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Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

Moctezuma II

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the Tlaxcalans from their land. This was not the first time the Huexotzinca had requested aid from Mexico for similar reasons, as the first time was actually around the year of 1499, during the reign of Ahuizotl, though this previous request was denied.After consulting Nezahualpilli and the ruler of Tlacopan, Moctezuma agreed to help the Huexotzinca, despite the conflicts they had in the past, and sent a large number of soldiers to help this nation, while also allowing many of their refugees to stay in Tenochtitlan and Chalco. Late stages With the Mexica forces to support Huejotzingo, the invasion continued from the west with the main force from the towns of Cuauhquechollan, Tochimilco, Itzocan (today known as Izúcar de Matamoros), and a smaller support force from a town named Tetellan (today, Tetela de Ocampo) and from a town named Chietla. The advance was quick, but the Tlaxcalans used the territories they had captured from Huejotzingo to advance safely to Atlixco through the captured areas with little population before the Mexica-Huejotzingo forces spread. Once done, a long fight begun between the two forces. The battle lasted 20 days, and both armies suffered huge losses, as the Tlaxcalans had a famous general captured and the Mexica lost so many men that they requested for emergency reinforcements, asking for "all kinds of people in the shortest possible time." The Tlaxcalans claimed victory that fight, and the Mexica were fought into a complete standstill. The following year, Huejotzingo started to suffer a famine as the result of a lack of resources as the Tlaxcalans pushed further into their territory.The Tlaxcalans even went as far as burning down the royal palaces of Huejotzingo and stealing as much food as they could. Aproximately in the year of 1516, Huejotzingo abandoned its alliance with the empire. The devastating wars that broke out against Huejotzingo caused this nation, which had been the most powerful nation in the Valley of Puebla in the opening years of the 16th century, to become weak enough to be conquered by Tlaxcala. This was the point in which Tlaxcala became Mexico's most powerful rival in the central Mexican area. The nation which used to be their main military focus was now the subject of a nation which would later bring the killing blow to the Mexica Empire. The war between Mexico and Tlaxcala would eventually have devastating consequences, as the Tlaxcalans made a decision to form an alliance with Spain against Mexico on 23 September 1519 after a few battles proved that an alliance with this nation could help them destroy Moctezuma's reign. Contact with the Spanish First interactions with the Spanish In 1517, <mask> received the first reports of Europeans landing on the east coast of his empire; this was the expedition of Juan de Grijalva who had landed on San Juan de Ulúa, which although within Totonac territory was under the auspices of the Aztec Empire.Moctezuma ordered that he be kept informed of any new sightings of foreigners at the coast and posted extra watch guards to accomplish this. When Cortés arrived in 1519, <mask> was immediately informed and he sent emissaries to meet the newcomers; one of them was an Aztec noble named Tentlil in the Nahuatl language but referred to in the writings of Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo as "Tendile". As the Spaniards approached Tenochtitlán they made an alliance with the Tlaxcalteca, who were enemies of the Aztec Triple Alliance, and they helped instigate revolt in many towns under Aztec dominion. <mask> was aware of this and sent gifts to the Spaniards, probably in order to show his superiority to the Spaniards and Tlaxcalteca. On 8 November 1519, <mask> met Cortés on the causeway leading into Tenochtitlán and the two leaders exchanged gifts. Moctezuma gave Cortés the gift of an Aztec calendar, one disc of crafted gold and another of silver. Cortés later melted these down for their monetary value.According to Cortés, <mask> immediately volunteered to cede his entire realm to Charles V, King of Spain. Though some indigenous accounts written in the 1550s partly support this notion, it is still unbelievable for several reasons. As Aztec rulers spoke an overly polite language that needed translation for his subjects to understand, it is difficult to find out what <mask> really said. According to an indigenous account, he said to Cortés: "You have come to sit on your seat of authority, which I have kept for a while for you, where I have been in charge for you, for your agents the rulers..." However, these words might be a polite expression that was meant to convey the exact opposite meaning, which was common in Nahua culture; <mask> might actually have intended these words to assert his own stature and multigenerational legitimacy. Also, according to Spanish law, the king had no right to demand that foreign peoples become his subjects, but he had every right to bring rebels to heel. Therefore, to give the Spanish the necessary legitimacy to wage war against the indigenous people, Cortés might just have said what the Spanish king needed to hear. Host and prisoner of the Spaniards Six days after their arrival, <mask> became a prisoner in his own house.Exactly why this happened is not clear from the extant sources. According to the Spanish, the arrest was made as a result of an attack perpetrated by a tribute collector from Nautla named Qualpopoca or Quetzalpopoca on a Spanish-Totonac garrison near the area under the command of a Spanish captain named Juan de Escalante in retaliation for the Totonac rebellion against Moctezuma which started in July 1519 after the Spanish arrived. This attack resulted in the death of many Totonacs and approximately 7 Spaniards, including Escalante. Though some Spaniards described that this was the only reason of <mask>'s arrest, others have suspected that Escalante's death was merely used as an excuse by Cortés to imprison Moctezuma and usurp power over Mexico, under the suspicion that Cortés might have planned to imprison Moctezuma before they even met. Cortés himself admitted that he imprisoned Moctezuma primarily to avoid losing control over Mexico, understanding that nearly all of his forces were within his domains. <mask> claimed innocence for this incident, claiming that, though he was aware of the attack as Quetzalpopoca brought him the severed head of a Spaniard as a demonstration of his success, he never ordered it and was highly displeased by these events. Around 20 days after his arrest, Quetzalpopoca was captured, together with his son and 15 nobles who allegedly participated in the attack, and after a brief interrogation he admitted that indeed <mask> was innocent.He was publicly executed by burning soon after, but <mask> remained prisoner regardless. Despite his imprisonment, <mask> continued to live a somewhat confortable life, being free to perform many of his daily activities and being respected as a monarch. Cortés himself even ordered for any soldiers who disrespected him to be physically and roughly punished regardless of rank or position. However, despite still being treated as a respected monarch, he had virtually lost most of his power as emperor as the Spaniards oversaw nearly all of his activities. <mask> repeatedly protected the Spaniards against potential threats using the little power he had left, either under the threat of the Spanish or by his own will, such as during the succession crisis in Texcoco mentioned above, when he ordered for the ruler of Texcoco, Cacamatzin, to be arrested as he was planning to form an army to attack the Spaniards. The Aztec nobility reportedly became increasingly displeased with the large Spanish army staying in Tenochtitlán, and <mask> told Cortés that it would be best if they left. Shortly thereafter, in April 1520, Cortés left to fight Pánfilo de Narváez, who had landed in Mexico to arrest Cortés.During his absence, tensions between Spaniards and Aztecs exploded into the Massacre in the Great Temple, and <mask> became a hostage used by the Spaniards to ensure their security. Death In the subsequent battles with the Spaniards after Cortés' return, <mask> was killed. The details of his death are unknown, with different versions of his demise given by different sources. In his Historia, Bernal Díaz del Castillo states that on 29 June 1520, the Spanish forced <mask> to appear on the balcony of his palace, appealing to his countrymen to retreat. Four leaders of the Aztec army met with Moctezuma to talk, urging their countrymen to cease their constant firing upon the stronghold for a time. Díaz states: "Many of the Mexican Chieftains and Captains knew him well and at once ordered their people to be silent and not to discharge darts, stones or arrows, and four of them reached a spot where Montezuma could speak to them." Díaz alleges that the Aztecs informed Moctezuma that a relative of his had risen to the throne and ordered their attack to continue until all of the Spanish were annihilated, but expressed remorse at Moctezuma's captivity and stated that they intended to revere him even more if they could rescue him.Regardless of the earlier orders to hold fire, however, the discussion between <mask> and the Aztec leaders was immediately followed by an outbreak of violence. The Aztecs, disgusted by the actions of their leader, renounced Moctezuma and named his brother Cuitláhuac tlatoani in his place. In an effort to pacify his people, and undoubtedly pressured by the Spanish, <mask> was struck dead by a rock. Díaz gives this account: "They had hardly finished this speech when suddenly such a shower of stones and darts were discharged that (our men who were shielding him having neglected for a moment their duty, because they saw how the attack ceased while he spoke to them) he was hit by three stones, one on the head, another on the arm and another on the leg, and although they begged him to have the wounds dressed and to take food, and spoke kind words to him about it, he would not. Indeed, when we least expected it, they came to say that he was dead." Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagún recorded two versions of the conquest of Mexico from the Tenochtitlán-Tlatelolco viewpoint. In Book 12 of the twelve-volume Florentine Codex, the account in Spanish and Nahuatl is accompanied by illustrations by natives.One is of the death of <mask> II, which the indigenous assert was due to the Spaniards. According to the Codex, the bodies of Moctezuma and Itzquauhtzin were cast out of the Palace by the Spanish; the body of Moctezuma was gathered up and cremated at Copulco. Aftermath The Spaniards were forced to flee the city and they took refuge in Tlaxcala, and signed a treaty with the natives there to conquer Tenochtitlán, offering to the Tlaxcalans control of Tenochtitlán and freedom from any kind of tribute. Moctezuma was then succeeded by his brother Cuitláhuac, who died shortly after during a smallpox epidemic. He was succeeded by his adolescent nephew, Cuauhtémoc. During the siege of the city, the sons of Moctezuma were murdered by the Aztecs, possibly because they wanted to surrender. By the following year, the Aztec Empire had fallen to an army of Spanish and their Native American allies, primarily Tlaxcalans, who were traditional enemies of the Aztecs.Contemporary depictions Bernal Díaz del Castillo The firsthand account of Bernal Díaz del Castillo's True History of the Conquest of New Spain paints a portrait of a noble leader who struggles to maintain order in his kingdom after he is taken prisoner by Hernán Cortés. In his first description of Moctezuma, Díaz del Castillo writes: The Great Montezuma was about forty years old, of good height, well proportioned, spare and slight, and not very dark, though of the usual Indian complexion. He did not wear his hair long but just over his ears, and he had a short black beard, well-shaped and thin. His face was rather long and cheerful, he had fine eyes, and in his appearance and manner could express geniality or, when necessary, a serious composure. He was very neat and clean, and took a bath every afternoon. He had many women as his mistresses, the daughters of chieftains, but two legitimate wives who were Caciques in their own right, and only some of his servants knew of it. He was quite free from sodomy.The clothes he wore one day he did not wear again till three or four days later. He had a guard of two hundred chieftains lodged in rooms beside his own, only some of whom were permitted to speak to him. When <mask> was allegedly killed by being stoned to death by his own people, "Cortés and all of us captains and soldiers wept for him, and there was no one among us that knew him and had dealings with him who did not mourn him as if he were our father, which was not surprising, since he was so good. It was stated that he had reigned for seventeen years, and was the best king they ever had in Mexico, and that he had personally triumphed in three wars against countries he had subjugated. I have spoken of the sorrow we all felt when we saw that Montezuma was dead. We even blamed the Mercedarian friar for not having persuaded him to become a Christian." Hernán Cortés Unlike Bernal Díaz, who was recording his memories many years after the fact, Cortés wrote his Cartas de relación (Letters from Mexico) to justify his actions to the Spanish Crown.His prose is characterized by simple descriptions and explanations, along with frequent personal addresses to the King. In his Second Letter, Cortés describes his first encounter with Moctezuma thus:Moctezuma came to greet us and with him some two hundred lords, all barefoot and dressed in a different costume, but also very rich in their way and more so than the others. They came in two columns, pressed very close to the walls of the street, which is very wide and beautiful and so straight that you can see from one end to the other. Moctezuma came down the middle of this street with two chiefs, one on his right hand and the other on his left. And they were all dressed alike except that Moctezuma wore sandals whereas the others went barefoot; and they held his arm on either side. Anthony Pagden and Eulalia Guzmán have pointed out the Biblical messages that Cortés seems to ascribe to Moctezuma's retelling of the legend of Quetzalcoatl as a vengeful Messiah who would return to rule over the Mexica. Pagden has written that "There is no preconquest tradition which places Quetzalcoatl in this role, and it seems possible therefore that it was elaborated by Sahagún and Motolinía from informants who themselves had partially lost contact with their traditional tribal histories".Bernardino de Sahagún The Florentine Codex, made by Bernardino de Sahagún, relied on native informants from Tlatelolco, and generally portrays Tlatelolco and Tlatelolcan rulers in a favorable light relative to those of

Moctezuma II

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Tenochtitlan. <mask> in particular is depicted unfavorably as a weak-willed, superstitious, and indulgent ruler. Historian James Lockhart suggests that the people needed to have a scapegoat for the Aztec defeat, and Moctezuma naturally fell into that role. Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc Fernando Alvarado Tezozómoc, who may have written the Crónica Mexicayotl, was possibly a grandson of Moctezuma II. It is possible that his chronicle relates mostly the genealogy of the Aztec rulers. He described Moctezuma's issue and estimates them to be nineteen – eleven sons and eight daughters. Depiction in early post-conquest literature Some of the Aztec stories about Moctezuma describe him as being fearful of the Spanish newcomers, and some sources, such as the Florentine Codex, comment that the Aztecs believed the Spaniards to be gods and Cortés to be the returned god Quetzalcoatl.The veracity of this claim is difficult to ascertain, though some recent ethnohistorians specialising in early Spanish/Nahua relations have discarded it as post-conquest mythicalisation. Much of the idea of Cortés being seen as a deity can be traced back to the Florentine Codex, written some 50 years after the conquest. In the codex's description of the first meeting between Moctezuma and Cortés, the Aztec ruler is described as giving a prepared speech in classical oratorical Nahuatl, a speech which as described verbatim in the codex (written by Sahagún's Tlatelolcan informants) included such prostrate declarations of divine or near-divine admiration as, "You have graciously come on earth, you have graciously approached your water, your high place of Mexico, you have come down to your mat, your throne, which I have briefly kept for you, I who used to keep it for you," and, "You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth." While some historians such as Warren H. Carroll consider this as evidence that Moctezuma was at least open to the possibility that the Spaniards were divinely sent based on the Quetzalcoatl legend, others such as Matthew Restall argue that Moctezuma politely offering his throne to Cortés (if indeed he did ever give the speech as reported) may well have been meant as the exact opposite of what it was taken to mean, as politeness in Aztec culture was a way to assert dominance and show superiority. Other parties have also propagated the idea that the Native Americans believed the conquistadors to be gods, most notably the historians of the Franciscan order such as Fray Gerónimo de Mendieta. Bernardino de Sahagún, who compiled the Florentine Codex, was also a Franciscan priest. Indigenous accounts of omens and Moctezuma's beliefs Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590) includes in Book 12 of the Florentine Codex eight events said to have occurred prior to the arrival of the Spanish.These were purportedly interpreted as signs of a possible disaster, e.g. a comet, the burning of a temple, a crying ghostly woman, and others. Some speculate that the Aztecs were particularly susceptible to such ideas of doom and disaster because the particular year in which the Spanish arrived coincided with a "tying of years" ceremony at the end of a 52-year cycle in the Aztec calendar, which in Aztec belief was linked to changes, rebirth, and dangerous events. The belief of the Aztecs being rendered passive by their own superstition is referred to by Matthew Restall as part of "The Myth of Native Desolation" to which he dedicates chapter 6 in his book Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest. These legends are likely a part of the post-conquest rationalization by the Aztecs of their defeat, and serve to show Moctezuma as indecisive, vain, and superstitious, and ultimately the cause of the fall of the Aztec Empire. According to 16th-century Spanish historian Diego Durán, who was one of the most important chroniclers of the indigenous stories of the empire, Nezahualpilli was among those who informed Moctezuma of the imminent destruction of the empire by a foreign invader, warning him that omens confirming his fears will soon appear. This warning caused Moctezuma great fear and took a series of erratic decisions immediately after, such as severe punishments against his own soldiers for disappointing results after battles against the Tlaxcalans.Ethnohistorian Susan Gillespie has argued that the Nahua understanding of history as repeating itself in cycles also led to a subsequent rationalization of the events of the conquests. In this interpretation the description of Moctezuma, the final ruler of the Aztec Empire prior to the Spanish conquest, was tailored to fit the role of earlier rulers of ending dynasties—for example Quetzalcoatl, the mythical last ruler of the Toltecs. In any case it is within the realm of possibility that the description of Moctezuma in post-conquest sources was colored by his role as a monumental closing figure of Aztec history. Personal life Wives, concubines, and children Moctezuma had numerous wives and concubines by whom he fathered an enormous family, but only two women held the position of queen – Tlapalizquixochtzin and Teotlalco. His partnership with Tlapalizquixochtzin also made him a king consort of Ecatepec since she was queen of that city. Teotlalco was herself also a princess from Ecatepec and Tlapalizquixochtzin's sister, as both were daughters of Matlaccohuatl, a ruler of Ecatepec. However, Spanish accounts describe that very few people in Mexico actually knew that these two women held such positions of power, some of those who knew being a few of his close servants.Of his many wives may be named the princesses Teitlalco, Acatlan, and Miahuaxochitl, of whom the first named appears to have been the only legitimate consort. By her he left a son, Asupacaci, who fell during the Noche Triste, and a daughter, Tecuichpoch, later baptized as Isabel Moctezuma. By the Princess Acatlan were left two daughters, baptized as Maria and Mariana (also known as Leonor); the latter alone left offspring, from whom descends the Sotelo-Montezuma family. Though the exact number of his children is unknown and the names of most of them have been lost to history, according to a Spanish chronicler, by the time he was taken captive, Moctezuma had fathered 100 children and fifty of his wives and concubines were then in some stage of pregnancy, though this estimate may have been exaggerated. As Aztec culture made class distinctions between the children of senior wives, lesser wives, and concubines, not all of his children were considered equal in nobility or inheritance rights. Among his many children were Princess <mask>, Princess Mariana Leonor Moctezuma and sons Chimalpopoca (not to be confused with the previous huey tlatoani) and Tlaltecatzin. Activities Among the sports he practiced, he was an active hunter, and often used to hunt for deer, rabbits and various birds in a certain section of a forest (likely the Bosque de Chapultepec) that was exclusive to him and whoever he invited.It was prohibited for anyone without permission to enter, and allegedly any trespassers would be put to death. He also used to invite servants to this forest, should he order for certain animals to be hunted for him, which would often be done for the entertainment of his guests. Legacy Descendants in Mexico and the Spanish nobility Several lines of descendants exist in Mexico and Spain through <mask> II's son and daughters, notably Tlacahuepan Ihualicahuaca, or <mask>, and Tecuichpoch Ixcaxochitzin, or <mask>. Following the conquest, <mask>'s daughter, Techichpotzin (or Tecuichpoch), became known as Isabel Moctezuma and was given a large estate by Cortés, who also fathered a child by her, Leonor Cortés Moctezuma, who in turn was the mother of Isabel de Tolosa Cortés <mask>. Isabel married consecutively to Cuauhtémoc (the last Mexican sovereign), to a conquistador in Cortés' original group, Alonso Grado (died c. 1527), a poblador (a Spaniard who had arrived after the fall of Tenochtitlán), to Pedro Andrade Gallego (died c. 1531), and to conquistador Juan Cano de Saavedra, who survived her. She had children by the latter two, from whom descend the illustrious families of Andrade-Montezuma and Cano-Montezuma. A nephew of <mask> II was Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin.The grandson of <mask> II, Pedro's son, Ihuitemotzin, baptized as Diego Luis de Moctezuma, was brought to Spain by King <mask>. There he married Francisca de la Cueva de Valenzuela. In 1627, their son Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma was given the title Count of Moctezuma (later altered to <mask> de Tultengo), and thus became part of the Spanish nobility. In 1766, the holder of the title became a Grandee of Spain. In 1865 (coincidentally during the Second Mexican Empire), the title, which was held by Antonio María Moctezuma-Marcilla de Teruel y Navarro, 14th Count of Moctezuma de Tultengo, was elevated to that of a Duke, thus becoming Duke of Moctezuma, with de Tultengo again added in 1992 by Juan Carlos I. Descendants of Pedro Tesifón de Moctezuma included (through an illegitimate child of his son Diego Luis) General Jerónimo Girón-Moctezuma, 3rd Marquess de las Amarilas (1741–1819), a ninth-generation descendant of <mask> II, who was commander of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Fort Charlotte, and his grandson, Francisco Javier Girón y Ezpeleta, 2nd Duke of Ahumada and 5th Marquess of the Amarillas who was the founder of the Guardia Civil in Spain. Other holders of Spanish noble titles that descend from the Aztec emperor include Dukes of Atrisco. Indigenous mythology and folklore Many indigenous peoples in Mexico are reported to worship deities named after the Aztec ruler, and often a part of the myth is that someday the deified Moctezuma shall return to vindicate his people.In Mexico, the contemporary Pames, Otomi, Tepehuán, Totonac, and Nahua peoples are reported to worship earth deities named after Moctezuma. His name also appears in Tzotzil Maya ritual in Zinacantán where dancers dressed as a rain god are called "Moctezumas". Hubert Howe Bancroft, writing in the 19th century (Native Races, Volume #3), speculated that the name of the historical Aztec emperor Moctezuma had been used to refer to a combination of different cultural heroes who were united under the name of a particularly salient representative of Mesoamerican identity. Symbol of indigenous leadership As a symbol of resistance against the Spanish, the name of Moctezuma has been invoked in several indigenous rebellions. One such example was the rebellion of the Virgin Cult in Chiapas in 1721, where the followers of the Virgin Mary rebelled against the Spanish after having been told by an apparition of the virgin that Moctezuma would be resuscitated to assist them against their Spanish oppressors. In the Quisteil rebellion of the Yucatec Maya in 1761, the rebel leader Jacinto Canek reportedly called himself "Little Montezuma". Portrayals and cultural references Art, music, and literature The Aztec emperor is the title character in several 18th-century operas: Motezuma (1733) by Antonio Vivaldi; Motezuma (1771) by Josef Mysliveček; Montezuma (1755) by Carl Heinrich Graun; and Montesuma (1781) by Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli.He is also the subject of Roger Sessions' dodecaphonic opera Montezuma (1963), and the protagonist in the modern opera La Conquista (2005) by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, where his part is written in the Nahuatl language. Numerous other works of popular culture have mentioned or referred to Moctezuma: Moctezuma (spelled Montezuma) is portrayed in Lew Wallace's first novel The Fair God (1873). He is portrayed as influenced by the belief that Cortés was Quetzalcoatl returned, and as a weak and indecisive leader, saving the conquistadores from certain defeat in one battle by ordering the Aztecs to stop. The Marines' Hymn's opening line "From the Halls of Montezuma" refers to the Battle of Chapultepec in Mexico City during the Mexican–American War, 1846–1848. Montezuma is mentioned in Neil Young's song "Cortez the Killer", from the 1975 album Zuma (the title of which is also believed to derive from "Montezuma"). The song's lyrics paint a heavily romanticized portrait of Montezuma and his empire. On the facade of the Royal Palace of Madrid there is a statue of the emperor Moctezuma II, along with another of the Inca emperor Atahualpa, among the statues of the kings of the ancient kingdoms that formed Spain.In the alternate history of Randall Garrett's Lord Darcy stories, where the Aztecs were conquered by an Anglo-French Empire rather than by Spain, <mask> <mask> was converted to Christianity and retained his rule of Mexico as a vassal of the London-based king, and <mask>'s descendants were still ruling in this capacity in the equivalent of the 20th century. The video game Age of Empires II: The Conquerors contains a six-chapter campaign titled "Montezuma". Other references Moctezuma River and Mount Moctezuma, a volcano in Mexico City, are named after him. Montezuma Falls in Tasmania is named after him. Cuauhtémoc Moctezuma Brewery, a brewery of Heineken International in Monterrey, Mexico, is named after Moctezuma II and his nephew, Cuauhtémoc. Montezuma Castle and Montezuma Well, 13th-century Sinagua dwellings in central Arizona, were named by 19th-century American pioneers who mistakenly thought they were built by the Aztecs. Montezuma is a playable ruler for the Aztec in several of the video games of the Civilization series.Several species of animals and plants such as Montezuma quail, Montezuma oropendola, Argyrotaenia montezumae, and Pinus montezumae have been named after him. An elementary school in Albuquerque, New Mexico is named Montezuma Elementary School, after him. "Montezuma's Revenge" is a colloquialism for traveler's diarrhea in visitors to Mexico. The urban legend states that Montezuma II initiated the onslaught of diarrhea on "gringo" travelers to Mexico in retribution for the slaughter and subsequent enslavement of the Aztec people by Hernán Cortés in 1521. See also Historic recurrence List of unsolved murders Moctezuma I Moctezuma's Table Montezuma's headdress Qualpopoca Emperor Notes References Further reading Primary sources Secondary sources External links A reconstructed portrait of Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, based on historical sources, in a contemporary style. Tenochca tlatoque 02 16th-century monarchs in North America 15th-century indigenous people of the Americas 16th-century indigenous people of the Americas 16th-century Mexican people 1460s births 1520 deaths 16th-century murdered monarchs 1520 crimes 1500s in the Aztec civilization 1510s in the Aztec civilization 1520s in the Aztec civilization 15th century in the Aztec civilization 16th century in the Aztec civilization 1520 in North

Wani (scholar)

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<mask> () is a semi-legendary scholar who is said to have been sent to Japan by Baekje of southwestern Korea during the reign of Emperor Ōjin. He used to be associated with the introduction of the Chinese writing system to Japan. Original sources and analysis <mask> is mentioned only in Japanese history books; he is not recorded in Chinese or Korean sources. The main sources of <mask>'s biography are the Nihon Shoki (720) and the Kojiki (712). These stories have long been questioned by scholars. Ten volumes are too much for the Analects, and more importantly, his alleged arrival predates the composition of the Thousand Character Classic (the early 6th century). Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725) considered that Wani had brought a certain book of Elementary Learning which the Kojiki had confused with the Thousand Character Classic.Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) claimed that it was pointless to care about details because the Thousand Character Classic was mentioned just as a typical book of Elementary Learning. Some assume a different version of the Thousand Character Classic was brought but this theory has no clear basis. In short, it is not unnatural for people like Wani to have come to Japan around that time, but there is no strong evidence determining whether Wani really existed. Dating the alleged arrival of Wani is rather difficult since there are long-lasting disputes over the accuracy of these sources on early events. According to the traditional dating, it would be 285 though is considered too early by historians. Based on the reign of King Akue (阿花王; identified as King Asin 阿莘王) of Baekje, who, according to the Nihon Shoki, died in the 16th year of Emperor Ōjin's reign, it would be 405. However, this theory contradicts the description of the Kojiki, which says that Wani's arrival was during the reign of King Shōko (照古王; usually identified as King Geunchogo 近肖古王, r. 346-375) of Baekje.The Kojiki suggests that Wani arrived sometime after 372. His name is not straightforward either. The Kojiki calls him "Wani Kishi". The Nihon Shoki and most of the subsequent documents read 王仁. Although the reading Wani is irregular (the standard reading is Ō Jin or Ō Nin), these characters look like a Chinese name (the surname Wang and the personal name Ren). This leads some scholars to consider that <mask> was of Chinese descent, which his descendants claim was the case. A supporting fact is that the Wang clan was powerful in China's former Lelang Commandery in northwestern Korea.After the downfall of the commandery around 313, some members of the Wang clan might have fled to Baekje, and then to Japan. A more skeptical view is that the legend of Wani was influenced by much later events: the surname Wang was selected as the most appropriate name for the ideal man of letters because in the late 6th century, several scholars surnamed Wang came to Japan from southern China via Baekje. Descendants The descendants of Wani, or more precisely, those who claimed Wani to be their ancestor, were collectively called the Kawachi no Fumi clan. They lived in Kisaichi of Kawachi Province together with their branch families. The head family had the uji "Fumi" [literature] after their duty as scribes, and similarly their branch families were given the kabane "Fuhito" [scribe]. Despite Wani's fame as a scholar, the Kawachi no Fumi clan was not so active as secretaries for administration. A rare exception was Fumi no Nemaro (文禰麻呂; ?-707).Instead of being active in civil administration, he rose to a rank unusually high for a mid-level bureaucrat for his military performances in the Jinshin War (672). Some historians consider that this was the reason why the legend of Wani was recorded in the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki. It is known that scribes of foreign origin had similar and mutually conflicting legends about their founders. Features common in their stories include the arrival during the reign of Emperor Ōjin, the introduction of Chinese literature and/or Confucianism, and the surname Wang. The legend of Wani was chosen with the rest of them ignored because the Kawachi no Fumi clan was relatively powerful at the time of the compilation of the history books. In 791 Wani's descendants including Fumi no Mooto (文最弟) and Takefu no Makata (武生真象) made a successful attempt to elevate their kabane or family rank. According to the Shoku Nihongi (797), their appeal was as follows: Luan (鸞) was a descendant of Emperor Gaozu of Han.Luan's descendant Wang Gou (王狗) moved to Baekje. During the reign of King Kuso of Baekje, the imperial court sent envoys to summon literati. King Kuso offered Gou's grandson Wang Ren (Wani) as a tribute. He was the founder of Fumi, Takefu and other clans. A similar story can be found in the description of the Fumi no Sukune (文宿禰) clan by the Shinsen Shōjiroku (815). Later interpretations The article of the Nihon Shoki was traditionally interpreted as the introduction of Confucianism and/or Chinese literature although not clearly stated in the history book. According to the preface to the Kokin Wakashū (905), a famous Waka poem starting with "Naniwa-zu" was traditionally attributed to Wani.At that time, the imperial throne was vacant for three years because the future Emperor Nintoku (successor to Emperor Ōjin) and his brother Crown Prince Uji no Waki Iratsuko renounced succession to the throne to crown the other. Historians and philologists are skeptical about the attribution to Wani because it cannot be found in earlier sources. From the early 10th century on, this poem was regarded as a chorus that praises Emperor Nintoku. As a result, Wani was portrayed as a sage submitting to the emperor's virtue. From the Heian period onward, references to Wani mostly involved the Naniwa-zu poem. Some commentaries to Waka poems describe Wani as a man from Silla in southeastern Korea. Although this error was corrected by Fujiwara no Norikane's Waka dōmōshō (1145–53) and Kenshō's Kokinshū jo chū (1183) with the reference to the Nihon Shoki, it survived for a long time.To solve the contradiction, Reizei Tamesuke even claimed in 1297 that Wani had been transferred from Baekje to Silla and then from Silla to Japan. A possible reason for this error is that <mask>'s arrival at Japan was interpreted as a result of Empress Jingū's conquest of Silla, which was recorded in the Nihon Shoki. Political exploitations Hirakata The so-called tomb of Wani is located in Hirakata, Osaka Prefecture. It is, however, most likely that the alleged tomb identified in the 18th century has nothing to do with Wani. The "tomb" was located in Fujisaka Village, Kawachi Province (part of the modern-day Hirakata city). It was originally a pair of stones known to local people as "Oni Tomb" (於爾墓). In other words, they were not associated with Wani.The situation changed in 1731 when the Confucian scholar Namikawa Seisho (並河誠所) visited there for the purpose of compiling a geography monograph named Gokinaishi (五畿内志). He claimed that he discovered an old document at Wada Temple of Kin'ya Village (also part of the modern Hirakata) that read the name "Oni Tomb" was the corrupt form of Wani Tomb. At his recommendation, a stonetomb was built behind the stones. It is generally considered that the "tomb" in Hirakata is Namikawa's fabrication. There is no ancient record that refers to Wani's burial site. Archaeologically speaking, there was no such custom of setting a tombstone on a mound before the introduction of Buddhism. The new myth spread as the Kokugaku movement became active.Wani was praised as a talented and faithful servant to the ancient emperors. In 1827, a monument in honor of Wani was erected near the tomb, on which his name was engraved by Prince Arisugawa. After the Meiji Restoration, a ceremony was held at the tomb in 1899 to commemorate the 1500-year anniversary of the death of Emperor Nintoku. After the annexation of Korea, another symbolic role was given to Wani in relation to modern Korea/Koreans. As part of an effort to integrate Korea into the empire, conciliatory approaches were adopted. Wani was utilized as a historical precedent for serving the emperor loyally in spite of non-Japanese root. In 1927 a society was set up in Tokyo to build a shrine for Wani.Its member included Uchida Ryōhei from the Black Dragon Society. The project for building a shrine in the site of the Wani tomb began in 1930. In 1932 the society celebrated the 1650-year anniversary of Wani's arrival there. The construction of Wani shrine started in 1940 but was never completed. In addition to Wani Shrine, a pair of monuments was built in honor of Wani in Tokyo's Ueno Park in 1939. With the disintegration of the Japanese Empire, the political role of Wani ceased to exist. Instead, Wani was targeted by Korean political exploitation.Koreans, in turn, use Wani as a symbol of ancient Korea's "cultural superiority" over Japan. Since the 1980s Korean nationals in Japan have led various events visualizing Wani's alleged arrival at Japan. President Kim Dae-jung sent a personal letter to a ceremony at the tomb in 1998, and Prime Minister Kim Jong-pil visited there in 1999. Yeongam Even though Korea has no historical records on Wani, "Doctor Wang In's Historical Sites" (Wang In is the Koreanized form of Wani, 왕인) are located in Gurim Village, Yeongam County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea today. It is based on a new myth that can date back only to the early 20th century. Earlier geography books including the Taekriji (1751) never link Wani to Yeongam. The first known record that associates Wani with Yeongam is the Joseon Hwanyeo Seungnam (朝鮮寰輿勝覧; 1922–37) by Yi Byeong-yeon (이병연, 李秉延).It claims without providing any evidence that <mask> was born in Yeongnam. It is known that around the same time, a Japanese monk named Aoki Keishō claimed on the basis of "oral tradition" that Yeongam was Wani's homeland. In 1932 he made a failed appeal to erect a bronze statue of Wani in Yeongam. A new myth about Wangin was publicized in South Korea in the 1970s. In 1972 the social activist Kim Changsu reported a series of essays titled "Korean spirit embodied in Japan". In the framework of Korean national history, <mask> was regarded as a Korean. Upon being informed by a reader from Yeongam, Kim issued a statement identifying Yeongam as the birthplace of Wani in the next year.In spite of the weakness of the evidence, <mask>'s "relic site" was designated as Cultural Asset No. 20 of South Jeolla Province in 1976. The development of Wani's "historical sites" was led by the governments of South Jeolla Province and Yeongam County. The governor of South Jeolla Province was from Yeongam County. The construction was carried out from 1985 to 1987, "restoring" the "birthplace", schools where Wani allegedly studied, and others. Yeongam County started to fully exploit the old-looking new theme park as a tourist attraction because the introduction of local autonomy of 1990 forced the local government to look for its own source of revenue. For example, Youngam County began to host the annual "Wangin Culture Festival" in 1997 that was previously organized by local people under the name of "Cherry blossom festival".The exploitation was not done without opposition. In fact, it is criticized by a faction who attempts to use Buddhist monk Doseon (827–898) as the main tourism resource of Yeongam. See also Korean influence on Japanese culture Notes References Gotō Kōji 後藤耕二, Atogaki ni kaete, Den Wani bo o kaishita Daikan minkoku Zenra nandō Reigan-gun to no yūkō toshi mondai o megutte あとがきにかえて‐伝王仁墓を介した大韓民国全羅南道霊岩郡との友好都市問題をめぐって, Zainichi Chōsenjin no rekishi 在日朝鮮人の歴史, pp. 317–328頁, 1994. Kim Byeong-in 金秉仁: 王仁의 "지역 영웅화" 과정에 대한 문헌사적 검토, Hanguksa yeon-gu 韓國史研究, Vol.115, pp. 107–116, 2001 Ōishi Kazuyo 大石和世: Densetsu o tooshite hyōshō sareru Nikkan kankei 伝説を通して表象される日韓関係 (The Relations of Korea and Japan as represented by a Legend), From Fukuoka: Asia Pacific Study Reports 福岡発・アジア太平洋研究報告, Vol. 13, pp.1–7, 2004. Confucianism in Japan Chinese Confucianists 5th-century Chinese people

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<mask> ( ; born August 15, 1938) is an American lawyer and jurist who has served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1994. He was nominated by President Bill Clinton, and replaced retiring justice Harry Blackmun. Breyer is generally associated with the liberal wing of the Court. After attending Stanford University, Breyer attended the University of Oxford as a Marshall Scholar and graduated from Harvard Law School in 1964. After a clerkship with Associate Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964–65, Breyer was a law professor and lecturer at Harvard Law School from 1967 until 1980. He specialized in administrative law, writing textbooks that remain in use today. He held other prominent positions before being nominated to the Supreme Court, including special assistant to the United States Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust and assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973.He also served on the First Circuit Court of Appeals from 1980 to 1994. In his 2005 book Active Liberty, <mask> made his first attempt to systematically communicate his views on legal theory, arguing that the judiciary should seek to resolve issues in a manner that encourages popular participation in governmental decisions. On January 26, 2022, American news outlets reported that Breyer intended to retire from the Supreme Court at the end of the term. On January 27, Breyer and President Joe Biden officially announced Breyer's pending retirement at the White House. On February 25, 2022, Biden nominated Breyer's former law clerk, Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson, to succeed him. Early life and education Breyer was born on August 15, 1938, in San Francisco, California, to Anne A. (née Roberts) and Irving Gerald <mask>.Breyer's paternal great-grandfather emigrated from Romania to the United States, settling in Cleveland, where Breyer's grandfather was born. Breyer was raised in a middle-class Jewish family. His father was a lawyer who served as legal counsel to the San Francisco Board of Education. Breyer and his younger brother Charles R<mask>, who later became a federal district judge, were active in the Boy Scouts of America and achieved the Eagle Scout rank. Breyer attended Lowell High School, graduating in 1955. At Lowell, he was a member of the Lowell Forensic Society and debated regularly in high school tournaments, including against future California governor Jerry Brown and future Harvard Law School professor Laurence Tribe. After high school, Breyer studied philosophy at Stanford University.He graduated in 1959 with a Bachelor of Arts degree with highest honors and membership in Phi Beta Kappa. He was then awarded a Marshall Scholarship which he used to study philosophy, politics, and economics at Magdalen College, Oxford, receiving a second B.A. in 1961. He then returned to the United States to attend Harvard Law School, where he was a member of the Harvard Law Review and graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Laws degree magna cum laude. Breyer spent 8 years in the United States Army Reserve including 6 months on active duty in the Army Strategic Intelligence. He reached the rank of corporal and was honorably discharged in 1965. In 1967, Breyer married The Honourable Joanna Freda Hare, a psychologist and member of the British aristocracy, younger daughter of John Hare, 1st Viscount Blakenham and granddaughter of Richard Hare, 4th Earl of Listowel.They have three adult children: Chloe, an Episcopal priest; Nell; and Michael. Legal career After law school, Breyer served as a law clerk to associate justice Arthur Goldberg of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1964 to 1965, and served briefly as a fact-checker for the Warren Commission. He then spent two years in the U.S. Department of Justice's Antitrust Division as a special assistant to its Assistant Attorney General. Breyer returned to Harvard Law School as an assistant professor in 1967. He taught at Harvard Law until 1980, and held a joint appointment at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government from 1977 to 1980. At Harvard, Breyer was known as a leading expert on administrative law. While there, he wrote two highly influential books on deregulation: Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation and Regulation and Its Reform.In 1970, Breyer wrote "The Uneasy Case for Copyright", one of the most widely cited skeptical examinations of copyright. Breyer was a visiting professor at the College of Law in Sydney, Australia, the University of Rome, and the Tulane University Law School. While teaching at Harvard, Breyer took several leaves of absence to serve in the U.S. government. He served as an assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973. Breyer was a special counsel to the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary from 1974 to 1975 and served as chief counsel of the committee from 1979 to 1980. He worked closely with the chairman of the committee, Senator Edward M. Kennedy, to pass the Airline Deregulation Act that closed the Civil Aeronautics Board. Judicial career U.S. Court of Appeals (1980–1994) In the last days of President Jimmy Carter's administration, on November 13, 1980, after he had been defeated for reelection, Carter nominated <mask> to the First Circuit, to a new seat established by , and the United States Senate confirmed him on December 9, 1980, by an 80–10 vote.He received his commission on December 10, 1980. From 1980 to 1994, Breyer was a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit; he was the court's Chief Judge from 1990 to 1994. One of his duties as chief judge was to oversee the design and construction of a new federal courthouse for Boston, beginning an avocational interest in architecture and the Pritzker Architecture Prize. Breyer served as a member of the Judicial Conference of the United States between 1990 and 1994 and the United States Sentencing Commission between 1985 and 1989. On the sentencing commission he played a key role in reforming federal criminal sentencing procedures, producing the Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which were formulated to increase uniformity in sentencing. Supreme Court (1994–present) In 1993, President Bill Clinton considered him for the seat vacated by Byron White before ultimately appointing Ruth Bader Ginsburg. But after the retirement of Harry Blackmun, Clinton nominated Breyer as an associate justice of the Supreme Court on May 17, 1994.Breyer was confirmed by the Senate on July 29, 1994, by an 87 to 9 vote, and received his commission on August 3. He was the second-longest-serving junior justice in the history of the Court, close to surpassing the record set by Associate Justice Joseph Story of 4,228 days (from February 3, 1812, to September 1, 1823); Breyer fell 29 days short of tying this record, which he would have reached on March 1, 2006, had Samuel Alito not joined the Court on January 31, 2006. Since Ginsburg's death in September 2020, Breyer has been the oldest serving justice. In 2015, Breyer broke a federal law that bans judges from hearing cases when they or their spouses or minor children have a financial interest in a company involved. His wife sold about $33,000 worth of stock in Johnson Controls a day after Breyer participated in the oral argument. This brought him back into compliance and he joined the majority in ruling in favor of the interests of a Johnson Controls subsidiary which was party to FERC v. Electric Power Supply Ass'n. Pending retirement After Democratic victories in the 2020 presidential and Senate elections, progressive activists and Democratic members of Congress called on Breyer to resign so that President Biden could nominate a younger liberal justice.In an August 2021 New York Times interview, Breyer said he wished to retire before his death, and recounted a conversation he had with Justice Antonin Scalia in which Scalia mentioned that he did not want his successor to "reverse everything I've done for the last 25 years". Breyer said that Scalia's point will "inevitably be in the psychology" of his decision to retire. In a September 2021 interview with Fox News'''s Chris Wallace, Breyer said activists calling for his resignation are "entitled to their opinion" and "I didn’t retire because I had decided on balance I wouldn’t retire". He said he took several factors into account when deciding his retirement plans, and reiterated that he did not plan to "die on the court". On January 26, 2022, news outlets reported Breyer's intention to retire from the court at the end of the 2021–22 term. Breyer confirmed his pending retirement in a White House announcement alongside Biden on January 27. On February 25, Biden announced his nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson, a former clerk of Breyer and judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, to succeed Breyer on the Supreme Court.Notable rulings From the start of his tenure through the end of the 2019 term, Breyer has written a total of 520 opinions, not counting opinions relating to orders or in the "shadow docket". Abortion In 2000, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in Stenberg v. Carhart, which struck down a Nebraska law banning partial-birth abortion. On June 29, 2020, he wrote the plurality opinion in June Medical Services v. Russo. The ruling struck down Louisiana's abortion law requiring any doctor who performed abortions to have admitting privileges at a hospital within 30 miles. Breyer reaffirmed the "benefits and burdens" test he had created in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, which struck down a nearly identical abortion law in Texas. Census In Department of Commerce v. New York (2019), Breyer was in the 5–4 majority that ruled that the Census Bureau had not followed proper procedure in its implementation of a citizenship question. He was also one of four justices who would have held the citizenship question unconstitutional in itself.In a mostly concurring opinion, he wrote: "Yet the decision was ill considered in a number of critically important respects. The Secretary did not give adequate consideration to issues that should have been central to his judgment, such as the high likelihood of an undercount, the low likelihood that a question would yield more accurate citizenship data, and the apparent lack of any need for more accurate citizenship data to begin with. The Secretary’s failures in considering those critical issues make his decision unreasonable". On December 18, 2020, Breyer was one of three dissenters in Trump v. New York. In a 20-page dissent, he argued that the Court should not have sidestepped the case and should have ruled in favor of the challengers, who wanted the Court to block the Trump administration's last-minute attempts to exclude undocumented immigrants from the census. The census ultimately did not exclude undocumented immigrants, due to a lack of time and the subsequent issuance of Executive Order 13986. Copyright In Eldred v. Ashcroft, decided on January 15, 2003, <mask> and Justice John Paul Stevens filed separate dissenting opinions.In his 28-page dissent, Breyer argued that the 20-year retroactive extension of existing copyright granted by the Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) amounted effectively to a grant of perpetual copyright that violated the Copyright Clause of the Constitution, read in light of the First Amendment. He argued that the extension would produce a period of protection worth more than 99.8% of protection in perpetuity and that few artists would be more inclined to produce work knowing that their great-grandchildren would receive royalties. He also wrote that the fair use defense came to no avail either, as it could not help "those who wish to obtain from electronic databases material that is not there", e.g. teachers who can find from online no ideal material to be used in the class as it has been deleted. In Google v. Oracle, decided on April 5, 2021, Breyer wrote the 38-page majority opinion, holding that Google's copying of 11,500 lines of Java declaring code (0.4% of all Java code) constituted fair use because "three of these packages were ... fundamental to being able to use the Java language at all". Breyer explained, "By using the same declaring code for those packages, programmers using the Android platform can rely on the method calls that they are already familiar with to call up particular tasks (e.g., determining which of two integers is the greater); but Google's own implementing programs carry out those tasks. Without that copying, programmers would need to learn an entirely new system to call up the same tasks."Death penalty In 2015, Breyer dissented in Glossip v. Gross, which held by a 5–4 vote that prisoners challenging their executions must provide a "known and available" execution method before challenging their method of execution. In a dissent joined by Ginsburg, Breyer questioned the constitutionality of the death penalty itself. He wrote, "For the reasons I have set forth in this opinion, I believe it highly likely that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment. At the very least, the Court should call for full briefing on the basic question." In July 2020, Breyer reiterated this position, writing, "As I have previously written, the solution may be for this Court to directly examine the question whether the death penalty violates the Constitution." Environment In Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000), Breyer was in the 7–2 majority that held that people who use the North Tyger River for recreational purposes but could not do so due to pollution had standing to sue industrial polluters. On April 23, 2020, Breyer wrote the majority opinion in County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund.The Court ruled that the County of Maui must have a permit under the Clean Water Act in order to release groundwater pollution into the ocean. Although the ruling was less broad than the 9th Circuit's ruling, environmentalist groups saw the ruling as a win and an affirmation of the Clean Water Act. On July 31, 2020, Breyer dissented when the Supreme Court, in a 5–4 decision, refused to lift a stay on the 9th Circuit ruling that halted construction of the wall at the U.S.-Mexico border. The Sierra Club argued that the wall would harm the environment unduly, including threatening wildlife and changing the flow of water in the Sonoran Desert. Breyer wrote, "The Court’s decision to let construction continue nevertheless, I fear, may 'operat[e], in effect, as a final judgment.'" Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan joined

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his dissent. On March 4, 2021, Breyer dissented in United States Fish and Wildlife Serv.v. Sierra Club, Inc., joined only by Sotomayor. The case concerned the Sierra Club's request under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) for "draft opinions" concerning rules governing underwater structures that are used to cool industrial equipment. The Sierra Club argued that it had the right to access the documents. The majority opinion limits environmental groups' ability to obtain government documents under FOIA. Breyer wrote in his dissent, "Agency practice shows that the Draft Biological Opinion, not the Final Biological Opinion, is the document that informs the EPA of the Services’ conclusions about jeopardy and alternatives and triggers within the EPA the process of deciding what to do about those conclusions. If a Final Biological Opinion is discoverable under FOIA, as all seem to agree it is, why would a Draft Biological Opinion, embodying the same Service conclusions (and leaving the EPA with the same four choices), not be?” In Hollyfrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association, Breyer ruled for oil refineries, joining the majority opinion, which held that oil refineries struggling financially did not need a continuous exemption every year since 2011 in order to be granted an exemption from federal renewable fuels policy. Health care Breyer has generally voted to uphold Obamacare since its passage in 2010.Breyer wrote the 7-2 majority opinion in California v. Texas, a decision on June 17, 2021, holding that Texas and other states lacked standing to sue against the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate. Breyer wrote, "It is consequently not surprising that the plaintiffs cannot point to cases that support them. To the contrary, our cases have consistently spoken of the need to assert an injury that is the result of a statute’s actual or threatened enforcement, whether today or in the future." Partisan gerrymandering On April 28, 2004, Breyer dissented in Vieth v. Jubelirer, in which the Court held that partisan gerrymandering is a non-justiciable claim. Breyer wrote in his dissent, "Sometimes purely political 'gerrymandering' will fail to advance any plausible democratic objective while simultaneously threatening serious democratic harm. And sometimes when that is so, courts can identify an equal protection violation and provide a remedy." In 2006, Breyer was in a 5–4 majority holding that District 23 of the 2003 Texas redistricting violated the Voting Rights Act due to vote dilution.Along with Justice John Paul Stevens, Breyer would also have ruled in favor of plaintiffs' claims that Texas's statewide plan was an unconstitutional partisan gerrymander. In June 2019, Breyer dissented in Rucho v. Common Cause, in which the Supreme Court decided 5–4 that gerrymandering is a non-justiciable claim. Voting rights Breyer wrote the majority opinion in Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama, which ruled that racial gerrymandering claims must be looked at district by district, and struck down four of Alabama's state Senate districts as unconstitutional racial gerrymanders. <mask> joined Ginsburg's dissent in Shelby County v. Holder. A 5–4 majority ruled that Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act is unconstitutional. Breyer joined another dissent by Ginsburg in RNC v. DNC, which overturned a lower court's extension of a voting deadline in the Wisconsin primary elections. The lower court had extended the deadline so that people who had not yet received mail-in ballots by April 7 could vote by mail in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.Breyer dissented in a similar Wisconsin case in October; the petitioners had asked the court to require Wisconsin to count mail-in ballots received up to six days after Election Day, and the Court, with <mask>, Sotomayor, and Kagan dissenting, refused the petitioners' request to extend the deadline. Breyer joined Kagan's dissent in Brnovich v. DNC (2021), a case that upheld Arizona's ban on ballot harvesting and refusal to count out-of-precinct ballots. As the most senior dissenter, Breyer likely assigned the dissenting opinion to Kagan. Judicial philosophy In general Breyer's pragmatic approach to the law "will tend to make the law more sensible", according to Cass Sunstein, who added that Breyer's "attack on originalism is powerful and convincing". Breyer has consistently voted in favor of abortion rights,Stenberg v. Carhart, . one of the most controversial areas of the Supreme Court's docket. He has also defended the Court's use of foreign law and international law as persuasive (but not binding) authority in its decisions.Breyer is also recognized to be deferential to the interests of law enforcement and to legislative judgments in the Court's First Amendment rulings. He has demonstrated a consistent pattern of deference to Congress, voting to overturn congressional legislation at a lower rate than any other Justice since 1994. Breyer's extensive experience in administrative law is accompanied by his staunch defense of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Breyer rejects the strict interpretation of the Sixth Amendment espoused by Justice Scalia that all facts necessary to criminal punishment must be submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt. In many other areas on the Court, too, Breyer's pragmatism was considered the intellectual counterweight to Scalia's textualist philosophy. In describing his interpretive philosophy, Breyer has sometimes noted his use of six interpretive tools: text, history, tradition, precedent, the purpose of a statute, and the consequences of competing interpretations. He has noted that only the last two differentiate him from textualists such as Scalia.Breyer argues that these sources are necessary, however, and in the former case (purpose), can in fact provide greater objectivity in legal interpretation than looking merely at what is often ambiguous statutory text. With the latter (consequences), Breyer argues that considering the impact of legal interpretations is a further way of ensuring consistency with a law's intended purpose. Active Liberty <mask> expounded his judicial philosophy in 2005 in Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution. In it, Breyer urges judges to interpret legal provisions (of the Constitution or of statutes) in light of the purpose of the text and how well the consequences of specific rulings fit those purposes. The book is considered a response to the 1997 book A Matter of Interpretation, in which Antonin Scalia emphasized adherence to the original meaning of the text alone. In Active Liberty, Breyer argues that the Framers of the Constitution sought to establish a democratic government involving the maximum liberty for its citizens. Breyer refers to Isaiah Berlin’s Two Concepts of Liberty.The first Berlinian concept, being what most people understand by liberty, is "freedom from government coercion". Berlin termed this "negative liberty" and warned against its diminution; Breyer calls this "modern liberty". The second Berlinian concept – "positive liberty" – is the "freedom to participate in the government". In Breyer's terminology, this is the "active liberty" the judge should champion. Having established what "active liberty" is, and positing the primary importance (to the Framers) of this concept over the competing idea of "negative liberty", Breyer makes a predominantly utilitarian case for rulings that give effect to the democratic intentions of the Constitution. The book's historical premises and practical prescriptions have been challenged. For example, according to Peter Berkowitz, the reason that "[t]he primarily democratic nature of the Constitution's governmental structure has not always seemed obvious", as Breyer puts it, is "because it's not true, at least in Breyer's sense, that the Constitution elevates active liberty above modern [negative] liberty".Breyer's position "demonstrates not fidelity to the Constitution", Berkowitz argues, "but rather a determination to rewrite the Constitution's priorities". Berkowitz suggests that Breyer is also inconsistent in failing to apply this standard to the issue of abortion, instead preferring decisions "that protect women's modern liberty, which remove controversial issues from democratic discourse". Failing to answer the textualist charge that the Living Documentarian judge is a law unto himself, Berkowitz argues that Active Liberty "suggests that when necessary, instead of choosing the consequence that serves what he regards as the Constitution's leading purpose, Breyer will determine the Constitution’s leading purpose on the basis of the consequence that he prefers to vindicate". Against the last charge, Cass Sunstein has defended Breyer, noting that of the nine justices on the Rehnquist Court, Breyer had the highest percentage of votes to uphold acts of Congress and also to defer to the decision of the executive branch. However, according to Jeffrey Toobin in The New Yorker, "Breyer concedes that a judicial approach based on 'active liberty' will not yield solutions to every constitutional debate", and that, in Breyer's words, "respecting the democratic process does not mean you abdicate your role of enforcing the limits in the Constitution, whether in the Bill of Rights or in separation of powers." To this point, and from a discussion at the New York Historical Society in March 2006, Breyer has noted that "democratic means" did not bring about an end to slavery, or the concept of "one man, one vote", which allowed corrupt and discriminatory (but democratically inspired) state laws to be overturned in favor of civil rights. Other books In 2010, Breyer published a second book, Making Our Democracy Work: A Judge's View.There, Breyer argued that judges have six tools they can use to determine a legal provision's proper meaning: (1) its text; (2) its historical context; (3) precedent; (4) tradition; (5) its purpose; and (6) the consequences of potential interpretations. Textualists, like Scalia, only feel comfortable using the first four of these tools; while pragmatists, like Breyer, believe that "purpose" and "consequences" are particularly important interpretative tools. Breyer cites several watershed moments in Supreme Court history to show why the consequences of a particular ruling should always be in a judge's mind. He notes that President Jackson ignored the Court's ruling in Worcester v. Georgia, which led to the Trail of Tears and severely weakened the Court's authority. He also cites the Dred Scott decision, an important precursor to the American Civil War. When the Court ignores the consequences of its decisions, Breyer argues, it can lead to devastating and destabilizing outcomes. In 2015, Breyer released a third book, The Court and the World: American Law and the New Global Realities, examining the interplay between U.S. and international law and how the realities of a globalized world need to be considered in U.S. cases.Other views In an interview on Fox News Sunday on December 12, 2010, Breyer said that based on the values and the historical record, the Founding Fathers of the United States never intended guns to go unregulated and that history supports his and the other dissenters' views in District of Columbia v. Heller. He summarized: In the wake of the controversy over Justice Samuel Alito's reaction to President Barack Obama's criticism of the Court's Citizens United v. FEC ruling in his 2010 State of the Union Address, Breyer said he would continue to attend the address: Honors Breyer was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2004. In 2007, Breyer was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award by the Boy Scouts of America. In 2018, he was named to chair of the Pritzker Architecture Prize jury, succeeding previous chair Glenn Murcutt. In popular culture Breyer has appeared as a guest on <mask>'s TV show. On the Late Show in September 2021, he discussed the Texas Heartbeat Act and his reluctance to retire. Breyer also appeared on Fareed Zakaria GPS in September 2021.He promoted his book The Authority of the Court and the Peril of Politics. Publications See also Bill Clinton Supreme Court candidates Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2) United States Supreme Court cases during the Rehnquist Court United States Supreme Court cases during the Roberts Court List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office References Further reading External links <mask> in Encyclopædia Britannica Issue positions and quotes at OnTheIssues Review of <mask>'s Active Liberty: Interpreting our Democratic Constitution "<mask>er, the court's necromancer", a book review of Active Liberty: Interpreting Our Democratic Constitution in the New English Review Active Liberty' from <mask> Breyer", October 20, 2005, NPR's Fresh Air "Supreme Court Justice Breyer on 'Active Liberty Part 1 of Interview, September 29, 2005, NPR's Morning Edition "Justice Breyer: The Case Against 'Originalists Part 2 of Interview, September 30, 2005, NPR's Morning Edition <mask>'s appearance on NPR's quiz show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me'', March 24, 2007 WGBH Forum Network: one and a half hours with US Supreme Court Justice of Law <mask>, September 8, 2003. Description (archived) | Video. Supreme Court Associate Justice Nomination Hearings on <mask> <mask> in July 1994—United States Government Publishing Office |- |- |- 20th-century American judges 21st-century American judges Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford American legal scholars American people of Romanian-Jewish descent California lawyers Harvard Law School alumni Harvard Law School faculty Jewish American attorneys Judges of the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers from San Francisco Marshall Scholars Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the Council on Foreign Relations Members of the United States Sentencing Commission Recipients of the Legion of Honour Scholars of administrative law Stanford University alumni Tulane University Law School faculty United States Army non-commissioned officers United States Army reservists United States court of appeals judges appointed by Jimmy Carter United States federal judges appointed by Bill Clinton 1938 births Living

Florence Jaffray Harriman

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<mask> "Daisy<mask> (July 21, 1870 – August 31, 1967) was an American socialite, suffragist, social reformer, organizer, and diplomat. "She led one of the suffrage parades down Fifth Avenue, worked on campaigns on child labor and safe milk and, as minister to Norway in World War II, organized evacuation efforts while hiding in a forest from the Nazi invasion." In her ninety-second year, U.S. President John F. Kennedy honored her by awarding her the first "Citation of Merit for Distinguished Service." She often found herself in the middle of historic events. As she stated, "I think nobody can deny that I have always had through sheer luck a box seat at the America of my times." Early life and family Harriman was born <mask> on July 21, 1870, in New York City to shipping magnate F. W. J. Hurst and his wife Caroline. In 1871 she became a niece by marriage of Helen Smythe, who married her mother's brother <mask> (1845–1887), a New York dry goods merchant.When she was three years old, her mother, then 29, died. She and her two sisters, Caroline Elise and Ethel, were raised in and around New York City by her father and maternal grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Edward Somerville <mask>. Aged six, she watched her first political torchlight parade, part of the 1876 presidential campaign. "She later told of leaning over the bannister of her home at 615 Fifth Avenue, to hear visitors such as John Hay, President James A. Garfield, and President Chester A. Arthur." She was known throughout her life as "Daisy". Between 1880 and 1888, she received private lessons at the home of financier J. P. Morgan.She also attended the Misses Lockwood's Collegiate School for Girls. In 1889, at age nineteen, she married J. Borden <mask>, a New York banker, an elder cousin of future cabinet secretary, New York Governor, and diplomat W. Averell <mask>. The list of attendees at their wedding included past and future president Grover Cleveland, railroad tycoons Cornelius Vanderbilt and <mask>, John Jacob Astor IV, and J. P. Morgan. They had one child, Ethel Borden <mask>, born in 1897. Ethel worked on Broadway and in Hollywood, as an actress and writer. Socialite For many years, Harriman led the life of a young society matron interested in charitable and civic activities. Her life revolved around Mount Kisco, New York (where their estate overlooked the Hudson River), Fifth Avenue in New York City, and Newport, Rhode Island.In 1903, she co-founded with Ava Lowle Willing and Helen Hay Whitney the Colony Club, New York City's first club exclusively for women. However, instead of restricting her social and civic activities to the wealthy or to members of her husband's political party (the Republican Party), she reached out to others. For example, in 1908, she led efforts by the New York chapter of the National Women's Committee to expose harsh working conditions in New York City's factories, foundries and hotels. She explained, "Should not the woman who spends the money which the employees help to provide take a special interest in their welfare, especially in that of the women wage earners?" In 1909, she created waves when, as the "wife of a banker," she "entertained one hundred members of the International Brotherhood of Stationary Firemen at her summer home." In 1906, Republican Governor Charles Evans Hughes appointed her as a member of the Board of Managers of New York State Reformatory for Women at Bedford, New York. Suffragist and social reformer As Harriman would later explain in her book From Pinafores to Politics, her leadership and organizing skills became increasingly directed toward the disenfranchised and impoverished.She was active in the women's suffrage movement in support of extending the vote to women, reportedly leading a parade of suffragists down Fifth Avenue. She also crusaded against unhealthy conditions in New York's tenements. Franklin D. Roosevelt later described her as "the woman who was most responsible for helping to provide milk for dependent poor children in the great city of New York." In 1912, Harriman's active support for the presidential campaign of then-New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson led to national publicity and leadership roles. She was elected as the first president of the "Women's National Wilson and Marshall Association," and organized mass meetings, and mass mailings, in support of his campaign. Upon taking office, Wilson appointed Harriman as a member of the first U.S. Commission on Industrial Relations, which Congress had authorized the previous year. After 154 days of testimony, the Commission could not agree on the causes and solutions to labor-management difficulties.Harriman and Commissioner John R. Commons refused to sign the caustic report written by Commission Chair Frank P. Walsh. As Commons and Harriman wrote in their separate report (joined by a narrow majority of Commissioners), the Walsh report mistakenly focused on individual "scapegoats rather than on the system that produces the demand for scapegoats." Her husband became seriously ill in February 1913, shortly before Wilson took office. After President Wilson's appointment, Washington, D.C. became their primary residence. While serving on the Commission on Industrial Relations, she also continued to serve in New York on the Bedford Reformatory board. World War I and the Mexican Revolution Harriman, her husband and daughter found themselves in the middle of Europe as World War I erupted in the summer of 1914. Hoping that the healing waters in the Bohemian spa in Karlsbad would benefit her husband, Harriman brought her family to Europe in June 1914.After meeting with leading British and French officials while relations between the European powers deteriorated, they traveled through France to Karlsbad (then a part of Austria-Hungary), and were there when Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia in late July. After leaving Karlsbad on the last train crossing the frontier through Germany to France, they eventually returned to New York on an armed British vessel, the . Her husband's health continued to deteriorate, and he died on December 1, 1914. His prolonged illness, the resulting lack of income, and the expense of maintaining several homes had consumed nearly all of his net worth. Harriman never remarried. The following year, Harriman found herself near the front lines of another war – the battle along the south side of the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, between supporters of rebel Pancho Villa and the armies of Mexican leader Venustiano Carranza. During a break in hearings on working conditions for farmworkers that she conducted in Dallas in March 1915, she accepted an offer to visit the Rio Grande area, where the United States was attempting to remain neutral as Mexican factions battled each other along the river.After watching the battle for Matamoros, Tamaulipas from Brownsville, she began to tend to the wounded and visited the smoking battlefields, before returning to Washington. Harriman increased her charitable and political activity. She turned her Mount Kisco home into a tuberculosis sanitarium. During the period of American neutrality, she became a cofounder of the Committee of Mercy, which was created to help the women and children and other European noncombatants made destitute by the war. In May 1916 she was recruited by Eleanor Roosevelt to lead a contingent of "Independent Patriotic Women of America" in a preparedness parade. After the United States declared war on Germany, she organized the American Red Cross Women's Motor Corps of the District of Columbia, and directed the Women's Motor Corps in France. From 1917 to 1919, she served as chair of the U.S. National Defense Advisory Commission's Committee on Women in Industry.1919 to 1937 Harriman participated in the Versailles Peace Conference, and upon her return was an advocate for American participation in the League of Nations, and worked on behalf of world peace organizations. While the Wilson Administration ended in 1921, Harriman's Democratic activism did not. Syndicated columnist William Hard described her as "a candle for the party in its darkest days." She began serving as member of the Democratic National Committee in 1920 (a position she would hold until the 1950s) and in 1922 became a founder and the first president of the Woman's National Democratic Club. Her first book, "From Pinafores to Politics," was published in 1923. She was often in the company of another widowed fixture of 1920s Washington, Senator Thomas J. Walsh of Montana. She resided in a large home known as "Uplands," on a hill off Foxhall Road northwest of Georgetown.Time magazine would report in 1934 that her "Sunday night salons have long been a Washington institution." She would invite up to 32 guests with diverse viewpoints, then referee a thorough off-the-record discussion of a single controversial issue. She enforced two ground rules: no one was ever to grow angry, and no one was to repeat what had been said. Harriman reportedly "lost most of her fortune during the Depression," and "had to eke out her income by interior decorating and real estate" (while sharing her Washington home with well-paying guests). One such cohabitant in the first year of the Roosevelt Administration was the first woman cabinet member, Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins. As a member of the Democratic National Committee, Harriman was also a District of Columbia delegate to the Party's conventions. In 1932, when the Convention nominated Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harriman did not support him.According to Time, "she unfortunately held out for Newton D. Baker or Melvin Traylor." In her own words, this would cause "the triumphant members of the Roosevelt-before-the-Convention inner clique" to have "a little grey mark against me." However, "after Roosevelt's nomination she hastened to repair her mistake," and became one of Roosevelt's strongest supporters at the 1936 Convention. Diplomacy and World War II Early in his second term, Roosevelt scrambled many of his diplomatic assignments. Norway, the fourth nation to grant woman suffrage (after New Zealand, Australia and Finland), was considered "an obvious post for a woman diplomat." Thus, in 1937, Harriman was appointed as the United States' Minister to Norway. (Her precise title was "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary" for Norway.)At the time of her appointment, she could hardly have known that this role would soon require her to draw on her experience in helping refugees in the previous World War. Consequently, increasing tension in Europe and the imminent death of Turkish reformer Atatürk, compelled her to advise Secretary of State Hull to install Ismet Inonu as President of Turkey to assure a protectionist ally in the region. In 1940, Germany invaded Norway with little warning, causing Harriman and the rest of the American legation in Norway to join certain members of the Norwegian royal family and other refugees seeking protection hundreds of kilometers away in Sweden. In the chaos and bombardment, America suffered its first military casualty when Captain Robert M. Losey, a U.S. military attaché assisting the evacuation while observing the war, was killed in a Luftwaffe attack on Dombås. The rest of the American legation ultimately arrived safely in Sweden. Harriman is credited with arranging for the safety of other Americans and several members of the Norwegian royal family -- Crown Princess Märtha and her children Ragnhild, Astrid and Harald. She returned to the Nordic countries to complete the evacuation of current and future U.S. citizens through Finland on the United States Army transport in August 1940.In January 1941, she officially left her position, became a vice-chair of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, and testified in the House Foreign Affairs Committee in favor of the Lend-Lease Act. Her service in Norway, and the harrowing escape, became the subject of her next book, "Mission to the North," published in 1941. In July 1942, King Haakon VII of Norway (then in exile) conferred upon Harriman the Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav. After the United States entered World War II, Harriman continued to write on causes important to her, and wrote the foreword to the English-language edition booklet of Natalia Zarembina "Oswiecim, Camp of Death," originally published in occupied Poland in 1942 by the PPS WRN. It was one of the first publications on the Holocaust and Auschwitz Concentration Camp in English language, published in New York City in March 1944 before the camp's liberation by Soviet troops. And despite her decades of involvement in the Democratic Party, she joined a bipartisan (but unsuccessful) effort to persuade Roosevelt's Republican opponent in the 1940 election, Wendell Willkie, to run for Governor of New York in 1942. In 1952, she campaigned on behalf of her cousin by marriage, W. Averell <mask>, in his unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination for President.She served as the 3rd Vice President of the Board of Directors of the National Conference On Citizenship in 1960. Voting rights in the District of Columbia Harriman lived in the District of Columbia at the time of every presidential election since the adoption of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, but the District received no electoral votes for most of her life, so she effectively could not vote in presidential elections for several decades. In 1955, at age 84, Harriman led a parade through the capital to protest "taxation without representation" in the District of Columbia. That year, she wrote in a New York Times letter to the editor that "the time has come for another Boston tea party" to end the disenfranchisement of the District's residents. The adoption of the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1961 gave three electoral votes to the District, so in 1964, at age 94, Harriman cast her first vote in a presidential election – for Lyndon Johnson. In 1956, Life Magazine reported that, even at age 86, she continued to host dinners for twenty-two guests nearly every Sunday night. Citation of Merit Harriman received a Citation of Merit for Distinguished Service, presented by President Kennedy on April 18, 1963 (when she was 92 years old).It states: In her illustrious career in public service, Mrs. Harriman has made singular and lasting contributions to the cause of peace and freedom. . . . In all of her endeavors, Mrs. Harriman has exemplified the spirit of selflessness, courage and service to the Nation, reflecting the highest credit on herself and on this country. She has, indeed, earned the esteem and admiration of her countrymen and the enduring gratitude of this Republic. Death and descendants Harriman died at her home in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., on August 31, 1967. Her daughter died on July 4, 1953, at age 55. Her granddaughter, Phyllis Russell Marcy Darling, of Eugene, Oregon, died on December 18, 2007, at age 88. Her grandson, Charles Howland Russell, of Carmel Valley, California, died on May 13, 1981, at age 60.

André Bachand (Progressive Conservative MP)

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<mask> (born December 8, 1961) is a Canadian politician, who represented the riding of Richmond—Arthabaska as member of the Progressive Conservatives from 1997 to 2003. When the PC Party was merged with the Canadian Alliance into the Conservative Party in December 2003, <mask> left the party and sat as an "Independent Progressive Conservative" until the 2004 election, and then retired from the House of Commons. Born in Quebec City, Quebec, <mask> has been an administrator, and a business executive. He was the mayor of Asbestos, Quebec, from 1986 to 1997, and was the Préfet of the MRC d'Asbestos from 1987 to 1997. Federal politics <mask> was first elected as a member of the Progressive Conservative Party in 1997, one of five PC MPs elected that year in Quebec. <mask> was one of a handful of new "Young Turk" PC MPs (along with Scott Brison, John Herron and Peter MacKay) who were considered the future youthful leadership material that would restore the ailing Tories to their glory days. In 1998, Jean Charest stepped down as federal Progressive Conservative leader to make the move to Quebec provincial politics, becoming leader of the federalist Quebec Liberal Party (unaffiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada).<mask> was one of many who unsuccessfully tried to convince Charest to remain in federal politics for at least one more election. Joe Clark succeeded Charest as leader of the PC Party and <mask> was supportive of Clark's candidacy. Difficult times The Quebec-wing of the federal PC Party parliamentary Caucus wrestled with several internal policy issues in the late 1990s after Charest's departure including the party's bilingualism policies and the autonomy of provinces in respect to federal powers. Shortly after Joe Clark was elected leader of the federal Tory Party, the federal government brought forward the Clarity Act. The Clarity Act was a Liberal Party of Canada sponsored Bill introduced by then Minister of Intergovernmental affairs Stéphane Dion. The Clarity Act detailed specifically how the province of Quebec could separate and under what conditions a separation could be legal. Clark chose to support <mask> and the Quebec PC Caucus MPs in the party and stated that he was against the Clarity Act while the fifteen other English MPs in the PC parliamentary Caucus voted in favour of the Bill regardless of Clark's stance.Quebec lieutenant By 1999, <mask> had emerged as the nominal Quebec lieutenant of the Conservatives, attending most PC events in the province with Clark and acting as the party's chief spokesman for Quebec issues. <mask> also was the chief responder to the multiple defections of Quebec Tory party officials, MPs and Senators to the Liberal and Canadian Alliance Parties during this period. In September 2000, three Quebec PC MPs, fearful of their re-election prospects under Clark's leadership, crossed the floor shortly before the federal election to sit as Liberal MPs, leaving <mask> as the only remaining PC MP in Quebec. He was subsequently re-elected in the 2000 election, as were all three of the MPs who crossed the floor. The Tories emerged from the election retaining party status. Deputy leader In February 2003, <mask> announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Progressive Conservatives. However, on May 12, he announced that he was dropping out of the race and supporting Peter MacKay.<mask> had been running fifth in the race, and had failed to gather support among party delegates and to raise enough money for his campaign. After MacKay's victory, <mask> briefly served as Deputy Leader of the Progressive Conservatives until early December 2003. Before becoming Deputy Leader, <mask> served as the Deputy House Leader of the Progressive Conservative Party, as well as its critic for the Intergovernmental Affairs, Industry, Science Research and Development, and the Deputy Prime Minister portfolios. Lone independent When the party merged with the Canadian Alliance at the end of 2003, <mask> announced that he would retire from politics. <mask> did not sit with the new Conservative Party of Canada Caucus, and became an independent MP until the June 2004 election. During the June 2004 election, <mask> endorsed the Liberal candidate in the Richmond—Arthabaska race over the Conservative and Bloc Québécois challengers. The riding was ultimately carried by the BQ in their electoral sweep of the province.<mask>'s departure from federal politics has been lamented by many Tories hailing from Quebec. In a Maclean's article covering the March 2005 founding policy convention of the new Conservative Party, Senator Pierre Claude Nolin mused that if <mask> had remained elected and participatory in the new party, he may served as the new Conservative Party's chief Quebec lieutenant as part of Stephen Harper's attempts to woo Quebec voters. Return to politics In September 2008, <mask> announced that he would be the Conservative Party candidate for the district of Sherbrooke in the 40th Canadian General Election. On election night, <mask>'s comeback attempt was unsuccessful. He lost to Bloc Québécois incumbent Serge Cardin, finishing third with 16.4% of the vote. Shortly after his election defeat, <mask> was appointed by Harper as Canada's ambassador to UNESCO in Paris. As ambassador, <mask>'s most high-profile activity was to oppose, on the Canadian government's behalf, the entry of the Palestinian Authority to membership in the organization.In October 2011, Harper appointed <mask> as his senior advisor on Quebec issues. The post, which previously had been combined with responsibility for being Harper's communications advisor, was reportedly separated from other responsibilities in order to make space for Bachand. In 2013, Maclean's included <mask> as one of the thirteen members of Harper's "inner circle," of most-trusted advisors, tasked "to try to improve Conservative fortunes in Quebec." In September 2013, <mask> was hired by the Earnscliffe Strategy Group, an Ottawa public-affairs firm. Provincial politics <mask> ran for the Coalition Avenir Québec in the riding of Richmond, going on to win in the 2018 provincial election. Electoral record Provincial Richmond Federal Sherbrooke Richmond—Arthabaska References External links 1961 births Conservative Party of Canada candidates for the Canadian House of Commons French Quebecers Living people Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Quebec Politicians from Quebec City Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs Progressive Conservative Party of Canada leadership candidates Coalition Avenir Québec MNAs

John Davey (tree surgeon)

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<mask> (June 6, 1846 – November 8, 1923), considered the father of the science of tree surgery, was born in Stawley, Somerset, England. Although he did not learn the alphabet until his early 20s, his intellect and analytical skills allowed him to become a skilled orator, author, publisher and inventor. <mask> mastered agriculture under the tutelage of his father, the superintendent of a large farm. He developed a strong work ethic and passion for arboriculture. <mask> believed that great lengths should be taken to preserve natural resources, especially those that take more than a lifetime to replace. He took his convictions to America in hopes of preserving ailing trees and providing quality horticultural services. He subsequently launched a landscape and greenhouse business in Warren, Ohio, and then, in 1880, founded The Davey Tree Expert Company in nearby Kent.The company, still headquartered in Kent today, is a tribute to <mask>’s ingenuity. His motto, “Do It Right Or Not At All” and his commitment to environmental stewardship are the guiding principles inspiring the company’s approximately 7,000 nationwide employees. <mask> was the father of both Martin L<mask>, governor of Ohio from 1935–1939 and Paul H<mask>, founder of the Davey Compressor company. <mask> also had sons Wellington, Ira, and James (Jim) as well as daughters Belle and Mary. Societal benefit/scientific advancement <mask> began to share his passion and science with the general public in 1878, when he published <mask>’s Floral and Landscape Educator, a monthly newsletter for his customers. His signature work came in 1901, when he self-published The Tree Doctor, a comprehensive arboricultural guide. It is generally acknowledged that this book spawned an industry - tree care - and was ahead of its time.The Tree Doctor discussed <mask>’s inventions and laid the groundwork for future patents. Available for $1, it became the comprehensive resource for those interested in tree and landscape preservation, and featured a multitude of descriptive photographs to enhance understanding, a rarity in <mask>’s day. He analogized tree surgery to physician care, effectively changing attitudes and perceptions. For <mask> it was simple. If you needed surgery, you visited the surgeon, not the local butcher. Likewise, trees needing repair should be examined and restored by “tree scientists”, those versed in the latest methods of arboriculture. <mask> urged citizens and governments to adopt a scientific approach to tree preservation, and he used his expertise to champion the causes of environmental stewardship and urban forest preservation.A prolific speaker on the Chautauqua circuit, <mask> would often waive his fee if the audience would promise to plant the seed packet that he had distributed at the beginning of the discourse. He employed innovative methods to communicate his passion for tree care, and often used lantern slide projections to illustrate his talks. Awards <mask> received wide acclaim among the influential thinkers of his day. His recognition as the leader in tree science came through his company being retained by the United States and Canadian governments and scions of industry to protect, preserve and restore their precious trees. For example, in 1920, he received acclaim from such clients as The White House, The Naval Academy, and innovators and entrepreneurs Thomas Edison, <mask>. Rockefeller and William Wrigley. Research/inventions <mask>’s inventions in the field of tree surgery were numerous, and included tree cavity filling, tree cabling and bracing, large tree moving and innovations in fertilization and disease prevention. He was the named inventor, joined by two sons, on two patents, and developed the research leading to twelve others patented by family members and employees of The Davey Tree Expert Company.Pruning innovations Among his most enduring innovations, now revised, was his theory of proper tree pruning. <mask> hypothesized that, just as a wooden house needs paint or waterproofing protection, tree wounds need to be sterilized and waterproofed to heal and remain impervious to decay. He had also noted that improperly pruned trees were unable to heal themselves. He thus became an early advocate of proper pruning techniques, including an angled cut to conform to a tree’s natural physiological processes. This proper pruning innovation was radical for the time period, and has only been adopted as the industry standard within the past 25 years. Cavity filling <mask> observed that hollow trees often fell victim to wounds beginning as an exterior callous and inflicting decay inwardly on either side of the cavity. In response, he invented a cavity-filling process to replace the supporting surface artificially and to induce the callus to heal naturally over the face of the cavity.Again analogizing tree science to the medical profession, <mask> determined that tree experts, like dentists, could effectively fill a tree cavity with a special substance, disinfect it, and then apply a sealer to protect the wound. The tree’s natural growth process would cover the cavity filling, preventing further damage and, most importantly, preserving a healthy tree. Cavity filling is now considered to be damaging and is not part of modern arboriculture; avoidance of making large wounds is the modern approach, which entails avoiding interference with the natural decay compartmentalization processes. Cabling and bracing <mask>’s research demonstrated that certain trees by reason of their branching patterns were structurally weak. To preserve these trees, such as stately elms, <mask> invented steel bracing and cabling methods that served as protection from the stress and strain associated with heavy winds and storms. This allowed urban areas to prevent property damage due to falling trees. It also served to ensure the safety of pedestrians and homeowners.The Davey compressor <mask>'s youngest and only son to serve in World War I, Paul H<mask> returned from his service and was placed in charge of research at the Davey Tree Expert Company. The young and ambitious <mask> developed and patented a lightweight air compressor to be used in tree surgery and developed his designs to the point that the Davey Compressor Company was incorporated in 1929 to begin production. the “Davey Compressor”, an air-cooled compressor, was developed initially for use by The Davey Tree Expert Company however its uses would prove far reaching in the years ahead. The compressor was truly innovative for its time – it was much less bulky and more portable than the conventional water-cooled compressors of the day. The use of a finned aluminum head helped conduct heat away from the engine and therefore avoid the need for water-cooling. The new compressor, although lighter and smaller, easily matched the power output of conventional compressors, and allowed <mask> to more efficiently use power spraying to remove decay from tree cavities. <mask> would go on to patent over 50 designs and improvements in the compressed air and related fields.The Davey Compressor Company thrived in Kent, OH and operated in the large factory that was once the repair shops for the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad Company. During World War II <mask> and his company turned the efforts of both his ingenuity and his factory towards war production. The company manufactured truck driven equipment, such as flood lighting and field servicing units, as well as compressors for military uses. After World War II the Compressor Company began production of truck mounted drilling equipment. <mask>'s new line of drills became a common sight putting in new highway right of ways, as well as drilling water wells, oil wells and blastholes. After years of continued success and growth with its drill rigs a new company was founded in 1981 by <mask>'s great grandson and <mask>'s grandson, Joseph Thomas Myers II. The new company, Davey Kent Inc. began the Davey Drill Division which still serves the world market for foundation and geotechnical drilling equipment.Scientific study A true scientist, <mask> was committed to improving the technology and tools needed to advance tree care research. His company developed the rhisotron, an underground research station. The square, -deep station featured one side of polished plate glass with a unique subterranean vantage point, allowing <mask> to view and directly study tree root growth. The invention propelled <mask> to become the first to prove that tree root growth is shallow and lateral, as opposed to deep and vertical, the view common among <mask>’s contemporaries. This discovery led to the development of root fertilization and watering techniques designed to stimulate the growth of the tree. <mask>’s passion for scientific study and knowledge led to his founding in 1908 of the Davey Institute of Tree Surgery. This cutting edge training facility was staffed by experts and dedicated to providing Davey employees with the skill and tools needed to advance the science.The Davey Institute continues to this day to provide basic tree science as the educational foundation for company employees. Patents The following patents were directly attributable to <mask>. He successfully defended his patents in 35 Federal District Courts. Each time these courts issued injunctions to prevent infringement. (patent abstracts are attached) 1. Patent #890,968 (1908) Process of Treating and Dressing a Bruise or Wound in the Trunk or Live Branch of a Live Tree This process, pioneered and patented by <mask>, helped preserve and revitalize injured and/or dying trees through a method akin to surgery. By removing the decayed and unsound wood from the tree and then filling the wound with cementitious material and well-placed anchor ties, the tree could effectively be reinforced.The tree cavity was first coated with molten tar, and a drainage system installed, and a waterproof covering added to ensure sustained vitality.2. Patent #890,967 (1908) Means for Tying Tree Branches Together As part of the science of tree surgery, <mask> patented the method allowing for the bracing of two branches to avoid further splitting where a wound existed at the base. This was done preparatory to surgery in order to maintain branch health. The mechanical apparatus consisted of a chain link device with hook bolts and a shank at either end, allowing the tied branches to move as a unit rather than through separate, divisive forces. Notes External links 1846 births 1923 deaths English horticulturists People from Taunton Deane (district) People from Kent, Ohio

Ashley Bramall

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Sir <mask> (6 January 1916 – 10 February 1999) was a British Labour Party politician, Member of Parliament for Bexley from 1946 to 1950 and Leader of the Inner London Education Authority (ILEA) for 11 years. Family and early career <mask>'s family were wealthy merchants from Hampshire, but his mother was a socialist and did much to convince her son to support the left in politics. He attended Westminster School briefly, before moving to Canford School for the benefit of his health. He went up to Magdalen College, Oxford, in the mid-1930s to read Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He was elected to chair the Oxford University Labour Club in 1938. At Oxford he was an active debater at the Oxford Union Society where he often debated with Edward Heath. He was Treasurer of the Union in 1939.On the outbreak of war, <mask> joined the Northamptonshire Yeomanry, into which he was commissioned in 1941. He transferred to the Reconnaissance Corps later the same year and also served at the Army Staff College in Camberley, being promoted to Major. After the end of the war, he served in Germany in the Allied administration. His younger brother Edwin (known as 'Dwin') was much later to be appointed Chief of the Defence Staff and created <mask>. Parliament <mask> had already begun his political career by fighting Fareham for the Labour Party in the 1945 general election, and when a vacancy occurred at Bexley he was selected to fight the by-election. During the campaign, the Government was forced to introduce rationing of bread, which had never been needed during the war, and many were impressed that <mask> won the seat narrowly. He made a successful maiden speech outlining the difficulties in administering Germany and removing Nazi-controlled institutions of government.In the 1950 election, <mask> lost his seat by 133 votes to his old University adversary Edward Heath with whom he always remained personally friendly. He had already taken up a career outside politics by reading for the Bar, and was called in 1949 to the Inner Temple. He specialised in landlord and tenant issues. He tried to win Bexley back in 1951 and 1959, and also made an unsuccessful attempt at Watford in 1955. Municipal affairs <mask> was active in local politics in the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster although the local boundaries made it extremely difficult for Labour candidates to win seats. The boundaries had been the same since 1900 and in the mid-1950s the Council decided to change them, using the Rateable Value of property as one way of making each ward equal in size. The local Labour Party, under <mask>'s guidance and advocacy, challenged this method at a public inquiry and persuaded the Boundary Commissioner to accept a new scheme for the wards which <mask> had drawn up.After this boundary change took effect in 1959 the Labour Party won enough seats to elect him as an Alderman. He was elected as a councillor to the new Westminster City Council; when he lost his seat in 1968 the Conservative group blocked his election as an Alderman. In 1961 he was elected to the London County Council, representing Bethnal Green. He made the transition to the Greater London Council when that body was set up in 1964; he was one of eight people to serve as a member of the GLC throughout its existence. Membership of the GLC made him an ex officio member of the Inner London Education Authority and <mask> specialised in education issues. He was Chairman of ILEA from 1965 until Labour lost power in 1967. He was then chosen to lead the Labour Group.Labour won back control in 1970 and <mask> then became Leader of the authority. Leader of ILEA In the controversy over education in the 1970s, <mask> stood firmly behind comprehensive schools as a way of raising the educational achievements of most pupils. He was opposed to the use of corporal punishment and had it banned. However, his generally strong leadership did not prevent the scandal over the William Tyndale Junior School in Islington in 1975. He received a knighthood in 1975. Under <mask>, Labour retained control of ILEA in 1977 despite losing the GLC election. He was under pressure to stand as a candidate to replace Reg Goodwin as Labour Leader on the GLC in 1980, but resisted because he wanted to continue at ILEA.When Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister she put pressure on local authorities, and especially on ILEA, to cut spending. <mask> was opposed but was not willing to go along with the far left demands for an outright confrontation and legal defiance. This made the left determined to replace him, and when Labour won GLC control in 1981 with a new left-wing majority, <mask> was voted out as ILEA leader. Knowing this was going to happen, <mask> had cleared out his office and left a note to his replacement on the desk before going to the meeting where the vote for leader was to take place. <mask> remained on the authority and continued to fight for moderate policies, and it was a sign of the respect which the left had for him that they were prepared to choose him as figurehead Chairman of the Authority. Retirement <mask> made an unsuccessful attempt to remain on the directly elected ILEA in 1986 at Putney. He was well regarded by Officers of ILEA, especially after the succession of weak far-left leaderships that followed.At his memorial service, a former Chief Officer remarked "Under <mask>, the ILEA never found it necessary to have a foreign policy". In his retirement, <mask> held many public appointments including Directorships of the Museum of London, Chairman of the Westminster College of Further Education, and Honorary Secretary of the Theatres Advisory Council. He remained active in local politics as chair of his local party branch and surprised many by his willingness to undertake menial tasks such as delivering leaflets while in his 80s. In 1996 he acted as Agent in a local byelection which saw Mair Garside, formerly his Deputy at ILEA, elected to Westminster City Council. He had appeared on Mastermind while Leader of ILEA in 1976, taking "British politics since 1918" as his specialist subject, and was an active member of the Masterminders' club. His second wife, Gery <mask> (who was a fellow Westminster Councillor), was also on the show. External links 1916 births 1999 deaths People educated at Canford School British Army personnel of World War II Reconnaissance Corps officers Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Members of London County Council Members of the Greater London Council Members of the Inner Temple Councillors in the City of Westminster UK MPs 1945–1950 Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Knights Bachelor Northamptonshire Yeomanry officers Politicians awarded knighthoods 20th-century British lawyers <mask> Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley Northamptonshire Yeomanry soldiers

Douglas P. Woodlock

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<mask> (born February 27, 1947) is a United States federal judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Born in Connecticut, <mask> graduated from Yale College and worked as a journalist before attending Georgetown University Law Center. After graduating, <mask> was a lawyer in private practice at the law firm of Goodwin, Procter & Hoar, and had stints at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts. Appointed to the federal bench in 1986, <mask> presided over a number of noteworthy cases and was a key figure in the construction of the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse on the Boston waterfront. He took senior status in 2015. Education, early life, and journalism career <mask> was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on February 27, 1947. His family moved to the Chicago suburb of La Grange, Illinois, where <mask> spent the first two years of high school.He spent his last two years of high school at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts. <mask> received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale College in 1969, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and vice chairman of the Yale Daily News. He began his career in journalism as an intern at the Chicago Daily News, covering the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago. <mask> then became a reporter at the Chicago Sun-Times from 1969 to 1973, where he worked in Chicago and Springfield, Illinois, before moving to the Sun-Timess Washington Bureau in 1971–1973, where he covered the Supreme Court. <mask> then attended Georgetown University Law Center, where he was a member of The Georgetown Law Journal. He earned his J.D. in 1975.Legal career <mask> worked in the Office of Chief Counsel for the Division of Corporation Finance at the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from 1973 to 1975 and was a law clerk for Judge Frank Jerome Murray of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts from 1975 to 1976. He was in private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1976 to 1979 as an associate at the law firm of Goodwin, Procter & Hoar, before becoming an Assistant United States Attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Massachusetts, serving under U.S. Attorneys Edward F. Harrington and Bill Weld. He was assigned to the Justice Department's New England Task Force from 1982 to 1983. <mask> returned to Goodwin, Procter & Hoar in 1983, where he was made a partner in 1984, and remained at the firm until his appointment to the federal bench. <mask> was also chairman of the Board of Appeals for the Town of Hamilton from 1978 to 1979; an instructor at Harvard Law School in 1980 and 1981; and chairman of the Massachusetts Committee for Public Counsel Services from 1984 to 1986. Federal judicial service <mask> was nominated by President Ronald Reagan on April 22, 1986, to a seat on the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts vacated by Judge Wendell Arthur Garrity Jr.He was confirmed by the United States Senate on June 13, 1986, on a voice vote, and received his commission three days later. He assumed senior status on June 1, 2015. <mask> is known for his interest in architecture and public art. He was a leading figure in the design of the John Joseph Moakley United States Courthouse, a new federal courthouse on the Boston waterfront, working with Justice Stephen G. Breyer on the project. Linda Greenhouse noted that both <mask> and Breyer took "an intense hands-on role" in the development of the courthouse, which was designed by architect Henry N. Cobb of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. In 1996, the American Institute of Architects honored <mask> with its Thomas Jefferson Award for Public Architecture for his efforts. <mask> is a member of the American Law Institute and the American Judicature Society.He also served on the Committee on Space and Facilities of the Judicial Conference of the United States. Notable civil cases In 1989, <mask> presided over a lawsuit brought by Jugoplastika, a Yugoslavian basketball team, against the Boston Celtics. Jugoplastika brought the suit after the Celtics had drafted basketball player Dino Radja, alleging that Radja still had two years remaining on a 1988 contract with Jugoplastika. <mask> issued a preliminary injunction barring Radja from playing for the Celtics for two years. In October 1989, the Celtics and the Jugoplastika reached a settlement, under which the Celtics partially bought out Radja's contract with Jugoplastika, so that Radja would play for Jugoplastika during the 1989–90 season, but could play for the Celtics starting in the 1990–91 season. In a 1995 suit under the Alien Tort Claims Act, <mask> ordered Hector Gramajo, a former Guatemalan general and defense minister, to pay $47.5 million in damages to nine plaintiffs, for his role in overseeing a campaign of repression and human rights abuses during the Guatemalan Civil War. The plaintiffs were eight Gutamalean Canjobal indigenous people and American nun Dianna Ortiz, who brought claims for human rights violations that included the razing of Canjobal villages and the torture of Ortiz.In his ruling, <mask> wrote: "Gramajo was aware of and supported widespread acts of brutality committed under his command resulting in thousands of civilian deaths. The evidence suggests that Gramajo devised and directed the implementation of an indiscriminate campaign of terror against civilians." In 2008, <mask> presided over a case involving the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA), in which he issued an injunction barring three students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from disclosing security vulnerabilities in the MBTA's CharlieCard system; the decision was controversial, and resulting press attention resulted in further publicity of the security lapse. <mask> was the judge who presided over litigation between the South Middlesex Opportunity Council, an anti-poverty group, and the Town of Framingham and its officials. The Opportunity Council filed suit in 2007, alleging that the town government had violated the Americans with Disabilities Act and federal fair housing laws by, among other things, delaying the permitting process for the construction of housing for recovering drug addicts and homeless veterans. In September 2010, <mask> issued a lengthy opinion denying the town's motion to dismiss the suit, and the parties reached a settlement the following month, in which the Town paid $1 million and agreed to have officials undergo civil rights training. In 2011, Woodlock dismissed an attempt by the Winklevoss twins and their partner Divya Narendra to reopen litigation on their claims related to Facebook; the Winklevosses had settled their claims in a $65 million settlement in 2008.In 2020, Woodlock issued a preliminary order directing the Commonwealth of Massachusetts to allow gun stores (but not shooting ranges) to reopen, overruling Governor Charlie Baker's executive order to the extent it excluded gun retailers from a list of essential retailers permitted to remain open during the coronavirus pandemic. Applying intermediate scrutiny to the Second Amendment question, <mask> found that the commonwealth had failed to establish "a substantial fit between the goals of the emergency declared by the commonwealth and the burdening of the constitutional rights," noting that liquor stores were deemed essential but gun retailers were not. The judge's order did require gun shops who reopened to follow a ten-point plan adopted by the state to limit the spread of the virus, including social distancing requirements, sales by appointment only, wearing of masks by employees and customers, and sanitation requirements. Notable criminal cases Woodlock has presided over a number of noteworthy criminal cases. In 2005, Woodlock accepted a plea agreement between federal prosecutors and Ahmed F. Mehalba, a translator at the detention camp at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, who pleaded guilty to removing a disc containing classified documents from the base. Woodlock sentenced Mehalba to 20 months in prison. In 2010, Woodlock sentenced computer hacker Albert Gonzalez to 20 years and one day in prison, after Gonzalez pleaded guilty the previous year to hacking Heartland Payment Systems' corporate computer system as part of a scheme to steal millions of payment card numbers.In 2010, <mask> accepted the guilty plea of Dianne Wilkerson, a former member of the Massachusetts Senate who pleaded guilty to attempted extortion and admitted that she had accepted bribes, and the next year, <mask> sentenced her to three and a half years in prison. Also in 2011, <mask> sentenced former Boston city councilor Chuck Turner to three years in prison for accepting a $1,000 bribe, citing Turner's false statements to the FBI and "ludicrously perjurious testimony" as reasons for the sentence. In 2012, <mask> sentenced Catherine E. Greig, the longtime companion of Boston organized crime figure James "Whitey" Bulger, to eight years in jail. Greig pleaded guilty to harboring Bulger while he was a fugitive from justice. The sentence was affirmed on appeal. In 2014, <mask> oversaw the criminal proceedings against two friends of Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who were convicted of obstruction of justice for destroying evidence and lying to authorities who were investigating the crime. In 2019, <mask> was the judge assigned to the criminal case against Jeffrey Bizzack, a California businessman who was one of many parents charged in the Varsity Blues admissions bribery scandal.Bizzack pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit fraud in connection with a scheme to get his son admitted to the University of Southern California as a fake recruited athlete; <mask> sentenced Bizzack to two months in prison, three years of supervised release, and a $250,000 fine. Works Communities and the Courthouses They Deserve. And Vice Versa., 24 Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities (2012). "Drawing Meaning from the Heart of the Courthouse" in Celebrating the Courthouse: A Guide for Architects, Their Clients, and the Public (ed. Steven Flanders: New York: W.W. Norton: 2006). "Judicial Responsibility in Federal Courthouse Design Review: Intentions and Aspirations for Boston" in Federal Buildings in Context: The Role of Design Review (ed. J. Carter Brown: Yale University Press, 1995).References External links 1947 births 20th-century American judges 21st-century American judges Assistant United States Attorneys Georgetown University Law Center alumni Harvard Law School faculty Journalists from Illinois Journalists from Washington, D.C. Judges of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Lawyers from Boston Lawyers from Hartford, Connecticut Living people People from La Grange, Illinois Phillips Academy alumni United States district court judges appointed by Ronald Reagan Yale College alumni

Arnold Jackson (British Army officer)

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Brigadier General <mask>, (5 April 1891 – 13 November 1972) was a British athlete, British Army officer, and a barrister. He was the winner of the 1500 m at the 1912 Summer Olympics, in what was hailed at the time as "the greatest race ever run". He was a brigadier general and amongst the most highly decorated British general officers of the First World War. Early life He was born <mask> at Addlestone, Surrey, changing his surname to <mask> on 31 March 1919 (as noted in The London Gazette of 1 April 1919). He was the son of <mask> and Edith Rosine Martin, and grandson of Lieutenant General <mask>. His uncle was <mask>, athlete, academic, bursar of Hertford College, Oxford, and co-founder of the Amateur Athletic Association. His sister was the novelist <mask>.He was educated at Malvern College, where he was head of his house and head of the athletics team, and there acquired the nickname "Jackers". <mask> entered Brasenose College, Oxford in 1910, where he took a degree in law. Athletic career <mask> rowed and played football and hockey for Brasenose College, being captain of the hockey team. He won the mile race for Oxford against Cambridge three times and was President of the Oxford University Athletic Club. In 1912, while still an undergraduate, <mask> cut short his fishing holiday in Norway, and travelled by train to compete in that year's Olympic Games in Sweden. He had to compete as a private entry, not having been chosen by the Great Britain team, along with his friend from Cambridge, Philip Baker, another private entry. This was the last Olympics at which such private entries were allowed.Even when compared to the amateurish race preparation of the era, <mask>'s training regime of massage, golf and walking seemed very relaxed. At Stockholm, American hopes were high to win a gold in 1500 m, as the USA were successful in mile racing at that time, and seven of the runners in the final were from the USA. The race started at a modest 65 second pace, until Norman Taber took the lead and increased the pace. At the bell for the final lap, Abel Kiviat, a world record holder in 1500 m was first, followed by Taber and John Paul Jones, the mile world record holder. On the final turn, Mel Sheppard and <mask> also joined the crowd on his heels, with Sweden's Ernst Wide closing fast. The three Americans ran abreast, so <mask> had to run wide. With 50 yards left, <mask> came even with Kiviat and Taber, as Jones and Wide started to fade.<mask> summoned one last burst and captured the gold in 3:56.8, an Olympic record. Kiviat and Taber both clocked 3:56.9, and the photo had to be reviewed before officials handed the silver to Kiviat. Baker finished sixth. At the time, it was widely acclaimed as being "the greatest race ever run". Aged 21, <mask> was the youngest ever Olympic 1500 m gold medalist until Asbel Kiprop in 2008, aged 19. Military career At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, <mask> was commissioned in the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment and, in September 1914, was attached to the 13th (Service) Battalion, The Rifle Brigade, as a second lieutenant. He went over to France with the battalion and was with them until promoted lieutenant colonel in May 1918, when he took command of the 13th Battalion, The King's Royal Rifle Corps.In December 1914, he was promoted to temporary lieutenant. On 1 July 1916, he was promoted to captain. He was made an acting major by the time of his first DSO on 4 June 1917, and in August 1917, acting lieutenant colonel. He was made a full lieutenant colonel in May 1918, and Acting Brigadier in October 1918. <mask> served in the King's Royal Rifle Corps, becoming a brigadier general in the British Army and being awarded the Distinguished Service Order with three Bars. The war put an end to his sporting career, for he was wounded three times and left permanently lame. Medals and honours He was awarded his DSO and Three Bars, with citations from The London Gazette, as follows: DSO awarded 4 June 1917, general citation.1st Bar awarded on 18 July 1917, "for conspicuous gallantry during lengthy operations, when he assumed command of the battalion and, although wounded on two separate occasions, was able to carry out most valuable work. By his skill and courage he offered a splendid example to all ranks with him." 2nd Bar awarded on 13 May 1918, "for conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. His battalion was subjected to an intense bombardment throughout a whole day, which caused many casualties and cut off all communication by wire with the front-line companies. He handles the situation with such skill and initiative that when the enemy attacked towards evening the casualties caused by the bombardment had been evacuated and replaced by reinforcements and communication with the front line had been re-established. It was entirely due to his powers of command and the splendid spirit with which he inspired his men that the attack on the greater part of his front was repulsed, and that the enemy, though they penetrated into parts of the front line, were counter-attacked and held at bay until the arrival of reinforcements. By his skilful dispositions he materially assisted the counter-attack which finally drove the enemy back with heavy losses and completely re-established the position."3rd Bar awarded on 2 December 1918, "for conspicuous gallantry and brilliant leadership. During an attack by our troops Lt-Col <mask> advanced with the leading wave of his battalion, and was among the first to reach the railway embankment. The machine-gun fire against them was intense, but the gallant leading of this officer gave such impetus to the assault that the enemy¹s main line of resistance was broken. He was subsequently wounded during the work of consolidation." <mask> was also Mentioned in Despatches six times during the war, all published in the Gazette: 15 June 1916, 23 July 1917, 21 December 1917, 24 May 1918, 28 December 1918 and 12 January 1920. Later life He was a member of the British delegation at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, and was appointed a CBE for his work there. He was called to the Bar at Middle Temple.He went on to be a member of the British Olympic Council in 1920, and a major force in the founding of the Achilles Club. He emigrated to the United States in 1921, where he worked in industry and as a Justice of the Peace in Connecticut. He directed the first Kentucky Derby Festival in 1935. During World War II, he was a Colonel on the staff of the Governor of Kentucky, and Administration Officer of the Inspection Board of U.K. and Canada in New York and Ottawa, in charge of Inspectors and anti-sabotage precautions. He also met convoys arriving in New York and give what help he could to returning servicemen. He was the author of Kentucky Heyday: 1787–1827; the life and times of Kentucky's foremost portrait painter, published in 1956, a book about the artist Matthew Jouett He became a U.S. citizen in 1945. In 1963, after the death of his wife Dora, he returned to Oxford, where he lived until his own death on 13 November 1972.Personal life In 1918, he married Dora Mooney, daughter of the late William Allen Mooney of Silver Hills, New Albany, Indiana, USA. Legacy A play about his life, "Strode-Jackson" was written by Mike Hodd and Jack Thorington, and premiered at the King's Head Theatre, London, in 1979. A full-length oil painting of <mask> is prominently displayed at Vincent's Club in Oxford, having been rescued and repaired after lying neglected for many years in a Brasenose College cellar. References External links Images of <mask>'s 1947 & 1963 passports from passportland.com 1912 1500m account 1891 births 1972 deaths British male middle-distance runners Athletes (track and field) at the 1912 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes of Great Britain British Army generals of World War I King's Royal Rifle Corps officers People educated at Malvern College Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford Olympic gold medallists for Great Britain English Olympic medallists English barristers Loyal Regiment officers People from Addlestone English emigrants to the United States People from Madison, Connecticut Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) 20th-century English lawyers British Army generals Military personnel from Surrey

Tommy Denander

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<mask> (born March 10, 1968 in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is mostly famous for his role in the AOR project Radioactive, signed to Frontiers Records. The new Radioactive album called X.X.X in 2022 features guests like Robin McAuley, Robbie LaBlanc, Jerome Mazza, Clif Magness, Mutt Lange and Andreas Carlsson. <mask> has worked with artists including Michael Jackson, Paul Stanley, Alice Cooper (including original members Neal Smith, Dennis Dunaway, Michael Bruce, plus Steve Hunter and Dick Wagner), Deep Purple, Anastacia, Ricky Martin, Hollywood Vampires, Rob Thomas, Jeff Beck, Peter Cetera,> Richard Marx, Rob Zombie, Vince Gill, Ke$ha, Steve Perry and many more. Producers include Robert "Mutt" Lange, David Foster, Max Martin, Bob Ezrin, Desmond Child, Humberto Gatica, Bob Clearmountain, Denniz Pop, and Chris Lord Alge. He is the founder of Legends Of Rock, a project that featured rock singers including Bobby Kimball, Jimi Jamison, Joe Lynn Turner, Tony Martin, Graham Bonnet, Mickey Thomas, Fergie Frederiksen, Steve Augeri, and Eric Martin. His signature VGS guitar features both the Evertune bridge and True Temperament frets.Together with Bob Ezrin and <mask>, he co-produced and co-wrote Alice Cooper's album, Paranormal, that was released on July 28, 2017. <mask> played most of the guitars on the album. <mask> also worked on Alice Cooper's Detroit Stories as co-writer, co-producer and musician. He co-wrote and played on the song "Welcome To Bushwackers", that featured Jeff Beck on lead guitar, plus <mask> played on the song "Mr Spider" on the Hollywood Vampires album, Rise. Discography The purpose of this discography is to list as many of <mask>'s sessions as possible and to try and find all different versions also. Reflection AOR - L.A. Reflection - Japanese Version AOR - Dreaming Of L.A. AOR - Dreaming Of L.A. - Promo AOR - Dreaming Of L.A. - Japanese Version AOR - Dreaming of L.A. - Re release with 6 bonus tracks AOR - Nothing But The Best AOR - Nothing But The Best - Japanese Version AOR - L.A. Concession AOR - L.A. Concession - Japanese Version AOR - Journey To L.A. AOR - Journey To L.A. - Russian Version AOR - L.A.Ambition AOR - LA Reflection - Re release with 4 bonus tracks AOR - L.A Attraction AOR - L.A Attraction - Japanese Version AOR - L.A Attraction - Russian Version AOR - L.A Concession Re release with 4 bonus tracks AOR - The Colors Of L.A AOR - The Colors Of L.A - Russian Version AOR - L.A Temptation AOR - LA Temptation - Russian Version AOR - The Secrets Of L.A AOR - The Secrets Of L.A - Japanese Version AOR - The Secrets Of L.A - Russian Version AOR – L.A Connection AOR – L.A Connection - Japanese Version AOR - The Best Of Dane Donohue AOR - Unreleased Tracks AOR - LA Darkness AOR - The Heart Of L.A AOR - Return To L.A AOR - More Demos from L.A AOR - Heavenly Demos AOR - The Ghost Of L.A. Reflection AOR - L.A.

Isaac Shelby

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<mask> (December 11, 1750 – July 18, 1826) was the first and fifth Governor of Kentucky and served in the state legislatures of Virginia and North Carolina. He was also a soldier in Lord Dunmore's War, the American Revolutionary War, and the War of 1812. While governor, he led the Kentucky militia in the Battle of the Thames, an action that was rewarded with a Congressional Gold Medal. Counties in nine states, and several cities and military bases, have been named in his honor. His fondness for John Dickinson's "The Liberty Song" is believed to be the reason Kentucky adopted the state motto "United we stand, divided we fall". <mask>'s military service began when he served as second-in-command to his father at the Battle of Point Pleasant, the only major battle of Lord Dunmore's War. He gained the reputation of an expert woodsman and surveyor and spent the early part of the Revolutionary War gathering supplies for the Continental Army.Later in the war, he and John Sevier led expeditions over the Appalachian Mountains against the British forces in North Carolina. He played a pivotal role in the British defeat at the Battle of Kings Mountain. For his service, <mask> was presented with a ceremonial sword and a pair of pistols by the North Carolina legislature, and the nickname "Old Kings Mountain" followed him the rest of his life. Following the war, <mask> relocated to Kentucky on lands awarded to him for his military service and became involved in Kentucky's transition from a county of Virginia to a separate state. His heroism made him popular with the state's citizens, and the Kentucky electoral college unanimously elected him governor in 1792. He secured Kentucky from Indian attacks and organized its first government. He used the Citizen Genet affair to convince the Washington administration to make an agreement with the Spanish for free trade on the Mississippi River.At the end of his gubernatorial term, <mask> retired from public life, but he was called back into politics by the impending War of 1812. Kentuckians urged <mask> to run for governor again and lead them through the anticipated conflict. He was elected easily and, at the request of General William Henry Harrison, commanded troops from Kentucky at the Battle of the Thames. After the war, he declined President James Monroe's offer to become Secretary of War. In his last act of public service, <mask> and Andrew Jackson acted as commissioners to negotiate the Jackson Purchase from the Chickasaw Indian tribe. <mask> died at his estate in Lincoln County, Kentucky on July 18, 1826. Early life <mask> was born in the Colony of Maryland on December 11, 1750, near Hagerstown in Frederick (now Washington) County.He was the third child and second son of Evan and Letitia (Cox) <mask>, who immigrated from Tregaron, Wales, in 1735. Though the family had been loyal to the Church of England, they became Presbyterians after coming to British America; this was the denomination <mask> embraced during his life. <mask> was educated at the local schools in his native colony. He worked on his father's plantation and occasionally found work as a surveyor. At age eighteen he was appointed deputy sheriff of Frederick County. <mask>'s father lost a great deal of money when Pontiac's Rebellion disrupted his lucrative fur trade business, and two years later, the business' records were destroyed in a house fire. Consequently, in December 1770 the family moved to the area near Bristol, Tennessee, where they built a fort and a trading post.Here, <mask> and his father worked for three years herding cattle. Lord Dunmore's War During Lord Dunmore's War, a border conflict between colonists and American Indians, <mask> was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Virginia militia by Colonel William Preston. As second-in-command of his father's Fincastle County company, he took part in the decisive Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774. The younger <mask> earned commendation for his skill and gallantry in this battle. The victorious militiamen erected Fort Blair on the site of the battle. They remained stationed there, with <mask> as second-in-command, until July 1775 when Lord Dunmore ordered the fort destroyed, fearing it might become useful to colonial rebels in the growing American Revolution. Revolutionary War After his unit was disbanded, <mask> surveyed for the Transylvania Company, a land company that purchased much of present-day Kentucky from the Cherokees in a deal later invalidated by the government of Virginia.After fulfilling his duties with the Transylvania Company, he rejoined his family in Virginia, but returned to Kentucky the following year to claim and improve land for himself. After falling ill, he returned home in July 1776 to recover. Back in Virginia, fighting in the American Revolutionary War was underway, and <mask> found a commission from the Virginia Committee of Safety appointing him captain of a company of Minutemen. In 1777, Virginia governor Patrick Henry appointed <mask> to a position securing provisions for the army on the frontier. He served a similar role for units in the Continental Army in 1778 and 1779. With his money, <mask> purchased provisions for John Sevier's 1779 expedition against the Chickamauga, a band of Cherokees who were resisting colonial expansion. <mask> was elected to represent Washington County in the Virginia House of Delegates in 1779.Later that year, he was commissioned a major by Governor Thomas Jefferson and charged with escorting a group of commissioners to establish a frontier boundary line between Virginia and North Carolina. Shortly after his arrival in the region, North Carolina Governor Richard Caswell made him magistrate of newly formed Sullivan County and elevated him to the rank of colonel of the Sullivan County Regiment. <mask> was surveying lands in Kentucky in 1780 when he heard of the colonists' defeat at Charleston. He hurried to North Carolina, where he found a request for aid from General Charles McDowell to defend the borders of North Carolina from the British. <mask> assembled three hundred militiamen and joined McDowell at Cherokee Ford in South Carolina. On the morning of July 31, 1780, he surrounded the British stronghold at Thickety Fort on the Pacolet River with 600 men. He immediately demanded a surrender, but the British refused.<mask> brought his men within musket range and again demanded surrender. Though the fort likely would have withstood the attack, the British commander lost his nerve and capitulated. Without firing a shot, <mask>'s men captured 94 prisoners. Following the surrender of Thickety Fort, <mask> joined a band of partisans under Lieutenant Elijah Clarke. This unit was pursued by British Major Patrick Ferguson. On the morning of August 8, 1780, some of <mask>'s men were gathering peaches from an orchard when they were surprised by some of Ferguson's men on a reconnaissance mission. <mask>'s men quickly readied their arms and drove back the British patrol.Soon, however, the British were reinforced and the colonists fell back. The pattern continued, with one side being reinforced and gaining an advantage, followed by the other. <mask>'s men were winning the battle when Ferguson's main force of 1,000 men arrived. Outmanned, they retreated to a nearby hill where British musket fire could not reach them. Now safe, they taunted the British, and Ferguson's force withdrew from the area. Thus ended the Battle of Cedar Springs. General McDowell then ordered <mask> and Clarke to take Musgrove's Mill, a British encampment on the Enoree River.They rode all night with two hundred men, reaching their location about dawn on August 18, 1780. The colonists had estimated the enemy force was of comparable size, but an advance scout brought word there were approximately 500 British soldiers in the camp who were preparing for battle. <mask>'s men and horses were too tired for a retreat and they had lost the element of surprise. He ordered his men to construct a breastwork from nearby logs and brush. In half an hour the makeshift fortifications were complete, and twenty-five colonial riders charged the British camp to provoke the attack. The British pursued them back to the main colonial force. Despite being outnumbered, the colonists killed several British officers and put their army to flight.Battle of Kings Mountain <mask> and Clarke elected not to pursue the British fleeing the Battle of Musgrove Mill. Instead, they set their sights on a British fort at Ninety Six, South Carolina, where they were sure they would find Ferguson. However, while en route, <mask> and his men were met with news of General Horatio Gates' defeat at the Battle of Camden. With the backing of General Cornwallis, Ferguson could ride to meet <mask> with his entire force, so <mask> retreated over the Appalachian Mountains into North Carolina. Following the colonists' retreat, an emboldened Ferguson dispatched a paroled prisoner across the mountains to warn the colonists to cease their opposition or Ferguson would lay waste to the countryside. Angered by this act, <mask> and John Sevier began to plan another raid on the British. <mask> and Sevier raised 240 men each, and were joined by William Campbell with 400 from Washington County, Virginia and Charles McDowell with 160 men from Burke and Rutherford counties in North Carolina.The forces mustered at Sycamore Shoals on September 25, 1780. The troops crossed the difficult terrain of the Blue Ridge Mountains and arrived at McDowell's estate near Morganton, North Carolina, on September 30, 1780. Here, they were joined by Colonel Benjamin Cleveland and Major Joseph Winston with 350 men from Surry and Wilkes counties. The combined force pursued Ferguson to Kings Mountain, where he had fortified himself, declaring "God Almighty and all the rebels out of hell" could not move him from it. The Battle of Kings Mountain commenced October 7, 1780. <mask> had ordered his men to advance from tree to tree, firing from behind each one; he called this technique "Indian play" because he had seen the Indians use it in battles with them. Ferguson ordered bayonet charges that forced <mask>'s men to fall back on three separate occasions, but the colonists dislodged Ferguson's men from their position.Seeing the battle was lost, Ferguson and his key officers attempted a retreat. The colonists were instructed to kill Ferguson. Simultaneous shots by Sevier's men broke both Ferguson's arms, fatally pierced his skull, and knocked him from his mount. Seeing their commander dead, the remaining British soldiers waved white flags of surrender. Kings Mountain was the high point of <mask>'s military service, and from that point forward his men dubbed him "Old Kings Mountain". The North Carolina legislature passed a vote of thanks to <mask> and Sevier for their service and ordered each be presented a pair of pistols and a ceremonial sword. (<mask> did not receive these items until he requested them from the legislature in 1813.)As the colonists and their prisoners began the march from Kings Mountain, they learned that nine colonial prisoners had been hanged by the British at Fort Ninety-Six. This was not the first such incident in the region, and the enraged colonists vowed they would now put a stop to the hangings in the Carolinas. Summoning a jury from their number – which was legal because two North Carolina magistrates were present – the colonists selected random prisoners and charged them with crimes ranging from theft to arson to murder. By evening, the jury had convicted thirty-six prisoners and sentenced them to hang. After the first nine hangings, however, <mask> ordered them stopped. He never gave a reason for this action, but his order was obeyed nonetheless, and the remaining "convicts" rejoined their fellow prisoners. The Kings Mountain victors and their prisoners returned to McDowell's estate, early on, the morning of, October 10, 1780.From there, the various commanders and their men went their separate ways. <mask> and his men joined General Daniel Morgan at New Providence, South Carolina. While there, <mask> advised Morgan to take Fort Ninety-Six and Augusta, because he believed the British forces there were supplying the Cherokee with weapons for their raids against colonial settlers. Morgan agreed to the plan, as did General Horatio Gates, the supreme commander of colonial forces in the region. Assured that his plan would be carried out, <mask> returned home and promised to return the following spring with 300 men. On his way to Fort Ninety-Six, Morgan was attacked by Banastre Tarleton and gained a decisive victory over him at the Battle of Cowpens. <mask> later lamented the fact, that General Nathanael Greene, who relieved Gates only days after <mask> departed for home, claimed the lion's share of the credit for Cowpens, when it was <mask>'s plan that had put Morgan in the position to begin with.Later wartime service and settlement in Kentucky Upon his return home, <mask> and his father were named commissioners to negotiate a treaty between colonial settlers and the Chickamauga. This service delayed his return to Greene, but in October 1781 he and Sevier led 600 riflemen to join Greene in South Carolina. Greene had thought to use <mask>'s and Sevier's men to prevent Cornwallis from returning to Charleston. However, Cornwallis was defeated at the siege of Yorktown, shortly after <mask> and Sevier arrived, and Greene sent them on to join General Francis Marion on the Pee Dee River. On Marion's orders, <mask> and Colonel Hezekiah Maham captured a British fort at Fair Lawn near Moncks Corner on November 27, 1781. While still in the field, <mask> was elected to the House of Commons of the North Carolina General Assembly. He requested and was granted a leave of absence from the Army to attend the legislative session of December 1781.He was re-elected in 1782 and attended the April session of the legislature that year. In early 1783, he was chosen as a commissioner to survey preemption claims of soldiers along the Cumberland River. <mask> returned to Kentucky in April 1783, settling at Boonesborough. He married Susannah Hart on April 19, 1783; the couple had eleven children. Their eldest daughter, Sarah, married Dr. Ephraim McDowell, and the youngest daughter, Letitia, married future Kentucky secretary of state Charles Stewart Todd. On November 1, 1783, the family moved to Lincoln County, near Knob Lick, and occupied land awarded to <mask> for his military service. <mask> was named one of the first trustees of Transylvania Seminary (later Transylvania University) in 1783, and on December 1, 1787, founded the Kentucky Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge.<mask> began working to secure Kentucky's separation from Virginia as early as 1784. That year, he attended a convention to consider leading an expedition against the Indians and separating Kentucky from Virginia. He

Isaac Shelby

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was a delegate to subsequent conventions in 1787, 1788, and 1789 that worked toward a constitution for Kentucky. During these conventions he helped thwart James Wilkinson's scheme to align Kentucky with the Spanish. In 1791 <mask>, Charles Scott and Benjamin Logan were among those chosen by the Virginia legislature to serve on the Board of War for the district of Kentucky. <mask> was also made High Sheriff on Lincoln County. In 1792, he was a delegate to the final convention that framed the first Kentucky Constitution.First term as governor Under the new constitution, the voters chose electors who then elected the governor and members of the Kentucky Senate. Though there is no indication that <mask> actively sought the office of governor, he was elected unanimously to that post by the electors on May 17, 1791. He took office on June 4, 1792, the day the state was admitted to the Union. Though not actively partisan, he identified with the Democratic-Republicans. Much of his term was devoted to establishing basic laws, military divisions and a tax structure. One of <mask>'s chief concerns was securing federal aid to defend the frontier. Although Kentuckians were engaged in an undeclared war with American Indians north of the Ohio River, <mask> had been ordered by Secretary of War Henry Knox not to conduct offensive military actions against the Indians.Furthermore, he was limited by federal regulations that restricted the service of state militiamen to thirty days, which was too short to be effective. With the meager resources of his fledgling state he was only able to defend the most vulnerable areas from Indian attack. Meanwhile, Kentuckians suspected that the Indians were being stirred up and supplied by the British. <mask> appealed to President Washington for help; Washington responded by appointing General "Mad" Anthony Wayne to the area with orders to push the Indians out of the Northwest Territory. Wayne arrived at Fort Washington (present-day Cincinnati, Ohio) in May 1793, but was prevented from taking any immediate action because federal commissioners were still attempting to negotiate a treaty with the Indians. He called for 1,000 volunteer troops from Kentucky, but few heeded the call and <mask> resorted to conscription. By the time the soldiers arrived, winter had set in.He ordered the men to go home and return in the spring. After a winter filled with Indian attacks, including one which claimed the life of <mask>'s younger brother <mask> III, Kentucky militia units won some minor victories over the Indians in early 1794. In spring the response to Wayne's call for troops was more enthusiastic; 1,600 volunteers mustered at Fort Greenville and were hastily trained. By August, 1794, Wayne was on the offensive against the Indians and dealt them a decisive blow at the August 20, 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers. This victory, and the ensuing Treaty of Greenville, secured the territory, and although <mask> did not agree with some of the restrictions placed upon western settlers by this treaty, he abided by its terms and enforced those that were under his jurisdiction. Another major concern of the <mask> administration was free navigation on the Mississippi River, which was vital to the state's economic interests. For political reasons the Spanish had closed the port at New Orleans to the Americans.This would have been the natural market for the tobacco, flour and hemp grown by Kentucky farmers; overland routes were too expensive to be profitable. This made it difficult for land speculators to entice immigration to the area to turn a profit on their investments. Many Kentuckians felt the federal government was not acting decisively or quickly enough to remedy this situation. Citizen Genêt affair While Kentuckians despised the British and Spanish, they had a strong affinity for the French. They admired the republican government that had arisen from the French Revolution, and they had not forgotten France's aid during the Revolutionary War. When French Ambassador Edmond-Charles Genêt, popularly known as Citizen Genêt, arrived in the United States in April 1793, George Rogers Clark was already considering an expedition to capture Spanish lands in the west. Genêt's agent, André Michaux, was dispatched to Kentucky to assess the support of Kentuckians toward Clark's expedition.When he gained an audience with Governor <mask>, he did so with letters of introduction from Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson and Kentucky Senator John Brown. Jefferson had written a separate letter to <mask> warning him against aiding the French schemes and informing him that negotiations were under way with the Spanish regarding trade on the Mississippi. When the letter was sent on August 29, 1793, it was Jefferson's intent that it reach <mask> before Michaux did, but <mask> did not receive it until October 1793. On September 13, 1793, Michaux met with <mask>, but there is no evidence that <mask> agreed to help him. In his response to Jefferson's delayed letter, <mask> assured Jefferson that Kentuckians "possess too just a sense of the obligation they owe the General Government, to embark in any enterprise that would be so injurious to the United States". In November 1793, <mask> received a letter from another of Genêt's agents, Charles Delpeau. He confided to <mask> that he had been sent to secure supplies for an expedition against Spanish holdings, and inquired whether <mask> had been instructed to arrest individuals associated with such a scheme.Three days later <mask> responded by letter, relating Jefferson's warning against aiding the French. Despite having no evidence that <mask> was party to Genêt's scheme, both Jefferson and Knox felt compelled to warn him a second time. Jefferson provided names and descriptions of the French agents believed to be in Kentucky and encouraged their arrest. Knox went a step further by suggesting Kentucky would be reimbursed for any costs incurred resisting the French by force, should such action become necessary. General Anthony Wayne informed him that his cavalry was at the state's disposal. Arthur St. Clair, governor of the American Northwest Territory, also admonished <mask> against cooperation with Genêt. In his response to Jefferson, <mask> questioned whether he had the legal authority to intervene with force against his constituency and expressed his personal aversion to doing so.<mask> tempered this lukewarm commitment by assuring Jefferson that "I shall, at all times, hold it my duty to perform whatever may be constitutionally required of me, as Governor of Kentucky, by the President of the United States." In March 1794, perhaps in response to <mask>'s concerns, Congress passed a measure granting the government additional powers in the event of an invasion or insurrection. Jefferson's successor Edmund Randolph, who actually received <mask>'s letter, wrote <mask> to inform him of the new powers at his disposal, and informing him that the new regime in France had recalled Genêt. Two months later Genêt's agents ceased their operations in Kentucky and the potential crisis was averted. In 1795, President Washington negotiated an agreement with the Spanish that secured the right of Americans to trade on the river. Having successfully dealt with the major challenges and issues involved in forming a new state government, <mask> left the state safe and financially sound. Kentucky's constitution prevented a governor from serving consecutive terms, so <mask> retired to Traveler's Rest, his Lincoln County estate, at the conclusion of his term in 1796.For the next 15 years he tended to affairs on his farm. He was selected as a presidential elector in six consecutive elections, but these were his only appearances in public life during this period. Second term as governor Gabriel Slaughter was the favorite choice for governor of Kentucky in 1812. Only one impediment to his potential candidacy existed. Growing tensions between the United States, France, and Great Britain threatened to break into open war. With this prospect looming, <mask>'s name began circulating as a possible candidate for governor. Slaughter, who lived near Shelby, visited him and asked whether he would run.<mask> assured him that he had no desire to do so unless a national emergency that required his leadership emerged. Satisfied with this answer, Slaughter began his campaign. The situation with the European powers grew worse, and on June 18, 1812 the United States declared war on Great Britain, beginning the War of 1812. Cries grew louder for <mask> to return as Kentucky's chief executive. On July 18, 1812, less than a month before the election, <mask> acquiesced and announced his candidacy. During the campaign <mask>'s political enemies, notably Humphrey Marshall, criticized his response to Jefferson's second letter regarding the Genêt affair and questioned his loyalty to the United States. <mask> contended that his noncommittal response to the letter was meant to draw the federal government's attention to the situation in the west.He cited the agreement between Washington and the Spanish as evidence that his ploy had worked. He also claimed to have known at the time he wrote the letter that the French scheme was destined to fail. Slaughter's supporters mocked <mask>'s advanced age (he was almost 62), calling him "Old <mask>". One Kentucky paper even printed an anonymous charge that <mask> had run from the Battle of Kings Mountain. Though few even among <mask>'s enemies believed the story, his supporters and <mask> himself responded through missives in the state's newspapers. One supporter typified these responses, writing "It is reported that Colonel <mask> 'run [sic] at Kings Mountain.' True he did.He first run [sic] up to the enemy ... then after an action of about forty-seven minutes, he run [sic] again with 900 prisoners." As the canvass stretched into August, <mask> grew more confident of victory and began preparations to return to the state house. He predicted a victory of 10,000 votes; the final margin was more than 17,000. When he took the oath of office, <mask> became the first Kentucky governor to serve non-consecutive terms. (James Garrard had been permitted to serve consecutive terms in 1796 and 1800 by special legislative exemption.) Preparations for the war dominated <mask>'s second term. Two days before his inauguration, he and outgoing governor Charles Scott met at the state house to appoint William Henry Harrison commander of the Kentucky militia.This was done in violation of a constitutional mandate that the post be held by a native Kentuckian. Already commander of the militias of Indiana and Illinois, Harrison picked up Kentucky volunteers at Newport before hurrying to the defense of Fort Wayne. <mask> pressured President James Madison to give Harrison command of all military forces in the Northwest. Madison acceded, rescinding his earlier appointment of James Winchester. On the state level, <mask> revised militia laws to make every male between the ages of 18 and 45 eligible for military service; ministers were excluded from the provision. Seven thousand volunteers enlisted, and many more had to be turned away. <mask> encouraged the state's women to sew and knit items for Kentucky's troops.<mask>'s confidence in the federal government's war planning was shaken by the disastrous Battle of Frenchtown in which a number of Kentucky soldiers died. He vowed to personally act to aid the war effort should the opportunity arise, and was authorized by the legislature to do so. In March 1813, Harrison requested another 1,200 Kentuckians to join him at Fort Meigs. <mask> dispatched the requested number, among whom was his oldest son James, under General Green Clay. The reinforcements arrived to find Fort Meigs under siege by a combined force of British and Indians. Clay's force was able to stop the siege, but a large number of them were captured and massacred by Indians. Initial reports put <mask> among the dead, but he was later discovered to have been captured and released in a prisoner exchange.On July 30, 1813, General Harrison again wrote <mask> requesting volunteers, and this time he asked that <mask> lead them personally. <mask> raised a force of 3,500 volunteers, double the number Harrison requested. Future governor John J. Crittenden served as <mask>'s aide-de-camp. Now a Major General, <mask> led the volunteers to join Harrison in a campaign that culminated in the American victory at the Battle of the Thames. In Harrison's report of the battle to Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr., he said of <mask>, "I am at a loss to how to mention [the service] of Governor <mask>, being convinced that no eulogism of mine can reach his merit." In 1817, <mask> received the thanks of Congress and was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal for his service in the war. Friends of <mask> suggested he run for Vice President, but <mask> quickly and emphatically declined.Later life Upon <mask>'s leaving office in 1816, President Monroe offered him the post of Secretary of War, but he declined because of his age. Already a founding member of the Kentucky Bible Society, <mask> consented to serve as vice-president of the New American Bible Society in 1816. He was a faithful member of Danville Presbyterian church, but in 1816, built a small nondenominational church on his property. In 1818, he accompanied Andrew Jackson in negotiating the Jackson Purchase with the Chickasaw. He also served as the first president of the Kentucky Agricultural Society in 1818 and was chairman of the first board of trustees of Centre College in 1819. Death In 1820, <mask> was stricken with paralysis in his right arm and leg. He died of a stroke on July 18, 1826, at his home in Lincoln County.<mask> was a slaveowner, and left slaves to his children in his will. He was buried on the grounds of his estate, Traveller's Rest. The state erected a monument over his grave in 1827. In 1952 the Shelby family cemetery was given to the state government and became the Isaac Shelby Cemetery State Historic Site. Legacy <mask>'s patriotism is believed to have inspired the Kentucky state motto: "United we stand, divided we fall". He was fond of The Liberty Song, a 1768 composition by John Dickinson, which contains the line "They join in hand, brave Americans all, By uniting we stand, by dividing we fall." Though he is sometimes credited with designing the state seal, his public papers show that the design was suggested by James Wilkinson.Centre College began awarding the Isaac Shelby Medallion in 1972, and since then, it has become the college's most prestigious honor. Those awarded the Medallion exemplify the ideals of service to Centre and dedication to the public good that were embraced by <mask> during his time at Centre and in Kentucky. Places named for <mask> Nine states have a county named after <mask>, as do numerous cities and military

Serhiy Ostapenko

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<mask> (November 1881—1937) was economist, statesman, and political activist of Ukraine. In the beginning of 1919 he directed the Council of People's Ministers of Ukrainian People's Republic (prime-minister). Early years <mask> was born in November 1881 in the town of Troyaniv near Zhytomyr. Today it is the village of Zhytomyr Raion, Zhytomyr Oblast. <mask> was born into family of a poor peasants and his father had another job as a freight transporter. From 1893 to 1897 <mask> attended the local elementary school, after which, he enrolled into an agrarian middle school in Bilokrynytsia of Kremenets uyezd (today Kremenets Raion of Ternopil Oblast). In 1904 he started working as a teacher in a two-grade school of Turiysk of Kovel uyezd.In 1905 <mask> was arrested for being a member of the [Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionary Party]. He spent the next three years in jail for political reasons as he claimed. After his release, <mask> had some trouble of finding employment. He graduated from the Vladimir cadet corps after final tests in 1909 and the same year enrolled into the Economic school of Kyiv Commercial Institute (now Kyiv National Economic University). Upon his graduation in 1913 he was sent to Germany for extended studies in Economics. In 1913 he returned to Ukraine where he found the job as head of the Bureau of Statistics in Balta uyezd of Podolia Governorate. In 1914 <mask> was transferred to Kharkiv where he headed the Bureau of Statistics for the Mining Industry of Sloboda Ukraine.Later he returned to Kyiv where he worked as a private-docent in the Kyiv Commercial Institute until 1917. The revolution In January 1918, <mask> was appointed as an economic adviser to the Ukrainian economic commission of Vsevolod Holubovych for the negotiations in Brest-Litovsk (see Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine – Central Powers)). On March 14, 1918 he worked to the trade commission of Mykola Porsh for the goods exchange with the Central Powers and responsible to the Council of People's Ministers. During the times of the Ukrainian State <mask> was included to the <mask> Shelukhin's economic commission of the Ukrainian peace delegation during the negotiations with the delegation of the Soviet Russia in Kyiv. These negotiations took place from May 23 through October 7, 1918. Concurrently, he lectured in political economy, economical geography, and others for various schools in Kyiv. Statesman career After the Directorate of Ukraine forced Pavlo Skoropadsky to emigrate, Ostapenko, being a member of the Ukrainian SR party and was appointed to the socialist government of Volodymyr Chekhivsky as the minister of trade and industry.In February 1919 when the government of Ukraine had to relocate out of Kyiv to Vinnytsia with the advancing Bolshevik forces, <mask> discontinued his membership with the Ukrainian SRs. After the resignation of several ministers from the government he was performing the duties of the minister of political agitation and propaganda. On February 6, 1919 he participated as the representative of the Ukrainian government in the negotiations with the Chief of staff of the French military forces of Colonel Freidenberg (see Entente intervention) at the railroad station of Birzula, near Odesa. The Ukrainians were requesting from the representatives of the Entente recognition of the sovereignty of Ukraine, allowing it to participate at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, and several other important factors. After the negotiations brought no results the government of Chekhivsky resigned. The Directorate of Ukraine requested <mask> who was appointed to find the understanding (?) with the members of the Entente to form another government.His government was composed mostly out of more liberal-democratic representatives, but as the government did not bring any real results in the short period of time in couple of months it was replaced by the government of more socially oriented Borys Martos. <mask> found no place in the new government was found and he moved for couple of months to Galicia (Central Europe). Professor's career After some successes at the Bolshevik front and the liberation of Podolia, he moved to Kamyanets-Podilsky that since June 1919 served as the temporary administrative center of the Ukrainian People's Republic until the end of 1919. Still unable to find a job <mask> applied to the Kamyanets-Podilsky State University that was hiring numerous professors and private-docents in various fields. On July 18, 1919 the minister of education Anton Krushelnytsky accepted his application by the reference of the University's first rector Ivan Ohienko. <mask> became a private-docent at the Department of Statistics of the University's Jurisprudential School and started his work in October 1919. On November 5, 1919 the council of the University's professors asked him to lecture the political economy beside his classes of statistics.On February 25, 1920 <mask> was confirmed as the permanent docent of the Department of Political Economy and Statistics. In May 1920 the guberniya administration published his books The course of statistics and demographics of 3,500 releases and The important characteristics of the Ukrainian ethnicity in comparison to other ethnics of 1,500. Life in the Soviet Ukraine By the end of 1920 <mask> relocated to Kyiv. In May 1921 the Supreme Extraordinary Tribunal began the hearing of the affair of Ukrainian SRs on which <mask> was invited as a witness. However, by the proposition of Dmitry Manuilsky he was placed amongst the ones under trail. <mask> plead not guilty and was given five years of correctional labor camps. Later unexpectedly the sentence was changed and he was forced to work by specialty instead of katorga, due to his value as a scientific force.Further his fate is not known. There are speculations that 1931 he was arrested by the NKVD and perished in the labor camps (according to the Encyclopedia of Ukraine) sometime in 1937. References External links Ukrainian Martyrolog of the XX century Biography at the website of Ministry of Foreign Affairs Biography at the website of Cabinet of Ministers 1881 births 1937 deaths People from Zhytomyr Raion People from Volhynian Governorate Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party politicians Ukrainian politicians before 1991 Prime ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic People who died in the Gulag

Black (singer)

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Colin Vearncombe (26 May 1962 – 26 January 2016), known by his stage name <mask>, was an English singer-songwriter. He emerged from the punk rock music scene and achieved mainstream pop success in the late 1980s, most notably with the 1986 single "Wonderful Life", which was an international hit the next year. William Ruhlmann of AllMusic described Vearncombe as a "smoky-voiced singer/songwriter, whose sophisticated jazz-pop songs and dramatic vocal delivery place him somewhere between Bryan Ferry and Morrissey". Michael Hann of The Guardian described his voice as a "slightly frayed baritone". Early life Vearncombe was born in Liverpool and attended Prescot Grammar School. He then enrolled on an art foundation course at Liverpool Polytechnic. He first aspired to become a musician after seeing Elvis Presley in Jailhouse Rock.Career <mask>'s first release was the single "Human Features" on Rox Records from Birkenhead in 1981. At this time the band also included Dane Goulding (formerly of Blazetroopers) on bass and Greg Leyland (another school-friend) on drums, with Vearncombe calling himself <mask> as he did not think his own surname would be remembered. The single was followed by another independent release, "More than the Sun", in 1982. It was then that Vearncombe formed a friendship with Dave "Dix" Dickie of the Last Chant, and the two became musical collaborators and signed for WEA Records. In 1982, <mask> played with the Thompson Twins on their 'Quick Step and Side Kick' tour and also supported Wah! on a UK tour. <mask> signed with WEA in 1984, and the next single was "Hey Presto", which got Vearncombe noticed outside the UK: the video for the song featured on the satellite channel Music Box, and the single was also released in Australia.The second WEA single was a re-recording of "More than the Sun". After this, <mask> was dropped from the record label, and Vearncombe and Dix went their separate ways. In 1985, Vearncombe wrote the minor key song "Wonderful Life". It was released independently through Ugly Man Records, and got <mask> noticed by A&M Records, who signed Vearncombe and launched his international career. Vearncombe said: By the end of 1985 I had been in a couple of car crashes, my mother had a serious illness, I had been dropped by a record company, my first marriage went belly-up and I was homeless. Then I sat down and wrote this song called 'Wonderful Life'. I was being sarcastic.The song reached number eight in the UK Singles Chart. "Wonderful Life" was later covered by singers including Kim Wilde and Tony Hadley. A version by Katie Melua was included on the BBC Radio 2's Sounds of the 80s compilation album, and was released as a single in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and the Children's Hospital Charity. But its widespread popularity came from its use on several advertising commercials for brands that included Standard Life, Cadbury's chocolate and Fleury Michon. In 2015, Melua sang a version in an advertisement for Premier Inn. Vearncombe suffered from the feeling of being a one-hit wonder: Once you have had a hit, it's hard to write another song without having that in the back of your mind. For a long time, I would find myself hearing, 'I like it but it's not Wonderful Life'.At first, the single "Everything's Coming Up Roses" flopped, but the follow-up, "Sweetest Smile" became a UK top-10 hit. The third single, a re-release of "Wonderful Life", was a massive hit worldwide. The album of the same name, released in 1987, had similar success, reaping commercial and critical acclaim. <mask> sold over two million records worldwide with Comedy (1988) and <mask> (1991). Disillusioned with having to deal with a big record company, Vearncombe founded the independent label Nero Schwarz (which is the word "black" in Italian and in German, respectively), and released one album Are We Having Fun Yet? (1993). After a prolonged hiatus, Vearncombe returned in 1999 to release a string of recordings under his own name.Vearncombe returned to the name '<mask>' to release the album Between Two Churches in November 2005. On this album, he included a song mocking the success of his hit "Wonderful Life", where he poignantly re-asked the question, ‘Are you having a wonderful life?’ In 2009, he released two albums: The Given was issued on 4 July as a free download under Vearncombe's name; Water on Stone was released on 17 November as the first Black studio album in four years. In September 2011, the album Any Colour You Like was released through <mask>'s website. In April 2014, Vearncombe started a pledge fund (via the dedicated music crowd-funding site PledgeMusic) for a new album, co-written with long-time friend and musical collaborator Calum MacColl. This was the first time he had participated in a crowd-funded project. The project significantly exceeded its funding goals, and he regularly expressed his surprise and gratefulness through video updates on the PledgeMusic site. His experience with the process also contributed to the name of the album, Blind Faith, was released on 13 April 2015.Several months later, he recorded a Catalan version of "Wonderful Life" as a fundraiser for the Catalan telethon La Marató de TV3. Vearncombe sang a Catalan translation of the original lyrics. Death On 10 January 2016, Vearncombe was involved in a car accident, near Cork Airport in Ireland, and placed in a medically-induced coma after sustaining serious head injuries. He died from his injuries at the intensive care unit of Cork University Hospital on 26 January 2016, at the age of 53. Vearncombe left a widow, Swedish opera singer and former One 2 Many singer Camilla Griehsel, and three children. His remains were cremated on 4 February 2016. Discography Wonderful Life (1987) Comedy (1988) Black (1991) Are We Having Fun Yet?(1993) The Accused (1999) Water on Snow (2000) Smoke Up Close (2002) Between Two Churches (2005) The Given (2009) Water on Stone (2009) Blind Faith (2015) References External links Single Black Spot colinvearncombe.nl – fansite Blogsite Colin Vearncombe didn't want to be defined by one song – and he shouldn't be at theguardian.com, published 27 January 2016 1962 births 2016 deaths English male singer-songwriters English new wave musicians English pop singers Male new wave singers Singers from Liverpool Road incident deaths in the Republic of Ireland 20th-century English singers 21st-century English singers 20th-century British male singers 21st-century British male singers

Melissa McBride

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<mask> (born May 23, 1965) is an American actress and former casting director. <mask>'s breakout role was Carol Peletier on the AMC series The Walking Dead (2010–present). She has garnered critical acclaim and received multiple awards and nominations for her role on the show. Originally cast in a minor role, <mask>'s role expanded over time to a main cast member and as of 2020, she is the second billed cast member in the opening credits of the show, and one of only two cast members to appear in every season (the other being Norman Reedus). Early life <mask> was born in Lexington, Kentucky, to parents <mask> and Suzanne Lillian (née Sagley) Her father owned his own business, and her mother studied at the historic Pasadena Playhouse. She had three siblings: John Michael, Neil Allen, and Melanie Suzanne. Career <mask> began her acting career in 1991, appearing in several television commercials for clients such as Rooms To Go; she was also a spokeswoman for Ford.She made her series television debut in a 1993 episode of ABC legal drama series Matlock, and later guest-starred in several other television drama series, including In the Heat of the Night; American Gothic; Profiler; Walker, Texas Ranger; and Dawson's Creek. In the last, she played Nina – a film buff who charms Dawson after his breakup with Jen – in the Season 1 episode "Road Trip" (1998) - and in 2003 returned to the series finale playing a different character. In the 1990s, <mask> had supporting roles in several made-for-television movies, such as Her Deadly Rival (1995) opposite Annie Potts and Harry Hamlin, Close to Danger (1997) with Rob Estes, Any Place But Home (1997), and Pirates of Silicon Valley (1999). In 1996, she appeared on the CBS miniseries A Season in Purgatory, based on Dominick Dunne's eponymous 1993 novel. From 2000 to 2010, she worked as a film and commercial casting director in Atlanta, Georgia and starred in several short films. In 2007, director Frank Darabont cast <mask> as the "woman with the kids at home" in the ensemble-cast science-fiction horror film The Mist, alongside Thomas Jane, Laurie Holden, and Marcia Gay Harden. <mask> was in contention for a bigger role in the film but did not want to take a significant amount of time away from her job as a casting director.The following year, she appeared in the Lifetime television movie Living Proof. In 1996, <mask> acted alongside both Martin Sheen and Ramon Estevez in the music video for country music group Diamond Rio's single It's All In Your Head. The Walking Dead <mask> was cast as Carol Peletier in the AMC television drama series The Walking Dead – her biggest role to date. Peletier is a mid-forties widow and caring mother to preteen Sophia, fighting to survive in a violent post-apocalyptic world populated with flesh-eating zombies and the few surviving humans, some of whom are diabolical and even more dangerous than the zombies themselves. <mask> did not audition for the role, which she thought was temporary. She was a recurring cast member in Season 1 and was promoted to series regular for Season 2. <mask>'s name appeared in the opening credits sequence beginning with the first episode of Season 4.Carol was supposed to have been killed off in the episode "Killer Within", but the producers eventually had a change of plans. As the series progresses, <mask>'s character develops from being weak and dependent, into a strong, cunning, and loyal warrior. The direction of her character is contrasted between the two media. In the comic series, Carol is much younger and exhibits a neurotic, self-centered, and naive demeanor. Throughout her time in the comics, she grows increasingly unstable to the point of being self-destructive. The television show differs in these regards, as she is shown to be a stern, pragmatic, and compassionate individual who has been gradually building inner strength. Producers of the series, Scott M. Gimple and Robert Kirkman, said in 2014 that "Carol is her own unique character; it would be a disservice to <mask> to say she's evolved into the Carol from the comics.The Carol in the TV show is a wholly original creation that we'll continue to explore on the show to great effect. Everyone in the writers' room loves that character, and we're thrilled with what <mask> has brought to the table. She has definitely become a character that is one to watch, and there's some really exciting stuff ahead for her." <mask> has received critical acclaim for her performance as Carol and won positive reviews from critics during Seasons 3, 4, and 5. Many critics praised <mask>'s performance in the Season 4 episode centered on her character, "The Grove". Others singled out Carol's actions in the Season 5 premiere, "No Sanctuary", which earned critical praise and positive fan reception. Despite the praise of some critics and a fan campaign, <mask> did not receive a nomination for the 2014 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series.However, she won the 40th Annual Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television, and was nominated for the 2014 Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for her performance in Season 4. In March 2015, <mask> was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Leading Actress in a Television series, for her role as Carol. She once again won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television at the 41st Saturn Awards, for the second year in a row. <mask> is set to reprise her role as Carol in a spin-off series centered on her and Daryl Dixon (played by Norman Reedus), following the conclusion of the 11th and final season of The Walking Dead. Angela Kang will be the showrunner for the series, which is set to debut in 2023. Personal life In the mid-1980s, <mask> moved to Atlanta, where she still lives. Filmography Film Television Video games Casting director The Last Adam (2006) The Promise (2007) Golden Minutes (2009) This Side Up (2009) The Party (2010) Broken Moment (2010) Awards and nominations References External links 1965 births 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actors from Lexington, Kentucky Actresses from Atlanta Actresses from Kentucky American film actresses American television actresses American casting directors Living people

Mike Williams (wide receiver, born 1984)

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<mask> (born January 4, 1984) is a former American football wide receiver who played in the National Football League (NFL). <mask> played college football at USC, and received consensus All-American recognition. The Detroit Lions selected him in first round of the 2005 NFL Draft, and he also played for the Oakland Raiders, Tennessee Titans, and Seattle Seahawks of the NFL. Early years <mask> was born in Tampa, Florida. He attended Henry B. Plant High School in Tampa, and played both high school football and basketball for the Plant Panthers. As a senior, <mask> had 38 receptions for 789 yards (20.8 average reception) with 14 touchdowns.<mask>' honors included Tom Lemming All-American, Super Prep All-Dixie, PrepStar All-Southeast Region, St. Petersburg Times All-Suncoast second team, and Tampa Tribune All-Hillsborough County. During his junior year, <mask> made the all-state Class 4A second team while making 35 receptions for 803 yards (22.9 avg.) and 14 touchdowns. As a sophomore, <mask> made 28 receptions for 631 yards (22.5 avg.) and 10 touchdowns. In basketball, <mask> was a 4-year Starter, winning over 100 games. As a Senior in 2002, <mask> was a McDonald's All American Finalist.He earned “Tampa Tribune” All Hillsborough County 1st Team, District Tournament MVP, Western Conference MVP, and 3rd Team All State selections. <mask> averaged 16.9 points, 8.3 rebounds, and 4.6 assists. As a junior in 2001, <mask> earned Tampa Tribune All-Hillsborough County first team honors, averaging 14.7 points, 10.7 rebounds and 5.3 assists while helping his team to the state semifinals. As a Freshman, <mask> started every game, averaging 12.6 points, 9.6 rebounds and 4.6 assists while leading the team in Blocks and Rebounds. <mask> graduated as the All Time leader in Blocks and Rebounds in school history. College career <mask> attended the University of Southern California, where he played for coach Pete Carroll's USC Trojans football team from 2002 to 2003. Before attending USC, <mask> was offered scholarships to Florida State University and the University of Florida, but neither school saw him as a wide receiver.<mask> played split end wide receiver during most of his games for USC. <mask> played in all 26 games during his freshman and sophomore years at USC, and started 15 of those games. He wore jersey No. 1 while on the football team. His freshman season, he had 81 receptions for 1,265 yards and 14 touchdowns. These statistics are all USC and Pacific-10 Conference freshman records. <mask> was named First-Team Freshman All-American choice by The Sporting News, Scripps/Football Writers, and Rivals.com.Selected as the Pac-10 Freshman of the Year, named to the All-Pac-10 second team, All-American honorable mention, The Sporting News Freshman All-Pac-10 first team, and The Sporting News All-Pac-10 Freshman Offensive Player of the Year. In his final season, as a sophomore, <mask> started all 13 games at wide receiver, and led the Trojans in receiving yards and touchdowns which resulted in 95 catches leading to 1,314 yards and 16 touchdowns. <mask> was a finalist for the 2003 Biletnikoff Award (nation's top receiver) while finishing eighth in Heisman Trophy voting. He also earned first team All-American (AP, ESPN.com, Football Writers, and SI.com among others) honors. <mask> also was a 2003 All-Pac-10 First Team selection and CBS.Sportsline.com National Player of the Year. That year, he also completed two pass attempts for 38 yards and one touchdown against Michigan in the Rose Bowl, and blocked a field goal. College statistics Awards and honors Second-team All-Pac-10 (2002) Pac-10 Freshman of the Year (2002) First-team Sporting News Freshman All-American (2002) Honorable mention All-American (2002) First-team All-Pac-10 (2003) Consensus First-team All-American (2003) Biletnikoff Award finalist (2003) Heisman Trophy finalist (2003) CBS Sportsline.com National Player of the Year (2003) Sporting News National Player of the Year (2003) Professional career NFL draft controversy Ohio State running back Maurice Clarett was suspended by his school following his 2002 freshman year.After being unable to gain reinstatement with Ohio State, Clarett made the decision to declare for the NFL Draft. However, since Clarett was only of true sophomore eligibility, he had to legally challenge the NFL rule that a player must be three years removed from high school to be eligible for the NFL Draft. After a court proceeding, a federal judge ruled that the NFL could not legally bar Clarett from entering the 2004 NFL Draft. <mask>, having completed his sophomore year and only two years removed from high school, made the decision to declare for the 2004 NFL Draft as well after hearing the federal judge's ruling. <mask> hired an agent and moved forward presenting himself as a legitimate first round pick (and most, if not all, NFL pundits and NFL personnel agreed that <mask> was a first round choice). By declaring his intent to enter the draft, hiring an agent to represent his interests, and filing the NFL paperwork necessary to enter the draft, he made himself ineligible for NCAA reinstatement. Before the 2004 NFL Draft, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the Federal Judge's decision allowing Clarett to enter the Draft.Additionally, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear a final appeal. Clarett and <mask> were ineligible for the 2004 NFL Draft. As <mask> was ineligible for NCAA reinstatement, he was required to sit the entire 2004 football season and was not allowed to practice with USC as well. Pre-draft Detroit Lions Despite sitting out an entire season, <mask> was selected 10th overall in the 2005 NFL Draft by the Detroit Lions, the third WR drafted in the first round in as many years by the Lions. <mask> selected jersey #88, which had been retired in honor of Hall of Fame tight end Charlie Sanders. As a rookie in 2005, <mask>, appeared in 14 games with four starts. <mask> recorded his first touchdown catch in his NFL debut, a 3-yard pass from quarterback Joey Harrington, in the season opener against Green Bay.<mask> made his first career start against the Ravens and had 1 reception for 7 yards. <mask> had a career-long, 49-yard reception in Cleveland. He finished that game with 5 receptions for 95 yards. <mask> then again started in Minnesota and had 4 receptions for 43 yards. Three-of-four receptions were for first downs. <mask> was then inactive for the Lions game in Dallas due to an injured ankle. <mask> had a season-high 6 receptions for 84 yards against Atlanta and had a 21-yard reception for a first down in New Orleans on the Lions opening drive.He finished his rookie season with 29 receptions for 350 yards and 1 touchdown. In 2006, <mask> was on the inactive list for both of the Lions' first two games. He played in just eight games in the 2006 season, and made eight catches for 99 yards and one touchdown. During the Lions' Week 15 loss at Green Bay, <mask> led the Lions in receiving yards after catching three passes for 42 yards. <mask> caught two more passes in a Week 16 loss to Chicago, but posted several drops as well, and was unable to secure a potential game-winning touchdown pass thrown by Jon Kitna as time expired. During the Lions' Week 17 win on the road in Dallas, <mask> caught two passes, including a fourth quarter 50-yard pass. Oakland Raiders <mask> was traded along with Josh McCown to the Oakland Raiders during the first day of the 2007 NFL Draft in exchange for a 2007 fourth-round pick which the Lions used to select A.J.Davis. In Oakland, <mask> reunited with his former college position coach Lane Kiffin. Tennessee Titans <mask> signed with the Tennessee Titans on November 22, 2007, reuniting him with former USC running back LenDale White and his former offensive coordinator from USC, Norm Chow. Seattle Seahawks After spending two years out of football, <mask> signed with the Seattle Seahawks on April 15, 2010, reuniting <mask> with former USC head coach Pete Carroll. After the Seahawks released T. J. Houshmandzadeh, <mask> joined the starting unit, and during his debut for Seattle, <mask> recorded four catches for 64 yards. In Week 6, he had career highs in both catches and yards going 10 catches for 123 yards in a 23–20 win against Chicago. He topped this performance four weeks later against the Cardinals, catching 11 passes for 145 yards.On Monday, January 3, the Seahawks rewarded <mask> for his comeback season with a three-year contract extension. <mask> responded by catching a touchdown pass in the Seahawks' wildcard victory over the New Orleans Saints, and two touchdowns in the following round's loss to Chicago. , <mask>, Steve Largent, Jerramy Stevens and Jermaine Kearse as the only four Seahawks with two receiving touchdowns in a single post-season game; he is also the only receiver in franchise history with three receiving touchdowns in the same postseason. <mask> followed this up with a disappointing 2011 season in which he broke his leg and ankle and had only 18 catches. He was released by the Seattle Seahawks on July 13, 2012. Toronto Argonauts On May 23, 2013, <mask> signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League. He was released by the team on May 31.Career statistics Coaching career After retiring in 2011, <mask> coached defensive backs in his first season of high school in Los Angeles. <mask> was both the football and basketball head coach at Brentwood School. In 2014, <mask> accepted a position as head coach at Locke High School in Los Angeles. In March 2016, he became the head coach at Van Nuys High School. <mask> accepted the head coaching job at Wharton High School in Tampa, Florida. Accepting the position following the resignation of coach David Mitchell, who stepped away after 14 seasons to deal with family medical issues, he embraces the challenge of coaching in Florida's highest class, 8A. He passed on his alma mater and Tampa powerhouse, Plant High School, saying “I didn’t even apply.” References External links Seattle Seahawks profile 1984 births Living people African-American basketball players African-American players of American football African-American players of Canadian football All-American college football players American football tight ends American football wide receivers American men's basketball players Basketball players from Tampa, Florida Canadian football wide receivers Detroit Lions players Henry B.Plant High School alumni High school football coaches in California High school football coaches in Florida Oakland Raiders players Players of American football from Tampa, Florida Players of Canadian football from Tampa, Florida Seattle Seahawks players Tennessee Titans players Toronto Argonauts players USC Trojans football players 21st-century African-American sportspeople 20th-century African-American people

Cho Zang-hee

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<mask>, Ph.D., is a Korean neuroscientist who developed the first Ring-PET scanner and the scintillation detector BGO. More recently, <mask> developed the first PET-MRI fusion molecular imaging device for neuro-molecular imaging. Education B.Sc., Electronics, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (1960) M.Sc. Electronics, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea (1962) Ph.D. Applied Physics, Institute of Physics, Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden (1966) Fil.D(Docent). Nuclear Physics, Institute of Physics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden (1972) Career 2019.11.-Present Endowed Chair Professor & Director, Neuroscience Convergence Center, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. 2017–2019.10 Endowed Chair Professor & Director, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of Suwon, Suwon, Korea.2015–Present Distinguished Research Fellow, Advanced Institutes of Convergence technology (AICT), Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea. 2004–2014 University Professor, Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon Medical School, Inchon, Korea. 2006–Present Professor Emeritus, Radiological Sciences and Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. 1985–2006 Professor, Radiological Sciences and Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA. 1995–1997 Visiting Endowed Chair Professor, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea. 1979-1994 Professor, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea. 1979–1985 Professor of Radiology (Physics) and Co-Director of Imaging Research Center, Columbia University, New York, USA 1972–1978 Associate Research Physicist and Adjunct Assoc.Professor, Applied Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, USA 1972–1976 Associate Professor (Docent) of Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden. 1970–1971 Visiting Scientist, Wallenberg Fellow, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York, USA 1966–1971 Research Staff, Swedish Atomic Research Council, Institute of Physics, University of Stockholm, Sweden. Other posts 1. Editor in Chief, International Journal of Imaging Systems & Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, N.Y., 1993–2011 2. Editorial Board ; Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Academic Press, San Diego, New York, 1984–90 3. Steering Committee IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging, IEEE Press, New York, NY, 1985–93 4.Steering Committee : IEEE Trans. on Nuclear Science, IEEE Press, New York, NY, 1985–92 5. Editorial Board : Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1988- 6. Editorial Board : Physics in Medicine and Biology, Institute of Physics, London, England, 1993 7. Editorial Board : International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1989–93 Published works <mask>, ZH., Chan, JK. and Eriksson, L., "Circular ring transverse axial positron camera for 3-D reconstruction of radionuclides distribution", IEEE Trans Nucl. Sci, NS-23, 613–622, 1976.<mask>, ZH., Eriksson, L. and Chan, JK. "A circular ring transverse axial positron camera“ in Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Symposium, Puerto Rico, April 1975, and book “ Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine”, 393–421, 1977, University Park Press, Baltimore(Ed. by Ter-Pogossian et al.). <mask>, ZH. and Farukhi, MR., "Bismuth Germanate (BGO) as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras", J Nucl Med, 18, 840–844, 1977. Z.H<mask>, J. Jones, and M. Singh ; Foundation of Medical Imaging ( John Wiley & Sons ), 1993, New York, USA <mask>, ZH, Y.D.Son, H.K. Kim, K.N. Kim, S.H. Oh, J.Y. Han, I. K. Hong, and Y. B Kim. A fusion PET-MRI system with a high- resolution research tomography-PET and ultra high field 7.0 T-MRI for the molecular-genetic imaging of the brain.Proteomic, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1302–1323, 2008 Book : 7 Tesla MRI Brain Atlas- In-vivo Atlas with Cryomacrotome Correlation (Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London), 2009 Z. H<mask> (Editor) ; 7 Tesla MRI Brain Atlas – In-vivo Atlas with Cryomacrotome Correlation (Springer, New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London) 2009 Technical Reports 1. <mask>H, General Views on 3-D Image Reconstruction and Computerized Transverse Axial Tomography. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.NS-21, No. 3, 1974. 2. <mask>, ZH. and Ahn, I., "Computer algorithm for tomographic image reconstruction with x-ray transmission scan", Computer in Biomedical Res, 8, 8, 1974. 3. <mask>, ZH., Chan, JK., Eriksson, L., Singh, M., Graham, S., Macdonald, WS.and Yano, Y., "Positron ranges obtained form biomedically important positron emitting radionuclides", J Nucl Med, 16, 1174–1176, 1975. 4. <mask>, ZH., Chan, JK. and Eriksson, L., "Circular ring transverse axial positron camera for 3-D reconstruction of radionuclides distribution", IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, NS-23, 613–622, 1976. 5. <mask>, ZH., Cohen, MB., Singh, M., Chan, J., Eriksson, L., Spolter, L. and MacDonald, NS., "Performance and evaluation of a circular ring transverse axial positron camera", IEEE Trans Nucl Sci, NS-24, 532–542, 1977. 6.<mask>, ZH., Eriksson, L. and Chan, JK., "A circular ring transverse axial positron camera" in Reconstruction Tomography in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Symposium, Puerto Rico, April 1975, and in the book “ Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine”, 393–421, 1977, University Park Press, Baltimore (Ed. by Ter-Pogossian MM). 7. <mask>, ZH. and Farukhi, MR., "Bismuth Germanate (BGO) as a potential scintillation detector in positron cameras", J. Nucl Med, 18, 840–844, 1977. 8. <mask>, ZH., Kim, HS., Song, HB.and Cumming, J., "Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance tomographic imaging", Proc of IEEE (Invited paper), 79(10), 1152–1173, 1982 9. <mask>, ZH., Hong, KS. and Hilal, SK., "Spherical positron emission tomography S-PET-I performance analysis", Nucl Instrum & Meth,225, 422–438, 1984. 10. <mask>H, E.X. Wu, S.K. Hilal; Weighted Backprojection Approach to Cone-Beam 3-D Projection Reconstruction for Truncated Spherical Detection Geometry.IEEE Trans. Med. Imag. 13(1), 110–121, 1994. 11. <mask>, ZH, Y.D. Son, H.K.Kim, K.N. Kim, S.H. Oh, J.Y. Han, I.K. Hong, and Y.B. Kim. A Hybrid PET-MRI: An Integrated Molecular-Genetic Imaging System with HRRT-PET and 7.0 T-MRI.IJIST., Vol. 17, 252–265, 2007 12. <mask>, ZH, Y.D. Son, H.K. Kim, K.N. Kim, S.H. Oh, J.Y.Han, I. K. Hong, and Y. B Kim. A fusion PET-MRI system with a high-resolution research tomography-PET and ultra high field 7.0 T-MRI for the molecular-genetic imaging of the brain. Proteomic, Vol. 8, No. 6, 1302–1323, 2008 13. <mask>, ZH, Y.D.Son, H.K. Kim, S.T. Kim, S.Y. Lee, Je-Geun Chi, C.W. Park, and Y.B. Kim. Substructural Hippocampal Glucose Metabolism Observed on PET/MRI.J. Nucl. Med. Vol. 51. No. 10, Oct. 2010 Honors Member, The US National Academy of Sciences - Institute of Medicine, USA, 1997–present, Washington D.C. USA Member, The National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea, 1998–2006 Seoul, Korea Fellow, Third World Academy of Sciences, 1991, Trieste, United Nation (Italy) Member, The National Academy of Engineering, Republic of Korea, 1996, Seoul, Korea Fellow, Korea Academy of Sciences and Technology, 1995, Republic of Korea, Seoul, Korea Fellow, Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers, 1982, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. Fellow, Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1995, London, UK Member, National Advisory Council-NCCAM, NIH, Washington D.C., USA, 2004–6 Awards Distinguished Scientist Award, International Workshop on Physics and Engineering in Medical Imaging; International Workshop on Physics and Engineering in Medical Imaging, March 15–18, 1982, Asilomar, California, USA Grand Science and Engineering Award, Science and Cultural Foundation of Chung-Jinki, August 20, 1984, Seoul, Korea Jacob Javits Neuroscience Award, (NCI) NIH, January; 1, 1984, Washington, D.C., US Sylvia Sorkin Greenfield Award, American Association of Medical Physicist(AAPM), August 15, 1989, New York, New York, US National Science & Technology Prize (PresidentialAward), Republic of Korea, Feb. 28, 1995, Seoul, Korea National Academy of Science Prize, Korean National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Korea, Sept. 1997, Seoul, Korea Science Prize, The Korea Academy of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea.Feb. 18, 2000 Distinguished Faculty Award for Research. Academic Senate, Univ. of Calif. Irvine. January 27, 2004–5, Irvine, California, US National Medal of Honor in Science & Technology, Presidential Award, Republic of Korea, April 21, 2005, Seoul, Korea Distinguished Alumni Award (Kwan-Ak Grand Prize), Seoul National University, Seoul, 2007 References 1936 births Living people Seoul National University alumni Stockholm University alumni Uppsala University alumni Columbia University faculty Baecheon Jo clan

Alejandro Valverde

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<mask> (born 25 April 1980) is a Spanish road racing cyclist, who rides for UCI WorldTeam . <mask>'s biggest wins have been the Vuelta a España in 2009, Critérium du Dauphiné in 2008 and 2009, Tour of the Basque Country in 2017, Volta a Catalunya in 2009, 2017 and 2018, Liège–Bastogne–Liège in 2006, 2008, 2015 and 2017, La Flèche Wallonne in 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, the Clásica de San Sebastián in 2008 and 2014, the 2006 and 2008 UCI ProTours, the 2014 and 2015 UCI World Tours, and the road race in the 2018 World Championships. Overall, <mask> has 131 professional wins. Prior to his Worlds win, he already held the record for most medals won at World Championships – he twice collected the silver medal in the World Championships, in 2003 and 2005, as well as the bronze four times in 2006, 2012, 2013 and 2014. As of 2021, <mask> has entered thirty grand tours, finished twenty-five of them and placed in the Top 10 of a grand tour on twenty occasions. He also shares the record for most wins in the Points Competition in Vuelta history with Sean Kelly and Laurent Jalabert. <mask> is rare in combining different specialties in road bicycle racing, being a strong climbing specialist, sprinter and a good time-trialist.The online database Cycling Ranking ranks him as the 4th most successful cyclist of all time. Biography Born in Las Lumbreras, Murcia, <mask> came from a cycling family, his father Juan was an amateur bicycle racer and bought him a bike when he was six years old. His brother Juan Francisco was also an amateur road racing cyclist. <mask>'s first race was in Jumilla, in his region of Murcia, and he finished second. On the following week he won his second race in Yecla. He allegedly took more than fifty consecutive victories between 11 and 13 years old, earning him the nickname El Imbatido (The Unbeaten). Amateur career Due to his many wins, <mask> was offered to ride for the elite amateur team Banesto based in Navarre, some distance away from his home in Murcia.Perhaps due to the exhaustion from having to travel back and forth every weekend, his performance suffered while with the team. He moved to the development team of the professional squad and was coached by Francisco Moya, whom he credited with helping him become a better cyclist. Kelme also promised to allow him to move to the professional squad if he showed good performance. At the end of his first season with the Kelme amateur squad, they offered to move him to the professional squad. Kelme (2002–2004) Valverde turned professional in 2002 when he signed a contract with the Spanish team , with whom he stayed until the end of the 2004 season. During his time with Kelme he had a breakthrough year in the 2003 Vuelta a España, where he won two stages and finished third in the General classification. That year he also won the Vuelta a Mallorca and a stage in Tour of the Basque Country and other Spanish races like GP Primavera and GP Villafranca de Ordizia.He ended the season with a second place in the 2003 UCI Road World Championships behind Igor Astarloa after winning the sprint ahead of Peter Van Petegem and Paolo Bettini. In the 2004 season he decided to stay with Kelme despite the team's financial woes and offers from other teams. He went on to win the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, the Vuelta a Murcia, a stage in the Tour of the Basque Country, the Vuelta a Burgos and taking fourth in the Vuelta a España. Although he won a stage in the Vuelta, he was injured in a crash that forced him to downscale his ambitions in the overall classification. He also participated in the Summer Olympics. Caisse d'Epargne/Movistar (2005–present) 2005 Valverde joined the UCI ProTeam in 2005. He won the last stage in Paris–Nice and finished second overall behind Bobby Julich.He also took two stages in the Tour of the Basque Country. In his first ever appearance at the Tour de France, he won the 10th stage of the Tour de France ahead of Lance Armstrong, whom he beat in the sprint into Courchevel at the end of a mountain stage in the Alps. After Stage 12, he was in 5th place on GC, 3 minutes and 16 seconds behind Armstrong. He was also leading in the young rider classification (white jersey), with a 3-minute and 9 second lead on Armstrong's teammate Yaroslav Popovych. However, <mask> was forced to withdraw from the Tour during the 13th stage because of a knee injury. <mask> recovered barely in time for the UCI Road World Championships in Madrid, Spain. The injury of Óscar Freire, who was the Spanish team captain, forced him to become the team leader, despite having had only one day of competition before the Worlds.Amazingly, he was able to be competitive and finished second to winner Tom Boonen. 2006 In 2006, <mask> won a stage in the Tour of the Basque Country, finishing 2nd overall and capturing the points competition. He then completed a prestigious double in the Spring classics, winning La Flèche Wallonne and taking victory four days later at Liège–Bastogne–Liège. <mask> subsequently won a stage in the Tour de Romandie finishing 3rd overall. <mask> planned to challenge at the 2006 Tour de France, and stated that he hoped to win in the future. He went to the Pinarello bicycle factory in Treviso, Italy, to optimize his time-trialing performance. In fact he started among the favourites for the Tour after the withdrawal of Jan Ullrich and Ivan Basso due to a doping investigation.However, on the third stage of the race, <mask> crashed, and had to abandon the Tour with a fractured right collarbone. His ambition to win a Grand Tour shifted to the Vuelta a España, later that year. <mask> entered the Vuelta a España as the top favorite. Since he did not ride a full Tour de France he was in better condition than some of the other candidates for the victory: defending champion Denis Menchov and Carlos Sastre both ended in the top 10 of the Tour de France and were expected to be somewhat fatigued. <mask> won the 7th stage and dominated mountain stages, earning him the gold leader jersey after stage 9. <mask> lost the jersey however due to the aggressive climbing and attacking of Alexander Vinokourov. In the last time trial, <mask> again lost time on Vinokourov and had to settle for the 2nd place in the overall standings, his second podium finish in a Grand Tour.Following his impressive performance in the Vuelta, <mask> won yet another major title, winning the UCI ProTour with several major races still left on the calendar as his point lead had reached unassailable levels. At the UCI Road World Championships, <mask> was considered one of the favorites for the title. Although he did not win, he was able to finish 3rd and claim a bronze medal. 2007 He started 2007 by winning the overall classification at Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana and Vuelta a Murcia. In stage 4 of the Vuelta a Murcia, <mask> accomplished his first win in an individual time trial. He also finished third in the Critérium International and fifth in the Tour of the Basque Country. In the Ardennes classics he took second place in both La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège, unable to repeat the double victory of 2006 season.In the Tour de France, <mask> was seen as one of the favorites for the yellow jersey until he had a disastrous individual time trial that diminished his chances of fighting for the overall classification. He subsequently finished sixth overall, eleven minutes behind, and thus finished his first Tour de France after being unable to complete the race in 2005 and 2006. He decided not to race the Vuelta a España in order to prepare for the UCI Road World Championships. On 29 August 2007, the UCI announced that they prevented Valverde from riding the World Championships in Stuttgart because of his possible implication in the Operación Puerto doping case to safeguard the atmosphere and reputation of the World Championships. The UCI also called upon the Spanish Cycling Federation (RFEC) to open disciplinary proceedings against the rider, but RFEC refused to comply with the UCI's request, saying there was no new evidence against him. RFEC also included <mask> in its squad for the World Championships, where he ended up 2nd. The matter was taken to the Court of Arbitration for Sport, which authorised Valverde to participate in the World Championships.2008 In 2008, <mask> showed strong form in the spring. After winning the Vuelta a Murcia, <mask> was focused on training. He announced his readiness with a podium finish in the Klasika Primavera and a triumph at the Paris–Camembert. These successes foreshadowed excellent results in the Ardennes classics: a podium at the Amstel Gold Race and victory in Liège–Bastogne–Liège. <mask> also won the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré and the Spanish National Road Race Championships in June. On 5 July, <mask> won the first stage of the Tour de France. His form faltered in the Pyrenees, and after being dropped on the Col du Tourmalet, eventually losing 5' 52" to stage winner Leonardo Piepoli, scrapping hopes of a podium finish.He performed better in the Alps and claimed a top ten finish. On Alpe d'Huez it appeared that he was working alongside to try to eliminate Cadel Evans. He followed the Tour with a strong victory in the Clásica de San Sebastián, leading out the sprint and holding off Alexandr Kolobnev and Davide Rebellin. Later, at the Vuelta a España, he started strong, winning the second stage and wearing the general classification leader's jersey on the third one. He was among the leaders in the first week. However, he lost around two minutes on a very wet stage to Saunces and any chance of a podium finish. However, he ended up in fourth position overall at the end with some strong performances including an impressive ride up the Angliru, where he was only bettered by Alberto Contador and then a good performance in the mountain time-trial.Before the participation at the UCI Road World Championships at Varese, he was mathematically proclaimed the UCI ProTour winner, being his second win in the four editions of the competition. 2009 <mask> started 2009 in good form by taking the points and mountains classifications in the Vuelta a Castilla y León while finishing 9th overall with two stage victories. He could not repeat his successes of the last few years in the spring classics with his best result being a 7th at La Flèche Wallonne. He won the Klasika Primavera and the Volta a Catalunya to put those disappointments behind him. With the threat of not racing the Tour de France hanging over his head he entered the Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré hoping to prove his worth. He performed consistently throughout the two early time-trials to stay in touch with the leaders before finishing second on Mont Ventoux to take the lead in the overall classification. Though Cadel Evans repeatedly attacked him in the final days he stayed on his wheel, with the help of compatriot Alberto Contador, to take the yellow jersey.On the back of these successes he appealed his ban by the Italian authorities with the Court of Arbitration for Sport in the hope of racing the tour. On 20 September 2009, <mask> clinched the overall victory in the Vuelta a España. Despite having no stage victories, <mask>'s consistency in the mountains allowed him to keep his race all the way to end that he captured on stage 9. 2010 All his 2010 results were annulled because of the suspension. 2012 <mask> made his return to the peloton during the Tour Down Under, the first race of the UCI World Tour season. He won the race's fifth stage – the queen stage of the event – by out-sprinting 's Simon Gerrans in a two-man sprint in Willunga, and finished second overall. He earned his first overall victory since his return, by winning February's Vuelta a Andalucía, as well as achieving a stage victory during the race.<mask> also finished third in Paris–Nice, and by winning stage 3 showed good form for the upcoming Tour de France. In the Tour de France he sat casually in the peloton until initiating a breakaway in stage 17, which he held onto after breaking away from the other 16 riders in the breakaway. almost chased him down, ending only 19 seconds adrift; it was <mask>'s fourth Tour de France stage victory. <mask> entered the Vuelta a España as a lieutenant to the defending champion Juan José Cobo in the . However, <mask> would soon become the leader when it became apparent that Cobo was not in top form. His started off with a victory in the first stage, a team time trial. <mask> would take the lead of the general, points and combination classifications after winning Stage 3, in which he chased down repeated attacks from Alberto Contador and outsprinted Joaquim Rodríguez at the finishing line.He would subsequently lose the lead to Rodríguez, but won the eighth stage atop the Collada de la Gallina in Andorra. Contador broke away from the small lead group and looked like he was heading for the win, but Rodríguez and Valverde passed him with less than to go, with Valverde taking the win. <mask> ultimately finished the Vuelta in second position overall after being a constant threat for the leader, which was Rodríguez until stage 17 where Contador soloed to victory and grabbed the lead, which he would not relinquish. <mask> won both the points and combination classification jerseys on the final day from Rodríguez as a result of a sixth-place finish on the last stage in Madrid. <mask> had to settle for a bronze medal in the World Championships in Valkenburg, as he was unable to reach Philippe Gilbert who attacked on the final climb of the Cauberg. He was the first of a group of 27 riders who had a five seconds deficit on the Belgian when crossing the line. He was supposed to participate in the Giro di Lombardia, but announced on the morning of the race that he was suffering from influenza and was putting an end to his 2012 season.2013 As in 2012, <mask> won the overall classification of the Vuelta a Andalucía in 2013, where he also won the points classification in the race. <mask> continued showing some good form after finishing with podium places in the Vuelta a Murcia, the Amstel Gold Race and in Liège–Bastogne–Liège. After having a decent spring campaign, <mask> aimed for a podium finish in the Tour de France. <mask> started the Tour in good form after finishing third in Ax3 Domaines behind Chris Froome and Richie Porte. However the next day, Porte lost over 15 minutes which moved <mask> into second overall right before the tour left the Pyrenees. On Stage 13, <mask> lost almost 10 minutes after getting a flat tyre. Despite a very hard pursuit, the high crosswinds and the pace of the peloton prevented him and his teammates from catching back.They ended up with the second group at the finish causing him to slip out of the top ten. Despite losing his second position, <mask> managed to do well in the Alps which moved him back into the top ten of the overall standings, finishing 8th overall. At the Vuelta a España, after stage 10, <mask> sat fourth overall a minute behind race leader Chris Horner. However, on stage 11, he moved back up into 3rd after finishing 8th in the time trial. On stage 14, on a rainy descent, <mask> was dropped by the G.C. contenders entering the final climb a minute back. He managed to limit his losses on the final climb staying within a minute of his rivals, though losing close to a minute on Nibali, Horner, and Joaquim Rodríguez.On stage 16, he managed to cut back a handful of seconds on Nibali and Horner. He entered the penultimate stage 20 a minute behind the race leader. He came third of the stage which finished atop the steep Alto de l'Angliru, securing a podium finish in the general classification, one minute and 36 seconds behind race winner Horner. At the

Alejandro Valverde

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World Championships, he took the third place, but was criticized for failing to cover the late attack of Portuguese Rui Costa. Costa eventually reached and out sprinted Rodríguez, <mask>'s Spanish teammate. 2014 In the Tour de France, <mask> ended in fourth place in the general classification. On 2 August 2014 <mask> won the Clásica de San Sebastián for the second time in his career.He won the first uphill finish of the Vuelta a España by powering away from the leaders after leading the group for most of the final climb. He finished the Spanish Grand Tour on the third step of the podium behind Chris Froome and the overall winner Alberto Contador. After the Vuelta, it was announced that <mask> had signed a three-year contract with his , meaning that he would ride for them until at least 2017. At the World Road Race Championships in Ponferrada, <mask> stood on the third step on the podium for the third year in a row. He came in second at the Giro di Lombardia, passing Contador for first place in the UCI World Tour rankings. 2015 <mask> grabbed three stage victories in the Volta a Catalunya. On stage 2, he got the better of a bunch sprint and helped score a 1–2 for the with his teammate José Joaquín Rojas.On stage 5, he launched a late attack as he was part of a small group containing all the leaders coming into Valls and won solo. On the last stage, he won the sprint of a group of about 40 riders and with the bonus seconds, snatched the second place of the overall classification from Domenico Pozzovivo. At the Amstel Gold Race he came in second, being bested in a small group sprint by Michał Kwiatkowski. The following Wednesday, <mask> equalled the record number of victories on La Flèche Wallonne with 3, distancing Julian Alaphilippe and Michael Albasini in the final meters of the Mur de Huy. He went one better the following Sunday, winning the sprint of a small group of riders to impose himself on Liège–Bastogne–Liège. It was the third time in his career <mask> had won La Doyenne. It was also the second time that he had won Liège–Bastogne–Liège and La Flèche Wallonne in the same year, becoming only the second rider to have achieved this double twice, after Ferdinand Kübler.In June, he won the Spanish National Road Race Championships. At the Tour de France, <mask> finished on the podium in 3rd place, his first podium finish at the Tour; achieving a lifelong dream of a top 3 finish. With that finish he had one career goal left, a World Championship victory. 2016 <mask>'s main goals for the 2016 season were the Ardennes classics, the Giro d'Italia and the Road Race at the Olympic Games in Rio. He started his season by taking the overall at the Vuelta a Andalucía in February. He out-powered the rest of the contenders, including Tejay van Garderen and Rafał Majka, on the climb up to the finish on the final stage. <mask> changed his initial plan of riding the Tour of Flanders and went to Tenerife to prepare for the Giro.He returned to competition by winning two stages and the overall at the Vuelta a Castilla y León which he chose to race instead of the Amstel Gold Race, a race still lacking from his palmáres. The following Wednesday he took his third consecutive La Flèche Wallonne victory and became the most prolific winner of the "smaller" Ardennes Classic with his fourth win. He showed his climbing prowess by controlling up until the last when he accelerated away from his rivals to take the victory. The Sunday following, he went out to repeat his Ardennes double from 2015 by securing another Liège–Bastogne–Liège win but he fell short and only managed to finish 16th. <mask> was named in the start list for the Giro d'Italia, his first participation in the Italian race. <mask> rode a consistent race but struggled in the high mountains especially on the queen stage in the Dolomites where he lost more than three minutes. He fought back the very next day with a third place in the mountain time trial and managed to win his first Giro d'Italia stage the day after the rest day in Andalo, his 14th stage win over the three Grand Tours.He secured his spot on the podium by outclimbing Steven Kruijswijk on the very last mountain stage and finished third overall, becoming only the 16th cyclist to finish on the podium in each of the three Grand Tours. Later that year, <mask> finished sixth in the Tour de France, earning his ninth consecutive top 10 finish in his last nine grand tour starts. A week later he was third at the 2016 Clásica de San Sebastián. At the Vuelta a España he finished 12th in the general classification and third in the points classification. Upon completing the Vuelta he became just the 33rd rider in cycling history to complete all three grand tours in the same season. <mask> finished fourth in the World Tour season standings. 2017 In February 2017 <mask> took his first win of the season at the Vuelta a Murcia, a race that he had previously won four times.He followed this up with a win in the Vuelta a Andalucía for the fifth time in six years, defeating runner-up Alberto Contador by a single second and winning stage one in the process. The overall win was the 100th victory in <mask>'s career. After not starting Paris–Nice due to illness, <mask> went on to dominate the Volta a Catalunya by winning stages three, five, and seven and beating runner-up Contador by over a minute. This was done in spite of him and his team being given a one-minute penalty for "pushes" in the opening team time trial. At the Tour of the Basque Country, <mask> won stage five and went into the final day's individual time trial as the race leader, albeit on the same time as 's Rigoberto Urán and Michael Woods, 's Romain Bardet, and ' Louis Meintjes, along with having just a three-second advantage over Contador. In the time trial, <mask> finished second on the day to Primož Roglič of by just nine seconds, and he beat Contador by fourteen seconds, extending his overall lead, and giving <mask> his third stage race victory of the season. He punctuated his dominance in La Flèche Wallonne by winning the race for the fourth consecutive year and the fifth time overall.A few days later in Liège–Bastogne–Liège, <mask> fended off a late attack from Dan Martin and managed to outsprint him at the line and take his fourth win in the event. After taking time off from racing to train at a 25-day altitude camp at Sierra Nevada, Valverde raced in the Critérium du Dauphiné, where in the stage four time trial he clocked the third best time, losing out only to world time trial champion Tony Martin () and 's Richie Porte by twelve and twenty-four seconds respectively. He managed to put time into the rest of his general classification rivals, including Contador, Bardet, and most notably, defending champion Chris Froome (). Over the subsequent mountain stages, <mask> was consistently aggressive, however it failed to pay off and by the end of the Dauphiné he was 4 minutes 8 seconds down on 's Jakob Fuglsang, in ninth place overall. Going into the Tour de France, <mask> stated that he would work for his teammate Nairo Quintana, however he was still considered an outside bet for the final podium by many pundits. On the opening individual time trial stage, <mask> crashed on a tight corner and was forced to abandon the Tour immediately; his first Grand Tour withdrawal since 2006. He suffered a fractured kneecap, ruling him out for several months.Ultimately, <mask> opted to end his 2017 season because of his knee injury with the hope of making his comeback at the start of the 2018 season. 2018 <mask> returned to racing at the Challenge Mallorca in late January 2018. At the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana, he took his first victory after his comeback, winning stage two and taking the overall lead in the process. The following weekend, he finished second to compatriot Luis León Sánchez in the Vuelta a Murcia. Later in February, <mask> claimed overall victory at the Abu Dhabi Tour, winning the stage to Jebel Hafeet. <mask> finished 17 seconds clear of Dutch rider Wilco Kelderman from . In March, <mask> rode the Strade Bianche classic, held partially on gravel roads in torrential rain.He finished fourth, 1 minute and 25 seconds behind winner Tiesj Benoot of . Later that month, <mask> won the Volta a Catalunya for the third time in his career. <mask> won the second and fourth stages during the race, taking the race lead – and the mountains jersey as well – for good after his second stage victory. He finished 29 seconds clear of his nearest rival, teammate Nairo Quintana, after Quintana's Colombian compatriot Egan Bernal () crashed out of the race on the final day. His next race, the cobbled classic Dwars door Vlaanderen, resulted in an 11th place showing after being in the mix for the victory until the successful breakaway of eventual winner Yves Lampaert in the closing kilometers. After taking victory in the GP Miguel Induráin followed by a second place in the Klasika Primavera, he began his Ardennes campaign with 5th place at the Amstel Gold Race. On the following Wednesday he was beaten by Frenchman Julian Alaphilippe at La Flèche Wallonne, a race he had won the four previous years.Furthermore, he was unable to win Liège–Bastogne–Liège and finished 13th making it the first time since 2013 that he did not win an Ardennes Classic race. After a lengthy break he won the Route d'Occitanie stage race in June where he prepared for the Tour de France. He made several long attacks in service of his teammates Quintana and Mikel Landa but all the three leaders failed to threaten the podium. <mask> returned for the Vuelta a España where was supposed to work for Quintana. He won stage 2 in an uphill sprint and stage 8 in a reduced bunch sprint, beating then World Champion Peter Sagan in the latter. He maintained a high position in the general classification until the last weekend and still had a chance of overall victory. He struggled in the last two stages in Andorra and only managed to finish 5th, but won the points classification for a record-equalling fourth time.<mask> won the gold medal at the UCI Road World Championships in Innsbruck, in his twelfth participation. He triumphed in a small group sprint at the finish line ahead of Romain Bardet, Michael Woods and Tom Dumoulin, becoming the second oldest Road World Champion in history after Joop Zoetemelk. An emotional <mask> called this his biggest ever victory and one he has chased for 15 years. 2019 <mask> took his first major result of 2019 when he finished second overall to Ion Izagirre in the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana. He then finished second again, this time to Luis León Sánchez, at the Vuelta a Murcia. At the 2019 UAE Tour, <mask> took his first victory as World Champion by winning the sprint at the summit finish of stage 3. He would go on to finish the race in second place overall.During the spring classics, <mask> rode the Tour of Flanders, his first participation in the monument. He finished the race in eighth place. <mask> endured a difficult end to his spring campaign. At the Flèche Wallonne, he swallowed a bee during the race and eventually finished 11th. A crash in the leadup to Liège–Bastogne–Liège resulted in a bone edema. <mask> started the race, not knowing of the severity of his injury, and then abandoned during the event, the first time he had not finished. After recovering from his injuries, he returned to racing at the Route d'Occitanie, which he won.On 30 June, he won the Spanish National Road Race Championships for the third time in his career. At the Tour de France, he finished ninth overall. At the Vuelta a España, <mask> took victory at stage 7 of the race, a summit finish at Mas de la Costa. He would eventually finish the Vuelta in second place overall, 2:16 minutes behind Primož Roglič. At the World Championship road race in Yorkshire, run in very rainy conditions, <mask> abandoned his title defence with about to go. Towards the end of the season, he finished second to Bauke Mollema at Il Lombardia. 2021 <mask> competed in the 2021 Tour de France, finishing twenty-fourth.His best result was a second place on stage 15 (Céret-Andorra la Vella). He also participated in the Men's individual road race in the 2020 Summer Olympics, his 5th participation in Olympic Games. Doping <mask> has been linked by documentary and DNA evidence to the Operación Puerto, a blood-doping affair which erupted in May 2006 against doctor Eufemiano Fuentes and a number of accomplices. It uncovered doping products, bags of blood and human plasma, and code names that appeared to link top athletes, including up to 60 cyclists, to a highly organized system of doping, which relied heavily on blood transfusions. <mask> was not initially linked in the investigation, but documents from Madrid's Court 31 linked Valverde to a single bag of human plasma of the 211 total bags of blood and plasma seized in the investigation. The bag of human plasma was labelled with the codes Valv, Piti and 18. In 2007 <mask> was banned by the International Cycling Union (UCI) from competing in the UCI Road World Championships in Stuttgart but <mask> was cleared by the Court of Arbitration for Sport to compete at the championships.Dick Pound, World Anti-Doping Agency president, said the CAS decision did not mean that <mask> was no longer a suspect. In early 2009 the Italian National Olympic Committee matched DNA samples taken from Valverde during a rest day in Italy of the 2008 Tour de France to plasma seized in the Operación Puerto investigation. At a February 2009 appearance in front of the Olympic Committee, <mask> maintained his innocence and questioned the Italians' jurisdiction over this case. In May 2009, the Italian Olympic Committee suspended him from competition in Italy for 2 years, effectively barring him from the 2009 Tour de France, which detoured briefly onto Italian soil. <mask> filed an unsuccessful appeal against the Italian ban with the Court of Arbitration for Sport; in a second hearing on 18–21 March 2010, the UCI and WADA contested the Spanish Cycling Federation's decision not to open a case against Valverde. Finally, on 31 May 2010 it was announced the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld the appeals from WADA and the UCI and <mask> was banned for two years, starting 1 January 2010, but rejected the request that any results obtained by the athlete prior to the beginning of the suspension be annulled. After serving the two-year suspension <mask> returned to competition in 2012 riding for the .After a lengthy court battle, he was suspended for two years as part of the Operación Puerto blood doping investigation, but he returned to competition in 2012 upon completion of the ban. All his results from 2010 were stripped, including the overall win in the 2010 Tour de Romandie, and he did not compete in 2011. Career achievements Awards Vélo d'Or: 2018 Notes References External links Caisse d'Epargne's Official Website profile <mask>de at Cycling Ranking 1980 births Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics Cyclists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Cyclists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Cyclists at the 2020 Summer Olympics Doping cases in cycling Spanish sportspeople in doping cases Living people Olympic cyclists of Spain Spanish male cyclists Spanish Tour de France stage winners Spanish Vuelta a España stage winners People from Huerta de Murcia Vuelta a España winners 2014 Vuelta a España stage winners Cyclists from the Region of Murcia Spanish Giro d'Italia stage winners UCI Road World Champions (elite men) Mediterranean Games bronze medalists for Spain Mediterranean Games medalists in cycling Competitors at the 2001 Mediterranean Games UCI ProTour winners UCI World Tour

Ardie Savea

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<mask> (born 14 October 1993) is a rugby union player who plays as a flanker or number 8 for in the ITM Cup, the Hurricanes in Super Rugby and international rugby for the New Zealand All Blacks. <mask> was a member of New Zealand's 2019 Rugby World Cup squad and a nominee for 2019 World Rugby Player of the Year. <mask> has previously captained Wellington, and also previously played for the Barbarian F.C., for the New Zealand U20's team, and the New Zealand national rugby sevens team. Early life <mask> was a member of the Rongotai College 1st XV, captain of the side in his final year of high school and was head prefect in his final year. <mask> played as an outside centre at high school, shifting to the forwards in his professional career. Playing career Early career <mask> has represented New Zealand on the international sevens circuit. In the 2013 Super Rugby season he joined the Hurricanes after signing a two-year deal.In November 2013, <mask> travelled with the All Blacks to Europe, along with his older brother Julian. This was because "we want to introduce him to the way of the All Black life," said Coach Steve Hansen. <mask> was the first non-playing apprentice to be selected internationally for New Zealand, with future teammates of <mask>, Jordie Barrett and Atunaisa Moli, being named as apprentices in 2016 and 2017 respectively. 2015-2016 In 2015, <mask> was selected for the All Blacks Sevens squad to play in the Wellington 7s series in January 2016. <mask> also became a regular starter for the Hurricanes during the 2015 Super Rugby season, but missed the final due to injury. After injury to Brad Shields, <mask> took over as captain of Wellington for the rest of the 2015 ITM Cup season. <mask> lead Wellington to the final of the Championship division in the absence of Shields, but Wellington lost the final to Hawke's Bay's Magpies, 25-26, with a late conversion from Savea's Hurricanes teammate Ihaia West.In 2016, after opting to withdraw from the All Blacks Sevens, <mask> was selected in New Zealand's All Blacks squad for the June test series against Wales. <mask> made his debut for the All Blacks, replacing Sam Cane off the bench, on 11 June, against Wales at Eden Park. <mask> made a fine debut, with the All Blacks winning 39-21. The following week, <mask> scored a try in his second match for New Zealand at the Westpac Stadium, his home crowd. <mask> again made his way onto the field by replacing Cane off the bench. The All Blacks won, again, by 36-22. <mask> was retained in the All Blacks squad for the 2016 Rugby Championship and following an injury to Sam Cane, <mask> ended up playing 2 of the Rugby Championship tests as openside flanker.In his first start for the All Blacks against South Africa in the 2016 Rugby Championship, <mask> scored a try along with his brother Julian, making them the first brothers in the All Blacks to ever do so in the same test. <mask> played 12 tests for the All Blacks in his debut season overall, 10 of them off the bench. 2017-2018 <mask> was one of the highest try-scorers for the 2017 Super Rugby season, scoring six that year including a double in the Hurricanes' opening match for the year within the first ten minutes. The Hurricanes won their opening match 83-17 against the Sunwolves, with <mask> playing the full 80 minutes. <mask> was selected in the 33-man squad for the 2017 Pasifika Challenge against Samoa and the three-test series against the touring British and Irish Lions. <mask> started at number 8, against Samoa, because All Blacks Captain Kieran Read had not yet recovered from his broken thumb. <mask> scored two tries in the 78-0 demolition of Samoa and came off the bench as a replacement in all three tests against the Lions in a drawn series.Despite performing better than starting openside flanker Sam Cane, <mask> was retained as an impact player off the bench for most of the 2017 Rugby Championship. A start against Argentina in New Plymouth was the exception, with Cane replacing <mask> in the 44th minute of the 39-22 win. Despite a good performance, <mask>'s was overshadowed by Cane and by Vaea Fifita who was Man of the Match. With Matt Todd preferred by All Black coach Steve Hansen during tests, <mask> only made two appearances on the 2017 end-of-year tour, starting in wins over the Barbarians and a French XV. Although the 2018 Super Rugby season proved to be a mixed season for <mask>, <mask> performed well against France during the mid-year Steinlager series, with his performance in the first two tests including an outstanding try. Due to Sam Cane's ongoing poor discipline, <mask> earned a start at openside flanker during the final test of the series, on 23 June 2018. Although the All Blacks defeated France 49-14 in the third test, winning the series 3-0, it proved Savea to be luckless, with <mask> coming off injured in the 16th minute, with Matt Todd replacing <mask>.<mask> missed the 2018 Super Rugby playoffs due to injury. <mask> recovered from his ankle injury in time for the 2018 Rugby Championship, replacing Sam Cane off the bench in both Bledisloe Cup tests against Australia. <mask>'s dominance over Australia earned him a start against Argentina's Los Pumas for round 3 of the competition, on 8 September 2018. <mask> lasted the full 80 minutes against Los Pumas, with the All Blacks winning 46-24, but <mask> only earned 12 minutes against South Africa's Springboks the following week. Although <mask> only played for 12 minutes during the All Blacks' 34-36 shock loss to South Africa, he still played well and scored a try. <mask> was released by the All Blacks for the Wellington Lions during 2018, starring in a 52-7 win over Southland during the 2018 Mitre 10 Cup. This was his first fixture for Wellington since his All Black debut.For round 5 of the 2018 Rugby Championship, with Kieran Read being rested, <mask> was scheduled to be used as impact off the bench for the All Blacks as usual, with Luke Whitelock starting at number 8 in Read's absence, on 29 September 2018. <mask>, however, was drafted into the starting lineup only hours before the test against Los Pumas, with Whitelock falling ill. <mask> went on to dominate his opposite number 8, Javier Ortega Desio, winning the first "Man of the Match" award of his international career. <mask> lasted the full 80 minutes, with the All Blacks beating Los Pumas 35-17. <mask> played outstandingly the following week, in the second test against South Africa, when he replaced the injured Sam Cane only 36 minutes into the test. <mask> challenged the Springboks well as scored his seventh career try in the final minute. <mask>'s try was converted by first-five, Richie Mo'unga, who won the test for the All Blacks through the kick, making the final score a 32-30 win. <mask> became a regular starter for New Zealand during the 2018 end-of-year tour, with Sam Cane out injured with a fractured neck.<mask> used his time as a regular starter to surpass Cane as a player, being one of few players to shine for New Zealand in a narrow 16-15 win over England, and a 9-16 loss to Ireland. <mask> played in the last test of the year, starting for the All Blacks in a 66-3 victory over Italy, before coming off in the 48th minute for newcomer, Dalton Papalii. <mask> finished the year as one of the best-performing New Zealanders in the opinion of many, scoring three tries during the 2018 season, making him the highest try-scorer of any All Black forward for the season. 2019 Although the Hurricanes once again failed to progress to the final in the 2019 Super Rugby season, <mask> was once again influential for the team, with the likes of former All Blacks, Josh Kronfeld and Sir Michael Jones praising <mask>'s consistent performances. Hurricanes teammate, Beauden Barrett, also referred to <mask> as the All Blacks' "most influential player". Despite the return of Sam Cane to playing rugby, from his broken neck, <mask> was retained in New Zealand's starting lineup, although at Blindside Flanker, with Liam Squire opting to withdraw from the team. <mask> played in four of New Zealand's five warm-up matches prior to the World Cup in 2019 and was not subbed off for another player in any, including a 92-7 victory over Tonga.On 28 August, All Blacks Head Coach, Steve Hansen named <mask> as one of 31 players in New Zealand's squad for the 2019 Rugby World Cup. He played in all three pool matches, but was one of few All Blacks who could hold their head high in their semi-final defeat, 7-19 to England. scoring their only try in the test after intercepting a botched line-out throw from English hooker Jamie George. Although <mask> did not play in the Bronze final against Wales due to injury, he was a nominee for World Rugby Player of the Year. <mask> eventually lost out on the award to South African flanker, Pieter-Steph du Toit. With <mask>'s older brother, <mask>, having been a nominee for the award in 2014 and 2015, the <mask> brothers became the first set of brothers with nominations for the award. He was also nominated for New Zealand rugby player of the year beating out Beauden Barrett and Anton Lienert-Brown for the title Savea also won Kelvin R Tremain Memorial player of the year.Personal life His older brother is his former Hurricanes and All Blacks teammate, Julian, who currently plays as a wing for Hurricanes. Savea has Samoan ancestry and is a father-of-two, having married his partner, Saskia, in 2018. Outside his rugby career, <mask> runs a namesake clothing company, alongside his wife, and is an advocate for mental health. Savea has also recently started a podcast. References External links Hurricanes profile itsrugby.co.uk profile Living people New Zealand rugby union players Hurricanes (rugby union) players Wellington rugby union players 1993 births Rugby union flankers Rugby union players from Wellington City New Zealand people of Samoan descent People educated at Rongotai College New Zealand international rugby sevens players Barbarian F.C. players New Zealand international rugby union players Rugby union number eights