Ayoub thinks that he is a very smart person, so he created a function f(s), where s is a binary string (a string which contains only symbols "0" and "1"). The function f(s) is equal to the number of substrings in the string s that contains at least one symbol, that is equal to "1".

More formally, f(s) is equal to the number of pairs of integers (l, r), such that 1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ |s| (where |s| is equal to the length of string s), such that at least one of the symbols s_l, s_{l+1}, …, s_r is equal to "1". 

For example, if s = "01010" then f(s) = 12, because there are 12 such pairs (l, r): (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5).

Ayoub also thinks that he is smarter than Mahmoud so he gave him two integers n and m and asked him this problem. For all binary strings s of length n which contains exactly m symbols equal to "1", find the maximum value of f(s).

Mahmoud couldn't solve the problem so he asked you for help. Can you help him? 

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^5) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line for each test case contains two integers n, m (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^{9}, 0 ≤ m ≤ n) — the length of the string and the number of symbols equal to "1" in it.

Output

For every test case print one integer number — the maximum value of f(s) over all strings s of length n, which has exactly m symbols, equal to "1".

Example

Input


5
3 1
3 2
3 3
4 0
5 2


Output


4
5
6
0
12

Note

In the first test case, there exists only 3 strings of length 3, which has exactly 1 symbol, equal to "1". These strings are: s_1 = "100", s_2 = "010", s_3 = "001". The values of f for them are: f(s_1) = 3, f(s_2) = 4, f(s_3) = 3, so the maximum value is 4 and the answer is 4.

In the second test case, the string s with the maximum value is "101".

In the third test case, the string s with the maximum value is "111".

In the fourth test case, the only string s of length 4, which has exactly 0 symbols, equal to "1" is "0000" and the value of f for that string is 0, so the answer is 0.

In the fifth test case, the string s with the maximum value is "01010" and it is described as an example in the problem statement.
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Queue;
import java.util.TreeMap;
public class Solution implements Runnable{
	               	                    static final long MAX = 464897L;
	                    static class InputReader
	                    {
	                        private InputStream stream;
	                        private byte[] buf = new byte[1024];
	                        private int curChar;
	                        private int numChars;
	                        private SpaceCharFilter filter;
	                        private BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
	                 
	                        public InputReader(InputStream stream)
	                        {
	                            this.stream = stream;
	                        }
	                        
	                        public int read()
	                        {
	                            if (numChars==-1) 
	                                throw new InputMismatchException();
	                            
	                            if (curChar >= numChars)
	                            {
	                                curChar = 0;
	                                try 
	                                {
	                                    numChars = stream.read(buf);
	                                }
	                                catch (IOException e)
	                                {
	                                    throw new InputMismatchException();
	                                }
	                                
	                                if(numChars <= 0)                
	                                    return -1;
	                            }
	                            return buf[curChar++];
	                        }
	                     
	                        public String nextLine()
	                        {
	                            String str = "";
            try
            {
                str = br.readLine();
            }
            catch (IOException e)
            {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            return str;
        }
        public int nextInt()
        {
            int c = read();
            
            while(isSpaceChar(c)) 
                c = read();
            
            int sgn = 1;
            
            if (c == '-') 
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            
            int res = 0;
            do 
            {
                if(c<'0'||c>'9') 
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            while (!isSpaceChar(c)); 
            
            return res * sgn;
        }
        
        public long nextLong() 
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') 
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            long res = 0;
            
            do 
            {
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            while (!isSpaceChar(c));
                return res * sgn;
        }
        
        public double nextDouble() 
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            int sgn = 1;
            if (c == '-') 
            {
                sgn = -1;
                c = read();
            }
            double res = 0;
            while (!isSpaceChar(c) && c != '.') 
            {
                if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                    return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                    throw new InputMismatchException();
                res *= 10;
                res += c - '0';
                c = read();
            }
            if (c == '.') 
            {
                c = read();
                double m = 1;
                while (!isSpaceChar(c)) 
                {
                    if (c == 'e' || c == 'E')
                        return res * Math.pow(10, nextInt());
                    if (c < '0' || c > '9')
                        throw new InputMismatchException();
                    m /= 10;
                    res += (c - '0') * m;
                    c = read();
                }
            }
            return res * sgn;
        }
        
        public String readString() 
        {
            int c = read();
            while (isSpaceChar(c))
                c = read();
            StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
            do 
            {
                res.appendCodePoint(c);
                c = read();
            } 
            while (!isSpaceChar(c));
            
            return res.toString();
        }
     
        public boolean isSpaceChar(int c) 
        {
            if (filter != null)
                return filter.isSpaceChar(c);
            return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t' || c == -1;
        }
     
        public String next() 
        {
            return readString();
        }
        
        public interface SpaceCharFilter 
        {
            public boolean isSpaceChar(int ch);
        }
    }
     
    public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception
    {
        new Thread(null, new Solution(),"Solution",1<<26).start();
    }   
    static long gcd(long a, long b) 
    { 
      if (b == 0) 
        return a; 
      return gcd(b, a % b);  
    } 
    static long lcm(long a,long b) {
        return (a*b)/gcd(a,b);
    }
    int maxn = 1000005;
    long MOD = 1000000007;
    long prime = 29;
    ArrayList<Integer> adj[];
    static class Node implements Comparable<Node>{
		int destination;
		long weight;
		Node(int destination,long weight){
			this.destination = destination;
			this.weight = weight;
		}
		Node(){
			
		}
		@Override
		public int compareTo(Node n) {
			return Long.signum(weight - n.weight);
		}
	}
   
    int length(int n) {
    	int count = 0;
    	while(n != 0) {
    		n = n/10;
    		count++;
    	}
    	return count;
    }
    static int gcd(int a, int b) 
    { 
        if (a == 0) 
            return b; 
        return gcd(b % a, a); 
    } 
  
  
    // Driver code 
    int dx[] = {-1, 0, 1, 0,-1,1,-1,1}; 
    int dy[] = {0, 1, 0, -1,-1,-1,1,1}; 
	public void run() 
    {
        InputReader sc = new InputReader(System.in);
        PrintWriter w = new PrintWriter(System.out);
        int t = sc.nextInt();
        while(t-- > 0) {
        	long n = sc.nextLong();
        	long m = sc.nextLong();
        	long ans = n * (n + 1)/2;
        	if(m == 0) {
        		w.println(0);
        	}else if(m == n) {
        		w.println(ans);
        	}
        	else {
        		long temp = n - m;
        		long temp1 = temp/(m + 1);
        		long tans1 = partition(temp % (m + 1), temp1 + 1);
        		long tans2 = partition(m + 1 - (temp % (m + 1)), temp1);
        		w.println(ans - tans1-tans2);
        	}
        }
        w.close();
    } 
	long partition(long x, long y){
	    long fans = y*(y+1)/2;
	    fans = fans * x;
	    return fans;
	}
	long check(long[] arr) {
		long max = Long.MIN_VALUE;
		for(int i = 1;i < arr.length;i++) {
			max = Math.max(max,Math.abs(arr[i] - arr[i-1]));
		}
		return max;
	}
	static long power(long a,long b,long MOD) {
        long ans = 1;
        a = a % MOD;
        while(b != 0) {
            if(b % 2 == 1) {
                ans = (ans * a) % MOD;
            }
            a = (a * a) % MOD;
            b = b/2;
        }
        return ans;
    }
    class Equal implements Comparable<Equal>{
    	Character a;
    	int b;
    	public Equal(char a,int b){
    		this.a = a;
    		this.b = b;
    	}
		@Override
		public int compareTo(Equal an) {
			// TODO Auto-generated method stub
			return this.a.compareTo(an.a);
		}
    }
    class Pair implements Comparable<Pair>{
        long a;
        long b;
        long c;
        Pair(long a,long b,long c){
            this.b = b;
            this.a = a;
            this.c = c;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            Pair p = (Pair)o;
            return this.a == p.a && this.b == p.b && this.c == p.c;
        }
        public int hashCode(){
            return Long.hashCode(a)*27 + Long.hashCode(b)*31;
        }
        public int compareTo(Pair p) {
       	     return Long.compare(this.a,p.a);
        }
    }
    
    class Pair3 implements Comparable<Pair3>{
        int a;
        int b;
        int c;
        Pair3(int a,int b,int c){
            this.b = b;
            this.a = a;
            this.c = c;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            Pair3 p = (Pair3)o;
            return this.a == p.a && this.b == p.b && this.c == p.c;
        }
        public int hashCode(){
            return Long.hashCode(a)*27 + Long.hashCode(b)*31;
        }
        public int compareTo(Pair3 p) {
            return Long.compare(this.b,p.b);
        }
    }
    class Pair2 implements Comparable<Pair2>{
        int a;
        int b;
        int c;
        Pair2(int a,int b,int c){
            this.b = b;
            this.a = a;
            this.c = c;
        }
        public boolean equals(Object o) {
            Pair2 p = (Pair2)o;
            return this.a == p.a && this.b == p.b && this.c == p.c;
        }
        public int hashCode(){
            return Long.hashCode(a)*27 + Long.hashCode(b)*31 + Long.hashCode(c)*3;
        }
        public int compareTo(Pair2 p) {
            return Long.compare(p.a,this.a);
        }
    }
}
