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tomekkorbak

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[ "Q:\n\nAndroid NDK sourceSets.main coundn't find jni\n\nLike above, my build.gradle file cannot sync because it could not find property \"jni\" on source sets \"main\". ", "I'm using gradle-experimental:0.7.0.", "\nI wan't to use Android.mk file in compilation, but i cannot set srcDirs = [].", "\nMy build.gradle:\nmodel {\nandroid {\n def globalConfiguration = rootProject.extensions.getByName(\"ext\")\n\n compileSdkVersion = globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidCompileSdkVersion\")\n buildToolsVersion = globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidBuildToolsVersion\")\n\n defaultConfig {\n applicationId \"com.example.ndk\"\n minSdkVersion.apiLevel globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidMinSdkVersion\")\n targetSdkVersion.apiLevel globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidTargetSdkVersion\")\n versionCode globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidVersionCode\")\n versionName globalConfiguration.getAt(\"androidVersionName\")\n }\n\n buildTypes {\n release {\n minifyEnabled false\n proguardFiles.add(file('proguard-android.txt'))\n// signingConfig signingConfigs.release\n }\n }\n\n sourceSets {\n def commonTestDir = 'src/commonTest/java'\n test {\n java.srcDir commonTestDir\n }\n androidTest {\n java.srcDir commonTestDir\n }\n main {\n jni.srcDirs = []\n }\n }\n}\n\n android.ndk {\n moduleName = 'mymodule'\n }\n}\n\nA:\n\nTake a look into the plugin Experimental Plugin User Guide, according to it, to specify the source directory, you have to do it like so:\nmodel {\n android {\n ...\n\n sources {\n main {\n jni {\n source {\n srcDir \"src\"\n }\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nIt's not the way you did it. ", "Take a look, here is the sources property used, but not the sourceSets\n\n" ]

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[ "(upbeat music)\n- It's week 28 and, from\nhere on out, there will start\nto be small differences\nin the rate of growth,\ndepending on whether your\nbaby-to-be is a boy or a girl.", "\nA bouncing blue bruiser\nis likely to grow bigger\nand heavier than a princess\nplaying on team pink.", "\nGenetics and other factors\nalso weigh on how fast\na baby grows and how big she\nwill ultimately be on arrival.", "\nSo while on average a 28-weeker\nis around two and a half pounds\nand almost 16 inches tall,\nyour little one may be\ncurrently longer, shorter,\nheavier or less tubby.", "\nAs long as she continues\nto get good reports\nat those prenatal checkups,\nyou can rest assured\nyour baby's on the right track\nand in the right range for growth.", "\nYour minute miracle\nhas added another trick\nto her repertoire: hiccuping.", "\nIf you haven't yet, you'll not\nonly be able to feel hiccups\non the inside as little rhythmic twitches,\nyou'll be seeing them on the outside too,\nmaking your belly shake\nlike a bowl of jelly.", "\nThese tiny spasms are thought to be caused\nby the sudden, irregular contraction\nof the immature diaphragm,\nwhich is still trying to\ngear up for life outside\nthe womb by practicing the\nins and outs of breathing.", "\nSome babies hiccup several\ntimes a day, every day,\nothers not so much.", "\nBut your bound to feel\nthose adorable twitches\nevery so often.", "\nAnd an ultrasound might\neven be able to pick up\nthat little chest heaving\nfrom the hiccups too.", "\nEntertaining for you,\nand happily not uncomfortable for baby.", "\nAnother activity that can be picked up\nis REM, or rapid eye movement.", "\nThose tiny flutters of baby's eyes suggest\nthat she's dreaming away,\nsince REM is considered\nthe dream phase of sleep.", "\nBut there's no way of knowing\nwhat's on your little ones mind or what,\nif anything, she might be dreaming of.", "\nWhat we do know is that sleep cycles\nare coming at more regular times,\nmeaning your sweet little sleepy head\nis developing a more\nregular pattern of sleeping\nand wakefulness.", "\nProblem is, your on-the-go\nmovements lull her to sleep\nduring the day, keeping\nher awake and raring to go,\njust when you're settling\ndown for the night.", "\nStill, there's nothing more\nsatisfying than feeling\nyour amazing miracle somersault\nand stretch inside of you.", "\nPlus, as they say, baby's keeping you up\nwith those antics now is good preparation\nfor after she's born,\nand when every night's the night to howl.", "\nWant more satisfaction?", "\nThough the bun in your oven\nis far from being fully baked,\nher chances of survival outside the womb\nare at least 90 percent at this point.", "\n" ]

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[ "Norwich City‘s fine form continued Saturday at home against Stoke City, though a result ultimately eluded the Canaries for the first time in quite a while. ", "A 35th-minute Timm Klose own goal proved their undoing in the 1-0 defeat. ", "The loss snapped Norwich’s unbeaten streak at eight across all competitions, with six of those results coming in league play.", "\n\nAfter a dismal start in which the Canaries appeared set to fend off relegation this season, they quickly righted the ship and now look closer to the part of promotion contender than bottom feeder. ", "What the squad truly is this season remains to be seen however, considering the recent run of sublime form only brought the club’s goal differential to zero following Saturday’s narrow setback. ", "That’s how bleakly the team’s 2018-19 campaign began.", "\n\nAgainst Stoke, Norwich manager Daniel Farke rolled out his oft-used 4-2-3-1 with veteran ‘keeper Tim Krul in net. ", "It marked the fifth-consecutive time Farke used the exact same 11 in Championship play. ", "Stoke, meanwhile, came out in a 4-1-4-1 featuring two alterations to its most recent lineup. ", "Peter Etebo and James McClean joined the 11 after not starting in Tuesday’s 2-0 win over Bolton.", "\n\nNorwich bossed several statistical categories, completing a staggering 398 more passes than the visitors while owning 69 percent of the possession. ", "But unable to solve a sneaky-good Potters back four of Bruno Martins Indi, Ashley Williams, Erik Pieters and Cuco Martina, the hosts never cancelled out Klose’s own goal with a strike of their own.", "\n\nThe Canaries honored a fallen supporter with a special tribute at Carrow Road in the 53rd minute. ", "Longtime season ticket holder Dawn Brown passed away this week from cancer at age 53, and her daughter took to Twitter to ask the club and supporters if they’d partake in a full minute of applause in memory of her mother. ", "The club obliged in a top-class gesture:\n\nA fan has asked that City supporters take part in a minute’s applause in the 53rd minute in memory of her mum, Dawn Brown, a season-ticket holder who passed away earlier this week after battling cancer. ", "Our thoughts are with Dawn’s family and friends. #", "ncfc https://t.co/K5WDw8cnv3 — Norwich City FC (@NorwichCityFC) October 6, 2018\n\nNext up for Norwich is an Oct. 20 away fixture against Nottingham Forest. ", "The Tricky Trees currently sit in fifth in the table with 19 points, just one above the Canaries.", "\n\nThough the unbeaten run came to a halt Saturday, Norwich produced another rather encouraging showing. ", "The last few weeks have served as portents of positivity after a doom-and-gloom start.", "\n\nFollow Kevin on Twitter: @KJboxing.", "\n\nSupport Soc Takes on Patreon for access to exclusive content and supporter benefits. ", "Click here to become a patron today." ]

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[ "Number of passengers\n\nAir Passenger Duty (APD) no longer applies to passengers aged between 12 and under 16 years old travelling in economy. ", "We need to know if anyone in this age range is travelling so we don't charge you APD for them." ]

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[ "Maria Novolodskaya\n\nMaria Yuryevna Novolodskaya (; born 28 July 1999) is a Russian racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Women's Continental Team . ", "She rode in the women's time trial event at the 2018 UCI Road World Championships.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCogeas–Mettler–Look team profile\n\nCategory:1999 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Russian female cyclists\nCategory:People from Veliky Novgorod\nCategory:European Games competitors for Russia\nCategory:Cyclists at the 2019 European Games\nCategory:European Games medalists in cycling\nCategory:European Games bronze medalists for Russia\nCategory:Sportspeople from Novgorod Oblast" ]

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[ "/**\n * This file is part of the CernVM File System.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef CVMFS_SWISSKNIFE_HISTORY_H_\n#define CVMFS_SWISSKNIFE_HISTORY_H_\n\n#include <string>\n#include <vector>\n\n#include \"hash.h\"\n#include \"history_sqlite.h\"\n#include \"swissknife.h\"\n#include \"util_concurrency.h\"\n\nnamespace manifest {\nclass Manifest;\n}\n\nnamespace catalog {\nclass Catalog;\nclass WritableCatalog;\n}\n\nnamespace upload {\nstruct SpoolerDefinition;\nstruct SpoolerResult;\nclass Spooler;\n}\n\nnamespace swissknife {\n\nclass CommandTag : public Command {\n public:\n static const std::string kHeadTag;\n static const std::string kHeadTagDescription;\n static const std::string kPreviousHeadTag;\n static const std::string kPreviousHeadTagDescription;\n\n CommandTag() { }\n\n protected:\n typedef std::vector<history::History::Tag> TagList;\n typedef std::vector<history::History::Branch> BranchList;\n\n struct Environment {\n Environment(const std::string &repository_url,\n const std::string &tmp_path) :\n repository_url(repository_url), tmp_path(tmp_path) {}\n\n const std::string repository_url;\n const std::string tmp_path;\n\n UnlinkGuard manifest_path;\n UniquePtr<manifest::Manifest> manifest;\n UniquePtr<manifest::Manifest> previous_manifest;\n UniquePtr<history::History> history;\n UniquePtr<upload::Spooler> spooler;\n UnlinkGuard history_path;\n };\n\n\n Environment* InitializeEnvironment(const ArgumentList &args,\n const bool read_write);\n bool CloseAndPublishHistory(Environment *environment);\n bool UploadCatalogAndUpdateManifest(Environment *env,\n catalog::WritableCatalog *catalog);\n void UploadClosure(const upload::SpoolerResult &result,\n Future<shash::Any> *hash);\n\n bool UpdateUndoTags(Environment *env,\n const history::History::Tag &current_head_template,\n const bool undo_rollback = false);\n\n // TODO(jblomer): replace by swissknife::Assistant\n bool FetchObject(const std::string &repository_url,\n const shash::Any &object_hash,\n const std::string &destination_path) const;\n history::History* GetHistory(const manifest::Manifest *manifest,\n const std::string &repository_url,\n const std::string &history_path,\n const bool read_write) const;\n\n catalog::Catalog* GetCatalog(const std::string &repository_url,\n const shash::Any &catalog_hash,\n const std::string catalog_path,\n const bool read_write) const;\n\n void PrintTagMachineReadable(const history::History::Tag &tag) const;\n\n std::string AddPadding(const std::string &str,\n const size_t padding,\n const bool align_right = false,\n const std::string &fill_char = \" \") const;\n\n bool IsUndoTagName(const std::string &tag_name) const;\n};\n\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n/**\n * If -a and -d are specified, removal of tags takes place before the new tag is\n * added.", "\n */\nclass CommandEditTag : public CommandTag {\n public:\n virtual std::string GetName() const { return \"tag_edit\"; }\n virtual std::string GetDescription() const {\n return \"Create a tag and/or remove tags.\";", "\n }\n\n virtual ParameterList GetParams() const;\n int Main(const ArgumentList &args);\n\n protected:\n int RemoveTags(const ArgumentList &args, Environment *env);\n int AddNewTag(const ArgumentList &args, Environment *env);\n\n shash::Any GetTagRootHash(Environment *env,\n const std::string &root_hash_string) const;\n bool ManipulateTag(Environment *env,\n const history::History::Tag &tag_template,\n const bool user_provided_hash);\n bool MoveTag(Environment *env,\n const history::History::Tag &tag_template);\n bool CreateTag(Environment *env,\n const history::History::Tag &new_tag);\n};\n\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nclass CommandListTags : public CommandTag {\n public:\n virtual std::string GetName() const { return \"tag_list\"; }\n virtual std::string GetDescription() const {\n return \"List tags in the tag database.\";", "\n }\n\n virtual ParameterList GetParams() const;\n int Main(const ArgumentList &args);\n\n protected:\n struct BranchLevel {\n BranchLevel() : branch(), level(0) { }\n BranchLevel(const history::History::Branch &b, unsigned l)\n : branch(b), level(l) { }\n history::History::Branch branch;\n unsigned level;\n };\n typedef std::vector<BranchLevel> BranchHierarchy;\n\n void SortBranchesRecursively(unsigned level,\n const std::string &parent_branch,\n const BranchList &branches,\n BranchHierarchy *hierarchy) const;\n BranchHierarchy SortBranches(const BranchList &branches) const;\n\n void PrintHumanReadableTagList(const TagList &tags) const;\n void PrintMachineReadableTagList(const TagList &tags) const;\n void PrintHumanReadableBranchList(const BranchHierarchy &branches) const;\n void PrintMachineReadableBranchList(const BranchHierarchy &branches) const;\n};\n\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nclass CommandInfoTag : public CommandTag {\n public:\n virtual std::string GetName() const { return \"tag_info\"; }\n virtual std::string GetDescription() const {\n return \"Obtain detailed information about a tag.\";", "\n }\n\n virtual ParameterList GetParams() const;\n int Main(const ArgumentList &args);\n\n protected:\n std::string HumanReadableFilesize(const size_t filesize) const;\n void PrintHumanReadableInfo(const history::History::Tag &tag) const;\n};\n\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nclass CommandRollbackTag : public CommandTag {\n public:\n virtual std::string GetName() const { return \"tag_rollback\"; }\n virtual std::string GetDescription() const {\n return \"Rollback repository to a given tag.\";", "\n }\n\n virtual ParameterList GetParams() const;\n int Main(const ArgumentList &args);\n\n protected:\n void PrintDeletedTagList(const TagList &tags) const;\n};\n\n\n//------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\nclass CommandEmptyRecycleBin : public CommandTag {\n public:\n virtual std::string GetName() const { return \"tag_empty_bin\"; }\n virtual std::string GetDescription() const {\n return \"Empty the internal recycle bin of the history database.\";", "\n }\n\n virtual ParameterList GetParams() const;\n int Main(const ArgumentList &args);\n};\n\n} // namespace swissknife\n\n#endif // CVMFS_SWISSKNIFE_HISTORY_H_\n" ]

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[ "2013 NRA Convention in Houston\n\nMay 3, 2013\n\nJohnny Hanson/Houston Chronicle\n\n52of129\n\nU.S. Senator Ted Cruz is introduced before speaking during the NRA-ILA Leadership Forum at the National Rifle Association's 142 Annual Meetings and Exhibits in the George R. Brown Convention Center Friday, May 3, 2013, in Houston.", "\n\nJohnny Hanson/Houston Chronicle\n\n52of129\n\nU.S. Senator Ted Cruz is introduced before speaking during the NRA-ILA Leadership Forum at the National Rifle Association's 142 Annual Meetings and Exhibits in the George R. Brown Convention Center Friday, May 3, 2013, in Houston." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nDates timeline on Recent activity\n\na little weird this morning\n\nshouldn't that have a different day?", "\n\nA:\n\nIf you look at the times you'll see it's 12:00:00AM to 11:59:59PM (UTC) on that same day, so the duration is in fact a full 24 hours, it just appears one second shorter until you think about it a bit :)\n\n" ]

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[ "Vani Ganapathy\n\nVani Ganapathy, also spelled as Vani Ganpati, is an Indian classical dancer. ", "In 1978, Vani married actor Kamal Haasan. ", "They got divorced 10 years later in 1988.", "\n\nShe started performing when she was seven, and has travelled across the world for her performances. ", "She lives in Bangalore, where she set up Sanchari, a dance academy.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Bharatanatyam exponents\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:Year of birth missing (living people)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nJenkins Pipeline Checkout SVN to custom workspace\n\nI'm writing an Jenkins Pipeline script at the moment (declarative). ", "Basically like this:\npipeline {\n agent any\n environment {\n NLS_LANG = 'GERMAN_GERMANY.AL32UTF8'\n }\n stages {\n stage('Test') {\n steps {\n script {\n echo \"Test\"\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nThe script itself works fine. ", "But we now found out, that the jenkins checks out our SVN repository first to find the Jenkinsfile (Checkout in folder workspace@script in the job Folder > C:\\jenkins_home\\jobs\\<Projectname>\\jobs\\<Jobname>).", "\nThan the whole SVN is checked out again in an second step which I didn't wrote in the Jenkinsfile (Title: \"Declarative: SCM Checkout\").", "\nIt would be okay, if we could change the path of this checkout, because at the moment it checks out in a new created workspace folder in the job folder. ", "\nHere I have a screenshot from the console output of the pipeline job: \nHow can the checkout in a custom workspace be achieved? ", "\nPreferably it would only checkout the Jenkinsfile on it's own on the first checkout, not the whole repository. ", "\nI tried to change the repository url to the folder where the Jenkinsfile is saved (alone), but than the pipeline is also (only) checking out this folder on the second checkout.", "\nHere I have a screenshot of the console output trying this: \n\nA:\n\nTo whom it may concern when coming around this question: use a ws('/path/to/dir') to allocate a different directory (see Pipeline: Nodes and processes)\npipeline {\n agent any\n environment {\n NLS_LANG = 'GERMAN_GERMANY.AL32UTF8'\n }\nstages {\n stage('Test') {\n steps {\n script {\n echo \"Test\"\n ws('/path/to/dir'){\n //dosomething here, like \"checkout scm\"\n }\n }\n }\n }\n} \n\n" ]

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[ "Actions\n\nMom's a Genius: Detroit's first bridal boutique opened by celebrity consultant\n\nPosted: 4:00 PM, Aug 18, 2016\n\nUpdated:2016-08-24 21:29:58Z\n\nBy:\nJoAnne Purtan, Whitney Amann\n\nKeasha Rigsby has been dressing brides for over 20 years. ", "You may recognize her from TLC's \"Say Yes to the Dress\" or her own show \"Kaesha's Perfect Dress\".", "\n\n\"My time on say yes to the dress was just phenomenal. ", "I mean \"Say Yes to the Dress\"\nhas opened doors for me like I just can’t begin to tell you,\" says Keasha.", "\n\nIn February, she brought her charm to the Motor City.", "\n\n\"Well it has always been my dream to have my own bridal boutique. ", "I mean ever since I worked at Kleinfeld I always wanted to open my own bridal boutique,\" says Keasha.", "\n\nAlthough she is from Brooklyn, she decided to open up Beautiful Bridal\nin Detroit, making it the first bridal salon in the city.", "\n\n\"I love Detroit. ", "I feel that Detroit is on the up and up. ", "I'm so glad to be part of the revitalization of this great city. ", "I’m so grateful to be a part of the rebuilding of the community,\" says Keasha.", "\n\nShe has dressed brides from all over the world, and now brides from the Detroit area can find their dream wedding dress with her expertise.", "\n\nAshley Mack went to see Keasha at Beautiful Bridal\nthe first week it opened. ", "She said working with Keasha was a breath of fresh air and she made her dress hunting fun and exciting.", "\n\n\"To find out that Keasha Rigsby was going to be here promoting, selling dresses and helping girls out was awesome. ", "And then you walk into this beautiful mansion, and that’s breathtaking here in the city of Detroit,\" says Ashley.", "\n\nEarlier this year, Mayor Mike Duggan awarded Keasha and her business partner one of many small business grants. ", "They used the money to increase their inventory and provide more options for brides who have that perfect dress in mind.", "\n\n\"I need the best of the best. ", "So when I’m going into these showrooms and when I’m meeting with these designers, I look for like every little detail down to the itty bitty bead; just how it was placed on the dress, it shows me that the designer loves what he or she is creating,\" explains Keasha.", "\n\nThe dresses start at $3,000 and are beautifully displayed in the historic mansion on Jefferson Avenue. ", "Working with brides for as long as she has, does she have any \"bridezilla\" stories?", "\n\n\"Oh you know what? ", "I don't like calling them that... Because no one really knows what goes on with these young ladies and you know, any bride for that matter. ", "No one knows the stress, no one knows the pressure, so I don't like to refer to any bride as a bridezilla.\"", "\n\n\"I look at each and every one of my brides as they step into my store, they’re stepping into a new chapter in their lives,\" says Keasha. \"", "The most rewarding part is just seeing, I know it may sound corny but seeing the smiles of my brides.\"", "\n\nBeautiful Bridal\nis by appointment only but selling dresses isn't the only thing they do. ", "They also host fundraisers and events as well as \"try on\" parties where your group of friends can come in and try on as many dresses as you'd like." ]

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[ "// Foundation/URLSession/TaskRegistry.swift - URLSession & libcurl\n//\n// This source file is part of the Swift.org open source project\n//\n// Copyright (c) 2014 - 2016 Apple Inc. and the Swift project authors\n// Licensed under Apache License v2.0 with Runtime Library Exception\n//\n// See http://swift.org/LICENSE.txt for license information\n// See http://swift.org/CONTRIBUTORS.txt for the list of Swift project authors\n//\n// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n///\n/// These are libcurl helpers for the URLSession API code.", "\n/// - SeeAlso: https://curl.haxx.se/libcurl/c/\n/// - SeeAlso: URLSession.swift\n///\n// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n#if os(macOS) || os(iOS) || os(watchOS) || os(tvOS)\nimport SwiftFoundation\n#else\nimport Foundation\n#endif\n\n@_implementationOnly import CoreFoundation\nimport Dispatch\n\nextension URLSession {\n /// This helper class keeps track of all tasks, and their behaviours.", "\n ///\n /// Each `URLSession` has a `TaskRegistry` for its running tasks. ", "The\n /// *behaviour* defines what action is to be taken e.g. upon completion.", "\n /// The behaviour stores the completion handler for tasks that are\n /// completion handler based.", "\n ///\n /// - Note: This must **only** be accessed on the owning session's work queue.", "\n class _TaskRegistry {\n /// Completion handler for `URLSessionDataTask`, and `URLSessionUploadTask`.", "\n typealias DataTaskCompletion = (Data?, ", "URLResponse?, ", "Error?) -", "> Void\n /// Completion handler for `URLSessionDownloadTask`.", "\n typealias DownloadTaskCompletion = (URL?, ", "URLResponse?, ", "Error?) -", "> Void\n /// What to do upon events (such as completion) of a specific task.", "\n enum _Behaviour {\n /// Call the `URLSession`s delegate\n case callDelegate\n /// Default action for all events, except for completion.", "\n case dataCompletionHandler(DataTaskCompletion)\n /// Default action for all events, except for completion.", "\n case downloadCompletionHandler(DownloadTaskCompletion)\n }\n \n fileprivate var tasks: [Int: URLSessionTask] = [:]\n fileprivate var behaviours: [Int: _Behaviour] = [:]\n fileprivate var tasksFinishedCallback: (() -> Void)?", "\n }\n}\n\nextension URLSession._TaskRegistry {\n /// Add a task\n ///\n /// - Note: This must **only** be accessed on the owning session's work queue.", "\n func add(_ task: URLSessionTask, behaviour: _Behaviour) {\n let identifier = task.taskIdentifier\n guard identifier !", "= 0 else { fatalError(\"Invalid task identifier\") }\n guard tasks.index(forKey: identifier) == nil else {\n if tasks[identifier] === task {\n fatalError(\"Trying to re-insert a task that's already in the registry.\")", "\n } else {\n fatalError(\"Trying to insert a task, but a different task with the same identifier is already in the registry.\")", "\n }\n }\n tasks[identifier] = task\n behaviours[identifier] = behaviour\n }\n /// Remove a task\n ///\n /// - Note: This must **only** be accessed on the owning session's work queue.", "\n func remove(_ task: URLSessionTask) {\n let identifier = task.taskIdentifier\n guard identifier !", "= 0 else { fatalError(\"Invalid task identifier\") }\n guard let tasksIdx = tasks.index(forKey: identifier) else {\n fatalError(\"Trying to remove task, but it's not in the registry.\")", "\n }\n tasks.remove(at: tasksIdx)\n guard let behaviourIdx = behaviours.index(forKey: identifier) else {\n fatalError(\"Trying to remove task's behaviour, but it's not in the registry.\")", "\n }\n behaviours.remove(at: behaviourIdx)\n\n guard let allTasksFinished = tasksFinishedCallback else { return }\n if self.isEmpty {\n allTasksFinished()\n }\n }\n\n func notify(on tasksCompletion: @escaping () -> Void) {\n tasksFinishedCallback = tasksCompletion\n }\n\n var isEmpty: Bool {\n return tasks.isEmpty\n }\n \n var allTasks: [URLSessionTask] {\n return tasks.map { $0.value }\n }\n}\nextension URLSession._TaskRegistry {\n /// The behaviour that's registered for the given task.", "\n ///\n /// - Note: It is a programming error to pass a task that isn't registered.", "\n /// - Note: This must **only** be accessed on the owning session's work queue.", "\n func behaviour(for task: URLSessionTask) -> _Behaviour {\n guard let b = behaviours[task.taskIdentifier] else {\n fatalError(\"Trying to access a behaviour for a task that in not in the registry.\")", "\n }\n return b\n }\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

[ 0.0007126153795979917, 0.0011028411099687219, 0.0007826850633136928, 0.0006826284225098789, 0.0007272730581462383, 0.0008916215156204998, 0.000841388653498143, 0.0008297390304505825, 0.001955938758328557, 0.0009445316973142326, 0.0009395382949151099, 0.0009905531769618392, 0.001955938758328557, 0.0009445316973142326, 0.0007124938420020044, 0.0010711515787988901, 0.0006653303280472755, 0.0009937945287674665, 0.0008374142344109714, 0.0013276252429932356, 0.0010668935719877481, 0.0007223612046800554, 0.0008688030065968633, 0.0014394267927855253, 0.0011238373117521405, 0.000988166080787778, 0.00902626570314169, 0.0022431572433561087, 0.0007244368898682296, 0.001161067048087716, 0.002398610347881913 ]

[ "English & Spanish Medical Words & Phrases, Fourth Edition is a handy, pocket-sized reference covering thousands of key terms and phrases used in clinician-patient interactions. ", "It's the perfect resource for nurses and other health care professionals who care for Spanish-speaking patients or whose primary language is Spanish.", "\n\nThe book covers important terms related to every aspect of patient care, including systems assessment, patient teaching, discharge, medical equipment and supplies, diagnostic tests, treatments, nutrition and diet therapy, and complementary and alternative therapies. ", "Anatomical illustrations are included to facilitate communication. ", "This Fourth Edition includes an English-Spanish picture dictionary and Spanish pain-rating scales.", "\n\n.", "\n\nRead English & Spanish Medical Words & Phrases (LWW, English and Spanish Medical Words and Phrases) complete books online for free. ", "Reading English & Spanish Medical Words & Phrases (LWW, English and Spanish Medical Words and Phrases) full free books online without downloading.", "Looking up to the full article E-Books free download? ", "Here you can read\n\nEnglish & Spanish Medical Words & Phrases (LWW, English and Spanish Medical Words and Phrases) . ", "You can also read and download new and old full E-Books. ", "Enjoy and relax with full English & Spanish Medical Words & Phrases (LWW, English and Spanish Medical Words and Phrases) Books Online." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0005805906257592142, 0.0009457830456085503, 0.000599755032453686, 0.0005641034222207963, 0.0007900819764472544, 0.0021375224459916353, 0.0006031814264133573, 0.0006137736490927637, 0.0006224449607543647, 0.0005717474268749356, 0.0007814014097675681, 0.0005660663591697812 ]

[ "KCFN\n\nKCFN (91.1 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Christian format. ", "Licensed to Wichita, Kansas, United States, the station serves the Wichita area. ", "The station is owned by American Family Association and is an affiliate of American Family Radio.", "\n\nHistory\nThe station began broadcasting on April 23, 1978, holding the call sign KDSA, and was owned by the Defenders School of the Air. ", "In 1981, the station was sold to Friends University for $100,000. ", "Its call sign was changed to KSOF the following year. ", "KSOF aired a classical music/fine arts format.", "\n\nIn 1992, the station was sold to New Life Fellowship for $205,000, and it adopted a Christian contemporary format. ", "On June 15, 1992, its call sign was changed to KZZD and on July 12, 1993, its call sign was changed to KCFN. ", "In 1994, the station was sold to American Family Association for $275,000, and it became an affiliate of American Family Radio.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCFN\nCategory:Religious radio stations in the United States\nCategory:American Family Radio stations\nCategory:Moody Radio affiliate stations\nCategory:Radio stations established in 1978" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

[ 0.001297596376389265, 0.0006072347168810666, 0.0009289397276006639, 0.0006553077255375683, 0.0007902857614681125, 0.0008032064069993794, 0.0007920223288238049, 0.0008290581754408777, 0.0008937733946368098, 0.0008770189597271383, 0.0006128909881226718 ]

[ "The ‘Vitalalm’ Spa in our Wellness Hotel\n\nExperience Wellness in the Front row seat in the Hohe Tauern National Park\n\nThe panoramic views of the Hohe Tauern National Park are fascinating and breathtaking. ", "Here I want to experience quiet, here I’m free and secure. ", "Rest, warmth, water, Christine's nature, healing hands, that’s what I want!", "\n\n• Beautiful views from the ‘Vital Alm’\n\nWellness in the Land hotel ‘gut Sonnberghof’.", "\n\nThe \"vitalalm\" is pleasantly quiet and comfortably warm, aromatically scented and relaxing. ", "Here, too, the view - from the quiet meadow or the snow-covered mountains of the National Park Hohe Tauern in Salzburgerland and around the Sonnberghof it is a dream.", "\n\nRelax & rejuvenate in our wellness hotel\n\nRELAXATION ROOMOur circular relaxation room inspired us to christen the new wellness area \"Vital Alm\". ", "The beautiful views of the pastures and the energy flowing round design guarantee relaxation. ", "Here, chat with friends, relax after a vitalising sauna or enjoy your day dreams immersed in the views of the mountains all around.", "\n\nSaunas & steam baths\n\n‘PINZGAUER’ SAUNA\n\nThe oldest and most well-known saunas: The classic sauna created by the Finns can be heated to approx. ", "90 ° C with relatively low humidity. ", "Let yourself be pampered by the smell of the natural, native wood from the mountains. ", "Natural flavor infusions help you to achieve complete relaxation." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

[ 0.0006585549563169479, 0.0006624230300076306, 0.0006961334147490561, 0.0006383543368428946, 0.0006073582917451859, 0.0007675462402403355, 0.000696156348567456, 0.0005221262690611184, 0.001034882734529674, 0.0007406636723317206, 0.000640429905615747, 0.004457377828657627, 0.0005321317003108561 ]

[ "// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style\n// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\n// +build aix darwin dragonfly freebsd linux netbsd openbsd solaris\n\npackage unix\n\nimport (\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"sort\"\n\t\"sync\"\n\t\"syscall\"\n\t\"unsafe\"\n)\n\nvar (\n\tStdin = 0\n\tStdout = 1\n\tStderr = 2\n)\n\n// Do the interface allocations only once for common\n// Errno values.", "\nvar (\n\terrEAGAIN error = syscall.", "EAGAIN\n\terrEINVAL error = syscall.", "EINVAL\n\terrENOENT error = syscall.", "ENOENT\n)\n\nvar (\n\tsignalNameMapOnce sync.", "Once\n\tsignalNameMap map[string]syscall.", "Signal\n)\n\n// errnoErr returns common boxed Errno values, to prevent\n// allocations at runtime.", "\nfunc errnoErr(e syscall.", "Errno) error {\n\tswitch e {\n\tcase 0:\n\t\treturn nil\n\tcase EAGAIN:\n\t\treturn errEAGAIN\n\tcase EINVAL:\n\t\treturn errEINVAL\n\tcase ENOENT:\n\t\treturn errENOENT\n\t}\n\treturn e\n}\n\n// ErrnoName returns the error name for error number e.\nfunc ErrnoName(e syscall.", "Errno) string {\n\ti := sort.", "Search(len(errorList), func(i int) bool {\n\t\treturn errorList[i].num >= e\n\t})\n\tif i < len(errorList) && errorList[i].num == e {\n\t\treturn errorList[i].name\n\t}\n\treturn \"\"\n}\n\n// SignalName returns the signal name for signal number s.\nfunc SignalName(s syscall.", "Signal) string {\n\ti := sort.", "Search(len(signalList), func(i int) bool {\n\t\treturn signalList[i].num >= s\n\t})\n\tif i < len(signalList) && signalList[i].num == s {\n\t\treturn signalList[i].name\n\t}\n\treturn \"\"\n}\n\n// SignalNum returns the syscall.", "Signal for signal named s,\n// or 0 if a signal with such name is not found.", "\n// The signal name should start with \"SIG\".", "\nfunc SignalNum(s string) syscall.", "Signal {\n\tsignalNameMapOnce.", "Do(func() {\n\t\tsignalNameMap = make(map[string]syscall.", "Signal)\n\t\tfor _, signal := range signalList {\n\t\t\tsignalNameMap[signal.name] = signal.num\n\t\t}\n\t})\n\treturn signalNameMap[s]\n}\n\n// clen returns the index of the first NULL byte in n or len(n) if n contains no NULL byte.", "\nfunc clen(n []byte) int {\n\ti := bytes.", "IndexByte(n, 0)\n\tif i == -1 {\n\t\ti = len(n)\n\t}\n\treturn i\n}\n\n// Mmap manager, for use by operating system-specific implementations.", "\n\ntype mmapper struct {\n\tsync.", "Mutex\n\tactive map[*byte][]byte // active mappings; key is last byte in mapping\n\tmmap func(addr, length uintptr, prot, flags, fd int, offset int64) (uintptr, error)\n\tmunmap func(addr uintptr, length uintptr) error\n}\n\nfunc (m *mmapper) Mmap(fd int, offset int64, length int, prot int, flags int) (data []byte, err error) {\n\tif length <= 0 {\n\t\treturn nil, EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Map the requested memory.", "\n\taddr, errno := m.mmap(0, uintptr(length), prot, flags, fd, offset)\n\tif errno !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, errno\n\t}\n\n\t// Slice memory layout\n\tvar sl = struct {\n\t\taddr uintptr\n\t\tlen int\n\t\tcap int\n\t}{addr, length, length}\n\n\t// Use unsafe to turn sl into a []byte.", "\n\tb := *(*[]byte)(unsafe.", "Pointer(&sl))\n\n\t// Register mapping in m and return it.", "\n\tp := &b[cap(b)-1]\n\tm.Lock()\n\tdefer m.Unlock()\n\tm.active[p] = b\n\treturn b, nil\n}\n\nfunc (m *mmapper) Munmap(data []byte) (err error) {\n\tif len(data) == 0 || len(data) !", "= cap(data) {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Find the base of the mapping.", "\n\tp := &data[cap(data)-1]\n\tm.Lock()\n\tdefer m.Unlock()\n\tb := m.active[p]\n\tif b == nil || &b[0] !", "= &data[0] {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\n\t// Unmap the memory and update m.\n\tif errno := m.munmap(uintptr(unsafe.", "Pointer(&b[0])), uintptr(len(b))); errno !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn errno\n\t}\n\tdelete(m.active, p)\n\treturn nil\n}\n\nfunc Read(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error) {\n\tn, err = read(fd, p)\n\tif raceenabled {\n\t\tif n > 0 {\n\t\t\traceWriteRange(unsafe.", "Pointer(&p[0]), n)\n\t\t}\n\t\tif err == nil {\n\t\t\traceAcquire(unsafe.", "Pointer(&ioSync))\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Write(fd int, p []byte) (n int, err error) {\n\tif raceenabled {\n\t\traceReleaseMerge(unsafe.", "Pointer(&ioSync))\n\t}\n\tn, err = write(fd, p)\n\tif raceenabled && n > 0 {\n\t\traceReadRange(unsafe.", "Pointer(&p[0]), n)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\n// For testing: clients can set this flag to force\n// creation of IPv6 sockets to return EAFNOSUPPORT.", "\nvar SocketDisableIPv6 bool\n\n// Sockaddr represents a socket address.", "\ntype Sockaddr interface {\n\tsockaddr() (ptr unsafe.", "Pointer, len _Socklen, err error) // lowercase; only we can define Sockaddrs\n}\n\n// SockaddrInet4 implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_INET type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrInet4 struct {\n\tPort int\n\tAddr [4]byte\n\traw RawSockaddrInet4\n}\n\n// SockaddrInet6 implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_INET6 type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrInet6 struct {\n\tPort int\n\tZoneId uint32\n\tAddr [16]byte\n\traw RawSockaddrInet6\n}\n\n// SockaddrUnix implements the Sockaddr interface for AF_UNIX type sockets.", "\ntype SockaddrUnix struct {\n\tName string\n\traw RawSockaddrUnix\n}\n\nfunc Bind(fd int, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn bind(fd, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc Connect(fd int, sa Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := sa.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn connect(fd, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc Getpeername(fd int) (sa Sockaddr, err error) {\n\tvar rsa RawSockaddrAny\n\tvar len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny\n\tif err = getpeername(fd, &rsa, &len); err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\treturn anyToSockaddr(fd, &rsa)\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptByte(fd, level, opt int) (value byte, err error) {\n\tvar n byte\n\tvallen := _Socklen(1)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn n, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptInt(fd, level, opt int) (value int, err error) {\n\tvar n int32\n\tvallen := _Socklen(4)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn int(n), err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptInet4Addr(fd, level, opt int) (value [4]byte, err error) {\n\tvallen := _Socklen(4)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value[0]), &vallen)\n\treturn value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPMreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPMreq, error) {\n\tvar value IPMreq\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPMreq)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6Mreq, error) {\n\tvar value IPv6Mreq\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6Mreq)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptIPv6MTUInfo(fd, level, opt int) (*IPv6MTUInfo, error) {\n\tvar value IPv6MTUInfo\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofIPv6MTUInfo)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptICMPv6Filter(fd, level, opt int) (*ICMPv6Filter, error) {\n\tvar value ICMPv6Filter\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofICMPv6Filter)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), &vallen)\n\treturn &value, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptLinger(fd, level, opt int) (*Linger, error) {\n\tvar linger Linger\n\tvallen := _Socklen(SizeofLinger)\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&linger), &vallen)\n\treturn &linger, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptTimeval(fd, level, opt int) (*Timeval, error) {\n\tvar tv Timeval\n\tvallen := _Socklen(unsafe.", "Sizeof(tv))\n\terr := getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&tv), &vallen)\n\treturn &tv, err\n}\n\nfunc GetsockoptUint64(fd, level, opt int) (value uint64, err error) {\n\tvar n uint64\n\tvallen := _Socklen(8)\n\terr = getsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), &vallen)\n\treturn n, err\n}\n\nfunc Recvfrom(fd int, p []byte, flags int) (n int, from Sockaddr, err error) {\n\tvar rsa RawSockaddrAny\n\tvar len _Socklen = SizeofSockaddrAny\n\tif n, err = recvfrom(fd, p, flags, &rsa, &len); err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn\n\t}\n\tif rsa.", "Addr.", "Family !", "= AF_UNSPEC {\n\t\tfrom, err = anyToSockaddr(fd, &rsa)\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Sendto(fd int, p []byte, flags int, to Sockaddr) (err error) {\n\tptr, n, err := to.sockaddr()\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\treturn sendto(fd, p, flags, ptr, n)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptByte(fd, level, opt int, value byte) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), 1)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptInt(fd, level, opt int, value int) (err error) {\n\tvar n = int32(value)\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&n), 4)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptInet4Addr(fd, level, opt int, value [4]byte) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value[0]), 4)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptIPMreq(fd, level, opt int, mreq *IPMreq) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(mreq), SizeofIPMreq)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptIPv6Mreq(fd, level, opt int, mreq *IPv6Mreq) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(mreq), SizeofIPv6Mreq)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptICMPv6Filter(fd, level, opt int, filter *ICMPv6Filter) error {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(filter), SizeofICMPv6Filter)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptLinger(fd, level, opt int, l *Linger) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(l), SizeofLinger)\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptString(fd, level, opt int, s string) (err error) {\n\tvar p unsafe.", "Pointer\n\tif len(s) > 0 {\n\t\tp = unsafe.", "Pointer(&[]byte(s)[0])\n\t}\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, p, uintptr(len(s)))\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptTimeval(fd, level, opt int, tv *Timeval) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(tv), unsafe.", "Sizeof(*tv))\n}\n\nfunc SetsockoptUint64(fd, level, opt int, value uint64) (err error) {\n\treturn setsockopt(fd, level, opt, unsafe.", "Pointer(&value), 8)\n}\n\nfunc Socket(domain, typ, proto int) (fd int, err error) {\n\tif domain == AF_INET6 && SocketDisableIPv6 {\n\t\treturn -1, EAFNOSUPPORT\n\t}\n\tfd, err = socket(domain, typ, proto)\n\treturn\n}\n\nfunc Socketpair(domain, typ, proto int) (fd [2]int, err error) {\n\tvar fdx [2]int32\n\terr = socketpair(domain, typ, proto, &fdx)\n\tif err == nil {\n\t\tfd[0] = int(fdx[0])\n\t\tfd[1] = int(fdx[1])\n\t}\n\treturn\n}\n\nvar ioSync int64\n\nfunc CloseOnExec(fd int) { fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC) }\n\nfunc SetNonblock(fd int, nonblocking bool) (err error) {\n\tflag, err := fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0)\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn err\n\t}\n\tif nonblocking {\n\t\tflag |= O_NONBLOCK\n\t} else {\n\t\tflag &= ^O_NONBLOCK\n\t}\n\t_, err = fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flag)\n\treturn err\n}\n\n// Exec calls execve(2), which replaces the calling executable in the process\n// tree. ", "argv0 should be the full path to an executable (\"/bin/ls\") and the\n// executable name should also be the first argument in argv ([\"ls\", \"-l\"]).", "\n// envv are the environment variables that should be passed to the new\n// process ([\"USER=go\", \"PWD=/tmp\"]).", "\nfunc Exec(argv0 string, argv []string, envv []string) error {\n\treturn syscall.", "Exec(argv0, argv, envv)\n}\n\n// Lutimes sets the access and modification times tv on path. ", "If path refers to\n// a symlink, it is not dereferenced and the timestamps are set on the symlink.", "\n// If tv is nil, the access and modification times are set to the current time.", "\n// Otherwise tv must contain exactly 2 elements, with access time as the first\n// element and modification time as the second element.", "\nfunc Lutimes(path string, tv []Timeval) error {\n\tif tv == nil {\n\t\treturn UtimesNanoAt(AT_FDCWD, path, nil, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)\n\t}\n\tif len(tv) !", "= 2 {\n\t\treturn EINVAL\n\t}\n\tts := []Timespec{\n\t\tNsecToTimespec(TimevalToNsec(tv[0])),\n\t\tNsecToTimespec(TimevalToNsec(tv[1])),\n\t}\n\treturn UtimesNanoAt(AT_FDCWD, path, ts, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)\n}\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Alastair Martin\n\nAlastair Bradley Martin (March 11, 1915 – January 12, 2010) was a U.S. National Championships title winner, Tennis Hall of Fame inductee, and president of the United States Lawn Tennis Association. ", "The New York Times attributes Martin with helping to \"forge the modern era of the Grand Slam-style game.\"", "\n\nMartin graduated from Princeton in 1938. ", "Martin was also an art collector and the holder of the Guennol Collection.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nInternational Tennis Hall of Fame\n The Guennol collection of Mr. and Mrs. Alastair B. Martin, a fully digitized exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries\n\nCategory:1915 births\nCategory:2010 deaths\nCategory:American male tennis players\nCategory:Princeton Tigers men's tennis players\nCategory:International Tennis Hall of Fame inductees" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Fox News' host Sean Hannity defended former National Security Advisor Michael Flynn Thursday and advised him to withdraw his plea and \"fight.\"", "\n\n\"My advice to General Flynn is this: Get your new lawyers, move forward with your legal team. ", "Withdraw that plea and fight this in court. ", "You do not deserve the setup that was Comey and McCabe. ", "That is a national, despicable, disgusting disgrace what they did to him,\" Hannity said on his television show.", "\n\nDOJ DOESN'T NEED TO PROVIDE TRANSCRIPT OF KEY FLYNN PHONE CALL AFTER ALL, JUDGE RULES\n\nAccording to a motion filed in D.C. federal court on Thursday, Flynn is ending his relationship with the law firm Covington & Burling, and has already hired new legal representation.", "\n\nFlynn pleaded guilty to providing false statements to the FBI during a January 2017 interview. ", "He admitted to lying about his communications with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak in December 2016.", "\n\nFlynn has been cooperating for months with former Special Counsel Robert Mueller and federal prosecutors, and this move could signal he may be contesting his upcoming sentencing -- and perhaps may wish to change his plea.", "\n\nHannity contends that Flynn's plea \"was the result of a perjury trap\" laid out by Mueller, former FBI director James Comey and former FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe.", "\n\nThe host, in particular, went after Comey.", "\n\n\"James Comey bragged about how he would do something he'd never do in the Obama administration or the Bush administration. ", "And he's boasting about setting up a man who served this country for 33 years and put his life on the line in wartime,\" Hannity said, referring to Comey's comments to MSNBC's Nicole Wallace where he admitted he sent agents to the White House while they were unprepared.", "\n\n\"Something I probably wouldn't have done or maybe gotten away within a more organized investigation, a more organized administration in the George W. Bush administration for example or the Obama administration,\" Comey said December of last year. \"", "In both those administrations, there was a process. ", "And so if the FBI wanted to send agents into the White House itself to interview a senior official you would work through the White House counsel and there would be discussions and approvals and who would be there. ", "And I thought it's early enough, let's just send a couple of guys over.\"", "\n\nCLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP\n\nHannity reacting to those comments called out Comey for his treatment of Flynn.", "\n\n\"So you told him not to get a lawyer. ", "Then you set him up. ", "Then you brag about setting him up... What a jackass! ", "Who treats a 33-year veteran like this? ", "That's how we treat American heroes, we set them up we tell them not to have lawyers ... We pretty much say it's not an investigation and brag about it?\" ", "Hannity said." ]

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[ "Mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in anaerobic bacteria.", "\nThe known mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance in anaerobic bacteria involve production of beta-lactamases, alteration of penicillin-binding proteins, and blocking of the penetration of beta-lactams through the outer membranes. ", "The most important factor in beta-lactam resistance is the production of beta-lactamase. ", "beta-Lactamases in various Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, and Clostridium species have been described. ", "beta-Lactam resistance in Bacteroides fragilis is most commonly mediated by the production of beta-lactamase, primarily of the cephalosporinase type. ", "Studies have also shown that B. fragilis can produce a penicillinase that inactivates piperacillin and carbenicillin. ", "Enzymes that inactivate cefoxitin and imipenem have also been found in B. fragilis. ", "The nonfragilis Bacteroides species produce beta-lactamases mainly of the penicillinase type. ", "Recently a penicillinase from Fusobacterium nucleatum has been characterized. ", "Among the clostridia, Clostridium butyricum, clostridium clostridiiforme and Clostridium ramosum have been shown to produce penicillinases." ]

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[ "Propelled by rocket fuel, ego and tunnel vision, Eugene Cernan was the last man to walk on the moon. ", "Now a new film tells his amazing story, from the crash that charred his helmet to the ‘spacewalk from hell’\n\nEugene Cernan has felt the white heat of re-entry three times. “", "The landing,” says the astronaut, understandably animated by the memory, “is like being immersed in a sheet of fire, a comet, a shooting star.” ", "Cernan, alongside crewmates Thomas Stafford and John Young, has also travelled faster than any human being in history: Apollo 10 at one point reached 24,791mph, earning it a mention in the Guinness Book of Records.", "\n\nCernan is talking about The Last Man on the Moon, a new documentary that gives the naturally reticent astronaut, now 82, a chance to tell his story. ", "The bare bones are thus: born in Chicago in 1934 to a Czech mother and Slovak father, he became a naval aviator before being selected by Nasa for astronaut training. ", "He went on to pilot Gemini 9A in June 1966 and Apollo 10 in May 1969, before being selected as commander of Apollo 17, which carried out the most recent moon landing in December 1972. ", "It was on this voyage that Cernan, the final astronaut to reboard the lunar module, became the 12th – and last – man to walk on the moon.", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest ‘If you think going to the moon is hard, try staying at home’ … Cernan with his family\n\nHe is, as Mark Craig’s film shows, a survivor of that great adventure: neither becoming capsized by it, as Buzz Aldrin was for a while, using alcohol; nor retreating from it, as the reclusive Neil Armstrong did. ", "Like many astronauts, he retains a quiet authority, a military matter-of-factness that manifests itself in certain recurring phrases, not least: “We were there to do a job.”", "\n\n\n\nOccasionally, though, this reticence gives way to a sense of wonder. ", "Some of the best moments in the documentary come when the still-dramatic images of Cernan’s missions are merged with his evocative reflections. “", "You can hear yourself breathe inside the suit,” he says of the long moments of stillness and expectation just before the launch of Apollo 10. “", "Everything intensifies – but the clock keeps going.”", "\n\nThe ground rumbled and the fish jumped out of the lake\n\nCernan’s first words in The Last Man on the Moon are: “I am the luckiest human being in the world.” ", "But as the film shows, he had his share of bad luck. ", "His first spacewalk from Gemini 9, dogged by technical difficulties, was surely an inspiration for Gravity. ", "Not given to overstatement, he later described it as “the spacewalk from hell”. ", "And although he had successfully carried out more than 200 landings as a navy pilot, he crashed a helicopter in 1971, just two weeks before Apollo 14 was launched, a mission for which he had been chosen as back-up flight commander.", "\n\nHe still has the helmet, most of which is charcoal black. “", "How can anyone do something so dumb?” ", "he says, still angry with himself. ", "Cernan thought he had “screwed up” his chance of ever being considered for another lunar mission, but a few weeks later he got a call saying: “The job’s still yours if you want it.” ", "The following year, Cernan led the final mission.", "\n\n“The ground rumbled and all the fish jumped out of the lake,” remembers his then wife, Barbara, of the night launch of Apollo 17. ", "She was one of 500,000 people who watched it from Kennedy Space Center, in Florida, while people as far away as Miami – 225 miles south – saw a red streak in the sky. “", "It was my personal moment of reckoning,” says Cernan. “", "This is what I had asked for.”", "\n\nHe and Harrison Schmitt spent three days on the moon’s surface. “", "People say, ‘What was it really like up there?’ ", "Or they’ll ask, ‘Did you find God?’ ", "What I remember was that I felt like I had shaped up.” ", "Was he able to have a break and at least try to take in the wonder of it all? “", "Well, you couldn’t not. ", "We saw some dazzling, extraordinary things, and you had to take time to appreciate them. ", "I mean, not too many people get to see an Earth-rise.” ", "He pauses for a long time. “", "When I was boarding the lunar module for the last time and I looked at my footprints, I knew I wouldn’t be coming back. ", "That was the one moment when I wanted to stop time.”", "\n\nFacebook Twitter Pinterest One last fitting … Cernan in training\n\nUnlike the first man to walk on the moon, the late Neil Armstrong, with whom he became friends, Cernan seems to have relished the celebrity the moon landing bestowed on him. ", "He still makes public appearances. “", "I enjoy meeting people,” he tells me, his voice still strong. “", "I feel like I’m thanking them for that faith they had in me.”", "\n\nLast Man on the Moon recalls US era of courage to do the impossible Read more\n\nThe documentary shows the human cost of that celebrity, however, particularly for his first wife, Barbara, who says: “If you think going to the moon is hard, try staying at home.” ", "Their marriage did not survive. ", "The Apollo astronauts were an elite group of alpha males, to which family often took second place. ", "Bound by the discipline and dedication of their calling, but also by their shared sense of destiny, they developed egos to match. “", "We were so tunnel-vision about going to the moon,” says Cernan regretfully in the film, “that we never had time to get off that big white horse we were riding until it was too late. ", "But sooner or later, you’ve got to come to grips with who you are and what’s important in life.”", "\n\nCernan now seems to have done that. ", "Does he keep in touch with his fellow astronauts? “", "Well, you don’t become best friends for the rest of your life in the way you might expect,” he says. “", "That was certainly not the case with my flights anyway.” ", "But there is one thing he is clear about: “All I ever wanted to do was fly. ", "For a long time, there was nothing else.”", "\n\n• The Last Man on the Moon is out now in the US and opens 8 April in the UK.", "\n\n\n\n" ]

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[ "2003 Quebec general election\n\nThe 2003 Quebec general election was held on April 14, 2003, to elect members of the National Assembly of Quebec (Canada). ", "The Parti libéral du Québec (PLQ), led by Jean Charest, defeated the incumbent Parti Québécois, led by Premier Bernard Landry.", "\n\nIn Champlain there was a tie between PQ candidate Noëlla Champagne and Liberal candidate Pierre-A. Brouillette; although the initial tally was 11,867 to 11,859, a judicial recount produced a tally of 11,852 each. ", "A new election was held on May 20 and was won by Champagne by a margin of 642 votes.", "\n\nUnfolding\n\nIn 2002, the Parti Québécois (PQ) government had been in power for two mandates. ", "It was seen as worn-out by some, and its poll numbers fell sharply. ", "It placed third at its lowest point. ", "An important part of its support was going to the Action Démocratique du Québec (ADQ) and its young leader, Mario Dumont. ", "Some PQ supporters had left for the Liberal party.", "\n\nLandry, leader of the PQ, undertook a revitalization of the party and its image. ", "As the ideas of the conservative nature of ADQ's platform became more apparent, that party's popularity declined. ", "Social democratic measures taken by the PQ government, like the passing of the \"Law against poverty\" helped improve the PQ's standing in the public opinion polls. ", "PLQ leader Jean Charest initially continued to be unpopular with voters.", "\n\nThe 2003 election happened against the backdrop of the war in Iraq. ", "The battles of that war took place during the first half of the campaign, diverting the attention of the media and the population. ", "Landry became known for his custom of wearing the white ribbon (which in 2003 was worn by people in favour of peace). ", "This custom was shortly followed by the two other main party leaders, Charest and Dumont. ", "Landry was the most outspoken critic of the war. ", "The other two were more discreet on the matter. ", "Charest once stated that it was an opportunity to reaffirm his \"belief in peace\". ", "Dumont acted in a similar way, while also addressing criticism to Landry, saying that Quebecers should refrain from criticizing Americans too harshly since Americans were historical friends of Quebecers.", "\n\nThe desire for change was considered an important factor of the campaign (see \"Change\", below). ", "However, while reminding voters that the fundamental change was at the core of its primary ideal, sovereignty, the PQ focused its message and publicity not on change, but on stability. ", "Its campaign slogan emphasized this (see the Campaign slogans below). ", "Landry also tried to portray the vote as being a choice between the left wing PQ and two parties of the right. ", "The PLQ portrayed itself as centrist. ", "The PLQ produced dynamic ads and material, and released a new, younger logo. ", "The ADQ put forward its young, underdog leader, and denied being too much to the right. ", "It first broadcast a negative advertisement (a bleak television spot speaking of deaths in the hospitals) that backfired substantially, with criticism from opponents and citizens. ", "It shortly released a brighter, more positive advertising.", "\n\nDespite the PQ's recovery of support, Charest appeared as a viable alternative for people in desire of change, especially during the Leaders' Debate. ", "Also, the Parizeau Affair sparked by Charest is said to have harmed Landry's campaign up to election day. ", "The PQ lead in the public opinion polls vanished by mid-campaign.", "\n\nThe Parti Libéral won the election, while Parti Québécois won a respectable number of seats. ", "The ADQ won four seats, which was a considerable improvement from previous general elections. ", "It was nonetheless a disappointment for the party since it had five sitting members as a result of by-election victories in the previous year. ", "It had also had a high standing in the polls of that same year. ", " This was the first general election for the new left-wing Union des forces progressistes.", "\n\nA documentary about Bernard Landry's point of view of the campaign was released in 2003 called À Hauteur d'homme. ", "It was directed by Jean-Claude Labrecque.", "\n\nIssues\n\nHealth care\nJean Charest and the PLQ focused their campaign upon the issue of health care and reducing waiting lists. ", "The other major parties criticized Charest for planning to invest only in health care and education, while freezing other budgets. ", "Landry argued that money for health care would be available when the fiscal imbalance was solved by sovereignty. ", "He vowed to fight for money from Ottawa until then, as he had done earlier that year (see the \"Fiscal Imbalance\", below). ", "Charest portrayed Landry as putting sovereignty ahead of health care, and presented his party as the one that would make health care its first priority. ", "He also accused Landry's government of using waiting lists as an administration procedure for hospitals.", "\n\nChange\nThe desire for change was considered by the media to be a major deciding factor of the vote. ", "The media were criticized by the PQ and some citizens as \"wanting change for the sake of change\", since the government had ended its term with an economy doing well and high satisfaction polls for an outgoing administration. ", "Landry reminded voters that, while voting for his party did not change the government right away, the first ideal of the PQ, sovereignty, was \"the greatest of changes\". ", "At the Leaders' Debate, Charest told viewers that those wanting change should vote for the PLQ since \"A vote for the ADQ is a vote for the PQ\". ", "At the time, the ADQ was considered to be too low in the polls to be a potential victor. ", "Charest's reminder of the spoiler effect is said to have been partly responsible for his victory on election day. ", "The results on election day appear to have demonstrated the voters' desire for change.", "\n\nIncome tax\nCharest presented a plan of major reduction of income tax, which Landry opposed. ", "Quebec's income taxes are the highest in North America, but its social programs are also relatively generous, and the gap between rich and poor is the lowest of the North American continent. ", "The ADQ presented a flat tax plan in 2002. ", "This proved to be highly unpopular, and contributed to the image of the party as being too conservative. ", "This plan, in its pure form, was dropped in the beginning of 2003. ", "The ADQ claimed that, after further examination, the Quebec government did not have the resources to implement it. ", "This, again, hurt the party further by giving it the image of flip flopping.", "\n\nState size and intervention\nThe PQ government was criticized by the two other major parties for being too interventionist, maintaining an overly large government, and for practising statism. ", "Dumont spoke of Landry and the PQ's \"Social bureaucracy\", a pun on the Social democracy the PQ defends. ", "Landry responded to Charest and Dumont that \"Quebecers do not want less state, they want better state\". ", " Dumont had previously proposed a drastic reduction in the size of the civil service, but this was also softened before the campaign.", "\n\nFamily-work conciliation\nThe conciliation famille-travail became an important issue of the campaign as a result of Landry's \"Four day work-week\" plan. ", "This proposal would have required Quebec employers to offer the option of a four-day work week to parents. ", "This was presented by the PQ as a way to enhance family life, lower the stress on parents, and of counteracting the fall in Quebec's birthrate since the Quiet Revolution. ", "The plan was attacked by the PLQ and ADQ as being \"improvised\" since it was only presented near the beginning of the election. ", "It attracted some interest and support from voters, enough for Charest to declare, days before voting day, that he could consider implementing a four-day week, although the PLQ has not mentioned this since the election.", "\n\nFiscal imbalance\nThe theory of a fiscal imbalance between Ottawa and Quebec City was maintained and denounced by all major parties. ", "Charest argued that the co-operative approach of a federalist party like the PLQ would be more effective solving the problem. ", "As proof that the PQ would be able to solve the fiscal imbalance, Landry pointed to his success of early 2003, when he, along with the English Canadian Premiers, managed to come to an agreement with Prime Minister of Canada Jean Chrétien for more money to finance health care. ", "He promised to continue the \"battle\" to solve the imbalance until independence is achieved.", "\n\nCity mergers\nThe PQ government, during the premiership of Landry's predecessor Lucien Bouchard, had merged the major cities of Quebec. ", "The government argued that the mergers would allow a better division of the wealth and responsibilities between richer suburban communities and poorer parts of the main cities. ", "The mergers occurred despite widespread opposition in some municipalities. ", "Many Quebecers were still disgruntled, especially in wealthier and anglophone communities. ", "The PLQ proposed to allow referendums on de-amalgamation in communities where there was sufficient support. ", "The PQ and the ADQ strongly opposed the idea.", "\n\nSovereignty and autonomy\nWhile the PQ continued to promote sovereignty for Quebec with its usual arguments (dignity, culture, globalization, etc.), ", "it was also presented by the PQ as a way to solve the fiscal imbalance problem. ", "The ADQ made great efforts to avoid taking a position on the subject of independence in order to attract both sides of the National Question spectrum. ", "The ADQ positioned itself as a \"third way\" to Quebecers between what Dumont called \"radical separation\" and \"knelt down federalism\". ", "The ADQ had worked in favour of sovereignty during the 1995 Quebec referendum, but had been equivocal on the subject since then.", "\n\nThe PLQ criticized the PQ for using the politics of confrontation because of its sovereignty position, and argued that a PLQ government would restore Quebec's \"leadership role\" in the federation. ", "Landry promised a third referendum on independence \"in 1000 days\", confirming the plan he had set out in the Declaration of Gatineau, with support for independence running very low and support for a referendum running even lower in opinion polls; this did not prove to be a popular position. ", "An argument of Landry for this timetable was that he wanted Quebec to be present at the Summit of the Americas in Buenos Aires in 2005. ", "Representation for Quebec had been denied by Ottawa at the previous summit held in Quebec City, an act that angered many Quebecers. ", "At the same time, Landry kept the door opened to federalist support for the PQ and stated that he would only hold a referendum if he had the \"moral assurance\" of winning it. ", "This lead Charest to accuse him of having a \"hidden agenda\", during the Leaders' Debate.", "\n\nParizeau Affair\nOn the day of the leaders' debate, Charest's advisors gave him an article from the website of the Trois-Rivières newspaper Le Nouvelliste that spoke of past PQ leader Jacques Parizeau restating his controversial remarks about \"money and the ethnic vote\" which he had made in his 1995 referendum concession speech. ", "The truth of the article was later disputed, yet despite the uncertainty surrounding this article, Charest surprised Landry with it during the leaders' debate on live television. ", "This created a new controversy that ran for some days following the debate, and was said to have hurt Landry's campaign. ", "The PQ denounced Charest for launching an \"immoral attack\" on Parizeau's reputation and dignity, saying that the article was incorrect in concluding that he had repeated his comments, but this method of response was not enough to defuse the controversy. ", "The aftermath of the leaders' debate is thoroughly treated in the À Hauteur d'homme documentary, and became known as the Parizeau Affair.", "\n\nDay care\nThe \"five dollar-a-day child care\" program implemented by the PQ government of Lucien Bouchard was one of the most appreciated achievements of the recent PQ administration. ", "Some parents still did not have access to it, however, because of a lack of sufficient places. ", " Landry, who had been Minister of Finance when the plan was implemented, vowed to continue creating more spaces. ", "Charest presented his team as the most capable for this task. ", "He also vowed to keep the price at $5 a day. ", "He broke this promise later that year. ", "See Opposition to the Charest government.", "\n\nPublic debt\nThe Action Démocratique insisted that the Government of Quebec should pay down the public debt. ", "The other major leaders did not see it as a priority.", "\n\nContenders\n\nMajor parties\n\nAction démocratique du Québec\n\nQuebec Liberal Party\n\nParti Québécois\n\nMinor parties\n\nGreen Party of Quebec\n\nBloc Pot\n\nUnion des forces progressistes\n\nCampaign slogans\nAction démocratique du Québec: L'avenir autrement (The future differently)\nQuebec Liberal Party: Nous sommes prêts (We are ready)\nParti Québécois: Restons forts (Let us stay strong)\n\nIncumbent MNAs not running for re-election\n\nOverall Results\nThe overall results were:\n\nResults by riding \nThe results in each riding (electoral division) were:\n\nBas-Saint-Laurent and Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Bonaventure\n||\n|Nathalie Normandeau 11,975\n|\n|Marc Tétreault 6,313\n|\n|Maurice Anglehart 1,101\n|\n|Michel Goudreau (Green) 542\n||\n|Nathalie Normandeau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Gaspé\n|\n|Johnny Gérard 8,052\n||\n|Guy Lelièvre 9,033\n|\n|Denis Paradis 1,743\n|\n|Luc-Reno Fournier (Green) 227\n||\n|Guy Lelièvre\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Îles-de-la-Madeleine\n|\n|Simone LeBlanc 3,150\n||\n|Maxime Arseneau 4,606\n|\n|Évé Longuépée 92\n|\n|\n||\n|Maxime Arseneau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Kamouraska-Témiscouata\n||\n|Claude Béchard 11,266\n|\n|Harold LeBel 6,326\n|\n|Pierre Lévesque 6,504\n|\n|Guy Duguay (Green) 293\nRobert Raymond (Ind.) 238\n||\n|Claude Béchard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Matane\n||\n|Nancy Charest 7,602\n|\n|Pascal Bérubé 7,569\n|\n|Raynald Bernier 3,005\n|\n|Nelson Gauthier (Ind.) 178\nNestor Turcotte (Ind.) 135\nDavid Lejeune (Green) 124\n||\n|align=center|vacant\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Matapédia\n|\n|Gaston Pelletier 6,339\n||\n|Danielle Doyer 9,197\n|\n|Claude Fortin 4,686\n|\n|\n||\n|Danielle Doyer\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Rimouski\n|\n|Éric Forest 10,817\n||\n|Solange Charest 14,177\n|\n|Stéphane Laforest 4,719 \n|\n|\n||\n|Solange Charest\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Rivière-du-Loup\n|\n|Jacques Morin 5,585\n|\n|Carol Gilbert 4,155\n||\n|Mario Dumont 13,452\n|\n|Julie Morin (Green) 312\n||\n|Mario Dumont\n|-\n|}\n\nSaguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Côte-Nord and Nord-du-Québec\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chicoutimi\n|\n|Jean-Guy Maltais 11,814\n||\n|Stéphane Bédard 14,471\n|\n|Carl Savard 5,841\n|\n|Pierre Dostie (UFP) 670Dominic Tremblay (BP) 314\n||\n|Stéphane Bédard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Dubuc\n|\n|Johnny Simard 9,723\n||\n|Jacques Côté 9,767\n|\n|Claude Gauthier 5,162\n|\n|Marie Francine Bienvenue (UFP) 457\n||\n|Jacques Côté\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Duplessis\n|\n|Marc Proulx 8,018\n||\n|Lorraine Richard 10,926\n|\n|Steeve Trudel 2,530\n|\n|André Forbes (Ind.) 1,334\n||\n|Normand Duguay\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Jonquière\n||\n|Françoise Gauthier 13,826\n|\n|Myrtha Laflamme 11,386\n|\n|Réjean Laforest 5,216\n|\n|Batiste Foisy (BP) 368Michel Perron (UFP) 330\n||\n|Françoise Gauthier\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Lac-Saint-Jean\n|\n|Benoît Harvey 7,405\n||\n|Stéphan Tremblay 15,200\n|\n|Roger Filion 5,694\n|\n|\n||\n|Stéphan Tremblay\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Réne-Lévesque\n|\n|François Désy 5,215\n||\n|Marjolain Dufour 8,997\n|\n|François Corriveau 7,356\n|\n|Jean-Pierre Brison (Ind.) 449\n||\n|François Corriveau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Roberval\n||\n|Karl Blackburn 11,930\n|\n|Réjean Lalancette 11,686\n|\n|Bernard Généreaux 6,388\n|\n|Francis Breton (UFP) 453\n||\n|Benoît Laprise\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Ungava\n|\n|Don Bubar 4,258\n||\n|Michel Létourneau 5,744\n|\n|Gloria Trudeau 1,460\n|\n|\n||\n|Michel Létourneau\n|}\n\nCapitale-Nationale\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Charlesbourg\n||\n|Éric Mercier 17,169\n|\n|Sylvie Tremblay 9,741\n|\n|Jonatan Julien 10,936\n|\n|Yonnel Bonaventure (Green) 438Simon Carreau (UFP) 329\n||\n|Jean Rochon\n|-\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Charlevoix\n|\n|Denis Lavoie 8,758\n||\n|Rosaire Bertrand 10,131\n|\n|Daniel Bouchard 3,998\n|\n|Éric Tremblay (UFP) 168Gabriel Tremblay (Ind.) 105Phillippe Thivierge (DCQ) 62\n||\n|Rosaire Bertrand\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chauveau\n||\n|Sarah Perreault 14,774\n|\n|Nathalie Samson 8,506\n|\n|Hélène Napert 12,555\n|\n|Christian Légaré (Ind.) 624Marie-Noëlle Béland (UFP) 387\n||\n|Raymond Brouillet\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Jean-Lesage\n||\n|Michel Després 15,547\n|\n|Robert Caron 9,408\n|\n|Aurel Bélanger 8,912\n|\n|Jean-Yves Desgagnés (Ind.) 714Nicolas Frichot (BP) 390Jean Bédard (M-L) 185\n||\n|Michel Després\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Jean-Talon\n||\n|Margaret Delisle 15,475\n|\n|Daniel-Mercier Gouin 11,999\n|\n|Simon Lauzon 5,149\n|\n|Sacha Calixte (UFP) 515Antonine Yaccarini (Green) 477Sabrina Falardeau (BP) 197Robert Bonenfant (Ind.) 126\n||\n|Margaret Delisle\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|La Peltrie\n||\n|France Hamel 16,462\n|\n|Claude Gendreau 8,711\n|\n|Éric Caire 13,421\n|\n|Dany Hamel (Ind.) 586Guillaume Boivin (UFP) 515\n||\n|Michel Côté\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Louis-Hébert\n||\n|Sam Hamad 17,938\n|\n|Line-Sylvie Perron 11,688\n|\n|Guy Laforest 9,505\n|\n|Jean-Pierre Guay (Green) 493Jean-Phillipe Lessard-Beaupré (UFP) 402Pierre Laliberté (BP) 281\n||\n|Paul Bégin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Montmorency\n||\n|Raymond Bernier 13,708\n|\n|Jean-François Simard 11,226\n|\n|Jean-François Paquet 11,821\n|\n|Magali Paquin (UFP) 517\n||\n|Jean-François Simard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Portneuf\n||\n|Jean-Pierre Soucy 12,729\n|\n|Roger Bertrand 8,352\n|\n|Deny Lépine 10,781\n|\n|François Paradis-Caron (UFP) 413\n||\n|Roger Bertrand\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Taschereau\n|\n|Michel Beaudoin 11,240\n||\n|Agnès Maltais 12,930\n|\n|Jean-Guy Lemieux 6,537\n|\n|Alain Marcoux (UFP) 1,136Dominic Lapointe (Green) 731Benjamin Kasapoglu (BP) 389Patrice Fortin (Ind.) 102Alain Cyr (Ind.) 95\n||\n|Agnès Maltais\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Vanier\n||\n|Marc Bellemare 16,182\n|\n|Nicole Madore 9,385\n|\n|Normand Morin 11,646\n|\n|Sébastien Bouchard (UFP) 573\n||\n|Diane Barbeau\n|}\n\nMauricie\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Champlain (May 20, 2003)\n|\n|Pierre Brouillette 9,431\n||\n|Noëlla Champagne 10,073\n|\n|Rock Laviolette 6,459\n|\n|Lucie Favreau (UFP) 103 Gilles Noel (DCQ) 73\n||\n|Yves Beaumier\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Laviolette\n||\n|Julie Boulet 12,806\n|\n|Patrick Lahaie 7,730\n|\n|Sébastien Proulx 3,453\n|\n|Yves Demers (UFP) 182\nJosée Lafontaine (DCQ) 144\n||\n|Julie Boulet\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Maskinongé\n||\n|Francine Gaudet 13,240\n|\n|Rémy Désilets 12,334\n|\n|Louise-Andrée Garant 9,118\n|\n|\n||\n|Rémy Désilets\n|-\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-Maurice\n|\n|Bob Vallières 8,232\n||\n|Claude Pinard 8,860\n|\n|Luc Arvisais 8,201\n|\n|Kevin Trudel (UFP) 225\n||\n|Claude Pinard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Trois-Rivières\n||\n|André Gabias 11,034\n|\n|Guy Julien 10,154\n|\n|Jean-Claude Ayotte 5,181\n|\n|Rachel Sauvageau (BP) 274David Lanneville (UFP) 214Marcel Fugère (Ind.) 110Stéphane Robert (DCQ) 76\n||\n|Guy Julien\n|}\n\nChaudière-Appalaches and Centre-du-Québec\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Arthabaska\n||\n|Claude Bachand 12,663\n|\n|Danièle Caron 9,657\n|\n|Alain Rayes 11,389\n|\n|François Houle (Green) 379 Katrine Cyr (BP) 353\n||\n|Jacques Baril\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Beauce-Nord\n|\n|Normand Poulin 11,104\n|\n|Aline Carrier 4,160\n||\n|Janvier Grondin 13,275\n|\n|Julie Roy (BP) 223 Richard Fecteau (UFP) 175\n||\n|Normand Poulin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Beauce-Sud\n||\n|Diane Leblanc 14,170\n|\n|Stéphane Pouliot 5,115\n|\n|Claude Lemieux 12,852\n|\n|Ginette Lewis (UFP) 216\n||\n|Diane Leblanc\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Bellechasse\n||\n|Dominique Vien 9,658\n|\n|Claude Lachance 7,084\n|\n|Serge Carbonneau 8,507\n|\n|Sylvain Castonguay (Green) 314\nMario Ouellette (UFP) 134\n||\n|Claude Lachance\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chutes-de-la-Chaudière\n|\n|Pauline Houde-Landry 12,601\n|\n|Antoine Dubé 10,007\n||\n|Marc Picard 14,759\n|\n|Jean Bernatchez (UFP) 649\n||\n|Denise Carrier-Perreault\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Drummond\n|\n|Jean Courchesne 13,479\n||\n|Normand Jutras 15,200\n|\n|Patrick Leblanc 7,577\n|\n|Pascal Allard (Ind.) 393 Gilles Martineau (UFP) 301Robert Dufour (DCQ) 199\n||\n|Normand Jutras\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Frontenac\n||\n|Laurent Lessard 11,251\n|\n|Marc Boulianne 7,281\n|\n|Daniel Lamouth 6,888\n|\n|Bruno Vézina (Green) 231 Marie-Josée Vachon (UFP) 145\n||\n|Marc Bouliane\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Johnson\n|\n|Nicole Brouillette 10,700\n||\n|Claude Boucher 12,232\n|\n|Isabelle Marquis 6,612\n|\n|Martin Marois (UFP) 343 Michel Bélanger (DCQ) 224\n||\n|Claude Boucher\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Lévis\n||\n|Carole Théberge 12,891\n|\n|Linda Goupil 12,485\n|\n|Joël Bernier 10,670\n|\n|Madeleine Provencher (UFP) 442\nRichard Larivée (Ind.) 220\n||\n|Linda Goupil\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Lotbinière\n|\n|Monique Drolet-Glazier 8,773\n|\n|Jean-Guy Paré 6,502\n||\n|Sylvie Roy 9,522\n|\n|Marc Allard (Green) 306Étienne Hallé (UFP) 175Paul Biron (DCQ) 150\n||\n|Jean-Guy Paré\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Montmagny-L'Islet\n||\n|Norbert Morin 9,518\n|\n|Louise Soucy 4,683\n|\n|Mario Dolan 8,513\n|\n|Fernand Dorval (UFP) 225\n||\n|Réal Gauvin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Nicolet-Yamaska\n|\n|Jean Rousseau 8,927\n||\n|Michel Morin 10,783\n|\n|Lise Blanchette 5,899\n|\n|Blak D. Blackburn (BP) 417\nSimonne Lizotte (Ind.) 141\n||\n|Michel Morin\n|-\n|}\n\nEstrie (Eastern Townships)\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Mégantic-Compton\n||\n|Daniel Bouchard 11,135\n|\n|Suzanne Durivage 7,347\n|\n|Alain Boisvert 4,901\n|\n|Christian Poulin (UFP) 193 Frank Moller (Equ.) ", "71\n||\n|Madeleine Bélanger\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Orford\n||\n|Pierre Reid 17,314\n|\n|Yvon Bélair 11,037\n|\n|Steve Bourassa 6,145\n|\n|Véronique Grenier (UFP) 498\n||\n|Robert Benoît\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Richmond\n||\n|Yvon Vallières 14,767\n|\n|André Blais 6,149\n|\n|Pierre Hébert 4,899\n|\n|\n||\n|Yvon Vallières\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-François\n||\n|Monique Gagnon-Tremblay 16,562\n|\n|Guillaume Breault-Duncan 9,926\n|\n|Michel-André Samson 4,541\n|\n|Suzanne Thériault (UFP) 314 François Boudreau (BP) 310\n||\n|Monique Gagnon-Tremblay\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Sherbrooke\n||\n|Jean Charest 16,403\n|\n|Marie Malavoy 13,806\n|\n|Peter Downey 4,169\n|\n|Normand Gilbert (UFP) 496 Serge Lachapelle (M-L) 64\n||\n|Jean Charest\n|}\n\nMontérégie\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Beauharnois\n|\n|Mario Faubert 13,265\n||\n|Serge Deslières 13,904\n|\n|Michael Betts 3,338\n|\n|Rémi Pelletier (Green) 506\n||\n|Serge Deslières\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Borduas\n|\n|Daniel Doucet 9,981\n||\n|Jean-Pierre Charbonneau 13,840\n|\n|Patricia St-Jacques 5,282\n|\n|Raynald St-Onge (BP) 459\n||\n|Jean-Pierre Charbonneau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Brome-Missisquoi\n||\n|Pierre Paradis 18,546\n|\n|Lina Le Blanc 8,093\n|\n|Pierre Plante 6,018\n|\n|Simon Gnocchini (UFP) 509 Lionel Albert (Equ.) ", "167\n||\n|Pierre Paradis\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chambly\n||\n|Diane Legault 17,656\n|\n|Louise Beaudoin 16,857\n|\n|Denis Lavoie 6,935\n|\n|Sébastien Duclos (BP) 744\n||\n|Louise Beaudoin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Châteauguay\n||\n|Jean-Marc Fournier 20,434\n|\n|Éric Cardinal 13,751\n|\n|Daniel Lapointe 4,399\n|\n|Gilles Lalumière (BP) 547 Guylaine Sirard (UFP) 222 Robert Jason Morgan (Equ.) ", "93\n||\n|Jean-Marc Fournier\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Huntingdon\n||\n|André Chenail 15,512\n|\n|François Boileau 8,302\n|\n|Michel Lavoie 5,261\n|\n|Kenneth Rimmer (BP) 452\n||\n|André Chenail\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Iberville\n||\n|Jean Rioux 12,106\n|\n|Jean-Paul Bergeron 11,185\n|\n|Lucille Méthé 6,731\n|\n|Michel Thiffeault (BP) 376 Benoit Lapointe (Green) 298 Guillaume Tremblay (UFP) 229\n||\n|Jean-Paul Bergeron\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|La Pinière\n||\n|Fatima Houda-Pepin 22,474\n|\n|Marcel Lussier 7,934\n|\n|Gérard Lachance 4,026\n|\n|Inti Ortega (BP) 487\n||\n|Fatima Houda-Pepin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Laporte\n||\n|Michel Audet 18,673\n|\n|Clément Arcand 10,178\n|\n|Judy Fay 3,885\n|\n|Christian Montmarquette (UFP) 489 Patrick Fiset (BP) 487 Mary Bevan-Ouellette (Equ.) ", "106\n||\n|André Bourbeau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|La Prairie\n||\n|Jean Dubuc 15,805\n|\n|Serge Geoffrion 14,868\n|\n|Yves-André Ferland 6,478\n|\n|Marc Bissonnette (BP) 547Danielle Maire (UFP) 229Sylvain Lesage (DCQ) 84\n||\n|Serge Geoffrion\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Marguerite-D'Youville\n||\n|Pierre Moreau 16,368\n|\n|François Beaulne 15,501\n|\n|Luc Pommainville 6,596\n|\n|Yan Lacombe (BP) 550Maxime Babeu (UFP) 536\n||\n|François Beaulne\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Marie-Victorin\n|\n|Jean-Marc Pelletier 9,799\n||\n|Cécile Vermette 12,736\n|\n|Michel Lalonde 4,374\n|\n|Pierre Losier-Côté (BP) 462Marc Lambert (UFP) 452Daniel Tavéra (Ind.) 134\n||\n|Cécile Vermette\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Richelieu\n|\n|Benoît Lefebvre 10,927\n||\n|Sylvain Simard 13,286\n|\n|Micheline Ulrich 3,756\n|\n|Marie-Hélène Charbonneau (BP) 407Nidal Joad (Ind.) 109Steve Ritter (Ind.) 100Florette Villemure-Larochelle (DCQ) 74\n||\n|Sylvain Simard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-Jean\n||\n|Jean-Pierre Paquin 14,758\n|\n|Roger Paquin 13,423\n|\n|Marc-André Legault 6,856\n|\n|Alexandre Boulerice (UFP) 535Eric Bédard (BP) 462Jean Robert (Ind.) 112Raymond Martin (Ind.) 73\n||\n|Roger Paquin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-Hyacinthe\n|\n|Pierre Solis 13,137\n||\n|Léandre Dion 13,870\n|\n|Bernard Barré 7,855\n|\n|François Choquette (UFP) 401\n||\n|Léandre Dion\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Shefford\n||\n|Bernard Brodeur 16,391\n|\n|Jean-François de la Chevrotière 10,073\n|\n|Sylvain Barré 8,114\n|\n|Dominic Thibeault (BP) 502 Gilles Dumoulin (UFP) 334\n||\n|Bernard Brodeur\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Soulanges\n||\n|Lucie Charlebois 13,473\n|\n|Gaëtane Legault 8,753\n|\n|Pierre Éloi Talbot 3,549\n|\n|Gloria Sawyer (BP) 327Sandra Stephenson (Green) 320\n|\n|\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Taillon\n|\n|Annie Evrard 13,120\n||\n|Pauline Marois 17,603\n|\n|Katrine Simard 6,353\n|\n|David Fiset (BP) 556Gabriel Landry (UFP) 545Xavier Rochon (Ind.) 216\n||\n|Pauline Marois\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Vachon\n|\n|Brigitte Mercier 12,741\n||\n|Camil Bouchard 12,960\n|\n|Joëlle Lescop 5,540\n|\n|Denis Durand (BP) 519Richard St-Onge (UFP) 279\n||\n|David Payne\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Vaudreuil\n||\n|Yvon Marcoux 18,490\n|\n|Carole Cardinal 9,474\n|\n|Luc Tison 3,487\n|\n|Kathleen Mary Mangin (BP) 488Ernest Semple (Equ.) ", "120\n||\n|Yvon Marcoux\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Verchères\n|\n|Mario Lebrun 8,720\n||\n|Bernard Landry 16,963\n|\n|François Pratte 4,585\n|\n|Sébastien Drouin (BP) 505Marc-André Morvan (UFP) 195\n||\n|Bernard Landry\n|}\n\nMontreal\n\nEast\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Anjou\n||\n|Lise Thériault 17,572\n|\n|France Bachand 10,573\n|\n|Martin Janson 4,319\n|\n|Hélène Héroux (M-L) 266\n||\n|Lise Thériault\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Bourassa-Sauvé\n||\n|Line Beauchamp 20,175\n|\n|Kettly Beauregard 8,243\n|\n|Michelle Allaire 3,771\n|\n|Francis Mallette (Green) 327 Sylvain Archambault (Ind.) 261 Denis Gagné (DCQ) 119 Claude Brunelle (M-L) 94 Boris Mospan (Equ.) ", "44\n||\n|Michèle Lamquin-Éthier Line Beauchamp\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Bourget\n|\n|Claude Paquette 11,290\n||\n|Diane Lemieux 15,074\n|\n|Pierre Bourque 5,747\n|\n|Steve Boudrias (BP) 469 Rosanne Labelle (UFP) 418 Claudette Deschamps (DCQ) 193\n||\n|Diane Lemieux\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Crémazie\n||\n|Michèle Lamquin-Éthier 15,498\n|\n|Hugues Cormier 13,979\n|\n|Manon St-Louis 4,057\n|\n|Jocelyne Desautels (UFP) 686 Claude Trudel (Green) 399 Phillippe Beauvais (BP) 306 Marsha Fine (M-L) 90\n||\n|Manon Blanchet\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Gouin\n|\n|William Aguilar 8,996\n||\n|André Boisclair 15,890\n|\n|Stéphane Deschênes 2,456\n|\n|Colette Provost (UFP) 1,397 Pierrette Chevalier (Green) 584 Hugô St-Onge (BP) 465\n||\n|André Boisclair\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Hochelaga-Maisonneuve\n|\n|Richer Dompierre 6,210\n||\n|Louise Harel 13,138\n|\n|Louise Blackburn 2,449\n|\n|Lise Alarie (UFP) 788 Alex Néron (BP) 476 Daniel Breton (Green) 367 Christine Dandenault (M-L) 79 Mario Richard (DCQ) 52\n||\n|Louise Harel\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Jeanne-Mance–Viger\n||\n|Michel Bissonnet 26,801\n|\n|Robert La Rose 4,303\n|\n|Carole Giroux 2,080\n|\n|Eddy Guarino (BP) 365\n||\n|Michel Bissonnet Anna Mancuso\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|LaFontaine\n||\n|Tony Tomassi 18,164\n|\n|Line Pelletier 4,939\n|\n|Josée Anello 2,697\n|\n|Patrick Forcier (BP) 323\n||\n|Jean-Claude Gobé\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Laurier-Dorion\n||\n|Christos Sirros 16,052\n|\n|Tomas Arbieto 9,775\n|\n|Mario Spina 1,996\n|\n|William Sloan (UFP) 922 Phillippe Morlighem (Green) 595 Sylvain Mainville (BP) 375 Peter Macrisopoulos (M-L) 165 Charles Robidoux (Ind.) 131 Sylvie Charbin (Ind.) 117 Yang Zhang (Equ.) ", "78\n||\n|Christos Sirros\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Mercier\n|\n|Nathalie Rochefort 8,414\n||\n|Daniel Turp 13,334\n|\n|Vivian Goulder 1,855\n|\n|Amir Khadir (UFP) 5,278 Lyne Rivard (BP) 579\n||\n|Nathalie Rochefort\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Pointe-aux-Trembles\n|\n|Daniel Fournier 9,427\n||\n|Nicole Léger 14,261\n|\n|André Cordeau 4,050\n|\n|Xavier Daxhelet (Green) 457 Julien Ferron (DCQ) 137 Geneviève Royer (M-L) 80\n||\n|Nicole Léger\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Rosemont\n|\n|Marylin Thomas 14,721\n||\n|Rita Dionne-Marsolais 16,143\n|\n|Denise Larouche 4,248\n|\n|Omar Aktouf (UFP) 1,132 Huguette Plourde (BP) 493 Suzelle Gill (DCQ) 147\n||\n|Rita Dionne-Marsolais\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Sainte-Marie–Saint-Jacques\n|\n|Richard Brosseau 7,989\n||\n|André Boulerice 13,066\n|\n|Annick Brousseau 2,183\n|\n|Gaétan Breton (UFP) 1,699 Robert Ruffo (Green) 690 Antoine Théorêt-Poupart (BP) 444 Ginette Boutet (M-L) 87 Maria da Luz dos Santos Inacio (DCQ) 59\n||\n|André Boulerice\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Viau\n||\n|William Cusano 17,703\n|\n|Maka Kotto 6,142\n|\n|Paolo Tamburello 2,406\n|\n|Guillaume Blouin-Beaudoin (BP) 426 Jocelyne Dupuis (UFP) 324 Yannick Duguay (Ind.) 121\n||\n|William Cusano\n|}\n\nWest\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Acadie\n||\n|Yvan Bordeleau 23,211\n|\n|Maria Mourani 6,702\n|\n|Jean-Pierre Chamoun 2,253\n|\n|Johnathan Bérubé (BP) 440 André Parizeau (Ind.) 161 Linda Sullivan (M-L) 111 Marina Paümann (Equ.) ", "95\n||\n|Yvan Bordeleau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|D'Arcy-McGee\n||\n|Lawrence Bergman 23,968\n|\n|Mathieu Breault 1,087\n|\n|Sylvain James Bowes 520\n|\n|William Shaw (Equ.) ", "406 Blair Longley (BP) 274\n||\n|Lawrence Bergman\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Jacques-Cartier\n||\n|Geoffrey Kelley 30,035\n|\n|Guy Amyot 1,894\n|\n|Jeffrey Penney 1,253\n|\n|Ryan Young (Green) 727 Keith Henderson (Equ.) ", "650 Daniel Cormier-Roach (Ind.) 49\n||\n|Geoffrey Kelley\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Marguerite-Bourgeoys\n||\n|Monique Jérôme-Forget 22,807\n|\n|Suzanne Groulx 6,327\n|\n|Brigitte De Laroche 2,524\n|\n|Adam Jastrzebski (Green) 415 Paul Domagala (Equ.) ", "142 Marc Veilleux (DCQ) 94 Yves le Seigle (M-L) 68\n||\n|Monique Jérôme-Forget\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Marquette\n||\n|François Ouimet 21,232\n|\n|Yves Beauregard 7,672\n|\n|Denise Décoste 3,260\n|\n|Bruce Hulley (Equ.) ", "289 Garnet Colly (M-L) 179\n||\n|François Ouimet\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Mont-Royal\n||\n|Philippe Couillard 21,021\n|\n|Vincent Gagnon 3,465\n|\n|Nour-Eddine Hajibi 1,240\n|\n|Frank Kiss (Equ.) ", "256\n||\n|André Tranchemontagne\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Nelligan\n||\n|Russell Williams 27,934\n|\n|Micaël Poirier 4,611\n|\n|Sabrina Duguay 2,680\n|\n|Peter Graham (Green) 541 Giuliana Pendenza (Equ.) ", "233\n||\n|Russell Williams\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Notre-Dame-de-Grâce\n||\n|Russell Copeman 18,911\n|\n|Laurent Malépart 3,460\n|\n|Allan Patrick 1,225\n|\n|Jessica Gal (Green) 1,084 Helene Jutras (BP) 261 Peter Sauvé (Equ.) ", "246 Thomas Kernan (DCQ) 96 Rachel Hoffman (M-L) 71\n||\n|Russell Copeman\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Outremont\n||\n|Yves Séguin 14,278\n|\n|Marilyse Lapierre 8,218\n|\n|Christian de Serres 1,712\n|\n|Jill Hanley (UFP) 1,818 Maryève Daigle (BP) 345 Louise Charron (M-L) 119\n||\n|Pierre-Étienne Laporte\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Robert-Baldwin\n||\n|Pierre Marsan 28,892\n|\n|Alphonse Boisrond 2,637\n|\n|Alladin Abou Sharbin 1,705\n|\n|Jimmy Kalafatidis (Equ.) ", "411\n||\n|Pierre Marsan\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-Henri–Sainte-Anne\n||\n|Nicole Loiselle 16,004\n|\n|Raymond Munger 9,830\n|\n|Claudette Marullo 2,645\n|\n|Marc-André Payette (UFP) 595 Suzanne Moussette (Green) 439 Nicky Tanguay (BP) 424 Andrzej Jastrzebski (DCQ) 142 Jean-Paul Bédard (M-L) 116 Larry Vitas (Equ.) ", "52\n||\n|Nicole Loiselle\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Saint-Laurent\n||\n|Jacques Dupuis 24,745\n|\n|William Fayad 4,556\n|\n|Sophie Theoharopoulos 1,834\n|\n|Alain Pérusse (UFP) 325 Fernand Deschamps (M-L) 206 Louis Ottoni (Equ.) ", "199\n||\n|Jacques Dupuis\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Verdun\n||\n|Henri-François Gautrin 15,185\n|\n|Denis Martel 8,782\n|\n|Sébastien Guérin 3,269\n|\n|Claude Genest (Green) 658 Pascal Durand (UFP) 368 Vincent Aubry (BP) 357 Gilles Noël (DCQ) 104 Normand Chouinard (M-L) 71 Bernard King (Equ.) ", "63 Robert Lindblad (Ind.) 54\n||\n|Henri-François Gautrin\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Westmount–Saint-Louis\n||\n|Jacques Chagnon 18,330\n|\n|Denise Laroche 2,372\n|\n|Nathalie Beaupré 959\n|\n|David Fennario (UFP) 718 David John Proctor (BP) 223 Don Donderi (Equ.) ", "182 Diane Johnston (M-L) 64\n||\n|Jacques Chagnon\n|}\n\nLaval\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chomedey\n||\n|Thomas Mulcair 25,363\n|\n|Coline Chhay 6,568\n|\n|Vicken Darakdijian 3,384\n|\n|Polyvios Tsakanikas (M-L) 210 Robert Tamilia (Equ.) ", "148\n||\n|Thomas Mulcair\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Fabre\n||\n|Michelle Courchesne 18,689\n|\n|Nathalie Saint-Pierre 14,428\n|\n|Claude Dugas 6,370\n|\n|Pierre Bibeau (Ind.) 402\n||\n|Joseph Facal\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Laval-des-Rapides\n||\n|Alain Paquet 15,190\n|\n|Serge Ménard 13,209\n|\n|Philippe Laurin 4,693\n|\n|Louis-Philippe Verenka (Green) 366 Vincent Pelletier (BP) 339 Michelle Marleau (DCQ) 162\n||\n|Serge Ménard\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Mille-Îles\n||\n|Maurice Clermont 19,924\n|\n|Maude Delangis 14,333\n|\n|Gerry La Rocca 5,093\n|\n|Christian Lajoie (Ind.) 244 Régent Millette (DCQ) 113\n||\n|Lyse Leduc\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Vimont\n||\n|Vincent Auclair 17,908\n|\n|Normand Dupont 12,865\n|\n|François Gaudreau 7,227\n|\n|Serge Légaré (Green) 403 André Pigeon (UFP) 269\n||\n|François Gaudreau\n|-\n|}\n\nLaurentides\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Argenteuil\n||\n|David Whissell 12,645\n|\n|Georges Lapointe 5,906\n|\n|Sylvain Demers 4,372\n|\n|Claude Sabourin (Green) 496 Yannick Charpentier (BP) 292\n||\n|David Whissell\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Bertrand\n|\n|Michelle Montpetit 13,502\n||\n|Claude Cousineau 14,704\n|\n|Danielle Tremblay 4,834\n|\n|Richard Savignac (Green) 664 Serge Haroun (DCQ) 490 David Rovins (Ind.) 41\n||\n|Claude Cousineau\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Blainville\n|\n|Jocelyne Roch 12,689\n||\n|Richard Legendre 15,288\n|\n|Diane Bellemare 7,407\n|\n|Thérèse Hamel (UFP) 394\n||\n|Richard Legendre\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Deux-Montagnes\n|\n|Marc Lauzon 12,099\n||\n|Hélène Robert 12,432\n|\n|Éric Duhaime 6,907\n|\n|Julien Demers (UFP) 408\n||\n|Hélène Robert\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Groulx\n||\n|Pierre Descoteaux 13,763\n|\n|Robert Kieffer 13,460\n|\n|Sophie Cardinal 6,746\n|\n|Denis Letourneux (UFP) 436 Julien Boisvert (BP) 402\n||\n|Robert Kieffer\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Labelle\n|\n|Jean-Pierre Miljours 10,501\n||\n|Sylvain Pagé 13,530\n|\n|Pascal De Bellefeuille 4,283\n|\n|Anne Léger (Green) 468 André Haché (BP) 274\n||\n|Sylvain Pagé\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Mirabel\n|\n|Réal Proulx 7,529\n||\n|Denise Beaudoin 10,577\n|\n|Hubert Meilleur 9,486\n|\n|\n|colspan=2 align=center bgcolor=whitesmoke|new district\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Prévost\n|\n|Marie-Josée Gouin 11,855\n||\n|Lucie Papineau 16,159\n|\n|Martin Camirand 7,087\n|\n|Alexandre Émond (BP) 499 Reine Dubeau (DCQ) 179\n||\n|Lucie Papineau\n|-\n|}\n\nLanaudière\n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Berthier\n|\n|Carole Majeau 10,828\n||\n|Alexandre Bourdeau 12,101\n|\n|Marie Grégoire 11,014\n|\n|Pierre Gravel (UFP) 632\n||\n|Marie Grégoire\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Joliette\n|\n|Robert Groulx 11,161\n||\n|Jonathan Valois 13,103\n|\n|Sylvie Lespérance 7,114\n|\n|Mathieu Lessard (UFP) 1,149\nMarco Geoffroy (BP) 667 \n||\n|Sylvie Lespérance\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|L'Assomption\n|\n|Sylvie Thouin 14,111\n||\n|Jean-Claude St-André 16,965\n|\n|Daniel Labrecque 7,053\n|\n|Bob Aubin (Green) 602\nGilbert Morin (UFP) 356\n||\n|Jean-Claude St-André\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Masson\n|\n|Richard Marcotte 11,371\n||\n|Luc Thériault 15,445\n|\n|Nathalie Filion 7,637\n|\n|\n||\n|Gilles Labbé\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Rousseau\n|\n|Michel F. Brunet 9,127\n||\n|François Legault 14,079\n|\n|François Girouard 5,645\n|\n|Alex Boisdequin-Lefort (UFP) 324Gérard Gauthier (DCQ) 249\n||\n|François Legault\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Terrebonne\n|\n|Marcel Théorêt 11,353\n||\n|Jocelyne Caron 17,327\n|\n|Jean-Pierre Parrot 6,463\n|\n|Marco Legrand (UFP) 440\n||\n|Jocelyne Caron\n|-\n|}\n\nOutaouais and Abitibi-Témiscamingue \n\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Abitibi-Est\n||\n|Pierre Corbeil 9,056\n|\n|Lorraine Morissette 7,110\n|\n|Serge Allard 4,477\n|\n|Guy Cloutier (BP) 286 Samuel Dupras-Doroftei (Ind.) 202\n||\n|André Pelletier\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Abitibi-Ouest\n|\n|Jean-Louis Carignan 7,960\n||\n|François Gendron 9,677\n|\n|Claude Morin 3,661\n|\n|\n||\n|François Gendron\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Rouyn-Noranda–Témiscamingue\n||\n|Daniel Bernard 10,347\n|\n|Rémy Trudel 9,673\n|\n|Pierre Brien 7,849\n|\n|Patrick Rancourt (UFP) 507\n||\n|Rémy Trudel\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Chapleau\n||\n|Benoît Pelletier 18,774\n|\n|Sylvie Simard 6,512\n|\n|Berthe Miron 3,949\n|\n|Daniel Leblanc-Poirier (BP) 402 Jean Marois (UFP) 331 Gabriel Girard-Bernier (M-L) 122 \n||\n|Benoît Pelletier\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Gatineau\n||\n|Réjean Lafrenière 16,481\n|\n|Dominique Bedwell 6,663\n|\n|Brian Gibb 3,494\n|\n|Julie Mercier (UFP) 423 Françoise Roy (M-L) 95\n||\n|Réjean Lafrenière\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Hull\n||\n|Roch Cholette 16,262\n|\n|Raphaël Déry 7,234\n|\n|Jean-François LaRue 3,663\n|\n|Denise Veilleux (UFP) 677 Stéphane Salko (BP) 305 Maxime Gauld (Ind.) 155 Benoit Legros (M-L) 72 Gheorghe Irimia (Ind.) 37\n||\n|Roch Cholette\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Papineau\n||\n|Norman MacMillan 17,933\n|\n|Gilles Hébert 8,279\n|\n|Serge Charette 3,833\n|\n|Nathalie Gratton (Green) 576 Dominique Marceau (UFP) 286\n||\n|Norman MacMillan\n|-\n|bgcolor=whitesmoke|Pontiac\n||\n|Charlotte L'Écuyer 17,885\n|\n|Luc Côté 3,133\n|\n|Victor Bilodeau 1,830\n|\n|Serge Tanguay (UFP) 392 Louis Lang (M-L) 132\n||\n|Robert Middlemiss\n|-\n|}\n\nSee also\n Politics of Quebec\n List of premiers of Quebec\n List of leaders of the Official Opposition (Quebec)\n National Assembly of Quebec\n 2007 Quebec general election\n Timeline of Quebec history\n Political parties in Quebec\n 37th National Assembly of Quebec\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Results by party (total votes and seats won)\n Results for all ridings\n\nCategory:2003 elections in Canada\nCategory:Elections in Quebec\nCategory:2003 in Quebec\nCategory:April 2003 events in Canada" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Q:\n\nStatement in textbook: inhomogeneous wave equation has finite solutions only if RHS is orthogonal to homogeneous solutions\n\nSummary: Brillouin states that an inhomogeneous hyperbolic PDE has a finite solution only if the RHS is orthogonal to the homogenous solutions\n\nHi, I've been reading Brillouin's 'Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures'.", "\nAbout the following equation\n$$\\nabla^2u_1+\\frac{\\omega^2_0}{V_0^2}u_1 = R(r)$$\nBrillouin states that \"it is well known that such an equation possesses a finite solution only if the right-hand term is orthogonal to all solutions of the homogeneous equation:\"\n$$\\iint_{\\text{all space}} u_1^*R(r) dr = 0$$\nThis is not a property of hyperbolic PDEs I've come across before. ", "I wasn't able to find anything in my PDE textbooks. ", "Would anyone be able to suggest why this is the case? ", "I would be very appreciative.", "\n\nA:\n\nLet $v$ be a solution of the homogeneous equation:\n$$\\nabla^2v+\\frac{\\omega_0^2}{V_0^2}v=0 \\tag{1}$$\nLet's take the inhomogeneous equation\n$$\\nabla^2u_1+\\frac{\\omega_0^2}{V_0^2}u_1=R(r) \\tag{2}$$\nWe multiply both sides of $(2)$ by a solution $v$ of the homogeneous eq. ", "and take the integral over all space:\n$$\\int v\\nabla^2u_1 dr + \\int \\frac{\\omega_0^2}{V_0^2}vu_1dr=\\int v R(r) dr \\tag{3} $$\nWe concentrate on the term $\\int v\\nabla^2u_1 dr$. Expanding the nabla operator, it becomes\n$$ \\int \\left( v\\partial_x^2u_1+ v\\partial_y^2u_1 + v\\partial_z^2u_1 \\right) dr \\tag{4}$$\nIf $v$, $u_1$ and their derivatives go to zero at infinity, then two successive integrations by parts yield (I consider only the x-derivative term for simplicity): $$\\int v\\partial_x^2u_1 dr=-\\int (\\partial_xv) (\\partial_xu_1) dr=\\int (\\partial_x^2v)u_1 dr \\tag{5}$$\nSo we can write\n$$\\int v\\nabla^2u_1 dr = \\int u_1\\nabla^2v dr \\tag{6}$$\nNow equation $(3)$ can be rewritten by means of $(6)$ as\n$$\\int u_1\\nabla^2v dr + \\int \\frac{\\omega_0^2}{V_0^2}vu_1dr=\\int v R(r) dr \\tag{7} $$\nThe left side of $(7)$ can be written as\n$$\\int u_1 \\left( \\nabla^2v + \\frac{\\omega_0^2}{V_0^2}v \\right) dr \\tag{8} $$\nWe recognize in the expression in brackets in $(8)$ the left side of $(1)$. Then the expression in brackets is zero, and $(8)$ as a whole is consequently zero. ", "Then $(7)$ becomes\n$$0=\\int v R(r) dr \\tag{9} $$\nor, switching sides,\n$$\\int v R(r) dr=0 \\tag{10} $$\nwhich means that $R$ is orthogonal to the solutions $v$ of the homogeneous equation.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nThe ability of B-lymphocytes to create a polyclonal immunoglobulin repertoire with a diverse set of antigen-binding sites permits specific responses to a broad range of foreign and self-antigens. ", "Each nascent immunoglobulin is the product of a complex series of V (D) J gene rearrangement and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) catalyzed N addition that created an exponential repertoire of diverse heavy (H) and light (L) chains (Hozumi and Tonegawa [@CR19]; Tonegawa [@CR53]). ", "Immunoglobulin rearrangement is a hierarchical process, with D~H~➔J~H~ rearrangement preceding V~H~➔DJ~H~ rearrangement, and followed by V~L~➔J~L~ rearrangement. ", "Each stage of rearrangement marks a separate developmental checkpoint with early checkpoints focusing on generation of a functional immunoglobulin and later ones testing the specificity of the antigen-binding site (Huetz et al. [", "@CR20]). ", "Of the six hypervariable loops that are juxtaposed to form the antigen-binding site, the third complementary determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse (Alt and Baltimore [@CR2]; Rajewsky [@CR40]; Tonegawa [@CR53]; Yancopoulos et al. [", "@CR59]). ", "CDR-H3, which includes the carboxyl terminus of the V~H~, the amino terminus of the J~H~, and all of the D~H~ in its entirety, is the direct product of V(D)J joining and N addition. ", "Its location at the center of the antigen-binding site permits CDR-H3 to often play a critical role in antibody specificity (Kabat et al. [", "@CR26]; Padlan [@CR38]; Xu and Davis [@CR55]).", "\n\nIn humans, the ability to mount an effective humoral response to many antigens, including specific microorganisms and vaccines, is delayed until well after infancy (Stein [@CR51]). ", "This sequential acquisition of the ability to respond to particular antigens is a characteristic feature of the developing immune system in jawed vertebrates, humans and mice included (Silverstein [@CR50]). ", "These observations present a paradox in that they suggest an element of order to the development of the binding characteristics of the antibody repertoire even though the mechanisms that underlie the generation of the antibody were initially viewed as highly stochastic (Yancopoulos and Alt [@CR58]). ", "This paradox was resolved, at least in part, by the observation that the fetus does not make full use of all the mechanisms that are available for the generation of V domain diversity in general, and CDR-H3 diversity in particular (Feeney [@CR15]; Gu et al. [", "@CR17]; Schroeder et al. [", "@CR46]; Schroeder et al. [", "@CR47]; Yancopoulos and Alt [@CR58]; Yancopoulos et al. [", "@CR59]). ", "More recent studies have shown that even in the adult the composition of CDR-H3 continues to demonstrate constraints on amino acid composition, length, and charge distribution (Ippolito et al. [", "@CR22]; Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR44]). ", "Manipulation of these constraints can lead to altered patterns of B cell development, antigen-specific antibody production, and immune responses to pathogens.", "\n\nGiven the importance of CDR-H3 to antigen recognition, we sought to re-evaluate the process of CDR-H3 content control during perinatal B cell development in the expressed functional repertoire in the mouse. ", "This information is essential for a better understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the development of the early repertoire, of the role of fetal repertoire restriction on perinatal B cell development and perinatal responses to antigen, to better understand the contribution of this fetal repertoire to the population of critical B cell niches in the adult, such as the peritoneal cavity and to facilitate evolutionary studies of repertoire development (Ivanov et al. [", "@CR24]).", "\n\nWe used surface expression of CD43, BP-1, CD19, IgM, and IgD to sort B lineage cells from BALB/c 18-days post conception and neonatal liver. ", "After polymerase chain reaction amplification of transcripts cloned into cDNA by reverse transcription of mRNA (RT-PCR) amplification, we sequenced V~H~7183-containing VDJCμ transcripts from these sorted cells and then compared the results to our previous studies of repertoire development in adult BALB/c mice (Ippolito et al. [", "@CR22]; Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]). ", "As in the case of the adult BALB/c mice, we found that perinatal CDR-H3 content was biased from its inception, and then further focused with development. ", "In contrast to a previous study using unsorted cells from the perinatal liver (Bangs et al. [", "@CR6]), we also found that the changes in D~H~ and J~H~ usage between fetus and adults exhibited striking parallels to the pattern of D~H~ and J~H~ usage observed in human ontogeny. ", "Therefore, these results reinforce the value of the mouse as a model for the ontogeny of the development of immune competence in human.", "\n\nMaterials and methods {#Sec2}\n=====================\n\nMice {#Sec3}\n----\n\nWe obtained 18-day post-conception fetal liver and neonatal liver from two separate mice each on two separate occasions, for a total of four samples. ", "The mice analyzed represent the progeny of BALB/c mice bred in the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) vivarium. ", "The mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free barrier facility. ", "All experiments with live mice were approved by and performed in compliance with the requirements of the UAB Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.", "\n\nFlow cytometry and cell sorting {#Sec4}\n-------------------------------\n\nFlow cytometric analysis and cell sorting from mononuclear cells from the liver was performed as previously described on mononuclear cells from the bone marrow of 8-week-old BALB/c mice (Ippolito et al. [", "@CR22]; Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]). ", "A MoFlo instrument (Cytomation, Ft. ", "Collins, CO, USA) was used for cell sorting. ", "Developing B lineage cells in the liver were identified on the basis of the surface expression of CD19, CD43, IgM, BP-1, and/or IgD (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Fig.", " 1Flow cytometric gates for the collection of fetal B lineage cells from 18-days post-gestation and neonatal BALB/cJ mice. ", "Cells within the lymphocyte gate were first distinguished on the basis of the expression of CD19 and CD43. ", "Early B-cell progenitors (CD19+ CD43+) were divided into fractions B and C on the basis of the expression of BP-1. ", "Late pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells (CD19+ CD43−) were divided into fractions D, E, and F on the basis of the surface expression of IgM and IgD\n\nSorting, RNA preparation, RT-PCR, and sequence analysis {#Sec5}\n-------------------------------------------------------\n\nTotal RNA isolation, V~H~7183 specific VDJCμ RT-PCR amplification, cloning, sequencing, and sequence analysis was performed in the same way as previously described (Ippolito et al. [", "@CR22]; Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]), thus permitting a direct comparison between perinatal and adult *BALB/c* mice sequences. ", "The sequences reported in this paper have been placed in GenBank database (accession number GU975849-GU976285). ", "A listing of the 472 unique, in-frame perinatal sequences used for analysis in this work is provided in Supplemental Table (S[1](#AppESM1){ref-type=\"sec\"}).", "\n\nStatistical analysis {#Sec6}\n--------------------\n\nDifferences between populations were assessed, where appropriate, by two-tailed Student's *t* test, two-tailed Fisher's exact test, *χ*^2^, or Levene test for the homogeneity of variance. ", "Analysis was performed with JMP version 7.0 (SAS Institute). ", "The standard error of the mean accompanies means.", "\n\nResults {#Sec7}\n=======\n\nIsolation of B lineage cells and RT-PCR cloning of Ig transcripts from fetal and perinatal liver {#Sec8}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe identified and isolated B lineage cells from Hardy fractions B through E (Hardy and Hayakawa [@CR18]) from 18 days gestation fetal liver, but were unable to detect cells belonging to fraction F (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left). ", "Subsequently, fraction F cells for our analysis were obtained from the livers of neonatal mice (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right). ", "Following total RNA extraction, RT-PCR amplification was performed using 3′ Cμ and 5′ V~H~7183-specific primers. ", "The resulting cDNAs were cloned into pUC19 plasmids and then sequenced. ", "We obtained 472 unique, in-frame, and open reading frame V~H~7183-D-J-Cμ sequences. ", "Of these, 53 fraction B (pro-B cells), 55 fraction C (early pre-B cells), 90 fraction D (late pre-B), and 142 Fraction E (immature B cells) sequences were obtained from 18-day post-conception liver, and 132 fraction F (mature B cells) sequences were obtained from neonatal liver. ", "We compared these to 194, 373, 279, 255, and 254 previously published Fractions B through F unique, in-frame, open reading sequences from the bone marrows of 11 different 8-week-old adult BALB/c mice (Zemlin et al. [", "@CR60]).", "\n\nUsage of V~H~81X (V~H~7183.1) in fetal B lineage cells varies by developmental stage {#Sec9}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nConsistent with previous studies (Martin et al. [", "@CR35]; Yancopoulos et al. [", "@CR59]), we observed preferential use of D~H~-proximal V~H~81X (V~H~7183.1) in fetal liver B lineage cells (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When compared to adult bone marrow B lineage cells, the use of V~H~81X was greater in perinatal fractions B, D, E and F; but smaller in fraction C (*p* \\< 0.05). ", "In adult fraction C through fraction F, VH7183.10 proved the most heavily used V~H~. In the perinatal period, we observed a dramatic increase in the relative use of V~H~7183.10 in fractions C and D (*p* ≤ 0.0001), followed by a drop in fraction E (*p* ≤ 0.0001). ", "By fraction F, however, the use of V~H~7183.10 matched that of adult. ", "Fig.", " 2V~H~ 7183 gene segment usage during B cell development in the perinatal liver versus the bone marrow of adults. ", "V~H~ gene segments are arranged according to their position relative to the J~H~ locus in the genome, with V~H~7183.1 (V~H~81X), the most J~H~ proximal, at the right. *", "Top* Percent of unique, in-frame sequences using the V~H~ gene segment specified in the perinatal liver from Hardy fractions B (CD19^+^ CD43^+^ IgM^−^ BP-1), C (CD19^+^ CD43^+^ IgM^−^ BP-1^+^), D (CD19^+^ CD43^−^ IgM^−^ IgD−), E (CD19^+^ CD43^−^ IgM^+^ IgD^−^), and F (CD19^+^ CD43^−^ IgM^low^ IgD^high^) from BALB/c mice is displayed. *", "Middle* Percent of unique, in-frame sequences using the V~H~ gene segment specified in the bone marrow of 8-week-old BALB/c mice. *", "Bottom* Divergence in the percentage of V~H~ gene segment use between the perinatal liver and the young adult bone marrow is displayed\n\nThe effect of distance to D~H~ was also apparent in V~H~ gene segments other than V~H~81X. We grouped the V~H~ gene segments distal to V~H~7183.10 into one block (block 8--18); and the V~H~ gene segments proximal to V~H~7183.10 but distal to V~H~81X and V~H~7183.2 into a second block (block 3--6). ", "Although usage of the distal block in the perinatal period increased with development, it consistently lagged behind the usage observed in adult (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left); whereas in fractions C, E, and F usage of the proximal block was similar between perinatal liver and adult bone marrow (Fig.", " [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right). ", "Although within each fraction the numbers of sequences were insufficient to achieve statistical significance, when compared as a population the differences in the proportion of usage between the two blocks of sequences between the perinatal period versus the adult achieved statistical significance at *p* = 0.005. ", "Fig.", " 3D~H~ distal and proximal V gene usage during B cell development in the perinatal liver versus the adult bone marrow. ", "We grouped the V~H~ gene segments upstream of V~H~7183.10 into one block (block 8--18); and the VH gene segments downstream of V~H~7183.10, but upstream of V~H~81X and V~H~7183.2, into a second block (block 3--6) of gene segments. ", "V~H~ block usage is reported as the percent of the sequenced population of unique, in-frame, open transcripts from BALB/c mice perinatal liver and adult bone marrow Hardy fractions B through F\n\nPreferential use of D~H~ DQ52 in fetal liver {#Sec10}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nThe relative use of the D~H~ gene families in the perinatal liver reflected proximity to the J~H~ locus. ", "When compared to adult bone marrow, we observed decreased use of J~H~-distal DFL gene segments and enhanced use of J~H~-proximal DQ52 (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left panel). ", "While this pattern of preference based on physical location was observed throughout development, by Fraction F there was evidence of convergence with the overall pattern of D~H~ family usage nearly matching that of adult bone marrow fraction F. Fig.", " 4D~H~, J~H~, and D~H~ reading frame usage during B cell development in the perinatal liver versus the bone marrow of adults. *", "Top left to right* The percent of sequences using members of the specified D~H~ family; the percent of sequences using DSP or DFL D~H~ gene segment family members in reading frames 1, 2, or 3; and percent of sequences using J~H~1, 2, 3, or 4 among in-frame sequences cloned from the perinatal liver from Hardy fractions B through F is displayed. *", "Middle left to right* The percent of sequences using members of the specified D~H~ family; percent of sequences using DSP or DFL D~H~ gene segment family members in reading frames 1, 2, or 3; and percent of sequences using J~H~1, 2, 3, or 4 among in-frame sequences cloned from 8 week old BABL/cJ bone marrow from Hardy fractions B through F is displayed. *", "Bottom left to right* Divergence in the percentage of D~H~ gene family, DSP and DFL, reading frame, and J~H~ between the perinatal liver and the young adult bone marrow is displayed. *", "Arrows* point to features of particular interest\n\nPreferential use of J~H~2 in perinatal liver {#Sec11}\n--------------------------------------------\n\nJ~H~ utilization also followed proximity to DQ52. ", "While use of J~H~1 did not differ between the perinatal and adult periods, when compared to adult use of J~H~2 was favored over J~H~3 and J~H~4 (*p* ≤ 0.002) at all stages of development except for fraction E. In human, there is a similar shift with use of J~H~ 2 and 3 in first trimester fetal liver preferred over J~H~5 and 6, and use of J~H~5 and 6 in adult bone marrow preferred over use of J~H~2 and 3 (Baskin et al. [", "@CR7] Apr; Xue et al. [", "@CR56]; Yamada et al. [", "@CR57]).", "\n\nIncreased prevalence of D/J overlaps and use of reading frame 1 in perinatal liver {#Sec12}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAs previously reported (Kepler et al. [", "@CR28]), CDR-H3 sequences with V/D and D/J overlaps were exceedingly common in the perinatal samples (Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which essentially lack N nucleotide addition. ", "The increased prevalence of sequences with V/D and D/J overlaps were associated with an increase in the use of reading frame 1 among CDR-H3s that used DSP or DFL gene segments (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, middle panels). ", "Fig.", " 5Deconstruction of the contributing components to CDR-H3 length in sequences containing identifiable D~H~ gene segments as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver. ", "The potential distribution of the germline sequence of the V~H~ gene segment, P junctions, the D~H~ gene segment, V~H~-D~H~ and D~H~-J~H~ overlap, and the J~H~ gene segment to the CDR-H3 length is illustrated\n\nChanges in the distribution of CDR-H3 length with development {#Sec13}\n-------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe average length of perinatal CDR-H3 was significantly shorter than adult at all stages examined (Fig.", " [6a](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, an increase in the average length of CDR-H3 from fraction B (9.2 ± 0.4 codons) to fraction F (10.2 ± 0.2, *p* \\< 0.002) was observed. ", "This change was progressive, but was most marked in the transition from fraction C (9.2 ± 0.4) to D (10.1 ± 0.2, *p* \\< 0.02). ", "Fig.", " 6Average CDR-H3 length and CDR-H3 loop charge as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver as compared to that in the bone marrow of adult BALB/cJ mice. **", "a** Average CDR-H3 length and **b** average CDR-H3 loop hydrophobicity of the V~H~7183DJCμ transcripts from perinatal liver and adult bone marrow. ", "The standard error of the mean is shown\n\nA closer examination of the distribution of CDR-H3 lengths as a function of ontogeny and development (Fig.", " [7](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}) revealed that the perinatal samples were completely devoid of CDR-H3s of greater than 15 codons. ", "At the other end of the scale, we observed an increase in the prevalence of sequences of eight codons or less. ", "In part, the reason for the major shift in length between fractions C and D reflected the reduced prevalence of CDR-H3 sequences with less than seven codons, including sequences without a recognizable D~H~ element (Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Fig.", " 7Distribution of CDR-H3 lengths as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver as compared to that in the bone marrow of adult BALB/cJ mice. *", "Left* Distribution of CDR-H3 lengths in V~H~7183DJCμ transcripts from perinatal liver as a function of B cell development ([@CR11]). ", "Distribution of CDR-H3 lengths in V~H~7183DJCμ transcripts from adult bone marrow as a function of B cell development. *", "Right* Divergence in the distribution of CDR-H3 length between the perinatal liver and the young adult bone marrow is displayed. ", "To facilitate visualization of the change in variance of the distribution, the *vertical lines* mark the preferred range of lengths in the bone marrow fraction F. *Arrows* point to features of particular interest\n\nAltered patterns of amino acid usage in perinatal CDR-H3 loops {#Sec14}\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the absence of N addition and with preferential use of reading frame 1, which is enriched for use of tyrosine, there was a striking divergence in the pattern of amino acid utilization in the CDR-H3 loops of the sequences obtained from fraction B, which is prior to the expression of the H chain in protein form (Fig.", " [8](#Fig8){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When compared to adult, this early repertoire was enriched for use of tyrosine, histidine, and asparagine. ", "Conversely, the perinatal repertoire was virtually devoid of arginine, lysine, glutamine, glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine. ", "Use of leucine, valine, and isoleucine was also reduced. ", "Of the five amino acids where little or no change was observed between fetus and adult, two, methionine and cysteine, were remarkable for their absence at both stages of life. ", "The overall outline of amino acid usage remained relatively unchanged from fraction B to fraction F. However, closer inspection revealed subtle adjustments as the B cells passed through sequential development checkpoints. ", "For example, use of aspartic acid was enhanced in fractions B and C, but declined to adult levels in fractions D, E, and F. Fig.", " 8Amino acid usage as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver as compared to that in the bone marrow of adult BALB/c mice. ", "The distribution of individual amino acids in the CDR-H3 loop of sequences as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver. ", "The Hardy bone marrow B lineage designation of fractions B through F (Hardy and Hayakawa [@CR18]) was used throughout\n\nVariation of CDR-H3 hydrophobicity during fetal B cell development {#Sec15}\n------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe used a normalized Kyte--Doolittle scale to assess the relatively distribution of hydrophobicity in the CDR-H3 loop of perinatal versus adult CDR-H3 loops (Eisenberg [@CR14]; Kyte and Doolittle [@CR30]). ", "In the absence of N addition and with increased use of reading frame 1, there was a shift in average hydrophobicity towards the charged end of the spectrum (Fig.", " [6b](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Closer inspection revealed that this shift primarily reflected a paucity of sequences in the more hydrophobic range of the normal repertoire (Fig.", " [9](#Fig9){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Indeed, the vast majority of the CDR-H3 loop sequences remained within the range that is preferred for recirculating fraction F B cells in adult; although unlike the adult fraction F repertoire, a few sequences continued to carry excess charge or hydrophobicity. ", "Fig.", " 9Distribution of CDR-H3 loop charge as a function of B cell development in the perinatal liver as compared to that in the bone marrow of adult BALB/cJ mice. *", "Left* Distribution of average CDR-H3 hydrophobicities in VH7183DJCμ transcripts from perinatal liver as a function of B cell development ([@CR11]). ", "Distribution of average CDR-H3 hydrophobicities in VH7183DJCμ transcripts from adult bone marrow as a function of B cell development. *", "Right* Divergence in the distribution of CDR-H3 loop hydrophobicity between the perinatal liver and the young adult bone marrow is displayed. ", "The normalized Kyte--Doolittle hydrophobicity scale (Eisenberg [@CR14]) has been used to calculate average hydrophobicity. ", "Although this scale ranges from −1.3 to +1.7, only the range from −1.0 (charged) to +1.0 (hydrophobic) is shown. ", "Prevalence is reported as the percent of the sequenced population of unique, in-frame, open transcripts from each B lineage fraction. ", "To facilitate visualization of the change in variance of the distribution, the vertical lines mark the preferred range average hydrophobicity previously observed in wild-type fraction F (Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]). *", "Arrows* point to features of particular interest\n\nDiscussion {#Sec16}\n==========\n\nIn the bone marrow of adult BALB/c mice, the composition of the expressed immunoglobulin CDR-H3 repertoire is marked by constraints on length, amino acid utilization, and charge (Ivanov et al. [", "@CR25]). ", "These constraints are first established in early B cell progenitors, and then focused as the B lineage cells progress through sequential developmental checkpoints. ", "Many of these constraints are dependent on the specific sequence of the contributing gene segments and vary during ontogeny (Asma et al. [", "@CR3]; Ippolito et al. [", "@CR22]; Logtenberg et al. [", "@CR34]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]; Terrell et al. [", "@CR52]; Zemlin et al. [", "@CR61]). ", "In this work, we sought to re-examine the development of the expressed CDR-H3 repertoire in the perinatal liver in order to gain insight into the forces that shape the repertoire during its passage through developmental checkpoints at both a different stage of ontogeny and in a different tissue organ.", "\n\nFraction B is represents the developmental stage at which V➔DJ rearrangement begins. ", "In both fetus and adult, the transition from fraction B to C is characterized by increased use of V~H~ gene segments other than V~H~81X. For example, the use of V~H~ 7183.10 increases markedly, suggesting that by fraction C access to V~H~ gene segments other than V~H~81X may be enhanced (Fig.", " [2](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The greatest differences between the adult and perinatal repertoires occurred in fraction B (Fig.", " [10](#Fig10){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which is the least likely to undergo selection on the basis of the H chain to bind to either endogenous or exogenous compounds. ", "This would suggest that the differences that were observed largely reflected the effects of genetically controlled differences between the fetal and adult B cell progenitors in terms of the patterns of rearrangement and gene segment access. ", "Fig.", " 10Summary of results. ", "The adult and perinatal repertoires differ most markedly in fraction B; however, in fraction F the repertoires have drawn closer to each other in terms of VH usage, DH usage, JH usage, length, and hydrophobicity and charge\n\nThe transition from fraction C to D requires a successful interaction between the nascent H chain and (l5/VpreB) the pre-B cell receptor, which produces an appropriate survival and cell replication signal. ", "The changes in average length and charge are most marked at this transition (Fig.", " [6](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which reflect the loss of the shortest and the most highly charged CDR-H3s. ", "The change in charge in adult bone marrow is also most marked at this transition; although in this case, there appears to be a greater reduction in the more hydrophobic rather than the most charged. ", "These results would suggest that either the binding of H chains with short, highly charged, or highly hydrophobic CDR-H3s to VpreB/λ5 the pre-B cell receptor is less efficient or the signal that is transduced by H chains with these types of CDR-H3s is qualitatively or quantitatively different than that of CDR-H3 sequences of the preferred length, charge, or hydrophobicity.", "\n\nThe transition from fraction D to E reflects successful expression of a complete surface IgM B cell receptor. ", "CDR-H3 length distribution, hydrophobicity, and charge are unchanged, supporting the view that the pre-B cell receptor has acted to select for acceptable physico-chemical CDR-H3 characteristics. ", "However at this stage, we see a marked change in the use of V~H~7183.10, which does not occur in the adult. ", "It is possible that the antigens to which immature B cells that use V~H~7183.10 are responding differ between fetus and adult or that the binding specificity of V~H~7183.10 N-less CDR-H3s is not conducive to further B cell development. ", "Examination of the pattern of V~H~ usage in sorted single cells would help distinguish between these possibilities, as would evaluation of repertoire diversification in the absence of TdT.\n\nThe transition from fraction E to F at this early stage of life comes in a setting where exposure to the external environment has been restricted to the womb. ", "Subtle differences were observed in terms of V~H~, D~H~, and J~H~ usage, suggesting further antigen receptor-mediated selection in response to endogenous antigens.", "\n\nBy the time the B cells achieve fraction F status, the perinatal liver and adult bone marrow repertoires have drawn closer to each other in terms of V~H~ usage, D~H~ usage, J~H~ usage, and CDR-H3 length hydrophobicity and charge. ", "The fetal repertoire is well known for its tendency to produce poly-reactive antibodies with self-specificities (Avrameas [@CR4]; Avrameas and Ternynck [@CR5]). ", "Selection of the repertoire through idiotype/anti-idiotype interactions has been shown to differ between fetus and adult (Benedict et al. [", "@CR9]; Benedict and Kearney [@CR8]; Kearney et al. [", "@CR27]). ", "However, given the fact that the antibody repertoire in the perinatal period has developed in an environment protected from exposure to exogenous antigens, it may be that both the fetal and adult repertoires are being shaped, at least in part, by interactions with the same self-antigens.", "\n\nIn agreement with previous studies, we observed preferential use of the most D~H~ proximal V~H~, V~H~81X, in the earliest B cell progenitor examined. ", "And we confirmed a progressive fall in the usage of this gene segment with development (Huetz et al. [", "@CR20]; Yancopoulos et al. [", "@CR59]). ", "We also observed diminished use of the group, or block, of 7183 V~H~ gene segments most distal to D~H~. These findings are in accordance with studies that report differential accessibility of portions of the V~H~ locus to rearrangement early in ontogeny (Perlmutter et al. [", "@CR39]; Sen and Oltz [@CR48]; Williams et al. [", "@CR54]; Yancopoulos et al. [", "@CR59]).", "\n\nThe importance of position to gene segment expression in the perinatal liver was underscored by the increased use of J~H~-proximal DQ52 and D~H~-proximal J~H~2 and 3. ", "This follows the positional pattern of usage that is observed in human (Sanz [@CR42]; Schroeder et al. [", "@CR46]) as well as in rhesus monkeys (Link et al. [", "@CR33]). ", "It has been shown that deletion of both DQ52 and the region immediately adjacent and its upstream promoter enriches use of D~H~-proximal J~H~ gene segments in adult bone marrow (Nitschke et al. [", "@CR36]; Schelonka et al. [", "@CR43]), whereas deletion of a portion of the promoter region upstream of DQ52 only had no effect (Afshar et al. [", "@CR1]). ", "Together, this would support the view that the DQ52 region as a whole, including DQ52, plays a critical, evolutionarily preserved role in the regulation of initial D➔J immunoglobulin rearrangements (Kottmann et al. [", "@CR29]).", "\n\nIn addition to restrictions in V~H~ usage, the perinatal H chain repertoire in mice is also marked by an absence of N nucleotides (Asma et al. [", "@CR3]; Delassus et al. [", "@CR13]; Li et al. [", "@CR31]; Rusquet et al. [", "@CR41]; Schroeder [@CR45]; Shiokawa et al. [", "@CR49]). ", "In the absence of these non-germline-encoded terminal modifications, rearrangement occurs preferentially at sites of germline microhomology between the rearranging sequences (Chukwuocha and Feeney [@CR12]; Feeney [@CR15]; Feeney [@CR16]; Huetz et al. [", "@CR21]; Lieber et al. [", "@CR32]). ", "This has the effect of directing rearrangement into RF1 and further reducing CDR-H3 length by eliminating shared D~H~ and J~H~ sequence. ", "Preferential use of RF1 diminishes access to the hydrophobic and charged amino acids encoded by reading frames other than RF1(Ivanov et al. [", "@CR23]). ", "The absence of N addition limits incorporation of lysine, glutamic acid, glutamine, and proline while enriching for tyrosine, histidine, and asparagine. ", "Together, these factors create a fetal pre-B cell H chain CDR-H3 repertoire that differs significantly from its adult counterpart in its distribution of CDR-H3 lengths, amino acid content, and charge. ", "The changes that we have observed in early repertoire development could thus reflect either differences in the cells and tissues in which these developmental processes are occurring or they could reflect the effects of the absence of N addition. ", "A similar analysis of repertoire development in a TdT deficient state would help clarify the extent, if any, to which N addition influences the changes that we have observed in repertoire development between fetus and adult.", "\n\nStudies of the anatomy of hot spots in protein interfaces (Bogan and Thorn [@CR10]) have shown that tryptophan, tyrosine, and arginine contribute disproportionately to binding energies. ", "All three of these amino acids share the ability to contribute multiple types of favorable interactions. ", "Tyrosine, the most commonly used amino acid in both adult and fetal CDR-H3 loops, offers a large hydrophobic surface, aromatic p-interactions, and the hydrogen bonding ability of its 4-hydroxyl group. ", "Tryptophan and arginine also offer these binding opportunities. ", "Tryptophan offers a large hydrophobic surface, aromatic p-interactions, and a hydrogen-binding donor. ", "Arginine offers the ability to form a hydrogen bond network with up to five H-bonds, a guanidinium motif that offers a pseudo-aromatic p system, and three methylene carbon groups, which are all hydrophobic in character. ", "In addition, arginine offers the ability to create salt bridges by means of its positively charged guanidinium motif.", "\n\nGiven the importance of these three amino acids, it is remarkable that the pattern of their usage between the fetus and the adult is so different. ", "Globally, the fetus is enriched for tyrosine and depleted of arginine. ", "DQ52 is an unusual D~H~ gene segment in that it lacks tyrosine in all six reading frames, encoding tryptophan in its place (Ivanov et al. [", "@CR23]). ", "The inclusion of DQ52 uniquely leads to enrichment for tryptophan-containing antigen-binding sites. ", "Indeed, in our studies, the increase in the inclusion of tryptophan achieved statistical significance in fraction F (*p* = 0.03). ", "The biologic consequences of the increased prevalence of tryptophan-enriched CDR-H3s amongst mature neonatal B cells remains unclear when compared to adult, but this pattern holds true for both human and mouse (Ohno et al. [", "@CR37]). ", "It seems likely that all of these differences could contribute to the differential control of immune responses that characterizes early development (Silverstein [@CR50]). ", "The extensive similarities that we have observed between the composition of the fetal versus adult repertoires in mice and humans would suggest that the mouse may be a better model for the evaluation of both the mechanistic and functional consequences of human fetal CDR-H3 repertoire restriction than previously appreciated.", "\n\nElectronic supplementary material {#AppESM1}\n---------------------------------\n\nBelow is the link to the electronic supplementary material.", "\n\n###### \n\nUnique and in-frame perinatal sequences used for analysis (DOC 1,833 kb)\n\nThe authors wish to thank P. Burrows, M. Cooper, J. Kearney, and R. F. Maier for their invaluable advice and support. ", "This work was supported in part by AI07051, AI42732, AI48115, AI078449, HD043327, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB/TR22-TPA17, and Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung FLF1071857. ", "The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.", "\n\n**Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.", "\n\nThis work was supported in part by AI07051, AI42732, AI48115, AI078449, HD043327, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB/TR22-TPA17, and Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung FLF1071857. ", "The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Molecular modeling study of the opioid receptor interactions with series of cyclic deltorphin analogues.", "\nIn this study, ten tetra- and heptapeptide analogues of deltorphin containing the urea bridges between residues 2 and 4 have been docked into the δ- and µ-opioid receptors to explain their different biological activities. ", "The important factors explaining particular ligand activity such as free energy of binding, conformation of the ligand, its location inside the binding pocket as well as the number and strength of the receptor-ligand interactions have been discussed. ", "Several different binding modes for investigated ligands have been proposed. ", "It appears that the binding site is not identical even for very similar ligands. ", "Results of this study help to explain the differences in biological activity of the deltorphin analogues, their interaction with the opioid receptors at the molecular level and support designing a new generation of potent opioid drugs with improved selectivity." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Kids’ magazine Highlights for Children strongly condemned the Trump administration’s policy of separating migrant children from their families at the U.S.-Mexico border in a blistering statement shared online Tuesday.", "\n\nKent Johnson, CEO of the venerable publication, urged the government to “cease this activity,” which he called “unconscionable” and said “causes irreparable damage to young lives.” ", "He asked people to write to their elected representatives to express their outrage.", "\n\n“As a company that helps children become their best selves — curious, creative, caring, and confident — we want kids to understand the importance of having moral courage,” Johnson wrote. “", "Moral courage means standing up for what we believe is right, honest, and ethical — even when it is hard.”", "\n\nJohnson said the company’s core belief — that “children are the world’s most important people” — applied to “ALL children.”", "\n\n“This is not a political statement about immigration policy,” Johnson continued, but one “about human decency, plain and simple.”", "\n\n“Let our children draw strength and inspiration from our collective display of moral courage,” the statement concluded. “", "They are watching.”", "\n\nCheck out the statement here:" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "// Package lru provides three different LRU caches of varying sophistication.", "\n//\n// Cache is a simple LRU cache. ", "It is based on the\n// LRU implementation in groupcache:\n// https://github.com/golang/groupcache/tree/master/lru\n//\n// TwoQueueCache tracks frequently used and recently used entries separately.", "\n// This avoids a burst of accesses from taking out frequently used entries,\n// at the cost of about 2x computational overhead and some extra bookkeeping.", "\n//\n// ARCCache is an adaptive replacement cache. ", "It tracks recent evictions as\n// well as recent usage in both the frequent and recent caches. ", "Its\n// computational overhead is comparable to TwoQueueCache, but the memory\n// overhead is linear with the size of the cache.", "\n//\n// ARC has been patented by IBM, so do not use it if that is problematic for\n// your program.", "\n//\n// All caches in this package take locks while operating, and are therefore\n// thread-safe for consumers.", "\npackage lru\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Q:\n\nupdate my join on temporary table\n\nI have a table called leaderboard \nwhich I create\n create temporary table leaderboard \n (\n rank integer primary key auto_increment, \n score_id integer, \n game varchar(65), \n user_id integer\n)\n\nselect \n id, \n highscore, \n playername \nfrom \n players \norder by \n highscore desc\n\nThis is fine but am now trying to update the table with a join in the id.\nUPDATE players \nSET players.rank = leaderboard.rank \nFROM players \nJOIN leaderboard ON players.id = leaderboard.id\n\nbut get an error in the mysql? ", "And pointers would be good\nerror is\n\n...the right syntax to use near 'FROM players JOIN leaderboard ON\n players.id = leaderboard.id' at line 1\n\nA:\n\nMaybe something like this:\nUPDATE players \nJOIN leaderboard ON players.id = leaderboard.id\nSET players.rank = leaderboard.rank\n\nMysql syntax is different from tsql. ", "That style would work on mssql\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "1. ", "Introduction\n===============\n\nMalaria is the single most important cause of ill health, death and poverty in sub-Saharan Africa \\[[@B1-molecules-19-21276],[@B2-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Malaria vector control relies on insecticides for killing mosquitoes, thereby reducing man-mosquito contact and transmission \\[[@B3-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Today, 14 insecticides from four major classes of synthetic chemical insecticides are recommended for indoor residual spraying (IRS) and six insecticides, all belonging to the pyrethroid group, are recommended for insecticide treated material (ITM) and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (LLIN) \\[[@B4-molecules-19-21276],[@B5-molecules-19-21276],[@B6-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Constant exposure to insecticides invariably causes insecticide resistance \\[[@B7-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "A dramatic increase in pyrethroid resistance in malaria mosquitoes has been reported during the last decade and is now widespread throughout Africa \\[[@B8-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Resistance is now considered a threat to current advances in malaria control \\[[@B9-molecules-19-21276],[@B10-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "One of the main challenges for vector control is, therefore, to preserve and improve current insecticide-based interventions, but also to develop a broader range of new insecticides with novel modes of action that can circumvent the current threat of insecticide resistance. ", "Few new insecticides have been developed for public health in the last 30 years \\[[@B9-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "However, alternative candidates for vector control have been tested with promising results, such as dinotefuran \\[[@B11-molecules-19-21276]\\], indoxacarb \\[[@B12-molecules-19-21276]\\], and clorfenapyr \\[[@B13-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "All showed no cross resistance with the common resistance mutations, *kdr* and *ace1*, but had late-acting effect and kill insects at higher doses than conventional insecticides. ", "As all recommended insecticides for vector control are nerve poisons being acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors or sodium channel modulators, excessive use may be harmful to humans and the environment, highlighting the need for safer and less expensive insecticides and repellents. ", "Many current research initiatives aim at exploring natural plant extracts and their derivatives as sources of developing new anti-insect compounds. ", "However, most such research has focused on larvicides and repellents, and relatively little work has been undertaken on adulticides \\[[@B14-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nThe genus *Zanthoxylum*, syn. *", "Fagara*, belongs to the Rutaceae family and is found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. ", "It is a rich genus, with up to 250 identified species. ", "Many of these species are traditionally used for controlling pests, infectious and metabolic diseases \\[[@B15-molecules-19-21276],[@B16-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "A considerable amount of research has been directed towards chemical analyses and biological activity of extracts and constituents of different plant parts of various species in the *Zanthoxylum* genus. ", "Biological activity has been found against a wide range of organisms, including insects such as mosquitoes, beetles, cockroaches, and houseflies \\[[@B17-molecules-19-21276],[@B18-molecules-19-21276],[@B19-molecules-19-21276],[@B20-molecules-19-21276],[@B21-molecules-19-21276],[@B22-molecules-19-21276],[@B23-molecules-19-21276],[@B24-molecules-19-21276],[@B25-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Alkaloids, amides, and terpenoids appear to be the substances most often implicated in anti-insect effects.", "\n\n*Zanthoxylum heitzii* (Aubrév. & ", "Pellegr.) ", "P.G. Waterman, locally known as olon in the Republic of Congo, commonly occurs in the region from southern Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of Congo \\[[@B26-molecules-19-21276]\\]. *", "Z. heitzii* has many traditional uses in Central and West Africa. ", "Preparations from this plant have been reported to be used against a variety of diseases including jaundice \\[[@B27-molecules-19-21276]\\], toothache \\[[@B28-molecules-19-21276]\\], gonorrhea \\[[@B29-molecules-19-21276]\\], and malaria \\[[@B26-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "It has also been reported to be used as fish poison \\[[@B26-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nOnly a few investigations on chemical constituents and biological activity of *Z. heitzii* have been carried out, but alkaloids, lignans, triterpenes, esters and amides have been reported \\[[@B30-molecules-19-21276],[@B31-molecules-19-21276],[@B32-molecules-19-21276],[@B33-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Hexane extracts from *Z. heitzii* bark was shown to be toxic to two weevil species and the American cockroach \\[[@B34-molecules-19-21276]\\] and having antifilarial effect on the nematode *Loa loa* \\[[@B35-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "A preparation of *Z. heitzii* has been patented as an antiviral, antibacterial and immunostimulating remedy with possible anti-AIDS activity \\[[@B36-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Methanol extracts (not further characterized) of bark of *Fagara heitzii* (a.k.a. *", "Z. heitzii*) induced \\>60% cell death in four out of five human cancer cell lines and also inhibited the growth of gram-positive bacteria \\[[@B37-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nHowever, no studies have been carried out so far on the adulticidal properties of *Z. heitzii* against malaria vector mosquitoes. ", "Based on this background, we investigated the intrinsic insecticidal effect of *Z. heitzii* stem bark, seed and leaf extracts on adult *Anopheles gambiae* s.s. ", "mosquitoes.", "\n\n2. ", "Results and Discussion\n=========================\n\n2.1. ", "Extraction and Characterization of Active Fractions\n--------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe extract yields achieved by the two extraction methods and for the different plant parts are shown in [Table 1](#molecules-19-21276-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "^1^H- and ^13^C-NMR spectra of these extracts showed the presence of signals from aromatic, olefinic, oxygenated and aliphatic compounds. ", "NMR spectra of Soxhlet and ASE hexane extracts were nearly identical (for NMR spectra, see [Supplementary material, Figures S1--S4](#app1-molecules-19-21276){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "From initial screening of extracts with HPLC-DAD (wavelength range of 200--400 nm), 237 nm was chosen as the reference wavelength as it gave the best profile of the constituents. ", "The maximum wavelength at 237 nm could indicate that the major constituents of the bark hexane extracts are alkaloids (see below). ", "The HPLC chromatograms at 237 nm showed some structural differences between the samples extracted by ASE and Soxhlet. ", "The bark Soxhlet hexane extract gave a major peak (Rt 8.0 min) and three minor peaks (Rt 4.5, 6.7 and 7.6 min) ([Supplementary material, Figure S5](#app1-molecules-19-21276){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "The corresponding ASE hexane extract had the same major peak but the proportions between the constituents observed were different ([Supplementary material, Figure S6](#app1-molecules-19-21276){ref-type=\"app\"}). ", "This could be explained by the different extraction yields of these two methods.", "\n\nmolecules-19-21276-t001_Table 1\n\n###### \n\nExtraction yields (w/w) of *Zanthoxylum heitzii* stem bark, seeds and leaves by Soxhlet and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) methods. ", "All extracts, except the Soxhlet hexane leaf extract, were used in the mosquito bioassays.", "\n\n \\# Extraction Method Solvent Bark Seed Leaf\n ---- ------------------- ------------------------- ------- ------- -------\n 1 Soxhlet Hexane 2.0% 29.0% 2.7%\n 2 ASE Hexane 0.75% 28.0% 2.3%\n 3 ASE Ethyl acetate 0.4% 1.9% 1.5%\n 4 ASE Ethanol (96%) 2.4% 7.9% 13.5%\n 5 ASE Ethanol/water (50%/50%) 4.6% 11.1% 1.9%\n 6 ASE Water (100%) 1.6% 2.3% 5.8%\n\n2.2. ", "Mosquito Bioassays\n-----------------------\n\n### 2.2.1. ", "General Toxicity\n\nThe stem bark extracts of *Z. heitzii* produced the highest mortalities in all mosquito strains and overall the hexane extracts were the most effective ([Figure 1](#molecules-19-21276-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [Table 2](#molecules-19-21276-t002){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "Mortality generally declined with increasing polarity of the solvent; water extracts producing the lowest mortalities. ", "In the susceptible strain, 1% concentration of each bark hexane extract achieved 100% mortality, whereas 0.1% of the Soxhlet hexane extract killed \\>90% of mosquitoes and 0.1% of the ASE hexane extract killed about 80% of mosquitoes. ", "In both resistant strains, the 0.1%-concentrations provided less than 80%, and 1%-bark hexane extract concentration was needed to achieve close to 100% mortality ([Figure 1](#molecules-19-21276-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Also the 1% bark ethyl acetate extracts produced \\>80% mortality in all mosquito strains. ", "The toxicity of seed and leaf extracts was generally less than 30%, regardless of solvent, extraction method, or concentration ([Figure 1](#molecules-19-21276-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the AcerKis strain was slightly more sensitive compared to the other strains when exposed to 1% of seed extracts from ASE ethyl acetate, ethanol and ethanol/water solvents, producing mortalities \\~50%.", "\n\n### 2.2.2. ", "Toxicity to Hexane Bark Extracts\n\nThe Pearson goodness-of-fit chi-square statistic showed an adequate fit of the factor data to the model (χ^2^ = 12.22, df = 10, *p* = 0.27). ", "The parallelism test of the two factors was not significant (χ^2^ = 1.40, df = 1, *p* = 0.24), indicating that there is no significant difference between the slopes of the two lines, *i.e*., ", "the relative responses of the two extracts are similar ([Figure 2](#molecules-19-21276-f002){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "However, the relative median potency of the ASE method is significantly higher than the Soxhlet method is (0.78, 95% CI 0.60--0.92) (confidence interval does not include 1). ", "The dose-mortality relationships indicate that the ASE extract was slightly more toxic (LD~50~) than the Soxhlet extract against mosquitoes ([Table 3](#molecules-19-21276-t003){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\n{#molecules-19-21276-f001}\n\nmolecules-19-21276-t002_Table 2\n\n###### \n\nMean mortality rates from general toxicity trial analyzed by ANOVA. ", "The factor mortalities within each group reflect general mortalities which are influenced by other group factors. ", "Therefore, mortalities do not indicate true mortalities, but are presented to show the relationships between each factor. ", "For example, the real mortality of stem bark is much higher than 33.8% but is significantly different from seeds and leaves. ", "The mosquito strains used were *Anopheles gambiae* s.s. ", "susceptible (Kis), carbamate/organophosphate resistant (AcerKis), and pyrethroid resistant (kdrKis), and pyrethroid resistant (kdrKis).", "\n\n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Group Factors *n* Mortality ^a^ df F *p*-Value \n --------------------------- ---------------- ----------- --------------- ------------ ------------- ----------- ----------\n Mosquito strain Kis 51 18.4 ^§^ 10.8--26.0 df~1~ = 2\\ 0.24 0.784\n df~2~ = 150 \n\n AcerKis 51 19.9 ^§^ 12.1--27.8 \n\n kdrKis 51 16.2 ^§^ 9.3--23.2 \n\n Plant part Stem bark 54 33.8 ^†^ 23.6--44.0 df~1~ = 2\\ 17.99 \\<0.0001\n df~2~ = 150 \n\n Seed 54 11.1 ^‡^ 7.6--14.7 \n\n Leaf 45 7.9 ^‡^ 5.4--10.3 \n\n Extract concentration 0.01% 51 6.4 ^α^ 3.7--9.1 df~1~ = 2\\ 14.49 \\<0.0001\n df~2~ = 150 \n\n 0.10% 51 16.0 ^β^ 9.3--22.7 \n\n 1.00% 51 32.1 ^γ^ 22.7--41.6 \n\n Extraction method/solvent Soxhlet/hexane 18 35.3 ^a^ 15.5--55.2 df~1~ = 5\\ 3.91 0.002\n df~2~ = 147 \n\n ASE/hexane 27 26.2 ^ac^ 12.3--40.2 \n\n ASE/ethyl acetate 27 19.9 ^bc^ 9.0--30.8 \n\n ASE/96% ethanol 27 15.5 ^bc^ 7.4--23.6 \n\n ASE/50% ethanol-water 27 12.1 ^bd^ 7.9--16.3 \n\n ASE/100% water 27 5.7 ^bd^ 3.1--8.3 \n --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n^a^: Multiple comparisons by Duncan's posthoc test. ", "Within each factor, mortalities with different superscript symbols are significantly different from each other at the α = 0.05% level.", "\n\n2.3. ", "Discussion\n---------------\n\nWe showed that crude extracts of *Zanthoxylum heitzii* plant parts kill *Anopheles gambiae* s.s., ", "the primary vector of malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa. ", "Insecticidal activity varied according to plant part, extraction method, solvent, and mosquito strain. ", "Seed and leaf extracts produced very low mortalities, compared to the bark extracts, indicating that toxic compounds are mainly present in the bark. ", "This is consistent with previous reports \\[[@B34-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "In our study, mortalities ranged from 97% to 100% in the three mosquito strains (insecticide susceptible and resistant) when exposed to the highest test concentration (1%) of Soxhlet and Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) hexane stem bark extracts. ", "The ASE bark extracts produced the highest mortality with an LD~50~ of 102 ng/mg female mosquito in the susceptible strain of *An. ", "gambiae* s.s. ", "In comparison, the Soxhlet extraction method gave an LD~50~ of 144 ng/mg female mosquito. ", "We found no significant difference in mortality between the insecticide susceptible, the pyrethroid resistant, (L1014F mutation present), and the carbamate/organophosphate resistant (*Ace1^R^* mutation present) strains, indicating no cross resistance with conventional insecticides.", "\n\n{#molecules-19-21276-f002}\n\nmolecules-19-21276-t003_Table 3\n\n###### \n\nEfficacy of *Z. heitzii* stem bark hexane extracts using Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and Soxhlet methods against susceptible (*kdr*) *An. ", "gambiae* s.s. ", "by topical application.", "\n\n Extraction Method Slope (±SD) LD~50~ ng/mg Female (95% CI) LD~95~ ng/mg Female (95% CI)\n ------------------- ------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------\n ASE 4.55 (1.07) 101.86 (74.75--117.93) 234.05 (191.85--379.84)\n Soxhlet 6.50 (1.49) 144.45 (124.99--161.59) 258.71 (214.93--404.18)\n\nHexane proved to be the best solvent for extracting *Z. heitzii* compounds, thus showing that the active components are lipophilic. ", "The NMR spectra of Soxhlet and ASE hexane extracts were almost identical, showing the presence of aromatic, olefinic, oxygenated and aliphatic compounds. ", "The HPLC chromatograms indicated that the major constituents might be alkaloids. ", "Alkaloids are well known in *Zanthoxylum* species \\[[@B15-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nThe HPLC also showed some differences between the Soxhlet and ASE hexane extracts. ", "While the components present appeared to be mostly the same, the ratios between them differed. ", "This could potentially be explained by the different extraction yields (2% by Soxhlet and 0.75% by ASE). ", "It is not clear from the chemical analyses why the mosquito bioassays showed a higher potency of the ASE extract than the Soxhlet extract. ", "It could be that the higher extractive yield in the Soxhlet extraction gives more inactive material, thus diluting the active components. ", "In this study, we only report results from crude extracts, but our further research will focus on identifying the most active fractions and compounds in the hexane extracts and testing them in mosquito bioassays.", "\n\nAlthough *Z. heitzii* crude stem bark extract can kill adult female mosquitoes, it is not as effective as synthetic insecticides. ", "As a comparison, studies have shown very low median lethal doses in *An. ", "gambiae* exposed synthetic insecticides, e.g., 1.02 ng/mg female for permethrin, 0.018 ng/mg for deltamethrin, 0.14 ng/mg for bifenthrin, 0.04 ng/mg for fibronil, 0.34 ng/mg for dinetofuran, and 1.14--2.25 ng/mg for chlorpyrifos-methyl (depending on susceptible and *kdr* resistant strains) \\[[@B11-molecules-19-21276],[@B38-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "In another study, pyrethrum, also a natural product, had LD~50~'s of 1.9 ng/mg and 16.0 ng/mg in susceptible and pyrethroid resistant *An. ", "gambiae*, respectively \\[[@B39-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nApart from pyrethrum, it is not clear how well *Z. heitzii* performs as an adulticide compared to other botanical compounds. ", "There is an emphasis in the botanical insecticide literature on larvicidal effects against malaria vectors, and reports on toxicity against adult mosquitoes are rare \\[[@B14-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "The focus on larvicides is potentially because of the comparative easiness of working with larvae. ", "Larvicides have, however, so far not played a large role in malaria vector control. ", "In an interim position statement, the WHO recommends use of larvicides in Sub-Saharan Africa in areas where breeding sites are few, fixed and findable \\[[@B40-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "In those investigations where adults have been tested, differences in methodology (e.g., topical application, adult bioassays) and reporting units (ng per mg mosquito, g per cm^2^ impregnated paper area, ppm) make comparisons difficult (e.g., \\[[@B41-molecules-19-21276]\\]). ", "To assess true (intrinsic) toxicity the topical application method should be used to avoid confusion with potential repellent effects. ", "For example, in the WHO tube bioassays, mosquitoes may avoid treated paper surfaces by resting on the untreated areas on the tops and bottoms of tubes.", "\n\nTo our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the insecticidal activity of *Z. heitzii* against mosquitoes of public health importance. ", "However, despite the urgent need to find new effective botanical and synthetic insecticides in the fight against malaria, the relatively low toxicity of *Z. heitzii* crude bark extracts to malaria mosquitoes could be an obstacle for further development. ", "On the other hand, encouragingly, our findings point to no apparent cross resistance with conventional insecticides. ", "In light of the rising problem of insecticide resistance, new insecticides are needed, and prospecting botanical resources should continue. ", "Although crude plant extracts for insecticide control may have an important local role in control insect pests, the constituent compounds in potentially effective plants should be further investigated. ", "Chemical synthesis of botanical insecticide analogues may also provide useful end products. ", "Further research is required to elucidate details of the chemistry and biological activity of *Z. heitzii*. ", "In addition to stem bark, seeds, and leaves, insect toxicity of other plant parts, such as flowers and root bark, should be investigated and tested on different mosquito species. ", "Repellent and synergistic effects of constituent compounds should be analyzed and the mode of action of active compounds determined. ", "Anecdotal reports say that *Z. heitzii* is toxic to fish \\[[@B26-molecules-19-21276]\\]; therefore, the potential toxicity to non-target organisms as well as environmental persistence of *Z. heitzii* extracts need to be further investigated.", "\n\nFinally, we agree with Isman and Grieneisen, \\[[@B42-molecules-19-21276]\\] that much of the scientific literature on botanical insecticides is of limited use unless results can be reproduced and comparisons between studies made. ", "A general research study protocol must be developed outlining detailed methodologies and standard operating procedures for botanical insecticide testing. ", "The research community should agree on a common research agenda to advance botanical insecticide development and commercialization.", "\n\n3. ", "Experimental Section\n=======================\n\n3.1. ", "Plant Material\n-------------------\n\nStem bark, seed and leaves of *Zanthoxylum heitzii* (Aubrév. & ", "Pellegr.) ", "P.G. Waterman (accepted name according to \\[[@B43-molecules-19-21276]\\]) were collected near Douakani village in south-western Republic of Congo during the rainy season of 2011 (December). ", "The plant material was identified using published keys \\[[@B44-molecules-19-21276]\\] and voucher specimens were deposited at the National Herbarium, Centre of Study on Botanical Resources (CERVE), Brazzaville. ", "Samples of the plant material are also deposited in the School of Pharmacy, Section of Pharmacognosy, University of Oslo, Norway (voucher numbers ZH-L111201, ZH-B111202, ZH-S111203).", "\n\n3.2. ", "Plant Preparation\n----------------------\n\nPlant material was dried locally at room temperature for seven days and transported to the laboratory in the University of Oslo, Norway. ", "Bark was cut into small pieces (\\<4 cm) and milled in a knife mill (Brabender, Duisburg, Germany) to pass through a 4-mm sieve. ", "Seeds of *Z. heitzii* were milled in the same way as the bark.", "\n\n3.3. ", "Extraction\n---------------\n\nExtraction was conducted in May-June 2012 using two different methods, the classical Soxhlet method and the Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) method, using an ASE350 Solvent Extractor (Dionex, Sunnyvale, CA, USA). ", "Hexane was the only solvent used for the Soxhlet method, whereas five different solvents with increasing polarity (hexane, ethyl acetate, 96% ethanol, 50% water/ethanol and water) were used in the ASE method ([Table 1](#molecules-19-21276-t001){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nPowdered plant material (250 g bark), was placed in a Soxhlet extractor and extracted with *n*-hexane (3.5 L) for 10 h. The extract was allowed to cool to room temperature and filtered using a Whatman No.1 filter paper. ", "The extractor flask and filter were washed with dichloromethane and the washings combined with the filtrate. ", "It was then taken to dryness on a rotary evaporator at 40--50 °C followed by 30 min on an oil vacuum pump.", "\n\nIn the ASE, powdered bark, seeds and leaves (100 g of each) were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate, 96% ethanol, 50% water/ethanol and water (*ca.* ", "0.3 L of each). ", "The solvents from the organic extractions were removed in vacuum on a rotary evaporator at 40 °C followed by 30 min in an oil pump vacuum. ", "The extracts from 50% water/ethanol and water extractions were freeze-dried.", "\n\nThe Soxhlet and ASE hexane extracts (most active in bioassays) were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). ", "^1^H- and ^13^C-NMR spectra were recorded at 300 and 75 MHz, respectively, in deuterochloroform on a Bruker DPX300 instrument (Bruker, Rheinstetten, Germany). ", "HPLC analysis was performed on a LaChrom Elite HPLC system (VWR-Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with an L-2455 diode array detector. ", "A Chromolith Performance RP18e 100 × 4.6 mm column (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used for separation. ", "Elution was performed using a gradient of mobile phase A (water) and mobile phase B (acetonitrile) with the following time schedule: 20% B, 0--1 min; 20%--95% B, 1--15 min; 95% B, 15--16 min. ", "The concentration of injected samples was 0.5 mg/mL, injection volume was 10 µL and flow rate was 3.0 mL/min. ", "The absorbance was recorded at 237 nm, and separation took place at 25 °C. ", "All samples were filtered (0.45 µm) prior to injection. ", "The NMR spectra and HPLC chromatograms are appended as [Supplementary material](#app1-molecules-19-21276){ref-type=\"app\"}.", "\n\n3.4. ", "Mosquitoes\n---------------\n\nThree strains of *Anopheles gambiae* s.s. ", "Giles were used in this study: Kis: The Kisumu strain, originating from Kenya, is free of any detectable insecticide resistance mechanisms.kdrKis: A pyrethroid and DDT resistant strain. ", "This strain was obtained by introgression of L1014 F (*kdr*) into the genome of the susceptible Kisumu strain through successive backcrosses and selection with permethrin (1 mg/L). ", "kdrKis has the same genetic background as the Kisumu strain but has the L1014F allele at the homozygous state.", "AcerKis: An organophosphate and carbamate resistant strain. ", "This strain was obtained by introgression of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (*Ace1^R^*) into the genome of the Kisumu strain through successive backcrosses and selection with propoxur (10 mg/L). ", "AcerKis has the same genetic background as the Kisumu strain but differs by the presence of *Ace1^R^* allele (G119S) at homozygous state \\[[@B45-molecules-19-21276]\\].", "\n\nMosquitoes were reared in a temperature-controlled space at 25 ± 5 °C, and 80% ± 10% relative humidity in the laboratory at the Institut de Recherche de Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, France. ", "Strains were kept separately to ensure no accidental cross-breeding (contamination) between populations.", "\n\n3.5. ", "Mosquito Bioassays\n-----------------------\n\nIntrinsic insecticidal activity was assessed by topical application according to standard WHO protocol \\[[@B3-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "Two steps were carried out. ", "In the first step, the general toxicity of bark, seed, and leaf extracts produced by the different extraction methods and solvents was evaluated against both susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. ", "In the second step the toxicity of the most effective extracts was further evaluated to assess dose-effect relationships against susceptible mosquitoes. ", "In each test twenty-five 2--5 days old non-blood fed female mosquitoes were anaesthetized with carbon dioxide and placed on a plate cooled at 4 °C.", "\n\nStock solutions were prepared at 1% by dissolving crude extracts in acetone (for hexane, ethyl acetate, and water extracts) and in ethanol (for ethanol and ethanol/water extracts). ", "From the stock solutions, different concentrations were prepared and used in bioassays. ", "A volume of 0.1 μL of stock solution was deposited on the upper part of the pronotum of each mosquito. ", "Each test was duplicated giving a total of 50 mosquitoes per strain and per dose. ", "After application of the solutions, females were transferred to plastic cups provided with honey-soaked cotton and maintained at controlled temperature (27 ± 2 °C) and humidity (80% ± 10%) conditions. ", "Mortality rates were recorded after 24 h following tests and corrected using Abbott's formula.", "\n\n### 3.5.1. ", "Step 1---General Toxicity\n\nFirst, an initial examination of the general level of toxicity was carried out. ", "All three mosquito strains were exposed to three concentrations (0.01%, 0.1% and 1%) of each of the Soxhlet and ASE crude extracts of bark, seed and leaf of *Z. heitzii* (except Soxhlet hexane leaf extract). ", "In addition, 2 × 50 females were treated with 0.1 μL of pure solvent to serve as controls.", "\n\n### 3.5.2. ", "Step 2---Toxicity to Hexane Bark Extracts\n\nSoxhlet and ASE hexane bark extracts, being most toxic ([Figure 1](#molecules-19-21276-f001){ref-type=\"fig\"}), were selected for further examination of dose and mortality relationships. ", "Only the susceptible *An. ", "gambiae* s.s. ", "Kis strain was used in this step. ", "Female mosquitoes (2 × 25) were treated with 0.1 μL of each of seven concentrations (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.05%, 0.08%, 0.1% and 0.2%) of the two extracts. ", "These concentrations produced a range of 0%--100% mortality. ", "Four batches of 25 females each were used as controls.", "\n\n3.6. ", "Data Analysis\n------------------\n\nThe comparison between each concentration of bark, seed and leaf extract from the initial examination (step 1) was analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). ", "Multiple comparisons between factor levels were done by Duncan's posthoc test. ", "In the second step the relationship between dose and mortality in the insecticide susceptible mosquito strain was analyzed by probit analysis using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0. ", "IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), which provides an estimation of the median lethal doses for each of the two compounds compared (Soxhlet and ASE bark *Z. heitzii* extracts). ", "Median lethal doses (LD~50~ and LD~95~ with 95% confidence intervals) are expressed in nanograms of active ingredient per mg of average mosquito body weight (calculated from 50 live mosquitoes). ", "The probit procedure further estimates the natural response rates, common slope and separate intercepts for each factor level. ", "The Pearson goodness-of-fit chi-square statistic was used to test the null hypothesis that the model adequately fits the data. ", "The relative median potency between the two compounds was compared and the parallelism was used to test if the assumption of equal slopes across factor levels is reasonable.", "\n\n4. ", "Conclusions\n==============\n\nThe olon tree, *Zanthoxylum* *heitzii*, is a traditional medicinal plant in Central and West Africa which also has insecticidal properties. ", "Our research indicates that crude bark extracts of *Z. heitzii* is toxic to *Anopheles gambiae*, the main malaria vector in Africa. ", "Although the insecticidal effect was lower than synthetic insecticides there was no apparent cross resistance with conventional insecticides. ", "Further research is warranted to determine insecticidal efficacy and synergistic effects of the chemical constituents in the bark of *Z. heitzii*. ", "We also encourage further studies on antiplasmodial activity of this species as it has been reported as being used as a malaria cure \\[[@B26-molecules-19-21276]\\]. ", "The toxicity to non-target organisms of various plant parts of this species also need to be investigated.", "\n\nThe Research Council of Norway funded this work (FUGE Bio prospecting, project establishment support, project No. ", "209508/S10). ", "For laboratory assistance we thank Suthajini Yogarajah and Ingvild Austarheim at the University of Oslo, Norway. ", "The NMR laboratory at the Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, is acknowledged for use of NMR instruments.", "\n\n*Sample Availability*: Samples of the *Zanthoxylum heitzii* bark used are available from the authors.", "\n\nSupplementary materials (Figures S1--S6) can be accessed at: <http://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/19/12/21276/s1>.", "\n\n###### \n\nClick here for additional data file.", "\n\nP.S., B.M. and Y.-F.Z. carried out the experimental work. ", "H.J.O., K.E.M., B.S.P., D.M., S.D., V.C. and F.C. designed the study, H.J.O., K.E.M. and H.W. prepared the manuscript, H.J.O. coordinated the project. ", "All authors read and approved the final manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no conflict of interest.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Long-range and many-body effects in coagulation processes.", "\nWe study the problem of diffusing particles which coalesce upon contact. ", "With the aid of a nonperturbative renormalization group, we first analyze the dynamics emerging below the critical dimension two, where strong fluctuations imply anomalously slow decay. ", "Above two dimensions, the long-time, low-density behavior is known to conform with the law of mass action. ", "For this case, we establish an exact mapping between the physics at the microscopic scale (lattice structure, particle shape and size) and the macroscopic decay rate in the law of mass action. ", "In addition, we identify a term violating this classical law. ", "It originates in long-range and many-particle fluctuations and is a simple, universal function of the macroscopic decay rate." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to arc routing systems and methods thereof, and more particularly to an arc routing system and method that can route an area of a printed circuit board with high component density.", "\n2. ", "Description of Related Art\nRouting of printed circuit boards has ranged from hand layout to autorouting of all wires. ", "The need to complete routing rapidly and correctly with large numbers of nets and electrical constraints has driven the development and use of specialized autorouters. ", "However, for an area of a printed circuit board with high component density, hand layout is preferred to optimize the routing.", "\nFor an area of a printed circuit board with high component density, keepout regions are usually formed around each component in order to avoid signal crosstalk and short circuits. ", "As a result, signal lines should be taken round and kept away from many keepout regions. ", "Thus, a routing engineer needs to route a wire piece by piece by try and error method, which not only results in a low routing speed but also results in irregular wires. ", "The irregular wires will adversely affect the signal transferring. ", "Meanwhile, the irregular wires introduce electrical and signal resistances, thereby decreasing the electrical connection performance of printed circuit boards.", "\nAccordingly, there is a need to develop an arc routing system and method to simplify routing, increase routing efficiency and improving electrical connection performance of printed circuit boards." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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