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Jessie Milliken

Jessie Milliken (1877–1951) was a botanist noted for identifying several species in the Polemoniaceae family. She was married to the experimental psychologist Warner Brown.The standard author abbreviation Milliken is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.

Jessie Milliken (1877–1951) was a botanist noted for identifying several species in the Polemoniaceae family. She was married to the experimental psychologist Warner Brown.The standard author abbreviation Milliken is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. Works Milliken, Jessie (1897). Variation in the foliage on the annual shoots of the apetalous and gamopetalous trees and shrubs. OCLC 212782269. Milliken, Jessie (1904). "A review of Californian Polemoniaceae". University of California Publications in Botany. The University Press: 1–71. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t28913950. Retrieved August 30, 2018 – via Google Books. == References ==

Westchester Hills Cemetery

The Westchester Hills Cemetery is at 400 Saw Mill River Road in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York, approximately 20 miles north of New York City. It is a Jewish cemetery, and many well-known entertainers and performers are interred there. It was founded by the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in 1919 when the synagogue acquired the northern portion of the Mount Hope Cemetery.

The Westchester Hills Cemetery is at 400 Saw Mill River Road in Hastings-on-Hudson, Westchester County, New York, approximately 20 miles north of New York City. It is a Jewish cemetery, and many well-known entertainers and performers are interred there. It was founded by the Stephen Wise Free Synagogue in 1919 when the synagogue acquired the northern portion of the Mount Hope Cemetery. Notable interments Barricini family, boxed candy makers Charles E. Bloch (1927–2006), President Bloch Publishing Company Mischa Elman (1891–1967), violinist I. J. Fox (1888–1947), notable furrier Joyce Pinn Fox (1931–2020), banking executive Captain George Fried (1877–1949), won Navy Cross for rescue of ships Antinoe, and Florida Stanley P. Friedman (1925–2006), writer John Garfield (1913–1952), actor George Gershwin (1898–1937), composer Ira Gershwin (1896–1983), lyricist Jonah Goldman (1906–1980), baseball player Ben Grauer (1908–1977), television and radio personality Guggenheim family, founders of the Guggenheim Museum Sidney Hillman (1887–1946), first president of Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Judy Holliday (1921–1965), actress Allyn King (1899–1930), Broadway actress and former Ziegfeld Follies performer Richard Lindner (1901–1976), German-American painter Lucille Lortel (1900–1999), actress and producer Arnold Newman (1918–2006), photographer Roberta Peters (1930–2017), opera singer Tony Randall (1920–2004), actor Max Reinhardt (1873–1943), producer and director Billy Rose (1899–1966), Broadway producer A. M. Rosenthal (1922–2006), Pulitzer Prize–winning journalist Robert Rossen (1908–1966), motion picture director and screenwriter Ron Silver (1946–2009), American actor, director, and producer Lee Strasberg (1901–1982), actor-teacher Paula Strasberg (1909–1966), actress-teacher Irving Sturm (1932–2010), founder of Iridium Jazz Club and Ellen's Stardust Diner Maxine Sullivan (1911–1987), American jazz vocalist and performer David Susskind (1920–1987), Emmy award-winning producer Laurence Tisch (1923–2003), head of CBS and co-founder of Loews, brother of Preston Preston Robert Tisch (1926–2005), financier and business magnate, brother of Laurence Rabbi Stephen Wise (1874–1949), religious leader Louise Waterman Wise (1874–1947), social worker and artist, wife of Stephen Wise Alexandra Pregel (1907–1984), Russian-American artist Boris Pregel (1893–1976), scientist-physicist References External links Westchester Hills Cemetery at Find a Grave

Sukhoi

The JSC Sukhoi Company (Russian: ПАО «Компания „Сухой“», Russian pronunciation: [sʊˈxoj]) is a Russian aircraft manufacturer (formerly Soviet), headquartered in Begovoy District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, that designs both civilian and military aircraft. It was founded in the Soviet Union by Pavel Sukhoi in 1939 as the Sukhoi Design Bureau (OKB-51, design office prefix Su). During February 2006, the Russian government merged Sukhoi with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Tupolev, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation.

The JSC Sukhoi Company (Russian: ПАО «Компания „Сухой“», Russian pronunciation: [sʊˈxoj]) is a Russian aircraft manufacturer (formerly Soviet), headquartered in Begovoy District, Northern Administrative Okrug, Moscow, that designs both civilian and military aircraft. It was founded in the Soviet Union by Pavel Sukhoi in 1939 as the Sukhoi Design Bureau (OKB-51, design office prefix Su). During February 2006, the Russian government merged Sukhoi with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Tupolev, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation. History Origins Nine years prior to the creation of the bureau, Pavel Sukhoi, an aerospace engineer, took over team no. 4 of the CAHI's AGOS aviation, flying boat aviation and aircraft prototype engineering facility, in March 1930. Under Sukhoi's leadership, the team of the future design bureau started to take shape. The team, under the Tupolev OKB, produced experimental fighters such as the I-3, I-14, and the DIP, a record-breaking RD aircraft, the Tupolev ANT-25, flown by famous Soviet aviators, Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov, and the long-range bombers such as the Tupolev TB-1 and the Tupolev TB-3.In 1936, Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, issued a requirement for a multi-role combat aircraft. As a result, Sukhoi and his team developed the BB-1, a reconnaissance aircraft and light bomber in 1937. The BB-1 was approved and under a July 29, 1939 government resolution, the Sukhoi OKB, designated as OKB-51, also known as the Sukhoi Design Bureau, was developed in order to set up production for the aircraft. The BB-1 was introduced and later adopted by the Soviet Air Forces in the same year. A year later, the BB-1 was later designated the Sukhoi Su-2. A total of 910 Su-2 aircraft were developed. The resolution also made Sukhoi chief designer, gave Sukhoi's team of the design bureau standalone status and relocation of the bureau to the Production Aircraft Plant No. 135 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. However, Sukhoi was not satisfied with its location, since it was isolated from the scientific pole of Moscow. Sukhoi later relocated the bureau to the aerodrome of Podmoskovye in Moscow, completing half of the relocation by 1940. Sukhoi encountered another issue: the bureau had no production line in Moscow, thus making it useless as Sukhoi had nothing to do. World War II During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in World War II, the Su-2 needed a successor as it was proved obsolete and under-armed against German aircraft, with 222 aircraft destroyed in total. Sukhoi and his bureau designed a two-seat armored ground-attack aircraft, the Sukhoi Su-6, considered in some terms to be superior to its competitor, the Ilyushin Il-2. The government, however later chose the Il-2 over the Su-6, but rewarded Sukhoi a Stalin Prize of the 1st Level for its development in 1943. Sukhoi and this team later focused on development of variants of the Su-2, the prototype cannon-armed Sukhoi Su-1 (Su-3) fighter, as well as the Sukhoi Su-8, which to serve as a long-range ground-attack aircraft for the Soviet Air Forces, but was later discarded as the Soviet Union was winning the Eastern Front. Cold War After the war, Sukhoi and his team were among the first Soviet aircraft designers who led the work on jet aircraft, creating several experimental jet fighters. Sukhoi started developing two mixed-power fighters, the Sukhoi Su-5 and a modification of the Sukhoi Su-6 named Su-7 before 1945. At the start of 1945, the design bureau started working on jet fighters such as the Sukhoi Su-9, Sukhoi Su-11, Sukhoi Su-15, and the Sukhoi Su-17, the Sukhoi Su-10 jet bomber, and the reconnaissance and artillery spotter twinjet, the Sukhoi Su-12. Sukhoi and his team also used the Tupolev Tu-2 bomber to develop and produce the trainer bomber UTB-2, worked on passenger and troop-carrying aircraft, the jet fighter Sukhoi Su-14, and a number of other aircraft. From 1945 to 1950, Sukhoi and his team also developed the Soviet Union's first booster aircraft control system, landing braking parachute, catapult ejection seat with telescopic trolley, and a jettisonable nose with a pressurized cockpit. From 1949, Sukhoi fell out of Stalin's favor and in a government resolution, the Sukhoi Design Bureau was scrapped, and Sukhoi was forced to return to work under Andrei Tupolev, this time as Deputy Chief Designer. In 1953, the year of Stalin's death, he was permitted to re-establish his own Sukhoi Design Bureau, set up with new production facilities. Contemporary era After the collapse of the Soviet Union, each of the multitude of bureaus and factories producing Sukhoi components was privatized independently. In the early 1990s, Sukhoi started to diversify its products and initiated Sukhoi Civil Aircraft to create a line of civil aviation projects for the company. The progress made by the new branch would lead to the development of the utility aircraft, the Su-80, and the agricultural aircraft, the Su-38, less than a decade later. In 1996, the government re-gathered the major part of them forming Sukhoi Aviation Military Industrial Combine (Sukhoi AIMC). In parallel, other entities, including Ulan Ude factory, Tbilisi factory, Belarus and Ukraine factories, established alternate transnational Sukhoi Attack Aircraft (planning to produce e.g. Su-25 TM).The Sukhoi AIMC is composed of the JSC Sukhoi Design Bureau and the JSC Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, located in Moscow, the Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPA), located in Novosibirsk, and the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO), located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Sukhoi is headquartered in Moscow. Finmeccanica (since 2017, Leonardo) owns 25% + 1 share of Sukhoi's civil division. The Russian government merged Sukhoi with Mikoyan, Ilyushin, Irkut, Tupolev, and Yakovlev as a new company named United Aircraft Corporation in February 2006. Mikoyan and Sukhoi were placed within the same operating unit. In September 2007, Sukhoi launched its first modern commercial regional airliner—the Superjet 100 (SSJ 100), a 78 to 98 seater, built by Sukhoi. It was unveiled at Komsomolsk-on-Amur. The maiden flight was made on May 19, 2008. In March 2008, Sukhoi was selected to design and produce the carbon fiber composite wings for Irkut's MC-21's airframe. Sukhoi is also working on what is to be Russia's fifth-generation stealth fighter, the Sukhoi Su-57. The maiden flight took place on the 29 January 2010.As of January 2015, Sukhoi is working on a family of the regional airliner: the Sukhoi Superjet 100, such as the jet airliner Superjet 130, which would have a seating capacity of 130 to 145 seats, and to bridge the gap of Russian aircraft between the Superjet Stretch and the Irkut MC-21. Integration of the Irkut Corporation and cease operation At the end of November 2018, United Aircraft Corporation transferred SCAC from Sukhoi to the Irkut Corporation, to become UAC's airliner division, as Leonardo S.p.A. pulled out in early 2017 because of Superjet's poor financial performance. Irkut will manage the Superjet 100, the MC-21 and the Russo-Chinese CR929 widebody, but the Il-114 passenger turboprop and modernized Ilyushin Il-96-400 widebody will stay with Ilyushin. The new commercial division will also include the Yakovlev Design Bureau, avionics specialist UAC—Integration Center and composite manufacturer AeroComposit.Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Company (SCAC), a developer and manufacturer of SuperJet aircraft, ceased operations as an independent legal entity and became a branch of IRKUT Corporation, changing its name to Regional aircraft. This is stated on the company's website. "Within the implementation of the strategy uniting civil aircraft companies into one Civil Aviation Division JSC “SCA” has been integrated into Irkut Corporation starting from February 17, 2020. The decision was adopted by JSC “SCA” Shareholders on June 27, 2019. Regional Aircraft – Branch of the Irkut Corporation shall resume the continuity of business in the areas of development, production and aftersales support of the aircraft," - it is stated on corporate website in the section "Company".In June 2023 patents for a new design of a single engine Su-75 stealth fighter were filed, given the codename checkmate the design work has taken 3 years and test aircraft are under construction. Sanctions Sanctioned by New Zealand in relation to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Organization JSC Sukhoi Company CJSC Sukhoi Civil Aircraft (now acquired by Irkut Corporation and renamed:Regional Aircraft – Branch of the Irkut Corporation) JSC Sukhoi Design Bureau JSC Sukhoi Holdings Branches Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAPO) Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPO) Corporate governance Chairman of Board of Directors Yury B. Slyusar, President of the UAC General Director Igor Y. Ozar Members of Board of Directors Members are elected by the annual general meeting of shareholders of the PJSC Sukhoi Company, with the election recently on June 28, 2017. Ivan M. Goncharenko Oleg Y. Demidov Oleg F. Demchenko Sergei N. Konosov Nikolai F. Nikitin Igor Y. Ozar, General Director of the PJSC Sukhoi Company Yuri B. Slyusar, President of the UAC Alexander V. Tulyakov Sergei V. Yarkovoy See also List of Sukhoi aircraft List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS References Notes Bibliography Bull, Stephan (2004). Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation. Greenwood. ISBN 1-57356-557-1. Duffy, Paul (December 1996). Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft. Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN 1-56091-899-3. Gordon, Yefim (2008). Soviet Air Power in World War II. Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-304-3. Pederson, Jay (1998). International Directory of Company Histories, Vol. 24. St James Press. ISBN 1-55862-365-5. External links Sukhoi website Archived 2022-04-02 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian) Sukhoi Civil Aircraft website Archived 2021-03-15 at the Wayback Machine (in English)

Hugh the Great

Hugh the Great (c. 898 – 16 June 956) was the duke of the Franks and count of Paris. He was the most powerful magnate in France. Son of King Robert I of France, Hugh was Margrave of Neustria. He played an active role in bringing King Louis d'Outremer back from England in 936. Seeking an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto the Great, he married Otto's younger sister, Hedwig of Saxony in 937.

Hugh the Great (c. 898 – 16 June 956) was the duke of the Franks and count of Paris. He was the most powerful magnate in France. Son of King Robert I of France, Hugh was Margrave of Neustria. He played an active role in bringing King Louis d'Outremer back from England in 936. Seeking an alliance with the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto the Great, he married Otto's younger sister, Hedwig of Saxony in 937. They were the parents of Hugh Capet. Hedwig's sister, Gerberga of Saxony, was the wife of Louis IV of France. Although he often fought with Louis, he supported the accession of Louis and Gerberga's son, Lothair of France. Biography Hugh was the son of King Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. He was born in Paris, Île-de-France, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987. His family is known as the Robertians.In 922 the barons of Western Francia, after revolting against the Carolingian King Charles the Simple (who fled his kingdom under their onslaught), elected Robert I, Hugh's father, as king of Western Francia. At the death of Robert I, in battle at Soissons in 923, Hugh refused the crown and it went to his brother-in-law Rudolph. Charles sought help in regaining his crown from Hugh's cousin Count Herbert II of Vermandois, who instead of helping the king imprisoned him. Herbert then used his prisoner as an advantage in pressing his own ambitions, using the threat of releasing the king up until Charles' death in 929. From then on Herbert II of Vermandois struggled with King Rudolph and Duke Hugh. Finally Rudolph and Herbert II came to an agreement in 935.At the death of Rudolph in 936, Hugh was in possession of nearly all of the region between the Loire and the Seine, corresponding to the ancient Neustria, with the exceptions of Anjou and of the territory ceded to the Normans in 911. He took a very active part in bringing King Louis IV (d'Outremer) from the Kingdom of England in 936. Historians have wondered why the powerful Hugh the Great called the young Louis to throne instead of taking it himself, as his father had done fifteen years earlier. First, he had many rivals, especially Hugh, Duke of Burgundy (King Rudolph's brother) and Herbert II, Count of Vermandois who probably would have challenged his election. But above all, it seems that he was shocked by the early death of his father. Richerus explains that Hugh the Great remembered his father who had died for his "pretentions" and this was the cause of his short and turbulent reign. In 937 Hugh married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of King Henry the Fowler of Germany and Matilda, and soon quarrelled with Louis.In 938 King Louis IV began attacking fortresses and lands formerly held by members of his family, some held by Herbert II of Vermandois. In 939 king Louis attacked Hugh the Great and Duke William Longsword of Normandy, after which a truce was concluded, lasting until June. That same year Hugh, along with Count Herbert II of Vermandois, Count Arnulf I of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great, and supported him in his struggle against Louis.When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh in exchange for their young duke Richard. Hugh released Louis IV in 946 on condition that he should surrender the fortress of Laon. In 948 at a church council at Ingelheim the bishops, all but two being from Germany, condemned and excommunicated Hugh in absentia, and returned Archbishop Artauld to his See at Reims. Hugh's response was to attack Soissons and Reims while the excommunication was repeated by a council at Trier. In 953 Hugh finally relented and made peace with Louis IV, the church and his brother-in-law Otto the Great.On the death of Louis IV, Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor, and, at the intervention of Lothair's mother, Gerberga of Saxony, was instrumental in having him crowned. In recognition of this service Hugh was invested by the new king with the duchies of Burgundy and Aquitaine. In the same year, however, Duke Gilbert of Burgundy acknowledged himself his vassal and betrothed his daughter to Hugh's son Otto-Henry. At Giselbert's death (8 April 956) Hugh became effective master of the duchy, but on 16 June Hugh died in Dourdan. Family Hugh married first, in 922, Judith, daughter of Roger, Count of Maine, and his wife Rothilde, a daughter of Emperor Charles the Bald. She died childless in 925.Hugh's second wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons, and half-sister of King Æthelstan. They married in 926 and she died in 938, childless.Hugh's third wife was Hedwig of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler and Matilda. She and Hugh had: Beatrice married Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine. Hugh Capet (c. 939–996) Emma (c. 943 – aft. 968). Otto, Duke of Burgundy, a minor in 956. Odo-Henry (Henry I, Duke of Burgundy) (946–1002) == References ==

Mt. Carmel Cemetery (Lincoln, Nebraska)

The Mt. Carmel Cemetery is located near North 14th and Elba Streets in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1886, Samuel and Rachel Polowsky bought property in Lincoln's Belmont section. They later sold it to the Chevra B'nai Jehuda Cemetery Association. The cemetery serves Lincoln's Orthodox and Conservative Jews.

The Mt. Carmel Cemetery is located near North 14th and Elba Streets in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1886, Samuel and Rachel Polowsky bought property in Lincoln's Belmont section. They later sold it to the Chevra B'nai Jehuda Cemetery Association. The cemetery serves Lincoln's Orthodox and Conservative Jews. References External links Mount Carmel Cemetery at Find a Grave GNIS data 40°51′13″N 96°42′09″W

Jeffrey W. Castelli

Jeffrey W. Castelli is a CIA officer who served as CIA station chief in Rome at the time of the Niger uranium forgeries. His subsequent involvement in the CIA-led kidnapping of Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr would lead to his subsequent sentencing to seven years in prison, by an Italian court, in 2013.

Jeffrey W. Castelli is a CIA officer who served as CIA station chief in Rome at the time of the Niger uranium forgeries. His subsequent involvement in the CIA-led kidnapping of Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr would lead to his subsequent sentencing to seven years in prison, by an Italian court, in 2013. Convicted to seven years in prison in the Imam Rapito affair Castelli was CIA station chief in Rome at the time of the kidnapping of Egyptian cleric Hassan Mustafa Osama Nasr on February 17, 2003, and was among 26 U.S. nationals (and one of the few with confirmed identities) subsequently indicted by Italian authorities for their involvement in what in the Italian press is referred to as the Imam Rapito (or "kidnapped cleric") affair. On February 4, 2013, Castelli was convicted to seven years in prison, by a Milan court., along with three other CIA officials. None of the convicted US officials were present at the trial and none of them have been extradited to Italy later. See also Extraordinary rendition by the United States External links Jeff Castelli at CooperativeResearch Further reading Kunhanandan Nair, Berlin "Devil and His Dart: How the CIA is Plotting in the Third World" Sterling Publishers, New Delhi, 1986 (117) Barton Gellman, "A Leak, then a Deluge", The Washington Post, October 25, 2005 Bonini, Carlo [in Italian]; D'Avanzo, Giuseppe [in Italian] (April 11, 2007). Collusion: International Espionage and the War on Terror. Melville House Publishing. ISBN 9781933633275. == References ==

Eumenes

Eumenes (; Greek: Εὐμένης; fl. 362–315 BC) was a Greek general and satrap. He participated in the Wars of Alexander the Great, serving as both Alexander's personal secretary and as a battlefield commander. He later was a participant in the Wars of the Diadochi as a supporter of the Macedonian Argead royal house. He was executed after the Battle of Gabiene in 315 BC.

Eumenes (; Greek: Εὐμένης; fl. 362–315 BC) was a Greek general and satrap. He participated in the Wars of Alexander the Great, serving as both Alexander's personal secretary and as a battlefield commander. He later was a participant in the Wars of the Diadochi as a supporter of the Macedonian Argead royal house. He was executed after the Battle of Gabiene in 315 BC. Early career Eumenes was a native of Cardia in the Thracian Chersonese. At a very early age, he was employed as a private secretary by Philip II of Macedon and after Philip's death (336 BC) by Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied into Asia. After Alexander's death (323 BC), Eumenes took command of a large body of Macedonian and other Greek soldiers fighting in support of Alexander's son, Alexander IV. Satrap of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia (323-319 BC) In the ensuing division of the empire in the Partition of Babylon (323 BC), Cappadocia and Paphlagonia were assigned to Eumenes; but as they were not yet subdued, Leonnatus and Antigonus were charged by Perdiccas with securing them for him. Antigonus, however, ignored the order, and Leonnatus vainly attempted to induce Eumenes to accompany him to Europe and share in his far-reaching designs. Eumenes joined Perdiccas, who installed him in Cappadocia. Battle of the Hellespont (321 BC) When Craterus and Antipater, having subdued Greece in the Lamian War, determined to pass into Asia and overthrow the power of Perdiccas, their first blow was aimed at Cappadocia. Craterus and Neoptolemus, the satrap of Armenia, were completely defeated by Eumenes in the Battle of the Hellespont in 321. Neoptolemus was killed, and Craterus died of his wounds. After the death of Perdiccas After the murder of Perdiccas in Egypt by his own soldiers (320 BC), the Macedonian generals condemned Eumenes to death at the Conference at Triparadisus, assigning Antipater and Antigonus as his executioners. Eumenes first travelled to Mount Ida where there was a royal stable. Eumenes took a large number of horses to replenish his Cappadocian cavalry. He took the time to file an account with the overseers of the stables despite his outlaw status. Upon hearing this, Antipater was greatly amused, however, it is clear that Eumenes made this move to show that he was acting under the law and in the service of the Argead House. Since he would be facing a force superior in infantry, Eumenes decided to travel to the plains of Sardis where his advantage in cavalry would be decisive. He had also hoped to win the support of Cleopatra of Macedon, who was present in the city at the time. Cleopatra and Eumenes had been friends since childhood, however, Cleopatra was not willing to back what seemed to be a losing cause and implored Eumenes to leave the area lest she incur the wrath of Antipater. Eumenes obliged her and moved north into Phrygia to winter. Despite his superior military skills, Eumenes' Macedonian generals approached him about one of them taking overall command. Eumenes retorted that "formalities and technicalities would not protect them from death and destruction". To further guarantee the loyalty of subordinates, Eumenes sold off the estates of Phrygia to them and provided military support to claim the purchased land from the, obviously, unwilling and disgruntled Phrygian property owners. This revenue was used to pay his soldiers. After the Conference at Triparadisus Following the Conference at Triparadisus, Antigonus first placed a bounty on the Greek general's head of 100 talents of gold. News of this came immediately after Eumenes' financial rewards, so his officers and men were outraged and redoubled their efforts to protect their leader, assigning a large bodyguard of 1000 men to protect him at all times. Eumenes was also granted the privilege of wearing a purple hat and cloak, an honour usually only granted to a Macedonian king. In 319 BC, Antigonus marched his army into Cappodocia and engaged Eumenes at the Battle of Orkynia. Here, Eumenes was defeated due to an unknown act of a traitor who Antigonus possibly bribed. Although defeated, Eumenes swiftly acted to chase down and execute this traitor, which restored the faith of his men. Following this battle, Antigonus neglected to address the dead and immediately set off in pursuit for Eumenes. Determined to follow tradition, Eumenes made the bold and unexpected move to regain the battlefield so that he could construct a proper funeral pyre for the dead. This action greatly impressed Antigonus. Remainder of the campaign The remainder of the campaign turned into a battle of manoeuvre, with Eumenes avoiding further battle with Antigonus. At one point, Eumenes was in a position to capture the baggage of Antigonus' forces. Eumenes knew that he would not be able to prevent his soldiers from plundering this loot if they found out about it and also that doing so would decrease the essential mobility of his forces. Eumenes dispatched a private message to his old friend, the general Menander, advising him to move the baggage uphill so that its capture would be impossible. Menander immediately followed this advice. He and his fellow officers were shocked by this move and thought Eumenes to be a paragon of virtue. Only Antigonus knew of Eumenes' real motives. This action is also ironic when compared to the steps Antigonus had to take to finally defeat Eumenes. The following winter, Eumenes disbanded his army, save for a small, crack force of 500 cavalry and 200 heavy infantry and holed up in Nora, a strong fortress on the border between Cappadocia and Lycaonia. Antigonus arrived shortly and decided to enter into negotiation with Eumenes instead of undergoing a lengthy siege. Antigonus wanted to acquire Eumenes as his own officer and so first demanded that Eumenes address him as a superior officer, to which Eumenes replied "while I am able to wield a sword, I shall think no man greater than myself". During negotiations, Eumenes was unable to secure a deal he thought fitting and so was willing to hold out longer for a more favourable position in the imperial hierarchy. Antigonus then departed with his army, leaving behind only forces sufficient to blockade Nora. In the cramped city, Eumenes was forced to come up with novel solutions so that his men and horses remained in fighting shape including; emptying large rooms where men exercised on a set schedule, and creating a suspension device, likened to an ancient treadmill, on which horses could run. Eumenes held out for more than a year until the death of Antipater threw his opponents into disarray. The Second War of the Diadochi Antipater had left the regency to his friend Polyperchon instead of his son Cassander. Cassander, therefore, allied himself with Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy, while Eumenes allied himself with Polyperchon. He was able to escape from Nora by tricking the Antigonid diplomat, his friend and countryman Hieronymus of Cardia, sent to negotiate his surrender, into having him swear an oath of loyalty to the two kings, Philip III and Alexander IV instead of Antigonus himself. By swearing an oath to an infant and a developmentally disabled man, this essentially gave Eumenes free rein to act in whatever manner he saw as in the best interest of the Argead Dynasty and, therefore, himself. Eumenes acted quickly to muster his army and marched into Cilicia, where he allied with Antigenes and Teutamus, the commanders of the famous Macedonian Silver Shields. Eumenes again demonstrated his cleverness and was able to secure control over these men by playing on their loyalty to, and superstitious awe of, Alexander. He claimed that Alexander had visited him in a dream and told him that he would be present with them at every battle. Eumenes even went so far as to set up a tent for the late conqueror complete with a throne. He used the royal treasury at Kyinda to recruit an army of mercenaries to add to his own troops.In 317 BC, Eumenes left Cilicia and marched into Syria and Phoenicia, and began to raise a naval force on behalf of Polyperchon. When it was ready, he sent the fleet west to reinforce Polyperchon, but it was met by Antigonus's fleet off the coast of Cilicia, and the fleet of Eumenes changed sides.Meanwhile, Antigonus had settled his affairs in Asia Minor and marched east to take out Eumenes before he could do further damage. Eumenes somehow had advance knowledge of this and marched out of Phoenica, through Syria into Mesopotamia, with the idea of gathering support in the upper satrapies. Eumenes in the East Eumenes gained the support of Amphimachos, the satrap of Mesopotamia, then marched his army into Northern Babylonia, where he put them into winter quarters. During the winter he negotiated with Seleucus, the satrap of Babylonia, and Peithon, the satrap of Media, seeking their help against Antigonus. Unable to sway Seleucus and Peithon, Eumenes left his winter quarters early and marched on Susa, a major royal treasury, in Susiana. In Susa, Eumenes sent letters to all the satraps to the north and east of Susiana, ordering them in the kings' names to join him with all their forces. When the satraps joined Eumenes he had a considerable force, with which he could look forward with some confidence to doing battle against Antigonus. Eumenes then marched southeastwards into Persia, where he picked up additional reinforcements.Antigonus, meanwhile, had reached Susa and left Seleucus there to besiege the place while he himself marched after Eumenes. At the river Kopratas, Eumenes surprised Antigonus during the crossing of the river and killed or captured 4,000 of his men. Antigonus, faced with disaster, decided to abandon the crossing and turned back northward, marching up into Media, threatening the upper satrapies. Eumenes wanted to march westward and cut Antigonus's supply lines, but the satraps refused to abandon their satrapies and forced Eumenes to stay in the east. In the late summer of 316 BC, Antigonus moved southward again in the hope of bringing Eumenes to battle and ending the war quickly. Eventually, the two armies met in southern Media and fought the indecisive Battle of Paraitakene. Antigonus, whose casualties were more numerous, force marched his army to safety the next night. During the winter of 316-315 BC, Antigonus tried to surprise Eumenes in Persis by marching his army across a desert and catching his enemy off guard; unfortunately, he was observed by some locals who reported it to his opponents. A few days later both armies drew up for battle. The Battle of Gabiene was as indecisive as the previous battle at Parataikene. According to Plutarch and Diodorus, Eumenes had won the battle but lost control of his army's baggage camp thanks to his ally Peucestas' duplicity or incompetence. In addition to all the loot of the Silver Shields (treasure accumulated over 30 years of successful warfare including gold, silver, gems and other booty), the soldiers' women and children were taken, and Eumenes' army wished to negotiate their return. Teutamus, one of their commanders, sent the request to Antigonus, who responded by demanding they give him Eumenes. The Silver Shields complied, arrested Eumenes and his officers, and handed them over. The war was thus at an end. Eumenes was placed under guard while Antigonus held a council to ponder his fate. Antigonus, supported by his son Demetrius, was disinclined to kill Eumenes, but most of the council insisted that he execute Eumenes and so it was decided. Death Antigonus, according to Plutarch, starved Eumenes for three days but finally sent an executioner to dispatch him when the time came for him to move his camp. Eumenes' body was given to his friends to be burnt with honour, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver urn to his wife and children. Legacy Despite Eumenes' undeniable skills as a general, he never commanded the full allegiance of the Macedonian officers in his army and died as a result. He was an able commander who did his utmost to maintain the unity of Alexander's empire in Asia. Still, his efforts were frustrated by generals and satraps both nominally under his command and under that of his enemies. Eumenes was hated and despised by many fellow commanders—certainly for his successes and supposedly for his non-Macedonian (in the tribal sense) background and prior office as Royal Secretary. Eumenes has been seen as a tragic figure, a man who seemingly tried to do the right thing but was overcome by a more ruthless enemy and the treachery of his own soldiers.Historie is a historical fiction manga series that tells the life story of Eumenes. Family Pharnabazus III, Persian satrap of Phrygia, was his brother-in-law, as Eumenes married Artonis, the daughter of Persian satrap Artabazus II and sister of Pharnabazus III. For Barsine, the daughter of Artabazus, who was the first lady Alexander took to his bed in Asia, and who brought him a son named Heracles, had two sisters; one of which, called Apame, he gave to Ptolemy; and the other, called Artonis, he gave to Eumenes, at the time when he was selecting Persian ladies as wives for his friends. Sources Plutarch - the main surviving biography of Eumenes is by Plutarch. Plutarch's parallel Roman life was the life of Sertorius. Diodorus - Eumenes is a significant figure in books 16–18 of Diodorus's history Richard A. Billows, Antigonos the One-Eyed and the Creation of the Hellenistic State, a biography of Antigonos Monopthalmus (Eumenes's main opponent during the Second War of the Diadochi). References Sources Edward Anson, Eumenes of Cardia: A Greek among Macedonians, Brill Academic Publishers, 2004. Waterfield, Robin (2011). Dividing the Spoils - The War for Alexander the Great's Empire (hardback). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 273 pages. ISBN 978-0-19-957392-9. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Eumenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 889. External links The Life of Eumenes by Plutarch Archived 2005-12-30 at the Wayback Machine The Historical Library by Diodorus - books XVIII and XIX The Life of Eumenes by Cornelius Nepos

List of crossings of the Red Deer River

This is a list of crossings of the Red Deer River in the Canadian province of Alberta from the river's origin in Sawback Range in Alberta to its mouth at the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan. Even though the river flows through the province of Saskatchewan, there are no current crossings over the river in the province.

This is a list of crossings of the Red Deer River in the Canadian province of Alberta from the river's origin in Sawback Range in Alberta to its mouth at the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan. Even though the river flows through the province of Saskatchewan, there are no current crossings over the river in the province. Crossings in use This is a list of crossings in use from upstream to downstream. Crossings include bridges, ferries, and dams (road, pedestrian, and railway). Alberta Saskatchewan There are currently no crossings in Saskatchewan. Crossings no longer in use This is a list of notable crossings that are no longer in use that are not already listed above. Although there are quite a few crossings of the Red Deer River that are no longer in use, there are only a few worth mentioning. Proposed crossings == References ==

Jiang Kanghu

Jiang Kanghu (Chinese: 江亢虎; pinyin: Jiāng Kànghǔ; Wade–Giles: Chiang K'ang-hu; Hepburn: Kō Kōko), who preferred to be known in English as Kiang Kang-hu, (July 18, 1883 – December 7, 1954), was a politician and activist in the Republic of China. His former name was "Shaoquan" (紹銓) and he also wrote under the name "Hsü An-ch'eng" (許安誠).Jiang was initially attracted by the doctrines of Anarchism and organized the Socialist Party of China, the first anarchist-socialist party in China, which existed from 1911 to 1913. As his politics became more conservative, he founded Southern University in Shanghai, taught at University of California, Berkeley, and became chair of the Department of Chinese Studies at McGill University in Canada. During the Second Sino-Japanese War he joined the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of China. He was arrested as a traitor following the war, and died in a Shanghai jail in 1954.

Jiang Kanghu (Chinese: 江亢虎; pinyin: Jiāng Kànghǔ; Wade–Giles: Chiang K'ang-hu; Hepburn: Kō Kōko), who preferred to be known in English as Kiang Kang-hu, (July 18, 1883 – December 7, 1954), was a politician and activist in the Republic of China. His former name was "Shaoquan" (紹銓) and he also wrote under the name "Hsü An-ch'eng" (許安誠).Jiang was initially attracted by the doctrines of Anarchism and organized the Socialist Party of China, the first anarchist-socialist party in China, which existed from 1911 to 1913. As his politics became more conservative, he founded Southern University in Shanghai, taught at University of California, Berkeley, and became chair of the Department of Chinese Studies at McGill University in Canada. During the Second Sino-Japanese War he joined the Japanese-sponsored Reorganized National Government of China. He was arrested as a traitor following the war, and died in a Shanghai jail in 1954. Biography Early life He was born in Yiyang, Jiangxi, China. Jiang, whose reading abilities included Japanese, English, French, and German, learned and began to develop a passion for socialism and anarchism while studying and traveling in Europe and Japan. In 1909 he attended the congress of the Second International in Brussels. On his return to China, he served as educational adviser to Yuan Shikai. Early political and literary activities Jiang served briefly as a professor at Peking University, but was ousted from that position on the grounds of his ideological radicalism. In August 1911, shortly after losing his post at Peking University, Jiang Kanghu established the Association for Socialism, and in November renamed it the Socialist Party of China. The next year Jiang devoted himself to reformism, leading Sha Gan (沙淦) and many anarchists to withdraw from Jiang's party. In autumn 1913, the Chinese Socialist Party was dissolved by Yuan Shikai's order, and Jiang went to United States. He became an instructor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he presented a collection of 10,000 Chinese books to the University. In 1920 he returned to China. While teaching at Berkeley, Jiang met a fellow faculty member, Witter Bynner, and the two struck up a long lasting friendship based on their love of poetry. Bynner later recalled him as a "gentle scholar" and a "man of principle and brave action." Jiang's off-handed quotations from Chinese literature and poetry led to a collaboration on a translation of the canonical anthology, Three Hundred Tang Poems. Jiang supplied word by word literal translations, then Bynner wrote poems in English which achieved a remarkable balance of faithfulness and literary quality. The volume was published as The Jade Mountain (New York: Knopf, 1928), which has remained constantly in print.Throughout his life, Jiang continued to promote his views through his personal contacts, through his academic work, and through his writing. When he no longer found the doctrines of anarchism persuasive, he conducted an extensive public debate with anarchist intellectuals such as Liu Shifu which clarified their points of difference. His views influenced contemporary Chinese who later became major political figures in China. After he became estranged from them, Chinese anarchists accused Jiang of being "hopelessly confused." This confusion was not apparent to Mao Zedong, who later stated that, as a student, Jiang's writings had been a major influence on the development of his own political, social, and economic theories. Academic career Through his views, Jiang came to be known as a "Socialistic Confucian". Jiang attempted to provide a traditional sanction for nationalizing agriculture by arguing that in antiquity there had existed an agrarian socialist utopia built around the well-field system that vanished after the Qin dynasty abolished the public ownership of land (which Jiang identified with contemporary practices of land tenureship). Jiang promoted the abolition of private property, a model of rapid industrialization led by the state, as much local self-government as possible, the establishment of universal public schooling, and the advancement of women's rights.In April 1921 Jiang visited the Soviet Union. He participated in the Comintern Third World Congress in Moscow, and met with Vladimir Lenin. In August 1921, Jiang returned to China. In September 1921 Jiang established Southern University in Shanghai and became the president of that university. While he was the president of Southern, Jiang criticized the Comintern and openly opposed both the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China. In 1922, Jiang visited Taiyuan, Shanxi, three times, with the intention of convincing the local warlord, Yan Xishan, of the need to carry out political, social, and economic reforms in Shanxi. Although Jiang ultimately failed to convince Yan to follow Jiang's suggestions for reform at that time, Jiang's ideas left a great and lasting impression on Yan. Over the next two decades, Yan would adopt ideas and methods that were very similar to those proposed by Jiang. Particular ideas that Yan may have borrowed from Jiang include the glorification of the village, a dislike for the money economy, a belief that the state must take over responsibilities previously held by the family, his hatred of "parasites" (mostly landlords and money-lenders), and the belief that practice (i.e. manual labour) is an inseparable component of learning.In June 1924, Jiang reestablished the Chinese Socialist Party, and in January 1925 renamed it the New Social Democratic Party of China. In the Northern Expedition, Jiang cooperated closely with the Beiyang General Wu Peifu, who fought against Chiang Kai-shek's National Revolutionary Army. After the defeat of Wu Peifu to Chiang Kai-shek, Jiang was publicly criticized by the Kuomintang. In the face of public opposition Jiang dissolved his party and escaped to Canada. As American philanthropist Guion Gest located his personal 110,000-volume classical Chinese library collection to Montreal in 1926, McGill University appointed Jiang as Canada's first Professor of Chinese Studies in 1930. During his three-year tenure at McGill, Jiang gained international notoriety through attacking Pearl Buck's The Good Earth in the pages of the Chinese Christian Student. Jiang wrote that although peasants, coolies, and other humble persons constituted the vast majority of the Chinese population, they were "certainly not representative of the Chinese people." In 1933, Jiang returned to China and devoted himself to promoting socialism and traditional Chinese culture. In 1935, Jiang again visited Taiyuan, after Yan Xishan announced plans to implement a system of land reform in Shanxi. Jiang's impression of Yan at this time was so great that Jiang wrote an article lavishing praise on Yan, calling the warlord a "practical rather than a theoretical socialist." Collaboration with Wang Jingwei After the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, Jiang escaped to Hong Kong. In 1939 he was invited by Wang Jingwei to take a position in Wang's Reorganized National Government of China based in Nanjing. Jiang accepted Wang's offer and traveled to Shanghai, where he wrote "The Shuangshijie Declaration about this Situation" (雙十節對時局宣言), asserting the establishment of a New East Asian Order. Jiang was appointed Chief of the Examination Yuan in March 1942, served as Minister of Personnel, and reopened the Southern University he had previously operated. Despite his position within the government, he remained critical of its policies, particularly on the issue of food supply.After the surrender of Japan and collapse of the collaborationist Reorganized National Government of China, Jiang Kanghu was arrested by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government as a hanjian (traitor) and sentenced to life in prison. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, he remained imprisoned in Shanghai at the Tilanqiao Prison. Jiang Kanghu died in prison due to malnutrition and tuberculosis on December 7, 1954. Notes References and further reading Media related to Jiang Kanghu at Wikimedia Commons "Jiang Kanghu," Ceng Yeying (曾业英), Institute of Modern History Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (1978). The Biographies of Republican Figures. Vol. 1. Zhonghua Book Company. Krebs, Edward S. (1998). Shifu, Soul of Chinese Anarchism. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0847690148. WorldCat Authority Page Boorman, Howard L., ed. (1967). "Chiang K'ang-hu". Biographical Dictionary of Republican China Volume I. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 338–344. ISBN 0231089589.

Caeau Blaen-yr-Orfa

Caeau Blaen-yr-Orfa is an unimproved grassland that is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr, Wales.

Caeau Blaen-yr-Orfa is an unimproved grassland that is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr, Wales. See also List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Carmarthen & Dinefwr References "Caeau Blaen-yr-Orfa" (PDF). Cyfoeth Naturiol Cymru. Retrieved 1 May 2021.

Taekwondo

Taekwondo (; Korean: 태권도; [t̪ʰɛ.k͈wʌ̹n.d̪o] ), also spelled tae kwon do or taekwon-do, is a Korean martial art involving punching and kicking techniques. The literal translation for taekwondo is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of". It sometimes involves the use of weapons. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as taekkyon, subak, and gwonbeop.The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea.

Taekwondo (; Korean: 태권도; [t̪ʰɛ.k͈wʌ̹n.d̪o] ), also spelled tae kwon do or taekwon-do, is a Korean martial art involving punching and kicking techniques. The literal translation for taekwondo is "kicking", "punching", and "the art or way of". It sometimes involves the use of weapons. Taekwondo practitioners wear a uniform, known as a dobok. It is a combat sport which was developed during the 1940s and 1950s by Korean martial artists with experience in martial arts such as karate, Chinese martial arts, and indigenous Korean martial arts traditions such as taekkyon, subak, and gwonbeop.The oldest governing body for taekwondo is the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA), formed in 1959 through a collaborative effort by representatives from the nine original kwans, or martial arts schools, in Korea. The main international organisational bodies for taekwondo today are the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF), founded by Choi Hong-hi in 1966, and the partnership of the Kukkiwon and World Taekwondo (WT, formerly World Taekwondo Federation or WTF), founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively by the Korea Taekwondo Association. Gyeorugi ([kjʌɾuɡi]), a type of full-contact sparring, has been an Olympic event since 2000. In 2018, the South Korean government officially designated taekwondo as Korea's national martial art.The governing body for taekwondo in the Olympics and Paralympics is World Taekwondo. History Early influences The oldest Korean martial arts were an amalgamation of unarmed combat styles developed by the three rival Korean Kingdoms of Goguryeo, Silla, and Baekje. The most popular of these techniques were ssireum, subak, and taekkyon.Korean martial arts faded during the late Joseon period. Korean society became highly centralized under Korean Confucianism, intellectual activities became encouraged, and martial arts discouraged. Martial arts were reserved for sanctioned military uses. However, taekkyon persisted into the 19th century as a folk game during the May-Dano festival and was still taught as the formal military martial art throughout the Joseon. Emergence of various kwans Beginning in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II and the Japanese occupation, new martial arts schools called kwans opened in Seoul. These schools were established by Korean martial artists with backgrounds in Japanese and Chinese martial arts. At the time, indigenous disciplines (such as taekkyon) were being forgotten, due to years of forced Japanization policies by the Japanese colonial government.Early progenitors of taekwondo—the founders of the nine original kwans—who were able to study in Japan were exposed to Japanese martial arts, including karate, judo, and kendo, while others were exposed to the martial arts of China and Manchuria, as well as to the indigenous Korean martial art of taekkyon.Discussions around the historical influences of taekwondo have been controversial, with two main schools of thought: traditionalism and revisionism. Traditionalism holds that the origins of taekwondo are indigenous while revisionism, the prevailing theory, argues that taekwondo is rooted in karate. In later years, the Korean government has been a significant supporter of traditionalist views as to divorce taekwondo from its link to Japan and give Korea a "legitimate cultural past". Attempt to standardize taekwondo In 1952, South Korean president Syngman Rhee witnessed a martial arts demonstration by South Korean Army officers Choi Hong-hi and Nam Tae-hi from the 29th Infantry Division. He misrecognized the technique on display as taekkyon, and urged martial arts to be introduced to the army under a single system. Beginning in 1955 the leaders of the kwans began discussing in earnest the possibility of creating a unified Korean martial art. Until then, "Tang Soo Do" was the term used for Korean karate, using the Korean hanja pronunciation of the Japanese kanji 唐手道. The name "Tae Soo Do" (跆手道) was also used to describe a unified style Korean martial arts. This name consists of the hanja 跆 tae "to stomp, trample", 手 su "hand" and 道 do "way, discipline".Choi Hong-hi advocated the use of the name "Tae Kwon Do", replacing su "hand" with 拳 kwon (Revised Romanization: gwon; McCune–Reischauer: kkwŏn) "fist", the term also used for "martial arts" in Chinese (pinyin quán). The name was also the closest to the pronunciation of "taekkyon", The new name was initially slow to catch on among the leaders of the kwans. During this time taekwondo was also adopted for use by the South Korean military, which increased its popularity among civilian martial arts schools. Development of multiple styles In 1959, the Korea Tang Soo Do Association (later Korea Taekwondo Association or KTA) was established to facilitate the unification of Korean martial arts. Choi wanted all the other member kwans of the KTA to adopt his own Chan Hon-style of taekwondo, as a unified style. This was, however, met with resistance as the other kwans instead wanted a unified style to be created based on inputs from all the kwans, to serve as a way to bring on the heritage and characteristics of all of the styles, not just the style of a single kwan. As a response to this, along with political disagreements about teaching taekwondo in North Korea and unifying the whole Korean Peninsula, Choi broke with the (South Korea) KTA in 1966, in order to establish the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)— a separate governing body devoted to institutionalizing his Chan Hon-style of taekwondo in Canada.Initially, the South Korean president gave Choi's ITF limited support, due to their personal relationship. However, Choi and the government later split on the issue of whether to accept North Korean influence on the martial art. In 1972, South Korea withdrew its support for the ITF. The ITF continued to function as an independent federation, then headquartered in Toronto, Canada. Choi continued to develop the ITF-style, notably with the 1983 publication of his Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do. After his retirement, the ITF split in 2001 and then again in 2002 to create three separate ITF federations, each of which continues to operate today under the same name.In 1972, the KTA and the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism established the Kukkiwon as the new national academy for taekwondo. Kukkiwon now serves many of the functions previously served by the KTA, in terms of defining a government-sponsored unified style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA and Kukkiwon supported the establishment of the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), which later changed its name to "World Taekwondo" (WT) in 2017 due to the previous initialism overlapping with an internet slang term. While the Kukkiwon focus on the martial art and self-defence aspects of Kukki-Taekwondo, the WT promoted the sportive side, and its competitions employ a subset of the techniqes present in the Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo. For this reason, Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo is often referred to as WT-style Taekwondo, sport-style Taekwondo, or Olympic-style Taekwondo, though in reality the style is defined by the Kukkiwon, not the WT.Since 2021, taekwondo has been one of three Asian martial arts (the others being judo and karate), and one of six total (the others being the previously mentioned, Greco-Roman wrestling, freestyle wrestling, and boxing) included in the Olympic Games. It started as a demonstration event at the 1988 games in Seoul, a year after becoming a medal event at the Pan Am Games, and became an official medal event at the 2000 games in Sydney. In 2010, taekwondo was accepted as a Commonwealth Games sport. Features Taekwondo is characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. In fact, WT sparring competitions award additional points for strikes that incorporate spinning kicks, kicks to the head, or both. Typical curriculum While organizations such as ITF or Kukkiwon define the general style of taekwondo, individual clubs and schools tend to tailor their taekwondo practices. Although each taekwondo club or school is different, a student typically takes part in most or all of the following: Forms (품새; pumsae or poomsae, also 형; 型; hyeong; hyung, and 틀; teul; tul): these serve the same function as kata in the study of karate Sparring (겨루기; gyeorugi or 맞서기; matseogi): sparring includes variations such as freestyle sparring (in which competitors spar without interruption for several minutes); seven-, three-, two-, and one-step sparring (in which students practice pre-arranged sparring combinations); and point sparring (in which sparring is interrupted and then resumed after each point is scored) Breaking (격파; 擊破; gyeokpa or weerok): the breaking of boards is used for testing, training, and martial arts demonstrations. Demonstrations often also incorporate bricks, tiles, and blocks of ice or other materials. These techniques can be separated into three types: Power breaking – using straightforward techniques to break as many boards as possible Speed breaking – boards are held loosely by one edge, putting special focus on the speed required to perform the break Special techniques – breaking fewer boards but by using jumping or flying techniques to attain greater height, distance, or to clear obstacles Self-defense techniques (호신술; 護身術; hosinsul) Throwing and/or falling techniques (던지기; deonjigi or tteoreojigi 떨어지기) Both anaerobic and aerobic workout, including stretching Relaxation and meditation exercises, as well as breathing control A focus on mental and ethical discipline, etiquette, justice, respect, self-confidence, and leadership skills Examinations to progress to the next rankThough weapons training is not a formal part of most taekwondo federation curricula, individual schools will often incorporate additional training with weapons such as staffs, knives, and sticks. Styles and organizations There are a number of major taekwondo styles as well as a few niche styles. Most styles are associated with a governing body or federation that defines the style. The major technical differences among taekwondo styles and organizations generally revolve around: the patterns practiced by each style (called 형; hyeong, pumsae 품새, or tul 틀, depending on the style); these are sets of prescribed formal sequences of movements that demonstrate mastery of posture, positioning, and technique differences in the sparring rules for competition. martial arts philosophy. 1946: Traditional Taekwondo "Traditional Taekwondo" refers to the 1940s and 1950s martial arts by the nine original kwans. They used a number of different names such as Tang Soo Do (Chinese Hand Way), Kong Soo Do (Empty Hand Way) and Tae Soo Do (Foot Hand Way). Traditional Taekwondo is still practised today but generally under names like Tang Soo Do and Soo Bahk Do. In 1959, the name taekwondo was agreed upon by the nine original kwans as a common term for their martial arts. As part of the unification process, The Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) was formed through a collaborative effort by representatives from all the kwans, and the work began on a common curriculum, which eventually resulted in the Kukkiwon and the Kukki Style of Taekwondo. The original kwans that formed KTA continues to exist today, but as independent fraternal membership organizations that support the World Taekwondo and Kukkiwon. The kwans also function as a channel for the issuing of Kukkiwon dan and poom certification (black belt ranks) for their members. The official curriculum of those kwans that joined the unification is that of the Kukkiwon, with the notable exception of half the Oh Do Kwan which joined the ITF instead and therefore uses the Chan Hon curriculum. 1966: ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF)-style Taekwondo, more accurately known as Chang Hon-style Taekwondo, is defined by Choi Hong-hi's Encyclopedia of Taekwon-Do published in 1983.In 1990, the Global Taekwondo Federation (GTF) split from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding the ITF; the GTF continues to practice ITF-style Taekwondo, however, with additional elements incorporated into the style. Likewise, the ITF itself split in 2001 and again in 2002 into three separate federations, headquartered in Austria, the United Kingdom, and Spain respectively.The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is tul; the specific set of tul used by the ITF is called Chang Hon. Choi defined 24 Chang Hon tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six tul.Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles: The style of taekwondo practised by the ITF before its 1973 split with the KTA is sometimes called by ITF practitioners "Traditional Taekwondo", though a more accurate term would be Traditional ITF Taekwondo. After the 1973 split, Choi Hong-hi continued to develop and refine the style, ultimately publishing his work in his 1983 Encyclopedia of Taekwondo. Among the refinements incorporated into this new sub-style is the "sine wave"; one of Choi Hong-hi's later principles of taekwondo is that the body's centre of gravity should be raised-and-lowered throughout a movement.Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang. 1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a former taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the American Taekwondo Association (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of taekwondo practised by the ATA is called Songahm Taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of taekwondo schools in the United States.The ATA established international spin-offs called the Songahm Taekwondo Federation (STF) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International. 1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo In 1962 Jhoon Rhee, upon graduating from college in Texas, relocated to and established a chain of martial arts schools in the Washington, D.C. area that practiced Traditional Taekwondo. In the 1970s, at the urging of Choi Hong-hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo as well as original elements. 1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of taekwondo. In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now called World Taekwondo, WT) to promote the sportive side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style Taekwondo, Olympic-style Taekwondo, or WT-style Taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style. Equipment and facilities A taekwondo practitioner typically wears a dobok (도복; 道服) uniform with a belt tied around the waist. When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called hogu; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.The school or place where instruction is given is called a dojang (도장; 道場). Ranks, belts, and promotion Taekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. For junior ranks, ranks are indicated by a number and the term (급; 級; geup, gup, or kup), which represents belt color. A belt color may have a stripe in it. Ranks typically count down from higher numbers to lower ones. For senior ranks ("black belt" ranks), each rank is called a dan 단 (段) or "degree" and counts upwards.Students must pass tests to advance ranks, and promotions happen at variable rate depending on the school.Titles can also come with ranks. For example, in the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called boosabum (부사범; 副師範; "assistant instructor"), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called sabum (사범; 師範; "instructor"), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called sahyun (사현; 師賢; "master"), and those holding 9th dan are called saseong (사성; 師聖; "grandmaster").In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, instructors holding 1st. to 3rd. dan are considered assistant instructors (kyosa-nim), are not yet allowed to issue ranks, and are generally thought of as still having much to learn. Instructors who hold a 4th. to 6th. dan are considered master instructors (sabum-nim), and are allowed to grade students to color belt ranks from 4th. dan, and to black belt/dan-ranks from 6th. dan. Those who hold a 7th–9th dan are considered Grandmasters. These ranks also hold an age requirement of 40+. Forms (patterns) Three Korean terms may be used with reference to taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to kata in karate. Hyeong (sometimes hyung; 형; 形) is the term usually used in Traditional Taekwondo (i.e., 1950s–1960s styles of Korean martial arts). Poomsae (sometimes pumsae or poomse; 품새; 品勢) is the term officially used by Kukkiwon/WT-style and ATA-style Taekwondo. Teul (officially romanized as tul; 틀) is the term usually used in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo.A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon.Different taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use different taekwondo forms. Philosophy Different styles of taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the Hwarang as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong-hi expressed his philosophical basis for taekwondo as the Five Tenets of Taekwondo: Courtesy (예의; 禮儀; yeui) Integrity (염치; 廉恥; yeomchi) Perseverance (인내; 忍耐; innae) Self-control (극기; 克己; geukgi) Indomitable spirit (백절불굴; 百折不屈; baekjeolbulgul)These tenets are further articulated in a taekwondo oath, also authored by Choi: I shall observe the tenets of taekwondo I shall respect the instructor and seniors I shall never misuse taekwondo I shall be a champion of freedom and justice I shall build a more peaceful worldModern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy.The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its taekwondo philosophy. Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarching goals for the practice of taekwondo. The WT's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the reason of heaven"), and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the unity of opposites") and the sam taegeuk (understanding change in the world as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition. Theory of power The emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong-hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his understanding of power on biomechanics and Newtonian physics as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the kinetic energy of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.Choi also advocated a "relax/strike" principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the "sine wave" technique. This involves raising one's centre of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.The components of the Theory of Power include: Reaction Force: the principle that as the striking limb is brought forward, other parts of the body should be brought backwards in order to provide more power to the striking limb. As an example, if the right leg is brought forward in a roundhouse kick, the right arm is brought backwards to provide the reaction force. Concentration: the principle of bringing as many muscles as possible to bear on a strike, concentrating the area of impact into as small an area as possible. Equilibrium: maintaining a correct centre-of-balance throughout a technique. Breath Control: the idea that during a strike one should exhale, with the exhalation concluding at the moment of impact. Mass: the principle of bringing as much of the body to bear on a strike as possible; again using the turning kick as an example, the idea would be to rotate the hip as well as the leg during the kick in order to take advantage of the hip's additional mass in terms of providing power to the kick. Speed: as previously noted, the speed of execution of a technique in taekwondo is deemed to be even more important than mass in terms of providing power. Competitions Taekwondo competitions typically involve sparring, breaking, and patterns; some tournaments also include special events such as demonstration teams and self-defense (hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competitions, however, only sparring (using WT competition rules) is performed.There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored. World Taekwondo Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event, employing a continuous scoring system where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring each technique, taking place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of similar size. Competitors are matched within gender and weight division—eight divisions for World Championships that are condensed to four for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration. Each match consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute rest between rounds, though these are often abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments. Competitors must wear a hogu, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic hogus, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical (spinning) techniques and score punches.Points are awarded for permitted techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas as determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions, but this technology is still not universally accepted. In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were.Techniques are divided into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a kick to the hogu), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes an arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist). A punch that makes strong contact with the opponent's hogu scores 1 point. The punch must be a straight punch with arm extended; jabs, hooks, uppercuts, etc. are permitted but do not score. Punches to the head are not allowed. A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 2 points. A regular kick (no turning or spinning) to the head scores 3 points A technical kick (a kick that involves turning or spinning) to the hogu scores 4 points. A technical kick to the head scores 5 points. As of October 2010, 4 points were awarded if a turning kick was used to execute this attack. As of June 2018, this was changed to 5 points.The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called "Gam-jeom" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 "Gam-jeom" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declarationAt the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the event of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called a "Golden Point", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials or number of fouls committed during that round. If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that competitor is declared the winner.In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors. Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms that allow more creativity. International Taekwon-Do Federation The International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) has sparring rules similar to the WT's, but they differ in some ways: Hand attacks to the head are allowed. The competition is not full contact, and excessive contact is not allowed. Competitors are penalized with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (knockout). The scoring system is: 1 point for Punch to the body or head. 2 points for Jumping kick to the body or kick to the head, or a jumping punch to the head 3 points for Jumping kick to the head The competition area is 9×9 meters for international events.Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points. A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact is generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins. Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights). Multi-discipline competition Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for example the British Student Taekwondo Federation's inter-university competitions, which have included separate WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in parallel since 1992. Other organizations American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed. List of competitions World Taekwondo competitions World Taekwondo (WT) directly sanctions the following competitions: World Taekwondo Poomsae Championships World Taekwondo Championships World Para Taekwondo Championships (since 2009) World Taekwondo Cadet Championships World Taekwondo Junior Championships World Taekwondo Team Championships World Taekwondo Para Championships World Taekwondo Grand Prix World Taekwondo Grand Slam World Taekwondo Beach Championships Olympic Games Paralympic Games (debut in 2020 Tokyo Paralympics) Other tournaments These feature WT Taekwondo only: African Games Asian Games European Games Pacific Games Pan American Games UniversiadeTaekwondo is also an optional sport at the Commonwealth Games. Weight divisions The following weight divisions are in effect due to the WT and ITF tournament rules and regulations: Taekwondo Korean terms In taekwondo schools—even outside Korea—Korean language commands and vocabulary are often used. Korean numerals may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, front stance. Korean vocabulary commonly used in taekwondo schools includes: Notable practitioners See also Para Taekwondo Tae Kwon Do Life Magazine Taekwondo student oath Taekwondo in India Notes References External links Kukkiwon's Guide to Technical Terminology in Taekwondo Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine

Operation Chahar

Operation Chahar (Japanese: チャハル作戦, romanized: Chaharu Sakusen), known in Chinese as the Nankou Campaign (Chinese: 南口戰役; pinyin: Nankou Zhanyi), occurred in August 1937, following the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin at the beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War. This was the second attack by the Kwantung Army and the Inner Mongolian Army of Prince Teh Wang on Inner Mongolia after the failure of the Suiyuan Campaign (1936). The Chahar Expeditionary Force was under the direct command of General Hideki Tōjō, the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army. A second force from the Peiping Railway Garrison Force, later the 1st Army under General Kiyoshi Katsuki, was also involved.

Operation Chahar (Japanese: チャハル作戦, romanized: Chaharu Sakusen), known in Chinese as the Nankou Campaign (Chinese: 南口戰役; pinyin: Nankou Zhanyi), occurred in August 1937, following the Battle of Beiping-Tianjin at the beginning of Second Sino-Japanese War. This was the second attack by the Kwantung Army and the Inner Mongolian Army of Prince Teh Wang on Inner Mongolia after the failure of the Suiyuan Campaign (1936). The Chahar Expeditionary Force was under the direct command of General Hideki Tōjō, the chief of staff of the Kwantung Army. A second force from the Peiping Railway Garrison Force, later the 1st Army under General Kiyoshi Katsuki, was also involved. Japanese Order of battle The Chinese forces opposing this invasion of Suiyuan were the Suiyuan Pacification Headquarters under the command of General Yan Xishan. Fu Zuoyi, the governor of Suiyuan, was made commander of the 7th Group Army, and Liu Ju-ming, governor of Chahar, was made its deputy commander, defending Chahar with the 143rd Division and two Brigades. General Tang Enbo was sent by Chiang Kai-shek with the 13th and 17th Army from the Central Army and made Frontline Commander in Chief. The 1st Cavalry Army was sent to Chahar under the command of Chiao Cheng-shou, facing the Mongolian forces of Teh Wang. Chinese Order of battle Following the loss of Peiking, Tang Enbo's 13th Army (4th and 89th Divisions) took up positions in depth along the Peiking – Suiyuan Railway at Nankou, and further to the rear at Juyongguan (Juyong Pass). Gao's 17th Army stationed its 84th Division at Chihcheng, Yanqing, and Lungkuan, covering the flank of the 13th Army from Japanese forces in Chahar. The 21st Division was deployed in Huailai, on the railroad to the rear of Tang's forces. Zhao Cheng-shou's 1st Cavalry Army, Liu Ru-ming's 143rd Division, and two Peace Preservation Brigades began an attack on the Mongol forces in northern Chahar. Battles around Nankou On August 8, the Japanese 11th Independent Mixed Brigade, commanded by Gen. Shigiyasu Suzuki, began their attack on the left flank of the 13th Corps position at Nankou, but were thwarted after three days by the difficult terrain and the stubborn resistance of the Chinese. A new attack on August 11, supported by tanks and aircraft, took Nankou Station, after which Gen. Suzuki's brigade advanced on Juyong Pass. That same day, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the activation of the 14th Group Army (10th, 83rd, and 85th Divisions) under Gen. Wei Li-huang. Coming by rail from Yingchia-chuang to Yi Hsien, elements of the 14th Group Army were sent on a ten-day march through the plains west of Beiping in a flanking movement in support of Tang Enbo's forces. The Chinese 1st Army Region made attacks on the Japanese forces in Liangxiang and Chaili to distract them, and sent a detachment to Heilung Pass to cover the advance of 14th Group Army. From the dates on a Japanese map of the battle, these forces did not reach the area until September, when it was too late, and clashed with Japanese forces from September 9–17 without achieving its objective. On August 12, Tang Enbo's army counterattacked, surrounding the Japanese and cutting them off from their supplies and communications. On August 14, Seishirō Itagaki's 5th Division was sent to the relief of the 11th Independent Mixed Brigade at Juyongguan. On August 16, Itagaki arrived at Nankou and began an enveloping attack on the right flank of 13th Army, making a five pronged attack at Huanglaoyuan. The 7th Brigade of 4th Division under Shi Jue was moved to block this maneuver, and reinforcements of Li Xian-zhou's 21st Division and Zhu Huai-bing's 94th Division were brought up, engaging in days of heavy fighting. On August 17 General Yan Xishan, Director of the Taiyuan Pacification Headquarters, directed the 7th Group Army, under Fu Zuoyi, to move its 72nd Division and three brigades by rail from Tatung to Huailai to reinforce Gen. Tang Enbo's forces. Battle of the Great Wall Meanwhile, in northern Chahar the Chinese 1st Cavalry Army captured Shangtu, Nanhaochan, Shangyi and Huateh from the puppet Mongolian Army of Prince Teh. Elements of the 143rd Division took Zhongli, while its main force reached Changpei. During this Chinese advance the Japanese Chahar Expeditionary Force under Lt. General Hideki Tōjō, composed of the mechanized 1st Independent Mixed Brigade and the 2nd and 15th Mixed Brigades, gathered for a counteroffensive from Changpei to Kalgan. From August 18–19 the Chahar Expeditionary Force counterattacked from Changpei, and took Shenweitaiko on the Great Wall and the Hanno Dam. The scattered and poorly equipped Chinese forces were unable to stop the Japanese, who now threatened the Peiking – Suiyuan Railway at Kalgan. On August 20 Gen. Fu Zuoyi's 7th Group Army diverted its 200th and 211th Brigades, which had been moving south by rail to join Gen. Tang Enbo's forces, back to defend Kalgan. Fu's remaining 72nd Division arrived to reinforce Chenpien, and his 7th Separate Brigade was sent to defend the railhead at Huailai. On August 21, the Japanese forces broke through at the villages of Henglingcheng and Chenbiancheng. Gen. Tang Enbo's forces awaiting reinforcement; but, having suffered over 50% casualties, still defended Huailai, Chuyung Pass, and Yenqing. Liu Ju-ming's 143rd Division fell back to defend Kalgan from the advancing Japanese. On August 23, as Seishirō Itagaki's 5th Division pushed toward Huailai from Chenpien against Ma Yen-shou's 7th Separate Brigade, advance elements of the 14th Army Group arrived on the Japanese flank at Chingpaikou, driving off the Japanese outpost there and contacting the Japanese forces advancing to Chenpien and the front beyond. However, they were delayed in crossing the Yungting River, and their attack was delayed until it was too late to stop the Japanese advance. Due to poor communications they also failed to link up with Gen. Tang En-po's forces during the battle. After 8 days and 8 nights fighting, Itagaki, on August 24, linked up with the Kwantung army's 2nd Independent Mixed Brigade at Xiahuayuan. Withdrawal On August 26, Gen. Tang Enbo's forces were ordered to break out toward the Sangchien River while Liu Ju-ming's forces were ordered to withdraw to the far side of the Hsiang-yang River. On August 29 the Japanese unit, called the Oui Column by the Chinese and the Ohizumi Detachment (大泉支隊) by the Japanese, attacked. According to Hsu Long-hsuen this unit moved south from Tushihkou, and on August 30 attacked Yenching via Chihcheng, but was repulsed by the Chinese 17th Army. A Japanese map of the campaign shows that the unit moved to Guyuan (沽源) on August 25 and to Xuanhua (宣化) by September 7, cutting the railroad in the rear of Tang's forces and east of Chinese forces along the Great Wall.[1] According to the Chinese account, after repulsing the Oui Column's attack the Chinese 17th Army withdrew to join the rest of Tang Enbo's force on the far side of the Sangchien River. Kalgan fell to the Japanese on August 27. After Gen. Fu Zuoyi's 200th and 211th Brigades failed in a counterattack to recapture Kalgan, Fu's forces fell back to the west to defend the railway to Suiyuan at Chaikoupao. This brought an end to Operation Chahar. According to Time magazine, on September 4 the Japanese-aligned South Chahar Government was set up at Kalgan. After the fall of Kalgan, Chahar's "complete independence" from China was declared by "100 influential persons", headed by Prince Teh, a pro-Japanese Mongolian who had long been the head of the "Inner Mongolia for Inner Mongolians" movement. It was Prince Teh, with his Mongolian levies, who helped the Japanese to take Kalgan. Prince Teh was rewarded for his collaboration with the highest position in this new Japanese puppet state, the Mongol United Autonomous Government. Notes Ohizumi Detachment (大泉支隊). It was a battalion from 4th Infantry Regiment of 2nd Division under the Kwantung Army. But, its course is different than the Chinese account says. It moved from Guyuan (沽源) to Xuanhua (宣化). See [2] References Sources Hsu Long-hsuen and Chang Ming-kai, History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 2nd Ed., 1971. Translated by Wen Ha-hsiung, Chung Wu Publishing; 33, 140th Lane, Tung-hwa Street, Taipei, Taiwan Republic of China. Pg. 180- 184 and Map 3 Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., 26 Willow Rd., Solihull, West Midlands, England. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, China 1:250,000, Series L500, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954- . Topographic Maps of China during the Second World War. Chang-Chia-K'ou(Kalgan) nk50-10 Area of fighting on Great Wall and east of Nankou. Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection, Manchuria 1:250,000, Series L542, U.S. Army Map Service, 1950- . Topographic Maps of Manchuria during the Second World War. Cheng Te nk50-11 Nankou area. External links Time Magazine Te & Confucius Resistance wars Early Japanese Campaign(s) in the 2ndSino-Japanese War: Operation Chahar see bottom of the page for map and other info on Operation Chahar. Oui Column in Aug. 1937 Operation Chahar? Japanese map and discussion of Oui column and Manchukuo forces involved.

Walter Bryan Emery

Walter Bryan Emery, CBE, (2 July 1903 – 11 March 1971) was a British Egyptologist. His career was devoted to the excavation of archaeological sites along the Nile Valley. During the Second World War, he served with distinction as an officer in the British Army and, in the immediate aftermath, in the Diplomatic Service, both still in Egypt.

Walter Bryan Emery, CBE, (2 July 1903 – 11 March 1971) was a British Egyptologist. His career was devoted to the excavation of archaeological sites along the Nile Valley. During the Second World War, he served with distinction as an officer in the British Army and, in the immediate aftermath, in the Diplomatic Service, both still in Egypt. Early life Walter Bryan Emery was born in New Brighton, Cheshire, the son of Walter Thomas Emery - the head of a technical college - and Beatrice Mary Emery. Emery was educated at St Francis Xavier's College, Liverpool. On leaving school, he was briefly apprenticed to a firm of marine engineers. His training there resulted in his becoming an excellent draftsman, a skill which produced the brilliantly executed line drawings that permeated his later published works on Egyptology, and which was similarly influential in his wartime military career. Field archaeologist After preliminary training at the Liverpool Institute of Archaeology, Emery made his first trip to Egypt as an assistant on the staff of the Egypt Exploration Society, in 1923. There he participated in the excavation of Amarna, the ancient city in Middle Egypt founded by the pharaoh Akhenaton.By 1924, he was already field director of Sir Robert Mond's excavations at Thebes for the University of Liverpool. He made several clearings, restorations and protective operations into a score of tombs at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna. Between 1924 and 1928, continuing as Director of the Mond Expedition, he worked on excavations at Nubia, Luxor and Thebes.In 1929 he was appointed field director of the Archaeological Survey of Nubia under the auspices of the Egyptian Government Service of Antiquities, with authority to explore and excavate all ancient sites in Nubia which were soon to be flooded after the erection of the Aswan Low Dam. Working at Quban, Ballana and Qustul, he excavated the X-Group of tombs dating to the 3rd to 6th century A.D. He was assisted in his work by his wife, Molly. The completion of the excavations of the fortress at Buhen ended his work in Nubia.He then became director of fieldwork at Luxor and Armant. During the years 1935 to 1939 he was the director of the Archaeological Survey of Nubia. During these years as director, Emery also investigated several early dynastic tombs at Saqqara. While at Saqqara he made the significant discovery of a "zoo" of mummified animal remains. War service Emery was commissioned as an Army officer immediately on the outbreak of war, on 12 September 1939. There was no Intelligence Corps at the time, so Emery was commissioned into the General List as a 2nd Lt. (108571). His considerable local knowledge and practical experience was invaluable to those preparing the defence of Egypt against a potential attack from Italian forces to the West and to the South and he was quickly directed to the intelligence desk at General Headquarters (GHQ), British Troops in Egypt, in Cairo. An early preoccupation was to ensure the quantity and quality of mapping to be issued to the mobilised units that were pouring into the kingdom from all quarters of the Empire: the going for vehicles needed to be noted, water-sources, newly installed enemy defences, etc. Emery's training as a draughtsman was a great asset; his work-colleagues at this time included the future general Victor Paley.By 1942, Emery was a War Substantive (WS) captain, but was serving in the rank of Major. His contribution to the success at Alamein was rewarded with a Mention in Despatches (MiD). At the end of the North African campaign, with the successful landing of Allied troops on mainland Italy, Emery was further recognised with the award of a military MBE, in 1943. In addition, Emery was later promoted to temporary Lt.Col., on taking command of his branch. After six years, Lt.Col. Emery, MBE, was released from service on 27 November 1945, and his wartime rank was given formal confirmation. Though not unique, his record was nevertheless impressive for an officer with no previous military experience (PME) who was commissioned after the start of the war: to be promoted from Second Lieutenant to Lieutenant-Colonel, and to be awarded an honour in addition, indicated an exceptional contribution that was notable in itself. In the immediate aftermath of the war, with many archaeological sites still off-limits, Emery accepted a diplomatic post with the British embassy in Cairo. Starting as an Attaché in 1947, he rose to the rank of First Secretary, until his resignation in 1951 to accept an academic role in London. Professor of Egyptology In 1951, Emery was appointed Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology at University College London, a seat he held for nearly two decades, to 1970. He was elected to the British Academy Fellowship in 1959, and in 1969 he was awarded a civil CBE for his contribution to Egyptology, superseding his military MBE.During the vacations, Professor Emery was able to resume a limited degree of field-work. From the late 1950s, he worked for seven seasons in the Sudan, at Buhen and Qasr Ibrim. Then, in 1964, he returned once more to Saqqara, where he discovered the "enclosure of the sacred animals".His principal publications are: Great tombs of the 1st dynasty, (3 volumes) 1949–58; Archaic Egypt, 1961; and Egypt in Nubia, 1965.Walter Emery returned to his beloved Egypt but did not enjoy a long retirement: he was sent to hospital on the 7 March 1971 after having a stroke. Following a second stroke on the 9th March, he died in the Anglo-American Hospital in Cairo, on 11 March 1971. He was buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Cairo. Bibliography Emery published a number of works, including: 1938 ''Excavations at Saqqara - The Tomb of Hemaka. Government Press, Cairo 1939 Hor-aha, Cairo 1949 Great Tombs of the First Dynasty I, Cairo 1954 Great Tombs of the First Dynasty II, London 1958 Great Tombs of the First Dynasty III, London 1961 Archaic Egypt, Edinburgh 1962 A Funerary Repast in an Egyptian Tomb of the Archaic Period, Leiden == References ==

Parc Monceau

Parc Monceau (French pronunciation: [paʁk mɔ̃so]) is a public park situated in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the junction of Boulevard de Courcelles, Rue de Prony and Rue Georges Berger. At the main entrance is a rotunda. The park covers an area of 8.2 hectares (20.3 acres).

Parc Monceau (French pronunciation: [paʁk mɔ̃so]) is a public park situated in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France, at the junction of Boulevard de Courcelles, Rue de Prony and Rue Georges Berger. At the main entrance is a rotunda. The park covers an area of 8.2 hectares (20.3 acres). History The Folly of the Duke of Chartres The park was established by Phillippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres, a cousin of King Louis XVI, fabulously wealthy, and active in court politics and society. In 1769 he had begun purchasing the land where the park is located. In 1778, he decided to create a public park, and employed the writer and painter Louis Carrogis Carmontelle to design the gardens. The Duke was a close friend of the Prince of Wales, later George IV, and a lover of all things English. His intention was to create what was then called an Anglo-Chinese or English garden, on the earlier model of Stowe House in England (1730–1738), with its examples of the architectural folly, or fantastic reconstructions of buildings of different ages and continents. It was similar in style to several other examples of the French landscape garden built at about the same time, including the Desert de Retz, the gardens of the Château de Bagatelle and the Folie Saint James. Carmontelle employed a German landscape architect named Etickhausen and the architect of the Duke, Bernard Poyet, to build the follies. The intention of the garden was to surprise and amaze visitors. This goal was clearly stated by Carmontelle: "It is not necessary for gardens or nature to be presented in the most agreeable forms. It's necessary instead to preserve the charm that one encounters entering the garden, and to renew it with each step, so that the visitor in his soul will have the desire to revisit the garden every day and to possess it for himself. The true art is to know how to keep the visitors there, through a variety of objects, otherwise they will go to the real countryside to find what should be found in this garden; the image of liberty.".The garden designed by Carmontelle was finished in 1779. It contained a miniature ancient Egyptian pyramid, a Roman colonnade, antique statues, a pond of water lilies, a tatar tent, a farmhouse, a Dutch windmill, a temple of Mars, a minaret, an Italian vineyard, an enchanted grotto, and "a gothic building serving as a chemistry laboratory," as described by Carmontelle. In addition to the follies, the garden featured servants dressed in oriental and other exotic costumes, and unusual animals, such as camels.Though the Folly was (and is) frequently described as an Anglo-Chinese or English garden, its architect, Carmontelle, had a very different view. In his work, Jardin de Monceau, près de Paris, (1779), he wrote: "It was not at all an English garden that was intended at Monceau, but precisely what the critics said; to put together into one garden all times and all places. It is simply a fantasy, to have an extraordinary garden, a pure amusement, and not at all the desire to mimic a nation which, when it makes a "natural" garden, uses a roller on all the greens and spoils nature."As garden fashions changed, in 1781 parts of the park were remodeled into a more traditional English landscape style by the Scottish landscape gardener Thomas Blaikie. In 1787, a new city wall, the Wall of the Farmers-General, was built along the northern edge of the garden, along with a circular rotunda in the form of a classical Doric temple, known as the Pavilion de Chartres, designed by Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The ground floor of the temple was used as a customs house, while the upper floor was an apartment with a view of the garden reserved for the Duke.While The Duke was a supporter of the ideas of the French Revolution, and even voted, as a member of the Assembly, for the execution of his own cousin, Louis XVI, it did not save him. He was guillotined during the Reign of Terror in 1793, and the park was nationalized. In 1797, Parc Monceau was the site of the first silk parachute jump, when André-Jacques Garnerin jumped from a Montgolfier hot air balloon, landing in the park where a large crowd was gathered. The Park of Baron Haussmann After the monarchy was restored, the park was returned to the family of the Duke. During the Second Empire, the family sold lots within the park to real estate developers, who built luxurious town houses, reducing the size of the park by half. The remaining part of the park was purchased by the city of Paris in 1860. All that remained of the original folly was the water lily pond, the stream and the fantasy "tombs", including the Egyptian pyramid. In 1860, the park was purchased by the city, and in August 1861 Parc Monceau became the first new public park in Paris to be created by Baron Haussmann as part of the grand transformation of Paris begun by Emperor Louis Napoleon. Two main alleys were laid out from east to west and north to south, meeting in the center of the park, and the alleys within the park were widened and paved, so carriages could drive the park. An ornamental gate 8.3 m (27 ft) high was installed along a newly created avenue, boulevard Malesherbes, curving paths were laid out around the park for strolling. The pavillon de Chartres was also modified by the architect, Gabriel Davioud, who had a graceful classical dome added to the structure. He also built a bridge modeled after the Rialto bridge in Venice over the stream to replace the Chinese bridge by Carmontelle that had once been there. He preserved the other follies remaining from the original garden. Haussmann embellished the park with a rich collection of exotic trees and flowers from around the world. In 1871, following the downfall of Louis Napoleon, and the subsequent uprising and then crushing of the Paris Commune, the park was the site of a massacre of Communards by army troops. Claude Monet painted a series of three paintings of the park in the spring of 1876. He painted three further paintings of the park in 1878. Hector Berlioz was also fond of the park. During the Third Republic, Park Monceau was decorated with many statues of writers and musicians; notably a statue of Maupassant by Raoul Verlet (1897); Pailleron by Leopold Bernstamm (1906); Musset by Antonin Mercié (1906), a statue which had originally stood in the square of the Théâtre-Français; Gounod, also by Antonin Mercié (1902); Ambroise Thomas by Alexandre Falguière (1900); and Chopin by Froment-Meurice (1906). An arcade of the old Paris Hotel de Ville, burned by the Communards in 1871, was placed near the colonnade of Carmontelle. Features The park is unusual in France due to its "English" style: its informal layout, curved walkways and randomly placed statues distinguish it from the more traditional, French-style garden. It includes a collection of scaled-down architectural features, or follies — including an Egyptian pyramid, a Chinese fort, a Dutch windmill, and Corinthian pillars. A number of these are masonic references, reflecting the fact that Philippe d'Orléans was a leading freemason. Parc Monceau includes statues of famous French figures including Guy de Maupassant, Frédéric Chopin, Charles Gounod, Ambroise Thomas, Alfred de Musset, and Edouard Pailleron. Today, the park has play areas for children and remains very popular with local residents and their families. The site is an active free Wi-Fi area, for computer users looking for Internet access. Parc Monceau is open daily from sunrise to sunset, with extended hours in the summer months. There are nine gated entries that are monitored by a fifth-generation park watchman who lives above the royal rotunda at the north entrance. The park is listed as grade II semi-private and the six private residences located directly on the park have twenty-four-hour access to the grounds. Access The entrance to Paris Métro station Monceau is located at the park's main entrance on Boulevard de Courcelles. See also List of parks and gardens in Paris Musée Cernuschi, located nearby Listing of the works of Alexandre Falguière The works of Antonin Mercié Bibliography Dominique Jarrassé, Grammaire des Jardins Parisiens, Parigramme, Paris (2007) (ISBN 978-2-84096-476-6) References External links Parc Monceau — current photographs and of the years 1900.

Julius Sabinus

Julius Sabinus was an aristocratic Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69. He attempted to take advantage of the turmoil in Rome after the death of Nero to set up an independent Gaulish state. After his defeat he was hidden for many years by his wife Epponina. The story of the couple, with emphasis on the loyalty of Epponina (known as "Éponine"), became popular in France during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Julius Sabinus was an aristocratic Gaul of the Lingones at the time of the Batavian rebellion of AD 69. He attempted to take advantage of the turmoil in Rome after the death of Nero to set up an independent Gaulish state. After his defeat he was hidden for many years by his wife Epponina. The story of the couple, with emphasis on the loyalty of Epponina (known as "Éponine"), became popular in France during the 18th and 19th centuries. Rebellion He was a Roman officer, naturalized, as indicated by his name. He claimed to be the great-grandson of Julius Caesar on the grounds that his great-grandmother had been Caesar's lover during the Gallic war.In AD 69, benefiting from the period of disorders which shook the Roman Empire and the rebellion started on the Rhine by the Batavians, he started a revolt in Belgian Gaul. However, his badly organised forces were easily defeated by the Sequani who were still faithful to Rome. Following his defeat, he faked his own death by telling his servants that he intended to kill himself. He then burned down the villa in which he was staying. He went into hiding in a nearby cellar, known only to his wife Epponina and a few faithful servants. Following the failure of the revolt, the territory of Lingons was detached from Belgian Gaul, and was placed under the direct monitoring of the Roman army of the Rhine. It formed thus part of Roman province of Germania Superior. In hiding Epponina then lived a double-life for many years as his widow, while also on one occasion even visiting Rome with Sabinus disguised as a slave. She even gave birth to two sons by her "deceased" husband. According to Plutarch she minimised her pregnancy using an ointment that made her flesh swell, concealing her pregnancy bump. She also gave birth alone and in secret.Eventually, the deception became too obvious to continue unnoticed. In AD 78 Sabinus and Epponina were arrested and taken to Rome to be questioned by the emperor Vespasian. Her pleas for her husband were ignored. She then berated Vespasian to such an extent that he ordered her execution along with her husband. Plutarch later wrote that "In the whole of his reign no darker deed than this, none more odious in the sight of heaven, was committed."Her two sons survived. Plutarch mentions that at the time he was writing one lived in Delphi and the other had recently been killed in Egypt (possibly in the Kitos War). Cultural references The modernised French version of Epponina's name, Éponine, became familiar in revolutionary France, because of its connotations of wifely virtue, patriotism and anti-imperialism. Voltaire speaks of Plutarch's "magnificent praise for the virtue of Eponine.” Even before the revolution there were several French works about Sabinus and Éponine. Michel-Paul-Gui de Chabanon's tragedy Éponine was performed in 1762. It formed the basis for Sabinus, an opera in five acts composed by François-Joseph Gossec, premiered at Versailles on 4 December 1773. After the revolution Eponine et Sabinus (1796) was performed at the Lycée theatre. De Lisle de Salles' novel Éponine led to his imprisonment during the Reign of Terror, as it was interpreted as an attack on the Committee of Public Safety.In his novel Les Misérables, the French author Victor Hugo used the name for Éponine, a character who also aspires to die with her own beloved in a revolution. Epponina also appears as "Éponine" in Baudelaire's poem Little old Ladies from Les Fleurs du Mal in a verse dedicated to Hugo: These dislocated wrecks were women once, Were Eponine or Laïs! hunchbacked freaks, Though broken let us love them! they are souls. There were several paintings of the couple, including works by Nicolas-André Monsiau and Etienne Barthélémy Garnier. These usually depict them hiding in a cave, a reference to a myth that a cave near Langres was the place in which Sabinus had hidden. It is still locally known as "Sabinus' cave" (Grotte de Sabinus). Joseph Mills Hanson, who visited it shortly after World War I, described it as a "cave in the rock having two entrances, the one looking south, the other east. The interior is very irregular in outline but it is perhaps fifty feet deep, twenty feet wide, and seven feet high. Near the east entrance is a rough pillar, left evidently by the cutting away of the surrounding stone." A statue of the Virgin Mary was placed there, along with graffiti left by American soldiers in the war. == References ==

Charles H. Jackson Jr.

Charles Hervey "Pete" Jackson Jr. (1898 - 1978) was an American rancher, investor and polo player.

Charles Hervey "Pete" Jackson Jr. (1898 - 1978) was an American rancher, investor and polo player. Early life Charles H. Jackson Jr. was born on April 12, 1898, and grew up in Albany, New York. He was the grand-nephew of U.S. President Chester A. Arthur. Ranching Jackson, briefly a banker, was interested in agriculture and became a rancher when he journeyed west and bought the Alisal ranch in the Santa Ynez Valley at auction in 1943. He built it up as a guest ranch, opening to the public in 1946. For a period of time the ranch was known for attracting celebrity visitors; Clark Gable married Lady Sylvia Ashley there in 1949. Under the management of his son it became more popular as a family destination. Equestrian interests Jackson was a co-founder of the Santa Barbara Riding and Hunt Club, in the suburb of Hope Ranch, alongside Amy DuPont, Charles E. Jenkins, Harold S. Chase, Dwight Murphy, C.K.G. Billings, John Mitchell, George Owen Knapp, Peter Cooper Bryce, Col. G. Watson French and F. W. Leadbetter in the 1920s.He acquired 25 polo ponies from Argentina in 1933.He was a registered thoroughbred owner through his Silver Creek Farm. His horse Painted Wagon won the inaugural running of the Citation Handicap at Hollywood Park Racetrack in 1977. Personal life Jackson married (Marcia) Ann Gavit on September 7, 1926 at Santa Barbara, California. She was an heiress to the Anthony N. Brady fortune, and was described at the time as "Albany's wealthiest girl" and "one of the wealthiest heiresses in America". They resided in Rancho San Carlos in Montecito, California, a 237-acre (96 ha) estate near Santa Barbara.In 1958, they acquired part of the old Hammond estate, which was divided up between Wiliam G. Gilmore of Atherton, the President of Gilmore Steel; L.C. Smith, a contractor from San Francisco; and the Jacksons. Some of the old Hammond estate later became Shalawa Meadow, California. Death and legacy Jackson died in 1978. His widow died in 1990. Their Rancho San Carlos was inherited by his grandson, Jim Jackson, who listed it for US$125 million in 2014. Notes == References ==

Xavier Marcos Padros

Xavier Marcos Padros is a Spanish Formula One engineer. He is currently the race engineer for Charles Leclerc at the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One team.

Xavier Marcos Padros is a Spanish Formula One engineer. He is currently the race engineer for Charles Leclerc at the Scuderia Ferrari Formula One team. Career Marcos Padros started his career in motorsport as a race engineer for the BNC Racing Team. He got his first taste of Formula One while working for the fledging HRT team as performance engineer from 2010–2012. After the team folded he joined Williams Racing as a performance engineer for Felipe Massa. Seeking a new challenge, Marcos Padros decided to move to the United States to become chief race engineer for the NASCAR team Richard Childress Racing in 2015. Marcos Padros returned to Formula One with Scuderia Ferrari, first as a factory based race engineer for 2018 and then became the race engineer for Charles Leclerc when he joined the team in 2019 remaining with the Monegasque ever since. Marcos Padros is the voice that guides Leclerc. == References ==

Mark 3

Mark 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It relates a conflict over healing on the Sabbath, the commissioning of the Twelve Apostles, a conflict with the Jerusalem scribes and a meeting of Jesus with his own family.

Mark 3 is the third chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It relates a conflict over healing on the Sabbath, the commissioning of the Twelve Apostles, a conflict with the Jerusalem scribes and a meeting of Jesus with his own family. Text The original text was written in Koine Greek. This chapter is divided into 35 verses. Textual witnesses Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter are: Codex Vaticanus (325-350; complete) Codex Sinaiticus (330-360; complete) Codex Bezae (~400; complete) Codex Alexandrinus (400-440; complete) Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (~450; complete). Healing on the Sabbath Continuing the theme of the Sabbath from the previous chapter, Mark 3 opens with Jesus healing a man with a shriveled or withered hand on the Sabbath in the Synagogue. The word ἐξηραμμένην (exērammenēn) is translated as "paralyzed" in the International Standard Version. Mark uses the adverb πάλιν (palin, again), indicating this is the synagogue in Capernaum, the same as the one in Mark 1:21–28, although the New American Standard Bible reads "a synagogue"."Some people", probably the Pharisees, who were mentioned in Mark 2:24, 27, were there specifically waiting to see if Jesus would heal someone on the Sabbath, so that they could accuse him of breaking it. Rabbis of the time would allow healing on the Sabbath only if the person was in great danger, a situation his hand would not qualify for. The Jewish Encyclopedia article on Jesus notes: "... stricter rabbis allowed only the saving of life to excuse the slightest curtailment of the Sabbath rest (Shab. xxii. 6)". In Luke's parallel account, it is "the scribes and Pharisees" who "watch Him closely".Jesus asks the people "Which is lawful on the Sabbath: to do good or to do evil, to save life or to kill?" (3:4) They do not answer and he angrily looks around at the crowd and is "distressed at their stubborn hearts" (3:5). Methodist founder John Wesley suggested that his adversaries were already seeking occasion to kill him. He tells the man to put out his hand which he does and then, seemingly instantaneously, it is healed. Many other stories of healing at the time involved the healer doing work in some way to effect a cure as compared to this quick almost effortless action here. Mark could be highlighting how great he viewed Jesus' powers as being. Jesus also equates not doing good with doing evil and says it is more important, even or perhaps especially, to not let evil and suffering occur through inaction.According to Mark, this miracle is the spur which sets the Pharisees, as well as the Herodians, against Jesus, having them go out after this and plot to kill him. Thus the reaction of a substantial number of Jews has gone from being amazed to one of outright opposition. Mark has already begun to foreshadow Jesus' death, with this as well as the saying about the bridegroom and fasting in Mark 2:19–20. Some find it improbable these two groups worked together, as the Pharisees opposed Rome and Herod was backed by and supported Rome, see also Iudaea Province. Mark however may be highlighting the dual nature and seriousness of the opposition to Jesus.This also occurs in Matthew 12:9-14, although Jesus asks about how one would save a sheep on the Sabbath and how helping a person is more important than helping a sheep. Luke 6:6-11 is almost the same as this section of Mark although Luke does not state that they planned to kill him, only that they were "furious" and talked about what to do about Jesus. Movement of the crowd Jesus then "withdraws", ἀνεχώρησεν (anechōrēsen), and goes down by a lake, presumably the Sea of Galilee, and people follow him there. Some writers, such as the American commentator Albert Barnes, see the word as meaning flight, as it comes after Mark talks about the plot against Jesus, "... to the lonely regions which surrounded the sea, where he might be in obscurity, and avoid their designs against his life", but it could just as easily mean leaving Capernaum to go to the nearby sea. Mark says the people had come from "... Judea, Jerusalem, Idumea, and the regions across the Jordan and around Tyre and Sidon". (3:8) Mark thus shows that people are coming from many areas, not just Galilee. Whether these people were non-Jews is unclear as the non-Jewish areas listed also contained Jewish populations. Another group of the time to consider is the Jewish Proselytes. Protestant commentator Heinrich Meyer divides the movement of the crowds into two sections: verse 7b: a great multitude from Galilee followed him (from Capernaum to the sea); verses 7c and 8: a great multitude from Judea 8 and Jerusalem and Idumea and beyond the Jordan, and those (the Jews) about Tyre and Sidon, heard how many things He was doing, and came to him.Jesus has the disciples prepare a boat for him to avoid "crowding", because "... he had healed many, so that those with diseases were pushing forward to touch him" (3:10) and then he heals many of the sick. Evil (or unclean) spirits in the people brought before him fall down whenever they see him, or as soon as ever they catch sight of him, and call him the Son of God, but he tells them not to tell people who he is, continuing the theme of the Messianic Secret. Choosing of the Twelve Apostles After highlighting the growing crowd following Jesus, Mark says Jesus went up a mountain and called twelve, whom he appointed Apostles, with the power to preach and "drive out demons". Some manuscripts of Mark do not have Jesus call them Apostles in verse 3:14. Verse 6:30 may be the only time he uses the word, which is most frequently (68 out of 79) used by Luke the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus, see Strong's G652. It is perhaps symbolic that this occurs on a mountain, a height where people can be met by God in the Jewish tradition, such as Moses talking to God on Mount Sinai, see also the Sermon on the Mount. Mark pictures Jesus as drawing large multitudes to his teaching, and shifts from mountains to lakes to houses at will, creating an evocative landscape that some find lacking plausibility, although the area contains such geographic features. Verse 16 And Simon he surnamed Peter;He appoints Simon, called Peter, James, John, Andrew, Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, a second James, Thaddaeus, Simon whom Mark calls a Zealot, and lastly Judas Iscariot. Luke's lists in Luke 6:12–16 and Acts 1:13 do not include a Thaddaeus, but instead list "Judas, son of James" or "Judas the brother of James" in the KJV, which some have asserted are two names for the same person, Jude Thaddaeus. Luke also has the story of the Seventy Disciples. Matthew's list is the same as Mark in 10:1–4, although a few western manuscripts of Matthew have a Lebbaeus. This might also indicate that by the time of the writing of the Gospels the exact recollection of the "minor" Apostles had become uncertain, and that there is no "Jude Thaddaeus", a creation of later hagiography. John's Gospel lists no Bartholomew, although John's Nathanael is usually equated with him. Mark says that the brothers James and John were given the title Boanerges, which Mark tells us means "Sons of Thunder", although many modern scholars disagree with this translation. Many explanations have been given for this title but none commands a consensus. Mark does not explain why Jesus gave Simon the name Peter, meaning rock. Matthew 16:18 has his naming in connection with the church and John 1:42 has it relate to his character. It could also have an ironic meaning, as even Peter denies Jesus in the end.Philip and Andrew are both Greek names, also Thaddaeus and Lebbaeus. Some Jews, especially from places like Galilee where there were substantial non-Jewish populations, did have a Greek name as well as a Jewish name.The second Simon is called a kananaios, probably derived from the Aramaic word qan'ānā, meaning a Zealot, which might mean he belonged to a political movement in rebellion against Rome, but might also mean he was religiously zealous. Luke uses the Greek term zēlōtēs. Iscariot might be Judas' last name or might be a reference to where he came from, meaning "man of Kerioth" It may also be derived from sicarii. The fact that there are twelve Apostles is seen as being related to the Twelve tribes of Israel.Jesus will "send them out", the Greek verb apostolien (Strong's G649) meaning to send out, to do the work he has been doing but without him being present. Many churches interpret this as his founding of the church, as he creates a special group to work in his name without him. See also the Great Commission. A house divided Jesus goes to someone's house (or "the house", possibly Peter's house, verse 19 in some versions, verse 20 in others), and a large crowd follows him there. According to Mark, this prevented Jesus and his disciples from being able to eat. "When his family (hoi par' autou) heard about this, they went to take charge of him, for they said, 'He is out of his mind'." (3:21), or "beside himself", exestē (Strong's G1839), which could be read as Jesus' family accusing him of being crazy or describing what others had said about Jesus. Either way they go to assert their control over him, perhaps to stop him from embarrassing the family. Hearing Jesus is being followed by so many people does not seem to accord with their view of him. Whether it was Jesus teaching and attracting large crowds or not eating that disturbs them so much is not clear. A few early manuscripts have "the scribes and the others" instead of his family, but these are usually seen as alterations perhaps designed to tone down the impression of Jesus' own family toward him. Scribes from Jerusalem, who Matthew says were Pharisees, come and accuse him of something worse than being crazy, using Beelzebub, and/or the "prince of demons" to drive out demons. His power over the demons, they assert, comes from evil power itself. Beelzebub is thought to mean perhaps "lord of the flies" or "lord of dung" or "lord of the height or dwelling", but no certainty exists as to its exact meaning. They do not dispute that he did in fact drive out the demons. They seem to believe Jesus' power is beyond human capabilities and must be supernatural in origin. The charge of Jesus using evil powers was probably made against him to his followers for quite some time after his death. The Jesus Seminar feels the version in Luke 11:15–17 is "red" ("authentic") and calls it "the Beelzebul controversy". Mark 3:20–21 is determined to be "pink" ("a close approximation of what Jesus did") and is called "Jesus' relatives come to get him" as are Mark 3:31–35, Matt 12:46–50, and the Gospel of Thomas 99:1-3 where they are called "True relatives". Mark often has Jesus using analogies, metaphors or riddles, called parables by Mark. Jesus replies: How can Satan cast out Satan? And if a kingdom be divided against itself, that kingdom cannot stand. And if a house be divided against itself, that house cannot stand. And if Satan rise up against himself, and be divided, he cannot stand, but hath an end.No man can enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he will first bind the strong man; and then he will spoil his house.Verily I say unto you, All sins shall be forgiven unto the sons of men, and blasphemies wherewith soever they shall blaspheme: But he that shall blaspheme against the Holy Ghost hath never forgiveness, but is in danger of eternal damnation. (3:23–29)If Jesus is working against what is evil, such as the demons, then this cannot be the work of Satan, as Satan would be working against himself. Jesus then compares himself to a thief going into a "strong man's house", and binding him to "spoil his house", i.e. to rob him. The “strong man” is Satan. Satan, says Jesus, is strong and must be restrained in order to be robbed. He is robbing Satan of the possession of the people, or the house could be seen as the world itself. The New Living Translation adds the interpretation that there is "someone even stronger". G. F. Maclear asserts that "the Stronger than the Strong is Christ".Jesus thus implies what he has been doing is directly against Satan and that his motives are Satan's utmost ruin. His power, he asserts, is good and so must also come from a good source, God.Jesus also makes the claim that all sins can be forgiven, except for an eternal sin, such as blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (3:28–29). Mark inserts his own explanation as to why Jesus said this, stating "He said this because they were saying, "He has an evil spirit." (3:30), thus Jesus according to Mark is saying that accusing him of using Satan for his power is in effect calling the work of God evil and failing to see the work of God in Jesus' actions. The parallels in Matthew 12:31–32 and Luke 12:10 and the Gospel of Thomas 44 call this the unforgivable sin. Unforgivable sins are also listed in Hebrews 6:4–6 and 10:26 as well as 1 John 5:16–17. There is also a possible link with 1 Corinthians 12:2–3. His first answer to the charge, that a "house divided" cannot stand, has become a common piece of wisdom, the most famous modern example is Lincoln's use of this phrase during the 1858 senatorial election campaign against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln used the metaphor of a "house divided" to describe the situation of the United States on the eve of the Civil War. Jesus' family Jesus' mother and brothers arrive and send someone in to get him. He replies, speaking to the crowd around him, "Here are my mother and my brothers! Whoever does God's will is my brother and sister and mother" (3:34–35). Jesus' answer to his family, that those who follow him are his family is, according to Kilgallen, Jesus' way of underlining "... the fact that his life has been changed to such a degree that family ties no longer come before those whom he teaches about the kingdom of God". Jesus puts loyalty to God above loyalty to family. Family ties were considered very important in the society of the time, and some people even today are troubled by this seeming conflict between Jesus and his family. Jesus however states that his ties, and his respect and love due to his family, will go to those who obey God. Jesus' family is mentioned again in Mark 6:3. The story of Jesus and his family is also found in the Gospel of Thomas as saying 99. In Mark 10:28–31, Peter says they have left everything to follow Jesus and he lists the great rewards as well as persecutions they will get for following him. These incidents occur in all the Synoptic Gospels. In Matthew they occur in 12:22-50, and in Luke they are split up between 8:19-21 and 11:14-28. Neither Matthew nor Luke though state that Jesus' family thought he was "... out of his mind". John, while mentioning none of these incidents, relates in chapter 7 how "... even his own brothers did not believe in him" because he would not go to the Feast of Tabernacles with them and perform miracles, although he later goes there in secret. John 6:66 says "many of his disciples turned back and no longer followed him". The negative view of Jesus' family may be related to the conflict between Paul and Jewish Christians.There is much disagreement over whether these "brothers" referred to here are Jesus' actual brothers or merely stepbrothers or cousins. The official Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox doctrine is that Mary was a perpetual virgin, and so could not have had any other children besides Jesus, thus making these Jesus' half brothers, sons of Joseph from another, unrecorded, marriage, or cousins. Only Tertullian seems to have questioned this in the early Church. Islam also holds that Mary was a perpetual virgin, as did many of the early Protestants, although many Protestants today do not hold to the doctrine of perpetual virginity, and would thus believe that these are Jesus' full brothers. A few early manuscripts also have "and your sisters" in verse 3:32.This section gives a clear example of Mark's sandwich technique, where one story is interspersed into the center of another. Mark has highlighted two reactions to Jesus and his teaching and acts: one of faith, such as that of his followers, and one of disbelief and hostility. Jesus explains the nature of the effect of his teachings on others in the Parable of the Sower in Mark 4. See also John the Baptist Mary the mother of Jesus References Sources Brown, Raymond E., An Introduction to the New Testament, Doubleday 1997 ISBN 0-385-24767-2 Brown, Raymond E. et al., The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Prentice Hall 1990 ISBN 0-13-614934-0 Kilgallen, John J., A Brief Commentary on the Gospel of Mark, Paulist Press 1989 ISBN 0-8091-3059-9 Miller, Robert J. (Editor), The Complete Gospels, Polebridge Press 1994 ISBN 0-06-065587-9 External links Mark 3 King James Bible - Wikisource English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate Archived 2019-06-17 at the Wayback Machine Online Bible at GospelHall.org (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English) Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway (NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)

Samir Arora

Samir Arora (born November 5, 1965) is an Indian-American businessman and CEO of Kyro since September 2021, the former CEO of Sage Digital from 2016 to 2021, and the former CEO of Mode Media (formerly Glam Media) from 2003 to April 2016. He was CEO and chairman of the web design company NetObjects, Inc. from 1995 to 2001 and at Apple Inc. from 1982 to 1991. Arora was selected as one of the 21 Internet Pioneers that shaped the World Wide Web at the 1st Web Innovators Awards by CNET in 1997.

Samir Arora (born November 5, 1965) is an Indian-American businessman and CEO of Kyro since September 2021, the former CEO of Sage Digital from 2016 to 2021, and the former CEO of Mode Media (formerly Glam Media) from 2003 to April 2016. He was CEO and chairman of the web design company NetObjects, Inc. from 1995 to 2001 and at Apple Inc. from 1982 to 1991. Arora was selected as one of the 21 Internet Pioneers that shaped the World Wide Web at the 1st Web Innovators Awards by CNET in 1997. Early life and education Samir Arora was born in New Delhi, India. He studied electrical and electronic engineering at Birla Institute of Technology and Science. Arora has an EMP from INSEAD, attended Executive Education at Harvard Business School, and holds a diploma in Sales and Marketing from the London Business School. Career Samir Arora worked at Apple in Software and New Media from 1982 to 1991. Arora wrote a white paper called "Information Navigation: The Future of Computing" in late 1986 while working directly for the chairman and CEO of Apple,. He left Apple to found the spin-off Rae Technology from Apple.From 1992 to 1995, Arora was chairman and chief executive officer of Rae Technology. In 1995 Samir Arora co-founded NetObjects, Inc. and together with a design and development team including David Kleinberg, Clement Mok and his brother, Sal Arora, created NetObjects Fusion, one of the first Web design products that allowed Web sites to be designed, structured and created without programming.In 1997, after the launch of NetObjects Fusion, IBM invested approximately $100 million in a share exchange to buy 80% of NetObjects, corresponding to a valuation of around $150 million. NetObjects, Inc. went public on NASDAQ in 1999 with IBM staying the majority shareholder. From June 2003 to February 2004, Arora served as chairman of the board of Tickle, Inc., one of the first social networking sites founded in 1999, and helped create a joint venture with Masayoshi Son at Softbank in Japan. Tickle was acquired by Monster.com in May 2004. In 2003, Mode Media (formerly Project Y and then Glam Media), Inc. was formed by a number of people including Arora. Arora was the interim CEO of Glam Media from 2003 to 2005, and CEO from 2006 to 2016. For his work at Mode Media, Arora was included by MIN Magazine in the Digital Hot List 2008 and was named Web 2.0's Don Draper as one of the 30 men shaping our digital future by GQ Magazine On June, 2017, a year and a half after the departure of Samir Arora and Marc Andreessen, Mode Media U.S. was acquired, and in 2022 became a part of Static Networks. Mode Media continued its operations in International and in January, 2017 an investment group Montaro purchased Mode Media in Japan. In March, 2017 shareholders appointed Samir Arora as the executive chairman of Mode Media in Japan.In April 2016, Samir Arora founded Sage Digital, a new AI verified experts platform startup and currently operates as its chairman. Sage began with 100 manually curated experts and has grown to 1M experts and influencers and 6 million businesses, with data ingestion that powered the early Sage AI Agents for Brands.In September 2021, Samir Arora founded Kyro Digital, one of the first Web 3.0 AI application—enablement platform and currently operates as its chief executive officer. Kyro added Peter Leeb, Darshana Munde, Liz Thompson, Arfat Allarakha and Muoi Lam as co-founders and venture funds Drive Capital, Decasonic, Fenbushi Capital, Information Capital, LLC, Signum Capital, UOB Venture Management, Woodside Incubator and the web 3.0 companies Avalanche (Blizzard), Polygon, Rally, Tezos and Kadena and Brad Koenig as investors. Patents For his early work on the internet and web sites, Samir has been granted 18 US patents, including the first web site structure editor and HTML page layout editor Patents US patent 5911145 US patent 5845299 Philanthropic Since February 2004, Arora has been the Chairman of International Zen Therapy Institute, a 501(c)(3) organization based in Honolulu, that was founded by Dub Leigh with Daihonzan Chozen-ji and currently serves as its President and is the Shike of IZII and Zentherapy and Sōke, Founder of Yūdō as a lay Rinzai Rōshi, a successor in the Daihonzan Chozen-ji lineage of Dub Leigh and Tenshin Tanouye under the Tenryū-ji lineage of Ōmori SōgenIn July 2020, Arora with Marcus Samuelsson, Derek Evens, and Brad Koenig created Project Bento Fund, a California nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation to provides urgent support to restaurants, local, minority-owned, women-led and BIPIOC businesses and their employees most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, economic, racial and social crisis. Books Arora was editor and publisher of the annual awards and book Foodie Top 100 Restaurants with contributing top food critics Patricia Wells, Ruth Reichl, Gael Greene, Masuhiro Yamamoto, Jonathan Gold, Bruno Verjus, Alexander Lobrano, Charles Campion, Vir Sanghvi, Aun Koh, Susumu Ohta, Kundo Koyama, Yuki Yamamura, Karen Brooks, Phil Vettel, Marie-Claude Lortie, Erika Lenkert and Diane Tapscott Bibliography Doug Menuez: Fearless Genius. The Digital Revolution in Silicon Valley 1985−2000. Atria Books, New York 2014. P. 150−167. == References ==

List of recently extinct molluscs

As of February 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 299 extinct species, 149 possibly extinct species, 14 extinct in the wild species, two possibly extinct in the wild species, eight extinct subspecies, one possibly extinct subspecies, and five extinct in the wild subspecies of mollusc.

As of February 2021, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 299 extinct species, 149 possibly extinct species, 14 extinct in the wild species, two possibly extinct in the wild species, eight extinct subspecies, one possibly extinct subspecies, and five extinct in the wild subspecies of mollusc. Gastropods There are 267 extinct species, 134 possibly extinct species, 14 extinct in the wild species, two possibly extinct in the wild species, five extinct subspecies, one possibly extinct subspecies, and five extinct in the wild subspecies of gastropod evaluated by the IUCN. Patellogastropoda Extinct species Collisella edmitchelli Eelgrass limpet (Lottia alveus) Stylommatophora Includes the majority of land snails and slugs. Extinct species Possibly extinct species Extinct in the wild species Extinct subspecies Extinct in the wild subspecies Littorinimorpha Extinct species Possibly extinct species Sorbeoconcha Extinct species Possibly extinct species Extinct in the wild species Architaenioglossa Extinct species Possibly extinct species Cycloneritimorpha Possibly extinct species Neritina tiassalensis Hygrophila species Extinct species Possibly extinct species Thickshell pondsnail (Stagnicola utahensis) Bivalvia There are 32 extinct species, 15 possibly extinct species, and three extinct subspecies of bivalve evaluated by the IUCN. Extinct species Possibly extinct species Extinct subspecies See also List of least concern molluscs List of near threatened molluscs List of vulnerable molluscs List of endangered molluscs List of critically endangered molluscs List of data deficient molluscs == References ==

Bernard Waddy

Bernard Broughton Waddy (3 July 1911 – 7 August 1981) was an Australian-born English first-class cricketer, physician and academic. The son of the cricketer and clergyman Stacy Waddy, he was born at Parramatta in July 1911. He moved to England with his family as a child and was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Balliol College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1932, making two appearances against Leicestershire and Yorkshire. He scored 11 runs and took 3 wickets for Oxford.

Bernard Broughton Waddy (3 July 1911 – 7 August 1981) was an Australian-born English first-class cricketer, physician and academic. The son of the cricketer and clergyman Stacy Waddy, he was born at Parramatta in July 1911. He moved to England with his family as a child and was educated at Marlborough College, before going up to Balliol College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he played first-class cricket for Oxford University in 1932, making two appearances against Leicestershire and Yorkshire. He scored 11 runs and took 3 wickets for Oxford. Two years later, he toured Ireland with the Marylebone Cricket Club, making two first-class appearances against the Ireland cricket team in Dublin at College Park and Observatory Lane. He scored 38 runs on the tour and took 4 wickets.After graduating from Oxford, Waddy became a medical doctor, having trained at King's College Hospital. He was a specialist in epidemiology in the Gold Coast, and during the Second World War he was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the African Colonial Force in April 1940. He later served with the Royal Army Medical Corps attachment to the Colonial Force and was promoted to lieutenant in September 1943, antedated to April 1940. Following the war, he moved into lecturing on the subject of tropical diseases and was said to have been interested in "any disease communicable on a large scale". He was a senior lecturer at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and also served in the capacity of overseas medical officer for Save the Children. He was also a contributor to the New Scientist magazine.Waddy died at Winchester in August 1981. His uncles, Mich and Gar Waddy, both played first-class cricket. References External links Bernard Waddy at ESPNcricinfo

1757 raid on Berlin

The 1757 raid on Berlin took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia.

The 1757 raid on Berlin took place during the Third Silesian War (part of the Seven Years' War). Cavalrymen of the Holy Roman Empire attacked and briefly occupied Berlin, the capital of Prussia. Background After the War of the Austrian Succession, traditional European alliances fell apart and were replaced by an Anglo-Prussian pact and a Franco-Austrian alliance. Known as the Diplomatic Revolution, these events caused the Seven Years' War. Frederick II, King of Prussia and bitter rival of the Holy Roman Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, invaded Silesia in 1756 but suffered his first defeat at Kolín on June 18. In the aftermath of the battle, however, Frederick neglected to protect the approach to his capital, Berlin. Battle Austrian commanders noticed this flaw, and Prince Charles of Lorraine, commander of Austrian troops facing Frederick's main army, dispatched Hungarian cavalry officer Count András Hadik and a force of about 5,100 men, mostly Hungarian hussars, to capture the city. However, to guard his main base at Elsterwerda, Hadik left behind enough troops that his raiding party was outnumbered by the unsuspecting Berlin garrison.On 16 October Hadik and his raiding force arrived outside of Berlin. Although the Prussian defenders were surprised, they refused Hadik's surrender demands. Hadik promptly attacked the city gates, entering the city. The city's military governor, General von Rochow, believed that his forces were outnumbered and spirited the royal family to Spandau, while Hadik demanded that the city council pay a ransom of 200,000 thalers and a dozen pairs of gloves for the Empress. The ransom was paid, but Hadik left the city hurriedly when he realized that a significant Prussian force under the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau was marching toward Berlin in an attempt to intercept him. == References ==

Vineeth

Vineeth Radhakrishnan (born 23 August 1969) is an Indian actor, Bharatanatyam dancer, voice artist and choreographer who primarily works in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu language movies. He has also appeared in a few Bollywood and Kannada films. He has won several awards including 2 Kerala State Film Awards, Kalaimamani Honour from Government of Tamil Nadu and Filmfare Award South Nomination.

Vineeth Radhakrishnan (born 23 August 1969) is an Indian actor, Bharatanatyam dancer, voice artist and choreographer who primarily works in Malayalam, Tamil and Telugu language movies. He has also appeared in a few Bollywood and Kannada films. He has won several awards including 2 Kerala State Film Awards, Kalaimamani Honour from Government of Tamil Nadu and Filmfare Award South Nomination. Early life Vineeth was born to K. T. Radhakrishnan and P. K. Shanthakumari on 23 August 1969 at Thalassery in Kannur district of North Kerala. He has a sister, Kavitha Dinesh. He attended Good Shepherd International School, Ooty, St Joseph's Higher Secondary School, Thalassery and Devagiri College, Kozhikode He pursued Bachelor of Commerce from The New College in 1991. Vineeth is the nephew of Ramachandran Nair, the husband of actress Padmini of the Travancore sisters. His aunt, Padmini and her sister, Ragini convinced his parents to send him to dancing school.He started training in Bharathanatyam at the age of six, and won several dance prizes while a student, including the first prize at the Kerala School Kalolsavam for four years in a row also winning the top title of "Kalaprathibha" in 1986. Film career Vineeth entered films with the I. V. Sasi film Idanilangal in 1985, and caught the public eye with his second film, Nakhakshathangal, in 1986. His dancing skills were prominently displayed in several films as well. He played the lead characters in Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha (1987), a story by poet Balachandran Chullikkadu and Oru Muthassi Katha (1988) directed by Priyadarshan. Aavarampoo (1992), the Tamil remake of Thakara changed everything for Vineeth directed by Bharathan. As soon as Aavarampoo ended, Hariharan called him for Sargam (1992), in which he played a musical genius. Suddenly Vineeth was doing multiple films in Malayalam and Tamil. Kabooliwala (1994) and Manathe Vellitheru (1994) became two turning points in his Malayalam career, one establishing him as a young romantic hero, the other proving he could handle negative shades really well. Though his films impressed both critics and front benchers, he did not become a super hero, a sought after actor. He had appeared in maximum Malayalam films. But his career did not pick up as expected.His roles in successful Tamil films also include Gentleman (1993), Pudhiya Mugam (1993), Jaathi Malli (1993) and May Maadham (1994). Among other projects came Kadhal Desam (1996), where Vineeth and Abbas played college students in love with the same woman, played by Tabu. The movie, with its themes of friendship and romance and the music of A. R. Rahman, became very popular. He has acted in several well received films since then in all South Indian languages. In spite of his success in films, he still considers dance as his first love and is undergoing advanced training in Bharatanatyam and participates in several dance programmes all over the world as well as the Surya Dance Festival. He has worked in several Telugu films such as Aaro Pranam (1997), Maa Annayya (2000), Ammayi Kosam (2001), Nee Premakai (2002) and Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo (2002). Vineeth, who disappeared from both Tamil and Malayalam cinema, made a comeback with Rajinikanth starrer Chandramukhi (2005). He played the same role in the Hindi version of Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007) as well. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography for Kambhoji in 2017. Vineeth's last film release was the G. V. Prakash Kumar starrer Sarvam Thaala Mayam (2019) in Tamil. It was a musical drama that was written and directed by Rajiv Menon. Actor singer Krishnachandran dubbed for Vineeth in most of his early movies. Ironically, Vineeth won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist in 2020 for giving voice to Vivek Oberoi's character in Lucifer, actor Prithviraj’s first as a director. In Malayalam, he was seen in Kavya Prakash's debut film Vaanku (2021), based on a story by Unni R. In Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea, he dubbed for the character played by Tamil star Arjun Sarja. Vineeth won the award for his dubbing. Personal life Vineeth married Priscilla Menon, who hails from Thalassery on August 2004. They live in Chennai, and a daughter was born to them in 2006. Awards and nominations 1986 - Kalaprathibha - Kerala School Kalolsavam 1992 - Best New Face award by Film Fan's Association in Tamil Nadu for Aavarampoo 1992 - Kerala Film Critics Association Awards Second Best Actor award for Daivathinte Vikrithikal and Sargam 1993 - Supporting Actor award by Film Fan's Association in Tamil Nadu for Jathi Malli and Pudhiya Mugam 2006 - Yuvakala Bharathi award - Bharath Kalachar 2009 - Kalaimamani Award from Government of Tamil Nadu 2013 - Asiavision Awards for Best Supporting Actor 2013 - Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam - Nominated for Bavuttiyude Namathil 2017 - Kerala State Film Award for Best Choreography - Kambhoji for the song "Chenthar Nermukhi" 2020 - Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist - Lucifer (dubbed for Vivek Oberoi)2021 - Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist - Marakkar: Arabikadalinte Simham (dubbed for Arjun Sarja) Filmography Malayalam films Tamil films Telugu films Other language films Dubbing References External links Actor Vineeth - Official Website Vineeth at IMDb

Großkrotzenburg Power Station

Großkrotzenburg Power Station (German: Kraftwerk Staudinger) is a modern coal-fired thermal power station in Großkrotzenburg, Hesse, east of Frankfurt, Germany. It comprises five units with a total capacity of approximately 1900 MW. The units were built between 1965 and 1992. Units 1-3 were decommissioned in 2012 and 2013. A characteristic of this power station is the fact that the most recently built unit, Unit 5, uses the updraught from the existing cooling towers as stack.

Großkrotzenburg Power Station (German: Kraftwerk Staudinger) is a modern coal-fired thermal power station in Großkrotzenburg, Hesse, east of Frankfurt, Germany. It comprises five units with a total capacity of approximately 1900 MW. The units were built between 1965 and 1992. Units 1-3 were decommissioned in 2012 and 2013. A characteristic of this power station is the fact that the most recently built unit, Unit 5, uses the updraught from the existing cooling towers as stack. The power station is operated by Uniper. Technical Information Großkrotenzburg Power Station consists of 5 units, of which only Unit 5 is operated regularly. A 6th unit was planned, but was cancelled in 2012 for economic reasons. External links (in German) Plant datasheet Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine == References ==

Lombez Cathedral

Lombez Cathedral (Cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Lombez; Église Notre-Dame) is a Roman Catholic church, formerly a cathedral, in Lombez, France. It has been a monument historique since 1846.It was the seat of the former Diocese of Lombez, suppressed by the Concordat of 1801 and divided between the Diocese of Bayonne and the Archdiocese of Toulouse.

Lombez Cathedral (Cathédrale Sainte-Marie de Lombez; Église Notre-Dame) is a Roman Catholic church, formerly a cathedral, in Lombez, France. It has been a monument historique since 1846.It was the seat of the former Diocese of Lombez, suppressed by the Concordat of 1801 and divided between the Diocese of Bayonne and the Archdiocese of Toulouse. Building history This is a 14th-century brick church with an ornate pink-and-white five-tiered octagonal bell tower constructed c. 1346. A plaque to the right of the plain west entrance records the visit of the Italian poet Petrarch in 1330, arranged by the bishop, Jacques Colonna (1328–41), also of Italian extraction, who made Petrarch an honorary canon in 1335. The typical blank west façade of Southern French Gothic is relieved only by a small roundel and the Flamboyant entrance in stone. The severe exterior is characteristic of the Toulouse region with tall buttresses around the chevet. Below the tower in the interior is a remarkable 12th-century baptistry, which was part of an earlier church. The lead baptismal font is made of two pieces, the lower part decorated with religious figures in medallions in the style of the 13th century, and the upper part with a frieze of secular scenes of antique design. The stopper in the base suggests it was used for total immersion which was practised until the 9th century. Other items of note are the 17th-century walnut choir stalls, the altar in Carrara marble consecrated in 1753, and the 18th-century organ at the west end. The three panels of brilliantly colored 15th–16th-century glass in the chevet are by the followers of Arnaud de Moles, restored in the 19th century, and illustrate scenes from the Life of Christ and from the Passion. The rest of the glass is 19th-century. References External links Location

Roxy Cinema (Kolkata)

Roxy Cinema is a single screen cinema hall located in Esplanade Metro, Chowringhee Place, Dharmatala, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

Roxy Cinema is a single screen cinema hall located in Esplanade Metro, Chowringhee Place, Dharmatala, Kolkata, West Bengal, India. History Roxy Cinema started as an Opera House. In early 1940s the house was converted into a cinema. The hall had high banisters but during this conversion stage height was removed. In 1941 the first film screened in this theatre was Ashok Kumar-starrer Naya Sansar. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose came to this theatre to watch Ashok Kumar-starrer Kismet (1943), which ran for 108 weeks at Roxy.In 2005 the theatre was renovated by its owners. In 2011, Kolkata Municipal Corporation seized the theatre as the theatre owners did not pay lease agreement renewal dues. Current status As of July 2012 this cinema is owned by Bengal Properties Private Ltd and the director of this hall is Arun Mehra and the theatre is active. The hall has AC tower, Dolby Digital sound and a 2K projection silver screen. Sitting capacity of this hall is 730. See also Cinema in Kolkata == References ==

Japanese repatriation from Huludao

The Japanese repatriation from Huludao (Japanese: 葫蘆島在留日本人大送還, Hepburn: Koro-tō Zairyū Nihonjin Dai-sōkan, Chinese: 葫芦岛日侨大遣返) refers to sending the Japanese people who were left in Northeast China after the end of World War II in 1945 back to Japan. Over one million Japanese were taken back to their homeland from 1946 to 1948 by the American forces' ships under the auspices of the Republic of China government.

The Japanese repatriation from Huludao (Japanese: 葫蘆島在留日本人大送還, Hepburn: Koro-tō Zairyū Nihonjin Dai-sōkan, Chinese: 葫芦岛日侨大遣返) refers to sending the Japanese people who were left in Northeast China after the end of World War II in 1945 back to Japan. Over one million Japanese were taken back to their homeland from 1946 to 1948 by the American forces' ships under the auspices of the Republic of China government. Post-war status of Japanese in Northeast China By August 1945, almost 6.9 million Japanese were residing outside the current borders of Japan; 3,210,000 Japanese civilians and 3,670,000 military personnel, around 9% of Japan's population. 2 million were in Manchuria (formerly Manchukuo), and 1.5 million were in China proper. Immediately after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria on 8 August 1945, 600,000 Japanese soldiers and some civilians were sent by the Soviet forces to Siberia for forced labor. Engineers and medical doctors were beginning to be asked for cooperation by the Chinese Communist forces. Activities leading to the repatriation The Japanese government did almost nothing for this population in the confusion after their defeat in the war. Three young men from Anshan (Kunio Maruyama, Hachiro Shimpo and Masamichi Musashi) volunteered to report the situation to Japan and met with the Japanese government in Tokyo. They later met with General Douglas MacArthur, then the head of the Allied Occupation Forces, who immediately decided on the Japanese repatriation from Huludao. Repatriation The American forces who were assisting the Chinese Nationalist government were aware of this dangerous situation and sent ships on a tripartite operation to: carry Chinese soldiers from Southern China to north in Huludao for reinforcement repatriate Japanese to Hakata Port, Fukuoka City, Japan transport to China the Chinese people who had worked in Japan mostly under forced laborHuludao in Liaoning Province was the only strategic seaport and corridor to Northeast China that was held by the Nationalist forces, who were battling against the Chinese Communist forces for control of Northeast China. From May 7, 1946 (when the operation began) till August 1948 (when it ended as Huludao was under pressure from the Communist forces), about 1,050,000 Japanese people were repatriated. Many had died in Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang during the 1945-46 winter before this repatriation began. Those who reached Huludao in the worst conditions and died there were buried in the nearby Cishan mountain (Chinese: 茨山), in simple tombs facing east, toward their homeland. Commemoration A stele commemorating this event in the Sino-Japanese history stands on the seaport in Huludao. It cannot be easily visited because it is in a restricted area — Huludao is a strategic submarine base in China. See also Japanese settlers in Manchuria Evacuation of Manchukuo Japanese orphans in China Fushun War Criminals Management Center Retention of the Japanese in Tianshui, Gansu Province Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands References Books Watt, Lori (2012). "Imperial Remnants: The Repatriates in Postwar Japan". In Elkins, Caroline; Pedersen, Susan (eds.). Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 9781136077463.

Sense about Science

Sense about Science is a United Kingdom charitable organization that promotes the public understanding of science. Sense about Science was founded in 2002 by Lord Taverne, Bridget Ogilvie and others to promote respect for scientific evidence and good science. It was established as a charitable trust in 2003, with 14 trustees, an advisory council and a small office staff. Tracey Brown has been the director since 2002.The organisation works with scientists and journalists to put scientific evidence in public discussions about science, and to correct unscientific misinformation. They encourage and assist scientists to engage in public debates about their area of expertise, to respond to scientifically inaccurate claims in the media, to help people contact scientists with appropriate expertise, and to prepare briefings about the scientific background to issues of public concern.

Sense about Science is a United Kingdom charitable organization that promotes the public understanding of science. Sense about Science was founded in 2002 by Lord Taverne, Bridget Ogilvie and others to promote respect for scientific evidence and good science. It was established as a charitable trust in 2003, with 14 trustees, an advisory council and a small office staff. Tracey Brown has been the director since 2002.The organisation works with scientists and journalists to put scientific evidence in public discussions about science, and to correct unscientific misinformation. They encourage and assist scientists to engage in public debates about their area of expertise, to respond to scientifically inaccurate claims in the media, to help people contact scientists with appropriate expertise, and to prepare briefings about the scientific background to issues of public concern. Projects Sense about Science publishes guides to different areas of science in partnership with experts. These include: Making Sense of Uncertainty, Making Sense of Allergies, Making Sense of Drug Safety Science, Making Sense of Crime, Making Sense of Statistics, Making Sense of Screening and Making Sense of GM.Sense about Science runs the Voice of Young Science programme to help early career scientists engage in public debates. Sense About Science hosts an annual lecture. Since its founding, Sense about Science has contributed to UK public debates about such subjects as alternative medicine, "detoxification" products and detox diets, genetically modified food, avian influenza, chemicals and health, "electrosmog", vaccination, weather and climate, nuclear power, and the use and utility of peer review. Sense about Science encourages scientists to explain to the public the value of peer review in determining which reports should be taken seriously. Director Tracey Brown describes such critical thinking as crucial to preventing public health scares based on unpublished information. Causes AllTrials The AllTrials campaign calls for all past and present clinical trials to be registered and their full methods and summary results reported.AllTrials is an international initiative of Bad Science, BMJ, Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Cochrane Collaboration, James Lind Initiative, PLOS and Sense About Science and is being led in the US by Sense About Science USA, Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine and the Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice.As of January 2018, the AllTrials petition has been signed by 91,989 people and 737 organisations. Ask for Evidence Ask for Evidence was launched by Sense About Science in 2011. It is a campaign that helps people request for themselves the evidence behind news stories, marketing claims and policies. When challenged in this way, organisations may withdraw their claims or send evidence to support them. The campaign is supported by more than 6000 volunteer scientists who are available to review the evidence provided and determine whether it supports the original claim or story. The campaign has received funding from The Wellcome Trust and is endorsed by figures such as Dara Ó Briain and Derren Brown. Keep Libel Laws Out of Science Sense About Science launched the Keep Libel Laws out of Science campaign in June 2009 in defence of a member of its board of trustees, author and journalist Simon Singh, who has been sued for libel by the British Chiropractic Association. They issued a statement entitled "The law has no place in scientific disputes", which was signed by many people representing science, medicine, journalism, publishing, arts, humanities, entertainment, sceptics, campaign groups and law. In April 2010, the BCA lost this case with the court accepting that criticism of the BCA concerning its promotion of bogus treatments was fair comment. In December 2009, Sense About Science, Index on Censorship and English PEN launched the Libel Reform Campaign. The Defamation Act 2013 received Royal Assent on 25 April 2013 and came into force on 1 January 2014. The Trust actively campaigns in support of various causes. It has issued a statement signed by over 35 scientists asking the WHO to condemn homeopathy for diseases such as HIV. Reception Sense about Science and their publications have been cited a number of times in the popular press, most notably for encouraging celebrities and the public to think critically about scientific claims, criticizing marketing unsupported by research, decrying the unsubstantiated claims of homeopathy, supporting genetically modified crops, criticising "do-it-yourself" health testing, denouncing detox products, warning against "miracle cures", and promoting public understanding of peer review. They have received positive coverage in publications from the Royal Society and the U.S. National Science Foundation, and in the writings of scientists such as Ben Goldacre and Steven Novella.Lord Taverne, chairman of Sense About Science, has criticised campaigns to ban plastic bags as counter-productive and being based on "bad science".Anti-genetic-modification campaigners and academics have criticised Sense About Science for what they view as a failure to disclose industry connections of some advisers, and Private Eye reported that it had seen a draft of the Making Sense of GM guide that included Monsanto Company's former director of scientific affairs as an author. Tracey Brown, managing director of Sense About Science, rebutted these claims on the Science about Science website.Homeopath Peter Fisher criticised Sense About Science, who have been working closely with NHS primary care trusts on the issue of funding for homeopathy, for being funded by the pharmaceutical industry; Sense About Science responded in a statement to Channel 4 News that "Peter Fisher's desperate comments show about as much grasp of reality as the homeopathic medicine he sells."A 2016 piece in The Intercept was critical of Sense About Science's data on and support for flame retardant chemicals. References External links Official website Interviews with Tracey Brown on Little Atoms, the official podcast of The Skeptic magazine, on Resonance FM Alan Sokal giving the 2008 Sense About Science lecture "Sense About Science", The Guardian, 5 January 2010

Ysgol Eifionydd

Ysgol Eifionydd is a bilingual co-educational comprehensive school for 11-16 year-old pupils. It is situated in the town of Porthmadog, Gwynedd, Wales. The school serves the towns of Porthmadog, Cricieth and the rural villages of the area.

Ysgol Eifionydd is a bilingual co-educational comprehensive school for 11-16 year-old pupils. It is situated in the town of Porthmadog, Gwynedd, Wales. The school serves the towns of Porthmadog, Cricieth and the rural villages of the area. Background As of 2022, there were 380 pupils enrolled at the school. There were 487 pupils at the school in 2006, 534 in 2005 and 369 pupils on roll in 2015.The school was established in 1894. One of its most famous ex-students was the poet and scholar T. H. Parry-Williams, who first attended the school aged 11 in 1898. Previously, it was a grammar school and was called Ysgol Ganolradd Porthmadog. Rob Piercy, a successful local artist, was previously the art teacher at Ysgol Eifionydd. The school's head master is Dewi Rhys Bowen. In 2019, Ysgol Eifionydd will be celebrating 125 years of being a secondary school. Welsh language The school is categorised linguistically by the Welsh Government as a category 2A school, meaning that at least 80 per cent of subjects apart from English and Welsh are taught only through the medium of Welsh to all pupils. However, one or two subjects are taught to some pupils in English or in both languages. According to the latest Estyn inspection report conducted in 2018, 69% of pupils come from Welsh-speaking homes. Recent Head-teachers Dewi Bowen Alwen P. Watkin Richard Williams Gwilym R. Hughes Robert Wyn Jackson Notable former pupils T. H. Parry-Williams Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones References External links Official website

Michael Larson (businessman)

Michael Larson (born October 1959) is an American money manager. He is the chief investment officer for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Bill Gates' personal fortune through Cascade Investment. He assumed the role in 1994.

Michael Larson (born October 1959) is an American money manager. He is the chief investment officer for the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Bill Gates' personal fortune through Cascade Investment. He assumed the role in 1994. Early life and education Larson was born in Sacramento, California in October 1959. He was raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico and spent his summers in North Dakota. Larson attended Valley High School in Albuquerque.He graduated from high school in two years and was recruited to West Point, the Coast Guard Academy, and the Merchant Marine Academy. He was also accepted at the University of Washington and Claremont McKenna College. Larson was only 16 when he graduated high school and could not attend the Coast Guard Academy until he was 18. He decided to attend Claremont McKenna and graduated in three years with a degree in economics. Larson subsequently earned an MBA from the University of Chicago at the age of 21. Career After receiving his MBA from the University of Chicago, Larson went to work for ARCO doing mergers and acquisitions. After a few years, Larson moved to Boston to work for Putnam Investments managing bond funds. After two years, Larson left Putnam to run his own fund. Cascade Investment While trying to buy a Chicago-based money management firm, Larson received a call from a head hunter to work for Bill Gates. The head hunter had heard of Larson from a few investors in Tacoma, Washington. In 1994, Larson and his wife moved to Seattle. Larson called the investment shop Cascade Investment because the generic name would allow him to operate in the market without drawing attention. Larson has and continues to operate under the radar with the exception of a rare interview with Fortune in 1999. When Larson started at Cascade, informally known as BGI (Bill Gates Investments), he was the only employee. In 1996, he later hired Alan Heuberger, a fellow graduate of Claremont McKenna College. Larson originally managed $11.5 billion of the Gates fortune and foundation but that has swelled tremendously over the years as Gates sells his Microsoft stock. Although an actual statement isn't released, it's believed that Larson manages well over $80 billion year to date. This number includes the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gates's personal wealth. Cascade is a diversified investment shop, although there is an emphasis on real estate private equity managed by the subsidiary, Los Arboles Management. Larson was a student of Professor Jerry St. Dennis while at Claremont McKenna College. Larson convinced St. Dennis to come out of retirement in order to act as an advisor to Larson. Before teaching at Claremont McKenna College, St. Dennis was Assistant Secretary to the Treasury under Ronald Reagan and was Chairman and CEO of California Federal Bank. Other ventures Larson regularly attends the Allen & Company Sun Valley Conference. He is Chairman of the Board of Directors at Western Asset and has been a member of the Board of Directors at Teledesic, Pan American Silver, Ecolab, Hamilton Lane, FoodTrader.com, Republic Services and AutoNation. Larson has served on the Board of Trustees at Claremont McKenna College, Lakeside School and the United Negro College Fund. He has served as the Chair of the Investment Committee at the University of Washington. == References ==

Proletariat Political Institute

Proletariat Political Institute is a political organisation and school headed by Wong Yuk-man, former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was first established by Wong in 2010 as a political educational institute within the League of Social Democrats (LSD), a pro-democratic social democratic party where Wong was the then chairman. It quit the LSD under Wong's leadership and became one of the coalition members of the radical democratic party People Power in 2011. It left the People Power in 2013 and became one of the leading organisations for the localist cause in Hong Kong.

Proletariat Political Institute is a political organisation and school headed by Wong Yuk-man, former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was first established by Wong in 2010 as a political educational institute within the League of Social Democrats (LSD), a pro-democratic social democratic party where Wong was the then chairman. It quit the LSD under Wong's leadership and became one of the coalition members of the radical democratic party People Power in 2011. It left the People Power in 2013 and became one of the leading organisations for the localist cause in Hong Kong. History Proletariat Political Institute was first created in 2010 as a political school of the League of Social Democrats, a pro-democratic social democratic party where Wong was the then chairman. It aimed to train young members on political theory, speech making, district work, and public policy research for nurturing the vision for youth.Proletariat Political Institute quit the LSD when Wong and another legislator Albert Chan Wai-yip split with the LSD in 2011, due to their dissatisfaction with the policies of the then chairman Andrew To Kwan-hang and his faction, especially To's decision not to spin the Democratic Party, the flagship pro-democratic party, which negotiated with the Beijing government in secret and supported the government's reform proposal.It became one of the coalition members of People Power with Power Voters, supported by Stephen Shiu Yeuk-yuen, the owner of the Hong Kong Reporter, the re-grouped Frontier, and the two pro-Taiwan organisations: China Youth Organization and Democratic Alliance when it was established in 2011. People Power fiercely attacked the Democratic Party in the 2011 District Council election and 2012 Legislative Council election. The Proletariat Political Institute went independent with Wong Yuk-man when Wong quit People Power in 2013 over the disagreement regarding the 2014 Hong Kong electoral reform and the pan-democrats' Occupy Central plan. Wong expressed doubts over the plan while Stephen Shiu, the main donor of People Power, supported the plan. Shiu also attacked Wong Yeung-tat, Wong Yuk-man's protege, for his opportunism. Since then, Wong Yuk-man's Proletariat Political Institute has become close to Wong Yeung-tat's Civic Passion. Since 2013, the Proletariat Political Institute has become more sympathetic towards the localist cause. It organised memorials for the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, in opposition to the main candlelight vigil held by the pan-democrats' Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China (HKASPDMC), which they criticised it for having a Chinese nationalistic theme. The Proletariat Political Institute, Civic Passion, and other localist groups organised an alternative 4 June rally in Tsim Sha Tsui. The alternative event attracted 200 people in 2013 and 7,000 in 2014, compared with 180,000 and 150,000 respectively for the main event.In 2016, the Proletariat Political Institute, Civic Passion, and Hong Kong Resurgence Order, headed by the "mentor" of the localism Chin Wan, announced that they would form an alliance for the upcoming 2016 Legislative Council election. Its chairman and only LegCo representative, Wong Yuk-man, was defeated by a narrow margin by another localist, Youngspiration's Yau Wai-ching. Performance in elections Legislative Council elections See also Civic Passion Hong Kong Resurgence Order == References ==

Peace, Retrenchment and Reform

Peace, Retrenchment and Reform was a political slogan used in early-19th-century British politics by Whigs, Radicals and Liberals. The historian R. B. McCallum in his history of the Liberal Party defined the meaning of the slogan: The critical, conscience-searching attitude to foreign and imperial affairs, the willingness to see the right triumph over national sentiment... was sheer idealism, the belief that war was wrong and that in the new world of great inventions and world-wide trade civilised nations should not require to settle difference by war.... Retrenchment... meant the saving of the resources of the individual from the grasp of the state taxation system. It was held as a general truth that wealth left in the hands of private persons would be more fruitfully used than if used by the state....[Liberals] had most vigorously attacked sinecures and abuses; it was they who had established free trade which seemed the best guarantee of economic development and it was they who more than any others discouraged expense on armaments, the most wasteful and unproductive of all expenditure.... Reform... had a particular and narrower use as meaning reform of the franchise.... More broadly it meant improvement in the method and art of government and the removal of any restriction or disqualification that fell on any particular class or sect. In 1794, the Radical Daniel Stuart published his pamphlet Peace and Reform, Against War and Corruption and in 1796, the Whig George Tierney stood for election a platform of "Peace and Reform".

Peace, Retrenchment and Reform was a political slogan used in early-19th-century British politics by Whigs, Radicals and Liberals. The historian R. B. McCallum in his history of the Liberal Party defined the meaning of the slogan: The critical, conscience-searching attitude to foreign and imperial affairs, the willingness to see the right triumph over national sentiment... was sheer idealism, the belief that war was wrong and that in the new world of great inventions and world-wide trade civilised nations should not require to settle difference by war.... Retrenchment... meant the saving of the resources of the individual from the grasp of the state taxation system. It was held as a general truth that wealth left in the hands of private persons would be more fruitfully used than if used by the state....[Liberals] had most vigorously attacked sinecures and abuses; it was they who had established free trade which seemed the best guarantee of economic development and it was they who more than any others discouraged expense on armaments, the most wasteful and unproductive of all expenditure.... Reform... had a particular and narrower use as meaning reform of the franchise.... More broadly it meant improvement in the method and art of government and the removal of any restriction or disqualification that fell on any particular class or sect. In 1794, the Radical Daniel Stuart published his pamphlet Peace and Reform, Against War and Corruption and in 1796, the Whig George Tierney stood for election a platform of "Peace and Reform". The relentless campaign by the Radical MP Joseph Hume against what he considered wasteful and extravagant government expenditure in the 1820s caused the word "retrenchment" to be added to "peace and reform". The Whig government of Earl Grey was elected to office on the slogan "Peace, Retrenchment and Reform" in 1830. The Liberals under William Ewart Gladstone won the 1880 general election on the slogan, as did the Liberals under Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1906.The Radical MP John Bright said in 1859, "I am for 'Peace, retrenchment, and reform', the watchword of the great Liberal party 30 years ago. Whosoever may abandon the cause I shall never pronounce another Shibboleth, but as long as the old flag floats in the air I shall be found a steadfast soldier in the foremost ranks". Notes References E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform. Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860–1880 (Cambridge University Press, 1992). R. B. McCallum, The Liberal Party from Earl Grey to Asquith (London: Victor Gollancz, 1963).

Albert Hugo Schuster

Albert Hugo Schuster (February 13, 1912 – May 31, 1973) was a Nazi war criminal who was responsible for police units in occupied Poland in World War II. He was notorious for his brutality, earning the nickname "The Butcher of the Łysogóry". Schuster avoided detection after the war. After Polish investigators reopened an active search for Nazi war criminals, they discovered Schuster, who was now living in East Germany. Schuster was arrested and put on trial for his crimes by an East German court.

Albert Hugo Schuster (February 13, 1912 – May 31, 1973) was a Nazi war criminal who was responsible for police units in occupied Poland in World War II. He was notorious for his brutality, earning the nickname "The Butcher of the Łysogóry". Schuster avoided detection after the war. After Polish investigators reopened an active search for Nazi war criminals, they discovered Schuster, who was now living in East Germany. Schuster was arrested and put on trial for his crimes by an East German court. He was found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed in 1973. Early life and crimes Schuster was born in Plauen in 1912. He joined the Nazi Party in 1933. In 1941, he graduated from the Ordnungspolizei school in Buchenwald. He was deployed to Belarus with the task of fighting guerrillas, shooting Jews whom he had helped select. In the spring of 1943, he was sent to the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. There, he became known as the "Butcher of the Łysogóry" for his brutality.Schuster commanded the 62nd Motorized Gendarmerie Regiment. The group used carts instead of motor vehicles so they could surprise attack their targets. After a failed attempt by partisans to destroy his post, Schuster moved to the St. Catherine monastery, believing Poles would be less likely to shoot at a church. He tortured and murdered approximately 80 people in the monastery's proximity. In addition, Schuster went on "pacifications" in numerous areas. and many more in surrounding villages. He murdered hundreds of people across multiple villages. On one occasion, he burned two children alive.Between March and July 1943, Schuster and his men murdered over 400 people. They killed 35 people combined in the villages of Paprocice, Płucki, and Zamkowa Wola. They also murdered 9 people in Bartoszowiny, 10 in Szklana Huta, 11 in Jeziorko, 4 in Celiny, 3 in Wojciechów, 2 in Hucisko, 8 in Psary Podlesie, 39 in Bodzentyn, 2 in Klucznik, 7 in Szafranki, 21 in Wola Szczygiełkowa, 28 in Dębno, 4 in Dębno Hary, 16 in Klonów, 9 in Kakonin, and 28 in Krajno.When carrying out a village "pacification", Schuster would have the population chased into one area and then have his men read out a list of names. Those named were then killed. Sometimes, random people were shot. Victims were forced to dig their own graves in advance. Schuster justified his actions as being necessary to combat forest gangs.In January 1944, Schuster went on a "rally of death" in the Opoczno area. Driving from village to village, he and his men kidnapped, robbed, tortured, and killed people who were unlucky enough to be in his way. After being ambushed by a Home Army unit led by Witold Kucharski near the village of Ojrzeń, 12 of Schuster's men were killed and Schuster himself lost an eye. Fifteen local people were killed in retaliation. In January 1945, Schuster left for Germany on sick leave. He was awarded the War Merit Cross, and the Iron Cross (second class). After the war, Schuster was arrested on suspicion of war crimes, but released due to a lack of evidence. Postwar Schuster settled in Raschau, East Germany after the war. In 1951, he was hired by the Stasi as an informant and in 1964, he was awarded the Medal for Faithful Service in the National People's Army. In 1967, a Polish war crimes commission, led by Andrzej Jankowski, conducted an investigation into Schuster. They finished their investigation in 1968. Officials then sent a letter to West Germany about Schuster, after which he learned that Schuster was still alive, but was living in East Germany. In 1969, Jankowski informed East German officials about Schuster, prompting the Stasi to cease contact with him. In December 1970, Schuster was arrested as a war criminal. He was accused of "joining the system of fascist mass extermination and of having committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. As an officer of the fascist gendarmerie and leader of a motorized train, he organized, ordered and carried out the arrests, ill-treatment and shooting of women, children and men in occupied areas during the Second World War." Schuster was put on trial in Chemnitz.Jankowski was allowed to participate in Schuster's interrogation and provided assistance to Polish witnesses questioned by the local prosecutor's office. Schuster's trial started in January 1973. Schuster attempted to defer blame to the Gestapo for the shootings. At one point during his trial, Wacław Dziuba, a surviving witness, said he had been saved by an unexpected act of mercy by one of Schuster's men. Dziuba had survived the initial massacre when the bullet only grazed his neck. One of Schuster's men noticed he was still alive, but instead of finishing him off, whispered to him "Lay still, everyone's dead."At this, Schuster suddenly stood up and shouted "The witness is lying, it's impossible. My gendarmes were so disciplined that no one would allow himself to be so disloyal. This is slander. This cannot be true, because my soldiers were exactly following their orders, killing those forest bandits."The presiding judge responded by mentioning the name of one of Schuster's victims, Wanda Piwowarczyk. Piwowarczyk was a two-year-old girl whom Schuster had personally executed as she was crying and hugging her mother. Schuster waited for Piwowarczyk's mother to recover from the shock of watching her daughter being murdered, then smiled at the woman and shot her in the head. She fell down while still holding her daughter in her arms. Dziuba witnessed the entire chain of events.The judge asked Schuster if Wanda Piwowarczyk was a bandit. Schuster went silent. He was found guilty of participating in the rounding and deportation of Jews in the Belarusian town of Novogrudok and murdering of at least 400 villagers in Poland, and sentenced to death. Schuster was shot at Leipzig Prison in 1973. His body was cremated and buried in an unmarked grave. In 1994, an unknown party filed a rehabilitation request on Schuster's behalf. However, the petition only succeeded in having his death sentence posthumously reduced to life in prison. == References ==

Elyah Lopian

Eliyahu Lopian (1876 – 21 September 1970), known as Reb Elyah, was a rabbi of the Mussar Movement.

Eliyahu Lopian (1876 – 21 September 1970), known as Reb Elyah, was a rabbi of the Mussar Movement. Biography Lopian was born in Grajewo, Poland in 1876 and studied at the yeshiva in Łomża and at the Kelm Talmud Torah of Simcha Zissel Ziv. He emigrated to England in 1928, where he was the rosh yeshiva of the Etz Chaim Yeshiva in the East End of London, working for many years alongside Nachman Shlomo Greenspan. His wife Soroh Leah Rotman died in 1934, shortly after the engagement of their daughter Lieba to Leib Gurwicz. In 1950 he left the Etz Chaim Yeshiva and immigrated to Israel where he taught and was Mashgiach Ruchani at the Knesses Chizkiyahu yeshiva located in Zikhron Ya'akov and later Kfar Hasidim). He died in Israel on 21 September 1970, and was buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery.He had 13 children. After his death a street was named in his honor in the Ramat Shlomo neighborhood of Jerusalem. His work Lev Eliyahu was edited by his students. References Reb Elyah: The Life and Accomplishments of Rabbi Elyah Lopian, David J. Schlossberg, Mesorah Publications Limited, February 1999. External links Lectures given by Reb Elyah Lopian in Yiddish: iawaken.org

Kepler-182

Kepler-182 is a star in the constellation of Cygnus. In the night sky, it is located at right ascension 19h 21m 39.2s and declination +38° 20′ 38″. The star is notable for having two planets in the circumstellar habitable zone.It has a radius of 1.146 R☉ and an effective temperature of 6,250 K.Two exoplanets orbit it. The first, Kepler-182b, has a radius of 0.23 RJ and orbits the parent star every 9.8 days. The second, Kepler-182c, has a radius of 0.306 RJ and orbits the parent star every 20.7 days.

Kepler-182 is a star in the constellation of Cygnus. In the night sky, it is located at right ascension 19h 21m 39.2s and declination +38° 20′ 38″. The star is notable for having two planets in the circumstellar habitable zone.It has a radius of 1.146 R☉ and an effective temperature of 6,250 K.Two exoplanets orbit it. The first, Kepler-182b, has a radius of 0.23 RJ and orbits the parent star every 9.8 days. The second, Kepler-182c, has a radius of 0.306 RJ and orbits the parent star every 20.7 days. == References ==

Li Shouxin

Li Shouxin (Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷ, Буяндэлгэр; Chinese: 李守信; pinyin: Lǐ Shǒuxìn; Wade–Giles: Li Shou-hsin; Hepburn: Ri Shyushin; 11 July 1892 – May 1970) was a pro-Japanese commander in the Manchukuo Imperial Army and later the Mengjiang National Army.

Li Shouxin (Mongolian: ᠪᠤᠶᠠᠨᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠷ, Буяндэлгэр; Chinese: 李守信; pinyin: Lǐ Shǒuxìn; Wade–Giles: Li Shou-hsin; Hepburn: Ri Shyushin; 11 July 1892 – May 1970) was a pro-Japanese commander in the Manchukuo Imperial Army and later the Mengjiang National Army. Biography Li was born into a family of minor landlords of Han Chinese descent who assimilated into the Mongol people. His Han Chinese ancestor was part of a group of Han Chinese during the Qing dynasty called "Mongol followers" who worked as servant for Mongols and married Mongol women. Their descendants continued to marry Mongol women and changed their ethnicity to Mongol. They distinguished themselves apart from "true Mongols" 真蒙古. In 1919, he enlisted in the military forces of the Zhili clique in Rehe Province, rising steadily through the ranks until he reached the position of colonel, with an equivalent ranking being granted by the Kuomintang government. Assigned to Tongliao in what is now Inner Mongolia, he helped assist in the suppressing the revolt of Gada Meiren in 1929. In 1933, his forces clashed with the Imperial Japanese Army on the border with Manchukuo, and Li managed to down a Japanese aircraft. However, this opened the door to negotiations, and in exchange for weapons, money and supplies, Li defected to the Japanese side, and was appointed commander of a portion of Inner Mongolia and Rehe. In 1933 commanded the Manchukuo forces defending the fortifications around Duolun against the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army. In late 1935 he commanded Manchukuo forces aiding Prince Demchugdongrub in seizing control of the six northern districts of Chahar. The following two years he was in command of the Manchukuo detachment of the Inner Mongolian Army attempting to capture Suiyuan province. By February 1936, Li controlled a large area in Chahar province, and transferred his allegiance to Demchugdongrub and became Chief of Staff of the new Inner Mongol Army. With the establishment Mengjiang, Li became the commander of the Mengjiang National Army. In 1940, Li met in Qingdao with Zhou Fohai and representatives of the Wang Jingwei Government with the aim of discussing the integration of Mengjiang into China. This was accomplished in 1941, with Mengjiang becoming the Mongolian Autonomous Federation (蒙古自治邦), albeit with complete autonomy. However, as the situation deteriorated against the Empire of Japan towards the end of World War II, Li met in secret with Chiang Kai-shek, and defected back to the Kuomintang in exchange for being named general of the Chinese 10th Route Army. After the victory of the Chinese Communist Party in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Li fled briefly into exile in Taiwan. However, at the strong request of Demchugdongrub, he returned to Inner Mongolia to assume the position of Deputy Director of Defense of the Inner Mongolian autonomous government. However, the People's Liberation Army refused to recognize his position and issued orders for his arrest a few months later. Li then fled to Mongolia. In September 1950, Mongolia acceded to Chinese demands, and extradited Li back to China, where he was charged with anti-Chinese activities and imprisoned. He was pardoned in 1964, and assigned a job at a history museum in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia. He died in Hohhot in Inner Mongolia in May 1970. References Sources Dryburgh, Marjorie. North China and Japanese Expansion 1933-1937: Regional Power and the National Interest. RoutledgeCurzon (2000). ISBN 0-7007-1274-7 Jowett, Phillip S., Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria, 2004. Helion & Co. Ltd., England. 中国抗日战争正面战场作战记 (China's Anti-Japanese War Combat Operations) Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang Jiangsu People's Publishing House Date published : 2005-7-1 ISBN 7-214-03034-9 Online in Chinese: [1] 第二部分：从"九一八"事变到西安事变察哈尔民众抗日同盟军 1 Part II : from the "September 18 Incident" to the Xi'an Incident: Anti-Japan military alliance https://web.archive.org/web/20070928130306/http://www.wehoo.net/book/wlwh/a30012/04574.htm

Servilia's pearl

Servilia's pearl was a pearl given by Julius Caesar to his favourite mistress Servilia. It was described by imperial biographer Suetonius to be a lone (uniones, meaning "singleton") large black pearl worth six million sesterces (approximately 1.5 billion dollars in 2019 value), making it perhaps the most valuable gem of all time. It may also be the first known individual pearl recorded in human history.

Servilia's pearl was a pearl given by Julius Caesar to his favourite mistress Servilia. It was described by imperial biographer Suetonius to be a lone (uniones, meaning "singleton") large black pearl worth six million sesterces (approximately 1.5 billion dollars in 2019 value), making it perhaps the most valuable gem of all time. It may also be the first known individual pearl recorded in human history. Historical context Caesar was said to be a great connoisseur of pearls; guessing their value just by weighing them in his palm was one of his party tricks, and during his consulship he had restricted the buying of pearls based on age, marital status and wealth. Unmarried women were not allowed to own them (this resulted in a surge in weddings in Rome) and people who were not affluent enough to acquire them safely without risking their financial security were banned from purchasing them.There are conflicting reports on when exactly Caesar gave Servilia the pearl; some sources claim it happened during his first consulship in 59 BC while others state it was when he returned from the war in Gaul. If it was after the war it is possible that Caesar had acquired the pearl as a spoil of war during his campaign in Gaul, or possibly during his invasions of Britain, since the coasts of the island as well as Scottish lakes were prime location for harvesting pearls. Adrian Goldsworthy speculated in his book Caesar, Life of a Colossus that Caesar may have paid for the pearl with money he had gotten from a bribe from Pompey. Robert B. Kebric reflected that Caesar may have paid with tribute money he received from Pharaoh Ptolemy XII Auletes. Value Caesar spent 6 million sesterces on the pearl, which is about 1.5 billion American dollars in 2019 currency, although exact calculations of its value is impossible due to the difference in purchasing power, and economist Gilles Jacoud notes that for ridiculously expensive objects the actual value would become arbitrary for someone like Caesar who could afford anything. He expresses that Roman readers of Suetonius would likely have had a much better understanding for its actual exceptional value. Similarly Mary Saul, an expert of pearls and gastropod shells, states that: "we do not need to know the equivalent in today's currency to appreciate that he paid an enormous price [for it]". A contemporary comparison would be that 900 sesterces was the average yearly salary for an infantryman in one of Caesar's legions, or that it could pay for a year's rent for 3000 Roman tenants.It has also been observed that when Caesar himself was held hostage by pirates as a young man, his ransom of 20 talents (approximately $250,000) was a mere fraction of the worth of the pearl he acquired for his mistress. During the turn of the 19th century it was noted that it is unlikely that any individual pearl of such value would appear again. Analysis Caesar's motives for giving the pearl to Servilia have been the subject of debate among historians.Historically it has been popularly suggested that the pearl was an apology by Caesar to Servilia after an engagement between her son Brutus and Caesar's daughter Julia fell apart, but since later research has all but confirmed that no such engagement existed (the marriage was likely supposed to be between Julia and a man by the same name) this explanation has been largely abandoned. An alternative related theory put forth by Ramon L. Jiménez is that the pearl was indeed gifted to make up for Julia's broken engagement, but not to Servilia's son, but to Servilia's brother who did bear the same name as her son at the time.Other interpretations range from that of Friedrich Münzer and his followers who believed that the pearl was an earnest marriage proposal by Caesar, that he used it to overshadow the pearls famously displayed by Pompey in his 61 BC triumph, that it was simply a present meant to soothe Servilia after Caesar had agreed to marry the younger Calpurnia, to that of the majority of modern historians who just see it as Caesar feeling he was able to spend any money he wanted on his beloved mistress without any ulterior motives. Robert B. Kebric mused that "the pearl may only indicate the first opportunity that the previously debtridden Caesar had to give his mistress a gift worthy of his love for her". Cultural depictions Servilia and the pearl are the subject of poems by Hafiz and John Dryden. In the 1916 story "War" from The Drama magazine a pearl which is on sale is stated to perhaps be Servilia's pearl. In the play Marcus Brutus and Silver Queen Saloon the titular Brutus becomes enraged at Caesar and his mother due to her accepting the pearl.In Thornton Wilder's 1948 novel The Ides of March the pearl is given to Servilia in gratitude because Caesar suspects that Brutus is his natural son. Here the pearl is described as "rose" in color. In his foreword to the book Wilder also made sure to note that the event of Caesar giving Servilia the extravagant pearl is indeed historical. In the novel The Written Script by Annalita Marsigli it is portrayed that Caesar gifted Servilia the pearl to make her boast publicly that he had seduced her, which was a move by him to get back at her half-brother Cato. In Love is a Pie: Stories and Plays the gifting of the pearl causes Caesar's wife Pompeia to be enraged with him. In Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic by Tom Holland, Caesar compares buying the outrageously expensive pearl for Servilia to his decision to pay for 3000 Romans rents, both being moves to seduce his fellow citizens, he expresses that he thinks nothing of it. In Prepare Them for Caesar, by Mary Louise Mabie, Servilia's brother Cato comments that the pearl is too valuable to actually wear. Many novels have depicted the outdated perception that the pearl was a consolation for the broken engagement between their respective children, such as in Respublica: A Novel of Cicero's Roman Republic by Richard Braccia, and in Caesar: Let the Dice Fly by Colleen McCullough's (from the Masters of Rome series) in which it is described as pink (perhaps inspired by Wilder). In The Field of Swords the pearl is meant as a wedding proposal and Servilia initially rejects it, throwing it back at Caesar, because she believes she is infertile and does not want to make him enter a marriage which has no chance of conceiving children. In the novel Cleopatra: Whispers from the Nile, by Lorraine Blundell, Servilia looks at and thinks of the pearl, reflecting on how it is the most extravagant gift she had ever received by her love.The pearl is mentioned in Jules Verne's classical novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea as an example of an extraordinarily valuable pearl. Commercial pearls named after Servilia have been sold.The pearl is the plot device in the story The Eye of the Minotaur of the Franco-Belgian comic Alix, in this story it is shown that the pearl is cursed and slowly poisoning Servilia, prompting Caesar to send Alix, his companion Enak and Brutus on a journey to find the merchant who sold it to him. See also Roman currency Tahitian pearl List of individual gemstones Notes References Further reading Oysters, and All about Them: Being a Complete History of the Titular Subject, Exhaustive on All Points of Necessary and Curious Information from the Earliest Writers to Those of the Present Time, with Numerous Additions, Facts, and Notes, Part 2 Servilia Caeponis on Prezi La perle de Servilia (note sur la naissance de Marcus Junius Brutus), Danielle Porte External links Cesare e Servilia: storia di una perla nera, 11/08/2020, Castello di Corigliano Calabro

James Bassantin

James Bassantin (fl. 1568), was a Scottish astronomer and mathematician.

James Bassantin (fl. 1568), was a Scottish astronomer and mathematician. Life Bassantin was the son of the laird of Bassendean in the Merse, Berwickshire, and was born in the reign of James IV of Scotland (1486–1513). He entered the University of Glasgow at an early age, and, after finishing his studies in belles-lettres and philosophy, applied himself to mathematics. He travelled through the Low Countries, Switzerland, France, Italy, and Germany, and finally settled in Paris, where for several years he taught mathematics.He returned to Scotland in 1562. On the way there, according to Sir James Melville, he met Sir Robert Melville (Sir James's brother), and predicted to him as the result of his studies that there would be captivity and ruin for Mary Queen of Scots at the Queen of England's hands, and also that the kingdom of England would at length fall of right to the crown of Scotland; but at the cost of many bloody battles, at which the Spanish would be helpers. Bassantin was a keen politician, and a supporter of the regent James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray. He died in 1568. Works His planetary system was that of Ptolemy. His major work is Astronomique Discours, Lyons, 1557. A Latin translation, under the title Astronomia Jacobi Bassantini Scoti, opus absolutissimum, was published at Geneva in 1599 by Johannes Tornoesius; who in an epistle addressed to Frederick III, Elector Palatine, gives a eulogistic account of the author.In 1555 Bassantin published at Lyon a corrected edition of the work of Jacques Focard, Paraphrase de l'Astrolabe, to which he added Une Amplification de l'usage de l'Astrolabe. Another edition by Dominique Jacquinot appeared in 1598. Bassantin also wrote 'Super Mathematica Genethlinca,' or 'Calculs des Horoscops:' 'Arithmetica;' 'Musique selon Platon;' and 'De Mathesi in genere,' but probably these were never published. References "Bassantin, James" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. Further reading Chambers, Robert; Thomson, Thomas Napier (1857). "Bassantin, or Bassantoun, James" . A Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen. Vol. 1. Glasgow: Blackie and Son. pp. 160–61 – via Wikisource. External links Online scan of the Astronomia

Bowness Park, Calgary

Bowness Park is a 30-hectare (74-acre) urban park on the Bow River in Bowness, a neighbourhood in the northwest quadrant of the City of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is popular in the summer for picnics and boating, and in winter for ice skating on the lagoon and the canal which feeds it. The park was closed to the public for safety reasons after the major flood which hit Calgary in June 2013. The west half of the park reopened in November 2014, and the east half of the park reopened in 2016. Among other attractions, a ridable miniature railway operates seasonally in the park.

Bowness Park is a 30-hectare (74-acre) urban park on the Bow River in Bowness, a neighbourhood in the northwest quadrant of the City of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is popular in the summer for picnics and boating, and in winter for ice skating on the lagoon and the canal which feeds it. The park was closed to the public for safety reasons after the major flood which hit Calgary in June 2013. The west half of the park reopened in November 2014, and the east half of the park reopened in 2016. Among other attractions, a ridable miniature railway operates seasonally in the park. History Land for the park was donated to the City of Calgary in 1911 by John Hextall, as part of a deal to secure the extension of streetcar service into Bowness Estates, which he was developing as an exclusive suburb. The land consisted of two islands in the Bow River, separated from the south bank by a narrow channel, now dammed off to create a lagoon and small canal.Although hardly any development took place in Bowness before the end of the second world war, Bowness Park itself was extremely popular, due to the streetcar service which took Calgarians right to the door when automobiles were rare. In the 1920s and 30s service on summer weekends was every 15 minutes and it was estimated that on a fine weekend up to 25,000 people would visit the park, with 28 streetcars being assigned to handle the traffic. Streetcar service was maintained from 1913 through 1950.Facilities in the park in the early days were extensive. There was a swimming pool, the lagoon for canoeing and boating (with a fountain and central phonograph “playing gentle music”), a large dancing pavilion, a merry-go-round (now in Calgary's Heritage Park), picnic tables and shelters, swings and teeter-totters, camping sites and cabins which could be rented by the week or month and later a scenic railway. The following extract from a 1919 newspaper article gives some idea of the atmosphere at the time: “The new ferry, which will cross the original boating lake just west of the swimming pool, will supply a want which was badly felt last season. It is expected … that the boys and girls will have a great time on this ferry. It will enable the young people as well as the older ones to shoot across the lake from the grand stand to the refreshment cottage and merry-go-round, without having to tramp around by the lovers' walk or the path at the foot of the lake.” The summer cottages at the park were often rented by families as a summer retreat, beginning in the early 1920s until they were removed in 1946. Many of the former attractions are gone today: the swimming pool was closed in 1959, dancing ceased in 1960, and the Orthophonic, as the phonograph was called, stopped beaming out its music in 1961. Bowness Park today Boats are still available for rent on the lagoon, the fountain has been reinstalled, and the lagoon is used extensively for skating in the winter. In summer, the picnic sites and open spaces for ball games are popular, as is a mini-golf. The modest redevelopment proposed in a 2008 plan began in June 2012. However, the redevelopment was dealt a major setback with the June 2013 flood. Parts of the park were covered by as much as 1.5 meters of silt, as well as other debris. As a result, the redevelopment work that had been done so far was largely erased, and the work plan was modified in order to keep the reduce the impact of future floods. The park was closed for summer 2014. The west half reopened in November 2014, and the east half of the park is expected to reopen in summer 2016.A playground is built in the east side of the park, and the Bow River pathway crosses the park's length. The park is used for launching boats on the Bow River. A ridable miniature railway operates seasonally in the park. The line opened in the early 1950s, but shut down in 2013 as a result of heavy damage from flooding. The track was subsequently repaired, and a new train set was acquired, and operation restarted in July 2016. == References ==

Bosistoa transversa

Bosistoa transversa, commonly known as yellow satinheart, or three-leaved bosistoa, is a species of small to medium-sized rainforest tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has mostly pinnate leaves, usually with three leaflets, and panicles of small white flowers.

Bosistoa transversa, commonly known as yellow satinheart, or three-leaved bosistoa, is a species of small to medium-sized rainforest tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has mostly pinnate leaves, usually with three leaflets, and panicles of small white flowers. Description Bosistoa transversa is a tree that typically grows to a height of 15–22 m (49–72 ft) and has a cylindrical, sometimes crooked trunk. The trunk has a diameter of 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) and has mostly smooth dark brown bark with irregular horizontal ridges. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on thin brown or grey-brown branches and are pinnate, 85–160 mm (3.3–6.3 in) long on a petiole 5–30 mm (0.20–1.18 in) long. The leaves usually have three, sometimes up to seven glossy leaflets with prominent oil glands. The leaflets are oblong to elliptical, 40–125 mm (1.6–4.9 in) long and 10–60 mm (0.39–2.36 in) wide, the side leaflets on petiolules 1–5 mm (0.039–0.197 in) long, the end leaflet on a petiolule 5–25 mm (0.20–0.98 in) long. Appearing from January to March, the tiny white flowers are arranged in panicles 70–160 mm (2.8–6.3 in) long, on the ends of branches or in upper leaf axils. The five sepals are about 1 mm (0.039 in) long the five petals broadly elliptical and about 3 mm (0.12 in) long. Flowering occurs from December to May and is followed by pairs of small woody, oval follicles that ripen from May to July. Taxonomy Yellow satinheart was first formally described in 1917 by Queensland botanists John Frederick Bailey and Cyril Tenison White and the description was published in the Botany Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture, Queensland. The generic name Bosistoa honours the name of Joseph Bosisto, a manufacturer of essential oils. The specific epithet transversa refers to the transversal ribbed carpels of the fruit. Distribution and habitat Bosistoa transversa occurs from Mount Larcom in central-eastern Queensland, south to Mullumbimby in north eastern New South Wales. It is found in forest and subtropical rainforest from sea level to an altitude of 500 m (1,600 ft). Conservation status The yellow satinheart is classified as vulnerable under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and in New South Wales under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species include clearing of rainforests, invasion of remaining rainforest areas by weeds, and grazing by livestock. == References ==

Boronia hippopalus

Boronia hippopalus, commonly known as velvet boronia is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is an erect, woody shrub with pinnate leaves and white to pink, four-petalled flowers.

Boronia hippopalus, commonly known as velvet boronia is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to Tasmania. It is an erect, woody shrub with pinnate leaves and white to pink, four-petalled flowers. Description Boronia hippopalus is an erect, woody shrub that grows to about 1.5 m (5 ft) high and its branches and leaves covered with minute hairs. The leaves have three, five or seven leaflets and are 6–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 6–14 mm (0.2–0.6 in) wide in outline on a petiole 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long. The end leaflet is linear to narrow elliptic, 1–4 mm (0.04–0.2 in) long and 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) wide and the side leaflet are similar but longer. The flowers are white to pink and are arranged singly or in groups of up to three in upper leaf axils, the groups on a peduncle up to 1 mm (0.04 in) long. The four sepals are narrow triangular, 1–2 mm (0.04–0.08 in) long and 0.5–1 mm (0.02–0.04 in) wide. The four petals are 3.5–4.5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and the eight stamens are hairy. Flowering occurs from October to January and the fruit is a capsule about 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long and 1.5 mm (0.06 in) wide. Taxonomy and naming Boronia hippopala was first formally described in 2003 by Marco F. Duretto who published the description in Muelleria from a specimen collected on Mount Arthur. The specific epithet (hippopalus) is derived from the words meaning "horse" and "marsh", referring to Horseshoe Marsh, one of the only three locations where this species occurs. However, hippopala is an orthographical variant because there is no feminine form of the Latin word palus and the spelling must be corrected to hippopalus. Distribution and habitat The velvet boronia grows in wet heath or scrub. It is only known from three populations near St Pauls River in northern Tasmania. Conservation Boronia hippopalus, (as B. hippopala) is listed as "vulnerable" under the Commonwealth Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC) Act and the Tasmanian Government Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.The main threats to the species are dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, inappropriate fire regimes and changes in water flow. == References ==

Enrique Padilla (polo)

Enrique Padilla (born 12 June 1890, date of death unknown) was an Argentine polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he was part of the Argentine polo team, which won the gold medal.

Enrique Padilla (born 12 June 1890, date of death unknown) was an Argentine polo player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he was part of the Argentine polo team, which won the gold medal. References External links profile

Charles Hodson, Baron Hodson

Francis Lord Charlton Hodson, Baron Hodson, (17 September 1895 – 11 March 1984), also known as Charles Hodson, was a British judge who served as Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1960 to 1971.

Francis Lord Charlton Hodson, Baron Hodson, (17 September 1895 – 11 March 1984), also known as Charles Hodson, was a British judge who served as Lord of Appeal in Ordinary from 1960 to 1971. Biography Charles, as he was always known, was the son of Rev. Thomas Hodson, rector of Oddington, Gloucestershire, and Catherine Anne (née Maskew), he was born in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and educated at Cheltenham College and Wadham College, Oxford.His university studies were interrupted by the First World War, during which he served with the 7th Battalion, Gloucestershire Regiment in Gallipoli and Mesopotamia, being wounded several times. He received the Military Cross for his action during the Siege of Kut with the following citation: For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He led his company most gallantly against a strong enemy redoubt, being twice wounded, and refused to be brought in till the wounded round him had been evacuated. After the war, Hodson finished his studies and was called to the Bar by the Inner Temple in 1921. He initially practiced at the common law bar, but switched to the divorce bar, then thought of as a dead end because of financial reasons. At the time, judges of the Probate, Divorce and Admiralty Division were inevitable drawn from the admiralty bar. However, in 1937, the impending passage of the Matrimonial Causes Bill and the projected rise in the number of divorce cases made the appointment of a divorce specialist to the bench inevitable. As a consequence, that year, he was made a King's Counsel at the Lord Chancellor's invitation, was appointed to the High Court shortly after, and received the customary knighthood. Aged 42, he was the youngest High Court judge ever appointed.He was Lord Justice of Appeal from 1951 to 1960, and was sworn in the Privy Council in 1951. On 1 October 1960, he was appointed Lord of Appeal in Ordinary and was created a life peer with the title Baron Hodson, of Rotherfield Greys in the County of Oxford.He retired as Lord of Appeal in 1971. Hodson was a member of the International Court of Arbitration at The Hague between 1949 and 1971 and further president of the British branch of the International Law Association. Of his legacy, Lord Devlin wrote that "Hodson's thirty-four years of judicial service left little or no mark on the law. He took the law as he found it, whether he liked it or not." Selected judgments In Shaw v DPP, (1961) UKHL 1 rendered on 4 May 1961, Lord Hodson said, I am wholly satisfied that there is a common law misdemeanour of conspiracy to corrupt public morals. The judicial precedents which have been cited show conclusively to my mind that the Courts have never abandoned their function as custodes morum by surrendering to the Legislature the right and duty to apply established principles to new combinations of circumstances. Personal life In 1918, Hodson married Susan Mary Blake, daughter of Major William Greaves Blake. Susan had been his nurse during the war. They had three children. Their daughter, the Hon. Anthea Joseph, became a prominent publisher. Their elder son, Lt. Hubert Blake Hodson, was killed in action in Libya on 22 January 1941 while serving with the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers. The younger son, Hon. Charles Christopher Philip Hodson, married Rose Markham, daughter of Sir Charles Markham, 2nd Baronet, in 1953.Lady Hodson died in 1965. Lord Hodson died in 1984 at a nursing home in Goring-on-Thames. == References ==

Literary fiction

Literary fiction, mainstream fiction, non-genre fiction, serious fiction, high literature, artistic literature, and sometimes just literature are labels that, in the book trade, refer to market novels that do not fit neatly into an established genre (see genre fiction); or, otherwise, refer to novels that are character-driven rather than plot-driven, examine the human condition, use language in an experimental or poetic fashion, or are simply considered serious art. : 115, 131 Literary fiction is often used as a synonym for literature, in the exclusive sense of writings specifically considered to have considerable artistic merit. While literary fiction is commonly regarded as artistically superior to genre fiction, the two are not mutually exclusive, and major literary figures have employed the genres of science fiction, crime fiction, romance, etc., to create works of literature. Furthermore, the study of genre fiction has developed within academia in recent decades. : 115, 131 Slipstream genre is sometimes located in between the genre and non-genre fictions.

Literary fiction, mainstream fiction, non-genre fiction, serious fiction, high literature, artistic literature, and sometimes just literature are labels that, in the book trade, refer to market novels that do not fit neatly into an established genre (see genre fiction); or, otherwise, refer to novels that are character-driven rather than plot-driven, examine the human condition, use language in an experimental or poetic fashion, or are simply considered serious art.: 115, 131 Literary fiction is often used as a synonym for literature, in the exclusive sense of writings specifically considered to have considerable artistic merit. While literary fiction is commonly regarded as artistically superior to genre fiction, the two are not mutually exclusive, and major literary figures have employed the genres of science fiction, crime fiction, romance, etc., to create works of literature. Furthermore, the study of genre fiction has developed within academia in recent decades.: 115, 131 Slipstream genre is sometimes located in between the genre and non-genre fictions. Characteristics Definition Literary fiction may involve a concern with social commentary, political criticism, or reflection on the human condition. This contrasts with genre fiction where plot is the central concern. It may have a slower pace than popular fiction. As Terrence Rafferty notes, "literary fiction, by its nature, allows itself to dawdle, to linger on stray beauties even at the risk of losing its way." Other works may be more concerned with style and complexity of the writing: Saricks describes literary fiction as "elegantly written, lyrical, and ... layered".As opposed to genre fiction, literary fiction refers to the realistic fiction of human character, or more broadly, "all serious prose fiction outside the market genres", the genres being for example science fiction, fantasy, thrillers or Westerns. Jeff Prucher defined mainstream literature as "realistic literature... that does not belong to a marketing category (especially science fiction, fantasy or horror)".In the context of science fiction, Brian Stableford defined literary fiction as "a tradition that had been and remained stubbornly indifferent to, if not proudly ignorant of, the progress of science". James E. Gunn wrote that "The SF community uses the word mainstream to describe the fiction that is getting the attention they want; the word is a confession that SF is felt to be a sidestream, a tributary.Gunn also noted the difference between commercial and literary mainstreams, with the former meaning authors whose works are popular – high-selling bestsellers – and the latter, works seen as "art". He also noted that there is a contradiction between these, as "high sales figures are generally taken to mean the author has sold out" and left the literary mainstream. He further defined the literary mainstream as "dominated by the academic-literary community—university professors of literature; high-powered critics for prestige publications such as the New York Times Book Review, The New York Review of Books, and The New Yorker: and writers who take the first two groups seriously". According to Gunn, the field of literary fiction in the United States is significantly framed by fiction of the early 20th century and classic canon made from works of authors such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce or Henry James (all from European descent). Classic book Literary fiction includes classic books: that is works in any discipline that have been accepted as being exemplary or noteworthy. This includes being listed in a list of great books. The terms "classic book" and "Western canon" are closely related concepts, but they are not necessarily synonymous. A "canon" refers to a list of books considered to be "essential" and is presented in a variety of ways. It can be published as a collection, such as Great Books of the Western World, Modern Library, or Penguin Classics, or presented as a list by an academic such as Harold Bloom' or be the official reading list of an institution of higher learning.Robert M. Hutchins in his 1952 preface to the Great Books of the Western World declared: Until lately the West has regarded it as self-evident that the road to education lay through great books. No man was educated unless he was acquainted with the masterpieces of his tradition. There never was very much doubt in anybody's mind about which the masterpieces were. They were the books that had endured and that the common voice of mankind called the finest creations, in writing, of the Western mind.However, Ben Bova, remarking on the distinction between genre and non-genre works, noted that "the literature of the fantastic was the mainstream of world storytelling from the time writing began until the beginning of the seventeenth century", and that older classics have more in common with modern, fantastical genre works than with the genre of literary, mainstream fiction. High culture Literary fiction can be considered an example of "high culture" and contrasted with "popular culture" and "mass culture".The poet and critic Matthew Arnold defined "culture", in Culture and Anarchy (1869), as "the disinterested endeavour after man's perfection" pursued, obtained, and achieved by effort to "know the best that has been said and thought in the world". Such a literary definition of high culture also includes philosophy. The philosophy of aesthetics proposed high culture as a force for moral and political good. Literary merit Since 1901 the Nobel Prize in Literature has frequently been awarded to the authors of literary fiction. This annual award is presented to a writer from any country who has, in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction. Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The International Booker Prize is a similar British award given for outstanding literary fiction translated into English. This complements the earlier Booker Prize, which is awarded to fiction in the English language. For both judges are selected from amongst leading literary critics, writers, academics and public figures. The Booker judging process and the very concept of a "best book" being chosen by a small number of literary insiders is controversial for many. Author Amit Chaudhuri wrote: "The idea that a 'book of the year' can be assessed annually by a bunch of people – judges who have to read almost a book a day – is absurd, as is the idea that this is any way of honouring a writer." Criticism In an interview, John Updike lamented that "the category of 'literary fiction' has sprung up recently to torment people like me who just set out to write books, and if anybody wanted to read them, terrific, the more the merrier ... I'm a genre writer of a sort. I write literary fiction, which is like spy fiction or chick lit." Likewise, on The Charlie Rose Show, Updike argued that this term, when applied to his work, greatly limited him and his expectations of what might come of his writing, so he does not really like it. He suggested that all his works are literary, simply because "they are written in words."James Gunn noted that genre fans and critics criticize mainstream as mundane, with the term's "deliberate overtones of dullness, worldliness, and uninspired realism". He criticized mainstream fiction as becoming increasingly stagnant and marginalized. This view has been echoed by others, for example Adam Robert wrote: "It's not that SFF [science fiction and fantasy] is a ghetto inside the glorious city of "Literary Fiction", but the reverse. "Literary" novels sell abominably badly, by and large; popular culture in the main belongs to SF and Fantasy, eighteen of the top twenty highest grossing movies of all time are SFF, everybody recognises SFF icons and memes'".Critics and readers of mainstream fiction have been accused of "snobbery" when it comes to their dislike of genre fiction. See also Aesthetic judgment Literary criticism Literary genre Literary theory A Reader's Manifesto Pop culture fiction - literature involving popular culture references and crossovers Postmodern literature The Great American Novel References == Bibliography ==

2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election

The 2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election was held following the resignation on health grounds of Dafydd Wigley.Wigley had led the party since 1991 and saw them make a surprise breakthrough in the 1999 Assembly elections winning 17 seats and almost a third of the popular vote.The role of leader, at this point, was combined with the role of Party President. Three candidates stood. MEP for Wales Jill Evans, Ynys Mon AM and MP Ieuan Wyn Jones and Llanelli AM Helen Mary Jones The contest was won by Ieuan Wyn Jones with 77.6% of the vote in the first round.

The 2000 Plaid Cymru leadership election was held following the resignation on health grounds of Dafydd Wigley.Wigley had led the party since 1991 and saw them make a surprise breakthrough in the 1999 Assembly elections winning 17 seats and almost a third of the popular vote.The role of leader, at this point, was combined with the role of Party President. Three candidates stood. MEP for Wales Jill Evans, Ynys Mon AM and MP Ieuan Wyn Jones and Llanelli AM Helen Mary Jones The contest was won by Ieuan Wyn Jones with 77.6% of the vote in the first round. Results == References ==

Tibet under Qing rule

Tibet under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Tibet from 1720 to 1912. The Qing rulers incorporated Tibet into the empire along with other Inner Asia territories, although the actual extent of the Qing dynasty's control over Tibet during this period has been the subject of political debate. The Qing called Tibet a fanbu, fanbang or fanshu, which has usually been translated as "vassal", "vassal state", or "borderlands", along with areas like Xinjiang and Mongolia. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control over Tibet, while granting it a degree of political autonomy.By 1642, Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate had reunified Tibet under the spiritual and temporal authority of the 5th Dalai Lama of the Gelug school, who established a civil administration known as Ganden Phodrang. In 1653, the Dalai Lama travelled on a state visit to the Qing court, and was received in Beijing and "recognized as the spiritual authority of the Qing Empire".

Tibet under Qing rule refers to the Qing dynasty's rule over Tibet from 1720 to 1912. The Qing rulers incorporated Tibet into the empire along with other Inner Asia territories, although the actual extent of the Qing dynasty's control over Tibet during this period has been the subject of political debate. The Qing called Tibet a fanbu, fanbang or fanshu, which has usually been translated as "vassal", "vassal state", or "borderlands", along with areas like Xinjiang and Mongolia. Like the preceding Yuan dynasty, the Manchus of the Qing dynasty exerted military and administrative control over Tibet, while granting it a degree of political autonomy.By 1642, Güshi Khan of the Khoshut Khanate had reunified Tibet under the spiritual and temporal authority of the 5th Dalai Lama of the Gelug school, who established a civil administration known as Ganden Phodrang. In 1653, the Dalai Lama travelled on a state visit to the Qing court, and was received in Beijing and "recognized as the spiritual authority of the Qing Empire". The Dzungar Khanate invaded Tibet in 1717 and was subsequently expelled by the Qing in 1720. The Qing emperors then appointed imperial residents known as ambans to Tibet, most of them ethnic Manchus, that reported to the Lifan Yuan, a Qing government body that oversaw the empire's frontier. During the Qing era, Lhasa was politically semi-autonomous under the Dalai Lamas or regents. Qing authorities engaged in occasional military interventions in Tibet, intervened in Tibetan frontier defense, collected tribute, stationed troops, and influenced reincarnation selection through the Golden Urn. About half of the Tibetan lands were exempted from Lhasa's administrative rule and annexed into neighboring Chinese provinces, although most were only nominally subordinated to Beijing.By the late 19th century, Chinese hegemony over Tibet only existed in theory. In 1890, the Qing and Britain signed the Anglo-Chinese Convention Relating to Sikkim and Tibet, which Tibet disregarded. The British concluded in 1903 that Chinese suzerainty over Tibet was a "constitutional fiction", and proceeded to invade Tibet in 1903–1904. However, in the 1907 Anglo-Russian Convention, Britain and Russia recognized the Qing as suzerain of Tibet and pledged to abstain from Tibetan affairs, thus fixing the status of "Chinese suzerainty" in an international document, although Qing China did not accept the term "suzerainty" and instead used the term "sovereignty" to describe its status in Tibet since 1905. The Qing began taking steps to reassert control, then sent an army to Tibet for establishing direct rule and occupied Lhasa in 1910. However, the Qing dynasty was overthrown during the Xinhai revolution of 1911-1912, and after the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil the amban delivered a letter of surrender to the 13th Dalai Lama in the summer of 1912. The 13th Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa in 1913 and ruled an independent Tibet until his death in 1933. Political status The political status of Tibet during the Qing period has been described as a "Chinese protectorate," a "Qing protectorate," a "Manchu protectorate," a "subordinate place... within the Qing Empire," a "part of an empire," a "vassal state," a "dependent state," and a "tributary or a dependency." Western historians such as Goldstein, Elliot Sperling, and Jaques Gernet have described Tibet during the Qing period as a protectorate, vassal state, tributary, or something similar. Tibet was referred to by the Qing as a fanbu (Chinese: 藩部), fanbang (Chinese: 藩邦) or fanshu (simplified Chinese: 藩属; traditional Chinese: 藩屬), which has usually been translated as "vassal" or "vassal state". As a fanshu it fell under the jurisdiction of the Lifan Yuan, which also oversaw Mongolia. Chinese authorities referred to Tibet as a vassal state up until the 1950s, and then as an "integral" part of China.According to Jaques Gernet, the Qing gained a firm hold over Tibet in 1751, although as a protectorate, Tibet retained a large amount of internal authority. Melvyn Goldstein states there is "no question" that Tibet was subordinate to the Qing dynasty following the first decades of the 18th century. Meanwhile, Elliot Sperling says that after the Sino-Nepalese War (1788-1792), Tibet's subordination to the Qing was "beyond dispute" and that one of the memoirs of a Tibetan minister involved in the war states unambiguously that he was a subject of the Qing emperor. The Golden Urn system of selecting reincarnations was instituted by the Qing, and real authority over Tibet was wielded by its offices and officials. However, for most of the 19th century this authority was weak. After the death of the 8th Dalai Lama, Jamphel Gyatso in 1804, the Dalai Lamas did not exercise any real power for the next 70 years, during which monk regents reigned with the support of the Qing. In terms of foreign recognition, Britain and Russia formally acknowledged Chinese authority over Tibet in treaties of 1906 and 1907. This was after the 1904 British expedition to Tibet stirred China into becoming more directly involved in Tibetan affairs and working to integrate Tibet with "the rest of China." In 1910, the Qing reasserted control over Tibet by occupying Lhasa and deposing the 13th Dalai Lama. The Qing dynasty was overthrown in the Xinhai revolution the next year, and the Republic of China lacked the ability to continue the occupation. The 13th Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa in 1913 and ruled an independent Tibet until his death in 1933.The de facto independent Tibetan government (1912–1951) and Tibetan exiles promote the status of independent nation, with only a "priest and patron" relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Qing emperor. There are varying interpretations of the patron and priest relationship, a Tibetan political theory that the relationship between Tibet and China was a symbiotic link between a spiritual leader and a lay patron, such as the relationship between the Dalai Lama and the Qing emperor. They were respectively spiritual teacher and lay patron, rather than subject and lord. Chöyön is an abbreviation of two Tibetan words: chöney, "that which is worthy of being given gifts and alms" (for example, a lama or a deity), and yöndag, "he who gives gifts to that which is worthy" (a patron). During the 1913 Simla Conference, the 13th Dalai Lama's negotiators cited the priest and patron relationship to explain the lack of any clearly demarcated boundary between Tibet and the rest of China (i.e. as a religious benefactor, the Qing did not need to be hedged against).There are also different interpretations of titles and symbolic gestures between Tibetan and Qing authorities. The 13th Dalai Lama, for example, knelt, but did not kowtow, before the Empress Dowager Cixi and the young Emperor while he delivered his petition in Beijing. Chinese sources emphasize the submission of kneeling; Tibetan sources emphasize the lack of the kowtow. Titles and commands given to Tibetans by the Chinese, likewise, are variously interpreted. The Qing authorities gave the 13th Dalai Lama the title of "Loyally Submissive Vice-Regent", and ordered to follow Qing commands and communicate with the emperor only through the Manchu amban in Lhasa; but opinions vary as to whether these titles and commands reflected actual political power, or symbolic gestures ignored by Tibetans. Some authors claim that kneeling before the Emperor followed the 17th-century precedent in the case of the 5th Dalai Lama. Other historians indicate that the emperor treated the Dalai Lama as an equal.According to Sperling, the description of a "priest-patron" religious relationship governing Sino-Tibetan relations that excluded concrete political subordination is a recent phenomenon and not substantiated. The priest and patron relationship coexisted with Tibet's political subordination to the Yuan and Qing dynasties, despite Tibetan exile commentators having come to believe that this political subordination was a misunderstanding. Sperling describes this as a "cultural notion at work as a national idea is defined anew." Tibetan interaction with the West, assimilation of modern ideals about Tibet, and the goal of cultural preservation increasingly centered discussion of Tibet around its religious and spiritual significance. This impetus to formulate a Tibetan identity based primarily on religion has made understanding the political realities of Tibet's relationship to the Yuan and Qing dynasties difficult. Government Regent From 1721 to 1727, Tibet was governed by Khangchenné, who led the Tibetan cabinet known as the Kashag under close supervision of the Chinese garrison commander stationed in Lhasa. From 1728 to 1750, Tibet was a monarchy led by the princes or kings Polhané Sönam Topgyé and Gyurme Namgyal under the supervision of the Qing ambans. The regents of Tibet after 1727 were recognized by the Chinese as wang (prince) but as "king" by European missionaries. Both Polhané and Gyurme were de facto rulers of Tibet who exercised power in their own name and authority without reference to the Dalai Lama. Their post was hereditary. The Kashag was merely an executive organ and provincial administration was controlled by the nominees of the rulers. Compulsory transport service was a monopoly of the regent. After 1750, the hereditary office was abolished, and regents (gyeltsap) became temporary offices again. They were appointed to oversee the government, under the supervision of the ambans, before the Dalai Lama reached the age of majority in his 18th year. Dalai Lama When the Qing dynasty installed the 7th Dalai Lama in 1720, his religious supremacy was recognized by the Tibetan government, but the Qing ignored his theoretical rights. After 1720, the government was appointed by the Qing but due to distance and bad organization, retained a large amount of internal authority. After the civil war of 1727-1728, the 7th Dalai Lama was suspected of complicity in the murder of Khangchenné, who led the Tibetan cabinet, and was exiled to Gartar Monastery in Kham. All temporal authority was wielded by Polhané Sönam Topgyé in the meantime. After the events of 1750 in which the 7th Dalai Lama managed to quell the riots caused by the death of Polhané's successor at the hands of the Qing ambans, the Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty promulgated the 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet, granting the 7th Dalai Lama secular power. At the same time, the powers of the Qing ambans in Lhasa were also greatly increased. The 7th Dalai Lama then conducted government with some degree of control by the Qing.According to The Veritable Records of the Shizong [Yongzheng] Emperor and in the Weizang tuzhi [ Topographical Description of Central Tibet ], the Dalai Lama's powers after 1751 included overseeing important decisions by ministers and appointing district governors, provincial governors, and officers based on the recommendations of the council with the approval of the ambans.The 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Dalai Lamas from 1758 to 1875 were unimportant or died young. The 13th Dalai Lama (1875-1933) fled to Urga during the British occupation of Lhasa in 1904. With the resulting treaty in 1906 recognizing China's suzerainty over Tibet, the 13th Dalai Lama visited Beijing in 1908 where he tried unsuccessfully to gain a greater degree of independence for Tibet. The Qing forces occupied Lhasa in 1910 and the 13th Dalai Lama fled to India. The Qing dynasty fell the next year and its forces withdrew from Tibet. In 1913, the 13th Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa and declared himself sovereign of an independent Tibet which he ruled until his death in 1933. Kashag The Kashag was a council of four ministers called kalön. The council existed between 1642 and 1705/6 but very little is known about its activity. Under Lha-bzang Khan the Kashag had little power and was composed of only Mongols to the exclusion of Tibetans. In 1721, the Qing removed the indigenous civil government that had existed in Lhasa and replaced the sde srid (civil administrator/regent) with the Kashag. The council was to govern Tibet under the close supervision of the Chinese garrison commander stationed in Lhasa, who quite often interfered with the decisions of the Kashag, especially when Chinese interests were involved. However, its members were composed of Tibetan nobles whose territorial ambitions caused the council to stop functioning, resulting in civil war in 1727-1728. The council was reconstituted again in 1728 as the executive organ of the regent. Each kalön was directly responsible to the regent. In the latter part of Polhané's reign they ceased to have meetings. After the Lhasa riot of 1750, the Qianlong Emperor sent an army to Tibet and reorganized the Tibetan government in 1751 with the 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet. The council was reconstituted as a collective administration where all decisions were to be taken only with common agreement. Amban The office of the two Ambans was set up in 1728. They were imperial residents of the Qing dynasty and reported to the Qing government agency known as the Lifan Yuan. Prior to that there were no permanent representatives of the Qing emperor in Tibet and the temporary representative after 1720 was withdrawn in 1723. Between 1723 and 1728, there were special missions to Lhasa but no permanent residence. The fact that two ambans with their Chinese garrison have been stationed in Lhasa since 1728 is significant because it shows that Manchu China had effectively taken over the position of the former Mongol protector of the lamaist regime. There was a senior and junior amban but the distinction was purely formal and they both held the same authority. Between the death of A'erxun in 1734 and 1748, there was only one amban. The first two ambans, Sengge and Mala, held office for five years, but thereafter ambans held office for a maximum of three years. During the rule of Polhané, the ambans' duties mainly consisted of commanding the Qing garrison and communications with Beijing on the actions of the Tibetan ruler. During the initial period they sometimes intervened in matters of foreign relations but they never interfered with the Tibetan government at that time. In 1751, the power of the ambans was increased. Besides their former duties, their directions also had to be taken by the Kashag on every important matter, giving them broad supervision over the Tibetan government. Direct intervention by the ambans was still a rare occurrence until after the Sino-Nepalese War in 1792. By 1793, the ambans were accorded the same rank as the Dalai and Panchen Lamas, and these two high-ranking Lamas were denied the traditional right of communicating directly with the Emperor; they could only do so via the ambans. By this time the ambans were also above the Kashag and regents in regards to Tibetan political affairs. Over a period of 184 years, the amban's status changed from consultative to supervisory and finally to commanding official in Lhasa. The staff of the ambans included one or two military officers and several clerics. The clerics' function was probably similar to that of secretaries. After 1751, a number of Manchu banner officers were added. History Background Khoshut Khanate Tibet had been ruled by a joint Gelug Yellow Hat sect and Khoshut Khanate government since 1642. The Khoshut Mongols were originally part of the Oirats. The Khoshut chief Toro-Baikhu won a power struggle against his uterine brother Chöükür in 1630, after which he named himself "Dai Güshi" Taiji. A few years later, the Gelug Yellow Hat sect's 5th Dalai Lama called him to come to their aid against Choghtu Khong Tayiji, a Khalkha Mongol khan who aided their rivals, the Karmapa and Bon sects. The Oirats had already supported the Gelug since 1616 so Güshi was able to utilize their religious affiliation as call to arms. Shortly following a visit to Tibet in 1635, Güshi led a 10,000 strong army into Kokonor and killed Choghtu. In 1637, the 5th Dalai Lama bestowed upon Güshi the title of khan, the first non-Genghisid Mongol to claim the title. A mass migration of 100,000 Oirats to Kokonor ensued. By 1642, Güshi had defeated the king of Beri, Donyo Dorje, and the ruler of Tsangpa, Karma Tenkyong, uniting Tibet under the Gelug. On 13 April 1642, The 5th Dalai Lama proclaimed Güshi the khan of Tibet on 13 April 1642.A governing body known as the Ganden Phodrang, named after the 5th Dalai Lama's residence in Drepung Monastery, was set up as a Gelug led government of Tibet in 1642. However there are various interpretations of the nature of the Khoshut Khanate's relationship with the government of Tibet under the Gelug. Some sources say that the khan had very little to do with the administration of Tibet and only maintained a priest and patron relationship with the Dalai Lama. Other sources describe Mongol representatives of the khan in Tibet while he ruled in Kokonor and treated Tibet as a protectorate. One source states that Güshi sat on a lower level than the Dalai Lama during the enthronement ceremony in 1642 but the Dalai Lama was merely a figurehead until the death of the governor, Sonam Rapten, in 1657. This is implied by descriptions in other sources of an increase in "day-to-day control of... his government" by the 5th Dalai Lama after the deaths of Sonam Rapten and Güshi. One interpretation describes the granting of all temporal powers over Tibet to the Dalai Lama, but he did not possess the power to actually administrate. An office called desi was created to carry out government while the Dalai Lama was restricted to appealing the judicial decisions of the desi, although eventually the Dalai Lama did assert his power over the government by appointing the desi. In this interpretation, the Khoshut khans had no say in government until the coup of 1705-6. Another source claims that the de facto administrator of civil affairs, Sonam Rapten, was selected by the khan while the Dalai Lama was relegated to religious affairs. Relations with the early Qing dynasty In 1653, the 5th Dalai Lama visited the Qing dynasty's Shunzhi Emperor in Beijing. According to Chinese sources, the emperor received the Dalai Lama in the South Park and gave him a seat and a feast. They Dalai Lama offered gifts involving local products. The visit was not characterized as a court summon. According to the autobiography of the 5th Dalai Lama, the emperor descended from his throne and took his hand. The Dalai Lama sat on a seat close to the emperor and at nearly the same height. The emperor requested the Dalai Lama drink first but they drank together after some deliberation. The emperor bestowed upon him gifts fit for a "Teacher of the Emperor". The Dalai Lama was "recognized as the spiritual authority of the Qing Empire".In 1674, the Kangxi Emperor asked the Dalai Lama to send Mongol troops to help suppress Wu Sangui's Revolt of the Three Feudatories in Yunnan. The Dalai Lama refused to send troops, and advised Kangxi to resolve the conflict in Yunnan by dividing China with Wu Sangui. The Dalai Lama openly professed neutrality but he exchanged gifts and letters with Wu Sangui during the war further deepening the Qing's suspicions and angering them against the Dalai Lama. This was a turning point for Kangxi, who began to deal with the Mongols directly, rather than through the Dalai Lama.In 1677, the Tibetan government formalized the frontier between Tibet and China with Kham ascribed to Tibet's authority.The 5th Dalai Lama died in 1682. His regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso, concealed his death and continued to act in his name. In 1688, Galdan Boshugtu Khan of the Dzungar Khanate defeated the Khalkha Mongols and went on to battle Qing forces. This contributed to the loss of Tibet's role as mediator between the Mongols and the Qing emperor. Several Khalkha tribes formally submitted directly to Kangxi. Galdan retreated to Dzungaria. When Sangye Gyatso complained to Kangxi that he could not control the Mongols of Kokonor in 1693, Kangxi annexed Kokonor, giving it the name it bears today, Qinghai. He also annexed Tachienlu in eastern Kham at this time. When Kangxi finally destroyed Galdan in 1696, a Qing ruse involving the name of the Dalai Lama was involved; Galdan blamed the Dalai Lama for his ruin, still not aware of his death fourteen years earlier.About this time, some Dzungars informed Kangxi that the 5th Dalai Lama had long since died. He sent envoys to Lhasa to inquire. This prompted Sangye Gyatso to make Tsangyang Gyatso, the 6th Dalai Lama, public. He was enthroned in 1697. Tsangyang Gyatso enjoyed a lifestyle that included drinking, the company of women, and writing poetry. In 1702, he refused to take the vows of a Buddhist monk. The regent, under pressure from Kangxi and Lha-bzang Khan of the Khoshut, resigned in 1703. Lha-bzang Khan Lha-bzang Khan of the Khoshut rose to power under uncertain circumstances. Differing accounts ascribe his rise to the poisoning of his elder brother and killing the Tibetan regent or that his position was requested by the Dalai Lama because the elder brother was sickly while the regent was removed by the Dalai Lama himself. Lha-bzang Khan and the regent engaged in a power struggle that resulted in the khan's victory. In 1705-1706, Lha-bzang entered Lhasa, killed the regent, and deposed the 6th Dalai Lama using his hedonous lifestyle as an excuse. Lha-bzang sought the support of the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty, who requested that he send the 6th Dalai Lama to Beijing. However the Dalai Lama fell ill soon after leaving Lhasa and died on the way in Amdo on 14 November 1706.Lha-bzang presented a monk from Chagpori as the true reincarnation of the 5th Dalai Lama. In 1707, this monk was installed by the 5th Panchen Lama as Ngawang Yeshe Gyatso. This was not accepted by most of the Gelug school and it also annoyed the Khoshut chiefs. On 10 April 1710, the Kangxi Emperor recognized the new Dalai Lama by granting him a title and seal. In Lithang in eastern Tibet, local lamas identified a child as the reincarnation of the 6th Dalai Lama. In 1712, the youngest son of Güshi Khan, Trashi Batur Taiji, and the third son of Boshugtu Jinong, Cagan Danjin, declared their support for the boy. Lha-bzang's efforts to invalidate the Lithang reincarnation failed. The Khoshut chiefs asked the Kangxi Emperor to officially recognize the boy but the emperor left the matter undecided. Kangxi ordered the boy and his father to be interned in Kumbum Monastery in Kokonor in 1715.Three Gelug abbots in Lhasa invited the Dzungars to help them. In 1717, the Dzungar prince Tseren Dondup invaded the Khoshut Khanate, deposed Yeshe Gyatso,installed the boy from Lithang as the 7th Dalai Lama, killed Lha-bzang Khan, and looted Lhasa. The Dzungars did not bring the boy to Lhasa and terrorized the populace, losing them the support of the Gelugpa. A Qing invasion in 1718 was annihilated by the Dzungars in the Battle of the Salween River, not far from Lhasa. A second and larger expedition of joint Qing and Tibetan forces (led by Polhané Sönam Topgyé the governor of Western Tibet) expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720. They brought the boy with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and installed him as the 7th Dalai Lama in 1721. Qing forces arrive in Tibet At that time, a Qing protectorate in Tibet (described by Stein as "sufficiently mild and flexible to be accepted by the Tibetan government") was initiated with a garrison at Lhasa. The area of Kham east of the Dri River (Jinsha River—Upper Yangtze) was annexed to Sichuan in 1726-1727 through a treaty. In 1721, the Qing expanded their protectorate in Lhasa with a council (the Kashag) of three Tibetan ministers, headed by Kangchennas. A Khalkha prince was made amban, the official representative of Qing in Tibet. Another Khalkha directed the military. The Dalai Lama's role at this time may have been purely symbolic in China's eyes, but it wasn't to the Dalai Lama nor to the Ganden Phodrang government or the Tibetan people, who viewed the Qing as a "patron". The Dalai Lama was also still highly influential because of the Mongols' religious beliefs.The Qing came as patrons of the Khoshut, liberators of Tibet from the Dzungar, and supporters of the Dalai Lama Kelzang Gyatso, but when they tried to replace the Khoshut as rulers of Kokonor and Tibet, they earned the resentment of the Khoshut and also the Tibetans of Kokonor. Lobsang Danjin, a grandson of Güshi Khan, led a rebellion in 1723, when 200,000 Tibetans and Mongols attacked Xining. The Qing called in troops from Sichuan and suppressed the rebellion in less than a year. Polhané blocked the rebels' retreat from Qing retaliation. The rebellion was brutally suppressed.Green Standard Army troops were garrisoned at multiple places such as Lhasa, Batang, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang, throughout the Dzungar war. Green Standard troops and Manchu Bannermen were both part of the Qing force that fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars. The Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of Yue Fei) entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa. According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing used Green Standard troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather than Bannermen. According to Evelyn S. Rawski, both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet. According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000-strong Tibetan army. 1725-1761 The Kangxi Emperor was succeeded by the Yongzheng Emperor in 1722. In 1725, amidst a series of Qing transitions reducing Qing forces in Tibet and consolidating control of Amdo and Kham, Kangchennas received the title of Prime Minister. The Emperor ordered the conversion of all Nyingma to Gelug. This persecution created a rift between Polhanas, who had been a Nyingma monk, and Kangchennas. Both of these officials, who represented Qing interests, were opposed by the Lhasa nobility, who had been allied with the Dzungars and were anti-Qing. They killed Kangchennas and took control of Lhasa in 1727, and Polhanas fled to his native Ngari. Polhanas gathered an army and retook Lhasa in July 1728 against opposition from the Lhasa nobility and their allies.Qing troops arrived in Lhasa in September, and punished the anti-Qing faction by executing entire families, including women and children. The Dalai Lama was sent to Lithang Monastery in Kham. The Panchen Lama was brought to Lhasa and was given temporal authority over central Tsang and western Ngari Prefecture, creating a territorial division between the two high lamas that was to become a long-lasting feature of Chinese policy toward Tibet. Two ambans were established in Lhasa, with increased numbers of Qing troops. Over the 1730s, Qing troops were again reduced, and Polhanas gained more power and authority. The Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa in 1735, but temporal power remained with Polhanas. The Qing found Polhanas to be a loyal agent and an effective ruler over a stable Tibet, so he remained dominant until his death in 1747.The Qing made the region of Amdo into the province of Qinghai in 1724, and a treaty of 1727 led to the incorporation of eastern Kham into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. The Qing government sent a resident commissioner (amban) to Lhasa. A stone monument regarding the boundary between Tibet and neighbouring Chinese provinces, agreed upon by Lhasa and Beijing in 1726, was placed atop a mountain, and survived into at least the 19th century. This boundary, which was used until 1865, delineated the Dri River in Kham as the frontier between Tibet and Qing China. Territory east of the boundary was governed by Tibetan chiefs who were answerable to China. Polhanas' son Gyurme Namgyal took over upon his father's death in 1747. The ambans became convinced that he was going to lead a rebellion, so they assassinated him independently from Beijing's authority. News of the murders leaked out and an uprising broke out in the city during which the residents of Lhasa avenged the regent's death by killing both ambans. The Dalai Lama stepped in and restored order in Lhasa, while it was thought that further uprisings would result in harsh retaliation from China. The Qianlong Emperor (Yongzheng's successor) sent a force of 800, which executed Gyurme Namgyal's family and seven members of the group that allegedly killed the ambans. Temporal power was reasserted by the Dalai Lama in 1750. But the Qing Emperor re-organized the Tibetan government again with the 13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet and appointed new ambans. The powers of the Qing ambans in Lhasa were greatly increased. The ambans by this time had a broad right of supervision on the actions of the government, although the Qianlong Emperor was later disappointed with their performance and decided to further enhance their status. The number of soldiers in Tibet was kept at about 2,000. The defensive duties were partly helped out by a local force which was reorganized by the amban, and the Tibetan government continued to manage day-to-day affairs as before. The Emperor reorganized the Kashag to have four Kalöns in it. He also used Tibetan Buddhist iconography to try and bolster support among Tibetans, whereby six thangkas portrayed the Qing Emperor as Manjuśrī and Tibetan records of the time referred to him by that name.The 7th Dalai Lama died in 1757. Afterwards, an assembly of lamas decided to institute the office of regent, to be held by an incarnate lama "until the new Dalai Lama attained his majority and could assume his official duties". The Seventh Demo, Ngawang Jampel Delek Gyatso, was selected unanimously. The 8th Dalai Lama, Jamphel Gyatso, was born in 1758 in Tsang. The Panchen Lama helped in the identification process, while Jampal Gyatso was recognized in 1761, then brought to Lhasa for his enthronement, presided over by the Panchen Lama, in 1762. 1779-1793 In 1779, the 6th Panchen Lama, fluent also in Hindi and Persian and well disposed to both Catholic missionaries in Tibet and East India Company agents in India, was invited to Peking for the celebration of the Emperor's 70th birthday. The "priest and patron" relationship between Tibet and Qing China was underscored by Emperor prostrating "to his spiritual father". In the final stages of his visit, after instructing the Emperor, the Panchen Lama contracted smallpox and died in 1780 in Beijing. The following year, the 8th Dalai Lama assumed political power in Tibet. Problematic relations with Nepal led in 1788 to Gorkha Kingdom invasions of Tibet, sent by Bahadur Shah, the Regent of Nepal. Again in 1791, Shigatse was occupied by the Gorkas as was the great Tashilhunpo Monastery, the seat of the Panchen Lamas which was sacked and destroyed. During the first incursion, the Qing Manchu amban in Lhasa spirited away to safety both the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, but otherwise made no attempt to defend the country, though urgent dispatches to Beijing warned that alien powers had designs on the region, and threatened Qing Manchu interests. At that time, the Qing army found that the Nepalese forces had melted away, and no fighting was necessary. After the second Gorka incursion in 1791, another force of Manchus and Mongols joined by a strong contingents of Tibetan soldiers (10,000 of 13,000) supplied by local chieftains, repelled the invasion and pursued the Gorkhas to the Kathmandu Valley. Nepal conceded defeat and returned all the treasure they had plundered.The Qianlong emperor was disappointed with the results of his 1751 decree and the performance of the ambans. Another decree followed, contained in the 29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet of 1793. It was designed to enhance the ambans' status, and ordered them to control border inspections, and serve as conduits through which the Dalai Lama and his cabinet were to communicate. Imperial China seized more power from the Tibetan authorities with each intervention on behalf of the Dalai Lama, and with this decree China created a much stricter form of indirect rule in Lhasa. The 29-article decree instituted the Golden Urn system which contradicted the traditional Tibetan method of locating and recognizing incarnate lamas. The same decree also elevated ambans above the Kashag and above the regents in regards to Tibetan political affairs. The decree prohibited the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama from petitioning the Chinese Emperor directly whereas petitions were decreed to pass through the ambans. The ambans were to take control of Tibetan frontier defense and foreign affairs. Tibetan authorities' foreign correspondence, even with the Mongols of Kokonor (present-day Qinghai), were to be approved by the ambans, whom were decreed as commanders of the Qing garrison, and the Tibetan army whose strength was set at 3000 men. Trade was also decreed as restricted and travel documents were to be issued by the ambans. The ambans were to review all judicial decisions. The Tibetan currency, which had been the source of trouble with Nepal, was to be taken under Beijing's supervision.The 29-article decree also controlled the traditional methods used to recognize and enthrone both the incarnate Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, by means of a lottery administered by the ambans in Lhasa. The Emperor wanted to control the recognition process of incarnate lamas because the Gelug school of the Dalai Lamas was the official religion of his Qing court. Another purpose was to have the Mongol grand-lama Qubilγan found in Tibet rather than from the descendants of Genghis Khan. With the decreed lottery system, the names of candidates were written on folded slips of paper which were placed in a golden urn (Mongol altan bumba; Tibetan gser bum:Chinese jīnpíng:金瓶). According to Warren Smith, the 29-article decree's directives were either never fully implemented, or quickly discarded, as the Qing were more interested in a symbolic gesture of authority than actual sovereignty; the relationship between Qing and Tibet was one between states, or between an empire and a semi-autonomous state. However, Elliot Sperling states that the subordination place of Tibet within the Qing Empire by this time was beyond dispute. Despite this attempt to further control Tibet's secular and spiritual ruling classes, the Emperor's urn was not always used or politely ignored in such cases. The Tibetans left some question regarding the urn's usage to highlight Tibetan autonomy when the Qing powers were strong, but Qing emperors had the final say in recognizing new incarnations through the system of the Golden Urn. At times, the selection was approved after the fact by the Emperor. The Emperor's urn was formally used at other times, and there was suggestion that the Tibetans were more willing to employ the urn to maintain a semblance of Qing's protection when the imperial power was weaker. The 11th Dalai Lama was selected by the Golden Urn method. While the 12th Dalai Lama was recognized by traditional Tibetan methods, he was confirmed by the urn. There was an open pretense that the urn was used for the 10th Dalai Lama, when it was actually not used. 19th century The Qing government was alarmed by the British defeat of Nepal in the Anglo-Nepalese War and the re-establishment of a British resident in Nepal's capital Kathmandu because the Nepalese, in an effort to obtain aids from Qing China, gave false information to the Qing government, claiming that the British demanded free passage through Nepalese territory to Tibet and that they were ordering Nepal to transfer her tribute from China to the Indian government (then under the British East India Company). In order to learn more about what had occurred, Qing China dispatched an imperial high commissioner to Tibet in charge of a small military force. When the Qing imperial commissioner discovered the truth, he declined to aid Nepal and instead restricted himself to expressing his desire that the Indian government could decide it was time to withdraw its resident from Kathmandu. The Qing imperial commissioner let the matter go and left for China proper in 1817 after the British said they would do so if China sent a resident to Nepal to stop Anglo-Nepalese tensions.In 1837, a minor Kham chieftain Gompo Namgyal, of Nyarong, began expanding his control regionally and launched offensives against the Hor States, Chiefdom of Lithang, Kingdom of Derge, the Kingdom of Chakla and Chiefdom of Bathang, which were considered Tusi under the umbrella of the Qing Empire. Qing China sent troops in against Namgyal in 1849 but the campaign was unsuccessful. They tried to negotiate and additional troops were not dispatched. Qing military posts were present along the historic trading route between Beijing and Lhasa, but "did not have any authority over the native chiefs". By 1862, Namgyal blocked trade routes from China to Lhasa, and sent troops to Chamdo and Drayab. The Kingdom of Derge and another had appealed to both the Lhasa and the Qing imperial governments for help against Namgyal. During the Nyarong War, the Tibetan authorities sent an army in 1863, and defeated Namgyal then killed him at his Nyarong fort by 1865. Afterward, Lhasa asserted its authority over parts of northern Kham and established the Office of the Tibetan High Commissioner to govern. Lhasa reclaimed Nyarong, Degé and the Hor States north of Nyarong. China recalled the imperial forces.Nepal was a tributary state to China from 1788 to 1908. In the Treaty of Thapathali signed in 1856 that concluded the Nepalese-Tibetan War, Tibet and Nepal agreed to "regard the Chinese Emperor as heretofore with respect." Michael van Walt van Praag, legal advisor to the 14th Dalai Lama, claims that 1856 treaty provided for a Nepalese mission, namely Vakil, in Lhasa which later allowed Nepal to claim a diplomatic relationship with Tibet in its application for United Nations membership in 1949. However, the status of Nepalese mission as diplomatic is disputed and the Nepalese Vakils stayed in Tibet until the 1960s when Tibet had been annexed by the People's Republic of China for more than a decade.In 1841, the Hindu Dogra dynasty attempted to establish their authority on Ü-Tsang but were defeated in the Sino-Sikh War (1841–1842). In the mid-19th century, arriving with an amban, a community of Chinese troops from Sichuan that had married Tibetan women settled down in the Lubu neighborhood of Lhasa, where their descendants established a community and assimilated into Tibetan culture. Another community, Hebalin, was where Chinese Muslim troops and their wives and offspring lived.In 1879, the 13th Dalai Lama was enthroned, but did not assume full temporal control until 1895, after the National Assembly of the Tibetan Government (tshongs 'du rgyas 'dzom) unanimously called for him to assume power. Before that time, the British Empire increased their interest in Tibet, and a number of Indians entered the region, first as explorers and then as traders. The British sent a mission with a military escort through Sikkim in 1885, whose entry was refused by Tibet and the British withdrew. Tibet then organized an army to be stationed at the border, led by Dapon Lhading (mda' dpon lha sding, d.u.) and Tsedron Sonam Gyeltsen (rtse mgron bsod nams rgyal mtshan, d.u.) with soldiers from southern Kongpo and those from Kham's Drakyab. At a pass between Sikkim and Tibet, which Tibet considered a part of Tibet, the British attacked in 1888. Following the attack, the British and Chinese signed the 1890 Anglo-Chinese Convention Relating to Sikkim and Tibet, which Tibet disregarded as it did "all agreements signed between China and Britain regarding Tibet, taking the position that it was for Lhasa alone to negotiate with foreign powers on Tibet's behalf". Qing China and Britain had also concluded an earlier treaty in 1886, the "Convention Relating to Burmah and Thibet" as well as a later treaty in 1893. Regardless of those treaties, Tibet continued to bar British envoys from its territory. Then in 1896, the Qing Governor of Sichuan attempted to gain control of the Nyarong valley in Kham during a military attack led by Zhou Wanshun. The Dalai Lama circumvented the amban and a secret mission led by Sherab Chonpel (shes rab chos 'phel, d.u.) was sent directly to Beijing with a demand for the withdrawal of Chinese forces. The Qing Guangxu Emperor agreed, and the "territory was returned to the direct rule of Lhasa". Lhasa, 1900-1909 At the beginning of the 20th century the British Empire and Russian Empires were competing for supremacy in Central Asia. During "the Great Game", a period of rivalry between Russia and Britain, the British desired a representative in Lhasa to monitor and offset Russian influence. Years earlier, the Dalai Lama had developed an interest in Russia through his debating partner, Buriyat Lama Agvan Dorjiev. Then in 1901, Dorjiev had delivered letters from Tibet to the Tzar, namely a formal letter of appreciation from the Dalai Lama, and another from the Kashak directly soliciting support against the British. Dorjiev's journey to Russia was seen as a threat by British interests in India, despite Russian statements they would not intervene. After realizing the Qing lacked any real authority in Tibet, a British expedition was dispatched in 1904, officially to resolve border disputes between Tibet and Sikkim. The expedition quickly turned into an invasion which captured Lhasa. For the first time and in response to the invasion, the Chinese foreign ministry asserted that China was sovereign over Tibet, the first clear statement of such a claim.Before the British invasion force arrived in Lhasa, the 13th Dalai Lama escaped to seek alliances for Tibet. The Dalai Lama travelled first to Mongolia and requested help from Russia against China and Britain, and learned in 1907 that Britain and Russia signed a non-interference in Tibet agreement. This essentially removed Tibet from the so-called "Great Game". The Dalai Lama received a dispatch from Lhasa, and was about to return there from Amdo in the summer of 1908 when he decided to go Beijing instead, where he was received with a ceremony appropriately "accorded to any independent sovereign", as witnessed by U.S Ambassador to China William Rockwell. Tibetan affairs were discussed directly with Qing Dowager Empress Cixi, then together with the young Emperor. Cixi died in November 1908 during the state visit, and the Dalai Lama performed the funeral rituals. The Dalai Lama also made contacts with Japanese diplomats and military advisors.The Dalai Lama returned from his search for support against China and Britain to Lhasa in 1909, and initiated reforms to establish a standing Tibetan army while consulting with Japanese advisors. Treaties were signed between the British and the Tibetans, then between China and Britain. The 1904 document was known as the Convention Between Great Britain and Tibet. The main points of the treaty allowed the British to trade in Yadong, Gyantse, and Gartok while Tibet was to pay a large indemnity of 7,500,000 rupees, later reduced by two-thirds, with the Chumbi Valley ceded to Britain until the imdenity was received. Further provisions recognised the Sikkim-Tibet border and prevented Tibet from entering into relations with other foreign powers. As a result, British economic influence expanded further in Tibet, while at the same time Tibet remained under the first claim in 1904 of "sovereignty" by the Qing dynasty of China.The Anglo-Tibetan treaty was followed by a 1906 Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, by which the "Government of Great Britain engages not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet. The Government of China also undertakes not to permit any other foreign State to interfere with the territory or internal administration of Tibet." Moreover, Beijing agreed to pay London 2.5 million rupees which Lhasa was forced to agree upon in the Anglo-Tibetan treaty of 1904.As the Dalai Lama had learned during his travels for support, in 1907 Britain and Russia agreed that in "conformity with the admitted principle of the 1904 suzerainty of China over Tibet", (from 1904), both nations "engage not to enter into negotiations with Tibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government." Qing in Kham, 1904-1911 Soon after the British invasion of Tibet, the Qing rulers in China were alarmed. They sent the imperial official Feng Quan (凤全) to Kham to begin reasserting Qing control. Feng Quan's initiatives in Kham of land reforms and reductions to the number of monks led to an uprising by monks at a Batang monastery in the Chiefdom of Batang. Tibetan control of the Batang region of Kham in eastern Tibet appears to have continued uncontested following a 1726-1727 treaty. In Batang's uprising, Feng Quan was killed, as were Chinese farmers and their fields were burned. The British invasion through Sikkim triggered a Khampa reaction, where chieftains attacked and French missionaries, Manchu and Han Qing officials, and Christian converts were killed. French Catholic missionaries Père Pierre-Marie Bourdonnec and Père Jules Dubernard were killed around the Mekong.In response, Beijing appointed army commander Zhao Erfeng, the Governor of Xining, to "reintegrate" Tibet into China. Known of as "the Butcher of Kham" Zhao was sent in either 1905 or 1908 on a punitive expedition. His troops executed monks destroyed a number of monasteries in Kham and Amdo, and an early form of "sinicization" of the region began. Later, around the time of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, Zhao's soldiers mutinied and beheaded him. Program of integration of Tibet to the rest of China (1905-1911) From 1905, China temporarily took back the control of Tibet as suzerain power, until the revolution of 1911 which marked the collapse of the Qing Empire and the installation of the Republic of China. After obtaining the departure of the British troops in return for an indemnity payment, the Qing dynasty, although weakened, decided to play a more active role in the conduct of Tibetan affairs. To preserve its interests, it implemented, from 1905 to 1911, a program of integration of Tibet to the rest of China at the political, economic and cultural levels.Plans were laid to build a railway line connecting Sichuan to Tibet, to form an army of six thousand men and to secularise the Tibetan government by creating non-ecclesiastical governmental commissions. A mint was to be established, roads and telephone lines were to be built and local resources were to be exploited. In Lhasa, a Chinese school opened in 1907 and a military college in 1908.A Chinese postal service with five post offices was established in central Tibet and the first stamps were issued (with inscriptions in Chinese and Tibetan).In 1909, a bilingual newspaper, the Vernacular newspaper of Tibet, the first of its kind, was printed in Lhasa on presses imported from Calcutta. It appeared every ten days and each issue was printed in 300 or 400 copies. Its objective, at the same time educational and of propaganda, was to facilitate the administrative reforms engaged by Lian Yu and Zhang Yintang.This program was however reduced to nothing by the outbreak of the Chinese revolution in 1911, the collapse of the Qing empire and the elimination of Chao Ehr-feng.For Hsaio-ting Lin, the series of reforms initiated by Chao Ehr-feng can be seen as the first attempt at state-building by modern China in its southwestern marches.Before the collapse of the Qing Empire, the Swedish explorer Sven Hedin returned in 1909 from a three-year-long expedition to Tibet, having mapped and described a large part of inner Tibet. During his travels, he visited the 9th Panchen Lama. For some of the time, Hedin had to camouflage himself as a Tibetan shepherd (because he was European). In an interview following a meeting with the Russian czar he described the situation in 1909 as follows: "Currently, Tibet is in the cramp-like hands of China's government. The Chinese realize that if they leave Tibet for the Europeans, it will end its isolation in the East. That is why the Chinese prevent those who wish to enter Tibet. The Dalai Lama is currently also in the hands of the Chinese Government"... "Mongols are fanatics. They adore the Dalai Lama and obey him blindly. If he tomorrow orders them go to war against the Chinese, if he urges them to a bloody revolution, they will all like one man follow him as their ruler. China's government, which fears the Mongols, hooks on to the Dalai Lama."... "There is calm in Tibet. No ferment of any kind is perceptible" (translated from Swedish). Qing collapse and Tibet independence In February 1910, the Qing General Zhong Ying sent another army to Tibet during its attempt to establish direct rule. After the Dalai Lama was told he was to be "arrested", he escaped from Lhasa to India and remained for three months. Reports arrived of Lhasa's sacking, and the arrests of government officials. He was later informed by letter that Qing China had "deposed" him.After the Dalai Lama's return to Tibet at a location outside of Lhasa, the collapse of the Qing dynasty began due to the Wuchang Uprising in October 1911. After the Xinhai Lhasa turmoil the Qing amban submitted a formal letter of surrender to the Dalai Lama in the summer of 1912.On 13 February 1913, the Dalai Lama declared Tibet an independent state, and announced that what he described as the historic "priest and patron relationship" with China had ended. The amban and China's military were expelled, and all Chinese residents in Tibet were given a required departure limit of three years. All remaining Qing forces left Tibet by 1913. See also Tibet under Yuan rule Ming–Tibet relations Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria under Qing rule Mongolia under Qing rule Xinjiang under Qing rule Taiwan under Qing rule Lifan Yuan Dzungar–Qing War Ganden Phodrang Kashag List of rulers of Tibet Tibet (1912–1951) History of Tibet References == Bibliography ==

Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children

Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children (GNH) is a charitable home for handicapped children in Ranchi, India. It was founded by Ishar Singh Chopra.

Guru Nanak Home for Handicapped Children (GNH) is a charitable home for handicapped children in Ranchi, India. It was founded by Ishar Singh Chopra. About This Institution was established in February 1970 to commemorate 500th Birth Anniversary (1469-1969) of Saheb Shri Guru Nanak Dev Jee. It is managed by a board of trustees. This Institution is dedicated to the service of humanity without distinction of caste, creed, religion or sex. AIM 2. The main aim of the Institution is to provide free treatment to the physically handicapped children. FACILITIES PROVIDED 3. The 'Home' has existing 80 indoor beds which can be increased to a hundred beds. It has an operation theatre, three physiotherapy halls, Pathology Lab. , an 'X'-Ray Unit and an O.P.D. 4. The Home has RJSP Artificial Limb Centre in the campus. 5. Physically handicapped children are provided free board and lodging along with free treatment. Dining Hall, Kitchen and a Recreation Room have been provided for these children. 6. Attendants of the patients are also provided free board and lodging. 7. Cerebral palsy, congenital (from birth) deformities, myopathy, paraplegia, hemiplegia,polio deformities, complicated problems following injuries and other deformities are managed here. 8. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy for outdoor patients are also available. 9. Xavier Institute of Social Service helps in educating the children admitted in the Home. 10. This Institution has been selected for training of International surgeons. FUNDS 11. The Home spends over Rs. 2,00,000.00 (Rupees Two lac only) approximately per month for all the above-mentioned facilities. This money comes as donation mainly from the public of Ranchi in cash or in kind. Army units and Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA) are actively involved in helping the 'Home'. 12. Guru Nanak Trust Fund, London is a major donor to this Institution. 13. Rotary Club of Ranchi and Ranchi North have been helping the 'Home'. Various Lions Clubs of Ranchi also extend help to the 'Home'. 14. Donations to this Institution are exempted from Income Tax under Section 80 G of l .T. Act. 1961 .(srrqzjr ao 31103110/aa;o/Vlll-42/80 (o) /201 1-12/1462-64/Ranchi of 21/22-07-201 1 ) FUTURE PROGRAMME 15. We intend to construct a new building for providing a big physiotherapy hall and create facilities for training physiotherapists. CONCLUSION 16. The board of trustees is grateful to all the donors and well wishers of the Institution and prays to God for giving them ever more strength to support the 'Home'. 17. Your suggestions for improving the 'Home' are welcome.. Establishment The home was established in February 1970 to commemorate the 500th birth anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the central figure in Sikhism. It was founded by Ishar Singh Chopra, Sureshwar Pandey, Harnam Singh Gandhok and Ujjal Singh. Amarjit Chopra, son of Ishar Singh Chopra, put forward the idea of his father and the renowned orthopaedic surgeon Dr Sureshwar Pandey at a meeting of Newham International Community in Forest Gate, London where Mr Avtar Singh Kalha, their present trustee was also a member. The community agreed to run a project to bring together people of different ethnic groups in Newham for a common purpose. They chose to mark the 500th centenary of the birth of Guru Nanak with a charitable work. All the UK communities, including Christians, Hindus, and Sikhs collected £1,000 and this initiated the Home in Ranchi with just 10 beds in a rented bungalow. The committee of Newham Community was then disbanded, but some of the members continued to keep in touch to support the Home from the UK. Present operation The home in Ranchi is run by a properly constituted trust from local donations and help from the UK. Since its inception, the Guru Nanak Home has worked to rehabilitate poor, unfortunate and disabled children without any consideration of cast, creed or religion. Although named after Guru Nanak Dev Ji and helped largely by Sikhs, Guru Nanak Home is a humanitarian charity where most of the children are non Sikhs. Co-founder Dr. Sureshwar Pandey remains the Honorary Medical Advisor. He and his son Anil (Assistant Medical Director) have contributed their services free to the Home since its inception. To date, some 36,000 handicapped children have been treated at the Home, 550 artificial limbs have been fitted, and 10,900 orthotic appliances supplied. Complicated operations are performed to correct severe polio, trauma and birth deformities. A programme of rehabilitation follows, which includes education as well, so that the children's school studies are not interrupted while on prolonged treatment periods at the Home. See also List of places named after Guru Nanak Dev References External links Guru Nanak Home Website Guru Nanak Trust Fund, U.K. Listing

Yester House

Yester House is an early 18th-century mansion near Gifford in East Lothian, Scotland. It was the home of the Hay family, later Marquesses of Tweeddale, from the 15th century until the late 1960s. Construction of the present house began in 1699, and continued well into the 18th century in a series of building phases. It is now protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds of the house are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens.

Yester House is an early 18th-century mansion near Gifford in East Lothian, Scotland. It was the home of the Hay family, later Marquesses of Tweeddale, from the 15th century until the late 1960s. Construction of the present house began in 1699, and continued well into the 18th century in a series of building phases. It is now protected as a category A listed building, and the grounds of the house are included in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland, the national listing of significant gardens. History The lands of Yester were granted to Hugo de Giffard, a Norman, in the 12th century. Yester Castle, around 1 mile (1.6 km) south-east of the present house, was built by the Giffords in the later 13th century.The heiress of the Giffords married into the Hay family, who were raised to the peerage in 1488 as Lord Hay of Yester. In 1646 the 8th Lord Hay was created Earl of Tweeddale, and considered the building of a new house at Yester. The 1st Earl acquired his title for his support of Charles I, but later served in two Commonwealth Parliaments. His son, the 2nd Earl of Tweeddale, was appointed to the Privy Council of Scotland after the Restoration. He began improvements to the estate, including the planting of over 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) of woodland. It was around this time that the medieval village of Yester was moved to its current location at Gifford. The Earl consulted Sir William Bruce in 1670, with a view to commissioning a new house, although nothing was done at this time. From 1676 Yester was the second Scottish estate (after Lennoxlove) to practice "enclosure" adding eight miles of stone walls to enclose the woodlands.Formal gardens were established and parkland laid out through the 1680s and 1690s. These Versailles-inspired gardens were removed in the 1750s in reaction to the new fashion of open parkland.For his support of William of Orange, the 2nd Earl was appointed Lord Chancellor of Scotland in 1692 and 1st Marquess of Tweeddale in 1694. John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale, who inherited the estate in 1697, appointed James Smith and Alexander McGill to begin work on a new house in 1697. The 2nd Marquess supported the Acts of Union and served at Westminster as a representative peer. When he died in 1713 the building work was still underway; the main house was complete by 1715, when the 3rd Marquess died.John Hay, 4th Marquess of Tweeddale, also served as a representative peer from 1722. The interior of the house was complete by 1728, but in 1729 the 4th Marquess appointed William Adam to make alterations to the roof and main façade, and in the mid-1730s to the interiors. William was succeeded as architect at Yester by his sons Robert and John, who carried out alterations inside in 1761, and another redesign of the façade in the 1780s, as well as redesigning the gardens in an informal style in the 1760s. The house was altered in the 1830s, with the entrance moved to the west front, and was modernised at the end of the 19th century by Robert Rowand Anderson for the 11th Marquess.The estate was sold in the late 1960s after the death of William Hay, 11th Marquess of Tweeddale, in 1967, to two antiques dealers. In 1972 it was bought by the Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti because of the acoustics of the ballroom. Famously Lee Trevino rented the house while winning his second Open Golf Championship in 1972. After Menotti's death, the house was marketed by his family with a price of between £12 million and £15 million. According to the sales particulars the house has a gross internal area of 3,213 square metres (34,580 sq ft). In September 2010 the guide price was reduced to £8 million, with the exclusion of 120 hectares (300 acres) of woodlands from the sale. In 2015 the estate was sold to Nicola and Gareth Wood, son of Sir Ian Wood. == References ==

Daniel E. Atha

Daniel Atha (born 1962) is a botanist. In his work as a botanist he has collected plants in all 50 states of the United States, as well as several additional countries. Atha's work was focused on three areas: "floristics—what plants grow in a particular region; taxonomy—how to tell one plant from another, what to call it and what it's related to; and applied botany—how plants are used for food, medicine, shelter and other useful purposes." Atha has been known as a prominent regional botanist, and the high-profile botanical projects with which he has been involved (such as the recent Spontaneous Flora of Central Park project) have garnered national and international attention.

Daniel Atha (born 1962) is a botanist. In his work as a botanist he has collected plants in all 50 states of the United States, as well as several additional countries. Atha's work was focused on three areas: "floristics—what plants grow in a particular region; taxonomy—how to tell one plant from another, what to call it and what it's related to; and applied botany—how plants are used for food, medicine, shelter and other useful purposes." Atha has been known as a prominent regional botanist, and the high-profile botanical projects with which he has been involved (such as the recent Spontaneous Flora of Central Park project) have garnered national and international attention. Career New York Botanical Garden Daniel Atha was the Director of Conservation Outreach at New York Botanical Garden. Atha was involved in work related to invasive plants in the greater-New York City region, including Westchester County. While employed at the NYBG, Atha collected plant material for Merck, Pfizer, The National Cancer Institute, L’Oreal, Cornell Weill Medical Center and many other organizations. Atha was also the Associate Editor for Brittonia. In 2021, Atha left his job after 27 years, after refusing the COVID-19 vaccine.In an interview given to the Gothamist in 2021, Atha explained why he left his job, and compared vaccination requirements to the Holocaust: “I can't eat inside a restaurant. I can’t go into a museum. I was fired from my job. That is persecution. ... They’re taking away my human rights and treating me as a second class citizen all based on my medical status. That is wrong, that is tyranny, and that's exactly how the Holocaust started.” New York City EcoFlora This project, in the prototyping phase through 2017, was designed to engage New York city residents in protecting and preserving New York City's native plant species. The project aimed to use citizen scientists to gather and organize data related to plants, animals, fungi, and habitats in the region. This data will then be synthesized with existing historic natural history collections and scientific publications. "The New York City EcoFlora will be a real-time, online, ongoing checklist of plants—the first ever to connect plants in the web of life in New York City—that will result in a dynamic resource for conservation planning as well as in New Yorkers that are better informed about the importance of urban ecologies and who can contribute to protecting them." Flora of Central Park One of Atha's research projects involved documenting and collecting every naturally occurring plant in Central Park. This project represents a collaboration between The New York Botanical Garden, the Central Park Conservancy and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. The aims of this project are to document the wild flora of Central Park, and to provide an up-to-date botanical inventory "to aid on-going restoration, conservation, education and recreation programs and to document the flora for scientific, ecological and conservation studies."The quote below comes from an interview Atha gave to The New York Times in 2015 "We thought, 'Wow, Central Park is right in the middle of New York City, in the densest urban metropolitan region in North America,'" recalled Mr. Atha, who has studied plants in all 50 states, as well as Bolivia, Russia and Vietnam. "'And yet there is nobody documenting the flora today. How crazy is that?'" Emerging Invasive: Corydalis incisa Atha and others at the New York Botanical Garden and Lower Hudson PRISM (one of eight Partnerships for Regional Invasive Species Management in New York State) coordinated a team of citizen scientists to document and remove Corydalis incisa, an emerging invasive species found along the Bronx River in Westchester County, NY and Bronx County, NY. Art Atha's parents were artists, and he has been involved in several community projects related to the intersection of botany and art. Selected bibliography This list has been generated with information from Daniel Atha's former staff profile page on the New York Botanical Garden website. Atha, D. E. 2008. A new species of Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae: Acalyphoideae: Acalypheae) from Belize and adjacent Mexico and Guatemala. Brittonia 60: 185–189. Kikodze, D., M. Tavartkiladze, T. Svanidze, D.E. Atha (editor of English text). 2007. Plants of Georgia. Field Guide. Tsignis Sakhelosno, Tbilisi, Georgia. 224 pp. Bridgewater, S.G.M., D.J. Harris, C. Whitefoord, A.K. Monro, M.G. Penn, D.A. Sutton, B. Sayer, B. Adams, M. Balick, D.E. Atha, J. Solomon, B. Holst. 2006. A preliminary checklist of the vascular plants of the Chiquibul Forest, Belize. Edinb. J. Bot. 63: 269–321. Atha, D. E., L. Romero & T. Forrest. 2005. Bark volume determination of Bursera simaruba in Belize. Caribbean Journal of Science. 41: 843–848. Atha, D. E. 2004. Polygonaceae. pp. 308–310 in N. Smith, S. A. Mori, A. Henderson, D. Stevenson and S. Heald (eds), Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Atha, D. E. 2004. Phytolaccaceae. pp. 292–294 in N. Smith, S. A. Mori, A. Henderson, D. Stevenson and S. Heald (eds), Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize, with common names and uses. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 85: 1–246. Ford, L. J., R. J. Hawkins, D. E. Atha. 2009. A Field Guide to the Wildflowers of Mexico's Copper Canyon region. The Donning Company Publishers, Virginia Beach. 160 pp. Atha, D. E. & W. Carr. 2010. First Report of Persicaria hispida (Polygonaceae) from North America North of Mexico (Texas). J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 4(2): 561–564. Reveal, J. L. & D. E. Atha. (2010). New combinations and typifications in Bistorta, Persicaria, Polygonum and Rumex (Polygonaceae). Brittonia 62: 243–263. Atha, D. E. , M. H. Nee & R. F. C. Naczi. 2010. Persicaria extremiorientalis (Polygonaceae) is established in the flora of the eastern United States of America. The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137: 333–338. Atha, D. E., J. D. Mitchell, S. K. Pell & F. R. Camacho. 2011. A new species of Comocladia (Anacardiaceae) from Belize and Guatemala. Brittonia 63: 370–374. Reveal, J. L. & D. E. Atha. 2012. 8. Persicaria (L.) Mill. Smartweed, pp 236–250. in Cronquist et al. (eds), Intermountain Flora. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY. Atha, D. E. 2012. New Vascular Plant County Records from Central Texas. Phytoneuron 2012-100: 1–3. Muñoz-Rodríguez, P., J. M. Cardiel & D. E. Atha. 2014. Acalypha subgenus Linostachys (Euphorbiaceae, Acalyphoideae): a global review. Phytotaxa 166 (3): 199–221. Atha, D. E., J. L. Reveal, K. N. Gandhi. 2014. (2298–2299) Proposals to conserve Persicaria maculosa, nom. cons., against Polygonum vernum and to reject the name Polygonum subg. Dioctus (Polygonaceae). Taxon 63: 689–690. Atha, D., E. Feliciano, and A. Felber. 2014. New vascular plant county records from Bronx County, New York. Phytoneuron 2014-87: 1–2. Atha, D, J. A. Schuler, and S. Lumban Tobing. 2014. Corydalis incisa (Fumariaceae) in Bronx and Westchester counties, New York. Phytoneuron 2014-96: 1–6. Ingo, L., J. Moschny, V. N. Kerimov, M. Khutsishvili, D. E. Atha, R. P. Borris & D. Koomoa. 2015. Juniper extracts induce calcium signalling and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Journal of Pharma and Pharmaeutical Sciences. 1: 1–7. Lange, I., J. Moschny, K. Tamanyan, M. Khutsishvili, D. E. Atha, R. P. Borris & D. Koomoa. 2016. Scrophularia orientalis extract induces calcium signaling and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. International Journal of Oncology 48: 1608–1616. https://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2016.3373. Atha, D., R. Alvarez, D. Feeser, M. Feder, Z. Wang, and R. Kelly. 2016. Gamochaeta pensylvanica (Asteraceae) is established in the New York flora. Phytoneuron 2016-22: 1–4. Published 3 March 2016. ISSN 2153-733X. Simon, T., Al-Shaykh, D. Atha and K. Fowle. 2016. Paperwork and the Will of Capital. Hatje Cantz. 200pp. Atha, D., T. Forrest, R. F. C. Naczi, M. C. Pace, M. Rubin, J. A. Schuler and M. Nee. 2016. The historic and extant vascular flora of the New York Botanical Garden. Brittonia 68: 245–277. References External links Atha, Daniel. Author page on Harvard University's Index of Botanists Atha, Daniel. Author Detail page on the International Plants Names Index Publications by Daniel E. Atha at ResearchGate

Chhabildas Mehta

Chhabildas Mehta (4 November 1925 – 29 November 2008) was an Indian politician and the former Chief Minister of Gujarat who served from 1994 to 1995.

Chhabildas Mehta (4 November 1925 – 29 November 2008) was an Indian politician and the former Chief Minister of Gujarat who served from 1994 to 1995. Early life Mehta was in born in Mahuva, a port town in Gujarat. He left high school in 1942 and participated in Indian independence movement. Career He became the president of the Mahuva Municipality. Later he was elected as a member of the Bombay Legislative Council. He participated in Mahagujarat Movement which demanded separate Gujarat state from Bombay state. He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly in 1962 from Mahuva constituency which he held till 1980.He entered in the politics by joining the Praja Samajwadi Party. Later he joined Indian National Congress (INC). He was in the cabinet of Chimanbhai Patel as Finance Minister and he had been made Chief Minister of Gujarat after the sudden death of Chimanbhai Patel in 1994. He had joined the Janata Party followed by Janata Dal. Later he rejoined the INC. In May 2001, he resigned from the INC to join the Nationalist Congress Party and contested election but lost. He died on 29 November 2008 in Ahmedabad. == References ==

Vanity Fair (1922 film)

Vanity Fair is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by Walter Courtney Rowden and starring Clive Brook, Cosmo Kyrle Bellew and Douglas Munro. An adaptation of the 1848 novel Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, it was made as part of the "Tense Moments with Great Authors Series" of films.

Vanity Fair is a 1922 British silent drama film directed by Walter Courtney Rowden and starring Clive Brook, Cosmo Kyrle Bellew and Douglas Munro. An adaptation of the 1848 novel Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, it was made as part of the "Tense Moments with Great Authors Series" of films. Partial cast Clive Brook - Rawdon Crawley Douglas Munro - Marquis of Staines Henry Doughty - Mr. Wenham Kyrle Bellew - Becky Sharp References External links Vanity Fair at IMDb

T'Challa (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

T'Challa is a fictional character portrayed by Chadwick Boseman in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. He is initially depicted as the prince of the fictional African nation of Wakanda who holds the appointed title of Black Panther. He uses an advanced vibranium suit and is imbued with superhuman strength and agility granted to him by the heart-shaped herb, as a blessing bestowed upon him by Wakanda's patron deity Bast, from whom the visage of the Black Panther mantle assumed by the chosen royal members is representative and evocative of. After the murder of his father T'Chaka, T'Challa becomes king and finds himself in the midst of a conflict between the Avengers. After discovering the culprit was Helmut Zemo, T'Challa subdues him.

T'Challa is a fictional character portrayed by Chadwick Boseman in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise—based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. He is initially depicted as the prince of the fictional African nation of Wakanda who holds the appointed title of Black Panther. He uses an advanced vibranium suit and is imbued with superhuman strength and agility granted to him by the heart-shaped herb, as a blessing bestowed upon him by Wakanda's patron deity Bast, from whom the visage of the Black Panther mantle assumed by the chosen royal members is representative and evocative of. After the murder of his father T'Chaka, T'Challa becomes king and finds himself in the midst of a conflict between the Avengers. After discovering the culprit was Helmut Zemo, T'Challa subdues him. He comes into conflict with his cousin Erik Stevens who usurps the throne, but eventually wins it back and thwarts Stevens' attempt to use Wakanda's vast technological resources to conquer the world. T'Challa has a son with Nakia and during the conflict against Thanos, leads the Wakandan armies alongside the Avengers, but falls victim to the Blip. After being restored to life by the Avengers, he joins them in a final and victorious battle against Thanos before rejoining his family. However, T'Challa succumbs to an undisclosed illness and passes away, his title is passed on to his younger sister, Shuri. Originally intended to become a central MCU character, T'Challa appeared in just four MCU films before Boseman died of colon cancer in August 2020. Kevin Feige confirmed that the character would not be recast nor would a digital double be used for any future live-action depictions of T'Challa. Boseman's performance as T'Challa was lauded as being one of the first African-American superheroes in a big-budget film, and he received critical acclaim for his portrayal of the character. His titular film became the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. Alternate versions of T'Challa from within the MCU multiverse appear in the first season of the animated series, What If...? (2021), with Boseman posthumously reprising the final role. Most notable is a depiction of T'Challa as Star-Lord, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. In October 2021, a spin-off series centered on the Star-Lord T'Challa was revealed to be in development hell due to Boseman's death. Concept, creation, and characterization Comics origin Stan Lee and Jack Kirby created Black Panther due to Lee's desire in the mid-60s to include more African and African-American characters in Marvel Comics. In a 1998 interview, Lee explained his motivation: "I wasn't thinking of civil rights. I had a lot of friends who were black and we had artists who were black. So it occurred to me... why aren't there any black heroes?" The name, Black Panther, was inspired by a pulp adventure hero who has a black panther as a helper. Jack Kirby's original concept art for Black Panther used the concept name Coal Tiger. Influences on the character included historical figures such as 14th-century Mali Empire sultan Mansa Musa and 20th-century Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey, as well as Biblical figures such as Ham and Canaan.There was some internal debate at Marvel about how far to go with the commercially risky introduction of a black superhero. In the first version of the cover for Fantastic Four #52, the Black Panther wore a cowl that exposed his face. In the published version, the cowl became a full face-mask. Previews in other comics didn't show the cover at all, indicating that Marvel was unsure how much to reveal. Following his debut in Fantastic Four #52–53 (July–Aug. 1966) and subsequent guest appearance in Fantastic Four Annual #5 (1967) and with Captain America in Tales of Suspense #97–100 (Jan.– April 1968), the Black Panther journeyed from the fictional African nation of Wakanda to New York City to join the titular American superhero team in The Avengers #52 (May 1968), appearing in that comic for the next few years. Adaptation to film In 2004, David Maisel was hired as chief operating officer of Marvel Studios as he had a plan for the studio to self-finance movies. Marvel entered into a non-recourse debt structure with Merrill Lynch, under which Marvel got $525 million to make a maximum of 10 movies based on the company's properties over eight years, collateralized by certain movie rights to a total of 10 characters, including Black Panther. Casting and execution Chadwick Boseman portrayed T'Challa within the Marvel Cinematic Universe, first appearing in Captain America: Civil War (2016). In the film, he is shown displaying enhanced speed, agility, strength, and durability, which he gains from ingesting the heart-shaped herb, as in the comics. His suit has retractable claws and is made of a vibranium weave, which can deflect heavy machine gun fire and withstand explosive attacks. A newer version of his suit can also absorb kinetic energy (represented as purple highlights) and release it as a light purple shockwave after enough energy has been amassed. It can also fold into a silver necklace. Boseman had a five-picture deal with Marvel.During the events of Civil War, motivated by revenge for his father's death during the UN signing of the Sokovia Accords in the aftermath of Avengers: Age of Ultron, T'Challa joins Tony Stark's faction to oppose Captain America as he is protecting the Winter Soldier who was implicated for the attack. However, T'Challa learns the bombing attack was actually arranged by Helmut Zemo to orchestrate his own revenge on the Avengers for inadvertently creating the Sokovia crisis which killed his family. After hearing Zemo's confession as he succeeded in turning Stark and Rogers against each other, T'Challa renounces his revenge while preventing Zemo's suicide and handing him over to Everett K. Ross. T'Challa grants Rogers and Barnes sanctuary in Wakanda while also aiding in the latter's recovery from his Hydra brainwashing. T'Challa is a prince of the African nation of Wakanda, who gains enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart-Shaped Herb, allied with Stark. Producer Kevin Feige explained that the character was included "because we needed a third party. We needed fresh eyes who wasn't embedded with the Avengers and who has a very different point of view than either Tony or Steve." T'Challa is in the "beginning phases of taking on" the Black Panther mantle, and appears in more than a cameo, with a full arc and character journey with "his own conflict and his own people that he's looking out for." Boseman did not audition for the role, instead having a "discussion about what [Marvel] wanted to do and how I saw it and what I wanted to do." T'Challa is torn between needing to live up to traditions and the legacy of his father and Wakanda, and how things need to happen in the present. Boseman developed the Wakandan accent himself, and used it during the entire production "whether he was on camera or not", while the Wakandan language was based on the Xhosa language, which Boseman was taught by John Kani (who played T'Challa's father T'Chaka). The Black Panther costume is a combination of a practical costume and visual effects, featuring a vibranium mesh weave similar to chainmail. Costume designer Judianna Makovsky called the Black Panther costume "difficult" since "you needed sort of a feline body, but it's hard and practical at the same time. You needed a feeling of some sort of ethnicity in there, but of a world [Wakanda] we weren't really creating yet, so you didn't want to go too far and say too much about that world." Additionally, Makovsky felt creating T'Challa's royal look was "a bit of a challenge", avoiding African robes after learning actual African royalty are generally "educated in the West [and] get dressed in Savile Row".Boseman reprised the role in Black Panther (2018). By October 2015, Joe Robert Cole was in final negotiations to write the film's script. In January 2016, it was announced that Ryan Coogler had been hired to direct the film, and was later revealed to be co-writing the script with Cole. Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. The film was released on February 16, 2018. During the film's storyline, after completing the ritual of succession, T'Challa finds himself dealing with opposition to his new position from various fronts. Boseman appeared as Black Panther again in Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and in Avengers: Endgame (2019). Boseman, along with the other Black Panther Wakandan actors, improvised their war chants on set ahead of the battle in Wakanda. Despite both Black Panther and Infinity War filming at the same time, the Russos were not aware of the chants, as they had not yet seen footage from Black Panther, and felt the moment was "incredibly cool". Death of Chadwick Boseman On August 28, 2020, Boseman died after a four-year battle with colon cancer. As a result, his death was written into Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022), in which T'Challa dies from an unspecified disease. With the decision of not recasting T'Challa, Marvel would eventually make his younger sister Shuri, played by Letitia Wright, the lead character of the sequel, as well as the new Black Panther.Fans were divided over the possibility of casting another actor as T'Challa for the Black Panther sequel and other future MCU media in which the character was scheduled to appear, a decision that Marvel Studios denied they would make. It is currently unknown how much, if any, unreleased material has been created with Boseman portraying the character. In November 2020, Marvel Studios' head of production Victoria Alonso denied that the studio plans to create a digital double of Boseman for Wakanda Forever, and that Marvel would "think about what we're going to do next and how" in order to "honor the franchise." On December 10, Kevin Feige confirmed that the role would not be recast, feeling Boseman's portrayal "transcended any previous iteration of the character in Marvel's past." In October 2021, a spin-off series of What If...? centered on the Star-Lord T'Challa variant introduced in the series was revealed to have been in early development prior to Boseman's death, which placed the project in "limbo"; series director Bryan Andrews nonetheless expressed interest in the spin-off being produced "one day" in Boseman's honor, with a different voice actor voicing the character. Fictional character biography Pursuit of Bucky Barnes In 2016, T'Challa attends a United Nations conference in Vienna where the Sokovia Accords governing superhero activity are to be ratified. However, a bomb kills his father, King T'Chaka of Wakanda. Security footage indicates the bomber is Bucky Barnes, whom T'Challa vows to kill. Steve Rogers and Sam Wilson track Barnes to Bucharest and attempt to protect him from T'Challa and the authorities, but all four, including T'Challa, are apprehended by the Bucharest police and James Rhodes. Impersonating a psychiatrist sent to interview Barnes, Helmut Zemo recites the trigger words to activate Barnes' brainwashing, and sends Barnes on a rampage to cover his own escape. Barnes briefly fights T'Challa while fleeing the building, where Rogers stops Barnes and sneaks him away, recruiting several other Avengers to help him go after Zemo. Tony Stark assembles his own team composed of T'Challa, Natasha Romanoff, Rhodes, Vision, and Peter Parker to capture the renegades. Stark's team intercepts Rogers' group at Leipzig/Halle Airport, where they fight (including personal confrontations against Barnes, Scott Lang, Wanda Maximoff, and Clint Barton), until Romanoff shocks T'Challa to allow Rogers and Barnes to escape. T'Challa tracks Rogers and Barnes to a Siberian Hydra facility, discovering that Zemo is the true perpetrator. While Rogers and Barnes are fighting Stark, T'Challa stops Zemo from committing suicide and takes him to the authorities. T'Challa grants Barnes asylum in Wakanda, where Barnes chooses to return to cryogenic sleep until a cure for his brainwashing is found. King of Wakanda With T'Chaka having died, T'Challa assumes the throne. He and Okoye, the leader of the Dora Milaje regiment, extract T'Challa's ex-lover Nakia from an undercover assignment so she can attend his coronation ceremony with his mother Ramonda and younger sister Shuri. At the ceremony, the Jabari Tribe's leader M'Baku challenges T'Challa for the crown in ritual combat. Although M'Baku initially has the upper hand, T'Challa defeats M'Baku and persuades him to yield rather than die. When Ulysses Klaue and his accomplice Erik Stevens steal a Wakandan artifact from a London museum, T'Challa's friend and Okoye's lover W'Kabi urges him to bring Klaue back alive. T'Challa, Okoye, and Nakia travel to Busan, South Korea, where Klaue plans to sell the artifact to CIA agent Everett K. Ross. A firefight erupts and Klaue attempts to flee but is caught by T'Challa, who reluctantly releases him to Ross' custody. Erik attacks and extracts Klaue; Ross is gravely injured protecting Nakia. Rather than pursue Klaue, T'Challa takes Ross to Wakanda, where their technology can save him. As Shuri heals Ross, T'Challa confronts Zuri about N'Jobu. Zuri explains that N'Jobu planned to share Wakanda's technology with people of African descent around the world to help them conquer their oppressors. As T'Chaka arrested N'Jobu, the latter attacked Zuri and forced T'Chaka to kill him. T'Chaka ordered Zuri to lie that N'Jobu had disappeared and left behind N'Jobu's American son in order to maintain the lie. This boy grew up to be Stevens, a U.S. black ops soldier who adopted the name "Killmonger". Meanwhile, Killmonger kills Klaue and takes his body to Wakanda. He is brought before the tribal elders, revealing his identity to be N'Jadaka and claim to the throne. Killmonger challenges T'Challa to ritual combat, where he kills Zuri, defeats T'Challa, and hurls him over a waterfall to his presumed death. Killmonger ingests the heart-shaped herb and orders the rest incinerated, but Nakia extracts one first. Nakia, Shuri, Ramonda, and Ross flee to the Jabari Tribe for aid. They find a comatose T'Challa, rescued by the Jabari in repayment for sparing M'Baku's life. Healed by Nakia's herb, T'Challa returns to fight Killmonger, who dons his own Black Panther suit. Fighting in Wakanda's vibranium mine, T'Challa disrupts Killmonger's suit and stabs him. Killmonger refuses to be healed, choosing to die a free man rather than be incarcerated. T'Challa establishes an outreach center at the building where N'Jobu died, to be run by Nakia and Shuri. In a mid-credits scene, T'Challa appears before the United Nations to reveal Wakanda's true nature to the world. Conflict against Thanos In 2018, T'Challa brings a new robotic arm to Barnes. He then welcomes Rogers, Romanoff, Wilson, Rhodes, Bruce Banner, Maximoff, and Vision when they arrive in Wakanda, so Shuri can work on Vision. He along with the Wakandan army, Barnes, Rogers, Romanoff, Wilson, Rhodes, and Banner fight off the oncoming onslaught of Outriders and witnesses the arrival of Thor, Rocket, and Groot. However, Thanos arrives in Wakanda and completes and activates the Infinity Gauntlet, killing half of all life in the universe. As a result, T'Challa disintegrates along with Barnes, Wilson, Maximoff, and Groot. In 2023, T'Challa is restored to life. He, his restored sister, the Wakandan army, Wilson, Barnes, Maximoff, and Groot are brought by Masters of the Mystic Arts to the destroyed Avengers Compound to join in the final battle against an alternate Thanos. A week later, he attends Stark's funeral. Death and legacy In 2024, T'Challa passed away from an unspecified illness that Shuri believed could have been cured by the heart-shaped herb. It is revealed that before he died, he fathered a child with Nakia, Toussaint, who is raised in Haiti by Nakia, as both agreed it would be best for him to grow up away from the pressure of living in Wakanda. T'Challa asked that in the event of an untimely death that the two not attend his funeral, so they held their own ceremony in Haiti. Shuri later becomes the new Black Panther taking on her brother's mantle. Nakia later introduces her to Toussaint, who reveals that his Wakandan name is T'Challa, like his father. Alternate versions Several alternate versions of T'Challa appear in the animated series What If...?, with Boseman reprising his role and Maddix Robinson voicing a younger version of him. Star-Lord In an alternate 1988, the Ravagers are sent to Earth by the Celestial Ego to retrieve his son Peter Quill. However, Yondu Udonta's minions Kraglin and Taserface mistakenly abduct a young T'Challa who agrees to join them in exploring the galaxy. 20 years later, T'Challa becomes a famous galactic outlaw mercenary known as "Star-Lord". He restructured the Ravagers to be like the Merry Men, stopped the robbery of the bank on Tarnax IV with some Skrulls getting injured, provided weaponry to the Ankaran Resistance, saved the Kylosians from the Kree, and persuaded Thanos not to decimate half the universe with Thanos joining the Ravagers. After acquiring the Orb containing the Power Stone on Morag while gaining Korath the Pursuer as a new recruit, T'Challa and the Ravagers head to a bar on Contraxia. T'Challa then meets the bartender Drax who thanked him for saving his family. The Ravagers are then approached by Nebula, who proposes a heist to steal the Embers of Genesis, a cosmic dust form capable of terraforming ecosystems. Nebula and Yondu meet with Taneleer Tivan on Knowhere, while T'Challa infiltrates his collection to find the Embers. He discovers a Wakandan spacecraft containing a message from his father, T'Chaka. Nebula seemingly betrays the Ravagers, leading to T'Challa being captured and put on display for Tivan's assessment. She later rescues the Ravagers, revealing that she and T'Challa planned a ruse so she could acquire the Embers. T'Challa manages to escape his confinement and battles Tivan with Udonta's help. The two trap Tivan in his own display before handing over control to his assistant Carina. Afterwards, the Ravagers head to Earth where T'Challa reunites with his parents and younger sister in Wakanda. T'Challa leads the Ravagers to battle Ego on Earth and save Peter Quill before the Watcher emerges and recruits him to join the Guardians of the Multiverse with the mission to defeat a variant of Ultron who is attempting to destroy reality. T'Challa joins Doctor Strange Supreme, Captain Carter, Thor, Gamora, and Killmonger in a battle against Ultron. During the fight, T'Challa steals the Soul Stone in order to reduce Ultron's powers, but the Guardians are still overwhelmed. They eventually succeed after Natasha Romanoff injects Arnim Zola's analog consciousness into Ultron's A.I., shutting him down. T'Challa returns to his universe and teaches Quill how to shoot a blaster. Zombie outbreak In an alternate 2018, T'Challa accompanies the Avengers to San Francisco in an attempt to contain a quantum virus unintentionally released by Hank Pym and Janet van Dyne. As the Avengers are attacked and turned into zombies, T'Challa is rescued by Vision, but soon learns that Vision only saved him so he could harvest T'Challa's body for the infected Wanda Maximoff. When the remaining survivors arrive at Vision's base, Bucky Barnes finds T'Challa missing his right leg. As most of the heroes sacrifice themselves to fend off Maximoff and the rest of the zombies, T'Challa, along with Peter Parker and Scott Lang, take the Quadjet to Wakanda, hoping to use Vision's Mind Stone to find a way to cure the population. Unbeknownst to them, Wakanda has been infected and taken over by a zombified Thanos. American–Wakandan War In an alternate 2010, T'Challa attempts to ambush Ulysses Klaue, who is selling stolen Vibranium to James Rhodes (representing the United States military). However, he is lured into a trap by Killmonger, who proceeds to kill both T'Challa and Rhodes, sparking a conflict between the United States and Wakanda. As a funeral for T'Challa is held in Wakanda, Killmonger convinces the Wakandans that T'Challa was killed by Rhodes and earns their trust. After ingesting the Heart-Shaped Herb, Killmonger meets T'Challa's spirit in the Ancestral Realm, where he warns Killmonger that his thirst for power would eventually consume him. Reception Boseman's performance as T'Challa / Black Panther has not only received critical acclaim from critics and audiences, but has become significant as one of the first superheroes of African descent to gain a leading role in a big-budget film. With T'Challa's MCU debut in Captain America: Civil War, Eliana Dockterman, writing for Time, described the character's significance and wrote that he intrigued audiences in a supporting role. Two years later, Jamil Smith, also of Time, wrote that T'Challa's character and the Black Panther film in general were significant as they showed "what it means to be black in both America and Africa—and, more broadly, in the world." He describes T'Challa as a "fictional African King with the technological war power to destroy you—or, worse, the wealth to buy your land" and argued that the film embodied "the most productive responses to bigotry" by showing the potential of minorities, especially those of black descent. Likewise, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised Boseman's performance, stating that he "certainly holds his own" among strong performances from other actors in the film. Awards and nominations Awards and nominations received by Boseman for his performance as T'Challa include: References External links T'Challa on Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki, an external wiki T'Challa Star-Lord on Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki, an external wiki T'Challa on Marvel Database, a Marvel Comics wiki T'Challa at Marvel.com

Dancing with Demons

Dancing with Demons is a boxing drama novel written by Indian filmmaker and screenwriter Nidhie Sharma and published in 2014. The book is India's first boxing fiction novel and revolves around two fallen souls who need to defeat their inner demons to become the people they were destined to be.

Dancing with Demons is a boxing drama novel written by Indian filmmaker and screenwriter Nidhie Sharma and published in 2014. The book is India's first boxing fiction novel and revolves around two fallen souls who need to defeat their inner demons to become the people they were destined to be. Plot Sometimes it takes a single moment to destroy it all. For twenty four year old boxer Karan Pratap Singh, who is on the brink of winning the Heavy weight Boxing Championship, that moment arrives during the last round of the Boxing finals, when he nearly bludgeons his opponent to death in an uncontrolled fit of rage. In that fateful moment, he loses everything he's worked for and is banned from boxing for four years. The four best years of his sporting career, along with his coach and mentor Jerry Fernandez, are lost forever to a rage that he cannot explain. His fall from glory seems fueled by ruthless arrogance and an anger management problem. That, however, is simply symptomatic of a deeper issue. Buried under layers of his fractured subconscious lies a childhood secret, a demon he needs to vanquish, but cannot come to terms with. Karan must vanquish these demons to become the boxer he was meant to be. He must atone and do what it takes to get back into the ring. Parallelly we meet Sonia Kapoor, a beautiful and volatile young woman with a dark secret that torments her at night but a secret that she seemingly feels no guilt for. Sonia comes to Mumbai on a stormy night with the hope that she, along with her secret, will disappear in the bustling megalopolis. She hopes that Mumbai will hide her and never judge her. But just as a leopard cannot change its spots, nor can the volatile Sonia. And soon, her past catches up with her. When fate throws Karan and Sonia together in Mumbai, their inner demons and pasts collide and stir up trouble in their fragile and uncertain present. Is it possible to outrun one's past? And is redemption really possible without forgiveness? Book launch and film adaptation The boxing redemption saga will be adapted into a Hindi film. Dancing with Demons was launched and the film announced on 18 November 2014, in an event held in Mumbai which was attended by Bollywood actor Arunoday Singh and filmmaker Sudhir Mishra. Critical reception The book is critically acclaimed by several Indian authors. News 18 described the book as "it's promising and keeps you entertained throughout." Writing in Deccan Chronicle Anjana Basu states, "a first for its boxing background and for its romantic pair who are so at odds that it seems unlikely that they will ever manage to get together and find true love in a world of lies." She further adds "Strongly visual and action packed, it’s hardly surprising that the author plans to make it into a film." == References ==

Ågesta Nuclear Plant

The Ågesta Nuclear Plant (also Ågestaverket or just Ågesta) was the first Swedish commercial nuclear power plant built by ASEA. Also known as R3 nuclear reactor, it was the third nuclear reactor built in Sweden. Construction started in 1957 and ended in 1962, operations began in 1964 and continued until 1974. The station was built underground, used heavy water moderation and was fueled with natural uranium. The station primarily provided district heating (initially 60 MW then increased to 80 MW) for the Stockholm suburb Farsta, as well as a small amount of electricity, 12 MW.

The Ågesta Nuclear Plant (also Ågestaverket or just Ågesta) was the first Swedish commercial nuclear power plant built by ASEA. Also known as R3 nuclear reactor, it was the third nuclear reactor built in Sweden. Construction started in 1957 and ended in 1962, operations began in 1964 and continued until 1974. The station was built underground, used heavy water moderation and was fueled with natural uranium. The station primarily provided district heating (initially 60 MW then increased to 80 MW) for the Stockholm suburb Farsta, as well as a small amount of electricity, 12 MW. It is widely assumed that the underground reactors had military purposes, being able to produce plutonium. The cost of construction was estimated at SEK 50 million but the final cost was SEK 230 million.The companies Stockholms Elverk and Statens Vattenfallsverk were responsible for the building of the Ågesta plant. Before it was finished, another larger reactor, the R4 nuclear reactor was built at Marviken. The R4 reactor was intended for both electricity and plutonium production but it was cancelled in 1970. The station operated reliably except for problems with fuel rods in 1968 and a flooding incident on 1 May 1969. 15 fuel assemblies failed in 1968, causing the reactor to be shut down for seven months. In 1969 errors in operating procedures caused a valve to fail leaking 400 cubic metres of cooling water. This overloaded the drainage system and caused short-circuits throughout the plant. The water short-circuited the Emergency Core Coolant System resulting in high pressure heavy water leaking out of the core and into the piping of the ECCS. The water caused one of the main busbars for one of the generators to short, shutting down a turbine. The short-circuits preventing flooding from being indicated on the control board. The Swedish Nuclear Power Inspectorate did not publicly release information about this failure until 1993.The Ågesta reactor, with 10 MW, was much smaller than the later Swedish reactor types. The reactor was part of a project called "the Swedish line" (Svenska Linjen), an international initiative to use natural uranium (not enriched) for fuel in commercial power plants. The shutdown of the plant was mostly a result of low oil prices and poor economics. The Swedish Radiation Safety Authority approved demolition of the station in December 2019, with work expected to begin in 2020 and to be completed by 2025. See also Nuclear power in Sweden Ågestasjön == References ==

Basera E Tabassum

Basera E Tabassum ("BeT") is an Indian girls' shelter. It was started in 2002 for girls who lost their parents as a result of armed conflict or terrorism during the ongoing Kashmir conflict. The mission of BeT is "To provide a secure home to the girls in the armed conflict".At the time of BeT's founding, no girls' shelters were available in this area. BeT is the first project launched in the Kupwara district, which is badly affected by militancy.

Basera E Tabassum ("BeT") is an Indian girls' shelter. It was started in 2002 for girls who lost their parents as a result of armed conflict or terrorism during the ongoing Kashmir conflict. The mission of BeT is "To provide a secure home to the girls in the armed conflict".At the time of BeT's founding, no girls' shelters were available in this area. BeT is the first project launched in the Kupwara district, which is badly affected by militancy. History BeT was started by Borderless World Foundation, led by Bharti Mamani, Mohiuddin Mir, Bipin Takwale, Zahoor Sheikh and Adhik Kadam in Kupwara district.As of 2016, over 5 BeT Homes operate across Jammu and Kashmir. Programs BeT works mainly with girls who are unable to live normal, secure lives due to the loss of parents in the militancy. BeT provides shelter to the girls and cares for their health, education and mental health. More than 200 girls occupy the 5 homes. The shelters are located in Kupwara district, Anantnag district, Budgam district, Srinagar district, and Jammu district. BeT is supported by Asha for Education, National Securities Depository Limited and HDFC Bank, GTL Ltd. BeT organizes national-level education exposure tours for better understanding of various cultures and educational methods. BeT also provides the girls with training and workshops. Local schools help BeT girls with admissions and regular classes. Colleagues and Kashmri University students join block field work courses via their undergraduate programs. Students of Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Nirmala Niketan, University of Pune, and University of Delhi send social work students to participate in field work as per the requirements of their master's degree. Under Education Exposure Tours, children visit cities such as Mumbai, Pune, Delhi, Nasik, Kolhapur, Chennai, and Hyderabad. Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Motiwala Education and Welfare Trust. Visits and recognition Children of BeT pursue higher education in cities including Pune, Chennai, Nasik, and Kolhapur, especially in Law, Engineering and Medicine. Many younger girls take courses in computerized embroidery, making sanitary napkins, stitching, knitting, and various computer courses. Some girls are recognized as upcoming business entrepreneurs. Furthermore, in photography, girls won national awards. Prominent personalities including Shahu Maharaj Kolhapur State, Syed Ata Hasnain and the Holkar Dynasty have sponsored the initiative. == References ==

Tunisavia

Tunisavia is a charter airline based in Tunis, Tunisia. Its main base is Tunis-Carthage International Airport.

Tunisavia is a charter airline based in Tunis, Tunisia. Its main base is Tunis-Carthage International Airport. History Tunisavia was founded in 1974. It operates air support to oil and gas companies, medical evacuations, aerial works, business aviation, and airport handling. Fleet The Tunisavia fleet includes the following aircraft (as of 17 September 2020): Helicopters Previously See also Africa portal Aviation portal References External links Official website Official website (in French)

John Cutts (died 1615)

Sir John Cutts (or Cutt) (1545–1615), of Horham Hall, Essex; Shenley Hall, Hertfordshire and Childerley, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.Sir John's great-grandfather, also Sir John (died 1521), held the position of under-treasurer in the household of King Henry VII. His son John Cutts married Luce Browne, daughter of Sir Anthony Browne (died 1506) and granddaughter of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (died 1471) and Isabel Ingaldesthorpe. After John's death in 1528, leaving a son little more than an infant, Luce remarried to Sir Thomas Clyfford. The child married Sybil, daughter of Sir John Hynde of Madingley (who died in 1550), and being of age in 1547 became Sir John Cutts of Childerley and Horham Hall. This gentleman became implicated in a suspected conspiracy planned in Suffolk with his brother-in-law Sir Francis Hynde and, having gone into exile in Italy, died of pleurisy in Venice in May 1555.

Sir John Cutts (or Cutt) (1545–1615), of Horham Hall, Essex; Shenley Hall, Hertfordshire and Childerley, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.Sir John's great-grandfather, also Sir John (died 1521), held the position of under-treasurer in the household of King Henry VII. His son John Cutts married Luce Browne, daughter of Sir Anthony Browne (died 1506) and granddaughter of John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu (died 1471) and Isabel Ingaldesthorpe. After John's death in 1528, leaving a son little more than an infant, Luce remarried to Sir Thomas Clyfford. The child married Sybil, daughter of Sir John Hynde of Madingley (who died in 1550), and being of age in 1547 became Sir John Cutts of Childerley and Horham Hall. This gentleman became implicated in a suspected conspiracy planned in Suffolk with his brother-in-law Sir Francis Hynde and, having gone into exile in Italy, died of pleurisy in Venice in May 1555. His widow Sybil (Hynde), mother of the present Sir John Cutts, M.P., remarried to the politician John Hutton. John was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and trained in the law at Gray's Inn. He was knighted by the Earl of Leicester in 1571. He was appointed a Justice of the Peace (JP) for Cambridgeshire in 1579, Hertfordshire in 1582 and Essex in 1586. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire 1584, 1586 and 1601. He served as Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire for 1572–73 and 1601-2 and as High Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1588–89. He married twice: first to Anne, the daughter of Sir Arthur Darcy of Huntingdonshire, with whom he had a son and two daughters, and secondly to Margaret, the daughter and coheiress of John Brocket of Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, with whom he had another son. He was succeeded by his son John. == References ==

Richard Lyle

Richard Macdonald Lyle (born 12 June 1950) is a retired Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Uddingston and Bellshill constituency from 2016 to 2021, having previously represented the Central Scotland region from 2011 to 2016.Before becoming an MSP, Lyle was a North Lanarkshire councillor for 30 years.

Richard Macdonald Lyle (born 12 June 1950) is a retired Scottish National Party (SNP) politician. He served as the Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) for the Uddingston and Bellshill constituency from 2016 to 2021, having previously represented the Central Scotland region from 2011 to 2016.Before becoming an MSP, Lyle was a North Lanarkshire councillor for 30 years. Early life Lyle was born in Bothwellhaugh, Lanarkshire and educated at Lawmuir School and Bellshill Academy. He worked for the Royal Bank of Scotland before entering politics. Career Lyle joined the SNP in 1966 and served as a local councillor on Motherwell District Council and North Lanarkshire Council for 35 years, including the Bellshill ward from 2007 to 2011. At the 2011 Scottish Parliament election, Lyle won election as an MSP for the Central Scotland region.During a debate on same-sex marriage in Scotland in August 2011, Lyle and with his SNP colleagues Dave Thompson, John Mason and Bill Walker were widely condemned for raising a motion stating that no person or organisation should be forced to be involved or to approve of same-sex marriage.Lyle was at the center of an internal party dispute within the SNP Uddingston and Bellshill branch in February 2016, during which a small minority of party members state that they would refuse to vote for him at the then upcoming Scottish Parliament election. It was revealed during the lead up to the election that Lyle's Holyrood nickname is "Salty Dick" after it became public knowledge that he had once claimed the cost of a £1.80 bag of chips on expenses.In February 2020, Lyle announced that he would not be seeking re-election at the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. "The 2014 referendum was amazing and seeing the huge change in the number of people supporting independence and I will continue to fly the flag for independence," he told The National. "But the saddest day of my life though was when untruths about my branch, about myself and about the people I know. Being called Don Corelone hurt me and hurt my wife. I am not Don Corelone."He was also the deputy convener of the cross-party Building Bridges with Israel group; he visited Israel and the occupied territories in 2018, a trip that was valued at £2,200 and was paid for by the Israeli embassy in London. In May 2020, a motion marking the 72nd anniversary of the Nakba—the exodus of Palestinians from their homeland in 1948—was tabled by fellow SNP MSP Sandra White. The Morning Star revealed that Lyle had tried to attach an amendment to the motion in which he called the tragedy "self-inflicted". "20% of Israel's citizens are Arabs who chose not to flee in 1948, and who enjoy their democratic rights in Israel and contribute meaningfully to Israel society at all levels, including membership of the Knesset, with several Arabs serving as high ranking members of the Israel police and army. The conclusion can only be that the [Nakba], the Arabic word for tragedy, resulting in the 1948 Palestine refugee crisis was sadly a self-inflicted tragedy, which must, after all these years, be finally resolved by peaceful means and discussions between the parties involved." Nadia El-Nakla, convenor of SNP Friends of Palestine, said Lyle's remarks were "not just a revision of history but also an insult to every Palestinian worldwide" and called on the SNP to discipline him. "If we in Scotland can’t have a constructive dialogue and examine the arguments from both sides, what chance have the warring sides after 72 years of conflict," Lyle said in a statement. I implore the Palestinian and Jewish peoples to sit down and negotiate a two-state solution and end the bloodshed."On 15 November 2020, after nearly 45 years as a councillor and MSP, Lyle announced his retirement from politics in an interview with the Daily Record. "This next year will mark 45 years as a politician. And next year I will be 71 years of age. [...] I'm proud to have served as a councillor and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament – and to have served local people for over 40 years. I have enjoyed the opportunity to help influence and shape the changes we need to see from the council's Labour administration. I always encourage everyone who tells me they wish to be a politician to get involved and to go for it. Being a politician is not an easy task, it requires sacrifice and intense scrutiny, it requires hard work like any other role, but it is incredibly rewarding to serve local people and I am proud to have had the chance to do just that." Personal life Lyle and his wife, Marion have two children, Vincent and Marina. Marina is also a former councillor for the Bellshill ward, replacing her father in 2012 and serving until 2017. References External links Scottish Parliament profiles of MSPs: Richard Lyle

Battle of Gaza (312 BC)

The Battle of Gaza was a military engagement in the Macedonian Empire in 312 BC, during the Wars of the Diadochi. It took place in and around the city of Gaza and saw fighting between the invading armies of Ptolemy I Soter and Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus. In late 312 BC, Ptolemy launched an invasion into the Levant from Egypt, he marched with 18,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry along the northern edge of the Sinai Peninsula. Receiving timely intelligence, Demetrius recalled his troops from their winter quarters and concentrated them at Gaza. Demetrius' advisors had apparently told him to avoid a military confrontation with Ptolemy and Seleucus, who had more military experience, but he ignored their advice; the conflict ended in a decisive defeat for Demetrius, subsequently enabling the absorption of his controlled territory by Ptolemy and Seleucus.

The Battle of Gaza was a military engagement in the Macedonian Empire in 312 BC, during the Wars of the Diadochi. It took place in and around the city of Gaza and saw fighting between the invading armies of Ptolemy I Soter and Seleucus I Nicator and the defending army of Demetrius I of Macedon, son of Antigonus I Monophthalmus. In late 312 BC, Ptolemy launched an invasion into the Levant from Egypt, he marched with 18,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry along the northern edge of the Sinai Peninsula. Receiving timely intelligence, Demetrius recalled his troops from their winter quarters and concentrated them at Gaza. Demetrius' advisors had apparently told him to avoid a military confrontation with Ptolemy and Seleucus, who had more military experience, but he ignored their advice; the conflict ended in a decisive defeat for Demetrius, subsequently enabling the absorption of his controlled territory by Ptolemy and Seleucus. Armies and deployment Troop strength Demetrius deployed 2,900 elite cavalry, 1,500 light infantry, and 30 Indian war elephants under his command on the left. The Antigonid phalanx of some 11,000 was deployed in the center, with 13 war elephants in front and light infantry protecting the main line. On the Antigonid right, there were 1,500 cavalry.Ptolemy and Seleucus originally put most of their cavalry on the left, but when they learned of Demetrius' disposition, they massed their 3,000 heavy cavalry to the right, under their personal command. An anti-elephant corps of 3,000 light infantry (peltast, archers and slingers) equipped with anti-elephant devices (spikes connected by chains) were positioned in front of the cavalry,– with orders to throw the devices in the path of the elephants and then target the mahouts. Their phalanx was stationed in the center, with the remaining 1,000 cavalry deployed on the right. Order of battle Antigonid: left wing: 2,900 cavalry, 1,500 light infantry and 30 war elephants under Demetrius command center: 11,000 infantry phalanx and 13 elephants right wing: 1,500 cavalryPtolemaic: left wing: 3,000 cavalry, under Ptolemy and Seleucus center: 18,000 phalanx right wing: 1,000 cavalry Engagement The battle opened with the advance guards of the stronger cavalry wings engaging each other. Demetrius drove off the enemy. Ptolemy and Seleucus responded by riding around Demetrius's left flank to attack. A fierce melee ensued, with the cavalry of both sides fighting with their swords after their lances had been shattered. While the cavalry battle on the flank was taking place, Demetrius brought forward his elephants apparently hoping to demoralize the Ptolemaic phalanx. As the elephants approached, the Ptolemaic archers and javelinmen began showering the elephants and their crews. This, along with some elephants stepping on the spiked chains, led to them becoming panicked. After shooting down nearly all the crews, the Ptolemaic light infantry were able to capture and kill most of the elephants. The loss of the elephants panicked Demetrius' cavalry and many of his men retreated. The infantry then engaged, and the fight was stiff. However, neither phalanx could gain the upper hand. After trying to keep more cavalry from retreating, Demetrius and the remaining cavalry fell back but still managed to stay in formation while retiring over the open plain. This discouraged Ptolemy and Seleucus from pursuing the enemy. The Ptolemaic phalanx began to push back the Antigonid phalanx, and the Antigonid Phalangites threw down their arms and retreated in chaos. Ptolemy and Seleucus had won a hard-fought victory. Aftermath Demetrius lost 8,500 men (500 were killed in battle, a further 8,000 taken prisoner), including generals such as Andronicus of Olynthus, and all his elephants. He retreated to Tripolis in Phoenicia, and started to rebuild his army. He also sent a report to his father, who had just finished his campaign in Caria, urging him to send help. Meanwhile, Seleucus had convinced Ptolemy to release him from service and give him an army to try and take back his old province of Babylonia which was now without a governor (Peithon had died in the battle). Ptolemy agreed, and sent off Seleucus with a small force of around 1,000 troops. In popular culture Alfred Duggan's novel on the life of Demetrius, Elephants and Castles, covers the battle. The third novel in Christian Cameron's Tyrant series, Funeral Games features the Battle of Gaza. References External links Lecture Notes for Week Fourteen

Bob Van Dillen

Robert S. Van Dillen (born October 6, 1972), occasionally known as Bobby Van Dillen, is an American meteorologist currently working at Fox Weather as on-air host.He was born in Montclair, New Jersey. He moved to the Shongum Lake section of Randolph, New Jersey in 1977 and graduated in 1991 from Randolph High School.Van Dillen earned a Bachelor of Science degree in meteorology from Millersville University of Pennsylvania. He began his career in Long Island, New York, as a forecaster for the Metro Weather Service. He subsequently worked for ABC affiliate WUTR in Utica, New York, CBS affiliate WTVH in Syracuse, New York, and NBC affiliate WCNC-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina. He began working at CNN world headquarters in Atlanta in September 2002.

Robert S. Van Dillen (born October 6, 1972), occasionally known as Bobby Van Dillen, is an American meteorologist currently working at Fox Weather as on-air host.He was born in Montclair, New Jersey. He moved to the Shongum Lake section of Randolph, New Jersey in 1977 and graduated in 1991 from Randolph High School.Van Dillen earned a Bachelor of Science degree in meteorology from Millersville University of Pennsylvania. He began his career in Long Island, New York, as a forecaster for the Metro Weather Service. He subsequently worked for ABC affiliate WUTR in Utica, New York, CBS affiliate WTVH in Syracuse, New York, and NBC affiliate WCNC-TV in Charlotte, North Carolina. He began working at CNN world headquarters in Atlanta in September 2002. Van Dillen was awarded the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Seal of Approval in March 1997 and is a full member of the AMS. References External links Bob Van Dillen's CNN bio page. Bob Van Dillen at IMDb

Mohrenbrauerei

The Mohrenbrauerei Vertriebs KG is a brewery in Dornbirn in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is Vorarlberg's oldest brewery. With a total market share of 47.2 percent in the gastronomy and retail sectors, in 2013, the Mohrenbrauerei was the market leader among the four Vorarlberg breweries.

The Mohrenbrauerei Vertriebs KG is a brewery in Dornbirn in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is Vorarlberg's oldest brewery. With a total market share of 47.2 percent in the gastronomy and retail sectors, in 2013, the Mohrenbrauerei was the market leader among the four Vorarlberg breweries. History The origin of the current Mohrenbrauerei is the in "Zum Mohren", licensed to the owner of the inn and brewery Josef Mohr. The oldest found documentation on the new name "Mohrenwirt" dates back to 1784. In 1834, the catering and brewery business was transferred to the Huber family.Franz Anton Huber, trader and locksmith in Dornbirn-Markt, bought the inn including the estate and associated brewery in 1834 from a farmer from Hohenems. The brewery has been family-owned since that day.At the turn of the century, an amount 30,000 hl of beer per year has been produced under the East Silesian master brewer Anton Decker.The end of World War II and declining demand had to stop production eventually. The brewery was temporarily converted into barracks and hosted Moroccan soldiers. The Mohrenbrauerei only recovered from this around 1951.In 2012, the beverage production amounted to 222,911 hl per year, which sank to 180,000 in 2019. Name and logo The name and logo of the Mohrenbrauerei are controversial. Multiple critics have charged the logo reproduces racist stereotypes. The logo depicts a heraldic Moor's head, showing an African with bulging lips and curly hair. Mohr, or moor, is a term of uncertain origin widely used by Europeans to describe people of African descent and/or Muslims up to the 18th and 19th centuries. Duden, Germany’s standard dictionary, describes the word as “archaic” and “discriminatory by contemporary standards.”In 1834, today's co-owner, the Huber family, took over the Mohr from the family crest of the original brewery founder Josef Mohr, who had the literal depiction of his last name, namely an African, incorporated into the logo. The Mohrenbräu brewery argues that it has been using the logo for almost 200 years. The brewery further states that the crest is based on early depictions of Saint Maurice.Discussion about the company's logo continues into the 2020s, and the company has declined to make any changes. More than 6,000 people signed a petition to keep the depiction of the African as part of the logo, Mohrenbräu's arguments for keeping the logo being tradition as well as the lack of racist intention. Critics allege the company has constructed their own myth about their own „Mohren“ and therefore are not considering other perspectives. Mohren Biererlebniswelt The Mohren Biererlebniswelt is a museum about the history of the Mohrenbrauerei and the art of brewing in general. It was opened on 22 October 2016. The museum is located at the headquarters of the Mohrenbrauerei in Dornbirn. There are about 10,000 exhibits on display, from small as beer coasters to a replica of the facade of the former inn "Zum Mohren" or a brewery from the 19th century. References External links Official website (in German) History of the brewery (in German)

Constructivism in Practical Philosophy

Constructivism in Practical Philosophy is a 2012 book edited by James Lenman and Yonatan Shemmer, presenting twelve papers on moral constructivism.

Constructivism in Practical Philosophy is a 2012 book edited by James Lenman and Yonatan Shemmer, presenting twelve papers on moral constructivism. Contributors Michael E. Bratman Dale Dorsey Nadeem J. Z. Hussain Aaron James James Lenman Michael Ridge Yonatan Shemmer Robert Stern Sharon Street T. M. Scanlon Valerie Tiberius R. Jay Wallace References External links Constructivism in Practical Philosophy

Renee Blount

Renee Blount (born May 12, 1957) is a retired American tennis player.

Renee Blount (born May 12, 1957) is a retired American tennis player. Career Blount was a No. 1 singles and doubles All-American player for UCLA. She joined the WTA Tour in 1978 and went on to reach a career-high ranking of 63 in singles and world No. 8 in doubles. Blount was the fifth seed in the 1978 Australian Open and competed in the 1979 US Open and the 1980 US Open. In 1979, she made history when she became the first African American woman to win a professional tennis tournament since Althea Gibson when she won the Futures of Columbus.In 1984, Blount achieved her best Grand Slam women's doubles result, reaching the quarterfinals at Wimbledon partnering Janet Newberry, losing to Kathy Jordan and Anne Smith 0–6, 1–6. Blount was also a mixed-doubles semifinalist at the French Open and extended Martina Navratilova to three sets at the 1980 Australian Open. She competed in Wimbledon five times, including a 1986 doubles quarterfinal appearance. Life after tennis After retiring from professional tennis, she became an assistant coach at the University of Virginia and was inducted into the St. Louis Tennis Hall of Fame in 1997. Blount founded the Keswick Tennis Foundation to help children with autism and disabilities develop skills through tennis. She currently coaches at the Keswick Tennis Foundation in Central Virginia. References External links Keswick Tennis Foundation Renee Blount at the Women's Tennis Association Renee Blount at the International Tennis Federation

Ellsworth Jerome Hill

Ellsworth Jerome Hill (1833 in Le Roy, New York – 1917) was a Presbyterian minister and an American botanist. He conducted identifications and classifications of new American species.The standard author abbreviation E.J.Hill is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. == References ==

Ellsworth Jerome Hill (1833 in Le Roy, New York – 1917) was a Presbyterian minister and an American botanist. He conducted identifications and classifications of new American species.The standard author abbreviation E.J.Hill is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name. == References ==

Adela Breton

Adela Catherine Breton (31 December 1849 – June 1923) was an English archaeological artist and explorer. She made watercolour copies of the wall paintings of Mexican temples, notably those of the Upper Temple of Jaguars at Chichen Itza.

Adela Catherine Breton (31 December 1849 – June 1923) was an English archaeological artist and explorer. She made watercolour copies of the wall paintings of Mexican temples, notably those of the Upper Temple of Jaguars at Chichen Itza. Biography Breton was born in London on 31 December 1849, to parents who were widely travelled. Her English father served in the Royal Navy and met Adela's mother (who was born in Somerset, England) while in Tasmania. They moved to Bath, Somerset, a few months after Adela's birth and she grew up there. During her childhood the family spent time travelling through Europe, visiting France, Switzerland and Italy. Adela probably studied art while staying in Florence. With much of her time spent in Bath, with its Roman remains, the Bretons took a keen interest in the archaeology. She stayed in Bath to look after her parents in their old age but, after her father died in 1887, she decided to travel. She made a conscious decision not to marry, so she could remain independent and satisfy her wanderlust. She initially headed for Canada (and the United States) where she painted the landscape, before returning to Bath to hold an exhibition of her paintings. In 1892 she made her first visit to Mexico. She hired a local guide, Pablo Solario.Her time in Mexico was spent travelling on horseback across the country, using her artistic skills to record the friezes, carvings and other archaeological treasures that were being unearthed in the Yucatán. Her first trip lasted 18 months, when she travelled continually making notes and sketches. As the 1890s passed, Breton spent less time on return visits to England and more time on her travels in Mexico. Her observations became more scientific and broadened to include the geology, the canyons and volcanoes. However, she is particularly known for her colour paintings of the frescos discovered at Teotihuacan in 1894, at a site that became known as Teopancaxco.Breton's travels in Mexico were eventually curtailed by the Mexican revolution in 1910. She was recognised internationally in her lifetime for her valuable contribution to Mesoamerican archaeology.She died in Barbados in 1923 aged 73. Legacy A collection of her work is held in Bristol Museum & Art Gallery, where a digitisation project was started in 2014 so that the fragile rolls of paintings can be preserved and made available for research.Some of her correspondence with Ella Lewis of Philadelphia is held in Harvard University Library.In 2016 a four-month exhibition entitled "The Remarkable Miss Breton" was held at the Bath Royal Literary & Scientific Institution in Bath. In 2017 an exhibition of her original work was held at the Bristol Museum & Art Gallery. References Sources McVicker, Mary French (2005). Adela Breton: A Victorian Artist Amid Mexico's Ruins. University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-3678-1. Further reading Baigent, Elizabeth (2004). Breton, Adela Catherine (1849–1923). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/53011. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |work= ignored (help) Devlin, Kate (16 May 2013). "Adela Catherine Breton (1849-1923): A Career in Ruins" (blog). TrowelBlazers. Retrieved 18 November 2014. Ringle, William M. (2009). "The art of war: imagery of the upper temple of the Jaguars, Chichen Itza". Ancient Mesoamerica. 20 (1): 14–44. doi:10.1017/S0956536109000030. S2CID 162884274. Sparrow-Niang, Jane (2017). "The Remarkable Miss Breton: artist, archaeologist, traveller". Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.

1995 World Polo Championship

The 1995 World Polo Championship was played in St. Moritz, Switzerland during 1995 and was won by Brazil. This event brought together six teams from around the world.

The 1995 World Polo Championship was played in St. Moritz, Switzerland during 1995 and was won by Brazil. This event brought together six teams from around the world. Final rankings External links 1995 FIP World Championship IV

Robert B. Dickey

Robert Barry Dickey (November 10, 1811 – July 14, 1903) was a participant in the conferences leading to the Canadian Confederation of 1867 and is therefore considered to be one of the Fathers of Confederation.Born in Amherst, the son of Robert McGowan Dickey and Eleanor Chapman, he was educated at Windsor Academy and later studied law with Alexander Stewart. He was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1834, and to the New Brunswick bar in 1835. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1863. He served as both judge and registrar of probate in Cumberland County for 20 years. In 1844, he married Mary Blair, one of Alexander Stewart's daughters.

Robert Barry Dickey (November 10, 1811 – July 14, 1903) was a participant in the conferences leading to the Canadian Confederation of 1867 and is therefore considered to be one of the Fathers of Confederation.Born in Amherst, the son of Robert McGowan Dickey and Eleanor Chapman, he was educated at Windsor Academy and later studied law with Alexander Stewart. He was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1834, and to the New Brunswick bar in 1835. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1863. He served as both judge and registrar of probate in Cumberland County for 20 years. In 1844, he married Mary Blair, one of Alexander Stewart's daughters. Dickey was a director of the Nova Scotia Electric Telegraph Company and consular agent for the United States at Amherst. From 1858 to 1867, Dickey was appointed to the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia. In 1867, he was appointed to the Senate of Canada representing the senatorial division of Amherst, Nova Scotia. A Conservative, he served until his death in 1903. His son Arthur Rupert Dickey served as a member of the House of Commons. His daughter Mary married the English landscape architect Henry Ernest Milner. References External links Library and Archives Canada Profile Robert B. Dickey – Parliament of Canada biography

Bertrand du Guesclin

Bertrand du Guesclin (Breton: Beltram Gwesklin; c. 1320 – 13 July 1380), nicknamed "The Eagle of Brittany" or "The Black Dog of Brocéliande", was a Breton knight and an important military commander on the French side during the Hundred Years' War. From 1370 to his death, he was Constable of France for King Charles V. Well known for his Fabian strategy, he took part in seven pitched battles and won the five in which he held command.

Bertrand du Guesclin (Breton: Beltram Gwesklin; c. 1320 – 13 July 1380), nicknamed "The Eagle of Brittany" or "The Black Dog of Brocéliande", was a Breton knight and an important military commander on the French side during the Hundred Years' War. From 1370 to his death, he was Constable of France for King Charles V. Well known for his Fabian strategy, he took part in seven pitched battles and won the five in which he held command. Origins Bertrand du Guesclin was born at Motte-Broons near Dinan, in Brittany, first-born son of Robert du Guesclin and Jeanne de Malmaines. His date of birth is unknown but is thought to have been sometime in 1320. His family was of minor Breton nobility, the seigneurs of Broons. His native language was Gallo, a langue d'oïl. Bertrand's family may have claimed descent from Aquin, the legendary Muslim king of Bougie in Africa (Viking in effect, the legend conflates Saracens and Arabs with Normans and places Aiquin's origins in the north country) a conceit derived from the Roman d'Aquin, a thirteenth-century French chanson de geste from Brittany. Career Service in Brittany He initially served Charles of Blois in the Breton War of Succession (1341–1364). Charles was supported by the French crown, while his rival, Jean de Montfort, was allied with England. Du Guesclin was knighted in 1354 while serving Arnoul d'Audrehem, after countering a raid by Hugh Calveley on the Castle of Montmuran. In 1356–57, Du Guesclin successfully defended Rennes against a Breton-English siege by Henry of Grosmont, using guerrilla tactics. During the siege, he killed the English knight William Bamborough who had challenged him to a duel. The resistance of du Guesclin helped restore Breton-French morale after Poitiers, and du Guesclin came to the attention of the Dauphin Charles. When he became King in 1364, Charles sent Du Guesclin to deal with Charles II of Navarre, who hoped to claim the Duchy of Burgundy, which Charles hoped to give to his brother, Philip. On 16 May, he met an Anglo-Navarrese army under the command of Jean de Grailly, Captal de Buch at Cocherel and proved his ability in pitched battle by routing the enemy. The victory forced Charles II into a new peace with the French king, and secured Burgundy for Philip. On 29 September 1364, at the Battle of Auray, the army of Charles of Blois was heavily defeated by John IV, Duke of Brittany and the English forces under Sir John Chandos. De Blois was killed in action, ending the pretensions of the Penthievre faction in Brittany. After chivalric resistance, Du Guesclin broke his weapons to signify his surrender. He was captured and ransomed back to Charles V for 100,000 francs. Service in Castile In 1366, Bertrand persuaded the leaders of the "free companies", who had been pillaging France after the Treaty of Brétigny, to join him in an expedition to Castile to aid Count Henry of Trastámara against Pedro I of Castile. In 1366, du Guesclin, with Guillaume Boitel, his faithful companion, leader of his vanguard, captured many fortresses (Magallón, Briviesca and finally the capital Burgos). After Henry's coronation at Burgos, he proclaimed Bertrand his successor as Count of Trastámara and had him crowned as King of Granada, although that kingdom was yet to be reconquered from the Nasrids. Bertrand's elevation must have taken place at Burgos between 16 March and 5 April 1366.Henry's army was however defeated in 1367 by Pedro's forces, now commanded by Edward, the Black Prince, at Nájera. Du Guesclin was again captured, and again ransomed to Charles V, who considered him invaluable. However, the English army suffered badly in the battle as four English soldiers out of five died during the Castilian Campaign. The Black Prince, affected by dysentery, soon withdrew his support from Pedro. Du Guesclin and Henry of Trastámara renewed the attack, defeating Pedro at the decisive Battle of Montiel (1369). After the battle, Pedro fled to the castle at Montiel, from whence he made contact with du Guesclin, whose army was camped outside. Pedro bribed du Guesclin to obtain escape. Du Guesclin agreed, but also told it to Henry who promised him more money and land if he would only lead Pedro to Henry's tent. Once there, after crossed accusations of bastardy, the two half-brothers started a fight to the death, using daggers because of the narrow space. At a moment when they fought on the floor, Pedro got the upper hand and was about to finish Henry. But then Du Guesclin, who had stayed inactive for he was compromised to both, made his final choice. He grabbed Pedro's ankle and turned him belly-up, thus allowing Henry to stab Pedro to death and gain the throne of Castile. While turning Pedro down, du Guesclin is claimed to have said "Ni quito ni pongo rey, pero ayudo a mi señor" (I neither remove nor put a King, but I do help my Sire), which has since that moment become a common phrase in Spanish, to be used by anyone of lesser rank who does what he is ordered or expected to do, avoiding any concern about the justice or injustice of such action, and declining any responsibility.Bertrand was made Duke of Molina, and the Franco-Castilian alliance was sealed. Constable of France War with England was renewed in 1369, and Du Guesclin was recalled from Castile in 1370 by Charles V, who had decided to make him Constable of France, the country's chief military leader. By tradition, this post was always given to a great nobleman, not to someone like the comparatively low-born Du Guesclin, but Charles needed someone who was an outstanding professional soldier. In practice, du Guesclin had continual difficulties in getting aristocratic leaders to serve under him, and the core of his armies was always his personal retinue. He was formally invested with the rank of Constable by the King on 2 October 1370. He immediately defeated the remnant of an English army, which had been led by Robert Knolles until his retreat at Du Guesclin's coming, at the Battle of Pontvallain, and then reconquered Poitou and Saintonge, forcing the Black Prince to leave France. In 1372, the Franco-Castillan fleet destroyed the English fleet at the Battle of La Rochelle, where more than 400 English knights and 8000 soldiers were captured. Master of the Channel, du Guesclin organized destructive raids on the English coasts in retaliation for the English chevauchées. Du Guesclin pursued the English into Brittany from 1370 to 1374 and again defeated the English army at the Battle of Chizé in 1373. He disapproved of the confiscation of Brittany by Charles V in 1378, and his campaign to make the independent duchy submit to a French king was halfhearted. Death and burial An able tactician and a loyal and disciplined warrior, Du Guesclin had reconquered much of France from the English when he died of illness at Châteauneuf-de-Randon while on a military expedition in Languedoc in 1380. He was buried at Saint-Denis in the tomb of the Kings of France, which was later sacked and destroyed during the French Revolution. His heart is kept at the basilica of Saint-Sauveur at Dinan. Later reputation Because of du Guesclin's allegiance to France, the 20th century Breton nationalists considered him to be a 'traitor' to Brittany. During World War II, the pro-Nazi Breton Social-National Workers' Movement destroyed a statue of him in Rennes. In 1977 the Breton Liberation Front destroyed a statue of him in Broons.Bertrand du Guesclin appears as a character in Arthur Conan Doyle's 1891 historical novel The White Company, set in 1366. The protagonists first encounter him in Chapter 24, "How a Champion Came Forth From the East to the Lists", and again in Chapter 28, "How the Comrades Came over the Marches of France". He is also a major character in the trilogy of Dutch historical youth novels Geef me de Ruimte, by Thea Beckman, the first part of which was published in 1976. The main protagonist, a free-spirited young Flemish woman, ends up in Brittany during the 100 Years' War. She and her husband first meet Bertrand in 1353, and become his Trouvères in 1354 after the Battle of Montmuran. Notes References Curry, Anne. The Hundred Years' War. London: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-269-5 Jones, Michael, Letters, Orders and Musters of Bertrand du Guesclin, 1357–1380. Woodbridge and Rochester NY: The Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 1-84383-088-4 Nicolle, David. Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom. London: Brockhampton Press, 1999. ISBN 1-86019-889-9 Tuchman, Barbara W. A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century. New York: Ballantine Books, 1987. ISBN 0-345-34957-1 Turnbull, Stephen. The Book of the Medieval Knight. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1985. ISBN 0-85368-715-3 Vernier, Richard (2007). The Flower of Chivalry: Bertrand Du Guesclin and the Hundred Years War. D.S. Brewer.

STANAG 4569

NATO AEP-55 STANAG 4569 is a NATO Standardization Agreement covering the standards for the "Protection Levels for Occupants of Logistic and Light Armored Vehicles".The standard covers strikes from kinetic energy, artillery and IED blasts.

NATO AEP-55 STANAG 4569 is a NATO Standardization Agreement covering the standards for the "Protection Levels for Occupants of Logistic and Light Armored Vehicles".The standard covers strikes from kinetic energy, artillery and IED blasts. Level 1 Kinetic Energy 7.62×51mm NATO Ball (Ball M80) at 30 meters with velocity 833 m/s5.56×45mm NATO Ball (SS109) at 30 meters with a velocity of 900 m/s 5.56×45mm NATO Ball (M193) at 30 meters with a velocity of 937 m/s Protection against all three threats must be provided. Grenade and Mine Blast Hand grenades, unexploded artillery fragmenting submunitions, and other small anti personnel explosive devices detonated under the vehicle. Artillery 20 mm FSP (simulating 155 mm threat) at 520 m/sec from a distance of 100 meters. (Due to very low probability of a large fragment retaining enough velocity at these distances, STANAG 4569 makes this optional.)Angle: azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–18° Level 2 Kinetic Energy 7.62×39mm API BZ at 30 meters with 695 m/s Grenade and Mine Blast Threat 6 kg (explosive mass) Blast AT Mine: 2a – Mine Explosion pressure activated under any wheel or track location. 2b – Mine Explosion under center. Artillery 155 mm High Explosive at 80 m Angle: Azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–22° Level 3 Kinetic Energy 7.62×51mm AP (WC core) at 30 meters with 930 m/sAngle: Azimuth 360°; elevation 0–30° Grenade and Mine Blast Threat 8 kg (explosive mass) Blast AT Mine: 3a – Mine Explosion pressure activated under any wheel or track location. 3b – Mine Explosion under center. Artillery 155 mm High Explosive at 60 m Angle: Azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–30° Level 4 Kinetic Energy 14.5×114mm AP / B32 at 200 meters with 911 m/sAngle: Azimuth 360°; elevation 0° Artillery 155 mm High Explosive at 30 m Grenade and Mine Blast Threat 10 kg (explosive mass) Blast AT Mine: 4a – Mine Explosion pressure activated under any wheel or track location. 4b – Mine Explosion under center. Level 5 Kinetic Energy 25 mm APDS-T (M791) or TLB 073 at 500 m with 1258 m/sAngle: Frontal arc to centreline: ± 30° sides included, elevation 0° Artillery 155 mm High Explosive at 25 m Angle: Azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–90° Level 6 Kinetic Energy 30 mm APFSDS or AP at 500 mAngle: Frontal arc to centreline: ± 30° sides included, elevation 0° Artillery 155 mm High Explosive at 10 m Angle: Azimuth 360°; elevation: 0–90° == Sources ==

Kingarth

Kingarth (Old Irish: Cenn Garad; Scottish Gaelic: Ceann a' Gharaidh) is a historic village and parish on the Isle of Bute, off the coast of south-western Scotland. The village is within the parish of its own name, and is situated at the junction of the A844 and B881. In the Early Middle Ages it was the site of a monastery and bishopric and the cult centre of Saints Cathan and Bláán (Anglicized: Blane).

Kingarth (Old Irish: Cenn Garad; Scottish Gaelic: Ceann a' Gharaidh) is a historic village and parish on the Isle of Bute, off the coast of south-western Scotland. The village is within the parish of its own name, and is situated at the junction of the A844 and B881. In the Early Middle Ages it was the site of a monastery and bishopric and the cult centre of Saints Cathan and Bláán (Anglicized: Blane). St Blane's Church and monastery Located to the north of Kilchattan Bay, Kingarth was the central religious site for the Cenél Comgaill kindred of Dál Riata (after which Cowal is named), just as Lismore was for the Cenél Loairn and Iona for the Cenél nGabráin. It is close to the southern tip of the Isle of Bute, less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the early historic hill-fort of "Little Dunagoil", which may have been the chief secular site of the kindred.Much remains of the church ruins, located in a hollow below a south-facing slope. The remnants of the nave and the chancel are of the 12th century. In the 14th century, the building was extended, although the construction was less competent than the earlier work. The chancel arch is Romanesque in design. There are also a well and the base of a manse, which was still functioning in the 1700s.There are two churchyards, the upper for the burial of men, and the lower for women. Some of the gravestones shows fragments of decoration. In the lower churchyard are also the remains of a structure thought to have been a minor chapel. In the upper churchyard a hogback tombstone, dating to around 1000, is traditionally said to be the burial place of St Blane. It indicates that the Norsemen who inhabited the site after the abandonment of the monastery converted to Christianity. The upper churchyard also holds the grave of Sir William Macewen (1848-1924), a surgeon who lived in the area.A structure known as the "Devil's Cauldron", with walls 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) thick and about 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) high, is thought to have been either a part of the original monastery or an older dun.The centre for Saint Bláán's cult had probably moved to the mainland to Dunblane in Strathearn under the influence of Viking attacks in the 9th century, perhaps like the movement of the relics of Saint Cuthbert to the bishopric of Lindisfarne and those of Saint Columba to the bishopric of Dunkeld. Despite this, it survived as a religious site to become one of only two parish churches on the island, the other being Rothesay; it was part of the diocese of the Isles, though perhaps originally in the diocese of Argyll. Alan fitz Walter tried to grant the church to Paisley Abbey in 1204, but this grant does not appear to have been effective and it remained an independent parsonage until the 15th century. In 1463 it became a prebend for the newly created chapter of the diocese of the Isles, but in 1501 it was annexed to the Chapel Royal at Stirling, becoming in 1509 a prebend for the chancellorship of the Chapel Royal, the latter arrangement surviving beyond the Scottish Reformation. See also List of known bishops of Cenn Garad References External links Canmore - Bute, Kingarth Church site record Kingarth parish has a prominent and well maintained War Memorial that records the names of all those in the Parish who made the ultimate sacrifice during the First World War, and the Second World War

Murder of Lesley Molseed

Lesley Molseed (14 August 1964 – 5 October 1975), born Lesley Susan Anderson, was an English schoolgirl who was abducted and murdered on 5 October 1975 in West Yorkshire. Stefan Kiszko ( KEESH-koh), an intellectually disabled man who lived near Molseed's residence in Greater Manchester, was wrongly convicted in her murder and served sixteen years in prison before his conviction was overturned. His mental and physical health had deteriorated in prison, and he died twenty-two months after his release in February 1992 – before he could collect the money owed to him for his wrongful conviction. Kiszko's ordeal was described by one British MP as "the worst miscarriage of justice of all time. "Evidence exonerating Kiszko in the crime was suppressed by three members of the investigation team, who were initially arrested in 1993 before charges were dropped.

Lesley Molseed (14 August 1964 – 5 October 1975), born Lesley Susan Anderson, was an English schoolgirl who was abducted and murdered on 5 October 1975 in West Yorkshire. Stefan Kiszko ( KEESH-koh), an intellectually disabled man who lived near Molseed's residence in Greater Manchester, was wrongly convicted in her murder and served sixteen years in prison before his conviction was overturned. His mental and physical health had deteriorated in prison, and he died twenty-two months after his release in February 1992 – before he could collect the money owed to him for his wrongful conviction. Kiszko's ordeal was described by one British MP as "the worst miscarriage of justice of all time."Evidence exonerating Kiszko in the crime was suppressed by three members of the investigation team, who were initially arrested in 1993 before charges were dropped. In 2006, a DNA match led to Ronald Castree being charged with Molseed's murder; he was convicted the following year and sentenced to life imprisonment. Murder Lesley Molseed was born on 14 August 1964 and lived with her family – mother April, stepfather Danny, and three siblings – at 11 Delamere Road, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, part of the Turf Hill council estate. Known as 'Lel' to her family, Lesley was born with a congenital condition that included cardiac complications. Despite open-heart surgery at age 3, Lesley was undersized and frail with a reduced mental capacity for her age.On the early afternoon of Sunday 5 October 1975, Lesley was sent by her mother to a local shop on nearby Ansdell Road to buy bread and air-freshener. The Molseed children had a rota for chores and for Lesley, such an errand would have been routine (as it was for most school-aged children from urban/estate households in that era). Wearing a blue raincoat, carrying a blue canvas bag and £1 in cash, Lesley was last seen by witnesses in Stiups Lane, a pedestrian alleyway leading towards the shop. When she failed to return home, her concerned mother sent her siblings out to look for her. Her stepfather also joined the search but by 3:00 p.m., with no sign of her, and no evidence that she had arrived at the shops nor been encountered since, the parents contacted the police. A search around Rochdale and the adjacent M62 motorway was immediately begun. Three days later, around 08:00 on 8 October, Lesley's body was found next to a remote section of the TransPennine railway near Rishworth Moor in West Yorkshire. Lying face down in tall grass on a natural turf shelf 30 ft (9 m) above the carriageway, she was discovered by a driver who had stopped in a nearby layby. Lesley had been stabbed twelve times in the upper shoulder and back: one wound had penetrated her heart. There were no defensive wounds, and a time of death could not be calculated. None of her clothing or possessions were disturbed, but her money was missing and semen was found on her clothing and underwear. Other evidence collected by forensics included foreign fibres, traces of dry wallpaper paste, and 379 other objects in the vicinity. Stefan Kiszko Stefan Kiszko was a 23-year-old local tax clerk of Eastern European descent. His father, Iwan Kiszko, had emigrated from Soviet Ukraine and his mother, Charlotte (née Slavič), from Yugoslavia (modern-day Slovenia) after the Second World War, with both parents working in the cotton mills of Rochdale. In 1970, Kiszko's father died of a heart attack in front of his wife and son. Kiszko came to the attention of the murder investigation when four girls — Maxine Buckley (aged 12), Catherine Burke (16), Debbie Brown (13), and Pamela Hind (18)  —  together claimed that he had indecently exposed himself to them the day before the murder. One claimed he had exposed himself to her a month after the murder, on Guy Fawkes Night. West Yorkshire Police quickly formed the view that Kiszko matched their idea of the likely killer, even though he had never been in trouble with the law and had no social life beyond his mother and aunt. A psychological evaluation showed that Kiszko had the mental and emotional age of just twelve years. He had an unusual hobby of writing down registration numbers of cars that annoyed him, which supported police suspicions. Investigators now pursued evidence which might incriminate him, and ignored other leads that might have taken them in other directions. Acting upon the teenage girls' information and their suspicions of Kiszko's idiosyncratic lifestyle – and having allegedly found girlie magazines and a bag of sweets in his car – police arrested him on 21 December 1975. During questioning, the interviewing detectives seized upon every apparent inconsistency between his varying accounts of the relevant days as further demonstration of his likely guilt. Kiszko confessed to the crime after three days of intensive questioning: he believed that by doing so, he would be allowed to go home and that the ensuing investigations would prove him innocent and his confession false. Prior to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984, suspects did not have the right to have a [[]]solicitor present during interviews and the police did not ask Kiszko if he wanted one. His request to have his mother present while he was being questioned was refused and, crucially, the police did not caution him until long after they had decided he was the prime suspect – indeed, the only suspect. After admitting to the murder to police, Kiszko was charged with Lesley's murder on Christmas Eve 1975. When he entered Armley Gaol after being charged, he was nicknamed "Oliver Laurel" because he had the girth of Oliver Hardy and the perplexed air of Oliver's comedy sidekick Stan Laurel. Later, in the presence of a solicitor, Kiszko retracted his confession. He was remanded until his murder trial, which began on 7 July 1976 under Mr Justice Park at Leeds Crown Court. He was defended by David Waddington QC, who later became Home Secretary. The prosecuting QC, Peter Taylor, became Lord Chief Justice the day after Kiszko was cleared of the murder in 1992. Trial and appeal Kiszko's defence team, led by Waddington, made significant mistakes. Firstly, they did not seek an adjournment when the Crown delivered thousands of pages of additional unused material on the first morning of the trial. Then there was the inconsistent defence of diminished responsibility which Kiszko never authorised, on the grounds that the testosterone he was receiving for his hypogonadism might have made him behave unusually. Kiszko's endocrinologist strongly disagreed with this theory, and if called to testify would have said that his treatment could not have caused him to act in such a way that would make him carry out a murder. He was never called. The manslaughter claim undermined Kiszko's claims that he was totally innocent and destroyed his alibis (a defence known in legal parlance as "riding two horses"). In fact, his innocence could have been demonstrated at the trial. The pathologist who examined the victim's clothes found traces of sperm, whereas the sample taken from Kiszko by the police contained no sperm. There was medical evidence that Kiszko had broken his ankle some months before the murder and, in view of that and his being overweight, he would have found it difficult to scale the slope to the murder spot. The sperm findings were suppressed by the police and never disclosed to the defence team or the jury; neither was the medical evidence of his broken ankle disclosed to the court. Kiszko gave evidence that, in July 1975, he had become ill and was admitted to Birch Hill Hospital, where he was given a blood transfusion. In August, he was transferred to a Manchester hospital and diagnosed as anaemic along with what he understood was a "hormone deficiency" (which was in fact Klinefelter syndrome). Kiszko agreed to injections to rectify the latter problem and was discharged in September. He said correctly that he had never met Lesley and therefore could not have murdered her, and he claimed he was tending to his father's grave with his aunt at the time of the murder, before visiting a garden centre and then going home. When asked why he had confessed, Kiszko replied, "I started to tell these lies and they seemed to please them and the pressure was off as far as I was concerned. I thought if I admitted what I did to the police they would check out what I had said, find it untrue and would then let me go."Kiszko's conviction was secured by a 10–2 majority verdict on 21 July 1976 after five hours and thirty-five minutes of deliberation. He was given a life sentence for committing Lesley's murder. The judge praised the three teenage girls who had made the exposure claims, Buckley in particular, for their "bravery and honesty" in giving evidence in court and their "sharp observations". The evidence given by Hind was read out in court. Park said that Buckley's "[s]harp eyes set this train of inquiry into motion". He also praised the police officers involved in the case "for their great skill in bringing to justice the person responsible for this dreadful crime and their expertise in sifting through masses of material", adding, "I would like all the officers responsible for the result to be specially commended and these observations conveyed to the Chief Constable." DS John Akeroyd and DS Holland were singled out for praise. Sheila Buckley, whose daughter Maxine played a major part in securing Kiszko's conviction, criticised the police for not arresting Kiszko earlier and told the Manchester Evening News that "My daughter had a nightmare life until this monster was arrested. He frightened several local girls in his campaign of terror" Even Albert Wright, Kiszko's solicitor, thought that his client was guilty but that it was a case of diminished responsibility and that he should not have been convicted of murder. After a month in Armley Gaol, Kiszko was transferred to Wakefield Prison and immediately placed on Rule 43, a segregation policy to protect prisoners from other inmates, as in the eyes of the law, he was now a convicted sex offender. Kiszko launched an appeal, but it was dismissed on 25 May 1978 when Lord Justice Bridge said "We can find no grounds whatsoever to condemn the jury's verdict of murder as in any way unsafe or unsatisfactory. The appeal is dismissed." Time in prison Attacks After his conviction, Kiszko was bitterly hated by most inmates, receiving multiple taunts and death threats in the first months after his conviction. He was physically attacked on four separate occasions. The first was on 24 August 1976, one day after being transferred to Wakefield Prison, when he was set upon in his cell by five prisoners who stole his watch, smashed up his radio, cut his mouth and injured both his knee and ankle. The attackers said they did it for Lesley and her family. On 11 May 1977, he was hit over the head with a mop handle, leaving Kiszko in need of 17 stitches to a head wound. In December 1978, he was punched in the face by a prisoner in an unprovoked attack whilst in the prison chapel.In March 1981, Kiszko was again punched in the face by a prisoner in an unprovoked attack whilst in the prison yard, but this time Kiszko retaliated and fought back. Blows were exchanged and a fight broke out. The two had to be separated by guards. Both men were given a loss of privileges for 28 days. On each occasion, the attacks on Kiszko earned him no sympathy from prisoners or guards because of the crime for which he had been jailed. Mental illness In July 1979, the Inland Revenue finally wrote to Kiszko to inform him he had been sacked. From late 1979 onwards, he developed signs of schizophrenia and began to have delusions, one for example being that he was the victim of a plot to incarcerate an innocent tax office employee so the effects of imprisonment would be tested on him. In January 1980, he said that coded messages on BBC Radio 2's Jimmy Young Show were being sent to him. In 1982, he claimed that his parents had a tape recorder hidden in the kitchen and made him sing after turning it on, later selling the songs to Barry Manilow to make money out of his talent. Throughout the 1980s, Kiszko's claims of innocence were either labelled as symptoms of his schizophrenic delusions or attributed to his being in a state of denial. One forensic psychiatrist made a note of Kiszko having "delusions of innocence". Remaining years in prison In October 1981, Kiszko was put in the punishment block for possessing scissors in his cell. On 11 November, he was transferred to Gloucester Prison. In April 1983, he was informed that eligibility for parole required an admission of guilt: if he continued to deny murdering Lesley, he would spend the rest of his life behind bars. This made no difference to Kiszko's stance. Thirteen months later, still denying having carried out the murder, he was moved to Bristol Prison. His mental deterioration was such that in June 1984, a forensic psychiatrist recommended his transfer to a high-security psychiatric hospital. Nothing came of it. Six months later, Kiszko was returned to Wakefield Prison. In August 1987, Kiszko was transferred to the specialist Category B Grendon Prison where, in June 1988, the prison governor tried to persuade him to enrol on a sex offenders' treatment programme. This would require him to admit he murdered Lesley, followed by an exploration of his motives and behaviours. Kiszko refused to take part, persistently "refusing to address his offending behaviour" on the grounds that he had done nothing that needed addressing. Having been classed as making "no progress" he was returned to Wakefield Prison in May 1989. In February 1990, the Home Office privately disclosed that Kiszko's first parole hearing would take place in December 1992, by which time he would have served seventeen years in custody. However, he would only be released if he admitted to having murdered Lesley, discuss what led him to murdering her, and if he could convince the Parole Board that he would not be a danger to children or the public. It was now over a decade since Kiszko had developed signs of mental illness and six years since it was recommended he be sent for psychiatric hospital treatment. His health continued to deteriorate; in July 1990, he said he was striking out a ghost who was trying to sexually abuse him. After a further eight months of delays, in March 1991 Kiszko was transferred to Ashworth Hospital under Section 47 of the Mental Health Act 1983. Case reopened Kiszko's mother continued to profess her son's innocence, but was ignored and stonewalled both by politicians, including her local MP Cyril Smith and Prime Ministers James Callaghan (from 1976 to 1979) and Margaret Thatcher (from 1979 to 1990), and by the legal system. In 1984 she contacted JUSTICE, the UK human rights organisation which at the time investigated many miscarriages of justice. Three years later, she was put in touch with solicitor Campbell Malone, who agreed to take a look at the case.Malone consulted Philip Clegg, who had been Waddington's junior at the July 1976 trial. Clegg had expressed his own doubts about the confession and conviction at the time, and over the next two years he and Malone prepared a petition to the Home Secretary. The draft was finally ready to be sent on 26 October 1989. On the same day, by coincidence, Waddington was appointed Home Secretary. Sixteen months passed before a police investigation into the conduct of the original trial could begin. Waddington resigned as Home Secretary in November 1990 to take up a peerage and to serve as Leader of the House of Lords; he was replaced by Kenneth Baker. In February 1991, and with the help of a private detective named Peter Jackson, Malone finally convinced the Home Office to reopen the case, which was then referred back to West Yorkshire Police. Detective Superintendent Trevor Wilkinson was assigned to the job. He immediately found several glaring errors. Kiszko's innocence was demonstrated conclusively through medical evidence; he had male hypogonadism, which rendered him infertile, contradicting forensic evidence obtained at the time of the murder. In 1975, his testes had measured 4 to 5 mm, whereas the average adult testicular size was 15 to 20 mm. During his research, Jackson found someone who confirmed that Kiszko had been seen with his aunt tending his father's grave on the day the murder took place. They said they could not understand why they had not been called to give evidence at the trial. Someone else said that Kiszko had been in a shop around the time of the murder.Also that month, the four girls — now aged 27, 28, 31 and 33 — who were involved in the trial admitted that the evidence they had given which had led to Kiszko's arrest and conviction was false, and that they had lied for "a laugh" and because "at the time it was funny". Burke was interviewed at Sowerby police station on 14 February 1991. She said she wished she had not said anything, saying she did not think it would go as far as it did and that she went along with what Hind had said. Buckley said it was not Kiszko who had exposed himself to her, but she had seen a taxi driver (not Ronald Castree) urinating behind a bush on the day of the murder; she also refused to apologise. Brown refused to make any statement. Hind was a friend of Lesley's older sister but was the most remorseful of the four, saying that what they did was "foolish – but we were young" and that, had she appeared in court, she would have told the truth about Kiszko – unlike her three friends, who all had committed perjury. Hind did not think Kiszko would be convicted. A decision was made by the prosecuting authorities for a senior police officer to caution Hind and Burke for the criminal offence that each had undoubtedly committed. Acquittal In late May 1991, Kenneth Baker ordered Kiszko's case to go to the Court of Appeal. On 19 December 1991 Kiszko was bailed to Prestwich Hospital. Ten months before his parole hearing was due, on 17 February 1992, the judicial investigation into Kiszko's conviction began. It was heard by three judges, Lord Lane (Lord Chief Justice), Mr Justice Rose and Mr Justice Potts. Present at the hearing were Franz Muller QC and William Boyce QC for the Crown, who were there to argue that Kiszko was guilty of murder and therefore must remain in prison custody for at least another ten months; and Stephen Sedley QC and Jim Gregory, to state that Kiszko was innocent. In court were Lesley's father Fred Anderson and April Molseed, her mother, who were both convinced up to that moment that Kiszko was guilty and should remain behind bars. After hearing the new evidence presented by Sedley, who said the original verdict "could not in all probability have been obtained if new medical evidence had been before the court at the time of the trial", Gregory, Muller and Boyce did not put up any contrary argument and immediately accepted its validity. Also, after hearing the new evidence, Lord Lane said: "It has been shown that this man cannot produce sperm. This man cannot have been the person responsible for ejaculating over the girl's knickers and skirt, and consequently cannot have been the murderer." Kiszko was cleared, and Lord Lane ordered his immediate release from custody.The 1976 trial judge Sir Hugh Park, who had praised the police and the 13-year-old girls at the original trial for bringing Kiszko to justice, apologised for what had happened to Kiszko but said he was not sorry for how he had handled the court case. He wrote to Kiszko to express regret that he had been convicted for something he had not done. Anthony Beaumont-Dark, a Conservative MP, said, "This must be the worst miscarriage of justice of all time. It brings shame on everyone involved in the case." He then demanded a full, independent and wide-ranging inquiry into the conviction. The Molseed family publicly apologised for the things they had said after his conviction, such as demanding that he be hanged in public. Lesley's older sister Julie Crabbe said when Kiszko was cleared: "How could anyone feel about this innocent man who has spent sixteen years in prison, and they were not very nice to him in prison. At least his mum knows that he will come home. Our Lesley will never come home again."Kiszko's mother said that it was Waddington who ought to be "strung up" for his pro-capital punishment views and for the way he had handled her son's defence at the 1976 trial. Neither, Lord Lane, the then Lord Chief Justice, the four girls, Ronald Outteridge and the prosecution barrister Peter Taylor offered any apology, nor did any of them express any words of remorse or even simple regret for what had happened. Even the West Yorkshire Police, while accepting and admitting they had been wrong, tried to justify the position they had taken in 1975. Waddington said that if the evidence had been available in July 1976, the trial would have taken "a very different course". Dick Holland, the surviving senior officer in charge of the original investigation, said: "Words can't express the regret I feel for the family and for Kiszko, now [that] it has turned out he is innocent. But the enquiry was done diligently and honestly within the terms that were legally and scientifically available. After Kiszko's arrest, the forensic science service received a hanky which may have had seminal stainings from Kiszko. After his arrest, he produced a sample in the presence of his solicitor and doctor which was sent to the laboratory for comparison. Now how much further can you go?"On 2 March 1992, Edward Tierney, who ordered the sperm tests that led to the freeing of Kiszko, was dismissed after 25 years because he had demanded that police surgeons should be independent of the police and Crown Prosecution Service. Release and death Kiszko needed further psychiatric treatment for another month and remained in Prestwich Hospital after his acquittal. He was fully released in March 1992 but the sixteen years of incarceration for something he had not done had both mentally and emotionally destroyed him. Kiszko became a virtual recluse and showed little interest in anything or anyone. He bought a new car (a silver Ford Sierra) and drove it on short journeys to the shops, Morrisons or garden centres, or to visit relatives, but other people's apologies for what had happened, encouragement and support seemed to frighten him. As his mental health had deteriorated over the years, so now did his physical health; in October 1993, Kiszko was diagnosed with angina. Kiszko died at 1:00 a.m. on 23 December that year, after a severe heart attack at his home, eighteen years and two days after he made the confession that helped lead to his wrongful conviction for murder. He was rushed to Rochdale Infirmary but was pronounced dead on arrival. Lesley's sister was one of those who attended his funeral, two weeks later, on 5 January 1994. Four months after her son's death, Charlotte Hedwig Kiszko, died at Birch Hill Hospital, Rochdale, on 3 May, at the age of 70. The two are buried together in Rochdale Cemetery.After being released from prison, Kiszko had been told he would receive £500,000 in compensation for the years spent in prison. He had received an interim payment, but neither he nor his mother ever received the full amount they were awarded, since both died before Kiszko was due to receive it.In 1994, the surviving senior officer in charge of the original investigation, Detective Superintendent Dick Holland, and the retired forensic scientist who had worked on the case, Ronald Outteridge, were formally charged with "doing acts tending to pervert the course of justice" by allegedly suppressing evidence in Kiszko's favour, namely the results of scientific tests on semen taken from the victim's body and from the accused. On May Day 1995, the case was challenged by defence barristers, arguing that the case was an abuse of process and that charges should be stayed as the passage of time had made a fair trial impossible. The presiding magistrate agreed and as the case was never presented before a jury, the law regards the accused as presumed innocent.Holland, who came to public prominence as a senior officer on the flawed investigation into the murders committed by Peter Sutcliffe, retired in 1988, at a time when he viewed the conviction of both Kiszko and of Judith Ward (whose conviction was also viewed as unsafe by the High Court in May 1992) as being among his "finest hours" during his 35 years in the police force. However, Holland was demoted during the Sutcliffe inquiry, four years after Kiszko's conviction. He died in February 2007 at the age of 74. Ronald Castree In October 1985, with the case being closed and the public, the police and the Molseed family firmly believing that the killer was safely behind bars, Lesley's clothes – which were taken from the crime scene – were destroyed but strips of adhesive tape had been kept; these had been used to remove fibres from the inside and outside of Lesley's semen-stained knickers. Scientists from the Forensic Science Service's lab in Wetherby managed to extract sperm heads from this tape. And from these sperm heads, in 1999, for the first time ever, a DNA profile of the man who killed Lesley and ejaculated into her knickers was obtained, but he was not in the national DNA Database.On 5 November 2006, it was announced that a 53-year-old man had been arrested in connection with the murder of Molseed that had taken place in 1975. DNA evidence was alleged to have shown a "direct hit" with a sample found at the scene of the murder. Ronald Castree (born 18 October 1953 in Littleborough, near Rochdale), a Shaw and Crompton comic book dealer, was charged with murder and made his first court appearance on 7 November 2006, where he was remanded in custody. At a court hearing on 19 April 2007, Castree pleaded not guilty. On 23 April 2007 he was refused bail. A DNA sample from Castree, taken on 1 October 2005 when he was arrested but not charged in connection with another sex attack, was a direct match with a semen sample found on Lesley's knickers, when run through the national DNA Database. Originally from the Turf Hill estate of Rochdale, Castree lived in nearby Shaw and Crompton and was a taxi driver for many years. He was unpopular with his neighbours, who said he had a "very nasty temper". His former wife said "he was foul with his mouth, and foul with his fists". Two weeks before Castree killed Lesley, his wife had given birth to a son. Castree was not the baby's biological father; his wife had had an affair. On 3 October 1975, Castree's wife went back into hospital with deep vein thrombosis, leaving Castree home alone on the day of the murder. She remained there for the following week. The birth of the illegitimate child may have been a trigger for Castree's murder of Lesley. Castree and his wife had two more children together, but they split in 1996 and divorced a year later. On 3 July 1976, Castree abducted and sexually assaulted a nine-year-old girl. On 12 July, he pleaded guilty and was fined £25 on both counts against him, which were indecent assault and incitement to commit an act of gross indecency. On 17 July 1978, Castree was fined £50 after indecently assaulting a seven-year-old boy. Trial and conviction Castree's trial began at Bradford Crown Court on 22 October 2007. During the trial, a scientist told a jury how DNA taken from Lesley's knickers was linked to Castree. Forensic expert Gemma Escott explained to Bradford Crown Court the chances of the semen samples belonging to anyone other than Castree were one in a billion. Castree was found guilty on 12 November 2007. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of thirty years, which is expected to keep him in prison until at least November 2036 and the age of 83. Media A television film adaptation of Kiszko's story was made and broadcast by ITV on 4 October 1998; A Life for a Life was directed by Stephen Whittaker, and featured Tony Maudsley as Kiszko and Olympia Dukakis as his mother Charlotte. A documentary about the case, Real Crime: The 30 Year Secret, was broadcast by ITV1 on 29 September 2008. In the Channel 4 television series Red Riding, the character of Michael Myshkin is based on Kiszko, being a simple-minded immigrant who is coerced into confessing the rape and murder of an 11-year-old girl. The satirical animated series Monkey Dust featured Ivan Dobsky, a character similar to Kiszko, being a simple-minded man convicted of murder after being tortured by police.In February 2003, a television appeal for new information was made by Detective Chief Superintendent Max McLean of West Yorkshire Police on the BBC One programme Crimewatch, publicly announcing the existence of a DNA profile of the killer for the first time, but no new leads were forthcoming. As revealed in the ITV television documentary Real Crime: The 30 Year Secret, Castree was convicted in 1976 of gross indecency and indecent assault against a nine-year-old girl in Rochdale; he was fined £25 (equivalent to £191 in 2021).In May 2018, the crime and the convictions were covered in a two-part series by Casefile True Crime Podcast. See also List of miscarriage of justice cases Murder of Teresa de Simone Murder of Linda Cook Murder of Wendy Sewell Murder of Carol Wilkinson Murder of Jacqueline Thomas Innocent prisoner's dilemmaStill-unsolved UK cold cases in which the offender's DNA is known: Murder of Deborah Linsley Murders of Eve Stratford and Lynne Weedon Murders of Jacqueline Ansell-Lamb and Barbara Mayo Murder of Lindsay Rimer Murder of Lyn Bryant Murder of Janet Brown Murder of Julie Pacey Murder of Melanie Hall Batman rapist, subject of Britain's longest-running serial rape investigation References External links "Stefan Kiszko". innocent.org.uk. Archived from the original on 5 March 2003. Retrieved 18 October 2013. Nicola Dowling (5 February 2003). "New DNA clue in Lesley murder hunt". Manchester Evening News.

Grevillea batrachioides

Grevillea batrachioides, commonly known as Mount Lesueur grevillea, is a shrub which is endemic to a small area along the west coast in the Mid West region of Western Australia.

Grevillea batrachioides, commonly known as Mount Lesueur grevillea, is a shrub which is endemic to a small area along the west coast in the Mid West region of Western Australia. Description Grevillea batrachioides is a shrub which typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 2 metres (2 to 7 ft) and has glaucous branchlets. It has pinnate leaves that are 10 to 40 millimetres (0.39 to 1.57 in) long, 1 to 1.2 mm (0.039 to 0.047 in) wide with their edges rolled under. Irregularly shaped pink inflorescence located on a raceme at the end of the branchlets from October to December. A simple brown hairy ellipsoidal, ribbed fruit follows. Taxonomy and naming Mount Lesueur grevillea was first formally described in 1986 by D.J. Mc Gillivray from an unpublished description by Ferdinand von Mueller. The specific epithet (batrachioides) is derived from the Ancient Greek word batrachos meaning "frog": 355  with the ending oides meaning "likeness": 45  referring to a similarity of this plant to those in the subgenus Batrachium of Ranunculus known as "water buttercup". Conservation status G. batrachioides is listed as Endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and Critically Endangered under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 in Western Australia. Although it has not yet been assessed by the IUCN, it meets Red List Category ‘CR’ under criterion D. Only one population exists numbering 45 adult plants and 13 juveniles in a survey conducted in 2002. The main threats to the species are inappropriate fire regimes, disease such as dieback from the pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi and disturbance from recreational activities. See also List of Grevillea species == References ==

Acacia lobulata

Acacia lobulata, commonly known as Chiddarcooping wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is endemic to a small area of south western Australia. It was declared as rare flora in 1997 and is now listed as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.

Acacia lobulata, commonly known as Chiddarcooping wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves that is endemic to a small area of south western Australia. It was declared as rare flora in 1997 and is now listed as endangered under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Description The erect open shrub typically grows to a height of 1 to 2 metres (3 to 7 ft) and usually has a spindly shrub habit. It has smooth textured bark and slightly angled, warty and resinous branchlets. Like most species of Acacia it has phyllodes rather than true leaves. The dull grey-green phyllodes are asymmetrical and have curved, pointed tips. It blooms in July and produces yellow flowers. The solitary spherical flower-heads have a diameter of 3.5 to 4.5 mm (0.14 to 0.18 in) and contain 15 to 17 yellow coloured flowers. The seed pods that form afterward contain The dull dark brown oblong seeds with a length of 4 to 5.5 mm (0.16 to 0.22 in) and a width of 1.8 to 2.3 mm (0.071 to 0.091 in). Distribution It is native to a small area in the Wheatbelt and Goldfields-Esperance regions of Western Australia where it is commonly situated on low granitic breakaways growing in gritty loam or sandy soils. The range of the plant is only about 17 km (11 mi) containing three populations that is adjacent to the Chiddarcooping Nature Reserve with the Westonia and Nungarin Shires as a part of shrubland or open woodland communities containing species including Acacia andrewsii, Daviesia nematophylla, Eucalyptus yilgarnensis, Melaleuca uncinata and Austrodanthania setacea. See also List of Acacia species == References ==

Caladenia thysanochila

Caladenia thysanochila, commonly known as the peninsula spider orchid or fringed spider-orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a single bright white to pale pinkish flower. Only two flowers have been seen and the species is thought to be extinct.

Caladenia thysanochila, commonly known as the peninsula spider orchid or fringed spider-orchid, is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to Victoria. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and a single bright white to pale pinkish flower. Only two flowers have been seen and the species is thought to be extinct. Description Caladenia thysanochila is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single hairy leaf, 100–200 mm long and 8–10 mm wide with reddish spots. A single flower 40–50 mm wide is borne on a thin spike 150–300 mm high. The sepals and petals are bright white to pinkish with thick, purplish, club-like glandular tips. The dorsal sepal is erect, 25–30 mm long and 3–4 mm wide. The lateral sepals are 25–30 mm long and 4–5 mm wide, spread apart from each other and curve downwards. The petals are 20–25 mm long, about 3 mm wide and curve downwards. The labellum is white or pinkish, 9–13 mm long, 6–8 mm wide with many pinkish teeth up to 1.5 mm long on the sides. The tip of the labellum is curled under and there are four rows of pinkish calli up to 1 mm long, along its mid-line. Flowering occurs in October. Taxonomy and naming Caladenia thysanochila was first formally described by Geoffrey Carr in 1991 and the description was published in Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association Miscellaneous Paper 1 from a specimen collected near Mount Eliza. The specific epithet (thysanochila) is derived from the Ancient Greek words thysanos meaning "tassel" or "fringe": 158  and cheilos meaning "lip".: 200 Distribution and habitat The only two specimens of this orchid have been observed having been discovered in 1988. Both were growing in heathy woodland in a reserve on the Mornington Peninsula. Conservation Caladenia thysanochila is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 but as "extinct"under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988. References Data related to Caladenia thysanochila at Wikispecies

San Rocco, Piacenza

San Rocco Church (Italian: Chiesa di San Rocco) is a Roman Catholic church, located in Piacenza, Italy. It is dedicated to Saint Roch, patron of those afflicted by the Plague. It was constructed in the 16th century.Commissioned by the Confraternity of San Rocco, while externally plain, the interior of the church was decorated in a rich late-Baroque or Rococo style. The church houses a canvas of Madonna and Saints by Giuseppe Nuvolone, a canvas of the Life of San Rocco by Giuseppe Gorla (1722) and a Glory of San Rocco by Paolo Bozzini. == References ==

San Rocco Church (Italian: Chiesa di San Rocco) is a Roman Catholic church, located in Piacenza, Italy. It is dedicated to Saint Roch, patron of those afflicted by the Plague. It was constructed in the 16th century.Commissioned by the Confraternity of San Rocco, while externally plain, the interior of the church was decorated in a rich late-Baroque or Rococo style. The church houses a canvas of Madonna and Saints by Giuseppe Nuvolone, a canvas of the Life of San Rocco by Giuseppe Gorla (1722) and a Glory of San Rocco by Paolo Bozzini. == References ==

Dilmun

Dilmun, or Telmun, (Sumerian: , later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), ni.tukki = DILMUNki; Arabic: دلمون) was an ancient East Semitic-speaking civilization in Eastern Arabia mentioned from the 3rd millennium BC onwards. Based on contextual evidence, it was located in the Persian Gulf, on a trade route between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilisation, close to the sea and to artesian springs. Dilmun encompassed Bahrain, Kuwait, and eastern Saudi Arabia. This area is certainly what is meant by references to "Dilmun" among the lands conquered by King Sargon II and his descendants. The great commercial and trading connections between Mesopotamia and Dilmun were strong and profound to the point where Dilmun was a central figure to the Sumerian creation myth.

Dilmun, or Telmun, (Sumerian: , later 𒉌𒌇(𒆠), ni.tukki = DILMUNki; Arabic: دلمون) was an ancient East Semitic-speaking civilization in Eastern Arabia mentioned from the 3rd millennium BC onwards. Based on contextual evidence, it was located in the Persian Gulf, on a trade route between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilisation, close to the sea and to artesian springs. Dilmun encompassed Bahrain, Kuwait, and eastern Saudi Arabia. This area is certainly what is meant by references to "Dilmun" among the lands conquered by King Sargon II and his descendants. The great commercial and trading connections between Mesopotamia and Dilmun were strong and profound to the point where Dilmun was a central figure to the Sumerian creation myth. Dilmun was described in the saga of Enki and Ninhursag as pre-existing in paradisiacal state, where predators do not kill, pain and diseases are absent, and people do not get old.Dilmun was an important trading centre. At the height of its power, it controlled the Persian Gulf trading routes. According to some modern theories, the Sumerians regarded Dilmun as a sacred place, but that is never stated in any known ancient text. Dilmun was mentioned by the Mesopotamians as a trade partner, a source of copper, and a trade entrepôt. The Sumerian tale of the garden paradise of Dilmun may have been an inspiration for the Garden of Eden story. History Dilmun was an important trading center from the late fourth millennium to 800 BC. At the height of its power, Dilmun controlled the Persian Gulf trading routes. Dilmun was very prosperous during the first 300 years of the second millennium BC. Dilmun was conquered by the Middle Assyrian Empire (1365–1050 BC), and its commercial power began to decline between 1000 BC and 800 BC because piracy flourished in the Persian Gulf. In the 8th and 7th centuries BC the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC) conquered Dilmun, and in the 6th century BC the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and later the Achaemenid Empire, ruled Dilmun. The Dilmun civilization was the centre of commercial activities linking traditional agriculture of the land—then utterly fertile due to artesian wells that have dried since, and due to a much wetter climate—with maritime trade between diverse regions such as the Indus Valley and Mesopotamia in its early stage and later between China and the Mediterranean. The Dilmun civilization is mentioned first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets dated to the late third millennium BC, found in the temple of goddess Inanna, in the city of Uruk. The adjective Dilmun is used to describe a type of axe and one specific official; in addition there are lists of rations of wool issued to people connected with Dilmun.One of the earliest inscriptions mentioning Dilmun is that of king Ur-Nanshe of Lagash (c. 2300 BC) found in a door-socket: "The ships of Dilmun brought him wood as tribute from foreign lands." Kingdom of Dilmun From about 2050 BC onward, Dilmun seems to have had its heyday. Qal'at al-Bahrain was most likely the capital of Dilmun. From texts found at Isin, it becomes clear that Dilmun became an independent kingdom, free from Mesopotamian rule; royal gifts to Dilmun are mentioned. Contacts with the Amorite state of Mari, in the northern Levant, are attested. At about this time, the largest royal burial mounds were erected. From about 1780 BC came several inscriptions on stone vessels naming two kings of Dilmun, King Yagli-El and his father, Rimum. The inscriptions were found in huge tumuli, evidently the burial places of these kings. Rimum was already known to archaeology from the Durand Stone, discovered in 1879.From about 1720 BC, a decline is visible. Many settlements were no longer used, and the building of royal mounds ceased. The Barbar Temple fell into ruins. From about 1650 BC, a ‘recovering’ period is detectable. New royal burial mounds were built; at Qal'at al-Bahrain, there is evidence for increased building activity. To this period belongs a further inscription, on a seal, found at Failaka and preserving a king's name. The short text reads, [La]'ù-la Panipa, daughter of Sumu-lěl, the servant of Inzak of Akarum. Sumu-lěl was evidently a third king of Dilmun from around this period. Servant of Inzak of Akarum was the king's title in Dilmun. The names of these later rulers are Amoritic. Dilmun under foreign rule It seems that, at least from 1500 BC, Dilmun was under the rule of the Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian Sealand Dynasty. The Sealand-Dynasty King Ea-gamil is mentioned in a text found at Qal'at al-Bahrain. Ea-gamil was the last ruler of the Sealand Dynasty. After his reign, Dilmun came under the rule of the Babylonian Kassite dynasty, as they also took over the Sealand Dynasty area. Dilmun was mentioned in two letters dated to the reign of Burna-Buriash II (c. 1370 BC), recovered from Nippur during the Kassite dynasty of Babylon. These letters were from a provincial official named Ilī-ippašra, in Dilmun, to his friend, Enlil-kidinni, the governor of Nippur. The names referred to are Akkadian. These letters, and other documents, hint at an administrative relationship between Dilmun and Babylon at that time. Following the collapse of the Kassite dynasty, in 1595 BC, Mesopotamian documents make no mention of Dilmun until Assyrian inscriptions (dated from 1250 BC to 1050 BC) proclaimed Assyrian kings to be rulers of Dilmun and Meluhha, as well as Lower Sea and Upper Sea. Assyrian inscriptions recorded tribute from Dilmun. There are other Assyrian inscriptions during the first millennium BC, indicating Assyrian sovereignty over Dilmun. One of the early sites discovered in Bahrain suggests that Sennacherib, King of Assyria (707–681 BC), attacked northeast Arabia and captured the Bahraini islands. The most recent reference to Dilmun came during the Neo-Babylonian Empire; Neo-Babylonian administrative records, dated 567 BC, stated that Dilmun was controlled by the King of Babylon. The name of Dilmun fell from use after the collapse of Babylon, in 538 BC, with the area henceforth identified as Tylos during the Hellenistic period.The "Persian Gulf" types of circular, stamped (rather than rolled) seals known from Dilmun—that appear at Lothal, Gujarat, India, and Failaka (as well as in Mesopotamia)—are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade. What the commerce consisted of is less known; timber and precious woods, ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury goods (such as carnelian and glazed stone beads), pearls from the Persian Gulf, shell and bone inlays were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia, in-exchange for silver, tin, woolen textiles, olive oil and grains. Copper ingots from Oman and bitumen (which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia) may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia. Instances of all of these trade goods have been found. The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were¡ in fact, identical to those used by the Indus, and were not those used in Southern Mesopotamia. In regards to copper mining and smelting, the Umm al-Nar culture and Dalma (United Arab Emirates) and Ibri (Oman) were particularly important.Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports but, by the Isin-Larsa Period, Dilmun monopolized the trade. The Bahrain National Museum assesses that its "Golden Age" lasted ca. 2200–1600 BC. Discoveries of ruins under the Persian Gulf may be of Dilmun. People, language and religion The population used cuneiform to write in the Akkadian language, and, like the Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Eblaites of Mesopotamia, spoke an East Semitic language that was either an Akkadian dialect or one close to it, rather than a Central Semitic language, and its known rulers had East Semitic names. Dilmun's main deity was named Inzak and his spouse was Panipa. However there are no indication of population replacement happening in the region. Mythology In the early epic Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta, the main events, which center on Enmerkar's construction of the ziggurats in Uruk and Eridu, are described as taking place at a time "before Dilmun had yet been settled". Dilmun, sometimes described as "the place where the sun rises" and "the Land of the Living", is the scene of some versions of the Sumerian creation myth, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Utnapishtim (Ziusudra), was taken by the gods to live forever. Thorkild Jacobsen's translation of the Eridu Genesis calls it "Mount Dilmun" which he locates as a "faraway, half-mythical place".Dilmun is also described in the epic story of Enki and Ninhursag as the site at which the Creation occurred. The later Babylonian Enuma Elish, speaks of the creation site as the place where the mixture of salt water, personified as Tiamat met and mingled with the fresh water of Abzu. Bahrain in Arabic means "the twin waters", where the fresh water of the Arabian aquifer mingles with the salt waters of the Persian Gulf. The promise of Enki to Ninhursag, the Earth Mother: For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I will create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quench the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives. Ninlil, the Sumerian goddess of air and south wind had her home in Dilmun.However, it is also speculated that Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh, which is usually identified with the whole of the parallel Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges, with the narrow gap between these mountains constituting the tunnel. Location of Dilmun In 1987, Theresa Howard-Carter proposed that Dilmun of this era might be a still unidentified tell near the Arvand Rud (Shatt al-Arab in Arabic) between modern-day Quanah and Basra in modern-day Iraq. In favor of Howard-Carter's proposal, it has been noted that this area does lie to the east of Sumer ("where the sun rises"), and the riverbank where Dilmun's maidens would have been accosted aligns with the Shat al-Arab which is in the midst of marshes. The "mouth of the rivers" where Dilmun was said to lie is for her the union of the Tigris and Euphrates at Qurnah. A number of scholars have suggested that Dilmun originally designated the eastern province of modern Saudi Arabia, notably linked with the major Dilmunite settlements of Umm an-Nussi and Umm ar-Ramadh in the interior and Tarout on the coast.As of 2022, archaeologists have failed to find a site in existence during the time from 3300 BC (Uruk IV) to 556 BC (Neo-Babylonian Era), when Dilmun appears in texts. According to Hojlund, no settlements exist in the Gulf littoral dating to 3300–2000 BC. Garden of Eden theory In 1922, Eduard Glaser proposed that the Garden of Eden was located in Eastern Arabia within the Dilmun civilization. Scholar Juris Zarins also believes that the Garden of Eden was situated in Dilmun at the head of the Persian Gulf (present-day Kuwait), where the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers run into the sea, from his research on this area using information from many different sources, including Landsat images from space. In this theory, the Bible's Gihon would correspond with the Karun in Iran, and the Pishon River would correspond to the Wadi al-Batin river system that once drained the now dry, but once quite fertile central part of the Arabian Peninsula. Known rulers Only a few rulers of the Dilmun kingdom are known: Ziusudra (27th century BC) Rimun (c. 1780 BC) Yagli-El, son of Rimun Sumu-lěl (c. 1650 BC) Usiananuri, grandfather of Uballissu-Marduk (precise dates unknown) Ilī-ippašra (contemporary with Burnaburiash II and Kurigalzu II) Operi (c. 710 BC) Hundaru I (c. 650 BC) Qena (c. 680–c. 670 BC) Hundaru II (706–685 BC) See also Bahrain National Museum DHL International Aviation ME, a cargo airline using "Dilmun" as radio call sign Dilmun Burial Mounds Gerrha Gilgamesh History of Bahrain History of Kuwait Indus–Mesopotamia relations Kuwait National Museum Uruk References External links Indus Valley—Mesopotamian trade passing through Dilmun Lost ancient civilisation's ruins lie beneath Gulf, says boffin Bahrain National Museum's hall of Dilmun Dilmun Site Al-Khidr, Failaka Island, State of Kuwait Greek inscriptions found on Bahrein (a pdf-file) Dilmun Calendar Theory Backed, Gulf Daily News, 11 July 2006

Robin Quivers

Robin Quivers (born August 8, 1952) is an American radio personality, author, and actress, best known for being the long-running co-host of The Howard Stern Show.

Robin Quivers (born August 8, 1952) is an American radio personality, author, and actress, best known for being the long-running co-host of The Howard Stern Show. Early life Quivers was born on August 8, 1952, in Baltimore, Maryland. Her parents were educated only to the seventh grade. In her 1995 autobiography, Quivers revealed that she was molested by her father at a young age. At seventeen, Quivers enrolled at a pre-nursing program at Maryland General Hospital. She graduated from Western High School in 1970 and then began to study at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. Career Military In 1974, Quivers graduated from the University of Maryland School of Nursing. Her first position was at the Maryland Shock Trauma facility of the Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services System, where she described her role as that of "a shock-trauma, intensive care kind of nurse, so I saw unpleasantness all the time". Knowing she could use her degree, Quivers joined the United States Air Force in July 1975, where she was commissioned as a second lieutenant. She entered active duty at Sheppard Air Force Base in Texas on January 11, 1976. After six months of service, Quivers was promoted to first lieutenant. By June 1978, she had acquired the rank of captain. Radio In 1979, Quivers returned to Baltimore, where she studied at the Broadcasting Institute of Maryland and worked in a hospital. She landed her first job in the radio industry with a newscasting position at WIOO in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, followed by WCMB in nearby Harrisburg. She then moved back to Baltimore for a consumer reporter role at WFBR, where she also read newscasts with morning disc jockey Johnny Walker.In March 1981, radio personality Howard Stern started his new morning program at WWDC (FM) in Washington, DC. He wanted an on-air newscaster to riff with him in the studio on the news and current affairs. Station program director Denise Oliver played Quivers a tape of Stern interviewing a prostitute on the air. Awards At the 45th NAACP Image Awards in February 2014, Quivers won for Outstanding Literary Work – Instructional, for her book The Vegucation of Robin: How Real Food Saved My Life.Quivers was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 2017. Personal life Quivers resides in Manhattan, New York City. From the mid-1990s until April 2007, her long-time boyfriend Tony was mysteriously referred to on the radio show as "Mr. X". On April 23, 2007, while calling in to the Bubba the Love Sponge Show on Howard 101 to wish the host a happy birthday, Quivers was asked about her relationship with Mr. X, and responded with an announcement that they had separated.In 1990, she underwent breast reduction surgery. In June 2007, Quivers began a vegan diet, which she says helped to increase her energy and helped her to lose 60 pounds (27 kilograms) over a six-month period. Quivers was set to release a book about her experiences as a vegan in March 2013, but it was pushed back to October.In August 2007, comedian Jim Florentine asked Quivers on the air to go on a date with him. Due to the attention this garnered, Quivers became tight-lipped about the topic. On July 28, 2008, Quivers announced on The Howard Stern Show she and Florentine had ended their relationship. She stated that the breakup was amicable, that Florentine was "genuine and honest", and that he was the one who initiated the breakup.Quivers has had many different hobbies, including race car driving, painting, rock climbing and other physical activities. She claimed she would be a successful racer and challenged radio personality Bubba the Love Sponge, an experienced driver, to a future race. Quivers competed in the 2007 Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race, finishing in fourteenth place out of seventeen racers.To promote his book The Mirror Effect, Drew Pinsky administered a test designed to measure narcissism of many celebrities, including the staff of The Howard Stern Show. At 34 out of 40, Quivers scored the highest of all celebrities polled; the average for Americans is 15.3. Quivers's voice is often joked about on the Howard Stern show as being condescending and "snooty."Quivers works with The Girl Fund, a program organized by the United Nations that advocates for education of girls in countries where they are often exploited. Quivers also founded the 15 Foundation, a nonprofit organization.Quivers has learned the Transcendental Meditation technique, as taught by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Health Quivers announced in May 2012 that she needed to have surgery to remove a tumor from her bladder. Shortly afterward, she continued to provide commentary for the show from her New York home via an ISDN line, though this was hidden from listeners. Stern stated that Quivers was such an instrumental part of the show that he would quit radio if he ever lost her as a partner.On September 9, 2013, Quivers announced that her cancer was in complete remission after successful surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. After seventeen months, Quivers returned to the studio on October 2, 2013. Quivers' official diagnosis was stage 3C endometrial cancer. In 2016, the cancer returned. Books Quivers, Robin (April 1, 1995). Quivers: A Life (1st ed.). HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-039153-7. Quivers, Robin (March 26, 2012). The Vegucation of Robin: How Real Food Saved My Life (1st ed.). Avery: Penguin Group (USA). ISBN 978-1-58333-473-7. See also Gary Dell'Abate Jackie Martling Fred Norris References Sources External links Robin Quivers at IMDb

Ariston of Pharsalus

Ariston of Pharsalus was a Thessalian hetairos of Alexander the Great and a friend of Medius of Larissa, whose dinner party he attended on 16 Daisios May 323.

Ariston of Pharsalus was a Thessalian hetairos of Alexander the Great and a friend of Medius of Larissa, whose dinner party he attended on 16 Daisios May 323. References Who's who in the age of Alexander the Great: prosopography of Alexander's empire ISBN 978-1-4051-1210-9

Capital Power Income

Capital Power Income L.P. was a limited partnership that is engaged in the generation, acquisition, and sale of electricity in Canada and the United States. The company was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Capital Power Income L.P. is the parent company of Capital Power Corporation, a publicly traded company that is also involved in the electricity generation and transmission business.

Capital Power Income L.P. was a limited partnership that is engaged in the generation, acquisition, and sale of electricity in Canada and the United States. The company was founded in 2002 and is headquartered in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Capital Power Income L.P. is the parent company of Capital Power Corporation, a publicly traded company that is also involved in the electricity generation and transmission business. Description Capital Power Income L.P. owns and operates a number of power plants and other assets in Canada and the United States, including coal-fired, natural gas-fired, and wind energy facilities. The company sells electricity to a range of customers, including utilities, industrial users, and other power marketers. Founded as TransCanada Power L.P. the company was renamed EPCOR Power L.P. after TransCanada Corporation sold its interest in the partnership to EPCOR Utilities Incorporated on September 1, 2005. It was then renamed on November 5, 2009 to reflect the transfer of ownership from EPCOR Utilities to its newly created spin-off Capital Power Corporation.On November 7, 2011 Atlantic Power Corporation completed it plan of arrangement to acquire the company. See also EPCOR Utilities Incorporated Capital Power Corporation References External links Capital Power Income L.P. Website SEDAR Profile

Don Marquis (philosopher)

Don Marquis ( MAR-kwis; 1935 - 2022) was an American philosopher and deontologist whose main academic interests were in ethics and medical ethics. Marquis was Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas until his death.Marquis earned an A.B. in Anatomy and Physiology from Indiana University in 1957. After receiving an M.A. in History from the University of Pittsburgh in 1962, Marquis returned to Indiana University to study philosophy.

Don Marquis ( MAR-kwis; 1935 - 2022) was an American philosopher and deontologist whose main academic interests were in ethics and medical ethics. Marquis was Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas until his death.Marquis earned an A.B. in Anatomy and Physiology from Indiana University in 1957. After receiving an M.A. in History from the University of Pittsburgh in 1962, Marquis returned to Indiana University to study philosophy. He received an M.A. in History and Philosophy of Science from Indiana in 1964 and a Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1970. He taught at the University of Kansas from 1967. During the 2007/08 academic year, Marquis held the Laurance S. Rockefeller Visiting Professorship for Distinguished Teaching at the University Center for Human Values at Princeton University.Marquis was best known for his paper "Why Abortion Is Immoral", which appeared in The Journal of Philosophy in April, 1989. This paper has been reprinted over 80 times, and is widely cited in the philosophical debate over abortion. The main argument in the paper is sometimes known as the "deprivation argument", since a central premise is that abortion deprives an embryo or fetus of a "future like ours". == References ==

Robin Rigg Wind Farm

Robin Rigg Wind Farm, Scotland's first offshore wind farm, was constructed by E.ON at Robin Rigg in the Solway Firth, a sandbank midway between the Galloway and Cumbrian coasts. The wind farm first generated power for test purposes on 9 September 2009 and it was completed on 20 April 2010.

Robin Rigg Wind Farm, Scotland's first offshore wind farm, was constructed by E.ON at Robin Rigg in the Solway Firth, a sandbank midway between the Galloway and Cumbrian coasts. The wind farm first generated power for test purposes on 9 September 2009 and it was completed on 20 April 2010. Description 60 Vestas V90-3MW wind turbines were installed, with an offshore electrical substation. Prysmian provided two 132 kV export cables each 12.5 km long to connect the wind farm to the on-shore substation. Two units were subsequently decommissioned in 2015 due to failures during installation. The 174 MW development provides enough electricity for around 117,000 households.The windfarm employs around 40 people, most of whom are local to the area. It is operated from the Port of Workington. Local suppliers are used whenever possible, providing services including vessel management, fabrication, environmental monitoring, catering, industrial cleaning, inspection services and printing. In the first year of commercial operation the wind farm was available to operate for over 98% of the time. Its levelised cost has been estimated at £135/MWh.In March 2011 Robin Rigg became the first offshore wind farm to enter the OFTO regime with the two offshore and onshore export cables and the onshore 132kV substation being bought by Transmission Capital and Amber Infrastructure. Legal case The wind farm was the subject of a legal case decided by the UK Supreme Court in 2017, which arose because certain of the foundation structures failed shortly after completion of the project. These had been designed and installed by Danish company MT Højgaard A/S under a contract awarded by E.ON. The case was legally significant because a requirement that the structures "be designed with a lifetime of 20 years" was contained within a Technical Requirements document which formed part of the contract, but on appeal Jackson LJ considered this requirement "too slender a thread" upon which to hang MT Hojgaard's liability in the light of other, inconsistent, parts of the specification, and because E.ON had specified a requirement that they comply with offshore standard J101, an international standard for the design of offshore wind turbine structures produced by the technical standards company DNV. The J101 standard contained a calculation error; although MT Hojgaard aimed to comply with the standard as-published, their design was not sufficiently robust to meet the 20-year lifetime requirement and so the Supreme Court found they had breached the contract. See also Wind power in Scotland List of offshore wind farms List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom List of offshore wind farms in the Irish Sea == References ==

Kiuchi Brewery

Kiuchi Brewery (木内酒造) is a brewery in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It was established in 1823 by village headman Kiuchi Gihei as a sake and shochu producer.Craft beer production began in 1996 after a change in Japanese law governing micro brewing. A number of Kiuchi's products seek to combine European beer-making technology with traditional Japanese brewing techniques; for example, its XH Hitachino Nest Beer is matured in shochu casks.

Kiuchi Brewery (木内酒造) is a brewery in Naka, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It was established in 1823 by village headman Kiuchi Gihei as a sake and shochu producer.Craft beer production began in 1996 after a change in Japanese law governing micro brewing. A number of Kiuchi's products seek to combine European beer-making technology with traditional Japanese brewing techniques; for example, its XH Hitachino Nest Beer is matured in shochu casks. Products Hitachino Nest Beer Amber Ale Espresso Stout Japanese Classic Ale (an India Pale Ale) Lacto Sweet Stout New Year Celebration Ale (a spiced ale) Pale Ale Real Ginger Ale (a ginger flavoured ale) Red Rice Ale White Ale Weizen XH (a Belgian strong ale) Dai Dai (Orange IPA) Yuzu Lager Sake Gekkakow Kurakagami Kurahibiki Kurashizuku Asamurasaki Taruzake Shochu Kiuchi See also Beer in Japan References External links Kiuchi Brewery official site Beer in Japan - Making beer at the Kiuchi Brewery, Ibaraki

Carlos Lorca

Carlos Enrique Lorca Tobar (November 19, 1944 – disappeared 1975), was a Chilean physician, president of the Students' Federation and then deputy for Valdivia province and leader of the Socialist Party of Chile. After the 1973 coup, the Socialist Party as well as the Communist Party were targeted by Chile's secret police. On June 25, 1975, Dr. Lorca, a psychiatrist teaching at the University of Chile, a former member of congress and a member of the political commission of the Socialist party central committee, and Modesta Carolina Wiff Sepulveda, 34, a social worker, were arrested at a laundromat on Calle Maule in Santiago de Chile. At this laundromat, contacts were made and orders were passed on within the Socialist party. Wiff was functioning as a liaison with the leadership, and was also responsible for carrying out some party tasks.

Carlos Enrique Lorca Tobar (November 19, 1944 – disappeared 1975), was a Chilean physician, president of the Students' Federation and then deputy for Valdivia province and leader of the Socialist Party of Chile. After the 1973 coup, the Socialist Party as well as the Communist Party were targeted by Chile's secret police. On June 25, 1975, Dr. Lorca, a psychiatrist teaching at the University of Chile, a former member of congress and a member of the political commission of the Socialist party central committee, and Modesta Carolina Wiff Sepulveda, 34, a social worker, were arrested at a laundromat on Calle Maule in Santiago de Chile. At this laundromat, contacts were made and orders were passed on within the Socialist party. Wiff was functioning as a liaison with the leadership, and was also responsible for carrying out some party tasks. The DINA secret police captured him, along with other opposition leaders, and they were transferred to Villa Grimaldi detention center, from where all trace was lost. DINA agents searched Modesta Carolina Wiff's house a few hours after she was arrested. All the appeals for protection attempted in order to secure their release were in vain. Likewise the criminal process that the relatives initiated as a result of their being apprehended concluded when the criminal court declared itself incompetent and ordered that the trial proceedings be sent to the military justice system. According to independent testimony these two people were arrested and taken to the Villa Grimaldi DINA facility. Since then there has been no further word about either of them. External links Truth Commissions Digital Collection: Reports: Chile PART THREE, Chapter Two (A.2.c) 1974 through August 1977 Complete information on his captivity (in Spanish) Chile 1977 Chapter II Case Nº 1958: CARLOS ENRIQUE LORCA TOBAR Partido Socialista de Chile (in Spanish)

Courtlandt S. Gross

Courtlandt Sherrington "Cort" Gross (21 November 1904 – 15 July 1982) was an American aviation pioneer and executive who served as a leading officer of Lockheed Corporation for 35 years. He retired as chairman in 1967.

Courtlandt Sherrington "Cort" Gross (21 November 1904 – 15 July 1982) was an American aviation pioneer and executive who served as a leading officer of Lockheed Corporation for 35 years. He retired as chairman in 1967. Life and career Gross was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and attended Harvard University. He and his brother Robert E. Gross purchased the company Lockheed Corporation in 1932 and built it into an aerospace conglomerate. Gross, his wife Alexandra Van Rensselaer Devereux Gross, and their housekeeper Catherine O'Hara VanderVeur were murdered in their home in Villanova, Pennsylvania. Drifter Roger P. Buehl was convicted of the murders.Courtlandt and Alexandra Gross were interred at St. Thomas' Church Cemetery in Whitemarsh Township, Pennsylvania. References External links Time magazine cover illustration of Gross February 11, 1966.

Chili's Blues

Chili's Blues (French: C'était le 12 du 12 et Chili avait les blues, lit. "It Was the 12th of December and Chili Had the Blues") is a Canadian romantic drama film, directed by Charles Binamé and released in 1994. Set in 1963 and taking place in a train station in Montreal where passengers are temporarily stranded due to a snowstorm, the film centres on the interactions between Pierre-Paul (Roy Dupuis), a salesman, and Chili (Lucie Laurier), a depressed college student who is considering suicide, as they meet and fall in love while waiting for train services to resume.The cast also includes Joëlle Morin, Julie Deslauriers, Emmanuel Bilodeau, Pierre Curzi, Normand Chouinard and Élise Guilbault. The film premiered on August 26, 1994 at the Montreal World Film Festival.

Chili's Blues (French: C'était le 12 du 12 et Chili avait les blues, lit. "It Was the 12th of December and Chili Had the Blues") is a Canadian romantic drama film, directed by Charles Binamé and released in 1994. Set in 1963 and taking place in a train station in Montreal where passengers are temporarily stranded due to a snowstorm, the film centres on the interactions between Pierre-Paul (Roy Dupuis), a salesman, and Chili (Lucie Laurier), a depressed college student who is considering suicide, as they meet and fall in love while waiting for train services to resume.The cast also includes Joëlle Morin, Julie Deslauriers, Emmanuel Bilodeau, Pierre Curzi, Normand Chouinard and Élise Guilbault. The film premiered on August 26, 1994 at the Montreal World Film Festival. References External links Chili's Blues at IMDb

Dimitri Baramki

Dimitri Constantine Baramki, often styled D. C. Baramki (1909, Jerusalem, Sanjak of Jerusalem – 1984, California, U.S.), was a Palestinian archaeologist who served as chief archaeologist at the Department of Antiquities of the Government of Mandatory Palestine from 1938 to 1948. From 1952 until his retirement, he was the curator of the Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, where he served as a professor of archaeology.

Dimitri Constantine Baramki, often styled D. C. Baramki (1909, Jerusalem, Sanjak of Jerusalem – 1984, California, U.S.), was a Palestinian archaeologist who served as chief archaeologist at the Department of Antiquities of the Government of Mandatory Palestine from 1938 to 1948. From 1952 until his retirement, he was the curator of the Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, where he served as a professor of archaeology. Biography Dimitri Baramki was born in Jerusalem, then in the Ottoman Empire's Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem, to a Palestinian Christian family. He studied at St. George's School, Jerusalem. He was appointed Student Inspector, Special Grade, in the Department of Antiquities of the British Mandate government from September 1927. At the beginning of 1929 he was promoted to Inspector. In 1934, he completed his academic studies at the University of London. From 1938 to 1948 he served as chief antiquities inspector in place of Robert Hamilton, who was appointed director of the department. In 1945 he was appointed Senior Archaeological officer.During his years in Palestine, Baramki published many articles, mainly in the Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine (QDAP) journal, on various sites - from the Bronze Age tombs to Byzantine churches. In 1937, Baramki was the first person to identify the in situ Ayyubid text in the village mosque of Farkha, dating to 606/1210.From 1934 to 1948 he conducted excavations and investigations at Hisham's Palace in Jericho. Baramki found the graffiti that mentions Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik and accordingly dated the construction of the palace (a statement that was later rejected) to the years of his rule (724-743), contemporary to Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi in Syria. Baramki's doctoral thesis, submitted in 1953 to the University of London, dealt with Umayyad architecture and relied on the findings of his excavations at Hisham's Palace. As part of his work in the Jericho area, Baramki discovered the Shalom Al Yisrael Synagogue in 1936. At the end of the British Mandate in May 1948, Dimitri Baramki led Jerusalem's Rockefeller Museum for a short time. Spoke about his appointment as head of the Department of Antiquities of the West Bank on behalf of the Jordanian government, but he found his place at the American School of Oriental Studies in Jerusalem as a consultant and librarian. In 1950 and 1951 he continued his excavations in the Jericho area on the mission of the American James Leon Kelso. In 1952, Baramki was invited to serve as curator of the Archaeological Museum at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon, where he taught until his retirement in 1975. Works The Road to Petra : A Short Guide to East Jordan (Amman, 1947) "Arab culture and architecture of the Umayyad Period : a comparative study with special reference to the results of the excavations of Hisham's palace" (PhD dissertation, 1953. unpublished) Phoenicia and the Phoenicians (Beirut, 1961) The Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut (Beirut, 1967) The Coins Exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut (Beirut, 1968) The Art and Architecture of Ancient Palestine: A Survey of the Archaeology of Palestine from the Earliest Times to the Ottoman Conquest (Beirut, PLO Research Center, 1969) The Coin Collection of the American University of Beirut Museum (Beirut, 1974) Articles Baramki, D.C. (1933). "A Byzantine Bath at Qalandia". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 2: 105–109. Baramki, D.C.; Avi-Yonah, M. (1934). "An early Christian Church at Khirbat 'Asida". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 3: 17–19. Baramki, D.C. (1934). "An early Christian Basilica at 'Ain Hanniya". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 3: 113–117. Baramki, D.; Stephan, St. H. (1935). "A Nestorian hermitage between Jericho and the Jordan". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 4: 81-86. Baramki, D. C. (1935). "An early Iron Age Tomb at Ez Zahiriyye". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 4: 109–110. Baramki, D.C. (1935). "Recent Discoveries of Byzantine Remains in Palestine. A Mosaic Pavement at Beit Nattif". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 4: 119–121. Baramki, D.C. (1936). "Two Roman Cisterns at Beit Nattif". Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine. 5: 3–10. References == Bibliography ==

William Knapp Thorn

William Knapp Thorn, Jr. (April 10, 1848 – November 16, 1910) was an American champion polo player and the grandson of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Also, he was a hunter and horse-rider. He was one of the best-known sportsmen in the United States and France.

William Knapp Thorn, Jr. (April 10, 1848 – November 16, 1910) was an American champion polo player and the grandson of Commodore Cornelius Vanderbilt. Also, he was a hunter and horse-rider. He was one of the best-known sportsmen in the United States and France. Biography He was born in 1848 to William Knapp Thorn and Emily Almira Vanderbilt Thorn. Thorn received his LLB from Columbia Law School in 1870.Thorn participated in the 1886 International Polo Cup with teammates Foxhall Parker Keene and Thomas Hitchcock, Sr. Thorn hunted at Pau, France beginning in 1887 along with his cousin Alfred Torrance, who had hunted there from 1882. Thorn made Pau his primary residence after the deaths of his sister, Emma Sophia Thorn King Parrish, his cousin Alfred Torrance and his father - all between February and May 1887. It was at Pau that he raised his sister's orphaned children; Louise Thorn King Baring, Emilie Thorn King Post and Herbert Thorn King. Thorn's aunt, Sophia Johnson Vanderbilt Torrance also had a villa at Pau (now demolished). Mrs. Torrance donated the funds to build the Pau Hunt kennels, stables and lodging for the Pau Hunt whip in memory of her son Alfred. Thorn served on the committee of the Pau Hunt and was a member of the English Club. He was Master of the Pau Hounds from 1888 -1890. He served as the Pau Hunt Committee Chairman from 1903 until his death.<Thorn along with James Gordon Bennett, Jr. were founders of the defunct Pau Polo Club. He contributes to the development of cars and motorsport in the region of Pau. He and Georges Nitot founded the Automobile-club of Bearn, which organised the first motor races in the southwest of France in 1899. This race became the famous Pau Grand Prix which is still popular today. Thorn died in Pau on November 16, 1910 and was interred at Green-Wood Cemetery on January 9, 1911. References External links Thorn Family Gravesite Torrance Family Gravesite

Hutton's tube-nosed bat

Hutton's tube-nosed bat (Murina huttoni) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It can be found in the following countries: Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It lives within an elevation of 1450 m to 2500 m. In Southeast Asia, the bat is considered to be uncommon. The bat is known to live in forests, roosting among the leaves of banana trees. Its habitat is threatened by deforestation for firewood and timber, as well as conversion to agricultural land.

Hutton's tube-nosed bat (Murina huttoni) is a species of vesper bat in the family Vespertilionidae. It can be found in the following countries: Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, and Viet Nam. It lives within an elevation of 1450 m to 2500 m. In Southeast Asia, the bat is considered to be uncommon. The bat is known to live in forests, roosting among the leaves of banana trees. Its habitat is threatened by deforestation for firewood and timber, as well as conversion to agricultural land. == References ==

Dita and the Family Business

Dita and the Family Business is a 2001 documentary film directed by Joshua Taylor and Ferne Pearlstein about Taylor's own family, who owned the New York City department store Bergdorf Goodman. It was first released at the 2001 San Diego Latino Film Festival.

Dita and the Family Business is a 2001 documentary film directed by Joshua Taylor and Ferne Pearlstein about Taylor's own family, who owned the New York City department store Bergdorf Goodman. It was first released at the 2001 San Diego Latino Film Festival. See also Scatter My Ashes at Bergdorf's, a 2013 documentary film about the store References External links Dita and the Family Business at IMDb Trailer for Dita and The Family Business at Vimeo Full Length Dita and The Family Business at Vimeo

List of hospitals in Uruguay

This is a list of hospitals in Uruguay.

This is a list of hospitals in Uruguay. Public hospitals Most public hospitals in Uruguay are managed by the State Health Services Administration. In the case of Montevideo, of the nine state hospitals, the vast majority are managed by the State Health Services Administration, with the exception of the university hospital, the Canzani sanatorium and those reserved for the care of personnel from the armed forces, police and injured workers. There are also departmental hospitals, and a set of primary care centers, with emergency services and family medicine. In the case of the department and city of Montevideo, there is a network of 95 state polyclinics distributed in different neighborhoods of Montevideo. To this are added the 21 neighborhood polyclinics, managed by the Department of Health of the Municipality of Montevideo, these are mostly located in neighborhoods with critical contexts. There are also maternal and child centers, today called the Bank of Social Security. Private hospitals There are also, and mainly in Montevideo, a set of medical assistance corporations. Which are called mutualists.

Round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat

The round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene cyclotis) is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is possibly conspecific with Nyctimene certans, although the taxonomy remains unresolved. The possible synonymy of the species was investigated by Randolph L. Peterson in 1991, finding the species split into two distinct groups based on morphology. It is found in West Papua and Mansuar Island in Indonesia. == References ==

The round-eared tube-nosed fruit bat (Nyctimene cyclotis) is a species of bat in the family Pteropodidae. It is possibly conspecific with Nyctimene certans, although the taxonomy remains unresolved. The possible synonymy of the species was investigated by Randolph L. Peterson in 1991, finding the species split into two distinct groups based on morphology. It is found in West Papua and Mansuar Island in Indonesia. == References ==

List of hospitals in Azerbaijan

This list of hospitals in Azerbaijan includes notable hospitals in Azerbaijan. Bona Dea International Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan Ganja International Hospital, Ganja, Azerbaijan Republican Treatment and Diagnostic Center, Baku Shusha Hospital, Shusha == References ==

This list of hospitals in Azerbaijan includes notable hospitals in Azerbaijan. Bona Dea International Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan Ganja International Hospital, Ganja, Azerbaijan Republican Treatment and Diagnostic Center, Baku Shusha Hospital, Shusha == References ==

Paul Atherton

Paul Atherton (born 20 March 1968) is a London-based filmmaker. He produced and directed The Ballet of Change, a series of four short films that were projected onto London landmarks. His video-diary Our London Lives is in the permanent collection of the Museum of London.

Paul Atherton (born 20 March 1968) is a London-based filmmaker. He produced and directed The Ballet of Change, a series of four short films that were projected onto London landmarks. His video-diary Our London Lives is in the permanent collection of the Museum of London. Early life Atherton was three months old when he was abandoned in a tent at a disused airport in Cardiff but placed with a white foster family shortly after. Atherton grew up in the village of Ystrad Mynach in South Wales. He left home at 15, when he spent time in children's homes, and at 16 set up home on his own against the wishes of Social Services and started work on a Youth Training Scheme in Howells (department store). He was appointed the Welsh Young Conservatives Press Officer later that year and focused on addressing the issues of homelessness with a programme working with Sixth Forms in schools in Cardiff.He is a graduate of Cardiff Business School. Career In 2002, Atherton got his start in filmmaking with a four-week apprenticeship at British cookery channel UK Food and UK Style. He set up his own production company Simple TV Production in 2004.Then in 2005, Atherton served as producer of Silent Voices, a television docudrama about domestic violence, which premiered on the Community channel (UK) and was later reissued as a DVD to raise funds for the National Centre for Domestic Violence. The Ballet of Change The Ballet of Change is a series of four films (approximately 4 minutes) produced and directed by Atherton in 2007. Funding was provided by the National Lottery Heritage Fund. Atherton got permission to premiere each films at the landmark in question (Piccadilly Circus, Trafalgar Square, Leicester Square and London Bridge). Music specially written for the films was available for download from a website, and many of the 600 people who watched the screening in Piccadilly Circus brought MP3 players with them for this purpose. Atherton said that his purpose in creating the films was to make available to a wider audience the images hidden in archives, so that more people could engage with London's history. The film about Piccadilly Circus was the first film ever shown on the Piccadilly Circus Coca-Cola billboard. Colour Blind 2009 In 2009 Atherton produced the short film Colour Blind 2009 directed by Amanda Baker which premiered at the British Urban Film Festival the same year. Starring Wil Johnson and Robert Cavanah it explores the issue of skin colour and stereotyping through the eyes of its protagonists. Our London Lives In 2016 Atherton's video-diary, tracking sixteen years of his son's visits from his home in South Wales to see him in London, was edited down from over 300 hours of footage to a 77-minute film. Entitled Our London Lives the film screened as part of the exhibition "Recording A Life" in the Show Space area of the Museum of London. After the exhibition the film was taken into the museum's permanent collection. Personal life Atherton suffers from the disability Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, which has required him to use a wheelchair. As of 2023, Westminster City Council claims to have offered permanent accommodation to Atherton; however, Atherton "requires a carer and a wheelchair-accessible home for periods when he can't walk. Until that can be found, a hotel room suits his needs." References External links Personal website at the Wayback Machine (archived 20 February 2009) Paul Atherton at IMDb

Laxmanrao Pandurang Patil

Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav (Patil) (born 25 February 1938) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India till 2009. He represented the Satara constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) political party. He was also a member of the 13th Lok Sabha from Satara. His son, Makrand Patil is 3 times sitting in MLA from Wai from 2009 till now.

Laxmanrao Pandurang Jadhav (Patil) (born 25 February 1938) was a member of the 13th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha of India till 2009. He represented the Satara constituency of Maharashtra and is a member of the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) political party. He was also a member of the 13th Lok Sabha from Satara. His son, Makrand Patil is 3 times sitting in MLA from Wai from 2009 till now. Positions held 1972-80 President, Panchayat Samiti, Wai, District. Satara, Maharashtra 1980-90 President, Zila Parishad, Satara, Maharashtra 1999 Elected to 13th Lok SabhaPresident, Nationalist Congress Party, District. Satara, Maharashtra 1999-2000 Member, Committee on Food, Civil Supplies and Public Distribution 2000 onwards Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Communications External links Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website

Kuttiyum kolum

Kuttiyum kolum (English: stick and cane) is a traditional game played in Kerala, India. It is similar to an ancient game found all over the Indian Subcontinent with different names, such as Gilli-danda in North India. A similar game by the name of Lippa has been played in Italy. Kuttiyum kolum possibly originated over 2500 years ago. == References ==

Kuttiyum kolum (English: stick and cane) is a traditional game played in Kerala, India. It is similar to an ancient game found all over the Indian Subcontinent with different names, such as Gilli-danda in North India. A similar game by the name of Lippa has been played in Italy. Kuttiyum kolum possibly originated over 2500 years ago. == References ==

Chris Gabrieli

Chris Gabrieli (born February 5, 1960) is an American education policy and innovation leader. He currently serves as CEO of the non-profit Empower Schools, Chairman of the Board of the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education and part-time Lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education.

Chris Gabrieli (born February 5, 1960) is an American education policy and innovation leader. He currently serves as CEO of the non-profit Empower Schools, Chairman of the Board of the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education and part-time Lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. Early life Chris Gabrieli was born in Buffalo, New York and graduated with an A.B. in 1981 from Harvard College. He also attended two years of the Columbia College of Physicians & Surgeons before leaving to co-found a healthcare software company. His parents were both immigrants and his brother is John Gabrieli, PhD, a Professor of Brain and Cognitive Scientists at MIT with whom he has collaborated on research in education in recent years. Career Chris Gabrieli began his first career in entrepreneurship as the co-founder of and CEO of a healthcare informatics company called GMIS which was eventually purchased by industry leader McKesson HBO where its products continue to be sold and used. Gabrieli spent the majority of his business career with Bessemer Venture Partners where he started as an associate in 1986 and made his way to Partner in 18 months. As Partner he led the life sciences practice for nearly twenty years, investing in over fifty healthcare and biotechnology companies. He was twice named to Forbes list of the top 100 venture capitalists in America. In 2000, he left Bessemer to focus on education policy and innovation but remained affiliated as Partner Emeritus with the firm until 2015 when he fully retired. Gabrieli began his second career in education policy and innovation when he was selected in 1999 by then Boston Mayor Thomas Menino to Chair of a Task Force on After School in Boston which led to major expansion and field building of the after school domain in Boston. He went on to co-found Massachusetts 2020 and the National Center on Time & Learning which helped define and expand the field of expanded learning time (ELT) for schooling in America.In 2008 he authored (with co-author Warren Goldstein) the book Time to Learn: How a New School Schedule is Making Smarter Kids, Happier Parents and Safer Neighborhoods, published by Jossey-Bass. He continues to write research and policy articles and opinion pieces on education policy and issues in various publications. In 2011, Gabrieli co-founded Empower Schools, a new nonprofit focused on empowering district school educators to make the key decisions that drive the success of their schools. As part of that effort, he helped design and launch and became the chairman of the board of the Springfield Empowerment Zone Partnership, a unique partnership among the state's Department of Elementary & Secondary Education and Springfield Public Schools and the Springfield Education Association aimed at accelerating success for over 5,000 of Springfield's students. That work led to what is now 14 Empowerment Zones in five states (MA, CO, TX, IN and MO) and a burgeoning field of district-partnered schools and zones of schools. In 2015, Chris Gabrieli was selected by Governor Charlie Baker for chairman of the board of the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education. His tenure has included the launch of Massachusetts’ Early College Initiative which has grown to include 23 partnerships of high schools and colleges approved by the state to offer well structured and supported opportunities to gain significant amounts of college success and credit while still in high school. As of 2020, these partnerships serve an estimated 3,500 students, the large majority of whom are Black or Latinx, the majority of whom are low-income and many of whom are first generation college goers. He is also a part-time lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education where he has taught for a decade, focusing on the political science of education policy change in America. Political experience Gabrieli became involved in politics with a 1998 campaign for the Democratic primary in the Massachusetts's 8th congressional district, ultimately won by Mike Capuano. In 2002, he won the Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor but the overall ticket lost to Mitt Romney in the general election. In 2006 he ran for Governor of Massachusetts, coming in second place in the gubernatorial primary behind eventual winner Deval Patrick. Patrick subsequently appointed him Chair of the Finance Control Board of Springfield, MA which resulted in the sustained fiscal recovery of Springfield following the completion of its role in 2010. Personal life Chris Gabrieli lives in Boston with his wife Hilary where they raised their five, now young adult children. == References ==

Lyceum International School

Lyceum International School (Sinhala: ලයිසියම් ජාත්‍යන්තර පාසල, Tamil: லைசியம் சர்வதேச பாடசாலை), popularly known as Lyceum and its students as Lyceumers, is the largest International School network in Sri Lanka providing all pre-primary, primary and secondary education.

Lyceum International School (Sinhala: ලයිසියම් ජාත්‍යන්තර පාසල, Tamil: லைசியம் சர்வதேச பாடசாலை), popularly known as Lyceum and its students as Lyceumers, is the largest International School network in Sri Lanka providing all pre-primary, primary and secondary education. History Lyceum International School was founded by Mohan Lal Grero in 1993. At its inception, Lyceum International School had only seven students and five teachers. The school's motto is derived from the Ancient Greek aphorism "Know thyself". Lyceum is made up of the parent school in Nugegoda and eight branch schools in Wattala, Panadura, Ratnapura, Gampaha, Nuwara Eliya, Anuradhapura, Kurunegala and Avissawella.The Lyceum International Schools Network currently has over 23,000 students and over 2,800 teachers. School Location Lyceum International School has nine branches across Sri Lanka providing both primary and secondary education, and sixteen more branches providing pre-primary education commonly known as "leaf schools". Lyceum International School also has four daycare centres for toddlers. Curriculum Lyceum's senior school students sit for the Pearson Edexcel International Examinations for their Ordinary Levels and Advanced Level Examinations its examination body.Since 2010, students are given the option of choosing between the Cambridge syllabus or the National syllabus in the English language, which gives them the opportunity to be eligible for higher education at public universities in Sri Lanka. In 2022, Cambridge syllabus was removed from the curriculum and was replaced by Pearson Edexcel syllabus.Lyceum has consistently produced some of the island's best examination results, and its students have successfully been enrolled in the world's best universities.Lyceum has launched the first phase of e-learning at the Lyceum Group along with the instigation of curfew, on the 16 March 2020. Houses The students are divided into four houses. Established in 1993 the houses were named after animals that held significance in various stories and legends. These animals played unique roles and held symbolic meanings in Greek mythology. Maathra Maathra is an annual cultural dancing event produced and performed by Lyceum International School which was envisioned by school's founder, Mohan Lal Grero and administered by Kumari Grero in 2008. Under the guidance of Rasika Kothalawala, the Head of Cultural Dancing, around 600 performers hailing from Lyceum International School branches including Nugegoda, Panadura, Wattala, Ratnapura, Gampaha, Nuwara Eliya, and Kurunagala undergo training annually to showcase their talents at a significant event.Maathra is considered as the Sri Lanka's biggest cultural dancing event of the year and usually takes place in October at BMICH or Nelum Pokuna Theatre. Distinguished chief guests includes Sri Lanka's president and the advisory council of the Lyceum International School. Awards Achievements Model United Nations Club Lyceum is an annual participant of COMUN (Colombo Model United Nations) and SLMUN (Sri Lanka Model United Nations). The Lyceum delegation won the best school and best delegation award in the COMUN 2011 Conference along with several other awards and has also been runners up in most of the previous conferences. Lyceum International School Wattala Branch also has participated in COMUN 2012 Conference winning GA2 Best Delegate Award. Lyceum International School Nugegoda Branch annually Hosts LISMUN Conference. Inter International Schools Athletic Championship (ISAC) Inter International Schools Athletic Championship (ISAC) is the Sri Lanka's biggest school sporting annual event and Lyceum International School was the host for several years. Each year about 23 international schools are participating with over 2,000 athletes in over 100 live sporting events. Lyceum International School Wattala was the consecutive overall winner for over 5 years with the most medals count.ISAC 2021 and 2022 was not held due to COVID-19. In the most recent ISAC event, the ISAC 2023 Lyceum International School was able to win 175 medals in total with 60 gold, 66 silver and 49 bronze medals. Notable alumni Sandalindu Dukgannarala, singer and son of Wasantha Dukgannarala. Udith Lokubandara, is a Sri Lankan politician and son of W. J. M. Lokubandara. Amanda Ratnayake, is a Sri Lankan businesswoman and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Sri Lanka 2013. Devnaka Porage, is an award-winning actor in Sri Lankan cinema and television. Gayan Danthanarayana, first Sri Lankan doctor actively engaged in COVID-19 treatments to fall victim to the virus. See also Education in Sri Lanka References External links Official Website

Mandi House

Mandi House is a locality in Delhi, India. It was the former residence of the Raja of Mandi in Delhi.

Mandi House is a locality in Delhi, India. It was the former residence of the Raja of Mandi in Delhi. History In the 1940s, the 18th Raja of Mandi State, Raja Sir Joginder Sen Bahadur built his residence next to what is now Himachal Bhawan. The estate was later sold and divided in the 1970s. The old palace was demolished to make way for large, modern offices which were constructed in the 1990s. The state house of Himachal Pradesh, Himachal Bhawan, is now located here. The headquarters Doordarshan Bhawan of the national television broadcaster Doordarshan is also located here. Today, the name of the office complex remembers the old royal residence as well the Mandi House metro station. The larger area around is also still referred to as Mandi House. The Agrasen ki Baoli well is located near Mandi House. == References ==

Cousin Bobby

Cousin Bobby is a 1992 American documentary film directed by Jonathan Demme. The film focuses on Demme's cousin, Robert W. Castle, an Episcopalian minister in Harlem, New York. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival.

Cousin Bobby is a 1992 American documentary film directed by Jonathan Demme. The film focuses on Demme's cousin, Robert W. Castle, an Episcopalian minister in Harlem, New York. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival. Cast Robert W. Castle References External links Cousin Bobby at IMDb

Azerbaijan (toponym)

The toponym "Azerbaijan" was historically used to refer to the region located south of the Aras River- today known as Iranian Azerbaijan, located in northwestern Iran. Historians and geographers usually referred to the region north of the Aras River as Arran, but the name "Azerbaijan" has also been extended to this area as well. On May 28, 1918, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed to the north of the Aras.

The toponym "Azerbaijan" was historically used to refer to the region located south of the Aras River- today known as Iranian Azerbaijan, located in northwestern Iran. Historians and geographers usually referred to the region north of the Aras River as Arran, but the name "Azerbaijan" has also been extended to this area as well. On May 28, 1918, following the collapse of the Russian Empire, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was proclaimed to the north of the Aras. Pre-Islamic evidence The name of the region north of the Aras River known today as the Republic of Azerbaijan was previously an unrelated entity called Caucasian Albania by ancient Greek geographers and historians. For example, Strabo (64 or 63 BC – c. AD 24), a Greek geographer, identifies Albania as a separate territory from Atropatene (the ancient name of Iranian Azerbaijan) and describes it as “a land extending from the Caspian Sea to the Alazani River and the land of Mede Atropatene to the south.”Movses Kaghankatvatsi, the author of the book The History of the Country of Albania, which covers the period between 4th century AD and 10th century AD, describes the boundaries of Albania as one that does not go beyond the Aras River. Islamic period In addition to Greek works, there are numerous Muslim geographers and historians that have provided information on the geographical boundaries of Aran and Azerbaijan. For instance, Ibn Hawqal, a 10th-century Muslim geographer, draws a map of Azerbaijan and Aran with the Aras River as the natural boundary between these two regions. Estakhri, Another Muslim geographer from the 10th century identifies Aran and Azerbaijan as two separate regions. In his book, the Mu'jam ul-Buldān (Dictionary of Countries), Yaqut al-Hamawi, a Muslim biographer and geographer of the 14th century, clearly separates the geographical boundaries of Aran and Azerbaijan: “Aran, an Iranian name, is a vast territory with many cities, one of which is Janzeh. This is the same town that people refer to as Ganja and also, Bardha’a, Shamkor, and Bilaqan. Separating Azerbaijan and Aran is a river called Aras. Everything north and west of this river is Aran and everything else located in the south is Azerbaijan.”Abu al-Fida, a historian of the 14th century, specifies that Azerbaijan and Aran are two different regions. In his book, Borhan-e Qati, Borhan Khalaf-e Tabrizi, an author of the 17th century, writes that “Aras is the name of a famous river” that “separates Aran from Azerbaijan.” North of the Aras In the accounts of the 13th-century scholar Yaqut al-Hamawi (which Xavier de Planhol refers to "imprecise and sometimes contradictory information"), Azerbaijan stretched as far as Erzincan in the west. However, in other instances, Yaqut includes Arran and the Mughan plain as part of Azerbaijan, bringing its border up to the Kura River. This suggests that, starting around this time, the definition of Azerbaijan tended to be expanded to the north and that its meaning was swiftly changing. In Safavi times, the name "Azerbaijan" was applied to all the Muslim-ruled khanates of the eastern Caucasus, alongside the area south of the Aras River. Following the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, when the Russian Empire incorporated territory north of the Aras, Russian diplomat Alexander Griboyedov draw up "The Statute on the Governance of Azerbaijan" and "The General Rules for the Operation of the Azerbaijani Administration". Russian imperial generals like Pavel Tsitsianov and Dmitri Osten-Sacken have since used "Azerbaijan" for the territory north of the Aras. Name change in 1918 Following the Russo-Iranian wars of the 19th century, and the consequent Treaty of Turkmenchay in 1828, the Aras River was set to be the boundary between Iran and Russia. As a result, the entire Caucasus was incorporated into the Russian Empire. Given the military weakness of Iran, the Turkish-speaking Muslims of the Caucasus, who were unhappy with Russia and had no hope of protection from Iran, turned to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire who claimed to be the champion of the Muslim world increased its support for Muslims in the Caucasus. At the same time, in the late 19th century, ideas on Islamic unity and Turkish unity had gained popularity among Ottoman intellectuals. It resulted in the establishment of the Committee of Union and Progress in 1889 which called for the preservation of all peoples under the Ottoman Empire around the three pillars of Islam, Turkishness, and Caliphate.In 1911, a group of Muslim Turkish-speaker intellectuals founded the Muslim Democratic Musavat Party, a small and secret underground organization to work for political unity among Muslims and Turkish-speaking peoples. Influenced by the Young Turks ideas, the leaders of Organizations were sympathetic to Pan-Turkism. On June 17, 1917, Musavat merged with the Party of Turkic Federalists, another national-democratic right-wing organization, and adopted a new name, Musavat Party of Turkic Federalists. At this time, the main goal of Musavat leaders was to create a united Muslim state under the protection of the Ottoman Empire. After the October Revolution in 1917, when Musavat leaders failed to reach an agreement with Caucasian Bolsheviks, they decided to establish their own government and declare independence. Thus, on May 28, 1918, Musavat leaders declared independence under the name of the Azerbaijan People’s Republic.Some scholars argue that the reason behind choosing the name Azerbaijan over Aran was because of the demands of the Turks (Ottomans who had a profound influence on Musavat leaders). Naming Aran as Azerbaijan could provide sufficient justification for the political unity of Turkish-speaking people of South Caucasus and northwest Iran under the name of Azerbaijan. It could facilitate the process of Azerbaijan annexation to the Ottoman Empire (later Turkey).Prior to the Sovietization of the South Caucasus, its Turkish-speaking Muslim population were referred to as "Tatars" by Russian sources. Iranian sources labeled the people of the north of Aras by their location, such as Yerevanis, Ganjavis, etc. Azeri nationalists were encouraged by the Soviets to create a "Azeri" alphabet, which supplanted the Arabo-Persian script, in order to create an Azerbaijani national history and identity based on the territorial concept of a nation and to lessen the influence of Iran and Islam. In the 1930s, the Soviet government ordered a number of Soviet historians, including the well-known Russian Orientalist Ilya Pavlovich Petrushevsky, to accept the completely uncorroborated idea that the former khanates' territory—with the exception of Yerevan, which had become Soviet Armenia—was a part of an Azerbaijani nation. Consequently, Azerbaijan and Azerbaijanis are used in Petrushevskii's two significant studies on the South Caucasus, which cover the period from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Reactions in Iran Naming Aran as Azerbaijan caused surprise, confusion, and rage in Iran, especially, among Iranian Azeri intellectuals. Mohammad Khiabani, an Iranian Azeri political activist and some other Iranian Azeri intellectuals recommended changing the name of Iranian Azerbaijan to Azadistan (the Land of freedom) to protest the name change. Ahmad Kasravi, an Iranian Azeri historian, also got surprised when he heard about the name change, although it seems that he was unaware of the motives behind choosing the name Azerbaijan. In his book, Forgotten Rulers, he wrote: “It is astonishing that Aran is named Azerbaijan now. Azerbaijan or Azerbaigan has always been the name of the territory that is bigger and more famous than its neighbor, Aran, and the two territories have always been distinct from each other. To this day, we have not been able to understand that why our brethren in Aran who strived for a free rule for their country would want to put aside the ancient and historical name of their country and transgresses towards Azerbaijan [‘s name]?” The decision to use the name "Azerbaijan" drew protests from Iran. According to Hamid Ahmadi:Though the weak Iranian state was in a transitional period, struggling with foreign domination, the Iranian political and intellectual elites in Tehran and Tabriz, the capital of Iranian Azerbaijan, soon protested against such naming. For almost a year, the printed media in Tehran, Tabriz, and other big Iranian cities on the one side, and the media in Baku, the capital of the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan, on the other side, presented their arguments to prove that such naming was wrong or right. Iranians were generally suspicious of Baku’s choice and regarded confiscating the historical name of Iran’s north-western province as a pan-Turkist conspiracy planned by the Ottoman Young Turks, then active in Baku, for their ultimate goal of establishing a pan-Turk entity (Turan) from Central Asia to Europe. By calling the real historical Azerbaijan located in Iran “southern Azerbaijan”, the pan-Turkists could claim the necessity of unifying the Republic of Azerbaijan and “southern Azerbaijan” in their future “Turan.” Fearing such threats, Shaikh Mohammad Khiabani, a popular member of the political elite in Iranian Azerbaijan and the leader of the Democratic Party (Firqhe Democrat), changed the name of the province to Azadistan (land of freedom). According to Ahmad Kasravi, Khiabani’s deputy at the time, the main reason for such a change was to prevent any future claim by the pan-Turkist Ottomans to Iranian Azerbaijan on the basis of the similarity of the names. According to Tadeusz Swietochowski: Although the proclamation restricted its claim to the territory north of the Araz River, the use of the name Azerbaijan would soon bring objections from Iran. In Teheran, suspicions were aroused that the Republic of Azerbaijan served as an Ottoman device for detaching the Tabriz province from Iran. Likewise, the national revolutionary Jangali movement in Gilan, while welcoming the independence of every Muslim land as a "source of joy," asked in its newspaper if the choice of the name Azerbaijan implied the new republic's desire to join Iran. If so, they said, it should be stated clearly, otherwise, Iranians would be opposed to calling that republic Azerbaijan. Consequently, to allay Iranian fears, the Azerbaijani government would accommodatingly use the term Caucasian Azerbaijan in its documents for circulation abroad. Southern Azerbaijan Southern Azerbaijan is a Soviet-invented word, originally used to lay the Soviet Union's territorial claim on the Iranian historical region of Azerbaijan in line with a propaganda campaign to construct a national narrative. Though documents reveal that Moscow was behind instructing such propaganda work, there is also evidence of Soviet internal dissent to this policy, as Sergey Kavtaradze warned Vyacheslav Molotov that "renaming of Iranian Azerbaijan into Southern Azerbaijan... would be inexpedient and fraught with the risk of unwanted consequences". The Soviets continued to promote this word even after demise of Ja'far Pishevari and the puppet state Azerbaijan People's Government.After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the "southern" theme was revived again. Utilization of the term has been an integral part of a nation-building attempt by the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan and its government. Official history thought at schools and universities tends to rediscover the separation of the nation when Russo-Persian Wars took place in the early 19th century, and a revisionist interpretation of events to show "constant struggle of the Azerbaijanis for their unity". As a result, usage of the term Iranian Azerbaijan would automatically adjust Republic of Azerbaijan to Iran and undermine justification for independence of the former, and is thus. Certain political circles in Baku welcome the so-called Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement. See also The Land of Fire Caucasian Albania Pan-Turkism Turanism References Sources Bournoutian, George (2016). The 1820 Russian Survey of the Khanate of Shirvan: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of an Iranian Province prior to its Annexation by Russia. Gibb Memorial Trust. ISBN 978-1909724808. Bournoutian, George (2021). From the Kur to the Aras: A Military History of Russia's Move into the South Caucasus and the First Russo-Iranian War, 1801–1813. Brill. ISBN 978-9004445154. Further reading Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.). On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi (PDF). Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. Morozova, Irina (2005). "Contemporary Azerbaijani Historiography on the Problem of "Southern Azerbaijan" after World War II". Iran and the Caucasus. 9 (1): 85–120. doi:10.1163/1573384054068114.