Ayoub thinks that he is a very smart person, so he created a function f(s), where s is a binary string (a string which contains only symbols "0" and "1"). The function f(s) is equal to the number of substrings in the string s that contains at least one symbol, that is equal to "1".

More formally, f(s) is equal to the number of pairs of integers (l, r), such that 1 ≤ l ≤ r ≤ |s| (where |s| is equal to the length of string s), such that at least one of the symbols s_l, s_{l+1}, …, s_r is equal to "1". 

For example, if s = "01010" then f(s) = 12, because there are 12 such pairs (l, r): (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (3, 4), (3, 5), (4, 4), (4, 5).

Ayoub also thinks that he is smarter than Mahmoud so he gave him two integers n and m and asked him this problem. For all binary strings s of length n which contains exactly m symbols equal to "1", find the maximum value of f(s).

Mahmoud couldn't solve the problem so he asked you for help. Can you help him? 

Input

The input consists of multiple test cases. The first line contains a single integer t (1 ≤ t ≤ 10^5) — the number of test cases. The description of the test cases follows.

The only line for each test case contains two integers n, m (1 ≤ n ≤ 10^{9}, 0 ≤ m ≤ n) — the length of the string and the number of symbols equal to "1" in it.

Output

For every test case print one integer number — the maximum value of f(s) over all strings s of length n, which has exactly m symbols, equal to "1".

Example

Input


5
3 1
3 2
3 3
4 0
5 2


Output


4
5
6
0
12

Note

In the first test case, there exists only 3 strings of length 3, which has exactly 1 symbol, equal to "1". These strings are: s_1 = "100", s_2 = "010", s_3 = "001". The values of f for them are: f(s_1) = 3, f(s_2) = 4, f(s_3) = 3, so the maximum value is 4 and the answer is 4.

In the second test case, the string s with the maximum value is "101".

In the third test case, the string s with the maximum value is "111".

In the fourth test case, the only string s of length 4, which has exactly 0 symbols, equal to "1" is "0000" and the value of f for that string is 0, so the answer is 0.

In the fifth test case, the string s with the maximum value is "01010" and it is described as an example in the problem statement.

import java.io.*;
import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.math.RoundingMode;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.LinkedBlockingDeque;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.LinkedList;


// graph, dfs,bfs, get connected components,iscycle, isbipartite, dfs on trees



public class scratch_25 {
    static class Graph{

        public static class Vertex{
            HashMap<Integer,Integer> nb= new HashMap<>();     // for neighbours of each vertex
        }

        public static HashMap<Integer,Vertex> vt;   // for vertices(all)

        public Graph(){
            vt= new HashMap<>();
        }

        public static int numVer(){
            return vt.size();
        }

        public static boolean contVer(int ver){
            return vt.containsKey(ver);
        }

        public static void addVer(int ver){
            Vertex v= new Vertex();
            vt.put(ver,v);
        }






        public static void addEdge(int ver1, int ver2, int weight){
            if(!vt.containsKey(ver1) || !vt.containsKey(ver2)){
                return;
            }
            Vertex v1= vt.get(ver1);
            Vertex v2= vt.get(ver2);
            v1.nb.put(ver2,weight);                                 // if previously there is an edge, then this replaces that edge
            v2.nb.put(ver1,weight);
        }

        public static void delEdge(int ver1, int ver2){

            if(!vt.containsKey(ver1) || !vt.containsKey(ver2)){
                return;
            }
            vt.get(ver1).nb.remove(ver2);
            vt.get(ver2).nb.remove(ver1);
        }
        public static void delVer(int ver){
            if(!vt.containsKey(ver)){
                return;
            }
            Vertex v1= vt.get(ver);
            ArrayList<Integer> arr= new ArrayList<>(v1.nb.keySet());
            for (int i = 0; i <arr.size() ; i++) {
                int s= arr.get(i);
                vt.get(s).nb.remove(ver);
            }
            vt.remove(ver);
        }
        static boolean done[];
        static int parent[];
        static ArrayList<Integer>vals= new ArrayList<>();


        public static boolean isCycle(int i){
            Stack<Integer>stk= new Stack<>();

            stk.push(i);
            while(!stk.isEmpty()){
                int x= stk.pop();
                vals.add(x);
                //   System.out.print("current="+x+" stackinit="+stk);
                if(!done[x]){
                    done[x]=true;
                }
                else if(done[x] ){
                    return true;
                }

                ArrayList<Integer>ar= new ArrayList<>(vt.get(x).nb.keySet());
                for (int j = 0; j <ar.size() ; j++) {
                    if(parent[x]!=ar.get(j)){
                        parent[ar.get(j)]=x;
                        stk.push(ar.get(j));
                    }
                }
                // System.out.println(" stackfin="+stk);
            }
            return false;
        }
        static int[]level;
        static int[] curr;
        static int[] fin;

        public static void dfs(int src){
            done[src]=true;
            level[src]=0;
            Queue<Integer>q= new LinkedList<>();
            q.add(src);
            while(!q.isEmpty()){
                int x= q.poll();
                ArrayList<Integer>arr= new ArrayList<>(vt.get(x).nb.keySet());
                for (int i = 0; i <arr.size() ; i++) {
                    int v= arr.get(i);
                    if(!done[v]){
                        level[v]=level[x]+1;
                        done[v]=true;
                        q.offer(v);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        static int oc[];
        static int ec[];


        public static void dfs1(int src){
            Queue<Integer>q= new LinkedList<>();
            q.add(src);
            done[src]= true;
            //    int count=0;
            while(!q.isEmpty()){

                int x= q.poll();
                //   System.out.println("x="+x);
                int even= ec[x];
                int odd= oc[x];
                if(level[x]%2==0){
                    int val= (curr[x]+even)%2;
                    if(val!=fin[x]){
                        //  System.out.println("bc");
                        even++;
                        vals.add(x);
                    }
                }
                else{
                    int val= (curr[x]+odd)%2;
                    if(val!=fin[x]){
                        //   System.out.println("bc");
                        odd++;
                        vals.add(x);
                    }

                }
                ArrayList<Integer>arr= new ArrayList<>(vt.get(x).nb.keySet());
                //   System.out.println(arr);
                for (int i = 0; i <arr.size() ; i++) {
                    int v= arr.get(i);
                    if(!done[v]){
                        done[v]=true;
                        oc[v]=odd;
                        ec[v]=even;
                        q.add(v);
                    }
                }
            }

        }
    }























    // int count=0;
    //static long count=0;
    static class Reader {
        static BufferedReader reader;
        static StringTokenizer tokenizer;

        /**
         * call this method to initialize reader for InputStream
         */
        static void init(InputStream input) {
            reader = new BufferedReader(
                    new InputStreamReader(input));
            tokenizer = new StringTokenizer("");
        }

        /**
         * get next word
         */
        static String next() throws IOException {
            while (!tokenizer.hasMoreTokens()) {
                //TODO add check for eof if necessary
                tokenizer = new StringTokenizer(
                        reader.readLine());
            }
            return tokenizer.nextToken();
        }

        static int nextInt() throws IOException {
            return Integer.parseInt(next());
        }

        static double nextDouble() throws IOException {
            return Double.parseDouble(next());
        }

        static long nextLong() throws IOException {
            return Long.parseLong(next());
        }
    }


    static class Pair implements Comparable<Pair> {
        double x;
        double y;

        public Pair(double x, double y) {
            this.x = x;
            this.y = y;}


        @Override
        public String toString() {
            return x + " " + y;
        }

        @Override
        public int compareTo(Pair o) {
            if(this.x >o.x){
                return 1;
            }
            else if(this.x==o.x){
                return 0;
            }
            else{
                return -1;
            }
        }
    }




    // After writing solution, quick scan for:
    //   array out of bounds
    //   special cases e.g. n=1?
    //
    // Big numbers arithmetic bugs:
    //   int overflow
    //   sorting, or taking max, or negative after MOD
    public static void main(String[] args)  throws IOException {
        Reader.init(System.in);
        BufferedWriter out = new BufferedWriter(new OutputStreamWriter(System.out));
        int t= Reader.nextInt();
        for (int tt = 0; tt <t ; tt++) {
            long n= Reader.nextLong();
            long m= Reader.nextLong();
            if(m==0){
                out.append(0+"\n");
            }
            else{
                long x= n-m;
                long part=m+1;
                if(part>=x){
                    out.append((calc(n)-x)+"\n");
                }
                else{
                    long ans=0;
                if((x%part)==0){
                    ans= calc(n)-(part*(calc(x/part)));
                }
                else{
                   long val1= x/part;
                   long val2= x%part;
//                    System.out.println(val1+" "+val2);
//                    System.out.println(calc(n));
//                    System.out.println((val2*calc(val1+1 )));
//                    System.out.println();
                   ans= calc(n)-((val2*calc(val1+1 )) + ((part-val2)*(calc(val1))));
//                   out.append(ans+"\n");





                }
                out.append(ans+"\n");



                }







            }

        }


        out.flush();
        out.close();

    }

    public static long calc(long n){

        return (n*(n+1))/2;

    }






    public static String convert(String s,int n){
        if(s.length()==n){
            return s;
        }
        else{
            int x= s.length();
            int v=n-x;
            String str="";
            for (int i = 0; i <v ; i++) {
                str+='0';
            }
            str+=s;
            return str;

        }
    }
    public static int lower(int arr[],int key){
        int low = 0;
        int high = arr.length-1;
        while(low < high){
            int mid = low + (high - low)/2;
            if(arr[mid] >= key){
                high = mid;
            }
            else{
                low = mid+1;
            }
        }
        return low;
    }

    public static int upper(int arr[],int key){
        int low = 0;
        int high = arr.length-1;
        while(low < high){
            int mid = low + (high - low+1)/2;
            if(arr[mid] <= key){
                low = mid;
            }
            else{
                high = mid-1;
            }
        }
        return low;
    }





    static long modExp(long a, long b, long mod) {
        //System.out.println("a is " + a + " and b is " + b);
        if (a==1) return 1;
        long ans = 1;
        while (b!=0) {
            if (b%2==1) {
                ans = (ans*a)%mod;
            }
            a = (a*a)%mod;
            b/=2;
        }
        return ans;
    }


    public static long modmul(long a, long b, long mod) {
        return b == 0 ? 0 : ((modmul(a, b >> 1, mod) << 1) % mod + a * (b & 1)) % mod;
    }

    static long sum(long n){
        //   System.out.println("lol="+ (n*(n-1))/2);
        return (n*(n+1))/2;
    }






    public static ArrayList<Integer> Sieve(int n) {
        boolean arr[]= new boolean [n+1];
        Arrays.fill(arr,true);
        arr[0]=false;
        arr[1]=false;
        for (int i = 2; i*i <=n ; i++) {
            if(arr[i]){
                for (int j = 2; j <=n/i ; j++) {
                    int u= i*j;
                    arr[u]=false;
                }}
        }
        ArrayList<Integer> ans= new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i <n+1 ; i++) {
            if(arr[i]){
                ans.add(i);
            }
        }
        return ans;
    }




    static long power( long x, long y, long p)
    {

        long res = 1;


        x = x % p;

        if (x == 0) return 0;

        while (y > 0)
        {

            if((y & 1)==1)
                res = (res * x) % p;


            y = y >> 1;
            x = (x * x) % p;
        }
        return res;
    }

    public static long ceil_div(long a, long b){
        return (a+b-1)/b;
    }

    static long gcd(long a, long b)
    {
        if (a == 0)
            return b;
        return gcd(b % a, a);
    }

    static long lcm(long a, long b)
    {
        return (a*b)/gcd(a, b);
    }

}