大韩民国坚定不移地致力于经修正后的第二号议定书的文字和精神。 她指出,虽然《议定书》的缔约国数目正在稳步增加,但仍应加倍努力确保《议定书》的普遍性 -- -- 大韩民国对将在审查《公约》的第三次会议上为此目的而通过的行动计划寄予很大希望。", "25岁 2006年,大韩民国已销毁了7 000多枚地雷并计划到2009年完成排雷活动。 在过去九年里,政府忠实地遵守暂停出口这种装置。 在国际上,政府继续支持人道主义排雷项目,向联合国各种信托基金捐款,并正在探索与受地雷影响的国家分享所取得的经验和开发的技术。", "26. 联合国 她承认经修正后的第二号议定书部分适用于非杀伤人员地雷,但认为需要一项重点更突出的文书来应对此种地雷所构成的人道主义危险,并期待着迅速通过一项具体规范此种危险的新的议定书。", "27. TURCOTTE先生(加拿大)说,经修正后的第二号议定书虽然在某些方面值得注意,但并没有提供足够的保护来免受杀伤人员地雷造成的严重威胁,特别是在人道主义方面。 与此相反,《渥太华公约》汇集了世界四分之三以上的国家,为解决这些问题提供了一个全面的行动框架,这些问题超出了《议定书》的范围,纯粹禁止杀伤人员地雷,要求在确切的最后期限前销毁储存,并为受害者提供援助,使他们能够返回社区。 在2004年11月举行的审查《渥太华公约》的第一次会议上,缔约国通过了一项雄心勃勃的2004-2009年行动计划,使缔约国能够在彻底消除杀伤人员地雷祸害方面取得显著进展,尽管为实现这一目标仍有许多工作要做。 加拿大敦促所有国家加入《渥太华公约》并在此期间充分实施其准则,因为全世界平民的生活和生计都处于危险之中。", "28岁 经修正后的第二号议定书的主要价值在于它适用于非杀伤人员地雷。 因此,加拿大敦促所有国家充分履行它们关于禁止滥用地雷、停止现行敌对行动后排雷和协助排雷的承诺,更不用说定期和及时提交年度报告,这是遵守议定书规定的关键因素。 它还敦促它们履行有关反车辆地雷的义务,这种地雷给平民造成了骇人听闻的痛苦。", "29. 施特莱先生(瑞士)指出,经修正后的第二号议定书的效力,特别是议定书规定的保护平民的保障的效力,取决于议定书条款的有效适用,包括缔约国根据第13条第4款提交年度报告和参加年度会议。 瑞士欢迎《议定书》缔约国数目稳步增加,并请所有尚未加入《议定书》的国家加入《议定书》。 它随时准备在双边或多边一级积极合作,解决可能使某些国家无法加入议定书的任何与地雷有关的技术问题。 2005年,瑞士政府为全世界的排雷行动拨款1 200万美元,并在2006年预算中指定了类似数额,主要用于资助排雷项目、提高认识运动和援助受害者项目。 它还为许多国家的排雷任务提供了专家和设备。", "30. BIELASHOV先生(乌克兰)指出,乌克兰赞同芬兰代表团代表欧洲联盟和其他国家所作的发言。 他说,乌克兰不仅是《公约》的缔约国,而且是其五项议定书的缔约国,它完全致力于严格遵守和在国内适当适用这些文书,特别是经修正的《第二号议定书》,该议定书提供了减少武装冲突对敌对行动期间的战斗人员和其后的平民造成的经常灾难性后果的重要手段。", "31岁 在乌克兰,排雷专家报告说,每年在施工和其他作业期间从地上取出40 000至50 000件未爆弹药。 政府拨出了相当大的努力和财政资源来消除第二次世界大战遗留下来的这一祸害,但如果没有外国伙伴的大力支持,就不可能在这方面取得成功。 乌克兰认为,国际社会可以不必担心活动的重复,继续广泛支持受地雷影响国家制定的消除这些装置所产生影响的方案。 事实上,由于欧洲委员会合作在乌克兰销毁了600万枚PFM杀伤人员地雷,乌克兰才考虑加入《渥太华公约》,最近也这样做了。", "32. 普拉萨德先生(印度)说,印度仍然致力于普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷的最终目标,这一目标考虑到各国的合法安全需要。 如果可以获得低成本、军事上有效和非致命的替代技术,在彻底消除这些地雷方面就可以取得进展。 通过平衡各国的安全需要和保护平民免受不负责任和不加区别地使用各种地雷之害的关切,经修正后的第二号议定书为逐步实现无地雷世界作出了重大贡献。 印度毫无保留地支持缔约国为促进普遍加入《议定书》所采取的措施,特别是起草行动计划,该计划将在几天后提交审查《公约》的会议。 《议定书》第13和14条规定的协商、合作和遵约机制的效力体现在许多缔约国定期提交国家年度报告。", "33. 印度已采取必要步骤遵守《议定书》的规定。 只有武装部队才被授权使用地雷,他们根据标准行动程序为保护边界埋设了地雷。 印度当局从未使用过地雷来维持国内秩序,甚至从未使用过地雷来对付恐怖主义集团,恐怖主义集团的确不分青红皂白地对平民使用地雷和简易爆炸装置。 继续暂停出口地雷。 通过出版物、培训课程和民间社会行动,定期向武装部队和公众传播关于杀伤人员地雷的信息。 印度军队继续在主要在非洲的维持和平行动中为执行联合国赞助的排雷方案提供其技能。 印度赞成在一切形式的排雷行动方面加强合作。 著名的 \" 斋浦尔脚 \" 在非洲和亚洲某些受地雷影响的国家分发。", "34. MINE先生(日本)说,日本仍然深信只有普遍禁止杀伤人员地雷才能结束由这些武器所造成痛苦,日本十分重视《渥太华公约》,并一直积极努力鼓励尚未加入《公约》的国家加入《公约》。 尽管如此,日本还认为,经修正的第二号议定书为减轻这些装置造成的人道主义问题提供了现实和合乎逻辑的手段,因此,那些难以成为《渥太华公约》缔约国的国家应考虑加入经修正的第二号议定书,这将使它们能够参与国际社会为减少由地雷所给的痛苦而作的努力。 日本代表团希望那些选择推迟到2007年12月才对杀伤人员地雷适用可探测性和活性活性要求的国家将向本届大会报告其执行这些规定的进展情况。 近年来,日本积极支持排雷行动,并与该国工业、大学和民间社会一道,开始研制新的探雷和扫雷设备。 日本呼吁所有缔约国重申经修正的第二号议定书的重要性,该议定书不仅规范了杀伤人员地雷,而且规范了非杀伤人员地雷,并努力使该文书得到稳步执行并逐步得到普遍接受。", "35. 安通诺夫先生(俄罗斯联邦)指出,经修正的第二号议定书提供了调和所有国家利益的独特优势,无论是赞成全面禁止杀伤人员地雷,还是必须使用此种装置确保其安全,他认为应该更好地利用议定书提供的各种可能性。 在实践中,应努力通过与由于军事和政治局势困难而尚未加入《议定书》的国家合作,使《议定书》具有普遍性。 俄罗斯联邦在2004年12月宣布同意受《议定书》约束之前,必须克服这些困难。 其规定也应得到更好的适用。 俄罗斯联邦相信,负责任地执行《议定书》的规定和禁令将有助于大大减少地雷受害者人数及其所造成的损害,从而不必通过新的文书来解决这一问题。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 多年来,俄罗斯联邦一直在采取实际步骤来减少地雷威胁。 该国在10多年前就放弃了爆炸性地雷的生产,最近还销毁了800多万枚杀伤人员地雷。 国防部已就雷场的布设和标记提出了建议,武装部队已开始执行议定书的技术规定。", "37. 联合国 俄罗斯联邦已完成了向塔吉克斯坦移交与该国同阿富汗边界上布设的雷场有关的所有记录的工作。 俄罗斯媒体传播了《议定书》条款和当局为确保遵约所采取措施的信息。 俄罗斯联邦已开始开发新的探雷和排除地雷技术,并设计了销毁受议定书限制的杀伤人员地雷的新手段。 它表示愿意培训外国排雷专家,作为国际合作的一部分。", "38. 汗先生(巴基斯坦)说,巴基斯坦十分重视经修正后的第二号议定书,因为它的范围非常广泛,它兼顾了人道主义关切和各国的安全要求,其自愿、无侵扰和非歧视性的遵约机制的有效性,以及主要的地雷生产国是其缔约国这一事实。 巴基斯坦充分执行其规定并提交了年度报告。", "39. 联合国 在巴基斯坦,地雷的生产仅限于公共部门,而地雷的储存和在现行敌对行动期间的埋设则委托给武装部队的专门单位。 已采取一切必要措施来保护平民和军事人员不受地雷之害,特别是向武装部队成员提供关于议定书条款和地雷对平民造成的危险的资料、雷场的标记、监测雷场及其和平时期的围栏、教育生活在雷场附近的平民,包括在当地学校上学的儿童,以及援助受地雷伤害的阿富汗难民。", " 40. 40. 议定书缔约国应不遗余力地使该文书具有普遍性,强调该文书在协助排雷和地雷受害者康复方面的益处。", "41. 国家 25. 贝克尔女士(美利坚合众国)说,美国已成为经修正后的第二号议定书的缔约国,因为它致力于消除包括反车辆地雷在内的所有地雷给人类造成的危险,而且实际上在国家一级实行了超出议定书要求的禁令。 2004年2月,美国政府决定,在2010年之后,美国不再使用持久性地雷,同时继续批准使用寿命较短的地雷,自毁自失效,对非战斗人员没有重大危险。 它还自2005年1月1日起禁止使用所有不可探测地雷,无论是杀伤人员地雷还是反车辆地雷。", "42. 国家 在国际一级,美国在几十个捐助国和欧洲联盟委员会支持全世界排雷行动的不懈努力中发挥了持续的重要作用。 迄今为止,该国已经拨出了10多亿美元,用于排雷、提高对地雷所造成危险的认识、援助地雷事故幸存者、研究和开发最有效的地雷探测和清除技术以及培训近50个受地雷影响的国家的外国排雷专家。 仅在2006财政年度,美国对地雷行动的人道主义援助就超过7 660万美元,援助对象是四大洲的30个受地雷影响的国家。 经美国国会批准后,2007年将指定一个类似数额用于同一目的。 它在世界各地参与排雷行动,使美国相信有必要拟订一项强有力的文书来减少非杀伤人员地雷的人道主义影响,因此它鼓励所有国家共同努力,在即将召开的审查《公约》的第三次会议上完成这项文书。", "43. GOOSE先生(人权观察社)满意地注意到,在仅仅10年的时间里,经修正的第二号议定书基本上变得多余了。 当时,杀伤人员地雷被《渥太华公约》所完全禁止,而作为杀伤人员地雷的反车辆地雷也是如此,而冲突后的补救措施问题则由《渥太华公约》,尤其是关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书所解决。 这样,只有《第二号议定书》中与反车辆地雷有关的规定仍然有效,尽管许多缔约国强调这些规定太弱了。 他感到遗憾的是,各国尚未就加强这些规定的方式方法达成共识。 此外,经修正的《第二号议定书》仅对10个尚未加入《渥太华公约》并接受该公约规定的更严格和更全面的义务的国家适用。 他认为,不应将《议定书》视为在全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的道路上的方便阶段,各国仍可生产、储存和使用此种地雷,而整个国际社会应予以谴责。", "44. 国家 尽管如此,他满意地注意到,即使不是《渥太华公约》缔约国的国家也承认《公约》所规定的规则,并在实践中遵守了该规则。 甚至他们也宣布停止生产杀伤人员地雷。 杀伤人员地雷的世界贸易在10年中基本停止了,而去年只有俄罗斯联邦和缅甸继续埋设地雷。 许多非《渥太华公约》缔约国的国家已开始投票赞成联合国大会关于《渥太华公约》的年度决议,其中包括中国、摩洛哥、斯里兰卡和芬兰,这些国家是经修正的第二议定书的缔约国,甚至包括阿塞拜疆和科威特,这两个国家都不是这两项议定书的缔约国。 他鼓励在本次会议上表示支持全面禁止杀伤人员地雷的《议定书》所有缔约国立即采取必要步骤加入《渥太华公约》。 最后,他失望地指出,中国和巴基斯坦都没有提供详细资料,说明它们为在2007年12月履行议定书规定的义务采取了哪些步骤,它们选择推迟适用议定书。", "审查议定书的实施情况和现况(议程项目9)", "45. 国家 1. 主席说,迄今为止,86个国家已通知保存人它们同意受议定书的约束,鉴于该国际文书的重要性,这一数字仍然比较小。 他请缔约国研究促进普遍加入该文书的可能方式和方法。 他特别鼓励在宣布同意受《议定书》约束时选择推迟适用有关杀伤人员地雷可探测性以及这类遥布地雷的有效寿命的规定的六个国家,如果它们在一般性交换意见期间没有这样做,请说明它们准备适用这些规定的情况,因为推迟期将于2007年12月3日届满。", "46. 杜姆佩女士(拉脱维亚)指出,拉脱维亚选择推迟履行与地雷可探测性和自毁有关的义务。 她说,拉脱维亚于2006年1月1日成为《渥太华公约》的缔约国,因此承担了使推迟无效的法律义务。 拉脱维亚政府已在国内采取必要步骤,尽快正式撤回对经修正后的第二号议定书的保留。 拉脱维亚代表团将向议定书缔约国通报该程序的进展情况。", "47. 格里涅维奇先生(白俄罗斯)说,由于白俄罗斯目前已成为《渥太华公约》的缔约国,白俄罗斯放弃推迟履行其根据经修正后的第二号议定书所承担某些义务,在现阶段没有什么意义。 白俄罗斯不打算将自毁、自失能或自失效装置与其杀伤人员地雷储存相适应,因为根据《渥太华公约》,白俄罗斯无论如何都会在北约和欧洲联盟的协助下于2008年3月1日之前销毁这些储存。", "审议各缔约方根据经修正后的第二号议定书第13条第4款提出的报告所引起的事项(议程项目10)", " 48. 48. 主席指出,2006年,在已通知保存人同意受经修正后的第二号议定书约束的86个国家中,有42个提交了第13条所述的国家年度报告。 迄今为止,其中14份报告已作为会议的正式文件(CCW/AP.II/CONF.8/NAR.1-14)印发;另外8份报告将在秘书处以电子形式收到后印发。 所有已经提交的报告均可在《公约》网站上查阅,提交这些报告的国家名单将载入缔约国会议的报告。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在第五届年度会议上,缔约国决定简化国家年度报告的通报(CCW/AP.II/CONF.5/2, 第20段),缔约国今后可仅限于在一份表格上说明自上一年以来所要提供的关于其中一种表格的本年资料没有变化的情况,而且没有填写有关表格或表格----换言之,它们只能提交新的摘要、封面页和载有新资料的表格。", " 50. 50. 此外,按照惯例,年度报告至迟应在年度会议召开前八个星期提交。 各缔约国必须遵守这一规则。 秘书处编写了一份表格,概述2006年国家报告提供的数据,并将附于第八届会议最后文件。", "51. DALCERO先生(巴西)说,巴西将在当天提交其国家报告,并请秘书处在表格中反映这一事实。", "审议保护平民不受地雷滥杀滥伤影响的技术的发展情况(议程项目11)", "52. (中文(简体) ). 主席指出,没有代表团希望就项目11发言。", "下午12时30分散会。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/407)]", "66/24. Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 53/70 of 4 December 1998, 54/49 of 1 December 1999, 55/28 of 20 November 2000, 56/19 of 29 November 2001, 57/53 of 22 November 2002, 58/32 of 8 December 2003, 59/61 of 3 December 2004, 60/45 of 8 December 2005, 61/54 of 6 December 2006, 62/17 of 5 December 2007, 63/37 of 2 December 2008, 64/25 of 2 December 2009 and 65/41 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolutions on the role of science and technology in the context of international security, in which, inter alia, it recognized that scientific and technological developments could have both civilian and military applications and that progress in science and technology for civilian applications needed to be maintained and encouraged,", "Noting that considerable progress has been made in developing and applying the latest information technologies and means of telecommunication,", "Affirming that it sees in this process the broadest positive opportunities for the further development of civilization, the expansion of opportunities for cooperation for the common good of all States, the enhancement of the creative potential of humankind and additional improvements in the circulation of information in the global community,", "Recalling, in this connection, the approaches and principles outlined at the Information Society and Development Conference, held in Midrand, South Africa, from 13 to 15 May 1996,", "Bearing in mind the results of the Ministerial Conference on Terrorism, held in Paris on 30 July 1996, and the recommendations that were made,[1]", "Bearing in mind also the results of the World Summit on the Information Society, held in Geneva from 10 to 12 December 2003 (first phase) and in Tunis from 16 to 18 November 2005 (second phase),[2]", "Noting that the dissemination and use of information technologies and means affect the interests of the entire international community and that optimum effectiveness is enhanced by broad international cooperation,", "Expressing concern that these technologies and means can potentially be used for purposes that are inconsistent with the objectives of maintaining international stability and security and may adversely affect the integrity of the infrastructure of States to the detriment of their security in both civil and military fields,", "Considering that it is necessary to prevent the use of information resources or technologies for criminal or terrorist purposes,", "Noting the contribution of those Member States that have submitted their assessments on issues of information security to the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraphs 1 to 3 of resolutions 53/70, 54/49, 55/28, 56/19, 57/53, 58/32, 59/61, 60/45, 61/54, 62/17, 63/37, 64/25 and 65/41,", "Taking note of the reports of the Secretary-General containing those assessments,[3]", "Welcoming the initiative taken by the Secretariat and the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research in convening international meetings of experts in Geneva in August 1999 and April 2008 on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, as well as the results of those meetings,", "Considering that the assessments of the Member States contained in the reports of the Secretary-General and the international meetings of experts have contributed to a better understanding of the substance of issues of international information security and related notions,", "Bearing in mind that the Secretary-General, in fulfilment of resolution 60/45, established in 2009, on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, a group of governmental experts, which, in accordance with its mandate, considered existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them and conducted a study on relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems,", "Welcoming the effective work of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security and the relevant report transmitted by the Secretary-General,[4]", "Taking note of the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts,", "1. Calls upon Member States to promote further at multilateral levels the consideration of existing and potential threats in the field of information security, as well as possible strategies to address the threats emerging in this field, consistent with the need to preserve the free flow of information;", "2. Considers that the purpose of such strategies could be served through further examination of relevant international concepts aimed at strengthening the security of global information and telecommunications systems;", "3. Invites all Member States, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,⁴ to continue to inform the Secretary-General of their views and assessments on the following questions:", "(a) General appreciation of the issues of information security;", "(b) Efforts taken at the national level to strengthen information security and promote international cooperation in this field;", "(c) The content of the concepts mentioned in paragraph 2 above;", "(d) Possible measures that could be taken by the international community to strengthen information security at the global level;", "4. Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts, to be established in 2012 on the basis of equitable geographical distribution, taking into account the assessments and recommendations contained in the above-mentioned report, to continue to study existing and potential threats in the sphere of information security and possible cooperative measures to address them, including norms, rules or principles of responsible behaviour of States and confidence-building measures with regard to information space, as well as the concepts referred to in paragraph 2 above, and to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session a report on the results of this study;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/51/261, annex.", "[2]  See A/C.2/59/3, annex, and A/60/687.", "[3]  A/54/213, A/55/140 and Corr.1 and Add.1, A/56/164 and Add.1, A/57/166 and Add.1, A/58/373, A/59/116 and Add.1, A/60/95 and Add.1, A/61/161 and Add.1, A/62/98 and Add.1, A/64/129 and Add.1, A/65/154 and A/66/152 and Add.1.", "[4]  See A/65/201." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/407)通过]", "66/24. 从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展", "大会，", "回顾其1998年12月4日第53/70号、1999年12月1日第54/49号、2000年11月20日第55/28号、2001年11月29日第56/19号、2002年11月22日第57/53号、2003年12月8日第58/32号、2004年12月3日第59/61号、2005年12月8日第60/45号、2006年12月6日第61/54号、2007年12月5日第62/17号、2008年12月2日第63/37号、2009年12月2日第64/25号和2010年12月8日第65/41号决议，", "又回顾其关于科学和技术在国际安全领域的作用的各项决议，除其他外，确认科学和技术的发展可以有民用和军事两种用途，需要维持和鼓励民用科学和技术的进展，", "注意到在发展和应用最新的信息技术和电信手段方面取得了显著进展，", "申明大会认为这一进程带来最大的机会，有利于推动文明的进一步发展，增加为所有国家的共同利益开展合作的机会，增强人类的创造潜力，并进一步改善全球社会的信息流通，", "为此回顾1996年5月13日至15日在南非米德兰特举行的信息社会与发展会议提出的做法和原则，", "铭记1996年7月30日在巴黎举行的恐怖主义问题部长级会议的结果及会议提出的建议，[1]", "又铭记信息社会世界首脑会议(第一阶段——2003年12月10日至12日，日内瓦；第二阶段——2005年11月16日至18日，突尼斯)的结果，[2]", "注意到信息技术和手段的传播和使用影响到整个国际社会的利益，广泛开展国际合作有助于取得最佳效益，", "表示关切这些技术和手段可能会被用于不符合维护国际稳定与安全宗旨的目的，可能对各国基础设施的完整性产生不利影响，损害其民用和军事领域的安全，", "认为有必要防止为犯罪或恐怖主义目的利用信息资源或技术，", "注意到已经按照第53/70、54/49、55/28、56/19、57/53、58/32、59/61、60/45、61/54、62/17、63/37、64/25和65/41号决议第1至3段的要求向秘书长提交对信息安全问题的评估意见的会员国所作的贡献，", "表示注意到载有这些评估意见的秘书长的报告，[3]", "欢迎秘书处和联合国裁军研究所采取主动，于1999年8月和2008年4月在日内瓦召开关于从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域发展的国际专家会议，并欢迎这些会议的成果，", "认为秘书长报告中的会员国评估意见以及国际专家会议有助于进一步了解国际信息安全问题的实质内涵和有关概念，", "铭记秘书长为执行第60/45号决议，在2009年按公平地域分配原则设立了政府专家组，该专家组按照其任务规定，审议了信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁，以及为消除这些威胁可以采取的合作措施，并对国际上旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关概念进行了研究，", "欢迎从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的有效工作及秘书长转递的相关报告，[4]", "注意到政府专家组报告的评估意见和建议，", "1. 吁请会员国进一步推动多边审议信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁，并审议为遏制这一领域新出现的威胁可以采取的战略，但须顾及维护信息自由流通的需要；", "2. 认为进一步研究旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关国际概念可有助于实现这些措施要达到的目的；", "3. 邀请所有会员国在考虑到从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的报告所载评估意见和建议的情况下，⁴ 继续向秘书长通报它们对下列问题的看法和评估意见：", "(a) 对信息安全问题的一般看法；", "(b) 国家一级为加强信息安全和促进这一领域的国际合作所作的努力；", "(c) 上文第2段所述概念的内容；", "(d) 国际社会为加强全球一级的信息安全可能采取的措施；", "4. 请秘书长在将于2012年按公平地域分配原则设立的政府专家组协助下，根据上述报告中的评估意见和建议，继续研究信息安全领域的现有威胁和潜在威胁及为消除这些威胁可以采取的合作措施，包括国家在信息空间中负责任行为的规范、规则或原则和建立信任措施，以及上文第2段提及的概念，并向大会第六十八届会议提交关于这一研究结果的报告；", "5. 决定将题为“从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/51/261，附件。", "[2] 见A/C.2/59/3,附件；A/60/687。", "[3] A/54/213、A/55/140和Corr.1和Add.1、A/56/164和Add.1、A/57/166和Add.1、A/58/373、A/59/116和Add.1、A/60/95和Add.1、A/61/161和Add.1、A/62/98和Add.1、A/64/129和Add.1、A/65/154及A/66/152和Add.1。", "[4] 见A/65/201。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/407)通", "66/24 (英语). 从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展", "大会,", "回顾其1998年12月4日第53/70号、1999年12月1日第54/49号、2000年11月20日第55/28号、2001年11月29日第56/19号、2002年11月22日第57/53号、2003年12月8日第58/32号、2004年12月3日第59/61号、2005年12月8日第60/45号、2006年12月6日第61/54号、2007年12月5日第62/17号、2008年12月2日第63/37号、2009年12月2日第64/25号和2010年12月8日第65/41号决议,", "又回顾其关于科学和技术在国际安全领域的作用的各项决议,其中除其他外,认识到科学和技术的发展可以有民用和军事两种用途,并需要维持和鼓励民用科学和技术的进展,", "注意到在发展和应用最新的信息技术和电信手段方面已取得重大进展,", "申明大会认为这一进程提供了最广泛的积极机会,有利于进一步发展文明,扩大合作机会以造福所有国家的共同利益,增强人类的创造潜力并进一步改善全球社会的信息流通,", "在这方面,回顾1996年5月13日至15日在南非米德兰特举行的信息社会与发展会议所概述的办法和原则,", "铭记1996年7月30日在巴黎举行的恐怖主义问题部长级会议的结果和所提出的建议,[1]", "又铭记2003年12月10日至12日在日内瓦举行的信息社会世界首脑会议(第一阶段)和2005年11月16日至18日在突尼斯举行的信息社会世界首脑会议(第二阶段)的成果,[2]", "注意到信息技术和手段的传播和使用会影响到整个国际社会的利益,广泛开展国际合作会增进最佳效益,", "表示关切这些技术和手段可能被用于不符合维护国际稳定与安全宗旨的目的,对各国基础设施的完整性产生不利影响,损害其民用和军事领域的安全,", "认为有必要防止将信息资源或技术用于犯罪或恐怖主义目的,", "注意到已根据第53/70、54/49、55/28、56/19、57/53、58/32、59/61、60/45、61/54、62/17、63/37、64/25和65/41号决议第1至3段向秘书长提交了它们对信息安全问题的评估意见的会员国所作的贡献,", "注意到载有这些评估意见的秘书长的报告,[3]", "欢迎秘书处和联合国裁军研究所采取主动,于1999年8月和2008年4月在日内瓦举行关于从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域发展的国际专家会议,并欢迎这些会议的结果,", "认为秘书长报告所载的会员国评估意见以及国际专家会议有助于进一步了解国际信息安全问题的实质内涵和有关概念,", "铭记秘书长为执行2009年在公平地域分配基础上设立的第60/45号决议,成立了一个政府专家组,按照其任务规定,审议了信息安全领域的现存威胁和潜在威胁及为对付这些威胁可能采取的合作措施,并研究了旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关国际概念,", "欢迎从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的有效工作和秘书长转递的有关报告,[4]", "注意到政府专家组报告所载的评估意见和建议,", "1. 联合国 4. 吁请会员国进一步推动在多边各级审议信息安全领域的现存威胁和潜在威胁,并审议为处理这一领域新出现的威胁而可能制定的战略,但须符合维护信息自由流动的需要;", "2. 联合国 3. 认为进一步审查旨在加强全球信息和电信系统安全的有关国际概念可以有助于实现这些战略的目的;", "3个 3. 邀请所有会员国考虑到从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展政府专家组的报告4 所载的评估和建议,继续向秘书长通报它们对下列问题的看法和评估意见:", "(a) 对信息安全问题的一般看法;", "(b) 在国家一级为加强信息安全和促进这一领域的国际合作而作的努力;", "(c)) 上文第2段所述概念的内容;", "(d) 国际社会为加强全球一级的信息安全可采取的措施;", " 4.四. 4. 请秘书长在将于2012年在公平地域分配基础上设立的政府专家组的协助下,考虑到上述报告内的评估意见和建议,继续研究信息安全领域的现存威胁和潜在威胁及为对付这些威胁而可能采取的合作措施,包括国家负责任行为的准则、规则或原则及信息空间建立信任措施,并研究上文第2段提及的概念,就这项研究的结果向大会第六十八届会议提出报告;", "5 (韩语). 9. 决定将题为“从国际安全的角度来看信息和电信领域的发展”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见A/51/261,附件。", "[2] 见A/C.2/59/3,附件和A/60/687。", "[3] A/54/213、A/55/140和Corr.1和Add.1、A/56/164和Add.1、A/57/166和Add.1、A/58/373、A/59/116和Add.1、A/60/95和Add.1、A/61/161和Add.1、A/62/98和Add.1、A/64/129和Add.1、A/65/154和A/66/152和Add.1。", "[4] 见A/65/201。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/408)]", "66/25. Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 3263 (XXIX) of 9 December 1974, 3474 (XXX) of 11 December 1975, 31/71 of 10 December 1976, 32/82 of 12 December 1977, 33/64 of 14 December 1978, 34/77 of 11 December 1979, 35/147 of 12 December 1980, 36/87 A and B of 9 December 1981, 37/75 of 9 December 1982, 38/64 of 15 December 1983, 39/54 of 12 December 1984, 40/82 of 12 December 1985, 41/48 of 3 December 1986, 42/28 of 30 November 1987, 43/65 of 7 December 1988, 44/108 of 15 December 1989, 45/52 of 4 December 1990, 46/30 of 6 December 1991, 47/48 of 9 December 1992, 48/71 of 16 December 1993, 49/71 of 15 December 1994, 50/66 of 12 December 1995, 51/41 of 10 December 1996, 52/34 of 9 December 1997, 53/74 of 4 December 1998, 54/51 of 1 December 1999, 55/30 of 20 November 2000, 56/21 of 29 November 2001, 57/55 of 22 November 2002, 58/34 of 8 December 2003, 59/63 of 3 December 2004, 60/52 of 8 December 2005, 61/56 of 6 December 2006, 62/18 of 5 December 2007, 63/38 of 2 December 2008, 64/26 of 2 December 2009 and 65/42 of 8 December 2010 on the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Recalling also the recommendations for the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East consistent with paragraphs 60 to 63, and in particular paragraph 63 (d), of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Emphasizing the basic provisions of the above-mentioned resolutions, which call upon all parties directly concerned to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East and, pending and during the establishment of such a zone, to declare solemnly that they will refrain, on a reciprocal basis, from producing, acquiring or in any other way possessing nuclear weapons and nuclear explosive devices and from permitting the stationing of nuclear weapons on their territory by any third party, to agree to place their nuclear facilities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and to declare their support for the establishment of the zone and to deposit such declarations with the Security Council for consideration, as appropriate,", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all States to acquire and develop nuclear energy for peaceful purposes,", "Emphasizing the need for appropriate measures on the question of the prohibition of military attacks on nuclear facilities,", "Bearing in mind the consensus reached by the General Assembly since its thirty-fifth session that the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East would greatly enhance international peace and security,", "Desirous of building on that consensus so that substantial progress can be made towards establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East,", "Welcoming all initiatives leading to general and complete disarmament, including in the region of the Middle East, and in particular on the establishment therein of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons,", "Noting the peace negotiations in the Middle East, which should be of a comprehensive nature and represent an appropriate framework for the peaceful settlement of contentious issues in the region,", "Recognizing the importance of credible regional security, including the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Emphasizing the essential role of the United Nations in the establishment of a mutually verifiable nuclear-weapon-free zone,", "Having examined the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/42,[2]", "1. Urges all parties directly concerned seriously to consider taking the practical and urgent steps required for the implementation of the proposal to establish a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly, and, as a means of promoting this objective, invites the countries concerned to adhere to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[3]", "2. Calls upon all countries of the region that have not yet done so, pending the establishment of the zone, to agree to place all their nuclear activities under International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards;", "3. Takes note of resolution GC(55)/RES/14, adopted on 23 September 2011 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty‑fifth regular session, concerning the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East;[4]", "4. Notes the importance of the ongoing bilateral Middle East peace negotiations and the activities of the multilateral Working Group on Arms Control and Regional Security in promoting mutual confidence and security in the Middle East, including the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone;", "5. Invites all countries of the region, pending the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East, to declare their support for establishing such a zone, consistent with paragraph 63 (d) of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,¹ and to deposit those declarations with the Security Council;", "6. Also invites those countries, pending the establishment of the zone, not to develop, produce, test or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or permit the stationing on their territories, or territories under their control, of nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices;", "7. Invites the nuclear-weapon States and all other States to render their assistance in the establishment of the zone and at the same time to refrain from any action that runs counter to both the letter and the spirit of the present resolution;", "8. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General;²", "9. Invites all parties to consider the appropriate means that may contribute towards the goal of general and complete disarmament and the establishment of a zone free of weapons of mass destruction in the region of the Middle East;", "10. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to pursue consultations with the States of the region and other concerned States, in accordance with paragraph 7 of resolution 46/30 and taking into account the evolving situation in the region, and to seek from those States their views on the measures outlined in chapters III and IV of the study annexed to the report of the Secretary-General of 10 October 1990[5] or other relevant measures, in order to move towards the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East;", "11. Also requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the region of the Middle East”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/66/153 (Part I) and Add.1 and 2.", "[3]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[4]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[5]  A/45/435." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/408)通过]", "66/25. 建立中东无核武器区", "大会，", "回顾其关于建立中东无核武器区的1974年12月9日第3263(XXIX)号、1975年12月11日第3474(XXX)号、1976年12月10日第31/71号、1977年12月12日第32/82号、1978年12月14日第33/64号、1979年12月11日第34/77号、1980年12月12日第35/147号、1981年12月9日第36/87A和B号、1982年12月9日第37/75号、1983年12月15日第38/64号、1984年12月12日第39/54号、1985年12月12日第40/82号、1986年12月3日第41/48号、1987年11月30日第42/28号、1988年12月7日第43/65号、1989年12月15日第44/108号、1990年12月4日第45/52号、1991年12月6日第46/30号、1992年12月9日第47/48号、1993年12月16日第48/71号、1994年12月15日第49/71号、1995年12月12日第50/66号、1996年12月10日第51/41号、1997年12月9日第52/34号、1998年12月4日第53/74号、1999年12月1日第54/51号、2000年11月20日第55/30号、2001年11月29日第56/21号、2002年11月22日第57/55号、2003年12月8日第58/34号、2004年12月3日第59/63号、2005年12月8日第60/52号、2006年12月6日第61/56号、2007年12月5日第62/18号、2008年12月2日第63/38号、2009年12月2日第64/26号和2010年12月8日第65/42号决议，", "又回顾关于根据大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》第60至63段，特别是第63(d)段的规定建立中东无核武器区的建议，[1]", "强调上述各项决议的基本规定，其中呼吁所有直接有关方面考虑立即切实采取必要步骤来执行建立中东无核武器区的提案，酌情在中东无核武器区建立之前和建立期间，庄严宣布它们将以对等方式，不生产、获得或以任何其他方式拥有核武器和核爆炸装置，不允许任何第三方在其领土上部署核武器，同意将其核设施置于国际原子能机构的保障监督之下，声明支持建立无核武器区并将声明交存安全理事会审议，", "重申所有国家均有为和平目的取得和发展核能的不可剥夺权利，", "强调需要就禁止对核设施进行军事袭击的问题采取适当措施，", "铭记自大会第三十五届会议以来达成的共识，即建立中东无核武器区可大大增进国际和平与安全，", "希望以这项共识为基础，在建立中东无核武器区方面取得实质进展，", "欢迎导致全面彻底裁军、包括中东地区全面彻底裁军，特别是关于在中东建立包括无核武器在内的大规模毁灭性武器区的一切倡议，", "注意到中东和平谈判，该谈判应是全面性的，应作为和平解决该区域争议问题的适宜框架，", "确认可靠的区域安全，包括建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区至关重要，", "强调联合国在建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区方面的关键作用，", "审查了秘书长关于大会第65/42号决议执行情况的报告，[2]", "1. 促请直接有关各方依照大会各项有关决议，认真考虑立即切实采取必要步骤来执行建立中东无核武器区的提案，并为促进实现这一目标，请各有关国家加入《不扩散核武器条约》；[3]", "2. 吁请该地区所有尚未表示同意的国家，在建立无核武器区之前，同意将其所有核活动置于国际原子能机构的保障监督之下；", "3. 注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会2011年9月23日通过的关于在中东适用原子能机构保障监督的GC(55)/RES/14号决议；[4]", "4. 指出正在进行的中东双边和平谈判以及多边军备控制和区域安全问题工作组的活动对促进中东的相互信任和安全，包括促进建立无核武器区至关重要；", "5. 邀请该地区所有国家在建立中东无核武器区之前，按照大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》¹ 第63(d)段的规定，声明支持建立这一无核武器区，并将声明交存安全理事会；", "6. 又邀请这些国家在建立无核武器区之前，不发展、生产、试验或以任何其他方式取得核武器或允许在其境内或在其控制的领土上部署核武器或核爆炸装置；", "7. 邀请核武器国家和所有其他国家协助建立中东无核武器区，同时不采取任何违背本决议文字和精神的行动；", "8. 注意到秘书长的报告；²", "9. 邀请所有方面考虑采取可能有助于实现全面彻底裁军和在中东建立无大规模毁灭性武器区的目标的适当手段；", "10. 请秘书长依照第46/30号决议第7段的规定，并考虑到该地区演变中的局势，继续与该地区各国和其他有关国家进行协商，并就秘书长1990年10月10日的报告[5] 所附研究报告第三和第四章所载的措施或其他有关措施征求这些国家的意见，以便推进建立中东无核武器区的工作；", "11. 又请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提交报告；", "12. 决定将题为“建立中东无核武器区”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/153(Part I)和Add.1和2。", "[3] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[4] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[5] A/45/435。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/408)通", "66/25 (英语). 建立中东无核武器区", "大会,", "回顾其1974年12月9日第3263(XXIX)号、1975年12月11日第3474(XXX)号、1976年12月10日第31/71号、1977年12月12日第32/82号、1978年12月14日第33/64号、1979年12月11日第34/77号、1980年12月12日第35/147号、1981年12月9日第36/87 A和B号、1982年12月9日第37/75号、1983年12月15日第38/64号、1984年12月12日第39/54号、1985年12月12日第40/82号、1986年12月3日第41/48号、1987年11月30日第42/28号、1988年12月7日第43/65号、1989年12月15日第44/108号、1990年12月4日第45/52号、1991年12月6日第46/30号、1992年12月9日第47/48号、1993年12月16日第48/71号、1994年12月15日第49/71号、1995年12月12日第50/66号、1996年12月10日第51/41号、1997年12月9日第52/34号、1998年12月", "又回顾关于按照大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》 第60至63段,特别是第63(d)段建立中东无核武器区的建议,[1]", "强调上述决议的基本规定,其中呼吁所有直接有关各方考虑采取为执行建立中东无核武器区的提案所必要的实际而迫切的步骤,在中东无核武器区建立之前和建立期间,庄严宣布它们将以对等方式不生产、获取或以任何其他方式拥有核武器和核爆炸装置,不允许任何第三方在其领土上部署核武器,同意将其核设施置于国际原子能机构的保障监督之下,并宣布支持建立无核武器区,酌情将声明交存安全理事会审议,", "重申所有国家均有为和平目的取得和发展核能的不可剥夺权利,", "强调需要就禁止对核设施进行军事攻击的问题采取适当措施,", "铭记自大会第三十五届会议以来达成的共识,即建立中东无核武器区可大大增进国际和平与安全,", "希望以这一共识为基础,在建立中东无核武器区方面取得实质性进展,", "欢迎导致全面彻底裁军,包括中东地区全面彻底裁军,特别是关于在中东建立无大规模毁灭性武器(包括核武器)区的一切倡议,", "注意到中东和平谈判,该谈判应是全面性的,应作为和平解决该区域争议问题的合适框架,", "确认可靠的区域安全,包括建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区的重要性,", "强调联合国在建立一个可相互核查的无核武器区方面的关键作用,", "审查了秘书长关于第65/42号决议执行情况的报告,[2]", "1. 联合国 4. 敦促直接有关各方依照大会各项有关决议,认真考虑立即切实采取必要步骤执行建立中东无核武器区的提案,并为促进实现这一目标,请有关国家加入《不扩散核武器条约》;[3]", "2. 联合国 2. 吁请该区域所有尚未同意将其所有核活动置于国际原子能机构保障监督之下的国家,在建立无核武器区之前,同意这样做;", "3个 注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会2011年9月23日通过的关于在中东适用原子能机构保障监督的GC(55)/RES/14号决议;[4]", " 4.四. 2. 注意到正在进行的中东双边和平谈判以及多边军备控制和区域安全问题工作组的活动对促进中东的相互信任和安全,包括促进建立无核武器区的重要性;", "5 (韩语). 4. 邀请该区域所有国家在建立中东无核武器区之前,按照大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》1 第63段(d)的规定,声明支持建立无核武器区,并将声明交存安全理事会;", "6. 国家 3. 又邀请这些国家在建立无核武器区之前,不发展、生产、试验或以其他方式取得核武器或允许在其境内或在其控制的领土上部署核武器或核爆炸装置;", "7. 联合国 2. 请核武器国家和所有其他国家协助建立中东无核武器区,并同时不采取任何违背本决议文字和精神的行动;", "8. 联合国 1. 注意到秘书长的报告;2", "9. 国家 2. 请所有各方考虑采取可能有助于实现全面彻底裁军和建立中东无大规模毁灭性武器区的目标的适当手段;", "10个 2. 请秘书长依照第46/30号决议第7段的规定,并考虑到该区域演变中的局势,继续与该区域各国和其他有关国家进行协商,并就秘书长1990年10月10日的报告 所附研究报告第三和第四章所概述措施或其他有关措施征求这些国家的意见,以便推进建立中东无核武器区;", "11个 12. 又请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "12个 7. 决定将题为“建立中东无核武器区”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/153(Part I)和Add.1和2。", "[3] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[4] 见国际原子能机构,《大会决议和其他决定,第五十五届常会,2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[5] A/45/435。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/409)]", "66/26. Conclusion of effective international arrangements", "to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use", "or threat of use of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the need to allay the legitimate concern of the States of the world with regard to ensuring lasting security for their peoples,", "Convinced that nuclear weapons pose the greatest threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Noting that the renewed interest in nuclear disarmament should be translated into concrete actions for the achievement of general and complete disarmament under effective international control,", "Convinced that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Determined to abide strictly by the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on the non-use of force or threat of force,", "Recognizing that the independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty of non‑nuclear-weapon States need to be safeguarded against the use or threat of use of force, including the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering that, until nuclear disarmament is achieved on a universal basis, it is imperative for the international community to develop effective measures and arrangements to ensure the security of non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons from any quarter,", "Recognizing that effective measures and arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons can contribute positively to the prevention of the spread of nuclear weapons,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 59 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[1] in which it urged the nuclear-weapon States to pursue efforts to conclude, as appropriate, effective arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and desirous of promoting the implementation of the relevant provisions of the Final Document,", "Recalling the relevant parts of the special report of the Committee on Disarmament[2] submitted to the General Assembly at its twelfth special session, the second special session devoted to disarmament,[3] and of the special report of the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the Assembly at its fifteenth special session, the third special session devoted to disarmament,[4] as well as the report of the Conference on its 1992 session,[5]", "Recalling also paragraph 12 of the Declaration of the 1980s as the Second Disarmament Decade, contained in the annex to its resolution 35/46 of 3 December 1980, which states, inter alia, that all efforts should be exerted by the Committee on Disarmament urgently to negotiate with a view to reaching agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Noting the in-depth negotiations undertaken in the Conference on Disarmament and its Ad Hoc Committee on Effective International Arrangements to Assure Non-Nuclear-Weapon States against the Use or Threat of Use of Nuclear Weapons,[6] with a view to reaching agreement on this question,", "Taking note of the proposals submitted under the item in the Conference on Disarmament, including the drafts of an international convention,", "Taking note also of the relevant decision of the Thirteenth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Kuala Lumpur on 24 and 25 February 2003,[7] which was reiterated at the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Conferences of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held at Havana and Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, on 15 and 16 September 2006,[8] and 15 and 16 July 2009,[9] respectively, as well as the relevant recommendations of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation,", "Taking note further of the unilateral declarations made by all the nuclear-weapon States on their policies of non-use or non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against the non-nuclear-weapon States,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, as well as the difficulties pointed out in evolving a common approach acceptable to all,", "Taking note of Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995 and the views expressed on it,", "Recalling its relevant resolutions adopted in previous years, in particular resolutions 45/54 of 4 December 1990, 46/32 of 6 December 1991, 47/50 of 9 December 1992, 48/73 of 16 December 1993, 49/73 of 15 December 1994, 50/68 of 12 December 1995, 51/43 of 10 December 1996, 52/36 of 9 December 1997, 53/75 of 4 December 1998, 54/52 of 1 December 1999, 55/3l of 20 November 2000, 56/22 of 29 November 2001, 57/56 of 22 November 2002, 58/35 of 8 December 2003, 59/64 of 3 December 2004, 60/53 of 8 December 2005, 61/57 of 6 December 2006, 62/19 of 5 December 2007, 63/39 of 2 December 2008, 64/27 of 2 December 2009 and 65/43 of 8 December 2010,", "1. Reaffirms the urgent need to reach an early agreement on effective international arrangements to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;", "2. Notes with satisfaction that in the Conference on Disarmament there is no objection, in principle, to the idea of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, although the difficulties with regard to evolving a common approach acceptable to all have also been pointed out;", "3. Appeals to all States, especially the nuclear-weapon States, to work actively towards an early agreement on a common approach and, in particular, on a common formula that could be included in an international instrument of a legally binding character;", "4. Recommends that further intensive efforts be devoted to the search for such a common approach or common formula and that the various alternative approaches, including, in particular, those considered in the Conference on Disarmament, be further explored in order to overcome the difficulties;", "5. Also recommends that the Conference on Disarmament actively continue intensive negotiations with a view to reaching early agreement and concluding effective international agreements to assure the non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, taking into account the widespread support for the conclusion of an international convention and giving consideration to any other proposals designed to secure the same objective;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conclusion of effective international arrangements to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑12/2), sect. III.C.", "[4]  Ibid., Fifteenth Special Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/S‑15/2), sect. III.F.", "[5]  Ibid., Forty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/47/27), sect. III.F.", "[6]  Ibid., Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/48/27), para. 39.", "[7]  See A/57/759‑S/2003/332, annex I.", "[8]  See A/61/472‑S/2006/780, annex I.", "[9]  See S/2009/459, annex, para. 118." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/409)通过]", "66/26. 缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排", "大会，", "铭记必须消除世界各国在确保其国民持久安全方面的合理忧虑，", "深信核武器对人类和对文明的存续造成最大的威胁，", "注意到应把重新出现的对核裁军的关心转变为具体行动，以求达成有效国际监督下的全面彻底裁军，", "深信要消除核战争的危险就必须进行核裁军和彻底消除核武器，", "决心严格遵守《联合国宪章》关于不使用武力或以武力相威胁的规定，", "确认必须保障无核武器国家的独立、领土完整和主权不受使用或威胁使用武力，包括使用或威胁使用核武器的危害，", "认为在全球实现核裁军之前，国际社会必须制定有效措施和安排，以确保没有任何方面使用或威胁使用核武器危害无核武器国家的安全，", "确认保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效措施和安排可对防止核武器的扩散作出积极贡献，", "铭记大会第十届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第一届特别会议的《最后文件》[1] 第59段，其中敦促核武器国家根据情况致力于缔结有效安排，以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并希望促进《最后文件》有关规定的执行，", "回顾裁军谈判委员会[2] 提交大会第十二届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第二届特别会议的特别报告，[3] 裁军谈判会议提交大会第十五届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第三届特别会议的特别报告[4] 和裁军谈判会议1992年届会的报告的有关部分，[5]", "又回顾1980年12月3日第35/46号决议附件所载《宣布1980年代为第二个裁军十年宣言》第12段，其中除其他外指出，裁军谈判委员会应竭尽全力，紧急进行谈判，以求就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议，", "注意到裁军谈判会议及其保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排特设委员会[6] 为了就这项问题达成协议而进行的深入谈判，", "表示注意到裁军谈判会议在这个项目下提出的各项提案，包括一项国际公约的草案，", "又表示注意到2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议作出的、[7] 经分别于2006年9月15日和16日及2009年7月15日和16日在哈瓦那和埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十四次[8] 和第十五次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议重申的有关决定，[9] 以及伊斯兰合作组织的有关建议，", "还表示注意到所有核武器国家就其不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的政策发表的单方面声明，", "注意到裁军谈判会议和大会中均有代表表示支持拟订一项国际公约，保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并注意到在研拟一项各方可以接受的共同办法方面所指出的各种困难，", "表示注意到安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议和就这项决议表示的意见，", "回顾其历年通过的有关决议，特别是1990年12月4日第45/54号、1991年12月6日第46/32号、1992年12月9日第47/50号、1993年12月16日第48/73号、1994年12月15日第49/73号、1995年12月12日第50/68号、1996年12月10日第51/43号、1997年12月9日第52/36号、1998年12月4日第53/75号、1999年12月1日第54/52号、2000年11月20日第55/31号、2001年11月29日第56/22号、2002年11月22日第57/56号、2003年12月8日第58/35号、2004年12月3日第59/64号、2005年12月8日第60/53号、2006年12月6日第61/57号、2007年12月5日第62/19号、2008年12月2日第63/39号、2009年12月2日第64/27号和2010年12月8日第65/43号决议，", "1. 重申迫切需要早日就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议；", "2. 满意地注意到裁军谈判会议中原则上没有人反对缔结一项国际公约以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的设想，尽管也有人指出在研拟各方可以接受的共同办法方面存在的各种困难；", "3. 呼吁所有国家，特别是核武器国家积极努力，争取及早就一项共同办法，特别是可载入具有法律约束力的国际文书的共同方案达成协议；", "4. 建议进一步加紧努力，寻求这种共同办法或共同方案，并建议进一步探讨各种不同的备选办法，特别包括裁军谈判会议审议的那些办法，以克服各种困难；", "5. 又建议裁军谈判会议继续积极加紧谈判，以求早日达成协议，缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际协定，同时考虑到对缔结一项国际公约的广泛支持以及为达成这项目标所提出的任何其他提案；", "6. 决定将题为“缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 裁军谈判委员会从1984年2月7日起易名为裁军谈判会议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第十二届特别会议，补编第2号》(A/S-12/2)，第三.C节。", "[4] 同上，《第十五届特别会议，补编第2号》(A/S-15/2)，第三.F节。", "[5] 同上，《第四十七届会议，补编第27号》(A/47/27)，第三.F节。", "[6] 同上，《第四十八届会议，补编第27号》(A/48/27)，第39段。", "[7] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332，附件一。", "[8] 见A/61/472-S/2006/780，附件一。", "[9] 见S/2009/459，附件，第118段。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/409)通", "66/26 (英语). 缔结有效的国际安排", "保证无核武器 国家反对使用", "或威胁使用核武器", "大会,", "铭记需要消除世界各国在确保其国民持久安全方面的合理关切,", "深信核武器对人类和对文明的存续构成最大的威胁,", "注意到对核裁军重新表现出的兴趣应转化为实现有效国际监督下的全面彻底裁军的具体行动,", "深信要消除核战争的危险就必须进行核裁军和彻底消除核武器,", "决心严格遵守《联合国宪章》关于不使用武力或以武力相威胁的规定,", "确认需要保障无核武器国家的独立、领土完整和主权不受使用或威胁使用武力,包括使用或威胁使用核武器的危害,", "考虑到在全球实现核裁军之前,国际社会必须制定有效措施和安排,以确保任何方面不使用或威胁使用核武器危害无核武器国家的安全,", "认识到保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效措施和安排能对防止核武器的扩散作出积极贡献,", "铭记大会第十届特别会议,即第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议的《最后文件》 第59段,其中敦促核武器国家酌情致力于缔结有效的安排,以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器,并希望促进执行《最后文件》的有关规定,", "回顾裁军谈判委员会提交大会第十二届特别会议,即专门讨论裁军问题的第二届特别会议的特别报告[2] 和裁军谈判会议提交大会第十五届特别会议,即专门讨论裁军问题的第三届特别会议的特别报告[4] 以及裁军谈判会议1992年届会的报告 的有关部分,", "又回顾载于1980年12月3日第35/46号决议附件的《宣布1980年代为第二个裁军十年宣言》 第12段,其中特别指出,裁军谈判委员会应竭尽全力,紧急进行谈判,以求就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议,", "注意到裁军谈判会议及其保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排特设委员会为就此问题达成协议而进行的深入谈判,[6]", "注意到裁军谈判会议在这个项目下提出的各项提案,包括一项国际公约的草案,", "又注意到2003年2月24日和25日在吉隆坡举行的第十三次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的有关决定,[7] 分别于2006年9月15日和16日在埃及哈瓦那和沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十四次和第十五次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议[8] 和2009年7月15日和16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十四次和第十五次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议都重申了这项决定,[9] 以及伊斯兰合作组织的有关建议,", "还注意到所有核武器国家就其不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的政策发表的单方面声明,", "注意到裁军谈判会议和大会表示支持拟订一项国际公约,保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器,并注意到在研拟各方可以接受的共同办法时所指出的各种困难,", "注意到安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议和就这项决议表示的意见,", "回顾其往年通过的各项有关决议,特别是1990年12月4日第45/54号、1991年12月6日第46/32号、1992年12月9日第47/50号、1993年12月16日第48/73号、1994年12月15日第49/73号、1995年12月12日第50/68号、1996年12月10日第51/43号、1997年12月9日第52/36号、1998年12月4日第53/75号、1999年12月1日第54/52号、2000年11月20日第55/31号、2001年11月29日第56/22号、2002年11月22日第57/56号、2003年12月8日第58/35号、2004年12月3日第59/64号、2005年12月8日第60/53号、2006年12月6日第61/57号、2007年12月5日第62/19号、2008年12月2日第63/39号、2009年12月2日第64/27号和2010年12月8日第65/43号决议,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申迫切需要早日就保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排达成协议;", "2. 联合国 2. 满意地注意到裁军谈判会议中原则上没有人反对缔结一项国际公约以保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的设想,尽管也有人指出在研拟各方可以接受的共同办法方面存在着困难;", "3个 4. 呼吁所有国家,特别是核武器国家,就共同办法,特别是可载入具有法律约束力的国际文书的共同方案,积极努力争取早日达成协议;", " 4.四. 3. 建议进一步加紧努力,寻求这种共同办法或共同方案,并建议进一步探讨各种不同的备选办法,包括特别是在裁军谈判会议上审议的那些办法,以克服各种困难;", "5 (韩语). 7. 又建议裁军谈判会议继续积极加紧谈判,以求早日达成协议并缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际协定,同时考虑到对缔结一项国际公约的广泛支持和为达成这项目标所提出的任何其他提案;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“缔结关于保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器的有效国际安排”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] 裁军谈判委员会自1984年2月7日起被重新命名为裁军谈判会议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录,第十二届特别会议,补编第2号》(A/S-12/2),第三节。 三.C. 报告", "[4] 同上,《第十五届特别会议,补编第2号》(A/S‐15/2),第三节。 三.F. 联合国", "[5] 同上,《第四十七届会议,补编第27号》(A/47/27),第三节。 三.F. 联合国", "[6] 同上, 第四十八届会议,补编第27号(A/48/27),第39段。", "[7] 见A/57/759-S/2003/332,附件一。", "[8] 见A/61/472-S/2006/780,附件一。", "[9] 见S/2009/459,附件,第118段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/410)]", "66/27. Prevention of an arms race in outer space", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing the common interest of all mankind in the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes,", "Reaffirming the will of all States that the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, shall be for peaceful purposes and shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries, irrespective of their degree of economic or scientific development,", "Reaffirming also the provisions of articles III and IV of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies,[1]", "Recalling the obligation of all States to observe the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations regarding the use or threat of use of force in their international relations, including in their space activities,", "Reaffirming paragraph 80 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly,[2] in which it is stated that in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, further measures should be taken and appropriate international negotiations held in accordance with the spirit of the Treaty,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on this issue, and taking note of the proposals submitted to the General Assembly at its tenth special session and at its regular sessions, and of the recommendations made to the competent organs of the United Nations and to the Conference on Disarmament,", "Recognizing that prevention of an arms race in outer space would avert a grave danger for international peace and security,", "Emphasizing the paramount importance of strict compliance with existing arms limitation and disarmament agreements relevant to outer space, including bilateral agreements, and with the existing legal regime concerning the use of outer space,", "Considering that wide participation in the legal regime applicable to outer space could contribute to enhancing its effectiveness,", "Noting that the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, taking into account its previous efforts since its establishment in 1985 and seeking to enhance its functioning in qualitative terms, continued the examination and identification of various issues, existing agreements and existing proposals, as well as future initiatives relevant to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,[3] and that this contributed to a better understanding of a number of problems and to a clearer perception of the various positions,", "Noting also that there were no objections in principle in the Conference on Disarmament to the re-establishment of the Ad Hoc Committee, subject to re‑examination of the mandate contained in the decision of the Conference on Disarmament of 13 February 1992,[4]", "Emphasizing the mutually complementary nature of bilateral and multilateral efforts for the prevention of an arms race in outer space, and hoping that concrete results will emerge from those efforts as soon as possible,", "Convinced that further measures should be examined in the search for effective and verifiable bilateral and multilateral agreements in order to prevent an arms race in outer space, including the weaponization of outer space,", "Stressing that the growing use of outer space increases the need for greater transparency and better information on the part of the international community,", "Recalling, in this context, its previous resolutions, in particular resolutions 45/55 B of 4 December 1990, 47/51 of 9 December 1992 and 48/74 A of 16 December 1993, in which, inter alia, it reaffirmed the importance of confidence-building measures as a means conducive to ensuring the attainment of the objective of the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "Conscious of the benefits of confidence- and security-building measures in the military field,", "Recognizing that negotiations for the conclusion of an international agreement or agreements to prevent an arms race in outer space remain a priority task of the Conference on Disarmament and that the concrete proposals on confidence-building measures could form an integral part of such agreements,", "Noting with satisfaction the constructive, structured and focused debate on the prevention of an arms race in outer space at the Conference on Disarmament in 2009, 2010 and 2011,", "Taking note of the introduction by China and the Russian Federation at the Conference on Disarmament of the draft treaty on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space and of the threat or use of force against outer space objects,[5]", "Taking note also of the decision of the Conference on Disarmament to establish for its 2009 session a working group to discuss, substantially, without limitation, all issues related to the prevention of an arms race in outer space,", "1. Reaffirms the importance and urgency of preventing an arms race in outer space and the readiness of all States to contribute to that common objective, in conformity with the provisions of the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies;¹", "2. Reaffirms its recognition, as stated in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space, that the legal regime applicable to outer space does not in and of itself guarantee the prevention of an arms race in outer space, that the regime plays a significant role in the prevention of an arms race in that environment, that there is a need to consolidate and reinforce that regime and enhance its effectiveness and that it is important to comply strictly with existing agreements, both bilateral and multilateral;[6]", "3. Emphasizes the necessity of further measures with appropriate and effective provisions for verification to prevent an arms race in outer space;", "4. Calls upon all States, in particular those with major space capabilities, to contribute actively to the objective of the peaceful use of outer space and of the prevention of an arms race in outer space and to refrain from actions contrary to that objective and to the relevant existing treaties in the interest of maintaining international peace and security and promoting international cooperation;", "5. Reiterates that the Conference on Disarmament, as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, has the primary role in the negotiation of a multilateral agreement or agreements, as appropriate, on the prevention of an arms race in outer space in all its aspects;", "6. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to establish a working group under its agenda item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space” as early as possible during its 2012 session;", "7. Recognizes, in this respect, the growing convergence of views on the elaboration of measures designed to strengthen transparency, confidence and security in the peaceful uses of outer space;", "8. Urges States conducting activities in outer space, as well as States interested in conducting such activities, to keep the Conference on Disarmament informed of the progress of bilateral and multilateral negotiations on the matter, if any, so as to facilitate its work;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Prevention of an arms race in outer space”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 610, No. 8843.", "[2]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[3]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/49/27), sect. III.D (para. 5 of the quoted text).", "[4]  CD/1125.", "[5]  See CD/1839.", "[6]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/45/27), para. 118 (para. 63 of the quoted text)." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/410)通过]", "66/27. 防止外层空间的军备竞赛", "大会，", "确认全人类在为和平用途探索和利用外层空间方面具有共同利益，", "重申所有国家的意愿，认为对外层空间包括月球和其他天体的探索和利用应为和平用途而进行，并应造福和有利于所有国家，不论其经济或科学发展程度如何，", "又重申《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》[1] 第三和四条的规定，", "回顾所有国家在国际关系包括在空间活动中都有义务遵守《联合国宪章》有关不使用武力或威胁使用武力的规定，", "重申大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[2] 第80段，其中指出，为了防止外层空间的军备竞赛，应本着《条约》的精神，采取进一步措施，并进行适当的国际谈判，", "回顾其以往关于这一问题的各项决议，并表示注意到向大会第十届特别会议和各届常会提出的提案，以及向联合国各主管机关和裁军谈判会议提出的建议，", "确认防止外层空间的军备竞赛可使国际和平与安全免于严重危险，", "强调严格遵守与外层空间有关的包括双边协定在内的现有军备限制和裁军协定以及现有法律制度至关重要，", "考虑到广泛参加适用于外层空间的法律制度有助于提高其效力，", "注意到防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会，考虑到自1985年设立以来所作的努力，并为了设法提高工作质量，继续审查和确定与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的各种问题、现有协定和提案以及今后的倡议，[3] 而这些工作有助于更好地了解若干问题和更明确地认识各种立场，", "又注意到裁军谈判会议中原则上没有人反对重新设立特设委员会，但须重新审查裁军谈判会议1992年2月13日的决定所载的任务规定，[4]", "强调在防止外层空间军备竞赛方面双边和多边努力是相辅相成的，希望这些努力能尽快产生具体成果，", "深信在探索有效和可核查的双边和多边协定时应审查防止外层空间军备竞赛，包括外层空间武器化的其他措施，", "强调由于外层空间的使用日增，国际社会更加需要提高透明度和提供更完备的资料，", "在这方面回顾其以往的各项决议，特别是1990年12月4日第45/55B号、1992年12月9日第47/51号和1993年12月16日第48/74A号决议，其中除其他外，重申建立信任措施作为有助于确保实现防止外层空间军备竞赛目标的手段至为重要，", "意识到军事领域建立信任和安全措施的益处，", "确认谈判缔结一项或多项防止外层空间军备竞赛的国际协定仍然是裁军谈判会议的优先任务，而有关建立信任措施的各项具体建议可以构成这种协定的组成部分，", "满意地注意到在2009、2010和2011年裁军谈判会议上，就防止外层空间军备竞赛进行了建设性、有条理和有重点的辩论，", "表示注意到中国和俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议介绍了“防止在外空放置武器、对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约”草案，[5]", "又表示注意到裁军谈判会议决定在其2009年会议上设立一个工作组，以就与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的所有问题进行实质性和无限制的讨论，", "1. 重申防止外层空间军备竞赛的重要性和紧迫性，而所有国家也愿意按照《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》¹ 的规定为此共同目标作出贡献；", "2. 再次确认如防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会的报告所指出的，适用于外层空间的法律制度本身不能也不会自动保证防止外层空间的军备竞赛，但这一制度在防止外层空间军备竞赛方面发挥着重要作用，需要加以巩固和加强并提高其效力，同时必须严格遵守现有的双边和多边协定；[6]", "3. 强调有必要采取包括适当有效核查规定的进一步措施以防止外层空间的军备竞赛；", "4. 吁请所有国家，特别是拥有强大航天能力的国家，对和平利用外层空间和防止外层空间军备竞赛的目标作出积极贡献，并为了维护国际和平与安全和促进国际合作，不要采取违背这一目标和现有有关条约的行动；", "5. 重申作为唯一多边裁军谈判论坛的裁军谈判会议在酌情缔结一项或多项全面防止外层空间军备竞赛的多边协定的谈判中应发挥主要作用；", "6. 邀请裁军谈判会议在其2012年会议期间尽早在题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的议程项目下设立一个工作组；", "7. 确认在这方面，为加强和平利用外层空间的透明度、信任和安全而拟订措施的意见已日趋一致；", "8. 敦促从事外层空间活动的国家以及有意从事这种活动的国家，将有关这个问题的任何双边和多边谈判的进展情况随时通知裁军谈判会议，以利会议工作的进行；", "9. 决定将题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第610卷，第8843号。", "[2] S-10/2号决议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录，第四十九届会议，补编第27号》(A/49/27)，第三.D节(引文第5段)。", "[4] CD/1125。", "[5] 见CD/1839。", "[6] 见《大会正式记录，第四十五届会议，补编第27号》(A/45/27)，第118段(引文第63段)。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/410)通", "66/27 (英语). 防止外层空间的军备竞赛", "大会,", "确认全人类在为和平目的探索和利用外层空间方面具有共同利益,", "重申所有国家的意愿,认为对外层空间包括月球和其他天体的探索和利用应为和平用途而进行,并应造福和有利于所有国家,不论其经济或科学发展程度如何,", "又重申《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》第三和第四条的规定,[1]", "回顾所有国家都有义务遵守《联合国宪章》关于在国际关系中包括在空间活动中不使用武力或威胁使用武力的规定,", "重申大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》 第80段,其中指出,为防止外层空间军备竞赛,应本着《条约》的精神,采取进一步措施并进行适当的国际谈判,", "回顾其以往关于这一问题的各项决议,并注意到向大会第十届特别会议和各届常会提出的提案,以及向联合国各主管机关和裁军谈判会议提出的建议,", "认识到防止外层空间的军备竞赛可使国际和平与安全免于严重危险,", "强调严格遵守与外层空间有关的现有军备限制和裁军协定,包括双边协定,以及严格遵守关于利用外层空间的现有法律制度,至关重要,", "认为广泛参加适用于外层空间的法律制度有助于提高其效力,", "注意到防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会,考虑到自1985年设立以来所作的努力并为了设法提高工作质量,继续审查和查明与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的各种问题、现有协定和提案以及今后的倡议,[3] 而这些工作有助于更好地了解若干问题和更明确地认识各种立场,", "又注意到裁军谈判会议原则上对重新设立特设委员会没有异议,但须重新审查裁军谈判会议1992年2月13日的决定所载的任务规定,[4]", "强调防止外层空间军备竞赛的双边和多边努力是相辅相成的,希望这些努力能尽快产生具体成果,", "深信在探索有效和可核查的双边和多边协定时应审查防止外层空间军备竞赛包括外层空间武器化的其他措施,", "强调由于外层空间的使用日增,国际社会更加需要提高透明度和提供更完备的资料,", "回顾其以往在这方面的各项决议,特别是1990年12月4日第45/55 B号、1992年12月9日第47/51号和1993年12月16日第48/74 A号决议,其中除其他外,重申建立信任措施作为有助于确保实现防止外层空间军备竞赛目标的手段至为重要,", "意识到军事领域建立信任和安全措施的益处,", "确认谈判缔结一项或多项防止外层空间军备竞赛的国际协定仍然是裁军谈判会议的优先任务,而关于建立信任措施的各项具体建议可以构成这种协定的组成部分,", "满意地注意到2009、2010和2011年裁军谈判会议就防止外层空间军备竞赛进行了建设性、有条理和有重点的辩论,", "注意到中国和俄罗斯联邦在裁军谈判会议上提出了《防止在外空放置武器和对外空物体使用或威胁使用武力条约》草案,[5]", "又注意到裁军谈判会议决定为2009年会议设立一个工作组,以便不受限制地实质性地讨论与防止外层空间军备竞赛有关的所有问题,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申防止外层空间军备竞赛的重要性和紧迫性,而所有国家也愿意按照《关于各国探索和利用包括月球和其他天体在内外层空间活动的原则条约》1 的规定为这项共同目标作出贡献;", "2. 再次确认如防止外层空间军备竞赛特设委员会的报告所指出,适用于外层空间的法律制度本身不能也不会自动保证防止外层空间军备竞赛,但这一制度在防止外层空间军备竞赛方面发挥着重要作用,需要加以巩固和加强并提高其效力,同时必须严格遵守现有的双边和多边协定;[6]", "3个 1. 强调有必要采取包括适当有效核查规定的进一步措施以防止外层空间的军备竞赛;", " 4.四. 吁请所有国家,特别是拥有强大空间能力的国家,对和平利用外层空间和防止外层空间军备竞赛的目标作出积极贡献,并为了维持国际和平与安全和促进国际合作,不要采取违背这一目标和现有有关条约的行动;", "5 (韩语). 1. 重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛,在酌情缔结一项或多项防止外层空间军备竞赛各方面问题的多边协定的谈判中应起主要作用;", "6. 国家 2. 请裁军谈判会议在其2012年会议期间尽早在题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的议程项目下设立一个工作组;", "7. 联合国 4. 认识到在这方面,为加强和平利用外层空间的透明度、信任和安全而拟订措施的意见已日趋一致;", "8. 联合国 2. 敦促从事外层空间活动的国家以及有意从事这种活动的国家,将有关这个问题的任何双边或多边谈判的进展情况随时通知裁军谈判会议,以利裁军谈判会议工作的进行;", "9. 国家 7. 决定将题为“防止外层空间的军备竞赛”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第610卷,第8843号。", "[2] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[3] 《大会正式记录,第四十九届会议,补编第27号》(A/49/27),第三节。 三.D (引文第5段)。", "[4] CD/1125。", "[5] 见CD/1839。", "[6] 见《大会正式记录,第四十五届会议,补编第27号》(A/45/27),第118段(引文第63段)。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/28. Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its various resolutions in the field of nuclear disarmament, including its recent resolutions 64/31 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56, 65/76 and 65/80 of 8 December 2010,", "Bearing in mind its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling its resolution 50/70 Q of 12 December 1995, in which the General Assembly noted that the States parties to the Treaty affirmed the need to continue to move with determination towards the full realization and effective implementation of the provisions of the Treaty, and accordingly adopted a set of principles and objectives,", "Recalling also that, on 11 May 1995, the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons adopted three decisions on, respectively, strengthening the review process for the Treaty, principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, and extension of the Treaty,[2]", "Reaffirming the resolution on the Middle East adopted on 11 May 1995 by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference,² in which the Conference reaffirmed the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty and placement of nuclear facilities under full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards,", "Reaffirming also its resolution 55/33 D of 20 November 2000, in which the General Assembly welcomed the adoption by consensus on 19 May 2000 of the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] including, in particular, the documents entitled “Review of the operation of the Treaty, taking into account the decisions and the resolution adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference” and “Improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty”,[4]", "Taking into consideration the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty are committed under article VI of the Treaty,", "Welcoming the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive Final Document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament,[5]", "1. Recalls that the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons reaffirmed the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;[6]", "2. Determines to pursue practical steps for systematic and progressive efforts to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ and paragraphs 3 and 4 (c) of the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;²", "3. Calls for practical steps, as agreed to at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to be taken by all nuclear-weapon States, which would lead to nuclear disarmament in a way that promotes international stability and, based on the principle of undiminished security for all:", "(a) Further efforts to be made by the nuclear-weapon States to reduce their nuclear arsenals unilaterally;", "(b) Increased transparency by the nuclear-weapon States with regard to nuclear weapons capabilities and the implementation of agreements pursuant to article VI of the Treaty and as a voluntary confidence-building measure to support further progress in nuclear disarmament;", "(c) The further reduction of non-strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "(d) Concrete agreed measures to reduce further the operational status of nuclear weapons systems;", "(e) A diminishing role for nuclear weapons in security policies so as to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "(f) The engagement, as soon as appropriate, of all the nuclear-weapon States in the process leading to the total elimination of their nuclear weapons;", "4. Notes that the 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences agreed that legally binding security assurances by the five nuclear-weapon States to the non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the Treaty strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime;", "5. Urges the States parties to the Treaty to follow up on the implementation of the nuclear disarmament obligations under the Treaty agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences within the framework of review conferences and their preparatory committees;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session an item entitled “Follow-up to nuclear disarmament obligations agreed to at the 1995, 2000 and 2010 Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I-III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5] 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions, sect. I.", "[6] 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/28. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其核裁军领域的各项决议，包括最近的2009年12月2日第64/31号和2010年12月8日第65/56、65/76和65/80号决议，", "铭记其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议，该决议附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》，[1]", "注意到《条约》第八条第3款规定每五年举行一次审议大会，", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70Q号决议，其中大会注意到条约缔约国申明有必要继续采取果断行动，以期充分实现和有效执行《条约》的各项规定，并为此通过了一系列原则和目标，", "又回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会于1995年5月11日通过了三项分别与加强条约审议进程、核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标以及《条约》延期有关的决定，[2]", "重申1995年审议和延期大会于1995年5月11日通过的关于中东问题的决议，² 其中该次大会重申早日实现普遍加入《条约》并将核设施置于国际原子能机构全面保障监督之下的重要性，", "又重申其2000年11月20日第55/33D号决议，其中大会欢迎2000年5月19日以协商一致方式通过不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》，[3] 包括特别是题为“审议《条约》的执行情况，并考虑到1995年审议和延期大会通过的决定和决议”和“提高《条约》已加强的审议进程的效率”的文件，[4]", "考虑到核武器国家在2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中明确承诺彻底消除其核武库，最终实现核裁军，这是所有条约缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺，", "欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过了一项实质性的《最后文件》，[5] 其中载有关于核裁军的结论和后续行动建议，", "1. 回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的实际步骤[6] 继续有效；", "2. 决心采取实际步骤，有系统并循序渐进地努力执行《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 第六条以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会关于核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标的决定² 第3和4(c)段；", "3. 呼吁所有核武器国家采取不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会商定的实际步骤，以促进国际稳定的方式实现核裁军，并依照各国安全不受减损的原则：", "(a) 进一步努力单方面削减核武库；", "(b) 依照《条约》第六条的规定，在其核武器能力以及各项协议执行情况方面提高透明度，将此作为一项自愿的建立信任措施，支持进一步推动核裁军；", "(c) 作为核武器削减和裁军进程的一个组成部分，单方面主动进一步削减非战略性核武器；", "(d) 采取商定的具体措施，进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态；", "(e) 逐步降低核武器在安全政策中的作用，从而将使用这些武器的风险减少到最低程度，并促进彻底消除核武器的进程；", "(f) 所有核武器国家酌情尽早参与通往彻底消除其核武器的进程；", "4. 注意到2000和2010年审议大会一致认为五个核武器国家向条约非核武器缔约国作出具有法律约束力的安全保证会加强核不扩散机制；", "5. 敦促条约缔约国在审议大会及其筹备委员会的框架内，跟进《条约》规定的并在条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会上商定的核裁军义务的履行工作；", "6. 决定将题为“不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF. 1995/32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF. 2000/28(Part I-IV))。", "[4] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分。", "[5] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I)),第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》，第一节。", "[6] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/28. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动", "大会,", "回顾其核裁军领域的各项决议,包括最近的2009年12月2日第64/31号和2010年12月8日第65/56、65/76和65/80号决议,", "铭记其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议,其附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》,[1]", "注意到条约第八条第3款关于每五年举行一次审议大会的规定,", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70 Q号决议,其中大会注意到《条约》缔约国申明需要继续采取果断行动以充分实现和有效执行《条约》的各项规定,并据此通过了一套原则和目标,", "又回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会于1995年5月11日通过了三项决定,分别涉及加强条约的审议进程、核不扩散与核裁军的原则和目标以及条约的延长,[2]", "重申1995年审议和延期大会1995年5月11日通过的关于中东的决议,2 其中审议和延期大会重申早日实现普遍加入《条约》并将核设施置于国际原子能机构全面保障监督之下的重要性,", "又重申其2000年11月20日第55/33 D号决议,其中大会欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会于2000年5月19日以协商一致方式通过了《最后文件》,[3] 其中特别包括题为“审查条约的实施情况,同时考虑到1995年审议和延期大会通过的决定和决议”和“提高条约已加强的审议进程的效力”的文件,[4]", "考虑到核武器国家在2000年审议大会《最后文件》中明确承诺实现彻底消除其核武库以实现核裁军,这是所有缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺,", "欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过载有与核裁军有关的结论和建议的实质性最后文件,[5]", "1. 联合国 回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会《最后文件》所商定的实际步骤继续有效;[6]", "2. 联合国 1. 决心采取实际步骤,有系统和逐步地努力执行《不扩散核武器条约》1 第六条和不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会关于核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标的决定 第3段和第4(c)段;2", "3个 1. 呼吁所有核武器国家采取不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会所商定的实际步骤,以促进国际稳定的方式实现核裁军,并依照各国安全不受减损的原则:", "(a) 核武器国家进一步努力单方面裁减其核武库;", "(b) 依照《条约》第六条的规定,核武器国家在核武器能力和各项协议的执行方面提高透明度,以此作为支持核裁军取得进一步进展的自愿建立信任措施;", "(c)) 单方面倡议并作为削减核武器和裁军进程的组成部分,进一步裁减非战略核武器;", "(d) 采取商定的具体措施,进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态;", "(e) 降低核武器在安全政策中的作用,以将使用核武器的危险降至最低程度并便利彻底消除核武器的进程;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 所有核武器国家酌情尽快参与导致彻底消除其核武器的进程;", " 4.四. 3. 注意到2000年和2010年审议大会商定由五个核武器国家向《条约》无核武器缔约国作出具有法律约束力的安全保证会加强核不扩散制度;", "5 (韩语). 4. 敦促条约缔约国在审议大会及其筹备委员会的框架内,就履行1995年、2000年和2010年审议大会商定的《条约》规定的核裁军义务采取后续行动;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995、2000和2010年审议大会商定的核裁军义务的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件。", "[3] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Parts I-IV))。", "[4] 同上,第一卷。 第一编(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II)),第一部分。", "[5] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,结论和后续行动建议,第一节。 我当然知道 I.", "[6] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节,第2段。 15个" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/29. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition", "of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer", "of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 54/54 B of 1 December 1999, 55/33 V of 20 November 2000, 56/24 M of 29 November 2001, 57/74 of 22 November 2002, 58/53 of 8 December 2003, 59/84 of 3 December 2004, 60/80 of 8 December 2005, 61/84 of 6 December 2006, 62/41 of 5 December 2007, 63/42 of 2 December 2008, 64/56 of 2 December 2009 and 65/48 of 8 December 2010,", "Reaffirming its determination to put an end to the suffering and casualties caused by anti-personnel mines, which kill or injure thousands of people — women, girls, boys and men — every year, and which place people living in affected areas at risk and hinder the development of their communities,", "Believing it necessary to do the utmost to contribute in an efficient and coordinated manner to facing the challenge of removing anti-personnel mines placed throughout the world and to assure their destruction,", "Wishing to do the utmost in ensuring assistance for the care and rehabilitation, including the social and economic reintegration, of mine victims,", "Noting with satisfaction the work undertaken to implement the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction[1] and the substantial progress made towards addressing the global anti-personnel landmine problem,", "Recalling the first to tenth meetings of the States parties to the Convention, held in Maputo (1999),[2] Geneva (2000),[3] Managua (2001),[4] Geneva (2002),[5] Bangkok (2003),[6] Zagreb (2005),[7] Geneva (2006),[8] the Dead Sea (2007),[9] Geneva (2008)[10] and Geneva (2010)[11] and the First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Nairobi (2004),[12]", "Recalling also the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention, held in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009,[13] at which the international community reviewed the implementation of the Convention and the States parties adopted the Cartagena Declaration[14] and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014[15] to support enhanced implementation and promotion of the Convention,", "Noting with satisfaction that additional States have ratified or acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States that have formally accepted the obligations of the Convention to one hundred and fifty-seven,", "Emphasizing the desirability of attracting the adherence of all States to the Convention, and determined to work strenuously towards the promotion of its universalization and norms,", "Noting with regret that anti-personnel mines continue to be used in some conflicts around the world, causing human suffering and impeding post-conflict development,", "1. Invites all States that have not signed the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their Destruction¹ to accede to it without delay;", "2. Urges all States that have signed but have not ratified the Convention to ratify it without delay;", "3. Stresses the importance of the full and effective implementation of and compliance with the Convention, including through the continued implementation of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010–2014;¹⁵", "4. Urges all States parties to provide the Secretary-General with complete and timely information as required under article 7 of the Convention in order to promote transparency and compliance with the Convention;", "5. Invites all States that have not ratified the Convention or acceded to it to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to make global mine action efforts more effective;", "6. Renews its call upon all States and other relevant parties to work together to promote, support and advance the care, rehabilitation and social and economic reintegration of mine victims, mine risk education programmes and the removal and destruction of anti-personnel mines placed or stockpiled throughout the world;", "7. Urges all States to remain seized of the issue at the highest political level and, where in a position to do so, to promote adherence to the Convention through bilateral, subregional, regional and multilateral contacts, outreach, seminars and other means;", "8. Reiterates its invitation and encouragement to all interested States, the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non‑governmental organizations to attend the Eleventh Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention, to be held in Phnom Penh from 28 November to 2 December 2011, and to participate in the future meeting programme of the Convention;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General, in accordance with article 11, paragraph 2, of the Convention, to undertake the preparations necessary to convene the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention and, on behalf of the States parties and in accordance with article 11, paragraph 4, of the Convention, to invite States not parties to the Convention, as well as the United Nations, other relevant international organizations or institutions, regional organizations, the International Committee of the Red Cross and relevant non-governmental organizations, to attend the Twelfth Meeting of the States Parties and future meetings as observers;", "10. Decides to remain seized of the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2056, No. 35597.", "[2]  See APLC/MSP.1/1999/1.", "[3]  See APLC/MSP.2/2000/1.", "[4]  See APLC/MSP.3/2001/1.", "[5]  See APLC/MSP.4/2002/1.", "[6]  See APLC/MSP.5/2003/5.", "[7]  See APLC/MSP.6/2005/5.", "[8]  See APLC/MSP.7/2006/5.", "[9]  See APLC/MSP.8/2007/6.", "[10]  See APLC/MSP.9/2008/4 and Corr.1 and 2.", "[11]  See APLC/MSP.10/2010/7.", "[12]  See APLC/CONF/2004/5 and Corr.1.", "[13]  See APLC/CONF/2009/9.", "[14]  Ibid., part IV.", "[15]  Ibid., part III." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/29. 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其1999年12月1日第54/54B号、2000年11月20日第55/33V号、2001年11月29日第56/24M号、2002年11月22日第57/74号、2003年12月8日第58/53号、2004年12月3日第59/84号、2005年12月8日第60/80号、2006年12月6日第61/84号、2007年12月5日第62/41号、2008年12月2日第63/42号、2009年12月2日第64/56号和2010年12月8日第65/48号决议，", "重申决心终止杀伤人员地雷造成的痛苦和伤亡，这些地雷每年导致数以千计的人——妇女、女孩、男孩和男子——死亡或受伤，使居住在受影响地区的民众面临危险，并阻碍其社区的发展，", "认为有必要尽力以有效和协调的方式帮助应对挑战，排除布设在世界各地的杀伤人员地雷并确保销毁此种地雷，", "希望尽力确保帮助照顾地雷受害者并帮助他们康复，包括帮助他们重新融入社会和经济生活，", "满意地注意到为执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》[1] 而开展的工作，以及在解决全球杀伤人员地雷问题方面取得的重大进展，", "回顾在马普托(1999年)、[2] 日内瓦(2000年)、[3] 马那瓜(2001年)、[4] 日内瓦(2002年)、[5] 曼谷(2003年)、[6] 萨格勒布(2005年)、[7] 日内瓦(2006年)、[8] 死海(2007年)、[9] 日内瓦(2008年)[10] 和日内瓦(2010年)[11] 举行的公约缔约国第一至十次会议，以及在内罗毕(2004年)[12] 举行的公约缔约国第一次审议大会，", "又回顾2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举行了公约缔约国第二次审议大会，[13] 国际社会在这次会议上审查了《公约》的执行情况，缔约国通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》[14] 和《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，[15] 支持加强《公约》的执行和宣传工作，", "满意地注意到又有其他国家批准或加入《公约》，使正式接受《公约》义务的国家总数达到一百五十七个，", "强调应当争取所有国家加入《公约》，并决心大力促进《公约》的普遍性，使其成为准则，", "遗憾地注意到杀伤人员地雷继续用于世界各地的某些冲突，给人们带来痛苦并妨碍冲突后的发展，", "1. 邀请所有尚未签署《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》¹ 的国家毫不拖延地加入《公约》；", "2. 敦促所有已签署但尚未批准《公约》的国家毫不拖延地批准《公约》；", "3. 强调必须全面切实地履行及遵守《公约》的规定，包括持续执行《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》；¹⁵", "4. 敦促所有缔约国按照《公约》第7条的规定，及时向秘书长提供完整的资料，以便提高透明度和促进遵守《公约》；", "5. 邀请所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的国家在自愿的基础上提供资料，使全球地雷行动更加有效；", "6. 再次吁请所有国家和其他有关各方一起努力，促进、支持和推动地雷受害者的照顾、康复及重新融入社会经济生活，开展雷险教育方案，以及排除和销毁在世界各地布设和储存的杀伤人员地雷；", "7. 敦促所有国家在最高政治级别继续处理这个问题，如有能力，应通过双边、次区域、区域和多边接触、外联、讨论会和其他办法促进遵守《公约》；", "8. 再次邀请和鼓励所有有关国家、联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织参加将于2011年11月28日至12月2日在金边举行的公约缔约国第十一次会议，并参加《公约》今后的会议；", "9. 请秘书长根据《公约》第11条第2款，为举行公约缔约国第十二次会议进行必要的筹备，并根据《公约》第11条第4款，代表缔约国邀请非公约缔约国以及联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织以观察员身份出席缔约国第十二次会议和未来的会议；", "10. 决定继续处理此案。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2056卷，第35597号。", "[2] 见APLC/MSP.1/1999/1。", "[3] 见APLC/MSP.2/2000/1。", "[4] 见APLC/MSP.3/2001/1。", "[5] 见APLC/MSP.4/2002/1。", "[6] 见APLC/MSP.5/2003/5。", "[7] 见APLC/MSP.6/2005/5。", "[8] 见APLC/MSP.7/2006/5。", "[9] 见APLC/MSP.8/2007/6。", "[10] 见APLC/MSP.9/2008/4和Corr.1和2。", "[11] 见APLC/MSP.10/2010/7。", "[12] 见APLC/CONF/2004/5和Corr.1。", "[13] 见APLC/CONF/2009/9。", "[14] 同上，第四部分。", "[15] 同上，第三部分。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/29. 《禁止化学武器公约》的执行情况", "《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让", "杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》", "大会,", "回顾其1999年12月1日第54/54 B号、2000年11月20日第55/33 V号、2001年11月29日第56/24 M号、2002年11月22日第57/74号、2003年12月8日第58/53号、2004年12月3日第59/84号、2005年12月8日第60/80号、2006年12月6日第61/84号、2007年12月5日第62/41号、2008年12月2日第63/42号、2009年12月2日第64/56号和2010年12月8日第65/48号决议,", "重申决心终止杀伤人员地雷造成的痛苦和伤亡,这些地雷每年使数以千计的人——妇女、女童、男童和男子——死亡或受伤,使受影响地区人民面临危险并阻碍其社区发展,", "相信有必要尽力以有效和协调的方式协助应付挑战,排除布设在世界各地的杀伤人员地雷并确保销毁此种地雷,", "希望尽力确保为地雷受害者的照顾和康复,包括重新融入社会和经济生活提供援助,", "满意地注意到为执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》[1]而开展的工作以及在解决全球杀伤人员地雷问题方面取得的重大进展,", "回顾在马普托(1999年)、[2] 日内瓦(2000年)、[3] 马那瓜(2001年)、[4] 日内瓦(2002年)、[5] 曼谷(2003年)、[6] 萨格勒布(2005年)、[7] 日内瓦(2006年)、[8] 死海(2007年)、[9] 日内瓦(2008年)、[10] 和日内瓦(2010年)、[11] 举行的公约缔约国第一次审议大会(2004年),[12]", "又回顾2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举行的公约缔约国第二次审议大会,[13] 在该次会议上,国际社会审查了《公约》的执行情况,缔约国通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》[14]和《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》,以支持加强执行和推动《公约》,[15]", "满意地注意到已有更多的国家批准或加入《公约》,使正式接受《公约》义务的国家总数达到一百五十七个,", "强调应争取所有国家加入《公约》,并决心大力促进《公约》的普遍性和规范,", "遗憾地注意到杀伤人员地雷在世界各地的一些冲突中继续被使用,给人们造成痛苦并妨碍冲突后的发展,", "1. 联合国 1. 请所有尚未签署《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》1 的国家毫不拖延地加入;", "2. 联合国 2. 敦促所有已签署但尚未批准《公约》的国家毫不拖延地批准《公约》;", "3个 3. 强调必须充分而有效地执行和遵守《公约》,包括继续执行《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》;15", " 4.四. 4. 敦促所有缔约国按照公约第7条的规定,及时向秘书长提供完整的资料,以提高透明度并遵守公约;", "5 (韩语). 4. 请所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的国家在自愿的基础上提供资料,使全球排雷行动更加有效;", "6. 国家 3. 再次吁请所有国家和其他有关各方共同努力,促进、支持和推动地雷受害者的照顾、康复及重新融入社会和经济生活,开展防雷教育方案,并排除和销毁在世界各地布设和储存的杀伤人员地雷;", "7. 联合国 4. 敦促所有国家继续在最高政治级别处理此问题,如有能力,则通过双边、次区域、区域和多边接触、外联、讨论会等手段促进加入《公约》;", "8. 重申邀请和鼓励所有有关国家、联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织出席定于2011年11月28日至12月2日在金边举行的公约缔约国第十一次会议并参加《公约》今后的会议方案;", "9. 国家 5. 请秘书长按照《公约》第11条第2款为召开第十二次公约缔约国会议进行必要的筹备,并代表缔约国并依照《公约》第11条第4款,邀请非公约缔约国以及联合国、其他有关国际组织或机构、区域组织、红十字国际委员会和有关非政府组织以观察员身份出席第十二次缔约国会议和今后的会议;", "10个 5. 决定继续处理此案。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2056卷,第35597号。", "[2] 见APLC/MSP.1/1999/1。", "[3] 见APLC/MSP.2/2000/1。", "[4] 见APLC/MSP.3/2001/1。", "[5] 见APLC/MSP.4/2002/1。", "[6] 见APLC/MSP.5/2003/5。", "[7] 见APLC/MSP.6/2005/5。", "[8] 见APLC/MSP.7/2006/5。", "[9] 见APLC/MSP.8/2007/6。", "[10] 见APLC/MSP.9/2008/4和Corr.1和2。", "[11] 见APLC/MSP.10/2010/7。", "[12] 见APLC/CONF/2004/5和Corr.1。", "[13] 见APLC/CONF/2009/9。", "[14] 同上,第四编。", "[15] 同上,第三部分。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/30. Relationship between disarmament and development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling that the Charter of the United Nations envisages the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world’s human and economic resources,", "Recalling also the provisions of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly concerning the relationship between disarmament and development,[1] as well as the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,[2]", "Recalling further its resolutions 49/75 J of 15 December 1994, 50/70 G of 12 December 1995, 51/45 D of 10 December 1996, 52/38 D of 9 December 1997, 53/77 K of 4 December 1998, 54/54 T of 1 December 1999, 55/33 L of 20 November 2000, 56/24 E of 29 November 2001, 57/65 of 22 November 2002, 59/78 of 3 December 2004, 60/61 of 8 December 2005, 61/64 of 6 December 2006, 62/48 of 5 December 2007, 63/52 of 2 December 2008, 64/32 of 2 December 2009 and 65/52 of 8 December 2010, and its decision 58/520 of 8 December 2003,", "Bearing in mind the Final Document of the Twelfth Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Durban, South Africa, from 29 August to 3 September 1998,[3] and the Final Document of the Thirteenth Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Cartagena, Colombia, on 8 and 9 April 2000,[4] as well as the Final Documents of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6]", "Mindful of the changes in international relations that have taken place since the adoption on 11 September 1987 of the Final Document of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, including the development agenda that has emerged over the past decade,", "Bearing in mind the new challenges for the international community in the fields of development, poverty eradication and the elimination of the diseases that afflict humanity,", "Stressing the importance of the symbiotic relationship between disarmament and development and the important role of security in this connection, and concerned at increasing global military expenditure, which could otherwise be spent on development needs,", "Recalling the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development[7] and its reappraisal of this significant issue in the current international context,", "Bearing in mind the importance of following up on the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development,²", "1. Stresses the central role of the United Nations in the disarmament-development relationship, and requests the Secretary-General to strengthen further the role of the Organization in this field, in particular the high-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Development, in order to ensure continued and effective coordination and close cooperation between the relevant United Nations departments, agencies and sub-agencies;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to take action, through appropriate organs and within available resources, for the implementation of the action programme adopted at the 1987 International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development;²", "3. Urges the international community to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "4. Encourages the international community to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and to make reference to the contribution that disarmament could provide in meeting them when it reviews its progress towards this purpose in 2012, as well as to make greater efforts to integrate disarmament, humanitarian and development activities;", "5. Encourages the relevant regional and subregional organizations and institutions, non-governmental organizations and research institutes to incorporate issues related to the relationship between disarmament and development into their agendas and, in this regard, to take into account the report of the Group of Governmental Experts on the relationship between disarmament and development;⁷", "6. Reiterates its invitation to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with information regarding measures and efforts to devote part of the resources made available by the implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements to economic and social development, with a view to reducing the ever-widening gap between developed and developing countries;", "7. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution, including the information provided by Member States pursuant to paragraph 6 above;", "8. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Relationship between disarmament and development”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  See Report of the International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, New York, 24 August 11–September 1987 (A/CONF.130/39).", "[3]  A/53/667‑S/1998/1071, annex I.", "[4]  A/54/917‑S/2000/580, annex.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I.", "[7]  See A/59/119." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/30. 裁军与发展之间的关系", "大会，", "回顾《联合国宪章》设想建立并维持国际和平与安全，尽量减少世界人力及经济资源耗用于军备，", "又回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》中关于裁军与发展之间关系的各项规定，[1] 以及裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过的《最后文件》，[2]", "还回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75J号、1995年12月12日第50/70G号、1996年12月10日第51/45D号、1997年12月9日第52/38D号、1998年12月4日第53/77K号、1999年12月1日第54/54T号、2000年11月20日第55/33L号、2001年11月29日第56/24E号、2002年11月22日第57/65号、2004年12月3日第59/78号、2005年12月8日第60/61号、2006年12月6日第61/64号、2007年12月5日第62/48号、2008年12月2日第63/52号、2009年12月2日第64/32号和2010年12月8日第65/52号决议以及2003年12月8日第58/520号决定，", "铭记1998年8月29日至9月3日在南非德班举行的第十二次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》、[3] 2000年4月8日和9日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫那举行的第十三次不结盟国家运动部长级会议的《最后文件》、[4] 2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[5] 和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议的《最后文件》，[6]", "念及自裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过《最后文件》以来在国际关系方面发生的变化，包括过去十年间出现的发展议程，", "铭记国际社会在发展、消除贫穷和消灭危害人类的疾病方面面临的新挑战，", "强调裁军与发展之间共生关系的重要性以及安全在这方面的重要作用，并关切全球军事支出日益增加，而这项开支原本可用于满足发展需要，", "回顾裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告[7] 以及专家组在当前国际形势下对这一重大问题重新作出的评估，", "铭记采取后续行动落实1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领² 至关重要，", "1. 强调联合国在裁军与发展之间关系中的核心作用，并请秘书长进一步加强本组织，特别是裁军与发展问题高级别指导小组在这一领域的作用，以确保联合国各有关部门、机构和分支机构之间的持续有效协调和密切合作；", "2. 请秘书长通过有关机关并在现有资源范围内，继续采取行动，执行1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领；²", "3. 敦促国际社会将通过执行各项裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以期缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距；", "4. 鼓励国际社会实现千年发展目标，在2012年审查为此取得的进展时指出裁军能够为实现千年目标作出的贡献，并作出更大努力，把裁军、人道主义和发展活动综合起来；", "5. 鼓励有关区域和次区域组织和机构、非政府组织及研究机构将涉及裁军与发展之间关系的问题纳入其议程，并在此方面考虑到裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告；⁷", "6. 再次邀请会员国向秘书长提供资料，说明它们采取了哪些措施和作出了哪些努力，将通过执行各项裁军与军备限制协定而节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展，以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距；", "7. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况，包括会员国根据上文第6段提供的资料，向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "8. 决定将题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 见《裁军与发展之间关系国际会议的报告，1987年8月24日至9月11日，纽约》(A/CONF.130/39)。", "[3] A/53/667-S/1998/1071，附件一。", "[4] A/54/917-S/2000/580，附件。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件一。", "[7] 见A/59/119。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/30. 裁军与发展之间的关系", "大会,", "回顾《联合国宪章》设想建立并维持国际和平与安全,尽量减少世界人力及经济资源耗用于军备,", "又回顾大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》 关于裁军与发展之间关系的各项规定,[1] 以及裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过的《最后文件》,[2]", "还回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75 J号、1995年12月12日第50/70 G号、1996年12月10日第51/45 D号、1997年12月9日第52/38 D号、1998年12月4日第53/77 K号、1999年12月1日第54/54 T号、2000年11月20日第55/33 L号、2001年11月29日第56/24 E号、2002年11月22日第57/65号、2004年12月3日第59/78号、2005年12月8日第60/61号、2006年12月6日第61/64号、2007年12月5日第62/48号、2008年12月2日第63/52号、2009年12月2日第64/32号和2010年12月8日第65/52号决议,以及2003年12月8日第58/520号决定,", "铭记1998年8月29日至9月3日在南非德班举行的第十二次不结盟国家国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》,[3] 和2000年4月8日和9日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举行的不结盟国家运动第十三次部长级会议的《最后文件》,[4] 以及2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》,[5] 和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟国家运动第十六次部长级会议和纪念会议,[6]", "注意到自裁军与发展之间关系国际会议1987年9月11日通过《最后文件》以来国际关系发生的变化,包括过去十年来出现的发展议程,", "铭记国际社会在发展、消除贫穷和消除危害人类的疾病方面面临的新挑战,", "强调裁军和发展之间的共生关系的重要性以及安全在这方面的重要作用,并关切全球军事支出日益增加,这项开支原本可用于满足发展需要,", "回顾裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告[7] 及其在当前国际形势下对这一重大问题的重新评估,", "铭记就1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领2 的执行情况采取后续行动的重要性,", "1. 联合国 1. 强调联合国在裁军与发展之间关系中的核心作用,并请秘书长进一步加强本组织特别是裁军与发展问题高级别指导小组在这一领域的作用,以确保联合国各有关部门、机构和分机构之间继续有效协调和密切合作;", "2. 联合国 2. 请秘书长通过有关机关并在现有资源范围内,继续采取行动,执行1987年裁军和发展之间关系国际会议通过的行动纲领;2", "3个 4. 敦促国际社会将执行各项裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展,以缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距;", " 4.四. 4. 鼓励国际社会实现千年发展目标,并在2012年审查朝向这一目标取得的进展时提及裁军可以为实现千年目标作出的贡献,并作出更大努力将裁军、人道主义和发展活动结合起来;", "5 (韩语). 4. 鼓励有关区域和次区域组织和机构、非政府组织和研究机构将有关裁军与发展之间关系的问题纳入其议程,并在此方面考虑到裁军与发展之间关系政府专家组的报告;7", "6. 国家 4. 再次请会员国向秘书长提供资料,说明为将执行各项裁军和军备限制协定所节约的资源的一部分用于经济和社会发展而采取的措施和作出的努力,以期缩小发达国家与发展中国家间不断扩大的差距;", "7. 联合国 6. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告本决议的执行情况,包括会员国根据上文第6段提供的资料;", "8. 联合国 6. 决定将题为“裁军与发展之间的关系”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] 见1987年8月11日至9月24日在纽约举行的裁军和发展之间关系国际会议的报告(A/CONF.130/39)。", "[3] A/53/667-S/1998/1071,附件一。", "[4] A/54/917-S/2000/580,附件。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514,附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407,附件一。", "[7] 见A/59/119。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/31. Observance of environmental norms in the drafting", "and implementation of agreements on disarmament", "and arms control", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 50/70 M of 12 December 1995, 51/45 E of 10 December 1996, 52/38 E of 9 December 1997, 53/77 J of 4 December 1998, 54/54 S of 1 December 1999, 55/33 K of 20 November 2000, 56/24 F of 29 November 2001, 57/64 of 22 November 2002, 58/45 of 8 December 2003, 59/68 of 3 December 2004, 60/60 of 8 December 2005, 61/63 of 6 December 2006, 62/28 of 5 December 2007, 63/51 of 2 December 2008, 64/33 of 2 December 2009 and 65/53 of 8 December 2010,", "Emphasizing the importance of the observance of environmental norms in the preparation and implementation of disarmament and arms limitation agreements,", "Recognizing that it is necessary to take duly into account the agreements adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, as well as prior relevant agreements, in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms limitation,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to resolution 65/53,[1]", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption by the General Assembly, without a vote, of resolutions 63/51 and 65/53, on the observance of environmental norms in the drafting and the implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control,", "Mindful of the detrimental environmental effects of the use of nuclear weapons,", "1. Reaffirms that international disarmament forums should take fully into account the relevant environmental norms in negotiating treaties and agreements on disarmament and arms limitation and that all States, through their actions, should contribute fully to ensuring compliance with the aforementioned norms in the implementation of treaties and conventions to which they are parties;", "2. Calls upon States to adopt unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures so as to contribute to ensuring the application of scientific and technological progress within the framework of international security, disarmament and other related spheres, without detriment to the environment or to its effective contribution to attaining sustainable development;", "3. Welcomes the information provided by Member States on the implementation of the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution;¹", "4. Invites all Member States to communicate to the Secretary-General information on the measures they have adopted to promote the objectives envisaged in the present resolution, and requests the Secretary-General to submit a report containing that information to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Observance of environmental norms in the drafting and implementation of agreements on disarmament and arms control”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/97 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/31. 拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范", "大会，", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70M号、1996年12月10日第51/45E号、1997年12月9日第52/38E号、1998年12月4日第53/77J号、1999年12月1日第54/54S号、2000年11月20日第55/33K号、2001年11月29日第56/24F号、2002年11月22日第57/64号、2003年12月8日第58/45号、2004年12月3日第59/68号、2005年12月8日第60/60号、2006年12月6日第61/63号、2007年12月5日第62/28号、2008年12月2日第63/51号、2009年12月2日第64/33号和2010年12月8日第65/53号决议，", "强调在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时遵守环境规范的重要性，", "确认在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时，必须适当考虑到联合国环境与发展会议通过的各项协定及以往的有关协定，", "表示注意到秘书长根据第65/53号决议提交的报告，[1]", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议以及2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议分别欢迎大会未经表决通过了关于在拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范的第63/51和65/53号决议，", "念及使用核武器对环境造成的有害影响，", "1. 重申各国际裁军论坛就裁军和军备限制条约和协定进行谈判时，应充分考虑到有关的环境规范，所有国家应以行动全力确保在执行已参加的条约和公约时遵守上述规范；", "2. 吁请各国采取单边、双边、区域和多边措施，帮助确保在国际安全、裁军和其他有关领域的框架内应用科学和技术进展，但不危害环境，亦不影响其对实现可持续发展的切实贡献；", "3. 欢迎会员国就它们为促进本决议所设想的目标而采取的措施的执行情况提供的资料；¹", "4. 邀请所有会员国向秘书长提供资料，说明它们为促进本决议所设想的目标而采取的措施，并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交载有这些资料的报告；", "5. 决定将题为“拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/66/97和Add.1。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/31 (英语). 起草过程中遵守环境规范", "各项裁军协定的执行情况", "和军备控制", "大会,", "回顾其1995年12月12日第50/70 M号、1996年12月10日第51/45 E号、1997年12月9日第52/38 E号、1998年12月4日第53/77 J号、1999年12月1日第54/54 S号、2000年11月20日第55/33 K号、2001年11月29日第56/24 F号、2002年11月22日第57/64号、2003年12月8日第58/45号、2004年12月3日第59/68号、2005年12月8日第60/60号、2006年12月6日第61/63号、2007年12月5日第62/28号、2008年12月2日第63/51号、2009年12月2日第64/33号和2010年12月8日第65/53号决议,", "强调在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时遵守环境规范的重要性,", "认识到在拟订和执行裁军和军备限制协定时,必须适当考虑到联合国环境与发展会议通过的各项协定以及以前的有关协定,", "注意到秘书长根据第65/53号决议提交的报告,[1]", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议和纪念会议,欢迎大会未经表决通过关于拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范的第63/51号和第65/53号决议,", "铭记使用核武器对环境造成的有害影响,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申各国际裁军论坛就裁军和军备限制条约和协定进行谈判时,应充分考虑到有关的环境规范,所有国家应以行动全力确保其作为缔约国在执行条约和公约时遵守上述规范;", "2. 吁请各国采取单边、双边、区域和多边措施,帮助确保在国际安全、裁军和其他有关领域的框架内应用科学和技术进展,但不危害环境,亦不影响其对实现可持续发展的切实贡献;", "3个 1. 欢迎会员国提供资料,说明它们为促进本决议所设想的目标所采取措施的执行情况;1", " 4.四. 11. 邀请所有会员国向秘书长提供资料,说明它们为促进本决议所设想的目标而采取的措施,并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交载有这些资料的报告;", "5 (韩语). 6. 决定将题为“拟订和执行裁军和军备控制协定时遵守环境规范”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] A/66/97和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/32. Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation", "The General Assembly,", "Determined to foster strict respect for the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolution 56/24 T of 29 November 2001 on multilateral cooperation in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation and global efforts against terrorism and other relevant resolutions, as well as its resolutions 57/63 of 22 November 2002, 58/44 of 8 December 2003, 59/69 of 3 December 2004, 60/59 of 8 December 2005, 61/62 of 6 December 2006, 62/27 of 5 December 2007, 63/50 of 2 December 2008, 64/34 of 2 December 2009 and 65/54 of 8 December 2010 on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recalling also the purpose of the United Nations to maintain international peace and security and, to that end, to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace, as enshrined in the Charter,", "Recalling further the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[1] which states, inter alia, that the responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared among the nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally and that, as the most universal and most representative organization in the world, the United Nations must play the central role,", "Convinced that, in the globalization era and with the information revolution, arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament problems are more than ever the concern of all countries in the world, which are affected in one way or another by these problems and, therefore, should have the possibility to participate in the negotiations that arise to tackle them,", "Bearing in mind the existence of a broad structure of disarmament and arms regulation agreements resulting from non-discriminatory and transparent multilateral negotiations with the participation of a large number of countries, regardless of their size and power,", "Aware of the need to advance further in the field of arms regulation, non‑proliferation and disarmament on the basis of universal, multilateral, non‑discriminatory and transparent negotiations with the goal of reaching general and complete disarmament under strict international control,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on disarmament,", "Recognizing also that the proliferation and development of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, are among the most immediate threats to international peace and security which need to be dealt with, with the highest priority,", "Considering that the multilateral disarmament agreements provide the mechanism for States parties to consult one another and to cooperate in solving any problems which may arise in relation to the objective of, or in the application of, the provisions of the agreements and that such consultations and cooperation may also be undertaken through appropriate international procedures within the framework of the United Nations and in accordance with the Charter,", "Stressing that international cooperation, the peaceful settlement of disputes, dialogue and confidence-building measures would make an essential contribution to the creation of multilateral and bilateral friendly relations among peoples and nations,", "Being concerned at the continuous erosion of multilateralism in the field of arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament, and recognizing that a resort to unilateral actions by Member States in resolving their security concerns would jeopardize international peace and security and undermine confidence in the international security system as well as the foundations of the United Nations itself,", "Noting that the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009, and the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, welcomed the adoption of resolutions 63/50 and 65/54, on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation, and underlined the fact that multilateralism and multilaterally agreed solutions, in accordance with the Charter, provide the only sustainable method of addressing disarmament and international security issues,", "Reaffirming the absolute validity of multilateral diplomacy in the field of disarmament and non-proliferation, and determined to promote multilateralism as an essential way to develop arms regulation and disarmament negotiations,", "1. Reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in negotiations in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation with a view to maintaining and strengthening universal norms and enlarging their scope;", "2. Also reaffirms multilateralism as the core principle in resolving disarmament and non-proliferation concerns;", "3. Urges the participation of all interested States in multilateral negotiations on arms regulation, non-proliferation and disarmament in a non-discriminatory and transparent manner;", "4. Underlines the importance of preserving the existing agreements on arms regulation and disarmament, which constitute an expression of the results of international cooperation and multilateral negotiations in response to the challenges facing mankind;", "5. Calls once again upon all Member States to renew and fulfil their individual and collective commitments to multilateral cooperation as an important means of pursuing and achieving their common objectives in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Requests the States parties to the relevant instruments on weapons of mass destruction to consult and cooperate among themselves in resolving their concerns with regard to cases of non-compliance as well as on implementation, in accordance with the procedures defined in those instruments, and to refrain from resorting or threatening to resort to unilateral actions or directing unverified non‑compliance accusations against one another to resolve their concerns;", "7. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General containing the replies of Member States on the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation, submitted pursuant to resolution 65/54;[2]", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to seek the views of Member States on the issue of the promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation and to submit a report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Promotion of multilateralism in the area of disarmament and non‑proliferation”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 55/2.", "[2]  A/66/111 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/32. 促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义", "大会，", "决心促进严格遵循《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则，", "回顾其关于裁军和不扩散领域的多边合作和打击恐怖主义全球努力的2001年11月29日第56/24T号决议和其他有关决议，以及关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的2002年11月22日第57/63号、2003年12月8日第58/44号、2004年12月3日第59/69号、2005年12月8日第60/59号、2006年12月6日第61/62号、2007年12月5日第62/27号、2008年12月2日第63/50号、2009年12月2日第64/34号和2010年12月8日第65/54号决议，", "又回顾《宪章》规定，联合国的宗旨为维护国际和平及安全，并为此目的，采取有效集体办法，以防止且消除对于和平之威胁，制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏，并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则，调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势，", "还回顾《联合国千年宣言》，[1] 其中特别指出，世界各国必须共同承担责任管理全球经济和社会发展以及国际和平与安全面临的威胁，并应以多边方式履行这一职责，而联合国作为世界上最具普遍性和代表性的组织，必须发挥核心作用，", "深信在此全球化时代和信息革命之际，世界各国比以往任何时候都更关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军问题，因为这些问题总会以某种方式影响到它们，因此它们应有可能参加为解决这些问题举行的谈判，", "铭记存在各项裁军和军备管制协定的广泛结构正是许多国家，无论大小强弱，都参加的非歧视性和透明的多边谈判的结果，", "意识到应在普遍、多边、非歧视性和透明的谈判基础上进一步推动军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的工作，以期实现严格国际监督下的全面彻底裁军，", "确认双边、诸边和多边裁军谈判是相辅相成的，", "又确认包括核武器在内的大规模毁灭性武器的扩散和研制是对国际和平与安全最直接的威胁之一，应作为最高优先事项处理，", "考虑到多边裁军协定在解决达成协定条款的目标或在实施协定条款时可能出现的问题方面为缔约国提供了互相协商和合作的机制，以及还可根据《宪章》通过联合国框架内的适当国际程序进行此类协商和合作，", "强调国际合作、和平解决争端、对话和建立信任措施对于在各国人民和国家之间建立多边和双边友好关系将会作出极其重要的贡献，", "关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的多边主义持续削弱，认识到会员国在解决其安全问题时诉诸单边行动将危及国际和平与安全，破坏对国际安全体系的信心及联合国本身的基础，", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议以及2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议分别欢迎大会通过关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的第63/50和65/54号决议，并强调按照《宪章》，多边主义和多边商定的解决办法是处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续的方法，", "重申多边外交在裁军和不扩散领域的绝对效力，并决心推动多边主义作为开展军备管制和裁军谈判的主要途径，", "1. 重申多边主义是在裁军和不扩散领域进行谈判的核心原则，以期维持和加强普遍规范并扩大其范围；", "2. 又重申多边主义是解决裁军和不扩散问题的核心原则；", "3. 敦促所有有关国家以非歧视性和透明的方式参加关于军备管制、不扩散和裁军的多边谈判；", "4. 强调必须保留关于军备管制和裁军的现有协定，这些协定体现了为应对人类面临的各种挑战而进行的国际合作和多边谈判的结果；", "5. 再次呼吁所有会员国重申并履行其对多边合作的个别和集体承诺，这是裁军和不扩散领域追求和实现共同目标的重要手段；", "6. 请与大规模毁灭性武器有关的各项文书的缔约国在解决与不遵守这些文书的行为以及与这些文书的执行有关的问题时，根据这些文书确定的程序进行协商和合作，避免为解决问题而诉诸或威胁诉诸单方面行动，或未经核实即彼此指控不遵守协定；", "7. 表示注意到秘书长依照第65/54号决议提出的报告，[2] 其中载有会员国对促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的答复；", "8. 请秘书长征求会员国对有关促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的意见，并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "9. 决定将题为“促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/111和Add.1。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/32. 促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义", "大会,", "决心促进严格遵守《联合国宪章》所揭示的宗旨和原则,", "回顾其关于裁军和不扩散领域的多边合作和打击恐怖主义的全球努力的2001年11月29日第56/24 T号决议和其他有关决议,以及关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的2002年11月22日第57/63号、2003年12月8日第58/44号、2004年12月3日第59/69号、2005年12月8日第60/59号、2006年12月6日第61/62号、2007年12月5日第62/27号、2008年12月2日第63/50号、2009年12月2日第64/34号和2010年12月8日第65/54号决议,", "又回顾《宪章》所揭示的联合国维持国际和平与安全的宗旨,并为此目的采取有效集体办法,以防止并消除对和平之威胁,制止侵略行为或其他和平之破坏,并以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则,调整或解决足以破坏和平之国际争端或情势,", "还回顾《联合国千年宣言》,[1] 其中特别指出,世界各国必须共同承担责任,管理世界经济和社会发展以及国际和平与安全面临的威胁,并应以多边方式履行这一职责,而联合国作为世界上最具普遍性和代表性的组织,必须发挥核心作用,", "深信在此全球化时代和信息革命之际,世界各国比以往任何时候都更关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军问题,这些问题以某种方式影响到它们,因此,它们应有可能参加为解决这些问题而展开的谈判,", "铭记存在各项裁军和军备管制协定的广泛结构正是许多国家,无论大小强弱,都参加的非歧视性和透明的多边谈判的结果,", "意识到必须在普遍、多边、非歧视性和透明的谈判基础上进一步推动军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的工作,以期实现严格国际监督下的全面彻底裁军,", "认识到双边、诸边和多边裁军谈判是相辅相成的,", "又认识到包括核武器在内的大规模毁灭性武器的扩散和研制是对国际和平与安全最直接的威胁之一,需要以最高优先处理,", "考虑到多边裁军协定为缔约国提供了彼此协商和合作的机制,以解决在协定的目标上或在执行协定条款时可能出现的任何问题,并可以依照《宪章》通过联合国框架内的适当国际程序进行这种协商和合作,", "强调国际合作、和平解决争端、对话和建立信任措施将大大有助于在各国人民和各国之间建立多边和双边友好关系,", "关切军备管制、不扩散和裁军领域的多边主义不断被削弱,认识到会员国在解决其安全关切时诉诸单方面行动会危及国际和平与安全,破坏对国际安全制度的信心以及联合国本身的基础,", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议和纪念会议欢迎通过关于促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义的第63/50号和第65/54号决议,并着重指出多边主义和多边商定的解决办法是依照《宪章》处理裁军和国际安全问题的唯一可持续方法,", "重申多边外交在裁军和不扩散领域的绝对效力,并决心促进多边主义作为开展军备管制和裁军谈判的基本途径,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申多边主义是在裁军和不扩散领域进行谈判的核心原则,以期维持和加强普遍规范并扩大其范围;", "2. 联合国 2. 又重申多边主义是解决裁军和不扩散问题的核心原则;", "3个 3. 敦促所有有关国家以非歧视性和透明的方式参加关于军备管制、不扩散和裁军的多边谈判;", " 4.四. 3. 强调必须保留关于军备管制和裁军的现有协定,这些协定体现了为应对人类所面临挑战而进行的国际合作和多边谈判的结果;", "5 (韩语). 2. 再次吁请所有会员国重申并履行其对多边合作的个别和集体承诺,这是裁军和不扩散领域追求和实现共同目标的重要途径;", "6. 国家 2. 请签署大规模毁灭性武器有关文书的缔约国在解决与不遵守和执行这些文书有关的问题时,按照这些文书所确定程序进行协商和合作,并避免为解决问题而诉诸或威胁诉诸单方面行动,或未经核实即彼此指控不遵守协定;", "7. 联合国 注意到秘书长依照第65/54号决议提出的报告, 其中载有会员国对促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的答复;[2]", "8. 联合国 4. 请秘书长征求会员国对促进裁军和不扩散领域多边主义问题的意见,并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "9. 国家 6. 决定将题为“促进裁军和不扩散领域的多边主义”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见第55/2号决议。", "[2] A/66/111和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/33. 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 2373 (XXII) of 12 June 1968, the annex to which contains the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1]", "Noting the provisions of article VIII, paragraph 3, of the Treaty regarding the convening of review conferences at five-year intervals,", "Recalling the outcomes of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[3]", "Recalling also the decision of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on improving the effectiveness of the strengthened review process for the Treaty,[4] which reaffirmed the provisions in the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty,[5]", "Noting the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, in which it was agreed that review conferences should continue to be held every five years, and noting that, accordingly, the next review conference should be held in 2015,", "Recalling the decision of the 2000 Review Conference that three sessions of the Preparatory Committee should be held in the years prior to the review conference,⁴", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010,[6] and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the follow-on actions adopted at the Review Conference,[7]", "1. Takes note of the decision of the parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,¹ following appropriate consultations, to hold the first session of the Preparatory Committee in Vienna from 30 April to 11 May 2012;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to render the necessary assistance and to provide such services, including summary records, as may be required for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and its Preparatory Committee.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See also United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2).", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I.", "[5]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 1.", "[6]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[7]  Ibid., vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/33. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备 委员会", "大会，", "回顾其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议，该决议附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》，[1]", "注意到《条约》第八条第3款规定每五年举行一次审议大会，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会[2] 和不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的成果，[3]", "又回顾条约缔约国2000年审议大会关于提高已加强的条约审议进程的效力的决定，[4] 该决定重申了条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强条约审议进程的决定[5] 中的规定，", "注意到关于加强条约审议进程的决定，其中商定审议大会应继续每五年举行一次，并注意到下一次审议大会因此应于2015年举行，", "回顾2000年审议大会的决定，即筹备委员会应在审议大会举行之前的年份中举行三届会议，⁴", "欣见2010年5月3日至28日举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会的成果，[6] 并重申必须充分执行审议大会通过的各项后续行动，[7]", "1. 注意到《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 缔约国经适当协商后决定，筹备委员会第一届会议应于2012年4月30日至5月11日在维也纳举行；", "2. 请秘书长向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备委员会提供必要协助和所需的服务，包括简要记录。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I-IV))。", "[4] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分。", "[5] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))，附件，决定1。", "[6] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))。", "[7] 同上，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I))，第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/33. 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备委员会", "大会,", "回顾其1968年6月12日第2373(XXII)号决议,其附件载有《不扩散核武器条约》,[1]", "注意到条约第八条第3款关于每五年举行一次审议大会的规定,", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会[2]和条约缔约国2000年审议大会[3]的成果,", "又回顾条约缔约国2000年审议大会关于提高已加强的条约审议进程的效力的决定,[4] 其中重申条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强条约审议进程的决定的规定,[5]", "注意到关于加强《条约》审议进程的决定,其中商定审议大会应继续每五年举行一次,并因此注意到下一次审议大会应在2015年举行,", "回顾2000年审议大会决定筹备委员会的三届会议应在审议大会召开之前的年份举行,4", "欣见2010年5月3日至28日举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会取得圆满成果,[6] 重申需要充分执行审议大会通过的后续行动,[7]", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到《不扩散核武器条约》1 缔约国经适当协商后决定于2012年4月30日至5月11日在维也纳举行筹备委员会第一届会议;", "2. 联合国 4. 请秘书长为不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会及其筹备委员会提供必要的协助和服务,包括简要记录。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 另见联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2)。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 (NPT/CONF.2000/28(Parts I-IV))。", "[4] 同上,第一卷。 第一编(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II)),第一部分。", "[5] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件,决定1。", "[6] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,《最后文件》,第2卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I-III))。", "[7] 同上,第一卷。 第一部分,结论和后续行动建议。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/34. Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/50 of 8 December 2010 on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them,", "Deeply concerned by the magnitude of human casualty and suffering, especially among children, caused by the illicit proliferation and use of small arms and light weapons,", "Concerned by the negative impact that the illicit proliferation and use of those weapons continue to have on the efforts of States in the Sahelo-Saharan subregion in the areas of poverty eradication, sustainable development and the maintenance of peace, security and stability,", "Bearing in mind the Bamako Declaration on an African Common Position on the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted at Bamako on 1 December 2000,[1]", "Recalling the report of the Secretary-General entitled “In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all”,[2] in which he emphasized that States must strive just as hard to eliminate the threat of illicit small arms and light weapons as they do to eliminate the threat of weapons of mass destruction,", "Recalling also the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, adopted on 8 December 2005,[3]", "Recalling further the expression of support in the 2005 World Summit Outcome for the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[4]", "Recalling the adoption, at the thirtieth ordinary summit of the Economic Community of West African States, held in Abuja in June 2006, of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials,[5] in replacement of the moratorium on the importation, exportation and manufacture of small arms and light weapons in West Africa,", "Recalling also the entry into force of the Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials on 29 September 2009,", "Recalling further the decision taken by the Economic Community to establish a Small Arms Unit responsible for advocating appropriate policies and developing and implementing programmes, as well as the establishment of the Economic Community’s Small Arms Control Programme, launched on 6 June 2006 in Bamako, in replacement of the Programme for Coordination and Assistance for Security and Development,", "Taking note of the latest report of the Secretary-General on assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them and the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,[6]", "Recalling, in that regard, the decision of the European Union to significantly support the Economic Community in its efforts to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons,", "Recognizing the important role that civil society organizations play, by raising public awareness, in efforts to curb the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons,", "Recalling the report of the United Nations Conference to Review Progress Made in the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 26 June to 7 July 2006,[7]", "1. Commends the United Nations and international, regional and other organizations for their assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "2. Encourages the Secretary-General to pursue his efforts in the context of the implementation of General Assembly resolution 49/75 G of 15 December 1994 and the recommendations of the United Nations advisory missions aimed at curbing the illicit circulation of small arms and light weapons and collecting them in the affected States that so request, with the support of the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa and in close cooperation with the African Union;", "3. Encourages the international community to support the implementation of the Economic Community of West African States Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition and Other Related Materials;", "4. Encourages the countries of the Sahelo-Saharan subregion to facilitate the effective functioning of national commissions to combat the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, and in that regard invites the international community to lend its support wherever possible;", "5. Encourages the collaboration of civil society organizations and associations in the efforts of the national commissions to combat the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and in the implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects; [8]", "6. Encourages cooperation among State organs, international organizations and civil society in support of programmes and projects aimed at combating the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "7. Calls upon the international community to provide technical and financial support to strengthen the capacity of civil society organizations to take action to help to combat the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons;", "8. Invites the Secretary-General and those States and organizations that are in a position to do so to continue to provide assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to consider the matter and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Assistance to States for curbing the illicit traffic in small arms and light weapons and collecting them”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/CONF.192/PC/23, annex.", "[2]  A/59/2005.", "[3]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[4]  See resolution 60/1, para. 94.", "[5]  See United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, Disarmament Forum, No. 4, 2008, The Complex Dynamics of Small Arms in West Africa. Available from www.unidir.org.", "[6]  A/66/177.", "[7]  A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/34. 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集", "大会，", "回顾其关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集的2010年12月8日第65/50号决议，", "深切关注非法扩散和使用小武器和轻武器对人类，特别是对儿童造成的巨大伤亡和苦难，", "关注非法扩散和使用这些武器继续对萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国在消除贫穷、可持续发展及维护和平、安全与稳定等领域所作的努力产生不利影响，", "铭记2000年12月1日在巴马科通过的《关于小武器和轻武器非法扩散、流通和贩运的非洲共同立场的巴马科宣言》，[1]", "回顾秘书长题为“大自由：实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”的报告，[2] 其中秘书长强调各国必须像努力消除大规模毁灭性武器的威胁那样，努力消除非法小武器和轻武器的威胁，", "又回顾2005年12月8日通过的《使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》，[3]", "还回顾《2005年世界首脑会议成果文件》表示支持实施《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》，[4]", "回顾2006年6月在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体第三十届首脑常会通过《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》，[5] 以替代《关于在西非暂停进口、出口和制造小武器和轻武器的声明》，", "又回顾《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日生效，", "还回顾经济共同体决定设立一个小武器股，负责宣传适当政策并制定和实施方案，以及设立2006年6月6日在巴马科启动的经济共同体小武器控制方案，以替代安全和发展协调援助方案，", "注意到秘书长最近关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集及关于小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题的报告，[6]", "回顾在这方面欧洲联盟决定大力支持经济共同体努力打击小武器和轻武器非法扩散，", "确认在制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运的努力中，民间社会组织在提高大众认识方面可发挥重要作用，", "回顾2006年6月26日至7月7日在纽约召开的联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领实施进度大会的报告，[7]", "1. 赞扬联合国和国际、区域及其他组织协助各国制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集；", "2. 鼓励秘书长继续努力，执行1994年12月15日大会第49/75G号决议和联合国咨询团的建议，以便在联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的支持下，与非洲联盟密切合作，经受影响国家提出要求，在这些国家制止小武器和轻武器的非法流通并加以收集；", "3. 鼓励国际社会支持执行西非国家经济共同体《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》；", "4. 鼓励萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国协助各国委员会有效开展工作，打击小武器和轻武器的非法扩散，并为此请国际社会尽可能给予支持；", "5. 鼓励民间社会组织和团体与各国委员会协作，努力打击非法贩运小武器和轻武器行为，执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》；[8]", "6. 鼓励国家机关、国际组织和民间社会开展合作，支持旨在打击小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集的方案和项目；", "7. 吁请国际社会提供技术和财政支助，以期加强民间社会组织采取行动帮助打击小武器和轻武器非法贸易的能力；", "8. 邀请秘书长和有能力的国家和组织继续向各国提供援助，帮助制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集；", "9. 请秘书长继续审议该事项，并就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "10. 决定将题为“协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/CONF.192/PC/23，附件。", "[2] A/59/2005。", "[3] A/60/88和Corr.2，附件；另见第60/519号决定。", "[4] 见第60/1号决议，第94段。", "[5] 见联合国裁军研究所，《裁军论坛》，2008年第4期，《西非小武器问题的复杂动态》。可查阅www.unidir.org。", "[6] A/66/177。", "[7] A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章，第24段。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/34 (英语). 协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集", "大会,", "回顾其关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集的2010年12月8日第65/50号决议,", "深为关切小武器和轻武器非法扩散和使用对人类、特别是对儿童造成的巨大伤亡和苦难,", "关切这些武器的非法扩散和使用继续对萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国在消除贫穷、可持续发展及维持和平、安全与稳定等方面的努力产生不利影响,", "铭记2000年12月1日在巴马科通过的《关于小武器和轻武器非法扩散、流通和贩运的非洲共同立场的巴马科宣言》,[1]", "回顾秘书长题为 “大自由:实现人人共享的发展、安全和人权”,[2] 其中他强调各国必须像努力消除大规模毁灭性武器的威胁一样,努力消除非法小武器和轻武器的威胁,", "又回顾2005年12月8日通过的《使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》,[3]", "还回顾《2005年世界首脑会议成果》表示支持执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》,[4]", "回顾2006年6月在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体第三十届常会通过了《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》,[5] 以取代《关于在西非暂停进口、出口和制造小武器和轻武器的声明》,", "又回顾《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日生效,", "还回顾经济共同体决定设立一个小武器股,负责宣传适当政策并制定和执行方案,以及设立2006年6月6日在巴马科启动的经济共同体小武器管制方案,以取代安全和发展协调援助方案,", "注意到秘书长关于协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集以及小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题的最新报告,[6]", "在这方面回顾欧洲联盟决定大力支持经济共同体努力打击小武器和轻武器的非法扩散,", "认识到民间社会组织在制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运的努力中通过提高公众认识所发挥的重要作用,", "回顾2006年6月26日至7月7日在纽约举行的联合国审查从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领执行进度大会的报告,[7]", "1. 联合国 1. 赞扬联合国和国际、区域和其他组织协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集;", "2. 联合国 4. 鼓励秘书长继续努力执行1994年12月15日大会第49/75 G号决议和联合国咨询团的建议,在联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的支持下并与非洲联盟密切合作,应受影响国家的请求,制止小武器和轻武器的非法流通并收集这些武器;", "3个 6. 鼓励国际社会支持执行西非国家经济共同体《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》;", " 4.四. 5. 鼓励萨赫勒-撒哈拉次区域各国为国家委员会的有效运作提供便利,以打击小武器和轻武器的非法扩散,并在这方面请国际社会尽可能给予支持;", "5 (韩语). 鼓励民间社会组织和协会同国家委员会协作,努力打击小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》;[8]", "6. 国家 5. 鼓励国家机关、国际组织和民间社会合作,支持旨在打击小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集的方案和项目;", "7. 联合国 5. 吁请国际社会提供技术和财政支助,以加强民间社会组织采取行动帮助打击小武器和轻武器非法贸易的能力;", "8. 联合国 7. 请秘书长以及有能力的国家和组织继续向各国提供援助,帮助制止小武器和轻武器的非法贩运并加以收集;", "9. 国家 9. 请秘书长继续审议这个问题,并就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "10个 9. 决定将题为“协助各国制止小武器和轻武器非法贩运并加以收集”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] A/CONF.192/PC/23,附件。", "[2] A/59/2005。", "[3] A/60/88和Corr.2,附件;又见第60/519号决定。", "[4] 见第60/1号决议,第94段。", "[5] 见联合国裁军研究所,《裁军论坛》,2008年第4期,西非小武器的复杂动态。 见www.unidir.org。", "[6] A/66/177。", "[7] A/CONF.192/2006/RC/9。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告,2001年7月9日至20日,纽约》(A/CONF.192/15),第四章,第24段。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/35. Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its previous resolutions on the subject of chemical weapons, in particular resolution 65/57 of 8 December 2010, adopted without a vote, in which it noted with appreciation the ongoing work to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction,[1]", "Determined to achieve the effective prohibition of the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and their destruction,", "Noting with satisfaction that, since the adoption of resolution 63/48 of 2 December 2008, four additional States have acceded to the Convention, bringing the total number of States parties to the Convention to one hundred and eighty-eight,", "Reaffirming the importance of the outcome of the Second Special Session of the Conference of the States Parties to Review the Operation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (hereinafter “the Second Review Conference”), including the consensus final report,[2] which addressed all aspects of the Convention and made important recommendations on its continued implementation,", "Emphasizing that the Second Review Conference welcomed the fact that, eleven years after its entry into force, the Convention remained a unique multilateral agreement banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction in a non‑discriminatory and verifiable manner under strict and effective international control,", "1. Emphasizes that the universality of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction¹ is fundamental to the achievement of its objective and purpose, acknowledges progress made in the implementation of the action plan for the universality of the Convention, and calls upon all States that have not yet done so to become parties to the Convention without delay;", "2. Underlines the fact that implementation of the Convention makes a major contribution to international peace and security through the elimination of existing stockpiles of chemical weapons and the prohibition of the acquisition or use of chemical weapons, and provides for assistance and protection in the event of use, or threat of use, of chemical weapons and for international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities;", "3. Stresses the importance to the Convention that all possessors of chemical weapons, chemical weapons production facilities or chemical weapons development facilities, including previously declared possessor States, should be among the States parties to the Convention, and welcomes progress to that end;", "4. Reaffirms the obligation of the States parties to the Convention to destroy chemical weapons and to destroy or convert chemical weapons production facilities within the time limits provided for by the Convention;", "5. Stresses that the full and effective implementation of all provisions of the Convention, including those on national implementation (article VII) and assistance and protection (article X), constitutes an important contribution to the efforts of the United Nations in the global fight against terrorism in all its forms and manifestations;", "6. Notes that the effective application of the verification system builds confidence in compliance with the Convention by States parties;", "7. Stresses the importance of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in verifying compliance with the provisions of the Convention as well as in promoting the timely and efficient accomplishment of all its objectives;", "8. Urges all States parties to the Convention to meet in full and on time their obligations under the Convention and to support the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in its implementation activities;", "9. Welcomes progress made in the national implementation of article VII obligations, commends the States parties and the Technical Secretariat for assisting other States parties, on request, with the implementation of the follow-up to the plan of action regarding article VII obligations, and urges States parties that have not fulfilled their obligations under article VII to do so without further delay, in accordance with their constitutional processes;", "10. Emphasizes the continuing relevance and importance of the provisions of article X of the Convention, and welcomes the activities of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in relation to assistance and protection against chemical weapons;", "11. Reaffirms that the provisions of the Convention shall be implemented in a manner that avoids hampering the economic or technological development of States parties and international cooperation in the field of chemical activities for purposes not prohibited under the Convention, including the international exchange of scientific and technical information, and chemicals and equipment for the production, processing or use of chemicals for purposes not prohibited under the Convention;", "12. Emphasizes the importance of article XI provisions relating to the economic and technological development of States parties, recalls that the full, effective and non-discriminatory implementation of those provisions contributes to universality, and also reaffirms the undertaking of the States parties to foster international cooperation for peaceful purposes in the field of chemical activities of the States parties and the importance of that cooperation and its contribution to the promotion of the Convention as a whole;", "13. Notes with appreciation the ongoing work of the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons to achieve the objective and purpose of the Convention, to ensure the full implementation of its provisions, including those for international verification of compliance with it, and to provide a forum for consultation and cooperation among States parties;", "14. Welcomes the cooperation between the United Nations and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the United Nations and the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of the Convention;", "15. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[2]  See Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, document RC‑2/4." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/35. 《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况", "大会，", "回顾其以往有关化学武器问题的各项决议，特别是未经表决通过的2010年12月8日第65/57号决议，其中大会赞赏地注意到为实现《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[1] 的目标和宗旨正在进行的工作，", "决心做到有效禁止发展、生产、取得、转让、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器，", "满意地注意到自从通过2008年12月2日第63/48号决议以来，又有四个国家加入《公约》，使公约缔约国总数达一百八十八个，", "重申包括协商一致最后报告在内的缔约国大会审查化学武器公约实施情况第二届特别会议(下称“第二届审查会议”)的成果[2] 十分重要，因为其中论及《公约》的所有方面并就继续执行《公约》提出了重要建议，", "强调第二届审查会议欢迎《公约》在生效十一年后仍然是一个独一无二的多边协定，在严格有效的国际管制下，以非歧视和可核查的方式，禁止整整一个类别的大规模毁灭性武器，", "1. 强调《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》¹ 的普遍性对于实现其目标和宗旨具有根本意义，确认在执行行动计划实现《公约》的普遍性方面取得进展，并吁请所有尚未成为《公约》缔约国的国家毫不迟延地成为缔约国；", "2. 着重指出，《公约》的执行通过消除现有的化学武器储备和禁止取得或使用化学武器，对国际和平与安全作出重大贡献，并且规定在出现使用或威胁使用化学武器的情况时提供援助和保护，以及在化学活动领域为和平目的开展国际合作；", "3. 强调所有拥有化学武器、化学武器生产设施或化学武器研制设施的国家，包括以前曾申报的拥有国，都成为公约缔约国，对《公约》十分重要，并欢迎为此目的取得的进展；", "4. 重申公约缔约国有义务在《公约》规定的时限内销毁化学武器，并销毁化学武器生产设施或将其改为他用；", "5. 强调充分而有效地执行《公约》的所有条款，包括关于国家执行措施(第七条)及援助和防护(第十条)的条款，是对联合国在全球范围内同一切形式和表现的恐怖主义进行斗争的重要贡献；", "6. 注意到有效实施核查制度有助于建立对缔约国遵守《公约》规定的信心；", "7. 强调禁止化学武器组织在核查《公约》条款的遵守情况和在推动及时有效实现《公约》各项目标方面的重要性；", "8. 敦促《公约》的所有缔约国充分和及时履行《公约》规定的义务，并支持禁止化学武器组织的执行活动；", "9. 欢迎各国在履行第七条义务方面取得的进展，赞扬缔约国和技术秘书处应请求协助其他缔约国采取后续行动，执行有关第七条义务的行动计划，并敦促尚未履行第七条所规定义务的缔约国按照其宪法程序毫不拖延地履行义务；", "10. 强调《公约》第十条的条款仍然相关和重要，并欢迎禁止化学武器组织开展活动，提供援助和保护以防范化学武器；", "11. 重申执行《公约》条款的方式应不妨碍缔约国经济或技术发展，不妨碍围绕《公约》未禁止的化学活动开展国际合作，包括科技信息以及《公约》未禁止的化学品及化学品生产、加工或使用设备的国际交流；", "12. 强调第十一条有关缔约国经济和技术发展的条款十分重要，回顾充分、有效和非歧视性地执行这些条款有助于促进普遍性，又重申缔约国承诺在缔约国的化学活动领域为和平目的开展国际合作，并重申这一合作的重要意义以及对整个《公约》的推动作用；", "13. 赞赏地注意到禁止化学武器组织不断开展工作，以实现《公约》的目标和宗旨，确保其各项条款，包括关于对《公约》遵守情况进行国际核查的条款得到充分执行，并为缔约国间的协商与合作提供一个论坛；", "14. 欢迎联合国同禁止化学武器组织依照《公约》的规定，在《联合国同禁止化学武器组织之间的关系协定》的框架内进行合作；", "15. 决定将题为“《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1974卷，第33757号。", "[2] 见禁止化学武器组织，RC-2/4号文件。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/35 (英语). 《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况", "大会,", "回顾其以往关于化学武器问题的各项决议,特别是未经表决通过的2010年12月8日第65/57号决议,其中大会赞赏地注意到为实现《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[1] 的目标和宗旨而正在开展的工作,", "决心实现有效禁止发展、生产、获取、转让、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的目标,", "满意地注意到自2008年12月2日第63/48号决议通过以来,又有四个国家加入《公约》,使《公约》缔约国总数达到一百八十八个,", "重申审查化学武器公约运作情况缔约国会议第二次特别会议(下称“第二次审查会议”)的成果,包括讨论公约所有方面并就继续执行公约提出重要建议的协商一致最后报告[2] 的重要性,", "强调第二次审议大会欢迎《公约》在生效十一年后仍是一个独特的多边协定,在严格有效的国际监督下,以非歧视和可核查的方式禁止一整类大规模毁灭性武器,", "1. 联合国 1. 强调普遍加入《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》1 是实现其目标和宗旨的关键,确认在执行普遍加入《公约》的行动计划方面取得的进展,并吁请所有尚未成为《公约》缔约国的国家毫不迟延地成为缔约国;", "2. 联合国 2. 强调执行《公约》通过消除现有化学武器储存和禁止获取或使用化学武器,对国际和平与安全作出重大贡献,并规定在发生使用或威胁使用化学武器时提供援助和保护,并为和平目的在化学活动领域开展国际合作;", "3个 3. 强调所有拥有化学武器、化学武器生产设施或化学武器研制设施的国家,包括以前曾申报的拥有国,成为公约缔约国对《公约》的重要性,并欣见这方面的进展;", " 4.四. 2. 重申《公约》缔约国有义务在《公约》规定的时限内销毁化学武器并销毁化学武器生产设施或改变其用途;", "5 (韩语). 1. 强调充分而有效地执行《公约》的所有条款,包括关于国家执行(第七条)和援助及保护(第十条)的条款,是对联合国在全球范围内同一切形式和表现的恐怖主义进行斗争的重要贡献;", "6. 国家 2. 注意到有效实施核查制度有助于建立对缔约国遵守《公约》规定的信心;", "7. 联合国 1. 强调禁止化学武器组织在核查《公约》条款的遵守情况和在促进及时有效地实现其各项目标方面的重要性;", "8. 联合国 4. 敦促《公约》所有缔约国充分和及时履行《公约》规定的义务,并支助禁止化学武器组织的执行活动;", "9. 国家 5. 欢迎各国在履行第七条义务方面取得的进展,赞扬缔约国和技术秘书处应请求协助其他缔约国执行关于第七条义务的行动计划的后续行动,并敦促尚未履行第七条义务的缔约国按照其宪法程序毫不拖延地履行义务;", "10个 3. 强调《公约》第十条的规定仍然具有现实意义和重要性,并欣见禁止化学武器组织为援助和保护人们免遭化学武器之害而开展的活动;", "11个 1. 重申执行《公约》各项规定时,应避免妨碍缔约国的经济或技术发展和在《公约》不加禁止的化学活动领域的国际合作,包括科学和技术资料以及用于生产、加工或使用《公约》不加禁止的化学品的化学品和设备的国际交流;", "12个 6. 强调第十一条关于缔约国经济和技术发展的规定的重要性,回顾充分、有效和无歧视地执行这些规定有助于促进普遍性,又重申缔约国承诺在缔约国的化学活动领域为和平目的开展国际合作,并重申这种合作的重要性和对整个《公约》的促进作用;", "13个 2. 赞赏地注意到禁止化学武器组织为实现《公约》的目标和宗旨、确保其各项条款,包括关于国际核查《公约》遵守情况的条款得到全面执行和为缔约国之间的协商与合作提供论坛而正在开展的工作;", "14个 1. 欢迎联合国同禁止化学武器组织依照《公约》的规定在《联合国同禁止化学武器组织之间的关系协定》的框架内进行合作;", "15个 9. 决定将题为“《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1974卷,第33757号。", "[2] 见禁止化学武器组织,RCá2/4号文件。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/36. Regional disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 45/58 P of 4 December 1990, 46/36 I of 6 December 1991, 47/52 J of 9 December 1992, 48/75 I of 16 December 1993, 49/75 N of 15 December 1994, 50/70 K of 12 December 1995, 51/45 K of 10 December 1996, 52/38 P of 9 December 1997, 53/77 O of 4 December 1998, 54/54 N of 1 December 1999, 55/33 O of 20 November 2000, 56/24 H of 29 November 2001, 57/76 of 22 November 2002, 58/38 of 8 December 2003, 59/89 of 3 December 2004, 60/63 of 8 December 2005, 61/80 of 6 December 2006, 62/38 of 5 December 2007, 63/43 of 2 December 2008, 64/41 of 2 December 2009 and 65/45 of 8 December 2010 on regional disarmament,", "Believing that the efforts of the international community to move towards the ideal of general and complete disarmament are guided by the inherent human desire for genuine peace and security, the elimination of the danger of war and the release of economic, intellectual and other resources for peaceful pursuits,", "Affirming the abiding commitment of all States to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations in the conduct of their international relations,", "Noting that essential guidelines for progress towards general and complete disarmament were adopted at the tenth special session of the General Assembly,[1]", "Taking note of the guidelines and recommendations for regional approaches to disarmament within the context of global security adopted by the Disarmament Commission at its 1993 substantive session,[2]", "Welcoming the prospects of genuine progress in the field of disarmament engendered in recent years as a result of negotiations between the two super-Powers,", "Taking note of the recent proposals for disarmament at the regional and subregional levels,", "Recognizing the importance of confidence-building measures for regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that endeavours by countries to promote regional disarmament, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region and in accordance with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments, would enhance the security of all States and would thus contribute to international peace and security by reducing the risk of regional conflicts,", "1. Stresses that sustained efforts are needed, within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and under the umbrella of the United Nations, to make progress on the entire range of disarmament issues;", "2. Affirms that global and regional approaches to disarmament complement each other and should therefore be pursued simultaneously to promote regional and international peace and security;", "3. Calls upon States to conclude agreements, wherever possible, for nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "4. Welcomes the initiatives towards disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and security undertaken by some countries at the regional and subregional levels;", "5. Supports and encourages efforts aimed at promoting confidence-building measures at the regional and subregional levels to ease regional tensions and to further disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation measures at the regional and subregional levels;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled ‘‘Regional disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/36. 区域裁军", "大会，", "回顾其关于区域裁军的1990年12月4日第45/58P号、1991年12月6日第46/36I号、1992年12月9日第47/52J号、1993年12月16日第48/75I号、1994年12月15日第49/75N号、1995年12月12日第50/70K号、1996年12月10日第51/45K号、1997年12月9日第52/38P号、1998年12月4日第53/77 O号、1999年12月1日第54/54N号、2000年11月20日第55/33 O号、2001年11月29日第56/24H号、2002年11月22日第57/76号、2003年12月8日第58/38号、2004年12月3日第59/89号、2005年12月8日第60/63号、2006年12月6日第61/80号、2007年12月5日第62/38号、2008年12月2日第63/43号、2009年12月2日第64/41号和2010年12月8日第65/45号决议，", "认为人类期望真正和平与安全、消除战争危险并将经济、知识及其他资源转用于和平用途的固有愿望是指引国际社会为实现全面彻底裁军理想而努力的因素，", "申明所有国家在其国际关系行为中应恪守《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则，", "注意到大会第十届特别会议通过了促使全面彻底裁军取得进展的基本指导方针，[1]", "表示注意到裁军审议委员会1993年实质性会议通过的有关在全球安全范围内采取区域裁军办法的指导方针和建议，[2]", "欢迎近年来由于两个超级大国的谈判，在裁军领域出现了真正取得进展的前景，", "表示注意到最近关于区域和次区域裁军的提议，", "确认建立信任措施对区域和国际和平与安全的重要性，", "深信各国遵循在最低军备水平上安全不受减损的原则，在考虑到每个区域具体特点的情况下致力于促进区域裁军，将增进所有国家的安全，降低区域冲突的危险，从而对国际和平与安全作出贡献，", "1. 强调需要在裁军谈判会议的框架内并在联合国的体制下持续努力，以期在各种裁军问题上取得进展；", "2. 申明全球和区域裁军办法是相辅相成的，因此应同时进行，以促进区域和国际和平与安全；", "3. 吁请各国凡有可能均缔结区域和次区域核不扩散、裁军和建立信任措施协定；", "4. 欢迎有些国家在区域和次区域为实现裁军、核不扩散和安全而采取的主动行动；", "5. 支持和鼓励作出努力，促进区域和次区域建立信任措施，以便缓和区域紧张局势，推动区域和次区域的裁军和核不扩散措施；", "6. 决定将题为“区域裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/2号决议。", "[2] 《大会正式记录，第四十八届会议，补编第42号》(A/48/42)，附件二。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/36. 区域裁军", "大会,", "回顾其关于区域裁军的1990年12月4日第45/58 P号、1991年12月6日第46/36 I号、1992年12月9日第47/52 J号、1993年12月16日第48/75 I号、1994年12月15日第49/75 N号、1995年12月12日第50/70 K号、1996年12月10日第51/45 K号、1997年12月9日第52/38 P号、1998年12月4日第53/77 O号、1999年12月1日第54/54 N号、2000年11月20日第55/33 O号、2001年11月29日第56/24 H号、2002年11月22日第57/76号、2003年12月8日第58/38号、2004年12月3日第59/89号、2005年12月8日第60/63号、2006年12月6日第61/80号、2007年12月5日第62/38号、2008年12月2日第63/43号、2009年12月2日第64/41号和2010年12月8日第65/45号决议,", "相信人类期望真正和平与安全、消除战争危险并将经济、知识及其他资源转用于和平用途的固有愿望是指引国际社会为实现全面彻底裁军理想而努力的因素,", "申明所有国家在其国际关系行为中应恪守《联合国宪章》所揭示的宗旨和原则,", "注意到大会第十届特别会议通过了促使全面彻底裁军取得进展的基本指导方针,[1]", "注意到裁军审议委员会1993年实质性会议通过的关于在全球安全范围内采取区域裁军办法的指导方针和建议,[2]", "欢迎近年来由于两个超级大国的谈判,在裁军领域出现了真正取得进展的前景,", "注意到最近关于区域和分区域裁军的提议,", "认识到建立信任措施对区域和国际和平与安全的重要性,", "深信各国遵循以最低军备水平使安全不受减损的原则,在考虑到每个区域具体特点的情况下致力于促进区域裁军,将增进所有国家的安全,降低区域冲突的危险,从而对国际和平与安全作出贡献,", "1. 联合国 1. 强调需要在裁军谈判会议的框架内并在联合国主持下持续努力,以期在所有各种裁军问题上取得进展;", "2. 联合国 2. 确认全球和区域裁军办法是相辅相成的,因此应同时进行,以促进区域和国际和平与安全;", "3个 3. 吁请各国凡有可能均缔结区域和次区域的核不扩散、裁军和建立信任措施协定;", " 4.四. 1. 欢迎一些国家在区域和次区域为实现裁军、核不扩散和安全而采取的主动行动;", "5 (韩语). 8. 支持和鼓励作出努力,促进区域和次区域建立信任措施,以缓和区域紧张局势并进一步推动区域和次区域的裁军和核不扩散措施;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“区域裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] 《大会正式记录,第四十八届会议,补编第42号》(A/48/42),附件二。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/37. Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 J of 16 December 1993, 49/75 O of 15 December 1994, 50/70 L of 12 December 1995, 51/45 Q of 10 December 1996, 52/38 Q of 9 December 1997, 53/77 P of 4 December 1998, 54/54 M of 1 December 1999, 55/33 P of 20 November 2000, 56/24 I of 29 November 2001, 57/77 of 22 November 2002, 58/39 of 8 December 2003, 59/88 of 3 December 2004, 60/75 of 8 December 2005, 61/82 of 6 December 2006, 62/44 of 5 December 2007, 63/44 of 2 December 2008, 64/42 of 2 December 2009 and 65/46 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the crucial role of conventional arms control in promoting regional and international peace and security,", "Convinced that conventional arms control needs to be pursued primarily in the regional and subregional contexts since most threats to peace and security in the post-cold-war era arise mainly among States located in the same region or subregion,", "Aware that the preservation of a balance in the defence capabilities of States at the lowest level of armaments would contribute to peace and stability and should be a prime objective of conventional arms control,", "Desirous of promoting agreements to strengthen regional peace and security at the lowest possible level of armaments and military forces,", "Noting with particular interest the initiatives taken in this regard in different regions of the world, in particular the commencement of consultations among a number of Latin American countries and the proposals for conventional arms control made in the context of South Asia, and recognizing, in the context of this subject, the relevance and value of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe,[1] which is a cornerstone of European security,", "Believing that militarily significant States and States with larger military capabilities have a special responsibility in promoting such agreements for regional security,", "Believing also that an important objective of conventional arms control in regions of tension should be to prevent the possibility of military attack launched by surprise and to avoid aggression,", "1. Decides to give urgent consideration to the issues involved in conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels;", "2. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to consider the formulation of principles that can serve as a framework for regional agreements on conventional arms control, and looks forward to a report of the Conference on this subject;", "3. Requests the Secretary-General, in the meantime, to seek the views of Member States on the subject and to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Conventional arms control at the regional and subregional levels”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2441, No. 44001." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/37. 区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制", "大会，", "回顾其1993年12月16日第48/75J号、1994年12月15日第49/75 O号、1995年12月12日第50/70L号、1996年12月10日第51/45Q号、1997年12月9日第52/38Q号、1998年12月4日第53/77P号、1999年12月1日第54/54M号、2000年11月20日第55/33P号、2001年11月29日第56/24I号、2002年11月22日第57/77号、2003年12月8日第58/39号、2004年12月3日第59/88号、2005年12月8日第60/75号、2006年12月6日第61/82号、2007年12月5日第62/44号、2008年12月2日第63/44号、2009年12月2日第64/42号和2010年12月8日第65/46号决议，", "确认常规军备控制在促进区域和国际和平与安全方面的关键作用，", "深信常规军备控制主要应在区域和次区域范围内进行，因为在冷战后时期，对和平与安全的大多数威胁主要发生在同一区域或次区域的国家之间，", "意识到在最低军备水平上保持各国间防御能力的平衡有助于和平与稳定，并应作为常规军备控制的首要目标，", "希望促成在尽可能低的军备和军事力量水平上加强区域和平与安全的协议，", "尤其感兴趣地注意到世界不同区域在这方面采取的主动行动，特别是一些拉丁美洲国家已开始的磋商和在南亚范围内提出的常规军备控制提议，并在这个问题上认识到作为欧洲安全基石的《欧洲常规武装力量条约》[1] 具有的现实意义和价值，", "认为军事大国和军事力量较强的国家在促成这种区域安全协议方面负有特别责任，", "又认为在局势紧张的区域内常规军备控制的一个重要目标应是防止出现出其不意发动军事袭击的可能性和避免侵略，", "1. 决定紧急审议区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制所涉及的各种问题；", "2. 请裁军谈判会议考虑制订可作为区域常规军备控制协议框架的原则，并期待谈判会议就此问题提出报告；", "3. 请秘书长在此同时征求各会员国对本主题的意见，并向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "4. 决定将题为“区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] CD/1064。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/37 (英语). 区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制", "大会,", "回顾其1993年12月16日第48/75 J号、1994年12月15日第49/75 O号、1995年12月12日第50/70 L号、1996年12月10日第51/45 Q号、1997年12月9日第52/38 Q号、1998年12月4日第53/77 P号、1999年12月1日第54/54 M号、2000年11月20日第55/33 P号、2001年11月29日第56/24 I号、2002年11月22日第57/77号、2003年12月8日第58/39号、2004年12月3日第59/88号、2005年12月8日第60/75号、2006年12月6日第61/82号、2007年12月5日第62/44号、2008年12月2日第63/44号、2009年12月2日第64/42号和2010年12月8日第65/46号决议,", "认识到常规军备控制在促进区域和国际和平与安全方面的关键作用,", "深信常规军备控制主要应在区域和次区域范围内进行,因为在冷战后时期,对和平与安全的大多数威胁主要发生在同一区域或次区域的国家之间,", "认识到以最低军备水平保持各国间防御能力的平衡有助于和平与稳定,并应作为常规军备控制的首要目标,", "希望促成在尽可能低的军备和军事力量水平上加强区域和平与安全的协议,", "特别感兴趣地注意到世界不同区域在这方面采取的主动行动,特别是一些拉丁美洲国家已开始进行协商,以及在南亚范围内提出的常规军备控制提议,并在这个问题上认识到作为欧洲安全基石的《欧洲常规武装力量条约》[1] 的相关性和价值,", "相信军事大国和军事力量较强的国家在促成这种区域安全协议方面负有特别责任,", "又相信在紧张区域内常规军备控制的一个重要目标应是防止出其不意发动军事攻击的可能性并避免侵略,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定紧急审议区域和分区域两级的常规军备控制所涉及的各种问题;", "2. 联合国 4. 请裁军谈判会议考虑制订可作为区域常规军备控制协议框架的原则,并期待着裁军谈判会议就此问题提出报告;", "3个 2. 请秘书长在此同时征求会员国对本议题的意见,并向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", " 4.四. 6. 决定将题为“区域和次区域两级的常规军备控制”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2441卷,第44001号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/38. Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context", "The General Assembly,", "Guided by the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations,", "Recalling its resolutions 58/43 of 8 December 2003, 59/87 of 3 December 2004, 60/64 of 8 December 2005, 61/81 of 6 December 2006, 62/45 of 5 December 2007, 63/45 of 2 December 2008, 64/43 of 2 December 2009 and 65/47 of 8 December 2010,", "Recalling also its resolution 57/337 of 3 July 2003 entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, in which it calls upon Member States to settle their disputes by peaceful means, as set out in Chapter VI of the Charter, inter alia, by any procedures adopted by the parties,", "Recalling further the resolutions and guidelines adopted by consensus by the General Assembly and the Disarmament Commission relating to confidence-building measures and their implementation at the global, regional and subregional levels,", "Considering the importance and effectiveness of confidence-building measures taken at the initiative and with the agreement of all States concerned, and taking into account the specific characteristics of each region, since such measures can contribute to regional stability,", "Convinced that resources released by disarmament, including regional disarmament, can be devoted to economic and social development and to the protection of the environment for the benefit of all peoples, in particular those of the developing countries,", "Recognizing the need for meaningful dialogue among States concerned to avert conflict,", "Welcoming the peace processes already initiated by States concerned to resolve their disputes through peaceful means bilaterally or through mediation, inter alia, by third parties, regional organizations or the United Nations,", "Recognizing that States in some regions have already taken steps towards confidence-building measures at the bilateral, subregional and regional levels in the political and military fields, including arms control and disarmament, and noting that such confidence-building measures have improved peace and security in those regions and contributed to progress in the socio-economic conditions of their people,", "Concerned that the continuation of disputes among States, particularly in the absence of an effective mechanism to resolve them through peaceful means, may contribute to the arms race and endanger the maintenance of international peace and security and the efforts of the international community to promote arms control and disarmament,", "1. Calls upon Member States to refrain from the use or threat of use of force in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations;", "2. Reaffirms its commitment to the peaceful settlement of disputes under Chapter VI of the Charter, in particular Article 33, which provides for a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements or other peaceful means chosen by the parties;", "3. Reaffirms the ways and means regarding confidence- and security-building measures set out in the report of the Disarmament Commission on its 1993 session;[1]", "4. Calls upon Member States to pursue these ways and means through sustained consultations and dialogue, while at the same time avoiding actions that may hinder or impair such a dialogue;", "5. Urges States to comply strictly with all bilateral, regional and international agreements, including arms control and disarmament agreements, to which they are party;", "6. Emphasizes that the objective of confidence-building measures should be to help to strengthen international peace and security and to be consistent with the principle of undiminished security at the lowest level of armaments;", "7. Encourages the promotion of bilateral and regional confidence-building measures, with the consent and participation of the parties concerned, to avoid conflict and prevent the unintended and accidental outbreak of hostilities;", "8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session containing the views of Member States on confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context;", "9. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Confidence-building measures in the regional and subregional context”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Official Records of the General Assembly, Forty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/48/42), annex II, sect. III.A." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/38. 区域和次区域建立信任措施", "大会，", "遵循《联合国宪章》所载宗旨和原则，", "回顾其2003年12月8日第58/43号、2004年12月3日第59/87号、2005年12月8日第60/64号、2006年12月6日第61/81号、2007年12月5日第62/45号、2008年12月2日第63/45号、2009年12月2日第64/43号和2010年12月8日第65/47号决议，", "又回顾其题为“预防武装冲突”的2003年7月3日第57/337号决议，其中吁请会员国以《宪章》第六章所载和平手段，除其他外，根据各当事方所通过的任何程序来解决争端，", "还回顾大会和裁军审议委员会就建立信任措施及其在全球、区域和次区域各级的实施以协商一致方式通过的各项决议和准则，", "考虑到在所有有关国家的倡议和协议下，并在顾及每个区域具体特点的情况下，采取建立信任措施的重要性和实效，因为这种措施能够对区域稳定作出贡献，", "深信裁军，包括区域裁军节省出来的资源可用于经济和社会发展以及保护环境，造福世界各国人民，特别是发展中国家的人民，", "确认有关国家之间需要进行有意义的对话以预防冲突，", "欢迎有关国家已经展开和平进程，以双边方式或包括通过第三方、区域组织或联合国的调解，和平解决其争端，", "确认有些区域的国家已经在双边、次区域和区域各级着手采取政治和军事领域的建立信任措施，包括军备控制和裁军，注意到这种建立信任措施加强了这些区域的和平与安全，促进了人民社会经济条件的改善，", "关注国与国之间争端持续不已，特别是缺乏以和平方式解决争端的有效机制的情况，可能助长军备竞赛，并危及维护国际和平与安全以及国际社会促进军备控制和裁军的努力，", "1. 吁请会员国依照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，不要使用或威胁使用武力；", "2. 重申致力于按照《宪章》第六章，特别是第三十三条和平解决争端，该条规定通过谈判、调查、调停、和解、仲裁、司法解决、诉诸区域机构或安排或各当事方自行选择的其他和平手段解决争端；", "3. 重申裁军审议委员会1993年会议的报告所述建立信任和安全措施的途径和方法；[1]", "4. 吁请会员国不断进行协商和对话，致力于采用这些途径和方法，同时避免采取可能阻碍或妨碍这类对话的行动；", "5. 敦促各国严格遵守其参加的所有双边、区域和国际协定，包括军备控制和裁军协定；", "6. 强调建立信任措施的目标应有助于加强国际和平与安全，符合在最低军备水平上安全不受减损的原则；", "7. 鼓励在有关各方同意和参与下，促进双边和区域建立信任措施，以避免冲突并防止非蓄意和意外爆发敌对行动；", "8. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提出载有会员国对区域和次区域建立信任措施的看法的报告；", "9. 决定将题为“区域和次区域建立信任措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录，第四十八届会议，补编第42号》(A/48/42)，附件二，第三.A节。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/38 (英语). 区域和次区域建立信任措施", "大会,", "遵循《联合国宪章》所揭示的宗旨和原则,", "回顾其2003年12月8日第58/43号、2004年12月3日第59/87号、2005年12月8日第60/64号、2006年12月6日第61/81号、2007年12月5日第62/45号、2008年12月2日第63/45号、2009年12月2日第64/43号和2010年12月8日第65/47号决议,", "又回顾其2003年7月3日题为“预防武装冲突”的第57/337号决议,其中大会吁请会员国以《宪章》第六章所载列的和平手段,除其他外,以各当事方所通过的任何程序来解决争端,", "还回顾大会和裁军审议委员会就建立信任措施及其在全球、区域和次区域各级的执行情况以协商一致方式通过的各项决议和准则,", "考虑到在所有有关国家的倡议和协议下,并在顾及每个区域具体特点的情况下,采取建立信任措施的重要性和效力,因为这种措施能对区域稳定作出贡献,", "深信裁军包括区域裁军节省出来的资源可用于经济和社会发展以及保护环境,以造福世界各国人民,特别是发展中国家的人民,", "确认有关国家需要进行有意义的对话以预防冲突,", "欢迎有关国家已经展开和平进程,以双边方式或通过第三方、区域组织或联合国等的调解和平解决其争端,", "认识到有些区域的国家已经采取步骤,在双边、次区域和区域各级采取政治和军事领域包括军备控制和裁军领域的建立信任措施,并注意到这种建立信任措施加强了这些区域的和平与安全,促进了人民社会经济条件的改善,", "关切国家间争端持续不已,特别是缺乏以和平方式解决争端的有效机制,可能助长军备竞赛,并危及维持国际和平与安全以及国际社会促进军备控制和裁军的努力,", "1. 联合国 1. 吁请会员国按照《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则,不使用或威胁使用武力;", "2. 重申致力于根据《宪章》第六章和平解决争端,特别是第三十三条,其中规定通过谈判、调查、调停、和解、仲裁、司法解决、诉诸区域机构或安排或各当事方自行选择的其他和平手段解决争端;", "3个 1. 重申裁军审议委员会1993年会议的报告所阐明的建立信任和安全措施的途径和方法;[1]", " 4.四. 4. 吁请会员国通过持续协商和对话来寻求这些途径和方法,同时避免采取可能阻碍或妨碍这种对话的行动;", "5 (韩语). 1. 敦促各国严格遵守所缔结的所有双边、区域和国际协定,包括军备控制和裁军协定;", "6. 国家 2. 强调建立信任措施的目标应有助于加强国际和平与安全并符合在最低军备水平上安全不受减损的原则;", "7. 联合国 6. 鼓励在有关各方同意和参与下,促进双边和区域建立信任措施,以避免冲突并防止意外爆发敌对行动;", "8. 联合国 7. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提出载有会员国对区域和次区域建立信任措施的看法的报告;", "9. 国家 9. 决定将题为“区域和次区域建立信任措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 《大会正式记录,第四十八届会议,补编第42号》(A/48/42),附件二,A节。 三.A. 联合国" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/39. Transparency in armaments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 46/36 L of 9 December 1991, 47/52 L of 15 December 1992, 48/75 E of 16 December 1993, 49/75 C of 15 December 1994, 50/70 D of 12 December 1995, 51/45 H of 10 December 1996, 52/38 R of 9 December 1997, 53/77 V of 4 December 1998, 54/54 O of 1 December 1999, 55/33 U of 20 November 2000, 56/24 Q of 29 November 2001, 57/75 of 22 November 2002, 58/54 of 8 December 2003, 60/226 of 23 December 2005, 61/77 of 6 December 2006, 63/69 of 2 December 2008 and 64/54 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Transparency in armaments”,", "Continuing to take the view that an enhanced level of transparency in armaments contributes greatly to confidence-building and security among States and that the establishment of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms[1] constitutes an important step forward in the promotion of transparency in military matters,", "Welcoming the consolidated reports of the Secretary-General on the Register, which include the returns of Member States for 2009[2] and 2010,[3]", "Welcoming also the response of Member States to the request contained in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 46/36 L to provide data on their imports and exports of arms, as well as available background information regarding their military holdings, procurement through national production and relevant policies,", "Welcoming further the inclusion by some Member States of their transfers of small arms and light weapons in their annual report to the Register as part of their additional background information,", "Noting the focused discussions on transparency in armaments that took place in the Conference on Disarmament in 2010 and 2011,", "Expressing its concern with respect to the reduction in reporting to the Register in the last two years,", "Stressing that the continuing operation of the Register and its further development should be reviewed in order to secure a Register that is capable of attracting the widest possible participation,", "1. Reaffirms its determination to ensure the effective operation of the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms,¹ as provided for in paragraphs 7 to 10 of resolution 46/36 L;", "2. Calls upon Member States, with a view to achieving universal participation, to provide the Secretary-General, by 31 May annually, with the requested data and information for the Register, including nil reports if appropriate, on the basis of resolutions 46/36 L and 47/52 L, the recommendations contained in paragraph 64 of the 1997 report of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development,[4] the recommendations contained in paragraph 94 of the 2000 report of the Secretary-General and the appendices and annexes thereto,[5] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 112 to 114 of the 2003 report of the Secretary-General,[6] the recommendations contained in paragraphs 123 to 127 of the 2006 report of the Secretary-General[7] and the recommendations contained in paragraphs 71 to 75 of the 2009 report of the Secretary-General;[8]", "3. Invites Member States in a position to do so, pending further development of the Register, to provide additional information on procurement through national production and military holdings and to make use of the “Remarks” column in the standardized reporting form to provide additional information such as types or models;", "4. Also invites Member States in a position to do so to provide additional information on transfers of small arms and light weapons on the basis of the optional standardized reporting form, as adopted by the 2006 group of governmental experts,[9] or by any other methods they deem appropriate;", "5. Reaffirms its decision, with a view to further development of the Register, to keep the scope of and participation in the Register under review and, to that end:", "(a) Recalls its request to Member States to provide the Secretary-General with their views on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and on transparency measures related to weapons of mass destruction;", "(b) Requests the Secretary-General, with the assistance of a group of governmental experts to be convened in 2012, within available resources, on the basis of equitable geographical representation, to prepare a report on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, taking into account the work of the Conference on Disarmament, relevant deliberations within the United Nations, the views expressed by Member States and the reports of the Secretary-General on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development, with a view to taking a decision at its sixty-eighth session;", "(c) Requests the Secretary-General to continue to assist Member States to build capacity to submit meaningful reports, including capacity to report on small arms and light weapons;", "6. Requests the Secretary-General to implement the recommendations contained in his 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009 reports on the continuing operation of the Register and its further development and to ensure that sufficient resources are made available for the Secretariat to operate and maintain the Register;", "7. Invites the Conference on Disarmament to consider continuing its work undertaken in the field of transparency in armaments;", "8. Reiterates its call upon all Member States to cooperate at the regional and subregional levels, taking fully into account the specific conditions prevailing in the region or subregion, with a view to enhancing and coordinating international efforts aimed at increased openness and transparency in armaments;", "9. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session on progress made in implementing the present resolution;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Transparency in armaments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See resolution 46/36 L.", "[2]  A/65/133 and Add.1–5.", "[3]  A/66/127.", "[4]  A/52/316 and Corr.2.", "[5]  A/55/281.", "[6]  A/58/274.", "[7]  See A/61/261.", "[8]  See A/64/296.", "[9]  A/61/261, annex I." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/39. 军备的透明度", "大会，", "回顾其题为“军备的透明度”的1991年12月9 日第46/36L号、1992年12月15日第47/52L号、1993年12月16日第48/75E号、1994年12月15日第49/75C号、1995年12月12日第50/70D号、1996年12月10日第51/45H号、1997年12月9日第52/38R号、1998年12月4日第53/77V号、1999年12月1日第54/54 O号、2000年11月20日第55/33U号、2001年11月29日第56/24Q号、2002年11月22日第57/75号、2003年12月8日第58/54号、2005年12月23日第60/226号、2006年12月6日第61/77号、2008年12月2日第63/69号和2009年12月2日第64/54号决议，", "继续认为提高军备的透明度大大有助于国家间建立信任与安全，设立联合国常规武器登记册[1] 是提高军事情况透明度的一个重要步骤，", "欢迎秘书长关于登记册的综合报告，其中载有会员国2009年[2] 和2010年[3] 的复文，", "又欢迎会员国响应第46/36L号决议第9和10段所载的要求，提供了它们的武器进出口数据以及关于它们持有的军事物资、通过国内生产获得的军备和相关政策的现有背景资料，", "还欢迎一些会员国在提交登记册的年度报告中作为附加背景资料列入了小武器和轻武器的转让情况，", "注意到2010年和2011年裁军谈判会议就军备的透明度进行了重点讨论，", "表示关切过去两年中向联合国常规武器登记册提交的报告有所减少，", "强调应审查登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展，以使登记册能够吸引最广泛的参与，", "1. 重申决心按照第46/36L号决议第7至10段的规定，确保联合国常规武器登记册¹ 的有效运作；", "2. 吁请会员国每年最迟在5月31日，根据第46/36L和47/52L号决议、1997年秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告[4] 第64段所载的建议、2000年秘书长报告第94段所载建议及报告中的附录和附件、[5] 2003年秘书长报告[6] 第112至114段所载建议、2006年秘书长报告[7] 第123至127段所载建议以及2009年秘书长报告[8] 第71至75段所载建议，向秘书长提供登记册要求的数据资料，酌情包括“无”报告，以期实现普遍参与；", "3. 邀请能够提供关于通过国内生产获得的军备和持有的军事物资的进一步资料的会员国，在登记册得到进一步发展之前，提供这一资料，并利用标准汇报表中的“备注”栏，提供诸如种类或型号等进一步资料；", "4. 又邀请能够提供关于小武器和轻武器转让情况的其他资料的会员国，采用2006年政府专家组通过的任择标准汇报表，[9] 或以它们认为合适的其他方法，提供这一资料；", "5. 重申决定经常审查登记册的范围和参加情况，以进一步发展登记册，并为此目的：", "(a) 回顾大会曾请会员国向秘书长提供它们对登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展以及对有关大规模毁灭性武器的透明度措施的意见；", "(b) 请秘书长在将于2012年召集的政府专家组的协助下，在现有资源范围内，并在公平地域代表性的基础上，起草一份关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告，起草时应考虑到裁军谈判会议的工作、联合国内相关的审议、会员国表达的意见以及秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的各次报告，以便在第六十八届会议上作出决定；", "(c) 请秘书长继续协助会员国建设提交有意义报告的能力，包括提交有关小武器和轻武器报告的能力；", "6. 请秘书长执行其2000、2003、2006和2009年关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告中的各项建议，确保秘书处有足够的资源来管理和维持登记册；", "7. 邀请裁军谈判会议考虑继续在军备透明度领域开展工作；", "8. 再次吁请所有会员国充分考虑到区域或次区域内现有的具体情况，在区域和次区域两级进行合作，以期加强和协调提高军备的公开性和透明度的国际努力；", "9. 请秘书长就本决议的执行进展情况向大会第六十八届会议提出报告；", "10. 决定将题为“军备的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见第46/36 L号决议。", "[2] A/65/133和Add.1-5。", "[3] A/66/127。", "[4] A/52/316和Corr.1和2。", "[5] A/55/281。", "[6] A/58/274。", "[7] 见A/61/261。", "[8] 见A/64/296。", "[9] A/61/261，附件一。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/39 (英语). 军备的透明度", "大会,", "回顾其题为“军备的透明度”的1991年12月9日第46/36 L号、1992年12月15日第47/52 L号、1993年12月16日第48/75 E号、1994年12月15日第49/75 C号、1995年12月12日第50/70 D号、1996年12月10日第51/45 H号、1997年12月9日第52/38 R号、1998年12月4日第53/77 V号、1999年12月1日第54/54 O号、2000年11月20日第55/33 U号、2001年11月29日第56/24 Q号、2002年11月22日第57/75号、2003年12月8日第58/54号、2005年12月23日第60/226号、2006年12月6日第61/77号、2008年12月2日第63/69号和2009年12月2日第64/54号决议,", "继续认为提高军备的透明度大大有助于国家间建立信任和安全,并认为设立联合国常规武器登记册[1] 是提高军事情况透明度的一个重要步骤,", "欢迎秘书长关于登记册的综合报告,其中包括2009年[2]和2010年会员国的复文,[3]", "又欢迎会员国响应第46/36 L号决议第9和10段的要求,提供其武器进出口数据以及关于其军事财产、从本国生产取得的军备和有关政策的现有背景资料,", "还欢迎一些会员国将小武器和轻武器转让情况列入其提交登记册的年度报告中,作为其补充背景资料的一部分,", "注意到2010年和2011年裁军谈判会议就军备的透明度进行了重点讨论,", "表示关切过去两年来向登记册提交的报告有所减少,", "强调应审查登记册的继续作业及其进一步发展,使登记册能吸引最广泛的参与,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申决心按照第46/36 L号决议第7至10段的规定,确保联合国常规武器登记册1 的有效运作;", "2. 吁请会员国每年最迟于5月31日,根据第46/36 L号和第47/52 L号决议、1997年秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告 第64段所载建议、[4] 2000年秘书长报告 第94段所载建议及其附录和附件,[5] 秘书长2003年报告第112至114段所载建议、[6] 2006年秘书长报告 第123至127段所载建议 [7] 和2009年秘书长报告 第71至75段所载建议,向秘书长提供登记册所要求的数据和资料,包括酌情提供 \" 无 \" 报告;[8]", "3个 4. 请能够这样做的会员国在进一步发展登记册之前,提供关于从本国生产取得的军备和持有的军事物资的进一步资料,并使用标准汇报表中的“备注”一栏提供诸如种类或型号等补充资料;", " 4.四. 4. 又请有能力的会员国根据2006年政府专家组通过的任择标准汇报表[9]或它们认为适当的任何其他方法,提供关于小武器和轻武器转让的补充资料;", "5 (韩语). 2. 重申其决定,为进一步发展登记册,经常审查登记册的范围和参加情况,并为此目的:", "(a) 回顾大会曾请会员国向秘书长提供它们对登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展以及对与大规模毁灭性武器有关的透明度措施的意见;", "(b) 请秘书长在现有资源范围内,在2012年根据公平地域分配原则召集的一个政府专家组的协助下,考虑到裁军谈判会议的工作、联合国内部的相关审议、会员国表达的意见和秘书长关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告,编写一份关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告,以期在大会第六十八届会议上作出决定;", "(c) 请秘书长继续协助会员国建立提交有意义报告的能力,包括就小武器和轻武器提出报告的能力;", "6. 国家 7. 请秘书长执行其2000年、2003年、2006年和2009年关于登记册的持续运作及其进一步发展的报告所载建议,并确保为秘书处管理和维持登记册提供足够的资源;", "7. 联合国 4. 请裁军谈判会议考虑继续在军备的透明度领域进行其工作;", "8. 联合国 5. 再次吁请所有会员国充分考虑到区域和分区域内现有的具体情况,在区域和分区域两级进行合作,以期加强和协调提高军备的公开性和透明度的国际努力;", "9. 国家 9. 请秘书长向大会第六十八届会议报告本决议执行进展情况;", "10个 6. 决定将题为“军备的透明度”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见第46/36 L号决议。", "[2] A/65/133和Add.1-5。", "[3] A/66/127。", "[4] A/52/316和Corr.2。", "[5] A/55/281。", "[6] A/58/274。", "[7] 见A/61/261。", "[8] 见A/64/296。", "[9] A/61/261,附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/40. Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/59 of 8 December 2010,", "Reiterating its grave concern at the danger to humanity posed by the possibility that nuclear weapons could be used, and recalling the expression of deep concern by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons,[1]", "Reaffirming that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are mutually reinforcing processes requiring urgent irreversible progress on both fronts,", "Recalling the decisions entitled “Strengthening the review process for the Treaty”, “Principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament” and “Extension of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons” and the resolution on the Middle East, all of which were adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and the 2010[4] Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Recalling in particular the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, in accordance with commitments made under article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5] and reaffirmed by the 2010 Review Conference,", "Reaffirming the commitment of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to apply the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the implementation of their treaty obligations,", "Recognizing the continued vital importance of the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] to the advancement of nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation objectives, and welcoming the recent ratifications of the Treaty by Ghana and Guinea,", "Reaffirming the conviction that the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones enhances global and regional peace and security, strengthens the nuclear non‑proliferation regime and contributes towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference encouraged the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the region concerned, and expressing the hope that this will be followed by concerted international efforts to create such zones in areas where they do not currently exist, especially in the Middle East,", "Noting with satisfaction the agreement at the 2010 Review Conference on practical steps to fully implement the 1995 resolution on the Middle East,", "Recognizing positive developments in the context of nuclear-weapon-free zones, notably the ratification by the Russian Federation of Protocols I and II to the Treaty of Pelindaba,[7] the submission by the United States of America to the United States Senate for advice and consent of the Protocols to the Treaty of Pelindaba and the Treaty of Rarotonga,[8] the consultations between the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and nuclear-weapon States on the Protocol to the Treaty of Bangkok,[9] and the holding of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories to Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia, in New York on 30 April 2010,", "Welcoming the entry into force of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, while recalling the encouragement of the 2010 Review Conference to both States to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals,", "Recalling that the 2010 Review Conference reaffirmed and recognized that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons and the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States,", "Deeply disappointed at the absence of progress towards multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament issues, including in the Conference on Disarmament, and underlining the importance of multilateralism in relation to nuclear disarmament, while recognizing the value also of bilateral and regional initiatives,", "Mindful that the first meeting of the preparatory process for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to take place in May 2012, will begin to lay the groundwork for monitoring the fulfilment by all States parties of their commitments in the 2010 Review Conference action plan,¹ including those by the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament,", "1. Reiterates that each article of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons⁵ is binding on the States parties at all times and in all circumstances and that all States parties should be held fully accountable with respect to strict compliance with their obligations under the Treaty, and calls upon all States to comply fully with all decisions, resolutions and other commitments made at Review Conferences;", "2. Welcomes the adoption by the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons of a substantive final document containing conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions relating to nuclear disarmament, including concrete steps for the total elimination of nuclear weapons, nuclear non-proliferation, peaceful uses of nuclear energy and the Middle East, particularly implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East;⁴", "3. Also welcomes, in particular, the resolve of the 2010 Review Conference to seek a safer world for all and to achieve the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons, in accordance with the objectives of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "4. Further welcomes the expression by the 2010 Review Conference of deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and its reaffirmation of the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law;", "5. Welcomes the reaffirmation of the continued validity of the practical steps agreed to in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[10] including the specific reaffirmation of the unequivocal undertaking of the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty;", "6. Recalls the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures, underlines the recognition by the 2010 Review Conference of the legitimate interests of non-nuclear-weapon States in nuclear-weapon States constraining their development and qualitative improvement of nuclear weapons and ending their development of advanced new types of nuclear weapons, and calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take steps in this regard;", "7. Encourages further steps by all nuclear-weapon States, in accordance with the action plan on nuclear disarmament of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference,¹ to ensure the irreversible removal of all fissile material designated by each nuclear-weapon State as no longer required for military purposes and to support the development of appropriate verification capabilities related to nuclear disarmament;", "8. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to work towards the full implementation of the resolution on the Middle East adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,² recognizes the endorsement by the 2010 Review Conference of practical steps in a process leading to the full implementation of the 1995 resolution, including the convening of a conference in 2012, to be attended by all States of the region, on the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction, calls upon the Secretary-General and the co-sponsors of the 1995 resolution, in close consultation and cooperation with the States of the region, to undertake all necessary preparations for the convening of the 2012 conference, and in this regard welcomes the recent appointment of a facilitator and designation of a host Government;", "9. Continues to emphasize the fundamental role of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in achieving nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation and calls upon all States parties to spare no effort to achieve the universality of the Treaty, and in this regard urges India, Israel and Pakistan to accede to the Treaty as non-nuclear-weapon States promptly and without conditions;", "10. Urges the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to fulfil the commitments under the Six-Party Talks, including those in the September 2005 joint statement, to abandon all nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and to return, at an early date, to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and to its adherence to the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards agreement, with a view to achieving the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula in a peaceful manner, and reaffirms its firm support for the Six-Party Talks;", "11. Encourages all States to work together to overcome obstacles within the international disarmament machinery, including in the Conference on Disarmament, that are inhibiting efforts to advance the cause of nuclear disarmament in a multilateral context;", "12. Stresses, while noting that the nuclear-weapon States met in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to consider progress on the commitments they made at the 2010 Review Conference, the importance of the fulfilment of the commitments made by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference and of their prompt engagement to ensure substantial progress in advance of the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons;", "13. Recalls that the commitment of the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament as envisaged in action 5 of the 2010 Review Conference action plan is:", "(a) To rapidly move towards an overall reduction in the global stockpile of all types of nuclear weapons, as identified in action 3 of the action plan;", "(b) To address the question of all nuclear weapons regardless of their type or their location as an integral part of the general nuclear disarmament process;", "(c) To further diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "(d) To discuss policies that could prevent the use of nuclear weapons and eventually lead to their elimination, lessen the danger of nuclear war and contribute to the non-proliferation and disarmament of nuclear weapons;", "(e) To consider the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in further reducing the operational status of nuclear-weapons systems in ways that promote international stability and security;", "(f) To reduce the risk of accidental use of nuclear weapons;", "(g) To further enhance transparency and mutual confidence;", "14. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to implement these commitments in a manner that enables the States parties to monitor them regularly during each review cycle, and in this regard urges those States to report regularly on the implementation of the commitments;", "15. Welcomes the announcements made by some nuclear-weapon States providing information about their nuclear arsenals, policies and disarmament efforts, urges those nuclear-weapon States that have not yet done so also to provide this information, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States to agree as soon as possible on a standard reporting format to facilitate this reporting;", "16. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, in this regard and in reference to the outcome of the 2010 Review Conference, to regularly report on their efforts, including as part of any review of nuclear policies, to diminish the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts;", "17. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to implement all elements of the 2010 Review Conference action plan in a faithful and timely manner so that progress across all of the pillars of the Treaty can be realized;", "18. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Towards a nuclear-weapon-free world: accelerating the implementation of nuclear disarmament commitments” and to review the implementation of the present resolution at that session.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol. I)), part I, Conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See A/50/426, annex.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/40. 建立一个无核武器世界：加速履行核裁军承诺", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/59号决议，", "再次申明严重关切使用核武器的可能性对人类构成的危险，并回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会对核武器的任何使用都会导致灾难性人道主义后果深表关切，[1]", "重申核裁军和核不扩散进程相互强化，两方面都亟需取得不可逆转的进展，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的分别题为“加强条约审议进程”、“核不扩散和核裁军的原则与目标”和“延长《不扩散核武器条约》期限”的决定和关于中东问题的决议[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3] 和2010年审议大会的《最后文件》，[4]", "特别回顾核武器国家根据其在《不扩散核武器条约》[5] 第六条下作出、并在2010年审议大会上重申的承诺，明确保证全面消除它们的核武库，进而实现核裁军，", "重申不扩散核武器条约所有缔约国承诺在履行其条约义务时遵循不可逆转、可核查和透明原则，", "确认《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 的生效对推进核裁军和核不扩散目标仍然十分重要，欣见加纳和几内亚最近批准了《条约》，", "重申深信建立无核武器区会增强全球和区域的和平与安全，加强核不扩散制度，并有助于实现核裁军的目标，", "回顾2010年审议大会鼓励根据有关区域各国自由达成的安排建立更多的无核武器区，并表示希望国际社会因此而齐心协力，在目前不存在无核武器区的地区，特别是中东建立无核武器区，", "满意地注意到在2010年审议大会上就充分执行1995年关于中东问题的决议的实际步骤达成的协议，", "确认在建立无核武器区方面的积极进展，尤其是俄罗斯联邦批准了《佩林达巴条约》[7] 的《第一和第二议定书》，美利坚合众国向美国参议院提交了《佩林达巴条约》和《拉罗通加条约》[8] 的《议定书》，供后者提出咨询意见并予以同意，东南亚国家联盟与核武器国家就《曼谷条约》[9] 的《议定书》进行了协商，以及2010年4月30日在纽约召开了建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古第二次会议，", "欣见《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器的措施条约》生效，同时回顾2010年审议大会鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施，以便进一步裁减其核武库，", "回顾2010年审议大会重申并确认，彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障，并且无核武器国家拥有得到核武器国家明确和具有法律约束力的安全保证的正当利益，", "对有关核裁军问题的多边谈判，包括裁军谈判会议上的多边谈判缺乏进展深感失望，着重指出多边主义对于核裁军的重要性，同时确认双边倡议和区域倡议也具有重要意义，", "铭记定于2012年5月举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备进程第一次会议将开始奠定基础，以便监督所有缔约国履行自己在2010年审议大会《行动计划》¹ 中的承诺，包括核武器国家履行关于在实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展的承诺的情况，", "1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》⁵ 的每一条款在任何时候、任何情况下都对缔约国具有约束力，所有缔约国都必须对严格遵守《条约》规定的义务承担全部责任，并吁请所有国家充分遵守在各次审议大会上通过的各项决定、决议和作出的其他承诺；", "2. 欣见不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过了一项实质性最后文件，其中载有关于核裁军，包括彻底消除核武器的具体步骤、核不扩散、和平利用核能和中东问题，特别是关于执行1995年中东问题决议方面的结论和后续行动建议；⁴", "3. 尤其是又欣见2010年审议大会决定按照《不扩散核武器条约》的目标，谋求一个人人都更加安全的世界，实现一个没有核武器、和平与安全的世界；", "4. 还欣见2010年审议大会对核武器的任何使用都会造成灾难性人道主义后果深表关切，且重申所有国家在任何时候都必须遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法；", "5. 欣见重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的切实步骤[10] 继续有效，包括具体重申核武器国家明确承诺彻底消除其核武库，最终实现核裁军，这是所有缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺；", "6. 回顾核武器国家承诺通过单边、双边、区域和多边措施等途径进一步努力，裁减并最终消除已部署和未部署的所有各类核武器，着重指出2010年审议大会确认，核武器国家限制核武器的发展和质量改进并停止发展先进的新型核武器符合无核武器国家的正当利益，并吁请核武器国家在这方面采取步骤；", "7. 鼓励所有核武器国家根据2010年审议大会的《最后文件》中的核裁军行动计划¹ 采取进一步步骤，确保对每个核武器国家指定的不再需要用于军事用途的所有裂变材料进行不可逆转的清除，并支持发展有关核裁军方面的适当核查能力；", "8. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》的所有缔约国努力全面执行不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于中东问题的决议，² 确认2010年审议大会赞同在最终导致全面执行1995年决议的进程中采取切实步骤，包括在2012年举行该区域所有国家出席的关于设立中东无核武器和所有其他大规模毁灭性武器区的会议，吁请秘书长和1995年决议的共同提案国与该区域各国密切协商合作，为举行2012年会议开展一切必要的筹备工作，并在这方面欣见最近任命了协调人并指定了东道国政府；", "9. 继续强调《不扩散核武器条约》在实现核裁军和核不扩散方面的根本作用，吁请所有缔约国不遗余力地推动实现《条约》的普遍性，并在这方面敦促印度、以色列和巴基斯坦尽快无条件地以无核武器国家的身份加入《条约》；", "10. 敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国履行其在六方会谈中所作的承诺，包括2005年9月《联合声明》中的承诺，放弃一切核武器和现行核计划，早日重返《不扩散核武器条约》并遵守其国际原子能机构的保障监督协定，以期以和平方式实现朝鲜半岛的无核化，并重申坚决支持六方会谈；", "11. 鼓励所有国家共同努力，克服国际裁军机制内，包括裁军谈判会议中妨碍努力推进多边核裁军事业的各种障碍；", "12. 注意到2011年6月30日和7月1日核武器国家在巴黎举行会议,审议它们在履行2010年审议大会上所作承诺方面的进展情况，同时强调必须履行核武器国家在2010年审议大会上作出的承诺，在2000年审议大会《最后文件》所载实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展，且必须迅速采取行动，以确保在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会召开之前取得实质性进展；", "13. 回顾如2010年审议大会《行动计划》行动5所述，核武器国家为在实现核裁军的步骤方面加快具体进展作出以下承诺：", "(a) 按照《行动计划》行动3的规定，迅速着手全面削减全球储存的各种核武器；", "(b) 作为全面核裁军进程的一个组成部分，讨论所有核武器问题，不论其类型或地点；", "(c) 进一步减少核武器在所有军事和安全概念、学说和政策中的作用和重要性；", "(d) 讨论可以防止使用和最终消除核武器、减少核战争危险以及促进不扩散核武器和核武器裁军的各项政策；", "(e) 考虑到无核武器国家的正当利益，以促进国际稳定与安全的方式进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态；", "(f) 减少意外使用核武器的风险；", "(g) 进一步提高透明度，增强相互信任；", "14. 吁请核武器国家履行上述承诺，其方式要让缔约国能够在每个审议周期内定期对其进行监督，在这方面，敦请这些国家定期报告履行承诺的情况；", "15. 欣见有些核武器国家宣布提供有关本国的核武库、核政策和核裁军的资料，敦促尚未提供资料的核武器国家也提供这些资料，并鼓励核武器国家尽快商定一个标准报告表格，以便于提供这方面报告；", "16. 吁请核武器国家在这方面根据2010年审议大会的成果，定期报告它们为降低核武器在所有军事和安全概念中的作用和重要性而作出的努力，包括作为任何核政策审查的一部分而开展的工作；", "17. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》的所有缔约国忠实及时地执行2010年审议大会《行动计划》的全部内容，以便在《条约》的各大支柱方面取得全面进展；", "18. 决定将题为“建立一个无核武器世界：加速履行核裁军承诺”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程，并在该届会议上审查本决议的执行情况。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF. 2010/50(Vol.I))，第一部分，《结论和后续行动建议》。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF. 1995/32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I-IV))。", "[4] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol I-III))。", "[5] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见A/50/426,附件。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》，第10卷：1985年(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.86.IX.7)，附录七。", "[9] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[10] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/40 (英语). 建立一个无核武器世界:加速履行核裁军承诺", "大会,", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/59号决议,", "重申严重关切使用核武器的可能性对人类构成的危险,并回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会对使用核武器造成的灾难性人道主义后果深表关切,[1]", "重申核裁军和核不扩散进程相辅相成,两方面都迫切需要取得不可逆转的进展,", "回顾题为“加强条约审议进程”、“核不扩散与核裁军的原则和目标”和“延长《不扩散核武器条约》”的决定和不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于中东的决议,[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3]和2010年[4] 审议大会通过的《最后文件》,", "特别回顾核武器国家明确承诺按照《不扩散核武器条约》[5] 第六条作出的承诺并获得2010年审议大会的重申,实现彻底消除其核武库,从而实现核裁军,", "重申《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国承诺在履行其条约义务时适用不可逆转、可核查和透明的原则,", "确认《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 生效对推进核裁军和核不扩散目标依然至关重要,并欣见加纳和几内亚最近批准了《条约》,", "重申坚信建立无核武器区可增进全球和区域和平与安全,加强核不扩散制度并有助于实现核裁军的目标,", "回顾2010年审议大会鼓励根据有关区域各国自由达成的安排,进一步建立无核武器区,并表示希望随后将作出协调一致的国际努力,在目前不存在无核武器区的地区,特别是在中东建立无核武器区,", "满意地注意到2010年审议大会就充分执行1995年关于中东问题的决议的实际步骤达成协议,", "确认无核武器区方面的积极发展,特别是俄罗斯联邦批准了《佩林达巴条约》的第一和第二号议定书,[7] 美利坚合众国向美国参议院提交《佩林达巴条约》和《拉罗通加条约》的《议定书》征求咨询意见和同意,[8] 东南亚国家联盟同核武器国家就《曼谷条约议定书》进行协商,[9] 并于2010年4月30日在纽约举行了建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古第二次会议,", "欢迎《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步裁减和限制进攻性战略武器措施的条约》生效,同时回顾2010年审议大会鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施,以进一步削减其核武库,", "回顾2010年审议大会重申并承认,彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保障,也是无核武器国家获得核武器国家明确而具有法律约束力的安全保证的正当利益,", "深感失望的是,包括裁军谈判会议在内,关于核裁军问题的多边谈判缺乏进展,并着重指出多边主义对核裁军的重要性,同时确认双边和区域倡议的价值,", "注意到将于2012年5月举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备进程第一次会议将开始为监测所有缔约国履行2010年审议大会行动计划1 中的承诺,包括核武器国家在实现核裁军的步骤上加快具体进展的承诺的情况奠定基础,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》5 的每一条款在任何时候、任何情况下都对缔约国具有约束力,所有缔约国均应对严格遵守《条约》规定的义务承担全部责任,并吁请所有国家充分遵守审议大会作出的所有决定、决议和其他承诺;", "2. 联合国 1. 欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会通过一项实质性最后文件,其中载有与核裁军有关的结论和后续行动建议,包括彻底消除核武器、核不扩散、和平利用核能和中东的具体步骤,特别是执行1995年关于中东的决议;4", "3个 2. 又欢迎2010年审议大会决心按照《不扩散核武器条约》的目标,为所有人建立一个更安全的世界并实现一个无核武器世界的和平与安全;", " 4.四. 3. 还欢迎2010年审议大会对使用核武器造成的灾难性人道主义后果深表关切,并重申所有国家在任何时候都需要遵守适用的国际法,包括国际人道主义法;", "5 (韩语). 1. 欢迎不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会《最后文件》[10] 所商定的实际步骤继续有效,包括具体重申核武器国家明确承诺实现彻底消除其核武库以实现核裁军,这是所有缔约国在《条约》第六条下作出的承诺;", "6. 国家 4. 回顾核武器国家承诺进一步努力,包括采取单边、双边、区域和多边措施,裁减并最终消除已部署和未部署的所有类型核武器,着重指出2010年审议大会确认无核武器国家在核武器国家中的合法利益,这些国家限制核武器的发展和质量改进,并停止发展先进的新型核武器,吁请核武器国家在这方面采取步骤;", "7. 联合国 4. 鼓励所有核武器国家根据2010年审议大会《最后文件》1 的核裁军行动计划采取进一步措施,确保不可逆转地清除被每个核武器国家指定为不再需要用于军事目的的所有裂变材料,并支持发展与核裁军有关的适当核查能力;", "8. 联合国 5. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国努力全面执行不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于中东的决议,2 确认2010年审议大会赞同在促成全面执行1995年决议的进程中采取实际步骤,包括于2012年召开一次由该区域所有国家出席的关于建立中东无核武器和所有其他大规模毁灭性武器区的会议,吁请秘书长和1995年决议的共同提案国同该区域各国密切协商并合作,为召开2012年会议作一切必要的筹备,并在此方面欢迎最近任命一名调解人并指定了东道国政府;", "9. 国家 2. 继续强调《不扩散核武器条约》在实现核裁军和核不扩散方面的基本作用,并吁请所有缔约国不遗余力地实现《条约》的普遍性,在这方面敦促印度、以色列和巴基斯坦迅速和无条件地作为无核武器国家加入《条约》;", "10个 敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国履行六方会谈的承诺,包括2005年9月联合声明中的承诺,放弃所有核武器和现有核计划,并早日重返《不扩散核武器条约》并加入国际原子能机构的保障监督协定,以期以和平方式实现朝鲜半岛无核化,并重申坚决支持六方会谈; 4.", "11个 4. 鼓励所有国家共同努力,克服国际裁军机制,包括裁军谈判会议内阻碍在多边范畴内推进核裁军事业的各种障碍;", "12个 4. 注意到核武器国家于2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行会议,审议它们在2010年审议大会上所作承诺的进展情况,强调核武器国家必须履行在2010年审议大会上作出的承诺,以加快在2000年审议大会《最后文件》所载实现核裁军的步骤上取得具体进展,并迅速参与,以确保在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会之前取得重大进展;", "13个 4. 回顾核武器国家承诺按照2010年审议大会行动计划行动5的设想,在实现核裁军的步骤上加快取得具体进展:", "(a) 国家 根据行动计划行动3,迅速全面削减全球各类核武器储存;", "(b) 国家 作为全面核裁军进程的一个组成部分,处理所有核武器问题,不论其类型或位置如何;", "(c) 进一步削弱核武器在所有军事和安全概念、理论和政策中的作用和重要性;", "(d) 国家 讨论能防止使用核武器并最终消除核武器、减少核战争危险并有利于不扩散核武器和核裁军的政策;", "(e) 考虑无核武器国家以有利于国际稳定与安全的方式进一步降低核武器系统的作战状态的正当利益;", "(f) 减少意外使用核武器的危险;", "(g) 进一步提高透明度和相互信任;", "14个 4. 吁请核武器国家以能够使缔约国在每一审议周期内定期加以监测的方式履行这些承诺,并在此方面敦促这些国家定期报告这些承诺的执行情况;", "15个 4. 欢迎一些核武器国家宣布提供关于其核武库、政策和裁军努力的资料,敦促尚未提供资料的核武器国家也提供资料,并鼓励核武器国家尽快商定标准报告格式,以便利这种报告;", "16号. 4. 吁请核武器国家在这方面并参照2010年审议大会的成果,定期报告其为削弱核武器在所有军事和安全概念中的作用和重要性而作的努力,包括在任何核政策审查中作的努力;", "17岁 4. 吁请《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国忠实地及时执行2010年审议大会行动计划的所有内容,以便在《条约》的所有支柱方面取得进展;", "18岁。 6. 决定将题为“建立一个无核武器世界:加速履行核裁军承诺”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程,并在该届会议上审查本决议的执行情况。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,结论和后续行动建议。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件。", "[3] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 (NPT/CONF.2000/28(Parts I-IV))。", "[4] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,《最后文件》,第2卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I-III))。", "[5] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见A/50/426,附件。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》,第10卷:1985年(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.86.IX.7),附录七。", "[9] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1981卷,第33873号。", "[10] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节,第2段。 15个" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/41. National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology", "The General Assembly,", "Recognizing that disarmament, arms control and non-proliferation are essential for the maintenance of international peace and security,", "Recalling that effective national control of the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, including those transfers that could contribute to proliferation activities, is an important tool for achieving those objectives,", "Recalling also that the States parties to the international disarmament and non‑proliferation treaties have undertaken to facilitate the fullest possible exchange of materials, equipment and technological information for peaceful purposes, in accordance with the provisions of those treaties,", "Considering that the exchange of national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology contributes to mutual understanding and confidence among Member States,", "Convinced that such an exchange would be beneficial to Member States that are in the process of developing such legislation,", "Welcoming the electronic database established by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat,[1] in which all information exchanged pursuant to General Assembly resolutions 57/66 of 22 November 2002, 58/42 of 8 December 2003, 59/66 of 3 December 2004, 60/69 of 8 December 2005, 62/26 of 5 December 2007 and 64/40 of 2 December 2009, entitled “National legislation on transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology”, can be consulted,", "Reaffirming the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations,", "1. Invites Member States that are in a position to do so, without prejudice to the provisions contained in Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004 and subsequent relevant Council resolutions, to enact or improve national legislation, regulations and procedures to exercise effective control over the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, while ensuring that such legislation, regulations and procedures are consistent with the obligations of States parties under international treaties;", "2. Encourages Member States to provide, on a voluntary basis, information to the Secretary-General on their national legislation, regulations and procedures on the transfer of arms, military equipment and dual‑use goods and technology, as well as the changes therein, and requests the Secretary-General to make that information accessible to Member States;", "3. Decides to remain attentive to the matter.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/41. 有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法", "大会，", "确认裁军、军备控制和不扩散对维护国际和平与安全至关重要，", "回顾国家有效管制武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让，包括可能助长扩散活动的转让是实现这些目标的重要工具，", "又回顾国际裁军和不扩散条约的缔约国承诺根据这些条约的规定为尽可能充分地交流用于和平目的的材料、设备和技术资料提供便利，", "考虑到交流有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序有助于会员国相互理解和信任，", "深信这种交流将有益于正在拟订这方面立法的会员国，", "欢迎秘书处裁军事务厅建立电子数据库，[1] 所有根据大会题为“有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法”的2002年11月22日第57/66号、2003年12月8日第58/42号、2004年12月3日第59/66号、2005年12月8日第60/69号、2007年12月5日第62/26号和2009年12月2日第64/40号决议交流的信息，均可以在该数据库中查到，", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第五十一条拥有单独或集体自卫之自然权利，", "1. 邀请能够这样做的会员国在不影响安全理事会2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议和安全理事会此后相关决议所载各项规定的情况下，制订或改进国家立法、规章和程序，对武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让实施有效的管制，同时确保这些立法、规章和程序与缔约国根据国际条约承担的义务相符；", "2. 鼓励会员国在自愿的基础上，向秘书长提供资料，介绍本国有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序及其中所作修改，并请秘书长向会员国提供这些资料；", "3. 决定继续关注这个问题。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/41 (英语). 有关武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法", "大会,", "认识到裁军、军备控制和不扩散对维持国际和平与安全至关重要,", "回顾国家有效管制武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让,包括可能有助于扩散活动的转让,是实现这些目标的重要工具,", "又回顾国际裁军和不扩散条约的缔约国已承诺按照这些条约的规定,为尽可能充分交流用于和平目的的材料、设备和技术信息提供便利,", "认为交流关于武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序有助于会员国相互了解和信任,", "深信这种交流将有益于正在拟订这种立法的会员国,", "欢迎秘书处裁军事务厅建立电子数据库,[1] 可在其中查阅根据大会题为“关于武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法”的2002年11月22日第57/66号、2003年12月8日第58/42号、2004年12月3日第59/66号、2005年12月8日第60/69号、2007年12月5日第62/26号和2009年12月2日第64/40号决议所交流的所有信息,", "重申根据《联合国宪章》第五十一条单独或集体自卫的固有权利,", "1. 联合国 4. 请有能力的会员国在不影响安全理事会2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议及其后各项有关决议规定的情况下,颁布或改进国家立法、规章和程序,以有效管制武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让,同时确保这种立法、规章和程序同缔约国根据国际条约所应承担的义务相符合;", "2. 鼓励会员国在自愿基础上向秘书长提供本国关于武器、军事装备及两用货物和技术的转让的国家立法、规章和程序及其中所作修改的资料,并请秘书长向会员国提供这些资料;", "3个 决定继续关注此事。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/NLDU/。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/42. Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus", "The General Assembly,", "Mindful of contributing to the process initiated within the framework of the United Nations reform to make the Organization more effective in maintaining peace and security by giving it the resources and tools it needs for conflict prevention, peaceful resolution of disputes, peacekeeping, post-conflict peacebuilding and reconstruction,", "Underlining the importance of a comprehensive and integrated approach to disarmament through the development of practical measures,", "Taking note of the report of the Group of Experts on the problem of ammunition and explosives,[1]", "Recalling the recommendation contained in paragraph 27 of the report of the Open-ended Working Group to Negotiate an International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, namely, to address the issue of small arms and light weapons ammunition in a comprehensive manner as part of a separate process conducted within the framework of the United Nations,[2]", "Noting with satisfaction the work and measures pursued at the regional and subregional levels with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition,", "Recalling its decision 59/515 of 3 December 2004 and its resolutions 60/74 of 8 December 2005 and 61/72 of 6 December 2006, its resolution 63/61 of 2 December 2008, by which it welcomed the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus,[3] and its resolution 64/51 of 2 December 2009,", "Taking note of the recommendations of the Group of Governmental Experts on developing technical guidelines for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, which would be available for States on a voluntary basis, and on improving knowledge resource management on technical ammunition issues within the United Nations system,[4] and taking note also of the subsequent establishment, within the Secretariat, of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme,", "1. Encourages all interested States to assess, on a voluntary basis, whether, in conformity with their legitimate security needs, parts of their stockpiles of conventional ammunition should be considered to be in surplus, and recognizes that the security of such stockpiles must be taken into consideration and that appropriate controls with regard to the security and safety of stockpiles of conventional ammunition are indispensable at the national level in order to eliminate the risk of explosion, pollution or diversion;", "2. Appeals to all interested States to determine the size and nature of their surplus stockpiles of conventional ammunition, whether they represent a security risk, their means of destruction, if appropriate, and whether external assistance is needed to eliminate this risk;", "3. Encourages States in a position to do so to assist interested States within a bilateral framework or through international or regional organizations, on a voluntary and transparent basis, in elaborating and implementing programmes to eliminate surplus stockpiles or to improve their management;", "4. Encourages all Member States to examine the possibility of developing and implementing, within a national, regional or subregional framework, measures to address accordingly the illicit trafficking related to the accumulation of such stockpiles;", "5. Takes note of the replies submitted by Member States in response to the request of the Secretary-General for views regarding the risks arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus and regarding national ways of strengthening controls on conventional ammunition;[5]", "6. Continues to encourage States to implement the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72 to consider further steps to enhance cooperation with regard to the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus;³", "7. Welcomes the completion of the International Ammunition Technical Guidelines[6] and the establishment of the “SaferGuard” knowledge resource management programme for the stockpile management of conventional ammunition, developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, with the full involvement of the Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the Secretariat, in accordance with the recommendations of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 61/72;³", "8. Encourages States wishing to improve their national stockpile management capacity, prevent the growth of conventional ammunition surpluses and address wider risk mitigation to contact the “SaferGuard” programme, as well as potential national donors and regional organizations, as appropriate, with a view to developing cooperation, including, where relevant, technical expertise;", "9. Reiterates its decision to address the issue of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus in a comprehensive manner;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/54/155.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2.", "[3]  See A/63/182.", "[4]  Ibid., paras. 72 and 73.", "[5]  A/61/118 and Add.1 and A/62/166 and Add.1.", "[6]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Ammunition/IATG/." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/42. 积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题", "大会，", "念及推动在联合国改革框架内发起的进程，通过向联合国提供预防冲突、和平解决争端、维持和平、冲突后建设和平和重建所需的资源和工具，使联合国更加有效地维护和平与安全，", "强调必须拟订切实可行的措施，以统筹兼顾的综合办法进行裁军，", "表示注意到弹药和炸药问题专家组的报告，[1]", "回顾就拟订一项使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书进行谈判的不限成员名额工作组提交的报告第27段所载的建议，即全面处理小武器和轻武器弹药问题，将其作为在联合国框架内进行的另一个进程的组成部分，[2]", "满意地注意到在区域和次区域两级就常规弹药问题进行的工作和采取的措施，", "回顾其2004年12月3日第59/515号决定，2005年12月8日第60/74号、2006年12月6日第61/72号和2008年12月2日第63/61号决议，在第63/61号决议中大会欢迎第61/72号决议设立的考虑进一步采取措施在过剩的常规弹药储存问题上加强合作政府专家组的报告，[3] 并回顾其2009年12月2日第64/51号决议，", "表示注意到政府专家组的报告建议制订常规弹药储存管理技术准则，供各国自愿采用，并建议改善联合国系统内部弹药技术问题的知识资源管理，[4] 并表示注意到秘书处随后制订了联合国“加强保护”知识资源管理方案，", "1. 鼓励所有有关国家根据其正当安全需要，自愿对其常规弹药储存中是否有一部分应被视为过剩储存作出评估，并认识到必须考虑到这些储存的安全，必须在国家一级采取同常规弹药储存的安保和安全有关的适当管制措施，以消除爆炸、污染或移作他用的危险；", "2. 呼吁所有有关国家确定其常规弹药过剩储存的数目和性质，确定过剩储存是否对安全构成威胁及视情况加以销毁的手段，以及是否需要外界援助来消除这一威胁；", "3. 鼓励有能力的国家在双边框架内或通过国际或区域组织，在自愿和透明的基础上，向有关国家提供援助，协助制订和执行消除过剩储存或改进储存管理的方案；", "4. 鼓励所有会员国审查是否有可能在国家、区域或次区域框架内拟订并执行若干措施，相应处理与此类储存积累有关的非法贩运问题；", "5. 表示注意到会员国对秘书长有关就积累过剩的常规弹药储存造成的危险和各国如何加强常规弹药管制发表意见的要求做出的答复；[5]", "6. 继续鼓励各国执行第61/72号决议设立的考虑进一步采取措施在过剩的常规弹药储存问题上加强合作政府专家组的报告的建议；³", "7. 欣见按照第61/72号决议所设政府专家组报告中的建议³ 并在秘书处维持和平行动部地雷行动处的充分配合下，秘书处裁军事务厅完成了国际弹药技术准则[6] 的制订工作，并设立了管理常规弹药储存的“加强保护”知识资源管理方案 ；", "8. 鼓励希望提高本国储存管理能力、防止过剩常规弹药增加和更广泛减少风险的国家与“加强保护”方案、并酌情与潜在的国家捐助方和区域组织联系，以便开展合作，包括酌情发展技术专长；", "9. 重申决定全面处理过剩的常规弹药储存问题；", "10. 决定将题为“积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/155。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2。", "[3] 见A/63/182。", "[4] 同上，第72和73段。", "[5] A/61/118和Add.1及A/62/166和Add.1。", "[6] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament./convarms/Ammunition/IATG/。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/42 (英语). 积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题", "大会,", "念及促进在联合国改革框架内所发起的进程,使本组织获得预防冲突、和平解决争端、维持和平、冲突后建设和平和重建所需的资源和工具,从而更有效地维护和平与安全,", "强调必须制订切实可行的措施,对裁军采取全面综合的做法,", "注意到弹药和爆炸物问题专家组的报告,[1]", "回顾就拟订一项使各国能及时和可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书进行谈判的不限成员名额工作组的报告 第27段所载的建议,即作为在联合国框架内进行的一个单独进程的一部分,以综合方式处理小武器和轻武器弹药问题,[2]", "满意地注意到区域和次区域两级就常规弹药问题开展的工作和采取的措施,", "回顾其2004年12月3日第59/515号决定、2005年12月8日第60/74号和2006年12月6日第61/72号决议、2008年12月2日第63/61号决议,其中大会欢迎第61/72号决议所设审议在过剩的常规弹药储存问题上加强合作的进一步步骤政府专家组的报告,[3] 并回顾其2009年12月2日第64/51号决议,", "注意到政府专家组关于制定常规弹药储存管理技术准则的建议,这些准则将在自愿的基础上提供给各国,以及关于改进联合国系统内关于技术弹药问题的知识管理的建议,[4] 并又注意到随后在秘书处内设立了“萨费尔盖德”知识管理方案,", "1. 联合国 4. 鼓励所有有关国家根据其正当安全需要,自愿评估其常规弹药储存中是否有一部分应被视为过剩储存,并认识到必须考虑到这些储存的安全,而为杜绝爆炸、污染或转用的危险,必须在国家一级对常规弹药储存的安保和安全进行适当管制;", "2. 联合国 4. 呼吁所有有关国家确定其常规弹药过剩储存的规模和性质,确定过剩储存是否构成安全危险,酌情确定其销毁手段,以及是否需要外部援助来消除这种危险;", "3个 6. 鼓励有能力的国家在双边框架内或通过国际或区域组织,在自愿和透明的基础上,协助有关国家拟订和执行消除过剩储存或改进储存管理的方案;", " 4.四. 6. 鼓励所有会员国审查是否有可能在国家、区域或次区域框架内制订和执行措施,相应处理与此类储存积累有关的非法贩运;", "5 (韩语). 注意到会员国就秘书长关于就积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的危险和各国加强常规弹药管制的方法提出意见的请求作出的答复;[5]", "6. 国家 3. 继续鼓励各国执行第61/72号决议所设审议在常规弹药过剩储存问题上加强合作的进一步步骤政府专家组报告中的建议;3", "7. 联合国 3. 欢迎秘书处裁军事务厅根据第61/72号决议所设政府专家组的报告3 所提出的建议,在秘书处维持和平行动部排雷行动处的充分参与下,完成了《国际弹药技术准则》[6] 并制定了常规弹药储存管理知识资源管理方案;", "8. 联合国 6. 鼓励希望提高国家储存管理能力、防止常规弹药过剩量增加并处理更广泛减少风险问题的国家酌情与“安全卫士”方案以及潜在的国家捐助者和区域组织联系,以开展合作,包括酌情发展技术专门知识;", "9. 国家 1. 重申决定以全面方式处理常规弹药过剩储存问题;", "10个 9. 决定将题为“积累过剩的常规弹药储存引起的问题”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见A/54/155。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2。", "[3] 见A/63/182。", "[4] 同上,第72和73段。", "[5] A/61/118和Add.1及A/62/166和Add.1。", "[6] 可查阅www.un.org/disarmament/convarms/Amunition/IATG/。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/43. Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 64/39 of 2 December 2009, entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”,", "Welcoming the desire of the South-East Asian States to maintain peace and stability in the region in the spirit of peaceful coexistence and mutual understanding and cooperation,", "Noting the entry into force of the Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 15 December 2008, which states, inter alia, that one of the purposes of the Association is to preserve South-East Asia as a nuclear-weapon-free zone, free of all other weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also the convening of the second Conference of States Parties and Signatories of Treaties that Establish Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones and Mongolia,", "Reaffirming its conviction of the important role of nuclear-weapon-free zones, established, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[1] in strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime, in contributing towards realizing the objectives of nuclear disarmament and in extending the areas of the world that are free of nuclear weapons, and, with particular reference to the responsibilities of the nuclear-weapon States, calling upon all States to seek a safer world for all and to achieve peace and security in a world without nuclear weapons in a way that promotes international stability and based on the principle of undiminished security for all,", "Convinced that the establishment of a South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone, as an essential component of the Declaration on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, signed in Kuala Lumpur on 27 November 1971, will contribute towards strengthening the security of States within the Zone and towards enhancing international peace and security as a whole,", "Noting the entry into force of the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone on 27 March 1997[2] and the tenth anniversary of its entry into force in 2007,", "Welcoming the reaffirmation of South-East Asian States that the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone shall continue to play a pivotal role in the area of confidence-building measures, preventive diplomacy and the approaches to conflict resolution as enshrined in the Declaration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Concord II (Bali Concord II),[3]", "Reaffirming the inalienable right of all the parties to the Treaty on the South East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to develop research, production and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes without discrimination and in conformity with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[4]", "Recognizing that by signing and ratifying the relevant protocols to the treaties establishing nuclear-weapon-free zones, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments to respect the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties,", "Recalling the applicable principles and rules of international law relating to the freedom of the high seas and the rights of innocent passage, archipelagic sea lanes passage or transit passage of ships and aircraft, particularly those of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[5]", "1. Welcomes the commitment and efforts of the Commission for the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to further enhance and strengthen the implementation of the Bangkok Treaty² by implementing the Plan of Action for the period 2007–2012, adopted in Manila on 29 July 2007, and the recent decision of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Political‑Security Community Council, established under the Charter of the Association, to give priority to the implementation of the Plan of Action;", "2. Also welcomes the resumption of direct consultations between the States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone and the five nuclear-weapon States, and encourages States parties to the Treaty to continue direct consultations with the five nuclear-weapon States to resolve comprehensively, in accordance with the objectives and principles of the Treaty, existing outstanding issues on a number of provisions of the Treaty and the Protocol thereto;", "3. Encourages nuclear-weapon States and States parties to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone to work constructively with a view to ensuring the early accession of the nuclear weapon States to the Protocol to the Treaty;", "4. Underlines the value of enhancing and implementing further ways and means of cooperation among the States parties to nuclear-weapon-free zone treaties and the protocols thereto;", "5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty)”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[2]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[3]  A/58/548, annex I.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  Ibid., vol. 1833, No. 31363." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/43. 东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)", "大会，", "回顾其题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的2009年12月2日第64/39号决议，", "欣见东南亚国家希望本着和平共处、相互理解与合作的精神维护本地区的和平与稳定，", "注意到《东南亚国家联盟宪章》于2008年12月15日生效，其中除其他外指出，东盟的宗旨之一是维护东南亚的无核武器区地位，并保证其没有任何其他大规模毁灭性武器，", "又注意到建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古召开第二次会议，", "重申深信根据有关区域各国间自由达成的安排和裁军审议委员会1999年指导方针[1] 酌情建立的无核武器区在加强核不扩散制度、协助实现核裁军目标和扩大世界无核武器地区方面的重要作用，并特别提及核武器国家的责任，吁请各国以促进国际稳定的方式，并根据各国安全不受减损的原则，谋求一个人人都更加安全的世界，在没有核武器的世界上实现和平与安全，", "深信作为1971年11月27日在吉隆坡签署的《和平、自由和中立区宣言》重要组成部分的东南亚无核武器区的建立将有助于加强该无核区内各国的安全，有助于增进整个国际社会的和平与安全，", "注意到《东南亚无核武器区条约》[2] 于1997年3月27日生效，2007年为该《条约》生效十周年，", "欣见东南亚国家重申，东南亚无核武器区将按照《东南亚国家联盟第二次协调一致宣言》(巴厘协约二)，[3] 在建立信任措施、预防外交和冲突解决办法领域继续发挥关键作用，", "重申《东南亚无核武器区条约》的所有缔约国不受歧视并按照《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 为和平目的进一步研究、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利，", "确认核武器国家通过签署和批准各项建立无核武器区条约的相关议定书，将作出具有法律约束力的单独承诺，保证尊重无核武器区的地位，不对这类条约的缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器，", "回顾与公海自由、无害通过权、群岛海道通过或船只和飞机过境通行有关的国际法，特别是《联合国海洋法公约》[5] 的适用原则和规则，", "1. 欣见东南亚无核武器区条约委员会致力于并努力进一步促进和加强《曼谷条约》² 的执行，实施了于2007年7月29日在马尼拉通过的《2007-2012年行动计划》，并欣见根据《东南亚国家联盟宪章》设立的联盟政治和安全共同体委员会最近决定优先实施该《行动计划》；", "2. 又欣见东南亚无核武器区条约缔约国恢复与五个核武器国家的直接协商并鼓励条约缔约国继续与五个核武器国家直接协商，以便根据《条约》的目标和原则全面解决涉及《条约》及其《议定书》若干规定的未决问题；", "3. 鼓励核武器国家与东南亚无核武器区条约缔约国开展建设性合作，以确保核武器国家尽早加入《条约议定书》；", "4. 着重指出加强和执行无核武器区条约及其议定书缔约国之间合作的其他方法和手段的重要性；", "5. 决定将题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录，第五十四届会议，补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[2] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[3] A/58/548,附件一。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 同上，第1833卷，第31363号。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/43 (英语). 东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)", "大会,", "回顾其2009年12月2日题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的第64/39号决议,", "欢迎东南亚各国希望本着和平共处和相互理解与合作的精神,维持该区域的和平与稳定,", "注意到《东南亚国家联盟宪章》于2008年12月15日生效,其中除其他外,声明联盟的宗旨之一是维护东南亚作为一个无核武器区,没有任何其他大规模毁灭性武器,", "又注意到建立无核武器区条约缔约国和签署国及蒙古召开第二次会议,", "重申深信根据有关区域各国自由达成的安排并依照裁军审议委员会1999年指导方针酌情建立的无核武器区,[1] 在加强核不扩散制度、协助实现核裁军目标及扩大世界无核武器地区等方面的重要作用,并特别提及核武器国家的责任,吁请所有国家为促进国际稳定并基于各国安全不受减损的原则,寻求一个人人都更加安全的世界,在一个没有核武器的世界实现和平与安全,", "深信建立东南亚无核武器区是1971年11月27日在吉隆坡签署的《和平、自由和中立区宣言》的重要组成部分,将有助于加强该区各国的安全并增进整个国际和平与安全,", "注意到《东南亚无核武器区条约》于1997年3月27日生效[2]和2007年生效十周年,", "欢迎东南亚国家重申东南亚无核武器区应继续在《东南亚国家联盟第二协约宣言》(巴厘协约二)所揭示的建立信任措施、预防性外交和解决冲突的办法方面发挥关键作用,[3]", "重申《东南亚无核武器区条约》所有缔约国不受歧视地并依照《不扩散核武器条约》 为和平目的而研究、生产和使用核能的不可剥夺的权利,", "确认核武器国家通过签署和批准建立无核武器区条约的相关议定书,将各自作出具有法律约束力的承诺,尊重无核武器区的地位,不对条约缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器,", "回顾关于公海自由和无害通过权、群岛海道通过或船舶和飞机过境通过的可适用的国际法原则和规则,特别是《联合国海洋法公约》的原则和规则,[5]", "1. 联合国 2. 欢迎东南亚无核武器区条约委员会承诺并努力通过执行2007年7月29日在马尼拉通过的《2007-2012年行动计划》2 来进一步促进和加强《曼谷条约》2 的执行,并欢迎根据《东南亚国家联盟宪章》设立的东南亚国家联盟政治-安全共同体理事会最近决定优先执行《行动计划》;", "2. 联合国 2. 又欢迎《东南亚无核武器区条约》缔约国同五个核武器国家恢复直接协商,并鼓励《条约》缔约国同五个核武器国家继续直接协商,以按照《条约》的宗旨和原则全面解决关于《条约》及其《议定书》若干条款的现有未决问题;", "3个 5. 鼓励核武器国家和《东南亚无核武器区条约》缔约国开展建设性工作,以确保核武器国家早日加入《条约议定书》;", " 4.四. 3. 强调加强和执行无核武器区条约及其议定书缔约国之间合作的进一步方式方法的价值;", "5 (韩语). 6. 决定将题为“东南亚无核武器区条约(曼谷条约)”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见《大会正式记录,第五十四届会议,补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[2] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1981卷,第33873号。", "[3] A/58/548,附件一。", "[4] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[5] 同上,第1833卷,第31363号。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/44. Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 48/75 L of 16 December 1993, 53/77 I of 4 December 1998, 55/33 Y of 20 November 2000, 56/24 J of 29 November 2001, 57/80 of 22 November 2002, 58/57 of 8 December 2003, 59/81 of 3 December 2004, 64/29 of 2 December 2009 and 65/65 of 8 December 2010 on the subject of banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices,", "Recalling also document CD/1299 of 24 March 1995, in which all members of the Conference on Disarmament agreed on the mandate to negotiate a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices and which would not preclude any delegation from raising for consideration, in negotiations, any issue noted therein,", "Recalling further the support for the Conference on Disarmament expressed by the Security Council summit on nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation, held on 24 September 2009,", "Convinced that a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices would be a significant contribution to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation,", "Recognizing the importance of advancing all issues identified in decision CD/1864, adopted by consensus by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,", "Noting the determination of China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America at the meeting held in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 to renew their efforts, with relevant parties, to achieve a treaty banning the production of fissile materials for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices at the earliest possible date in the Conference on Disarmament,", "Expressing frustration with the years of stalemate in the Conference on Disarmament, which has prevented it from fulfilling its mandate as the world’s single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "1. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to agree on and implement early in 2012 a comprehensive programme of work that includes the immediate commencement of negotiations on a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of document CD/1299 and the mandate contained therein;", "2. Resolves to consider options for the negotiation of a treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices at its sixty-seventh session should the Conference on Disarmament fail to agree on and implement a comprehensive programme of work by the end of its 2012 session;", "3. Encourages interested Member States, without prejudice to their national positions during future negotiations on such a treaty, to continue efforts, including within and on the margins of the Conference on Disarmament, in support of the commencement of negotiations, including through meetings involving scientific experts on various technical aspects of the treaty, drawing on available expertise from the International Atomic Energy Agency and other relevant bodies, as appropriate;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/44. 禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约", "大会，", "回顾其关于禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料问题的1993年12月16日第48/75 L号、1998年12月4日第53/77 I号、2000年11月20日第55/33 Y号、2001年11月29日第56/24 J号、2002年11月22日第57/80号、2003年12月8日第58/57号、2004年12月3日第59/81号、2009年12月2日第64/29号和2010年12月8日第65/65号决议，", "又回顾1995年3月24日CD/1299号文件，其中裁军谈判会议全体成员一致同意授权就禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约举行谈判，并且该项授权不妨碍任何代表团在谈判中提出文件中指出的任何问题加以审议，", "还回顾2009年9月24日举行的安全理事会核裁军与核不扩散问题首脑会议对裁军谈判会议表示的支持，", "深信缔结一项非歧视性的、可进行有效国际核查的禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料的多边条约，将大大有助于核裁军和不扩散，", "确认推动2009年５月29日裁军谈判会议以协商一致方式通过的CD/1864号决定中确定的所有问题的重要性，", "注意到中国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国在2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行的会议上决心继续与相关各方共同努力，以期尽早在裁军谈判会议上达成禁止生产核武器和其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约，", "对裁军谈判会议陷入多年僵局表示沮丧，此种局面妨碍了裁军谈判会议作为世界唯一多边裁军谈判论坛履行职责，", "1. 敦促裁军谈判会议于2012年初商定并执行一项全面工作方案，其中包括根据CD/1299号文件和其中所载任务，立即着手就禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约进行谈判；", "2. 决定，如果裁军谈判会议在2012年届会结束时未能商定和执行一项全面工作方案，在大会第六十七届会议上考虑谈判禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约的备选方案；", "3. 鼓励有关会员国在不损害今后谈判这样一项条约期间本国所持立场的前提下，继续作出努力，包括在裁军谈判会议内部和开会期间作出努力，支持启动谈判，包括酌情借鉴国际原子能机构和其他相关机构的现有专门知识，召开吸收科学专家参加的关于条约各种技术层面问题的会议；", "4. 决定将题为“禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/44 (英语). 禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约", "大会,", "回顾其关于禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料的1993年12月16日第48/75 L号、1998年12月4日第53/77 I号、2000年11月20日第55/33 Y号、2001年11月29日第56/24 J号、2002年11月22日第57/80号、2003年12月8日第58/57号、2004年12月3日第59/81号、2009年12月2日第64/29号和2010年12月8日第65号决议,", "又回顾1995年3月24日CD/1299号文件,其中裁军谈判会议所有成员就谈判一项禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料条约的任务达成了协议,并不排除任何代表团在谈判中提出其中提到的任何问题供审议,", "还回顾2009年9月24日举行的安全理事会核裁军和核不扩散问题首脑会议对裁军谈判会议表示支持,", "深信缔结一项非歧视性、多边和可进行有效国际核查的禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约将大大有助于核裁军和不扩散,", "认识到推进裁军谈判会议2009年5月29日协商一致通过的CD/1864号决定所确定的所有问题的重要性,", "注意到中国、法国、俄罗斯联邦、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国在2011年6月30日和7月1日于巴黎举行的会议上决心与有关各方一起继续努力,尽早在裁军谈判会议上达成一项禁止生产核武器和其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料的条约,", "对裁军谈判会议多年来陷入僵局而未能履行其作为世界上唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛所担负的任务表示失望,", "1. 联合国 3. 敦促裁军谈判会议在2012年初商定并执行一项全面工作方案,其中包括根据CD/1299号文件和其中所载任务规定,立即就禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料条约展开谈判;", "2. 联合国 1. 决心在裁军谈判会议未能在2012年届会结束前商定并执行一项全面工作方案的情况下,在第六十七届会议上审议禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约的谈判备选方案;", "3个 4. 鼓励有关会员国在不妨碍今后就这样一项条约进行谈判时,继续努力支持开始谈判,包括在裁军谈判会议内和会外作出努力,包括酌情利用国际原子能机构和其他有关机构提供的专门知识,就条约的各种技术方面举行有科学专家参加的会议;", " 4.四. 6. 决定将题为“禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料条约”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/45. United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling the need for all States to take further practical steps and effective measures towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons, with a view to achieving a peaceful and secure world free of nuclear weapons, and in this regard confirming the determination of Member States to take united action,", "Noting that the ultimate objective of the efforts of States in the disarmament process is general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling its resolution 65/72 of 8 December 2010,", "Expressing deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law, while convinced that every effort should be made to avoid nuclear war and nuclear terrorism,", "Reaffirming that the enhancement of international peace and security and the promotion of nuclear disarmament are mutually reinforcing,", "Reaffirming also that further advancement in nuclear disarmament will contribute to consolidating the international regime for nuclear non-proliferation, which is, inter alia, essential to international peace and security,", "Reaffirming further the crucial importance of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[1] as the cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime and an essential foundation for the pursuit of the Treaty’s three pillars, namely nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy,", "Recalling the decisions and the resolution of the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[2] and the Final Document of the 2000[3] and 2010[4] Review Conferences of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,", "Welcoming the successful outcome of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, held from 3 to 28 May 2010, in the year of the sixty-fifth anniversary of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, and reaffirming the necessity of fully implementing the action plan adopted at the Review Conference,[5]", "Noting the high-level meeting on revitalizing the work of the Conference on Disarmament and taking forward multilateral disarmament negotiations, convened by the Secretary-General on 24 September 2010, and the plenary meeting of the General Assembly to follow up on the high-level meeting, held from 27 to 29 July 2011,", "Welcoming the entry into force on 5 February 2011 of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms,", "Welcoming also the recent announcements on overall stockpiles of nuclear warheads by France, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America, as well as the update of the Russian Federation on its nuclear arsenals, which further enhance transparency and increase mutual confidence,", "Expressing deep concern regarding the growing dangers posed by the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, inter alia, nuclear weapons, including that caused by proliferation networks,", "Recognizing the importance of the objective of nuclear security, along with the shared goals of Member States of nuclear disarmament, nuclear non-proliferation and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, welcoming the Nuclear Security Summit, held on 12 and 13 April 2010, and looking forward to the Nuclear Security Summit to be held in Seoul in 2012,", "Recognizing also the importance of the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1718 (2006) of 14 October 2006 and 1874 (2009) of 12 June 2009 urging the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea to abandon all its nuclear weapons and existing nuclear programmes and immediately cease all related activities, expressing concern regarding the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea’s claimed uranium enrichment programme and light water reactor construction, and declaring that the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea cannot have the status of a nuclear-weapon State under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons under any circumstances,", "1. Reaffirms the importance of all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons¹ complying with their obligations under all the articles of the Treaty;", "2. Also reaffirms the vital importance of the universality of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and calls upon all States not parties to the Treaty to accede as non-nuclear-weapon States to the Treaty promptly and without any conditions and, pending their accession to the Treaty, to adhere to its terms and take practical steps in support of the Treaty;", "3. Further reaffirms the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals, leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are committed under article VI thereof;", "4. Calls upon nuclear-weapon States to undertake further efforts to reduce and ultimately eliminate all types of nuclear weapons, deployed and non-deployed, including through unilateral, bilateral, regional and multilateral measures;", "5. Emphasizes the importance of applying the principles of irreversibility, verifiability and transparency in relation to the process of nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation;", "6. Recognizes that nuclear disarmament and achieving the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons require openness and cooperation, affirms the importance of enhanced confidence through increased transparency and effective verification, emphasizes the importance of the commitment by the nuclear-weapon States at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to accelerate concrete progress on the steps leading to nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in a way that promotes international stability, peace and undiminished and increased security, and the call upon the nuclear-weapon States to report their undertakings in 2014 to the Preparatory Committee for the 2015 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,⁵ and welcomes in this regard the convening in Paris on 30 June and 1 July 2011 of the first follow-up meeting to the 2010 Review Conference of the five nuclear-weapon States as a transparency and confidence-building measure among them;", "7. Welcomes the ongoing implementation by the Russian Federation and the United States of America of the Treaty on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, and encourages them to continue discussions on follow-on measures in order to achieve deeper reductions in their nuclear arsenals;", "8. Urges all States that have not yet done so to sign and ratify the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty[6] at the earliest opportunity, with a view to its early entry into force and universalization, stresses the importance of maintaining existing moratoriums on nuclear-weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosions pending the entry into force of the Treaty, and reaffirms the importance of the continued development of the Treaty verification regime, which will be a significant contribution to providing assurance of compliance with the Treaty;", "9. Reiterates its call for the immediate commencement of negotiations on a fissile material cut-off treaty and its early conclusion, regrets that negotiations have not yet started, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States and States not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to declare and maintain moratoriums on the production of fissile material for any nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices pending the entry into force of the treaty;", "10. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to take measures to further reduce the risk of an accidental or unauthorized launch of nuclear weapons in ways that promote international stability and security, while welcoming the measures already taken by several nuclear-weapon States in this regard;", "11. Also calls upon the nuclear-weapon States to promptly engage with a view to further diminishing the role and significance of nuclear weapons in all military and security concepts, doctrines and policies;", "12. Recognizes the legitimate interest of non-nuclear-weapon States in receiving unequivocal and legally binding security assurances from nuclear-weapon States which could strengthen the nuclear non-proliferation regime, recalls Security Council resolution 984 (1995) of 11 April 1995, noting the unilateral statements by each of the nuclear-weapon States, and calls upon all nuclear-weapon States to fully respect their existing commitments with regard to security assurances;", "13. Encourages the establishment of further nuclear-weapon-free zones, where appropriate, on the basis of arrangements freely arrived at among States of the region concerned and in accordance with the 1999 guidelines of the Disarmament Commission,[7] and recognizes that, by signing and ratifying relevant protocols that contain negative security assurances, nuclear-weapon States would undertake individual legally binding commitments with respect to the status of such zones and not to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against States parties to such treaties;", "14. Calls upon all States to redouble their efforts to prevent and curb the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery and to fully respect and comply with obligations undertaken to forswear nuclear weapons;", "15. Stresses the importance of the universalization of the comprehensive safeguards agreements of the International Atomic Energy Agency to include States which have not yet adopted and implemented such an agreement, while also strongly reaffirming the follow-on action of the 2010 Review Conference encouraging all States which have not done so to conclude and bring into force as soon as possible the Model Protocol Additional to the Agreement(s) between State(s) and the International Atomic Energy Agency for the Application of Safeguards approved by the Board of Governors of the Agency on 15 May 1997,[8] and the full implementation of relevant Security Council resolutions, including resolution 1540 (2004) of 28 April 2004;", "16. Encourages every effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear and radiological material, and calls upon all States to work cooperatively as an international community to advance nuclear security, while requesting and providing assistance, including in the field of capacity-building, as necessary;", "17. Encourages all States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations study on disarmament and non-proliferation education,[9] in support of achieving a world without nuclear weapons, and to voluntarily share information on efforts they have been undertaking to that end;", "18. Commends and further encourages the constructive role played by civil society in promoting nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and encourages all States to promote, in cooperation with civil society, disarmament and non-proliferation education which, inter alia, contributes to raising public awareness of the tragic consequences of the use of nuclear weapons and strengthens the momentum of international efforts to promote nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation;", "19. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United action towards the total elimination of nuclear weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[3]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I–IV)).", "[4]  2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[5]  Ibid., vol. I, part I.", "[6]  See resolution 50/245.", "[7]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 42 (A/54/42).", "[8]  International Atomic Energy Agency, document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[9]  See A/57/124." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/45. 采取联合行动彻底消除核武器", "大会，", "回顾所有国家均有必要进一步采取切实步骤和有效措施彻底消除核武器，以建立一个和平、安全、无核武器的世界，在这方面确认会员国决心采取联合行动，", "注意到各国在裁军进程中作出努力的最终目标是在严格有效的国际监督下全面彻底裁军，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/72号决议，", "表示深为关切核武器的任何使用会导致灾难性人道主义后果，并重申所有国家在任何时候都应遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法，同时深信应竭尽全力，避免核战争和核恐怖主义，", "重申加强国际和平与安全和促进核裁军是相辅相成的，", "又重申核裁军进一步取得进展有助于巩固国际核不扩散机制，这是国际和平与安全必不可缺的，", "还重申《不扩散核武器条约》[1] 作为国际核不扩散机制的基石以及谋求实现《条约》的三个支柱，即核裁军、核不扩散及和平利用核能的关键基础，具有至关重要的意义，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会的决定和决议[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3] 和2010年审议大会的最后文件，[4]", "欣见2010年5月3日至28日在日本广岛和长崎遭受原子弹轰炸六十五周年之际举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会的成果，并重申必须充分执行审议大会通过的行动计划，[5]", "注意到秘书长于2010年9月24日召开的关于振兴裁军谈判会议的工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议，以及作为高级别会议的后续行动于2011年7月27日至29日举行的大会全体会议，", "欣见《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器措施条约》于2011年2月5日生效，", "又欣见法国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国最近宣布了其核弹头总体储存情况，俄罗斯联邦也通报了其核武库的最新情况，这进一步加强了透明度和增进了互信，", "表示深为关切大规模毁灭性武器特别是核武器的扩散——包括由扩散网造成的扩散——所带来危险的不断增加，", "确认核安全目标以及会员国共同的核裁军、核不扩散与和平利用核能目标的重要意义，欣见2010年4月12日和13日举行的核安全首脑会议，并期盼将于2012年在首尔举行的核安全首脑会议，", "又确认必须执行安全理事会2006年10月14日第1718(2006)号和2009年6月12日第1874(2009)号决议，其中敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国放弃所有核武器和现有核计划并立即停止所有相关活动，对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国声称的铀浓缩计划和轻水反应堆建造表示关切，并声明朝鲜民主主义人民共和国在任何情况下都不能取得《不扩散核武器条约》下的核武器国家地位，", "1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》¹ 的所有缔约国履行《条约》所有条款为其规定的义务的重要性；", "2. 又重申使《不扩散核武器条约》具有普遍性至关重要，并吁请所有尚未成为《条约》缔约国的国家立即无条件地以无核武器国家的身份加入《条约》，并且在加入《条约》前恪守其条款并采取实际步骤支持《条约》；", "3． 还重申核武器国家明确承诺实现彻底消除其核武库，从而最终实现《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国按照其第六条承诺的核裁军；", "4． 吁请核武器国家作出进一步努力，包括通过单边、双边、区域和多边措施，裁减并最终消除业已部署和尚未部署的一切类型核武器；", "5． 强调对核裁军和不扩散进程适用不可逆、可核查和透明原则的重要性；", "6． 确认核裁军和实现无核武器、和平与安全的世界需要公开与合作，申明通过提高透明度和有效核查而增强信任的重要性，强调核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上承诺以促进国际稳定、和平以及不减损和增强安全的方式加快具体推进不扩散核武器条约2000年审议大会最后文件所载实现核裁军的各项步骤至关重要，并吁请核武器国家在2014年向不扩散核武器条约缔约国2015年审议大会筹备委员会报告履行承诺的情况，⁵ 并在这方面，欣见五个核武器国家于2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎举行2010年审议大会第一次后续会议，作为彼此之间的一项透明和建立信任措施；", "7. 欣见俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国正在执行《关于进一步削减和限制进攻性战略武器措施条约》，并鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施，以求进一步裁减其核武库；", "8. 敦促所有尚未签署和批准《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 的国家尽早签署和批准《条约》，以使其早日生效和实现普遍性，强调在《条约》生效前必须维持目前暂停核武器试爆或任何其他核爆炸的做法，并重申必须继续发展《条约》的核查机制，这将是对保证《条约》得到遵守的一项重大贡献；", "9. 再次呼吁立即着手进行关于裂变材料禁产条约的谈判以及尽早缔结该条约，遗憾地注意到谈判尚未展开，并吁请所有核武器国家及尚未参加《不扩散核武器条约》的国家宣布和坚持在禁产条约生效之前暂停生产用于任何核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料；", "10. 吁请核武器国家采取措施，进一步减少意外或未经授权发射核武器的风险，以促进国际稳定与安全，同时对若干核武器国家在这方面已经采取的措施表示欢迎；", "11. 又吁请核武器国家立即进行互动协作，以期进一步降低核武器在所有军事和安全理念、理论和政策中的作用和重要性；", "12. 确认无核武器国家从核武器国家得到明确和有法律约束力的安全保证的正当利益，这有助于加强核不扩散制度，回顾安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议，其中注意到每个核武器国家的单方面声明，并吁请所有核武器国家充分尊重其有关安全保证的现有承诺；", "13. 鼓励酌情在有关区域各国之间自由达成的安排基础上，按照裁军审议委员会1999年指导方针，[7] 建立更多的无核武器区，并确认通过签署和批准载有消极安全保证的相关议定书，核武器国家将对无核武器区的地位单独作出具有法律约束力的承诺，不对此类条约的缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器；", "14. 吁请各国加倍努力防止和制止核武器及其运载工具的扩散，并充分尊重和遵守所承担的坚决放弃核武器的义务；", "15. 强调必须使国际原子能机构各项全面保障监督协定具有普遍性，将尚未通过和执行此种协定的国家纳入其中，同时还大力重申2010年审议大会的后续行动鼓励尚未缔结原子能机构理事会1997年5月15日核准的《各国和国际原子能机构关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本》[8] 并使其生效的国家尽快缔结该协定并使其生效，并强调必须充分执行安全理事会的相关决议，包括2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议；", "16. 鼓励尽一切努力确保所有易流失的核材料和放射性材料的安全，并吁请所有国家作为一个国际共同体开展合作，以推进核安全，同时按需要请求和提供援助，包括能力建设方面的援助；", "17. 鼓励所有各国实施秘书长提交的联合国裁军和不扩散教育问题研究报告[9] 中的建议，以支持实现一个无核武器的世界，并自愿交流各国为此所作努力的相关信息；", "18. 赞扬并进一步鼓励民间社会在促进核不扩散和核裁军方面发挥建设性作用，并鼓励所有国家与民间社会合作，促进裁军和不扩散教育，这除其他外，有助于提高公众对使用核武器的惨重后果的认识，强化促进核裁军和不扩散的国际努力的势头；", "19. 决定将题为“采取联合行动彻底消除核武器”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件》，第一部分(NPT/CONF.1995 /32(Part I))，附件。", "[3] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part.I-IV))。", "[4] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))。", "[5] 同上，第一卷，第一部分。", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见《大会正式记录，第五十四届会议，补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[8] 国际原子能机构，INFCIRC/540号文件(更正本)。", "[9] 见A/57/124。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/45 (英语). 采取联合行动彻底消除核武器", "大会,", "回顾所有国家都需要为彻底消除核武器采取进一步的实际步骤和有效措施,以期实现一个和平、安全、没有核武器的世界,并在这方面确认会员国决心采取联合行动,", "注意到各国在裁军进程中作出努力的最终目标是在严格有效的国际监督下全面彻底裁军,", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/72号决议,", "表示深为关切核武器的任何使用都会给人道主义带来灾难性后果,重申所有国家在任何时候都必须遵守适用的国际法,包括国际人道主义法,并深信应尽一切努力避免核战争和核恐怖主义,", "重申加强国际和平与安全和促进核裁军是相辅相成的,", "又重申核裁军的进一步深入有助于巩固国际核不扩散制度,这是国际和平与安全所必不可少的,", "还重申《不扩散核武器条约》[1] 作为国际核不扩散制度的基石和谋求实现该条约的三大支柱,即核裁军、核不扩散及和平利用核能的必要基础,至关重要,", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会的决定和决议[2] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年[3]和2010年[4] 审议大会的《最后文件》,", "欢迎2010年5月3日至28日在日本广岛和长崎原子弹爆炸六十五周年之际举行的不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会取得圆满成果,并重申需要充分执行审议大会通过的行动计划,[5]", "注意到秘书长2010年9月24日召开的关于振兴裁军谈判会议工作和推进多边裁军谈判的高级别会议和2011年7月27日至29日举行的关于高级别会议后续行动的大会全体会议,", "欢迎《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国关于进一步裁减和限制进攻性战略武器措施的条约》 于2011年2月5日生效,", "又欢迎法国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国最近宣布核弹头总储存情况,并欣见俄罗斯联邦更新了核武库,进一步提高了透明度和增进了相互信任,", "表示深为关切大规模毁灭性武器,包括核武器的扩散所构成的危险日增,包括由扩散网络所造成危险,", "确认核安全目标以及会员国核裁军、核不扩散及和平利用核能等共同目标的重要性,欢迎2010年4月12日和13日举行的核安全首脑会议,并期待着2012年在首尔举行的核安全首脑会议,", "又认识到必须执行安全理事会2006年10月14日第1718(2006)号和2009年6月12日第1874(2009)号决议,其中敦促朝鲜民主主义人民共和国放弃其所有核武器和现有核计划并立即停止一切相关活动,对朝鲜民主主义人民共和国声称的铀浓缩方案和轻水反应堆建造表示关切,并宣布朝鲜民主主义人民共和国在任何情况下都不能享有《不扩散核武器条约》规定的核武器国家地位,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申《不扩散核武器条约》1 所有缔约国必须履行条约所有条款所规定的义务;", "2. 联合国 2. 又重申普遍加入《不扩散核武器条约》至关重要,并吁请所有尚未成为《条约》缔约国的国家以无核武器国家的身份迅速无条件地加入《条约》,在加入《条约》之前,遵守其条款并采取实际步骤支持《条约》;", "3个 2. 还重申核武器国家明确承诺彻底消除其核武库,以实现核裁军,《不扩散核武器条约》所有缔约国都根据该条约第六条对此作出承诺;", " 4.四. 要求核武器 1. 各国进一步努力,包括通过单边、双边、区域和多边措施,减少并最终消除已部署和未部署的所有类型核武器;", "5 (韩语). 1. 强调对核裁军和不扩散进程适用不可逆转、可核查和透明原则的重要性;", "6. 国家 1. 确认核裁军和实现无核武器世界的和平与安全需要开放与合作,申明必须通过提高透明度和有效核查来增强信任,强调核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上承诺加快在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会《最后文件》 所载实现核裁军的步骤方面取得具体进展的重要性,为此欢迎五个核武器国家于2011年6月30日和7月1日在巴黎召开2010年审议大会第一次后续会议,以此作为相互间的透明度和建立信任措施;", "7. 联合国 4. 欢迎俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国正在落实《进一步裁减和限制进攻性战略武器措施条约》,并鼓励两国继续讨论后续措施,以进一步削减其核武库;", "8. 联合国 敦促所有尚未签署和批准《全面禁止核试验条约》[6] 的国家尽早签署和批准该条约,使该条约早日生效并实现普遍性,强调必须在该条约生效之前继续暂停核武器试爆或任何其他核爆炸,并重申必须继续发展条约核查制度,这将大大有助于保证条约得到遵守;", "9. 国家 3. 再次呼吁立即就裂变材料禁产条约展开谈判并早日缔结该条约,对谈判尚未开始表示遗憾,并吁请所有核武器国家和尚未加入《不扩散核武器条约》的国家宣布并维持在该条约生效之前暂停生产用于任何核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料;", "10个 4. 吁请核武器国家采取措施,进一步减少意外或未经授权发射核武器的风险,以促进国际稳定与安全,同时欢迎若干核武器国家已在这方面采取措施;", "11个 2. 又吁请核武器国家迅速进行接触,以进一步降低核武器在所有军事和安全概念、理论和政策中的作用和重要性;", "12个 4. 确认无核武器国家有正当利益从核武器国家得到明确而有法律约束力的安全保证,从而加强核不扩散制度,回顾安全理事会1995年4月11日第984(1995)号决议,注意到每个核武器国家的单方面声明,并吁请所有核武器国家充分遵守它们关于安全保证的现有承诺;", "13个 4. 鼓励有关区域各国根据1999年裁军审议委员会的指导方针,酌情进一步建立无核武器区,[7] 并确认核武器国家通过签署和批准载有消极安全保证的有关议定书,将分别就无核武器区的地位作出具有法律约束力的承诺,不对这些条约的缔约国使用或威胁使用核武器;", "14个 1. 吁请所有国家加倍努力防止和制止核武器及其运载工具的扩散,并充分尊重和遵守承诺放弃核武器的义务;", "15个 3. 强调必须使国际原子能机构的全面保障监督协定具有普遍性,将尚未通过和执行此种协定的国家包括在内,并大力重申2010年审议大会的后续行动,即鼓励所有尚未缔结原子能机构理事会1997年5月15日核可的《各国同国际原子能机构关于实施保障监督的协定的附加议定书范本》[8]并充分执行安全理事会各项有关决议,包括2004年4月28日第1540(2004)号决议;", "16号. 6. 鼓励尽一切努力保障所有脆弱的核材料和放射性材料的安全,并吁请所有国家作为一个国际社会开展合作,促进核安全,同时视需要请求和提供援助,包括能力建设领域的援助;", "17岁。 1. 鼓励所有国家执行秘书长关于联合国裁军和不扩散教育问题研究报告[9] 中的建议,支持建立一个无核武器世界,并自愿分享关于它们为此目的所作出努力的信息;", "18岁。 3. 赞扬并又鼓励民间社会在促进核不扩散和核裁军方面发挥建设性作用,并鼓励各国同民间社会合作,促进裁军和不扩散教育,除其他外,这种教育有助于提高公众对使用核武器的悲惨后果的认识并增强促进核裁军和不扩散的国际努力的势头;", " 19. 19. 6. 决定将题为“采取联合行动彻底消除核武器”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[2] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件。", "[3] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Parts I-IV))。", "[4] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,《最后文件》,第2卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I-III))。", "[5] 同上,第一卷。 页:1", "[6] 见第50/245号决议。", "[7] 见《大会正式记录,第五十四届会议,补编第42号》(A/54/42)。", "[8] 国际原子能机构,INFCIRC/540号文件(已更正)。", "[9] 见A/57/124。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/46. Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 49/75 K of 15 December 1994, 51/45 M of 10 December 1996, 52/38 O of 9 December 1997, 53/77 W of 4 December 1998, 54/54 Q of 1 December 1999, 55/33 X of 20 November 2000, 56/24 S of 29 November 2001, 57/85 of 22 November 2002, 58/46 of 8 December 2003, 59/83 of 3 December 2004, 60/76 of 8 December 2005, 61/83 of 6 December 2006, 62/39 of 5 December 2007, 63/49 of 2 December 2008, 64/55 of 2 December 2009 and 65/76 of 8 December 2010,", "Convinced that the continuing existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to humanity and all life on Earth, and recognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced again,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the realization of the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world through the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful of the solemn obligations of States parties, undertaken in article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[1] particularly to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament,", "Recalling the principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament adopted at the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[2] the unequivocal commitment of nuclear-weapon States to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, agreed at the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[3] and the action points agreed at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as part of the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions on nuclear disarmament,[4]", "Sharing the deep concern at the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons, and in this context reaffirming the need for all States at all times to comply with applicable international law, including international humanitarian law,", "Calling upon all nuclear-weapon States to undertake concrete disarmament efforts, and stressing that all States need to make special efforts to achieve and maintain a world without nuclear weapons,", "Noting the five-point proposal for nuclear disarmament of the Secretary-General,[5] in which he proposes, inter alia, the consideration of negotiations on a nuclear weapons convention or agreement on a framework of separate mutually reinforcing instruments, backed by a strong system of verification,", "Recalling the adoption of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in its resolution 50/245 of 10 September 1996, and expressing its satisfaction at the increasing number of States that have signed and ratified the Treaty,", "Recognizing with satisfaction that the Antarctic Treaty,[6] the treaties of Tlatelolco,[7] Rarotonga,[8] Bangkok[9] and Pelindaba[10] and the Treaty on a Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia, as well as Mongolia’s nuclear-weapon-free status, are gradually freeing the entire southern hemisphere and adjacent areas covered by those treaties from nuclear weapons,", "Recognizing the need for a multilaterally negotiated and legally binding instrument to assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the threat or use of nuclear weapons pending the total elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reaffirming the central role of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral disarmament negotiating forum,", "Emphasizing the need for the Conference on Disarmament to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons with a specified framework of time,", "Stressing the urgent need for the nuclear-weapon States to accelerate concrete progress on the thirteen practical steps to implement article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons leading to nuclear disarmament, contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference,³", "Taking note of the Model Nuclear Weapons Convention that was submitted to the Secretary-General by Costa Rica and Malaysia in 2007 and circulated by the Secretary-General,[11]", "Desiring to achieve the objective of a legally binding prohibition of the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, threat or use of nuclear weapons and their destruction under effective international control,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[12]", "1. Underlines once again the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control;", "2. Calls once again upon all States immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination;", "3. Requests all States to inform the Secretary-General of the efforts and measures they have taken with respect to the implementation of the present resolution and nuclear disarmament, and requests the Secretary-General to apprise the General Assembly of that information at its sixty-seventh session;", "4. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[2]  1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex, decision 2.", "[3]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[4]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)), vol. I, part I.", "[5]  Available from www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point.", "[6]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 402, No. 5778.", "[7]  Ibid., vol. 634, No. 9068.", "[8]  See The United Nations Disarmament Yearbook, vol. 10: 1985 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IX.7), appendix VII.", "[9]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[10]  A/50/426, annex.", "[11]  See A/62/650, annex.", "[12]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/46. 国际法院关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75K号、1996年12月10日第51/45M号、1997年12月9日第52/38 O号、1998年12月4日第53/77W号、1999年12月1日第54/54Q号、2000年11月20日第55/33X号、2001年11月29日第56/24S号、2002年11月22日第57/85号、2003年12月8日第58/46号、2004年12月3日第59/83号、2005年12月8日第60/76号、2006年12月6日第61/83号、2007年12月5日第62/39号、2008年12月2日第63/49号、2009年12月2日第64/55号和2010年12月8日第65/76号决议，", "深信核武器的继续存在对人类和地球上的所有生命构成威胁，认识到防止核灾难的唯一办法就是彻底消除核武器并确保永远不再生产核武器，", "重申国际社会承诺通过彻底消除核武器实现无核武器世界的目标，", "念及在《不扩散核武器条约》[1] 第六条中，缔约国庄严承担义务，特别是就早日停止核军备竞赛和核裁军的有效措施真诚地进行谈判，", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标、[2] 核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会上商定的关于完成彻底消除其核武库从而实现核裁军的坚定承诺[3] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会上商定的作为关于核裁军的结论和后续行动建议的一部分的行动要点，[4]", "同样深为关切核武器的任何使用可能造成的灾难性人道主义后果，并在这方面重申各国在任何时候都必须遵守适用的国际法，包括国际人道主义法，", "吁请所有核武器国家作出具体裁军努力，并强调各国有必要作出特别努力，以实现和维护一个没有核武器的世界，", "注意到联合国秘书长关于核裁军的五点建议，[5] 其中除其他外，提议考虑谈判一项核武器公约，或者就一个由若干互相独立而又相辅相成的文书组成的框架达成协议，并配以强有力的核查制度，", "回顾大会1996年9月10日第50/245号决议通过《全面禁止核试验条约》，并对已签署和批准该《条约》的国家日益增多感到满意，", "满意地确认《南极条约》、[6] 《特拉特洛尔科条约》、[7] 《拉罗通加条约》、[8] 《曼谷条约》、[9]《佩林达巴条约》[10] 和《中亚无核武器区条约》及蒙古的无核武器地位使整个南半球和这些条约所涉邻近地区逐步成为无核武器区，", "确认有必要经多边谈判达成具有法律约束力的文书，以确保在彻底消除核武器之前不对无核武器国家以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器，", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的中心作用，", "强调裁军谈判会议有必要就在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案展开谈判，", "着重指出核武器国家迫切需要在落实2000年审议大会《最后文件》所载执行《不扩散核武器条约》第六条的十三个实际步骤³ 以期实现核裁军方面加速取得具体进展，", "表示注意到哥斯达黎加和马来西亚于2007年提交秘书长并且已由秘书长分发的《核武器示范公约》，[11]", "希望实现以具有法律约束力的方式禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存核武器以及禁止以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并在有效国际监督下销毁核武器的目标，", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见，[12]", "1. 再次强调国际法院的一致结论，即各国有义务真诚地开展和完成在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面核裁军的谈判；", "2. 再次吁请所有国家立即履行上述义务，开展多边谈判，以求早日缔结一项禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存、转让核武器以及以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并规定消除此种武器的核武器公约；", "3. 请所有国家将其为执行本决议和进行核裁军所作的努力和采取的措施通知秘书长，并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议通报这些情况；", "4. 决定将题为“国际法院关于‘以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性’的咨询意见的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[2] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I))，附件，决定2。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第八至十二段”的一节，第15段。", "[4] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I-III))，第一卷，第一部分。", "[5] 可查阅 www.un.org/disarmament/WMD/Nuclear/sg5point。", "[6] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第402卷，第5778号。", "[7] 同上，第634卷，第9068号。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》，第10卷：1985年(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.86.IX.7)，附录七。", "[9] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[10] A/50/426，附件。", "[11] 见A/62/650，附件。", "[12] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/46. 国际法院关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见的后续行动", "大会,", "回顾其1994年12月15日第49/75 K号、1996年12月10日第51/45 M号、1997年12月9日第52/38 O号、1998年12月4日第53/77 W号、1999年12月1日第54/54 Q号、2000年11月20日第55/33 X号、2001年11月29日第56/24 S号、2002年11月22日第57/85号、2003年12月8日第58/46号、2004年12月3日第59/83号、2005年12月8日第60/76号、2006年12月6日第61/83号、2007年12月5日第62/39号、2008年12月2日第63/49号、2009年12月2日第64/55号和2010年12月8日第65/76号决议,", "深信核武器的继续存在对人类和地球上的所有生命构成威胁,并承认防止核灾难的唯一办法就是彻底消除核武器并确保永远不再生产核武器,", "重申国际社会承诺通过彻底消除核武器实现建立一个无核武器世界的目标,", "注意到缔约国在《不扩散核武器条约》 第六条中庄严承担义务,特别是就早日停止核军备竞赛和核裁军的有效措施真诚地进行谈判,", "回顾不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的核不扩散和核裁军的原则和目标,[2] 核武器国家明确承诺实现彻底消除其核武库以实现核裁军,这是不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会商定的,[3] 以及不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会商定的作为核裁军后续行动结论和建议一部分的行动要点,[4]", "也深切关注核武器的任何使用都会给人道主义带来灾难性后果,并在这方面重申所有国家在任何时候都需要遵守适用的国际法,包括国际人道主义法,", "呼吁所有核武器 各国将作出具体的裁军努力,并着重指出所有国家需要作出特别努力来建立并维持一个无核武器世界,", "注意到秘书长就核裁军提出的五点建议,[五] 其中除其他外,提议考虑就一项核武器公约进行谈判,或就由相互加强的单独文书组成的框架达成协议,并辅之以一个强有力的核查制度,", "回顾其1996年9月10日第50/245号决议通过《全面禁止核试验条约》,并表示满意已签署和批准该条约的国家日益增多,", "满意地认识到《南极条约》、[6]《特拉特洛尔科条约》、[7]《拉罗通加条约》、[8]《曼谷条约》[9]和《佩林达巴条约》[10] 和《中亚无核武器区条约》 以及蒙古的无核武器地位使整个南半球和这些条约所涉邻近地区逐步成为无核武器区,", "认识到有必要经多边谈判达成具有法律约束力的文书,以确保在彻底消除核武器之前不对无核武器国家进行核武器威胁或使用核武器,", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的中心作用,", "强调裁军谈判会议需要就在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案展开谈判,", "强调核武器国家迫切需要在2000年审议大会《最后文件》3 所载执行《不扩散核武器条约》第六条的十三个实际步骤 以实现核裁军方面加速取得具体进展,", "注意到哥斯达黎加和马来西亚于2007年提交秘书长并由秘书长分发的《核武器示范公约》,[11]", "希望实现具有法律约束力的禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存核武器以及以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并在有效国际监督下销毁核武器的目标,", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见,[12]", "1. 联合国 1. 再次强调国际法院的一致结论,即各国有义务真诚地进行和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下进行所有方面的核裁军的谈判;", "2. 联合国 2. 再次吁请所有国家立即履行上述义务,进行多边谈判,以求早日缔结一项禁止发展、生产、试验、部署、储存、转让核武器以及以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器并规定消除此种武器的公约;", "3个 5. 请所有国家将其为执行本决议和进行核裁军所作的努力和采取的措施通知秘书长,并请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议通报这些资料;", " 4.四. 6. 决定将题为“国际法院关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见的后续行动”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[2] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件,决定2。", "[3] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节,第2段。 15个", "[4] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 (NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I-III)),第一卷。 页:1", "[5] 可在www.un.org/disarmament/WIR/Nuclear/sg5point查阅。", "[6] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第402卷,第5778号。", "[7] 同上,第634卷,第9068号。", "[8] 见《联合国裁军年鉴》,第10卷:1985年(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.86.IX.7),附录七。", "[9] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1981卷,第33873号。", "[10] A/50/426,附件。", "[11] 见A/62/650,附件。", "[12] A/51/218,附件;又见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性,咨询意见,1996年国际法院案例汇编》,第226页。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/47. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/64 of 8 December 2010, as well as all previous resolutions entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”, including resolution 56/24 V of 24 December 2001,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[1]", "Welcoming the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Programme of Action, and recognizing its important contribution to international efforts on this matter,", "Emphasizing the importance of the continued and full implementation of the International Instrument to Enable States to Identify and Trace, in a Timely and Reliable Manner, Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons (the International Tracing Instrument),[2]", "Recalling the commitment of States to the Programme of Action as the main framework for measures within the activities of the international community to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects,", "Underlining the need for States to enhance their efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action and the International Tracing Instrument,", "Welcoming the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 13 May 2011,", "Welcoming also the early designation of Nigeria as the Chair of the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, to be held in 2012, and of its preparatory committee,", "Stressing the importance of voluntary national reporting to follow up on the Programme of Action as a means of assessing overall implementation efforts, including implementation challenges and opportunities, and which could greatly facilitate the rendering of international cooperation and assistance to affected States,", "Noting that tools developed by the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat, including the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, and those developed by Member States could be used to assess progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Welcoming the coordinated efforts within the United Nations to implement the Programme of Action, including by developing the Programme of Action Implementation Support System, which forms an integrated clearing house for international cooperation and assistance for capacity-building in the area of small arms and light weapons,", "Taking into account the importance of regional approaches to the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Noting with satisfaction regional and subregional efforts being undertaken in support of the implementation of the Programme of Action, and commending the progress that has already been made in this regard, including tackling both supply and demand factors that are relevant to addressing the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons,", "Reiterating that illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons is a serious problem that the international community should address urgently,", "Recognizing the efforts undertaken by non-governmental organizations in the provision of assistance to States for the implementation of the Programme of Action,", "Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General,[3] which includes an overview of the implementation of resolution 65/64,", "1. Underlines the fact that the issue of the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects requires concerted efforts at the national, regional and international levels to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and light weapons, and that their uncontrolled spread in many regions of the world has a wide range of humanitarian and socio‑economic consequences and poses a serious threat to peace, reconciliation, safety, security, stability and sustainable development at the individual, local, national, regional and international levels;", "2. Encourages all initiatives, including those of the United Nations, other international organizations, regional and subregional organizations, non‑governmental organizations and civil society, for the successful implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,¹ and calls upon all Member States to contribute towards the continued implementation of the Programme of Action at the national, regional and global levels;", "3. Encourages States to implement the recommendations contained in the report of the Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to resolution 60/81 to consider further steps to enhance international cooperation in preventing, combating and eradicating illicit brokering in small arms and light weapons;[4]", "4. Recalls its endorsement of the report adopted at the fourth biennial meeting of States to consider the implementation of the Programme of Action,[5] and encourages all States to implement, as appropriate, the measures highlighted in the section of the report entitled “The way forward”;", "5. Endorses the report adopted at the Open-ended Meeting of Governmental Experts on the Implementation of the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects,[6] and takes note with appreciation of the Chair’s summary of discussions,[7] prepared under his own responsibility, reflecting his interpretation of the main points under discussion;", "6. Decides that, pursuant to resolution 65/64, the second conference to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action will be held in New York, from 27 August to 7 September 2012;", "7. Also decides that the preparatory committee for the review conference will be convened in New York, from 19 to 23 March 2012;", "8. Encourages all efforts to build national capacity for the effective implementation of the Programme of Action, including those highlighted in the report of the fourth biennial meeting of States, and, inter alia, through the strengthening of national coordination agencies or bodies and institutional infrastructure;", "9. Encourages States to submit, on a voluntary basis, national reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action,[8] notes that States will submit national reports on their implementation of the International Tracing Instrument,[9] in advance of the convening of the preparatory committee but, to the extent possible, by the end of 2011, and encourages those States in a position to do so to use the reporting template made available by the Office for Disarmament Affairs[10] and to include therein information, as appropriate, on progress made in the implementation of the measures highlighted in the reports of the third and fourth biennial meetings of States;", "10. Also encourages States, on a voluntary basis, to make increasing use of their national reports as another tool for communicating assistance needs and information on the resources and mechanisms available to address such needs, and encourages States in a position to render such assistance to make use of these national reports;", "11. Encourages States, relevant international and regional organizations and civil society with the capacity to do so to cooperate with and assist other States, upon request, in the preparation of comprehensive reports on their implementation of the Programme of Action;", "12. Calls upon all States to implement the International Tracing Instrument by, inter alia, including in their national reports the name and contact information of the national points of contact and information on national marking practices used to indicate country of manufacture and/or country of import, as applicable;", "13. Recognizes the urgent need to maintain and enhance national controls, in accordance with the Programme of Action, to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their diversion to unauthorized recipients, taking into account, inter alia, their adverse humanitarian and socio-economic consequences on the affected States;", "14. Invites States, at the second review conference, to review progress made in the implementation of the Programme of Action, and, subject to the agenda of the conference to be agreed by the preparatory committee, encourages them to explore ways to strengthen its implementation, including consideration of the possibility of convening a further open-ended meeting of governmental experts;", "15. Encourages States in a position to do so to provide financial assistance, through a voluntary sponsorship fund, that could be distributed, upon request, to States otherwise unable to participate in meetings on the Programme of Action;", "16. Encourages interested States and relevant international and regional organizations in a position to do so to convene regional meetings to consider and advance the implementation of the Programme of Action, as well as the International Tracing Instrument, in preparation for the meetings on the Programme of Action;", "17. Emphasizes the fact that initiatives by the international community with respect to international cooperation and assistance remain essential and complementary to national implementation efforts, as well as to those at the regional and global levels;", "18. Encourages States to consider ways to enhance cooperation and assistance and to assess their effectiveness in order to ensure the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "19. Recognizes the necessity for interested States to develop effective coordination mechanisms, where they do not exist, in order to match the needs of States with existing resources to enhance the implementation of the Programme of Action and to make international cooperation and assistance more effective, and in this regard encourages States to make use, as appropriate, of the Programme of Action Implementation Support System;", "20. Encourages States to consider, among other mechanisms, the coherent identification of needs, priorities, national plans and programmes that may require international cooperation and assistance from States and regional and international organizations in a position to do so;", "21. Encourages civil society and relevant organizations to strengthen their cooperation and work with States at the respective national and regional levels to achieve the implementation of the Programme of Action;", "22. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session on the implementation of the present resolution;", "23. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons in all its aspects”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV, para. 24.", "[2]  A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex; see also decision 60/519.", "[3]  A/66/177.", "[4]  See A/62/163 and Corr.1.", "[5]  See A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3, sect. IV, para. 23.", "[6]  A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1.", "[7]  A/66/157, annex.", "[8]  See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects, New York, 9–20 July 2001 (A/CONF.192/15), chap. IV (sect. II, para. 33, of the quoted text).", "[9]  See A/60/88 and Corr.2, annex, para. 36.", "[10]  Available from www.poa-iss.org/reporting." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/47. 小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/64号决议及以往所有题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的决议，包括2001年12月24日第56/24V号决议，", "强调必须继续全面执行联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会通过的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》，[1]", "欢迎《行动纲领》通过十周年，并确认它对这方面国际努力的重大贡献，", "强调必须继续全面执行《使各国能够及时和可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》(《国际追查文书》)，[2]", "回顾各国承诺将《行动纲领》视为在国际社会活动中采取措施从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的主要框架，", "着重指出各国需要加强努力，建设本国有效执行《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的能力，", "欣见2011年5月9日至13日在纽约举行的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议，", "又欣见及早指定尼日利亚为2012年举行的审议《行动纲领》执行进度第二次大会及其筹备委员会主席，", "强调有必要自愿提交关于《行动纲领》落实情况的国家报告，以便评估总体执行工作，包括执行方面的挑战和机遇，这可以大大促进向受影响的国家提供国际合作和援助，", "注意到秘书处裁军事务厅开发的工具，包括行动纲领执行支助系统，以及会员国开发的工具，可用于评估《行动纲领》的执行进展情况，", "欣见联合国为执行《行动纲领》而进行的协调努力，包括开发行动纲领执行支助系统，作为推动在小武器和轻武器领域能力建设方面进行国际合作与援助的综合信息中心，", "考虑到在执行《行动纲领》时采取区域性做法的重要性，", "满意地注意到为支持执行《行动纲领》正在进行的区域和次区域努力，并赞赏这方面已经取得的进展，包括在处理与小武器和轻武器非法贸易有关的供求因素方面取得的进展，", "再次申明小武器和轻武器非法中介活动是国际社会应紧急处理的一个严重问题，", "确认非政府组织在协助各国执行《行动纲领》方面作出的努力，", "表示注意到秘书长的报告，[3] 其中综述了第65/64号决议的执行情况，", "1. 着重指出，要解决小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题，就要在国家、区域和国际各级作出协调一致的努力来防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法制造、转让和流通，而小武器和轻武器在世界许多地区的肆意扩散产生多种人道主义和社会经济后果，在个人、地方、国家、区域和国际各级对和平、和解、安全、安保、稳定和可持续发展构成严重威胁；", "2. 鼓励旨在成功执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》¹ 的所有举措，包括联合国、其他国际组织、区域和次区域组织、非政府组织和民间社会的举措，并吁请所有会员国为继续在国家、区域和全球各级执行《行动纲领》作出贡献；", "3. 鼓励各国执行第60/81号决议所设审议在防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法中介活动方面加强国际合作的进一步步骤政府专家组报告中的建议；[4]", "4. 回顾其认可各国审议行动纲领执行情况的第四次双年度会议通过的报告，[5] 并鼓励所有国家酌情执行报告中题为“今后方针”的一节中重点提出的措施；", "5. 认可《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议通过的报告，[6] 并赞赏地注意到主席根据其职责编写的反映其对讨论要点的诠释的讨论摘要；[7]", "6. 决定，根据第65/64号决议，审议《行动纲领》执行进度第二次大会将于2012年8月27日至9月7日在纽约举行；", "7. 又决定，审议大会筹备委员会将于2012年3月19日至23日在纽约举行会议；", "8. 鼓励为建设有效执行《行动纲领》的国家能力而开展一切努力，包括各国第四次双年度会议报告重点提及的努力，包括加强国家协调机构或机关及体制基础设施；", "9. 鼓励各国在自愿基础上提交关于《行动纲领》执行情况的国家报告，[8] 注意到各国将在筹备委员会会议前并尽可能在2011年年底前提交关于《国际追查文书》执行情况的国家报告，[9] 并鼓励有能力采用裁军事务厅提供的报告模板[10] 的国家采用该报告模板，酌情在其中提供资料，说明执行各国第三次和第四次双年度会议报告重点提及的措施的进展情况；", "10. 又鼓励各国在自愿基础上更多地利用国家报告，将其作为另一项工具来交流援助需求以及可用来满足这类需求的资源和机制的信息，并鼓励有能力提供这类援助的国家利用这些国家报告；", "11. 鼓励有能力的国家、相关国际和区域组织以及民间社会应其他国家要求，与它们合作，协助它们编写关于《行动纲领》执行情况的综合报告；", "12. 吁请所有国家执行《国际追查文书》，具体做法包括在国家报告中提供本国联系机构的名称和联系资料，并在适用情况下提供关于本国用来表明生产国和(或)进口国的标识做法的资料；", "13. 确认，鉴于除其他以外小武器和轻武器对受影响国家造成的不良人道主义和社会经济后果，迫切需要根据《行动纲领》维护和加强国家管制，以防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法贸易，包括将这些武器转给未经授权的接受方；", "14. 邀请各国在第二次审查大会上审议《行动纲领》的执行进展情况，并按照筹备委员会拟商定的会议议程，鼓励各国探索如何加强执行工作，包括考虑是否有可能再召开一次不限成员名额政府专家会议；", "15. 鼓励有能力的国家通过一个可应请求发放的自愿赞助基金，向原本无法出席关于《行动纲领》的会议的国家提供财政援助；", "16. 鼓励有能力的有关国家及相关国际和区域组织召开区域会议，审议和推动《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的执行工作，为关于《行动纲领》的会议做准备；", "17. 强调国际社会在国际合作和援助方面采取的举措仍然至关重要，而且是对各国以及区域和全球各级执行工作的补充；", "18. 鼓励各国考虑如何加强合作和援助并评估其效力，以确保《行动纲领》的执行；", "19. 确认尚无有效协调机制的有关国家有必要建立这一机制，以便将各国的需求同现有资源相匹配，从而加强《行动纲领》的执行，使国际合作和援助更加有效，并在这方面鼓励各国酌情使用行动纲领执行支助系统；", "20. 鼓励各国除其他机制外，考虑连贯一致地确定有哪些需求、优先事项、国家计划和方案需要由有能力的国家及区域和国际组织提供国际合作和援助；", "21. 鼓励民间社会和相关组织加强合作，在国家和区域两级同各国一起促进《行动纲领》的执行；", "22. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "23. 决定将题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章，第24段。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2，附件；另见第60/519号决定。", "[3] A/66/177。", "[4] 见A/62/163和Corr.1。", "[5] 见A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3，第四节，第23段。", "[6] A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1。", "[7] A/66/157，附件。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告，2001年7月9日至20日，纽约》(A/CONF.192/15)，第四章(引文第二节，第33段)。", "[9] 见A/60/88和Corr.2，附件，第36段。", "[10] 可查阅http://www.poa-iss.org/reporting。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/47 (英语). 小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题", "大会,", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/64号决议以及以往所有题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的决议,包括2001年12月24日第56/24 V号决议,", "强调必须继续全面执行联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会通过的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》,[1]", "欢迎《行动纲领》通过十周年并承认《行动纲领》对这方面的国际努力的重要贡献,", "强调必须继续全面执行《使各国能及时可靠地识别和追查非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书》(《国际追查文书》),[2]", "回顾各国对《行动纲领》的承诺,该《行动纲领》是国际社会从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的活动所采取措施的主要框架,", "强调各国需要加强努力,建设有效执行《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的国家能力,", "欢迎2011年5月9日至13日在纽约举行的《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》执行情况不限成员名额政府专家会议,", "又欢迎及早指定尼日利亚为定于2012年举行的审查《行动纲领》执行进度第二次会议及其筹备委员会的主席,", "强调必须自愿提交国家报告以就《行动纲领》采取后续行动,以此作为评估总体执行工作的手段,包括评估执行方面的挑战和机会,这可大大便利向受影响国家提供国际合作和援助,", "注意到秘书处裁军事务厅所开发的工具,包括《行动纲领》执行支助系统,以及会员国所开发的工具,可以用来评估《行动纲领》的执行进展情况,", "欢迎联合国内部为执行《行动纲领》所作的协调努力,包括建立《行动纲领》执行支助系统,该系统是小武器和轻武器领域能力建设国际合作和援助的综合信息中心,", "考虑到采取区域办法执行《行动纲领》的重要性,", "满意地注意到为支持执行《行动纲领》正在作出的区域和次区域努力,并称赞这方面取得的进展,包括处理与小武器和轻武器非法贸易有关的供求因素,", "重申小武器和轻武器非法中介活动是国际社会应紧急处理的严重问题,", "确认非政府组织为协助各国执行《行动纲领》而作的努力,", "注意到秘书长的报告,[3] 其中载有第65/64号决议执行情况的概览,", "1. 联合国 3. 强调小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题需要在国家、区域和国际各级作出协调一致的努力来防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法制造、转让和流通,而小武器和轻武器在世界许多地区无节制地扩散,会产生广泛的人道主义和社会经济后果,并对个人、地方、国家、区域和国际各级的和平、和解、安全、安保、稳定和可持续发展构成严重威胁;", "2. 联合国 5. 鼓励为成功执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》1 而采取的所有举措,包括联合国、其他国际组织、区域和次区域组织、非政府组织和民间社会的举措,并吁请所有会员国为在国家、区域和全球各级继续执行《行动纲领》作出贡献;", "3个 2. 鼓励各国执行第60/81号决议所设审议在防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法经纪活动方面加强国际合作的进一步步骤政府专家组的报告所载建议;[4]", " 4.四. 1. 回顾其赞同第四次各国审议《行动纲领》执行情况两年期会议通过的报告,[5] 并鼓励各国酌情执行报告题为“前进道路”的一节所强调措施;", "5 (韩语). 1. 赞同执行《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》不限成员名额政府专家会议通过的报告,[6]并赞赏地注意到主席自己负责编写的讨论摘要,[7] 反映了他对所讨论要点的解释;", "6. 国家 2. 决定根据第65/64号决议,审查《行动纲领》执行进展情况的第二次会议将于2012年8月27日至9月7日在纽约举行;", "7. 联合国 2. 又决定审议大会筹备委员会于2012年3月19日至23日在纽约举行;", "8. 联合国 6. 鼓励为建设有效执行《行动纲领》的国家能力而作的一切努力,包括第四次两年期国家会议的报告所强调努力,并除其他外,加强国家协调机构或机关和机构基础设施;", "9. 国家 4. 鼓励各国在自愿的基础上提交关于《行动纲领》执行情况的国家报告,[8] 注意到各国将在筹备委员会开会前就《国际追查文书》执行情况提交国家报告,[9] 并尽可能在2011年底前提交,鼓励有能力的国家使用裁军事务厅提供的报告模板,[10] 并酌情在其中提供各国第三次和第四次两年期会议的报告所着重指出措施的执行进展情况;", "10个 7. 又鼓励各国在自愿的基础上更多地利用国家报告,将其作为另一个工具来交流援助需要和关于满足这些需要的现有资源和机制的信息,并鼓励有能力提供这种援助的国家利用这些国家报告;", "11个 4. 鼓励有能力的国家、相关国际和区域组织以及民间社会与其他国家合作,并应请求协助其他国家编写关于其执行《行动纲领》情况的综合报告;", "12个 4. 吁请所有国家执行《国际追查文书》,除其他外,在其国家报告中列入国家联络点的名称和联系信息,并酌情提供用于表明生产国和(或)进口国的国家标识做法的信息;", "13个 4. 确认迫切需要根据《行动纲领》维持和加强国家管制,以预防、打击和消除小武器和轻武器的非法贸易,包括将其转用于未经授权的接受者手中,同时考虑到这些武器对受影响国家造成的不利的人道主义和社会经济后果;", "14. 邀请各国在第二次审查会议上审查《行动纲领》的执行进展情况,并在不违反由筹备委员会商定的会议议程的情况下,鼓励各国探讨如何加强《行动纲领》的执行,包括审议是否可能再召开一次不限成员名额的政府专家会议;", "15个 6. 鼓励有能力的国家通过自愿赞助基金提供财政援助,应请求向因故无法参加《行动纲领》会议的国家提供;", "16号. 5. 鼓励有能力的有关国家和相关国际和区域组织召开区域会议,审议并推进《行动纲领》和《国际追查文书》的执行,以筹备关于《行动纲领》的会议;", "17岁。 4. 强调国际社会在国际合作和援助方面采取的主动行动仍然至关重要,并补充了各国的执行工作以及区域和全球各级的行动;", "18岁。 5. 鼓励各国考虑如何加强合作和援助并评估其效力,以确保《行动纲领》得到实施;", " 19. 19. 7. 确认有关国家需要建立有效的协调机制,如果不存在这种机制,则应建立这种机制,使各国的需求与现有资源相匹配,以加强《行动纲领》的执行并更有效地开展国际合作和援助,并在这方面鼓励各国酌情利用《行动纲领》执行支助系统;", "20号. 5. 鼓励各国除其他机制外,考虑连贯一致地确定可能需要有能力的国家及区域和国际组织提供国际合作和援助的需要、优先事项、国家计划和方案;", "21岁 4. 鼓励民间社会和相关组织加强它们同各国在国家和区域各级的合作和工作,以落实《行动纲领》;", "22号. 9. 请秘书长就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "23. 联合国 9. 决定将题为“小武器和轻武器非法贸易的各方面问题”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告,2001年7月9日至20日,纽约》(A/CONF.192/15),第四章,第24段。", "[2] A/60/88和Corr.2,附件;又见第60/519号决定。", "[3] A/66/177。", "[4] 见A/62/163和Corr.1。", "[5] 见A/CONF.192/BMS/2010/3,第三节。 页:1", "[6] A/CONF.192/MGE/2011/1。", "[7] A/66/157,附件。", "[8] 见《联合国小武器和轻武器非法贸易各方面问题大会的报告,2001年7月9日至20日,纽约》(A/CONF.192/15),第四章(引文第二节,第33段)。", "[9] 见A/60/88和Corr.2,附件,第24段。 36. (中文(简体) ).", "[10] 可查阅www.poa-iss.org/reporting。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/48. Reducing nuclear danger", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind that the use of nuclear weapons poses the most serious threat to mankind and to the survival of civilization,", "Reaffirming that any use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would constitute a violation of the Charter of the United Nations,", "Convinced that the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects would seriously enhance the danger of nuclear war,", "Convinced also that nuclear disarmament and the complete elimination of nuclear weapons are essential to remove the danger of nuclear war,", "Considering that, until nuclear weapons cease to exist, it is imperative on the part of the nuclear-weapon States to adopt measures that assure non-nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons,", "Considering also that the hair-trigger alert of nuclear weapons carries unacceptable risks of unintentional or accidental use of nuclear weapons, which would have catastrophic consequences for all mankind,", "Emphasizing the need to adopt measures to avoid accidental, unauthorized or unexplained incidents arising from computer anomaly or other technical malfunctions,", "Conscious that limited steps relating to de-alerting and de-targeting have been taken by the nuclear-weapon States and that further practical, realistic and mutually reinforcing steps are necessary to contribute to the improvement in the international climate for negotiations leading to the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Mindful that a diminishing role for nuclear weapons in the security policies of nuclear-weapon States would positively impact on international peace and security and improve the conditions for the further reduction and the elimination of nuclear weapons,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly[1] and by the international community,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons[2] that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Recalling also the call in the United Nations Millennium Declaration[3] to seek to eliminate the dangers posed by weapons of mass destruction and the resolve to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "1. Calls for a review of nuclear doctrines and, in this context, immediate and urgent steps to reduce the risks of unintentional and accidental use of nuclear weapons, including through de-alerting and de-targeting nuclear weapons;", "2. Requests the five nuclear-weapon States to take measures towards the implementation of paragraph 1 above;", "3. Calls upon Member States to take the necessary measures to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons in all its aspects and to promote nuclear disarmament, with the objective of eliminating nuclear weapons;", "4. Takes note of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of its resolution 65/60 of 8 December 2010;[4]", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify efforts and support initiatives that would contribute towards the full implementation of the seven recommendations identified in the report of the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters that would significantly reduce the risk of nuclear war,[5] and also to continue to encourage Member States to consider the convening of an international conference, as proposed in the United Nations Millennium Declaration,³ to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers, and to report thereon to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Reducing nuclear danger”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[2]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[3]  See resolution 55/2.", "[4]  A/66/132 and Add.1.", "[5]  See A/56/400, para. 3." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/48. 减少核危险", "大会，", "铭记核武器的使用对人类和文明的存续构成最严重的威胁，", "重申使用或威胁使用核武器的任何行为都违反《联合国宪章》，", "深信核武器所有方面的扩散都会大大增加核战争的危险，", "又深信核裁军和彻底消除核武器对于消除核战争的危险是必不可少的，", "考虑到在核武器不再存在之前，核武器国家必须采取措施，向无核武器国家保证不对它们使用或威胁使用核武器，", "又考虑到核武器处于一触即发的备战状态带有非蓄意或意外使用核武器这种不可接受的危险，会对全人类产生灾难性的后果，", "强调有必要采取措施，避免发生因计算机失常或其他技术故障造成意外、未经授权或无法解释的事件，", "意识到核武器国家已经采取解除待命状态和不再瞄准目标的有限步骤，但有必要进一步采取切实、实际和相互加强的步骤来促进改善导致消除核武器的谈判的国际气候，", "念及逐步降低核武器在核武器国家安全政策中的作用会对国际和平与安全产生积极的影响，并改善进一步裁减和消除核武器的条件，", "再次申明大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[1] 和国际社会将核裁军置于最高优先地位，", "回顾国际法院关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见[2] 指出，所有国家都有义务真诚地进行和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下进行所有方面的核裁军的谈判，", "又回顾《联合国千年宣言》[3] 呼吁设法消除大规模毁灭性武器构成的危险，以及决心努力消除大规模毁灭性武器，特别是核武器，包括可能召开国际会议以找出消除核危险的办法，", "1. 呼吁审查核理论，并在这方面立刻采取紧急步骤，包括核武器解除待命状态和不再瞄准目标的步骤，减少非蓄意和意外使用核武器的危险；", "2. 请五个核武器国家采取措施，执行上文第1段的规定；", "3. 吁请会员国采取必要措施，防止核武器所有方面的扩散，并促进核裁军，以达到消除核武器的目标；", "4. 注意到秘书长依照大会2010年12月8日第65/60号决议第5段提交的报告；[4]", "5. 请秘书长加紧努力并支持有助于充分执行裁军事项咨询委员会报告中提出的大幅减少核战争危险的七项建议[5] 的行动，并且继续鼓励会员国考虑依照《联合国千年宣言》³ 的建议，召开一次国际会议以找出消除核危险的办法，并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "6. 决定将题为“减少核危险”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] S-10/2号决议。", "[2] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。", "[3] 见第55/2号决议。", "[4] A/66/132和Add.1。", "[5] 见A/56/400，第3段。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/48 (英语). 减少核危险", "大会,", "铭记核武器的使用对人类和文明的存续构成最严重的威胁,", "重申使用或威胁使用核武器的任何行为都违反《联合国宪章》,", "深信核武器所有方面的扩散都会大大增加核战争的危险,", "又深信核裁军和彻底消除核武器对于消除核战争的危险是必不可少的,", "考虑到在核武器不再存在之前,核武器国家必须采取措施,保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器,", "又考虑到核武器处于一触即发的备战状态带有非蓄意或意外使用核武器这种不可接受的危险,会对全人类产生灾难性后果,", "强调必须采取措施,避免因计算机失常或其他技术故障而发生意外、未经授权或无法解释的事件,", "意识到核武器国家已经采取解除待命状态和不再瞄准目标的有限步骤,但有必要进一步采取实际、现实和相辅相成的步骤来帮助改善导致消除核武器的国际谈判气候,", "注意到降低核武器在核武器国家安全政策中的作用会对国际和平与安全产生积极影响,并改善进一步裁减和消除核武器的条件,", "重申大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》[1] 和国际社会都把核裁军列为最高优先事项,", "回顾国际法院关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见[2],其中指出所有国家都有义务真诚地进行和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下进行所有方面的核裁军的谈判,", "又回顾《联合国千年宣言》[3] 呼吁设法消除大规模毁灭性武器所构成的危险,并决心努力消除大规模毁灭性武器,特别是核武器,包括可能召开一次国际会议以找出消除核危险的方法,", "1. 联合国 1. 要求审查核理论,并在这方面立即采取紧急步骤,包括通过解除待命状态和不再瞄准核武器等方式,减少非蓄意和意外使用核武器的危险;", "2. 联合国 4. 请五个核武器国家采取措施执行上文第1段;", "3个 1. 吁请会员国采取必要措施,防止核武器所有方面的扩散,并促进核裁军,以达到消除核武器的目标;", " 4.四. 2. 注意到秘书长依照大会2010年12月8日第65/60号决议第5段提交的报告;[4]", "5 (韩语). 4. 请秘书长加紧努力并支持有助于充分执行裁军事项咨询委员会报告中提出的大幅减少核战争危险的七项建议[5] 的行动,并继续鼓励会员国考虑按照《联合国千年宣言》3 的建议,召开一次国际会议,以确定消除核危险的方法,并就此向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“减少核危险”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[2] A/51/218,附件;又见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性,咨询意见,1996年国际法院案例汇编》,第226页。", "[3] 见第55/2号决议。", "[4] A/66/132和Add.1。", "[5] 见A/56/400,第5段。 3个" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/49. Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/59 of 2 December 2008 and other relevant resolutions on the question,", "Recognizing the abiding concern of all Member States for ensuring respect for the rights and obligations arising from treaties to which they are parties and from other sources of international law,", "Convinced that observance by Member States of the Charter of the United Nations and compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements to which they are parties and with other agreed obligations are essential for regional and global peace, security and stability,", "Stressing that failure by States parties to comply with such agreements and with other agreed obligations not only adversely affects the security of States parties but also can create security risks for other States relying on the constraints and commitments stipulated in those agreements,", "Stressing also that the viability and effectiveness of non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and of other agreed obligations require that those agreements be fully complied with and enforced,", "Concerned by non-compliance by some States with their respective obligations,", "Noting that verification and compliance, and enforcement in a manner consistent with the Charter, are integrally related,", "Recognizing the importance of and support for effective national, regional and international capacities for such verification, compliance and enforcement,", "Recognizing also that full compliance by States with all their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations they have undertaken contributes to efforts to prevent the development and proliferation, contrary to international obligations, of weapons of mass destruction, related technologies and means of delivery, as well as to efforts to deny non-State actors access to such capabilities,", "1. Underscores the contribution that compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations makes to enhancing confidence and to strengthening international security and stability;", "2. Urges all States to implement and to comply fully with their respective obligations;", "3. Welcomes efforts by all States to pursue additional areas of cooperation, as appropriate, that can increase confidence in compliance with existing non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments and reduce the possibility of misinterpretation and misunderstanding;", "4. Calls upon all Member States to encourage and, for those States in a position to do so, to appropriately assist States which request assistance to increase their capacity to implement fully their obligations;", "5. Calls upon Member States to support efforts aimed at the resolution of compliance questions by means consistent with such agreements and with international law;", "6. Welcomes the role that the United Nations has played and continues to play in restoring the integrity of, and fostering negotiations on, certain arms limitation and disarmament and non-proliferation agreements and in the removal of threats to peace;", "7. Calls upon all concerned States to take concerted action, in a manner consistent with relevant international law, to encourage, through bilateral and multilateral means, the compliance by all States with their respective non‑proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and with other agreed obligations, and to hold those not in compliance with such agreements accountable for their non-compliance in a manner consistent with the Charter of the United Nations;", "8. Urges those States not currently in compliance with their respective obligations and commitments to make the strategic decision to come back into compliance;", "9. Encourages efforts by all States, the United Nations and other international organizations, pursuant to their respective mandates, to take action, consistent with the Charter, to prevent serious damage to international security and stability arising from non-compliance by States with their existing non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament obligations;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-ninth session an item entitled “Compliance with non-proliferation, arms limitation and disarmament agreements and commitments”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/49. 遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺", "大会，", "回顾其2008年12月2日第63/59号决议以及关于这一问题的其他相关决议，", "确认所有会员国一向关心确保它们参加的条约和其他国际法文书规定的权利和义务得到尊重的问题，", "深信会员国信守《联合国宪章》，遵守它们参加的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定及其他商定义务，对于区域和全球和平、安全和稳定至关重要，", "强调缔约国不遵守这些协定和其他商定义务不仅对缔约国的安全产生不利影响，也会对依赖这些协定规定的限制和承诺的其他国家带来安全风险，", "又强调，不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务要继续存在并发挥效力，这些协定就要得到充分的遵守和执行，", "关切一些国家不遵守其义务，", "注意到核查和遵守以及以符合《宪章》的方式强制执行是相辅相成的，", "确认国家、区域和国际社会拥有有效开展此类核查、遵守和强制执行工作的能力至关重要，", "又确认各国全面遵守各自全部的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和它们承诺的其他商定义务有助于努力防止违反国际义务发展和扩散大规模毁灭性武器、有关技术和运载工具，并有助于不让非国家行为体获得此类能力，", "1. 着重指出遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务有助于增强信心，加强国际安全和稳定；", "2. 敦促所有国家充分履行和遵守各自的义务；", "3. 欣见所有国家努力酌情开拓其他合作领域，以增强对遵守现有各项不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺的信心，减少误解和误会的可能性；", "4. 吁请所有会员国鼓励适当协助请求援助的国家，并吁请能够提供协助的会员国这样做，以便提高请求援助的国家充分履行其义务的能力；", "5. 吁请会员国以符合相关协定和国际法的方式,支持旨在解决有关遵守问题的努力；", "6. 欢迎联合国在恢复某些军备限制和裁军及不扩散协定的完整和促成关于这些协定的谈判以及消除对和平的威胁方面已经发挥和继续发挥的作用；", "7. 吁请所有有关国家以符合相关国际法的方式统一采取行动，通过双边和多边途径鼓励所有国家遵守各自的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务，并以符合《联合国宪章》的方式追究不遵守此类协定者的责任；", "8. 敦促目前未遵守各自义务和承诺的国家作出重新遵守的战略决定；", "9. 鼓励所有国家、联合国和其他国际组织根据各自的任务规定作出努力，以符合《宪章》的方式努力采取行动，防止一些国家通过不遵守其现有的不扩散、军备限制和裁军义务严重损害国际安全和稳定；", "10. 决定将题为“遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/49 (英语). 遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺", "大会,", "回顾其2008年12月2日第63/59号决议和关于这个问题的其他相关决议,", "认识到所有会员国一直关注确保其加入的条约和其他国际法渊源所产生的权利和义务得到尊重的问题,", "深信会员国遵守《联合国宪章》,遵守它们所缔结的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务,对区域和全球和平、安全与稳定至关重要,", "强调缔约国不遵守这些协定和其他商定义务不仅会对缔约国的安全产生不利影响,而且会给依赖这些协定规定的限制和承诺的其他国家带来安全风险,", "又强调为了使不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务可行并有效,这些协定必须得到充分遵守和执行,", "关切一些国家不遵守各自义务,", "注意到核查和遵守以及以符合《宪章》的方式执行两者密切相关,", "认识到有效的国家、区域和国际核查、遵守和执行能力的重要性并给予支持,", "又认识到各国全面遵守其所有不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定并履行所承担其他商定义务有助于防止违反国际义务发展和扩散大规模毁灭性武器、相关技术和运载工具的努力,并有助于不让非国家行为者获得这种能力的努力,", "1. 联合国 3. 强调遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定及其他商定义务有助于增进信任并加强国际安全与稳定;", "2. 联合国 4. 敦促所有国家充分履行并遵守各自的义务;", "3个 2. 欢迎所有国家作出努力,酌情寻求更多的合作领域,以增加对遵守现有不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺的信心,并减少误解和误解的可能性;", " 4.四. 4. 吁请所有会员国鼓励并让有能力的国家适当协助请求援助的国家提高其充分履行其义务的能力;", "5 (韩语). 2. 吁请会员国以符合这些协定和国际法的方式,支持旨在解决遵守问题的努力;", "6. 国家 1. 欢迎联合国在恢复某些军备限制和裁军及不扩散协定的完整性及促进就这些协定进行谈判方面,以及在消除对和平的威胁方面已经和继续发挥的作用;", "7. 联合国 4. 吁请所有有关国家以符合有关国际法的方式采取一致行动,以双边和多边手段鼓励所有国家遵守各自的不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定以及其他商定义务,并以符合《联合国宪章》的方式使不遵守这些协定的国家对其不遵守协定负责;", "8. 联合国 4. 敦促目前未履行各自义务和承诺的国家作出战略决定,重新遵守;", "9. 国家 5. 鼓励所有国家、联合国和其他国际组织根据各自的任务规定作出努力,按照《宪章》采取行动,防止各国不遵守其现有的不扩散、军备限制和裁军义务而严重损害国际安全与稳定;", "10个 6. 决定将题为“遵守不扩散、军备限制和裁军协定和承诺”的项目列入大会第六十九届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/50. Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 65/62 of 8 December 2010,", "Recognizing the determination of the international community to combat terrorism, as evidenced in relevant General Assembly and Security Council resolutions,", "Deeply concerned by the growing risk of linkages between terrorism and weapons of mass destruction, and in particular by the fact that terrorists may seek to acquire weapons of mass destruction,", "Cognizant of the steps taken by States to implement Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, adopted on 28 April 2004,", "Recalling the entry into force on 7 July 2007 of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism,[1]", "Recalling also the adoption, by consensus, of amendments to strengthen the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material[2] by the International Atomic Energy Agency on 8 July 2005,", "Noting the support expressed in the final document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[3] for measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction,", "Noting also that the Group of Eight, the European Union, the Regional Forum of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and others have taken into account in their deliberations the dangers posed by the likely acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and the need for international cooperation in combating it, and that the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism has been launched jointly by the Russian Federation and the United States of America,", "Noting further the holding of the Nuclear Security Summit on 12 and 13 April 2010 in Washington, D.C.,", "Noting the holding of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Acknowledging the consideration of issues relating to terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by the Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters,[4]", "Taking note of the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[5]", "Taking note also of the 2005 World Summit Outcome adopted at the high-level plenary meeting of the General Assembly in September 2005[6] and the adoption of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy on 8 September 2006,[7]", "Taking note further of the report of the Secretary-General submitted pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 65/62,[8]", "Mindful of the urgent need for addressing, within the United Nations framework and through international cooperation, this threat to humanity,", "Emphasizing that progress is urgently needed in the area of disarmament and non-proliferation in order to maintain international peace and security and to contribute to global efforts against terrorism,", "1. Calls upon all Member States to support international efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery;", "2. Appeals to all Member States to consider early accession to and ratification of the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism;¹", "3. Urges all Member States to take and strengthen national measures, as appropriate, to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction, their means of delivery and materials and technologies related to their manufacture;", "4. Encourages cooperation among and between Member States and relevant regional and international organizations for strengthening national capacities in this regard;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to compile a report on measures already taken by international organizations on issues relating to the linkage between the fight against terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and to seek the views of Member States on additional relevant measures, including national measures, for tackling the global threat posed by the acquisition by terrorists of weapons of mass destruction and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Measures to prevent terrorists from acquiring weapons of mass destruction”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2445, No. 44004.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1456, No. 24631.", "[3]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[4]  See A/59/361.", "[5]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Fifty-fifth Regular Session, 19–23 September 2011 (GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011)).", "[6]  See resolution 60/1.", "[7]  Resolution 60/288.", "[8]  A/66/115 and Add.1." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/50. 防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施", "大会，", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/62号决议，", "确认大会和安全理事会各项有关决议表明国际社会决心打击恐怖主义，", "深为关切恐怖主义与大规模毁灭性武器之间发生联系的危险日益增长，特别是恐怖分子会设法获取大规模毁灭性武器，", "认识到各国为实施安全理事会2004年4月28日通过的关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所采取的措施，", "回顾《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》[1] 于2007年7月7日生效，", "又回顾2005年7月8日国际原子能机构以协商一致方式通过关于加强《核材料实物保护公约》[2] 的修正案，", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[3] 表示支持采取措施，防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器，", "又注意到八国集团、欧洲联盟、东南亚国家联盟区域论坛和其他方面在其审议中考虑到恐怖分子有可能获取大规模毁灭性武器所带来的种种危险，和展开国际合作与之进行斗争的必要性，并注意到俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国已经联合启动了打击核恐怖主义全球倡议，", "还注意到2010年4月12日和13日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行了核安全问题首脑会议，", "注意到2011年9月22日在纽约举行了核安全与核保安问题高级别会议，", "承认裁军事项咨询委员会对恐怖主义和大规模毁灭性武器所涉问题进行的审议，[4]", "表示注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会通过的相关决议，[5]", "又表示注意到2005年9月大会高级别全体会议通过的《2005年世界首脑会议成果》[6] 和2006年9月8日通过的《联合国全球反恐战略》，[7]", "还表示注意到秘书长根据第65/62号决议第5段提交的报告，[8]", "念及迫切需要在联合国框架内，通过国际合作处理对人类的这一威胁，", "强调迫切需要在裁军和不扩散领域取得进展，以维护国际和平与安全，推动全球打击恐怖主义的努力，", "1. 吁请全体会员国支持防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具的国际努力；", "2. 呼吁全体会员国考虑早日加入和批准《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》；¹", "3. 敦促全体会员国酌情采取和加强国家措施，以防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器、其运载工具以及与其制造有关的材料和技术；", "4. 鼓励会员国之间以及会员国与有关区域组织和国际组织之间相互合作，以加强各国在这方面的能力；", "5. 请秘书长编写一份报告，说明国际组织在打击恐怖主义与大规模毁灭性武器扩散之间的联系问题上已经采取的措施，并就消除恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器构成的全球威胁的其他相关措施，包括由各国采取的措施，征求会员国的意见，向大会第六十七届会议提出报告；", "6. 决定将题为“防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2445卷，第44004号。", "[2] 同上，第1456卷，第24631号。", "[3] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[4] 见A/59/361。", "[5] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第五十五届常会，2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[6] 见第60/1号决议。", "[7] 第60/288号决议。", "[8] A/66/115和Add.1。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/50 (英语). 防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施", "大会,", "回顾其2010年12月8日第65/62号决议,", "确认大会和安全理事会各项有关决议所显示的国际社会打击恐怖主义的决心,", "深切关注恐怖主义同大规模毁灭性武器之间发生联系的危险日增,特别是恐怖分子可能设法获取大规模毁灭性武器,", "认识到各国已采取步骤来实施2004年4月28日通过的安全理事会关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议,", "回顾《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》 于2007年7月7日生效,", "又回顾国际原子能机构于2005年7月8日以协商一致方式通过了旨在加强《核材料实物保护公约》[2] 的修正案,", "注意到2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议最后文件表示支持采取措施,防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器,[3]", "又注意到八国集团、欧洲联盟、东南亚国家联盟区域论坛等在审议中已考虑到恐怖分子可能获取大规模毁灭性武器所构成的危险和为打击恐怖主义而开展国际合作的必要性,并注意到俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国已联合发起打击核恐怖主义全球倡议,", "还注意到2010年4月12日和13日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行了核安全首脑会议,", "注意到核安全与核安保高级别会议于2011年9月22日在纽约举行,", "确认裁军事项咨询委员会审议了与恐怖主义和大规模毁灭性武器有关的问题,[4]", "注意到国际原子能机构大会第五十五届常会通过的各项有关决议,[5]", "又注意到2005年9月大会高级别全体会议通过的《2005年世界首脑会议成果》,[6] 和2006年9月8日通过的《联合国全球反恐战略》,[7]", "还注意到秘书长根据第65/62号决议第5段提交的报告,[8]", "意识到迫切需要在联合国框架内并通过国际合作来应对对人类的这一威胁,", "强调迫切需要在裁军和不扩散领域取得进展,以维持国际和平与安全,并促进打击恐怖主义的全球努力,", "1. 联合国 2. 吁请所有会员国支持防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具的国际努力;", "2. 联合国 1. 呼吁所有会员国考虑早日加入并批准《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》;1", "3个 2. 敦促所有会员国酌情采取并加强国家措施,防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器及其运载工具以及与制造此种武器有关的材料和技术;", " 4.四. 4. 鼓励会员国同有关区域和国际组织合作并彼此合作,加强这方面的国家能力;", "5 (韩语). 4. 请秘书长编写一份报告,说明各国际组织就打击恐怖主义与大规模毁灭性武器的扩散之间的联系所采取措施的情况,并征求会员国对另外采取相关措施的意见,包括国家措施,以应对恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器所构成的全球威胁,并向大会第六十七届会议提出报告;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2445卷,第44004号。", "[2] 同上,第1456卷,第24631号。", "[3] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514,附件。", "[4] 见A/59/361。", "[5] 见国际原子能机构,《大会决议和其他决定,第五十五届常会,2011年9月19日至23日》(GC(55)/RES/DEC(2011))。", "[6] 见第60/1号决议。", "[7] 第60/288号决议。", "[8] A/66/115和Add.1。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/51. Nuclear disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 49/75 E of 15 December 1994 on a step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat, and its resolutions 50/70 P of 12 December 1995, 51/45 O of 10 December 1996, 52/38 L of 9 December 1997, 53/77 X of 4 December 1998, 54/54 P of 1 December 1999, 55/33 T of 20 November 2000, 56/24 R of 29 November 2001, 57/79 of 22 November 2002, 58/56 of 8 December 2003, 59/77 of 3 December 2004, 60/70 of 8 December 2005, 61/78 of 6 December 2006, 62/42 of 5 December 2007, 63/46 of 2 December 2008, 64/53 of 2 December 2009 and 65/56 of 8 December 2010 on nuclear disarmament,", "Reaffirming the commitment of the international community to the goal of the total elimination of nuclear weapons and the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free world,", "Bearing in mind that the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1972[1] and the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of 1993[2] have already established legal regimes on the complete prohibition of biological and chemical weapons, respectively, and determined to achieve a nuclear weapons convention on the prohibition of the development, testing, production, stockpiling, loan, transfer, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and on their destruction, and to conclude such an international convention at an early date,", "Recognizing that there now exist conditions for the establishment of a world free of nuclear weapons, and stressing the need to take concrete practical steps towards achieving this goal,", "Bearing in mind paragraph 50 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[3] calling for the urgent negotiation of agreements for the cessation of the qualitative improvement and development of nuclear-weapon systems, and for a comprehensive and phased programme with agreed time frames, wherever feasible, for the progressive and balanced reduction of nuclear weapons and their means of delivery, leading to their ultimate and complete elimination at the earliest possible time,", "Reaffirming the conviction of the States parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons[4] that the Treaty is a cornerstone of nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament, and the importance of the decision on strengthening the review process for the Treaty, the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament, the decision on the extension of the Treaty and the resolution on the Middle East, adopted by the 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[5]", "Stressing the importance of the thirteen steps for the systematic and progressive efforts to achieve the objective of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons, as agreed to by the States parties in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[6]", "Recognizing the important work done at the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons,[7] and affirming its action plan as an impetus to intensify work aimed at beginning negotiations for a nuclear weapons convention,", "Reiterating the highest priority accorded to nuclear disarmament in the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly and by the international community,", "Reiterating its call for an early entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,[8]", "Taking note of the entry into force of the new strategic arms reduction treaty between the Russian Federation and the United States of America, in order to achieve further deep cuts in their strategic and tactical nuclear weapons, and stressing that such cuts should be irreversible, verifiable and transparent,", "Recalling the entry into force of the Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions (“the Moscow Treaty”) between the United States of America and the Russian Federation[9] as a significant step towards reducing their deployed strategic nuclear weapons, while calling for further irreversible deep cuts in their nuclear arsenals,", "Noting the positive statements by nuclear-weapon States of their intention to pursue actions in achieving a world free of nuclear weapons, while reaffirming the need for urgent concrete actions by nuclear-weapon States to achieve this goal within a specified framework of time, and urging them to take further measures for progress on nuclear disarmament,", "Recognizing the complementarity of bilateral, plurilateral and multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament, and that bilateral negotiations can never replace multilateral negotiations in this respect,", "Noting the support expressed in the Conference on Disarmament and in the General Assembly for the elaboration of an international convention to assure non‑nuclear-weapon States against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons, and the multilateral efforts in the Conference on Disarmament to reach agreement on such an international convention at an early date,", "Recalling the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, issued on 8 July 1996,[10] and welcoming the unanimous reaffirmation by all Judges of the Court that there exists an obligation for all States to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control,", "Mindful of paragraph 102 of the Final Document of the Coordinating Bureau of the Non-Aligned Movement at its Ministerial Meeting, held in Havana from 27 to 30 April 2009,[11]", "Recalling paragraph 112 and other relevant recommendations in the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el‑Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[12] calling upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament and to commence negotiations on a phased programme for the complete elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time, including a nuclear weapons convention,", "Noting the adoption of the programme of work for the 2009 session by the Conference on Disarmament on 29 May 2009,[13] after years of stalemate, while regretting that the Conference has not been able to undertake substantive work on its agenda in 2011,", "Reaffirming the importance and validity of the Conference on Disarmament as the sole multilateral negotiating forum on disarmament, and expressing the need to adopt and implement a balanced and comprehensive programme of work on the basis of its agenda and dealing with, inter alia, four core issues, in accordance with the rules of procedure,[14] and by taking into consideration the security concerns of all States,", "Reaffirming also the specific mandate conferred upon the Disarmament Commission by the General Assembly, in its decision 52/492 of 8 September 1998, to discuss the subject of nuclear disarmament as one of its main substantive agenda items,", "Recalling the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[15] in which Heads of State and Government resolved to strive for the elimination of weapons of mass destruction, in particular nuclear weapons, and to keep all options open for achieving this aim, including the possibility of convening an international conference to identify ways of eliminating nuclear dangers,", "Recalling also the statement on the total elimination of nuclear weapons, adopted by the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011, in which the Non-Aligned Movement reiterated its call for an international conference to identify ways and means of eliminating nuclear weapons, at the earliest possible date,[16]", "Reaffirming that, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, States should refrain from the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons in settling their disputes in international relations,", "Seized of the danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction, particularly nuclear weapons, in terrorist acts and the urgent need for concerted international efforts to control and overcome it,", "1. Recognizes that the time is now opportune for all the nuclear-weapon States to take effective disarmament measures to achieve the total elimination of these weapons at the earliest possible time;", "2. Reaffirms that nuclear disarmament and nuclear non-proliferation are substantively interrelated and mutually reinforcing, that the two processes must go hand in hand and that there is a genuine need for a systematic and progressive process of nuclear disarmament;", "3. Welcomes and encourages the efforts to establish new nuclear-weapon-free zones in different parts of the world, including the establishment of a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons, on the basis of agreements or arrangements freely arrived at among the States of the regions concerned, which is an effective measure for limiting the further spread of nuclear weapons geographically and contributes to the cause of nuclear disarmament;", "4. Welcomes the ongoing efforts between the States members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the nuclear-weapon States, and encourages the nuclear-weapon States in their early signing of the Protocol to the Treaty on the South-East Asia Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone; [17]", "5. Recognizes that there is a genuine need to diminish the role of nuclear weapons in strategic doctrines and security policies to minimize the risk that these weapons will ever be used and to facilitate the process of their total elimination;", "6. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to stop immediately the qualitative improvement, development, production and stockpiling of nuclear warheads and their delivery systems;", "7. Also urges the nuclear-weapon States, as an interim measure, to de-alert and deactivate immediately their nuclear weapons and to take other concrete measures to reduce further the operational status of their nuclear-weapon systems, while stressing that reductions in deployments and in operational status cannot substitute for irreversible cuts in, and the total elimination of, nuclear weapons;", "8. Reiterates its call upon the nuclear-weapon States to undertake the step-by-step reduction of the nuclear threat and to carry out effective nuclear disarmament measures with a view to achieving the total elimination of these weapons within a specified framework of time;", "9. Calls upon the nuclear-weapon States, pending the achievement of the total elimination of nuclear weapons, to agree on an internationally and legally binding instrument on a joint undertaking not to be the first to use nuclear weapons, and calls upon all States to conclude an internationally and legally binding instrument on security assurances of non-use and non-threat of use of nuclear weapons against non-nuclear-weapon States;", "10. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to commence plurilateral negotiations among themselves at an appropriate stage on further deep reductions of nuclear weapons as an effective measure of nuclear disarmament;", "11. Underlines the importance of applying the principles of transparency, irreversibility and verifiability to the process of nuclear disarmament and to nuclear and other related arms control and reduction measures;", "12. Also underlines the importance of the unequivocal undertaking by the nuclear-weapon States, in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals leading to nuclear disarmament, to which all States parties are committed under article VI of the Treaty,⁶ and the reaffirmation by the States parties that the total elimination of nuclear weapons is the only absolute guarantee against the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons;[18]", "13. Calls for the full and effective implementation of the thirteen practical steps for nuclear disarmament contained in the Final Document of the 2000 Review Conference;⁶", "14. Also calls for the full implementation of the action plan as set out in the conclusions and recommendations for follow-on actions of the Final Document of the 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, particularly the 22‑point action plan on nuclear disarmament;⁷", "15. Urges the nuclear-weapon States to carry out further reductions of non‑strategic nuclear weapons, based on unilateral initiatives and as an integral part of the nuclear arms reduction and disarmament process;", "16. Calls for the immediate commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament on a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices on the basis of the report of the Special Coordinator[19] and the mandate contained therein;", "17. Urges the Conference on Disarmament to commence as early as possible its substantive work during its 2012 session, on the basis of a comprehensive and balanced programme of work that takes into consideration all the real and existing priorities in the field of disarmament and arms control, including the immediate commencement of negotiations on such a treaty with a view to their conclusion within five years;", "18. Calls for the conclusion of an international legal instrument or instruments on adequate and unconditional security assurances to non-nuclear-weapon States;", "19. Also calls for the early entry into force and strict observance of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty;⁸", "20. Expresses its regret that the Conference on Disarmament was unable to establish an ad hoc committee to deal with nuclear disarmament early in 2011, as called for by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/56;", "21. Reiterates its call upon the Conference on Disarmament to establish, as soon as possible and as the highest priority, an ad hoc committee on nuclear disarmament early in 2012 and to commence negotiations on a phased programme of nuclear disarmament leading to the total elimination of nuclear weapons within a specified framework of time;", "22. Calls for the convening of an international conference on nuclear disarmament in all its aspects at an early date to identify and deal with concrete measures of nuclear disarmament;", "23. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session a report on the implementation of the present resolution;", "24. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “Nuclear disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1015, No. 14860.", "[2]  Ibid., vol. 1974, No. 33757.", "[3]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[4]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 729, No. 10485.", "[5]  See 1995 Review and Extension Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, Part I (NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I) and Corr.2), annex.", "[6]  See 2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VI and eighth to twelfth preambular paragraphs”, para. 15.", "[7]  See 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vols. I–III (NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vols. I–III)).", "[8]  See resolution 50/245.", "[9]  See CD/1674.", "[10]  A/51/218, annex; see also Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 226.", "[11]  See A/63/858.", "[12]  See A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[13]  See CD/1864.", "[14]  CD/8/Rev.9.", "[15]  See resolution 55/2.", "[16]  See A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex V.", "[17]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1981, No. 33873.", "[18]  2000 Review Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Final Document, vol. I (NPT/CONF.2000/28 (Parts I and II)), part I, section entitled “Article VII and the security of non-nuclear-weapon States”, para. 2.", "[19]  CD/1299." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/51. 核裁军", "大会，", "回顾其关于逐步减少核威胁的1994年12月15日第49/75E号决议以及关于核裁军的1995年12月12日第50/70P号、1996年12月10日第51/45 O号、1997年12月9日第52/38L号、1998年12月4日第53/77X号、1999年12月1日第54/54P号、2000年11月20日第55/33T号、2001年11月29日第56/24R号、2002年11月22日第57/79号、2003年12月8日第58/56号、2004年12月3日第59/77号、2005年12月8日第60/70号、2006年12月6日第61/78号、2007年12月5日第62/42号、2008年12月2日第63/46号、2009年12月2日第64/53号和2010年12月8日第65/56号决议，", "重申国际社会承诺实现全面消除核武器和建立一个无核武器世界的目标，", "铭记1972年《禁止细菌(生物)及毒素武器的发展、生产和储存以及销毁这类武器的公约》[1] 和1993年《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[2] 已分别建立了彻底禁止生物武器和化学武器的法律制度，并决心订立关于禁止发展、试验、生产、储存、出借、转让、使用和威胁使用核武器及销毁此种武器的核武器公约，并早日缔结这样一项国际公约，", "确认现在已具备建立一个无核武器世界的条件，强调需为实现该目标采取具体切实的步骤，", "铭记大会第十届特别会议，即第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议《最后文件》[3] 第50段呼吁紧急进行谈判，以便达成协议，停止在质量上改善和发展核武器系统，制订一项分阶段进行并带有商定时限的综合方案，逐步而均衡地裁减核武器及其运载工具，并尽早最终完全消除这种武器，", "重申《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 的缔约国坚信，该《条约》是核不扩散和核裁军的基石，并重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强《条约》审议进程的决定、关于核不扩散和裁军的原则与目标的决定、关于延长《条约》期限的决定和关于中东的决议[5] 的重要性，", "强调缔约国在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中商定的有系统并循序渐进地努力实现通往全面消除核武器的核裁军目标的十三个步骤[6] 至关重要，", "确认不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会所做的重要工作，[7] 并申明其行动计划可以推动大力开展工作，争取为缔结一项核武器公约开始谈判，", "再次申明大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》和国际社会都把核裁军列为最高优先事项，", "再次呼吁《全面禁止核试验条约》[8] 早日生效，", "表示注意到《俄罗斯联邦和美利坚合众国新裁减战略武器条约》的生效，据此可进一步大力削减两国的战略战术核武器，并强调这种削减应当是不可逆转、可核查和透明的，", "回顾《美利坚合众国和俄罗斯联邦关于削减进攻性战略武器条约》(《莫斯科条约》)[9] 的生效，这是两国朝着削减已部署的战略核武器方向迈出的一大步，同时呼吁它们进一步不可逆转地大幅度削减其核武库，", "注意到核武器国家发表积极声明，表示它们有意采取行动，实现一个无核武器的世界，同时重申核武器国家应立即采取具体行动，以期在规定的时限内达到这一目标，并敦促它们采取进一步措施，推动核裁军取得进展，", "确认关于核裁军的双边、诸边和多边谈判是相辅相成的，而且，在这方面，双边谈判绝不能取代多边谈判，", "注意到有关方面在裁军谈判会议和大会上表示支持制订一项国际公约，保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器，并注意到在裁军谈判会议上为早日就这样一项国际公约达成协议作出的多边努力，", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于“以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性”的咨询意见，[10] 并欢迎法院全体法官一致重申，所有国家都有义务继续真诚地展开和完成谈判，以期在严格有效的国际监督下实现所有方面的核裁军，", "念及2009年4月27日至30日在哈瓦那举行的不结盟运动协调局部长级会议《最后文件》[11] 第102段，", "回顾2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议《最后文件》[12] 第112段和其他相关建议，其中吁请裁军谈判会议尽快最优先设立一个核裁军特设委员会，就一项规定时限的全面消除核武器分阶段方案，包括一项核武器公约开始谈判，", "注意到裁军谈判会议在经过多年僵局之后，于2009年5月29日通过了2009年届会工作方案，[13] 同时遗憾地注意到，谈判会议未能就其2011年议程开展实质性的工作，", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的裁军问题多边谈判论坛的重要性和有效性，并表示需要在其议程基础上，通过和执行全面、平衡的工作方案，并依照议事规则，[14] 除其他外，处理四个核心问题，同时顾及所有国家对安全问题的关切，", "又重申大会1998年9月8日第52/492号决定赋予裁军审议委员会的具体任务是讨论作为其主要实质性议程项目之一的核裁军议题，", "回顾各国国家元首和政府首脑在《联合国千年宣言》[15] 中决心力争消除大规模毁灭性武器，特别是核武器，并选用一切可行办法来实现这个目标，包括可能召开一次国际会议，以确定消除核危险的途径，", "又回顾2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘召开的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议通过的“彻底销毁核武器的声明”，其中不结盟运动再次呼吁召开一次国际会议，以尽早查明消除核武器的方法和手段，[16]", "重申根据《联合国宪章》的规定，各国在解决国际关系的争端时应避免使用或威胁使用核武器，", "深知恐怖主义行为中使用大规模毁灭性武器特别是核武器的危险，迫切需要作出协调一致的国际努力来控制和解决这一问题，", "1. 确认现在正是所有核武器国家采取有效裁军措施来尽早全面消除核武器的合适时机；", "2. 重申核裁军和核不扩散两者密切相关、相辅相成，这两个过程必须齐头并进，而且确实需要一个有系统和循序渐进的核裁军过程；", "3. 欢迎并鼓励世界不同区域根据本区域各国自由达成的协定或安排建立新的无核武器区的努力，这是防范核武器进一步扩散的有效措施，有助于推进核裁军事业；", "4. 欢迎东南亚国家联盟成员国与核武器国家当前进行的努力，鼓励核武器国家尽早签署《东南亚无核武器区条约》[17] 的《议定书》；", "5. 确认确实有必要削弱核武器在战略学说和安全政策中的作用，以期将使用核武器的危险降至最低程度，并促进彻底消除核武器的进程；", "6. 敦促核武器国家立即停止在质量上改进、发展、生产和储存核弹头及其运载系统；", "7. 又敦促核武器国家，作为临时措施，立即解除其核武器的戒备和待发状态，并采取其他具体措施，进一步降低其核武器系统的备战状态，同时强调部署的减少和备战状态的降低不能替代以不可逆转的方式削减和全面消除核武器；", "8. 再次吁请核武器国家逐步减少核威胁，并执行有效的核裁军措施，以便在规定的时限内全面消除此种武器；", "9. 吁请核武器国家在实现全面消除核武器之前，商定一项共同保证不首先使用核武器的具有国际和法律约束力的文书，并吁请所有国家缔结一项具有国际和法律约束力的关于不对无核武器国家使用和威胁使用核武器的安全保证文书；", "10. 敦促核武器国家在适当阶段就进一步大幅裁减核武器作为一项核裁军的有效措施展开诸边谈判；", "11. 强调对核裁军进程以及核武器和其他有关军备的控制及裁减措施适用透明、不可逆转和可核查原则的重要性；", "12. 又强调至关重要的是核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会的《最后文件》中明确保证，要实现所有缔约国根据《条约》第六条所承诺的彻底消除核武库进而实现核裁军的目标，⁶ 并强调缔约国重申，彻底消除核武器是防止使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证；[18]", "13. 呼吁全面、有效地实施2000年审议大会的《最后文件》所列实现核裁军的十三个实际步骤；⁶", "14. 又呼吁全面实施关于落实不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会《最后文件》的结论和后续行动建议中提出的行动计划，特别是二十二点核裁军行动计划；⁷", "15. 敦促核武器国家根据单方面的主动行动，并作为核武器削减和裁军进程不可分割的组成部分，进一步削减非战略性核武器；", "16. 呼吁裁军谈判会议根据特别协调员的报告[19] 及其中所载任务规定，立即就一项禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的非歧视性、多边和可进行有效国际核查的条约展开谈判；", "17. 敦促裁军谈判会议在2012年届会期间，在全面、平衡的工作方案的基础上尽早开展实质性工作，该工作方案要考虑到裁军和军备控制领域的所有真正的现有优先事项，包括立即开始就一项这方面的条约进行谈判，以期在五年内订立条约；", "18. 呼吁缔结一项或多项关于向无核武器国家提供充分和无条件的安全保证的国际法律文书；", "19. 又呼吁《全面禁止核试验条约》⁸ 早日生效并得到严格遵守；", "20. 表示遗憾的是裁军谈判会议未能按照大会第65/56号决议的要求，在2011年初设立一个处理核裁军问题的特设委员会；", "21. 再次吁请裁军谈判会议在2012年初，作为最高优先事项，尽早设立一个核裁军问题特设委员会，并就导致在规定的时限内彻底消除核武器的核裁军分阶段方案展开谈判；", "22. 呼吁早日召开讨论核裁军所有方面问题的国际会议，以查明并讨论具体的核裁军措施；", "23. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交一份关于本决议执行情况的报告；", "24. 决定将题为“核裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1015卷，第14860号。", "[2] 同上，第1974卷，第33757号。", "[3] S-10/2号决议。", "[4] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第729卷，第10485号。", "[5] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会，最后文件，第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32 (Part I))，附件。", "[6] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节，第15段。", "[7] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会，最后文件》，第一至三卷(NPT/CONF.2010/50 (Vol.I−III))。", "[8] 见第50/245号决议。", "[9] 见CD/1674。", "[10] A/51/218，附件；另见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性，咨询意见，1996年国际法院案例汇编》，英文本第226页。", "[11] 见A/63/858。", "[12] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[13] 见CD/1864。", "[14] CD/8/Rev.9。", "[15] 见第55/2号决议。", "[16] 见A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件五。", "[17] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1981卷，第33873号。", "[18] 《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会，最后文件》，第一卷(NPT/CONF.2000/28(Part I和II))，第一部分，题为“第七条和无核武器国家的安全”的一节，第2段。", "[19] CD/1299。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/51 (英语). 核裁军", "大会,", "回顾其关于逐步减少核威胁的1994年12月15日第49/75 E号决议以及关于核裁军的1995年12月12日第50/70 P号、1996年12月10日第51/45 O号、1997年12月9日第52/38 L号、1998年12月4日第53/77 X号、1999年12月1日第54/54 P号、2000年11月20日第55/33 T号、2001年11月29日第56/24 R号、2002年11月22日第57/79号、2003年12月8日第58/56号、2004年12月3日第59/77号、2005年12月8日第60/70号、2006年12月6日第61/78号、2007年12月5日第62/42号、2008年12月2日第63/46号、2009年12月2日第64/53号和2010年12月8日第65/56号决议,", "重申国际社会承诺致力于彻底消除核武器和建立一个无核武器世界的目标,", "铭记1972年《关于禁止发展、生产和储存细菌(生物)及毒素武器和销毁此种武器的公约》[1]和1993年《关于禁止发展、生产、储存和使用化学武器及销毁此种武器的公约》[2]已分别建立了全面禁止生物武器和化学武器的法律制度,并决心缔结一项关于禁止发展、试验、生产、储存、出借、转让、使用和威胁使用核武器及销毁此种武器的核武器公约,并早日缔结这样一项国际公约,", "认识到现在已具备建立一个无核武器世界的条件,并强调需要为实现这一目标采取具体切实的步骤,", "铭记大会第十届特别会议,即第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议的《最后文件》 第50段,[3] 呼吁紧急谈判达成协议,以停止在质量上改进和发展核武器系统,并执行一项可行时商定时限的全面和分阶段方案,逐步而均衡地裁减核武器及其运载工具,并尽早最终完全消除核武器,", "重申《不扩散核武器条约》[4] 缔约国坚信《条约》是核不扩散和核裁军的基石,并重申不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会通过的关于加强《条约》审议进程的决定、关于核不扩散和裁军的原则与目标的决定、关于延长《条约》期限的决定和关于中东的决议[5] 的重要性,", "强调缔约国在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会《最后文件》中商定的有系统和循序渐进地努力实现导致彻底消除核武器的核裁军目标的十三个步骤的重要性,[6]", "确认不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会所完成的重要工作,[7]并申明其行动计划是加强旨在开始谈判一项核武器公约的工作的动力,", "重申大会第十届特别会议《最后文件》和国际社会都把核裁军列为最高优先事项,", "再次呼吁《全面禁止核试验条约》 早日生效,", "注意到俄罗斯联邦同美利坚合众国之间新的裁减战略武器条约已经生效,以便进一步大幅度削减其战略和战术核武器,并强调这种削减应当是不可逆转、可核查和透明的,", "回顾美利坚合众国同俄罗斯联邦之间的《裁减进攻性战略武器条约》(《莫斯科条约》)[9] 已经生效,这是朝向裁减已部署的战略核武器迈出的重要一步,同时呼吁进一步不可逆转地大幅度裁减其核武库,", "注意到核武器国家发表积极声明,表示打算采取行动,建立一个无核武器世界,同时重申核武器国家需要紧急采取具体行动,在规定时限内实现这一目标,并敦促它们采取进一步措施,在核裁军方面取得进展,", "认识到关于核裁军的双边、诸边和多边谈判是相辅相成的,在这方面,双边谈判绝不能取代多边谈判,", "注意到裁军谈判会议和大会表示支持拟订一项国际公约,保证不对无核武器国家使用或威胁使用核武器,并注意到裁军谈判会议为早日就这样一项国际公约达成协议而作出的多边努力,", "回顾国际法院1996年7月8日发表的关于以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性的咨询意见,[10] 并欢迎法院全体法官一致重申,所有国家都有义务真诚地进行和完成导致在严格有效的国际监督下进行所有方面的核裁军的谈判,", "注意到2009年4月27日至30日在哈瓦那举行的不结盟运动协调局部长级会议的《最后文件》 第102段,[11]", "回顾2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》 第112段和其他相关建议,[12] 呼吁裁军谈判会议作为最高优先事项,尽快设立一个核裁军特设委员会,并开始就包括一项核武器公约在内的在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的分阶段方案进行谈判,", "注意到裁军谈判会议在多年僵局后于2009年5月29日通过2009年届会工作方案,[13] 但感到遗憾的是,裁军谈判会议未能就2011年议程开展实质性工作,", "重申裁军谈判会议作为唯一的多边裁军谈判论坛的重要性和有效性,并表示需要在其议程基础上,通过并执行一项平衡而全面的工作方案,并依照议事规则[14] 等处理四个核心问题,同时考虑到所有国家的安全关切,", "又重申大会1998年9月8日第52/492号决定赋予裁军审议委员会的具体任务是讨论核裁军议题,将此议题作为其主要实质性议程项目之一,", "回顾《联合国千年宣言》,[15] 其中各国元首和政府首脑决心努力消除大规模毁灭性武器,特别是核武器,灵活选择实现这个目标的一切办法,包括可能召开一次国际会议以找出消除核危险的办法,", "又回顾2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的不结盟国家运动第十六次部长级会议和纪念会通过的关于彻底消除核武器的声明, 其中不结盟运动再次呼吁尽早召开一次国际会议,以找出消除核武器的途径和方法,[16]", "重申根据《联合国宪章》,各国在解决国际关系的争端时应避免使用或威胁使用核武器,", "了解到恐怖主义行为中使用大规模毁灭性武器,特别是核武器的危险,迫切需要协调一致的国际努力来控制和解决这一问题,", "1. 联合国 1. 认识到现在正是所有核武器国家采取有效裁军措施以尽早彻底消除核武器的合适时机;", "2. 联合国 1. 重申核裁军和核不扩散两者密切相关和相辅相成,这两个进程必须齐头并进,而且确实需要一个有系统和循序渐进的核裁军进程;", "3个 4. 欢迎和鼓励根据有关区域各国自由达成的协定或安排,努力在世界不同地区建立新的无核武器区,包括建立中东无核武器区,这是防范核武器进一步扩散的有效措施,有助于核裁军事业;", " 4.四. 1. 欢迎东南亚国家联盟成员国同核武器国家正在作出的努力,并鼓励核武器国家早日签署《东南亚无核武器区条约议定书》;[17]", "5 (韩语). 1. 认识到确实需要削弱核武器在战略学说和安全政策中的作用,以将使用核武器的危险降至最低程度,并促进彻底消除核武器的进程;", "6. 国家 2. 敦促核武器国家立即停止在质量上改进、发展、生产和储存核弹头及其运载系统;", "7. 联合国 4. 又敦促核武器国家作为临时措施,立即解除其核武器的戒备和待发状态,并采取其他具体措施,进一步降低其核武器系统的战备状态,同时强调降低部署和战备状态不能取代不可逆转地削减和彻底消除核武器;", "8. 联合国 4. 再次吁请核武器国家逐步减少核威胁,并执行有效的核裁军措施,以期在规定时限内彻底消除核武器;", "9. 国家 3. 吁请核武器国家在实现彻底消除核武器之前,商定一项具有国际和法律约束力的共同保证不首先使用核武器的文书,并吁请所有国家缔结一项具有国际和法律约束力的关于不对无核武器国家使用和威胁使用核武器的安全保证文书;", "10个 4. 敦促核武器国家在适当阶段就进一步大幅裁减核武器作为一项核裁军的有效措施展开诸边谈判;", "11个 1. 强调对核裁军进程以及核武器和其他有关军备控制和裁减措施适用透明、不可逆转和可核查原则的重要性;", "12个 4. 又强调核武器国家在不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会《最后文件》中明确承诺实现所有缔约国根据《条约》第六条6 所承诺的彻底消除其核武库以实现核裁军的重要性,并着重指出缔约国重申彻底消除核武器是不使用或威胁使用核武器的唯一绝对保证;[18]", "13个 1. 要求全面、有效地实施2000年审议大会《最后文件》6 所载的实现核裁军的十三个实际步骤;", "14个 2. 又要求全面执行不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会《最后文件》7 的结论和后续行动建议所载列的行动计划,特别是核裁军22点行动计划;", "15个 4. 敦促核武器国家以单方面倡议为基础,并作为裁减核武器和裁军进程的组成部分,进一步裁减非战略性核武器;", "16号. 4. 呼吁裁军谈判会议根据特别协调员的报告[19] 和其中所载任务规定,立即就禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的一项非歧视性、多边和可进行有效国际核查的条约展开谈判;", "17岁。 4. 敦促裁军谈判会议在其2012年会议期间,以全面而平衡的工作方案为基础,尽早开始实质性工作,该工作方案应考虑到裁军和军备控制领域的所有实际和现有优先事项,包括立即就这样一项条约展开谈判,以期在五年内缔结条约;", "18岁。 3. 要求缔结一项或多项关于向无核武器国家提供充分和无条件安全保证的国际法律文书;", " 19. 19. 2. 又要求《全面禁止核试验条约》8 早日生效并得到严格遵守;", "20号. 1. 对裁军谈判会议未能按照大会第65/56号决议的要求于2011年初设立处理核裁军问题的特设委员会表示遗憾;", "21岁 5. 再次吁请裁军谈判会议在2012年初尽早作为最高优先事项设立一个核裁军特设委员会,并开始就导致在规定时限内彻底消除核武器的核裁军分阶段方案进行谈判;", "22号. 5. 要求早日召开讨论核裁军各方面问题的国际会议,以查明并讨论具体的核裁军措施;", "23. 联合国 12. 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交关于本决议执行情况的报告;", "24 (韩语). 6. 决定将题为“核裁军”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1015卷,第14860号。", "[2] 同上,第1974卷,第33757号。", "[3] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[4] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第729卷,第10485号。", "[5] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国1995年审议和延期大会,最后文件,第一部分》(NPT/CONF.1995/32(Part I)和Corr.2),附件。", "[6] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,题为“第六条和序言部分第8至12段”的一节,第2段。 15个", "[7] 见《不扩散核武器条约缔约国2010年审议大会,最后文件》,第2卷。 一至三(NPT/CONF.2010/50(Vol.I-III))。", "[8] 见第50/245号决议。", "[9] 见CD/1674。", "[10] A/51/218,附件;又见《以核武器进行威胁或使用核武器的合法性,咨询意见,1996年国际法院案例汇编》,第226页。", "[11] 见A/63/858。", "[12] 见A/63/965-S/2009/514,附件。", "[13] 见CD/1864。", "[14] CD/8/Rev.9号文件。", "[15] 见第55/2号决议。", "[16] 见A/65/896-S/2011/407,附件五。", "[17] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1981卷,第33873号。", "[18] 不扩散核武器条约缔约国2000年审议大会,《最后文件》,第一卷。 第一部分,题为“第七条和无核武器国家的安全”的一节,第2段。 2. 联合国", "[19] CD/1299 (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/412)]", "66/52. Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind resolutions CM/Res.1153 (XLVIII) of 1988[1] and CM/Res.1225 (L) of 1989,[2] adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity, concerning the dumping of nuclear and industrial wastes in Africa,", "Welcoming resolution GC(XXXIV)/RES/530 establishing a Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste, adopted on 21 September 1990 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its thirty-fourth regular session,[3]", "Taking note of the commitment by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security, held in Moscow on 19 and 20 April 1996, to ban the dumping at sea of radioactive wastes,[4]", "Considering its resolution 2602 C (XXIV) of 16 December 1969, in which it requested the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament,[5] inter alia, to consider effective methods of control against the use of radiological methods of warfare,", "Aware of the potential hazards underlying any use of radioactive wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and its implications for regional and international security, in particular for the security of developing countries,", "Recalling all its resolutions on the matter since its forty-third session in 1988, including its resolution 51/45 J of 10 December 1996,", "Recalling also resolution GC(45)/RES/10 adopted by consensus on 21 September 2001 by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency at its forty-fifth regular session,[6] in which States shipping radioactive materials are invited to provide, as appropriate, assurances to concerned States, upon their request, that the national regulations of the shipping State take into account the Agency’s transport regulations and to provide them with relevant information relating to the shipment of such materials; the information provided should in no case be contradictory to the measures of physical security and safety,", "Welcoming the adoption at Vienna, on 5 September 1997, of the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management,[7] as recommended by the participants in the Summit on Nuclear Safety and Security,", "Welcoming also the convening by the International Atomic Energy Agency of the Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna from 20 to 24 June 2011, and its outcome, the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,[8] as well as the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety, endorsed by the General Conference of the Agency at its fifty-fifth regular session,[9]", "Noting the convening by the Secretary-General of the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, in New York on 22 September 2011,", "Noting with satisfaction that the Joint Convention entered into force on 18 June 2001,", "Noting that the first Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management was convened in Vienna from 3 to 14 November 2003,", "Desirous of promoting the implementation of paragraph 76 of the Final Document of the Tenth Special Session of the General Assembly, the first special session devoted to disarmament,[10]", "1. Takes note of the part of the report of the Conference on Disarmament relating to radiological weapons;[11]", "2. Also takes note of the Declaration of the International Atomic Energy Agency Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety,⁸ the Action Plan on Nuclear Safety⁹ and the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, convened by the Secretary-General;", "3. Expresses grave concern regarding any use of nuclear wastes that would constitute radiological warfare and have grave implications for the national security of all States;", "4. Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures with a view to preventing any dumping of nuclear or radioactive wastes that would infringe upon the sovereignty of States;", "5. Requests the Conference on Disarmament to take into account, in the negotiations for a convention on the prohibition of radiological weapons, radioactive wastes as part of the scope of such a convention;", "6. Also requests the Conference on Disarmament to intensify efforts towards an early conclusion of such a convention and to include in its report to the General Assembly at its sixty-eighth session the progress recorded in the negotiations on this subject;", "7. Takes note of resolution CM/Res.1356 (LIV) of 1991, adopted by the Council of Ministers of the Organization of African Unity,[12] on the Bamako Convention on the Ban on the Import of Hazardous Wastes into Africa and on the Control of Their Transboundary Movements within Africa;", "8. Expresses the hope that the effective implementation of the International Atomic Energy Agency Code of Practice on the International Transboundary Movement of Radioactive Waste will enhance the protection of all States from the dumping of radioactive wastes on their territories;", "9. Appeals to all Member States that have not yet taken the necessary steps to become party to the Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management⁷ to do so as soon as possible;", "10. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-eighth session the item entitled “Prohibition of the dumping of radioactive wastes”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  See A/43/398, annex I.", "[2]  See A/44/603, annex I.", "[3]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Thirty-fourth Regular Session, 17–21 September 1990 (GC(XXXIV)/ RESOLUTIONS (1990)).", "[4]  A/51/131, annex I, para. 20.", "[5]  The Conference of the Committee on Disarmament became the Committee on Disarmament as from the tenth special session of the General Assembly. The Committee on Disarmament was redesignated the Conference on Disarmament as from 7 February 1984.", "[6]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, Resolutions and Other Decisions of the General Conference, Forty-fifth Regular Session, 17–21 September 2001 (GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001)).", "[7]  United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2153, No. 37605.", "[8]  Available from www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821.pdf.", "[9]  See International Atomic Energy Agency, document GOV/2011/59‑GC(55)/14.", "[10]  Resolution S‑10/2.", "[11]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 27 (A/64/27), chap. III, sect. E.", "[12]  See A/46/390, annex I." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通过]", "66/52. 禁止倾弃放射性废料", "大会，", "铭记非洲统一组织部长理事会通过的关于在非洲倾弃核废料和工业废料问题的1988年CM/Res.1153(XLVIII)号[1] 和1989年CM/Res.1225(L)号决议，[2]", "欢迎国际原子能机构大会第三十四届常会1990年9月21日通过的制定《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的GC(XXXIV)/RES/530号决议，[3]", "表示注意到1996年4月19日和20日在莫斯科举行的核安全与核保安问题首脑会议与会者所作的禁止在海洋倾弃放射性废料的承诺，[4]", "考虑到其1969年12月16日第2602C(XXIV)号决议，其中要求裁军委员会会议[5] 除其他外，审议管制使用放射性战法的有效办法，", "意识到任何会构成放射战的使用放射性废料的行为所隐含的潜在危害及其对区域和国际安全，特别是对发展中国家安全的影响，", "回顾其1988年第四十三届会议以来关于这个问题的所有决议，包括1996年12月10日第51/45J号决议，", "又回顾国际原子能机构大会第四十五届常会2001年9月21日协商一致通过的GC(45)/RES/10号决议，[6] 其中请运输放射性材料的国家酌情应请求向有关国家保证运输国的国内条例考虑到原子能机构的运输条例，并向这些国家提供有关运输这类材料的相关资料；提供的资料在任何情况下都不应与实物保安与安全措施相抵触，", "欢迎根据核安全与核保安问题首脑会议与会者的建议于1997年9月5日在维也纳通过《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》，[7]", "又欢迎国际原子能机构2011年6月20日至24日在维也纳举行的部长级核安全大会及其成果(《国际原子能机构部长级核安全大会宣言》)[8] 和原子能机构大会第五十五届常会认可的《核安全行动计划》，[9]", "注意到秘书长2011年9月22日在纽约召集的核安全和核保安问题高级别会议，", "满意地注意到《联合公约》于2001年6月18日生效，", "注意到乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约缔约国第一次审议会议于2003年11月3日至14日在维也纳举行，", "希望促进执行大会第十届特别会议，即专门讨论裁军问题的第一届特别会议的《最后文件》[10] 第76段的规定，", "1. 表示注意到裁军谈判会议报告中关于放射性武器的部分；[11]", "2. 又表示注意到《国际原子能机构部长级核安全大会宣言》、⁸《核安全行动计划》⁹ 和秘书长召集的核安全和核保安问题高级别会议；", "3. 表示严重关切任何会构成放射战并严重影响所有国家国防安全的使用核废料行为；", "4. 吁请所有国家采取适当措施，以防止任何会侵犯他国主权的倾弃核废料或放射性废料行为；", "5. 请裁军谈判会议在禁止放射性武器公约的谈判中，考虑将放射性废料问题作为该公约内容的一部分；", "6. 又请裁军谈判会议加紧努力，早日缔结这样一项公约，并在其提交大会第六十八届会议的报告中载入关于这个问题的谈判进展情况；", "7. 表示注意到非洲统一组织部长理事会1991年通过的关于《禁止向非洲输入有害废物并管制其在非洲境内越境转移的巴马科公约》的CM/Res.1356(LIV)号决议；[12]", "8. 表示希望国际原子能机构《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的有效执行将加强对各国的保护，避免在其领土上倾弃放射性废料；", "9. 呼吁尚未采取必要步骤参加《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》⁷ 的所有会员国尽快参加《联合公约》；", "10. 决定将题为“禁止倾弃放射性废料”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] 见A/43/398，附件一。", "[2] 见A/44/603，附件一。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第三十四届常会，1990年9月17日至21日》(GC(XXXIV)/RESOLUTIONS(1990))。", "[4] A/51/131，附件一，第20段。", "[5] 裁军委员会会议从大会第十届特别会议之后改为裁军谈判委员会。裁军谈判委员会从1984年2月7日起易名为裁军谈判会议。", "[6] 见国际原子能机构，《大会决议和其他决定，第四十五届常会，2001年9月17日至21日》(GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001))。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第2153卷，第37605号。", "[8] 可查阅www.iaea.org/publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821_ch.pdf。", "[9] 见国际原子能机构，GOV/2011/59-GC(55)/14号文件。", "[10] S-10/2号决议。", "[11] 见《大会正式记录,第六十四届会议，补编第27号》(A/64/27)，第三章，E节。", "[12] 见A/46/390，附件一。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/412)通", "66/52 (英语). 禁止倾弃放射性废料", "大会,", "铭记非洲统一组织部长理事会通过的关于在非洲倾弃核废料和工业废料的1988年CM/Res.1153(XLVIII) [1]和1989年CM/Res.1225(L) [2]号决议,", "欢迎国际原子能机构大会第三十四届常会1990年9月21日通过的制定《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的GC(XXXIV)/RES/530号决议,[3]", "注意到1996年4月19日和20日在莫斯科举行的核安全与保障问题首脑会议与会者承诺禁止在海上倾弃放射性废料,[4]", "考虑到其1969年12月16日第2602 C(XXIV)号决议,其中请裁军谈判委员会[5] 除其他外,审议管制使用放射性战争方法的有效方法,", "意识到放射性废料的任何使用可能构成放射性战争的潜在危险及其对区域和国际安全,特别是对发展中国家安全的影响,", "回顾其自1988年第四十三届会议以来关于这个问题的所有决议,包括1996年12月10日第51/45 J号决议,", "又回顾国际原子能机构大会第四十五届常会2001年9月21日协商一致通过的GC(45)/RES/10号决议,[6]其中请运输放射性材料的国家应有关国家的请求,酌情保证运输国的国家条例考虑到原子能机构的运输条例,并向它们提供与运输此类材料有关的资料;所提供的资料在任何情况下都不应与人身安全和安全措施相矛盾,", "欢迎根据核安全与保障问题首脑会议与会者的建议,于1997年9月5日在维也纳举行了《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》,[7]", "又欢迎国际原子能机构于2011年6月20日至24日在维也纳举行了核安全问题部长级会议及其成果、国际原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议的宣言[8] 以及原子能机构大会第五十五届常会核可的《核安全行动计划》,[9]", "注意到秘书长于2011年9月22日在纽约召开核安全与核安保高级别会议,", "满意地注意到《联合公约》于2001年6月18日生效,", "注意到废燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约缔约国第一次审查会议于2003年11月3日至14日在维也纳举行,", "希望促进执行大会第十届特别会议,即第一届专门讨论裁军问题的特别会议的《最后文件》 第76段,[10]", "1. 联合国 1. 注意到裁军谈判会议报告中与放射性武器有关的那部分;[11]", "2. 联合国 2. 又注意到国际原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议的宣言、8 核安全行动计划9 和秘书长召集的核安全与保障问题高级别会议;", "3个 2. 表示严重关切任何使用核废料会构成放射性战争并严重影响所有国家的国家安全;", " 4.四. 4. 吁请所有国家采取适当措施,以防止任何倾弃核废料或放射性废料侵犯各国的主权;", "5 (韩语). 3. 请裁军谈判会议在禁止放射性武器公约的谈判中,将放射性废料问题作为该公约范围的一部分加以考虑;", "6. 国家 3. 又请裁军谈判会议加紧努力,早日缔结这样一项公约,并在其向大会第六十八届会议提交的报告中载入就此问题进行谈判的进展情况;", "7. 联合国 1. 注意到非洲统一组织部长理事会1991年通过的关于《禁止向非洲输入有害废物并管制其在非洲境内越境转移的巴马科公约》的CM/Res.1356(LIV)号决议;", "8. 联合国 4. 希望国际原子能机构《关于放射性废物国际越境转移的业务守则》的有效执行将加强对所有国家的保护,使其免受放射性废物倾弃在其领土上;", "9. 国家 2. 呼吁尚未加入《乏燃料管理安全和放射性废物管理安全联合公约》7 的所有会员国尽快加入;", "10个 9. 决定将题为“禁止倾弃放射性废料”的项目列入大会第六十八届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] 见A/43/398,附件一。", "[2] 见A/44/603,附件一。", "[3] 见国际原子能机构,《大会决议和其他决定,第三十四届常会,1990年9月17日至21日》(GC(XXXIV)/ResolutionS(1990))。", "[4] A/51/131,附件一,第20段。", "[5] 裁军委员会会议自大会第十届特别会议起成为裁军谈判委员会。 裁军谈判委员会自1984年2月7日起被重新命名为裁军谈判会议。", "[6] 见国际原子能机构,《大会决议和其他决定,第四十五届常会,2001年9月17日至21日》(GC(45)/RES/DEC(2001))。", "[7] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2153卷,第37605号。", "[8] 可查阅www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/2011/infcirc821.pdf。", "[9] 见国际原子能机构,GOV/2011/59-GC(55)/14号文件。", "[10] S-10/10/2号决议。", "[11] 见《大会正式记录,第六十四届会议,补编第27号》(A/64/27),第二章。 页:1 页:1", "[12] 见A/46/390,附件一。" ]

[ "Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 2 December 2011", "[on the report of the First Committee (A/66/413)]", "66/53. United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolutions 60/83 of 8 December 2005, 61/90 of 6 December 2006, 62/50 of 5 December 2007, 63/76 of 2 December 2008, 64/58 of 2 December 2009 and 65/78 of 8 December 2010 regarding the maintenance and revitalization of the three United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "Recalling also the reports of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Africa,[1] the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific[2] and the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean,[3]", "Reaffirming its decision, taken in 1982 at its twelfth special session, to establish the United Nations Disarmament Information Programme, the purpose of which is to inform, educate and generate public understanding and support for the objectives of the United Nations in the field of arms control and disarmament,[4]", "Bearing in mind its resolutions 40/151 G of 16 December 1985, 41/60 J of 3 December 1986, 42/39 D of 30 November 1987 and 44/117 F of 15 December 1989 on the regional centres for peace and disarmament in Nepal, Peru and Togo,", "Recognizing that the changes that have taken place in the world have created new opportunities and posed new challenges for the pursuit of disarmament, and bearing in mind in this regard that the regional centres for peace and disarmament can contribute substantially to understanding and cooperation among States in each particular region in the areas of peace, disarmament and development,", "Recalling that, in paragraph 127 of the Final Document of the Fifteenth Summit Conference of Heads of State and Government of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, from 11 to 16 July 2009,[5] and in paragraph 162 of the Final Document of the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference and Commemorative Meeting of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Bali, Indonesia, from 23 to 27 May 2011,[6] the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries emphasized the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament,", "1. Reiterates the importance of United Nations activities at the regional level to advance disarmament and to increase the stability and security of its Member States, which could be promoted in a substantive manner by the maintenance and revitalization of the three regional centres for peace and disarmament;", "2. Reaffirms that, in order to achieve positive results, it is useful for the three regional centres to carry out dissemination and educational programmes that promote regional peace and security and that are aimed at changing basic attitudes with respect to peace and security and disarmament so as to support the achievement of the purposes and principles of the United Nations;", "3. Appeals to Member States in each region that are able to do so, as well as to international governmental and non-governmental organizations and foundations, to make voluntary contributions to the regional centres in their respective regions in order to strengthen their activities and initiatives;", "4. Emphasizes the importance of the activities of the Regional Disarmament Branch of the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the Secretariat;", "5. Requests the Secretary-General to provide all necessary support, within existing resources, to the regional centres in carrying out their programmes of activities;", "6. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the item entitled “United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament”.", "71st plenary meeting 2 December 2011", "[1]  A/66/159.", "[2]  A/66/113.", "[3]  A/66/140.", "[4]  See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twelfth Special Session, Plenary Meetings, 1st meeting, paras. 110 and 111.", "[5]  A/63/965‑S/2009/514, annex.", "[6]  A/65/896‑S/2011/407, annex I." ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/413)通过]", "66/53. 联合国和平与裁军区域中心", "大会，", "回顾其关于维持和振兴三个联合国和平与裁军区域中心的2005年12月8日第60/83号、2006年12月6日第61/90号、2007年12月5日第62/50号、2008年12月2日第63/76号、2009年12月2日第64/58号和2010年12月8日第65/78号决议，", "又回顾秘书长关于联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心的报告、[1] 关于联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心的报告[2] 和关于联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心的报告，[3]", "重申大会1982年第十二届特别会议作出的决定，即建立联合国裁军宣传方案，以宣传和教育公众，促使公众了解和支持联合国在军备控制和裁军领域的目标，[4]", "铭记关于尼泊尔、秘鲁和多哥和平与裁军区域中心的1985年12月16日第40/151G号、1986年12月3日第41/60J号、1987年11月30日第42/39D号和1989年12月15日第44/117F号决议,", "认识到世界发生的变化既为实现裁军创造了新的机会，也带来了新的挑战，在这方面，铭记和平与裁军区域中心能在和平、裁军和发展领域为每一特定区域国家间的相互了解与合作作出重大贡献，", "回顾在2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》[5] 第127段中，以及在2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议暨纪念会议的《最后文件》[6] 第162段中，不结盟国家运动强调指出，联合国为增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动至为重要，而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动，", "1. 重申联合国为推动裁军和增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动至为重要，而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动；", "2. 又重申为取得积极成果，三个区域中心应实施促进区域和平与安全的传播和教育方案，力求改变对和平与安全及裁军的基本态度，以帮助实现联合国的宗旨和原则；", "3. 呼吁那些有能力做到的各区域会员国，以及国际政府组织和非政府组织及国际基金会向各自区域的区域中心提供自愿捐助，以加强它们的各项活动和举措；", "4. 强调秘书处裁军事务厅区域裁军处的活动至为重要；", "5. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内向各区域中心提供一切必要支助，以实施活动方案；", "6. 决定将题为“联合国和平与裁军区域中心”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "2011年12月2日", "第71次全体会议", "[1] A/66/159。", "[2] A/66/113。", "[3] A/66/140。", "[4] 见《大会正式记录，第十二届特别会议，全体会议》，第1次会议，第110和111段。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514，附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407，附件一。" ]

[ "2011年12月2日大会决议", "[根据第一委员会的报告(A/66/413)通", "66/53. 联合国和平与裁军区域中心", "大会,", "回顾其关于维持和振兴三个联合国和平与裁军区域中心的2005年12月8日第60/83号、2006年12月6日第61/90号、2007年12月5日第62/50号、2008年12月2日第63/76号、2009年12月2日第64/58号和2010年12月8日第65/78号决议,", "又回顾秘书长关于联合国和平与裁军非洲区域中心、[1] 联合国和平与裁军亚洲及太平洋区域中心[2] 和联合国和平、裁军与发展拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心的报告,[3]", "重申其1982年第十二届特别会议作出的决定,即设立联合国裁军宣传方案,以宣传、教育和促使公众了解和支持联合国在军备控制和裁军领域的目标,[4]", "铭记关于尼泊尔、秘鲁和多哥和平与裁军区域中心的1985年12月16日第40/151 G号、1986年12月3日第41/60 J号、1987年11月30日第42/39 D号和1989年12月15日第44/117 F号决议,", "认识到世界发生的变化为实现裁军创造了新的机会并带来了新的挑战,并在这方面铭记和平与裁军区域中心能对每一特定区域各国在和平、裁军与发展领域的了解与合作作出重大贡献,", "回顾2009年7月11日至16日在埃及沙姆沙伊赫举行的第十五次不结盟国家运动国家元首和政府首脑会议的《最后文件》 第127段[5]和2011年5月23日至27日在印度尼西亚巴厘举行的第十六次不结盟国家运动部长级会议和纪念会议的《最后文件》 第162段,[6] 不结盟国家运动强调联合国为增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动的重要性,而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动,", "1. 联合国 1. 重申联合国为推动裁军并增进会员国的稳定与安全而在区域一级开展的活动至为重要,而维持和振兴三个和平与裁军区域中心可以从实质上促进这些活动;", "2. 联合国 1. 重申为取得积极成果,三个区域中心应实施促进区域和平与安全的传播和教育方案,力求改变对和平与安全及裁军的基本态度,以帮助实现联合国的宗旨和原则;", "3个 4. 呼吁各区域有能力这样做的会员国以及国际政府组织、非政府组织和基金会向各自区域的区域中心提供自愿捐助,以加强其活动和举措;", " 4.四. 3. 强调秘书处裁军事务厅区域裁军处的活动至为重要;", "5 (韩语). 7. 请秘书长在现有资源范围内向各区域中心提供其执行活动方案所需的一切必要支助;", "6. 国家 6. 决定将题为“联合国和平与裁军区域中心”的项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程。", "第71次全体会议 2011年12月2日 第1次全体会议", "[1] A/66/159 (英语).", "[2] A/66/113。", "[3] A/66/140。", "[4] 见《大会正式记录,第十二届特别会议,全体会议》,第1次会议,第110和111段。", "[5] A/63/965-S/2009/514,附件。", "[6] A/65/896-S/2011/407,附件一。" ]