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Let it shine: a transparent and photoluminescent foldable nanocellulose/quantum dot paper. Exploration of environmentally friendly light-emitting devices with extremely low weight has been a trend in recent decades for modern digital technology. Herein, we describe a simple suction filtration method to develop a transparent and photoluminescent nanocellulose (NC) paper, which contains ZnSe quantum dot (QD) with high quantum yield as a functional filler. ZnSe QD can be dispersed uniformly in NC, and a quite low coefficient of thermal expansion is determined for the resultant composite paper, suggesting its good dimensional stability. These results indicate that the meeting of NC with ZnSe QD can bring a brilliant future during the information age.

Laser-microdissection for cell type- and compartment-specific analyses on genomic and proteomic level. Morphological study and identification of cell differentiation within tissues are the basis for assessment of physiological and pathological processes. Applying molecular techniques, the analysis of tissue homogenates may lead to masking of genetic deviations or expression changes of an individual cell type by the bulk of surrounding cells. To overcome the tissue heterogeneity, cells have to be isolated selectively. Therefore, microdissection techniques were developed making retrieval of target cells simple, rapid and precise. Presenting an overview of our approaches, it is demonstrated that single cell isolation is often preconditional for the investigation of splicing isoform expression. To reveal gene regulation combining microdissection of few cells and real-time RT-PCR allows to determine relative mRNA expression in a cell type-specific manner, even after immunofluorescence staining of target cells. Combination with RNA preamplification techniques and micro arrays results in cell type- or compartment-specific expression profiles that especially differ from those of tissue homogenates when minor represented cell types are investigated. For proteomic biomarker screening, the application of mass spectrometry techniques (SELDI/MALDI TOF) turned out to be feasible in combination with microdissected minute amounts of tissues. However, further identification of marker peaks still needs a remarkable effort. Strategies to deal with this problem are presented. In consequence, the isolation of cells or cell types allows a more accurate investigation of complex tissues and gives deeper insight to regulation processes and crosstalk of the respective cells.

Distinguishing the roles of trait and state anxiety on the nature of anxiety-related attentional biases to threat using a free viewing eye movement paradigm. Although attentional biases to threatening information are thought to contribute to the development and persistence of anxiety disorders, it is not clear whether an attentional bias to threat (ABT) is driven by trait anxiety, state anxiety or an interaction between the two. ABT may also be influenced by "top down" processes of motivation to attend or avoid threat. In the current study, participants high, mid and low in trait anxiety viewed high threat-neutral, mild threat-neutral and positive-neutral image pairs for 5 seconds in both calm and anxious mood states while their eye movements were recorded. State anxiety alone, but not trait anxiety, predicted greater maintenance of attention to high threat images (relative to neutral) following the first fixation (i.e., delayed disengagement) and over the time course. Motivation was associated with the time course of attention as would be expected, such that those motivated to look towards negative images showed the greatest ABT over time, and those highly motivated to look away from negative images showed the greatest avoidance. Interestingly, those ambivalent about where to direct their attention when viewing negative images showed the greatest ABT in the first 500 ms of viewing. Implications for theory and treatment of anxiety disorders, as well as areas for further study, are discussed.

Frequencies of glyoxalase I phenotypes as biological markers in chronic alcoholism. Biological markers for alcoholism would be a valuable tool for early diagnosis. We have studied the phenotype frequencies of genetically determined erythrocyte enzymes in 397 alcoholics, including two populations with liver disease: steatosis (n = 86) and cirrhosis (n = 128) and a population of alcoholics without apparent liver disease (n = 183) compared to a well selected control population (n = 177). Only for Glyoxalase I (GLO) phenotypes (1,2 and 2-1) were significant differences found between the male controls and the male alcoholics. In the total male alcoholic population the frequency of phenotype 1 was significantly increased (23.2% vs. 11%, p less than 0.02), and the frequency of phenotype 2 was significantly decreased (32.3% vs. 46.3 p less than 0.02) compared to the male control population. For normal women the frequency of phenotype 1 and 2 was significantly different from normal men. (1: +177% p less than 0.001, 2: -45% p less than 0.01), but no significant differences were found between alcoholic and normal women. Our results suggest that in male subjects Glyoxalase I phenotype 1 may provide a marker for predisposition to alcoholism.

Attitudes of detainees and prison staff towards tobacco control policy in Switzerland: a qualitative interview study. To explore detainees and staff's attitudes towards tobacco use, in order to assist prison administrators to develop an ethically acceptable tobacco control policy based on stakeholders' opinion. Qualitative study based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 31 prisoners and 27 staff prior (T1) and after the implementation (T2) of a new smoke-free regulation (2009) in a Swiss male post-trial prison consisting of 120 detainees and 120 employees. At T1, smoking was allowed in common indoor rooms and most working places. Both groups of participants expressed the need for a more uniform and stricter regulation, with general opposition towards a total smoking ban. Expressed fears and difficulties regarding a stricter regulation were increased stress on detainees and strain on staff, violence, riots, loss of control on detainees, and changes in social life. At T2, participants expressed predominantly satisfaction. They reported reduction in their own tobacco use and a better protection against second-hand smoke. However, enforcement was incomplete. The debate was felt as being concentrated on regulation only, leaving aside the subject of tobacco reduction or cessation support. Besides an appropriate smoke-free regulation, further developments are necessary in order to have a comprehensive tobacco control policy in prisons.

[Sauvé-Kapandji procedure in destructive monarthritis of the distal radioulnar joint]. Detructive monarthritis of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is rare. Three patients with destructive monarthritis of the DRUJ were treated by arthrodesis in the technique described by L. Sauvé and M. Kapandji, modified by I. A. Kapandji. Prospective evaluation with a mean follow-up of 12 months was performed. After cast immobilization for 3 weeks and mobilization, bone healing was uneventful. All patients were completely free of pain. Even a painless "snap" at the end of the ulna was mentioned in all, if rotating the forearm with powerful grasp. Rotation of the forearm improved completely. Wrist motion also improved after arthrodesis of DRUJ but did not reach the range of motion of the unaffected hand. Irritation of the ramus dorsalis nervi ulnaris was found in one patient 9.5 months after arthrodesis and disappeared after removal of the screws. Arthrodesis of the DRUJ with distal segmental resection of the ulna seams to be an effective therapy for destructive monarthritis of the DRUJ after failed non-operative and joint-preserving operative treatment.

Investigation of the osteitis deformans phases in snake vertebrae by double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (DP-LIBS) was optimized for microspatial analyses of fossil and recent snake vertebrae. As complimentary techniques, solution analysis by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomography was utilized in order to determine the overall concentration of the selected elements in the samples and to visualize nondestructively the fossil sample microstructure, respectively. Elemental mapping of pathological bony tissue by DP-LIBS has been proven as a powerful tool for considering the osteitis deformans phases in fossil vertebrae.

Utilization of lysine analogs by a lysine-requiring E. coli mutant. Thialysine and selenalysine cannot substitute lysine as a growth factor for a lysine-requiring E. coli mutant, but can nevertheless be utilized for protein synthesis in the presence of lysine. In order to have information about the effects of lysine on the utilization of the two analogs, the extent of the incorporation of the three aminoacids into newly synthesized proteins has been determined. The analog starts to be utilized by cells growing in a medium containing either analog and lysine when lysine concentration becomes very low. Of the two analogs, thialysine is more easily utilized. In fact thialysine can be utilized when the lysine/thialysine ratio in the medium is 1/25. Selenalysine starts to be utilized when the lysine/selenalysine ratio is 1/200.

Effect of a palatal lift prosthesis in individuals with velopharyngeal incompetence. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a palatal lift prosthesis (PLP) on the speech intelligibility of cleft palate patients treated with pharyngeal flap surgery, the minimum duration required for improvement in nasality, and the sustenance of speech improvement after removing the appliance. Seven patients ranging between 16 and 26 years of age were recruited for this study. These subjects had velopharyngeal dysfunction secondary to a surgically corrected cleft palate, which failed to improve following pharyngeal flap surgery. A PLP was given to these patients and improvements in speech intelligibility were assessed using two speech examinations: perceptual analysis and nasometry. The nasal resonance, nasal air emission, and articulation were measured prior to the insertion of the prosthesis and at the end of every month for the next 3 months, following which the prosthesis was removed and the tests were repeated. There was a statistically significant decrease in nasalance percentage at the end of the 3 months, and it was found that this improvement in speech persisted even after the removal of the prosthesis. A PLP, when used for a minimum duration of 3 months, causes a significant decrease in nasal resonance, thereby improving speech intelligibility in patients who failed to see improvement following pharyngeal flap surgery for velopharyngeal incompetence.

Stable solitons of quadratic ginzburg-landau equations We present a physical model based on coupled Ginzburg-Landau equations that supports stable temporal solitary-wave pulses. The system consists of two parallel-coupled cores, one having a quadratic nonlinearity, the other one being effectively linear. The former core is active, with bandwidth-limited amplification built into it, while the latter core has only losses. Parameters of the model can be easily selected so that the zero background is stable. The model has nongeneric exact analytical solutions in the form of solitary pulses ("dissipative solitons"). Direct numerical simulations, using these exact solutions as initial configurations, show that they are unstable; however, the evolution initiated by the exact unstable solitons ends up with nontrivial stable localized pulses, which are very robust attractors. Direct simulations also demonstrate that the presence of group-velocity mismatch (walkoff) between the two harmonics in the active core makes the pulses move at a constant velocity, but does not destabilize them.

Physicochemical behaviors of sugars, lipids, and gluten in short dough and biscuit. The structure of short dough and biscuit has been characterized at a macroscopic level (dimensions, bulk structure) and a microscopic level (starch damage, protein aggregates, microstructure) by physical and biochemical methods. The baking process of short dough induces a large decrease of the product bulk density from 1.26 to 0. 42 (+/-0.01) g.cm(-)(3) for final biscuit, leading to a cellular solid with a thin colored surface and a porous inner structure. Proteins appear aggregated in biscuit when compared to short dough, whereas starch granules remain almost intact in biscuits. The components which are involved in the cohesiveness of short dough and biscuit final structure have been identified. They suggest that short dough is a suspension of solid particles in a liquid phase being an emulsion of lipids in a concentrated sugar solution. The role of sugars in biscuit structure suggest that biscuit structure is a composite matrix of protein aggregates, lipids and sugars, embedding starch granules.

Assessing the risk for alcoholism among sons of alcoholics. A low level of response (LR) to alcohol has been shown to predict a high future risk for alcoholism. Studies to date have incorporated both alcoholism family history positive (FHP) and negative (FHN) subjects, but no prospective investigation has evaluated the predictive power of LR among the higher risk FHP individuals alone. If LR can be adequately evaluated without considering FHN controls, future studies of this high risk group can be done more efficiently. As part of a larger study, at an average of over 8 years after original testing, alcoholic outcomes were evaluated with personal interviews for 133 white sons of alcoholic fathers. The development of alcoholism for men whose LR scores at about age 20 fell into the lower third of intensity was compared to the development of alcoholism for men whose LR scores fell above the median. The high and low extremes on LR resulted in an 85.0% sensitivity and 58.9% specificity regarding the prediction of future alcoholism in sons of alcoholics. These results remained robust even after controlling for the quantity and frequency of alcohol intake at the time of original testing. The data indicate that future research on the relationship between LR and the risk for alcoholism in FHPs can be carried out with a single intoxicating dose of alcohol and without FHN controls.

Inflammation of the skin. I. Phospholipid metabolism in some experimental inflammations of mouse skin. Phospholipid metabolism in inflamed tissue of the mouse skin which had been induced by the application of 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB), croton oil, or irradiation of ultraviolet rays was examined, and it was found that phospholipid levels had increased in theinflamed tissues. In the case of ultraviolet rays, the increase was temporary, and the level returned to that of control after 3 or 4 days. In the case of DNCB or croton oil, the level increased after a decrease for a short period. The pattern of the increase between physical and chemical irritation was different. Increase of incorporation of 32-P into phospholipid in inflamed tissue was examined, and it was observed that the level reached a maximum after one day. It is thus assumed that phospholipid plays an important role in the mechanism of inflammation.

Bilateral bifid mandibular condyle. Bilateral bifid mandibular condyles are rare and may appear as a congenital or developmental anomaly. A case of bilateral bifid mandibular condyles is reported. The patient had no history of trauma and no link was apparent with respect to the patient's medical history. In this case, the condition was an incidental panoramic radiographic finding. Magnetic resonance imaging findings revealed bilateral anterior disc displacement without reduction. The radiographic appearance of this anomaly and the literature on bilateral bifid condyles are reviewed.

MicroRNA-421 is a new potential diagnosis biomarker with higher sensitivity and specificity than carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 125 in gastric cancer. The sensitivity and specificity of blood microRNA-421 (miR-421) as a gastric cancer (GC) biomarker has not been determined. To investigate the diagnostic value of blood miR-421 as GC biomarker. miR-421 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 90 GC patients and 90 controls was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The correlation of miR-421 to GC clinicopathological features as well as the diagnostic value of miR-421 comparing to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) were analyzed. miR-421 increased significantly in GC patients than in controls. miR-421 in either serum or PBMCs had higher sensitivity and specificity than CEA and CA-125 in GC diagnosis. The GC positive prediction rates of miR-421 were also significantly higher than those of CEA and CA-125. miR-421 in serum or PBMCs may be a new potential diagnostic biomarker for GC.

Influence of baseline ejection fraction and success of thrombolysis on mortality and ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction. The efficacy of streptokinase (STK) thrombolytic therapy was prospectively evaluated in 77 consecutive patients presenting within 9 hours of onset of acute myocardial infarction. Serial left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) was assessed by radionuclide ventriculography, initially (acute) and at 1 month (late). The role of initial LVEF was examined by comparing patients with an acute LVEF greater than or equal to 50% (type I) with those with LVEF less than 50% (type II). Sixty-five patients (84%) had total coronary occlusion and received STK. Initial successful reperfusion was achieved in 34 patients (52%), but repeat angiograms at 10 to 14 days revealed persistent patency in only 27 patients. Within the type I and type II classification, 2 patient subgroups were compared: Group A had successful and persistent thrombolysis and group B had initial failure of thrombolysis or in-hospital reocclusion. There was no significant change in global LVEF in any group from acute to 1 month follow-up: group IA--acute EF = 56 +/- 2% (mean +/- standard error of the mean), late EF = 55 +/- 2% (p = not significant [NS]); group IB--acute EF = 58 +/- 1%, late EF = 55 +/- 2% (NS); group IIA--acute EF = 35 +/- 2%, late EF = 4 +/- 4%, (NS); group II B--acute EF = 36 +/- 2%, late EF = 41 +/- 3% (NS). No patient with an acute EF greater than or equal to 50% died, i.e., group IA patients (n = 7) or group IB patients (n = 13).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Effects of a nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor on renal sodium handling and diluting capacity in humans. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has antinatriuretic and antidiuretic effects. Limited information is available on the role of NO in tubular sodium transport in the human kidney. We studied nine healthy, sodium-replete males with clearance techniques during maximal diuresis. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 3 mg/kg priming dose plus 3 mg/kg/h) was infused for 3 h, to achieve steady-state inhibition of NO synthesis. Data were compared with a time control study. The effects of L-NMMA were quickly established and persisted through the entire infusion period. Mean arterial pressure increased slightly from 85+/-3 to 91+/-3 mmHg (P<0.05). Renal plasma flow decreased substantially, and glomerular filtration rate slightly. Large decreases in absolute sodium excretion, from 79+/-10 to 34+/-5 micromol/min (P<0.01), and fractional sodium excretion, from 0.5+/-0.0 to 0.3+/-0.0% (P<0.01), were associated with significant reductions in fractional lithium excretion (P<0.05) and maximum urine flow (P<0.01). Minimal urine sodium concentration decreased from 5.8+/-0.04 to 3.9+/-0.4 mmol/l (P<0.01) whereas minimal urine osmolality increased (P<0.05). Plasma renin activity, aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide levels did not change, whereas urinary excretions of guanosine 3'5'-cyclic monophosphate and of nitrite plus nitrate decreased slightly. Inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis in humans to an extent that raises blood pressure only mildly causes antinatriuresis, that can be attributed to increases in sodium reabsorption both at proximal and distal nephron sites. In addition, renal diluting capacity decreases. The effects in the diluting segment have not been reported before, and may be due to medullary vasoconstriction, similar to that described for angiotensin II.

Identification of serum biomarkers for premature ovarian failure. Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined when a female achieves menopause before the age of 40. Although many conditions are known to be causative for POF, the most common one is idiopathic. This study was undertaken to investigate the pathogenesis of POF using proteomic tools. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis was performed to screen for proteins differentially expressed in patients with POF. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 11 significant proteins differentially expressed in the serum of POF patients: 5 proteins with expression increased more than two folds, 5 proteins with expression decreased more than two folds, and 1 protein expressed specifically in the serum of patients with POF. The results of the 2-DE analysis were further validated by Western blotting and ELISA analyses, which 5 reproductive system-related proteins (Ceruloplasmin, Complement C3, Fibrinogen α, Fibrinogen β, and SHBG) were selected. The different expression levels for these proteins were confirmed and demonstrated the possibility of using them as biomarkers to screen POF. These pre-clinical data provide plausible translational implications for targeting the pathogenesis of POF for each protein.

Perirectal cystic paragonimiasis: endorectal coil MRI. We report the transrectal ultrasonographic (TRUS) and endorectal surface coil MR findings for paragonimiasis involving the perirectal space. The patient presented with voiding difficulty. TRUS showed a well demarcated, oval-shaped hyperechoic mass in the perirectal space. On endorectal MR images, the lesion was depicted as a well defined cystic mass with homogeneous intermediate signal intensity on T1-weighted images and heterogeneous hyperintensity on T2-weighted images. Ectopic paragonimiasis can appear as a well defined cystic mass in the peritoneum and should be included in the differential diagnosis of cystic mass in the abdomen and pelvic cavity, including the perirectal space.

Ektachem multilayer dry-film assay for ammonia evaluated. We evaluated the Kodak Ektachem multilayer dry-film method for ammonia. Within-day precision (CV) was 5.9% and 2.7% at ammonia concentrations of 53 and 654 mumol/L, respectively. Between-run precision (CV) was 7.8% and 7.3% at 51 and 109 mumol/L, respectively. Correlation with a manual ion-exchange chromatography-Berthelot reaction-based method (x) was good (y = 0.96x - 1.37; r = 0.984; SEE = 9.16). The response of the method varies linearly with ammonia concentration up to 900 mumol/L. Bilirubin less than or equal to 270 mg/L, triglycerides less than or equal to 6.0 g/L, and slight hemolysis did not interfere. The concentration of ammonia in plasma of 120 healthy adults was 16-53 mumol/L (nonparametric central 95 percentiles).

Acute spinal cord injury. A study using physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 37 patients with acute spinal injury using T1- and T2-weighted images. Three different types of MRI signal patterns were detected in association with these spinal cord injuries. A classification was developed using these three patterns. Type I, seen in ten (27.0%) of the patients, demonstrated a decreased signal intensity consistent with acute intraspinal hemorrhage. Type II, seen in 16 (43.2%) of the patients, demonstrated a bright signal intensity consistent with acute cord edema. Type III, seen in three (8.1%) of the patients, demonstrated a mixed signal of hypointensity centrally and hyperintensity peripherally consistent with contusion. The remaining eight patients had normal cords by MRI. All 37 patients had an admitting neurologic assessment and classification of their spinal injury according to the Frankel classification and the Trauma Motor Index (TMI). At an average of 12.1 months postinjury, their neurologic function was reassessed. Patients with Type I patterns showed no improvement in their Frankel classification and minimal improvement in their TMI, 32.1 to 42.4. In comparison, all of the Type II and III patterns improved at least one Frankel classification. The Type II TMI increased from 70.8 to 91.9 and Type III from 37.3 to 75.7. This preliminary report indicates a distinct correlation between the pattern of spinal cord injury as identified by MRI and neurologic recovery. It appears that the ability of MRI to aid in examination of the condition of the spinal cord will offer a means of predicting neurologic recovery following acute spinal cord injury.

Cathepsin S, a new pruritus biomarker in clinical dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis evaluation. Dandruff/seborrhoeic dermatitis (D/SD) is characterized by Malassezia colonization, impaired barrier function with subsequent inflammation, resulting in dandruff and itching. Histamine is one of the biomarkers of pruritus now widely used in treatment efficacy trials. The exact mechanism leading to histamine release and pruritus is not yet clear. However, it could involve cathepsin S, an activator of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of cathepsin S, PAR2 and histamine in patients with D/SD compared with healthy subjects through non-invasive sampling of the scalp and to correlate those markers with D/SD clinical parameters. A significant increase in the three biological markers was observed in the D/SD group versus healthy subjects, and those markers were correlated with clinical parameters. In conclusion, cathepsin S could be a potential marker of pruritus in D/SD and could help assessing the effect of treatments.

A new double-layered launderable bed sheet for patients with urinary incontinence. In a skilled nursing facility, 36 patients (chiefly elderly) with persistent urinary incontinence were the subjects of this study. In their management, the usual disposable pads were compared with a new launderable bed sheet (Kylie) which absorbs urine in the second layer while maintaining a dry surface next to the patient's skin. There was a 42 percent reduction in the frequency of bedding changes with the new bed sheets. The patients experienced increased comfort due to decreased skin wetness and decreased creasing of the sheets. The reduced frequency of bed linen changes permitted longer undisturbed periods for the patient. Management costs were reduced by 40 percent with the launderable bed sheets. There were no adverse effects on the condition of the patients or in the quality of care.

Soybeans versus animal sources of rumen-undergradable protein and fat for early lactation dairy cows. Fifteen multiparous Holstein cows averaging 39 DIM were used in a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square design to compare roasted soybeans and animal by-products as supplements for increasing the RUP content of lactation diets based on alfalfa. The control diet contained roasted soybeans and was formulated to meet requirements for RUP. Rumen-undegradable protein in the diet was increased by including additional roasted soybeans or animal by-product proteins. To achieve diets with similar amounts of fat, we added tallow, hydrolyzed tallow fatty acids, or partially hydrogenated tallow to the control diet and to diets containing animal by-product proteins. Control diets and diets with high RUP were estimated to be 5.8 and 7.6% RUP (DM basis). The RDP of all diets was estimated to be approximately 11.3% of DM. Milk yield was increased by additional dietary RUP. Yield of FCM was greater for cows receiving animal byproducts than for those fed additional roasted soybeans. Cows fed additional RUP yielded more milk protein, but milk protein percentage was decreased. Milk fat percentage was reduced by additional dietary RUP, but fat yield was not affected. Nutrient digestibility was greatest for diets containing animal byproducts. Cows fed tallow yielded more milk, FCM, and protein that did those fed hydrolyzed tallow fatty acids or partially hydrogenated tallow. Lactation performance can be enhanced by supplementing animal by-products or roasted soybeans to diets based on alfalfa and formulated to meet NRC recommendations for RUP.

The thermal depolymerization of porcine submaxillary mucin. The time dependence of the molecular weight, radius of gyration, and hydrodynamic size distribution for porcine submaxillary mucin (PSM) in solution have been studied using static and dynamic light scattering. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of PSM in 6 M guanidine HCl, pH 7, is initially 3 X 10(6) and decreases with time in three phases: rapidly from 3-2 X 10(6), less rapidly from 2-0.9 X 10(6), and slowly below 0.9 X 10(6). The rates of decrease are much greater at pH 2. The energy of activation associated with each phase is 20 kcal/mol, which is similar to that reported for peptide bond cleavage at an aspartic acid residue. Addition of mercaptoethanol to PSM in 6 M guanidine HCl leads to a rapid decrease in Mw to 0.9 X 10(6), followed by a very slow further decrease. These results suggest that native PSM consists of subunits (Mw = 0.9 X 10(6] that are linked by disulfide bonds to form dimers (Mw = 2 X 10(6] and then higher aggregates. This cross-linking appears to occur at unglycosylated regions of the protein core, which are believed to be richer in aspartic acid than the rest of the molecule.

Laminin-111 functionalized polyethylene glycol hydrogels support myogenic activity in vitro. Skeletal muscle has a remarkable regenerative capability following mild physical or chemical insult. However, following a critical loss of muscle tissue, the regeneration process is impaired due to the inadequate myogenic activity of muscle resident stem cells (i.e., satellite cells). Laminin (LM) is a heterotrimeric structural protein in the satellite cell niche that is crucial for maintaining its function. In this study, we created hydrogels composed of poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and LM-111 to provide an elastic substrate for satellite cell proliferation at the site of injury. The PEG-LM111 conjugates were mixed with 5% and 10% (w/v) pure PEG-diacrylate (PEGDA) and photopolymerized to form 5% and 10% PEGLM gels. Pure 5% and 10% PEGDA gels were used as controls. The modulus of both hydrogels containing 10% (w/v) PEGDA was significantly higher than the hydrogels containing 5% (w/v) PEGDA. The 5% PEGLM hydrogels showed significantly higher swelling in aqueous medium suggesting a more porous structure. C2C12 myoblasts cultured on the softer 5% PEGLM hydrogels showed a flat and spread-out morphology when compared to the rounded, multicell clusters formed on the 5% PEGDA, 10% PEGDA, and 10% PEGLM hydrogels. The 5% PEGLM hydrogels also promoted a significant increase in both vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 (IL-6) production from the myoblasts. Additionally, the expression of MyoD was significantly higher while that of myogenin and α-actinin trended higher on the 5% PEGLM hydrogels compared to 5% PEGDA on day 5. Our data suggests that the introduction of LM-111 into compliant PEG hydrogels promoted myoblast adhesion, survival, pro-regenerative growth factor production, and myogenic activity.

A study of neonates' differential responses to three voices, as measured by transcutaneous oxymonitor. 123 newborn infants were tested for changes in arterial oxygen status as an index of response to three voices, one of these being the maternal voice. Male infants responded more than female infants to their mother's voice, but female infants showed a higher response to the other female voice and the male voice. Black infants of each sex responded more than white infants to the maternal voice and to the other female voice. White female infants responded more than black female infants to the male voice.

Cisplatin inhibits in vitro translation by preventing the formation of complete initiation complex. We previously reported that mRNA loses the ability to direct in vitro peptide synthesis after incubation with cisplatin. The present study was designed to determine the step in translation that is affected. The rates of translation reactions inhibited by cisplatin were biphasic, having an initial rate comparable to that of the uninhibited reaction before decreasing. Analysis of cisplatin-inhibited reactions in sucrose density gradients showed a decrease in polyribosome formation. These results are consistent with an inhibition of the initiation step of protein synthesis. Individual steps in initiation were tested by analyzing the formation of ribosomal subunits in sucrose gradients that resolve the incomplete complexes. Cisplatin caused an accumulation of 48 S particles accompanied by a decreased amount of completed 80 S initiation complexes. Similar results were obtained in experiments utilizing radiolabeled methionine or mRNA. We conclude that cisplatin blocks the initiation of translation by preventing the joining of the 60 S ribosomal subunit to the 48 S preinitiation subunit.

Precision of bone densitometry measurements: when is change true change and does it vary across bone density values? The precision error of the bone densitometer is used to interpret significant change in bone mineral density (BMD) in serial studies. The precision error can be expressed as standard deviation (SD) or coefficient of variation (CV). The aims of this study are to determine the precision error over a range of BMD values and to demonstrate the application of the precision error in clinical practice. A bone phantom was used consisting of a perspex block with eight compartments containing varying amounts of hydroxyapatite powder to simulate a range of bone densities. The block was scanned 21 times and manual regions placed over each compartment to measure the BMD in each compartment. There were no significant differences in the variances or SD for all eight compartments, that is, over the range of BMD normally encountered in clinical practice. However, the calculated CV show a progressive fall in values as the BMD rises. Therefore, the SD should be used to calculate significant BMD change. In a practise with quality control procedures in place to detect calibration drift and with appropriately trained personnel, a change of approximately 0.05 g/cm2 is generally regarded as being a significant change at a 95% confidence level.

Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support in Pediatric Patients. This retrospective study reviews our results regarding the long-term support in pediatric patients using two ventricular assist systems between January 2008 and April 2014. We implanted the Berlin Heart EXCOR in 29 patients (median age 3.4 years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.2-16.5], median weight 13 kg [IQR 4.2-67.2]). Twenty-two patients (75.8%) received a left ventricular assist device. Three patients (10.3%) had single-ventricle physiology. One patient (3.4%) had mechanical mitral valve prosthesis. The HeartWare System was implanted in nine patients. The median age was 15.6 years (IQR 12.2-17.9), and the median weight was 54.9 kg (IQR 27.7-66). In the Berlin Heart group, the median support time was 65 days (IQR 4-619), with 3647 days of cardiac support. Nineteen patients (65.5%) were transplanted, six patients (20.7%) recovered, one patient (3.4%) is on support, and three patients (10.3%) died on support. Survival rate was 89.7%. Fourteen blood pumps had been exchanged. Four patients (13.8%) had local signs of infection, and three patients (10.3%) had neurological complications. In the HeartWare group, the median support time was 180 days (IQR 1-1124), with 2839 days of cardiac support. Four patients (44.4%) had local signs of infection, and three (33.3%) had neurological complications. Eight patients (88.9%) have been transplanted, and one patient (11.1%) died on support. Survival rate was 88.9%. Excellent survival is possible after long-term mechanical circulatory support in patients with two- and single-ventricle physiology with a low rate of adverse events.

Is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in adult coeliac disease a cause of persisting symptoms? Patients with coeliac disease may have diarrhoea despite being on a gluten-free diet. To assess whether exocrine pancreatic insufficiency causes persisting symptoms compared with controls, we determined whether pancreatic enzyme supplementation provided symptomatic benefit in coeliac patients with chronic diarrhoea. Patients (n = 259) were subdivided into four groups: (a) new coeliac disease (n = 57), (b) coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet without gastrointestinal symptoms (n = 86), (c) coeliac disease patients on a gluten-free diet with chronic diarrhoea (n = 66) and (d) patients with chronic diarrhoea without coeliac disease (n = 50). Stool frequency and weight, before and after treatment with pancreatic enzyme supplementation were recorded. The prevalence of a low faecal elastase-1 within the groups was: group (A) six of 57 (11%), group (B) five of 86 (6%), group (C) 20 of 66 (30%) and group (D) two of 50 (4%). Low faecal elastase-1 was more frequent in coeliac disease patients with chronic diarrhoea vs. other subgroups of coeliac disease (P < or = 0.0001) and controls (P < or = 0.0003). In 18 of 20 stool frequency reduced following pancreatic enzyme supplementation from four per day to one (P < or = 0.001). No weight increase (P = 0.3) was observed. Low faecal elastase is common in patients with coeliac disease and chronic diarrhoea, suggesting exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In this group of patients, pancreatic enzyme supplementation may provide symptomatic benefit.

Spiritual support for families of patients with cancer: a pilot study of nursing staff assessments. The results reported in this article are drawn from a larger study aimed at describing and explaining the support provided by nursing staff to the families of patients with cancer. The purpose of this component of the study was to explore the views of nursing staff on the importance of spiritual support as well as their readiness and willingness to provide that support. A further concern was with the provision of spiritual support, obstacles to providing support, and related factors. A total of 166 nurses (registered nurses and licensed practical nurses) from 5 central hospitals in Finland participated. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire in which spiritual support was measured by multiple-choice items and one open-ended question. Analysis of the multiple-choice items was based on SPSS statistical software, and interpretation of the responses to the open-ended question relied on the method of content analysis. There was broad agreement on the importance of providing spiritual support to family members, however, 58% of the nurses believed they were poorly equipped to provide support and 53% were less or not at all willing to provide spiritual support. Willingness to provide support was lowest among licensed practical nurses. Willingness and readiness to provide support were related to on another. Overall, nursing staff rarely discussed spiritual issues with or offered spiritual support to family members. The study also revealed many obstacles to the provision of spiritual support. The age of nursing staff and the type of ward were associated with the provision of spiritual support.

Pneumolabyrinth as a late sequela of temporal bone fracture. Pneumolabyrinth, air in the labyrinthine system, is an uncommon entity. We report one case, adding to previous reports of two such cases. The diagnosis was made radiologically, which has become possible only recently with the advent of high-resolution computed tomography (CT) scanners; we suspect it will be used more often in the future. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which pneumolabyrinth has been identified as a delayed sequela of a temporal bone fracture. Furthermore, this is the first description of a pneumolabyrinth occurring in a transverse temporal bone fracture.

Early evaluation of carotid elasticity by an instantaneous wave intensity technique in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. To explore the application of instantaneous wave intensity for early diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-induced atherosclerosis, we observed carotid elasticity by instantaneous wave intensity in premenopausal women with SLE. The study included 3 groups (each group with 30 participants): SLE1 (course of disease <5 years), SLE2 (course of disease ≥5 years) and healthy control. Carotid parameters, including instantaneous acceleration wave intensity, instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, negative area, stiffness constant, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, stiffness constant pulse wave velocity, pressure strain elastic modulus, arterial compliance, augmentation index, and intima-media thickness, were measured. Compared with the control group, the instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, stiffness constant, pressure strain elastic modulus, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, and stiffness constant pulse wave velocity were significantly increased but the arterial compliance was significantly decreased in the SLE1 and SLE2 groups (all P ≤ .01). The instantaneous acceleration wave intensity, augmentation index, and negative area tended to increase in all 3 groups, but there were no statistical differences among the groups. The instantaneous deceleration wave intensity, stiffness constant, pressure strain elastic modulus, wave intensity pulse wave velocity, and stiffness constant pulse wave velocity were significantly higher in the SLE2 group than the SLE1 group, but the arterial compliance was significantly lower in the SLE2 group than the SLE1 group (all P ≤ .01). Instantaneous wave intensity can be used to evaluate carotid elasticity in the patients with SLE, which is important for early prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Hepatitis B virus RNA is measurable in serum and can be a new marker for monitoring lamivudine therapy. Changes in the serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA level during lamivudine therapy were compared to those in the serum HBV DNA and HBV core-related antigen (HBVcrAg) levels in 24 patients with chronic hepatitis B. For measurement of HBV RNA, total nucleic acid was extracted from serum samples and treated with RNase-free DNase I. After cDNA synthesis from extracted RNA, HBV RNA was measured by real-time detection polymerase chain reaction. The peak fraction of HBV RNA in serum samples was consistent with peak fractions of HBV DNA and HBV core protein in a sucrose gradient analysis, indicating that HBV RNA was incorporated into virus particles. All levels of HBV DNA, HBV RNA, and HBVcrAg decreased gradually during lamivudine therapy (P < 0.001 for all). The amount of decrease from the start of lamivudine therapy was significantly higher for HBV DNA than for HBV RNA or HBVcrAg during 6 months of lamivudine therapy (P < 0.001 for all). However, a similar difference was not seen between HBV RNA and HBVcrAg levels during that period. The HBV RNA level was significantly correlated (P < 0.001 for all) with levels of HBV DNA and HBVcrAg both at the beginning and 2 months after the start of lamivudine therapy. HBV RNA is detectable in serum in a form indicating incorporation into virus particles, and its serum level might serve as a new viral marker with a significance different from that of HBV DNA in lamivudine therapy.

Inhibition of neuroleptic binding by human brain extracts--an effect of endogenous dopamine? Extracts of autopsied human brain tissue exhibited a specific inhibition of [3H]spiroperidol binding, in support of previous reports. The extent of binding inhibition varied depending upon the brain region from which the tissue was taken. We observed two peaks of inhibition binding from extracts of caudate or putamen placed on a Sephadex G10 column. Results of experiments to characterize the extract in the second peak indicate a correlation between inhibition of spiroperidol binding and dopamine content of the tissue. The content of the first peak could not be definitively identified but indirect evidence indicates that it may be a high molecular weight conjugate of dopamine that is formed at low concentrations. No evidence was obtained to suggest the existence of previously undetected neuroleptic-like material in human brain.

Analysis of cholesterol oxides in egg yolk and turkey meat. A study was conducted to develop a solvent system that will clean egg yolk samples and concentrate cholesterol oxides effectively before analysis. Cholesterol oxide standards or lipid samples (0.2 g) loaded onto a silicic column were washed with a portion of Solvent I (hexane/diethyl ether, 9:1, vol/vol) and then with Solvent II. Four different Solvent II preparations (Solvent IIa, hexane:ethyl acetate = 4:1; Solvent IIb, hexane:ethyl acetate = 1:1; Solvent IIc, hexane:ethyl acetate:diethyl ether = 2:1:1; Solvent IId, hexane:ethyl acetate:diethyl ether = 4:1:2, vol/vol/vol) were prepared and the purification efficiencies of Solvent II solutions for neutral lipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids in the column were compared. Yield study using cholesterol oxide standards showed that one or more of the cholesterol oxide standards were eluted by the Solvent IIb and Solvent IIc, but Solvent IIa and Solvent IId did not elute any of the cholesterol oxides during washing. Egg samples prepared with Solvent IIa showed greater amount of cholesterol oxides than those prepared with Solvent IId, probably due to incomplete purifying of phospholipids and interference. However, the amounts of cholesterol oxides in cooked meat prepared with the two purification solvents were not different. Because egg yolk contains very large amounts of phospholipids and cholesterol compared with other foods, at least twice as much Solvent IIa as Solvent IId was required to properly clean egg yolk samples. It was concluded that purification solvents should be selected by sample types, and Solvent IId (hexane:ethyl acetate:diethyl ether = 4:1: 2) was superior to Solvent IIa (hexane:ethyl acetate = 4: 1) for egg yolk samples.

Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones by three-component coupling of isatoic anhydride, amines, and aldehydes catalyzed by magnetic Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles in water. A simple and efficient protocol for one-pot three-component coupling of isatoic anhydride, amines, and aldehydes in water using magnetically recoverable Fe(3)O(4) nanoparticles is reported. This methodology results in the synthesis of a variety of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones in high yields. The catalyst can be recovered and recycled without a significant loss in the catalytic activity.

[A variation of May-Thurner syndrome: a case report]. A 48-year-old man admitted with the complaint of a swollen left leg. Abdominal computed tomography demonstrated a tortuous left common iliac artery and a collapsed left common iliac vein. Contrast left iliac venogram revealed complete occlusion of the left common iliac vein. Abdominal aortography showed a tortuous left common iliac artery, which was thought to be compressing the left common iliac vein.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report of 12 patients from a single institution. Stem-cell transplantation is a reasonable therapeutic approach for younger patients with high-risk CLL. Twelve patients (seven males; median age 47 years, range 29-51) with high-risk CLL underwent transplantation (allo, n = 7; auto, n = 5). The conditioning regimen consisted of cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation in 11 patients, and BEAC in the remaining one. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was assessed by cytofluorometry and PCR. All 11 evaluable patients engrafted. Of the seven allografted patients, two died of treatment-related causes; three patients developed acute GVHD. No transplant-related mortality was observed in autografted patients. After transplantation, 10 of 11 patients evaluable for response achieved CR (91%; 95% CI 59%-100%) which was molecular in nine patients (82%; 95% CI 48%-98%). One patient in CR but MRD+ relapsed nine months after transplantation and died. Seven patients remain in molecular CR for a median of 16 months (range 1-58). Estimated actuarial survival and disease-free survival at two years is 81% (95% CI 43%-100%) and 71% (95% CI 43%-99%), respectively. Relapse risk at two years is 12.5% (95% CI 0%-35.5%). Patients with high-risk CLL can achieve long-lasting molecular CR after SCT. The role of transplants in CLL management deserves investigation in controlled trials.

[Changes in glycogenolysis in the ischemic zone in experimental myocardial infarct]. The first minutes of coronary artery occlusion in dogs showed the enhancement of glycogenolysis which was provided by the activation of phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, triosophosphate isomerase and lactate dehydrogenase. The aldolase and glyceroaldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase reactions were the rate limiting steps. The activation of glycogenolysis seems to be the result of a combined action of hypoxia and catecholamines.

Interventional radiology: a half century of innovation. The evolution of modern interventional radiology began over half century ago with a simple question. Was it possible to use the same diagnostic imaging tools that had revolutionized the practice of medicine to guide the real-time treatment of disease? This disruptive concept led to rapid treatment advances in every organ system of the body. It became clear that by utilizing imaging some patients could undergo targeted procedures, eliminating the need for major surgery, while others could undergo procedures for previously unsolvable problems. The breadth of these changes now encompasses all of medicine and has forever changed the way we think about disease. In this brief review article, major advances in the field, as chronicled in the pages of Radiology, will be described.

Stenting at the flow-limiting segment in tracheobronchial stenosis due to lung cancer. Airway stenting at the wave-speed flow-limiting segment (the choke point) is assessed. We determined prospectively the precise location of the choke point using the flow-volume curve, endobronchial ultrasonography, ultrathin bronchoscopy, and three-dimensional computed tomography scan before and after stenting in 64 patients with extrincic compression due to lung cancer. We noted distinct flow-volume curve patterns specific to the type of stenosis. The tracheal stenosis group indicated fixed narrowing patterns with an expiratory plateau, bronchial stenosis group dynamic collapse patterns with an expiratory flow deterioration (choking), carinal stenosis group combined fixed and dynamic patterns, and extensive stenosis group complex patterns containing elements of all the former. After stenting, almost full-function patterns with significant improvement in PEF were observed in all groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). In patients with extensive stenosis, implantation of additional stents was required when the choke points were observed to have migrated to the areas of malacia with cartilage destruction by the tumor. Secondary stenting at migrated choke points resulted in a significant improvement in PEF over the initial stenting (p < 0.01). Stenting at the choke point improved expiratory flow limitation by increasing the cross-sectional area, supporting the weakened airway wall and relieving dyspnea.

Lipid metabolism in the inflammatory lesion of a mouse model of delayed type hypersensitivity. I. Increased acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity as an integral component of the inflammatory response. Lipid metabolism was studied in a normal model of delayed type hypersensitivity to methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). Following initial sensitization to a single injection of MBSA, MBSA-soaked millipore filter disks (10 mm diam) were implanted in subcutaneous pockets and the course of development and the resolution of the inflammatory lesions were followed biochemically for 35 days. Of particular interest were our observations that the activity of the cholesterol esterifying enzyme, which is attributed to acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; EC 2.3.1.26) was increased up to 38-fold in the developing inflammatory lesion and represented the single most dramatic alteration in lipid metabolism to occur. As the lesions began to show histological evidence of resolving (between 21 and 35 days), ACAT activity declined toward basal levels. The data suggest the possibility that the ACAT reaction is an important component of the inflammatory response and, as such, offers the possibility of a novel approach to controlling the inflammatory process through ACAT inhibition.

Enhancing the hydrolysis and methane production potential of mixed food waste by an effective enzymatic pretreatment. In this study, a fungal mash rich in hydrolytic enzymes was produced by solid state fermentation (SSF) of waste cake in a simple and efficient manner and was further applied for high-efficiency hydrolysis of mixed food wastes (FW). The enzymatic pretreatment of FW with this fungal mash resulted in 89.1 g/L glucose, 2.4 g/L free amino nitrogen, 165 g/L soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and 64% reduction in volatile solids within 24h. The biomethane yield and production rate from FW pretreated with the fungal mash were found to be respectively about 2.3 and 3.5-times higher than without pretreatment. After anaerobic digestion of pretreated FW, a volatile solids removal of 80.4±3.5% was achieved. The pretreatment of mixed FW with the fungal mash produced in this study is a promising option for enhancing anaerobic digestion of FW in terms of energy recovery and volume reduction.

Dacryocystorhinostomy: Evolution of endoscopic techniques after 498 cases. Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy is a well-known surgical practice used to treat nasolacrimal duct obstruction and widely considered as a valid alternative to external approaches. We present a retrospective case series of 498 endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomies on 401 patients, from July 2004 to May 2018, at the Department of Otolaryngology, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy. Of the 498 procedures, 426 were unilateral and 72 were bilateral dacryocystorhinostomy. All patients underwent routine preoperative workup including fluorescein test (Jones test 1-2), probing and irrigation of the lacrimal way, nasal endoscopy, and maxilla-facial computed tomography scan. Surgical technique was based on nasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy followed by positioning of a Catalano's silicone stent, which was left in place for about 3 months. Anatomical success was defined as a patent ostium on irrigation, whereas functional success was defined as free lacrimal flow on functional test and resolution of epiphora. Anatomic success was achieved in 91.54% cases in primary dacryocystorhinostomy and in 89.36% after revision, whereas functional success was obtained in 90.4% in primary and 85.1% in secondary dacryocystorhinostomies. After a second revision of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, anatomical success was achieved in 90.1% and functional success in 88.7% of procedures. Our results confirm that endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy can be considered as a valid surgical approach to primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction and revision cases. The key aspects in achieving functional and anatomical results are meticulous surgical procedure and precise follow-up.

Acute and delayed hypersensitivity reactions to infliximab and adalimumab in a patient with Crohn's disease. A 61 year old woman with active luminal Crohn's disease was successfully treated with infliximab induction therapy followed by 5 infusions every 8 weeks. However, symptoms returned in the weeks preceding the 7th and 8th infusions. The 9th infusion was therefore given only 4 weeks after the 8th infusion, but an acute severe anaphylactoid reaction occurred immediately after start of the infusion. Anti-infliximab IgG antibody concentration was high (100 U/ml) prior to the 8th infusion and up to 1 year after infliximab discontinuation (81 U/ml). Anti-infliximab IgE antibodies were not found, and the anti-infliximab antibodies did not cross react with adalimumab. One week after the anaphylactoid reaction to infliximab, adalimumab therapy was initiated. Twelve days after the first adalimumab administration (80 mg), a delayed hypersensitivity reaction occurred. This was likely caused by rapidly generated anti-adalimumab IgG antibodies (45 U/ml), as these antibodies appeared to be specific for adalimumab in that infliximab failed to compete with adalimumab/anti-adalimumab antibody binding ex vivo. In conclusion, immunogenicity to infliximab and adalimumab may be associated with both acute anaphylactoid reactions and delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Reactions may be precipitated by newly induced specific anti-drug antibodies rather than by cross-reactivity of previously generated antibodies.

Diagnosis and management of hereditary hemochromatosis. Hereditary hemochromatosis is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner with partial biochemical expression in heterozygotes. A high percentage of saturation of serum transferrin is the hallmark of the disorder, and serum ferritin concentration gives an approximate estimation of the size of iron stores. Hepatic computed tomography, magnetic susceptometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance provide new noninvasive ways of determining hepatic iron content, but chemical estimation of iron in a percutaneous liver biopsy specimen remains the mainstay of diagnosis. Once a proband is identified, transferrin saturation and serum ferritin are used to screen family members and HLA typing is employed selectively to detect homozygotes at risk. Removal of excess body iron and maintenance of normal iron stores by repeated venesection arrests tissue injury and prolongs survival.

Catechin-loaded Eudragit microparticles for the management of diabetes: formulation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of antidiabetic efficacy. Catechin (CT) is natural molecule proved for antidiabetic activity. Clinical application of CT is highly restricted because of its low bioavailability and ineffectiveness in in vivo conditions. Therefore, the main objective of the present investigation was to formulate CT-loaded Eudragit RS 100 microparticles and evaluated for its potential against diabetes. CT microparticles showing highest entrapment efficiency of 92.3 ± 6.5% and higher percentage yield of 63.46 ± 4.3% was selected as optimised formulation. CT microparticles treated rats showed significantly lower blood glucose, cholesterol, LDL, free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations in comparison to pristine CT-treated rats. The glucose and lipid profiles of microparticle formulation were akin to normal rats. Moreover, CT microparticles did not produce obesity even after 60 days which is a comment side effect of antidiabetic drugs. These results indicate that the CT microparticles can be applied as potential and safe carrier for the treatment of diabetes.

Effect of dehydration on morphogenesis of the lymphatic network and immune structures in the small intestine. Dehydration was accompanied by cell changes in solitary lymphoid nodules and Peyer's patches. The proportion between lymphocytes, macrophages, and mast cells in lymphoid organs depended on the stage of dehydration. The inhibition of cell mitoses, disappearance of mature plasma cells and mast cells (per field of view), significant decrease in lymphocyte count, 4-5-fold increase in the number of destructive cells, and low density of cells and lymphatic network of the small intestine (per unit area) were observed on days 6 and 10 of dehydration. Severe morphological changes were also revealed in other layers of the small intestinal wall (mucosa, submucosa, lamina propria, etc.).

Validating the Access to an Electronic Health Record: Classification and Content Analysis of Access Logs. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) have made patient information widely available, allowing health professionals to provide better care. However, information confidentiality is an issue that continually needs to be taken into account. The objective of this study is to describe the implementation of rule-based access permissions to an EHR system. The rules that were implemented were based on a qualitative study. Every time users did not meet the specified requirements, they had to justify access through a pop up window with predetermined options, including a free text option ("other justification"). A secondary analysis of a deidentified database was performed. From a total of 20,540,708 hits on the electronic medical record database, 85% of accesses to the EHR system did not require justification. Content analysis of the "Other Justification" option allowed the identification of new types of access. At the time to justify, however, users may choose the faster or less clicks option to access to EHR, associating the justification of access to the EHR as a barrier.

Different characteristics distinguish early versus late arising adaptive mutations in Escherichia coli FC40. The Escherichia coli strain FC40 has frequently been employed to investigate the mechanism of adaptive mutations. The strain cannot utilize lactose due to a +1 frameshift mutation that reduces beta-galactosidase to about 1% of normal levels. Cells undergo a high rate of mutation from Lac- to Lac+ when cells are grown with lactose as the sole energy source. Almost all Lac+ colonies arising 3-6 days after plating result from a base pair deletion in runs of iterated base pairs within a 130-bp target region. In this study we characterized Lac+ colonies arising 3-10 days after plating. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was used to detect mutations in the target region as a function of the day a colony appears. TGGE results confirmed the occurrence of mutations within the target region in 36 of 37 FC40 Lac+ colonies arising on days 3-7. However, mutations in this region were not detected in 23 of 37 Lac+ colonies arising from days 8-10. Sequencing data verified the TGGE results. Half of the Lac+ mutants arising on days 8-10 with no base pair change in the target region were unstable and exhibited a Lac- phenotype after successive growth cycles in rich medium. The results suggest that amplification of the lac operon region is a common factor in late arising colonies, and that different characteristics distinguish early and late arising Lac+ colonies.

Massive oral ingestion of elemental mercury. A 42 year old male, while repairing a sphygmomanometer, intentionally ingested an estimated 3 kg (220 mL) of metallic mercury. During admission, only tremor, irritability, forgetfulness and fatigue were noted. There were no obvious gastrointestinal or hepatic complications. Blood and urine mercury levels were significantly elevated. Most of the metallic mercury was cleared from the gut within 10 days. A few months later, hepatic dysfunction with jaundice developed. Serial investigations did not suggest a viral etiology or alcoholism. Liver function tests and blood and urine mercury levels returned to normal over the next 10 months. The observation suggests that massive and prolonged retention of metallic mercury may facilitate the conversion of metallic, elemental mercury to divalent mercury and its subsequent absorption with development of hepatic dysfunction.

Bisphosphonates and atrial fibrillation: clinical trial data suggest possible link. In 2007, an article describing an American placebo-controlled clinical trial of yearly zoledronic acid infusion at a dose of 5 mg mentioned a statistically significant excess of severe atrial fibrillation in postmenopausal women. Bisphosphonates had not previously been linked to this adverse effect. Several meta-analyses of clinical trials have been published, but they covered only a small number of the hundreds of comparative trials evaluating bisphosphonates, few of which mentioned atrial fibrillation. In 2010, a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of bisphosphonates, in a total of 26 126 patients with osteoporosis, showed an increased risk of severe atrial fibrillation. A larger meta-analysis (40104 women) showed a nonsignificant increase in the risk of atrial fibrillation, regardless of severity. A meta-analysis published in 2010 included 7 placebo-controlled observational studies of bisphosphonates in patients with osteoporosis, two of which showed an increased risk of severe atrial fibrillation. This meta-analysis showed no statistically significant increase in the overall risk of severe atrial fibrillation. Our literature search, up to mid-2010, found no studies concerning the risk of atrial fibrillation in cancer patients treated with bisphosphonates. No cardiac adverse effects were mentioned in a report analysing two trials in patients with Paget's disease. Pending the publication of more data, the potential risk of severe atrial fibrillation in some patients treated with bisphosphonates should be taken into account. There is no evidence of an increased risk with a specific bisphosphonate, route of administration, patient subpopulation, or treatment duration.

Melatonin receptors on ovine pars tuberalis: characterization and autoradiographicai localization. Abstract The functional significance of the pars tuberalis (PT) of the mammalian adenohypophysis has remained an enigma (1, 2). One view of its function is that it acts as an auxiliary gland to support the endocrine role of the pars distalis (PD) (2), as it has been shown to contain immunocytochemically identifiable thyrotrophs and gonadotrophs (1). Many of the cells of the PT are, however, ultrastructurally unique suggesting an independent function for this tissue. Our recent demonstration that the PT of the rat is a major binding site for the ligand iodomelatonin lends further support to this idea (3). We have utilized the highly specific ligand [(125)l]melatonin, and have demonstrated that it binds exclusively, with very high affinity, to the PT but not the PD of the adult sheep adenohypophysis. These findings support the conclusion that the PT has a distinct role in relation to melatonin action and seasonal reproduction.

The IL-1 receptor accessory protein is essential for PI 3-kinase recruitment and activation. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) binds to its type I receptors (IL-1R), which in complex with IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1R AcP) induces various intracellular signaling events. We report here that IL-1 triggers the recruitment of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) to a signaling complex and induces its lipid kinase activity in a biphasic manner. This IL-1-induced complex consists of IL-1R, IL-1R AcP, PI 3-kinase, and the IL-1-receptor-associated kinase (IRAK). Deletion of the C-terminus 27 amino acids of IL-1R AcP resulted in a mutant, CDelta27, that could not recruit PI 3-kinase to the signalsome nor stimulate PI3-kinase activity. Moreover, CDelta27 functioned as a dominant-negative mutant that inhibited IL-1-induced PI 3-kinase and NFkappaB activation. CDelta27, however, had no effect on IL-1-dependent activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), indicating that distinct regions of IL-1R AcP mediate the activation of PI 3-kinase and JNK. Thus, our results identified a functional region in the IL-1R AcP required for the recruitment and activation of PI 3-kinase.

Genetic amyloidosis: recent advances. The hereditary amyloidoses are usually associated with peripheral neuropathy and, for this reason, they have been called familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). The neuropathy usually involves both the peripheral sensory motor and autonomic nervous systems, resulting in not only loss of sensation and motor function but also bowel dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension. In addition, most of the FAP syndromes involve other organ systems, in particular the renal and cardiac systems. Renal amyloidosis usually presents as nephrotic syndrome and later terminates in azotemia. Cardiac amyloidosis may present as congestive heart failure or arrhythmia. Whereas the neuropathy of hereditary amyloidosis may be the most prominent clinical feature, it is renal or cardiac disease that often dictates the length of survival.

Accelerated aging of dermal fibroblast-like cells from senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM). 1. Acceleration of population aging in vitro. Fibroblast-like cells were isolated from the senescence accelerated mouse (SAM) and cultured, after which evidence of accelerated senescence was sought. Fibroblast-like cell lines were established from the dorsal dermis of neonate mice of both the accelerated senescence-prone strain, SAMP11 and the accelerated senescence-resistant strain, SAMR1. All cell lines from both strains showed a crisis in growth and were immortalized. At crisis, all cultures were composed of morphologically characteristic senescent cells. However, in cell lines from SAMP11, this change was more rapid and at earlier population doublings (PDs) than seen in cell lines from SAMR1. Crises (SAMP11; SAMR1) were also operationally taken to be the point of the least change in PDs (11.2 +/- 1.1; 15.4 +/- 0.5 PDs), the least saturation density (11.3 +/- 0.8; 19.1 +/- 2.6 PDs), and the longest population doubling time (10.1 +/- 0.8; 14.2 +/- 0.6 PDs). Crisis occurred significantly earlier (P < 0.05) and the aging process was accelerated in cell lines from SAMP11, compared with lines from SAMR1. This evidence tends to support various observations made in the accelerated senescence-prone strains of SAMP, in vivo.

Analysis of Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae volatiles by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In this paper, a headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method was applied to analyse the volatile compounds in a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae. SPME parameters such as fibers, extraction temperature, extraction time and desorption time were investigated. Thirty-five volatile compounds were separated and identified. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.4%, showing that the method has a good reproducibility. The volatile constituents were also analyzed by steam distillation (SD) and thirty-seven compounds were identified. The similar results obtained by the two methods showed that SPME is a good alternative for the analysis of volatile constituents in Rhioxma Curcumae Aeruginosae samples and it is a relatively simple, rapid and solvent-free method.

Endothelium dysfunction classification: why is it still an open discussion? In the nineties, the present author developed a didactic endothelium dysfunction classification based on personal experience while waiting for a consensus about the need of such an accomplishment. As time went by and no publications regarding this subject were released, he published a text entitled "An open discussion about endothelial dysfunction: is it timely to propose a classification? Eight years later and the question about endothelium dysfunction classification remains "an open discussion". Nevertheless, we still keep using our proposed classification although always questioning its suitability and wondering reasons for why the scientific communities avoid discussing this very subject. Based on these thoughts we attempted to hypothesize the causes of why this proposed discussion is not an inciting issue: (I) First hypothesis: An endothelium dysfunction classification is not important; (II) Second hypothesis: Such classification is still a "premature reductionism"; (III) Third hypothesis: Endothelium dysfunction is a multifaceted disorder and involves uncountable variations becoming impossible to propose an adequate classification; (IV) Fourth hypothesis: Vasoplegic syndrome and massive nitric oxide release accounts for the functional classification, thus, it seems that cardiovascular journals feel apprehensive about this since their point of view is closely associated with impaired endothelium nitric oxide release as a cause to increased risk of spasm and thrombosis and; (V) Fifth hypothesis: The classification is so fulfilling that it discards the need of discussion or the pioneer attitude to propose such classification has incited some degree of jealousy. Obviously, the fifth hypothesis is pretentiously and overwhelmed, but we again attempt to reopen this discussion because it is time to update the presented classification. In this manner, we are sure that this issue demands special attention of the scientific community. Therefore, the aim of this text is exclusively to "reopen" the discussion about the need of an effective endothelium dysfunction classification.

Eye on religion: considering the influence of Buddhist and Shinto thought on contemporary Japanese bioethics. Religious traditions can play a significant role in the shaping of bioethical thought. In Japan, traditional Buddhist and Shinto thought continue to influence contemporary bioethical perspectives. To better define this relationship, this paper examines the correlation between Japanese bioethical perspectives and Buddhist and Shinto thought. An in-depth discussion explores how Buddhist and Shinto scholars have used fundamental concepts with each religious tradition to agree and disagree with the disclosure of an incurable disease to a patient, brain death, and brain-dead organ transplantation.

Relationship between molecular structure and electron targets in the electroreduction of benzocarbazolediones and anilinenaphthoquinones. Experimental and theoretical study. We report the synthesis and voltamperometric reduction of 5H-benzo[b]carbazole-6,11-dione (BCD) and its 2-R-substituted derivatives (R = -OMe, -Me, -COMe, -CF(3)). The electrochemical behavior of BCDs was compared to that of the 2-[(R-phenyl)amine]-1,4-naphthalenediones (PANs) previously studied. Like PANs, BCDs exhibit two reduction waves in acetonitrile. The first reduction step for the BCDs represents formation of the radical anion, and the half-wave potential (E(1/2)) values for this step are less negative than for that of the PANs. The second reduction wave, corresponding to the formation of dianion hydroquinone, has E(1/2) values that shift to more negative potentials. A good linear Hammett-Zuman (E(1/2) vs sigma(p)) relationship, similar to that for the PAN series, was also obtained for the BCDs. However, unlike the PANs, in the BCDs, the first reduction wave was more susceptible to the effect of the substituent groups than was the second wave, suggesting that the ordering of the two successive one-electron reductions in BCDs is opposite that in PANs. This is explained by the fact that the electron delocalizations in the two systems are different; in the case of BCDs there is an extra aromatic indole ring, which resists loss of its aromatic character. The electronic structures of BCD compounds were, therefore, investigated within the framework of the density functional theory, using the B3LYP hybrid functional with a double zeta split valence basis set. Our theoretical calculations show that the O(1).H-N hydrogen bond, analogous to that previously described for the PAN series, is not observed in the BCDs. Laplacians of the critical points (nabla(2)rho) and the natural charges for the C-O bonds indicate that the first reduction wave for the BCDs corresponds to the C(4)-O(2) carbonyl, while in the PAN series the first one-electron transfer occurred at the C(1)-O(1) carbonyl. Natural bond orbital analysis showed that, in all the BCDs, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is located at C(4), whereas for the PANs, the LUMO is found at C(1). The good correlation between the LUMO energy values and the E(1/2) potentials (wave I) established that the first one-electron addition takes place at the LUMO. Analysis of the molecular geometry confirmed that, in both series of compounds, the effect of the substituent groups is mainly on the C(4)-O(2) carbonyl. These results explain the fact that reduction of the C(4)-O(2) carbonyl (voltammetric wave II in the PANs and voltammetric wave I in the BCDs) is more susceptible to the effect of the substituent groups than is reduction of the C(1)-O(1) carbonyl (wave I in the PANs and wave II in the BCDs).

High completeness of the brest stroke registry evidenced by analysis of sources and capture-recapture method. Population-based stroke registries are necessary to evaluate the precise burden of stroke. The methodology used in the Brest Stroke Registry and an estimation of its completeness are described. 'Hot pursuit' as well as 'cold pursuit' were used, and five sources of identification were included: emergency wards, brain imaging, practitioners, death certificates and hospital-based electronic research. Ascertainment for each case was certified by a neurologist. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age >15 years; (2) a stroke defined by WHO criteria or all neurological deficits lasting at least 1 h. Completeness was estimated using capture-recapture method. For 2008, 2009 and 2010, 851, 898, 823 patients were collected, respectively. The number of sources of identification per patient was as follows: one source: 30.8, 24.1 and 18.7%; two sources: 54.5, 42.9 and 31.0%; three sources: 13.4, 30.1 and 46%; four sources: 1.3, 3.0 and 3.8%. Capture-recapture analysis showed data completeness over 90%. Standardized cumulative first-ever stroke incidence using a world standard population was 87 in 2008, 87 in 2009 and 84 in 2010. Case ascertainment by a neurologist, numerous sources, as well as 'hot' and 'cold' pursuit can provide a reliably large data set suitable for further epidemiological studies.

Chondroprotective Effects of Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Nanoparticles Containing Plasmid DNA Encoding Cytokine Response Modifier A in a Rat Knee Osteoarthritis Model. Interleukin (IL)-1β plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA). Cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) can prevent the generation of active IL-1β. This study aimed to explore the chondroprotective effects of hyaluronic acid-chitosan nanoparticles containing plasmid DNA encoding CrmA (HA/CS-CrmA) in a rat OA model. HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles were synthesized through the complex coacervation of cationic polymers. The characteristics, toxicity, and transfection of the nanoparticles were investigated. Furthermore, the potential effects of HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles were evaluated via a rat anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model of OA. Cartilage damage and synovial inflammation were assessed by safranin O/fast green and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Type II collagen in cartilage was measured by immunohistochemistry, and the expression levels of IL-1β, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, and MMP-13 in synovial tissue were detected by western blot. The HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles, which effectively entrapped plasmid DNA, showed an adequate size (100-300 nm) and a regular spherical shape. The nanoparticles safely transfected synoviocytes and released plasmid DNA in a sustained manner over 3 weeks. Additionally, HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles significantly inhibited cartilage damage, synovial inflammation, and the loss of type II collagen induced by ACLT. The expression levels of IL-1β, MMP-3, and MMP-13 in synovial tissue were dramatically down-regulated by HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles. These results suggested that HA/CS-CrmA nanoparticles could attenuate cartilage destruction and protect against early OA by inhibiting synovial inflammation via inhibition of IL-1β generation.

Vancouver Island Compassion Club president receives absolute discharge. On 5 July 2002, the BC Provincial Court released written reasons for sentencing in R v Lucas. The president of the Vancouver Island Compassion Club had been arrested and charged with possession for the purpose of tracking after police searched the club and his home and seized less than three kilograms of marijuana.

Stretchable Nanolasing from Hybrid Quadrupole Plasmons. This paper reports a robust and stretchable nanolaser platform that can preserve its high mode quality by exploiting hybrid quadrupole plasmons as an optical feedback mechanism. Increasing the size of metal nanoparticles in an array can introduce ultrasharp lattice plasmon resonances with out-of-plane charge oscillations that are tolerant to lateral strain. By patterning these nanoparticles onto an elastomeric slab surrounded by liquid gain, we realized reversible, tunable nanolasing with high strain sensitivity and no hysteresis. Our semiquantum modeling demonstrates that lasing build-up occurs at the hybrid quadrupole electromagnetic hot spots, which provides a route toward mechanical modulation of light-matter interactions on the nanoscale.

Plasmacytoma-like posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder following orthotopic liver transplantation: a case report. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are among the most serious and potentially fatal complications of both stem-cell and solid-organ transplantation. Most monomorphic PTLDs are of B-cell origin and frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the setting of pharmacological immunosuppression posttransplantation. The majority of monomorphic PTLDs commonly resemble diffuse large B-cell or Burkitt's lymphoma; plasmacytoma-like PTLDs are very rare. We report a case of plasmacytoma-like PTLD arising in the allograft in a 66-year-old male diagnosed 2 months following an orthotopic liver transplant for alcohol-related end-stage liver disease. The liver biopsy revealed marked infiltration of atypical plasma cells with lambda light chain restriction and positivity for EBV by in situ hybridization confirming the diagnosis. Also noted was a remarkable increase of tissue eosinophils. Reduction of immunosuppression led to improvement in his clinical condition, and also resolution of the hepatic lesions and abdominal lymphadenopathy noted on imaging studies. While a few cases of plasmacytoma-like PTLDs have been described in literature, to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of early onset plasmacytoma-like PTLD in a liver transplant recipient occurring in the allograft with associated lymphadenopathy having distinct histopathologic features including tissue eosinophilia. Timely recognition of such an entity is critical in order to initiate early and appropriate intervention.

Postgraduate training program for the diagnosis and follow-up of cancer: experience of the University of Oviedo, Spain. In anticipation of the expected worldwide increase in cancer deaths, the University of Oviedo in 1987 launched a two-year-long doctorate program entitled "Training Programme for the Diagnosis and Follow up of Cancer." The course was organized in three modules, General Basis, Methods, and Applications. Doctoral candidates acquired experience in these areas by means of theoretical lessons, practical work, and seminars with required preparation of special projects. From 1987 to 1990, 30 doctoral candidates completed the program. Some developed impressive projects and doctoral theses on aspects of cancer in the course of the program, which was offered twice, in 1987-88 and in 1988-89.

Subungual melanoma--case report and literature review. Subungual melanoma is an infrequent malignant tumor which, despite its visibility and easy accessibility, is often misdiagnosed and thus inappropriately treated. This delay in recognition often results in a worsened prognosis. All persistent nail lesions which do not respond to conservative treatment, whether pigmented or not, should undergo excisional biopsy and pathologic examination. A case of subungual melanoma is presented to illustrate the typical presentation and clinical characteristics.

Social Anhedonia and Romantic Relationship Processes. Social anhedonia is a deficiency in the capacity to experience pleasure from social interactions. This study examined the implications of social anhedonia for romantic relationship functioning, including the association of social anhedonia with sentiments toward romantic partners that are central to relationship functioning (satisfaction, commitment, regard for the partner, and care for the partner's welfare) and analogous perceptions of the partner's sentiments. Data were collected from 281 participants who were involved in romantic relationships. Social anhedonia predicted less satisfaction, regard, and care, and these effects were independent of attachment insecurity and self-esteem. In addition, social anhedonia had an indirect negative effect on commitment via attachment avoidance. Social anhedonia also predicted more negative perceptions of the partner's sentiments. Results suggest that social anhedonia may undermine the functioning of romantic relationships by reducing positive sentiments toward partners and security in the partner's sentiments toward the self.

Wearable UV Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube-Coated Cotton Thread. A fabric-compatible UV sensor is presented using a cellulose-based thread coated with single-wall carbon nanotube ink. Two-terminal resistive responses of the thread were measured upon exposure to UV, and the effects of intensity, wavelength, and on/off cycling were studied. The sensor was tested in the field under direct sunlight, demonstrating practical usability for a wearable/flexible UV sensor system. The results here confirm the potential for an inexpensive wearable sensor in contrast to the conventional rigid and bulky solid-state detectors.

Abnormal glucose metabolism in patients treated with antipsychotics. Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotic medications are of great benefit to a wide variety of people with psychiatric disorders, especially patients with schizophrenia. However, one constellation of adverse effects is an increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Increasing numbers of reports concerning impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and ketoacidosis have raised concerns about a possible association between abnormal glucose metabolism and treatment with atypical antipsychotics, although the question is still debated because of the presence of many confounding factors. A close relationship between drug-induced weight gain and risk of diabetes has been reported, emphasizing the role of insulin resistance. However, some cases of diabetes developed independently of weight gain, rather rapidly and possibly progressing to ketoacidosis, thus arguing for a severe impairment of insulin secretion. Another debated question is whether diabetes risk is a class action or a differential action. Although not fully scientifically proven yet, available evidence suggests that clozapine and olanzapine have a higher propensity to induce diabetes and metabolic syndrome compared with other atypical antipsychotic drugs, risperidone and quetiapine. Despite more limited available data, amisulpride, aripiprazole and ziprazidone showed less likelihood of precipitating diabetes. Interestingly, reversibility of drug-related diabetes has been reported with aripiprazole. The choice of atypical antipsychotic medication for a specific patient depends on many factors, but the likelihood of developing diabetes should become an important consideration. When prescribing an atypical antipsychotic, a commitment to careful baseline screening and follow-up monitoring is essential in order to mitigate the risk of developing diabetes and associated complications.

The integration of song environment by catecholaminergic systems innervating the auditory telencephalon of adult female European starlings. Mate choice is among the most consequential decisions a sexually reproducing organism can make. In many songbird species, females make mate-choice decisions based, in part, on variation between males in songs that reflect their quality. Importantly, females may adjust their choice relative to the prevalence of high quality songs. In European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), females prefer males that primarily sing long songs over those that primarily sing short songs, and sensitivity of the auditory telencephalon to song length depends on the prevalence of long songs in the environment. Several lines of evidence suggest a role for noradrenergic innervation of the auditory telencephalon in mediating this neuro- and behavioral plasticity. To simulate variation in quality of the song environment, we exposed adult female starlings to 1 week of either long or short songs and then quantified several monoamines and their metabolites in the caudomedial mesopallium and caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) using high performance liquid chromatography. We also used immunocytochemistry to assess these areas for immunoreactive dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH-ir), the enzyme that synthesizes norepinephrine. We found that long songs elevated levels of the principal norepinephrine metabolite, the principal dopamine metabolite, and the probability of DBH-ir in the NCM compared to short songs. Song environment did not appear to influence norepinephrine or dopamine levels. Thus, the quality of the song environment regulates the local secretion of catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, in the female auditory telencephalon. This may form a basis for plasticity in forebrain sensitivity and mate-choice behavior based on the prevalence of high-quality males.

A comparison of four methods of variance component estimation for heritability of embryonic mortality in turkeys. A comparison of four methods for variance component estimation to compute heritability of embryonic mortality in the early (Days 1 to 10) and late (Days 21 to 28) incubation period, was performed using Henderson's Method 3, maximum likelihood (ML), restricted maximum likelihood (REML), and minimum variance quadratic unbiased estimator (MIVQUE). Incubation records from Wrolstad Medium White turkeys divergently selected for semen ejaculate volume were the source of data for the present study. Negative sire components of variance were obtained for early mortality by both Henderson's Method 3 and the MIVQUE procedure. Estimates of the sire variance component for the late mortality period were lower (P less than .05) for ML than those obtained using Henderson's Method 3, REML, and MIVQUE. It was concluded that likelihood procedures (ML and REML) are superior for estimating variance components and genetic parameters from unbalanced data.

Poly(4-vinylpyridinium)hydrogen sulfate: a novel and efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes under conventional heating and ultrasound irradiation. A simple and convenient procedure for the synthesis of 14-aryl-14H-dibenzo[a,j]xanthenes is described through a one-pot condensation of 2-naphthol with aryl aldehydes in the presence of poly(4-vinylpyridinium)hydrogen sulfate as an efficient, cheap, readily synthesized and eco-friendly catalyst in a solvent free media using conventional heating and ultrasound irradiation.

[Current prenatal care with reference to state of the art knowledge]. Every physician taking care of pregnant women believes to be well acquainted with the state-of-the-art requirements. However, changes imposed by the new Swiss health insurance legislation (KVG) and by the pressure of Evidence Based Medicine brought these into a new scope. In Switzerland there is no general agreement on optimal pregnancy-care. We propose a care-standard, based on rational and efficient clinical, laboratory and sonographic checks, which allow a timely diagnosis of pregnancy-at-risk. Targeted laboratory investigations as well as the anti-D-immunoprophylaxis, and screening for diabetes mellitus efficiently help to avoid long-term sequelae for mother and child. Screening for toxoplasmosis, HIV, and hepatitis B are compulsory. A vaginal pH below 4.5 prevents premature birth. Diagnosis and treatment of vaginal chlamydial and candida infection are also very important in this respect. The number of sonographies to be performed during pregnancy is a highly political issue, and we have to comply with our dirigistic governmental regulations. However, sonography including search for increased nuchal translucency done early in pregnancy is a key procedure for quality assurance. Supplementation of folic acid started before conception, almost entirely prevents neural tube defects. Hence women need appropriate advice before conception. A new information brochure is available for future parents in Switzerland, and makes all former self-made guidelines unnecessary. UNICEF declared 1998 as the year of safe motherhood. Worldwide still too many women die from pregnancy and delivery. Care for normal pregnancy, and not only for at-risk-pregnancy will therefore continue to make sense.

Distinguishing medullary carcinoma of the breast from high-grade hormone receptor-negative invasive ductal carcinoma: an immunohistochemical approach. Medullary carcinomas (MCs) represent a rare breast cancer subtype associated with a rather favourable prognosis compared with invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs). Due to histopathological overlap, MCs are frequently misclassified as high-grade IDCs, potentially leading to overtreatment of MCs. Our aim was to establish novel diagnostic markers distinguishing MCs from hormone receptor-negative high-grade IDCs. Sixty-one MCs and 133 hormone receptor-negative IDCs were analysed in a comparative immunohistochemical study. Applied markers included a comprehensive panel of cytokeratins (CKs), vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), p63, p53, cell adhesion molecules [N-CAM (CD56), syndecan-1 (CD138), E-cadherin and P-cadherin] and development associated transcription factors (AP-2 alpha, AP-2 gamma). A significantly higher proportion of IDCs displayed increased expression of CK7, AP-2 alpha and HER2 in contrast to MCs (CK7: 91% of IDCs versus 77% of MCs; AP-2 alpha: 77% versus 57%; and HER2: 26% versus 7%, each P < 0.01). Vice versa, MCs were slightly more frequently positive for SMA and vimentin (P > 0.05). Hormone receptor-negative high-grade IDCs are significantly associated with luminal differentiation, Her2 and AP-2 alpha overexpression, whereas MCs tend to display myoepithelial features. Markers analysed in this study are of diagnostic value regarding the differential diagnosis of MCs.

Accidental swallowing of a gold cast crown during orthodontic tooth separation. Accidental swallowing of a gold cast crown that became loose after separation with brass wire for orthodontic band placement, is reported. The intervention to remove the ingested crown subsequent to its location in the GI tract on immediate radiographic examination of chest and abdomen included endoscopic examination. Since the crown had past distal to the duodenum it was decided to keep a watch on its movement by daily radiographic examination. The crown passed with excreta on the 5th day uneventfully. Literature on ingestion of foreign bodies of dental origin is reviewed. Possible emergencies and their management is discussed.

Enhancement of association rates by nonspecific binding to DNA and cell membranes. A comprehensive analytic theory is developed for the kinetics of reversible association with specific sites on DNA and receptors on cell membranes in the presence of nonspecific binding to the target surfaces. Nonspecific binding is treated as a short-range attractive potential, which is more fundamental and realistic than the surface sliding model. The presence of a surface potential around the target enhances the rate of specific association and for reversible reactions leads to deviations from single exponential relaxation.

Corynebacterium ulcerans, an emerging human pathogen. While formerly known infections of Corynebacterium ulcerans are rare and mainly associated with contact to infected cattle, C. ulcerans has become an emerging pathogen today. In Western Europe, cases of respiratory diphtheria caused by C. ulcerans have been reported more often than infections by Corynebacterium diphtheria, while systemic infections are also increasingly reported. Little is known about factors that contribute to host colonization and virulence of this zoonotic pathogen. Research in this field has received new impetus by the publication of several C. ulcerans genome sequences in the past years. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the basic knowledge of C. ulcerans, as well as the recent advances made in the analysis of putative virulence factors.

Aceruloplasminemia, an inherited disorder of iron metabolism. Ceruloplasmin, a multi-copper ferroxidase that affects the distribution of tissue iron, has antioxidant effects through the oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. Aceruloplasminemia is an inherited disorder of iron metabolism due to the complete lack of ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity caused by mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene. It is characterized by iron accumulation in the brain as well as visceral organs. Clinically, the disease consists of the triad of retinal degeneration, diabetes mellitus, and neurological disease, which include ataxia, involuntary movements, and dementia. These symptoms reflect the sites of iron deposition. The unique involvement of the central nervous system distinguishes aceruloplasminemia from other inherited and acquired iron storage disorders. Twenty-one mutations in the ceruloplasmin gene have been reported in 24 families worldwide. In Japan, the incidence was estimated to be approximately one per 2,000,000 in the case of non-consanguineous marriages. Excess iron functions as a potent catalyst of biologic oxidation. Previously we showed that an increased iron concentration is associated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and erythrocyte membranes. The levels of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenals, indicators of lipid peroxidation, were also elevated in the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. Positron emission tomography showed diminished brain metabolism of glucose and oxygen. Enzyme activities in the mitochondrial respiratory chain of the basal ganglia were reduced to approximate 45% and 42%, respectively, for complexes I and IV. These findings suggest that iron-mediated free radicals causes neuronal cell damage through lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial dysfunction in aceruloplasminemia brains.

Influence of protein restriction on lymphoid cell populations characterized by the binding of peanut agglutinin. Cells binding peanut agglutinin (PNA) were studied in the thymus, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes from mice placed in the post weaning period on protein-restricted diets containing 8% (R8%) and 4% (R4%) casein. The proportion of PNA+ thymocytes and the absolute number of total and PNA+ cells in the thymus were significantly diminished in R8% and R4% mice. Larger proportion of PNA+ thymocytes showed weaker fluorescence in R8% and R4% than in normally fed (N) animals. Recovery of PNA+ thymocytes was observed in R8% but not in R4% mice at 8 weeks. The number of total and PNA+ cells was significantly diminished although the proportion of PNA+ cells was not modified in the peripheral lymphoid organs of R8% and R4% mice. Results indicate that protein restriction preferentially affected the immature cortical PNA+ cells in the thymus whereas cell depletion in the peripheral lymphoid organs occurred at the expense of both the PNA+ and PNA- subpopulations.

Blood transcriptomic biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease patients treated with EHT 0202. Monitoring the genomic expression of patients in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) can assist trial design and treatment response analysis. Here, we report on the identification in AD patients of blood-based transcriptomic signatures associated with treatment response of EHT 0202, a new compound with potential disease-modifying and symptomatic properties, in a 3-month, placebo-controlled, Phase IIA study aimed at determining the clinical safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of EHT 0202 (40 and 80 mg bid) as adjunctive therapy to one cholinesterase inhibitor in mild to moderate AD patients. Genome-wide transcriptomic profiling was performed on blood samples taken prior to treatment and at study completion in a subpopulation of 60 AD patients selected as either the 10 worst disease decliners or the 10 best improvers of each treatment group, using ADAS-Cog scores as measure of disease severity. In the patients responding to EHT 0202, a pre-treatment (baseline) transcriptomic signature showed activation of pathways related to AD, CNS disorders, diabetes, inflammation, and autoimmunity, while a post-treatment signature indicated reduced activation of these pathways with induced metabolic and transcription stimulation. This pilot study demonstrates the utility of blood transcriptomic signatures used as biomarkers for predicting patient response or monitoring efficacy, for an administered therapeutic drug in a complex disease such as AD. For EHT 0202 or other AD drugs, such biomarkers may help to improve strategies to better identify appropriate patient populations for treatment, understand the drug mechanism of efficacy, and/or clarify the inherent subjectivity in most clinical endpoints used in this disease.

Social justice and intercountry adoptions: the role of the U.S. social work community. Using social justice as the conceptual foundation, the authors present the structural barriers to socially just intercountry adoptions (ICAs) that can exploit and oppress vulnerable children and families participating in ICAs. They argue that such practices threaten the integrity of social work practice in that arena and the survival of ICA as a placement option. Government structures, disparity of power between countries and families on both sides, perceptions regarding poverty, cultural incompetence, misconceptions about orphans and orphanages, lack of knowledge about the impact of institution-based care, and the profit motive are driving forces behind the growing shadow of unethical ICAs. The U.S. social work community has a large role and responsibility in addressing these concerns as the United States receives the most children adopted through ICAs of all receiving countries. In addition to the centrality of social justice as a core value of the profession, the responsibility to carry out ethical and socially just ICA has recently increased as a matter of law, under the implementation legislation to the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption. While acknowledging that these issues are complex, authors provide suggestions for corrective policy and practice measures.

Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus spp. and aflatoxins in selected food commodities of Asian origin sourced in the West of Scotland. The occurrence of Aspergillus moulds and aflatoxins in 12 commercially-available dried foods of Asian origin were examined. All food samples, except green beans and three types of dried fruit, contained multiple genera of moulds of which Aspergillus (55%) was the most frequently detected. Penicillium (15%), Rhizopus (11%), Mucor (3%), Monascus (1%), Eurotium (1%) and unidentified (14%) were also observed. The occurrence of aflatoxigenic moulds, however, did not correspond with the occurrence of aflatoxins in foods. Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. (39 isolates) were recovered from long grain rice, fragrant rice, peanuts, black beans and black pepper. The predominant Aspergillus species was A. parasiticus (61%) while Aspergillus oryzae (3%), Aspergillus utus (5%), Aspergillus niger (5%), Aspergillus ochraceus (3%) and unidentified (23%) were also observed. Long grain rice, fragrant rice, peanuts, black beans and black pepper were positive for Aspergillus but contained undetectable aflatoxins. In contrast, Jasmine brown rice and crushed chilli contained 14.7 and 11.4μg/kg of total aflatoxins, respectively, in the absence of Aspergillus so aflatoxigenic Aspergillus was present at some stage of food production. The results from this study emphasise the need for stricter control measures in reducing occurrence of aflatoxins in foods for export and domestic use.

Psychoneuroimmunology and AIDS. Although PNI is a relatively new field, basic research has demonstrated the interconnectedness of immune and neurological systems, alerting nurses to the need to conduct multisystem assessments and provide holistic nursing care to persons with AIDS. Although the burden of research does not support the notion that the mind can cure AIDS, preliminary studies suggest that under certain circumstances the psychogenic and physiological conditions of the host alter rates of progression of HIV infection. Nursing research is needed to determine circumstances under which immunomodulating events alter disease progression in this population.

Muscle ATP loss and lactate accumulation at different work intensities in the exercising Thoroughbred horse. The effect of 2 min treadmill exercise, at speeds of 6-12 m.s-1 on an incline of 5 degrees, upon muscle adenine nucleotide loss and lactate accumulation was studied in six Thoroughbred horses. Minimal change occurred in the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content of the middle gluteal muscle at speeds of 10 m.s-1 or less, but significant loss (up to 47%) had occurred in all horses by 12 m.s-1. The decline in ATP significantly correlated with the accumulation of muscle lactate, beginning shortly after the accumulation of 40 mmol.kg-1 dry muscle lactate. Decline in muscle ATP was mirrored closely by the appearance of ammonia, and to a lesser extent, hypoxanthine and uric acid in plasma. The results suggest that peak accumulation of any of these, or simply the concentration at a specified recovery time, may be used as a measure of ATP loss in the musculature as a whole. This was not so in the case of xanthine, which may also be formed from the degradation of guanidine nucleotides. An In-In plot of plasma ammonia against treadmill speed indicated a break point in accumulation between 8 and 9 m.s-1. The kinetics of ammonia accumulation with speed differed from those of lactate.

Myoclonic status epilepticus: video presentation. A young woman with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy had recurrent attacks of myoclonic status epilepticus related to a long history of limited compliance and irregular sleep. The diagnosis of this clinical pattern is based mainly on clinical description. A home video captured an attack.

[Clinical and molecular genetic study of cystic fibrosis in the 5th Region of Chile]. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common autosomal recessive disease in Caucasian population. More than 900 mutations have been detected in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) gene. The most common worldwide, is a deletion of phenylalanine 508 (delta F508). To analyze the presence of mutations delta F508, G542X, N1303K, G551D, R553X and S549N in patients from the 5th Region of Chile, with a clinical diagnosis of CF. We studied 17 non-related patients, presenting frequent respiratory tract infections, malabsorption and positive sweat tests, or meconial ileum. Serum immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM), and total, CD3+ and B-lymphocytes, were determined to discard the presence of an immune deficiency. The molecular study of the gene was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction amplification and restriction analysis. Immunological parameters were normal in all patients. The delta F508 mutation was detected in 11 chromosomes and the mutation G542X in 3 chromosomes. The mutation G542X was the second most frequent mutation found in this sample of Chilean CF patients. Since this mutation has a high frequency in Spanish CF patients, we suggest that this mutation might have had its origin in Spain.

An electrostatic deceleration lens for highly charged ions. The design and implementation of a purely electrostatic deceleration lens used to obtain beams of highly charged ions at very low energies is presented. The design of the lens is such that it can be used with parallel as well as diverging incoming beams and delivers a well focused low energy beam at the target. In addition, tuning of the final energy of the beam over a wide range (1 eV/q to several hundred eV/q, where q is the beam charge state) is possible without any change in hardware configuration. The deceleration lens was tested with Ar(8+), extracted from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source, having an initial energy of 30 keV/q and final energies as low as 70 eV/q have been achieved.

Management of CMV retinal detachments in the new era of antiretroviral therapy. In the past, retinal detachment occurred at a rate of 38% after one year of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). The current rate of detachment may be reduced by improved therapies for CMVR. In addition, the number of new patients acquiring CMVR has fallen, resulting in a lower incidence of these detachments. Another important effect of the new era of antiviral therapy on CMVR-related detachments includes longer patient survival with a need to select surgical strategies that will provide the best long-term visual outcome while still recognizing the unique difficulties posed by detachments in necrotic retinas. Vitrectomy with planned removal of silicone oil, scleral buckle, vitrectomy with gas tamponade, and laser demarcation are strategies that may provide excellent visual and anatomic results for retinal detachments with various characteristics. The final selection of the surgical approach depends on the mechanical factors of the detachment and patient factors such as immune status, expected survival, control of retinitis, and visual needs.

Brodie's abscess. A study of 181 cases, with special reference to radiographic diagnostic criteria. A study of 181 cases of Brodie's abscess, in which the diagnosis was histologically confirmed, was made in order to demonstrate radiographic factors common to other conditions, and therefore likely to pose questions of differential diagnosis. Some of the pathological characteristics of Brodie's abscess are described and correlated with the differing radiographic appearances of this inflammatory bone lesion.

The association between quality of life, depressive symptoms and glycemic control in a group of type 2 diabetes patients: comment on Papelbaum et al. This comment on the article: "The association between quality of life, depressive symptoms and glycemic control in a group of type 2 diabetes patients" by Papelbaum et al. was aimed to provide some critical remarks concerning the focus of the results section which showed significant discrepancies compared to the introduction and the research question. In addition, we would like to exhort the authors for a more comprehensive approach and for a more complete and congruent description of their results, in order to avoid misunderstanding.

Periodontal conditions following surgical and orthodontic treatment of palatally impacted maxillary canines--a follow-up study. This follow-up study reports on the periodontal status 1 to 18 years after the completion of orthodontic treatment of unilateral palatally impacted maxillary canines and their adjacent incisors and premolars. Registrations were performed on 42 patients, 19 to 59 years old (mean 35 years) at investigation. An orthodontic pin with eyelet had been placed after exploration of the canine and, in some cases, bone removal. A flap had been raised and resutured after bone removal in 11 cases. The results showed greater mesial probing depth of the canines on the treated side, on the adjacent lateral incisors distolingually, and on the first premolars mesiolingually. Marginal bone level was found to be lower on the distal aspect of the treated canines and adjacent laterals. In general, the results showed a good gingival and periodontal status with slight differences between treated and untreated sides.

Significance of unilateral ear extinction on the dichotic listening test. The association between unilateral ear extinction on the dichotic listening test and the lateralization of epileptogenic foci was examined in a sample of 49 seizure patients undergoing preoperative evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Results from patients who were left hemisphere dominant for speech indicated that right ear impairment was always predictive of a unilateral left hemisphere focus, but left ear extinction was associated with unilateral lesions of either hemisphere. In this patient sample, dichotic listening performance reflected an interaction of both lateralized foci and hemispheric preference of language processing. Implications concerning clinical use of the dichotic listening test are discussed.

GP retention - a creative approach. Given that about 46% of general practitioners in Australia are aged over 55 years and a recent survey indicated that 35% of the GPs in one state were considering early retirement, strategies aimed at GP retention are of particular importance to the current Australian health system.

Description of Metopiellus painensis sp. nov. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae), first troglobitic Pselaphinae from Brazil. Metopiellus painensis new species, of the Neotropical pselaphine tribe Metopiasini, is described from Pains region, Brasil (Minas Gerais). Major diagnostic features are illustrated and a key to the known species is given.

Percutaneous mitral valve repair using the edge-to-edge technique: six-month results of the EVEREST Phase I Clinical Trial. This study sought to evaluate the clinical results of a percutaneous approach to mitral valve repair for mitral regurgitation (MR). A surgical technique approximating the middle scallops of the mitral leaflets to create a double orifice with improved leaflet coaptation was introduced in the early 1990s. Recently, a percutaneous method to create the same type of repair was developed. A trans-septal approach was used to deliver a clip device that grasps the mitral leaflet edges to create the double orifice. General anesthesia, fluoroscopy, and echocardiographic guidance are used. A 24-F guide is positioned in the left atrium. The clip is centered over the mitral orifice, passed into the left ventricle, and pulled back to grasp the mitral leaflets. After verification that MR is reduced, the clip is released. Twenty-seven patients had six-month follow-up. Clips were implanted in 24 patients. There were no procedural complications and four 30-day major adverse events: partial clip detachment in three patients, who underwent elective valve surgery, and one patient with post-procedure stroke that resolved at one month. Three additional patients had surgery for unresolved MR, leaving 18 patients free from surgery. In 13 of 14 patients with reduction of MR to < or =2+ after one month, the reduction was maintained at six months. Percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair can be performed safely and a reduction in MR can be achieved in a significant proportion of patients to six months. Patients who required subsequent surgery had elective mitral valve repair or intended replacement.

[Detection and identification of Mycobacteria with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) from patients with Mycobacterial skin infections]. To establish a rapid approach to the detection and identification of Mycobacteria from lesions of patients with suspected Mycobacterial infections. Specimens were obtained from five patients suspected to have Mycobacterial infections. DNA extracted from clinical samples was amplified by nested PCR. The PCR products were digested with HhaI, MboI, and BstUI restriction enzymes and applied to PAGE. The species of Mycobacteria were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Identification of Mycobacteria culture was also performed in 3 patients. M. marinum was found in two patients diagnosed as swimming pool granuloma. M. tuberculosis was found in one patient diagnosed as infectious skin granuloma. All these 3 Mycobacteria were confirmed by Mycobacteria culture. A strain of M. tuberculosis and a strain of M. fortuitum were detected in remain two patients. The results above indicate that PCR-RFLP analysis is rapid and reliable in detection and identification of different Mycobacteria species from skin tissues. Application of this method will be helpful for early diagnosis and treatment of Mycobacteria skin infections.

Impacting health through the worksite. The achievement of the Healthy People 2010 objectives will require community involvement of health care providers. The worksite remains the best place to access the adult population for health promotion and disease prevention. In addition, it is essential that non-worksite primary care services be attuned to the effects of work on health and illness. Given the frequency and duration of exposure, the significance of a worksite health history for the primary care provider cannot be overstated. To effectively serve clients, health histories should include assessment for the presence of hazardous worksite exposures and consideration of organizational climate. Further, when considering the provision of health promotion programs in the community, offering programs at the worksites within the community can be particularly effective. There should be increased efforts by health care providers to promote lifestyle modification through client and community interventions. The worksite offers an excellent setting as well as an opportunity to collaborate with employers to facilitate health promotion programs. Recognizing the significance of the occupational environment, an increasing number of worksite intervention studies have been reported. However, continued growth in this area is still needed. Research on worksite health promotion and disease prevention intervention is still in its infancy. Nurses can make a unique contribution to research on worksite lifestyle modification programs, and in enhancing the health status of the nation.