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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Schoen"}

Seth David Schoen (born September 27, 1979) is senior staff technologist for the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a technology civil rights organisation, and has been actively involved in discussing digital copyright law and encryption since the 1990s. He is an expert in trusted computing. In February 2008, Schoen collaborated with a Princeton research group led by Edward Felten that discovered a vulnerability of DRAM that undermined the basic assumptions of computer encryption security. In October 2005, Schoen led a small research team at EFF to decode the tiny tracking dots hidden in the printouts of some laser printers. Seth attended Northfield Mount Hermon School in Northfield, Massachusetts from 1993–1997. While attending UC Berkeley, Schoen founded Californians for Academic Freedom to protest the loyalty oath the state made university employees swear. Schoen later worked for Linuxcare, where he developed the Linuxcare Bootable Business Card. After he left Linuxcare, he forked the project to create the LNX-BBC rescue system, of which he is a lead developer. Schoen was formerly a board member and the Secretary of the Peer-Directed Projects Center, a Texas-based non-profit corporation, until he stepped down in November 2006. Schoen is the author of the DeCSS haiku.

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Breed of pig The Breitovo (Russian: Бpeйтoвcкaя, Breitovskaya) is a general purpose pig breed from Russia.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_van_Soest"}

Dutch marine biologist - specialist in sponges Robertus Wilhelmus Maria (Rob) van Soest, born in 1946, is a Dutch marine biologist. He works at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center and is also affiliated with the University of Amsterdam. He co-authored with John N. A. Hooper Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges, a standard reference for sponge classification. He was editor in chief of the World Porifera Database (WPD) from 2004 to 2021, and is currently (March 2022) one of its taxonomic editors. He has contributed to the systematics, the phylogeny and the taxonomy of sponges, to their chemistry and biological properties (and the pharmacological use thereof) His zoological abbreviation is van Soest. Taxa A search on his name (March 2022) in the WoRMS database gives 691 taxa names authored by van Soest. See also taxa named by Rob van Soest. Publications Scholia has a profile for Rob van Soest (Q15638220). He has authored (co-authored) over at least 170 peer reviewed scientific papers, over 60 of which concern the biochemistry of sponges.

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Extinct superfamily of jawless fishes Siberiaspidoidei is a taxon of extinct amphiaspidid heterostracan agnathans whose fossils are restricted to Lower Devonian marine strata of Siberia near the Taimyr Peninsula. In life, siberiaspids are thought to be benthic animals that lived most of their lives mostly buried in the sediment of a series of hypersaline lagoons. As with all amphiaspids, siberiaspids are easily distinguished from other heterostracans in that all of the plates of the cephalothorax armor are fused into a single, muff-like unit, so that the forebody of the living animal would have looked like a flattened potpie or a hot waterbottle with a pair of small, or degenerated eyes sometimes flanked by preorbital openings, a pair of branchial openings for exhaling, and a simple, slit-like, or tube-like mouth. Taxonomy Siberiaspidoidei contains two families, Siberiaspididae, and Tuxeraspididae. Siberiaspididae This family contains two monotypic genera, Siberiaspis, and Argyriaspis. Tuxeraspididae This family contains three monotypic genera, Tuxeraspis, Litotaspis, and Dotaspis. Tuxeraspis and Litoaspis are known primarily from fragments and portions of the head-region, while Dotaspis is known from a mostly intact headshield. These fragments, together with the anatomy of Dotaspis suggest the animals had large, flattened, circular cephalothoracic armor.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish"}

Ornamental fish kept in aquariums are susceptible to numerous diseases. Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish. Due to the artificially limited volume of water and high concentration of fish in most aquarium tanks, communicable diseases often affect most or all fish in a tank. An improper nitrogen cycle, inappropriate aquarium plants and potentially harmful freshwater invertebrates can directly harm or add to the stresses on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted ecosystem within the tank. Causes Diseases can have a variety of causes, including bacterial infections from an external source such as Pseudomonas fluorescens (causing fin rot and fish dropsy), fungal infections (Saprolegnia), mould infections (Oomycete and Saprolegnia), parasitic disorders (Gyrodactylus salaris, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Cryptocaryon, Oodinium causing velvet disease, Brooklynella hostilis, head and lateral line erosion, Glugea, Ceratomyxa shasta, Kudoa thyrsites, Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, Ceratomyxa shasta leeches, nematode, Trematoda, Platyhelminthes and fish louse), viral disorders, metabolic disorders, inappropriate water conditions (insufficient aeration, pH, water hardness, temperature and ammonia poisoning) and malnutrition. External bacterial infections may cause spots or streaks on the body which appear red or orange Dropsy (bloating) is also a sign of a bacterial infection. "False fungal infections" look like fungus but is actually a bacterial infection known as Columnaris. These symptoms may include a white or gray film on the body. Prevention Disease cures are almost always more expensive and less effective than simple prevention measures. Often precautions involve maintaining a stable aquarium that is adjusted for the specific species of fish that are kept and not over-crowding a tank or over-feeding the fish. Common preventive strategies include avoiding the introduction of infected fish, invertebrates or plants by quarantining new additions before adding them to an established tank, and discarding water from external sources rather than mixing it with clean water. Similarly, foods for herbivorous fish such as lettuce or cucumbers should be washed before being placed in the tank. Containers that do not have water filters or pumps to circulate water can also increase stress to fish. Other stresses on fish and tanks can include certain chemicals, soaps and detergents, and impacts to tank walls causing shock waves that can damage fish. Treatment In some cases the causes of an infection or disease will be obvious (such as fin rot), though in other cases it may be due to water conditions, requiring special testing equipment and chemicals to appropriately adjust the water. Isolating diseased fish can help prevent the spread of infection to healthy fish in the tank. This also allows the use of chemicals or drugs which may damage the nitrogen cycle, plants or chemical filtration of a properly-functioning tank. Other alternatives include short baths in a bucket that contains the treated water. Salt baths can be used as an antiseptic and fungicide, and will not damage beneficial bacteria, though ordinary table salt may contain additives which can harm fish. Alternatives include aquarium salt, Kosher salt or rock salt. Gradually raising the temperature of the tank may kill certain parasites, though some diseased fish may be harmed and certain species can not tolerate high temperatures. Aeration is necessary since less oxygen is dissolved in warm water. There are a number of effective treatments for many strains of bacterial infections. Three of the most common are tetracycline, penicillin and naladixic acid. Salt baths are another effective treatment.

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French countess Rothilde (Latin: Rothildis; 871 – 928/929) was a lady born into the royal family of Western Francia. Biography Rothilde was a daughter of the King of the Franks, Charles the Bald, son of Louis the Pious. Her mother was Charles’ second spouse, Queen Richilde of Provence, sister of King Boso of Provence. In ca. 890, Rothilde married Roger, Count of Maine. Their eldest child was Hugh I, Count of Maine. Their second child was a daughter, Judith, who married Hugh the Great, duke of the Franks and count of Paris.

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PSR J1856+0245 is a pulsar 9 kpc (29 kly) away from Earth. It shows similar properties to the Vela Pulsar. PSR J1856+0245 is believed to be associated with HESS J1857+026, a pulsar wind nebula located in the same region of space.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hills_(song)"}

2015 single by The Weeknd "The Hills" is a song by Canadian singer the Weeknd. It was released on May 27, 2015, as the second single from his second studio album, Beauty Behind the Madness (2015). "The Hills" was a massive critical and commercial success, appearing on several year-end lists, and peaking at number one in several nations' charts, like his native Canada, or the United States where the song reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, replacing his own "Can't Feel My Face". It also made the top 10 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany, Australia, and New Zealand. A music video for the song was released on May 27, 2015, directed by Grant Singer. In May 2019, "The Hills" was certified diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for selling more than ten million copies, making it the Weeknd's first diamond-certified record. Composition The song is written in the key of C minor in common time with a tempo of 113 beats per minute. The vocals in the song span from C3 to E♭5. Producer Illangelo stated "I'm very optimistic and positive with anything I put my energy towards, so for me, Abel's success now is what I imagined it always should have been. 'The Hills' was an opportunity for us to go back to the classical, original the Weeknd moments of our first mixtapes that I co–produced and mixed in their entirety, and then bringing that into a new context, with a pop arrangement and chords in a faster tempo. It's the perfect marriage of that". While promoting After Hours, the Weeknd claimed to have recorded 67 versions of the song. Critical reception That's probably the most important song in my career because it is the Weeknd and the irony being it was the most successful song that I had ever done. — The Weeknd on "The Hills" "The Hills" received critical acclaim, with most reviewers praising the Weeknd's return to form after his pop-oriented direction with "Earned It". James Shotwell of Under the Gun wrote that the single fits well within Abel's prior output, but that "Abel's ability to create something altogether hypnotic regardless of production never ceases to amaze". Brian Mansfield of USA Today noted that "when a song takes its hook from a horror film—Wes Craven's 1977 cult classic The Hills Have Eyes—you know there's bound to be trouble". In an analytical piece for Pitchfork, Hannah Giorgis called "The Hills" "a dark, almost discordant meditation on lust, drugs, and fame" while noting that "to those familiar with his repertoire, the only twist in 'The Hills' is how it ends: as the final chords fade, a woman's voice, syrupy and sedate, closes with a lullaby of sorts—not in English, but in Amharic, the primary language of Ethiopia and the Weeknd's own native tongue". She goes on to trace the song's melodic and lyrical origins to the Ethiopian diaspora. She continues, writing that "the familiarity of Tesfaye's strained vibrato makes him the inheritor of musical legacies that Abyssinia has birthed for generations..." In a review for The New York Post, Hardeep Phull wrote that "The 'Fifty Shades of Grey' fans who were turned on to [The] Weeknd (real name Abel Tesfaye) through his hit 'Earned It' are in for a shock, because he is in brilliantly sinister form on his new track". Continuing, Phull goes on to say that "When it comes to being a Don Juan with a dark side, this guy makes Christian Grey look like Ned Flanders". Rolling Stone ranked "The Hills" at number 11 on its year-end list to find the 50 best songs of 2015. The same magazine also included "Earned It" and "Can't Feel My Face" on the same list. Billboard ranked "The Hills" at number 10 on its year-end list for 2015: "Number one hits aren't supposed to be this sonically adventurous and dark, but The Weeknd can do no wrong in 2015. There's barely a pop hook to speak of here—just a beguiling, harrowing soundscape that's impossible to forget". Time named "The Hills" the fifth-best song of 2015. The Village Voice ranked "The Hills" at number 22 on their annual year-end critic's poll; "Can't Feel My Face" was ranked at number three on the same poll. Plagiarism allegation On December 9, 2015, Cutting Edge Music filed a lawsuit against Tesfaye, the producers of the track, and the labels who released the song, for allegedly using the bassline from the score of the film The Machine. The complaint also alleges that a producer who worked on the piece, Emmanuel “Mano” Nickerson, sent a message to the score's composer on Twitter stating that he had sampled the composer's work and that it might appear on the next Weeknd album. As of July 2022, the case remains unsettled. Commercial performance In the United States, "The Hills" entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number 20 for the chart dated June 13, 2015, and was the week's highest debut. Its debut was overwhelmingly powered by first-week digital download sales of 109,000 copies and 5.2 million domestic streams, aided by the simultaneous premiere of its music video on the single's release date. The following week, the single declined by one position but earned the largest gain in streams on the chart. It has since become the Weeknd's second number-one single in the United States on the issue dated October 3, 2015, replacing the singer's own "Can't Feel My Face", becoming the first artist since Taylor Swift to replace themselves at the top spot. "The Hills" spent six consecutive weeks at number one before being replaced by Adele's "Hello" on the issue dated of November 14, 2015. It remained in the chart's top ten for 21 consecutive weeks before finally dropping out on January 16, 2016, and also ending the Weeknd's 45-consecutive weeks in the top 10.[citation needed] As of June 2016, "The Hills" has sold 2,946,000 copies in the country. In the UK, "The Hills" entered the UK Singles Chart at 51, for the week ending June 6, 2015. For the week ending September 10, 2015, it climbed from 35 to 29. For five more weeks, the song reached 23, before skyrocketing to number 5 the week later. On the week ending October 29, 2015, it reached number 3 on its 20th week, being held off by Perfect by One Direction (at number 2) and Turn the Music Louder (Rumble) by KDA (at number 1). The song spent 7 weeks altogether in the top 10 and 12 in the top 20 and was number 25 on the end of year chart. Remixes On October 10, 2015, two remixes of the song were released online. One featured American rapper Eminem and the other featured Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. The remix by Minaj was performed on Saturday Night Live along with the Weeknd. The Eminem remix was a personal request from Tesfaye, and a virtual music video was released for it. American rapper Lil Wayne remixed the song for his mixtape No Ceilings 2. On August 9, 2016, a remix was released by the Belgian DJ duo, Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike, as one of the free downloads of their "Summer of Madness" tracks. Another remix was released on Tesfaye's YouTube channel by RL Grime. Music video The music video for "The Hills" was directed by Grant Singer. It was uploaded to YouTube on May 27, 2015. As of April 1, 2022, the video has been viewed over 1.8 billion times. The video begins showing a wrecked car that has flipped over, and the reason it flipped is unknown. The Weeknd is seen crawling out of the car before helping two women to get out. As the song progresses, the Weeknd is seen walking by himself down South June Street in Los Angeles, and at the beginning of the second chorus, the wrecked car explodes behind him. He occasionally is pushed repeatedly by one of the women from the car. At the end of the song, he enters an abandoned mansion, and goes upstairs to a room illuminated with red light. A man holding an apple sits waiting for him, next to two other women, and the video cuts to black. The man from inside the mansion is Rick Wilder, who also appears in both the "Can't Feel My Face" and "Tell Your Friends" music videos. Another music video was filmed for the Eminem remix in collaboration with GoPro and United Realities. It is a 360-degree virtual reality video in which the Weeknd is seen leaving a venue and heading to his limo (taking him to the afterparty featured in an Apple Music commercial, with John Travolta as his driver). As the viewer changes the angles, it is shown that comets are raining down and the raining debris causing fiery explosions around the area. The car that's flipped over in the original music video is also in view. As he approaches his limousine, a fiery explosion consumes him. Popular culture Track listing Charts Certifications

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Maritime_Defence_Force_Auxiliary_Gunboats"}

After the formation of the Queensland Maritime Defence Force in 1884, the colonial government purchased two gunboats and a torpedo boat to equip the new force. However, given the number of ports along the Queensland coast it was realised that additional ships were required. Five ships had already been ordered for the Queensland Department of Harbours and Rivers when the decision was taken to convert them to also serve as auxiliary gunboats. This resulted in the fitting of a 5-inch gun and the relocation of the boilers below the waterline. The ships were as follows: Bonito, Bream, Dolphin, Pumba, and Stingaree. Steam-propelled twin screwed "hopper barges", these ships were built by Walkers at Maryborough and, at 450 tons, they were the largest warships built in the Australian colonies before Federation. The depression of the 1890s greatly curtailed operations with most of the vessels placed in reserve and being used as training vessels. Stingaree served until 1895 whilst Pumba remained on strength at the time of Federation in 1901, before being sold to Pioneer Gravels (Queensland). She was rebuilt in 1958 and renamed Enterprise, serving as a cargo vessel beyond the late 1970s. Bream (1963), Dolphin (1963) and Stingaree (1966) were sunk off Tangalooma, Moreton Bay.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonthapally"}

Census Town in Telangana, India Bonthapally is a census town in Sangareddy district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is famous for the Veerabhadra Swamy temple. Bonthapalli.in around this lot of pharmaceutical companies are established here like Hetero Drugs, Neuland Laboratories, Granuels India, Honour Lab and Sundram Fasteners, iron powder etc. Geography It is located at 17°39′45″N 78°22′0″E / 17.66250°N 78.36667°E / 17.66250; 78.36667. Accessibility Bonthapally is 35 km from Hyderabad and can be reached by buses. Neighborhoods Gummadidala, Annaram, Domadugu , Dundigal

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Australian politician William Francis Stephen AM (23 July 1921 – 5 April 2013) was an Australian politician. He was born in Fremantle in Western Australia to blacksmith William Stephen and Vera May Pyke. He attended local state schools and became a timber worker and locomotive engineman before serving in the Royal Australian Air Force from 1942 to 1946. He was a traffic officer from 1946 to 1947 and a dairy farmer in 1948 before moving to Pakenham, where he was the foreman at a food factory from 1950 to 1952. In 1953 he was granted land at Meredith as a soldier settler, and he became a small seeds producer. He was active in the local Primary Producers' Union and in the local Liberal Party. In 1964 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Ballarat South. From 1973 he was Temporary Chairman of Committees, a position he held until his retirement in 1979. He remained active in the local community and was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in 1999. Stephen died at East Melbourne in 2013.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtis_laevigata"}

Species of tree Celtis laevigata is a medium-sized tree native to North America. Common names include sugarberry, Southern hackberry, or in the southern U.S. sugar hackberry or just hackberry. Sugarberry is easily confused with common hackberry (C. occidentalis) where the range overlaps. Sugarberry has narrower leaves with mostly smooth margins, the berries are juicier and sweeter, while the bark is less corky. The species can also be distinguished by habitat: where the ranges overlap, common hackberry occurs primarily in upland areas, whereas sugarberry occurs mainly in bottomland areas. Sugarberry's range extends from the Eastern United States west to Texas and south to northeastern Mexico. It is also found on the island of Bermuda. Ecology Sugarberry occurs primarily along streams and in moist soils on floodplains. Its sweetish fruit is eaten by birds and rodents, helping to disperse the seeds. The leaves are eaten by a number of insects, for example caterpillars of the Io moth (Automeris io). Sugarberry's leaf litter contains allelopathic chemicals that inhibit seed germination and growth in many other plant species. Cultivation and uses Sugarberry mixed with hackberry supplies the lumber known as hackberry. Small amounts are used for dimension stock, veneer, and containers, but the main use of sugarberry wood is for furniture. The light-colored wood can be given a light- to medium-brown finish that in other woods must be achieved by bleaching. The wood is also used to produce sporting goods and plywood. Sugarberry is frequently planted as a shade-tree within its range. It is well-adapted to urban areas; its elm-like shape and warty bark make it an attractive landscape tree. Gallery

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System containing contacting bodies A tribosystem is a tribological system that consists of at least two contacting bodies and any environmental factor that affects their interaction. Tribologists study tribological systems in detail, and devise tribological test procedures. Definition According to ASTM G40-17, a tribosystem is "any system that contains one or more triboelements, including all mechanical, chemical, and environmental factors relevant to tribological behavior." Here, triboelement refers to "one of two or more solid bodies that comprise a sliding, rolling, or abrasive contact, or a body subjected to impingement or cavitation." More simply speaking, a tribosystem is a tribological system that consists of at least two contacting bodies, including the environment in which the interaction takes place. The complete description of a tribosystem includes all relevant factors that govern the tribological behavior of the system. Thus, depending on the aim of the tribological analysis, the tribosystem boundary is flexible and can be drawn more or less widely. Describing Tribosystems The description of tribosystems is based on a detailed assessment of relevant system inputs, outputs and losses, as well as an overall description of the system structure. The following table gives an overview. Relevance The complete description of a tribosystem is the first step when devising a tribological test procedure. Since tribological tests are often carried out on simplified model systems using standardized tribometers, a complete description of the tribosystem allows for tribological testing across different scales. For example, if the tribological analysis aims to investigate a specific gear contact in a complex gearbox, exact knowledge of tribological inputs allows tribologists to devise a simplified test setup involving two gears only. Conversely, if the analysis aims to develop a new lubricant formulation for gearbox applications, a rough description of the gearbox-tribosystem allows to reduce testing to relevant system inputs. Thus, detailed knowledge of the tribosystem can significantly reduce the development effort for machines and lubricants.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driftwood_Inn_and_Restaurant"}

United States historic place The Driftwood Inn and Restaurant (also known as The Breezeway) is a historic site in Vero Beach, Florida. It is located at 3150 Ocean Drive. On August 6, 1994, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. The Driftwood Inn was opened in 1937, conceived and constructed by local Vero Beach eccentric and businessman Waldo E. Sexton. The hotel and resort were continually expanded throughout the years, and the property is now a partial interval ownership/timeshare along with being a traditional hotel. History Waldo E. Sexton (1885-1967) built the two buildings which comprise the Driftwood Inn and Restaurant in 1935. Waldo has been called “one of the most colorful persons that Florida has ever known,” an “imaginative entrepreneur,” and an “outrageous, old time eccentric.” He moved to Florida in 1914 and began his legacy that includes several buildings still standing in Vero Beach today and was an integral partner in the development of McKee Jungle Garden, also in Vero Beach. Driftwood Inn and Restaurant was originally a private beach house called the “Breezeway” by its owners, Waldo & Elsebeth Sexton, because of the opening in the central portion of the first floor. Construction of the house began in about 1935 and was completed in 1937. Two rooms originally flanked the first floor. A kitchen was located on the second floor, over the breezeway. A balcony extended across the second floor. Brick chimneys also flanked the breezeway. According to family members, a coiled pipe, “solar unit” was contained between the chimneys to provide heated water, and in fact original pictures in the reception area of the Inn today show those solar panels . The original beach house was expanded in late 1937 by the addition of a wing on the north and the south wing was added in 1939. The original portion of the building is now the central section. Though originally built as a family home, within a short time it was being operated by Mrs. Waldo Sexton as a small resort hotel and because there was no restaurant in the vicinity of the Driftwood Inn, Mrs. Sexton began to cook breakfast for the guests in the family kitchen. This success led eventually to the founding of the adjacent restaurant. Waldo's Restaurant was constructed in 1947. The main entrance to the restaurant is recessed and located adjacent to the breezeway building. The doors have multiple panels, insets and decorative ceramic tiles. Ornate metal grills also decorate the entrance area. The balcony is railed with turned spindles, part of the original design. Three immense ‘outrigger” type wood timbers decorate the south end of the building. The restaurant interior still retains some original features, such as wood paneled walls and ceramic tile insets in the floor. Today, both the Breezeway and Waldo's Restaurant, maintain their basic integrity, their unusual workmanship and materials and their original design features. They are a unique example of vernacular architecture in which Waldo was able to express his exuberant personality. Waldo was a world traveler and a passionate collector. He incorporated into the buildings and grounds of the inn and restaurant hundreds of artifacts that he obtained from various trips. The visual display of these items was the exuberant Waldo's way of sharing his collection of the beautiful and unusual. Part of the timber used to build the Driftwood was salvaged by Waldo from a barn blown down in a hurricane. Waldo was especially fond of bells and amassed a collection of 250 of various types and sizes, collecting them from churches, trains, ships and schools, just to mention a few. They dominate the exterior of the buildings and have always been a special part of the Driftwood Inn tradition. They were used to welcome guests on their arrival and to ring out a farewell on their departure. Waldo continued to expand the Driftwood complex after erecting the inn and restaurant. A small office was built in 1949. In that year, he also moved in a row of fishing shacks that were used for guest rooms and later, for small shops. They were converted back into guests rooms in 1986. In 1963, a 15 unit apartment building was added, just west of the original Breezeway building. Waldo's son, Ralph, erected the four story building to the south in 1965, providing more apartment units. Two more apartment buildings are now part of the Driftwood Resort, and all apartments and guests rooms on the property were converted to interval ownership in 1979. Features The building is distinguished by board and batten exterior walls, wood shingled gable ends with decorative truss work and rustic balcony railings. The courtyard is marked by two stone walls, into which are embedded two rusty, ancient cannons. Ceramic tiles decorate the courtyard floor. A breezeway is at the east end of the courtyard and is flanked by stairs leading to the second floor. The hallway at the north end features a small mural of a Spanish explorer landing in the new world. The breezeway walls feature graffiti from visitors, applied ornaments and portions of a wood mantel. The Driftwood Inn and Waldo's Restaurant feature a rustic “beachcomber” ambiance. While structures of similar style may be found elsewhere in Florida, few are comparable in scale or complexity of detail The two original buildings are unique in the Vero Beach area and continue to serve their historic function of providing accommodations and amenities for tourists. Both were added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The inn and restaurant continue to operate today, renting rooms to the public on a daily or weekly basis and serving lunch and dinner poolside and Oceanside from Waldo's Restaurant. Hurricane damage Two hurricanes in 2004 did substantial damage to the property but it reopened in 2005 and retained all the history and ambiance it has always had. With the help of local architect, John Dean and longtime property manager, Jeanne Radlet, the buildings were restored and stand today as a testament to Waldo Sexton, the entrepreneur and eclectic individual that built these structures nearly a century ago.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88-Keys"}

American musical artist Musical artist Charles Misodi Njapa (born March 5, 1976), better known by his stage name 88-Keys, is an American record producer and rapper from New York City. Biography Born in New York City to West African parents from Cameroon, he was raised in the Eastchester section of the Bronx and later in West Hempstead on Long Island, where he attended high school. 88-Keys first took an interest in hip hop after hearing Prince Paul's production on De La Soul's 1989 critically acclaimed album 3 Feet High and Rising. In the early 1990s, 88-Keys met rapper-producers Q-Tip, Pete Rock and Large Professor working as an intern at West Hempstead's The Music Palace recording studio. It was Large Professor who gave Charles his 88-Keys moniker after witnessing his skills on the Ensoniq ASR-10 keyboard. Upon considering a serious career in music, 88-Keys's parents and older brother began trying to point him into the field of medicine because it was a more "professional field" and the music industry didn't seem like a lucrative move. After briefly attending Hofstra University and Queens College, 88-Keys dropped out to pursue his dreams of being a record producer. His decision was fueled by an opportunity to record some tracks with The Pharcyde who were recording in California. 88-Keys currently resides in Harlem, New York with his wife and two daughters. In addition to his passion for music, 88-Keys has expressed his love for fashion, most notably Ralph Lauren. During an interview with Metro 88-Keys revealed that he has worn Polo Ralph Lauren every day for 16 years. I try to stay true to Ralph's vision. I don't want to bastardize his vision – no offense to the urban community – because we all know what happened to Tommy Hilfiger once the hip hop community embraced it. I'll walk out of the door dressed in loafers when everyone else is wearing Timberland boots. I definitely stand out. I'll tag along with Kanye on shopping trips and look at clothing by designers whose names I'd need to take French lessons to pronounce. He'll ask me what I think and I'll be like, whatever. I've turned down paying gigs because they've tried to dress me in clothing by other designers. Besides record shopping, the only other place I need is a Polo store. I'll go to Paris and they ll be like, 'here's the Eiffel Tower' and I'm like, 'whatever, where's the record store and the Polo store. According to the article, 88-Keys began wearing Polo Ralph Lauren as a Long Island high school student in 1992 when he developed a liking for its classic, preppy style. Since then, he's worn a complete look from the brand every day, without fail. His wardrobe includes over 700 Polo pieces. Since his days as an assistant engineer, 88-Keys has produced records for numerous artists including Mos Def, Talib Kweli, Kid Cudi, Macy Gray, Musiq Soulchild, Dejuan Lucian and Consequence. Recently, 88-Keys extended beyond his production credits to highlight his skills on the mic as MC, singer and collaborator, most notably on his solo debut album The Death of Adam released on November 11, 2008. Executively produced by 88-Keys's close friend Kanye West, the concept album tells the story of a man named Adam who has been murdered in a loft apartment in Harlem. In August 2008 a fifteen-track mixtape titled Adam's Case Files was released as a prequel to The Death of Adam. The album's first single titled "Stay Up! (Viagra)" was officially released through iTunes on September 9, 2008. In December 2008, 88-Keys was highlighted as Spin Artist of the Day. In 2009, 88-Keys worked in Atlanta with new female duo Addictive on a track for a forthcoming album. In June 2019, 88-Keys announced that a song he produced titled "That's Life", featuring Sia and Mac Miller, had been approved for release by Miller's estate, and was released through Warner Records on June 20, 2019.[non-primary source needed] Discography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnt_Wagons,_California"}

Former settlement in California, United States Burnt Wagons is a former settlement in Inyo County, California, near Stovepipe Wells. It was located in Death Valley 7 miles (11 km) northwest of Death Valley Junction. The name recalls the emigrants of 1849 who abandoned and burnt their wagons at the site. The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark #441. The monument's plaque reads: BURNED WAGONS POINT Near this monument, the Jayhawker group of Death Valley Forty-Niners, gold seekers from Middle West, who entered Death Valley in 1849 seeking short route to the mines of central California, burned their wagons, dried the meat of some oxen and, with surviving animals, struggled westward on foot. STATE REGISTERED LANDMARK NO.441 Marker placed by California Centennials Commission. Base furnished by Death Valley '49ers, Inc. Dedicated December 3rd, 1949

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliente_Hip%C3%B3dromo"}

Racetrack and casino resort in Tijuana, Mexico The Caliente Hipódromo, formerly named the Agua Caliente Racetrack and the Agua Caliente Casino and Resort, is a resort and casino that includes a greyhound racing and former horse racing track in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. The racetrack opened in December 1929 at a cost of $2.5 million, while the adjacent Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel had opened in June 1928, later going defunct. After the racetrack underwent renovations, the complex added the Estadio Caliente sports and concert stadium in 2007. Caliente Hipódromo is currently the largest branch of the Casino Caliente casino chain, and beyond the racetrack and arena, it houses a casino with race betting, hundreds of slot machines, a restaurant and a Starbucks café. History Early years The Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel opened in June 1928 in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. The vast and spectacular resort opened on June 22, 1928 outside the Mexican city of Tijuana in Baja California, in what is now the Agua Caliente neighborhood. It was designed by the prominent North American architect Wayne McAllister. Gambling and horse racing were illegal in neighboring California, as was alcohol due to Prohibition, so many wealthy Americans and Hollywood celebrities flocked to Agua Caliente. An associated racetrack opened in December 1929 at a cost of $2.5 million. Like the resort, the racetrack was designed by Wayne McAllister and built by wealthy Americans Baron Long, a Los Angeles nightclub owner, Wirt Bowman, owner of the Tijuana gambling establishment, The Foreign Club, and James Coffroth, a member of the local Tijuana horse racing establishment. Some sources note the fourth partner was Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Military Commander and Governor of Baja California, and future President of Mexico. The lavish resort and racetrack on the Mexican border was popular among Americans, particularly Hollywood celebrities, because drinking, gambling and horse racing were still illegal in most of the neighboring U.S. states. The first manager of the track was Tommy Gorman, who had previously been involved in ice hockey. Horse racing Although President Lázaro Cárdenas outlawed gambling in 1935 and closed the resort and casino, the Agua Caliente Racetrack continued to operate for many years. It was the site of several industry firsts, including starting gates, caliente safety helmets, the first track to have a track announcer and “pick six” wagering. Both Phar Lap and Seabiscuit ran and won the Agua Caliente Handicap, which for a time was the richest in North America. The race track is the originator of the Pick 6 (on the North American continent), then known as the 5-10 and later on the 4-9'er. Some racetrackers called it the Big Six. In 1939 Anna Lee Aldred received her professional license from the Agua Caliente Racetrack, becoming the first U.S. woman to receive a jockey's license. Other riders as Esteban Medina, Aureliano Noguez, Humberto Enriquez, Francisco Mena, Antonio Castanon, Dionicio Navarro and David Flores graced the jockeys' quarters throughout the days of horse racing. Jockey Eddie Arcaro rode his first winner at Caliente in 1932. Trainers such as L. W. Jenner, L. J. Brooks, Wayne Spurling, Juan Garcia, and Roberto Mengaña were among the leading trainers every year. The original grandstand structure was destroyed by fire in 1971, and while rebuilt as operational, was just a shadow of its opulent beginnings. The racetrack ceased hosting horse racing after 1992, instead only presenting greyhound races. Rebuild and arena The resort is currently owned by millionaire politician Jorge Hank who gave the Agua Caliente Casino and Resort its current name "Hipódromo de Agua Caliente", or Caliente Hipódromo. The Estadio Caliente stadium was built in the grounds and opened in 2007. According to The New York Times, prior to 2007, "the site of Estadio Caliente was a muddy pit surrounded by a defunct racetrack and populated by hippos and alligators, part of a private zoo owned by the millionaire Jorge Hank Rhon" through his family company Grupo Caliente in 2007, he also founded the soccer team Club Tijuana to play at the Caliente Estadio, with the casino and dog-racing track on the next lot. The zoo moved to an adjacent lot. By 2009, the stadium was still under construction and at reduced capacity, as it still was in 2017. By 2017, the stadium had 27,000 seats and was at 90 percent capacity for the winter season. The resort was renovated in the 2010s. In 2014, the Desert Sun reported that "the Agua Caliente Casino and Resort in Tijuana, founded... in 1928, is thriving with customers from Southern California." In 2015, the dog racing circuit was one of 20 tracks in seven US states and Tijuana - it was the lowest ranked track on the circuit, and the only location in Mexico. At the time, it had 375 dogs, down from 1,000 at its zenith. Facility and features Along with the casino itself and dog racing, the property has 340 rooms, golf games, a nightclub, and a spa. Also on the property is the Estadio Caliente. Caliente Hipódromo is currently the largest branch of the Casino Caliente casino chain, and beyond the racetrack and arena, it houses a casino with race betting, hundreds of slot machines, a restaurant and a Starbucks café. Bibliography

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotyl_alcohol"}

Chemical compound Crotyl alcohol, or crotonyl alcohol, is an unsaturated alcohol. It is a colourless liquid that is moderately soluble in water and miscible with most organic solvents. Two isomers of this alcohol exist, cis and trans. It can be synthesized by the hydrogenation of crotonaldehyde. The compound is of little commercial interest.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_league_team"}

Team in international rugby league football The Scotland national rugby league team represent Scotland in international rugby league football tournaments. Following the break-up of the Great Britain team in 2008, Scottish players play solely for Scotland, apart from occasional Southern Hemisphere tours, for which the Great Britain team is expected to be revived. The team is nicknamed the Bravehearts. Though its foundations may date back to as early as 1904, the team formally began in 1995, making them the newest international rugby league team in Great Britain. In their first match they played Ireland, losing narrowly. Since then, Ireland has become the team's main rival, the two teams having played each other many times in their short histories. In 2000 they qualified for their first ever World Cup, but failed to make an impact, losing all three of their group matches; however, their biggest losing margin was just 12 points. In 2008 they beat Wales over two matches to qualify for the 2008 World Cup. Scotland play in a dark blue strip, similar to the nation's football and rugby union teams, with blue shirt, shorts and socks. A blue and white shield with a thistle, the Scottish emblem, is the team's badge. The shirt has rarely been significantly changed, although in the early days of the team, white was also used on the shirts. The team is currently ranked 15th in the RLIF World Rankings, having jumped from fourth after going winless in the 2017 World Cup. Englishman Steve McCormack is the team's coach, having coached since 2004, with Danny Brough captaining the side. History Foundations It could be argued that the foundations for the Scottish team began in 1904. On 5 April 1904 England played an international match against the "Other Nationalities", a team of Welshmen and Scotsmen, in Wigan. It was a 12-a-side game. Of the twelve players who played for the Other Nationalities team two of them were Scotsmen coming from Northern Union clubs, including captain George Frater. After 80 minutes the Other Nationalities had beaten England 9–3. The team carried on for another two years, playing England in 1905, losing 26–11, and in 1906, drawing 3–3. The team was regularly revived, most notably in the early 1930s, and in 1949. 1990s The Wolfhounds Both Scotland and Ireland had been developing rugby league in their respective nations for several years. This was especially true at student level, with a Scotland student team having played regularly since 1987 and having competed in the 1992 Students World Cup. But it was decided that the time was right for an open-age national team to attempt to be entered into an Emerging Nations Tournament that would coincide with the 1995 World Cup, that the Rugby League International Federation had recently announced. Both Scotland Rugby League and Rugby League Ireland arranged a match on 13 August 1995 at the Royal Dublin Showground in Dublin, Ireland. However the Rugby Football League provided no financial support to either team. Luckily the Scotland team managed to get sponsored, and the money was used for the ferry crossing, but each individual player had to pay for basic accommodation. The Scotland squad was largely made up of players who had played in the student squads, but a few professionals were also included. Just before the start of the match, after the Scottish team had spent a night at a youth hostel, the Irish Rugby Football Union prevented the teams from getting changed at the arranged Blackrook College. A new location was quickly found but it was half a mile away from the ground, and so the players had to walk that distance in their playing kit. The match was looking like it would be scoreless at half-time until just before the break, centre Lee Child scored to put Ireland ahead. After the break Scotland hit back, Sean Cusack scoring Scotland's first ever try. Gavin Manclark then scored to propel Scotland into the lead. This did not last long though, as Leo Casey scored for Ireland in the 55th minute. Ireland then scored again, with Seamus McCallion going over. Four minutes later in the 69th minute, Scotland quickly scored two tries with Manclark and Shelford sealing the eight points. However, this was not enough as Ketteridge had only kicked three conversions compared to Ireland's Ian Devery who had kicked five. The match finished with Ireland winning 26–22, but Thompson for Scotland did win Man of the Match. 1995 Emerging Nations tournament After this international Scotland were allowed to take part in the Emerging Nations Tournament, which was to be held in England. On 16 October 1995 at Featherstone they faced Russia, who had been playing international rugby league since 1991, in their opening game in Group A. Coached by former Great Britain and England (despite the fact he was Scottish) player, George Fairbairn, who put together a team of former Scotland students, rugby union players, and a few league professionals including Alan Tait, who played for Leeds, and who would captain the side. The whole of the Scotland team had hired kilts to be worn pre-match. The game started off well for Scotland, student James How scoring after just four minutes. And then minutes later Tait doubled the Bravehearts lead. But the Russia Bears dragged themselves back into the match, stand-off Victor Netchaev scoring first, and in the 30th minute Alexander Otradnov scored. Scotland were ahead though at half-time by four points because Russia had failed to convert their tries. In the second half it was all Scotland with only Andrey Scheglov's drop goal adding to the Bears points. On the other hand, former Great Britain international Hugh Waddell, Ali Blee and Tait again all scored to seal a Scottish victory. Scotland's second match was against the United States in Northampton, traditionally a rugby union city. The Tomahawks were made up of AMNRL players but Scotland took a while to get going. In the twelfth minute winger Rory Lewis unexpected put America ahead, which caused The Bravehearts to start playing well for the remainder of the first half, Scotland eventually going into the second half leading three tries to one. Graeme Thompson had kicked a penalty very early on in the game, and then after the America try added another four points. McAlister, who had missed the conversion, set up Ketteridge and Smith for Scotland's second and third tries respectively. The Bravehearts extended their lead in the second half, Shelford going over and then David Niu, who could have played for Scotland because of his Dunfermline born mother, got one back for the States. But Scotland put a victory beyond doubt with Alan Tait setting up Shelford twice for his hat-trick. Late in the game Niu and Steve Tait scored for the United States and Scotland respectively to end the match 38–16 in Scotland's favour. Scotland's two victories, coupled with the Cook Islands ability to beat the United States and Russia too, set up a deciding match in Castleford where the winner would reach the final. 3,000 people turned up to first see Thompson score a penalty after 15 minutes, but then Nigere Tariu slid over to put the Islanders ahead. Just before the break however, Tait charged through three players to put Scotland back in the game. In the second half the Cook Islands, with several NRL players in their ranks, showed their strength as Sonny Shepherd scored a controversial try as Scottish players complained about the grounding. From a play the ball Shepherd went over again and in the 73rd minute Tariu scored a converted try. The Bravehearts did get a late consolation, skipper Tait going over for Scotland's last try before Islander Ali Davys sealed Scotland's fate with a drop-goal. The match finished Scotland 10–21 Cook Islands. In the final the Cook Islands beat Ireland 22–6 in Bury to win the tournament and secure a place in the next World Cup. Despite losing this final match the Scotland team and supporters thought that they had done very well considering how young the team was and how good their performances had been against Russia and the USA. Glasgow matches In 1996 the Rugby League International Federation rewarded Scotland with full international status which meant that they could start organising more fixtures and there was no longer a limit to the number of professionals they could use. Before this status Scotland had been restricted to playing just three professionals in a match. Scotland faced Ireland again in August of that year, and it was to be their first home game, with the match being played at the Firhill Stadium in Glasgow. After 5 minutes Alan Tait touched down with Matt Crowther converting. And then hooker Danny Russell and professional Darren Shaw gave the Bravehearts a 14–0 lead at half-time. In the second half after 52 minutes Lee Hanlon scored Ireland's only try of the match, but Martin Ketteridge soon kicked a penalty for Scotland to extend the lead. In the closing stages of the match, after three Irish players had been sin-binned, Darrall Shaleford and Nick Mardon got themselves on the scoreboard with a try each. The match finished Scotland 26–6 Ireland. This is the only time in eight attempts that Scotland have beaten Ireland. A second match in Glasgow was held in July 1997 against France. The match was to end in controversy surrounding a late try and French referee Thierry Alibert. France had got off to a good start, with Freddie Banquet scoring before Danny Russell and Gary Christie scored a try each to send the Scots in front. However, with a few minutes to go before half-time, Jerome Guisset scored under the posts to give the French side a 12–10 lead after 40 minutes. After half-time France extended their lead through Fabien Devecchi but once again Scotland rallied together and Stuart McCarthy scored a crucial try, which was not converted. In the 70th minute Matt Crowther scored a try, and converted it, to put Scotland into a 20–18 lead. With just seconds remaining, a storm brewed when referee Alibert awarded a try to France's Arnauld Dulac. The Bravehearts and coaching staff said that the ball was knocked on, and therefore a scrum should have occurred. English touch judge Peter Walton signalled the knock-on but play continued. The match finished Scotland 20–22 France. Clash of the Nations The Clash of the Nations was a new tournament designed to make November 1998 a month of international league as Great Britain was touring the Southern Hemisphere. Scotland, France and Ireland would play two matches each and the winner of the two matches would be crowned champion. Scotland first faced France in Perpignan, the first match since they were controversially denied a victory in 1996. New coach Billy McGinty promised "the strongest ever Scotland squad" and just three players survived from Scotland's last international match. Débutant Jason Flowers put Scotland ahead, before France levelled the scores. But Danny Arnold once again put the Bravehearts ahead. Scotland excelled and Jason Roach further strengthened Scotland's lead before France narrowed the lead to four points at half-time. In the 55th minute France scored to take the lead for the first time in the match. Roach got his second try, but France retaliated by scoring one of their own. Ten minutes from full-time France scored another try to confirm the two points. The match finished France 26–22 Scotland, with Lee Penny earning Man of the Match award. France went onto beat Ireland in their second match, therefore clinching the trophy, however Scotland still played Ireland in Glasgow, the first meeting between these nations since 1995. The first half was to prove uneventful, with Ireland scoring a single try to make the score 6–0 after 40 minutes. On the 46th minute Ireland drifted into a 10-point lead, but John Duffy kept the Bravehearts in the match with 20 minutes of the match remaining. Logan Campbell got a try for Scotland but then Ireland scored another, a drop-goal to win the match 17–10. Colin Wilson was awarded the Man of the Match award, and significantly became the first player from the Scottish Conference domestic league to represent Scotland. With two defeats from the tournament Scotland finished bottom of the table. Triangular Challenge England have competed in 26 European Nations Cups, the first in 1935. In the past the tournament has been axed and revived many times, and it was stopped for six years because of the Second World War. From 1935 to 1949 (minus the war years) England played France and Wales annually, and won the tournament in 1935, 1946, 1947 and 1948. From 1950 to 1956 an Other Nationalities team were added as the fourth team in the competition (except in 1956 when Wales did not field a team). During those years England won in 1950 and 1954. Since then the tournament has run for some seasons, but never for more than five years at a time. But from 1970 to 1996 England won it six out of a possible nine times. In 2003 the tournament was revived and England comfortably won, beating her old rivals plus Scotland, Ireland and Russia. England beat the same opponents to win the cup again in 2004. This was the last time England competed, they were replaced by Georgia. The cup ran for just one more year before it was axed again. It has not since returned. In total England have won the cup fourteen times. With The Clash of the Nations tournament over, the Celtic nations were to play each other once over October and November in a new competition. The matches were to coincide with the Great Britain versus Australia matches, in which Great Britain ended up being badly beaten. Dale Laughton was the only Scotman in the Great Britain team and so the Bravehearts didn't suffer from withdrawals as much as Ireland and Wales did. It is generally regarded that the Rugby Football League made the same mistakes as the 1998 tournament with matches being held on Friday nights and competing against both the football and rugby union seasons and consequently attendances were very low for the matches. The first of Scotland's matches was against Wales in which many of the best Welsh players were with Great Britain. Scotland took the lead through Danny Arnold but The Dragons quickly made the game level. Captain Danny Russell went over for Scotland's second try, but once again Wales hit back within minutes. Andrew Lambert scored just before half-time for The Bravehearts but the lead did not last long after the break with Wales scoring. However, the Welsh were unable to reply to the next four tries, with Mike Wainwright and Matt Crowther each getting themselves onto the scoreboard and both Lambert and Arnold getting their second tries. A win or a draw would seal Scotland's place at the top of the table but Ireland mixture of Super League and local players were too good for Scotland. They raced into a ten-point lead before Russell and Arnold, with Crowther converting one, allowed Scotland to claw their way back into the match. In the final quarter the Bravehearts fell apart, leaking in 21 points to lose the match. 2000s 2000 World Cup Scotland were placed in Group 4 in the 16-team Rugby League World Cup for 2000, which was held in the United Kingdom and France. This meant that they would face Ireland, Samoa and New Zealand Maori, with one match being played at Glasgow, and one match being played in Edinburgh. Out of the four teams, two would then qualify for the Quarter Finals, playing the top teams from other groups. The Scots World Cup campaign was criticised though, before the tournament was even started when the 24-man squad was named, as not one of the players were born in Scotland. In their first match after the World Cup campaign, Scotland faced France in the southern French town of Lézignan-Corbières. Shaun McRae, citing his domestic coaching at Hull FC, departed as Scotland coach and Glasgow-born Billy McGinty took over the role with the then Swinton Lions coach and former Great Britain player Mike Gregory taking the role of assistant coach. The squad for this match included 13 survivors from the World Cup matches and three new players who were each earning their first international cap. The Scots got off to a great start, scoring three tries in the first 13 minutes and never looked back as they won the match 42–20. The heat in the French summer was thought to be a problem going into the match, but Scotland scored seven tries in total to record their first win against the French and arguably their best win yet in international competition. Two tries each were scored by Danny Arnold and Jason Flowers, and Matt Crowther converted all seven tries. Seven years later this victory is Scotland's biggest win and is still recognised as one of their best amongst supporters. European Cup Scotland joined the prestigious European Nations Cup tournament in 2003, now being regarded as the seventh best national nation. This newly expanded competition, which also featured Russia and Ireland for the first time, as well as England A, France and Wales, was split into two groups with the winner of each group playing each other to become the competition's champions. Scotland were placed in a group with rivals Ireland and France. In May 2003, several months before the start of the tournament, Scotland Rugby League announced that Mike Gregory would become the new coach of the Scottish team, with David Lyon being appointed as his assistant. However it was later announced that due to Mike Gregorys commitments to Wigan Warriors, McGinty will continue to coach the side. Scotland's first match was against Ireland at Old Anniesland. The Scots lost by just two points, with Lee Penny, Danny Arnold and Jason Roach all scoring tries for Scotland, but John Duffy had missed one of his crucial four goals. Scotland were 12–2 up after 21 minutes and were level at half-time, but Irish substitute Karl Fitzpatrick gave the Wolfhounds the win in the last few minutes of the match. With France then beating Ireland in Dublin, Scotland now knew that they could clinch first place. The match held in Narbonne, between France and Scotland turned out to be closely fought. However, the Scots came out on top with an Andrew Henderson try and two Oliver Wilkes goals sealing the victory by two points. This scoreline meant that all three teams had finished on two points, but it was France, with the better points difference, that went on to face England in the final. The 2004 competition followed the same plan but this time the Bravehearts were with Ireland and Wales. These two teams had already played each other a week earlier with the result and Irish victory. Both sides scored four tries, but it was the kicking of Danny Brough that helped Scotland to beat the Dragons by 30 points to 22 in Glasgow. The match drew over a thousand spectators and was the first time Scotland had won at home for five years. Just five days later though, the team had to play their second game against the Irish Wolfhounds in Ireland. Despite a try from Spencer Miller and three successful kicks by Danny Brough, the Irish ran out easy winners with the match ending 43–10 and thus ending Scotlands campaign in the cup. 2008 World Cup Qualifying On 17 May 2006 Scotland received word that they would play two matches against Wales for a place in the 2008 World Cup. The two matches of Group 1 (there were two European groups) would be contested in late 2006 and 2007, with the first being in Bridgend and the second being in Glasgow. Before the first match, coach Steve McCormack had time with the players in training camps in Huddersfield and Swansea, and admitted that he was not threatened by the likes of Super League giants Iestyn Harris and Lee Briers in the Welsh team. This is despite many fans and journalists favouring the Dragons to easily win. McCormack later named his squad for the match, which included a mixture of Super League, National League and Rugby League Conference players. Five of them would be making their début, but long-serving player Ian Henderson, who had played in every Scottish match since 2001, was unable to play for in this match. Scotland started well in Bridgend with Wade Liddell giving the Bravehearts the lead after just 8 minutes. This try was converted by Gareth Morton. But things got bad as Wales pulled a try back through Richard Johnson, and then Danny Brough was sinbinned for dissent on 26 minutes. In the next ten minutes a Wales team minus Iestyn Harris, who failed a fitness test prior to the match, capitalised on Scotland's shortfall and scored two tries to create a 14–6 lead going into half-time. However, after the break the Scots immediately got back into the match, Danny Brough singlehandedly scoring a try after 70 seconds of the interval, and Jamie Benn a little later leeching on to a grubber kick. Mick Nanyn missed both conversions and so the scores were tied. On the 67th minute Scotland went in front, Nanyn converting his own try. And to seal a 21–14 victory Danny Brough scored a drop-goal. He would later get Man of the Match award. To prepare for the second qualification match, Scotland travelled to Perpignan to play test nation France. Scotland rested several key players, like Danny Brough and Ian Henderson, and gave caps to six début players. It turned out to be a bad decision as Scotland suffered their heaviest defeat in their history. After 15 minutes Scotland were trailing 18–0, and despite tries from Benn, Nanyn and Paterson, plus two successful conversions from Nanyn, France were always well ahead. The match finished France 46–16 Scotland. Before the second qualification match in Glasgow, Wales were still confident of victory with the Dragons assistant coach Kevin Ellis saying that his Welsh team had some fantastic players, and that it was the best since Wales golden era of 1991–1995. But Scotland had the advantage going into the match, for a win or draw or even a small loss would guarantee them a place in the cup. Before the match Danny Brough was announced as captain before the match, thus earning his sixth cap too. In the first half of the match Wales were on top, with Scotland only managing to score four points overall, two penalties by Danny Brough. Richard Fletcher had been carried off after an aerial collision, which caused the game to be stopped for six minutes. At half time the score was 14–4 in favour of the Dragons, meaning Scotland would not qualify. In the 52nd minute Ben Fisher darted over the line to score Scotland's first try. Importantly this was converted by Danny Brough. And with seven minutes remaining Jamie Benn latched onto Mick Nanyn's speculative pass to score Scotland's second try, which Brough converted. Wales scored late on but it was not enough. The match finished Scotland 16–18 Wales, with an aggregate score of Scotland 37–32, and Mick Nanyn received Man of the Match award. 2008 World Cup On 9 July 2008, Scotland Rugby League announced that Steve McCormack had signed a 12-month deal to continue his job as head coach of the Scotland team. Danny Brough will continue to skipper the team into the World Cup, providing he stays fit. Except for Edinburgh Eagles stand-off Paddy Couper, all of the Scottish team's players were selected under the grandparent rule. In the group stage they made history as they finally won a game and it was against Fiji who were demolishing opponents courtesy of superstars such as Jarryd Hayne. But that is as far as they finished in the 2008 Rugby League World Cup because their points differential was worse than Fiji's and France who were also in their group and were demolished by them in their first game of the 2008 campaign. Several NRL and Super League stars were in McCormack's team for the tournament including Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles winger/fullback Michael Robertson who had scored 3 tries in Manly's 40–0 triumph over the Melbourne Storm in the 2008 NRL Grand Final just prior to the tournament as well as crossing for 18 tries in the 2008 NRL season. 2010s 2013 World Cup No Qualification was required for the Bravehearts for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup due to participating in the 2008 tournament. They were drawn in pool C alongside World Cup debutantes Italy and the powerful forwards and fast backs of Tonga. Every team needed to play 3 group games each so Scotland would also play an inter-group game against the other World Cup debutantes the United States. The Scots were underdogs against the Pacific Island nation who were full of NRL talent. But Scotland, in front of a record crowd at Derwent Park made another upset (like Fiji five years ago) winning a tough match by only a two-point margin at the end of the match. Scotland's second match was against the Italians at the same venue in front of more than 7,000 fans again who this time witnessed a high scoring draw. Scotland then finished their group stage by beating the United States convincingly. Scotland had almost qualified for the World Cup knockout stage for the first ever time but Italy were still within a chance to finish above Scotland and therefore eliminate Scotland's chances from progressing any further in the 2013 tournament. Italy only needed to win after they were also on 16+ points differential and they were facing Tonga who had absolutely nothing at stake but pride to play for. But, a shock to all, Tonga outclassed the Italians and eliminated them from participating any further in the competition. In the quarter-final they had a rare clash with a rugby league heavyweight. They took on New Zealand in Leeds in front of their biggest attendance away from Scotland. Despite their early defensive pressure that the crowd loved to cheer out loud for, Scotland's lack of experience against the heavyweight nations showed on the scoreboard and were therefore eliminated in a pleasing World Cup performance. 2010s European Cup In 2010 the European Cup reverted to the 'League Leaders' being the winners rather than having final games like the 2000s decade. In the 2010 European Cup and 2012 European Cup competitions Scotland only managed to finish third in each tournament recording with only one total victory. In October and November 2014, 2013 Super League Man of Steel Award winner and RLIF International Player of the Year shortlist award finalist Danny Brough led Scotland in the 2014 European Cup. He shared his belief saying that Scotland have the quality and deserve playing at a higher International level after the 2013 Rugby League World Cup performance. The Winner of the tournament would qualify to play in the 2016 Four Nations alongside International heavyweights Australia, England and New Zealand. Brough played at his best throughout the tournament, earning him the 'Player of the Tournament' award. His performances and leadership inspired and influenced the team to qualify for 2016's major international rugby league competition. 2016 Four Nations Scotland qualified for the 2016 Four Nations series and would be co hosts with England. 2017 World Cup After making the finals of the 2013 tournament, Scotland automatically qualified for the 2017 Rugby League World Cup. 2021 World Cup After losing to Italy in the opening group stage match at the tournament 28-4, Scotland suffered their worst ever defeat as a rugby league nation losing 84-0 to Australia in the second group stage game at Coventry. In the final group stage match, Scotland were defeated by Fiji 30-14 which meant they exited the competition winless. Identity Since their first match Scotland have always played in royal blue, with a royal blue shirt, shorts and socks. In their two World Cup qualifying matches in 2007, the Scottish flag, featuring the white cross on a blue background, was on each shoulder and also on the shirt was a white collar. On the left of the shirt is the Scotland badge, and on the right is the Great Britain badge which is split into four and then has the England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland rugby league badges in a shield. This is to signify Scotland's part in the Great Britain setup. In early 2008 Scotland Rugby League announced that they had secured a five-figure sponsorship deal with The Co-operative which would see the world's largest consumer-owned businesses logo on the front of the shirts for the 2008 World Cup and for all 2009 matches too. A new shirt has recently been designed for the World Cup and it is expected that fans will be able to buy it sometime in the Summer 2008. Instead of the Great Britain badge on the right, there will be the World Cup logo, similar to each of the ten teams shirts. The shirt is made by German sportswear company Puma. Scotland's current kit suppliers are BLK. On the shirt, Bartercard is on the front (replacing Highland Spring as of 2017) while Match Point is on the right sleeve while on the back, Caledonian Brewery is on the top while Lucozade Sport is on the bottom. Emblem The emblem of the Scotland team is the thistle, which is on the team's badge in a crest. The thistle is an ancient Celtic symbol of nobility of character as well as of birth and is the symbol of the Order of the Thistle a high chivalric order of Scotland. There is also a well-known Scottish legend that in Medieval times a Viking, wanting to invade Scotland, stood on a thistle and suddenly yelped in pain, alerting the defenders of a Scottish castle. The thistle is used on the badges of many national and domestic sports teams. Current squad Squad selected for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup. Records Most capped players Top try scorers Player of the Year Since 2004, the Scottish management team have given the Dave Valentine Award to their player of the year. The award uses a voting system and is given to the player in early January. Competitive Record In 22 years of international rugby league Scotland have played 51 matches, winning 37% of them. Their most regular opponent has been Ireland, who similarly starting playing Rugby League in the mid-1990s. In 1995, the Great Britain team split into the separate home nations. This means that Scotland only started playing rugby league as an individual nation at this time and played their first ever game against Ireland at RDS Arena, Dublin. The Irish won by a close score of 26–22 in front of 5,716 fans. Scotland have gone on to play Ireland the most times with 13 games, winning only four of these games. Scotland have played France and Wales 11 and 9 times respectively. Along with Ireland, these are the only teams that Scotland play on a regular basis. Despite playing these home nations a number of times, they have only played England on one occasion, although they have also played England's 2nd team, 'the Knights', twice. Excluding the aforementioned teams, Scotland have played 16 other teams in their history, but have not played more than three games against any of them. Scotland have a 100% win record against six of these 16 teams. In their history, they have drawn four games, including a 30–30 result against Italy during the 2013 Rugby League World Cup, having previously beaten them in by a resounding score of 104–0. Scotland's 18-18 result against New Zealand during the 2016 Four Nations was considered one of the greatest results in international rugby league history and ensured that Scotland became the only 'fourth' nation in Four Nations history to not be defeated by another team. Scotland's highest home attendance is just 2,233. This game was only their second and saw them defeated 22–20 by France at Firhill Park, Glasgow. Rugby league is not a major sport in Scotland and home attendances average at around just 1,000. Scotland's highest away attendance was much more when a crowd of 21,009 saw them defeated by 38–12 against England during the 2016 Four Nations, this game being held at Ricoh Arena, Coventry. Head to head record for the Scotland national side as of 30th October 2022. World Cup Scotland made their World Cup debut at the 2000 World Cup having previously competed as part of Great Britain. Their best result was in 2013 when they reached the Quarter Finals. European Championship Four Nations Scotland have only qualified for one Four Nations tournament where they made history by becoming the first fourth nation to earn a point after an 18–18 draw against New Zealand. European Championship Coaches Support Rugby League is a minor sport in Scotland, with the country never having had a professional club. Participation in rugby league has increased though, with a Scottish division in the Rugby League Conference with seven teams, including four in the Glasgow/West Scotland area having formed in 2006. But, unlike in England, rugby league is not one of the ten most played sports in Scotland amongst adults. Junior development has been much more rapid, with several Conference teams having junior squads as well as other clubs who don't run an open-age squad having various junior squads. An estimated 2,500 children play rugby league in Scotland, with that figure growing to 12,500 when you add the number of children who play the sport in various school programmes. In terms of media coverage, apart from Challenge Cup matches rugby league is not shown on Scottish terrestrial television and no matches are usually broadcast on radio. However, Scotland international matches usually get reported in national newspapers like The Scotsman and sometimes in Scottish editions of London-based newspapers. In 2009, the Magic Weekend was held at Murrayfield with a two-day attendance of 60,000 spectators, including ticket sales of just under 7,000 in Scotland alone, making the event a success. Statistics Rankings Team Other Teams The Scotland A national rugby league team nicknamed the Bravehearts is made up of amateur players, who either play in the Rugby League Conference the BUCS university league or the Scottish domestic competition. Napier University has also played a huge part in the team, with many Napier students having played in the side over the years. The team regularly compete against England, Wales and Ireland, playing them annually in the Skanska Amateur Four Nations. Since the creation of this tournament, in 2002, Scotland have won it just once in 2010. In 2003 Scotland embarked on a mini tour of Europe playing in Netherlands, Italy and Serbia, helping expand rugby league in those country by playing domestic and national sides. Former player and winner in 2010 Mike Wallace currently coaches the side. They also support a whole host of development teams: Match officials

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico"}

Music and musical traditions of Puerto Rico The Music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources. The most conspicuous musical sources of Puerto Rico have primarily included European, Indigenous, and African influences, although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in the Caribbean. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres, ranging from essentially native genres such as bomba, danza, and plena to more recent hybrid genres such as salsa, Latin trap and reggaeton. Broadly conceived, the realm of "Puerto Rican music" should naturally comprise the music culture of the millions of people of Puerto Rican descent who have lived in the United States, especially in New York City. Their music, from salsa to the boleros of Rafael Hernández, cannot be separated from the music culture of Puerto Rico itself. Traditional, folk, and popular music Early music The music culture in Puerto Rico during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries is poorly documented. Certainly, it included Spanish church music, military band music, and diverse genres of dance music cultivated by the jíbaros and enslaved Africans and their descendants. While these later never constituted more than 11% of the island's population, they contributed to some of the island's most dynamic musical features becoming distinct indeed. In the 19th century Puerto Rican music begins to emerge into historical daylight, with notated genres like danza being naturally better documented than folk genres like jíbaro music and bomba y plena and seis. The African people of the island used drums made of carved hardwood covered with untreated rawhide on one side, commonly made from goatskin. A popular word derived from creole to describe this drum was shukbwa, which translates to 'trunk of tree' Folk music If the term "folk music" is taken to mean music genres that have flourished without elite support[clarification needed], and have evolved independently of the commercial mass media, the realm of Puerto Rican folk music would comprise the primarily Hispanic-derived jíbaro music, the Afro-Puerto Rican bomba, and the essentially "creole" plena. As these three genres evolved in Puerto Rico and are unique to that island[citation needed], they occupy a respected[neutrality is disputed] place in island culture, even if they are not currently as popular as contemporary music such as salsa or reggaeton. Jíbaro music Jíbaros are small farmers of mixed descent who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Puerto Rican population until the mid-twentieth century. They are traditionally recognized as romantic icons of land cultivation, hard-working, self-sufficient, hospitable, and with an innate love of song and dance. Their instruments were relatives of the Spanish vihuela, especially the cuatro — which evolved from four single strings to five pairs of double strings — and the lesser known tiple. A typical jíbaro group nowadays might feature a cuatro, guitar, and percussion instrument such as the güiro scraper and/or bongo. Lyrics to jíbaro music are generally in the décima form, consisting of ten octosyllabic lines in the rhyme scheme abba, accddc. Décima form derives from 16th century Spain. Although it has largely died out in that country (except the Canaries), it took root in various places in Latin America—especially Cuba and Puerto Rico—where it is sung in diverse styles. A sung décima might be pre-composed, derived from a publication by some literati, or ideally, improvised on the spot, especially in the form of a “controversia” in which two singer-poets trade witty insults or argue on some topic. In between the décimas, lively improvisations can be played on the cuatro. This music form is also known as "típica" as well as "trópica". The décimas are sung to stock melodies, with standardized cuatro accompaniment patterns. About twenty such song types are in common use. These are grouped into two broad categories, viz., seis (e.g., seis fajardeño, seis chorreao) and aguinaldo (e.g., aguinaldo orocoveño, aguinaldo cayeyano). Traditionally, the seis could accompany dancing, but this tradition has largely died out except in tourist shows and festivals. The aguinaldo is most characteristically sung during the Christmas season, when groups of revelers (parrandas) go from house to house, singing jíbaro songs and partying. The aguinaldo texts are generally not about Christmas, and also unlike Anglo-American Christmas carols, they are generally sung by a solo with the other revelers singing the chorus. In general, the Christmas season is a time when traditional music—both seis and aguinaldo—is most likely to be heard. Fortunately, many groups of Puerto Ricans are dedicated to preserving traditional music through continued practice. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Porto-Rican Folk-lore Décimas, Christmas Carols, Nursery Rhymes and other songs. Jíbaro music came to be marketed on commercial recordings in the twentieth century, and singer-poets like Ramito (Flor Morales Ramos, 1915–90) are well documented. However, jíbaros themselves were becoming an endangered species, as agribusiness and urbanization have drastically reduced the numbers of small farmers on the island. Many jíbaro songs dealt accordingly with the vicissitudes of migration to New York. Jíbaro music has in general declined accordingly, although it retains its place in local culture, especially around Christmas time and special social gatherings, and there are many cuatro players, some of whom have cultivated prodigious virtuosity. Bomba Historical references indicate that by the decades around 1800 plantation slaves were cultivating a music and dance genre called bomba. By the mid-twentieth century, when it started to be recorded and filmed, bomba was performed in regional variants in various parts of the island, especially Loíza, Ponce, San Juan, and Mayagüez. It is not possible to reconstruct the history of bomba; various aspects reflect Congolese derivation, though some elements (as suggested by subgenre names like holandés) have come from elsewhere in the Caribbean. French Caribbean elements are particularly evident in the bomba style of Mayagüez, and striking choreographic parallels can be seen with the bélé of Martinique. All of these sources were blended into a unique sound that reflects the life of the Jibaro, the slaves, and the culture of Puerto Rico. In its call-and-response singing set to ostinato-based rhythms played on two or three squat drums (barriles), bomba resembles other neo-African genres in the Caribbean. Of clear African provenance is its format in which a single person emerges from an informal circle of singers to dance in front of the drummers, engaging the lead drummer in a sort of playful duel; after dancing for a while, that person is then replaced by another. While various such elements can be traced to origins in Africa or elsewhere, bomba must be regarded as a local Afro-Puerto Rican creation. Its rhythms (e.g. seis corrido, yubá, leró, etc.), dance moves, and song lyrics that sometimes mimic farm animals(in Spanish, with some French creole words in eastern Puerto Rico) collectively constitute a unique Puerto Rican genre. In the 1950s, the dance-band ensemble of Rafael Cortijo and Ismael Rivera performed several songs in they had labeled as "bombas"; although these bore some similarities to the sicá style of bomba, in their rhythms and horn arrangements they also borrowed noticeably from the Cuban dance music which had long been popular in the island. Giving rise to Charanga music. As of the 1980s, bomba had declined, although it was taught, in a somewhat formalized fashion, by the Cepeda family in Santurce, San Juan, and was still actively performed informally, though with much vigor, in the Loíza towns, home to the then Ayala family dynasty of bomberos. Bomba continues to survive there and has also experienced something of a revival, being cultivated by folkloric groups such as Son Del Batey, Los Rebuleadores de San Juan, Bomba Evolución, Abrane y La Tribu, and many more elsewhere on the island. In New York City with groups such as Los Pleneros de la 21, members of La Casita de Chema, and Alma Moyo. In Chicago Buya, and Afro-Caribe have kept the tradition alive and evolving. In California Bomba Liberte, Grupo Aguacero, Bombalele, La Mixta Criolla, Herencia de los Carrillo, and Los Bomberas de la Bahia are all groups that have promoted and preserved the culture. Women have also played a role in its revival, as in the case of the all-female group Yaya, Legacy Woman, Los Bomberas de la Bahia, Grupo Bambula (Originally female group), and Ausuba in Puerto Rico. There has also been a strong commitment towards Bomba Fusion. Groups such as Los Pleneros de la 21, and Viento De Agua have contributed greatly towards fusing Bomba and Plena with Jazz and other Genres. Yerbabuena has brought a popular cross-over appeal. Abrante y La Tribu have made fusions with Hip Hop. Tambores Calientes, Machete Movement, and Ceiba have fused the genres with various forms of Rock and Roll. The Afro-Puerto Rican bombas, developed in the sugarcane haciendas of Loíza, the northeastern coastal areas, in Guayama and southern Puerto Rico, utilize barrel drums and tambourines, while the rural version uses stringed instruments to produce music, relating to the bongos. (1) “The bomba is danced in pairs, but there is no contact. The dancers each challenge the drums and musicians with their movements by approaching them and performing a series of fast steps called floretea piquetes, creating a rhythmic discourse. Unlike normal dance routines, the drummers are the ones who follow the performers and create a beat or rhythm based on their movements. Women who dance bomba often use dresses or scarves to enhance bodily movements. Unlike normal dance terms, the instruments follow the performer. Like other such traditions, bomba is now well documented on sites like YouTube, and a few ethnographic documentary films. Plena Around 1900 plena emerged as a humble proletarian folk genre in the lower-class, largely Afro-Puerto Rican urban neighborhoods in San Juan, Ponce, and elsewhere. Plena subsequently came to occupy its niche in island music culture. In its quintessential form, plena is an informal, unpretentious, simple folk-song genre, in which alternating verses and refrains are sung to the accompaniment of round, often homemade frame drums called panderetas (like tambourines without jingles), perhaps supplemented by accordion, guitar, or whatever other instruments might be handy. An advantage of the percussion arrangement is its portability, contributing to the plena's spontaneous appearance at social gatherings. Other instruments commonly heard in plena music are the cuatro, the maracas, and accordions. The plena rhythm is a simple duple pattern, although a lead pandereta player might add lively syncopations. Plena melodies tend to have an unpretentious, "folksy" simplicity. Some early plena verses commented on barrio anecdotes, such as "Cortarón a Elena" (They stabbed Elena) or "Allí vienen las maquinas" (Here come the firetrucks). Many had a decidedly irreverent and satirical flavor, such as "Llegó el obispo" mocking a visiting bishop. Some plenas, such as "Cuando las mujeres quieren a los hombres" and "Santa María," are familiar throughout the island. In 1935 the essayist Tomás Blanco celebrated plena—rather than the outdated and elitist danza—as an expression of the island's fundamentally creole, Taino or mulatto racial and cultural character. Plenas are still commonly performed in various contexts; a group of friends attending a parade or festival may bring a few panderetas and burst into song, or new words will be fitted to the familiar tunes by protesting students or striking workers which have long been a regular form of protest from occupation and slavery. While enthusiasts might on occasion dance to a plena, plena is not characteristically oriented toward dance. In the 1920s–30s plenas came to be commercially recorded, especially by Manuel "El Canario" Jimenez, who performed old and new songs, supplementing the traditional instruments with piano and horn arrangements. In the 1940s Cesar Concepción popularized a big-band version of plena, lending the genre a new prestige, to some extent at the expense of its proletarian vigor and sauciness. In the 1950s a newly invigorated plena emerged as performed by the smaller band of Rafael Cortijo and vocalist Ismael "Maelo" Rivera, attaining unprecedented popularity and modernizing the plena while recapturing its earthy vitality. Many of Cortijo's plenas present colorful and evocative vignettes of barrio life and lent a new sort of recognition to the dynamic contribution of Afro-Puerto Ricans to the island's culture (and especially music). This period represented the apogee of plena's popularity as a commercial popular music. Unfortunately, Rivera spent much of the 1960s in prison, and the group never regained its former vigor. Nevertheless, the extraordinarily massive turnout for Cortijo's funeral in 1981 reflected the beloved singer's enduring popularity. By then, however, plena's popularity had been replaced by that of salsa, although some revivalist groups, such as Plena Libre, continue to perform in their lively fashion, while "street" plena is also heard on various occasions. Danza By the late 1700s, the country dance (French contredanse, Spanish contradanza) had come to thrive as a popular recreational dance, both in courtly and festive vernacular forms, throughout much of Europe, replacing dances such as the minuet. By 1800 a creolized form of the genre, called contradanza, was thriving in Cuba, and the genre also appears to have been extant, in similar vernacular forms, in Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and elsewhere, although documentation is scanty. By the 1850s, the Cuban contradanza—increasingly referred to as danza—was flourishing both as a salon piano piece, or as a dance-band item to accompany social dancing, in a style evolving from collective figure dancing (like a square dance) to independent couples dancing ballroom-style (like a waltz, but in duple rather than ternary rhythm). According to local chroniclers, in 1845 a ship arrived from Havana, bearing, among other things, a party of youths who popularized a new style of contradanza/danza, confusingly called "merengue." This style subsequently became wildly popular in Puerto Rico, to the extent that in 1848 it was banned by the priggish Spanish governor Juan de la Pezuela. This prohibition, however, does not seem to have had much lasting effect, and the newly invigorated genre—now more commonly referred to as "danza"—went on to flourish in distinctly local forms. As in Cuba, these forms included the pieces of music played by dance ensembles as well as sophisticated light-classical items for solo piano (some of which could subsequently be interpreted by dance bands). The danza as a solo piano idiom reached its greatest heights in the music of Manuel Gregorio Tavárez (1843–83), whose compositions have a grace and grandeur closely resembling the music of Chopin, his model. Achieving greater popularity were the numerous danzas of his follower, Juan Morel Campos (1857–96), a bandleader and extraordinarily prolific composer who, like Tavárez, died in his youthful prime (but not before having composed over 300 danzas). By Morel Campos' time, the Puerto Rican Danza had evolved into a form quite distinct from that of its Cuban (not to mention European) counterparts. Particularly distinctive was its form consisting of an initial paseo, followed by two or three sections (sometimes called "merengues"), which might feature an arpeggio-laden "obbligato" melody played on the tuba-like bombardino (euphonium). Many danzas achieved island-wide popularity, including the piece "La Borinqueña", which is the national anthem of Puerto Rico. Like other Caribbean creole genres such as the Cuban danzón, the danzas featured the insistent ostinato called "cinquillo" (roughly, ONE-two-THREE-FOUR-five-SIX-SEVEN-eight, repeated). The danza remained vital until the 1920s, but after that decade its appeal came to be limited to the Hispanophilic elite. The danzas of Morel Campos, Tavárez, José Quintón, and a few others are still performed and heard on various occasions, and a few more recent composers have penned their idiosyncratic forms of danzas, but the genre is no longer a popular social dance idiom. During the first part of the dancing danza, to the steady tempo of the music, the couples promenade around the room; during the second, with a lively rhythm, they dance in a closed ballroom position and the orchestra would begin by leading dancers in a "paseo," an elegant walk around the ballroom, allowing gentlemen to show off their lady's grace and beauty. This romantic introduction ended with a salute by the gentlemen and a curtsey from the ladies in reply. Then, the orchestra would strike up and the couples would dance freely around the ballroom to the rhythm of the music. Puerto Rican pop Much music in Puerto Rico falls outside the standard categories of "Latin music" and is better regarded as constituting varieties of "Latin world pop." This category includes, for example, Ricky Martin (who had a #1 Hot 100 hit in the U.S. with "Livin' La Vida Loca" in 1999), the boy-band Menudo (with its changing personnel), Los Chicos, Las Cheris, Salsa Kids and Chayanne. Famous singers include the Despacito singer Luis Fonsi. Also, singer and virtuoso guitarist Jose Feliciano born in Lares, Puerto Rico, became a world pop star in 1968 when his Latin-soul version of "Light My Fire" and the LP Feliciano! became great successes in the American and international rankings and allowed Feliciano to be the first Puerto Rican to win Grammy awards, during that year. Feliciano's "Feliz Navidad" remains one of the most popular Christmas songs. Reggaetón and Dembow The roots of reggaetón lie in the 1980s by Puerto Rican rapper Vico C[citation needed]. In the early 1990s reggaeton coalesced as a more definitive genre, using the "Dem Bow" riddim derived from a Shabba Ranks song by that name, and further resembling Jamaican dancehall in its verses sung in simple tunes and stentorian style, and its emphasis—via lyrics, videos, and artist personas—on partying, dancing, boasting, "bling," and sexuality rather than weighty social commentary. While reggaeton may have commenced as a Spanish-language version of Jamaican dancehall, in the hands of performers like Tego Calderón, Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and others, it soon acquired its distinctive flavor and today might be considered the most popular dance music in the Spanish Caribbean, surpassing even salsa. Reggaetón is a genre of music, significantly blown up in Puerto Rico and across the world, that combines Latin rhythms, dancehall, and hip-hop and rap music. Reggaetón is frequently affiliated with “machismo” characteristics, strong or aggressive masculine pride. Since women have joined this genre of music they've been underrepresented and have been fighting to change its image. This inevitably is causing controversy between what the genre was and what it is now. Reggaetón has transformed from being a musical expression with Jamaican and Panamanian roots to being “dembow” a newer style that has changed the game, which is listened to mainly in the Dominican Republic. Despite its success, its constant reputation highlights sexuality in the dancing, its explicit lyrics that have women screaming sexualized phrases in the background, and the clothing women are presented in. In the '90s and early 2000s, Reggaetón had been targeted and censored in many Latin American countries for its ranchyness nature and truths[citation needed]. Censorship can be seen as the government's way of suppressing the people and ensuring that communication isn't strong amongst the community[citation needed]. Since then, many women have joined Reggaetón in hopes of changing preconceptions. Many of them have paved the way and have successful careers such as Karol G, Natti Natasha, and others. Dembow has received notable population in Puerto Rico despite it originating from the Dominican Republic, with influences from Puerto Rico and Jamaica. When Shabba Ranks released the track "Dem Bow" in 1990, it did not take long for the dembow genre to form. The main elements of dembow music are its rhythm, which is somewhat reminiscent of reggaeton and dancehall music, but with a more constant rhythm and faster than reggaeton. Riddims were built from the song and the sound became a popular part of reggaeton. The rhythm and melodies in dembow music tends to be simple and repetitive. Ivy Queen was born as Martha Ivelisse Pesante on March 4, 1972, in Añasco, Puerto Rico. After writing raps during her youth and competing in an underground nightclub called The Noise, it led to the beginning of her musical career. Many consider her the “Queen of Reggaeton.” In the beginning of her career, it was very difficult for her to be taken seriously in the reggaeton industry because this genre of music is seen as misogynistic. Recently, there has been controversy regarding how big her female influence has been on the genre. Another reggaeton artist, Anuel AA, questioned her place as the “Queen of Reggaeton” since she had not had a hit in seven years. He also insinuated that his girlfriend, Karol G, should be the queen of reggaeton. Ivy Queen responded saying her career paved the way for female artists to thrive in this genre. In reaction to the comments made by her boyfriend Anuel AA, Karol G responded with a video, saying “For Becky G, Natti Natasha, Anitta, Ivy Queen and all the women who have shown me respect in all my social networks and interviews: I have had the honor of telling them in person how much I admire their work and careers, but we are all worthy of what we have because nobody has given anything to anyone.” She went on to say, “This is a crown, and nobody is not going to give it to them, for what they have done. I am not looking for a degree, I am only looking for the success of my career, as everyone is doing every day. Getting up for the dream. To my boyfriend, I just want to say thank you, because I know what you wanted to say. I am your queen and I am very happy that you see me that big because you do motivate me. All of us are going to do what we like and work for it.” Ultimately, Ivy Queen would make amends with Anuel, and after finally meeting Karol G, Ivy would go on to feature on Karol’s successful 2021 album “KG0516” on the multi-artist track “Leyendas” (‘Legends’). The track, also featuring Zion, Nicky Jam, and Wisin y Yandel, opens with Ivy Queen singing memorable parts of her biggest song to date, “Yo Quiero Bailar” (‘I want to dance’) before Karol joins in. Ivy Queen has been an influence on other women like Cardi B and Farina. Even men, such as Bad Bunny, have listed her as an influence for their lyrics. Her ability to compete amongst men who dominated Reggaetón gave hope to other women who had similar interests in the music industry. Her influence and her dominance in the genre has helped other women be able to break through in the reggaetón scene and sparked a place for women's empowerment not only for Puerto Rican artist but for other Latinas who are newer to the game such as Karol G and Natti Natasha, leaving Ivy Queen to crown herself with the title “The Queen”. Karol G is a Colombian reggaeton singer who has done collaborations with other reggaeton singers, such as J Balvin, Bad Bunny, and Maluma. Throughout her career, Karol G has had troubles in the industry because reggaeton is a genre that is dominated by males. She recounts how when starting her career she noticed that there weren't many opportunities for her in the genre because reggaeton was dominated by male artists. In 2018, Karol G's single "Mi Cama" became very popular and she made a remix with J Balvin and Nicky Jam. The Mi cama remix appeared in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs and number 1 in Latin Airplay charts. This year she has collaborated with Maluma on her song "Creeme" and with Anuel AA in the song "Culpables". The single, "Culpables" has been in the top 10 Hot Latin Songs for 2 consecutive weeks. On May 3, 2019, Karol G was able to release her new album called Ocean. Natti Natasha is a Dominican reggaeton singer who has also joined the reggaeton industry and has listed Ivy Queen as one of her influences for her music. In 2017 she made a single called "Criminal" that features reggaeton artist, Ozuna. Her single "Criminal" became very popular on YouTube with more than has 1.5 billion views. In 2018 Natti Natasha collaborated with RKM and Ken Y in their single "Tonta". She later also collaborated with Becky G in “Sin Pijama” which made it to the top 10 in Hot Latin songs, Latin Airplay, and Latin Pop Airplay charts. After all the collaborations that Natti Natasha has done she was able to release her album called illumiNatti on February 15, 2019. Caribbean influences Bachata and Bachatón Although bachata is very well-known to have originated in the Dominican Republic, it has received notable recognition in Puerto Rico due to its strong cultural ties with the Dominican Republic. There have even been claims that the genre itself was invented in Puerto Rico alongside the Dominican Republic, mostly through musicians José Antonio Salamán (El Cantor del Pueblo), José Miguel Class (El Gallito de Manatí), and Odilio González (El Jíbarito de Lares). Although it has been disproven by others that what they played instead was rather bolero and jíbaro. They were still an influence on the genre and made a wide impact on other musicians. One of the primary influences of early bachata includes Cuba's bolero and Puerto Rico's Jíbaro, along with others such as Cuban son, America's rock and blues, Mexico's ranchera and corrido and Dominican merengue The appearance of Dominican styles of music such as bachata and merengue in reggaetón coincided with the arrival in Puerto Rico of the Dominican-born production team of Luny Tunes—although they are not solely credited for this development. In 2000, they received an opportunity to work in the reggaeton studio of DJ Nelson. They began to produce a string of successful releases for reggaeton artists including Ivy Queen, Tego Calderón and Daddy Yankee. "Pa' Que Retozen", one of the first songs to combine bachata and reggaeton appeared on Tego Calderón's highly acclaimed El Abayarde (2002). It features the unmistakable guitar sounds of Dominican bachata—although, it was not produced by Luny Tunes by DJ Joe. Luny Tunes, however, on their debut studio album, Mas Flow (2003) included a hit by Calderón, "Métele Sazón". It exhibited bachata's signature guitar arpeggios as well as merengue's characteristic piano riffs. After the initial success of these songs, other artists began to incorporate bachata with reggaeton. Artists such as Ivy Queen began releasing singles that featured bachata's signature guitar sound, slower romantic rhythm, and exaggerated emotional singing style. This is reflected in the hits "Te He Querido, Te He Llorado" and "La Mala". Daddy Yankee's "Lo Que Paso, Paso" and Don Omar's "Dile" also reflect this. A further use of bachata occurred in 2005 when producers began remixing existing reggaeton with bachata's characteristic guitar sounds marketing it as bachatón defining it as "bachata, but Puerto Rican style". Artists from Puerto Rico and/or of Puerto Rican descent that have been known to experiment with bachata and/or bachatón includes Fufi Santori, Daddy Yankee, Ivy Queen, Don Omar, Ozuna, Nicky Jam, Myke Towers, Bad Bunny, Romeo Santos, Toby Love, Alejandra Feliz, Yolandita Monge, Sonya Cortés, Domenic Marte, Tego Calderón, Héctor El Father, Tito El Bambino, Wisin & Yandel, Angel & Khriz, Chayanne, Ricky Martin, amongst many others. Bolero Although bolero has its origins in Cuba, it had already reached Puerto Rico in the 20th century where it was popularized on the island through the first radio stations in 1915 and was being both enjoyed as well as composed and performed by Puerto Ricans, including such outstanding figures as Rafael Hernández, Daniel Santos, Pedro Flores, Johnny Albino, Odilio González, Noel Estrada, José Feliciano, Trio Vegabajeño, and Tito Rodríguez, amongst many others. Similar to the bolero genre in Cuba, the bolero in Puerto Rico is usually combined with other genres of Cuban and Puerto Rican origin, such as bomba, danza, plena, jíbaro, guaracha, mambo, rumba, cha-cha-cha, and salsa. Merengue Although merengue is a type of music and dance that has its origins and also carries a very strong association with the Dominican Republic, it became widespread throughout Latin America and the United States, including Puerto Rico. The choreography of the ballroom merengue is a basic side two-step, but with a difficult twist of the hip to the right, which makes it somewhat hard to perform. The two dance partners get into a vals, or waltz-like position. The couple then side steps, known as a Paso de la empalizada or "stick-fence step," followed by either a clockwise or counter-clockwise turn. During all of the dance steps of the ballroom merengue, the couple never separates. The second kind of merengue is called the Figure Meringue or Merengue de Figura. The performing couple makes individual turns without releasing the hands of the partner and still keeping the rhythm of the beat. Popular merengue performers from Puerto Rico include Elvis Crespo, Olga Tañón, Gisselle, Manny Manuel, Grupo Mania, Limi-T 21, amongst many others. Merenhouse, which is a subgenre of merengue that is formed by rapping and includes influences of hip-hop, dancehall, and latin house was formed in New York City in the late 1980s. Lisa M, who was the first major female Latin rapper that was born and raised in San Juan, Puerto Rico is often credited for making the first song in the merenhouse genre. Mostly credited on her second album No Lo Derrumbes, which was released in 1990. Guaracha and Salsa Salsa is another genre whose form derived from the Cuban/Puerto Rican melding of the genre, especially Cuban dance music of the 1950s—but which in the 1960s–70s became an international genre, cultivated with special zeal and excellence in Puerto Rico and by Puerto Ricans in New York City. Forms such as the Charanga were hugely popular with Puerto Ricans and Nuyoricans who, in effect, rescued this genre which had been stagnating and limited to only Cuba in the 1960s, giving it new life, new social significance, and many new stylistic innovations. Salsa is the name acquired by the modernized form of Cuban/Puerto Rican-style dance music that was cultivated and rearticulated starting in the late 1960s by Puerto Ricans in New York City and, subsequently, in Puerto Rico and elsewhere. While salsa soon became an international phenomenon, thriving in Colombia, Venezuela, and elsewhere, New York and Puerto Rico remained its two epicenters. Particularly prominent on the island were El Gran Combo, Sonora Ponceña, and Willie Rosario, as well as the more pop-oriented "salsa romántica" stars of the 1980s–90s. (For further information see the entry on "salsa music.") Other popular Nuyorican and Puerto Rican exposers of these genres have been Tito Puente, Tito Rodríguez (guaracha and bolero singer), pianists Eddie Palmieri, Richie Ray and Papo Lucca, conguero Ray Barreto, trombonist and singer Willie Colón, and singers La India, Andy Montañez, Bobby Cruz, Cheo Feliciano, Héctor Lavoe, Ismael Miranda, Ismael Rivera, Tito Nieves, Pete El Conde Rodríguez and Gilberto Santa Rosa. Reggae and Dancehall Puerto Rico has had its music scene for both reggae and dancehall artists, in addition to the local reggaetón genre, which had evolved in Puerto Rico primarily through reggae and dancehall influences from Panama and Jamaica. Local artists and bands such as Cultura Profética, Millo Torres y El Tercer Planeta, and Gomba Jahbari have received notable recognition on the island, as well as other reggae and dancehall acts in Puerto Rico. Reggae in Puerto Rico uses elements such as intricate horn arrangements and chord progressions to distinguish it from other styles of reggae, most notably Jamaican reggae. It is also sung primarily in Spanish and/or English, although Puerto Rican reggae can also be sung in other languages as well. Their variation of reggae has also been influenced by other music genres such as salsa, which originated in Puerto Rico, and jazz music which came from the United States, as their local reggae and dancehall musicians like to experiment with other genres and combine them with their style of reggae. Classical music The island hosts two main orchestras, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico. The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan, attracting classical musicians from around the world. Since the nineteenth century there have been diverse Puerto Rican composers, including Felipe Gutierrez Espinosa, Manuel Gregorio Tavárez, Juan Morel Campos, Aristides Chavier, Julio C. Arteaga, and Braulio Dueño Colón. At the beginning of the 20th century, we find José Ignacio Quintón, Monsita Ferrer, and José Enrique Pedreira. Moving to the mid-20th century a new wave of composers appeared, some of them with a significant degree of nationalism. In this group are Amaury Veray, Héctor Campos Parsi, Jack Delano and Luis Antonio Ramírez. With more contemporary languages comes the musical scene of Rafael Aponte Led and Luis Manuel Álvarez. From the 1970s on, a fair number of musicians add to the list, and, though, with different styles, they all had an imposing international flavor. Ernesto Cordero, Carlos Alberto Vázquez, Alfonso Fuentes, Raymond Torres-Santos, Alberto Rodríguez, William Ortiz-Alvarado, José Javier Peña Aguayo, Carlos Carrillo and Roberto Sierra belong to this group. Hip-Hop As social conditions and urban decay took their toll on the projects in New York City during the 1970s, blacks, and Puerto Ricans were equally affected. As a way of coping with the disarray that was taking place in New York, both Puerto Ricans and blacks worked together to collaborate on rap music that would help express their creative art. As Deborah Pacini Hernandez wrote in her article, "Oye Como Va! Hybridity and Identity in Latino Popular Music," many of the ways that blacks and Puerto Ricans coped with their struggles was through, "graffiti, DJing, emceeing, break dancing, and fashion—the cultural elements comprising hip-hop." (56) As hip-hop music rose to prominence, it was clear that Puerto Ricans had an influence on the hip-hop industry, from the break dancing to the sound of the music. "To speak of Puerto Ricans in rap means to defy the sense of instant amnesia that engulfs popular cultural expression once it is caught up in the logic of commercial representation. It involves sketching in historical contexts and sequences, tracing traditions and antecedents, and recognizing hip-hop to be more and different than the simulated images, poses, and formulas the public discourse of media entertainment tends to reduce it to. The decade and more of hindsight provided by the Puerto Rican involvement shows that, rather than a new musical genre and its accompanying stylistic trappings, rap constitutes a space for the articulation of social experience. From this perspective, what has emerged as “Latin rap” first took shape as an expression of the cultural turf shared, and contended for, by African Americans and Puerto Ricans over their decades as neighbors, coworkers, and “homies” in the inner-city communities." – Juan Flores, Puerto Rocks: Rap, Roots and Amnesia Despite the fact that Puerto Ricans had a huge impact on the rise of hip-hop during the late 1970s, they struggled to receive credit as hip-hop was portrayed through the media as a genre that was predominantly black. Instead of switching genres, they had to find other ways to mask their cultural identities. For example, DJ Charlie Chase was one of the first Puerto Rican artists to burst onto the scene with his group, the Cold Crush Brothers, but was the only person in the original group who wasn't black. He said that he knew he had to change his name because if he went out to perform as Carlos Mendes, he might not have gotten the credit or attention that he deserved. However, rappers such as DJ Charlie Chase set the scene for more mainstream success in the future. Because of the development of Puerto Ricans in hip-hop, artists like Big Pun, Daddy Yankee, Fat Joe, Swizz Beats, Young MA, Calle 13 (band) have become more successful. Lin-Manuel Miranda achieved universal acclaim with his opera-musical Hamilton (musical), which blends rap and classical influences. Dance Dance is a performing art related to expressing one's ideas and values. The activity is associated with exercise because of the required movements required to execute specific dance patterns. In Puerto Rico, dance is considered to be a part of the culture that is passed on from generation to generation and practiced at family and community parties and celebrations. Historical influences Dance has been influenced by the different cultures of the Taíno natives, the Spaniards, and the African slaves. Since pre-Columbian times, dance has always been part of the culture of Puerto Rico and has evolved according to social and demographic changes. The earliest dances documented by the early historians were the Taíno areyto dances that were chanted by a chorus, set to music, and led by a guide. They practiced storytelling while the guide indicated the steps and songs that were to be repeated until the story was finished. Dances of European origin also became popular among the country folk and the settlers of the central part of the island and rapidly acquired unique features of rhythm, instrumentation, interpretation, and even fashion. As the population of the Taíno dwindled, Spanish, African, and, from 1898 on, North American dances appeared on the island and took root and developed in the mountains, on the coast, and in the cities. After the island was taken over by Spain, the music and the dance of Puerto Rico consisted of a combination of harmonious musical styles that are borrowed from Spanish, African, and other European cultures, creating Puerto Rico's signature style of Latin dance. Salsa It refers to the mixture of different rhythms composed of different Latin, African, and Caribbean dances. Salsa is said to be first created around the 1960s and became popular in the non-Latino world drastically. The salsa dance is similar to the mambo dance. Salsa dancing is structured in six-step patterns phrased on 8 counts of the music. The 8 different steps include 6 moves with 2 pauses. The pattern of the dance is 1,2,3 and pause for 4, move for 5,6,7, and pause for 8. The basic steps are (1) the forward and backward: this step consists of two rock steps going in and out of the moves. The second step is known as the basic side dance step, it is similar to the first step except for this step, the moves are towards the side. The side-to-side feels and turns are significant aspects of the salsa dance. Cha Cha Chá The Cha Cha Chá dance originated in Cuba. Before the dance begins, one knows how to count the Cha Cha Chá. The following are the first basic steps: (1) Count the Cha Cha Chá in "rock step, triple step, and then rock step". (2) Eventually, count to three "1,2,3 Cha Cha Chá", which brings to the three full beats and two half beats of the dance. The second category is known as the Cha Cha Chá side basic, the most often used basic move of the dance. It is similar to the previous one except for the triple step to the side rather than in place. The third step is known as the "underarm in Cha Cha Chá" and shows how to do the lady's underarm steps to the right. Based on the previous step, men might not struggle, but women must know the exact turning spot. The dance is named after the scraping sounds that are produced by the feet of the dancers.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rite_Temple_(Mobile,_Alabama)"}

United States historic place Scottish Rite Temple, also known as The Temple Downtown, is a historic former masonic building in Mobile, Alabama, United States. It was built to serve as the meeting place for the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. The building was designed by George Bigelow Rogers, a local Mobile architect who was responsible for designing many of the city's buildings during this period. The cornerstone was laid on November 30, 1921, with the building completed in 1922. It is the only intact example of the Egyptian Revival style in Mobile. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 1984. It was sold in 1996 to a private citizen and reopened as a banqueting venue. Architecture The Scottish Rite Temple was inspired by Ancient Egyptian architectural forms, although combined in a unique way. The building facades on the east and north sides are in the form of Egyptian pylons. An ancient Egyptian pylon was made up of two battered (tapered) monumental towers, each topped by a cornice, and joined together by a less elevated section containing a central gateway leading into a temple. A battered wall is wider at the base than it is at the top, with an upwardly receding slope. The south facade of the Scottish Rite Temple abuts the adjacent property. It and the rear facade are plain masonry and are not battered. The two entrance doorways, on the elaborate east and north facades, were inspired by the Bab el’Adb Gate, also known as the Gateway of Ptolemy III and Ptolemy IV, at the Karnak Temple Complex. The east entrance is flanked by a pair of sphinxes by the sculptor Allen W. Barr. The roof is surmounted by two protruding obelisks that originally functioned as chimneys.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gounli"}

Arrondissement in Zou Department, Benin Gounli is an arrondissement in the Zou department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Cové. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4,334.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutant_lifting_theorem"}

Operator theorem In operator theory, the commutant lifting theorem, due to Sz.-Nagy and Foias, is a powerful theorem used to prove several interpolation results. Statement The commutant lifting theorem states that if T is a contraction on a Hilbert space H, U is its minimal unitary dilation acting on some Hilbert space K (which can be shown to exist by Sz.-Nagy's dilation theorem), and R is an operator on H commuting with T, then there is an operator S on K commuting with U such that and In other words, an operator from the commutant of T can be "lifted" to an operator in the commutant of the unitary dilation of T. Applications The commutant lifting theorem can be used to prove the left Nevanlinna-Pick interpolation theorem, the Sarason interpolation theorem, and the two-sided Nudelman theorem, among others.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mask_(novel)"}

Thriller novel by Dean Koontz The Mask is a thriller novel by American writer Dean Koontz originally released under the pseudonym Owen West in 1981. Koontz later re-released the novel under his own name. Plot summary An amnesic blonde girl appears in the middle of traffic on a busy day. Carol and Paul, a married couple, are drawn to her, seeing her as the child they never had, they take her in. Then Carol begins to have nightmares about ghastly noises in the dead of night, a bloody face in a mirror, and a razor-sharp ax.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boodontinae"}

Subfamily of snakes Boodontinae is a subfamily of colubrid snakes. Genera It contains 22 genera. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boodontinae.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadhora"}

Sadhora (Ukrainian: Садгора; German: Sadagora; Polish: Sadagóra; Romanian: Sadagura; Yiddish: סאדיגורא Sadigora, also Sadagura and Sadiger) is a settlement in Ukraine, now a Sadhirskyi District of Chernivtsi city, which is located 6 km from the city center. Previously, it was an independent town. History Sadhora was established in 1770 by a former Saxon and Polish official, Baron de:Peter Nicolaus von Gartenberg (1714-1786). Sadhora is located in Bukovina, a region which was part of the Principality of Moldavia until the 1770s when it was conquered by the Habsburg monarchy, becoming part of the Duchy of Bukovina under the Austrian Empire starting in 1849, then becoming an Austrian "crownland" from 1867 until the end of World War I, after which it was ruled by Romania for two decades (1918-1940). 2 Paras Turkish / 3 Kopecks Russian from Sadhora mint, struck 1773 from the bronze of seized Turkish cannons; obverse: Coat of arms of Moldavia (aurochs) and Wallachia (eagle with half moon) under Russian crown / reverse: Value During the Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army in Moldavia and Wallachia took measures to enhance the economic and monetary system in the principalities.[dubious – discuss] Therefore, a mint was established in a formerly wooded area by a river, by a man with previous experience in this field, Baron Gartenberg, Slavic Sadhóra being a literal translation of the German "Gartenberg", "garden mountain." Beginning in 1771, the coins that were minted at Sadhora displayed the coats of arms of both Moldavia and Wallachia on the same side. The mint was closed down at the end of the war, in 1774. Jewish history Sadagóra had a significant Jewish community and it is important in the history of Hasidic Judaism. Before World War I, the Jewish population numbered over 5,000. Rabbi Yisroel Friedman, the Ruzhiner Rebbe, relocated his court to Sadagóra in 1842. In 1838 he had been accused of complicity in the death of two Jews accused of being informers and was imprisoned for two years by the Russian authorities. On his release he fled to Kishinev, then to Iaşi and other places before finally settling in Sadagóra in 1842, where he re-established his Hasidic court in all its glory. The Ruzhiner Rebbe lived in Sadagóra for ten years, building a palatial home and a large synagogue. Tens of thousands of Hasidim frequented his court. When he died at the age of 54 on 9 October 1850, each of his sons moved to different towns to establish their own courts. His eldest son, Rabbi Sholom Yosef Friedman, remained in Sadagóra to continue leading the court his father had founded, but died ten months later. At this point, the second son of the Ruzhiner Rebbe, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, assumed the mantle of leadership of the Sadigura Hasidim, becoming known as the first Sadigura Rebbe. After his death, his second son, Rabbi Yisrael Friedman (1852-1907), succeeded him as Rebbe. He, in turn, was succeeded by his eldest son, Rabbi Aharon of Sadigura (1877-1913), and by another son, Rabbi Avrohom Yaakov Friedman, who escaped to Vienna with the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and established his court in that city for the next 24 years, effectively putting an end to the once-flourishing Jewish community in Sadagóra . The remaining Jews of Sadagóra were decimated by the Nazis during World War II. After the Anschluss of 1938, the Sadigura Rebbe procured a visa to Palestine, where he led his court in Tel Aviv until his death in 1961. Today, Sadigura Hasidism is centered in Bnei Brak, Israel. Geography Latitude, 48.3500°, Longitude, 25.9667°, Altitude (feet), 941 Noted residents References

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Brown_(racing_driver)"}

American racing driver Walt Brown (December 30, 1911 – July 29, 1951) was an American racecar driver. A Champ Car specialist, his career in the big cars began in 1941, and he recorded one win, in 1948 at Langhorne Speedway. Brown died in a low speed accident at Williams Grove Speedway on 29 July 1951, the day widely known as "Black Sunday" because two other drivers also died (in consecutive qualifying runs at Funk's Speedway in Winchester, Indiana) on the same day. Complete AAA Championship Car results Indianapolis 500 results Complete Formula One World Championship results (key)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Pohjant%C3%A4hti"}

Finnish orienteering club SK Pohjantähi is a Finnish orienteering club in Oulu. It won bronze in the Venla relay in 2016 with Heini Wennman [fi], Marttiina Joensuu [fi], Sofia Haajanen and Marika Teini. Marika Teini, Anna Haataja [fi] and Sofia Haajanen were chosen in 2018 to represent Finland in the European and World Championships. Four of the nine best women in the Finnish Championships in middle distance in 2018 were from SK Pohjantähti, which made the club one of the favorites that year in the Venla relay. Although it was one of the two leading teams at the start of the last leg, it ended on place 12. Pasi Ikonen is another runner that has competed for SK Pohjantähti.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohneh_Rudposht"}

Village in Gilan, Iran Village in Gilan, Iran Kohneh Rudposht (Persian: كهنه رودپشت, also Romanized as Kohneh Rūdposht) is a village in Rudboneh Rural District, Rudboneh District, Lahijan County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 381, in 131 families.

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American aquarium owner and entrepreneur Edward Irving "Ted" Griffin (born November 22, 1935) is an American former aquarium owner and entrepreneur who was the first man to ever swim with a killer whale in a public exhibition, with the whale named Namu. He is best known for capturing, performing with, and selling a number of orcas during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Orcas Encounter with Moby Doll When the first ever successful feeding of a captive orca occurred, coincidentally or not Griffin was present. He was curious when the rival Vancouver Aquarium succeeded in capturing and keeping a killer whale alive in captivity for the first time. He drove his runabout with his wife from Puget Sound to Vancouver on September 9, 1964 to take a look. This juvenile orca named Moby Doll had not been fed successfully after being captured on July 16. After that, "the captive whale fasted 54 days" and "became very noticeably thinner." Compared to orcas in the wild, Moby Doll appeared to Griffin to be "gaunt and lethargic." On that same day, the feeding breakthrough occurred. Aquarium director Murray Newman gave the credit for the first feeding to Allan Williams, a lawyer and chairman of the West Vancouver Parks Commission, with Griffin following him. Griffin gives a different, more intriguing version of events, in which the hand-feeding the aquarium had been afraid of trying was initiated by himself. "He noticed several live lingcod that aquarium staff had tied to strings," which was their cautious approach to feeding the orca. "He cut one fish loose and held it by the head, slapping its body on the water." The whale went up to him and took the fish out of his hand. Griffin's gesture "may have sparked recognition in the little whale," as it was closer to the style of prey-sharing characteristic of killer whale society. The daily newspapers did not report in detail why Moby Doll's behavior changed. His main chronicler, the Vancouver Sun, only observed that, "Moby Doll finally got really hungry." It was evident in the following days, however, that aquarium staff had radically altered their approach to feeding the killer whale. And on the 14th, assistant curator Vince Penfold "simply held out each of 23 fish as Moby swam by...she opened her mouth and he dropped them in." When Murray Newman and Pat McGeer later wrote their scientific paper about Moby Doll, their description of his regular feeding behavior sounded like Griffin's. They also stated that after September 9, the killer whale "was fed by hand," except that on that day, "the whale was first observed to devour a fish suspended on a line" - the old method. Irrespective of who was first or second, Griffin's experience of feeding Moby Doll was electrifying. It was a sign that a childhood dream of his could come true. He later wrote, "I wanted Moby Doll so much I considered stealing her." Indeed, the encounter made Griffin even more determined to have his own killer whale." Namu In June 1965, salmon fisherman William Lechkobit had set up a fishing net in the offing of the small cannery town of Namu, British Columbia. An anchor snapped off, causing the net to drift to another bay, where it trapped an orca. When he went to reclaim his missing net, Lechkobit was surprised to discover the captive animal, as orcas do not typically jump over nets. Lechkobit returned to port and decided to sell what he had inadvertently trapped. Lechkobit called Vancouver Aquarium to make a deal and stipulated a payment of $10,000 in cash. The aquarium could not comply as all of the banks were closed. The Seattle Marine Aquarium was then contacted and Ted Griffin purchased the orca for $8,000. Reguald "Curly" Marinas designed a cage to tow the orca, named Namu, 450 miles (720 km) in a floating pen to captivity in Seattle. Seattle Marine Aquarium Griffin owned the Seattle Marine Aquarium on the Elliott Bay waterfront in Seattle, which opened in 1962 and was originally known as the Seattle Public Aquarium (not to be confused with the contemporary Seattle Aquarium). Namu was only the third orca ever captured and was the first to perform and swim with a person for audiences. Namu survived just over one year in captivity and died in his pen on July 9, 1966. Griffin also captured the original Shamu in 1965 and leased (and eventually sold) her to SeaWorld in San Diego. Altogether, Griffin and his partner Don Goldsberry captured and sold about 30 orcas in and around Puget Sound between 1965 and 1972. They charged buyers $20,000 to $25,000 per captured orca. Their largest capture took place in August 1970, when they netted most of all three pods of the Southern Resident orca population. When activists attempted to cut the nets, four animals drowned, included three calves. Griffin and Goldsberry attempted to conceal the deaths by weighting and sinking the bodies, but months later the carcasses washed up. This operation also resulted in the capture of the orca Lolita, who is currently kept in Miami and has been subject of petitions and legal actions to retire her to more natural life conditions. Withdrawal from aquatic work In May 1972, in response to rising regulation, Griffin retired from orca capture and sold his portion of the Seattle Marine Aquarium to Goldsberry, who soon after sold it to SeaWorld. In 1982 Griffin published Namu, Quest for the Killer Whale, an account of his time with Namu and the transformation of public views of killer whales.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_Christian_Academy_(Kentucky)"}

Private school in Lexington, Fayette County, Kentucky, United States Lexington Christian Academy is a private, non-denominational Christian school in Lexington, Kentucky, accredited by the AdvancED. The school serves preschool through 12th grade. Total enrollment is around 1,500, with about 200 junior high school, and 460 high school students. As a requirement for teaching at LCA, all teachers must profess Jesus Christ as their personal savior. History Lexington Christian Academy was founded in 1989 with the merger of The Lexington Christian School, founded as an elementary school in 1975 by Gardenside Christian Church, and The Academy, founded in 1983 offering preschool and kindergarten. At the time of the merger, the newly combined school, known then as The Lexington Christian Academy, had 565 students, ranging from kindergarten to twelfth grade and spread across three campuses at churches. As enrollment grew, the school expanded to seven campuses, and in the mid-1990s the school purchased 80 acres (32 ha) of land on Reynolds Road to begin consolidating. In 1998 the school formally took its current name, and in January 1999 the high school opened at the Reynolds Road facility, termed the "Rose Campus" after James L. Rose and his wife Judy. In 2003, the junior high school and an elementary and preschool moved to the Rose Campus. Athletics As a Kentucky High School Athletic Association member, Lexington Christian Academy competes in cross-country, football, golf, soccer, and volleyball in the fall; basketball, archery and swimming in the winter; and baseball, softball, tennis, and track in the spring. Baseball LCA won the State Championship in 2005. Garrie Krueger was named the tournament MVP. http://scoreboard.12dt.com/scoreboard/riherds/kyba5 [bare URL] Golf LCA boys team won the 2010, 2011, and 2017 State Championship.The girls team won the 2018 State Championship. Football LCA won the KHSAA 1A state championship in 2009. Basketball LCA won the KHSAA girls' basketball state championship in 2007, and won the Kentucky All "A" state tournament in 2007, 2008, and 2009.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedliacka_Dubov%C3%A1"}

Village in Slovakia Sedliacka Dubová (Hungarian: Parasztdubova) is a village and municipality in Dolný Kubín District in the Žilina Region of northern Slovakia. It is situated at 594 m (1949 ft) and has about 513 inhabitants. Peter Colotka, who was the prime minister of the Slovak Socialist Republic from 1969 to 1988, is a native of the village.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhaimale"}

Village of Dakshinkali Municipality in No. 3, Nepal Chhaimale is a village and former Village Development Committee that is now part of Dakshinkali Municipality in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 4,216 living in 968 households.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Negr%C3%ADn"}

Prime Minister of Spain Juan Negrín López (Spanish pronunciation: [xwan neˈɣɾin]; 3 February 1892 – 12 November 1956) was a Spanish physician and politician who served as prime minister of the Second Spanish Republic. He was a leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (Spanish: Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) and of the left-leaning Popular Front government during the Spanish Civil War. He also served as finance minister. He was the last Loyalist premier of Spain (1937–1939), leading the Republican forces defeated by the Nationalists under General Francisco Franco. He was President of the Council of Ministers of the Second Spanish Republic and the Spanish Republican government in exile between 1937 and 1945. He died in exile in Paris, France. None of the leaders of the Second Spanish Republic has been as vilified as Negrín, not only by Francoist historians but also by important sectors of the exiled Spanish Left. The leadership of his own Socialist Party were among his detractors, including his friend and fellow socialist leader Indalecio Prieto. He has been depicted as primarily responsible for losing the civil war, leading with a dictatorial style, selling Spain out to the Soviets, and robbing the Spanish treasury. According to the historian Stanley G. Payne, after the end of the civil war there was no person more hated than Negrín. More recent scholarship, like the work of Negrin's biographer Gabriel Jackson, dispelled most of these accusations. According to Jackson, Negrín was a pragmatic, social democratic leader who allied with the Soviets to keep the Republican cause alive until the outbreak of a world war, which would grant Republican Spain more allies in Western Europe. The PSOE expelled Negrín in 1946, but he was posthumously rehabilitated in 2008. Early years Born in Las Palmas on the Canary Islands, Negrín came from a deeply Catholic middle-class family. His father, Juan Negrin Cabrera, was a prosperous and reputable merchant and businessman of the islands, married to María Dolores López Marrero. Juan was the firstborn son and had one brother Heriberto, who adhered to the Claretian order, and a sister Dolores. Since Juan had excelled in science subjects and had shown an interest in medicine, his father decided to send him, at the age of 15, to study in Germany in 1906, attracted by the enormous prestige of German universities at the time. In Germany Negrin studied for two years at the Medical Faculty of Kiel. In 1908, to specialize in medical physiology, he moved to Leipzig, to the best physiology institute of Germany and even in Europe. He stayed in Germany for almost a decade, studying first medicine, then chemistry and to some extent, economics. He proved to be a brilliant student with extraordinary capacity for scientific research. In 1912 (when he was only twenty years old) under the guidance of Theodor von Brücke he obtained a doctorate in medicine and was immediately incorporated into the Institute of Physiology in Leipzig as a research assistant and then as an assistant professor. On 21 July 1914 he married María Fidelman Brodsky, a piano student and daughter of a wealthy family of Russian exiles living in the Netherlands. The couple had five children, three of whom survived: Juan, Rómulo, and Miguel. Negrín spoke English, French, German, and Russian, in addition to his native Spanish. Back to Spain At the end of 1915, in the middle of the First World War, the increasing difficulties he encountered in Germany to continue working prompted Negrin to return to Spain. He already had a solid professional prestige guaranteed by his research on the adrenal glands and the central nervous system and by a remarkable series of articles published in the best scientific journals in Europe. He was a pupil of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who won the Nobel Prize of Medicine. In 1919 he obtained his medical degree in Spain, and in 1922 he became a professor of physiology at the Physiology Department at the Complutense University of Madrid Medical School at the age of 29. His physiology laboratory in Madrid became an internationally renowned research centre and a truly exceptional school of scientific training. Among the many students he inspired was Severo Ochoa, winner of the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: Negrin opened wide, fascinating vistas to my imagination, not only through his lectures and laboratory teaching, but through his advice, encouragement, and stimulation to read scientific monographs and textbooks in languages other than Spanish. According to Ochoa, Negrín was a demanding tutor and a high proportion of students failed his exams. He also set up a private laboratory that was very successful. In 1923, his youngest daughter died in childbirth, which Negrín himself attended. Two years later, his other daughter died at the age of ten as a result of a typhus epidemic. These misfortunes would lead to the estrangement of the marriage and the entry into Negrín's life of Feliciana López de Dom Pablo, one of his laboratory assistants, who would become his companion in 1926 until his death. His wife did not tolerate this relationship and attributed permanent affairs to him. In politics During his stay in Germany, Negrin had become very close to German social democracy, then at one of the moments of its maximum height and socio-political and cultural influence, but far removed from his conservative family tradition. Negrín joined the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in the spring of 1929, at the height of the crisis of the dictatorship of General Miguel Primo de Rivera and the monarchy of Alfonso XIII. He aligned himself from the very beginning and with the moderate and reformist faction headed by Indalecio Prieto – with whom he forged a close friendship that only broke down due to the civil war – and opposed to the one led by Francisco Largo Caballero, representing the left (Marxist and revolutionary) wing of the UGT trade union and the PSOE. From 1930 onwards, he declined his academic activity in favour of politics, and in 1934 he requested a leave of absence from his professorship. In the 1931 Spanish general election he was elected deputy for Las Palmas in the Canary Islands, and re-elected in 1933 and 1936. Between April 1931 and July 1936, as political tension and social polarisation increased in Spain, Negrín identified in the socialist movement with Prieto's moderate positions and firmly opposed to the radical tendency led by Largo Caballero. The moderate faction of the PSOE, the majority in the executive committee, was in favour of maintaining the coalition with Prime Minister Manuel Azaña's Republicans in order to complete the ambitious programme of social democratic political and social reforms that had been launched by the left-wing government between 1931 and 1933 (secularisation of the state, agrarian reform, administrative decentralisation, military reform, progressive labour legislation, etc.). According to Prieto, Negrín and their supporters, this republican-socialist conjunction was essential to successfully promote the reforms and overcome the double opposition offered by the possible reaction of the right-wing defenders of the status quo with the help of the army and by the also possible revolution of the anarcho-syndicalist or communist-inspired workers' left. In Spanish socialism he represented a clear option of republicanism and centrism, identifiable with the political position of his friend Indalecio Prieto. With regard to the revolutionary general strike of 1934 – against the appointment of three ministers of the conservative Catholic Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (Spanish: Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas, CEDA) to the right-wing government of Alejandro Lerroux – sponsored by Largo Caballero, Negrín opted for the option of republican unity advocated by Prieto as opposed to the revolutionary project put forward by Largo Caballero, which caused him to distance himself from Luis Araquistain and led to an irreparable split within Spanish socialism. The events of 1934, in particular the uprising in Asturias, were a prelude to the civil war. Spanish Civil War After the military uprising in Morocco on 17 July 1936, Spain was rapidly divided in two: a "Republican" or "Loyalist" Spain consisting of the Second Spanish Republic, and a "Nationalist" Spain under the insurgent generals, and, eventually, under the leadership of General Francisco Franco. The Republic faced tremendous odds from the outset, including the Nationalist military superiority, internal divisions, and European non-intervention. The Non-Intervention Agreement, initiated by the French and the British governments, and signed in August 1936, in which European powers renounced all trade in war material, direct or indirect, effectively subjected the Spanish Republic to international isolation and a de facto economic embargo and placed the Republic — and only the Republic — at an enormous material disadvantage throughout the conflict. Italy and Germany supported the Spanish Nationalists from the outset of the Civil War. The Soviet Union began supporting the Republicans four months later. From the first moment of the war, Negrin combined his activities as a deputy and, later, as a minister, with frequent visits in his private car to different places on the front line of Madrid to encourage the combatants and provide them with food and supplies. Negrín helped many people to escape from the revolutionary checas in July and August 1936. His personal courage in pursuit of this was attested to by a friend who recounted that he "made every effort, at considerable risk to himself... to save people in Madrid." As a result, Negrin was nearly killed by anarchists but was saved by the intervention of finance ministry security staff. Minister of Finance He was named Minister of Finance in September 1936 in the government of Largo Caballero. He only accepted the post out of party discipline, as he considered that Largo Caballero's as Prime Minister gave an excessively radical image of the Republic to the outside world and was a serious political and diplomatic blunder that would make it impossible to obtain vital aid from France and Great Britain. As the finance minister, he built up the Carabineros (custom guards), a force of 20,000 men which was later nicknamed the "Hundred Thousand Sons of Negrín" (an allusion to the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis), in order to recover the control of the French frontier posts, which had been seized by the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). With the approval of President Azaña, Largo Caballero and other influential ministers (including Prieto), he took the controversial decision to transfer the Spanish gold reserves to the Soviet Union in return for arms and equipment urgently needed to continue the war (October 1936). Worth $500 million at the time (another $240 million had been sent to France in July), critics argued that this action put the Republican government under the control of Joseph Stalin. Prime minister The Barcelona May Days of 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged each other in street battles and anarchist and communist Republican soldiers fought for control of strategic points in Barcelona, led to a governmental crisis that forced Largo Caballero to resign. On 17 May 1937, President Manuel Azaña named Negrín the 135th Prime Minister of Spain, to end to the indiscipline and disarray in the rearguard. Negrín's government included Indalecio Prieto named minister of War, Navy and Air, Julián Zugazagoitia as minister of interior (both socialists), the communists Jesús Hernández Tomás as minister of education and Vicente Uribe as minister of agriculture, the republicans José Giral as foreign minister and Bernardo Giner de los Ríos as public works minister, the Basque Manuel Irujo as minister of justice and the Catalan Nationalist Jaume Aiguader as minister of labour. Negrín's energetic and willful management, exemplified in his campaign slogan ("resistir es vencer", "to resist is to win"), captured for a time the hopes and desires of the depressed and semi-despondent rearguard and revived the meagre forces of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces. Goals In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and peasants collectivised land and industry, and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. Negrin's main objectives were to fortify the central government, to reorganize and fortify the Republican Armed Forces and to impose law and order in the Republican-held area, against largely independent armed militias of the labour unions (CNT) and parties, thus curtailing the social revolution inside the Republic. He also wanted to break the international isolation of the Republic in order to get the arms embargo – imposed by the Non-Intervention Committee – lifted, and from 1938 to search an international mediation in order to finish the war. He also wished to normalize the position of the Catholic Church inside the Republic. Eventually, the 'normalization' in Spain was intended to connect the Spanish conflict with Second World War, which he believed to be imminent, although the Munich Agreement between Hitler and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain on 30 September 1938 definitively made all hope of outside aid vanish. PCE's support Although Negrín had always been a centrist in the PSOE, he maintained links with the Communist Party of Spain (Spanish: Partido Comunista de España, PCE), whose policies at that point were in favour of a Popular Front alignment. Negrín relied on the Communists to curtail the anarchist wing of the Spanish Left, and was forced to rely on the Soviet Union, then led by Stalin, for weapons and armament, because of the arms embargo. The government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force. The militias of the anarchists and the Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (Spanish: Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista, POUM) were integrated into the regular army, albeit with resistance. The POUM Trotskyists were outlawed and denounced by the Soviet-aligned Communists as an instrument of the fascists. Republican Spain needed the Soviet Union's support because the Non-Intervention Agreement imposed on the conflict prevented the democratically elected government from acquiring arms and other war materiel in its own right on the open market arms to defend itself. Military situation On the military level, along 1937 he launched a series of offensives in June (Huesca & Segovia), July, Brunete and August, Belchite, in order to halt the Nationalist offensive in the North, but all failed and by October the Nationalists had occupied all of the Northern territory. Beginning December, he launched an offensive in order to free Teruel, but by February the Republican Army had to retreat after suffering heavy losses and the rebel faction launched a counter-offensive in Aragon, cutting in half the Republican-held zone. In July 1938 Negrín launched an offensive in order to cross the Ebro River and reconnect the two Republican-held zones. The Republican army managed to cross the Ebro, but by November had to retire after it suffered heavy casualties and lost most of its materiel. Finally, in February 1939, he ordered to launch an offensive in Extremadura to stop the Nationalists advancement in their offensive against Catalonia, but was halted after a few days and Catalonia fell. Home front The military situation of the Spanish Republic deteriorated steadily under Negrín's government, largely because of the superior quality of the opposing generals and officers many of whom were veterans of the Rif War, and by 1938 the overwhelming advantage of the rebels in terms of men (20%), aircraft and artillery provided by Germany and Italy. The Munich Agreement effectively caused a collapse in Republican morale by ending hope of an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers. Throughout 1938, the unremitting succession of serious military defeats and the failure to secure Franco-British aid, was reflected in a deterioration of material living conditions in the rear (especially in terms of food) that deeply affected the political morale of the popular and military resistance of the Republican side. Late 1938, the freezing and half starved civilian population in the Siege of Madrid was suffering from severe malnutrition due to the restricted daily ration of 100 grams of bread and lentils (nicknamed "Dr Negrín’s pills"). Disheartened by a fifth column, a war weariness took hold of Madrid and defeatism was widespread. Peace negotiations In May 1938, Negrín issued the "Thirteen Points" (Trece Puntos), a program for peace negotiations, including absolute independence of Spain, liberty of conscience, protection of the regional liberties, universal suffrage, an amnesty for all Spaniards and agrarian reform, but Franco rejected any peace deal. Before the fall of Catalonia and the capture of Barcelona by the Nationalists on 26 January 1939, Negrín proposed, in the meeting of the Cortes in Figueres, capitulation with the sole condition of respecting the lives of the vanquished and the holding of a plebiscite so the Spanish people could decide the form of government, but Franco again rejected the new peace deal. On 9 February 1939, Negrín moved to the Central Zone (30% of the Spanish territory) with the intention of defending the remaining territory of the republic until the start of the general European conflict, and organize the evacuation of those most at risk. Negrín thought that there was no other course but resistance, because the Nationalists refused to negotiate any peace deal: To fight on because there was no other choice, even if winning was not possible, then to salvage what we could – and at the very end our self respect... Why go on resisting? Quite simply because we knew what capitulation would mean. The critical year of 1938 saw a rupture in the PSOE and the political and personal friendship between Negrín and Prieto. Prieto was removed from the Defence ministry for his defeatism and joined with Largo Caballero and Julián Besteiro (the leader of the PSOE right-wing faction) in denouncing the government's policy as favourable to the communists and opposed to the idea of international mediation. Negrín explained his position to his friend and confidant Juan Simeón Vidarte: Do you think this odious servitude does not weigh as heavily on me as on anyone else? But there is no other way. When I speak to our friends in France, it is all promises and good words. Then inconveniences begin to arise, and of what was promised there is nothing left. Nothing remains of what was promised. The only reality, however much it pains us, is to accept the help of the Soviet Union, or to surrender unconditionally. (...) What else can I do? Negotiated peace always; unconditional surrender so that half a million Spaniards will be shot, never. Casado's coup After the fall of Barcelona, President Manuel Azaña had fled to France, where he resigned as President of the Republic on 3 March 1939. Colonel Segismundo Casado, joined by Besteiro, general José Miaja, Cipriano Mera and disillusioned anarchist leaders ― tired of fighting, which they regarded then as hopeless — planned a coup d'état. Seeking better surrender terms, they seized power in Madrid on 5 March 1939, created the National Defence Council (Consejo Nacional de Defensa), and deposed Negrín. On 6 March, Negrín fled to France. Although the troops led by the PCE rejected the coup on Madrid they were defeated by Cipriano Mera's troops. The uprising against the Negrín government succeeded, at the cost of nearly 2,000 lives. The Junta tried to negotiate a peace deal with the nationalists, but Franco only accepted an unconditional surrender of the Republic. Finally all the members of the Junta (except Besteiro) fled, and by 31 March 1939 the Nationalists seized all the Spanish territory. Exile and death Unlike President Azaña, Negrín remained in Spain until the final collapse of the Republican front and his fall from office in March 1939. Negrín decided to openly support the Franco-British war effort against Germany and Italy, remaining in Paris until the fall of France (June 1940) and then going to London. He resided there throughout the Second World War, repeatedly refusing to leave Europe and seek safe haven in Mexico, as did a large number of the Republican leadership. He organized the S.E.R.E. (Servicio de Evacuación de Refugiados Españoles) to help Republican exiles. He remained prime minister of the Spanish Republican government in Exile between 1939 and 1945 (although ignored by most of the exiled political forces). The Francoist dictatorship stripped Negrín of his academic position and confiscated his estate. In July 1941 he was sentenced to the exorbitant fine of 100 million pesetas by the Special Court of the Law of Political Responsibilities, while in September 1941, the Special Court for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism sentenced him to 30 years in prison (the maximum penalty, even though Negrin was neither a Mason nor a Communist). His father was imprisoned in Las Palmas for the mere fact of being his father, leaving prison in 1941 to die shortly thereafter in poverty after having been illegally expropriated of all his property. Disagreements with exile community In August 1945, at the end of the war with the defeat of the Axis powers, Negrin tried to gather the unanimous support of all the political forces in exile in order to offer a unitary republican front that could gather the support of the allied governments against Franco's dictatorship, taking advantage of his international discredit and the strong rejection that his recent behaviour of sympathy and support for the Italian-German war effort had provoked. In Negrin's opinion, only such a united front would serve as a guarantee before Washington and London of the presence of a replacement alternative to the Franco regime that did not run the risk of resuming the horrors of civil war. However, in view of the impossibility of gaining the support of all the political forces in exile, Negrín resigned from his position as head of the government of the Republic in exile before the plenary session of the Cortes in exile meeting in Mexico in August 1945. The PSOE expelled Negrín and a number of additional party members through a note published in El Socialista on 23 April 1946, before the celebration of a party congress in Toulouse. To no avail, in 1948 Negrín spoke out in favour of Franco's Spain's participation in the post-war Marshall Plan, which was opposed by the Spanish Republican government in exile. In his opinion, the economic assistance to Spain was indispensable to the economic recovery of Europe, while its exclusion could have no other result than to increase further the sufferings of the Spanish people. According to Negrín, dreaming of the re-establishment of the Republic through hunger and the impoverishment of Spain was a mistake and mere flawed wishful thinking. Death and aftermath Negrín died from a heart attack in Paris on 12 November 1956 at the age of 64, and is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery. After the death of Negrín, his son Rómulo Negrín, following the instructions of his father, handed over the so-called "Negrín dossier" – an incomplete series of documents related to the administration of the gold deposited in the Soviet Union – to the government of Francoist Spain in order to prove that it had been spent entirely for the Republican war effort. Negrín had refused to hand over documentation to the exiled Republican government for over 15 years. Willingly handing the documentation over to the Francoist authorities caused profound distress in the exile community. The Francoist authorities accepted the documentation, but publicly hushed up its content so as not to have to negate the propaganda myth of the Spanish gold stolen and squandered by the Republicans in Moscow. Legacy According to the historian Stanley G. Payne, after the end of the civil war there was no person more hated. Franco's side considered him a "red traitor", while within the Republican camp, some of his former allies reproached him for the "useless" prolongation of the war and for having "served" the plans of the Soviet Union. However, a New York Times editorial at the time of his demise characterized Negrín as follows: It will be long before the figure of Don Juan Negrín stands before history in clear outline. He aroused great passions in his life and made many bitter enemies, as he did devoted friends. The Franco regime labeled Dr. Negrín falsely as a "Red." He never was remotely that. As Premier under desperate circumstances, Dr. Negrín accepted the support of Russia, the only country aiding Republican Spain or backing her in the League of Nations. His own government was never dominated by the Communists. It was a Popular Front, dominated by Juan Negrín. For many in and out of Spain Dr. Negrín represented much that was finest about Republican Spain and the Spaniards who fought so bravely and forlornly against fascism. He never had anything to fear from history. Gabriel Jackson's biography depicts Negrín as "a fundamentally honest and decent human being who sacrificed his health, reputation, and academic career in a failed attempt to save his country from disaster," and as "an accomplished scientist and cosmopolitan intellectual who in normal circumstances would have never had to become a politician, let alone take his country’s reins during the most difficult years of its long history." Jackson was a staunch defender of Negrín. "Negrín was one of those rare prepared politicians, with character; very valuable for his time," he said. According to Jackson: Negrín’s policy of resistance and constant diplomatic effort was the right one — he visited Paris secretly a number of times during the war, to get the French to realize that they themselves were going to be the next victims. I am also convinced that if England and France had supported the Republic and stood up to Hitler, history would have taken a different course. Negrín was one of the most controversial characters of the Spanish Civil War. "Demonized or praised, Negrin has been considered both a faithful servant of the permanent communist conspiracy in the pay of Moscow, and the most loyal politician to the Republican cause because of his faith in the final triumph, or he has been defined as a kind of seer who knew how to predict the inexorability of the Second World War, so that his policy of resistance at all costs ("resistir es vencer", "to resist is to win") would have led to the victory of the Republic, if the Spanish war had lasted five more months," say Spanish historians Ángel Bahamonde Magro and Javier Cervera Gil. Negrín was post-humously rehabilitated by the PSOE in 2008. In 2010, a Spanish documentary film, Ciudadano Negrín (Citizen Negrín), directed by Sigfrid Monleón, Imanol Uribe and Carlos Álvarez Pérez was released. The documentary reconstructs the life of Juan Negrín from a variety of sources, including his grandchildren Carmen and Juan. With the help of historians such as Gabriel Jackson and Ángel Viñas, the film aims to give the protagonist a voice, using his writings, speeches and letters to construct the story. The production also benefits from the discovery of home movies filmed by Negrín himself in exile. In 2013, Negrín's granddaughter Carmen Negrín handed over 150,000 original documents that he had transferred to France in several shipments to save them from destruction. The use and custody of the legacy rests with the Juan Negrín Foundation, a non-profit organization founded in Las Palmas, on his home island of Gran Canaria, in 1992. Cabinets Sources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Juan Negrín López.

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English cricketer Robert Leach (18 December 1849 – 10 September 1939) was an English cricketer active from 1868 to 1876 who played for Lancashire. He was born in Rochdale and died in Newport Pagnell. He appeared in three first-class matches as a righthanded batsman, scoring 35 runs with a highest score of 14.

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The Group 2: Language acquisition (previously Second Language) subjects of the IB Diploma Programme consist of the nearly 80 additional languages offered and may be studied at the following levels: B (SL or HL), or ab initio (SL only). Latin and Classical Greek are also offered and may be taken at SL or HL. To earn an IB Diploma, a candidate must study an additional language, though a second Language A may be taken instead of studying that language as a Group 2 subject. Language ab initio SL If a student has no previous background in a given language, then that student may study that language as an ab initio SL subject. Such a course focuses on giving the student basic knowledge of both the language in everyday use and the culture of the places where it is spoken. The standard reached by the student after two years is considerably lower than that reached in language B. The Classical Languages (Latin and Classical Greek) are not offered as Language ab initio courses. Curriculum For students to achieve communicative competence in a variety of situations, the following core topics are explored in the Language ab initio course: the individual, education and work, town and services, food and drink, leisure and travel, the environment, health and emergencies. The language skills that are taught and assessed are: listening, reading, writing, speaking and cultural awareness. Assessment Internal Assessment — (30% of total grade) for a Language ab initio consists of the average of two oral presentations, one of which is to be given to the teacher, recorded and sent out for moderation. The other is an interactive oral activity and can be individual or group. External Assessment — (70% of total grade) for Language ab initio includes paper 1, consisting of 3–4 reading comprehension texts and paper 2, consisting of one short writing task and one extended-response writing task. For the oral and written components of the assessments, students receive marks based on their level of competency in use of language, presentation and communication skills. For reading comprehension, students receive a grade based on a markscheme (answer key) for questions that are multiple-choice, short-answer, true/false/justify, matching and extended response. Availability Spanish ab initio, Mandarin ab initio and French ab initio are offered online to students enrolled in the IB Diploma Programme. Language B SL and HL Language B is intended for students who have a previous background of 2–3 years in the language, and focuses more on learning to communicate in the language in written and spoken form. Curriculum Students study a variety of topics such as the environment, famous people, current and historical events, immigration, music, art, cuisine, fashion, film, etc.... to develop their skills in listening, reading, writing, speaking and cultural interaction. Types of texts studied include: news stories, short stories, brochures, advertisements, poems, informal and formal letters, excerpts from plays, editorials, debates, reviews and interviews. Assessment Internal Assessment — (30% of total grade) for a Language B consists of the average of two oral presentations, one of which is to be given to the teacher, recorded and sent out for moderation. The other is an interactive oral activity and can be individual or group. External Assessment — (70% of total grade) for Language B includes paper 1, consisting of 3–4 reading comprehension texts and paper 2, consisting of a 250-word (SL) or 400-word (HL) written response, in the form of a journal entry, formal or informal letter, newspaper or magazine article or brochure. For the oral and written components of the assessments, students receive marks based on their level of competency in use of language, cultural interaction and message. For reading comprehension, students receive a grade based on a markscheme (answer key) for questions that are multiple-choice, short-answer, true/false/justify, matching and extended response. Language A2 SL and HL The Language A2 is no longer offered by IB and integrated to Group 1 Language A. Language A2 corresponded to a near-native level of fluency in the foreign language, and as such concentrated less on studying the actual language and more on the literature and culture of the countries where the language is spoken. Curriculum The Languages A2 were studied through Cultural Options and Literary Options, both of which must be included by the teacher in the two-year IB course. Study at the A2 level was available in a significantly lower number of languages than at other levels. Many bilingual institutions supplemented their regular curriculum with an English A2 certification. Assessment Internal Assessment — for Language A2 consisted of two oral components, in the same way as for language A1. External Assessment —for Language A2 consisted of paper 1, the Comparative Commentary, where the students write a commentary that compares the two previously unseen texts that appear in the exam. Paper 2 is an essay on either a Cultural or a Literary Option. In addition, students produced two Written Tasks of 1000–1500 words total to be assessed externally by the IB examiners. Footnotes

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_McGuire"}

American former professional basketball player Dominic Rashad McGuire (born October 20, 1985) is an American professional basketball player for Real Estelí Baloncesto. High school career McGuire played high school prep basketball at Lincoln High School in San Diego. College career After high school, McGuire subsequently attended the University of California, Berkeley, where he played college basketball with the Cal Golden Bears. He transferred to California State University, Fresno to play with the Fresno State Bulldogs, after his sophomore year of college, when he was the fourth-leading scorer for the Cal Golden Bears the during the 2004–05 season. Professional career Washington Wizards (2007–2010) McGuire was selected in the second round (47th overall) of the 2007 NBA Draft out of Fresno State by the Washington Wizards. On August 13, 2007, McGuire signed a 3-year deal with the Washington Wizards. On April 16, 2008, McGuire got his first start in his NBA career, against the Orlando Magic. Sacramento Kings (2010) On February 18, 2010, he was traded to the Sacramento Kings for a protected 2010 2nd round draft pick. Charlotte Bobcats (2010–2011) On July 22, 2010, he signed with the Charlotte Bobcats. On February 24, 2011, McGuire was waived by the Bobcats following a trade between the Bobcats and Portland Trail Blazers. However, he was re-signed on March 3, 2011. Golden State Warriors (2011–2012) On December 15, 2011, McGuire signed with the Golden State Warriors. Toronto Raptors (2012) On September 12, 2012, he signed with the Toronto Raptors. He was waived on November 30, 2012, when the team signed Mickael Pietrus. New Orleans Hornets (2012–2013) On December 16, 2012, McGuire signed with the New Orleans Hornets. He was waived by the Hornets on January 4, 2013. Indiana Pacers (2013) On January 7, 2013, McGuire signed with the Indiana Pacers on a 10-day contract. He was signed to another 10-day contract on January 17, 2013. Utah Jazz (2013) On September 26, 2013, he signed with the Utah Jazz. He was later waived by the Jazz on October 26. Santa Cruz Warriors (2014) In January 2014, he was acquired by the NBA D-League's Santa Cruz Warriors. In March 2014, he was traded to the NBA D-League's Tulsa 66ers. Gigantes de Guayana (2014) In April 2014, he signed with Gigantes de Guayana of Venezuela for the rest of the 2014 LPB season. Hapoel Eilat (2014) On August 27, 2014, he signed to play in Israel with Hapoel Eilat of the Israeli Basketball Premier League. Hapoel Holon (2014–2015) On November 6, 2014, he left Eilat and signed with another Israeli club, Hapoel Holon for the rest of the season. Shenzhen Leopards (2015–2016) In August 2015, McGuire signed with the Shenzhen Leopards of China for the 2015–16 CBA season. Leones de Ponce (2016) On February 26, 2016, he signed with the Leones de Ponce of Puerto Rico for the 2016 BSN season. On April 14, 2016, he parted ways with Leones de Ponce. Club Malvín (2018) On April 19, 2018, McGuire was reported to have signed with Club Malvín of the Liga Uruguaya de Basketball. Aguacateros de Michoacán (2018–present) In December 2018, McGuire joined Mexican team Aguacateros de Michoacán of the Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional. NBA career statistics Regular season Playoffs Career highs

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A make-up stamp is a postage stamp issued by postal authorities to make up the difference in the cost of postage when rates have been increased and stamps are not yet available in the new denomination and no other values exist for that purpose. There are two types: Examples of denominated make up rate stamps Australia In Australia, six different 30¢ make-up stamps, three showing kangaroos and three depicting koala bears, all inscribed “Adelaide 2016” at the bottom, were on sale for just two days in January 2016. At the end of 2015, Australia Post decided that from 4 January 2016, they would increase the domestic rate from 70¢ to $1.50 but introduce a new rate for "standard letter", a slower service which was $1.00, 30¢ more than the previous first class rate. The supply of regular 30¢ Crocodile definitive stamps that customers could use to make up the new $1.00 rate were in short supply, so the Adelaide general post office pressed into service a slow 22-year-old CPS machine normally only used annually for stamp show souvenir stamps, etc., to print a quantity of 30¢ peel-and-stick stamps. The only retained machine was in Adelaide though all states had them from 1994. Several of these 2016 Australian make-up stamps have been offered for sale on eBay at up to 1,000 times face value as well as used copies on covers. Canada Also in 2014, Canada Post issued a make-up stamp denominated 22¢ to make to allow use of the previous rate 63¢ stamps when the rate was increased to 85¢. It joined the existing definitive insect issue which did not have this value at that time and was printed in panes of 50 stamps. Germany Deutsche Post added two Internet-only make-up rate stamps, valued €0.02 to their website to allow customers to use up their Internet-purchased €0.58 stamps when the rate was increased to €0.60 for domestic mail and a €0.10 for registered mail and some international rates on 1 January 2014 but were no longer available after 31 March 2014. United States United States Postal Service issued a new 3¢ definitive stamp, illustrating a star with red and blue points, specifically as a make up stamp in June 2002. All first-class and postcard stamps issued since 2010 are Forever Stamps, meaning that no make-up stamp is necessary to use them after a rate change.

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Swiss artist Claudia Comte (born 1983 in Morges, Switzerland) is a Swiss artist. Comte works in a variety of media including sculpture, engraving, installation murals and painting. Education Comte earned a B.A. in visual arts from l’Ecole Cantonale d’Art de Lausanne, ECAL, Switzerland and an M.A. in science of education from Haute Ecole Pédagogique, Visual Arts, Lausanne, Switzerland. Work Comte's artwork shows a wide range of influences that range from canonized artists, such as Brancusi and Jean Arp, to popular cartoons, like The Simpsons. She mixes the natural with the artificial, dissolving distinctions between what is considered intellectual and unsophisticated. In an interview with The Brooklyn Rail in 2015, Comte said she mixes classical themes with references to modern art, and then imparts her own voice on the form. Comte values the physical labor required to create her artwork. While in art school, Comte's classmates nicknamed her la tronçonneuse, Miss Chainsaw. The chainsaw has been Comte's tool of choice. However, Comte has asserted that her chosen tool, "has nothing to do with feminism or any other political act." Rather, it is the only tool that manipulates the material in the way she wants. Exhibitions Her artwork has been included in numerous solo and group exhibitions, including Zigzags and Diagnols, moCa Cleveland (2018); Swiss Performance Now, Kunsthalle Basel (2018), KölnSkulpture #9, Cologne (2017); La Ligne Claire, Basement Roma (2017); NOW I WON, Messeplatz, Art Basel (2017); 10 Rooms, 40 Walls, 1059 m2, Kunstmuseum Luzern (2017); DesertX, Palm Springs (2017); Catch The Tail By The Tiger, König Galerie, Berlin (2016); The Language of Things, Public Art Fund, New York (2016); Easy Heavy III, Haus Konstruktiv, Zurich (2014); Sharp Sharp, If I were a rabbit, where would I keep my gloves?, BolteLang, Zurich (2013); and Elevation 1049, Gstaad (2013). Collections Her work is included in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York and the Baltimore Museum of Art.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vohitsara"}

Place in Alaotra-Mangoro, Madagascar Vohitsara is a town and commune (Malagasy: kaominina) in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Amparafaravola, which is a part of the Alaotra-Mangoro Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 5,000 in the 2001 commune census. Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. Farmers comprise 78% of the commune's population. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are vegetables and beans. Industry and services both provide employment for 1% of the population. Fishing employs 20% of the population. References and notes Coordinates: 17°24′S 48°30′E / 17.400°S 48.500°E / -17.400; 48.500

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.S._Roniu"}

Football club AS Roniu is an association football club in Tahiti. They play in the Tahiti First Division. They play home games at Stade Pater Te Hono Nui.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Backe"}

German Nazi politician and SS functionary Herbert Friedrich Wilhelm Backe (1 May 1896 – 6 April 1947) was a German politician and SS Senior group leader (SS-Obergruppenführer) in Nazi Germany who served as State Secretary and Minister in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture. He was a doctrinaire racial ideologue, a long-time associate of Richard Walther Darré and a personal friend of Reinhard Heydrich. He developed and implemented the Operation Hunger that envisioned death by starvation of millions of Slavic and Jewish "useless eaters" following Operation Barbarossa, the 1941 invasion of the Soviet Union. Operation Hunger was developed during the planning phase of Operation Barbarossa and provided for diverting and redirecting of Ukrainian food stuffs away from central and northern Russia for the benefit of the invading army and the population in Germany. As a result, millions of local civilians died in the German-occupied territories. He was arrested in 1945 at the end of World War II and was due to be tried for war crimes at Nuremberg in the Ministries Trial but he committed suicide in his prison cell in 1947. Biography Herbert Backe was born in Batumi, Georgia, the son of a retired Prussian lieutenant turned trader. His mother was a Caucasus German, whose family had emigrated from Württemberg to Russia in the early 19th century. He studied at the Tbilisi gymnasium (grammar school) from 1905 and was interned on the outbreak of World War I as an enemy alien because he was a citizen of Prussia. This experience of being imprisoned for being German and witnessing the beginning of the Russian Revolution made Backe an anti-communist. Backe moved to Germany during the Russian Civil War with the help of the Swedish Red Cross. In Germany, he initially worked as a labourer, and enrolled to study Agronomy at the University of Göttingen in 1920. After completing his degree he briefly worked in agriculture and then became an assistant lecturer on agricultural geography at Hanover Technical University. In 1926, he submitted his doctoral dissertation to the University of Göttingen, but it was rejected. "Backe's thesis was in fact a manifesto for racial imperialism", where an upper class of German occupiers would fight against the local, 'ethnically inferior', population for the control of their food stuff. Backe joined the SA in 1922 and in 1925 in Hanover the Nazi Party. After the dissolution of the regional political entity (Gau) for South-Hanover, Backe let his membership expire. In 1927 Backe was inspector and administrator on a big farm in Pommern. In 1928 he was married to Ursula. With financial support of his father-in-law, in November 1928 he became tenant of domain Hornsen, with around 950 acres in the district of Alfeld. He proceeded to lead the farm successfully. After the Nazi seizure of power, Backe became the State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture on 27 October 1933, and in the same month he joined the SS. Backe became a member of the Prussian State Council and, in October 1936, he was made the agricultural representative to Hermann Göring's Four Year Plan. When the minister of Food and Agriculture Richard Walther Darré was placed on an extended leave of absence on 23 May 1942, Backe was charged with carrying out his responsibilities, though nominally remaining State Secretary. Backe also was charged with Darré's responsibilities as Reich Farmers Leader in the Nazi Party national leadership. On 9 November 1942, Backe was promoted to SS-Senior Group Leader (SS-Obergruppenführer). On 6 April 1944, Hitler finally named Backe minister of the Reich Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Backe was a prominent member of the younger generation of Nazi technocrats who occupied second-tier administrative positions in the Nazi system such as Reinhard Heydrich, Werner Best, and Wilhelm Stuckart. Like Stuckart, who held the real power in the Interior Ministry (officially led by Wilhelm Frick) and Wilhelm Ohnesorge in the Reich Postal Ministry (officially led by the conservative Paul Eltz-Rübenach), Backe was the de facto Minister of Food and Agriculture under Darré, even before he formally took over those duties. Hunger Plan Backe was nominated by the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Alfred Rosenberg, as the Secretary of State of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine where he could implement his radical and racist policies, the Hunger Plan (Der Hungerplan also Der Backe-Plan). Its objective was to inflict deliberate mass starvation on the Slavic civilian populations under German occupation by directing all food supplies to the German home population and the German Armed forces on the Eastern Front. The most important accomplice of Herbert Backe was Hans-Joachim Riecke, who headed the agricultural section of the Economic Staff East. According to the historian Timothy Snyder, as a result of Backe's plan, "4.2 million Soviet citizens (largely Russians, Belarusians, and Ukrainians) were starved by the German occupiers in 1941–1944". Arrest and suicide Backe was retained as Reichsminister of Food and Agriculture in Hitler's will and he remained in this position until 23 May 1945 in the short-lived Flensburg Government led by Grossadmiral Karl Dönitz. After the German Instrument of Surrender, Backe was ordered by the allies, together with Dorpmüller, to fly to Eisenhower's headquarters in Reims. He was surprised to be arrested; he thought the Americans would need him as an expert to avoid hunger problems. Backe prepared himself for an expected conversation with General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In a letter to his wife on 31 January 1946, he defended Nazism as one of the "greatest ideas of all times", which "found its strongest blow in the National Socialist agricultural policy". In allied captivity, Backe was interrogated during the Nuremberg trials of 21 February and 14 March 1947. In his prison cell in the Nuremberg war criminals' prison, Backe wrote two treatises: a so-called big report about his life and his work on Nazism, and also on 31 January 1946, a testament outline for his wife Ursula and his four children. Because of his fear that he was to be delivered to the Soviet Union, he committed suicide by hanging himself in his prison cell on 6 April 1947.

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Northern Irish botanical painter Diana Conyngham Ellis (née Monsell) (1813 - 4 May 1851) was a botanical artist from Ireland. Life Diana Monsell was born, most probably in County Londonderry, in 1813. She was the eldest daughter of the four children of the Archdeacon of Derry, Thomas Bewley Monsell, and Jane Rae. Her brother was the clergyman and hymn-writer, John Samuel Bewley Monsell. She married Conyngham Ellis, her first cousin, on 29 December 1842 at Dunloe Church. Initially a barrister, Conyngham Ellis left the profession to become a vicar, serving in Cranbourne, Windsor, Berkshire. Ellis died aged 37 or 38, on 4 May 1851. The book by Ellis as Mrs Conyngham Ellis, Conversations on human nature for the young, appears to have been printed posthumously. A watercolour portrait of Ellis by Frederick William Burton is in the collections of the National Gallery of Ireland. Artistic work Ellis' body of work consists of 68 flower and foliage water colour drawings. It is not known if Ellis received any form of training, though her work is typical of its time. Her studies were of common local plants, mostly those found in fields and hedgerows, such as primroses, bluebells, and violets. The work has been lauded for its accuracy and realism. The mounted album of her work is held in the collections of the National Gallery of Ireland. Burton commented on her work: "I have not for a long time seen anything that gave me so much pleasure to dwell on ... they make my own work appear rude and false that I am more than ever alive to my defects."

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Holland_Heineken_House"}

Dutch meeting place during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London The 2012 Holland Heineken House was the Dutch meeting place for supporters, athletes and other followers during the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, organized by Heineken and NOC*NSF. It was the 11th edition of the Holland Heineken House since 1982. The 2012 House opened its doors on the day of the opening ceremony on 27 July 2012 and closed on the day of the closing ceremony, 12 August 2012. Due to the expected numbers of visitors, tickets were sold in advance. With about six thousand visitors per day, over hundred thousand visitors the venue during the Games. The layout The 2012 Holland Heineken House had various shops, restaurants, reception rooms for sponsors and athletes, media facilities and a NOC*NSF information desk. During the day visitors could watch Olympic events on big screens and play different sports. There was a big hall for medal celebrations and performances of different artists during the night. The overall design and executions was created by Gielissen Interiors & Exhibitions. Medal celebrations Dutch medalist together with their coaches were honoured on the day they won on medal or later when they had to participate in other events. Because Marianne Vos won her gold medal in the road cycling women's road race due to the team performance of the Dutch team, her teammates Ellen van Dijk, Annemiek van Vleuten, Loes Gunnewijk were honoured as well.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorbozy"}

Village in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland Dorbozy [dɔrˈbɔzɨ] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Obsza, within Biłgoraj County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 4 kilometres (2 mi) north of Obsza, 27 km (17 mi) south-east of Biłgoraj, and 104 km (65 mi) south of the regional capital Lublin. The village has a population of 198.

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Disused railway station on the Vale of Neath Railway Clyne Halt railway station served the village of Clyne, in the historical county of Glamorganshire, Wales, from 1905 to 1964 on the Vale of Neath Railway. History The station was opened on 1 June 1905 by the Great Western Railway. It closed on 15 June 1964. The line is currently only open to freight.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SZD-36_Cobra_15"}

Polish single-seat glider, 1979 The SZD-36 Cobra was a glider designed and produced in Poland from 1968. Development The SZD-36 was the penultimate iteration of the SZD-24 Foka, with improved construction techniques and materials and many detail changes over the Foka 5. The aircraft was designed especially for the 1970 World Gliding Championships at Marfa, Texas, where J. Wroblewski took 2nd and F. Kępka took 3rd places in the Standard Class behind a Rolladen-Schneider LS1. The Cobra also proved popular with ordinary pilots resulting in a long production run of 290, of which 215 were exported. To compete in the Open class at Marfa in 1970, W. Okramus and M. Mikuszewski developed a 17m span version as the SZD-39 Cobra 17, which took 5th place flown by Edward Makula. Construction was predominantly of wood with plywood skinned semi-monocoque fuselage, thick skinned built up wings, and fibreglass cockpit shell. With high g limits, high Vne and effective speed limiting air-brakes on the upper surface of the wings, the SZD-36 Cobra is popular as an aerobatic machine. There have been cases of catastrophic structural failure due to incorrect wing attachment, caused ultimately by worn parts in the attachment assemblies. Safety Concern Following a fatal accident due to failure of the wing attachment mechanism in 2007 and another fatality with a glider with similar assembly mechanism, the British Gliding Association has issued a Safety Alert for owners of Cobra gliders. Variants SZD-36 Cobra Developed from the SZD-32A Foka 5, a 15m Standard Class sailplane developed for the 1970 World championships. 290 built SZD-39 Cobra 17 A 17m span version of the Cobra developed for the 1970 World Gliding Championships in the Open Class, first flown on 17 March 1970. Two were built. Specifications (SZD-36 Cobra) Data from http://www.piotrp.de/SZYBOWCE/dszd36.htm General characteristics Performance

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Day_of_Life_(film)"}

2018 film directed by Raúl de la Fuente and Damian Nenow Another Day of Life (Polish: Jeszcze dzień życia) is a 2018 Polish-Spanish-Belgian-German-Hungarian animated feature co-production directed by Raúl de la Fuente and Damian Nenow, based on Ryszard Kapuściński's autobiographical account, Another Day of Life. Cast Awards and accolades

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Edith Ashover Taggart (11 November 1909 – 1997) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland. Taggart was elected as an Ulster Unionist Party member of the Senate of Northern Ireland in 1970, becoming only the second female member of the body (after Marion Greeves). She served until its abolition in 1973.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A1tk%C3%A1_Ves"}

Municipality in Vysočina, Czech Republic Krátká Ves is a municipality and village in Havlíčkův Brod District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants. Krátká Ves lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) east of Havlíčkův Brod, 27 km (17 mi) north of Jihlava, and 105 km (65 mi) south-east of Prague.

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American archaeologist Gary M. Feinman (born 1951) is an American archaeologist, and the MacArthur Curator of Mesoamerican, Central American, and East Asian Anthropology at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. He was a part of the Valley of Oaxaca Settlement Pattern Project which focused on the evolution of the Monte Albán state and shifts in settlement in the region over three millennia. He has conducted research in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico for over 30 years, most recently in the lands of the communities Tlacolula, Mitla, Matatlán, and Ejutla. These studies focused on household excavations at three sites (Ejutla, El Palmillo, and the Mitla Fortress). Most recently, he excavated at Lambityeco in collaboration with representatives of the Mexican Institute of Anthropology and History. At Lambityeco, Feinman and colleagues have documented a large Classic-period ball court, which was not previously recorded during surface mapping of this site. The Field Museum of Natural History team also found the largest carved stone ever recovered at this site. Since 1995 Feinman has also been conducting archaeological survey in coastal Shandong Province, China in conjunction with Shandong University. The coastal Shandong settlement pattern research, spearheaded by Feinman, Linda Nicholas (Field Museum), and Professor Fang Hui (Shandong University) has had a role in introducing this regional-scale systematic field methodology to Chinese archaeology. The team has documented a large segment of the ancient Qi Great Wall, which was built during the Warring States period, and ultimately was breached by Qin armies just prior to the first unification of China. Presently, more than 3000 square kilometers have been surveyed. Feinman is the author of several hundred articles, books, and book chapters. He is the founding co-editor of the Journal of Archaeological Research, past editor of Latin American Antiquity, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Contributions to Archaeology Feinman helped to develop full coverage survey methods, which he and colleagues applied to the Valley of Oaxaca to help understand the evolution of the Monte Alban state The particular method developed by Feinman and colleagues Richard Blanton and Stephen Kowalewski influenced a generation of archaeologists and are still widely used today. Feinman continues to employ and refine this method in his ongoing work in the Valley of Oaxaca and Shandong Province, China. Feinman was an early proponent of world-systems theory, and actively applied it to the evolution of Mesoamerican and Southwestern US polities. Although this work was criticized at the time, it was further developed and employed by many scholars. Feinman also helped to develop dual processual theory, which has had a broad impact in American archaeology. This researched has morphed to more theoretically grounded framework focused on Collective Action, modes of governance, and variability in their fiscal foundations. In a series of collaborative publications he has used this approach to compare modes of governance across prehispanic Mesoamerica. Recent studies, underpinned by a career of regional survey and residential excavation, have offered new perspectives on prehispanic Mesoamerican economies, in which most production for exchange was undertaken in domestic contexts and marketplace exchanges had a central importance. This model is markedly different than prior perspectives that presumed centralized/administered production and exchange. In addition to drawing on results from survey and excavation, Feinman, in conjunction with Linda Nicholas, Mark Golitko and colleagues from Mexico and the United States, has begun an effort to greatly increase the quantity of sourced obsidian from documented prehispanic contexts in the Valley of Oaxaca. By combining these newly sourced sets of obsidian data from Oaxaca with a larger archive of sourced obsidian from across prehispanic Mesoamerica, Feinman and colleagues have documented significant shifts in networks of exchange over time, while casting further doubt on extant models that presume the prevalence of state-controlled economies and redistribution. Feinman is the co-curator of two permanent exhibitions at the Field Museum: the Ancient Americas, and the Cyrus Tang Hall of China. He also served as curator for a number of temporary exhibitions, including Chocolate, The Aztec World, China's First Emperor and His Terracotta Warriors, Death: Life's Greatest Mystery, and Mexican Nativity Scenes. With T. Douglas Price, Feinman is the author of the amply illustrated world prehistory text, Images of the Past, which presently is in its 9th edition.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bella"}

Slovak Air Force officer Ivan Bella (born 21 May 1964) is a Slovak Air Force officer who became the first Slovak citizen to fly in space. He participated in an eight-day joint Russian-French-Slovak mission to the Mir space station in 1999. Education and military career Bella graduated from military school in 1983 and subsequently graduated from Košice Military Academy in 1987. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel in the Slovak Republic Army as a pilot at the 33rd Air Force Base in Malacky, Slovakia. Spaceflight Bella began training as a research cosmonaut on 25 March 1998. He completed his training successfully at the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre in August of the same year. Bella launched along with mission commander Viktor Afanasyev and flight engineer Jean-Pierre Haigneré on the Soyuz TM-29 mission on 20 February 1999. TM-29 arrived at Mir on 22 February. While on board the station Bella performed various scientific experiments as well as experiments involving the possibility of survival of Japanese quails during long flights. Bella spent just over a week in space and returned to earth on 28 February aboard Soyuz TM-28 along with fellow crew member Gennady Padalka. Diplomatic career In 2004, Bella was appointed to serve as a military attaché for Slovakia in Moscow, Russia.

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American record producer and label executive, and musician Scott Billington (born October 27, 1951 in Melrose, Massachusetts) is an American record producer, songwriter, record company executive and blues musician. Biography Billington's career began in Boston in the early 1970s, when he managed the New England Music City record store and edited the music magazine Pop Top. He was a member of the Boston Blues Society, which staged concerts by Son House, Mance Lipscomb, Johnny Shines and other first-generation bluesmen. In the mid 1970s he joined the staff of Rounder Records, where he first worked in the record label's sales, promotion and art departments. In 1978, he and author Peter Guralnick edited live Boston Blues Society tapes to produce the Johnny Shines' album, Hey-Ba-Ba-Re Bop. He began producing for musicians in genres of music such as blues, Cajun, jazz and zydeco. His 1981 production of bluesman Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown won the first Grammy Award for Rounder Records. In the mid-1980s, he created the Modern New Orleans Masters Series for Rounder. Over the years, he has produced Charlie Rich, Solomon Burke, Johnny Adams, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band, Soul Rebels Brass Band, Irma Thomas, James Booker, Tangle Eye, Girl Authority among other artists on Rounder and other labels. His records have won a total of 3 Grammy® Awards and 11 Grammy® nominations. As a harmonica player, Billington has recorded with Irma Thomas, Boozoo Chavis, Sleepy LaBeef, Johnette Downing, Theryl deClouet and others. He has toured with Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas, a Louisiana-based zydeco band, appearing at the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival, the Efes Pilsen Blues Festival (Istanbul) and the Montreal Jazz Festival. He played harmonica on the soundtrack to the Henry Fonda/Myrna Loy ABC-TV film, Summer Solstice, and on the PBS-TV series Zoom and Nova. Billington's writing has appeared in Yankee, the Oxford American, Gambit and The Boston Globe. He has also written liner notes for many of his recordings. He has lectured at Harvard University, the New England Conservatory of Music, and Loyola University, as well as at several Grammy in the Schools events. As a graphic designer and art director, Billington created hundreds of album covers for Rounder and other labels. Billington is employed as vice president of A&R for Rounder/Concord Records. He lives in New Orleans with his wife, the children's musician and author Johnette Downing, with whom he performs as the duo Johnette and Scott. Awards 2017 Grammy Award (Producer of Bobby Rush's Porcupine Meat) 2011 Offbeat (New Orleans) Lifetime Achievement Award 2010 Grammy nomination (co-producer of Woody Guthrie's My Dusty Road collection) 2007 Sweet Soul Music Award, awarded by the Porretta Soul Festival, Porretta Terme, Italy Grammy Award (producer of Irma Thomas's After the Rain) 2002 Keeping the Blues Alive Award for Producer, awarded by The Blues Foundation 1996 Offbeat Magazine (New Orleans) Best Producer Award (shared with Allen Toussaint) 1990 Nominated as Producer of the Year, Boston Music Awards 1989 Nominated as Producer of the Year, Boston Music Awards 1987 Communication Arts Magazine Award of Excellence 1985 Appointment as Colonel on the staff of Louisiana Governor Edwin W. Edwards 1984 Communication Arts Magazine Award of Excellence 1982 Grammy Award (co-producer of Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown's Alright Again!) Partial credits For complete credits please see 2020 Waves, Burke Ingraffia (Producer, Harmonica) 2013 Skydog: The Duane Allman Retrospective, Duane Allman (Art Direction, Design, Executive Producer) Swamp People (Compilation Producer, Harmonica, Producer) American Radical Patriot, Woody Guthrie (Art Direction) 2012 Meet Me at Mardi Gras (Compilation Producer, Liner Notes) St. Peter & 57th St., Preservation Hall Jazz Band (Mixing) Twenty Dozen, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Producer) Unlock Your Mind, The Soul Rebels (Producer) 2010 Live in Boston, 1982, George Thorogood & the Destroyers (Producer) 2009 My Dusty Road, Woody Guthrie (Art Direction, Reissue Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE The Soul Queen of New Orleans: 50th Anniversary, Irma Thomas (Compilation Producer, Composer, Harmonica, Producer, Remixing, Tambourine) 2008 Pretty Runs Out, Amanda Shaw (Composer, Producer) Simply Grand, Irma Thomas (Liner Notes, Photography, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE 2007 City of Dreams: A Collection of New Orleans Music (Annotation, Editing, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer) Road Trip, Girl Authority (Composer, Harmonica, Mini Moog, Producer) 2006 After the Rain, Irma Thomas (Composer, Producer, Tambourine) GRAMMY® WINNER Girl Authority, Girl Authority (Harmonica, Producer) Hang It High, Hang It Low, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Composer, Liner Notes, Producer) The Great Johnny Adams R&B Album, Johnny Adams (Compilation Producer, Mixing, Producer) 2005 A Celebration of New Orleans Music to Benefit the Musicares Hurricane Relief (Photography, Producer) Daily Bread, Corey Harris (Composer, Mixing, Producer) The Complete Library of Congress Recordings, Jelly Roll Morton (Project Coordinator) The Great Johnny Adams Blues Album, Johnny Adams (Producer) 2004 Alan Lomax's Southern Journey Remixed, Tangle Eye (Arranger, Beats, Composer, Cover Photo, Harmonica, Sounds, Wurlitzer) Sense of Light, Clarence Bucaro (Producer) Soul of the Night (Compilation Producer, Producer) The Essential Collection, Bill Morrissey (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Producer) 2003 Box of the Blues (Art Direction, Liner Notes, Producer) 2002 Cajun Music: The Essential Collection (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer) Live! The Loom's Desire, Laura Nyro (Editing, Mixing, Producer) Righteous! The Essential Collection, The Holmes Brothers (Compilation Producer, Percussion, Producer) Zydeco: The Essential Collection (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Producer, Vocals, Background Vocals) 2001 Any Woman's Blues (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Liner Notes, Producer) Down Home on Dog Hill, Boozoo Chavis (Harmonica, Producer) If You Want It, Come and Get It, Irma Thomas (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer) Keep It Rollin': The Blues Piano Collection (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Mixing) Mardi Gras in New Orleans (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Mixing, Producer) Rockabilly Blues, Sleepy LaBeef (Compilation Producer, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer) Roots Music: An American Journey (Art Direction, Essay, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer, Song Notes) The Best of Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Annotation, Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Producer) The Best of the Crawfish Years, 1985–1991, BeauSoleil (Compilation Producer, Mixing) The Houseman Cometh!, Theryl DeClouet (Harmonica, Producer, Background Vocals) Wake up Call, Michelle Willson (Producer, Background Vocals) 2000 Best Kept Secret, Chris Ardoin & Double Clutchin' (Producer) Give Him Cornbread, Live!, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Liner Notes, Producer) Johnnie Billy Goat, Boozoo Chavis (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Engineer, Liner Notes) Let's Go, Nathan & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Composer, Harmonica, Producer) My Heart's in Memphis: The Songs of Dan Penn, Irma Thomas (Percussion, Producer) On the Prowl, Walter "Wolfman" Washington (Producer) Swingin' the Blues, Claude "Fiddler" Williams (Producer) The Toughest Girl Alive, Candye Kane (Percussion, Producer) The Ultimate Collection, Buckwheat Zydeco (Producer) There Is Always One More Time, Johnny Adams (Art Direction, Design, Liner Notes, Producer) 1999 Allons en Louisiane: The Rounder Records Guide to Cajun Music, Zydeco & South Louisiana (Compilation Producer, Producer) Good Day for the Blues, Ruth Brown (Liner Notes, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE Love Like Yours & Mine, Davell Crawford (Producer) The Whop Boom Bam, All That (Producer, Background Vocals) Tryin' to Make a Little Love, Michelle Willson (Art Direction, Design, Harmonica, Producer) Who Stole My Monkey?, Boozoo Chavis (Producer) 1998 Ain't No Funk Like N.O. Funk (Compilation Producer, Producer) B-3 and Me, Davell Crawford (Producer) Check It Out, Lock It In, Crank It Up, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Composer, Producer) Funk Is in the House, Walter "Wolfman" Washington (Producer) La Chanson Perdue, Geno Delafose (Liner Notes, Producer, Background Vocals) Man of My Word, Johnny Adams (Design, Producer) Modern New Orleans Masters (Design, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer, Production Coordination) Sing It!, Marcia Ball, Irma Thomas, Tracy Nelson (Producer, Tambourine) GRAMMY® NOMINEE To the Country, Bluerunners (Producer) Turn the Page, Chris Ardoin (Producer) 1997 Funknicity, New Orleans Nightcrawlers (Producer) Gon' Be Jus' Fine, Chris Ardoin & Double Clutchin' (Design, Producer) I'm a Zydeco Hog: Live at the Rock 'N' Bowl, New Orleans, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Composer, Liner Notes, Producer) Promised Land, The Holmes Brothers (Harmonica, Producer) R+B = Ruth Brown, Ruth Brown (Design, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE Z-Funk, Li'l Brian & The Zydeco Travelers (Design, Harmonica, Producer, Background Vocals) 1996 Africa Worldwide: 35th Anniversary Album, Tabu Ley Rochereau (Design, Producer) Gonna Take You Downtown, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Design, Mixing, Photography, Producer) Mood Indigo, New Orleans C.A.C. Jazz Orchestra (Mixing, Producer) One Foot in the Blues, Johnny Adams (Design, Horn Arrangements, Liner Notes, Producer) That's What I'm Talkin' About!, Geno Delafose (Composer, Design, Producer) The Barber's Blues, Chuck Carbo (Design, Producer) You'll Never Get to Heaven, Bill Morrissey (Producer) 1995 Creole Crossroads, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Producer, Background Vocals) Fresh, Li'l Brian & The Zydeco Travelers (Design, Liner Notes, Percussion, Producer, Background Vocals) Git It, Beau Jocque!, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Design, Producer) La Toussaint, Steve Riley & the Mamou Playboys (Producer) Let Them Talk, Davell Crawford (Design, Producer) Right on Time, Little Buster and the Soul Brothers (Design, Producer) The Royal Family of Zydeco (Composer, Producer) The Verdict, Johnny Adams (Harmonica, Producer) Till the Night is Gone: A Tribute to Doc Pomus (Producer) 1994 French Rockin' Boogie, Geno Delafose (Design, Liner Notes, Percussion, Producer) Live! At the Habibi Temple, Boozoo Chavis (Design, Producer) Muzina, Tabu Ley Rochereau (Design, Producer) Pick Up on This!, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Composer, Design, Liner Notes, Percussion, Producer) Strange Things Happening, Sleepy LaBeef (Design, Harmonica) Willing & Able, Dalton Reed (Design, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Producer) 1993 Beau Jocque Boogie, Beau Jocque & The Zydeco Hi-Rollers (Design, Producer) Blues Stay Away from Me, John Delafose & the Eunice Playboys (Design, Piano, Producer) Follow Me Chicken, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Composer, Harmonica, Liner Notes, Producer, Background Vocals) Good Morning Heartache, Johnny Adams (Design, Liner Notes, Producer) Jelly, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Producer) Resurrection of the Bayou Maharajah: Live at the Maple Leaf Bar, James Booker (Design, Imaging, Photo Imaging, Producer) Soul Street, The Holmes Brothers (Percussion, Producer) Spiders on the Keys: Live at the Maple Leaf Bar, James Booker (Design, Imaging, Liner Notes, Producer) Walk Around Heaven: New Orleans Gospel Soul, Irma Thomas (Design, Producer) 1992 Gonna Stick and Stay, Paul Kelly (Design, Liner Notes, Percussion, Producer) Jubilation, The Holmes Brothers (Producer, Background Vocals) Old World Beat, Klezmer Conservatory Band (Producer) Open Up: Whatcha Gonna Do for the Rest of Your Life?, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Producer) Pere Et Garcon Zydeco, John Delafose (Design, Producer) Pictures And Paintings, Charlie Rich (Producer) True Believer, Irma Thomas (Design, Producer) 1991 Johnny Adams Sings Doc Pomus: The Real Me, Johnny Adams (Design, Producer) Live! Simply the Best, Irma Thomas (Liner Notes, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE Louisiana Soul Man, Dalton Reed (Composer, Harmonica, Percussion, Producer, Background Vocals) Mardi Gras Party (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Editing, Engineer, Mastering, Mixing, Percussion, Producer) Where It's At, The Holmes Brothers (Design, Hand Coloring, Producer) Wolf at the Door, Walter "Wolfman" Washington (Design, Liner Notes, Producer, Background Vocals) Your Mama Don't Know, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Composer, Design, Harmonica, Producer) 1990 In the Spirit, The Holmes Brothers (Design, Producer) Spanic Boys, Spanic Boys (Art Direction, Design, Producer) The New Orleans Album, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Producer) Zydeco Shootout at El Sid O's (Design, Producer) 1989 Steady Rock, Nathan Williams & the Zydeco Cha Chas (Art Direction, Composer, Design, Producer, Background Vocals) Voodoo, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Producer) Walking on a Tightrope: The Songs of Percy Mayfield, Johnny Adams (Art Direction, Design, Producer) Zydeco Live!, Vol. 1 (Design, Liner Notes, Producer) Zydeco Live!, Vol. 2 (Design, Liner Notes, Producer) 1988 Dreams of Love, Tony Dagradi (Design, Producer) Jumpin' Night in the Garden of Eden, Klezmer Conservatory Band (Producer) Out of the Dark, Walter "Wolfman" Washington (Design, Producer) Room with a View of the Blues, Johnny Adams (Design, Producer) Steppin' Out, David Torkanowsky (Art Direction, Design, Producer) Swing, Duke Robillard (Design, Producer) The Way I Feel, Irma Thomas (Design, Harmonica, Producer) You Got Me, Duke Robillard (Design, Producer, Vocal Harmony) 1987 A Few Old Memories, Hazel Dickens (Harmonica) Buckwheat's Zydeco Party, Buckwheat Zydeco (Art Direction, Compilation Producer, Design, Liner Notes, Producer) Graciously, Alvin "Red" Tyler (Design, Producer) 1986 A Change Is Gonna Come, Solomon Burke (Design, Producer) Heritage, Alvin "Red" Tyler (Design, Producer) The New Rules, Irma Thomas (Design, Producer) Wolf Tracks, Walter "Wolfman" Washington (Design, Producer) After Dark, Johnny Adams (Design, Producer) Hot Tamale Baby, Marcia Ball (Design, Producer) Live: Mardi Gras in Montreux, The Dirty Dozen Brass Band (Editing, Mixing) Nothin' But the Truth, Sleepy LaBeef (Design, Harmonica, Producer, Background Vocals) 1985 Too Hot to Handle, Duke Robillard (Percussion, Piano, Producer) Waitin' for My Ya Ya, Buckwheat Zydeco Ils Sont Partis Band (Design, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE From the Heart, Johnny Adams (Producer) New Orleans Piano Professor, Tuts Washington (Design, Photography, Producer) 1983 By the Sweat of My Brow, Hazel Dickens (Harmonica) Soul Alive!, Solomon Burke (Editing, Mixing) Turning Point, Buckwheat Zydeco (Design, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE Classified, James Booker (Design, Editing, Liner Notes, Mixing, Producer) 1982 Electricity, Sleepy LaBeef (Harmonica, Producer) One More Mile, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown (Design, Producer) GRAMMY® NOMINEE 1981 Alright Again!, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown (Producer) GRAMMY® WINNER 1980 Hard Hitting Songs for Hard Hit People, Hazel Dickens (Harmonica) Mr. Blues is Back to Stay, Robert Jr. Lockwood and Johnny Shines (Design, Producer) 1979 Hangin' On, Robert Jr. Lockwood and Johnny Shines (Design, Production Assistance) 1978 Hey Ba-Ba-Re-Bop, Johnny Shines (Producer) Living on the Hallelujah Side, Joseph Spence (Engineer, Liner Notes)

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliciloricus_dubius"}

Species of tiny marine invertebrate Pliciloricus dubius is a marine Loriciferan species of genus Pliciloricus described by Higgins & Kristensen 1986. Distribution Pliciloricus dubius is a species that has been designated for the waters of the Atlantic Ocean north and northwest.

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The following article is about notable events in American soccer during the 1860s. The 1860s were widely considered the first decade where organized forms association football codes were played in the United States, although it is uncertain whether or not it was variants of modern-day rugby football, American football or association football. The first reported types of organized ball kicking originated during the American Civil War, and following the Civil War the first official match reports for association football were reported. Pre-1865 Oneida Football Club The Oneida Football Club was established in 1862 by Gerrit Smith "Gat" Miller, a graduate of the Latin School of Epes Sargent Dixwell, a private college preparatory school in Boston. At the time there were no formal rules for football games, with different schools and areas playing their own variations. This informal style of play was often chaotic and very violent, and Miller had been a star of the game while attending Dixwell. However, he grew tired of these disorganized games, and organized other recent preparatory school graduates to join what would be the first organized football team in the United States. The team consisted of a group of Boston secondary school students from relatively elite public (state) schools in the area, such as Boston Latin School and the English High School of Boston. Organization served the club well, and it reportedly never lost a game, or even allowed a single goal. 1866 International matches No international matches were played during the 1866 calendar year. Club matches The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1866. Carroll College v Waukesha Town Club Carroll College v Waukesha Town Team Trinity College Class of 1869 v Trinity College Class of 1870 Another match between Waukesha Town Club and Carroll College was played on October 23, 1866, but the score of the match is unknown. 1867 International matches No international matches were played during the 1867 calendar year. Club matches No club matches were reported during the 1867 calendar year. 1868 International matches No international matches were played during the 1868 calendar year. Club matches The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1868. The only reported soccer fixtures in the United States occurred in the Salt Lake City and New Orleans metropolitan areas. Salt Lake City Team A v Salt Lake City Team B West Jordan Lower Branch v West Jordan Middle Branch New Orleans St. Joseph's Association v Challenge Team New Orleans St. Joseph's Association v Challenge Team New Orleans St. Joseph's Association v Challenge Team 1869 International matches No international matches were played during the 1869 calendar year. Club matches The following are known American soccer club matches that were played in 1869. Reported matches primarily consisted of men's college soccer teams, mostly of Ivy League schools and military academies. Columbia University v Brooklyn Poly Prep/Adelphia Academy Columbia University v Brooklyn Poly Prep/Adelphia Academy Washington & Lee University v Virginia Military Institute Rutgers University v Princeton University Princeton University v Rutgers University The two matches between Rutgers and Princeton are generally regarded as the first ever games of American Football.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-dimensional_topology"}

Branch of topology In mathematics, low-dimensional topology is the branch of topology that studies manifolds, or more generally topological spaces, of four or fewer dimensions. Representative topics are the structure theory of 3-manifolds and 4-manifolds, knot theory, and braid groups. This can be regarded as a part of geometric topology. It may also be used to refer to the study of topological spaces of dimension 1, though this is more typically considered part of continuum theory. History A number of advances starting in the 1960s had the effect of emphasising low dimensions in topology. The solution by Stephen Smale, in 1961, of the Poincaré conjecture in five or more dimensions made dimensions three and four seem the hardest; and indeed they required new methods, while the freedom of higher dimensions meant that questions could be reduced to computational methods available in surgery theory. Thurston's geometrization conjecture, formulated in the late 1970s, offered a framework that suggested geometry and topology were closely intertwined in low dimensions, and Thurston's proof of geometrization for Haken manifolds utilized a variety of tools from previously only weakly linked areas of mathematics. Vaughan Jones' discovery of the Jones polynomial in the early 1980s not only led knot theory in new directions but gave rise to still mysterious connections between low-dimensional topology and mathematical physics. In 2002, Grigori Perelman announced a proof of the three-dimensional Poincaré conjecture, using Richard S. Hamilton's Ricci flow, an idea belonging to the field of geometric analysis. Overall, this progress has led to better integration of the field into the rest of mathematics. Two dimensions A surface is a two-dimensional, topological manifold. The most familiar examples are those that arise as the boundaries of solid objects in ordinary three-dimensional Euclidean space R3—for example, the surface of a ball. On the other hand, there are surfaces, such as the Klein bottle, that cannot be embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space without introducing singularities or self-intersections. Classification of surfaces The classification theorem of closed surfaces states that any connected closed surface is homeomorphic to some member of one of these three families: The surfaces in the first two families are orientable. It is convenient to combine the two families by regarding the sphere as the connected sum of 0 tori. The number g of tori involved is called the genus of the surface. The sphere and the torus have Euler characteristics 2 and 0, respectively, and in general the Euler characteristic of the connected sum of g tori is 2 − 2g. The surfaces in the third family are nonorientable. The Euler characteristic of the real projective plane is 1, and in general the Euler characteristic of the connected sum of k of them is 2 − k. Teichmüller space In mathematics, the Teichmüller space TX of a (real) topological surface X, is a space that parameterizes complex structures on X up to the action of homeomorphisms that are isotopic to the identity homeomorphism. Each point in TX may be regarded as an isomorphism class of 'marked' Riemann surfaces where a 'marking' is an isotopy class of homeomorphisms from X to X. The Teichmüller space is the universal covering orbifold of the (Riemann) moduli space. Teichmüller space has a canonical complex manifold structure and a wealth of natural metrics. The underlying topological space of Teichmüller space was studied by Fricke, and the Teichmüller metric on it was introduced by Oswald Teichmüller (1940). Uniformization theorem In mathematics, the uniformization theorem says that every simply connected Riemann surface is conformally equivalent to one of the three domains: the open unit disk, the complex plane, or the Riemann sphere. In particular it admits a Riemannian metric of constant curvature. This classifies Riemannian surfaces as elliptic (positively curved—rather, admitting a constant positively curved metric), parabolic (flat), and hyperbolic (negatively curved) according to their universal cover. The uniformization theorem is a generalization of the Riemann mapping theorem from proper simply connected open subsets of the plane to arbitrary simply connected Riemann surfaces. Three dimensions A topological space X is a 3-manifold if every point in X has a neighbourhood that is homeomorphic to Euclidean 3-space. The topological, piecewise-linear, and smooth categories are all equivalent in three dimensions, so little distinction is made in whether we are dealing with say, topological 3-manifolds, or smooth 3-manifolds. Phenomena in three dimensions can be strikingly different from phenomena in other dimensions, and so there is a prevalence of very specialized techniques that do not generalize to dimensions greater than three. This special role has led to the discovery of close connections to a diversity of other fields, such as knot theory, geometric group theory, hyperbolic geometry, number theory, Teichmüller theory, topological quantum field theory, gauge theory, Floer homology, and partial differential equations. 3-manifold theory is considered a part of low-dimensional topology or geometric topology. Knot and braid theory Knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots that appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined together so that it cannot be undone. In mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3 (since we're using topology, a circle isn't bound to the classical geometric concept, but to all of its homeomorphisms). Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other via a deformation of R3 upon itself (known as an ambient isotopy); these transformations correspond to manipulations of a knotted string that do not involve cutting the string or passing the string through itself. Knot complements are frequently-studied 3-manifolds. The knot complement of a tame knot K is the three-dimensional space surrounding the knot. To make this precise, suppose that K is a knot in a three-manifold M (most often, M is the 3-sphere). Let N be a tubular neighborhood of K; so N is a solid torus. The knot complement is then the complement of N, A related topic is braid theory. Braid theory is an abstract geometric theory studying the everyday braid concept, and some generalizations. The idea is that braids can be organized into groups, in which the group operation is 'do the first braid on a set of strings, and then follow it with a second on the twisted strings'. Such groups may be described by explicit presentations, as was shown by Emil Artin (1947). For an elementary treatment along these lines, see the article on braid groups. Braid groups may also be given a deeper mathematical interpretation: as the fundamental group of certain configuration spaces. Hyperbolic 3-manifolds A hyperbolic 3-manifold is a 3-manifold equipped with a complete Riemannian metric of constant sectional curvature -1. In other words, it is the quotient of three-dimensional hyperbolic space by a subgroup of hyperbolic isometries acting freely and properly discontinuously. See also Kleinian model. Its thick-thin decomposition has a thin part consisting of tubular neighborhoods of closed geodesics and/or ends that are the product of a Euclidean surface and the closed half-ray. The manifold is of finite volume if and only if its thick part is compact. In this case, the ends are of the form torus cross the closed half-ray and are called cusps. Knot complements are the most commonly studied cusped manifolds. Poincaré conjecture and geometrization Thurston's geometrization conjecture states that certain three-dimensional topological spaces each have a unique geometric structure that can be associated with them. It is an analogue of the uniformization theorem for two-dimensional surfaces, which states that every simply-connected Riemann surface can be given one of three geometries (Euclidean, spherical, or hyperbolic). In three dimensions, it is not always possible to assign a single geometry to a whole topological space. Instead, the geometrization conjecture states that every closed 3-manifold can be decomposed in a canonical way into pieces that each have one of eight types of geometric structure. The conjecture was proposed by William Thurston (1982), and implies several other conjectures, such as the Poincaré conjecture and Thurston's elliptization conjecture. Four dimensions A 4-manifold is a 4-dimensional topological manifold. A smooth 4-manifold is a 4-manifold with a smooth structure. In dimension four, in marked contrast with lower dimensions, topological and smooth manifolds are quite different. There exist some topological 4-manifolds that admit no smooth structure and even if there exists a smooth structure it need not be unique (i.e. there are smooth 4-manifolds that are homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic). 4-manifolds are of importance in physics because, in General Relativity, spacetime is modeled as a pseudo-Riemannian 4-manifold. Exotic R4 An exotic R4 is a differentiable manifold that is homeomorphic but not diffeomorphic to the Euclidean space R4. The first examples were found in the early 1980s by Michael Freedman, by using the contrast between Freedman's theorems about topological 4-manifolds, and Simon Donaldson's theorems about smooth 4-manifolds. There is a continuum of non-diffeomorphic differentiable structures of R4, as was shown first by Clifford Taubes. Prior to this construction, non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on spheres—exotic spheres—were already known to exist, although the question of the existence of such structures for the particular case of the 4-sphere remained open (and still remains open as of 2018). For any positive integer n other than 4, there are no exotic smooth structures on Rn; in other words, if n ≠ 4 then any smooth manifold homeomorphic to Rn is diffeomorphic to Rn. Other special phenomena in four dimensions There are several fundamental theorems about manifolds that can be proved by low-dimensional methods in dimensions at most 3, and by completely different high-dimensional methods in dimension at least 5, but which are false in four dimensions. Here are some examples: A few typical theorems that distinguish low-dimensional topology There are several theorems that in effect state that many of the most basic tools used to study high-dimensional manifolds do not apply to low-dimensional manifolds, such as: Steenrod's theorem states that an orientable 3-manifold has a trivial tangent bundle. Stated another way, the only characteristic class of a 3-manifold is the obstruction to orientability. Any closed 3-manifold is the boundary of a 4-manifold. This theorem is due independently to several people: it follows from the Dehn–Lickorish theorem via a Heegaard splitting of the 3-manifold. It also follows from René Thom's computation of the cobordism ring of closed manifolds. The existence of exotic smooth structures on R4. This was originally observed by Michael Freedman, based on the work of Simon Donaldson and Andrew Casson. It has since been elaborated by Freedman, Robert Gompf, Clifford Taubes and Laurence Taylor to show there exists a continuum of non-diffeomorphic smooth structures on R4. Meanwhile, Rn is known to have exactly one smooth structure up to diffeomorphism provided n ≠ 4.

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Tone-Lok Effects are guitar effects pedals from a (now discontinued) product line, introduced by Ibanez in 1999.[when?] In contrast with other guitar pedals, they included a "Lok" feature, engaged for each adjustment by pressing down on its corresponding potentiometer's control knob. Pedals Guitar AP7 Analog Phaser AW7 Autowah CF7 Stereo Chorus/Flanger DE7 Delay/Echo DS7 Distortion FZ7 Fuzz LF7 Lo Fi PH7 Phaser PM7 Phase Modulator SH7 Seventh Heaven SM7 Smashbox TC7 Tri Mode Chorus TS7 Tubescreamer WD7 Weeping Demon WD7JR Weeping Demon Junior Bass PD7 Phat-Hed Bass Overdrive SB7 Synthesizer Bass

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_finance_in_the_United_States"}

Contributions to American election campaign funds The financing of electoral campaigns in the United States happens at the federal, state, and local levels by contributions from individuals, corporations, political action committees, and sometimes the government. Campaign spending has risen steadily at least since 1990 (for example the average campaign spending for a candidate who won an election to the House of Representatives in 1990 spent $407,600, while the average winner thirty years later spent $2.35 million (approximately $1 million adjusted for inflation); in the Senate, average spending for winning candidates went from $3.87 to $27.16 million (about $13.71 million adjusted for inflation)). In 2020, nearly $14 billion was spent on federal election campaigns in the United States -- "making it the most expensive campaign in U.S. history", "more than double" what was spent in the 2016 election. Critics complain that following a number of Supreme Court decisions -- Citizens United v. FEC (2010) in particular—the "very wealthy" are now allowed to spend unlimited amounts on campaigns (through "Super PACs"), and to prevent voters from knowing who is trying to influence them (contributing "dark money" that masks the donor's identity). Consequently, as of at least 2022, critics (such as the Brennan Center for Justice) allege "big money dominates U.S. political campaigns to a degree not seen in decades" and is "drowning out the voices of ordinary Americans." Public concern over the influence of large donors in political campaigns was reflected in a 2018 opinion poll which found that 74% of Americans surveyed thought it was "very" important that "people who give a lot of money to elected officials" "not have more political influence than other people", but that 72% thought this was "not at all" or "not too" much the case. Another 65% of respondents agreed that it should not be impossible to change this and that "new laws could be written that would be effective in reducing the role of money in politics". Laws regulating campaign donations, spending and public funding have been enacted at the federal level by the Congress and enforced by the Federal Election Commission (FEC), an independent federal agency. Nonprofit, non-governmental grassroots organizations like the Center for Responsive Politics, Consumer Watchdog and Common Cause track how money is raised and spent. Although most campaign spending is privately financed (largely through donors that work in subsidized industries), public financing is available for qualifying candidates for President of the United States during both the primaries and the general election. Eligibility requirements must be fulfilled to qualify for a government subsidy, and those that do accept government funding are usually subject to spending limits on money. Races for non-federal offices are governed by state and local law. Over half the states allow some level of corporate and union contributions. As of 2021[update], some states have stricter limits on contributions, while some states have no limits at all. Much information from campaign spending comes from the federal campaign database which does not include state and local campaign spending. Terminology, definitions Campaign spending Money spent on campaigns in the 21st century has risen somewhat faster than inflation over time. Total cost of Federal elections, Congressional and Presidential (1990-2022) (In billions of dollars, adjusted for inflation. Source: OpenSecrets) 5 10 15 20 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Over the decades it has risen much faster. Jane Mayer notes that in 1972 a $2 million dollar political donation by an insurance magnate (by W. Clement Stone to Richard M. Nixon) in 1972 "caused public outrage and contributed to a movement that produced the post-Watergate reforms in campaign financing". But the sum that "was considered deeply corrupt during the Watergate days" was worth about $11 million adjusted for inflation by 2016, when the Koch brothers political network bundled $889 million for a "political war chest" for that year's election. 2022 An estimated $16.7 billion was spent on the 2021 and 2022 election cycle, exceeding that of the last mid-term election. According to Open Secrets, of the 25 top donors for the 2021-2022 cycle, 18 are Republican, who have outspent Democrats by $200 million, and much of the Democrat's money was not disbursed. In the 2022 Congressional races, the sources of campaign contributions broke down as follows: 2016. Presidential election campaign funding per candidate for the 2016 presidential election main party candidates. Impact of contributions Impact on recipients A 2016 experimental study in the American Journal of Political Science found that politicians made themselves more available for meetings with individuals when they believed that the individuals had donated to their campaign. A 2011 study found that "even after controlling for past contracts and other factors, companies that contributed more money to federal candidates subsequently received more contracts." A 2016 study in the Journal of Politics found that industries overseen by committees decreased their contributions to congresspeople who recently departed from the committees and that they immediately increase their contributions to new members of the committees, which is "evidence that corporations and business PACs use donations to acquire immediate access and favor—suggesting they at least anticipate that the donations will influence policy." Research published in 2020 by University of Chicago political scientist Anthony Fowler and Northwestern University political scientists Haritz Garro and Jörg L. Spenkuch found no evidence that corporations that donated to a candidate received any monetary benefits from the candidate winning election. However, another study found that increasing lobbying reduces a corporation's effective tax rate, with an increase of 1% in lobbying expenditures expected to reduce a corporation's next-year tax rate between 0.5 and 1.6%. Another study based on data from 48 different states found that every $1 "invested" in corporate campaign contribution is worth $6.65 in lower state corporate taxes. Impact on electoral success At least according to one academic, (Geoffrey Cowan, Annenberg family chair for communication leadership at USC), campaign spending does not correlate with electoral victory. "You have to have enough, but it doesn't have to be the most." It has been suggested that Donald Trump's victory over well financed opponents was an example the limits of money in politics. However, comparing electoral success with who spent the most running for congress, OpenSecrets found that while "money doesn't always equal victory ... it usually does." Percent of races won by top spending candidate for U.S. House and Senate 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 This may be because donors give to candidates who are "already viewed as being much stronger" than their opponent to ingratiate themselves with what looks like the winner, but also because money going to a less well-known candidate has the intended effect and results in their winning. "Even in wave elections, the candidate who spends the most usually wins. This trend is stronger in the House than the Senate but applies in both chambers". State level A 2012 study by Lynda Powell examined "subtle and not-so-subtle ways in which money buys influence" in state legislatures. They varied "from setting a party's agenda, to keeping bills off the floor, to adding earmarks and crafting key language in legislation", but did not often include voting yes or no on particular legislation. She found that political money "carries more weight" in states with "more highly compensated legislators, larger chambers, and more professionalized leadership structures", where the "majority party's advantage is tightly contested and whose legislators are more likely to hold hopes of running for higher office"; less weight where legislatures have term limits and voters are more highly educated. According to the New York Times however, "several scholars" state that studies "comparing states like Virginia with scant regulation" on political contributions, against those like Wisconsin with "strict rules" have "not found much difference in levels of corruption or public trust". Criticism Reasons offered for why "big money" in politics (campaign contributions and high level lobbying from corporations and the wealthy) should be regulated include: it Solutions/Reforms Other proposals for "fixing" the influence of money in politics in the United States made by at least one reform group (the Brennan Center) include Criticism of solutions At least many conservatives such as former Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos and James Bopp of the Heritage Foundation, maintain legal restrictions on money in politics are an unjust restriction on free speech that should be opposed as a matter of principle. Bopp writes that "there may be too little money spent during political campaigns, not too much", because government is larger and more powerful than it should be, and at least often agree that campaign finance reform limiting spending on political campaigns is an unconstitutionally limit on "citizens' freedom of speech and association". DeVos compares restrictions on campaign finance to the tyranny of 1984's "Big Brother", and defends the use of money to buy political influence in the service of conservative governance and "traditional American virtues". On a more practical level, Contrarians (David Primo and Jeffrey Milyo) argue that the public has been deceived by "the incessant message" propagated by 'the media, politicians, reform groups, and scholars", that money in politics is bad. In fact this public disapproval comes from Americans being fed up with politics in general and money is actually "just a convenient bugaboo". Furthermore, many things the public believes about corruption in politics are not true. Experts on campaign finance are much less cynical than the public about the nefarious influence of money in politics. "Legal scholars and social scientists say the evidence is meager, at best, that the post-Watergate campaign finance system has accomplished the broad goals its supporters asserted." Political scientist Kenneth Mayer also agrees that looking at those 1970s reforms, there is no evidence that stricter campaign finance rules reduce corruption or raise positive assessments of government. It seems like such an obvious relationship but it has proven impossible to prove.” Sources of campaign funding Donor characteristics The money for campaigns for federal office is divided into four broad categories of sources: Examining one slice of the campaigning season—Summer 2015 of the 2016 presidential campaign cycle—the donations of fewer than 400 super wealthy families comprised nearly half of all publicly disclosed presidential campaign financing, according to a New York Times analysis of FEC and Internal Revenue Service (IRS) filings. These donors exploit the SuperPAC loophole, which bypasses the traditional donation maximum for an individual in any year. On the Republican side, just around 130 particularly rich families accounted for more than half of the publicly disclosed presidential candidate campaign financing. For several major Republican presidential candidates, a handful of donors and their businesses accounted for most of the donations to the candidate. A 2017 study found that "only a small portion of Americans make campaign donations" and that both Democratic and Republican donors "are more ideologically extreme than other partisans, including primary voters. With respect to why individuals contribute, we show that donors appear responsive to their perception of the stakes in the election." Another 2017 study found that relatively unpopular industries (which depending on the political situation may include fossil fuels, banking, etc.) provide larger contributions to candidates. The authors of the study argue that this is because candidates lose voter support when they are associated with unpopular industries and that the industries therefore provide larger contributions to compensate for this loss of support. A 2022 study found that billionaires are increasingly using their personal wealth and that of corporations they control to, "drown out regular voters' voices and elect hand-picked candidates who further rig the nation's economy — especially the tax system." These findings comport with a 2015 report from Northwestern University researchers who found that 82% of U.S. billionaires made financial contributions to political parties or candidates and a third of them "bundled" contributions from others, hosted political fundraisers, or both, focusing primarily on issues of taxes or Social Security, "overwhelmingly, for example, toward repealing the estate tax, reducing capital gains and personal and corporate income taxes, and opposing carbon taxes." Federal contribution limits Federal law does not allow corporations and labor unions to donate money directly to candidates ("hard money") or national party committees. It also limits how much money (a) individuals and (b) organizations involved in political action may contribute to political campaigns, political parties, and other FEC-regulated organizations.[failed verification] Table footnotes State and local contribution regulations Election campaigns for non-federal offices are governed by state and local law, and contributions for these campaigns are not found in the federal campaign database. As of 2021[update], over half the states allow some level of corporate and union contributions, often the same as those for individual contributors, (i.e. lower than the national limits), while several states (Alabama, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah and Virginia) have no limits at all. Bundling One consequence of the limitation upon personal contributions from any one individual is that campaigns seek out "bundlers"—people who can gather contributions from many individuals in an organization or community and present the sum to the campaign. Campaigns often recognize these bundlers with honorary titles and, in some cases, exclusive events featuring the candidate. Although bundling existed in various forms since the enactment of the FECA, bundling became organized in a more structured way in the 2000s, spearheaded by the "Bush Pioneers" for George W. Bush's 2000 and 2004 presidential campaigns. During the 2008 campaign the six leading primary candidates (three Democratic, three Republican) listed a total of nearly two thousand bundlers. Advocacy groups/interest groups Lobbyists often assist congressional campaign finance by arranging fundraisers, assembling PACs, and seeking donations from other clients. Many lobbyists become campaign treasurers and fundraisers for congresspersons. "Soft" money/Independent expenditure Contributions made directly to a specific candidate are called hard money and those made to parties and committees "for party building in general rather than for specific candidates" are called soft money or "independent spending". Following a couple of 2010 court decisions (Citizens United v. FEC and SpeechNOW.org v. FEC, see below), soft money political spending was exempt from federal limits, creating what some have called "a major loophole" in federal campaign financing and spending law. There are no limits on soft money and some examples are donations for stickers, posters, and television and radio spots supporting a particular party platform or idea but not a concrete candidate. Soft money contributions may be spent on registering and mobilizing voters, just not on expressed advocacy for a particular candidate. The reasoning behind the court decisions was that independent/soft spending would not result in corruption since the candidate would not be indebted to the independent contributor, and that those independent expenditures would "be visible to the public" who would then know "whether elected officials are 'in the pocket' of so-called moneyed interests", since "with the advent of the Internet, prompt disclosure of expenditures" would be easier than ever (quoting Justice Anthony Kennedy). This has been criticized as "naive". Critics have noted that independent expenditure can be and have been closely coordinated with political campaigns, and that soft money began "flooding into elections" via "social welfare" groups that "claimed the right to spend on elections without disclosing their donors." The key factor is whether an ad uses words like or similar to "vote for" or not. Most of such donations received by state party committees are then sent to the national party headquarters to spend as they please, including on political campaigns by candidates. Critics call this a legalized form of political "money laundering". Another form of soft money is political spending by "independent expenditure committees", commonly known as "super PACs," which are allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money to advocate for or against any candidate(s) or issues, as long as there is no coordination, consultation or request by any campaign or candidate. Such donations in presidential elections amount to hundreds of millions of dollars. There are three main legal categories of independent groups: These groups are more active in American politics than ever before, as in 2016, more than $2.3 billion was raised between the Democratic and Republican National Committees. For the amounts of soft money contributed in recent years and the legislation that enabled this, see the section on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. Spending by outside organizations/independent expenditures Organizations other than individual candidates and their campaigns also contribute to election spending. These organizations can donate money to political campaigns (according to the limits described above), but in addition they can spend money directly to influence elections in what are known as "independent expenditures". All outside groups that aren't political parties — except for a few traditional PACs that make independent expenditures — are allowed to accept unlimited sums of money from individuals, corporations or unions. Political action committees Federal law allows for multiple types of political action committees (PACs). 501(c) organizations 501(c)(4) "social welfare", 501(c)(5) "labor unions", 501(c)(6) "chambers of commerce" unlike 501(c)(3) charitable organizations can participate in political campaigns and elections, as long as the organization's "primary purpose" is issue advocacy and not political advocacy and are not required to disclose their donors publicly.[31]. This aspect of the law has led to extensive use of 501(c)(4) organizations in raising and donating money for political activity.[32] The NAACP, Planned Parenthood, Sierra Club, and National Rifle Association are well known examples of organizations that operate 501(c)(4) social welfare organizations that engage in political advocacy. 527 organizations A 527 organization or 527 group is a type of American tax-exempt organization named after "Section 527" of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Technically, almost all political committees, including state, local, and federal candidate committees, traditional political action committees, "Super PACs", and political parties are "527s." However, in common practice the term is usually applied only to such organizations that are not regulated under state or federal campaign finance laws because they do not "expressly advocate" for the election or defeat of a candidate or party. When operated within the law, there are no upper limits on contributions to 527s and no restrictions on who may contribute. There are no spending limits imposed on these organizations. However, they must register with the IRS, publicly disclose their donors and file periodic reports of contributions and expenditures. Political parties Political party committees may contribute funds directly to candidates, subject to the contribution limits listed above. National and state party committees may make additional "coordinated expenditures," subject to limits, to help their nominees in general elections. National party committees may also make unlimited "independent expenditures" to support or oppose federal candidates. However, since 2002, national parties have been prohibited from accepting any funds outside the limits established for elections in the FECA. Disclosure rules Current campaign finance law at the federal level requires candidate committees, party committees, and PACs to file periodic reports disclosing the money they raise and spend. Federal candidate committees must identify, for example, all PACs and party committees that give them contributions, and they must provide the names, occupations, employers and addresses of all individuals who give them more than $200 in an election cycle. Additionally, they must disclose expenditures to any individual or vendor. The Federal Election Commission maintains this database and publishes the information about campaigns and donors on its website. (Similar reporting requirements exist in many states for state and local candidates and for PACs and party committees.) There are extensive loopholes in campaign finance disclosure rules. Various organizations, including OpenSecrets, aggregate data on political contributions to provide insight into the influence of various groups. In August 2014, a new smartphone app called "Buypartisan" was released to allow consumers to scan the barcodes of items in grocery stores and see where that corporation and its leaders directed their political contributions. "Dark money" exception A major loophole to disclosure requirements is "dark money," so named because while the recipient knows the identity of those giving them money, the public knows neither the identity of the campaigns, candidates nor other entities receiving the money, nor the amounts raised and spent, as these are exempt from disclosure requirements. In the 2020 election, more than $1 billion in “dark money” was spent at the federal level: (While for many years dark money "overwhelmingly boosting Republicans", in the 2020 presidential election cycle dark money benefited Democrats.) Money donated by trade association groups and not-for-profit corporations, which are allowed to raise unlimited amounts from corporations and individuals, and to spend unlimited amounts any way they wish. The amount of dark money raised and spent has been increasing very rapidly each election cycle in recent years in both state and federal elections, to the point that it now amounts to hundreds of millions of dollars in U.S. presidential elections. History of campaign finance in the United States Andrew Jackson was one of the first American politicians to use what are now conventional campaign techniques of using campaign staffers to help him raise money and secure votes and campaign committees to organize rallies and parades. According to Bryant and McManus, the "first federal campaign finance law" came after the Civil War—the Navy Appropriations Bill of 1867, which prohibited government employees from soliciting contributions from Navy yard workers. Wealthy and notable families such as the Astors and Vanderbilts realized they had much to gain by supporting politicians election campaigns. Secret campaign donations from newly rich oil, steel, finance and railroad magnates in the late 19th and early 20th century created a "series of campaign scandals". Mark Hanna raised money for William McKinley's election in 1896 and 1900 from Rockefeller's Standard Oil. Early attempts at regulating money in campaigns A backlash grew against this influence. In 1905, Teddy Roosevelt unsuccessfully attempted to get Congress to outlaw all corporate political contributions . Tillman Act of 1907 Named for its sponsor, South Carolina Senator Ben Tillman, the Tillman Act of 1907 prohibited corporations and nationally chartered (interstate) banks from making direct financial contributions to federal candidates. However, weak enforcement mechanisms made the Act ineffective. Disclosure requirements and spending limits for House and Senate candidates followed in 1910 and 1911. General contribution limits were enacted in the Federal Corrupt Practices Act (1925). An amendment to the Hatch Act of 1939 set an annual ceiling of $3 million for political parties' campaign expenditures and $5,000 for individual campaign contributions. The Smith–Connally Act (1943) and Taft–Hartley Act (1947) extended the corporate ban to labor unions. Federal Election Campaign Act (1971) In 1971, Congress passed the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA), instituting various campaign finance disclosure requirements for federal candidates (those running for the House, the Senate, the President and the Vice President), political parties, and political action committees. In 1974, Congress passed amendments to the FECA establishing a comprehensive system of regulation and enforcement, including public financing of presidential campaigns and the creation of a central enforcement agency, the Federal Election Commission. The new regulations included limits on campaign finance, including caps on (1) individual contributions to candidates, (2) contributions to candidates by "political committees" (commonly known as Political Action Committees, or PACs), (3) total campaign expenditures, and (4) independent expenditures by individuals and groups "relative to a clearly identified candidate." Buckley v. Valeo (1976) The constitutionality of the FECA was challenged in the U.S. Supreme Court case Buckley v. Valeo (1976). In Buckley, the Court upheld the Act's limits on individual contributions, as well as the disclosure and reporting provisions and the public financing scheme. The Court held that limitations on donations to candidates were constitutional because of the compelling state interest in preventing corruption or the appearance of corruption. However, the Court also held that caps on the amount campaigns could spend and caps on independent expenditures were an unconstitutional abridgment of free speech under the First Amendment. In addition, Buckley also held that the disclosure and reporting requirements of FECA could only apply to expenditures authorized or requested by a candidate or expenditures for communications that "expressly advocate the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate." In conclusion, the arguments presented by the courts came to the decision in Buckley v. Valeo to limit donations in campaigns, not spending. Eight magic words It also showed the limited reach of campaign finance laws to candidate and party committees, and other committees with a major purpose of electing candidates, or to speech that "expressly advocated" election or defeat of candidates. In an effort to distinguish between funding that could be limited because it was for the purpose of electing a candidate and so subject to corruption, and funding for independent expenditures that could not be limited because there was no corruption danger, the Court listed eight words or phrases in footnote 52 of that opinion — "vote for," "elect," "support", "cast your ballot for", "____ for Congress", "vote against", "defeat", "reject", or any variations thereof — as illustrative of speech that qualified as "express advocacy". The definition of express advocacy is what created dark money groups. Random audits in the 1970s In the 1970s, the FEC ran random audits into the campaign finances of House representatives. The audits revealed that nearly half of House members had campaign finance violations. Audited House members were more likely to retire. Among those that did not retire, their re-election races were more competitive. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (2002) Under FECA, corporations, unions, and individuals could contribute unlimited "nonfederal money"—also known as "soft money"—to political parties for activities intended to influence state or local elections. In a series of advisory opinions between 1977 and 1995, the FEC ruled that political parties could fund "mixed-purpose" activities—including get-out-the-vote drives and generic party advertising—in part with soft money, and that parties could also use soft money to defray the costs of "legislative advocacy media advertisements," even if the ads mentioned the name of a federal candidate, so long as they did not expressly advocate the candidate's election or defeat. Furthermore, in 1996, the Supreme Court decided Colorado Republican Federal Campaign Committee v. FEC, in which the Court ruled that Congress could not restrict the total amount of "independent expenditures" made by a political party without coordination with a candidate, invalidating a FECA provision that restricted how much a political party could spend in connection with a particular candidate. As a result of these rulings, soft money effectively enabled parties and candidates to circumvent FECA's limitations on federal election campaign contributions. Soft money raised from 1993 to 2002 In 2002, Congress further attempted to reform federal campaign financing with the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act. The BCRA, sometimes called the "McCain-Feingold" Act, amended the FECA in several respects. First, it prohibited national political party committees from soliciting or spending any soft money and prohibited state and local party committees from using soft money for activities that affect federal elections. Second, it prohibited the use of corporate and union treasury funds to pay for "electioneering communications"—broadcast or cable advertisements clearly identifying a federal candidate—within 30 days of a primary or 60 days of a general election. The law also included a "stand by your ad" provision requiring candidates to appear in campaign advertisements and claim responsibility for the ad (most commonly with a phrase similar to "I'm John Smith and I approve this message.") This law was also challenged in the Supreme Court, but its core provisions were upheld by the Supreme Court in McConnell v. Federal Election Commission. However, in McConnell, the Court also interpreted the "electioneering communications" provisions of BCRA to exempt "nonprofit corporations that [1] were formed for the sole purpose of promoting political ideas, [2] did not engage in business activities, and [3] did not accept contributions from for-profit corporations or labor unions." Thus, non-business, non-profit political organizations could run electioneering advertisements provided that they did not accept corporate or union donations. Furthermore, the BCRA did not regulate "527 organizations" (named for the section of the tax code under which they operate). These nonprofit organizations are not regulated by the FEC, provided that they do not coordinate with candidates or expressly advocate for the election or defeat of a specific candidate. After the passage of the BCRA, many of the soft money-funded activities previously undertaken by political parties were taken over by various 527 groups, which funded many issue ads in the 2004 presidential election. The heavy spending of key 527 groups to attack presidential candidates brought complaints to the Federal Elections Commission of illegal coordination between the groups and rival political campaigns. (In 2006 and 2007 the FEC fined a number of organizations, including MoveOn.org and Swift Boat Veterans for Truth, for violations arising from the 2004 campaign. The FEC's rationale was that these groups had specifically advocated the election or defeat of candidates, thus making them subject to federal regulation and its limits on contributions to the organizations.) FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Life (2007) The reach of the "electioneering communications" provisions of the BCRA was also limited in the 2007 Supreme Court ruling Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life, Inc. In Wisconsin Right to Life, the Supreme Court stated that the restrictions on "electioneering communications" applied only to advertisements that "can only reasonably be viewed as advocating or opposing a candidate." Thus, if there was any reasonable way to view an advertisement as an "issue ad," it would be exempt from the BCRA's restrictions. Citizens United v. FEC (2010) and SpeechNOW.org v. FEC (2010) Campaign finance law in the United States changed drastically in the wake of two 2010 judicial opinions: the Supreme Court's decision in Citizens United v. FEC and the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals decision in SpeechNow.org v. FEC. According to a 2011 Congressional Research Service report, these two decisions constitute "the most fundamental changes to campaign finance law in decades." Citizens United struck down, on free speech grounds, the limits on the ability of organizations that accepted corporate or union money from running electioneering communications. The Court reasoned that the restrictions permitted by Buckley were justified based on avoiding corruption or the appearance of corruption, and that this rationale did not apply to corporate donations to independent organizations. Citizens United overruled the 1990 case Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, in which the Supreme Court upheld the Michigan Campaign Finance Act, which prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections. Two months later, a unanimous nine-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit decided SpeechNow, which relied on Citizens United to hold that Congress could not limit donations to organizations that only made independent expenditures, that is, expenditures that were "uncoordinated" with a candidate's campaign. These decisions led to the rise of "independent-expenditure only" PACs, commonly known as "Super PACs." Super PACs, under Citizens United and SpeechNow, can raise unlimited funds from individual and corporate donors and use those funds for electioneering advertisements, provided that the Super PAC does not coordinate with a candidate. McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission (2014) On February 19, 2013, the Supreme Court announced it would hear McCutcheon v. Federal Election Commission, a case challenging the limit on how much individuals can donate directly to political parties and federal candidates. On April 2, 2014, the Court announced its opinion and maintained aggregate limits on campaign contributions were unconstitutional under the First Amendment. Public financing of campaigns After Citizens United v. FEC "and other court rulings" ended limits on some campaign spending, reformers concerned about the political deck being unfairly stacked "in favor of the few donors able to give large contributions" concentrated on public finance of political campaigns. The Brennan Center for Justice, for example, promotes "small donor public financing", i.e. a system where "public funds match and multiply small donations", the idea being candidates would be incentivized "to seek out many supporters, not just a few big donors". Of presidential campaigns At the federal level, public funding is limited to subsidies for presidential campaigns. This includes (1) a matching program for the first $250 of each individual contribution during the primary campaign and (2) funding the major party nominees' general election campaigns. Through the 2012 campaign, public funding was also available to finance the major parties' national nominating conventions. To receive subsidies in the primary, candidates must qualify by privately raising $5000 each in at least 20 states. During the primaries, in exchange for agreeing to limit their spending according to a statutory formula, eligible candidates receive matching payments for the first $250 of each individual contribution (up to half of the spending limit). However, candidates who decline matching funds are free to spend as much money as they can raise privately. From the inception of this program in 1976 through 1992, almost all candidates who could qualify accepted matching funds in the primary. In 1996 Republican Steve Forbes opted out of the program. In 2000, Forbes and George W. Bush opted out. In 2004 Bush and Democrats John Kerry and Howard Dean chose not to take matching funds in the primary. In 2008, Democrats Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama, and Republicans John McCain, Rudy Giuliani, Mitt Romney and Ron Paul decided not to take primary matching funds. Republican Tom Tancredo and Democrats Chris Dodd, Joe Biden and John Edwards elected to take public financing. Since the 2012 primary campaign, few candidates have chosen to accept matching funds. In 2012, only Buddy Roemer (who ran unsuccessfully for the Americans Elect and Reform Party nominations), Gary Johnson (the eventual Libertarian nominee), and Jill Stein (the eventual Green Party nominee) received matching funds in the primaries. (Primary season matching funds are not limited to major party candidates.) In 2016, only Martin O'Malley (Democrat) and Jill Stein (Green) received matching funds in the primaries. For the 2020 campaign, only Steve Bullock (Democrat) has announced plans to apply for matching funds by September 2019. In addition to primary matching funds, the public funding program also assists with funding the major party (and eligible minor party) nominees' general election campaigns. The grants for the major parties' general election nominees are adjusted each Presidential election year to account for increases in the cost of living. In 2012, the parties' general election nominees were eligible to receive $91.2 million in public funds, although neither the Democratic or Republican campaigns chose to accept those funds. If general election candidates accept public funds, they agree not to raise or spend private funds or to spend more than $50,000 of their personal resources. Hence, general election candidates who have the ability to raise more than the amount of public funds offered may decline the offer of public funds in favor of privately raising and spending a larger sum of money. No major party nominee turned down government funds for the general election from 1976, when the program was launched, until Barack Obama did so in 2008. Obama again declined government funds for the 2012 campaign, as did Republican nominee Mitt Romney, setting up the first election since the program's launch in which neither major party nominee accepted federal funding. Nor did either Donald Trump or Hillary Clinton accept federal funding for the 2016 general election. Public funding was formerly available to finance the major parties' (and eligible minor parties') presidential nominating conventions. In 2012, each major party was entitled to $18.2 million in public funds for their conventions. However, the provisions for public funding of nominating conventions were eliminated in 2014. Eligibility of minor parties for public funds is based on showing in the previous election, with 5% of the popular vote needed to qualify. The only party other than the Republicans and Democrats to receive government funding in a general election was the Reform Party, which qualified for public funding in 1996 and 2000 on the basis of Ross Perot's strong showing in the 1992 and 1996 elections. In addition, John B. Anderson's 1980 campaign received payments of public funds after the election because he had attained more than 5% of the popular vote. The presidential public financing system is funded by a $3 tax check-off on individual tax returns (the check off does not increase the filer's taxes, but merely directs $3 of the government's general fund to the presidential fund). The number of taxpayers who use the check off has fallen steadily since the early 1980s, until by 2006 fewer than 8 percent of taxpayers were directing money to the fund, leaving the fund chronically short of cash. However, the fact that fewer candidates have chosen to apply for public funding has alleviated the fund's former monetary shortages. State and local level A small number of states and cities have started to use broader programs for public financing of campaigns. One method, which its supporters call Clean Money, Clean Elections, gives each candidate who chooses to participate a fixed amount of money. To qualify for this subsidy, the candidates must collect a specified number of signatures and small (usually $5) contributions. The candidates are not allowed to accept outside donations or to use their own personal money if they receive this public funding. Candidates who choose to raise money privately rather than accept the government subsidy are subject to significant administrative burdens and legal restrictions, with the result that most candidates accept the subsidy. This procedure has been in place in races for all statewide and legislative offices in Arizona and Maine since 2000, where a majority of officials were elected without spending any private contributions on their campaigns. Connecticut passed a Clean Elections law in 2005, along with the cities of Portland, Oregon and Albuquerque, New Mexico. A 2003 study by GAO found, "It is too soon to determine the extent to which the goals of Maine's and Arizona's public financing programs are being met."[needs update] The "Clean Elections" movement had several defeats in the 2000s and 2010s. Proposition 89, a California ballot proposition in November 2006, sponsored by the California Nurses Union, that would have provided for public financing of political campaigns and strict contribution limits on corporations, was defeated. In 2008, the non-partisan California Fair Elections Act passed the legislature and Governor Schwarzenegger signed it, but the law did not take effect unless approved by voters in a referendum in 2010. In June 2010, voters soundly rejected the measure, 57% to 43%. A proposal to implement Clean Elections in Alaska was voted down by a two-to-one margin in 2008, and a pilot program in New Jersey was terminated in 2008 amid concern about its constitutionality and that the law was ineffective in accomplishing its goals. In 2010, Portland voters used a referendum to repeal the clean elections law, originally enacted by the city council. In 2006, in Randall v. Sorrell, the Supreme Court held that large parts of Vermont's Clean Elections law were unconstitutional. In 2008, the Supreme Court's decision in Davis v. Federal Election Commission suggested that a key part of most Clean Election laws—a provision granting extra money (or "rescue funds") to participating candidates who are being outspent by non-participating candidates—is unconstitutional. In 2011, in Arizona Free Enterprise Club's Freedom Club PAC v. Bennett, the Supreme Court struck down the matching funds provision of Arizona's law on First Amendment grounds. Massachusetts has had a hybrid public funding system for statewide offices since 1978. Taxpayers are allowed to contribute $1 to the statewide election fund by checking a box on their annual income taxes. Candidates who agree to spending limits are eligible for money from this fund. Non-participating candidates are required to estimate spending, and this will raise the limit for participating opponents if higher than the agreed-to limit. Seattle voters approved the Democracy voucher program in 2015, which gives city residents four $25 vouchers to donate to participating candidates. Vouchers have been proposed in other cities and states as a means to diversify the donor pool, help more candidates run for office, and boost political engagement. Ethics of spending campaign funds Politicians are sometimes tempted to spend campaign funds for personal purposes instead of their election campaign. One U.S. Representative, Duncan D. Hunter of California, for example, was sentenced to 11 months in prison in 2020 "for spending 2018 campaign donations on family trips to Hawaii and Italy and private school for his children." In other situations where the line between "legitimate campaign and officeholder expenses" and personal spending can be much finer, the Federal Election Commission uses what it calls an "irrespective test," whereby personal use is any use of funds in a campaign account of a candidate (or former candidate) to fulfill a commitment, obligation or expense of any person that would exist irrespective of the candidate's campaign or responsibilities as a federal officeholder. Sources of data Many localities have their own reporting requirements that are not listed here.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalomo_District"}

District in Southern Province, Zambia Kalomo District is a district of Zambia, located in Southern Province. The capital lies at Kalomo. As of the 2000 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 169,503 people.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thulo_Dhading"}

Village development committee in Bagmati Zone, Nepal Thulo Dhading is a village in Sindhupalchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2729 and had 468 houses in it.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Michelin_starred_restaurants_in_Seoul"}

This is a list of Michelin starred restaurants in Seoul, South Korea. Restaurants that have or had at least one Michelin star are mentioned here, since the debut of the 2017 guide in November 2016. Summary List of restaurants

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Rompiendo"}

Musical artist Alejandro Ramírez Suárez (born May 23, 1992), better known as Sky Rompiendo, Sky Rompiendo el Bajo or just Sky is a Colombian producer, songwriter and DJ. He gained recognition working with reggaeton artists like Anitta, J Balvin, Ozuna, Maluma and Feid. He has received six Latin Grammy Awards as producer and songwriter. Career Ramírez was born on May 23, 1992, in Medellín, Colombia. His interest for music production began at 11 when he saw the digital audio workstation Fruity Loops at thehouse of one of his friends. In 2011, after studying at Berklee College of Music, he began to work as a record producer for Colombian artists, producing songs like "Amor de Verano" by Shako, "Cripy Cripy" by Yandar & Yostin and "En lo Oscuro" by J Balvin, during the production of the latter Ramírez got his artistic name, initially his nickname was Sky after being a part of a record producing duo named Sky High but after hearing the sentence "rompiendo el bajo" in the song he added it to his nickname transforming it into "Sky Rompiendo el Bajo" or just "Sky Rompiendo". During 2012 and 2013, he continued to work with J Balvin in the songs "Yo Te Lo Dije", "Sola" and "6 AM", these songs would later be a part of Balvin's first studio album La Familia, released on October 29, 2013. The record peaked at number one in Colombia and at number 10 in the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart, the album also received a nomination for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Urban Music Album. Sky also worked in the songs "Bailame" by Feid and in "Hagan Fila" from Yaga & Mackie's sixth album Los Mackieavelikos HD. Sky achieved commercial and international success with J Balvin as one of the songwriters and producers of the song "Ginza", released in 2015, the song spent twenty-one weeks at number one in the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, breaking the record for most weeks spent in that position by a song from a solo act. Since then, Sky has produced all studio albums by J Balvin to date, these being Energía (2016), Vibras (2018) and Colores (2020), plus also participating in Oasis (2019), the collaborative album by Balvin with Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny, all the aforementioned albums have peaked at number one in the Billboard Top Latin Albums, with the exception of Colores that peaked at number two. For his work as a producer, Sky has received several nominations at the Latin Grammy Awards, including four nominations for Album of the Year and two for Record of the Year, he has also won Best Urban Music Album three times and Best Urban Song twice. Sky has also received three nominations for Producer of the Year at the Billboard Latin Music Awards. Discography (A) Album, (S), Single Awards and nominations Latin Grammy Awards Billboard Latin Music Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gee%27s_Slough_Mound_Group"}

United States historic place The Gee's Slough Group of Indian Mounds, located along the Lemonweir River just outside of New Lisbon, Wisconsin, is listed on the US National Register of Historic Places. The New Lisbon area was a winter gathering place for the Woodland Culture Indians who are considered the ancestors to the Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) tribe.[citation needed] The mounds at New Lisbon consist of three conical mounds, two linear mounds, one chain mound, and a panther effigy mound, which some interpret as a water spirit. In the past there were at least seven more mounds, but they have been destroyed. Conical mounds ranging from several meters to over 20 meters in diameter were first constructed in Wisconsin by Woodland tradition cultures as early as 400 BC.[citation needed] Conical mounds usually were constructed as receptacles for the dead and may represent family or lineage burial tombs. These mounds were built by cultures of the Early Woodland stage (500–100 BC), the Middle Woodland stage (100 BC–AD 500) and the Late Woodland stage (AD 500–AD 1300).[citation needed] During the Middle Woodland stage, mound-building cultures participated in long-distance trade and exchange in order to obtain materials from as far away as the Gulf Coast of Mexico and the Great Plains. The cultures also began to experiment with horticulture by growing a variety of domestic and imported Mesoamerican plants.[citation needed] During the Late Woodland stage, the preceding elaborate trade system declined. Populations subsisted on a corn, beans, and squash agriculture, supplemented with hunting and gathering in the southern part of the state and a hunting and gathering strategy to the north. Late Woodland stage mound building included the construction of effigy (animal-shaped) mounds for the burial of the dead.[citation needed]

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Species of moth Castnia lecerfi is a moth in the Castniidae family. It is found in Argentina.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride_Shopping_Centre"}

Shopping mall in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, UK EK, East Kilbride (previously East Kilbride Shopping Centre) is located in the town centre of East Kilbride and is Scotland's biggest undercover shopping centre. Shopping malls EK is made up of six different malls and is now marketed under the EK, East Kilbride brand and is formed of the Centre West, Plaza, Princes Square/Princes Mall and the Olympia/Southgate/The Hub developments. These were built at different times, with some being complete builds from scratch and others having been streets which were later roofed. History The original part of the town centre development opened in 1959, with Prince's Square following in 1962 and The Plaza starting in 1971. Other areas of the centre include the refurbishment and roofing in of Prince's Mall (1984) and Prince's Square (1997). In time for Christmas 1989, the fourth phase of the town centre was completed, and was known as the Olympia Centre. It connected to The Plaza, which underwent refurbishment at the same time. Built in 2003, the "Centre West" section is the only area of the shopping centre to be split into two floors, with Debenhams (the largest store) having an additional upper floor. Centre West stands on the ground of what used to be the HMRC 'Centre 1' building. The Debenhams store was formally closed in 2021 when it remained closed following the closure of all the UK branches. In 2015, the Olympia Centre underwent partial refurbishment involving closure of the food court and the relocation of a number of stores. The refurbishment works included the addition of a gym and a number of new restaurants. In November 2016, the new leisure development is known as "The Hub, EK" opened. In 2021 the anchor Sainsbury's store closed. Hotels The Stuart Hotel was the first town centre hotel and located at the end of Prince's Square. It opened in 1959 by Scottish and Newcastle Brewers, and was demolished in 2013. The Bruce Hotel was opened in 1969 and was designed in the brutalist architecture style by Walter Underwood & Partners. The Ramada Hotel was opened in 2019 in the top four floors of the Plaza tower.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbold%27s_owlet-nightjar"}

Species of bird Archbold's owlet-nightjar (Aegotheles archboldi) is a species of bird in the family Aegothelidae. It is found mainly in West Papua. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is named after American explorer Richard Archbold.

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American chemist Alexander Tropsha is a chemist and professor at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. Tropsha is Associate Dean for Pharmacoinformatics and Data Science at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. His primary fields of research are cheminformatics and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling in the context of drug discovery. As of 2015, Tropsha has been an associate editor of the American Chemical Society’s Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. Background In 1982, Tropsha earned his master's degree chemistry from Moscow State University. Tropsha continued his studies under Lev S. Yaguzhinski earning his PhD in biochemistry and pharmacology in 1986. Tropsha immigrated to the United States in 1989 where he began his career in academics as an assistant professor and director of the Laboratory for Molecular Modeling at the University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill in 1991. Tropsha became a professor in 2004, and, in 2008, he became the K.H. Lee Distinguished Professor at the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy. Research Research in his laboratory includes the development and application of k-nearest neighbor pattern recognition methods to the field of QSARs and application of the Delaunay tessellation technique to protein structure analysis. His recent work focuses on methods of rigorous validation of QSAR models and the development of best-practice QSAR workflows. Tropsha's group has also raised concerns over the utility of structural alerts in toxicology and for PAINS.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacio_Quemado"}

Former official residence of the President of Bolivia (1853–2018, 2019–2020) The Bolivian Palace of Government, better known as Palacio Quemado (Spanish: [paˈlasjo keˈmaðo], Burnt Palace), was the official residence of the President of Bolivia from 1853 to 2018 and again briefly from 2019 to 2020. It is located in downtown La Paz on Plaza Murillo, next to the La Paz Cathedral and across from the Bolivian legislature. On 9 August 2018, it was replaced by the Casa Grande del Pueblo as the residence of the president by President Evo Morales. The interim government of Jeanine Áñez briefly reverted to occupying the Palacio Quemado from 2019 until 2020 when the newly elected Luis Arce returned to using the Casa Grande. It now serves as a museum. Its nickname originates from the fact that it was set aflame and burned almost to the ground during an uprising in 1875. It has since been rebuilt and redecorated a number of times, but the name stuck. History The Palacio Quemado earned its nickname of the "Burnt Palace" in 1875, when it was badly damaged during a violent revolution. Rebels, who opposed then-President Tomás Frías, set the palace alight after they failed to storm it. In front of the Palacio Quemado is the bust of former President Gualberto Villarroel, who was dragged into the plaza by an angry mob and hanged from a lamppost in 1946. Buildings The buildings were completed in 1853.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Butler"}

English ornithologist Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Arthur Butler (4 July 1843 – 16 April 1916) was an English ornithologist and British Army officer. He is commemorated in the scientific specific name for the Omani owl, Strix butleri. Butler was born at Coton House, Churchover, Warwickshire and studied at Eton. He joined the army at the age of 21, and served in Gibraltar, India and South Africa. He retired in 1884 as a lieutenant-colonel in the Royal Irish Rifles. He married Clara Francis Butler in 1872 and had three sons, Charles Edward, Harry Francis, and Arthur Lennox. His son Arthur Lennox Butler was also an ornithologist, and had four species of reptiles named in his honor, including the Australian venomous snake, Chilorhinophis butleri. Butler was a keen bird collector and taxidermist. His collections were acquired by the Natural History Museum in part directly and also through the collections of Allan Octavian Hume, Lord Rothschild and others.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythom"}

Pythom (doing business as Pythom Inc.) is a Swedish-American aerospace company based in Bishop, California. Pythom was founded in 2019 by software engineers Tina Sjögren and Tom Sjögren. The company is currently in development of a complete human-rated space transportation system, including rockets, landers and spaceships for Earth, Mars, the Moon and asteroids. Pythom has announced public aspirations of going to Mars within the end of this decade. First launch window for a crewed Pythom expedition to the planet is estimated in 2026. History Pythom was founded in 2019 by the married couple Tina Sjögren (CEO) and Tom Sjögren (CTO). With a background in exploration, the two were awarded a combined four Guinness world records. The couple summited Mount Everest as expedition leaders in 1999, skied unsupported from the edge of Antarctica to the South Pole in 2001-2002, and from Canada to the North Pole also in 2002. As part of their expeditions, the couple invented lightweight satellite communication software and hardware solutions, which later turned into a business with customers including NASA, NGOs, defense units, and extreme explorers. In 2019 Pythom joined the DARPA Launch Challenge as one of 55 teams to design a rocket that could launch "anytime, from anywhere". Pythom’s Eiger rocket was selected as one of ten finalists, before the competition ultimately closed with no winner. Pythom was established later that year, in 2019, to build first the Eiger rocket and then a complete space transportation system for human exploration of the solar system. The space fleet is designed around successful principles from early Earth exploration: low cost, light travel, small and agile teams. Pythom received seed funding from a Swedish special investment vehicle team of investors named Space Cowboys. The group was specifically created to invest in the startup and has since doubled in size. In March 2022, Pythom conducted a hold-down test of the first stage of the Eiger rocket. Following this test, the company received backlash from industry professionals for their alleged lack of safety precautions. Pythom dismissed these concerns. Pythom announced that since its start in 2020, and during two years of propulsion test activities, it has a clean personnel and environmental safety record. In August 2022 Pythom was awarded editor’s choice among "Top 10 Space Tech Solutions Providers in the US" by the Aerospace & Defense Magazine. Pythom's main development facilities are in Bishop, California. Eiger maiden launch is expected 2023. Hardware Black Magic Propulsion System Pythom rockets and space fleet are designed around storable propellants and a proprietary propulsion system that supports entire space missions, without the need to change technologies. Pythom's Black Magic cyclic pressure system has been tested to 10 MPa chamber pressure, twice the previous record in the small launch segment (<100-500 kg to LEO), and a magnitude greater than the Apollo lunar lander. Asterex Engine Pythom's Asterex 12 kN double-walled regeneratively cooled rocket engine is designed to operate through entire space missions. Mathematically designed and additively manufactured in Inconel. The name “Asterex” is a false portmanteau of “astro” (space) and “rex” (T-Rex), plus a tribute to cartoon persona Asterix from the comic book series The Adventures of Asterix. Eiger Rocket Named after the famous mountain in Switzerland, Eiger is Pythom’s first orbital launch vehicle that is currently under development. Eiger is designed to carry 150 kg to low Earth orbit, for a total cost of $1.5 million. Selected as one of ten finalists in the DARPA launch challenge, Eiger is designed to launch anytime from anywhere with minimal infrastructure. Eiger’s first stage is equipped with a cluster of nine Asterex engines, and the second stage operates with a single Asterex vacuum engine. Both stages are powered by storable propellants that ignite naturally, nitric acid (HNO3) as the oxidizer and furfuryl alcohol (C5H6O2) as fuel. The combustion of these propellants doesn't release any harmful nitrogen oxides (NOx) or acidic vapors. The furfuryl alcohol fuel is also carbon neutral and is regarded a green propellant. Kang Rocket Following Eiger completion, the larger Kang rocket, named after the world’s third highest mountain Kangchenjunga, is designed to be 30 m tall, and carry 4,000 kg to low Earth orbit. Kang is also designed to be a human-rated launch vehicle. Olympus Lander Powered by the Black Magic propulsion system and a cluster of five Asterex engines, Olympus is designed to transport humans and cargo between a spaceship and foreign bodies such as planets, moons and asteroids. The vehicle is currently under development. Olympus is named after the largest and highest mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars. Pythom Spaceship Pythom is a conceptual design of a spaceship assembled from used upper stages of the Eiger and Kang rockets in Earth orbit. The spaceship rotates for artificial gravity, and will be able to simulate different gravitational environments based on the length and therefore the speed of its spokes. Sharing its name with the company itself, the Pythom spaceship is named after the comet that ancient Egyptians believed to have brought life to Earth.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salimiyya_Takiyya"}

Takiyya in Damascus Ibn Arabi Mosque, also known as the Salimiyya Takiyya Mosque Exterior view of the imaret of Sultan Salim at Salihiyya The Salimiyya Takiyya (Arabic: التكية السليمية, romanized: at-Takiyya as-Salīmiyya) is a takiyya (Ottoman-era Arabic name for a mosque complex which served as a Sufi convent) in as-Salihiyya, Damascus. The complex was built over and in the surroundings of Ibn Arabi's tomb in 924/1518 by the Ottoman sultan Selim I upon his return from the conquest of Egypt. The Salimiyya Takiyya is considered to have been "the first Ottoman building in Syria". However, its construction is considered to have followed "a local architectural idiom", which was "neither Mamluk, nor Ottoman" (unlike the later Sulaymaniyya Takiyya, which marked the introduction of the Ottoman architectural style to Damascus). The Salimiyya Takiyya consists of a mosque (Ibn Arabi Mosque) and an imaret facing it. History Quoting Steve Tamari: After returning from the conquest of Egypt in 1518, Selim I (r. 1512–20) commissioned the first Ottoman building in Syria, al-Takiyya al-Salimiyya, a Sufi retreat and mosque complex at the tomb of the Sufi master Muhyi al-Din Ibn al-ʿArabi (d. 1240) in the Salihiyya suburb north of Damascus proper. According to historians of the period, it was the center of educational life in Salihiyya, which itself was filled with Ayyubid- and Mamluk-era madrasas and was home to many of the city’s most prominent scholars. In fact, in the eighteenth century, al-Salimiyya ranked only behind the Umayyad Mosque and al-Sulaymaniyya al-Bar[r]aniyya as the third most important teaching institution in the city. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those who held the position of mudarris at the al-Salimiyya were closely tied to imperial power. The original nazir of the waqf was Turkish and a commission established to oversee construction was made up of the chief judge in Damascus and the sultan’s tutor. Yusuf Abi al-Fatah (d. 1646–47), for example, was imam to two sultans before returning to his home of Damascus and teaching at al-Salimiyya. During the eighteenth century, the teaching position was practically the preserve of two families, the Nabulusi and Mahasini families. Both were also prominent in the Salihiyya neighborhood. By this time, al-Salimiyya was eclipsed by al-Sulaymaniyya al-Bar[r]aniyya which became the preserve of the Hanafi mufti of Damascus.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Lepidoptera_of_Indiana"}

This is a list of butterflies and moths—species of the order Lepidoptera—found in the U.S. state of Indiana. Butterflies Papilionidae Pieridae Pierinae Coliadinae Lycaenidae Miletinae Lycaeninae Theclinae Polyommatinae Riodinidae Nymphalidae Libytheinae Heliconiinae Nymphalinae Limenitidinae Charaxinae Apaturinae Satyrinae Danainae Hesperiidae Pyrginae Hesperiinae Moths Saturniidae Saturniinae Hemileucinae Ceratocampinae Sphingidae Macroglossinae Sphinginae Smerinthinae Noctuidae Noctuinae Plusiinae Acronictinae Euteliidae Euteliinae Erebidae Agaristinae Erebinae Arctiinae

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Stuart McLean, or a variation thereof, may refer to:

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The European Network for Cinema and Media Studies (NECS) is a non-profit organization founded in Berlin on 10 February 2006. It primarily postulates on fostering innovative film studies research affiliated to European Cinema. The NECS is now domiciliated at the Philipps University of Marburg (German: Philipps-Universität Marburg) located in Marburg, Hesse, Germany. As of 2018, the NECS comprises over 2700 members whose network is organised by 5 committees. History and founders The NECS was founded in Berlin on 10 February 2006 at the German Historical Museum (German: Deutsches Historisches Museum) in Berlin-Mitte by Prof. Dr. Malte Hagener (Philipps University of Marburg), Vinzenz Hediger (Goethe University Frankfurt), Prof. Dr. Alexandra Schneider (Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz) and Prof. Patrick Vonderau (Martin Luther University Halle, Germany). Steering committee Among the past Steering Committee members are found: Notable members International conferences

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_(Nelly_song)"}

2011 single by Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland "Gone" is a song by American recording artist Nelly, taken from his sixth studio album, 5.0. Featuring additional lead vocals from American recording artist Kelly Rowland, "Gone" is the sequel to Nelly's 2002 worldwide number one single "Dilemma", also featuring Rowland. It was written by Eric Goudy II, Nelly, Earl Hood and co-written and produced by Rico Love & Jim Jonsin as a continuum to the love story outlined in "Dilemma". "Gone" was initially known as "Dilemma p.2" but the title was changed and Nelly stopped referring to the song as "Dilemma"' sequel for fear that it would not match people's expectations and through his desire for "Gone" to be recognised as a separate recording. The predominantly R&B-ballad contains elements of pop music and was sent to U.S. Urban/Urban AC radio stations on January 4, 2011. It was sent to top 40/mainstream stations on January 19, 2011 and serves as the third single from 5.0. Critics generally praised "Gone" for reusing the best elements of "Dilemma" and recapturing the same sentiments though there was some negative reception towards the relevance of the sequel duet and lack of distinction in the song's R&B feel. Background and inspiration "Gone" is a ballad written by Eric Goudy II, Nelly, Earl Hood, Rico Love and Jim Jonsin as the sequel to Nelly and Rowland's 2002 duet "Dilemma". Initially known as its working title, "DL Part 2", "Gone" extends the story of the duo's earlier single "Dilemma". Nelly told Jayson Rodriguez, from MTV, that "Gone" was not just a sequel. He said "I don't want to say it's a sequel. I don't want to diminish anything with 'Dilemma' or have an expectation you can't live up to when you do that. When you do that type of thing, there's people who are already, 'I don't wanna hear it... It's one of those things where we did reconnect. Our chemistry has already proven to be good, whether it was onstage or in the studio. It was something that we wanted to reconnect with. It was produced by Jim Jonsin. ... It's a cool joint. I think people will get it." It was recorded in May–June 2010 during studio sessions where Rowland and Nelly were recording the urban remix of the song "Commander", lead single of Rowland's third album, Here I Am. Rap-Up magazine described it as the "smooth sequel" which picks up "where 'Dilemma' left off", catering to both R&B and pop audiences. MTV revealed that the song would be a future single, but would not hit airwaves yet due to Nelly's success with "Just a Dream", the lead single from his sixth album, 5.0. The single cover from "Gone" was unveiled on January 19, 2011. Composition "Gone" is a mid-tempo R&B-ballad produced by Rico Love and Jim Jonsin. On December 26, 2009, some studio footage of the recording of "Gone" was released through Rap-Up.com. Later in an MTV interview, Nelly was keen to stress that he didn't see "Gone" as a sequel to "Dilemma". He said "It can never be 'Dilemma,' but we wanted to extend the story. It's continuing the story a little bit more, seeing her [(Kelly)] again." Scott Schetler from AOL Radio Blog noted that in "Gone", Rowland and Nelly address each other by their first names, just as they did in their 2002 duet, "Dilemma". Bill Ohms from Lumino Magazine said Nelly's vocal styling on "Gone" was "ballad-like singing/rapping", while Tolu Akinsanya from Soulculture.co.uk noted that "Gone" uses the same key elements of production as "Dilemma". At one point Nelly directly references the lyrics from "Dilemma" when he says "remember that chick that used to live right up the block from me?". Critical reception AOL Radio's Scott Schetler called "Gone" another "stellar duet" from Rowland and Nelly. Tolu Akinsanya from Soulculture.co.uk agreed with the comparisons to "Dilemma" by saying that "'[Gone]' uses all the key elements that made the '[Dilemma]' a hit, and does not fail. This track could easily be a chart-topper." Mariel Concepcion from Billboard said that no Nelly album would be complete with the emo track, "Gone". Ken Capobianco from The Boston Globe called "Gone" the melodic companion to "Dilemma". Robbie Daw from Idolator was less impressed. Though he praised the idea of the duet he said "This new slow groove is harmless enough, and even boasts a similar beat to its predecessor. But overall, we can’t help feeling that, since they bothered, these two should have come up with something a little better than a pale retread." Jesse Cataldo from Slant Magazine also had criticism for the song saying that its featured "R&B vocals sink steadily toward irrelevance". Chart performance On January 21, 2011, "Gone" was the second most added single to Urban radio and third most added to Top 40/Mainstream and Rhythmic stations. The single racked up a total of forty-five adds in the two-day period since release.[citation needed] For the charts issued on February 5, 2011, "Gone" made its U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs debut at number seventy-nine and has currently peaked at number fifty-nine. In terms of the Billboard Hot 100, the song completely missed the chart, becoming a failure mainstream and only being moderately successful on the R&B charts. Music video On January 6, 2011, Nelly said on his Twitter, "new Nelly single... "Gone" featuring Kelly Rowland video coming very soon 5.0", the song is set to be released as the third official single from the album. In February 2011, it was revealed that Marc Klasfeld had been booked to shoot the video. Klasfeld has previously worked with both artists, on Nelly's "Country Grammar" and "Ride wit Me," as well as working with Rowland on Destiny's Child's "Lose My Breath". The shoot is set to take place in Mexico. The video began production on February 8, 2011 on sandy beach in Mexico. Photos uploaded to Rap-Up.com show Rowland wearing a low-cut shimmering black dress while Nelly wears a button down black jacket. A snippet of the video was shown on Monday, March 7 during the premiere of Nelly's episode of Behind the Music. Charts Radio and release history

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_I_and_the_Scottish_Church"}

Historical treatment of David I and the Scottish church usually emphasises King David I of Scotland's pioneering role as the instrument of diocesan reorganisation and Norman penetration, beginning with the bishopric of Glasgow while David was Prince of the Cumbrians, and continuing further north after David acceded to the throne of Scotland. As well as this and his monastic patronage, focus too is usually given to his role as the defender of the Scottish church's independence from claims of overlordship by the Archbishop of York and the Archbishop of Canterbury. Renewed bishopric of Glasgow Almost as soon as he was in charge of the Cumbrian principality, David placed the bishopric of Glasgow under his chaplain, John, whom David may have met for the first time during his participation in Henry's conquest of Normandy after 1106. John himself was closely associated with the Tironensian Order, and presumably committed to the new Gregorian ideas regarding episcopal organisation. David carried out an inquest and afterwards assigned to the bishopric all the lands of his principality, except those in the east of his principality which were already governed by the Scotland-proper based bishop of St Andrews. David was responsible for assigning to Glasgow enough lands directly to make the bishopric self-sufficient and for ensuring that in the longer term Glasgow would become the second most important bishopric in the Kingdom of Scotland. By the 1120s, work also began on building a proper cathedral for the diocese. David would also try to ensure that his reinvigorated episcopal see would retain independence from other bishoprics, an aspiration which would generate a great deal of tension with the English church, where both the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Archbishop of York claimed overlordship. Innovations in the church system It was once held that Scotland's episcopal sees and entire parochial system owed its origins to the innovations of David I. Today, scholars have moderated this view. Although David moved the bishopric of Mortlach east to his new burgh of Aberdeen, and arranged the creation of the diocese of Caithness, no other bishoprics can be safely called David's creation. The bishopric of Glasgow was restored rather than resurrected. In the case of the Bishop of Whithorn, the resurrection of that see was the work of Thurstan, Archbishop of York, with King Fergus of Galloway and the cleric Gille Aldan. That aside, Ailred of Rievaulx wrote in David's eulogy that when David came to power, "he found three or four bishops in the whole Scottish kingdom [north of the Forth], and the others wavering without a pastor to the loss of both morals and property; when he died, he left nine, both of ancient bishoprics which he himself restored, and new ones which he erected". What is very likely is that, as well as preventing the long vacancies in bishoprics which had hitherto been common, David was at least partly responsible for forcing semi-monastic "bishoprics" like Brechin, Dunkeld, Mortlach (Aberdeen) and Dublane to become fully episcopal and firmly integrated into a national diocesan system. As for the development of the parochial system, David's traditional role as its creator can not be sustained. Scotland already had an ancient system of parish churches dating to the Early Middle Ages, and the kind of system introduced by David's Normanising tendencies can more accurately be seen as mild refashioning, rather than creation; he made the Scottish system as a whole more like that of France and England, but he did not create it. Monasticism David was certainly at least one of medieval Scotland's greatest monastic patrons. In 1113, in perhaps David's first act as Prince of the Cumbrians, he founded Selkirk Abbey for the Tironensian Order. Several years later, perhaps in 1116, David visited Tiron itself, probably to acquire more monks; in 1128 he transferred Selkirk Abbey to Kelso, nearer Roxburgh, at this point his chief residence. In 1144, David and Bishop John of Glasgow prompted Kelso Abbey to found a daughter house, Lesmahagow Priory. David also continued his predecessor Alexander's patronage of the Augustinians, founding Holyrood Abbey with monks from Merton Priory. David and Bishop John, moreover, established Jedburgh Abbey with canons from Beauvais in 1138. Other Augustinian foundations included St Andrew's Cathedral Priory, established by David and Bishop Robert of St Andrews in 1140, which in turn founded an establishment at Loch Leven (1150x1153); an Augustinian abbey, whose canons were taken from Arrouaise in France, was established by the year 1147 at Cambuskenneth near Stirling, another prominent royal centre. However, by 23 March 1137, David had also turned his patronage towards the Cistercian Order, founding the famous Melrose Abbey from monks of Rievaulx. Melrose would become the greatest medieval monastic establishment in Scotland south of the river Forth. It was from Melrose that David established Newbattle Abbey in Midlothian, Kinloss Abbey in Moray, and Holmcultram Abbey in Cumberland. David also, like Alexander, patronized Benedictines, introducing monks to Coldingham (a non-monastic property of Durham Priory) in 1139 and making it a priory by 1149. David's activities were paralleled by other "Scottish" magnates. For instance, the Premonstratensian house of Dryburgh Abbey was founded in 1150 by monks from Alnwick Abbey with the patronage of Hugh de Morville, Lord of Lauderdale. Moreover, six years after the foundation of Melrose Abbey, King Fergus of Galloway likewise founded a Cistercian abbey from Rievaulx, Dundrennan Abbey, which would become a powerful landowner in both Galloway and Ireland and was known to Francesco Pegolotti as Scotland's richest abbey. Not only were such monasteries an expression of David's undoubted piety, but they also functioned to transform Scottish society. Monasteries became centres of foreign influence, being founded by French or English monks. They provided sources of literate men, able to serve the crown's growing administrative needs. This was particularly the case with the Augustinians. Moreover, these new monasteries, and the Cistercian ones in particular, introduced new agricultural practices. In the words of one historian, the Cistercians were "pioneers or frontiersmen ... cultural revolutionaries, who carried new techniques of land management and new attitudes towards land exploitation". Duncan calls Scotland's new Cistercian establishments "the largest and most significant contribution by David I to the religious life of the kingdom". Cistercians equated spiritual health with economic achievement and environmental exploitation. Cistercian labour transformed southern Scotland into one of northern Europe's main sources of sheep wool. Ecclesiastical disputes One of the first problems David had to deal with as king was an ecclesiastical dispute with the English church. The problem with the English church concerned the subordination of Scottish sees to the archbishops of York and/or Canterbury, an issue which since his election in 1124 had prevented Robert of Scone from being consecrated. It is likely that since the 11th century, the bishopric of St Andrews functioned as a de facto. In the recently recovered last 20% of Version-A of the St. Andrews Foundation Legend, a text composed at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries, some of the contemporary clerics at the bishopric of St Andrews were mentioned by name, and one of these is "Archbishop Giric", referring to Bishop Giric. Bishop Fothad II, upon his death in 1093, was recorded in the Annals of Ulster as "Fothud ardepscop Alban", that is, "Fothad, Archbishop of Scotland". The problem was that this archiepiscopal status had not been cleared with the papacy, opening the way for English archbishops to claim overlordship of the whole Scottish church. The man responsible was the new aggressively assertive archbishop of York, Thurstan. In 1125 Thurstan once again went on the offensive. In this year Pope Honorius II wrote to David and ordered him to receive his legate, John de Crema, and to: "Cause also the bishops of thy land to assemble to his council when they are summoned by him. The controversy which has long been kept up between Thurstan, archbishop of York, and the bishops of thy land, we commit to this our legate to be very carefully investigated and discussed; but we reserve the final decision for the judgment of the apostolic see". No legatine council however took place, and legate John de Crema headed back through southern England. The legate was charged with investigating the historical and political status of the bishoprics of Scotland-proper, the lands north of the river Forth. However, such investigation was not needed for the two bishoprics south of the Forth. In the same year, Honorius wrote to John, bishop of Glasgow, and Gille Aldan, bishop of Galloway, ordering them to submit to the archbishopric of York. As the former was part of David's dominion, this was not the news David would have been wanting. David ordered Bishop John of Glasgow to travel to the Apostolic See in order to secure a pallium which would elevate the bishopric of St Andrews to an archbishopric. Thurstan soon arrived in Rome himself, as did the archbishop of Canterbury, William de Corbeil, and both presumably opposed David's request. David however gained the support of King Henry, and the archbishop of York agreed to a year's postponement of the issue and to consecrate Robert of Scone without making an issue of subordination. York's claims over bishops north of the Forth were in practice abandoned for the rest of David's reign, although York maintained her more credible claims over Glasgow. Bishopric of Durham and the Archbishopric of York However, David's successes were in many ways balanced by his failures. David's greatest disappointment during this time was his inability to ensure control of the bishopric of Durham and the archbishopric of York. David had attempted to appoint his chancellor, William Comyn, to the bishopric of Durham, which had been vacant since the death of Bishop Geoffrey in 1140. Between 1141 and 1143, Comyn was the de facto bishop, and had control of the bishop's castle; but he was resented by the chapter. Despite controlling the town of Durham, David's only hope of ensuring his election and consecration was gaining the support of the Papal legate, Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester and brother of King Stephen. Despite obtaining the support of the Empress Matilda, David was unsuccessful and had given up by the time William de St Barbara was elected to the see in 1143. David also attempted to interfere in the succession to the archbishopric of York. William FitzHerbert, nephew of King Stephen, found his position undermined by the collapsing political fortune of Stephen in the north of England, and was deposed by the pope. David used his Cistercian connections to build a bond with Henry Murdac, the new archbishop. Despite the support of Pope Eugenius III, supporters of King Stephen and William FitzHerbert managed to prevent Henry taking up his post at York. By 1149, Henry had sought the support of David. David seized on the opportunity to bring the archdiocese under Scottish control, and marched on the city. However, Stephen's supporters had gotten wind of the plan, and informed King Stephen. Stephen therefore marched to the city and installed a new garrison. David decided not to risk such an engagement and withdrew. Richard Oram has conjectured that David's ultimate aim was to bring the whole of the ancient kingdom of Northumbria into his dominion. For Oram, this event was the turning point, "the chance to radically redraw the political map of the British Isles lost forever". Failure of the Archbishopric of St Andrews A further blow occurred on the ecclesiastical front. In 1151, David once again requested a pallium for the archbishop of St Andrews. Cardinal John Paparo met David at his residence of Carlisle in September 1151. Tantalisingly for David, the Cardinal was on his way to Ireland (usually reached from Galloway) with four pallia to create four new Irish archbishoprics. When the Cardinal returned to Carlisle, David made the request. In David's plan, the new archdiocese would include all the bishoprics in David's Scottish territory, as well as bishopric of Orkney and the bishopric of the Isles. Unfortunately for David, the Cardinal does not appear to have brought the issue up with the papacy. In fact, in the following year the papacy dealt David another blow by creating the archbishopric of Trondheim, a new Norwegian archbishopric embracing the bishoprics of the Isles and Orkney. Primary sources Secondary sources

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyposmocoma_admirationis"}

Species of moth Hyposmocoma admirationis is a species of moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Molokai.

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American politician Randy Law is a former member of the Ohio House of Representatives, representing the 64th District for one term in the Ohio 126th General Assembly.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_Indian_Nations_University"}

Public university in Lawrence, Kansas Haskell Indian Nations University is a public tribal land-grant university in Lawrence, Kansas, United States. Founded in 1884 as a residential boarding school for Native American children, the school has developed into a university operated by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs that offers both associate and baccalaureate degrees. The college was founded to serve members of federally recognized Native American tribes in the United States. It is the oldest continually operating federal school for American Indians. Enrollment at the campus is nearly 1,000 students per semester, representing approximately 140 Tribal nations and Alaska Native communities. Haskell is funded directly by the Bureau of Indian Education as a U.S. Trust Responsibility to Native American Tribes. While the school does not charge tuition, students are responsible for paying yearly fees. Twelve campus buildings have been designated as U.S. National Historic Landmarks. Haskell is home to the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum, the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame, the Indian Leader, the oldest Native American student newspaper in the country; and numerous student clubs and organizations. Faculty and students built the Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork in 1992, and the Haskell-Baker Wetlands are important for migrating birds. The renowned Rinehart Collection is housed in the Haskell Cultural Center. Numerous sculptures and murals are located throughout the campus. Haskell also is a member of the American Council on Education, the Council for Higher Education Accreditation, the Higher Learning Commission, and the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. The university hosts cultural and academic events that attract visitors (both Native American and non-Native) from across the country and abroad. Such events include the annual Haskell Indian Art Market, the Stories-n-Motion Film Festival, and the Haskell Commencement and Pow-Wow. These public events are held along with numerous educational conferences, workshops, and presentations. History The history of Haskell Indian Nations University reflects both U.S. Indian policy and self-determination efforts by American Indian and Alaska Native communities. Haskell was founded during an era following the Indian Wars when the federal government believed that Native Americans needed to assimilate into the majority culture in order to survive. The US government had earlier provided some schools on reservations according to treaties, which were usually administered by religious missions. In the late 19th century, it also began to establish off-reservation boarding schools. Native American children were recruited from a variety of tribes to attend for their education, and were expected to abandon their tribal traditions while there. The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, founded in 1879 in Pennsylvania, became the model for federal immersion programs in education. In 1882 the United States Congress authorized three new boarding schools to be established in Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory (a plan that would cost $150,000), and the Carlisle school was the model for these soon-to-be-constructed institutions, including what became Haskell in Kansas. When Haskell opened in 1884, it was called United States Indian Industrial Training School. It had 22 elementary school-age students the first year. Soon boys were taught skills in tailoring, wagon making, blacksmithing, harness making, painting, shoe making, and farming, reflecting trades common to their mostly rural and small town environments of reservations. Girls studied cooking, sewing and homemaking. As was typical of many such rural schools, most of the students' food was produced on the associated Haskell farm. Older students were expected to work while at the school, as in the model of Tuskegee Institute and similar independent institutions. According to many sources, school living conditions during the 1880s and 1890s were harsh. Organized under the semi-military system of the Carlisle Indian School, students wore uniforms to enforce conformity and end tribal identification. Their hair was cut when they entered school, which was especially painful for the boys, as in most tribes, adult men kept long hair. The children marched to classes, and exercised regularly. Students were often physically punished if they failed to follow the rules of the institute. At least 103 children died while attending the school. In 1887, the school was renamed as Haskell Institute in honor of Dudley Haskell, the U.S. representative from Kansas's 2nd district who had gained getting the school built in Lawrence. In 1889 Charles T. Meserve was appointed as the fifth superintendent in Haskell's five-year history. His discharge of many employees (including the principal teacher) brought criticism from the president of the National Education Association. Students reacted to his harsh treatment by sending four protesting petitions to the BIA in Washington, DC. A Special Indian Agent, appointed to investigate the incident, whitewashed the whole situation. In the early 20th century, Haskell continued to evolve while operated by the federal government. It added classes for upper grades, and in 1927 received accreditation as a Kansas high school. By 1935 it was classified as a vocational-technical school. From the 1900s through the 1930s, Haskell became famous for its football teams. In competition with teams from colleges such as Harvard, Yale and Brown, Haskell was known as the "Powerhouse of the West". During the 1960s, Native Americans organized to assert their cultures and work to realign the relationships between federally recognized tribes and the federal government. Among the areas they wanted to change was education of their children. They wanted more from the schools. They were encouraged by the civil rights movement of African Americans to press for fulfillment of treaty conditions. At Haskell, students and activists wanted to reconfigure the school's pedagogical approach to better serve Indian country and Alaska Native communities. In 1965, Haskell graduated its last high school class. Two years later, with more curriculum development, the school in 1967 was renamed as Haskell Indian Junior College, able to award associate degrees and certificates in special skills programs. Wallace Galluzzi (1926-1984) was president of Haskell Indian Junior College (later Haskell Indian Nations University, previously Haskell Institute) in Lawrence, Kansas from 1969 to 1981. By the late 1980s, planning began to develop the institution as a four-year, bachelor-degree granting university. In 1993, the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, Ada Deer, approved that development, which had been built on expansion of the curricula and programs. It was renamed as Haskell Indian Nations University. Haskell offered its first four-year baccalaureate degree program in elementary teacher education. Within a few years, Haskell had developed its own, specialized bachelor's degree program in American Indian Studies; Business Administration and Environmental Sciences degree programs soon followed. In 1994, Congress designated this college and 31 other tribal colleges as land-grant colleges, to provide them with benefits of related programs. At the turn of the 21st century, Haskell had become a tribal-based university with a curriculum serving general Native American and Alaska Native goals. In 2013 it had about 1,000 students. Today, Haskell's alumni work in numerous areas to serve Indian country and Alaska Native communities. Campus United States historic place The Haskell campus has 12 buildings that have been designated as U.S. National Historic Landmarks. In addition to its historic architecture, Haskell is recognized for its collection of public sculptures, murals, photographs, and paintings. Examples include the well-known sculpture, Comrade in Mourning, by Allan Houser. The Haskell-Baker Wetlands span approximately 640 acres (260 ha) on the south side of the Haskell campus. These wetlands are home to 243 species of birds, 21 species of fish, 22 species of reptiles, and 26 species of plants. This area serves as a feeding and breeding ground for the migratory birds that breed in Canada and migrate to Mexico and South America. The Northern Crawfish Frog is an endangered species and its critical habitat is the wetlands. Blalock Hall Constructed in 1978, Blalock Hall was named in honor of Margaret Blalock, Chippewa, a Haskell alumna, and long-time employee at the college, who was committed to serving the students at Haskell. It is a residential hall for freshman (first year) men and male students transferring from other colleges and universities. Hiawatha Hall Originally constructed in 1898 and dedicated on March 12, 1899, Hiawatha Hall was named after the historic Onondaga leader of the same name. The hall was built by the United Methodist Church to serve as a campus chapel (although it has also served as a general auditorium and as a girl's gym at various times in the school's history), and today it is the oldest building still standing on the Haskell campus. Hiawatha Hall is currently owned by the federal government and has been closed for decades because the government has not allocated money to pay for necessary repairs—despite the building being on the National Historic Landmarks list. Osceola and Keokuk Halls Osceola and Keokuk Halls are collectively known as "O-K Hall." Constructed in 1884, Osceola and Keokuk served as dormitories for men and women, respectively. Osceola was a famous Seminole warrior, whose name means "Rising Sun." Keokuk, a Sac and Fox whose name means "Watchful Fox," was not a hereditary chief, but recognized for his skillful leadership, force of character, and brilliant oratory. O-K Hall is currently a residential hall for both women and men. Pocahontas Hall Pocahontas Hall was built in 1931 and was named after the daughter of Powhatan, paramount chief of the Powhatan confederacy. She married English colonist John Rolfe, and they were ancestors to many descendants of First Families of Virginia. It serves as a residential hall for freshman women and female students transferring from other colleges and universities. Pontiac Hall Built in 1934, Pontiac Hall was named after an Ottawa chief. It is located immediately south of the main quadrangle. Powhatan Hall Powhatan Hall was constructed in 1932 and named after the paramount chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, made up of 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. Originally used for classrooms, it has been adapted as a residential hall, housing Student Residential Assistants (SRS). Roe Cloud Hall Completed in 1997, Roe Cloud Hall was named after Henry Roe Cloud, a member of the Winnebago Nation. He was the first American Indian superintendent of the Haskell Institute, serving from 1933 to 1935. Roe Cloud later served in the presidential administrations of Herbert Hoover and Franklin Delano Roosevelt. He was a spokesman for American Indian issues and education throughout his life. It is a residential hall for both men and women. Sequoyah Hall Sequoyah Hall was built in 1961 and named for Sequoyah, the Cherokee who developed a syllabary writing system for the Cherokee language in the early 19th century; this was the first known independent development of a writing system. It lies on the eastern edge of the main quadrangle area. Tecumseh Hall Built in 1915 as a gymnasium, Tecumseh Hall was named after the Shawnee chief who led an effort to repulse the European-American settlers from Indian territory west of the Appalachian Mountains. It houses the Campus Shoppe, offices of the Student Senate, Student Activities, and the Indian Leader (the campus newspaper). Winona Hall Originally constructed in 1897, Winona Hall was rebuilt in 1962. The name Winona in Lakota tradition is for daughters who are the first-born child of the family. Winona Hall currently is a co-ed honors residential hall, serving both women and men. Museums and libraries Haskell is home to the American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame, which recognizes noted athletes such as John Levi, Jim Thorpe, Moses Yellow Hair, and Billy Mills. The Haskell Cultural Center and Museum provides exhibits of interest about indigenous history. Its archives include collections on Haskell and aspects of Native American history. Tommaney Library provides a range of academic research resources in print, online and digital form. Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork The Haskell Medicine Wheel Earthwork is located south of the campus. It was designed by Haskell professors, students, crop artist Stan Herd, and tribal elders, and dedicated in 1992 as a response to the 500th commemoration of the "Columbian Legacy". According to the Haskell Catalog, the medicine wheel earthwork symbolizes the scope and richness of indigenous cultures, from the beginning of humankind to the present. The circle is symbolic of the perpetual and sacredness of the spirituality of native peoples. The spokes are the four directions. The circle marks the astrological locations of the Summer and Winter solstice and represent the death, rebirth, balance and healing in Mother Earth. The bear claw represents the strength needed for the survival of indigenous people. The thunderbird located to the east represents the spiritual traditions of tribal people and points to the sacred circle and sacred fire contained within the Medicine Wheel Teachings. A replica of the medicine wheel is carved in the tile at the Haskell Cultural Center and Museum as a way of balancing the campus (with a medicine wheel on the north and south ends of campus). Organization The university is one of 37 members of the American Indian Higher Education Consortium, an organization of Tribal colleges and universities. Academics After earning an associate degree, many students transfer to the University of Kansas, other colleges, or join the workforce. Haskell offers four baccalaureate degree programs and four associate degrees in numerous subjects. The university received a #13 ranking on the 2010 "Top 50 Dropout Factory" list from Washington Monthly in their College Guide, with a graduation rate of 9%. Associate degree programs Haskell offers associate of arts (AA) degrees in a variety of fields, including: Communication Studies, Liberal Arts, Media Communication, Para Professional Education, and Social Work. The school also offers associate of science (AS) degrees in: Community Health, Natural Sciences, and Recreation Fitness Management. Bachelor programs The school also offers the four following bachelor programs: Indigenous and American Indian Studies (BA) This program provides an integrated foundation of interdisciplinary knowledge and the practical skills needed to contribute to the development of Indigenous American Indian and Alaska Native communities and nations. The program is designed to prepare students for graduate or professional schools, or to enter the workplace after graduation. Business Administration (BS) The School of Business offers the Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with emphases in management or tribal management. The management track emphasizes traditional academic study of contemporary management practices and theories common to the management of human, financial, technical, natural, and other resources. The Tribal Management track explores contemporary and historical issues that particularly affect management of tribal governments and enterprises. Elementary Teacher Education (BS) Education majors complete a Bachelor of Science Degree in Elementary Education; they must pass the Principles of Learning and Teaching (PLT) and Elementary Education exam to be eligible to apply for Kansas provisional licensure to teach kindergarten through the sixth grade. Other states may have differing requirements. Environmental Sciences (BS) This program provides a broad-based background to prepare students for graduate school or a career in environmental or biological fields. Courses offered include Biology, Ecology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography, Natural Resources, and Environmental Sciences. It is intended to add substance to indigenous concerns about sustainability. Student life More than 20 student organizations and clubs on campus provide students with chances to become involved in campus life and activities related to the larger community. Athletics The Haskell (HINU) athletic teams are called the Fighting Indians. The school's team colors are purple, gold and white. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing as an NAIA Independent within the Continental Athletic Conference since the 2015–16 academic year. The Fighting Indians previously competed in the defunct Midlands Collegiate Athletic Conference (MCAC) from 2001–02 to 2014–15 (when the conference dissolved). HINU competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf and track & field (indoor and outdoor); women's sports include basketball, cross country, softball, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Club sports include baseball and boxing. Former sports included football and co-ed cheerleading. Football Haskell had one of the best college football teams in the nation from 1900 to 1930. Due to funding shortfalls, the football program was suspended beginning for the 2015 season. Notable people

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Abortion in Panama is illegal except in instances that the pregnancy is life-threatening or the health of the woman is at risk, or if the pregnancy is the result of rape or incest. History A penal code was set in place on September 22, 1982, which penalized illegal abortions. This code is still active today. In 2005, a poll was conducted with a simple questionnaire. One of the questions asked, "Do you agree or disagree with abortion?" 89.4% of those that answered were against abortions. According to the CIA, based upon the population as a whole, 85% of Panamanians are against abortion. Approximately four-fifths of Panama's population practices Roman Catholicism, which has as its official stance that abortion is murder. Legality In Panama, abortion is illegal with the exception of two circumstances: if the mother's life is endangered by the pregnancy, or if she is the victim of rape or incest. Penalties for abortion The punishment for a woman who has an illegal abortion is one to three years in prison. The punishment for a doctor or other person who provides the procedure with the woman's consent is 3 to 6 years in prison. If the procedure is done without the woman's consent, the punishment is 5 to 10 years in prison. If the woman dies as a result of the abortion, the punishment for the abortion provider is 5 to 10 years in prison. If the woman's husband is found guilty of performing the abortion, the penalties are increased by one sixth. Access to abortion facilities The only abortions allowed to be performed are done by doctors in government-run hospitals. However, NGOs like Women on Waves offer abortions to women in Panama in international ocean waters, where they are no longer under the jurisdiction of the republic of Panama government.[9] Alternatives to abortion Contraceptives Condoms, tubal ligation, and some intrauterine devices (IUDs) are available at no cost to a woman. Other forms of contraception that require a fee, such as other IUDs and chemical drugs (like the Depo shot), are available, but the woman does not need to get a prescription to obtain them. Family planning In 1965, the Asociación Panameña para el Planeamiento de la Familia (APLAFA) was founded to help women control the size of their families. A private family planning group, APLAFA has gone to great lengths not just to reduce the rate of teen pregnancy, but also to aid pregnant women with pre- and post-natal care for their unwanted pregnancies. The Panamanian government has also played a constructive role in the family planning movement. It offers services which teach couples about natural birth control methods (such as the ovulation method, the symptothermal method, and the rhythm method), as well as modern methods, which many know as "the pill", shots, patches, sterilization, and others.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Mother%27s_Highway"}

1972 studio album by Franciscus Henri Gabriel's Mother's Highway is the second studio album by Dutch-Australian folk and gospel musician Franciscus Henri. The album was released in September 1972 by Move Records, as a 33 rpm vinyl record. It includes five tracks written by English poet Sydney Carter. The album was produced by Brian Cadd and recorded at Armstrong Studios in Melbourne. Track listing All tracks are written by Sydney Carter, unless otherwise shown. Move Records, catalogue no. MS-3007

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Cocotte may refer to:

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasan_Chandrasekaran"}

Indian chemist (born 1945) Srinivasan Chandrasekaran (born 1945) is an Indian organic and organometallic chemist, academic and a former chair of the Department of Organic Chemistry and the Division of Chemical Sciences and a former Dean of the Faculty of Science at Indian Institute of Science. He was known for his researches on organic reaction mechanisms and organic synthesis. and was an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, The World Academy of Sciences and the Indian Academy of Sciences. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1989, for his contributions to chemical sciences. Biography S. Chandrasekaran, born on 15 November 1945 in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu, did his college studies at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College of Madras University from where he completed his graduate and master's degrees and secured a PhD from the same university in 1972, studying under the guidance of S. Swaminathan; his thesis was based on oxy-Cope rearrangement and on the synthesis of novel norbornane derivatives. Moving to the US, he did his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of E.J. Corey at Harvard University (1973–75) and on completion of the studies, worked as a scientist at Syntex Research Laboratories during 1975–76. He stayed in the US for one more year, resuming his researches at Corey's laboratory before returning to India in 1977 to join IIT, Kanpur as a lecturer in chemistry. After 12 years of service there, he shifted his base to Bengaluru to continue his service at Indian Institute of Science. He held several positions at IISc including those of the chair of Department of Organic Chemistry and the Division of Chemical Sciences as well as the Dean of the Faculty of Science. Chandrasekaran lives in Bengaluru and serves as an honorary professor at the Indian Institute of Science. Legacy During his post-doctoral studies with Corey, Chandrasekaran was able to accomplish the synthesis of gibberellic acid, a plant growth hormone, successfully for the first time. Later at Syntex, he worked on the synthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics. Subsequently, working on organic reaction mechanisms, he developed a set of new organic synthesis reagents and using them, accomplished the creation of the carbon constellations. His researches have been documented by way of several articles published in peer-reviewed journals and ResearchGate, an online article repository has listed 318 of them. Besides, he has contributed chapters to two books; 3 chapters to Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis and one chapter to Particle Swarm Optimization.[citation needed] He has also mentored several scholars in their studies and has delivered keynote addresses and plenary speeches. He was involved with the functioning of many science societies; executive committee membership and chair of International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, chair of the national committee of the Indian National Science Academy, secretaryship of the Indian Academy of Sciences and the presidency of the Chemical Research Society of India were some of those responsibilities. Awards and honors Chandrasekharan received the Basudeb Banerjee Memorial Medal of the Indian Chemical Society in 1988 and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1989. The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow the same year and the Indian National Science Academy and The World Academy of Sciences followed suit in 1992 and 1999 respectively. The other awards he has received include Silver Medal of the Chemical Research Society of India, Golden Jubilee Commemoration Medal (2007) of Indian National Science Academy and the Alumni Award of Excellence of Indian Institute of Science. He has also held the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of Department of Science and Technology and the Distinguished Fellowship of the Science and Engineering Research Board. Selected bibliography Chapters in books Articles

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrozim"}

Municipality in Olomouc, Czech Republic Ohrozim is a municipality and village in Prostějov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. Ohrozim lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Prostějov, 21 km (13 mi) south-west of Olomouc, and 199 km (124 mi) east of Prague.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Forster_Burder"}

Henry Forster Burder, D.D. (1783–1864) was an English nonconformist minister. Life The eldest son of the Rev. George Burder, and brother of Thomas Harrison Burder, he was born 27 November 1783, at Coventry. He was articled in 1798 to a wholesale firm based in Nottingham and London. In London Burder attended the Weigh-house Chapel, and decided to devote himself to the ministry. He became a student in Hoxton Academy, and then in 1804 entered the University of Glasgow, where he took his M.A. degree in 1807, and subsequently that of D.D. After his graduation, Burder became classical tutor at Wymondley College, as a colleague of William Parry. Burder resigned as tutor in 1808. By October 1811, he was assistant to Samuel Palmer at St. Thomas's Square Congregational Chapel, Hackney, and on Palmer's death was ordained to his pastorate on 2 March 1814. From 1810 Burder also filled the chair of philosophy and mathematics at Hoxton Academy, until it moved to Highbury in 1830. Burder gave an address at the opening of the new Highbury College building, in September 1826.John Stoughton was one of his students, at the end of this period, and commented that Burder was influenced by Dugald Stewart. Another student of this time was Henry Rogers. Burder was one of the founders of the Congregational Union in 1831; and in 1834 he advocated breaking traditional links with Presbyterians and Baptists. In 1844. he was chairman of the Union. He remained at Hackney till 1852, delivering on 26 December 1852, A Pastor's Farewell, published 1853. His congregation presented him with a purse of £1,000, with which a Burder scholarship was founded at New College, London. He then lived in the house of his eldest son at Hatcham Park, where he died 29 December 1864. He is buried at the non-denominational Abney Park Cemetery, in Stoke Newington. Works Burder had many sermons printed in collections. His main works were: Family Burder was twice married: first, in 1810, to Ann, eldest daughter of Joseph Hardcastle of Hatcham House, New Cross, London, who died in 1827, leaving a daughter and three sons; and secondly, in 1833, to Mary, eldest daughter of the Rev. J. Tayler of Whitlinge, Worcestershire, who died in 1859 and is buried with her husband at Abney Park Cemetery. One of his sons, George Bernard Burder (1814–1881) converted to Roman Catholicism and became Abbot of Mount Saint Bernard Abbey in Leicestershire.

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Disease of great apes Fibrosing cardiomyopathy is a disease commonly caused by a heart failure in great apes, most specially the males. When fibrosing cardiomyopathy attacks a healthy heart, it comes with a bacterium or a virus that makes the muscles of the heart turn into fibrous bands which makes them unable to pump blood in the blood streams. When a gorilla is stressed, or the food it eats, then catecholamine which is a harmful substance is released in the heart muscle that make the C-reactive protein that is found in blood plasma produced by the liver to swell, causing rheumatoid arthritis. Contrast Analysis Studies show that the causes of heart disease differ greatly between humans and chimpanzees. In this study, the scientists provided some new data and summarized existing reports on the subject. They also allow other primitives to have limited data, suggesting that they are more like chimpanzees in this respect. In general, the result is that heart disease does not represent a similarity between humans and other hominids, but rather an inexplicably special difference. Finally, the preliminary evidence of differences in extracellular matrix and glycosylation patterns between human and human-like hearts are proved and provided, which may be related to the understanding of these differences. Heart disease was the cause of 16 of the 52 deaths at Yakex primate research center between 1992 and 2005, and cardiac biopsies were carefully examined. This includes 9 animals (8 males, (1) dying females, (3) looking at the animals' serious animals (2 males, females). Almost all of these pathological abnormalities of death are associated with this type of FMI. Chimpanzees are very similar. An example shows a chimpanzee which goes through the heart muscle without hemiplegia, and heaven goes directly around the blood vessels, which can be seen in some people's hearts. For other reasons, the death of the Yerkes center also indicates that myocardial fibrosis was severe during this period of 14 men and 4 women, autopsies were fragmented by the IMF.[citation needed] Food used to alleviate illness Scientists have begun to study how billions of bacteria, fungi and other microbes living in the stomach and intestines of humans affect our health for the last few decades. What we eat determines which of these microorganisms thrive, and the composition of the intestinal flora has a great influence on other parts of our body. For example, some intestinal bacteria cause inflammation in our immune system, while other bacteria secrete substances that penetrate blood or block arteries, which helps explain why heart disease patients have different microbes and health conditions. Grains of paradise are plants that grow in swampy areas in West Africa-vine chocked swamps a member of the ginger family. It is a plant that gorillas like eating but it contains a powerful anti- swollen compound. It grows up to 1.5 meters with a trumpet shape and reddish-brown seeds. Gorillas do use the plant to make nests on the ground and beds that they use over the night for sleeping; they also use the seeds to treat coughs, toothaches and measles. The plant also provides comfort and warmth to the weak and cold bodies of the gorilla. The invention of processed high-calorie cookies containing vitamins and nutrients and the addition of several fruits and vegetables ultimately helped to standardize the diet of gorillas. The animal biscuit diet begins to prolong life and looks healthier and can sometimes survive for 50 years. The researches found that the biscuit diet has many shortcomings. Although gorillas are genetically similar to humans, their digestive systems are very different and more like horses. Like a horse, a gorilla is a digestive organ that processes food primarily in the very long large intestine, not in the stomach. This means they are good for breaking down the fiber, but not very good for sugar or grain. If the zookeeper feed them sweet potatoes or commercially grown fruit, they will eat them but that didn't bring much energy to them.[citation needed] Category and symptoms There are different types of cardiomyopathy which include a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which makes the heart muscles to enlarge and thicken; dilated cardiomyopathy happens when the ventricles enlarge and weaken; restrictive cardiomyopathy makes the ventricles to stiffen; Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is an inherited one from one generation to another and dilated cardiomyopathy results due to heavy alcohol consumption, use of cocaine and viral infections. The signs and symptoms of cardiomyopathy include; shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling in the legs, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting during physical activities, irregular heartbeats, chest pain after heavy meals and unusual sounds associated with heartbeats. Gorillas inhabited the forests of central sub-Saharan Africa whereby they were divided into two species; the eastern gorillas and the western gorillas. They are much closer to humans because the DNA reveals a higher percentage between 95 and 99%. They fall under kingdom Mammalia same as the human and both have the same origin of common ancestors. Gorillas are considered to be a single species with three subspecies i.e. the western lowland gorilla, the eastern lowland gorilla and the mountain gorilla. Both the species became one after their forest habitat shrank and ended up separating. With gorillas that were captive by human, started developing fibrosing cardiomyopathy due to the foods that humans used to give them like biscuits diet which had much sugar and this made it difficult with digestion because of their hindgut digesters which processed food in their extra-long large intestines instead of their stomachs and had lesser energy distribution in their bodies. The new diet lowered the body fat and cholesterol and ended up affecting the bacteria living in gorillas’ stomachs. A heart attack in humans occurs due to chest pain, sweating or even shortness of breath that results due to coronary artery having a problem in supplying blood into the heart muscle while with the gorillas, it happens due to the diet that the ones in captives used to take. Humans, who do not suffer from an acute coronary heart attack, do end up having a heart failure due to a gradual decrease of blood supply in the arteries. Both gorillas and humans have an unusual form of interstitial myocardial fibrosis whereby a normal myocardium in both humans and gorillas are quite similar to each other. The gorilla's heart fibrosis has been distributed in an unorderly manner in the cardiac muscle as seen in human.[citation needed] Prevention After so many attempts on how to prevent the fibrosing from attacking gorillas, the zookeepers came with the ideas of how they could reduce the mortality rate of the gorillas i.e. the introduction of a National Gorilla Cardiac Database which will be used in tracking cases of the disease to those gorillas that were in captivity in the western lowland; Introduction of a tab that determines the populations of the gorillas and also comparing the ultrasound waves that is to produce a visual display of the heart from a healthy gorilla to a sick gorilla so that they can detect the presence of the disease; Implantation of an advanced pacemaker in a gorilla that has the disease so that pacemaker can detect the disease at an early stage and also correcting the breakdown of the heart's electrical circuit that comes with the disease which later restores the heart to pump properly. Heart failure is considered to be common in both human and the gorillas which could be determined as a heart failure or a cardiac arrest to some point. When analysis is taken into an accord, a human heart attack would be considered to have occurred due to coronary artery atherosclerosis which happens when the arteries are hardened due to a buildup of plaque inside the walls of the arteries while for the gorillas it will be considered to have occurred due to the bacteria in the muscles of the heart that prevents the heart from pumping the blood properly into the arteries and the veins. Overview Fibrosing cardiomyopathy is a type of a heart disease that affects the family of gorillas from West Africa that are in captive by humans due to the area that they live in and also the type of food they eat. Grains of paradise are a type of plants that grow in swampy areas and it has been discovered to be the favorite plant that gorillas like to eat. The plant contains a powerful anti-swollen compound that attacks the heart of the gorillas which makes the coronary arteries of their hearts to have a poor functioning in the supply of blood into the heart muscles. This disease attacks male gorillas that are 30 years and above and so far, the exact treatment has not yet been found but measures have been put in place in order to take control of the disease and reduce the mortality rate in the gorilla's family.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtois_Hills"}

Region of the Ozark Mountains, Missouri, U.S. The Courtois Hills region is an area of the Ozark Mountains in southeast Missouri. It is one of several mountainous regions that surround the Ozarks's Salem (or Central) Plateau. Geography Although it does not contain the highest peak, the Courtois Hills has most rugged terrain and steepest average slopes of any region of the Missouri Ozarks. It, and the community Courtois, are named after Courtois Creek (pronounced "Cote-o-way" or "Curt-o-way"), one of many waterways flowing through a narrow and steep-sided valley separated by sharp ridges. The region was named after this Crawford County creek because it was one of the earliest settled valleys. The area contains significant outcropping of limestone, ridges of chert. It also contains several springs including Greer Spring, Round Spring and Alley Spring near Eminence and Big Spring near Van Buren. Other common landforms are caves, sinkholes, and solution caves such as the Sinks natural tunnel on Current River tributary Sinking Creek. Economy Settlement was delayed by the difficult terrain. The western frontier of the United States had crossed the Mississippi River and reached the edges of the Courtois Hills by 1811. Settlers moved in to areas to the east, north, and west of the Central Plateau and its surrounding hills first. The plateau received very slow and gradual immigration later, with settlement of the Courtois Hills occurring last. Timber was once the largest contributor to the region's economy. From the late 1880s until almost 1920, the Missouri Lumber and Mining Company and several other large lumber companies operated in the region, extracting millions of board feet of lumber from forests of short-leaf Southern yellow pine. The region's narrow ridges are often covered with oak. More recently, lead and zinc have been discovered and profitably mined. The terrain limits agriculture, as well as settlement, primarily to the valley floors. The best areas for agriculture are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where rivers have made the valleys wider. The Castor, St. Francis, Black, and Current Rivers are such valleys. The numerous springs also provide an abundant source of water.

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Scotland international rugby union player Rugby player Robert Maitland was a Scotland international rugby union player. Rugby Union career Amateur career He also played for Edinburgh Institution F.P. Provincial career He played for East of Scotland District against West of Scotland District on 5 February 1881. He played for Edinburgh District in their inter-city match against Glasgow District on 3 December 1881. International career He was capped five times for Scotland between 1881 and 1885. Family He was born to Charles Maitland (1819-1898) and Mary Small Gardyne Maitland (1827-1881). Charles and Mary had 9 children; 6 boys and 3 girls. One of the boys, Robert's brother, was Gardyne Maitland who was also capped for Scotland. Robert emigrated to the United States in 1892.

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English association football player Kevin Adom Lokko (born 3 November 1995) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for National League South club Farnborough. He began his career at Norwich City's academy, where he spent two years as an academy scholar and was part of the FA Youth Cup-winning team during the 2012–13 season. He was released in May 2014 and joined Colchester United four months later, although injury meant he did not make any first-team appearances during his one season with the Essex club. Lokko gained his first experience of regular first-team football when he signed for National League club Welling United ahead of the 2015–16 season. He spent one year at Welling before joining another National League club in the form of Maidstone United in June 2016. After one season at Maidstone, Lokko signed for Stevenage in August 2017. He was immediately loaned to Dagenham & Redbridge before returning to Stevenage in February 2018, then joining Dover Athletic on loan later that month. Lokko joined Dover on a permanent basis in June 2018. Lokko became captain at Dover before joining Harrogate Town in 2020. He signed for Aldershot Town of the National League in July 2021, where he spent one season before joining National League South club Farnborough in July 2022. Early life Born in Poplar, London, England, Lokko grew up in Romford in Essex. His father is from Ghana and his mother is from Ukraine. Due to his mother's Ukrainian heritage, Lokko grew up speaking Russian. He attended Easton College in Norwich where he studied sports performance and business studies. Club career Early career Lokko joined Norwich City's academy at the age of 15, signing a two-year deal as an academy scholar in the summer of 2012. He spent two years playing regularly for Norwich's under-18 team and was part of the FA Youth Cup-winning squad during the 2012–13 season. Lokko was released by the club upon the expiry of his scholarship contract in May 2014. Lokko went on trial at Colchester United in July 2014, playing in several under-21 matches, as well as in the first-team's final pre-season friendly ahead of the 2014–15 season. The trial period proved successful and Lokko signed a one-year deal on 19 August 2014, with the club stating he would join up with the under-21 squad to further his development. Although he began to train with the first-team, and was an unused substitute in two first-team matches in the opening months of the season, Lokko sustained a hip injury that kept him out of first-team action for five months and he did not make any appearances during the season. He was released when his contract expired in May 2015. Welling United Ahead of the 2015–16 season, on 20 July 2015, Lokko signed a one-year contract with National League club Welling United. The move came about after Lokko had played in the club's opening two pre-season fixtures and was offered a contract following the trial. He made his debut for Welling in the club's first game of the season on 8 August 2015, playing the whole match in a 1–0 victory against Guiseley at Park View Road. Lokko scored his first competitive goal in Welling's 2–1 home win over Woking on 28 March 2016, his first-half header proving decisive in helping Welling end their 23-game winless run. He was a mainstay in the centre of defence throughout the season, making 42 appearances in all competitions, scoring once, in what was Lokko's breakthrough season of regular first-team football. Lokko left the club when his contract expired in May 2016. Maidstone United Lokko subsequently signed for National League club Maidstone United on a free transfer on 3 June 2016. He rejected several offers from other National League teams prior to signing for Maidstone, stating he had "done his research" and was impressed by Maidstone's three promotions in four years under manager Jay Saunders. Lokko made his Maidstone debut in a 1–1 home draw with York City on the opening day of the 2016–17 season. He scored his first goal for the club at the end of that month, an injury-time winning goal in a 1–0 away victory at Boreham Wood on 29 August 2016. Lokko scored twice in Maidstone's 4–2 win against Chester at the Gallagher Stadium on 18 February 2017, both of Lokko's goals coming in the first half of the match. He played regularly during his one season at Maidstone, scoring four times in 46 appearances in all competitions. Stevenage Four days before the start of the 2017–18 season, on 2 August 2017, Lokko signed for League Two club Stevenage for an undisclosed fee and on a two-year contract. The transfer occurred when Stevenage triggered a buyout clause in Lokko's contract after several other clubs had also shown interest in the player. Two days after joining Stevenage, Lokko was loaned out to Dagenham & Redbridge of the National League on a season-long loan agreement, in order for him to continue to gain first-team experience. Lokko made his Dagenham debut in the club's 2–1 home victory against Barrow on 5 August 2017 and was awarded Man of the Match for his performance. He scored in consecutive games at the end of August in home fixtures against Ebbsfleet United and Bromley respectively. He was a regular in the centre of defence during his time at Dagenham, scoring two goals in 28 appearances in all competitions. Lokko was recalled by Stevenage at the start of February 2018, with their chairman Phil Wallace revealing that several transfer deadline day deals gave the club the opportunity to recall Lokko and ensure he was "integrated in the squad on a daily basis ready for next season". He made his debut for the club as an 85th-minute substitute in the club's 3–1 away defeat at Forest Green Rovers on 13 February 2018. A week after making his Stevenage debut, Lokko was loaned out to National League club Dover Athletic for the remainder of the 2017–18 campaign; Stevenage retaining an option to recall Lokko after 28 days if necessary. He made his debut for Dover in a 3–1 away loss at AFC Fylde on 24 February 2018, coming on as a 77th-minute substitute in the match. Lokko went on to make 12 appearances during the loan agreement, scoring once, before returning to Stevenage at the end of the season where he was made available for transfer. Dover Athletic Lokko signed for Dover Athletic on a permanent basis on 27 June 2018, joining the club for an undisclosed fee. He made his second debut at Dover in the club's first match of the 2018–19 season, playing the full 90 minutes in a 1–0 defeat to Wrexham on 4 August 2018. Lokko scored his first goal of the campaign three days later, briefly giving Dover the lead from close-range in an eventual 2–2 draw with Bromley. Lokko was voted as the National League Player of the Month for January 2019, with Lokko scoring once and Dover's defence keeping three clean sheets during the month. He played 42 times during his first full season at Dover, scoring six goals from defence, as the club ended the season nine games unbeaten to finish in 14th place in the National League. Lokko was named as Dover's new captain on 27 June 2019. He made 29 appearances and scored four goals during Dover's 2019–20 season, which was curtailed in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Harrogate Town Lokko returned to the Football League when he signed for League Two club Harrogate Town on a two-year contract on 14 August 2020. Harrogate's assistant manager Paul Thirlwell stated the club had tracked his availability after he impressed them when Harrogate played Dover during the previous season. He scored on his Harrogate debut in the club's 2–2 draw with Grimsby Town in the EFL Trophy on 8 September 2020. He played a peripheral role during the 2020–21 season, making eight appearances and scoring two goals in all competitions. With a year remaining on his contract at Harrogate, Lokko was told he was free to look for another club at the end of the season. Aldershot Town He subsequently signed for National League club Aldershot Town on a two-year contract on 16 July 2021. Farnborough Following his release from Aldershot, Lokko agreed to join Farnborough in May 2022. International career Lokko was called up to the England C team, who represent England at non-League level, for their two fixtures in May 2017. He made his England C debut on 28 May 2017, playing the full match in a 2–1 win over Panjab FA at Damson Park. Two days later, he once again played the whole 90 minutes in a 1–1 draw with Jersey FA. Style of play Lokko has been deployed as a centre-back throughout his career. He is left-footed and plays as a left-sided central defender. Described by Harrogate Town assistant manager Paul Thirlwell as a ball-playing defender with "a great range of passing", Lokko has also been praised for his attacking threat from set-pieces. Career statistics As of match played 27 September 2022

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French flag officer rank until 1791 Chef d'escadre (pronounced [ʃɛf dɛskadʁ]; literally "squadron commander") was a rank in the French Navy during the Ancien Régime and until the French Revolution. The rank was changed to contre-amiral by a law passed on 15 May 1791. History The first chefs d'escadre were created by Louis XIII in 1627 - he had a "chef d'escadre of Normandy" commanding the port of Le Havre, a chef d'escadre of Brittany commanding Brest, and a chef d'escadre of Guyenne commanding Brouage. Each of these chefs d'escadres, as officiers d'épée, were flanked by a commissaire général, an officier de plume. Their numbers grew rapidly: in 1635 a chef d'escadre of Provence was created, then in 1647 a chef d'escadre for Flanders, in 1663 one for Poitou-Saintonge, in 1673 one for Picardy and one for Languedoc, in 1689 one for Aunis, in 1701 one for America, and in 1707 one for Roussillon. After 1715, there were more chefs d'escadre than there were coastal provinces, and so they started taking the title "chefs d'escadre des armées navales" (squadron-chiefs of the naval armies). From 1772, there were 25 of them. The chefs d'escadres were chosen from among the capitaines de vaisseau; as the flag of their command they flew a "cornette" at the top of their flagship's main-mast (a flag named after its resemblance in shape to a cornette, making it roughly the same shape as a British commodore's 'broad pennant'). The rank of Chef d'escadre was junior to that of Lieutenant-général des armées navales. From 25 March 1765, the rank was senior to Brigadier des armées navales, renamed to Chef de Division on 1 January 1786. Sources and references Notes Citations References

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurzel%C3%B3w"}

Village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland Kurzelów [kuˈʐɛluf] is a village (from 1285 to 1869 it was a town) in the administrative district of Gmina Włoszczowa, within Włoszczowa County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies in historic Lesser Poland, approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Włoszczowa and 52 km (32 mi) west of the regional capital Kielce. The village has a population of 1,200. History 12th–17th century The name of the village probably comes from a person named Kurzel, who was its first owner in the 11th century. After the death of Duke Wladyslaw Herman, a defensive gord was established here. The gord was destroyed in the winter of 1108, during a civil war in the Kingdom of Poland, between Duke Boleslaw Krzywousty, and his brother Duke Zbigniew. In 1136, a Roman Catholic parish was established at Kurzelów, and at that time, the village probably belonged to the Gniezno Archbishops. In 1259 or 1260, the village was burned in a Tatar raid (see Mongol invasion of Poland), and in 1285, Archbishop Jakub Swinka granted Kurzelów the Sroda Slaska town charter. In the 14th century Kurzelów quickly developed, due to two reasons: convenient location along a merchant route from Krakow to Przedborz, and the support of the Archbishops, who turned the local church into a collegiate of St. Adalbert of Prague. In 1306, Kurzelów became the seat of an archdeaconry, which ruled 72 local parishes. In 1342 – 1360, Archbishop Jaroslaw of Bogoria and Skotnik founded here a new, brick collegiate church of St. Mary. The ancient wooden church was preserved until the 18th century. In the late 14th century, Kurzelów became one of favorite locations of Archbishop Bodzanta, and in 1425, a synod of Polish bishops took place here. Kurzelów prospered in the Polish Golden Age, when it belonged to Lesser Poland’s Sandomierz Voivodeship, and received privileges from Zygmunt Stary and Stefan Batory. The decline began in the early 17th century, and one of the causes was the fact that the town frequently changed owners. Complete destruction of Kurzelów was brought by the Swedish invasion of Poland, and the town never recovered after the wars of 1655 – 1660. Education In Kurzelów, the first school was established before 1369. During the reorganisation of the collegiate by archbishop Jarosław Bogoria Skotnicki on 24 October 1369, a collegiate church school was established here. In 1651, Jan Brożek has donated the school, and the Kraków Academy (now Jagiellonian University) is taken care of the school. The alumni of the schools received good results of scientific research, especially in maths and astronomy. The school's alumni were: The astronomers from Kurzelów (Stanisław Jakobczyk, Jan Muscenius and Jan Brożek) were supporters of the Copernicus theory. Jan Brożek was Copernicus' first biographer. 18th–19th century Following the Partitions of Poland, Kurzelów briefly belonged to the Habsburg Empire, and in 1815 – 1915, it was part of the Russian-controlled Congress Poland. The town further declined, and lost its Roman Catholic deanery, when it was moved to Wloszczowa. Residents of Kurzelów actively supported the January Uprising, for which Russian government decided to punish the town, reducing it to the status of the village in 1869. 20th–21st century In the Second Polish Republic, Kurzelów belonged to Kielce Voivodeship, and during World War II, it was an important center of anti-German resistance. On November 27, 1943, the Wehrmacht burned the village to the ground, shooting 18 residents. Main point of interest of Kurzelów is the Gothic collegiate church from 1360, whose vault is supported by one pillar. Inside there is a Gothic baptismal font (1414), and next to the church is a wooden bell tower (late 17th century).

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Russian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Alexei Petrov (Russian: Алексей Петров; born 1 February 1983 in Ukhta) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenceman. Career Petrov made his Russian Superleague debut playing with HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk during the 2002–03 season. An unrestricted free agent, he most recently played with HC Sochi of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). Career statistics

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthomangelia_decapitata"}

Species of gastropod Benthomangelia decapitata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae. Description Distribution This species occurs in European waters off the British Isles.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium_hydride"}

Chemical compound Caesium hydride or cesium hydride (CsH) is a compound of caesium and hydrogen. It is an alkali metal hydride. It was the first substance to be created by light-induced particle formation in metal vapor, and showed promise in early studies of an ion propulsion system using caesium. It is the most reactive stable alkaline metal hydride of all. It is a powerful superbase and reacts with water extremely vigorously. The caesium nuclei in CsH can be hyperpolarized through interactions with an optically pumped caesium vapor in a process known as spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). SEOP can increase the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal of caesium nuclei by an order of magnitude. It is very difficult to make caesium hydride in a pure form. Caesium hydride can be produced by heating caesium carbonate and metallic magnesium in hydrogen at 580 to 620 degrees Celsius. Crystal structure At room temperature and atmospheric pressure, CsH has the same structure as NaCl.

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Albert_Lange"}

German philosopher and sociologist (1828–1875) Friedrich Albert Lange (German: [ˈlaŋə]; 28 September 1828 – 21 November 1875) was a German philosopher and sociologist. Biography Lange was born in Wald, near Solingen, the son of the theologian, Johann Peter Lange. He was educated at Duisburg, Zürich and Bonn, where he distinguished himself in gymnastics as much as academically. In 1852 he became a schoolmaster at Cologne; in 1853 Privatdozent in philosophy at Bonn; and in 1858 schoolmaster at Duisburg, resigning when the government forbade schoolmasters to take part in political activities. Lange entered journalism as editor of the Rhein- und Ruhr-Zeitung in 1862 in the cause of political and social reform. His ceterum censeo can be considered to be the repeated demand for Bismarck's resignation. He was prominent in public affairs, yet found enough time to write most of his best-known books, Die Leibesübungen (1863), Die Arbeiterfrage (1865, 5th ed. 1894), Geschichte des Materialismus (1866), and John Stuart Mills Ansichten über die soziale Frage (1866). He also wrote a number of works on pedagogy and psychology. In 1863, Lange supported the socialist leader Ferdinand Lassalle in an important trial concerning the constitutional guarantee of academic freedom. From 1864 to 1866, Lange was a member of the executive committee of the Association of German Labour Unions (Verband Deutscher Arbeitervereine), an early organisation of the German labour movement. One of his colleagues there was August Bebel, the Social-Democratic leader who wrote of him that "he had a short and strong figure, and was of a sympathetic presence. He had magnificent eyes, and was one of the most amiable men whom I have ever known. He won the hearts of people at first sight" while also describing him as of "firm character". In 1866, discouraged by affairs in Germany, he moved to Winterthur, near Zürich, to become connected with the democratic newspaper, Winterthurer Landbote. In 1869 he was Privatdozent at Zürich, and the next year he was appointed professor of inductive philosophy, a new position. He was also engaged in the Swiss Democratic movement and helped write the constitution of the Canton of Zurich. This was distinguished by the use of "direct democratic" measures such as referendum and recall. Still in Zürich he recognized first signs of his illness, which led several years later to his death. The strong French sympathies of the Swiss in the Franco-Prussian War as well as the prospect for a pension for his wife in the case of his death led to his speedy resignation. He had an offer from the universities of Würzburg, Königsberg, Kiel, Gießen and Jena, but in 1872 he accepted a professorship at the University of Marburg. He is sometimes credited with founding the Marburg School of neo-Kantianism, along with his star pupil, Hermann Cohen. It was Cohen, however, who pioneered the Marburg School's characteristic logicist interpretation of Kantian philosophy. In later years, Lange accepted Cohen's refutation of a psychological interpretation of the a priori, to which he himself had once subscribed. Although he rejected Marxist materialism, Lange continued to influence the German Social-Democratic movement. He favoured an ethically motivated, reformist socialism. He especially influenced some leaders of the Lassallean General German Workers' Union and, posthumously, the Revisionist theoretician Eduard Bernstein, whose slogan "Kant, not cant" proclaimed his abandonment of Marxian "scientific socialism" in favour of a neo-Kantian, ethically based social reformism. Subsequent leaders of the Marburg School, such as Cohen and Natorp, continued this association with the reformist wing of the SPD. Unhappily, his body was already stricken with disease. He no longer played a role in the unification of the Lassalleans with Bebel's socialists into the unified SPD in May 1875. After a lingering illness, probably gastro-intestinal cancer, he died in Marburg in November of that year. His Logische Studien (Logical Studies) were published by Hermann Cohen in 1877. Lange also wrote a number of literary studies which were published posthumously.[citation needed] His main work, the Geschichte des Materialismus is a didactic exposition of principles rather than a history in the proper sense. According to Lange, to think clearly about materialism is to refute it. There is a comprehensive school named after him, the Friedrich-Albert-Lange-Gesamtschule, in Wald, his birthplace, which is now part of the city of Solingen. Overview of his philosophy Adopting the Kantian standpoint that we can know nothing but phenomena, Lange maintained that neither materialism nor any other metaphysical system has a valid claim to ultimate truth. For empirical phenomenal knowledge, however, which is all that we can look for, materialism with its exact scientific methods has done most valuable service. Ideal metaphysics, though they fail of the inner truth of things, have a value as the embodiment of high aspirations, in the same way as poetry and religion. In Lange's Logische Studien, which attempts a reconstruction of formal logic, the leading idea is that reasoning has validity in so far as it can be represented in terms of space. His Arbeiterfrage advocates an ill-defined form of socialism. It protests against contemporary industrial selfishness, and against the organization of industry on the Darwinian principle of struggle for existence. Works

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primrose_Hill_(Annapolis,_Maryland)"}

Historic house in Maryland, United States United States historic place Primrose Hill is a historic home at 3 Milkshake Lane in Annapolis, Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It is a 2+1⁄2-story, four-bay, double-pile brick house with interior end chimneys. It is of mid-18th-century Georgian design and construction, and the property is historically important with its direct association to the American portraitist, John Hesselius (1728–1778), who resided in this house between about 1763 and his death. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. Over the course of time and many owners, and notably with the dedication of Truxtun Park, the once 656-acre property associated with the historic home decreased to approximately 4.5 acres in size. The remaining plot was sold in 2014 to a private developer, after which the historic home was restored to architectural period-correctness. The residence, with a new address of 50 Primrose Hill Lane, was resold in May 2018 and is part of a newly formed Homeowners Association, along with 25 new homes; Craftmark Homes is building the new community, called simply Primrose Hill.

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Swedish footballer (1937–2019) Torsten Furukrantz (21 June 1937 – 12 September 2019) was a Swedish footballer who played as a defender for IFK Stockholm, Djurgårdens IF, and IK Sirius. Career Furukrantz made his debut in the Swedish Division 2 with IFK Stockholm in 1959. He remained at the club until 1963 when he joined Djurgårdens IF. At Djurgården, he debuted in May 1963 against Hammarby IF. In 1964 he won Allsvenskan. In 1966, Furukrantz was one of five championship-winning players which signed with IK Sirius. He stayed at IK Sirius until 1973 and became a coach in 1974. Honours Djurgårdens IF

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_indomable_(Mexican_TV_series)"}

La Indomable (English title: The indomitable) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Julissa for Televisa in 1987. The story portrays a female version of the play "The Taming of the Shrew" by English playwright William Shakespeare. Leticia Calderón and Arturo Peniche starred as the protagonists, while Elvira Monsell starred as the antagonist. Plot María Fernanda Villalpando is a beautiful, rich, but arrogant, proud woman who lives on a large family hacienda known as Villa Paraíso, in the company of her father Gonzalo and her friend Cristina. María Fernanda is engaged to Gerardo, a wealthy businessman. She finds out that he is cheating on her, so she breaks off her engagement. Miguel Echánove, a young and humble engineer who is visiting with the Villalpando's falls in love with Maria Fernanda's beauty. Though hurt by Gerardo's betrayal, she does not correspond to Miguel's feelings for her but decides to use him by marrying him to get revenge on Gerardo. Miguel finds out he was deceived by María Fernanda and becomes enraged. He moves her to his small town and makes her life miserable. Sofía, an unscrupulous woman who has always been in love with Miguel, takes advantage of this situation and seeks to retain his love at all costs. But while María Fernanda schemed against Miguel, she comes to the realization that she has truly fallen in with him. Admitting to her mistakes, she tries to show Miguel sincere repentance and admits her true feelings for him. The road is not easy as Gerardo and Sofía will try to recover their respective ex-partners at any cost. Cast Awards

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{"document_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipula_submaculata"}

Species of fly Tipula submaculata is a species of large crane fly in the family Tipulidae.

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Storm Lodge is a large bungalow (as mansions are referred to locally) in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Its owned by the Colombo Swimming Club, 142 Galle Road, Colombo-03.

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