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Customer lifetime value is an important concept in that it encourages firms to shift their focus from quarterly profits to the long-term health of their customer relationships. Customer lifetime value is an important metric because it represents an upper limit on spending to acquire new customers. For this reason it is an important element in calculating payback of advertising spent in marketing mix modeling. One of the first accounts of the term customer lifetime value is in the 1988 book Database Marketing, which includes detailed worked examples. Early adopters of customer lifetime value models in the 1990s include Edge Consulting and BrandScience.
Customer lifetime value
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c_daq3nqx25teb
In marketing, customer lifetime value (CLV or often CLTV), lifetime customer value (LCV), or life-time value (LTV) is a prognostication of the net profit contributed to the whole future relationship with a customer. The prediction model can have varying levels of sophistication and accuracy, ranging from a crude heuristic to the use of complex predictive analytics techniques. Customer lifetime value can also be defined as the monetary value of a customer relationship, based on the present value of the projected future cash flows from the customer relationship.
Customer lifetime value
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c_nhv35nez6oi1
In marketing research, an audience's energy takes the form of psychological heat: hot cognition is an emotional thought process and cold cognition is a cognitive thought process.
Hot cognition
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c_4tvkewveu5xi
For example, electron ionization (EI) gives a high degree of fragmentation, yielding highly detailed mass spectra which when skilfully analysed can provide important information for structural elucidation/characterisation and facilitate identification of unknown compounds by comparison to mass spectral libraries obtained under identical operating conditions. However, EI is not suitable for coupling to HPLC, i.e. LC-MS, since at atmospheric pressure, the filaments used to generate electrons burn out rapidly. Thus EI is coupled predominantly with GC, i.e. GC-MS, where the entire system is under high vacuum.
Mass spectroscopy
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c_ekwbouhyygvd
Hard ionization techniques are processes which impart high quantities of residual energy in the subject molecule invoking large degrees of fragmentation (i.e. the systematic rupturing of bonds acts to remove the excess energy, restoring stability to the resulting ion). Resultant ions tend to have m/z lower than the molecular ion (other than in the case of proton transfer and not including isotope peaks). The most common example of hard ionization is electron ionization (EI). Soft ionization refers to the processes which impart little residual energy onto the subject molecule and as such result in little fragmentation. Examples include fast atom bombardment (FAB), chemical ionization (CI), atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI), electrospray ionization (ESI), desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).
Mass spectroscopy
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c_owbd7y8wcit0
In mass spectrometry, ionization refers to the production of gas phase ions suitable for resolution in the mass analyser or mass filter. Ionization occurs in the ion source. There are several ion sources available; each has advantages and disadvantages for particular applications.
Mass spectroscopy
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In martial arts, a knifehand strike is a strike using the part of the hand opposite the thumb (from the little finger to the wrist), familiar to many people as a karate chop (in Japanese, shutō-uchi). This refers to strikes performed with the side of the knuckle of the small finger. Suitable targets for the knifehand strike include the carotid sinus at the base of the neck (which can cause unconsciousness), mastoid muscles of the neck, the jugular, the throat, the collar bones, ribs, sides of the head, temple, jaw, the third vertebra (key stone of the spinal column), the upper arm, the wrist (knifehand block), the elbow (outside knifehand block), and the knee cap (leg throw).In many Japanese, Korean, and Chinese styles, the knifehand is used to block as well as to strike.
Knifehand strike
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c_qtir3w6rj3oe
In a handicap match play competition where the one player has a handicap 8 shots higher than their opponent then that player will receive a handicap stroke on the holes with stroke index 1 to 8. The stroke index is usually printed on a golf club's scorecard listed alongside each hole. == References ==
Stroke Index
[ -0.18770255148410797, 0.43992891907691956, 0.7270914316177368, -0.42374274134635925, 0.06765840947628021, -0.05690547078847885, -0.2138730138540268, -0.4112394452095032, -0.2848857045173645, -0.508258044719696, 0.4235985279083252, 0.5190141797065735, 0.10654249787330627, -0.044810689985752106, 0.3235321342945099, 0.9550882577896118, 0.7615306377410889, -0.0408170223236084, -0.5905520915985107, -0.11086801439523697, -0.4526231288909912, -0.3964141011238098, 0.5366836786270142, -0.4579353332519531, -0.2950172424316406, 0.12178131937980652, 0.21828368306159973, 0.13950245082378387, -0.8069738745689392, 0.2820741534233093, 0.285198837518692, 0.10000419616699219, 0.6608743667602539, -0.21377576887607574, 0.046129465103149414, -0.40643852949142456, 0.6412917971611023, -0.02846325933933258, 0.547429084777832, -0.5012089610099792, -0.6296105980873108, -0.6948360204696655, 0.3174092471599579, 0.9357876777648926, -0.024726172909140587, -0.5195440053939819, -1.3890655040740967, 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-0.2484896034002304, -0.13876286149024963, -0.17795899510383606, -0.5976724028587341, 0.4809265732765198, 0.21960939466953278, -0.20927876234054565, -0.01978043094277382, 0.8691507577896118, -0.3229033648967743, -0.4981505870819092, 0.18406638503074646, 0.31991755962371826, -0.2245570868253708, -0.17887245118618011, -0.011298024095594883, 0.11234723031520844, 0.5550790429115295, 0.2543076276779175, -0.6821684837341309, 0.0657377615571022, -0.2771960496902466, 0.07695093005895615, 0.22080561518669128, 0.4468115270137787, 1.1952182054519653, 0.18034125864505768, -0.2873654067516327, 0.337444931268692, -0.5991270542144775, -0.3642173707485199, -0.3946891725063324, -0.47540611028671265, -0.22390702366828918, -0.3096539080142975, 0.43743154406547546, 0.4131985902786255, 0.35294219851493835, -0.33277618885040283, 0.2650415599346161, 0.2593543529510498, -0.04198440536856651, -0.21709679067134857, -0.2873946726322174, -0.2705756723880768, 0.3906068503856659, -0.07460225373506546, 0.1419415920972824, -0.13973401486873627, 0.054305870085954666, 0.4866107404232025, 0.302831768989563, -0.32057926058769226, 0.015597271732985973, 0.03297907114028931, 0.4183255732059479, 0.12233337014913559, -0.348201185464859, -0.44919663667678833, -0.7298873662948608, 0.04072358086705208, 0.3829019367694855, -0.23127156496047974, -0.30916136503219604, 0.15297220647335052, -0.2955940365791321, 0.4406990706920624, -0.18778839707374573, 0.4218704104423523, -0.28584766387939453, -0.5445107817649841, 0.440235435962677, 0.2770385146141052, 0.1589174121618271, 0.3667052090167999, -0.17776910960674286, 0.3790804445743561, -0.8116664886474609, -0.48245251178741455, -0.38210320472717285, -0.24092862010002136, 0.03318498283624649, 0.6470922231674194, 0.07446927577257156, 0.3224641680717468, 0.08336833864450455, -0.5254759788513184, -0.47468605637550354, -0.006682094652205706, -0.058325618505477905, -0.6381072402000427, -0.25904789566993713, 0.8681232929229736, 1.2989119291305542, 0.5813428163528442, -1.0006933212280273, -0.5736225843429565, 0.7070056796073914, 0.7504130601882935, 0.030551981180906296, 0.074464350938797, -0.3077720105648041, -0.13960812985897064, -0.049041252583265305, 0.8265909552574158, 0.18993595242500305, 0.11122863739728928, 0.007739726919680834, 0.37604767084121704, 0.03703497350215912, 0.0008615548140369356, 0.5696319937705994, -0.25317543745040894, -0.1511356681585312, -0.6896652579307556, -0.2037481814622879, -0.2837192416191101, 0.16323427855968475, 0.33787640929222107, -0.44795429706573486, 0.4195191562175751, -0.09890341013669968, -0.011184328235685825, 0.11528497189283371, 0.3789031505584717, -0.5151392817497253, -0.3603664040565491, -0.3484800457954407, 0.4408062994480133, -0.5603576898574829, -0.13617399334907532, 0.532747209072113, 0.767731249332428, 0.24244828522205353, -0.15948230028152466, -0.5825931429862976, -0.06936066597700119, 0.19982004165649414, 0.11300185322761536, 0.10473834723234177, 0.42009326815605164, -0.10231273621320724, -0.4184844195842743, -0.6410726308822632, 0.6601524353027344, 0.38424256443977356, -0.3318805992603302, 0.11064048856496811, -0.09469270706176758, 0.3696371614933014, 0.009154082275927067, -0.6199095249176025, -0.5275667309761047, -0.2974321246147156, -0.13568900525569916 ]
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For example, a player with a handicap of 12 would be given a stroke deduction only on the holes with stroke index 1 to 12. A player with a handicap of 24 would receive a stroke at all 18 holes plus an extra stroke at holes 1 to 6 (18 + 6 = 24) so they would receive two strokes on holes 1 to 6 and one stroke for holes 7 to 18.
Stroke Index
[ -0.09574370831251144, 0.2552403509616852, 0.6371647715568542, -0.18678638339042664, 0.019901491701602936, 0.06370023638010025, 0.06475832313299179, -0.3797925114631653, -0.35916468501091003, -0.5652015805244446, 0.35527950525283813, 0.5089368224143982, -0.05975032597780228, -0.05454133078455925, 0.1707269698381424, 0.56087327003479, 0.6326092481613159, -0.13106948137283325, -0.5986763834953308, -0.033383265137672424, -0.26662546396255493, -0.3021946847438812, 0.6047154664993286, -0.20586612820625305, -0.733185350894928, 0.02857702039182186, 0.3054763972759247, 0.14618566632270813, -0.8222762942314148, 0.2612113058567047, 0.18683165311813354, 0.13685564696788788, 0.5811456441879272, -0.32259902358055115, -0.0787578746676445, -0.36129793524742126, 0.38755106925964355, -0.3463819622993469, 0.4363155663013458, -0.3023284375667572, -0.518744707107544, -0.3148166239261627, 0.014276452362537384, 0.8182492852210999, -0.019713377580046654, -0.28065600991249084, -1.2383514642715454, 0.22984227538108826, 0.20505626499652863, 0.11086297780275345, 0.14868947863578796, 0.5116560459136963, 0.1618136316537857, 0.5752168893814087, 0.1915074735879898, 0.12233126908540726, 0.2035209983587265, 0.04101734235882759, -0.25477495789527893, -0.1338467001914978, 0.7721819877624512, 0.10002809017896652, 0.4228101074695587, 0.4787748456001282, -0.4428977966308594, 0.6365199685096741, -0.25418955087661743, 0.06496727466583252, -0.046014219522476196, 0.22166703641414642, 0.2820369005203247, -0.4895420968532562, -0.519856333732605, -0.179267019033432, 0.07022453099489212, -0.28810006380081177, -0.5945272445678711, -0.22147703170776367, 0.541671872138977, -0.42368283867836, 0.15352600812911987, 0.18184208869934082, 0.4776805639266968, 0.07685451209545135, 0.14991076290607452, 0.37150368094444275, 0.28797438740730286, -0.3579333424568176, 0.46092942357063293, 0.45179301500320435, 0.29523757100105286, -0.19248420000076294, 0.7546313405036926, 0.4450716972351074, -0.1693204939365387, -0.19115184247493744, 0.10944546014070511, -0.286286860704422, 0.23222549259662628, -0.11908899247646332, 0.6140671372413635, -0.14222779870033264, 0.23026898503303528, -0.23898984491825104, -0.33500808477401733, 0.009112768806517124, -0.24048204720020294, -0.7243875861167908, -0.17575636506080627, 0.07888064533472061, -0.9729938507080078, 0.30958420038223267, 0.0286314245313406, -0.38166099786758423, -0.3331690728664398, -0.06520327180624008, -0.16175736486911774, -0.32638707756996155, 1.3267461061477661, 0.37075555324554443, -0.11562874913215637, 0.5350845456123352, 0.42309606075286865, 0.2829602360725403, 0.06162939593195915, -0.011915936134755611, 0.19193865358829498, 0.5969822406768799, -0.19231228530406952, -0.3806244134902954, -0.006171723827719688, 0.09368644654750824, -0.05089636147022247, -0.49013063311576843, -0.18131142854690552, -0.2755325436592102, 0.049018166959285736, 0.08689131587743759, -0.4319011867046356, -0.4159174859523773, -0.22776609659194946, -0.7665718793869019, -0.3973185122013092, -0.5901650190353394, 0.25804582238197327, -0.2017870396375656, 0.505663275718689, -0.3873673975467682, -0.20183546841144562, 0.32161006331443787, 0.507614016532898, 0.08879484236240387, -0.02722521685063839, 0.03897634521126747, -0.31580236554145813, 0.02825678139925003, 0.134118914604187, -0.46404165029525757, 0.014626060612499714, 0.007670659571886063, 0.390389621257782, -0.40898486971855164, 0.17606911063194275, -0.15332452952861786, 0.8468131422996521, -0.12955710291862488, 0.4032890498638153, -0.18797287344932556, -0.3920043706893921, 0.38135114312171936, 0.16891595721244812, 0.507777988910675, 0.7252181172370911, -0.6455742120742798, 0.23107807338237762, -0.28205686807632446, 0.5584734678268433, 0.7494685053825378, 0.19484274089336395, -0.3975067734718323, -0.722726583480835, -0.6050437092781067, 0.03539080545306206, 0.348603218793869, 0.22386223077774048, -0.04690369963645935, 0.10409469902515411, -0.20892567932605743, 0.6014161109924316, 0.1662312150001526, 0.14121708273887634, -0.5153582692146301, 0.2922627627849579, -0.8271507620811462, 0.6639783382415771, -0.6536781787872314, -0.05025496706366539, 0.8263117074966431, -0.23912657797336578, -0.15739765763282776, -0.42996934056282043, 0.46230393648147583, 0.12568500638008118, 0.23724287748336792, -0.5350251793861389, 0.3583996593952179, -0.10710276663303375, 0.3852522373199463, -0.20059983432292938, -0.25136807560920715, 0.17995399236679077, -0.8461618423461914, -0.5516966581344604, -0.01910499297082424, -0.10753122717142105, 0.14840370416641235, 0.20977935194969177, -0.017522545531392097, 0.12054289132356644, 0.2678467631340027, 0.7819908857345581, 0.12775833904743195, 0.4229987561702728, 0.05926459655165672, -0.19060218334197998, 0.4635576009750366, -0.037559568881988525, 0.31394436955451965, 0.26074454188346863, -0.3848775625228882, 0.42856237292289734, -0.27988430857658386, 0.34548965096473694, 0.1166580393910408, 0.2308991402387619, -0.20877237617969513, -0.1809500753879547, -0.03193964436650276, 0.6741936802864075, -0.5591751337051392, 0.11568409204483032, 0.2185247540473938, -0.37795647978782654, 0.10925822705030441, -0.1293564885854721, -0.17740051448345184, -0.2155947983264923, -0.25697118043899536, -0.508155882358551, -0.08753365278244019, 0.7760125398635864, 0.4671231806278229, 0.42332395911216736, -0.35430946946144104, -0.5088487267494202, 0.401888370513916, -0.2656979262828827, 0.5394181609153748, -0.08278090506792068, -0.08751359581947327, -0.6422227025032043, 0.2343410700559616, 0.3046747148036957, -0.07060520350933075, -0.15828090906143188, -0.542907178401947, -1.1075918674468994, -0.8533308506011963, 0.04478597268462181, -0.07153189182281494, -0.4775718152523041, 0.7585412263870239, -0.6124496459960938, -0.22097085416316986, 0.07846584171056747, -0.04236583039164543, 0.13324810564517975, 0.1821947544813156, -0.9615861773490906, -0.08462446928024292, 0.16060692071914673, 0.1065385639667511, 0.4818711280822754, -0.7104089260101318, -0.3671441078186035, -0.08104471862316132, 0.035558268427848816, -0.2617047131061554, 0.08297388255596161, 0.10714125633239746, 0.03260628879070282, 0.6650117039680481, 0.29590728878974915, 0.05662999302148819, 0.9796944260597229, 0.19461661577224731, -0.6206679940223694, 0.31377124786376953, 0.44782039523124695, -0.330125093460083, 0.05459903925657272, -0.013898489065468311, -0.18527013063430786, -0.7732260823249817, -0.11415042728185654, 0.06285207718610764, -0.9545135498046875, 0.2841588258743286, -5.817397594451904, 0.20205342769622803, -0.6630797982215881, 0.17794668674468994, -0.24218694865703583, -0.23043890297412872, 0.5485976934432983, -0.03491135686635971, -0.11242717504501343, 0.0441397950053215, 0.4931873679161072, -0.361753910779953, 0.3960883319377899, 0.09911088645458221, 0.13909901678562164, 1.1246671676635742, 0.7999561429023743, -0.5489066243171692, -0.17622977495193481, 0.35904037952423096, -0.06809980422258377, 0.12410587817430496, 0.21837152540683746, 0.048293162137269974, -0.07495011389255524, 0.5511629581451416, -0.32087188959121704, 0.08513984084129333, -0.5659345984458923, 0.007004833314567804, -0.48441511392593384, 0.2913803458213806, -0.2174248844385147, 0.3921835720539093, 0.41632699966430664, 0.08872129768133163, 0.2592826187610626, -0.3479647934436798, -0.19433288276195526, -0.036613836884498596, -0.34404781460762024, 0.716690719127655, -0.506904661655426, -0.3948761820793152, 0.226034015417099, -0.14500221610069275, -0.08432137966156006, 0.26711660623550415, 0.127535879611969, -0.13998031616210938, -0.13360092043876648, 0.09420210868120193, 0.21094872057437897, 0.2763574421405792, 0.2083645761013031, -0.6158027648925781, 0.17968663573265076, -0.28090691566467285, -0.21520262956619263, -0.30687305331230164, -0.3792542517185211, -0.012375527992844582, 0.3347657024860382, 0.2286490648984909, -0.00024850122281350195, -0.6918208599090576, -0.7250113487243652, -0.4841150939464569, 0.301937460899353, 0.5394555926322937, -0.026897475123405457, 0.12323565036058426, -0.06011275574564934, -0.8678595423698425, -0.056972116231918335, -0.11425599455833435, 0.33452120423316956, 0.16615167260169983, -0.4151299297809601, -0.04404854401946068, 0.2225487232208252, -0.13886967301368713, -0.3253757357597351, 0.30253738164901733, 0.261263906955719, -0.6500145196914673, 0.020631972700357437, 0.21041449904441833, -0.034036725759506226, 0.43917736411094666, -0.04443797096610069, -0.6225228309631348, 0.5660393238067627, -0.3054402470588684, -0.46232929825782776, 0.11300403624773026, 0.47278961539268494, -0.042987577617168427, 0.1537143588066101, 0.35834306478500366, 0.5836225748062134, 0.05698374658823013, -0.12679535150527954, -0.8511460423469543, -0.6244764924049377, 0.12120792269706726, -0.13232246041297913, 0.6117902398109436, 0.6999669075012207, -0.13521748781204224, -0.28413355350494385, -0.5033074617385864, -0.14426980912685394, -0.06502136588096619, 0.5878987908363342, -0.5358672738075256, 0.19899503886699677, 0.17915552854537964, -0.19754928350448608, -0.32318979501724243, -0.6018915176391602, 0.5068401098251343, -0.32989439368247986, -0.913780152797699, -0.013231835328042507, -0.04425971210002899, -0.5253850817680359, 0.2543511390686035, -0.029446804895997047, 0.46925368905067444, 0.10622374713420868, 0.8738771677017212, 0.03845200315117836, 0.1030825823545456, -0.026313958689570427, -0.17176641523838043, -0.12683728337287903, 0.31929144263267517, -0.1817971169948578, -0.28267982602119446, 0.140710711479187, 0.0655921995639801, -0.10645369440317154, -0.4423868954181671, 0.5443016290664673, -0.15098458528518677, 0.15192890167236328, 0.04909326881170273, -0.7682471871376038, 0.7022989988327026, -0.12631508708000183, -0.22685721516609192, 0.6546903252601624, -0.3215535879135132, -0.055909398943185806, 0.3030332028865814, -0.2371748685836792, -0.18574018776416779, 0.03483165055513382, -0.6821750402450562, 0.510901927947998, 0.0657336637377739, 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0.6687655448913574, -0.2189149707555771, -0.08103608340024948, 1.412764072418213, -0.4303657114505768, 0.09733293205499649, -0.27077168226242065, 0.33178287744522095, 0.2686079442501068, 0.23082436621189117, -0.1378488689661026, -1.0419797897338867, 0.04133504629135132, -0.33625611662864685, 0.10885070264339447, 0.10792814195156097, 0.09118778258562088, 0.20751431584358215, 0.15623345971107483, -0.019731685519218445, -0.20081230998039246, 0.18599563837051392, -0.46657854318618774, -0.3878272473812103, -0.05316236987709999, -0.211398646235466, -0.11942155659198761, 0.02387712150812149, -0.1495177149772644, -0.1960865706205368, 0.08404716104269028, 0.1650514453649521, 0.026103898882865906, 0.09727126359939575, -0.1330006867647171, 0.2555498778820038, -0.8475561738014221, 0.48294904828071594, 0.1693849265575409, 0.15795135498046875, 0.26681622862815857, 0.43209367990493774, 0.3421589136123657, 0.04922933131456375, -0.13666068017482758, 0.7294849753379822, 0.34880274534225464, 0.42397773265838623, -0.32434284687042236, -0.39860668778419495, 0.08583702147006989, -0.037602391093969345, -0.6952599883079529, 0.4684881567955017, 0.4588228166103363, -0.04326649010181427, 0.12688711285591125, 0.9791874885559082, -0.27434661984443665, -0.39522701501846313, 0.397733211517334, 0.4601931571960449, -0.25047510862350464, -0.1158880889415741, -0.2711557447910309, 0.22998805344104767, 0.36553511023521423, 0.1182190328836441, -0.5318312048912048, 0.023098645731806755, -0.2249474823474884, -0.02458176016807556, 0.16199754178524017, 0.6278988718986511, 1.0150681734085083, 0.1373329758644104, -0.21239669620990753, 0.35098445415496826, -0.009353568777441978, -0.13002990186214447, -0.4067873954772949, -0.5750252604484558, 0.13176468014717102, -0.3983555734157562, 0.6789804697036743, 0.5282955765724182, 0.46022412180900574, -0.4218716621398926, 0.2734437584877014, 0.28696393966674805, -0.06282424181699753, -0.2586897909641266, -0.22997164726257324, -0.27429869771003723, 0.5046855211257935, -0.2733868956565857, 0.2176177054643631, 0.0026144746225327253, 0.06328031420707703, 0.33391904830932617, 0.09638124704360962, -0.23449552059173584, 0.030711820349097252, 0.011068036779761314, 0.4798510670661926, 0.2990749776363373, -0.04380014166235924, -0.5434554815292358, -0.5016493797302246, -0.11183690279722214, 0.5634596347808838, 0.04319320619106293, -0.3556133508682251, -0.13376113772392273, -0.2880825996398926, 0.2275012731552124, -0.028498340398073196, 0.2476779967546463, -0.19520506262779236, -0.4445186257362366, 0.512977659702301, 0.09367736428976059, 0.19149483740329742, 0.396627277135849, -0.03449094295501709, 0.15895862877368927, -0.6794381141662598, -0.5116444230079651, -0.6480090618133545, -0.2611714005470276, -0.0028344993479549885, 0.4431460499763489, 0.05856800824403763, 0.34881895780563354, 0.013746238313615322, -0.36322692036628723, -0.8703641295433044, 0.14289812743663788, -0.09473533183336258, -0.7587336301803589, -0.35690104961395264, 0.7615399956703186, 0.9977179765701294, 0.8633294701576233, -0.6214790344238281, -0.6676458120346069, 0.7954536080360413, 0.726757287979126, 0.04307347163558006, -0.02446216158568859, -0.25257670879364014, 0.1528884768486023, -0.09533044695854187, 0.4752734303474426, 0.257964164018631, 0.20549945533275604, -0.026550322771072388, 0.3417678475379944, 0.013513516634702682, -0.05873139575123787, 0.6172550916671753, -0.2150811105966568, -0.2717282474040985, -0.7420095801353455, -0.15359994769096375, -0.08940551429986954, 0.015286722220480442, 0.1684219241142273, -0.40352484583854675, 0.6062495708465576, -0.2316293567419052, -0.2838745415210724, 0.4155701696872711, 0.40088555216789246, -0.5575838685035706, -0.36491072177886963, -0.3962731957435608, 0.3180657625198364, -0.806531548500061, -0.4130512773990631, 0.6117822527885437, 0.8596705794334412, 0.011617369018495083, -0.23864902555942535, -0.22955304384231567, 0.01214772928506136, -0.09936919063329697, 0.23805151879787445, 0.3699602484703064, 0.37969088554382324, -0.2653237581253052, -0.29226821660995483, -0.5467749834060669, 0.6640550494194031, 0.2534118592739105, -0.00995543971657753, 0.0050612203776836395, 0.2959922254085541, 0.467445969581604, -0.32941102981567383, -0.5352991819381714, -0.4778502583503723, -0.12045489251613617, -0.025462621822953224 ]
c_538m51i630ic
The 7th to the 10th stroke index holes should be allocated so that a player receiving 10 strokes does not receive strokes on three consecutive holes.In Stableford, par and bogey competitions using stroke play, where an even distribution of strokes is not so important, if the club uses a different stroke index for these competitions then generally the most difficult hole to play is given the index of 1 and the easiest is indexed as 18 (there being 18 holes on a standard golf course). Technicality and hole length are factors contributing to difficulty. Some clubs allocate different indexes for match play and Stableford/par/bogey matches.Handicap strokes are deducted from a player's score in the order of stroke index from indexed hole 1 to 18 recurring.
Stroke Index
[ -0.37039342522621155, 0.2931969463825226, 0.8027807474136353, -0.4179365038871765, -0.062182776629924774, 0.17680208384990692, -0.04098552465438843, -0.4515094757080078, -0.27718210220336914, -0.4930032789707184, 0.2186579406261444, 0.36883679032325745, -0.0913500264286995, 0.04952213168144226, 0.204510897397995, 1.063324213027954, 0.6003776788711548, -0.09897755831480026, -0.41179394721984863, -0.3335190415382385, -0.29778820276260376, -0.4322353005409241, 0.3978284001350403, -0.35716983675956726, -0.3215716481208801, 0.11361727863550186, 0.20786796510219574, 0.26843634247779846, -0.8238565325737, 0.15728995203971863, 0.0812835693359375, 0.2641567289829254, 0.5691563487052917, -0.29951319098472595, 0.15823890268802643, -0.1923568695783615, 0.663032591342926, -0.2805180847644806, 0.5594178438186646, -0.39160650968551636, -0.165700301527977, -0.42329221963882446, 0.06103961914777756, 0.6772076487541199, -0.05010056495666504, -0.29158300161361694, -1.3958089351654053, 0.23572908341884613, -0.03273698687553406, -0.04956590756773949, 0.18657030165195465, 0.6313980221748352, 0.27275505661964417, 0.4773934781551361, 0.4485076069831848, 0.08068650960922241, 0.19926686584949493, -0.16485927999019623, -0.05807752162218094, 0.06530926376581192, 0.6655533909797668, 0.2599415183067322, 0.3268696367740631, 0.5913796424865723, -0.4573284685611725, 0.6384198665618896, -0.48443156480789185, -0.26737046241760254, -0.36940720677375793, 0.31268301606178284, 0.20490838587284088, -0.39487457275390625, -0.3855735957622528, -0.03904980048537254, -0.21507486701011658, -0.002431771019473672, -0.38711944222450256, -0.19462427496910095, 0.6293261051177979, -0.23735299706459045, 0.47762927412986755, -0.041151948273181915, 0.38511669635772705, 0.12672384083271027, 0.30564141273498535, 0.48848751187324524, -0.04971976950764656, 0.014639409258961678, 0.437461256980896, 0.6711974740028381, 0.440192848443985, -0.4359472990036011, 0.3777909576892853, 0.5047909617424011, -0.014021315611898899, -0.3083164691925049, 0.31480440497398376, -0.22825504839420319, 0.228590190410614, -0.13589853048324585, 0.46721553802490234, 0.07658080011606216, 0.30785882472991943, -0.11117906123399734, -0.4820118248462677, 0.06897715479135513, -0.6527105569839478, -0.9289416670799255, -0.08705099672079086, 0.12266293913125992, -1.2067378759384155, 0.4381142258644104, 0.140730082988739, -0.3703692555427551, 0.002719822572544217, -0.18625301122665405, -0.18210649490356445, -0.2647936940193176, 1.1395955085754395, 0.5903707146644592, -0.38549381494522095, 0.37906742095947266, 0.4480310082435608, 0.31384584307670593, 0.09072118997573853, 0.1682555079460144, 0.2566414773464203, 0.7466883659362793, -0.2868751585483551, -0.25680986046791077, -0.010397023521363735, 0.12089620530605316, -0.1126570850610733, -0.3195651173591614, -0.11417855322360992, -0.44303417205810547, 0.24461303651332855, -0.06817764788866043, 0.11817408353090286, -0.18810053169727325, -0.12107966095209122, -0.885094940662384, -0.472067266702652, -0.6396607160568237, 0.230576753616333, -0.28308606147766113, 0.4579716622829437, -0.4773063063621521, -0.18439853191375732, 0.34542757272720337, 0.6555317640304565, 0.1702532023191452, -0.07860548049211502, -0.02470005676150322, -0.7510085105895996, 0.2127625197172165, 0.15724319219589233, -0.7018266320228577, -0.12829986214637756, -0.12922516465187073, -0.047497399151325226, -0.2987528145313263, 0.012645652517676353, -0.090108722448349, 0.9058628678321838, -0.11264944821596146, 0.25933557748794556, -0.07215337455272675, -0.47957172989845276, 0.322283536195755, -0.047417156398296356, 0.5525816679000854, 0.7896782755851746, -0.5330643057823181, 0.23193655908107758, -0.033781878650188446, 0.5610670447349548, 0.8145224452018738, 0.35471123456954956, -0.4173375368118286, -0.6486969590187073, -0.4561670124530792, 0.3312116861343384, 0.26903173327445984, 0.03973320499062538, 0.1427076756954193, 0.10564243793487549, -0.21007753908634186, 0.7265856862068176, 0.11827011406421661, 0.2690567374229431, -0.4894995391368866, 0.20062218606472015, -0.97629314661026, 0.746759831905365, -0.7262294292449951, -0.14598672091960907, 0.9109417796134949, -0.1328514665365219, 0.13564182817935944, -0.14606712758541107, 0.4525211751461029, 0.18502254784107208, -0.14274953305721283, -0.4293941259384155, -0.009815888479351997, 0.018123801797628403, 0.3102804124355316, -0.16514836251735687, -0.39808255434036255, 0.4409642815589905, -0.8303490281105042, -0.7468751668930054, -0.09834138303995132, -0.10922195762395859, -0.011700162664055824, 0.2027740180492401, 0.09245231002569199, 0.1710200011730194, 0.06397034972906113, 1.011610746383667, 0.10214893519878387, 0.4172843098640442, 0.3364066481590271, -0.2610079348087311, 0.34609681367874146, -0.18093396723270416, 0.38206610083580017, 0.35191601514816284, -0.6712841987609863, 0.5137664675712585, -0.2244758903980255, 0.26040637493133545, 0.005542384460568428, 0.32458776235580444, 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c_vce7d4aoiqay
In materials engineering and metallurgy, hot hardness or red hardness (when a metal glows a dull red from the heat) corresponds to hardness of a material at high temperatures. As the temperature of the material increases, hardness decreases and at some point a drastic change in hardness occurs. The hardness at this point is termed the hot or red hardness of that material. Such changes can be seen in materials such as heat treated alloys. == References ==
Hot hardness
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c_pzxbld3zq08v
The radiation length for a given material consisting of a single type of nucleus can be approximated by the following expression: where Z is the atomic number and A is mass number of the nucleus. For Z > 4, a good approximation is where na is the number density of the nucleus, ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } denotes the reduced Planck constant, me is the electron rest mass, c is the speed of light, α is the fine-structure constant.For electrons at lower energies (below few tens of MeV), the energy loss by ionization is predominant. While this definition may also be used for other electromagnetic interacting particles beyond leptons and photons, the presence of the stronger hadronic and nuclear interaction makes it a far less interesting characterisation of the material; the nuclear collision length and nuclear interaction length are more relevant. Comprehensive tables for radiation lengths and other properties of materials are available from the Particle Data Group.
Radiation length
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c_fg3gx2ncsevr
In materials of high atomic number (e.g. tungsten, uranium, plutonium) the electrons of energies >~10 MeV predominantly lose energy by bremsstrahlung, and high-energy photons by e+e− pair production. The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length X0, usually measured in g·cm−2. It is both the mean distance over which a high-energy electron loses all but 1⁄e of its energy by bremsstrahlung, and 7⁄9 of the mean free path for pair production by a high-energy photon. It is also the appropriate length scale for describing high-energy electromagnetic cascades.
Radiation length
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c_bjhy4onbdzx2
In mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins, knowledge of the masses of the residues is useful. The mass of the peptide or protein is the sum of the residue masses plus the mass of water (Monoisotopic mass = 18.01056 Da; average mass = 18.0153 Da). The residue masses are calculated from the tabulated chemical formulas and atomic weights. In mass spectrometry, ions may also include one or more protons (Monoisotopic mass = 1.00728 Da; average mass* = 1.0074 Da). *Protons cannot have an average mass, this confusingly infers to Deuterons as a valid isotope, but they should be a different species (see Hydron (chemistry)) § Monoisotopic mass
Proteinogenic amino acids
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c_9h6bozfrchk9
In markets with few competitors, cross elasticity between rivals are likely to be high, this makes firms in the market vulnerable to price competition. Horizontal integration, usually mergers, could reduce said risks by reducing competition in the market. For example, when Anheuser-Busch InBev (the world's biggest brewer at the time) acquired SABMiller (InBev's closest rival) in 2015, it was one of the biggest takeover of a British firm, creating the world's first global brewer. The takeover created a brewing empire that produces a third of the world's beer.
Cross elasticity of demand
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c_afu5cigs0cmw
Orthotropic material properties have been shown to provide a more accurate representation of bone's elastic symmetry and can also give information about the three-dimensional directionality of bone's tissue-level material properties.It is important to keep in mind that a material which is anisotropic on one length scale may be isotropic on another (usually larger) length scale. For instance, most metals are polycrystalline with very small grains. Each of the individual grains may be anisotropic, but if the material as a whole comprises many randomly oriented grains, then its measured mechanical properties will be an average of the properties over all possible orientations of the individual grains.
Orthotropic material
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c_1l5szytkhvvq
In material science and solid mechanics, orthotropic materials have material properties at a particular point which differ along three orthogonal axes, where each axis has twofold rotational symmetry. These directional differences in strength can be quantified with Hankinson's equation. They are a subset of anisotropic materials, because their properties change when measured from different directions.
Orthotropic material
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c_vodjztldhqzp
It is usually least stiff in the radial direction (between the growth rings), and is intermediate in the circumferential direction. This anisotropy was provided by evolution, as it best enables the tree to remain upright.
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In materials science and colloidal chemistry, the term colloidal particle refers to a small amount of matter having a size typical for colloids and with a clear phase boundary. The dispersed-phase particles have a diameter between approximately 1 and 1000 nanometers. Colloids are heterogeneous in nature, invisible to the naked eye, and always move in a random zig-zag-like motion known as Brownian motion. The scattering of light by colloidal particles is known as Tyndall effect.
Particle size
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c_mpyuu49zoh4r
In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the bulk (particulate processing), preform processing, layer processing and melt processing are used to fabricate the functionally graded materials.
Functionally graded material
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c_k9a9g9lt2r1b
In material selection it is important to look at the interaction between the matrix and the secondary phase. For example, crosslinking within the rubber phase promotes high strength fibril formation that toughens the rubber, preventing particle fracture.Carboxyl-terminated butadiene-acrylonitrile (CTBN) is often used to toughen epoxies, but using CTBN alone increases the toughness at the cost of stiffness and heat resistance. Amine-terminated butadiene acrylonitrile (ATBN) is also used. Using ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber (UFPR) researchers have been able to improve all three, toughness, stiffness, and heat resistance simultaneously, resetting the stage for rubber toughening with particles smaller than previously thought to be effective.In applications where high optical transparency is necessary, examples being poly(methyl methacrylate) and polycarbonate it is important to find a secondary phase that does not scatter light.
Rubber toughening
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c_5v2jri0jlisk
To do so it is important to match refractive indices of both phases. Traditional rubber particles do not offer this quality. Modifying the surface of nanoparticles with polymers of comparable refractive indices is an interest of current research.
Rubber toughening
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c_2qyi0pae6esc
In mass spectrometry this compound is often abbreviated as "3-NBA" or "m-NBA." It has been used as a liquid matrix for fast atom bombardment and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. In electrospray ionization 3-NBA is doped into low surface tension spray solvents to increase analyte charging. == References ==
3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol
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c_6lf5slnsvv9d
In marsupials (and a few birds), the genital tract is separate from the anus, but a trace of the original cloaca does remain externally. This is one of the features of marsupials (and monotremes) that suggest their basal nature, as the amniotes from which mammals evolved had a cloaca, and probably so did the earliest mammals. Unlike other marsupials, marsupial moles have a true cloaca. This fact has been used to argue that they are not marsupials.
Cloacal kiss
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c_goeknt95vz63
In materials engineering, suspension plasma spray (SPS) is a form of plasma spraying where the ceramic feedstock is dispersed in a liquid suspension before being injected into the plasma jet.By suspending powder in a fluid, normal feeding problems are circumvented, allowing the deposition of finer microstructures through the use of finer powders. == References ==
Suspension Plasma Spray
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c_pdxig0yj8psc
In mass spectrometry, resolution is a measure of the ability to distinguish two peaks of slightly different mass-to-charge ratios ΔM, in a mass spectrum.
Resolution (mass spectrometry)
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In masonry veneer building construction, a shelf angle or masonry support is a steel angle which supports the weight of brick or stone veneer and transfers that weight onto the main structure of the building so that a gap or space can be created beneath to allow building movements to occur.
Shelf angle
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c_mxjuwu1b4dlk
In martial arts, the terms hard and soft technique denote how forcefully a defender martial artist counters the force of an attack in armed and unarmed combat. In the East Asian martial arts, the corresponding hard technique and soft technique terms are 硬 (Japanese: gō, pinyin: yìng) and 柔 (Japanese: jū, pinyin: róu), hence Goju-ryu (hard-soft school), Shorinji Kempo principles of go-ho ("hard method") and ju-ho ("soft method"), Jujutsu ("art of softness") and Judo ("gentle way"). Regardless of origins and styles, "hard and soft" can be seen as simply firm/unyielding in opposition or complementary to pliant/yielding; each has its application and must be used in its own way, and each makes use of specific principles of timing and biomechanics. In addition to describing a physical technique applied with minimal force, "soft" also sometimes refers to elements of a discipline which are viewed as less purely physical; for example, martial arts that are said to be "internal styles" are sometimes also known as "soft styles", for their focus on mental techniques or spiritual pursuits.
Hard and soft techniques
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In massively multiplayer online games, an instance is a special area, typically a dungeon, that generates a new copy of the location for each group, or for a certain number of players, that enters the area. Instancing, the general term for the use of this technique, addresses several problems encountered by players in the shared spaces of virtual worlds. It is not widely known when instances were first used in this genre. However, The Realm Online (1996) is sometimes credited as introducing the concept.
Instance dungeon
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c_8whfd17tyzkn
In mass spectrometry, fragmentation is the dissociation of energetically unstable molecular ions formed from passing the molecules mass spectrum. These reactions are well documented over the decades and fragmentation patterns are useful to determine the molar weight and structural information of unknown molecules. Fragmentation that occurs in tandem mass spectrometry experiments has been a recent focus of research, because this data helps facilitate the identification of molecules.
Fragmentation pattern
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In marriage, the spouses commit to a lifelong relationship that excludes sexual intimacy with other persons. A third form of chastity, often called "vidual chastity", is expected by the society for a period after the woman's husband dies. For example, Anglican Bishop Jeremy Taylor defined five rules in Holy Living (1650), including abstaining from marrying "so long as she is with child by her former husband" and "within the year of mourning".
Vow of chastity
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c_gnwhwhlany99
In mass spectrometry, the molecular mass of a small molecule is usually reported as the monoisotopic mass, that is, the mass of the molecule containing only the most common isotope of each element. Note that this also differs subtly from the molecular mass in that the choice of isotopes is defined and thus is a single specific molecular mass of the many possibilities. The masses used to compute the monoisotopic molecular mass are found on a table of isotopic masses and are not found on a typical periodic table.
Formula mass
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c_l71ueyo7bc1b
The average molecular mass is often used for larger molecules since molecules with many atoms are unlikely to be composed exclusively of the most abundant isotope of each element. A theoretical average molecular mass can be calculated using the standard atomic weights found on a typical periodic table, since there is likely to be a statistical distribution of atoms representing the isotopes throughout the molecule. The average molecular mass of a sample, however, usually differs substantially from this since a single sample average is not the same as the average of many geographically distributed samples.
Formula mass
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In materials chemistry, a binary phase or binary compound is a chemical compound containing two different elements. Some binary phase compounds are molecular, e.g. carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). More typically binary phase refers to extended solids. Famous examples zinc sulfide, which contains zinc and sulfur, and tungsten carbide, which contains tungsten and carbon.Phases with higher degrees of complexity feature more elements, e.g. three elements in ternary phases, four elements in quaternary phases. == References ==
Binary phase
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c_ub9tw2tka6de
In mass communication, digital media is any communication media that operate in conjunction with various encoded machine-readable data formats. Digital content can be created, viewed, distributed, modified, listened to, and preserved on a digital electronics device, including digital data storage media (in contrast to analog electronic media) and digital broadcasting. Digital defines as any data represented by a series of digits, and media refers to methods of broadcasting or communicating this information. Together, digital media refers to mediums of digitized information broadcast through a screen and/or a speaker. This also includes text, audio, video, and graphics that are transmitted over the internet for viewing or listening to on the internet.Digital media platforms, such as YouTube, Vimeo, and Twitch, accounted for viewership rates of 27.9 billion hours in 2020. A contributing factor to its part in what is commonly referred to as the digital revolution can be attributed to the use of interconnectivity.
Computer media
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c_v6ad587xv07g
In master data management (MDM), the golden copy refers to the master data (master version) of the reference data which works as an authoritative source for the "truth" for all applications in a given IT landscape.
Golden record (informatics)
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c_a7wuniv56r4p
In material science glutaraldehyde application areas range from polymers to metals and biomaterials. Glutaraldehyde is commonly used as fixing agent before characterization of biomaterials for microscopy. Glutaraldehyde is a powerful crosslinking agent for many polymers containing primary amine groups.. Glutaraldehdye also can be used for an interlinking agent to improve the adhesion force between two polymeric coatings. Glutaraldehyde is also used to protect against corrosion of undersea pipes.
Glutaraldehyde
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c_269tbqszptvd
In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB).
Matrix (mass spectrometry)
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c_x2b8oug2prmq
In markup languages and the digital humanities, overlap occurs when a document has two or more structures that interact in a non-hierarchical manner. A document with overlapping markup cannot be represented as a tree. This is also known as concurrent markup. Overlap happens, for instance, in poetry, where there may be a metrical structure of feet and lines; a linguistic structure of sentences and quotations; and a physical structure of volumes and pages and editorial annotations.
Markup overlap
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c_f6phlmhk1q3m
In mass drug administration (MDA) programmes, the treatment for onchocerciasis is ivermectin (trade name: Mectizan); infected people can be treated with two doses of ivermectin, six months apart, repeated every three years. The drug paralyses and kills the microfilariae causing fever, itching, and possibly oedema, arthritis and lymphadenopathy. Intense skin itching is eventually relieved, and the progression towards blindness is halted. In addition, while the drug does not kill the adult worms, it does prevent them for a limited time from producing additional offspring. However the drug does not prevent transmission of Onchocerciasis. It however reduces morbidity and has shown promising results to eliminate in some endemic areas of AfricaIvermectin treatment is particularly effective because it only needs to be taken once or twice a year, needs no refrigeration, and has a wide margin of safety, with the result that it has been widely given by minimally trained community health workers.
River Blindness
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c_d88g08ygdsgt
In mass spectrometry electron multipliers are often used as a detector of ions that have been separated by a mass analyzer of some sort. They can be the continuous-dynode type and may have a curved horn-like funnel shape or can have discrete dynodes as in a photomultiplier. Continuous dynode electron multipliers are also used in NASA missions and are coupled to a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS) which allows scientists to determine the amount and types of gasses present on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
Electron multiplier
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In materials chemistry, a quaternary phase is a chemical compound containing four elements. Some compounds can be molecular or ionic, examples being chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF2) sodium bicarbonate (NaCO3H). More typically quaternary phase refers to extended solids. A famous example are the yttrium barium copper oxide superconductors.
Quaternary phase
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-0.1648215651512146, 0.3539026975631714, -0.14686670899391174, 0.05663605406880379, -0.495234876871109, -0.09853019565343857, -0.12163767218589783, -0.7237648963928223, -0.37263622879981995, 0.2986915409564972, -0.5541701912879944, -0.673606812953949, 0.2502066195011139, -0.28360405564308167, 0.2191677838563919, 0.2503761947154999 ]
c_f2lrzbn9y1at
Systems with sieving coefficient that are greater than one require an external energy source, as they would otherwise violate the laws of thermodynamics. Sieving coefficients less than one represent a mass transfer process where the concentrations have not equilibrated. Contact time between mass streams is important in consider in mass transfer and affects the sieving coefficient.
Sieving coefficient
[ -0.02379193902015686, -0.6087520122528076, 0.5049025416374207, 0.5011776685714722, -0.26182934641838074, -0.082921601831913, -0.2268245369195938, -0.45682987570762634, 0.033558353781700134, -0.6118456721305847, 0.162896066904068, 0.49258673191070557, -0.21609124541282654, 0.30808037519454956, -0.030774088576436043, 0.372875839471817, 0.3477668762207031, 0.3401258587837219, -0.3269825577735901, -0.5944353342056274, -0.12396038323640823, 0.18355926871299744, 0.7810789346694946, -0.07795710861682892, -0.017856864258646965, -0.045617833733558655, 0.024847853928804398, 0.1488693803548813, -0.1641084998846054, -0.021133817732334137, 0.21220652759075165, 0.762493371963501, -0.27809610962867737, -0.03331378102302551, 0.21289896965026855, -0.09104842692613602, 0.08133254200220108, -0.1840057075023651, 0.13676489889621735, -0.47865888476371765, -0.13179567456245422, -0.13220609724521637, -0.14550381898880005, 0.07698337733745575, -0.3401683270931244, -0.6187433004379272, -1.3303282260894775, 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c_papu1nymryrq
In mass transfer, the sieving coefficient is a measure of equilibration between the concentrations of two mass transfer streams. It is defined as the mean pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass receiving stream divided by the pre- and post-contact concentration of the mass donating stream. S = C r C d {\displaystyle S={\frac {C_{r}}{C_{d}}}} where S is the sieving coefficient Cr is the mean concentration mass receiving stream Cd is the mean concentration mass donating streamA sieving coefficient of unity implies that the concentrations of the receiving and donating stream equilibrate, i.e. the out-flow concentrations (post-mass transfer) of the mass donating and receiving stream are equal to one another.
Sieving coefficient
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c_ke5bvwh604cc
In markets it is sold as a white, inverted conical cheese, in pieces roughly between 500 g (18 oz) and 2 kg (4.4 lb) in weight. It has a bright white colour and a bland flavor, as it is mostly unsalted.
Queso panela
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c_n4npwjs173df
In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted ionization (also inlet ionization) is a low fragmentation (soft) ionization technique which involves the transfer of particles of the analyte and matrix sample from atmospheric pressure (AP) to the heated inlet tube connecting the AP region to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.Initial ionization occurs as the pressure drops within the inlet tube. Inlet ionization is similar to electrospray ionization in that a reverse phase solvent system is used and the ions produced are highly charged, however a voltage or a laser is not always needed. It is a highly sensitive process for small and large molecules like peptides, proteins and lipids that can be coupled to a liquid chromatograph. Inlet ionization techniques can be used with an Orbitrap mass analyzer, Orbitrap fourier transform mass spectrometer, linear trap quadrupole and MALDI-TOF.
Inlet ionization
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In mass spectrometry, the quadrupole mass analyzer (or quadrupole mass filter) is a type of mass analyzer originally conceived by Nobel laureate Wolfgang Paul and his student Helmut Steinwedel. As the name implies, it consists of four cylindrical rods, set parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) the quadrupole is the mass analyzer - the component of the instrument responsible for selecting sample ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Ions are separated in a quadrupole based on the stability of their trajectories in the oscillating electric fields that are applied to the rods.
Quadrupole mass analyzer
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In masonry, mortar joints are the spaces between bricks, concrete blocks, or glass blocks, that are filled with mortar or grout. If the surface of the masonry remains unplastered, the joints contribute significantly to the appearance of the masonry. Mortar joints can be made in a series of different fashions, but the most common ones are raked, grapevine, extruded, concave, V, struck, flush, weathered and beaded. In order to produce a mortar joint, the mason must use one of several types of jointers (slickers), rakes, or beaders. These tools are run through the grout in between the building material before the grout is solid and create the desired outcome the mason seeks.
Mortar joint
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c_byf1vy7xets1
In mass spectrometry, data-independent acquisition (DIA) is a method of molecular structure determination in which all ions within a selected m/z range are fragmented and analyzed in a second stage of tandem mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectra are acquired either by fragmenting all ions that enter the mass spectrometer at a given time (called broadband DIA) or by sequentially isolating and fragmenting ranges of m/z. DIA is an alternative to data-dependent acquisition (DDA) where a fixed number of precursor ions are selected and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry.
Data-independent acquisition
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c_cr3ogaglbdlq
In materials science (specifically crystallography), cocrystals are "solids that are crystalline, single-phase materials composed of two or more different molecular or ionic compounds generally in a stoichiometric ratio which are neither solvates nor simple salts." A broader definition is that cocrystals "consist of two or more components that form a unique crystalline structure having unique properties." Several subclassifications of cocrystals exist.Cocrystals can encompass many types of compounds, including hydrates, solvates and clathrates, which represent the basic principle of host–guest chemistry. Hundreds of examples of cocrystallization are reported annually.
Cocrystal
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c_kkquo0frbvyi
In mass spectrometry, Orbitrap is an ion trap mass analyzer consisting of an outer barrel-like electrode and a coaxial inner spindle-like electrode that traps ions in an orbital motion around the spindle. The image current from the trapped ions is detected and converted to a mass spectrum using the Fourier transform of the frequency signal.
Orbitrap
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c_074da5n2ixxz
In massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), time sinks are a method of increasing the time needed by players to do certain tasks, hopefully causing them to subscribe for longer periods of time. Players may use the term disparagingly to describe a simplistic and time-consuming aspect of gameplay, possibly designed to keep players playing longer without significant benefit. Time sinks can also be used for other gameplay reasons, such as to help regenerate resources or monsters in the game world.
Time sink
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c_4qyvovcft4ju
In marking-to-market a derivatives account, at pre-determined periodic intervals, each counterparty exchanges the change in the market value of their account in cash. For Over-The-Counter (OTC) derivatives, when one counterparty defaults, the sequence of events that follows is governed by an ISDA contract. When using models to compute the ongoing exposure, FAS 157 requires that the entity consider the default risk ("nonperformance risk") of the counterparty and make a necessary adjustment to its computations. For exchange traded derivatives, if one of the counterparties defaults in this periodic exchange, that counterparty's account is immediately closed by the exchange and the clearing house is substituted for that counterparty's account. Marking-to-market virtually eliminates credit risk, but it requires the use of monitoring systems that usually only large institutions can afford.
Fair value accounting
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c_3gq3udtqrfy0
In materials management, ABC analysis is an inventory categorisation technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories—"A items" with very tight control and accurate records, "B items" with less tightly controlled and good records, and "C items" with the simplest controls possible and minimal records. The ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying items that will have a significant impact on overall inventory cost, while also providing a mechanism for identifying different categories of stock that will require different management and controls. The ABC analysis suggests that inventories of an organization are not of equal value.
ABC analysis
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c_ft3hrs8eqys2
Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance. 'A' items are very important for an organization.
ABC analysis
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c_7m7zqhezxz4b
Because of the high value of these 'A' items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e.g. 'just-in-time') to avoid excess capacity. 'B' items are important, but of course less important than 'A' items and more important than 'C' items. Therefore, 'B' items are intergroup items. 'C' items are marginally important.
ABC analysis
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c_zeo6d5k900x6
In matches organized by the International Practical Shooting Confederation, both steel and paper targets are used. Currently the only paper targets used for handgun is the IPSC Target (formerly Classic Target) and the 2/3 scaled down IPSC Mini Target (formerly IPSC Mini Classic Target). The center of these paper targets is called the A-zone. Additionally, for rifle and shotgun "A3" and "A4" paper targets and the "Universal Target" is used. For steel targets, standardized knock down targets called "poppers" are used. The two approved designs are the full size "IPSC Popper" (formerly IPSC Classic Popper) and the 2/3 scaled down version "IPSC Mini Popper" (formerly "IPSC Classic Mini Popper"), while the Pepper Popper and Mini Pepper Popper is now obsolete.
Shooting target
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c_gjcc02p1abzx
In massive and submassive PE, dysfunction of the right side of the heart may be seen on echocardiography, an indication that the pulmonary artery is severely obstructed and the right ventricle, a low-pressure pump, is unable to match the pressure. Some studies (see below) suggest that this finding may be an indication for thrombolysis. Not every person with a (suspected) pulmonary embolism requires an echocardiogram, but elevations in cardiac troponins or brain natriuretic peptide may indicate heart strain and warrant an echocardiogram, and be important in prognosis.The specific appearance of the right ventricle on echocardiography is referred to as the McConnell's sign. This is the finding of akinesia of the mid-free wall but a normal motion of the apex. This phenomenon has a 77% sensitivity and a 94% specificity for the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism in the setting of right ventricular dysfunction.
Pulmonary embolus
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c_6amcesv8962g
This includes in particular nanospray ion sources where a wire made of stainless steel, gold or other conducting material makes contact with the sample solution inside uncoated spray capillaries. The principle is also applied when a stainless steel union connects a chromatography outlet to a spray capillary. Its use has a number of advantages with respect to simplification of interface or source design, easy handling and cost.
Liquid junction interface
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c_9ik3wlhm5sem
In mass spectrometry, liquid junction interface is an ion source or set-up that couples peripheric devices, such as capillary electrophoresis, to mass spectrometry. See the IUPAC recommendation definition as a means of coupling capillary electrophoresis to mass spectrometry in which a liquid reservoir surrounds the separation capillary and transfer capillary to the mass spectrometer. The reservoir provides electrical contact for the capillary electrophoresis. The term liquid junction interface has also been used by Henry M. Fales and coworkers for ion sources where the analyte is in direct contact with the high voltage supply.
Liquid junction interface
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c_9vzmydmlcvru
Electrolysis effects have to be controlled. Liquid junction interfaces have been used for on-line desalting in conjunction with mass spectrometry. Thereby, chromatographic material such as C18 phase was directly placed in the flow path coming from a pump or an HPLC device. In a variation of the method, fine capillaries were densely packed with chromatographic phase to form separation columns and act as electrospray capillaries at the same time. This method is commonly employed in many proteomics laboratories.It is of note that experimental designs where the direct application of high voltages to liquids to form aerosols and sprays has been described as early as 1917 in the context of not ionization, but atomization of liquids.
Liquid junction interface
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c_1467hxxrl5ux
In marketing, the unique selling proposition (USP), also called the unique selling point, or the unique value proposition (UVP) in the business model canvas, is the marketing strategy of informing customers about how one's own brand or product is superior to its competitors (in addition to its other values).It was used in successful advertising campaigns of the early 1940s. The term was coined by television advertising pioneer Rosser Reeves of Ted Bates & Company. Theodore Levitt, a professor at Harvard Business School, suggested that, "Differentiation is one of the most important strategic and tactical activities in which companies must constantly engage." The term has been extended to cover one's "personal brand".
Unique selling proposition
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In materials and electric battery research, cobalt oxide nanoparticles usually refers to particles of cobalt(II,III) oxide Co3O4 of nanometer size, with various shapes and crystal structures. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles have potential applications in lithium-ion batteries and electronic gas sensors.
Cobalt oxide nanoparticles
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c_69qv0th4htcr
In married couples, husbands have been found to experience higher sexual desire discrepancies than their wives. Those who individually experience higher rates of sexual desire discrepancy during their marriage exhibit lower levels of satisfaction in the relationship. This high discrepancy has also been found to impair other aspects of the relationship. For example, an increase in relationship instability, more negative communication within the relationship and an increase in conflict all result from high desire discrepancies.It has also been established that sexual desire and frequency of sex decreased as the length of marriage increased. Further investigation has revealed that this attenuation occurs within the first 2 years of marriage.
Desire discrepancy
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c_uhcwuandnhtm
In martingale theory, Émery topology is a topology on the space of semimartingales. The topology is used in financial mathematics. The class of stochastic integrals with general predictable integrands coincides with the closure of the set of all simple integrals.The topology was introduced in 1979 by the french mathematician Michel Émery.
Émery topology
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c_41u0ccdztuup
Generally, there are two approaches: database search and de novo sequencing. Database search is a simple version as the mass spectra data of the unknown peptide is submitted and run to find a match with a known peptide sequence, the peptide with the highest matching score will be selected.
De novo sequencing
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c_whipxez7123n
In mass spectrometry, de novo peptide sequencing is the method in which a peptide amino acid sequence is determined from tandem mass spectrometry. Knowing the amino acid sequence of peptides from a protein digest is essential for studying the biological function of the protein. In the old days, this was accomplished by the Edman degradation procedure. Today, analysis by a tandem mass spectrometer is a more common method to solve the sequencing of peptides.
De novo sequencing
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c_igreqgtvbd40
This approach fails to recognize novel peptides since it can only match to existing sequences in the database. De novo sequencing is an assignment of fragment ions from a mass spectrum. Different algorithms are used for interpretation and most instruments come with de novo sequencing programs.
De novo sequencing
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c_a8no0rjc32de
In matches where Duckworth-Lewis revised targets are set due to interruptions which reduce the number of overs bowled, those revised targets and revised overs are used to calculate the NRR for both teams. For example, Team A are dismissed for 165 in 33.5 overs. Team B progresses to 120–0, but play is halted after 18 overs due to rain. Six overs are lost, and the target is reset to 150 from 44 overs, which Team B reach comfortably after 26.2 overs.
Net Run Rate
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c_yii63bhntum8
Because the target was revised to 150 runs from 44 overs, Team A's total is reset to 149 from 44 overs, thus their RR = 149 44 ≈ 3.39 {\displaystyle ={\frac {149}{44}}\approx 3.39} . Team B's RR, however, is computed as normal: 150 26.33 ≈ 5.70 {\displaystyle {\frac {150}{26.33}}\approx 5.70} . Computing the match NRR for Team A gives us 3.39 – 5.70 = –2.31. Team B's NRR is: 5.70 – 3.39 = +2.31.
Net Run Rate
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c_dt6ptcczbwqb
A complication to this process is that in some materials, G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is not a constant value during the crack extension process. A plot of crack growth resistance G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} versus crack extension Δ a {\displaystyle \Delta a} is called a crack growth resistance curve, or R-curve. A plot of energy release rate G {\displaystyle G} versus crack extension Δ a {\displaystyle \Delta a} for a particular loading configuration is called the driving force curve.
Crack growth resistance curve
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c_yrbs9iavizw1
In materials modeled by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), crack extension occurs when the applied energy release rate G {\displaystyle G} exceeds G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} , where G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} is the material's resistance to crack extension. Conceptually G {\displaystyle G} can be thought of as the energetic gain associated with an additional infinitesimal increment of crack extension, while G R {\displaystyle G_{R}} can be thought of as the energetic penalty of an additional infinitesimal increment of crack extension. At any moment in time, if G ≥ G R {\displaystyle G\geq G_{R}} then crack extension is energetically favorable.
Crack growth resistance curve
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c_yjgaatv9du8r
The nature of the applied driving force curve relative to the material's R-curve determines the stability of a given crack. The usage of R-curves in fracture analysis is a more complex, but more comprehensive failure criteria compared to the common failure criteria that fracture occurs when G ≥ G c {\displaystyle G\geq G_{c}} where G c {\displaystyle G_{c}} is simply a constant value called the critical energy release rate. An R-curve based failure analysis takes into account the notion that a material's resistance to fracture is not necessarily constant during crack growth. R-curves can alternatively be discussed in terms of stress intensity factors ( K ) {\displaystyle (K)} rather than energy release rates ( G ) {\displaystyle (G)} , where the R-curves can be expressed as the fracture toughness ( K I c {\displaystyle K_{Ic}} , sometimes referred to as K R {\displaystyle K_{R}} ) as a function of crack length a {\displaystyle a} .
Crack growth resistance curve
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c_fd8jdmap6jcv
In materials processing a grinder is a machine for producing fine particle size reduction through attrition and compressive forces at the grain size level. See also crusher for mechanisms producing larger particles. In general, grinding processes require a relatively large amount of energy; for this reason, an experimental method to measure the energy used locally during milling with different machines was recently proposed.
Rod mill
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c_a1m4ttdj3o25
Equity, which is regarded as part of capital, was divided into equity and intequity. Intequity means capital of ideas. Entrepreneurship was divided into network-related matters and creating-related matters. Network-related matters function in the sphere of equity, and creating-related matters in spheres of intequities.
Factor of production
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c_6wlpu2mnkj56
The sociologist C. Wright Mills refers to "new entrepreneurs" who work within and between corporate and government bureaucracies in new and different ways. Others (such as those practicing public choice theory) refer to "political entrepreneurs", i.e., politicians and other actors. Much controversy rages about the benefits produced by entrepreneurship.
Factor of production
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c_9188nqgouvgq
But the real issue is about how well institutions they operate in (markets, planning, bureaucracies, government) serve the public. This concerns such issues as the relative importance of market failure and government failure. In the book Accounting of Ideas, "intequity", a neologism, is abstracted from equity to add a newly researched production factor of the capitalist system.
Factor of production
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In materials science Giant Magnetoimpedance (GMI) is the effect that occurs in some materials where an external magnetic field causes a large variation in the electrical impedance of the material. It should not be confused with the separate physical phenomenon of Giant Magnetoresistance.
Giant magnetoimpedance
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c_lnlhznc4trhm
This step gives order to the peptides before quantification using tandem mass-spectroscopy (MS/MS). The major difference between quantification methods is some use labels on the peptides such as tandem mass tags (TMT) or dimethyl labels which are used to identify which cell a certain protein came from (proteins coming from each cell have a different label) while others use not labels (quantify cells individually). The mass spectroscopy data is then analyzed by running data through databases that convert the information about peptides identified to quantification of protein levels. These methods are very similar to those used to quantify the proteome of bulk cells, with modifications to accommodate the very small sample volume.
Single-Cell Analysis
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c_gltwq2t91ouc
In mass spectroscopy based proteomics there are three major steps needed for peptide identification: sample preparation, separation of peptides, and identification of peptides. Several groups have focused on oocytes or very early cleavage-stage cells since these cells are unusually large and provide enough material for analysis. Another approach, single cell proteomics by mass spectrometry (SCoPE-MS) has quantified thousands of proteins in mammalian cells with typical cell sizes (diameter of 10-15 μm) by combining carrier-cells and single-cell barcoding. The second generation, SCoPE2, increased the throughput by automated and miniaturized sample preparation; It also improved quantitative reliability and proteome coverage by data-driven optimization of LC-MS/MS and peptide identification.
Single-Cell Analysis
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c_bh6uw0upap5i
The sensitivity and consistency of these methods have been further improved by prioritization, and massively parallel sample preparation in nanoliter size droplets. Another direction for single-cell protein analysis is based on a scalable framework of multiplexed data-independent acquisition (plexDIA) enables time saving by parallel analysis of both peptide ions and protein samples, thereby realizing multiplicative gains in throughput.The separation of differently sized proteins can be accomplished by using capillary electrophoresis (CE) or liquid chromatography (LC) (using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy is also known as LC-MS).
Single-Cell Analysis
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In master locksmithing, key relevance is the measurable difference between an original key and a copy made of that key, either from a wax impression or directly from the original, and how similar the two keys are in size and shape. It can also refer to the measurable difference between a key and the size required to fit and operate the keyway of its paired lock. No two copies of keys are exactly the same, even if they were both made from key blanks that are struck from the same mould or cut from the same duplicating/milling machine with no changes to the bitting settings in between. Even under these favorable circumstances, there will be minute differences between the two key shapes, though their key relevance is extremely high.
Key relevance
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c_6jzfrbdhgmwg
In all machining work, there are measurable amounts of difference between the design specification of an object, and its actual manufactured size. In locksmithing, the allowable tolerance is decided by the range of minute differences between a key's size and shape in comparison to the size and shape required to turn the tumblers within the lock.
Key relevance
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c_3iws2lny3gnm
Key relevance is the measure of similarity between the key and the optimal size needed to fit the lock, or it is the similarity between a duplicate key and the original it is seeking to replicate. Key relevance cannot be deduced from a key code, since the key code merely refers to a central authoritative source for designed shapes and sizes of keys. Typical modern keys require a key relevance of approximately 0.03 millimetres (0.0012 in) to 0.07 millimetres (0.0028 in) (accuracy within 0.75% to 1.75%) in order to operate.
Key relevance
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c_4hvyvkwgjtuz
It can be calculated by integrating the stress–strain curve from zero to the elastic limit. In uniaxial tension, under the assumptions of linear elasticity, U r = σ y 2 2 E = σ y ε y 2 {\displaystyle U_{r}={\frac {\sigma _{y}^{2}}{2E}}={\frac {\sigma _{y}\varepsilon _{y}}{2}}} where Ur is the modulus of resilience, σy is the yield strength, εy is the yield strain, and E is the Young's modulus. This analysis is not valid for non-linear elastic materials like rubber, for which the approach of area under the curve until elastic limit must be used.
Resilience (materials science)
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c_xp48rj9z8oyw
In material science, resilience is the ability of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically, and release that energy upon unloading. Proof resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed up to the elastic limit, without creating a permanent distortion. The modulus of resilience is defined as the maximum energy that can be absorbed per unit volume without creating a permanent distortion.
Resilience (materials science)
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In massively multiplayer online role-playing games and MUDs, camping is commonly the practice where the camper stays in a location near where non-player characters, monsters or desirable items spawn. In some games, these positions are easy to spot and once a player or group of players is capable of establishing their camp, they can gain more rewards with less risk to their player characters. This variant of camping poses no risk to other players, unlike in first-person shooters. There is no official rule granting players exclusive rights to a camp.The MMORPG EverQuest, when first released, required significant time investment to advance in level for most players, requiring many hours of killing NPCs. Players soon realized that camping in one spot and having a single player (referred to as a "puller") leave the group to "pull" a mob back to the group – which would then be attacked by the rest of the group – was the most efficient way to gain experience. The prevalence of camping in EverQuest became significant enough for some of the game's playerbase and critics to jokingly refer to the game as "EverCamp".
Spawn camping
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In masonry structures, brick building structures have been reinforced with coatings of glass fiber and appropriate resin (epoxy or polyester). In lower floors these may be applied over entire exposed surfaces, while in upper floors this may be confined to narrow areas around window and door openings. This application provides tensile strength that stiffens the wall against bending away from the side with the application. The efficient protection of an entire building requires extensive analysis and engineering to determine the appropriate locations to be treated.
Seismic retrofit
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In reinforced concrete buildings, masonry infill walls are considered non-structural elements, but damage to infills can lead to large repair costs and change the behaviour of a structure, even leading to aforementioned soft-storey or beam-column joint shear failures. Local failure of the infill panels due to in and out-of-plane mechanisms, but also due to their combination, can lead to a sudden drop in capacity and hence cause global brittle failure of the structure. Even at lower intensity earthquakes, damage to infilled frames can lead to high economic losses and loss of life.To prevent masonry infill damage and failure, typical retrofit strategies aim to strengthen the infills and provide adequate connection to the frame. Examples of retrofit techniques for masonry infills include steel reinforced plasters, engineered cementitious composites, thin layers fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP), and most recently also textile-reinforced mortars (TRM).
Seismic retrofit
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In mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is an ionization technique that uses a laser energy-absorbing matrix to create ions from large molecules with minimal fragmentation. It has been applied to the analysis of biomolecules (biopolymers such as DNA, proteins, peptides and carbohydrates) and various organic molecules (such as polymers, dendrimers and other macromolecules), which tend to be fragile and fragment when ionized by more conventional ionization methods. It is similar in character to electrospray ionization (ESI) in that both techniques are relatively soft (low fragmentation) ways of obtaining ions of large molecules in the gas phase, though MALDI typically produces far fewer multi-charged ions. MALDI methodology is a three-step process.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
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c_6ejc01b3igcq
First, the sample is mixed with a suitable matrix material and applied to a metal plate. Second, a pulsed laser irradiates the sample, triggering ablation and desorption of the sample and matrix material. Finally, the analyte molecules are ionized by being protonated or deprotonated in the hot plume of ablated gases, and then they can be accelerated into whichever mass spectrometer is used to analyse them.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
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c_pkpy4339dl2j
In material science, layered materials are solids with highly anisotropic bonding, in which two-dimensional sheets are internally strongly bonded, but only weakly bonded to adjacent layers. Owing to their distinctive structures, layered materials are often suitable for intercalation reactions.One large family of layered materials are metal dichalcogenides. In such materials, the M-chalcogen bonding is strong and covalent. These materials exhibit anisotropic electronic properties such as thermal and electrical conductivity.
Layered materials
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In mass communication, media are the communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry, such as print media, publishing, the news media, photography, cinema, broadcasting (radio and television), digital media, and advertising.The development of early writing and paper enabling longer-distance communication systems such as mail, including in the Persian Empire (Chapar Khaneh and Angarium) and Roman Empire, can be interpreted as early forms of media. Writers such as Howard Rheingold have framed early forms of human communication, such as the Lascaux cave paintings and early writing, as early forms of media. Another framing of the history of media starts with the Chauvet Cave paintings and continues with other ways to carry human communication beyond the short range of voice: smoke signals, trail markers, and sculpture.The term media in its modern application relating to communication channels was first used by Canadian communications theorist Marshall McLuhan, who stated in Counterblast (1954): "The media are not toys; they should not be in the hands of Mother Goose and Peter Pan executives.
Communication media
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c_iguyh7yn1bd2
They can be entrusted only to new artists because they are art forms." By the mid-1960s, the term had spread to general use in North America and the United Kingdom. The phrase mass media was, according to H.L. Mencken, used as early as 1923 in the United States.The term medium (the singular form of media) is defined as "one of the means or channels of general communication, information, or entertainment in society, as newspapers, radio, or television."
Communication media
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c_0qaf05i4ver6
In markets where the seller has private information about the product they wish to sell, reputation mechanisms help to reduce adverse selection by acting as a signal of quality. An example would be the online marketplace, eBay. A seller known for selling high-quality goods can further enhance its reputation by utilizing eBay's reputation system.
Adverse selection
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c_63zevvddy7kv
There is an incentive for the seller to do so, as buyers who derive utility from purchasing the product are naturally inclined to source their purchase from high-quality sellers. As such, buyers are able to rely on the reputation system as a signal to filter high-quality sellers from low-quality sellers.Unlike quality signalling where the better informed party acts first, screening is better suited when the uninformed party needs to make the initial decision in participating in a contract. Recognizing that adverse selection stems from the lack of information, using screening games allows players to try and analyse if the risk of the contract's worst possible outcome makes participating worth it in the first place. Parties can always attempt to be better informed, but if achieving new information is too costly, and the threat of economic loss from the contract is too great, screening methodologies suggest not participating in the contract at all. For better context using the example of how adverse selection occurs in financial markets, if investors believe the risk of poor returns is too high, and the cost of consulting a trading specialist is not worth it, they have screened the possible outcomes and realize it is not worth making that initial investment from the start.
Adverse selection
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c_z5k3v4m1cpg4
The same change in price framed differently, for example as a $5 discount or as a $5 surcharge avoided, has a significant effect on consumer behavior. Although traditional economists consider this "endowment effect", and all other effects of loss aversion, to be completely irrational, it is important to the fields of marketing and behavioral finance. Users in behavioral and experimental economics studies decided to cease participation in iterative money-making games when the threat of loss was close to the expenditure of effort, even when the user stood to further their gains. Loss aversion coupled with myopia has been shown to explain macroeconomic phenomena, such as the equity premium puzzle.
Loss aversion
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c_xyrfzpz4g2mv
In marketing, the use of trial periods and rebates tries to take advantage of the buyer's tendency to value the good more after the buyer incorporates it in the status quo. In past behavioral economics studies, users participate up until the threat of loss equals any incurred gains. Recent methods established by Botond Kőszegi and Matthew Rabin in experimental economics illustrates the role of expectation, wherein an individual's belief about an outcome can create an instance of loss aversion, whether or not a tangible change of state has occurred. Whether a transaction is framed as a loss or as a gain is important to this calculation.
Loss aversion
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In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly with time when a stress is applied. Elastic materials strain when stretched and immediately return to their original state once the stress is removed. Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and, as such, exhibit time-dependent strain. Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid, viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material.
Viscoelasticity
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In markets where land and building prices are rising, real estate is often purchased as an investment, whether or not the owner intends to use the property. Often investment properties are rented out, but "flipping" involves quickly reselling a property, sometimes taking advantage of arbitrage or quickly rising value, and sometimes after repairs are made that substantially raise the value of the property. Luxury real estate is sometimes used as a way to store value, especially by wealthy foreigners, without any particular attempt to rent it out. Some luxury units in London and New York City have been used as a way for corrupt foreign government officials and businesspeople from countries without strong rule of law to launder money or to protect it from seizure.
Real estate law
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