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[ "Are you an early-career or aspiring journalist interested (even just a little) in covering colleges and universities?", "\n\nIf so, you should apply for our seasonal summer internship.", "\n\nQ. Who are we?", "\n\nA. The Chronicle is the premier source for news about higher education. ", "We've been around since 1966, and more than a million people read us online every month. ", "Click these links to see someoftheprojects we’ve turned out recently.", "\n\nWe're also an equal-opportunity employer, and one of our top priorities is recruiting and maintaining a diverse staff.", "\n\nQ. What would I do as an intern?", "\n\nA. You'd be a full-time reporter in our newsroom, in Washington, D.C. Simple as that.", "\n\nA. Roughly from early September to mid-December, but we're flexible to accommodate different academic schedules.", "\n\nQ. How do I apply?", "\n\nA. Here's the process. ", "You'll need to submit four things — in a single PDF, please:\n\nCover letter\n\nTell us about yourself and what you're looking to accomplish through the internship. ", "Perhaps most important, tell us what you can offer, and why you want to bring it to The Chronicle.", "\n\nAnd keep it to one page, please.", "\n\nRésumé\n\nYou probably know what's in a résumé. ", "Candidates should have some experience in a newsroom, be it college or professional.", "\n\nMake sure to include your phone number, email address, and mailing address.", "\n\nAgain, one is the magic number of pages.", "\n\nFive clips\n\nSend us five examples of what you're capable of. ", "They can be articles, links to articles, links to videos or multimedia projects, audio projects, or any other kind of reporting project. ", "Specify the publication and the publication date.", "\n\nThree references\n\nInclude the email addresses and phone numbers of three references. ", "At least two of them should have edited or supervised your journalism.", "\n\nQ. What's the deadline?", "\n\nA. Send your application (in a single PDF) by noon, Eastern time, on Friday, June 15, 2018.", "\n\nQ. What happens then?", "\n\n1. ", "In June, our intern-selection committee will read every application and pick the most promising 15 to 20 candidates.", "\n\n2. ", "Roughly a week after the deadline, we'll give those 15 to 20 people a writing test, to get a sense of how they work under pressure.", "\n\n3. ", "Considering the applications and the tests, we'll cut our list down to about eight candidates in mid-June.", "\n\n4. ", "One day in late June, we'll interview the finalists by phone. ", "In the following days, we'll make decisions." ]

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[ "In Nick's case study, this occurs after the encopresis is externalized as an oppressive influence in his life (in effect, excising it from Nick's identity and transforming it into a foe to be combated).", "\n\nEncopresis and enuresis were more common in a cohort of 93 children and adolescents aged 7-16 years with early adolescent bipolar disorder I phenotype, compared with 81 children with ADHD and 94 healthy controls, wrote Tricia Klages and her colleagues at Washington University in St.\n\nAll content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. ", "This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow is an Or statement evaluated in VBA?", "\n\nI am just wondering how does an Or conditional statement work in VBA/VB6. ", "Basically, if we have If A Or B Then, in what order are the Boolean expressions evaluated? ", "If A is true, is B also evaluated?", "\n\nA:\n\nHere are some test results for you:\nPublic Sub DoTesting()\n\n ' Displays \"Test1\" followed by \"Test2\", so they're evaluated in order.", "\n ' Also, both expressions are evaluated even though Test1() is False.", "\n If Test1() And Test2() Then\n End If\n\n ' Displays \"Test2\" followed by \"Test1\", so they're evaluated in order.", "\n ' Also, both expressions are evaluated even though Test2() is True.", "\n If Test2() Or Test1() Then\n End If\n\n ' Displays \"Test1\" only. ", "Test2() is not evaluated.", "\n If Test1() Then If Test2() Then Debug.", "Print \"\"\n\nEnd Sub\n\nPublic Function Test1() As Boolean\n MsgBox \"Test1\"\n Test1 = False\nEnd Function\n\nPublic Function Test2() As Boolean\n MsgBox \"Test2\"\n Test2 = True\nEnd Function\n\nSo, both expressions in an Or or an And are always evaluated, in order, regardless of outcome. ", "You can use If ... Then If ... Then to achieve simple inline short-circuiting. ", "\n\n" ]

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[ "Talking about budget segment smartphones we really don’t do a lot of talking, but the recent launched Mobiistar XQ Dual sets it apart. ", "We have been testing this device from a while & we really started thinking if this new Smartphone brand can lead the budget segment smartphone category or not. ", "This smartphone is priced at INR 7,999 & to decide if it’s worth buying the Mobiistar XQ Dual, here is the complete review so that you can make our decision.", "\n\nPros\n\nCons\n\nFeatured phone as compare to the Budget\n\nThe UI needs improvement\n\nAmazing wide angle camera\n\nPoor Audio Quality\n\nGood Built Quality\n\nLess Camera Modes\n\nGood Battery Life\n\nSlow fingerprint scanner\n\nUnder The Box:\n\nThe box comes with simple packaging & under the hood the device comes loaded with the following materials.", "\n\nSmartphone\n\nSilicon Case\n\nSIM Injecting Tool\n\nPower Adapter\n\nPower Cable\n\nUser Manuals\n\nOne thing that was missing is the headphone, but considering the price point we can ignore this fact.", "\n\nDesign & Built:\n\nMoiistar XQ Dual\n\n1 of 3\n\nCompared to the price, the MobiiStar XQ Dual comes with a very decent built quality, having a metal body on the back, which can easily take few drops. ", "On the back side of the phone contains the fingerprint scanner and just above that is the single 13MP camera. ", "On the right hand sides the phone contains a lock/power button along with a SIM Card slot just above that and on the left hand side it comes with the volume rocker.", "\n\nThis budget segment smartphone is majorly focused on the self side & hence it has a dual selfie camera with 13+8MP camera sensor with LED flash. ", "What’s impressive here is that the brand is trying to give a budget segment smartphone quite a decent look. ", "The phone has a golden plate separate for the antenna, which does add some value to the looks.", "\n\nLooking at the overall built quality of the smartphone, it surly looks like a mid ranged smartphone, but surprisingly MobiiStar is providing quite a good build quality & this is purely with a thought to make this phone look quite premium as compare to the price.", "\n\nPerformance:\n\nBefore we talk about the performance in detail, let me clear few things. ", "First the performance on this measured depending not only on the budget, but also as compared to the other competitors in the same price point. ", "We will break the performance part in different segment so that it becomes easy for you guys to understand it.", "\n\nBattery Performance:\n\nThe battery of the smartphone lasts really good, but the charging time is what disappointing here. ", "As every other smartphones are giving fast charging, the MobiiStar takes around 2 hours 15 minutes to charge your device from 0% to 100%. ", "But remember the smartphones that comes in the same price point has the same issue.", "\n\nDuring our battery test, the smartphone easily lasts for over 9 hours with usual calls, music playback and also during the gaming. ", "The smartphone is armed with 3000mAh battery and that is what surprising for me to understand how can a smartphone with 3000mAh battery could last for 9 hours.", "\n\nCamera Performance:\n\nOne of the most important things in any smartphone these days is the camera. ", "This smartphone being a selfie oriented camera phone we will first see the front camera & then the rear camera sample test.", "\n\nSelfie Camera Test:\n\nThis smartphone being a selfie oriented smartphone the 13+8MP does a pretty good job, but if you are thinking of getting an extra ordinary, clear, pixel free, gradient free selfie, then think again; it’s a budget segment smartphone. ", "I really liked how wide the camera lens can go. ", "The MobiiStar is till now one of the best budgeting selfie smartphones we have tested yet.", "\n\n1 of 4\n\nTalking about the front video recording, i would say that they have managed it really well. ", "The front camera records 1080p video, which is quite good for the budgeting smartphone. ", "But, what’s not good about the front recording is the audio capture quality. ", "They don’t have the high quality audio recording. ", "I really don’t think that can be fixed on a software update.", "\n\nNow this is one part which i think everyone would like to know about. ", "I have taken this smartphone through a lot of camera tests to give justice to those people who really want to know the camera performance of the XQ Dual. ", "To be frank, the smartphone has a very decent picture capture quality. ", "The camera misses capturing the details, which is one down side of the camera. ", "It also does not have an OIS which again is another disappointing point in this smartphone\n\nRear Camera Samples\n\n1 of 6\n\n.", "\n\nAlso comparing the smartphone with others brands in the same price point; The XQ Dual do perform better. ", "The biggest competitor for this brand is the Moto G5 (Price around INR 8,900), which does has a better camera performance than the XQ Dual.", "\n\nThere are one thing which I really liked & Dislike about the camera UI:\n\nLike: It is really hard to find a budget segment smartphone to have a manual mode that can give you a real time video when you change the manual settings.", "\n\nDislike: The one thing i really want MobiiStar to work on is the modes view. ", "People really like the camera modes to me easily identified. ", "But the case with the MobiiStar is different. ", "We do believe that in few updates they will manage to re design their Camera UI.", "\n\nHardware Performance:\n\nNow we come to the part, which matters the most in the smartphone and that is the hardware performance. ", "The Smartphone comes with a Snapdragon 430 SOC & 3GB RAM. ", "We haven’t done any benchmark test in this device, as what matters in this price segment smartphone is the real time performance.", "\n\nThe smartphone is not super fact, but can manage to do moderate task. ", "You really can’t think of playing high end games in this smartphone, but playing moderate games can be done. ", "The smartphone does consumes battery faster during gaming. ", "At our test the smartphone did dropped 30% battery in just an hour of gaming. ", "But this is quite common on all the smartphones apart from the Zenfone Max Pro M1 we have tested.", "\n\nOverall the smartphone does a pretty good job in managing the daily task. ", "I did not find that major drawback in the performance.", "\n\nSoftware:\n\nI feel like everyone are planning to go for iPhone. ", "The XQDual UI has some icon that looks similar to the older iPhone models. ", "Apart from few icons you can easily get used to the UI of this smartphone.", "\n\nCurrently the Smartphone comes loaded with Android 7.1.2 and one of the best part is that the smartphone can be upgraded to Android Oreo (As confirmed by the spokes person) by this year ends.", "\n\nThere is still more room for the improvement on their UI, which is really think can be achieved as by the time passes, but as of now the UI of this smartphone looks cheap, which surly need to be improved. ", "Currently the UI version of this Smartphone is 3.0 and I believe that by Version 4.0 we could see much better improvement on the smartphone.", "\n\nVerdict:\n\nComing to the final and the most important part of this review is the verdict. ", "So should we buy this smartphone? ", "The answer is yes. ", "If you are looking for a budget segment smartphone under 10k and want it to be feature then this is one of the best option for you. ", "You still have the Real Me 3GB RAM & 32 GB ROM variant, which will cost you round 8,000 INR." ]

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[ "All of the patents, patent applications, technical papers and other references referenced above and below are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.", "\nThe invention relates to several different areas and a discussion of some particular areas of interest follows.", "\n1. ", "Pattern Recognition\nPattern recognition techniques, such as artificial neural networks are finding increased application in solving a variety of problems such as optical character recognition, face recognition, voice recognition, and military target identification. ", "In the automotive industry in particular, pattern recognition techniques have now been applied to identify various objects within the passenger compartment of the vehicle, such as a rear facing child seat, as well as to identify threatening objects with respect to the vehicle, such as an approaching vehicle about to impact the side of the vehicle. ", "See, for example, U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "05,829,782, 06,343,810 and U.S. RE 37,260.", "\nPattern recognition techniques have also been applied to sense automobile crashes for the purpose of determining whether or not to deploy an airbag or other passive restraint, or to tighten the seatbelts, cutoff the fuel system, or unlock the doors after the crash (see, for example, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,684,701). ", "In the past, pattern recognition techniques were not applied to forecast the severity of automobile crashes for the purpose of controlling the flow of gas into and/or out of an airbag to tailor the airbag inflation characteristics and/or to control seatbelt retractors, pretensioners and energy dissipaters to match the crash severity. ", "Furthermore, such techniques were also not used to control the flow of gas into and/or out of an airbag to tailor the airbag inflation characteristics to the size, position and/or relative velocity of the occupant or other factors such as seatbelt usage, seat and seat back positions, headrest position, vehicle velocity, etc.", "\nNeural networks are constructed of processing elements known as neurons that are interconnected using information channels often called interconnects organized into different layers. ", "Each neuron can have multiple inputs but only one output. ", "Each output however is usually connected to all other neurons in the next layer in the direction of processing. ", "The neurons in the first layer operate collectively on the input data as described in more detail below. ", "Neural networks learn by extracting relational information from the data and the desired output. ", "Neural networks have been applied to a wide variety of pattern recognition problems including automobile occupant sensing, speech recognition, optical character recognition, and handwriting analysis.", "\n2. ", "Electronic Crash Sensors\nElectronic crash sensors currently used in sensing frontal impacts typically include accelerometers mounted in the passenger compartment that detect and measure vehicle accelerations during the crash. ", "The accelerometer produces an analog signal proportional to the acceleration experienced by the accelerometer and hence the vehicle on which it is mounted. ", "An analog to digital converter (ADC) transforms this analog signal into a digital time series. ", "Crash sensor designers study this digital acceleration data and derive therefrom computer algorithms which determine whether the acceleration data from a particular crash event warrants deployment of the airbag. ", "This is usually a trial and error process wherein the engineer or crash sensor designer observes data from crashes where the airbag is desired and when it is not needed, and other events where the airbag is not needed. ", "Finally, the engineer or crash sensor designer settles on the “rules” for controlling deployment of the airbag which are programmed into an algorithm which seem to satisfy the requirements of the crash library, i.e., the crash data accumulated from numerous crashes and other events and the associated desired restraint reaction. ", "The resulting algorithm is not universal and most such engineers or crash sensor designers will answer in the negative when asked whether their algorithm will work for all vehicles. ", "Such an algorithm also merely determines that the airbag should or should not be triggered. ", "Prior to the current assignee's activities, no attempt is believed to have been made to ascertain or forecast the eventual severity of the crash or, more specifically, to forecast the velocity change versus time of the passenger compartment from the previous acceleration data obtained from the accelerometer.", "\nSeveral papers as listed below have been published pointing out some of the problems and limitations of electronic crash sensors mounted out of the crush zone of the vehicle, usually in a protected location in the passenger compartment of the vehicle. ", "These sensors are frequently called single point crash sensors. ", "Technical papers which discuss the limitations of current single point sensors along with discussions of the theory of crash sensing are listed below. ", "The only use of electronic sensors at the time of the filing of the current assignee's earliest parent patent application to (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,842,716 filed Sep. 16, 1993) was for non-crush zone sensing of frontal crashes. ", "Patent U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "03,701,903 shows crash sensors mounted near the front of the vehicle but it also points out that they are used “. . . ", "in response to changes in the vehicle's velocity” as opposed to the velocity change to a portion of the vehicle that undergoes crushing. ", "Engineers involved in crash testing at that time were aware that in a crash test, it was common to lose one or more of the front crush zone mounted accelerometers and thus the prevailing wisdom was that the crush zone was not a place to position electronic sensors.", "\nThese papers demonstrate, among other things, that there is no known theory that allows an engineer to develop an algorithm for sensing crashes and selectively deploying the airbag except when the sensor is located in the crush zone of the vehicle. ", "These papers show that, in general, there is insufficient information within the acceleration signal measured in the passenger compartment to sense all crashes. ", "Another conclusion suggested by these technical papers is that if an algorithm can be found which works for one vehicle, it will also work for all vehicles since it is possible to create any crash pulse measured in one vehicle, in any vehicle. ", "In this regard, reference is made in particular to SAE paper 920124 discussed below.", "\nIn spite of the problems associated with finding the optimum crash sensor algorithm, many vehicles on the road today have electronic single point crash sensors. ", "Some of the problems associated with single point sensors have the result that an out-of-position occupant who is sufficiently close to the airbag at the time of deployment will likely be injured or killed by the deployment itself. ", "Fortunately, systems are now being developed, and are in limited production, that monitor the location of occupants within the vehicle and can suppress deployment of the airbag if the occupant is more likely to be injured by the deployment than by the accident. ", "However, these systems are not believed to currently provide the information necessary for the control of airbag systems, or the combination of seatbelt and airbag systems, which have the capability of varying the flow of gas into and/or out of the airbag and thus to tailor the airbag to the size and/or weight of the occupant (and/or possibly another morphological characteristic of the occupant), as well as to the position, velocity and/or seatbelt use of the occupant. ", "More particularly, no such system existed, prior to the conception by the current assignee's personnel, which uses pattern recognition techniques to match the airbag deployment and/or gas discharge from the airbag to the severity of the crash and/or the size, weight, position, velocity and/or seatbelt use of an occupant.", "\nOnce any crash sensor has determined that an airbag should be deployed, the system can perform other functions such as tightening the seatbelts for those vehicles which have seatbelt retractor systems, cutting off of the fuel system to prevent fuel spillage during or after the crash, and unlocking the doors after the crash to make it easier for the occupant(s) to escape.", "\n3. ", "Crash Severity Prediction\nWhen a crash commences, the vehicle starts decelerating and an accelerometer located in the passenger compartment, and/or one or more satellite or crush zone mounted accelerometers, begins sensing this deceleration and produces one or more electronic signals that vary over time in proportion to the magnitude of the deceleration. ", "These signals contain information as to the type of the crash which can be used to identify the crash. ", "A crash into a pole gives a different signal than a crash into a rigid barrier, for example, even during the early portion of the crash before the airbag triggering decision has been made. ", "A neural network pattern recognition system can be trained to recognize and identify the crash type from the early signal from a passenger compartment mounted sensor, for example, and further to forecast ahead the velocity change versus time of the crash. ", "Naturally, if the neural network also has information from satellite or crush zone mounted sensors, the accuracy of the forecast is significantly improved. ", "Once this forecast is made, the severity and timing of the crash can be predicted. ", "Thus, for a rigid barrier impact, an estimate of the eventual velocity change of the crash can be made and the amount of gas needed in the airbag to cushion an occupant as well as the time available to direct that amount of gas into the airbag can be determined and used to control the airbag inflation.", "\nAnother example isa crash into a highway energy absorbing crash cushion. ", "In this case, the neural-network-based sensor determines that this is a very slow crash and causes the airbag to inflate more slowly thereby reducing the incidence of collateral injuries such as broken arms and eye lacerations.", "\nIn both of these cases, the entire decision making process takes place before the airbag deployment is initiated. ", "In another situation where a soft crash is preceded by a hard crash, such as might happen if a pole were in front of a barrier, the neural network system would first identify the soft pole crash and begin slowly inflating the airbag. ", "However, once the barrier impact begins, the system would recognize that the crash type has changed and recalculate the amount and timing of the introduction of gas into the airbag and send appropriate commands to the inflation control system of the airbag to possibly vary the introduction of gas into the airbag. ", "Again, if crush zone mounted sensors are present, the accuracy of the crash severity is greatly enhanced.", "\nThe use of pattern recognition techniques in crash sensors has another significant advantage in that it can share the same pattern recognition hardware and software with other systems in the vehicle. ", "Pattern recognition techniques have proven to be effective in solving other problems related to airbag passive restraints. ", "In particular, the identification of a rear-facing child seat located on the front passenger seat, so that the deployment of the airbag can be suppressed, has been demonstrated. ", "Also, the use of pattern recognition techniques for the classification of vehicles about to impact the subject vehicle, particularly the side, for use in anticipatory crash sensing shows great promise. ", "Both of these pattern recognition systems, as well as others under development, can use the same computer system as the crash sensor and prediction system of this invention. ", "Moreover, both of these systems preferably will need to interact with, and should be part of, the diagnostic module used for frontal impacts. ", "It would be desirable for cost and reliability considerations, therefore, for all such systems to use the same computer system or at least be located in the same electronic module. ", "This is particularly desirable since computers designed specially for solving pattern recognition problems, such as neural-computers, are now available and can be integrated into a custom application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).", "\n4. ", "Crush Zone Mounted Sensors\nIn Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Paper No. ", "930650 entitled “A Complete Frontal Crash Sensor System (8), the authors conclude that airbag crash sensors mounted in the crush zone are necessary for the proper sensing of airbag-required frontal crashes. ", "They also conclude that such sensors should sense crashes to all portions of the front of the vehicle and that sensors which sense the crush of the vehicle are preferred. ", "The theory of crush sensing is presented in the above-referenced U.S. patents and patent applications and particularly in reference (6).", "\nThe tape switch and rod-in-tube crush sensors described in the above-referenced U.S. patents and patent applications have performed successfully on various staged vehicle frontal crashes into barriers and poles. ", "These sensors are generally not sufficient for sensing side impacts as discussed in reference (11), however, they can be successful when used in conjunction with a passenger compartment mounted electronic sensor or as a safing sensor. ", "Similarly, they are also being considered when a deployable device, such as an airbag, is used for rear impacts. ", "Newer elongate crush zone mounted sensors are being developed that continuously measure the relative displacement, velocity change or acceleration of a particular location in the crush zone and therefore can give much improved information about the locating of an impact and the characteristics of the crash such as its severity.", "\nSensors have been widely used in the crush zone to sense and initiate deployment of an air bag passive restraint system. ", "These sensors include an air damped ball-in-tube sensor such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "03,974,350, 04,198,864, 04,284,863, 04,329,549 and 04,573,706 (all in the name of Breed) and a spring mass sensor such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "Nos. ", "04,116,132 and 04,167,276 (both in the name of Bell). ", "In addition, a passenger compartment-mounted electronic sensor is now the most common sensor in airbag systems. ", "Each of these sensors has particular advantages and shortcomings that are discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,995,639.", "\nThe use of tape or ribbon switch technology as a crush switch was also disclosed in the '639 patent. ", "Further research has shown that an improvement of this particular implementation has significant advantages over some of the other implementations since the switch can be easily made long and narrow and it can be made to respond to bending. ", "In the first case, it can be designed to cover a significant distance across the vehicle that increases the probability that it will be struck by crushed material or bent as the crush zone propagates rearward in the vehicle during a crash. ", "In the second case, it can be made small and located to sense the fact that one part of the vehicle has moved relative to some other part or that the structure on which the sensor is mounted has deformed.", "\nOther crush zone mounted crash sensors including crush switch designs where the width and height dimensions are comparable, must either be large and thus heavy, expensive and difficult to mount, or there is a possibility that the randomly shaped crushed material which forms the boundary of the crush zone will bridge the sensor resulting in late triggering. ", "This crushed material frequently contains holes, wrinkles or folds or portions that may even be displaced or torn out during the crash with the result that it is difficult to guarantee that a particular small area where the sensor is mounted will be struck early in the crash.", "\nA significant improvement results, therefore, if the sensor can stretch across more of the vehicle or if it can determine that there has been relative motion or deformation of a portion of the vehicle on which the sensor is mounted. ", "The improved sensors described herein are small in height and thickness but can extend to whatever length is necessary to achieve a high probability of a sensor triggering on time in a crash.", "\nIt has been found that conventional designs of tape or ribbon switches have the drawback that the force required to close the switch is very small compared with the forces which are normally present in automobile crashes. ", "During routine maintenance of the vehicle, the normal tape switch may be damaged or otherwise made to close and remain closed, with the result that later, when the vehicle encounters a pot hole or other shock sufficient to cause the arming sensor to close, an inadvertent air bag deployment can result. ", "Similarly, if the tape switch is mounted on the front of the radiator support, which is a preferred mounting locating for crush zone sensors, hail, heavy rain, stones or other debris from the road might impact the tape switch and cause a momentary closure or damage it. ", "If this happens when the vehicle experiences a shock sufficient to cause the arming sensor to close, an inadvertent air bag deployment might also occur. ", "The force typically required to close a tape switch is less than one pound whereas tens of thousands of pounds are required to stop a vehicle in a crash and local forces greatly in excess of 20 pounds are available to actuate a sensor during a crash.", "\nThe present invention seeks to eliminate these drawbacks through the use of a tape switch, rod-in-tube or coaxial cable design that requires either a large force to actuate or a bending of the device due to structural deformation as explained below.", "\nIn 1992, the current assignee published reference (5) where the authors demonstrate that there is insufficient information in the non-crush zone of the vehicle to permit a decision to be made to deploy an airbag in time for many crashes. ", "The crash sensors described herein and in the patents and patent applications referenced above, provide an apparatus and method for determining that the crush zone of the automobile has undergone a particular velocity change. ", "This information can be used by itself to make the airbag deployment decision. ", "As airbag systems become more sophisticated, however, the fact that the vehicle has undergone a velocity change in the crush zone can be used in conjunction with an electronic sensor mounted in the passenger compartment to not only determine that the airbag should be deployed but an assessment of the severity of the crash can be made. ", "In this case, the front crush zone mounted sensor of the type disclosed herein can be used as an input to an electronic algorithm and thereby permit a deployment strategy based on the estimated severity of the accident. ", "Although the sensors described herein are one preferred approach of providing this capability, the sensors disclosed in the above referenced patents would also be suitable. ", "Alternately, in some cases, sensors of another design can fulfill this function. ", "Such sensors might be based on the electromechanical technologies such as the ball-in-tube sensor described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,900,880 and now electronic sensors can be used as crush zone mounted sensors for this purpose as is the object of the instant invention.", "\nFor the purposes herein, the crush zone is defined as that part of the vehicle which crushes or deforms during a particular crash. ", "This is a different definition from that used elsewhere and in particular in the above-referenced technical papers. ", "Also for the purposes herein, the terminology Crush Sensing Zone, or CSZ, will be used to designate that portion of the vehicle which is deformed or crushed during a crash at the sensor-required trigger time. ", "The sensor-required trigger time is considered the latest time that a crash sensor can trigger for there to be sufficient time to deploy the airbag. ", "This is determined by the airbag system designers and is a given parameter to the sensor designer for a particular crash. ", "Naturally, there will be a different sensor-required trigger time for each crash, however, it has been found, as reported in the above references, that the CSZ is remarkably constant for all crashes of the same type.", "\nFor example, the CSZ is nearly the same for all frontal barrier crashes regardless of the velocity of the crash. ", "The same is true for 30 degree angle barrier crashes although the CSZ is different here than for frontal barrier crashes. ", "Remarkably, and unexpectedly, it has also been found that when all frontal crashes at all different velocities are taken into account, the CSZ rearmost boundary becomes an approximate three dimensional surface lying mostly within the engine compartment of the vehicle, typically about ten to twelve inches behind the bumper at the center, and extending backward when crashes outside of the rails are considered. ", "Finally, if a sensor is placed on this CSZ surface so that it is higher than the bumper level on the sides of the vehicle and lower in the vehicle center, as shown in FIG. ", "7 herein, it will do a remarkable job at discriminating between airbag required and non-deployment crashes and still trigger by the sensor-required trigger time and before other sensors of comparable sensitivity. ", "Naturally, this system is not perfect, however, it has been shown to do a better job than any other sensor system now in use.", "\nIt was this discovery which provided a basis for the subject matter described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,995,639 and then to the rod-in-tube sensor described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,441,301. ", "During the process of implementing the rod-in-tube sensor, it was found that the same theory applies to rear impacts and that rod-in-tube sensors also have applicability to side impact sensing, although the theory is different.", "\nIn U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,694,320 (Breed), the theory of sensing rear impacts is presented and it is concluded that an anticipatory sensing system is preferred. ", "This is because many people suffer whiplash injuries at rather low velocity impacts and if an inflatable restraint is used, the repair cost may be significant. ", "To protect most people from whiplash injuries in rear impacts, therefore, a resetable system is preferred. ", "The argument on the other side is that if the headrest is properly positioned, it will take care of all of the low velocity impacts and, therefore, an airbag can be used and reserved for the high velocity impacts where a crush sensing crash sensor would be used. ", "The rod-in-tube sensor disclosed herein is, therefore, ideal for use with a deployable headrest mounted airbag for the same reasons that it is a good sensor for sensing frontal impacts. ", "Since the rear of a vehicle typically has about one third of the stiffness of the vehicle front, electronic sensors will have even a tougher time discriminating between trigger and non-trigger cases for rear impacts. ", "As disclosed in references 5 and 9 above, it is the soft crashes that are the most difficult for electronic sensors to sense in time.", "\nCrush sensing crash sensors are not ideal for sensing side impacts alone, although at least one Volvo side impact system uses such a sensing system. ", "This is because the sensing time is so short that there is virtually no crush (about two inches) at the time that the airbag must be deployed. ", "Since there is very little signal out of the crush zone where electronic sensors are mounted, electronic sensors alone are not able to discriminate airbag required crashes from other crashes not requiring airbag deployment. ", "The combination of the two sensors, on the other hand, can be used to provide a reliable determination. ", "The crush sensor determines that there has been two inches of crush and the electronic sensor determines that the acceleration signal at that time is consistent with an airbag-required crash occurring. ", "Thus, although they cannot be reliably used alone as a discriminating sensor for side impacts, the combined system does function properly. ", "Recent advances now permit electronic crash sensors to be mounted in the side as well as the front and rear crush zones.", "\nAn alternate use of the crush sensor such as the rod-in-tube sensor in side impacts is as a safing sensor. ", "In this role, it merely determines that a crash is in progress and the main discriminating function is handled by the velocity sensing sensors such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,231,253 (assigned to the current assignee). ", "The rod-in-tube or coaxial cable crush velocity sensing crash sensors solve this side impact problem and thus applications include frontal, side and rear impacts, where in each case they enjoy significant advantages over all other crash sensing technologies. ", "With respect to other prior art related to the certain embodiments of the invention, Peachey (U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,060,705) describes a pressure actuated continuous switch which designed to actuate about its entire circumference, i.e., in all directions. ", "The switch of the embodiment in FIG. ", "1 of Peachey includes a central, inner conductor 1, an insulating thread 2 helically wound around the conductor 1 and an outer conductor 3, all housed within a sheath of insulating material 4. ", "The switch in the embodiment of FIG. ", "2 includes a central, inner conductor 1, an insulating thread 2 helically wound around the conductor 1, a sheath of graphite-loaded plastic 5 surrounding the thread 2, an outer conductor 3 surrounding the sheath 5 and a sheath of insulating material 4 surrounding the outer conductor 3. ", "The switch in these embodiments is actuated when pressure is applied to the switch so that the outer conductor (FIG. ", "1) or sheath 5 (FIG. ", "2) is deflected to cause it to make contact with the inner conductor 1 and thereby establish electrical contact between the inner and outer conductors 1,3, in the embodiment of FIG. ", "2 through the sheath 5. ", "In view of the helical winding of the insulating thread 2 around the inner conductor 1, these switches can be actuated by bending at almost all locations (except for an impact into a location where the insulating material 2 is interposed between the conductors 1,3).", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "02,437,969 to Paul describes a deformable switch 10 in the form of a tube that is actuatable at all circumferential points along its length. ", "The tube includes a central coil of electrically conducting wire 12, a braided electrically conducting, metal tube 11 and insulating separators 13 spaced at discrete locations along the length of the switch 10 to support the tube 11 around the wire 12. ", "The switch is actuatable at all circumferential locations along the length of the tube, except for the locations at which the insulating separators 13 are located. ", "In use, when pressure is applied to the tube 11, it deforms at the location at which pressure is applied thereby coming into contact with the wire II and causing a circuit to close.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,322,323 to Ohno et al. ", "describes to a collision sensing system for an airbag including collision sensors and acceleration sensors wherein deployment of the airbag is based on a signal from the collision sensors and an analysis of the output from the acceleration sensors.", "\nU.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,797,623 to Hubbard describes an allegedly unique side impact sensor based on a piezoelectric film. ", "The sensor essentially measures the energy of impact providing the entire force applied to the film, which would not in general be the case. ", "The velocity of the impacting vehicle can be determined again if the sensor absorbs the entire force and if the mass of the impacting object is known. ", "Since neither of these can be assumed, the device will not provide a measurement of the impacting velocity and therefore at best can act as an impact-sensing switch with some discriminating capability.", "\nThe prior art crush zone mounted sensors therefore are either force sensing switches (Matsui) or piezoelectric film sensors (Hubbard) mounted in the forwardmost part of the crush zone, are velocity change sensors (ball-in-tube) mounted at the rear most edge of the CSZ or crush sensing switches also mounted at the rear most edge of the CSZ. ", "Sensors mounted at the rear most edge of the CSZ by nature will trigger at the last possible moment when the airbag must deploy based on the seating position of the average male occupant. ", "It is known that currently up to about 70% of vehicle occupants sit closer to the airbag than the average male and therefore such sensors trigger airbag deployment late for such occupants placing them at risk of being injured by the airbag. ", "Heretofore, there are no velocity change sensors that are mounted in the forward part of the crush zone where the velocity change of the crash can be determined early in the crash and the airbag deployed early. ", "There is thus a need for such a crash sensor.", "\n5. ", "Anticipatory Sensing\nAlthough there has been a great deal of discussion on the use of anticipatory sensors for initiating restraint deployment, no practical systems have been developed other than those of the current assignee of this invention. ", "The basic problem has been that an airbag should not be deployed unless the approaching object can be identified as a serious threat. ", "The neural network systems developed by the current assignee is the first system capable of identifying such threatening objects.", "\n6. ", "Sensor Combinations\nUp until the time that the first parent application was filed to this invention, the only use of sensor combinations was where a discriminating sensor was in series with a safing or arming sensor and where a crush zone mounted discriminating sensor was in parallel with a passenger compartment discriminating sensor where either one could initiate deployment of the restraint system.", "\n7. ", "Self-Contained Airbag Systems\nSelf-contained airbag systems contain all of the parts of the airbag system within a single package, in the case of mechanical implementations, and in the case of electrical or electronic systems, all parts except the primary source of electrical power and, in some cases, the diagnostic system. ", "This includes the sensor, inflator and airbag. ", "Potentially, these systems have significant cost and reliability advantages over conventional systems where the sensor(s), diagnostic and backup power supply are mounted separate from the airbag module. ", "In mechanical implementations in particular, all of the wiring, the diagnostic system and backup power supply are eliminated. ", "In spite of these advantages, self-contained airbag systems have only achieved limited acceptance for frontal impacts and have so far not been considered for side impacts.", "\nThe “all-mechanical” self-contained systems were the first to appear on the market for frontal impacts but have not been widely adopted partially due to their sensitivity to accelerations in the vertical and lateral directions. ", "These cross-axis accelerations have been shown to seriously degrade the performance of the most common all mechanical design that is disclosed in Thuen, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,580,810. ", "Both frontal and side impact crashes frequently have severe cross-axis accelerations.", "\nAdditionally, all-mechanical self contained airbag systems, such as disclosed in the Thuen patent, require that the sensor be placed inside of the inflator which increases the strength requirements of the inflator walls and thus increases the size and weight of the system. ", "One solution to this problem appears in Breed, U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "04,711,466, but has not been implemented. ", "This patent discloses a method of initiating an inflator through the use of a percussion primer in combination with a stab primer and the placement of the sensor outside of the inflator. ", "One disadvantage of this system is that a hole must still be placed in the inflator wall to accommodate the percussion primer that has its own housing. ", "This hole weakens the wall of the inflator and also provides a potential path for gas to escape.", "\nAnother disadvantage in the Thuen system that makes it unusable for side impacts is that the arming system is sealed from the environment by an O-ring. ", "This sealing method may perform satisfactorily when the system is mounted in the protected passenger compartment but it would not be satisfactory for side impact cases where the system would be mounted in the vehicle door where it can be subjected to water, salt, dirt, and other harsh environments.", "\nSelf-contained electrical systems have also not been widely used. ", "When airbags are used for both the driver and the passenger, self-contained airbag systems require a separate sensor and diagnostic for each module. ", "In contrast to mechanical systems, the electronic sensor and diagnostic systems used by most vehicle manufacturers are expensive. ", "This duplication and associated cost required for electrical systems eliminates some of the advantages of the self-contained system.", "\nSensors located in the passenger compartment of a vehicle can catch most airbag-required crashes for frontal impacts, particularly if the occupants are wearing seatbelts. ", "Also, if the teachings of this invention are practiced where an algorithm based on pattern recognition is used, then almost all frontal crash can be sensed in time in the passenger compartment. ", "Mechanical sensors, however, are not capable of implementing such algorithms and thus researchers now believe that there are a significant number of crashes that cannot be sensed in time in the passenger compartment by mechanical sensors and that this will require the addition of another sensor mounted in the crush zone (see, for example, reference 5 below). ", "If true, this will eventually eliminate the use of mechanical self-contained airbag systems for frontal impacts.", "\nSome of these problems do not apply to side impacts mainly because side impact sensors must trigger in a very few milliseconds when there is no significant signal at any point in the vehicle except where the car is crushing or at locations rigidly attached to this crush zone. ", "Each airbag system must be mounted in the crush zone and generally will have its own sensor. ", "Self-contained airbag systems have heretofore not been used for occupant protection for side impacts, which is largely due to the misconception that side impact sensing requires the use of elongated switches as is discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,231,253. ", "These elongated side impact crush-sensing switches are not readily adaptable to the more compact self-contained designs. ", "The realization that a moving mass sensor was the proper method for sensing side impacts has now led to the development of the side impact self-contained airbag system of this invention. ", "The theory of sensing side impacts is included in the '253 patent referenced above.", "\nIn electromechanical and electronic self-contained modules, the backup power supply and diagnostic system can be mounted apart from the airbag system. ", "If a wire is severed during a crash but before the airbag deploys, the system may lose its power and fail to deploy. ", "This is more likely to happen in a side impact where the wires must travel inside of the door. ", "For this reason, mechanical self-contained systems have a significant reliability advantage over conventional electrical or electronic systems for side impacts.", "\nFinally, the space available for mounting airbag systems in the doors of vehicles is frequently severely limited making it desirable that the airbag module be as small as possible. ", "Conventional gas generators use sodium azide as the gas generating propellant. ", "This requires that the gas be cooled and extensively filtered to remove the sodium oxide, a toxic product of combustion. ", "This is because the gas is exhausted into the passenger compartment where it can burn an occupant and be inhaled. ", "If the gas is not permitted to enter the passenger compartment, the temperature of the gas can be higher and the products of combustion can contain toxic chemicals, such as carbon dioxide.", "\nThese and other problems associated with self-contained airbag systems and side impact sensors are solved by the invention disclosed herein.", "\n8. ", "Occupant Sensing\nAutomobiles equipped with airbags are well known in the prior art. ", "In such airbag systems, the car crash is sensed and the airbags rapidly inflated thereby insuring the safety of an occupation in a car crash. ", "Many lives have now been saved by such airbag systems. ", "However, depending on the seated state of an occupant, there are cases where his or her life cannot be saved even by present airbag systems. ", "For example, when a passenger is seated on the front passenger seat in a position other than a forward facing, normal state, e.g., when the passenger is out of position and near the deployment door of the airbag, there will be cases when the occupant will be seriously injured or even killed by the deployment of the airbag.", "\nAlso, sometimes a child seat is placed on the passenger seat in a rear facing position and there are cases where a child sitting in such a seat has been seriously injured or killed by the deployment of the airbag.", "\nFurthermore, in the case of a vacant seat, there is no need to deploy an airbag, and in such a case, deploying the airbag is undesirable due to a high replacement cost and possible release of toxic gases into the passenger compartment. ", "Nevertheless, most airbag systems will deploy the airbag in a vehicle crash even if the seat is unoccupied.", "\nThus, whereas thousands of lives have been saved by airbags, a large number of people have also been injured, some seriously, by the deploying airbag, and over 100 people have now been killed. ", "Thus, significant improvements need to be made to airbag systems. ", "As discussed in detail in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,653,462, for a variety of reasons vehicle occupants may be too close to the airbag before it deploys and can be seriously injured or killed as a result of the deployment thereof. ", "Also, a child in a rear facing child seat that is placed on the right front passenger seat is in danger of being seriously injured if the passenger airbag deploys. ", "For these reasons and, as first publicly disclosed in Breed, D. S. “How Airbags Work” presented at the International Conference on Seatbelts and Airbags in 1993 in Canada, occupant position sensing and rear facing child seat detection systems are required in order to minimize the damages caused by deploying front and side airbags. ", "It also may be required in order to minimize the damage caused by the deployment of other types of occupant protection and/or restraint devices that might be installed in the vehicle.", "\nFor these reasons, there has been proposed an occupant sensor system also known as a seated-state detecting unit such as disclosed in the following U.S. patents assigned to the current assignee of the present application: Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,563,462); Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,829,782); Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,822,707): Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,694,320); Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,748,473); Varga et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,943,295); Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "06,078,854); Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "06,081,757); and Breed et al. (", "U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "06,242,701). ", "Typically, in some of these designs, three or four sensors or sets of sensors are installed at three or four points in a vehicle for transmitting ultrasonic or electromagnetic waves toward the passenger or driver's seat and receiving the reflected waves. ", "Using appropriate hardware and software, the approximate configuration of the occupancy of either the passenger or driver seat can be determined thereby identifying and categorizing the occupancy of the relevant seat.", "\n9. ", "Controlling Airbag Inflation\nThere are many ways of controlling the inflation of the airbag and several are now under development by the inflator companies, the current assignee and others. ", "One way is to divide the airbag into different charges and to initiate these charges independently as a function of time to control the airbag inflation. ", "An alternative is to always generate the maximum amount of gas but to control the amount going into the airbag, dumping the rest into the atmosphere. ", "A third way is to put all of the gas into the airbag but control the outflow of the gas from the airbag through a variable vent valve. ", "For the purposes herein, all controllable apparatus for varying the gas flow into and/or out of the airbag over time will be considered as a gas control module whether the decision is made at the time of initial airbag deployment, at one or more discrete times later or continuously during the crash event.", "\n10. ", "Diagnostics\nEvery automobile driver fears that his or her vehicle will breakdown at some unfortunate time, e.g., when he or she is traveling at night, during rush hour, or on a long trip away from home. ", "To help alleviate that fear, certain luxury automobile manufacturers provide roadside service in the event of a breakdown. ", "Nevertheless, unless the vehicle is equipped with OnStar® or an equivalent service, the vehicle driver must still be able to get to a telephone to call for service. ", "It is also a fact that many people purchase a new automobile out of fear of a breakdown with their current vehicle. ", "This invention is also concerned with preventing breakdowns and with minimizing maintenance costs by predicting component failure that would lead to such a breakdown before it occurs.", "\nWhen a vehicle component begins to fail, the repair cost is frequently minimal if the impending failure of the component is caught early, but increases as the repair is delayed. ", "Sometimes if a component in need of repair is not caught in a timely manner, the component, and particularly the impending failure thereof, can cause other components of the vehicle to deteriorate. ", "One example is where the water pump fails gradually until the vehicle overheats and blows a head gasket. ", "It is desirable, therefore, to determine that a vehicle component is about to fail as early as possible so as to minimize the probability of a breakdown and the resulting repair costs.", "\nThere are various gages on an automobile which alert the driver to various vehicle problems. ", "For example, if the oil pressure drops below some predetermined level, the driver is warned to stop his vehicle immediately. ", "Similarly, if the coolant temperature exceeds some predetermined value, the driver is also warned to take immediate corrective action. ", "In these cases, the warning often comes too late as most vehicle gages alert the driver after he or she can conveniently solve the problem. ", "Thus, what is needed is a component failure warning system that alerts the driver to the impending failure of a component sufficiently in advance of the time when the problem gets to a catastrophic point.", "\nSome astute drivers can sense changes in the performance of their vehicle and correctly diagnose that a problem with a component is about to occur. ", "Other drivers can sense that their vehicle is performing differently but they don't know why or when a component will fail or how serious that failure will be, or possibly even what specific component is the cause of the difference in performance. ", "The invention disclosed herein will, in most cases, solve this problem by predicting component failures in time to permit maintenance and thus prevent vehicle breakdowns.", "\nPresently, automobile sensors in use are based on specific predetermined or set levels, such as the coolant temperature or oil pressure, whereby an increase above the set level or a decrease below the set level will activate the sensor, rather than being based on changes in this level over time. ", "The rate at which coolant heats up, for example, can be an important clue that some component in the cooling system is about to fail. ", "There are no systems currently on automobiles to monitor the numerous vehicle components over time and to compare component performance with normal performance. ", "Nowhere in the vehicle is the vibration signal of a normally operating front wheel stored, for example, or for that matter, any normal signal from any other vehicle component. ", "Additionally, there is no system currently existing on a vehicle to look for erratic behavior of a vehicle component and to warn the driver or the dealer that a component is misbehaving and is therefore likely to fail in the very near future.", "\nSometimes, when a component fails, a catastrophic accident results. ", "In the Firestone tire case, for example, over 100 people were killed when a tire of a Ford Explorer blew out which caused the Ford Explorer to rollover. ", "Similarly, other component failures can lead to loss of control of the vehicle and a subsequent accident. ", "It is thus very important to accurately forecast that such an event will take place but furthermore, for those cases where the event takes place suddenly without warning, it is also important to diagnose the state of the entire vehicle, which in some cases can lead to automatic corrective action to prevent unstable vehicle motion or rollovers resulting in an accident. ", "Finally, an accurate diagnostic system for the entire vehicle can determine much more accurately the severity of an automobile crash once it has begun by knowing where the accident is taking place on the vehicle (e.g., the part of or location on the vehicle which is being impacted by an object) and what is colliding with the vehicle based on a knowledge of the force deflection characteristics of the vehicle at that location. ", "Therefore, in addition to a component diagnostic, the teachings of this invention also provide a diagnostic system for the entire vehicle prior to and during accidents. ", "In particular, this invention is concerned with the simultaneous monitoring of multiple sensors on the vehicle so that the best possible determination of the state of the vehicle can be determined. ", "Current crash sensors operate independently or at most one sensor may influence the threshold at which another sensor triggers a deployable restraint. ", "In the teachings of this invention, two or more sensors, frequently accelerometers, are monitored simultaneously and the combination of the outputs of these multiple sensors are analyzed continuously in making the crash severity analysis.", "\n11. ", "Smart Airbags\nSince there is insufficient information in the acceleration data, as measured in the passenger compartment, to sense all crashes and since some of the failure modes of published single point sensor algorithms can be easily demonstrated using the techniques of crash and velocity scaling described in the above-referenced technical papers, and moreover since the process by which engineers develop algorithms is generally based on trial and error, pattern recognition techniques such as neural network should be able to be used to create an algorithm based on training the system on a large number of crash and non-crash events which, although not perfect, will be superior to all others. ", "This in fact has proved to be true and is the subject the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,684,701. ", "That invention is based on the ability of neural networks to forecast, based on the first part of the crash pulse, that the crash will be of a severity which requires that an airbag be deployed.", "\nAs will be discussed in greater detail below, an improvement on that invention, which is a subject of the instant invention, carries this process further by using a neural network pattern recognition system to forecast the velocity change of the crash over time so that the inflation and/or deflation of the airbag, and optionally the tensioning of the seatbelt, can be optimized. ", "This invention further contemplates the addition of the pattern recognition occupant position and velocity determination means disclosed in U.S. Ser Nos. ", "05,829,782, 06,343,810 and U.S. RE 37,260. ", "Finally, the addition of the weight of the occupant is contemplated to provide a measure of the occupant's inertia or momentum as an input to the system. ", "The combination of these systems in various forms can be called “smart airbags” or “smart restraints” which will be used as equivalents herein. ", "In a preferred implementation, the crash severity is not explicitly forecasted but rather, the value of a control parameter used to control the flows of inflator gas into and/or out of the airbag is forecasted.", "\nSmart airbags can take several forms which can be roughly categorized into four evolutionary stages, which will hereinafter be referred to as Phase 1 (2, 3 or 4) Smart Airbags, as follows: 1) Occupant sensors such as the disclosed in the U.S. patent applications cross-referenced above use various technologies to turn off the airbag where there is a rear-facing child seat present or if either the driver or passenger is out-of-position, i.e., in a position in which he/she is more likely to be injured by the airbag than from the accident. ", " 2) Occupant sensors will be used along with variable inflation and/or deflation rate airbags to adjust the inflation/deflation rate to match the occupant first as to his/her position and then to his/her morphology. ", "The occupant sensors disclosed in the cross-referenced patents and patent applications will also handle this with the possible addition of an occupant weighing system. ", "One particular weight measuring system which makes use of strain gages mounted onto the seat supporting structure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,748,473, another that makes use of a fluid filled bladder is disclosed in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "06,442,504 and still another uses a mat in the seat to measure the pressure distribution of the occupant as disclosed in U.S Ser. ", "No. ", "06,412,357. ", "At the end of this phase, little more can be done with occupant measurement or characterization systems. ", " 3) The next improvement, and a subject of the instant invention, is to use a pattern recognition system such as neural networks as the basis of a crash sensor system not only to determine if the airbag should be deployed but also to predict the crash severity from the pattern of the initial portion of the crash pulse. ", "Additionally, the crash pulse will continue to be monitored even after the decision has been made to deploy the airbag to see if the initial assumption of the crash type based on the pattern up to the deployment decision was correct. ", "If the pattern changes indicating a different crash type, the flow rate to the airbag can be altered on the fly, i.e., substantially instantaneously. ", "This crash sensor system can consist of a single electronic accelerometer based passenger compartment sensor, a multiple sensor system that also includes either electronic or mechanical crush zone mounted sensors and in the most sophisticated cases, the passenger compartment sensor is replaced by an inertial measurement unit (IMU). ", "Such an IMU can consist of up to three accelerometers and up to three gyroscopes, usually based on MEMS technologies. ", "It can also be coupled to the vehicle navigation system whereby the accuracy of the IMU can be enhanced through a technique such as a Kalman filter and a GPS or DGPS system or other absolute positioning system. ", " 4). ", "Finally, anticipatory sensing, using radar, laser radar, acoustics, or cameras, and also using pattern recognition techniques such as neural networks will be used to identify the crash before it takes place and select the deployment characteristics of the airbag to match the anticipated crash with the occupant size and position. ", "Such an anticipatory sensor is described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "06,343,810.", "\nAny of these phases can be combined with various methods of controlling the pretensioning, retraction and/or energy dissipation characteristics of the seatbelt. ", "Although a primary focus of this invention is the control of the flows of gas into and out of the airbag, it is to be recognized that control of the seatbelt, or any other restraint, can also benefit from this invention and that the condition of the seatbelt can be valuable input information into the pattern recognition system.", "\nThe smart airbag problem is complex and difficult to solve by ordinary mathematical methods. ", "Looking first at the influence of the crash pulse, the variation of crash pulses in the real world is vast and quite different from the typical crashes run by the automobile industry as reported in the technical papers referenced herein. ", "It is one problem to predict that a crash has a severity level requiring the deployment of an airbag. ", "It is quite a different problem to predict exactly what the velocity versus time function will be and then to adjust the airbag inflation/deflation control system to make sure that just the proper amount of gas is in the airbag at all times even without considering the influence of the occupant. ", "To also simultaneously consider the influence of occupant size, weight, position and/or velocity, renders this problem for all practical purposes unsolvable by conventional methods.", "\nOn the other hand, if a pattern recognition system such as a neural network is used and trained on a large variety of crash acceleration segments, as described in U.S. Pat. ", "No. ", "05,684,701, and a setting for the inflation/deflation control system is specified for each segment, then the problem can be solved. ", "Furthermore, inputs from the occupant position and occupant weight sensors can also be included. ", "The result will be a training set for the neural network involving many millions, and perhaps tens of millions, of data sets or vectors as every combination of occupancy characteristics and acceleration segment is considered. ", "Fortunately, the occupancy data can be acquired independently and is currently being done for solving the out-of-position problem of Phase 1 smart airbags. ", "The crash data is available in abundance and more can be created using the crash and velocity scaling techniques described in the above-referenced papers. ", "The training using combinations of the two data sets, which must also take into account occupant motion which is not adequately represented in the occupancy data, can then be done by computer. ", "Even the computer training process is significant to tax current PC capabilities, and in some cases, the use of a super-computer may be warranted.", "\n12. ", "Definitions\nAn IMU, or Inertial Measurement Unit, is usually a self-contained device that usually has three orthogonal accelerometers and three gyroscopes. ", "In some cases, a smaller number can be used.", "\n“Pattern recognition” as used herein will generally mean any system which processes a signal that is generated by an object (e.g., representative of a pattern of returned or received impulses, waves or other physical property specific to and/or characteristic of and/or representative of that object) or is modified by interacting with an object, in order to determine to which one of a set of classes that the object belongs. ", "Such a system might determine only that the object is or is not a member of one specified class, or it might attempt to assign the object to one of a larger set of specified classes, or find that it is not a member of any of the classes in the set. ", "The object can also be a vehicle with an accelerometer that generates a signal based on the deceleration of the vehicle. ", "Such a system might determine only that the object is or is not a member of one specified class (e.g., airbag-required crashes), or it might attempt to assign the object to one of a larger set of specified classes, or find that it is not a member of any of the classes in the set. ", "One such class might consist of vehicles undergoing a crash of a certain severity into a pole. ", "The signals processed are generally a series of electrical signals coming from transducers that are sensitive to acoustic (ultrasonic) or electromagnetic radiation (e.g., visible light, infrared radiation, capacitance or electric and/or magnetic fields), although other sources of information are frequently included. ", "Pattern recognition systems generally involve the creation of a set of rules that permit the pattern to be recognized. ", "These rules can be created by fuzzy logic systems, statistical correlations, or through sensor fusion methodologies as well as by trained pattern recognition systems such as neural networks, combination neural networks, cellular neural networks or support vector machines.", "\nA trainable or a trained pattern recognition system as used herein generally means a pattern recognition system that is taught to recognize various patterns constituted within the signals by subjecting the system to a variety of examples. ", "The most successful such system is the neural network used either singly or as a combination of neural networks. ", "Thus, to generate the pattern recognition algorithm, test data is first obtained which constitutes a plurality of sets of returned waves, or wave patterns, or other information radiated or obtained from an object (or from the space in which the object will be situated in the passenger compartment, i.e., the space above the seat) and an indication of the identity of that object. ", "A number of different objects, optionally in different positions, are tested to obtain the unique patterns from each object. ", "As such, the algorithm is generated, and stored in a computer processor, and which can later be applied to provide the identity of an object based on the wave pattern being received during use by a receiver connected to the processor and other information. ", "For the purposes here, the identity of an object sometimes applies to not only the object itself but also to its location and/or orientation in the passenger compartment. ", "For example, a rear-facing child seat is a different object than a forward-facing child seat and an out-of-position adult can be a different object than a normally-seated adult. ", "Not all pattern recognition systems are trained systems and not all trained systems are neural networks. ", "Other pattern recognition systems are based on fuzzy logic, sensor fusion, Kalman filters, correlation as well as linear and non-linear regression. ", "Still other pattern recognition systems are hybrids of more than one system such as neural-fuzzy systems.", "\nThe use of pattern recognition, or more particularly how it is used, is important to the instant invention. ", "In the above-cited prior art, except in that assigned to the current assignee, pattern recognition which is based on training, as exemplified through the use of neural networks, is not mentioned for use in monitoring the interior passenger compartment or exterior environments of the vehicle in all of the aspects of the invention disclosed herein. ", "Thus, the methods used to adapt such systems to a vehicle are also not mentioned.", "\nA pattern recognition algorithm will thus generally mean an algorithm applying or obtained using any type of pattern recognition system, e.g., a neural network, sensor fusion, fuzzy logic, etc.", "\nTo “identify” as used herein will generally mean to determine that the object belongs to a particular set or class. ", "The class may be one containing, for example, all rear facing child seats, one containing all human occupants, or all human occupants not sitting in a rear facing child seat, or all humans in a certain height or weight range depending on the purpose of the system. ", "In the case where a particular person is to be recognized, the set or class will contain only a single element, i.e., the person to be recognized. ", "The class may also be one containing all frontal impact airbag-desired crashes into a pole at 20 mph, one containing all events where the airbag is not required, or one containing all events requiring a triggering of both stages of a dual stage gas generator with a 15 millisecond delay between the triggering of the first and second stages.", "\nTo “ascertain the identity of” as used herein with reference to an object will generally mean to determine the type or nature of the object (obtain information as to what the object is), i.e., that the object is an adult, an occupied rear-facing child seat, an occupied front-facing child seat, an unoccupied rear-facing child seat, an unoccupied front-facing child seat, a child, a dog, a bag of groceries, a car, a truck, a tree, a pedestrian, a deer etc.", "\nAn “object” in a vehicle or an “occupying item” of a seat may be a living occupant such as a human or a dog, another living organism such as a plant, or an inanimate object such as a box or bag of groceries or an empty child seat.", "\nA “rear seat” of a vehicle as used herein will generally mean any seat behind the front seat on which a driver sits. ", "Thus, in minivans or other large vehicles where there are more than two rows of seats, each row of seats behind the driver is considered a rear seat and thus there may be more than one “rear seat” in such vehicles. ", "The space behind the front seat includes any number of such rear seats as well as any trunk spaces or other rear areas such as are present in station wagons.", "\nAn “optical image” will generally mean any type of image obtained using electromagnetic radiation including visual, infrared and radar radiation.", "\nIn the description herein on anticipatory sensing, the term “approaching” when used in connection with the mention of an object or vehicle approaching another will usually mean the relative motion of the object toward the vehicle having the anticipatory sensor system. ", "Thus, in a side impact with a tree, the tree will be considered as approaching the side of the vehicle and impacting the vehicle. ", "In other words, the coordinate system used in general will be a coordinate system residing in the target vehicle. ", "The “target” vehicle is the vehicle that is being impacted. ", "This convention permits a general description to cover all of the cases such as where (i) a moving vehicle impacts into the side of a stationary vehicle, (ii) where both vehicles are moving when they impact, or (iii) where a vehicle is moving sideways into a stationary vehicle, tree or wall.", "\n“Out-of-position” as used for an occupant will generally mean that the occupant, either the driver or a passenger, is sufficiently close to an occupant protection apparatus (airbag) prior to deployment that he or she is likely to be more seriously injured by the deployment event itself than by the accident. ", "It may also mean that the occupant is not positioned appropriately in order to attain the beneficial, restraining effects of the deployment of the airbag. ", "As for the occupant being too close to the airbag, this typically occurs when the occupant's head or chest is closer than some distance such as about 5 inches from the deployment door of the airbag module. ", "The actual distance where airbag deployment should be suppressed depends on the design of the airbag module and is typically farther for the passenger airbag than for the driver airbag.", "\n“Transducer” or “transceiver” as used herein will generally mean the combination of a transmitter and a receiver. ", "In come cases, the same device will serve both as the transmitter and receiver while in others two separate devices adjacent to each other will be used. ", "In some cases, a transmitter is not used and in such cases, transducer will mean only a receiver. ", "Transducers include, for example, capacitive, inductive, ultrasonic, electromagnetic (antenna, CCD, CMOS arrays), electric field, weight measuring or sensing devices. ", "In some cases, a transducer may comprise two parts such as the plates of a capacitor or the antennas of an electric field sensor. ", "Sometimes, one antenna or plate will communicate with several other antennas or plates and thus for the purposes herein, a transducer will be broadly defined to refer, in most cases, to any one of the plates of a capacitor or antennas of a field sensor and in some other cases, a pair of such plates or antennas will comprise a transducer as determined by the context in which the term is used.", "\nFor the purposes herein, a “neural network” is defined to include all such learning systems including cellular neural networks, support vector machines and other kernel-based learning systems and methods, cellular automata and all other pattern recognition methods and systems that learn. ", "A “combination neural network” as used herein will generally apply to any combination of two or more neural networks as most broadly defined that are either connected together or that analyze all or a portion of the input data. ", "Typically, it is a system wherein the data to be processed is separated into discrete values which are then operated on and combined in at least a two stage process and where the operation performed on the data at each stage is, in general, different for each discrete value and where the operation performed is at least determined through a training process. ", "It includes ensemble, modular, cellular neural networks, among others, and support vector machines and combination Neural Networks.", "\nA “sensor” as used herein is the combination of two transducers (a transmitter and a receiver) or one transducer which can both transmit and receive. ", "The headliner is the trim which provides the interior surface to the roof of the vehicle and the A-pillar is the roof-supporting member which is on either side of the windshield and on which the front doors are hinged.", "\nA “sensor system” includes any of the sensors listed above in the definition of “sensor” as well as any type of component or assembly of components that detect, sense or measure something.", "\nAn “occupant protection apparatus” is any device, apparatus, system or component which is actuatable or deployable or includes a component which is actuatable or deployable for the purpose of attempting to reduce injury to the occupant in the event of a crash, rollover or other potential injurious event involving a vehicle\nAn “occupant restraint device” includes any type of device that is deployable in the event of a crash involving the vehicle for the purpose of protecting an occupant from the effects of the crash and/or minimizing the potential injury to the occupant. ", "Occupant restraint devices thus include frontal airbags, side airbags, seatbelt tensioners, nets, knee bolsters, side curtain airbags, externally deployable airbags and the like.", "\nA diagnosis of the “state of the vehicle” means a diagnosis of the condition of the vehicle with respect to its stability and proper running and operating condition. ", "Thus, the state of the vehicle could be normal when the vehicle is operating properly on a highway or abnormal when, for example, the vehicle is experiencing excessive angular inclination (e.g., two wheels are off the ground and the vehicle is about to rollover), the vehicle is experiencing a crash, the vehicle is skidding, and other similar situations. ", "A diagnosis of the state of the vehicle could also be an indication that one of the parts of the vehicle, e.g., a component, system or subsystem, is operating abnormally.", "\nA “part” of the vehicle includes any component, sensor, system or subsystem of the vehicle such as the steering system, braking system, throttle system, navigation system, airbag system , seatbelt retractor, air bag inflation valve, air bag inflation controller and airbag vent valve, as well as those listed below in the definitions of “component” and “sensor”.", "\nThe crush zone is that portion of the vehicle that has crushed at the time that the crash sensor must trigger deployment of the restraint system.", "\nThe term “airbag” has been used to mean all deployable passive passenger protective devices including airbags, seatbelts with pretensioners and deployable nets." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Lawrence's girdled lizard\n\nLawrence's girdled lizard (Namazonurus lawrenci ) is a species of lizard in the family Cordylidae. ", "The species is endemic to South Africa.", "\n\nEtymology\nThe specific name, lawrenci, is in honor of South African entomologist Reginald Frederick Lawrence.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nBranch, Bill (2004). ", "Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. ", "Third Revised edition, Second impression. ", "Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. ", "399 pp. . (", "Cordylus lawrenci, pp.", " 189–190 + Plate 68).", "\nFitzSimons VFM (1939). \"", "Descriptions of some new species and subspecies of lizards from South Africa\". ", "Ann. ", "Transvaal Mus. ", "20 (1): 5-16. (", "Zonurus lawrenci, new species).", "\n\nCategory:Cordylus\nCategory:Reptiles of South Africa\nCategory:Reptiles described in 1939\nCategory:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Shane Doan remains a man without a contract. ", "Why? ", "The Coyotes' captain has several options — including one he might not be considering enough. ", "Plus, CBA stall tactics and an Olympic debate.", "\n\nDonald Fehr (AP)\n\n1. ", "Everyone loses\n\nIn the three weeks since the NHL made its initial proposal for a new collective bargaining agreement, the NHLPA, led by executive director Donald Fehr, has been on an informational mission, spending many of the negotiating sessions in New York and Toronto asking questions of the league. ", "The union wants to gain a full understanding of why management is asking for drastic cuts to the players’ share of hockey-related revenue, along with other measures that the NHLPA finds unpalatable and many outside observers find unreasonable.", "\n\nThe result is that the owners’ first offer remains the only one on the table, with phrases like “46 percent of revenues,” “10 years until unrestricted free agency” and “five-year entry-level contracts” lingering in the air like a stale fart. ", "The proposal was outlandish, but it was a starting point, and now the union is giving the appearance of stalling, as it requests still more information from the league.", "\n\n“We did begin to get the first installment of club financial information that we’d requested, and they’d undertaken to begin to produce,” Fehr said on Tuesday in New York before heading to Europe to give players there an update on talks. “", "I am told that it’s the first small portion of it, with far and away the overwhelming majority yet to come. ", "That will be coming in course. ", "For us to be in position to make a comprehensive response or counterproposal or alternative proposal to the clubs’ principal economic proposal, obviously, we’re going to have to be in a position to complete that process. ", "That’s going to take some time.”", "\n\nThat “first installment,” that “first small portion,” represented 76,000 pages of financial information. ", "If 76,000 pages represented the total package, it would be more than 2,500 pages per team. ", "Just for comparison’s sake, the 2005 CBA—an unreadable document if there ever was one—was 472 pages. ", "A sample from page 186: “Any deferred salary that will be earned for services rendered during the 2005-06 League Year shall be counted for purposes of the Players’ Share and the Upper and Lower Limit at its present value at 1-Year LIBOR plus one and one-quarter (1.25) percent in the year for which it is to be earned (unless the Deferred Salary is to be paid with interest, in which case it shall be counted in the League Year in which the Player performs the services for which it is earned, at the Deferred Salary’s stated cash amount), pursuant to subparagraph (A) above.”", "\n\nOh, of course, the famous subparagraph (A), which defines explicitly how much rent is to be paid if the Race Car lands on Electric Company. ", "Actually, a Monopoly comparison might be apt, because the main appearance given by the NHLPA in asking for hundreds of thousands of pages of documents, six weeks before the expiration of the CBA, is that of someone complaining about the performance of the banker in the classic board game.", "\n\nIt should not take 76,000 pages of financial documents, or whatever the final total winds up being, for the NHLPA to be able to say to the NHL, “Your first offer was ludicrous and obviously a wish list. ", "We’d like the opposite of everything you asked for, and a Lamborghini for every player in the league.” ", "At least then the league could come back with an offer of a tricycle for every player, and there would finally be some real negotiations.", "\n\nThe problem is that having real negotiations does not benefit the NHLPA, because Fehr has repeatedly made the point that the union would be perfectly happy to continue operating under the current CBA after it expires on Sept. 15. ", "It’s a public relations masterstroke by the union, shifting all responsibility in fans’ eyes to the league in the event of a work stoppage. ", "Fehr has made it clear that it would be the owners locking the players out, not the players going on strike, at a time when the NHL has boasted record revenues, and small-market teams have given out eye-popping contracts.", "\n\nThe problem is, if there is a work stoppage, both sides will be easy to blame—the owners for making demands out of line with any other professional sports league and for enacting the lockout, and the players for taking so long to engage in negotiations beyond “a frank exchange of ideas,” one of the recurring Sixth Avenue catchphrases this summer.", "\n\nIt’s time for both sides to get serious, rather than pushing papers around, because if there is a lockout, the players won’t be the only ones out of work. ", "The ushers, beer vendors, camera operators, Zamboni drivers, and everyone else whose livelihood depends on NHL games being played, do not have six, seven and eight-figure annual salaries to fall back on. ", "For them to work this fall, the NHL and NHLPA must get to work now.", "\n\nShane Doan (AP Photo)\n\n2. ", "Come back, Shane!", "\n\nShane Doan became a free agent on July 1. ", "He determined that he would not make a decision on whether to leave the Phoenix Coyotes until July 9. ", "When that came and went, Doan's new deadline for a decision was July 16. ", "Then it was July 27, with Doan saying he wanted to make a decision quickly so that he could get his family settled for his children to start the school year.", "\n\nHere it is, August, and Doan still is a man without a contract. ", "If he really wanted to leave the Coyotes, he would have done so by now. ", "It is clear that the 35-year-old winger wants to stay in Phoenix, where he has played ever since the Coyotes moved from Winnipeg. ", "So, why doesn't he?", "\n\nDoan wants a multiyear deal, reportedly in the range of four years and $30 million. ", "There's little doubt that he would be able to get it. ", "But if he does not want to leave Phoenix, he has an option, even with the future of the Coyotes in doubt: Sign a one-year contract.", "\n\nEven if the sale of the Coyotes to Greg Jamison falls through, there is no way that the NHL would be able to relocate the franchise on such short notice, especially with everything else on the league's plate. ", "If Doan wants to stay in Phoenix, and his continued extension of deadlines is a clear indication of his desires, then he should do what he wants. ", "Nobody is stopping him. ", "Give it another go with Mike Smith, Keith Yandle and Oliver Ekman-Larsson. ", "If Doan wants to play for a contender, a team that just went to the Western Conference finals isn't a bad choice.", "\n\nWould it be a gamble for Doan to leave money on the table now? ", "He'd run the risk of injury, but it isn't as if he'd be hurt by CBA changes—at 36 next summer, Doan would qualify for unrestricted free agency even by the league's proposed 10-year standard, and it's not as if he would be looking for a decade-long deal.", "\n\nThere also is the chance that Doan could make more money by signing a one-year deal now, then going for a three or four-year deal next summer, with the Coyotes or otherwise. ", "If Alex Semin can get $7 million from the Hurricanes on a one-year deal, why can't Doan get $8 million from Phoenix, especially considering that the Coyotes need to spend about that much to reach the current CBA's salary floor?", "\n\nDoan made $22.75 million over the past five years with the Coyotes. ", "Shouldn't that give him the security to make a decision that will make him happy?", "\n\nPeter Laviolette (AP Photo)\n\n3. ", "Re-Pete as needed\n\nPeter Laviolette will not get to coach Shea Weber, but the 47-year-old bench boss, who won the Stanley Cup with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2006 and led the Flyers to the Finals in 2010, will be staying in Philadelphia for the foreseeable future after agreeing to a contract extension through 2015.", "\n\nThe Flyers have won 122 of 221 regular-season games under Laviolette’s stewardship, with a 23-22 record in the playoffs. ", "It is a measure of Laviolette’s abilities that after trading Mike Richards and Jeff Carter last summer, the Flyers did not miss a beat, posting 47 wins for the second consecutive season.", "\n\n“We dealt with certain injuries and things that I think our club had to overcome,” Laviolette said on a conference call to announce his extension. “", "We used a lot of good, young defensemen and a lot of good players. ", "I am excited about the players that we brought into the fold this year. ", "I think it is going to be an exciting time to be building it back up from where we left off and adding the new players into the mix.”", "\n\nIn addition to their usual cadre of high-salaried veterans, the Flyers mixed in five rookies who played at least 40 games last season: Marc-Andre Bourdon, Sean Couturier, Matt Read, Zac Rinaldo and Brayden Schenn. ", "As those players benefit from experience, and further grasp Laviolette’s system, the Flyers should continue to be a power in the Atlantic Division, even after missing out on Weber, who returned to Nashville after the Predators matched the Flyers’ 14-year, $110 million offer sheet to the defenseman.", "\n\nPhiladelphia always has a talented team, a credit to ownership’s willingness to spend, general manager Paul Holmgren’s unmatched cojones, and, of course, the talent of the players themselves. ", "Navigating an always-in-flux situation and continuing to get the best out of those players? ", "That credit goes to Laviolette, and his extension is well deserved.", "\n\n4. ", "Mail call\n\n“How about the Stanley Cup winner playing the Gagarin Cup winner (KHL champion) for some kind of peaceful Brotherhood of Hockey title?”—Maia\n\nAs cool of an idea as this is, the gap between the NHL and KHL is far too wide at this point to even consider it.", "\n\nThe winner of the Gagarin Cup this season was Dynamo Moscow, whose leading scorer, with 29 points in 53 games, was Marek Kvapil, a former sixth-round pick of the Tampa Bay Lightning whose achievements on this side of the Atlantic included 32 goals in 175 AHL games between Springfield and Norfolk. ", "After bouncing back and forth between the ACHL and ECHL, Kvapil wound up in the Czech league for three seasons before joining Dynamo last fall.", "\n\nIn the KHL playoffs, Dynamo’s leading scorer, with a more impressive 20 points in 21 games, was Konstantin Gorovikov, the Ottawa Senators’ ninth-round pick in 1999 who had two unremarkable seasons in the old International Hockey League—16 goals and 33 assists in 79 games for the Grand Rapids Griffins—before heading back to Russia.", "\n\nOne player from Dynamo’s championship run is coming to North America now—in May, the Toronto Maple Leafs signed 25-year-old Leo Komarov, born in Estonia and raised in Finland, to a one-year, entry-level contract. ", "He may or may not be able to play for a non-playoff team in the NHL.", "\n\nWhat would be far more interesting than a Stanley Cup-Gagarin Cup series is a series between the NHL’s champions and either a team of KHL All-Stars, although even then, last season’s top scorer in Russia was Alexander Radulov.", "\n\nFor now, the talent gulf is too wide, before even thinking about the details that would need to be worked out to make a new Super Series a reality—as exciting as it would be.", "\n\n5. ", "Bonus mail call\n\n“Do you think there are NHLers who could legitimately compete at the Summer Olympics (if they trained a bit, etc.)? ", "If yes, who and in which discipline? ", "Zdeno Chara has the look of a water polo goalkeeper to me.", "”—Greg Miller\n\nChara might have a problem with the whole no-touching-the-bottom-of-the-pool thing, and the whole “Canucks diving team” gag has already run its course. ", "In all honesty, NHL players are elite athletes who could hold their own in several Olympic sports if given the right training—beyond the obvious choice of boxing for some artful enforcers, it would be conceivable that several hockey players would have the hand-eye coordination to be successful at archery or shooting events.", "\n\nIf I had to pick one NHL player for one Summer Olympic event, though, it would be to see how Pavel Datsyuk could adapt his magic hands to the movements of fencing." ]

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[ "Business Directories\n\nEtisalat unit launches first 3G service in Afghanistan\n\nDubai, March 19, 2012\n\nEtisalat, a leading telecommunication company, through its Afghanistan unit has launched the first 3G services in the country.", "\n\nThis achievement comes four years after of the launch of Etisalat Afghanistan, said a statement.", "\n\nThe company has customer base of more than 3.5 million active subscribers.", "\n\nAhmed Alhosani, Etisalat`s Afghanistan CEO, said: “Today is an auspicious moment in the history of telecommunications in Afghanistan – one that calls for a celebration of a public-private partnership for connecting people and improving lives. ", "We are proud to be the first to launch 3G services in Afghanistan as this shall certainly spur a new era of advanced development in Afghanistan while positively impacting every aspect of people’s lives.” – ", "TradeArabia News Service" ]

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[ "Tuesday, February 13, 2018\n\nAuthor (podcast) Request\n\nI am working on material about creativity. ", "I have been fascinated by the creative process, and creative people, for a long time; as you may know I do intellectual property (patent, trademark, copyright, etc.) ", "law (as well as civil rights law) and IP law is all about creativity. ", "I would love any thoughts, insights, etc. ", "etc. ", "our incredible audience might be able to provide, no matter how big or small, and no matter the subject matter, from mechanical inventions to writing to art of all types. ", "The end result will be a series of podcasts as well as some type of hard copy (TBD).I can be reached at [email protected]. ", "Thank you!", "\n\n4 comments:\n\nThank you Tim! ", "Yes I have read it and also his other books (I really like him; in fact he has a great biography of Jesus called, cleverly enough \"Jesus A Biography.\" (", "God of course is the ultimate creator and human creation is one of the highest ways of emulating God)).", "\n\nBut Julie, what about human creativity in a world where the Judeo-Christian concept of a supreme godhood does not exist? ", "How to explain such human creativity in such a world then? ", "That's my world, as much as I respect your worldview. ", "Will podcast discuss? - ", "cheers, danny bloom, editor, The Cli-Fi Report www.cli-fi net )( and a longtime fan of Frank's blog here...\n\nDaniel I'm not proposing there is any boundary to the scope of creativity -- whether one believes in God or not. ", "I personally think it is a very cool concept that one of the basic tenets of how to be a Christian is to create (in imitation of God, the ultimate creator). ", "But no, my friend, do not think I am restricting anything to that concept -- indeed a necessary foundation for the study of creation as I see it is not to provide any boundaries -- man made, God made, impersonal forces made or whatever. ", "Even something like \"brainstorming\" (where a bunch of people sit around throwing out concepts, often used in business, scientific and/or engineering settings) has as its rule no boundaries, or negative statements about what is being said -- that may inhibit the flow of the creative process because people will self edit if they are afraid their ideas will be shot down. (", "Of course, ultimately practical considerations come into play as to how realistic those brainstormed concepts are, but on the other other hand \"practical\" considerations may ultimately be tissue paper barriers anyway.) ", "And so yes the entire scope of creativity qua creativity will be discussed (I hope). ", "And thank you for your thoughts!" ]

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[ "The Disney legacy is fundamentally about bringing beloved cultural ideas from the past forward and reinventing them; or reintroducing their basic stories, experiences, or values to new generations. ", "This month, a somewhat peculiar—but nonetheless mighty—example of that legacy celebrates 45 years of bringing Walt Disney World Resort guests iconic characters, foot-stompin’ music, corn-pone comedy, buckets of fried chicken … and strawberry shortcake.", "\n\n\n\nHoop-Dee-Doo Musical Revue at Disney’s Fort Wilderness Resort debuted on June 30, 1974, and is today one of the longest-running dinner shows in American history—and a beloved tradition for generations of resort visitors.", "\n\n\n\nDisney’s Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground officially opened on November 19, 1971. ", "Nestled in 750 acres of pine and cypress forest, the Resort recalls the timeless beauty of the American wilderness. ", "Teeming with wildlife such as deer, ducks, rabbits, and even armadillos along the scenic woodland trails; Fort Wilderness is adjacent to Bay Lake and near Disney’s Wilderness Lodge.", "\n\n\n\nThe Art Collection at Walt Disney Imagineering contains some beautiful concept work by Dorothea Redmond for a never-built outdoor “Village Stage” a performance area fronting a fanciful “Western Town” that could be used for daytime or night time entertainment.", "\n\n\n\nDisney Legend Sam McKim created a majestic rendering of what would be Pioneer Hall, an impressive rustic indoor performance venue built from 1,283 hand-fitted pine logs from Montana and 70 tons of stones from North Carolina, which opened on April 1, 1974. ", "An inauspicious debut act, a country-Western musical act called “The Star-Spangled Washboard Band,” opened the Hall, according to a historical timeline by Larry Billman, author/writer and Disney entertainment consultant, who was the author and writer of the original show.", "\n\n\n\nSam McKim, who created this robust rendering of Pioneer Hall, had been a child actor—in Westerns, appropriately enough—before becoming an illustrator and production designer. ", "© Disney\n\nBob Jani, then-director of Entertainment for both Disneyland and Walt Disney World Resorts, hired Billman when he saw the potential for a “dinner theater show” at Pioneer Hall.", "\n\n\n\nIt’s easy to forget that in its early years, Walt Disney World presented a fairly limited range of activities and experiences, beyond the single theme park that typically closed at 6:00 p.m. Those on-property vacationers needed more and a greater variety of evening and out-of-park entertainment to fill their days and nights.", "\n\n“The real genius behind Hoop-Dee-Doo was Larry Billman,” says Forrest Bahruth, the original choreographer and a longtime veteran of Disney Parks & Resorts Creative Entertainment. “", "He was a great movie buff, and he loved Hollywood.”", "\n\n\n\nThis Dorothea Redmond nighttime study of an outdoor entertainment performance space uses an old Western town as an evocative backdrop. ", "© Disney\n\nAs Billman began developing the dinner show idea it evolved from something called “We’re With You, Mother McCree!” ", "to “Whoop-Dee-Doo-Revue,” and Billman’s love of Hollywood resulted in the basic character structure of the show.", "\n\n\n\nBahruth recalls, “He said, ‘I want the comic, kind of a Gabby Hayes type that you see in Western movies, and a Calamity Jane-type that would be the leading lady, they could be the comic duo—and I want to have every leading man and every leading woman you’ve ever seen in the Hollywood movie, and a dance couple like Marge and Gower Champion…’ He wanted to craft that, and working through that lens of old Hollywood, we ended up with a solid cast of characters.”", "\n\n\n\nThe finally-titled Hoop-Dee-Doo Musical Revue got its start as part of the Disney World Fine Arts College Workshop program, with six young actors playing the finalized roles: Six Bits Slocum and Dolly Drew (comic relief), Jim Handy and Flora Long (the singers), and Johnny Ringo and Claire de Lune (the dancers).", "\n\n\n\nNaturally, the music is a large part of the revue’s timeless appeal. ", "Bahruth remembers, “Billman wanted me to choreograph and stage it, so I was there from the beginning. ", "My mom used to be a singer, and she had a collection of antique music. ", "I remember sitting one time in my garage with Larry, going through old music, things that could possibly work for the show.”", "\n\n\n\nIn the final revue, most of the songs are parodies of actual songs previously recorded by top artists. ", "Principal songwriter was Tom Adair, who also wrote words for the score for Disney’s “Sleeping Beauty” and the TV series “Mickey Mouse Club.” ", "Former Disney entertainment producer Ron Miziker said, “Tom was brilliant. ", "You could tell him the idea, theme, or play some music and he would have the lyrics for the song in no time. ", "He was the quickest songwriter I ever knew.” (", "Over the years, the music has changed little, the one exception being the 1979 replacement of “Apple Pie Hoedown” with “Strawberry Short Cake Walk,” when shortcake replaced apple pie on the menu.)", "\n\n\n\nReed Jones, Director of Creative Development for Disney Parks Live Entertainment says “The simplicity of it is that the show has something for everyone. ", "Six Bits’ humor is really that of a child, a young boy—so kids thinks he’s funny. ", "Even though they may be, in their daily lives, addicted to video games and television and everything modern, and have no idea about the 1880 time period, just to see an adult who giggles at the same kind of things they giggle at—it connects.", "\n\n\n\n“The characters in the show are those iconic ‘types,’ and each winds up being a reflection of many people in the audience as well.”", "\n\n\n\nRustic presentation of robust fare is a time-honored part of the whole show. ", "© Disney\n\n“Of course the endless buckets of fried chicken and ribs play a starring role, too,” says Pam Brandon, food writer for Walt Disney World Resort and Disneyland Resort. “", "Today, servers dish up about 900 pounds of fried chicken every night, and cooks spend about six hours each day just breading the chicken. ", "Add 400 pounds of pork ribs, slow cooked starting at 11 a.m. daily on a big outdoor smoker. ", "For sides, there are 120 pounds of corn, 400 pounds of potatoes to be mashed and 30 gallons of baked beans. ", "It takes 15 gallons of strawberries and 12 gallons of whipped cream to make dessert. ", "Add beer, wine, sangria and soft drinks, and you got a formula for fun…”\n\n\n\nThat fun includes a dedicated wait staff, many of whom have been working at Pioneer Hall for decades. ", "Reed Jones says, “They have a following, too, just as the stage cast does. ", "They have seen kids grow up, because the families would continue to come back. ", "When they make a show reservation, guests will request a certain server that they’ve seen over the course of ten or twenty years. ", "It’s really like coming home for a lot of people. ", "It’s like a family reunion with your crazy aunts and uncles onstage. ", "You all come in and you’re all a part of it.”", "\n\n\n\nSome people see a simple, unpretentious, good-clean-fun show such as Hoop-Dee-Doo Musical Revue as the height of “corny.” ", "Reed Jones says, “Usually, describing something as corny is considered a bad thing – sort of an insult to the piece.” ", "But at Disney, “corny” is a compliment, established by Walt Disney himself.", "\n\n\n\nWalt Disney’s daughter, Diane recalled that, when she was a teenager, her father’s unabashed sentimentality and simple emotional communication embarrassed her sometimes. “", "And I would sit there…and say, ‘Oh, that’s corny.’”", "\n\n\n\nWalt replied, “All right, I am corny. ", "But I think there’s just about 140 million people in this country just as corny as I am.”", "\n\n\n\n“Hoop-Dee-Doo was upbeat, and guests came for the corny jokes, good food and lots of fun,” says Forrest Bahruth. “", "Forty-five years later, the heart is still in it, the energy is still there.”", "\n\n“Hoop-Dee-Doo Musical Revue exemplifies everything that Disney stands for,” says Tom Vazzana, Show Director at Walt Disney World Resort. “", "It’s interactive fun for families and stellar entertainment—six performers put on a show that’s 90 minutes of pure enjoyment.”", "\n\n\n\nHoop-Dee-Doo presents three shows nightly, seven days a week, at 4 p.m., 6:15 p.m. and 8:30 p.m. For reservations, call 407-WDW-DINE or book online.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "The embodiments of the present invention disclosed herein are vehicles, methods and systems for transporting persons, robots or cargo that enable efficient transportation, where such transportation is taken to broadly encompass movement of persons, robots and cargo over different surfaces, obstacles, difficult terrain and climbing stairs.", "\nHumans and cargo are transported by many common forms of vehicles and transportation methods. ", "Many of said vehicles have either one or two power-driven axles. ", "Such vehicles may include wheelchairs, carts, carriages, automobiles, wagons, recreational vehicles, motorcycles, trucks, chariots, gurneys and the like. ", "However, presently vehicles in use have several drawbacks.", "\nFirst, typically such vehicles cannot climb stairs while keeping their platform and rider level. ", "Also, such vehicles often cannot climb over certain obstacles or overcome obstacles such as a curb of a sidewalk. ", "In addition, such vehicles typically cannot climb onto a van or truck without assistance from a ramp or a lift gate, while the van or truck is stationary or in motion. ", "Generally, presently vehicles cannot easily maneuver over many obstacles.", "\nSecond, while there are many vehicles that can transport multiple individuals and a payload, many such vehicles are not lightweight and capable of navigating or climbing over obstacles, climbing stairs and also of transporting more than one individual rapidly on common surfaces such as roads and sidewalks. ", "Wheelchair devices are not made to transport more than one individual, defeating the portability purposes of having a lightweight device for different terrains, stairs, and for common surfaces such as floors as well as for transporting more than one individual over obstacles and to locations which may be miles apart.", "\nMost common vehicles such as automobiles, motorcycles, wheelchairs and gurneys, place all of their points of ground contacts such as wheels on the ground all at the same time, such that when there is an obstacle in the road, such vehicles must run over such obstacle. ", "Often, this results in passengers either feeling bumps or having the entire platform or chassis incline rather than staying level. ", "Some conditions present insurmountable obstacles for conventional two or four-wheel vehicles. ", "As an exemplary, the bottom of a chassis or the axle of a vehicle may be incapable of moving over an obstacle. ", "Presently most vehicles generally cannot climb stairs or over curbs of a sidewalk, or over certain obstacles.", "\nAccordingly, it is desirable to create a device which solves the above disadvantages by improving the capabilities of vehicles to effectively climb stairs, climb over objects in their path yet still fulfill the goals of mobility and having the platform remain stable and level over larger distances for one or more passengers, or a robot and a payload. ", "Such systems and vehicles may be used to provide efficient transportation for a broad range of users, including providing an assistive technology that fulfills the goals of flexible and portable transportation over a range of surfaces, over obstacles and for climbing stairs. ", "This invention relates to a vehicle with horizontally extending and retracting rods for positioning ground contacting modules over and past an obstacle and upon stairs and with vertically extending and retracting rods for elevating or lowering the vehicle or for lifting or lowering ground contacting modules." ]

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[ "\\. ”\n\n\n\n\n OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS\n\n\n\n\n Hon. :':", "ldfmySathan\n ~~0~0tm-y or state\n AUl&lll( Tax88\n\n Dwr 31s I Attantloo:\n\n\n\n\n t3430uftt\n r0r the\n 80 tax roporta riled r0r\n f000ftb 0r m6,935.94 88\n y rtoolc,but wea not rhown a8 tarablo\n\n .irios auostionlag the w~ilroe or tli0\n out the ra0t that th 00rp0di09\n f its mm oapltal rtook at lers than\n rglq, the oapltal #took aoaount 1~1ththe\n par ralu0 roprosontod by' the numbor or 8bror ~urchaard\n end oradltl3g 'Resarve r0r Proat on Trtamry SOOk'\n with the dliirrrnoe betwreo the mr Value and t3a atzount\n paid thercro?. ", " TLls rwwltsd In reduolng the aapltml\n 8tOOk lo o o untto ?", "l,O2l,800.00 rOr belanoe rhret pu~pO801',\n\f 3ldIlsy Lathaa, pago 2\n\n\n lndlaatlrrg a parohaao Of $228,200.00par lal~r, atook,\n but at a dtaoount 0r :106,935.9~, 08 the Qtserv~ r0r\n Profit on Treasury 3took’ rweala. ", "Siuao the oapltal\n #took oannot bo deoraaaedexorpt by oharter amndaent\n h o wo loth r rlorporatloncomputedarid paid the franohiae\n taaen ke full UaoUnt Ofluthorlrod and paid in oapltal\n .", "\n “Thla depart&withas mlr amresmantr or rddltlonal\n tax08 for oath of the lboia a~ntlonulyoara baaed upon\n the 4106,935.91 reaorve upon thm theory that thl6 ooa-\n rtltutro a danatoe rurplua aad hnblr fee irMOhlar tax\n pUtpOSM# Th oorporatlon ha8 protestedthe aaaa8ar-onta,\n ooatanding that thr rs-•oqulnd rtoek rhould bo rooog-\n nlo o 8 l brlq only or ths value ykld thorerorand set\n u&a Oh6 bOOiC* lOOOtiiB&. ", " Thla roul4 allminato the\n rwmve loeount, but the amount sot up on the ass&\n rida as trt3a8urf atook uoula aot repneont the ralur or\n tb rtoak rroa a par Wuo lteadpolnt.", "\n *mx~ fbn aooouatloe etandpplnt, in order to rOri80t\n the lotual otidltlong or olroumteaosa lnrolrsd la the\n pwohalo, the par TalUe Of the 8toOk re-aoquired lhoUld\n bo 8bt up or,the saaet sldn, oash orsdltebwith the\n puroharoprior w4 the dlaoouafahown as a otadlt on\n the llablllty aldo.", "\n *In the 11&t 0r the raota &On, ~0~16 p4\n rdvira ua on the r0imii~ qusatloal\n *Is the 418oount at uhloh a oorporatlontrown\n oapltal rtook la re-aoqulnd throuigh a oaah pruoheao\n rurplurfor sranrhiao%x pUrpoaer7\n \"Your anewer to the above as 80011 as the raOllltlO8\n or your orrloe r&l1 pmmlt will bo lppreolatad.’", "\n Artlols 7084, Vernon18 AnnotatedCivil Statutes,\nas anended,imposes a rranohlaetax baaed upon a stated pro-\n ding oapltrlatosk, rurplua end undlll4ad\n ty bondr, notes and dobon-\n A Oolutlw of YOOr probl a la aaoortalnlne tha\n0oeA idhod or ooapotx -the outdandlng eapltal atook\nrurplua and undltld84 proi3 to* of the oorpomtlon ln questfan.", "\n\f ,\n._", "\n 2s 1.", "\n\n\n\n\n .\\rtlo:o\n 1332, Veroon’a AnnotatedCivil r;tatuteb,\n orto forth tha statutory romalltlrr for a droraaao or\n ~pltol otook b l lorporutlon, la ld rO~fitalltlO8 inoltidlng\n lfrlrmtite got ion b #l twa-third0 lot8 of outatradiag\n otOOk a04 the rilingwith the a* rotorf or istate or oartala\n ~mmtlon rumorted by lfrlea+ f $\n\n\n\n\n And It is yell lttlad that the term ~~outotaad~x\n oa p& l\n a+ook;‘\n i * aa woe in r~~ohi00 tar rtatutoa, lnorudoo\n atook, usually tortsod%rwoury atook,” laauod aad tb.ossarter\n rtaoqulrod by oorporatlono,where the rtatutory rormalltloa\n to ‘drorcaaa eapltal atook hare not bean oomplledw1t.h.", "\n ~nlokcrbookor~ ImportatloaCo. ", "1. ", "Etato Board of Aooeaaora,\n 65 A. 913, i.,!-.A. (r:.3.) ", "885 (!:", "ebJeraoy Court 0r Errors\n aad rppoed.83 8 I;ocg 1. ", "re~ia&ger, 174 5. ", "E. 820 PIa.) ", "state 1.", "\n ~tWA?t BI'OO. ", "COttOA CO., ", "190 SO. ", "317 (La.)& GOidstein-\n firsberg Co. Board of Aaaraooro, 83 A. 773 (Kow\n 'I. Sets\n Jrrroy %QWSO VlllOaAcOU?t)l\n :;hoola,1110. ", "1. %", "WtiA, State\n Tax Comlaaloaor 179 A. 620 (Now Joraoy 3u-roma Cou.rt)$\n &rg v* fntmmtloaal Sliver Co., il F. (2df.147(Sooond\n CirOUit cOU?t Of App~&o).", "\n\n This rule hno boon hold to be lpplloablo oven\n ;fft&3 SOrpOSAtiOA hAS~A0 ht6AtiOA Of OVSr l’Si8SUi~ th0\n . ", " State 1. ", "Stewart Bras. ", " Cottoa Co., aupra.", "\n\n It rollosra tscn that, ror oomputatlonof tho\n franohlartar, ths corporation*8balanor sheet should show\n loutataadlng oapltal otook~ la the auia0r $1,2S0,000.00,\n that b&n& tho ariount loaumd and outstanding rior to tha\n pureharm oi the treaaur~ stock all4 Ml8 rem i?", "\n na trUa until\n thr oor;>oratlon porronnothe aLtutory foraalltlrafor l\n dooreaao oi its oapltal atook, a8 grorldodin Artlol@ 1332,\n wra.", "\n\f thlifIg d.teTdWd that tb. ", "OOrpOl%tiOa'r\np ur o h a lwt pm0 of ita awn atoak dwa not dooreaao the\n*outatandbg oapltal rtook* for franohlaa tax purposoa,\nii ~a. ", "nott to a ooruldoratlo. ", " of tho oifoot of the\npurohaao on the balaaoo ahma 1torJ of “aurplua.” ", " The\no r p lta l\n ltruoture o f a o0rpor8tlOa, lno a a 4 lng o uta ta nQlng\noepitala to a l r~lum,\n k , undlvldod proilto, lto. ", " on whloh\ntho fnnohlw tax lr bmod, appear. ", "la tho llobfllty\nportloo or tb Wanaro ahoet. ", " Thm pr4ptm aoooimting\nuthod ior trqnahira tu ~oaoa of hand&g this purohamo\nof tho traaaury atorr tr the oorpontlon bcooaor relatively\nmimglowhen wo oonaidor that tho authorltlostnat auoh\nro-aoqulrodor.tredary rtoak am an “araot”of the oorpora-\n~~~:~~~:t,“~~~~~~~~.~~.~~~~:~l~k~- ’\n(2d) Gs @alla. ", "CQUZt of Civil Appeal., ", " no l\n t\n ;po.lod’ti*\nSupromedourt)t Rlldobraacl“Tax..Corporetlona,”Vol. ", "2\n ll0 Sorg t. IntornatLal Sliver Co., 11 I. (26) li3\n e.g.0\nPDlat. ", "C1 New York) afflrued ll F. (2d) 147118 C. J. 3,:\n l\npage 645 &oo. ", "2111 Thoin~aon on Corporatlona, 3rd .xd.,", "\nSW* 4dr r. ~.\n Thoreforo,the purcham or the treasuryatook\nrholfldbe raflootodon the balacoe shot ilks the purahass\nof any other aaaat. ", "Rut the queatlonlmmdietely arlara:\nYhat raluatlonla to bo plaoed on thla asset? ", "18 It to bo\nrat at par ~aluo of the stook, or at the prlos paid theraior\nby the eorporatlon, or at vme other i&are? ", "The amount oi\n ti11 bo dfeotod by the valuation plaoed on thla\n8u.rplu.a\nWOO&.", "\n Bery oorporatlgnla reqtirad to dko a morn\nmpozt k tha Sroratary or 3tata iuinuallp oontaln* a\nbalanooahoot, and maid report la rrqalrad to list tho\nlo.ah value” oi all groaa aaa.ta of (rho Oorporation. ", "Art.", "\n7089,R* 8. ", "An4 the E;eerata~ of SW&o nqdre the\noorporatien’a 0m00rs to adnit adlltlo 3 lnr9raatlon\nunder oath, an,4 ant11 he 1s fully latlsiied therofma a8 to\ntho wnount or rurplua and undlrldod protltr, ha naod not\nlooopt tha ixwioblae tax. ", "Artlola 7087, 11. ", "5+\n It moat be borne la mind, bouw~z, that it 1s\nnot the Boorotary or S-to mso flxaa the “cm&h vtiuo* of\nthe aaaota of the oorporatlaa, whioh go into the balahoo\nshoot to old in dotarmining Cho awant ol naurpluaand\nUndivided prolit..’ *Tha rot nahora luthoria*atha\n\f.", "\n\n 253\n\n\n BW. ", "sldnoy latham, Pw* 3\n\n\n y laaoo* Ibo tu.", "\n fb o r j~a rto It reqUlre8 the taxpayer to\n 18 on a ooroaan krla an4 to dlaoloaothr taota~~oaatl-\n utbg tho baalo in a rrport to the Sooratary. ", "St 18 true\n ey\n . . . ", "thr taluo of la w#r *bore a lurploa otiata lniolro\n diapufablofaotr, but authority la glran to no offloor to\n lo r r a o tth o\n fl6uror ragorted. ", "Tho lddltlonal lnformetlon\n rrqulred in tha Ngulu raport or obtriard br aflldatlt\n under Art10107067 or ochorwlaoply bo aaoiul to indaoo a\n true nport or to r0u0d a proro6utlon ror falao awoarlng\n in nltlng aa uatruo one , . . . ", "If booauaaof a dlaputo otar\n rurp1.u~ ho rrJoot8 tho .%a~, the Attorary Oeooral mot rllo\n rult Sor Its oollaotloaunaor Art1810 7095. ", "Proaumbly In\n that rult a full boarlne rhould bo had am to the rnattwa\n la dlaputo. * ", "Southom Realty Co. v* h%Callam,65 F. (2d)\n 934, oertlorarl donled, 4 S. Ct. ", "Rap. ", "127. ", "90s aleo Unltsd\n Sorthand South Devalopcwnt CO. ", "t, Keath, 76 S. >‘.(2d) 650,\n errorrof use&\n\n Aooordlng~y,tha 4orporatlonbalanoo ohoot sboula\n rsfloot tho purohaao OS tho treasuryatook as an rrohangr\n of aaaotar To lllurtratw Ii tho lorpontlon 4atormlno4\n that tbo *oaah veJue* or the *took purohaaedwas tho prloa -\n fur wkloh it us8 ra-eoqillred trar?tl!n ltookholdrr,the ltelc\n %roaaury atook” should be listed as an aaart ln auoh amount;\n and tba Item“oaah,’aasualng It was a oaah purahaao,should\n lm lyedlted for the sea amount. ", " This would loate the ltos\n “aurplua~ umhawvd. ", " On the other hand, ii the oorporatlon\n should dotemine that the “oath vdluon of sold StOOk was par\n or aqy other sum largerthan the amount aotuallypaid tkiorefor,\n the treasuryltook lhoul4 be listed as an asset or suoh value\n as ao doterinodt oath u8uld be orrdltod for the prloo pold;\n oad thr dlffenaao, roprraeatlngthe profit mar&a on the\n doal, would ba rbdod to rurplua or an4ltldod proittr. ", " Con-\n veraolr,ii tho oorporrtloa rboald value aald rt06k at loam\n ttnn the p~ohaa~ prloo, ntl~oUng a loam uI *em*, troaury\n rtook would bu llatod as an wart at auoh tPluo( oarh would\n be orrdltrdfar the prloo paid1 and the dlfSrroeoo or 1088\n would bg applied es 4 rodwtlon oi lurplw.", "\n Our anuuor’,theroioro, to your quo8tion la that\n the ltieot of the treasury ato& pumhaao br the oomoratlon\n on thinltm of “aurplua*Oopondr lntlroly on tho %aab voluo”\n\f or auoh St&ok urllod at as huelnabo+mret rorth. ", " ::o\n:-ruggoat t&at YOUlell on tho offloera of ma14 oorporatloo\n l# ruthorltodby Art. ", "7 087, lupra, iox whatever addit&&\n l,nforratlon you MY need la ardor that the tax msr bo oom-\n puted in aocordanoowith thla opinion.", "\n\n Tours rory truly\n ATl'ORRI;Y\n G J&E!:.;;.", "\n Cr;T:.?.&", "\n\f" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "Mental body distance comparison: a tool for assessing clinical disturbances in visual body image.", "\nDespite numerous body size estimation studies, it cannot be concluded that the disturbance of body image in anorexia nervosa (AN) is specifically one of the visual body images. ", "We adopted a visual imagery method, the Distance Comparison task, to enable across-population testing of differences in visual body image with respect to shape. ", "Participants were asked to mentally scan across two body widths (e.g. hips and shoulders) and to decide as quickly as possible which one was longer or shorter. ", "If the mental representation accessed to make such comparisons is visual, an inverse relation would be expected between RT and distance difference on the body to be judged (i.e. actual difference in size between the two body widths), with accuracy increasing with increasing distance difference. ", "Females with high body shape concern (scoring high on the Body Shape Questionnaire: BSQ, n=23) were compared to females with low body shape concern (scoring low on the BSQ, n=19). ", "RT and distance differences on the body demonstrated standard distance differences effects: RT increased and accuracy decreased with decreasing distance differences on the body. ", "Groups differed with respect to accuracy, in that females high on body shape concern were significantly less accurate than females low on body shape concern when making evaluations involving small (9cm) differences, which implies a less appropriate visual image of the own body in the former group. ", "With respect to the relation between RT and body distance difference, on the other hand, there were no differences between groups. ", "We concluded that evaluations of own body size employ visual imagery and that the distance comparison task holds promise for the assessment of visual disturbances in body image in clinical populations." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Clinical assessment of cryptorchid boys by determination of urinary testosterone glucuronide following large doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).", "\nUrinary TG and fractionated 17-ketosteroid (Drosdowsky) determinations were performed before and after the intramuscular administration of 15,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 10 sexually immature healthy boys and in 12 bilaterally cryptorchid boys. ", "The same basal determinations were made in 11 gonadless girls. ", "Basal serum FSH and LH were determined (by radioimmunoassay) in controls and also in cryptorchid boys. ", "If 15mug/24 h (three SD's of basal excretion in controls) is considered the smallest adequate response, the TG but not the fractionated 17-KS determination assessed fairly well either the presence or the functional capacity of the Leydig cell-containing tissue. ", "Agonadic girls had significantly higher basal excretion of steroids and this is presumably due to their greater absolute body size and to their more advanced bone age." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "At the end of this video, he suggests that both sides will be out to shoot him. ", "Yes, they will…well, I’m wielding a great heavy two-handed sword, but I’ll accept the general equivalence in intent of pointy sharp nasty weaponry and projectile-flinging guns. ", "In this TED presentation, he advocates just adapting religion to atheism, something he calls Atheism 2.0, but which is actually just Religion 0.0 again.", "\n\nThis is not what the New Atheism is about. ", "It’s the antithesis of what we’re after. ", "We’ve had a few thousand years of the godly shuffle: here’s a temple to Zeus, he’s out so we swap in Jupiter; he’s not exciting, let’s try Isis; now Mithras; Jehovah; Jesus; Mohammed; back to Catholicism; on to Protestantism; oh, you’re atheists, eh, here’s a fine altar, hardly been used, we’ll just rededicate it to your god Athe then. ", "New gods same as the old gods, right?", "\n\nWrong. ", "It’s that the whole structure of religious thought is wrong, that we’ve been spending these few thousand years digging the same old pit, deeper and deeper, maybe putting a little more gilt on the shovel and roofing it over with ever fancier architecture, but now we’re saying maybe it’s time to climb out of the hole and do something different. ", "I don’t want a new label, I want whole new modes of thought.", "\n\nde Botton wants to pick and choose from religion and keep the good parts for atheism, which is a nice idea, but he seems to be totally lacking in sense and discrimination in what the virtues of religion are. ", "And then, unfortunately for him, he picks a few examples of something he thinks religion got right, and one of them is education. ", "Fuck me.", "\n\nHe suggests looking at how churches teach the ‘facts’ of their faith, and is quite enthusiastic about the importance of repetition. ", "Repeat things five times, he says, and then you’ll master it; he just suggests replacing God and Jesus with Shakespeare and Jane Austen. ", "Has de Botton ever been anywhere near a classroom?", "\n\nLet me give an example from my teaching; I’m familiar with what he proposes. ", "For instance, I teach genetics, and one of the big concepts there is linkage and mapping. ", "I’ve stood up and lectured on Sturtevant’s original mapping experiments; I’ve given the class the numbers from his observations, and had them do the calculations themselves; I’ve then had students come up to the whiteboard and show everyone how it is done; and then I’ve gone through it again on the board, step by step. ", "The students nod and smile, they understand, give ’em these numbers and they can trot through the calculations without hesitation.", "\n\nThen on the test I give them the same problem, but I change the names of the alleles, swap in a zebrafish for a fruit fly, and half the class is totally stumped. “", "But you didn’t teach us how to do that problem,” they whine.", "\n\nRepetition doesn’t work. ", "It’s great for memorizing dogma, but it’s awful for mastering concepts. ", "Students don’t understand, they just learn to robotically reiterate.", "\n\nWhat I do is very different. ", "I give them the Sturtevant data and we work through that problem, sure, but then we try other angles. ", "Here’s data on the recombination frequency between pairs of loci; assemble them into a map. ", "Here’s a triple-point cross, and the phenotypes of the flies we get back; calculate a map. ", "Here’s a problem; work it out in groups. ", "Here’s a problem; teach your partner how to solve it. ", "Here’s a map; work backwards and predict the frequencies of phenotypes of a cross. ", "You invent a problem, give it to me, and let’s see if I can get the right answer. ", "Here’s how the problem is solved in flies, and fish, and nematodes, and humans, and tissue culture. ", "Here’s how we do it with molecular biology techniques rather than genetics. ", "What if the traits are all sex-linked? ", "What if this locus interacts epistatically with that other locus? ", "What if the two alleles at this locus are codominant?", "\n\nThe whole purpose of what we do in the science classroom is to get the students to understand that you can’t master the concept by rote memorization. ", "You have to understand how someone came up with the idea in the first place, and you have to appreciate how understanding the concept gives you the mental toolkit to grasp novel instances of related phenomena. ", "I could just show them a fly gene map and tell them to memorize it, I suppose, and teach them this idea that genes have locations on the chromosome, and leave it at that, but then they haven’t really learned anything deep, and haven’t learned how to integrate new observations into the concept. ", "They’re also going to be totally unprepared for going off to grad school, reading McClintock’s papers, and learning that sometimes genes don’t have fixed locations on the chromosome.", "\n\nSo you can imagine how appalled I was listening to de Botton tell us that one thing society could benefit from adapting from religion is their approach to education. ", "That’s simply insane. ", "If you want to improve people’s understanding, we should model learning more on those secular, progressive, well-honed methods you find in good college classrooms, not church. ", "Church is where you go to learn how to hammer dogma into people’s heads.", "\n\nThat is not what the New Atheism wants. ", "Apparently, it’s what Atheism 2.0 wants, though.", "\n\nHis approach to art is about as horrifying — “religions…have no trouble telling us what art is about, art is about two things in all the major faiths; firstly, it’s trying to remind you of what there is to love, and secondly it’s trying to remind you of what there is to fear and hate…it’s propaganda”. ", "To de Botton, that is a virtue. ", "He suggests that museums ought to adopt the approaches of the churches, and organize their art by themes and tell everyone exactly what it all means. ", "Jebus. ", "Can you imagine a van Gogh hanging on the wall, with a little checklist next to it telling you what it is supposed to mean, and everyone dutifully reading the museum’s imperative and making sure they’ve got exactly the right interpretation? ", "Some excited little girl makes the mistake of looking at the painting not the placard and telling her mother, “Look at the light and color shining through the confusion!” ", "and the guard has to tap his stick on the wall and tell her, “No, it says CONFORM and OBEY or suffer. ", "Can’t you read?”", "\n\nWorst TED talk ever — well, it’s competitive with that horrible drivel from Elaine Morgan, anyway. ", "de Botton is one of those superficial atheists who hasn’t quite thought things through and has such a blinkered optimistic perspective on religion that he thinks faith provides what reason does not." ]

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[ "Search Guide\n\nIn this search guide you will learn the best way to search the wonderful collection of records available on findmypast. ", "We are continually working on refining the search technology to ensure you get the most relevant results and will update this guide as it develops.", "\n\nTypes of Data\n\nWhile transcription records are visible in the left hand side refinement column, PDF documents are displayed under the heading \"Documents\". ", "To refine your search to include PDF documents, first click onto \"Documents\" in the desired category then select the required dataset you wish to search.", "\n\nTypes of searches:\n\nExact\n\nExact searches will return results that match the exact spelling that you entered into the First Name /Last Name search field.", "\n\nIf you type the last name \"Smith\" you will only get results that match \"Smith.\" ", "The results will not include spelling variations or misspellings.", "\n\nWildcard\n\nWildcard searches will return results when you may be unsure of the spelling or there may be known variances in the name. ", "The asterisk (*) matches any number of characters and question mark (?) ", "matches a single character, for example:\n\nSm?th should match Smith and Smyth\n\nSmith* should match Smith and Smithson\n\n*Smith should match Smith and Goldsmith\n\nSynonyms\n\nName variant broadens searches by using common synonyms for certain names such that:\n\nElizabeth will match to Lizzie, Bessie, Elisabeth\n\nMargaret will match to Peggie\n\nThis is useful as name variants are often recorded in official documents. ", "The list of synonyms used by findmypast.com.au is called NameX. There are synonyms for both forenames and surnames. ", "The synonyms result from academic research and are particularly good for anglo-saxon names.", "\n\nFuzzy\n\nFuzzy search uses an algorithm based on the number of differences between the input and any particular result. ", "A ranking score is created based on the number of different characters. ", "The advantage of using fuzzy searches is that transcription errors can be revealed, for example:\n\nElizabeth will match to Xlisabeth\n\nBut also Clare will match to Clarke\n\nSearch fields explained\n\nQuite simply, there are three fields to input your search criteria:\n\nFirst Name - enter the first name (Christian name) of the person you are looking for\n\nLast Name - the last name (surname) of the person you are looking for\n\nKeyword - keyword search will both transcriptions & documents\n\nName variant box\n\nUn-ticked box - when the name variants box is un-ticked, exact searches will be undertaken. ", "Wildcard matches are also supported.", "\n\nTicked box - when the name variants box is ticked a name variant search is undertaken. ", "Currently the results are returned in the following order: 1. ", "Exact matches 2. ", "Fuzzy matches 3. ", "Fuzzy on NameX variants\n\nTop Tips\n\nTo help with searches remember these top tips – you will get a lot more positive results:\n\nRemember that a person may be recorded just using initials in some records so search omitting the first name or use just the first letter\n\nTry just entering a last name only, then refine your results further by state, year etc.", "\n\nWildcard searches will match name variances when the spelling may not be known\n\nHave questions? ", "Contact our friendly customer support team who are happy to answer any questions you may have. (", "Please note that findmypast.com.au does not undertake paid family history research and is unable to perform searches on your behalf.)" ]

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[ "Anime premieres on October 13\n\nThe official website for Chidori RSC , the television anime of Akki Sarumi 's Rifle Is Beautiful four-panel manga, began streaming a new promotional video for the anime on Thursday. ", "The video previews the anime's opening theme song \"Let's go! ", "Rifling 4!!!!\" ", "by Rifling 4 - the idol unit formed by the four main voice actresses ( Machico , Akane Kumada , Saki Minami , and Anna Yamaki ).", "\n\nThe site also revealed that the anime will have 12 episodes. ", "The anime's Blu-ray Disc release in Japan will have two six-episode volumes that will ship on February 27 and March 27.", "\n\nThe series will premiere in Japan on October 13 at 11:00 p.m. (10:00 a.m. EDT) on the Tokyo MX station, and it will also run on the Sun TV , KBS Kyoto , and BS11 channels. ", "Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime.", "\n\nThe cast includes (Note: Character name romanizations are not official.):", "\n\nMasanori Takahashi ( When Supernatural Battles Became Commonplace , For Whom the Alchemist Exists ) is directing the series at Studio 3Hz . ", "Tatsuya Takahashi ( Katana Maidens: Toji no Miko , Ms. Koizumi loves ramen noodles ) is in charge of the script and series composition. ", "Ken Mukaigawara ( Ange Vierge , Sword Art Online Alternative: Gun Gale Online ) is designing the characters and serving as chief animation director.", "\n\nRifling 4 are also performing the ending theme song \"Yūyake Friends\" (Sunset Friends).", "\n\nThe manga's story follows Hikari Kokura, an incoming high school student who is excited to join her school's shooting club. ", "When she gets there, she learns that the club has been shut down, and she must revive it.", "\n\nThe first chapter of the ongoing manga launched on Shueisha 's Tonari no Young Jump website in April 2015. ", "Shueisha published the fifth compiled book volume on September 19." ]

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[ "Legal jockeying in the upcoming criminal trial of a Southern California man accused of modding Xbox 360 consoles heated up Tuesday when defense attorneys urged a judge to allow a fair-use defense, arguing that modifying the game machine is no different than jailbreaking an iPhone.", "\n\nMatthew Crippen, 28, of Anaheim, faces three years in prison on two allegations of violating the anti-circumvention provision of the DMCA for allegedly circumventing hardware in the Xbox that keeps owners from running pirated games or home-brew software. ", "But, drawing a comparison between the game console and Apple's signature cellphone, attorneys for Crippen want to brief jurors on the fair-use principle behind the U.S. Copyright Office's decision in July granting a DMCA exemption for hacking the iPhone.", "\n\n\"The Copyright Office cited the fact that the only way for consumers to exercise their fair-use rights by running non-Apple endorsed applications was through cirumvention of access controls\" (.pdf) wrote Callie Glanton Steele, a Los Angeles deputy public defender, in a court filing.", "\n\nCrippen's pending federal criminal trial – believed to be the nation's first centered on game-console modding – is scheduled for November 30 in Los Angeles. ", "The man is accused of charging $60 and $80 to modify a console for two customers that later turned out to be undercover agents.", "\n\nProsecutors on Tuesday decried Steele's proposed fair-use defense, accusing her of soliciting \"jury nullification. (", ".pdf) That's when jurors vote \"not guilty,\" despite the evidence, based on a belief the law is being immorally or wrongly applied to a defendant.", "\n\nIn July, the Copyright Office lifted the cloud of uncertainty concerning the iPhone and proclaimed that jailbreaking the mobile device was not a DMCA violation. ", "The Copyright Office concluded: \"While a copyright owner might try to restrict the programs that can be run on a particular operating system, copyright law is not the vehicle for imposition of such restrictions.\"", "\n\nMost important, the Copyright Office, which grants DMCA anti-circumvention exemptions every three years, declared that \"the activity of an iPhone owner who modifies his or her iPhone's firmware/operating system in order to make it interoperable with an application that Apple has not approved, but that the iPhone owner wishes to run on the iPhone, fits comfortably within the four corners of fair use.\"", "\n\nProsecutor Allen Chiu, however, wrote U.S. District Judge Philip Gutierrez that \"any evidence relating to a 'fair use' defense is irrelevant and should be excluded.\" ", "Chiu said the defense's reason for broaching fair use \"would be to encourage jury nullification.\"", "\n\nSteele wrote that, \"because fair use is a mixed question of law and fact, it is a permissible question for the jury.\"", "\n\nNeither Chiu nor Steele have returned repeated messages for comment. ", "Gutierrez has not ruled on the issue or on a host of other unresolved evidentiary issues.", "\n\nEach side in court filings produced precedents they said supported their \"fair-use\" position. ", "But none of the cases were criminal matters, as the DMCA is rarely enforced criminally.", "\n\nJonathan Band, a Washington, D.C., attorney who helped craft the DMCA in 1998, said the U.S. Supreme Court has not squarely addressed a fair-use defense in a criminal case.", "\n\n\"It has not percolated up,\" he said in a telephone interview.", "\n\nHe said if a fair-use defense or the iPhone exemption was allowed in Crippen's case, the jury might be left to wonder, \"'This is kind of stupid. ", "Why are they prosecuting this?'\"", "\n\nSee Also:" ]

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[ "Professional Printing Services\n\nWith small business printing services from The UPS Store®, you can get digital printing, offset printing, binding, laminating and other document finishing services, as well as paper and office supplies. ", "Discover how your small business can look great.", "\n\nOur location offers a wide range of small business printing services, which includes printing business cards, letterhead, posters, flyers, presentations, direct mail postcards and more!", "\n\nWe can print them for you. ", "Stop by today and let us help your small business look great." ]

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[ "The Top Chess Engine Championship (TCEC) is the premier championship for chess software. ", "It is a competition between 32 or more engines with ELO 3000+ and is divided into five divisions and a Superfinal.", "TCEC runs 24/7 until all games have been played. ", "One game is played at a time - the next one starts automatically.", "Classical time control will be used through the season and it is increased as the season progresses. ", "For Division 2, 3 and 4, the time control is 30 minutes + 10 seconds added per move for the whole game. ", "For Division 1, the time control is 60 minutes + 10 seconds added per move for the whole game. ", "For Division Premier, the time control is 90 minutes + 10 seconds added per move for the whole game. ", "For the Superfinal, the time control is 120 minutes + 15 seconds added per move for the whole game. ", "If an engine loses on time, the result will not be changed or the game replayed. ", "If the TCEC game server locks up at any time during a game (BSOD, freeze etc), that game will be restarted unless the last position was a 6-man or less tablebase position, then it will be manually adjudicated. ", "If a remote GPU machine disconnects, the decision whether to replay the game or adjudicate will be by the Season administrator. ", "Prior to Season 9, different time controls have been used. ", "Check the individual games in the \"Archive page\" for info.", "A game can be drawn by the normal 3-fold repetition rule or the 50-move rule. ", "However, a game can also be drawn at move 35 or later if the eval from both playing engines are within +0.08 to -0.08 pawns for the last 5 moves, or 10 plies. ", "If there is a pawn advance, or a capture of any kind, this special draw rule will reset and start over. ", "On the GUI interface, this rule is shown as \"TCEC draw rule\" with a number indicating how many plies there are left until it becomes official. ", "It will adjudicate as won for one side if both playing engines have an eval of at least 10.00 pawns (or -10.00 in case of a black win) for 5 consecutive moves, or 10 plies - this rule is in effect as soon as the game starts. ", "On the GUI interface, this rule is shown as \"TCEC win rule\" with a number indicating how many plies there are left until it becomes official. ", "Cutechess will also adjudicate 6-men or less endgame positions automatically with Syzygy tablebases.", "In the case of a serious, play-limiting bug (like crashing or interface communication problems, not including losses on time) not discovered during the pre-Season testing, the engine can be updated once per Division to fix this/these bug/bugs only at the cost of one strike. ", "If this update still doesn't fix the problem(s) or if there is no update available, the engine might have the number of cores reduced, have the hash size reduced or have the tablebase access disabled - these changes will remain for the rest of the Division.", "If necessary, tiebreaks can be used to determine advancement. ", "For all Divisions (not the Superfinal), the first tiebreak criteria is the \"crash\" tiebreak, meaning that if an engine has crashed once or more during the Division, it will fail qualification versus another engine that has not crashed if both of them has the same amount of points. ", "In case of still being tied, then the direct encounter between the tied engines decides. ", "The next criterion is the greatest number of wins, then the greatest number of wins with black. ", "The Sonneborn-Berger is the next criteria. ", "If they are still tied, then the tournament organizers will decide which engine gets the promotion.", "Engines that promote to a new Division are allowed to update before the Division submission deadline without penalty, no matter if it is to fix bugs uncovered during the previous Division or to submit a better version. ", "Promoting engines may update UCI/xboard settings. ", "The deadline for engine submission is the last game of the current Division unless the programmer is given a specific deadline from the Tournament Director - the goal is to be able to start the next Division as soon as possible without any significant delay. ", "Note that no testing between divisions will be provided and engine authors update at their own risk.", "In the TCEC Archive page (available via the File menu), you can see the official TCEC ratings list (in the bottom right corner). ", "This list is updated after each Division or Superfinal and is calculated by using Ordo. ", "The calculation is global (all versions of an engine are included under a single name) and includes all games played since (and including) Season 1. ", "All games lost on time, via stall or disconnect, are discarded...as are engines that have had only losses. ", "If there is a new engine entering TCEC for the first time, it will get a \"temporary\" rating taken from the CCRL 40/40 4CPU list. ", "If an engine isn't found here, or if it has played very few games, an approximate ELO rating will be given to that engine based on tests from the programmer. ", "Then after this new engine has played an event, an official rating will be calculated.", "As soon as a Division starts, it will run 24/7 until all games have been played. ", "One game is played at a time - the next one starts automatically. ", "There will be a short break between the Divisions, to make sure everything is ok with the TCEC game server and to prepare for the next Division.", "Division 4 is now upgraded to a qualification Division. ", "In order to accommodate the demands of the ever growing computer chess sector, unlimited number of engines will be admited to the competition. ", "They have to face minimum requirements for rating and to be actively developed. ", "The division will continue to be 2x double RR. ", "The time control of the games will be 30 mins + 10 sec/move. ", "The top 2 engines qualify for Division 3. ", "The top 8 will qualify for the TCEC Cup, while the rest are out of TCEC for the current Season.", "Division 3 consists of the 6 engines that qualified from previous Season plus the top 2 engines from Division 4. ", "It is a 2x double RR (112 games). ", "The top 2 engines promote to Division 2 and the bottom 2 engines are relegated.", "Division 2 consists of the 6 engines that qualified from previous Season plus the top 2 engines from Division 3. ", "It is a 2x double RR (112 games). ", "The top 2 engines promote to Division 1 and the bottom 2 engines are relegated to Division 3.Division 1 consists of the 6 engines that qualified from previous Season plus the top 2 engines from Division 2. ", "It is a 2x double RR (112 games). ", "The top 2 engines promote to Division Premier and the bottom 2 engines are relegated to Division 2Division Premier consists of the 6 engines that qualified from previous Season plus the top 2 engines from Division 1. ", "It is a 3x double round robin (168 games). ", "The top 2 engines promote to the Superfinal and the bottom 2 engines are relegated to Division 1This match is played with 50 different openings so that each engine plays both black and white of the same position. ", "The match will be presented with opening 1 used in games 1 and 2, then opening 2 used in games 3 and 4 etc. ", "If the match is theoretically won for one side before game 100, the match will still continue until all 100 games have been played. ", "In the case of a drawn match there will be a rapid match of 16 games with a time control of 25' + 10\" with random openings selected from earlier in the same Season. ", "In case it is still tied there will be a Blitz match of 8 games with a time control of 3' + 2\". ", "When the Superfinal is over, the current Season ends.", "The winner of the Superfinal will be crowned the TCEC Grand Champion and will keep this title until there is a winner in the next Superfinal. ", "There is no automatic qualification for the reigning Grand Champion, it will have to go all the way through the next Season for it to be able to defend the title.", "UCI and Xboard (Winboard) engines are supported. ", "To identify the protocol an engine is using you can hoover over the king figure placed above the engine logo during a game. ", "This info will be saved for the archive, but does not work for Season 5 or older games.", "Many engines come with different .exe files. ", "64-bit .exes are always preferred over 32-bit. ", "Also, compiles that support SSE 4.2, AVX/AVX2 or similar instruction sets are preferred.", "Some engines can utilize a function in Windows called large pages, that gives a speed boost. ", "However, after a while the memory in the computer will be fragmented, so that one engine might receive large pages and the opponent won't, which would be unfair. ", "Therefore, this has been disabled. ", "Large pages are often useful when you are running infinite analysis on a position.", "Each engine can use up to 43 cores of the processors, if this is supported. ", "Some engines have a prefix like \"deep\", but this has been omitted from the engine name to make it shorter. ", "When watching a game you can see the number of cores that are in use by hoovering over the king figure above the engine logos.", "The split depth parameter basically defines the minimum depth for work to be split between threads. ", "If no specific settings are given from the programmer, the default value will be used.", "Each engine is allowed to use up to 16384 MB of hash. ", "Not all engines supports this much hash, so the maximum for that engine will be used in this case, typically 2048 MB or 4096 MB. ", "When watching a game you can see the size of the hash that is in use for the engines currently playing by clicking the gears next to the engine logo.", "Some engines have an option to configure the size of other hash tables, often called pawn hash or evaluation hash. ", "The combined, total limit for hash types like these is 4096 MB (8192 MB in case of the Superfinal).All opening books shipped with the engines are removed and/or disabled and any engine found to be using hidden, internal opening books will be disqualified and replaced with another engine chosen by the Tournament Director.", "For all divisions, 5-men Nalimov/Gaviota/Scorpio, and 6-men Syzygy are available thanks to the 256 GB SSD. ", "When watching a game you can see the type of the tablebases (if any) that is in use for the engines currently playing by clicking the gears next to the engine logo.", "Basically this means that the engines can think during their opponents turn. ", "It is not allowed so it will be disabled because of performance limitations with only 1 computer. ", "This might change in a future Season of TCEC.Some engines have a setting that can adjust their own view of the positions throughout a game to avoid draws. ", "This setting is not changed from the default unless it is a request from the programmer.", "Any configurable option not described above, is not normally adjusted in any way, except if the programmer of an engine wants specific settings for each specific Division. ", "Options like \"keep hash tables\" or similar is usually enabled.", "Thanks to the devoted audience for it's support! ", "Because of them, the server was upgraded for Season 10 and on, allowing TCEC to use a powerful 44 cores machine for all divisions.", "CPUs: 2 x Intel Xeon E5 2699 v4 @ 2.8 GHzCores: 44 physicalMotherboard: Supermicro X10DRL-iRAM: 64 GB DDR4 ECCSSD: Crucial CT250M500 240 GBChassis: SupermicroOS: Windows Server 2012 R2Again, thanks to the generous support from our viewers, we are now able to include a dedicated GPU server for the Neural Network engines. ", "If you'd like to contribute and help us improve the event even further, please check out how to support TCEC.GPUs: 1 x 2080 ti + 1 x 2080CPU: Quad Core i5 2600kRAM: 16GB DDR3-2133SSD:Samsung 840 Pro 256gbCPUs: 2 x Intel Xeon E5-2689 @ 3300 MHzCores: 16 physicalCPU Coolers: 2 x Corsair H80iMotherboard: Asus Z9PE-D8 WSRAM: 64 GB Kingston KVR16R11D4K4/32 Reg/ECCPSU: Corsair AX 760SSD: Samsung 840 Pro 128 GBChassis: Silverstone Raven RV03B-WAOS: Windows 7 ProfessionalSince season 12, neural network engines are part of the TCEC season. ", "Their number will keep on growing and specific set of rules are needed to define their co-existence with the standard engines.", "A neural network is a computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system. ", "For the purpose of TCEC a participant is considered a neural network (NN) engine if it generally requires the use of GPU and consists of at least the following 3 parts: 1. ", "The code for training the neural network 2. ", "The neural network (and weights file) itself 3. ", "The engine that executes this network It is the parts 2 and 3 that will actually be a playing combination at TCEC. ", "Part 1 is used in preparation.", "For an NN engine to be unique in the TCEC context, at least two of the three defining parts mentioned above have to be unique.", "A NN engine is eligible for participation in TCEC if it is considered unique by the Uniqueness definition above.", "All current NN rules and definitions are made by the TCEC Tournament Director based on discussion and/or voting by the official TCEC rules committee in the TCEC-official Discord. ", "As the NN engines evolve, exceptions may be added to the definitions, aiming to fulfill one of the major goals of TCEC i.e. to find and rank the best chess software in the sector. ", "Exceptions about allowing NN versions derivatives of Lc0 based on the S13 precedent were discussed, but did not pass official voting. ", "Thus, for S14 uniqueness rules will be observed, something that might change for future seasons.", "No, it is not, although some people regard it as such.", "Stockfish defeated Komodo in the Superfinal of Season 13, so Stockfish is the reigning TCEC Grand Champion.", "Stockfish won the TCEC Cup in a final match with Houdini. ", "Komodo and Lc0 shared the third place.", "Yes, some engines can move from hash, or move instantly. ", "However, sometimes it can seem that it moves instantly but in reality it doesn't, since there is a transmission delay from the playing server to the website by approximately 15 seconds. ", "Refer to the \"move time\" for each engine to see how long it thought on its move.", "No, to view the games it is only required that you allow Javascript to run. ", "The TCEC Web GUI has been developed on the latest Chrome, but will also run fine on the latest Firefox. ", "There is no support for Internet Explorer versions below 9.To play the games a special version of cutechess-cli is used. ", "This is a command line tool without an actual GUI. ", "This was made possible thanks to Jeremy Bernstein . ", "Previously TCEC used ChessGUI by Matthias Gemuh.", "The current web GUI is created by Ben Reese and Arun Satya. ", "Previous seasons used a GUI by Martin Thoresen, currently known as legacy GUIFor the current web GUI it is chessboard.js and cutechess-cli. ", "For the legacy GUI and archive GUI it is called pgn4web and is totally free. ", "Paolo Casaschi is the mastermind behind it and has helped a lot on certain difficult programming challenges." ]

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[ "Lincoln Township, Calhoun County, Iowa\n\nLincoln Township is one of sixteen townships in Calhoun County, Iowa, USA. ", " As of the 2000 census, its population was 2,150.", "\n\nHistory\nLincoln Township was created in 1866. ", "It was named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, who had been assassinated the year before.", "\n\nGeography\nLincoln Township covers an area of and contains one incorporated settlement, Manson. ", " According to the USGS, it contains four cemeteries: Hope, Rose Hill, Saint Thomas and Trinity.", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n US-Counties.com\n City-Data.com\n\nCategory:Townships in Calhoun County, Iowa\nCategory:Townships in Iowa" ]

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[ "Long-term plasma glucose normalization in experimental diabetic rats with macroencapsulated implants of benign human insulinomas.", "\nPermselective tubular membranes (1 mm i.d.) ", "were filled with fragments of nine freshly resected human insulinomas, closed at both ends, and implanted in the peritoneal cavity of 30 streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. ", "In 14 animals, nonfasting plasma glucose (PG) and insulin levels were normalized by these immunoprotected transplants for up to 1 yr (PG from 520 +/- 12 to 142 +/- 3 mg/100 ml; insulin from 6 +/- 0.5 to 44 +/- 3 microU/ml). ", "These animals showed the same weight gain after 12 mo of observation as 20 controls. ", "The remaining 16 animals showed an incomplete or transient correction of their diabetes and survived 4-6 mo, versus less than 8 wk in untreated animals. ", "Removal of the membrane-encapsulated insulin-secreting tissue from 8 successfully treated rats led to hyperglycemia and death within 10 days. ", "Histology and electron microscopy of insulinoma tissue retrieved after long-term implantation showed functionally active endocrine cells and no evidence of graft rejection. ", "In vitro perifusion gave similar results for encapsulated and nonencapsulated insulinoma tissue. ", "The amount of insulin secreted was quite variable, and responsiveness of the insulinoma to changes in glucose concentration of the surrounding medium was observed in three out of the five tumors studied. ", "These observations establish the effectiveness of immunoseparation by a synthetic membrane in a pancreatic xenograft model." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use variable as range upper bound\n\nI have the following problem in a bash script. ", "I'm trying to use a variable N as the upper bound in a simple range, like\n#!", "/bin/bash\n\nN=10\n\nfor n in {1..$N};\ndo\n echo $n\ndone;\n\nHowever, instead of displaying each number in the loop, the code above literally displays {1..10}. ", "If I change $N to its value, i.e. 10, things work as expected. ", "How can I overcome this and use the variable as the upper limit of the range?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't do this, instead, do that :\nn=10\nfor ((i=0; i<=n; i++)); do\n echo $i\ndone\n\nor :\nn=10\nfor i in $(seq 0 $n); do\n echo $i\ndone\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "SEOUL, South Korea — Ending what was billed as the match of the century, a Google computer program 1) defeated a South Korean master of Go, an ancient board game 2) renowned for its complexity, in their last 3) face-off on Tuesday.", "\n\nThe program AlphaGo’s 4-1 victory was a historic 4) stride for computer programmers and artificial intelligence researchers trying to create software that can outwit humans in board games.", "\n\n“It made me question human creativity. ", "When I saw AlphaGo’s moves, I wondered whether the Go moves I have known were the right ones,” the human competitor, Lee Se-dol, 33, said during a 5) postmatch news conference. “", "Its style was different, and it was such an unusual experience that it took time for me to adjust.”", "\n\n“AlphaGo made me realize that I must study Go more,” said Mr. Lee, one of the world’s most 6) accomplished players.", "\n\nGo is a two-person game of strategy said to have been created in China more than 3,000 years ago.", "\n\nThe players compete for territory by placing black and white stones on 7) intersections of a board of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines.", "\n\nThe game has been the last remaining great hurdle for computer programmers attempting to make software more adept than humans at board games since the I.B.M.-developed supercomputer Deep Blue routed the world chess champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.", "\n\nArtificial intelligence experts had predicted that a computer program needed at least 10 more years of development before it would be able to beat Go masters like Mr. Lee.", "\n\nBut AlphaGo, created by Google’s artificial intelligence company DeepMind, had already surprised the Go community when it 8) trounced the three-time European Go champion Fan Hui in October, 5-0.", "\n\nIt then challenged Mr. Lee, a much stronger opponent with 18 international titles under his belt.", "\n\nAlphaGo quickly decided the best-of-five series, winning the first three matches. ", "Google has said it plans to donate the $1 million prize to Unicef and other charities.", "\n\nBut Mr. Lee staged a dramatic comeback and demonstrated a human 9) resilience on Sunday, when he defeated AlphaGo in the fourth game.", "\n\nMillions of Go fans in Northeast Asia, where the game is especially popular, watched intently during the match on Tuesday. ", "It lasted the longest of the series: five hours.", "\n\nAlthough many viewers did not understand the 10) intricate play, the tension was clearly acute toward the end of the game. ", "Each player was given one minute to deliberate and foresee complex moves and countermoves before placing a stone.", "\n\nDuring a post-match ceremony, Hong Seok-hyun, head of the Korean national Go association, awarded the AlphaGo team the certificate of an honorary Go degree of Nine Dan, the highest granted. ", "Mr. Lee also holds that degree.", "\n\nDemis Hassabis, the chief executive of Google DeepMind, said playing Mr. Lee had exposed several weaknesses of AlphaGo that his team would try to address.", "\n\nComputer algorithms used for AlphaGo “one day can be used in all sorts of problems, from health care to science,” he said.", "\n\nMore than 100 million people watched the AlphaGo-Lee matches, Mr. Hassabis said.", "\n\nHe said he hoped that the attention would encourage more people to learn Go, the “most profound game humankind has devised.”", "\n\nMr. Lee said AlphaGo was unlike any human opponent he had faced.", "\n\n“It remained unfazed psychologically and stayed focused,” he said. “", "In that regard, I don’t think humans can beat it, even though I hesitate to admit that AlphaGo is above humans in Go skills yet.”", "\n\nUntil the matches with AlphaGo, Mr. Lee said he had begun wondering whether he was enjoying the game anymore.", "\n\nBut he said the games had renewed his enthusiasm for Go, which he began playing professionally at age 12.", "\n\n“I have some regrets about the matches I have played against AlphaGo,” he said. “", "But I could not have enjoyed them more.”", "\n\nByPublished : 2016-03-15Source : The New York Times\n\n<Words & Expressions>\n\n1) defeat: 패배시키다. ", "ex) He defeated the champion in three sets.", "\n\n2) renown: 유명하다= be famous for ex) That part of town is renown for it's shady residents.", "\n\n3) face-off: 대결 ex) a face-off between the presidential candidates.", "\n\n4) stride: 단계(보폭)=step ex) A lot of parents just take it in stride, or even condone it.", "\n\n5) postmatch: occurring after a match.", "\n\n6) accomplish: 완수하다, 성취하다 ex) The first part of the plan has been safely accomplished.", "\n\n7) intersection: 교차지점 ex) Traffic lights have been placed at all major intersections." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "Vladas Jankauskas (painter)\n\nVladas Jankauskas (1923–1983) was a Lithuanian painter.", "\n\nSee also\nList of Lithuanian painters\n\nReferences\nUniversal Lithuanian Encyclopedia\n\nCategory:1923 births\nCategory:1983 deaths\nCategory:20th-century Lithuanian painters" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "Introduction\n============\n\nTuberculosis (TB) has a worldwide distribution,[@b1-ijgm-10-161] it is an airborne infection with high infectivity rate which is easily transmitted from person to person through droplets.[@b2-ijgm-10-161]\n\nIn settings where TB and HIV are prevalent, patients enrolled for TB treatment can be grouped as HIV negative or HIV positive TB patients, based on their HIV serostatus. ", "Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) can reduce the risk of TB associated death by 64% to 95%. ", "Owing to this benefit, ART should be commenced within 2--8 weeks after starting anti-TB treatment.[@b3-ijgm-10-161],[@b4-ijgm-10-161] HIV positive TB patients pose a challenge to TB treatment since they have a longer infectious period, and also poorer treatment outcome as compared with their HIV negative counterparts.[@b5-ijgm-10-161]\n\nThe co-infection of TB and HIV exerts additive and bidirectional effects on each other. ", "TB is one of the commonest opportunistic infections leading to increased morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients.[@b6-ijgm-10-161] Likewise, infection with HIV is a known risk factor for TB infection and progression of latent infection to active disease.[@b7-ijgm-10-161] HIV is associated with increased progression of latent TB by 20.6%--36.7% as compared with HIV negative people.[@b8-ijgm-10-161] In addition to increased risk of active TB disease following *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* infection at individual level, co-infection of HIV with TB also increases TB transmission rates at community level.[@b9-ijgm-10-161]\n\nTB/HIV co-infection is a major public health challenge in low-income countries. ", "TB is implicated for most deaths among HIV infected patients.[@b10-ijgm-10-161] Globally, nearly 10% of TB cases are HIV positive, and this figure reaches up to 30% in Africa countries. ", "In sub-Saharan Africa, where Ethiopia is located, up to 80% of individuals with active TB disease are HIV positive.[@b5-ijgm-10-161]\n\nEthiopia is one of the highly affected countries by TB/HIV co-infection; and ranked 7th among the 22 high TB burden countries in the world.[@b11-ijgm-10-161],[@b12-ijgm-10-161] The 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) global TB report estimated that, in Ethiopia, 15%--23% of TB patients tested for HIV were positive.[@b12-ijgm-10-161]\n\nTB treatment outcome is poor among HIV positive TB patients compared with HIV negative TB patients.[@b13-ijgm-10-161]--[@b17-ijgm-10-161] There is a continuing need to routinely assess the likely reasons for poor treatment outcome among TB/HIV co-infected patients. ", "This is particularly important in developing countries such as Ethiopia, where economic instability, low literacy level, and inadequate access to health care facilities might lead to the increased incidence of poor outcome. ", "Treatment outcome is viewed as an important indicator of TB control programs, as suggested by WHO.[@b12-ijgm-10-161]\n\nPrevious studies, conducted in different settings, reported variable results with respect to factors associated with unfavorable outcome of TB in HIV infected patients. ", "The study conducted in India revealed that CD4 count \\<200 cells/µL and retreated TB patients, as compared with new cases, were significantly associated with unfavorable outcome, while other sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were insignificant.[@b18-ijgm-10-161] Similarly, the study conducted in Northern Ethiopia showed that a CD4 count \\<200 cells/µL was associated with unfavorable outcome. ", "Besides, WHO clinical stage IV and age \\>45 years were predictors of unfavorable outcome.[@b19-ijgm-10-161] The study conducted in Northwest Ethiopia reported that being bedridden and experiencing anti-TB medication side effects were associated with treatment failure.[@b20-ijgm-10-161]\n\nNevertheless, the issue of outcome of TB treatment and its predictors has not been well addressed in the study area. ", "Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment outcome of TB and associated factors among TB/HIV co-infected patients at Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital (MTUTH), Ethiopia.", "\n\nMethods\n=======\n\nStudy setting\n-------------\n\nThe study was conducted at MTUTH, which is currently operated under Mizan-Tepi University. ", "The hospital is located in Benchi Maji Zone, southwest of Ethiopia, and provides services to the residents of the zone and Gambella regional state. ", "The hospital provides services in different departments; one of which is the TB clinic. ", "The clinic registers and treats patients diagnosed with TB using \"directly observed therapy\" (DOT) strategy designed by the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Control Program (NTLCP) of Ethiopia.[@b11-ijgm-10-161] The DOT strategy is implemented to enhance medication adherence and reduce subsequent drug resistance; hence, patients administer their medication under direct supervision of a health care provider. ", "As per the state policy, the TB clinic provides the recommended medications for registered TB cases, screening for HIV serostatus, and referrals to ART clinic for HIV positive TB patients.", "\n\nStudy design\n------------\n\nA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing a 42-month period (September 2012 to December 2015) of medical records of TB/HIV co-infected patients. ", "The data were collected from March 14 to April 1, 2016. ", "Patients with age ≥15 years who had started and completed a course of anti-TB therapy or transferred during the study period were included in the study. ", "All TB/HIV co-infected patients' medical records with complete information were reviewed to extract sociodemographic details of patients, TB type, medications given, and treatment outcome.", "\n\nThe exclusion criteria of the study were patients with incomplete medical records (ie, HIV status unknown, treatment outcome unknown), lost to follow-up, and patients transferred to MTUTH from other health facilities where their baseline data were not available.", "\n\nData collection and statistical analysis\n----------------------------------------\n\nA data collection checklist that contains sociodemographic characteristics, disease-related factors, medication-related factors, and treatment outcome was prepared to extract the data from patients' medical records. ", "Data were collected by two nurses working at the TB clinic after being trained about the objectives of the study, data collection format, and techniques of data extraction.", "\n\nTo ensure quality of data, the following measures were taken: data collectors were trained, and the extraction format was pretested using eight TB/HIV co-infected patient medical records at Tepi district hospital. ", "In addition, principal investigators continuously supervised the whole data collection process and checked consistency and completeness of completed checklists daily.", "\n\nThe collected data were entered and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 21.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). ", "Descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to summarize patients' baseline characteristics. ", "Bivariate logistic regression was employed to identify independent variables that were candidates for multivariable logistic regression. ", "Multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to determine independent predictors of treatment outcome when the *p*-value was ≤0.25 on bivariate analysis. ", "Statistical significance was considered when the *p*-value was \\<0.05.", "\n\nDefinition of terms\n-------------------\n\nThe following standard definitions of clinical case and treatment outcome of TB, adopted by the NTLCP guidelines[@b11-ijgm-10-161] and implemented in all health facilities in Ethiopia, were used for this research purpose.", "\n\n### Case of TB\n\nA pulmonary TB case with one or more initial sputum smear examinations positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) or one in which a health worker has diagnosed TB and has decided to treat the patient with a full course of anti-TB treatment.", "\n\n### Smear positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB)\n\nA patient with at least two initial sputum specimens positive for AFB by microscopy, or a patient with one initial sputum specimen positive for AFB by microscopy and positive culture, or a patient with one initial smear examination positive for AFB by direct microscopy and radiographic abnormalities consistent with active TB as determined by a clinician.", "\n\n### Smear negative pulmonary TB (SNPTB)\n\nA patient with symptoms suggestive of TB, with at least three sputum specimens negative for AFB by microscopy, and with chest radiographic abnormalities consistent with active pulmonary TB, and lack of clinical response to 1 week of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy, or a patient whose diagnosis is based on culture positive *M. tuberculosis* but with three initial smear examinations negative by direct microscopy.", "\n\n### Extrapulmonary TB (EPTB)\n\nTB in organs other than the lungs, proven by one culture positive specimen from an extrapulmonary site or histopathological evidence from a biopsy, or TB based on strong clinical evidence consistent with active EPTB and the decision by a clinician to treat with a full course of anti-TB therapy.", "\n\nPatients with bacteriologically confirmed TB or diagnosed by a clinician were grouped based on the following case definitions using NTLCP guidelines.[@b11-ijgm-10-161]\n\n### New case (N)\n\nA patient who never had treatment for TB, or has been on anti-TB treatment for \\<4 weeks.", "\n\n### Relapse (R)\n\nA patient declared cured or treatment completed of any form of TB in the past, but who reports back to the health service and is now found to be AFB smear positive or culture positive.", "\n\n### Treatment after failure (F)\n\nA patient scheduled for retreatment due to positive smear or culture at the end of the 5th month or later after commencing the previous treatment.", "\n\n### Return after default (D)\n\nA patient previously recorded as a default from treatment who returns to the health facility with smear positive sputum results.", "\n\nThe following treatment outcome definitions were employed in all bacteriologically confirmed and clinically diagnosed TB cases.[@b11-ijgm-10-161]\n\n### Cured\n\nA patient whose sputum smear or culture was positive at the beginning of the treatment but who was smear or culture negative in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion.", "\n\n### Defaulter\n\nA patient who has been on treatment for at least 4 weeks and whose treatment was interrupted for 8 or more consecutive weeks.", "\n\n### Died\n\nA patient who dies for any reason during the course of TB treatment.", "\n\n### Transfer out\n\nA patient who started treatment and has been transferred to another health facility and whose treatment outcome is unknown.", "\n\n### Treatment completed\n\nA patient who completed anti-TB treatment without evidence of failure, but for whom sputum smear, culture results are not available in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion.", "\n\n### Treatment failure\n\nA patient whose sputum smear or culture is positive at 5th month or later during treatment.", "\n\n### Treatment success (favorable outcome)\n\nThe sum of patients who are cured and those who have completed treatment.", "\n\n### Unfavorable outcome (unsuccessful outcome)\n\nThe sum of patients who are defaulter, died, transferred out, and patients with treatment failure.", "\n\nEthical consideration\n---------------------\n\nThe ethical clearance letter was obtained from Mizan-Tepi University, College of Health Sciences institutional review board, and taken to MTUTH clinical director, then the data were collected after obtaining permission from the Hospital director. ", "Patient consent to review records was not necessitated by the ethics committee. ", "The confidentiality of the data collected was always protected.", "\n\nResults\n=======\n\nSociodemographic characteristics of patients\n--------------------------------------------\n\nA total of 1740 TB adult patients' medical records at TB clinic of MTUTH from September 1, 2012 to December 31, 2015 were reviewed, of which 188 were TB/HIV co-infected. ", "The prevalence of HIV among TB patients was 10.80%. ", "The HIV status of all TB patients was recorded. ", "All TB/HIV co-infected patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, hence, they were included in the final analysis. ", "The mean age of participants was 30.55±8.96 years. ", "The baseline sociodemographic characteristics of study participants are summarized in [Table 1](#t1-ijgm-10-161){ref-type=\"table\"}.", "\n\nClinical characteristics of participants\n----------------------------------------\n\nOf the participants, 90 (47.87%) patients were new HIV cases diagnosed with provider initiated counseling and testing at the time of anti-TB treatment initiation. ", "The remainder was previously diagnosed HIV patients, all of whom were on ART during TB diagnosis. ", "All nevirapine-based regimens (in 36 patients) were changed to efavirenz at the commencement of TB treatment due to drug interaction. ", "The majority of patients (67.6%) had \\<1 year duration of HIV during TB diagnosis; with a mean duration of 1.38±2.02 years. ", "One hundred and sixty-three (86.71%) patients were new TB cases, while two (1.1%) cases were due to the failure of previous treatment ([Table 2](#t2-ijgm-10-161){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nOf HIV-infected TB patients, 27 (14.36%) had EPTB. ", "The type of EPTB reported were TB lymphadenitis (14 cases), TB meningitis (10 cases), and TB spondylitis (3 cases). ", "Among 188 TB/HIV co-infected patients, 44 (23.4%) were WHO stage IV and 167 (88.8%) patients had CD4 count \\<350 cells/mm^3^ during TB diagnosis ([Table 2](#t2-ijgm-10-161){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "The median CD4 count during TB diagnosis was 193 cells/mm^3^ (interquartile range of 200). ", "One hundred and seventy-one (91%) patients received a combination of the standard four anti-TB drugs (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide) on intensive phase, while 17 patients received five drugs (standard four drugs plus streptomycin).", "\n\nTreatment outcome and associated factors\n----------------------------------------\n\nThe overall treatment outcome of TB was 18 (9.57%) cured, 39 (20.74%) completed the treatment, 20 (10.64%) defaulted, 24 (12.77%) died, and 87 (46.28%) transferred out. ", "A high proportion of patients were transferred to other health facilities. ", "The patients who were transferred were more likely to be WHO stage III at the time of HIV diagnosis (*p*=0.043) than those patients with other outcome variables. ", "In terms of other sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, there was no statistically significant difference between transferred patients and patients with other outcome types. ", "Treatment failure was not reported among the study participants during the review period ([Table 3](#t3-ijgm-10-161){ref-type=\"table\"}).", "\n\nA successful treatment outcome was achieved in 57 (30.3%) cases. ", "Among sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, WHO stage at the time of HIV diagnosis, duration of HIV until TB diagnosis, and ART regimen change during TB treatment were associated with TB treatment outcome. ", "Accordingly, patients with initial WHO stage III (COR: 2.60; 95%CI: 1.17--5.76) and IV (COR: 4.00; 95%CI: 1.29--12.40) were significantly associated with poor treatment outcome as compared with stage II. ", "However, patients with HIV duration \\>5 years at the time of TB diagnosis were positively associated with successful TB treatment outcome as compared with \\<1 year (COR: 0.31; 95%CI: 0.10--0.99). ", "Similarly, patients whose initial regimen was changed due to TB treatment were associated with favorable treatment outcome (COR: 0.46; 95%CI: 0.22--0.98) ([Table 4](#t4-ijgm-10-161){ref-type=\"table\"}). ", "There was no statistically significant difference between treatment outcome with anti-TB regimen (*p*=0.52) and ART regimen during TB treatment (*p*=0.44).", "\n\nMultivariable logistic regression output showed that smear status, TB type, and initial WHO stage were independent predictors of TB treatment outcome. ", "Accordingly, patients with initial WHO stage III had a three times more unfavorable TB treatment outcome (AOR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.14--8.38), while WHO stage IV patients were approximately six times more likely to have a poor treatment outcome (AOR: 5.80; 95%CI: 1.36--24.71) as compared with their WHO stage II counterparts. ", "However, smear positive TB patients were 2.5 times more likely to have a good treatment outcome as compared with smear negative patients (AOR: 2.50; 95%CI: 1.13--5.51). ", "Similarly, SPPTB patients had a favorable success rate (AOR: 0.40; 95%CI: 0.18--0.88) in comparison with SNPTB.", "\n\nExcluding transferred out patients from factor analysis, only initial WHO stage at the time of HIV diagnosis remained an independent predictor of unfavorable outcome. ", "Accordingly, patients with initial WHO stage IV were 12 times more likely to have a poor outcome as compared with initial WHO stage II patients (AOR: 12.08; 95%CI: 1.88--77.71).", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nHIV infection of TB patients is considered a major public health problem, particularly in resource constrained settings like Ethiopia. ", "This study found that the prevalence of HIV co-infection among TB patients was 10.8%, which is lower as compared with the prevalence at country level (15%),[@b12-ijgm-10-161] and previous studies conducted in different areas: Ethiopia (13.4%),[@b21-ijgm-10-161] Brazil (19%),[@b22-ijgm-10-161] and Nigeria (42.7%).[@b14-ijgm-10-161] However, this finding is almost similar to the Northwest Ethiopian study (10.9%).[@b23-ijgm-10-161]\n\nPoor treatment outcomes in our study, including \"defaulted\" (10.6%) and \"died\" (12.8%), were higher than reported in previous studies. ", "The overall default rate in the current study was almost comparable to 8.1% in India[@b18-ijgm-10-161] and 9% in Nigeria[@b24-ijgm-10-161] reported among HIV infected TB patients. ", "The default rate in this study is more eminent than the average (6.20%) noted among all TB cases in the 22 high-burden countries,[@b25-ijgm-10-161] but lower than the survey done in Gambella Regional Hospital in Ethiopia (22.9%)[@b26-ijgm-10-161] and Nigeria (38.6%).[@b14-ijgm-10-161] The difference in default rates in the study area might be due to the valuable effect of DOT, an increase in patients' awareness of infectious diseases and treatment adherence, and expansions of health institutions in the country, which can minimize dropout rate.", "\n\nWorldwide, the segment of TB patients who died during treatment remained more than three times higher among HIV positive TB patients (11% vs 3.5%) than HIV negative TB patients. ", "Despite this figure being lower in the African Region, HIV positive TB patients were still almost twice as likely to die compared with HIV negative TB patients (9.8% vs 5.1%).[@b12-ijgm-10-161] According to the result of our study, the mortality rate among the participants was 12.8%, which is slightly higher than global and African data. ", "The high rate of mortality in this study might be partly due to improper selection of anti-TB medication in patients who had a prior history of TB treatment where a five-drug combination must be used,[@b11-ijgm-10-161] while in the study area among patients who were candidates for rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, and streptomycin, five patients received rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide instead. ", "Previously conducted studies showed varying results with regard to mortality of TB/HIV co-infected patients, ranging from 1.8% to 29%.[@b14-ijgm-10-161]--[@b16-ijgm-10-161],[@b18-ijgm-10-161],[@b23-ijgm-10-161],[@b27-ijgm-10-161] Mortality is different with geographical location and the year at which the studies were conducted. ", "This variability is attributed to difference in TB care in different areas and improvement of care over the years.", "\n\nSuccessful treatment was achieved only in 30.3% of all cases of TB. ", "This result is unsatisfactory when compared with the WHO report, where 73% of TB/HIV co-infected patients globally, and 75% in Africa achieved successful treatment.[@b12-ijgm-10-161] The success rate of this study is a lot lower than previous works in resource limited countries.[@b14-ijgm-10-161]--[@b16-ijgm-10-161],[@b18-ijgm-10-161] The low rate of successful treatment outcomes found in our study might be partly due to the high rate of transferred patients (46.3%), where treatment outcomes of those patients were not recorded in the facility where they started the treatment. ", "Since the hospital is a referral center for other institutions in the vicinity, patients who were diagnosed or admitted in hospital were transferred to their nearest health facility after completing the intensive phase, where the outcome could not be determined at this time.", "\n\nPatients with advanced immunosuppression, WHO stage III and IV during initial diagnosis of HIV, were linked with increased risk of unfavorable treatment outcome, consistent with the literature.[@b14-ijgm-10-161],[@b19-ijgm-10-161],[@b28-ijgm-10-161] Patients with advanced disease might be faced with multiple opportunistic infections and low CD4 count which directly affect TB treatment outcome. ", "However, smear positive status was an independent predictor of successful treatment outcome which was also reported in Nigeria.[@b29-ijgm-10-161] Patients with smear positive results might have enough immunity to fight the infection, which enhances favorable TB treatment outcome.", "\n\nThe major limitation of this work is the use of retrospective secondary data, which is totally restricted to whatever is documented in the TB registers. ", "Predictor variables which might affect outcome like treatment adherence level, comorbidities, other opportunistic infections as well as behavioral and social factors, were not recorded. ", "In addition, follow-up smear status (2nd month) was not recorded in the chart. ", "Moreover, many patients were transferred to other health facilities where it is difficult to track what happened thereafter. ", "As per WHO definition, those patients transferred were included under unfavorable outcome, but it does not necessarily mean that they died or failed treatment after being transferred.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nThis study revealed that treatment outcome of TB in TB/HIV co-infected patients was significantly low. ", "Mortality and default rates were high in the study area, which signals the need to improve counseling regarding medication adherence, and health education to reduce treatment interruption. ", "Advanced clinical WHO stage of HIV is an independent predictor of poor treatment outcome. ", "Hence, early initiation of ART can facilitate immunologic recovery and subsequent improvement of treatment outcome\n\n**Disclosure**\n\nThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.", "\n\n###### \n\nDemographic characteristics of TB patients co-infected with HIV at MTUTH, September 2012 to December 2015 (N=188)\n\n Variables Category Frequency (%)\n -------------------- ------------ ---------------\n Sex Male 97 (51.60)\n Female 91 (48.40) \n Age group 15--29 91 (48.40)\n 30--44 86 (45.74) \n 45--59 9 (4.79) \n ≥60 2 (1.06) \n Marital status Single 67 (35.64)\n Married 65 (34.57) \n Divorced 29 (15.43) \n Widowed 27 (14.36) \n Educational status Illiterate 52 (27.66)\n Primary 70 (37.24) \n Secondary 59 (31.38) \n College 7 (3.72) \n\n**Abbreviations:** MTUTH, Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital; TB, tuberculosis.", "\n\n###### \n\nClinical characteristics of HIV infected TB patients at MTUTH, September 2012 to December 2015 (N=188)\n\n Variables N (%)\n ----------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------\n TB case New 163 (86.71)\n Relapse 18 (9.57) \n Default 5 (2.66) \n Treatment failure 2 (1.06) \n Smear status Negative 145 (77.13)\n Positive 43 (22.87) \n TB type SNPTB 118 (62.77)\n SPPTB 43 (22.87) \n EPTB 27 (14.36) \n CD4 counts at TB Dx ≤350 167 (88.83)\n 350--500 19 (10.11) \n \\>500 2 (1.06) \n WHO stage at TB Dx III 144 (76.60)\n IV 44 (23.40) \n ART regimen during TB treatment TDF/3TC/EFV 152 (80.85)\n AZT/3TC/EFV 36 (19.15) \n ART regimen at TB Dx (N=98) TDF/3TC/EFV 38 (38.78)\n AZT/3TC/NVP 35 (35.71) \n AZT/3TC/EFV 24 (24.49) \n TDF/3TC/NVP 1 (1.02) \n ART regimen change due to TB treatment (N=98) Yes 36 (19.15)\n No 152 (80.85) \n Anti-TB regimen RHZE 171 (90.96)\n RHZES 17 (9.04) \n History of TB treatment Yes 25 (13.30)\n No 163 (86.70) \n Duration of RVI in years \\<1 127 (67.60)\n 1--5 48 (25.50) \n \\>5 13 (6.90) \n\n**Abbreviations:** 3TC, lamivudine; ART, anti-retroviral therapy; AZT, zidovudine; Dx, diagnosis; EFV, efavirenz; EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis; MTUTH, Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital; NVP, nevirapine; RHZES, rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol/streptomycin; RVI, retroviral infection; SNPTB, smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis; SPPTB, smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; TDF, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate; WHO, World Health Organization.", "\n\n###### \n\nTreatment outcomes of HIV infected TB patients at MTUTH, September 2012 to December 2015 (N=188)\n\n Variables TB treatment outcome Total N (%) \n -------------------- ---------------------- ------------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -------------\n Sex Male 11 (5.9) 10 (5.3) 17 (9.0) 11 (5.9) 48 (25.5) 97 (51.6)\n Female 7 (3.7) 10 (5.3) 22 (11.7) 13 (6.9) 39 (20.7) 91 (48.4) \n Age group 15--29 6 (3.2) 8 (4.3) 18 (9.6) 15 (8.0) 44 (23.4) 91 (48.4)\n 30--44 11 (5.9) 11 (5.9) 18 (9.6) 7 (3.7) 39 (20.7) 86 (45.7) \n 45--59 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 3 (1.6) 1 (0.5) 3 (1.6) 9 (4.8) \n ≥60 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) \n Marital status Single 5 (2.7) 4 (2.1) 12 (6.4) 10 (5.3) 36 (19.1) 67 (35.6)\n Married 7 (3.7) 10 (5.3) 15 (8.0) 9 (4.8) 24 (12.8) 65 (34.6) \n Widowed 3 (1.6) 3 (1.6) 4 (2.1) 4 (2.1) 13 (6.9) 27 (14.4) \n Divorced 3 (1.6) 3 (1.6) 8 (4.3) 1 (0.5) 14 (7.4) 29 (15.4) \n Educational level Illiterate 8 (4.3) 3 (1.6) 10 (5.3) 9 (4.8) 22 (11.7) 52 (27.7)\n Primary 7 (3.7) 9 (4.8) 13 (6.9) 9 (4.8) 32 (17.0) 70 (37.2) \n Secondary 3 (1.6) 7 (3.7) 15 (8.0) 6 (3.2) 28 (14.9) 59 (31.4) \n College 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 0 (0) 5 (2.7) 7 (3.7) \n TB Type SNPTB 0 (0.0) 14 (7.4) 32 (17.0) 17 (9.0) 55 (29.3) 118 (62.8)\n SPPTB 18 (9.6) 5 (2.7) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.1) 16 (8.5) 43 (22.9) \n EPTB 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 7 (3.7) 3 (1.6) 16 (8.5) 27 (14.4) \n TB case New 17 (9.0) 16 (8.5) 35 (18.6) 21 (11.2) 74 (39.4) 163 (86.7)\n Relapse 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) 4 (2.1) 3 (1.6) 8 (4.3) 18 (9.6) \n After failure 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) \n Default 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 4 (2.1) 5 (2.7) \n Hx of TB treatment Yes 17 (9.0) 16 (8.5) 34 (18.1) 21 (11.2) 75 (39.9) 163 (86.7)\n No 1 (0.5) 4 (2.1) 5 (2.7) 3 (1.6) 12 (6.4) 25 (13.3) \n CD4 count at TB Dx \\<350 17 (9.0) 19 (10.1) 32 (17.0) 24 (12.8) 75 (39.9) 167 (88.8)\n 350--500 1 (0.5) 1 (0.5) 6 (3.2) 0 (0.0) 11 (5.9) 19 (10.1) \n \\>500 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.1) \n WHO stage at TB Dx III 13 (6.9) 16 (8.5) 33 (17.6) 10 (5.3) 72 (38.3) 144 (76.6)\n IV 5 (2.7) 4 (2.1) 6 (3.2) 14 (7.4) 15 (8.0) 44 (23.4) \n Anti-TB regimen RHZE 17 (9.0) 17 (9.0) 36 (19.2) 21 (11.2) 80 (42.6) 171 (91.0)\n RHZES 1 (0.5) 3 (1.6) 3 (1.6) 3 (1.6) 7 (3.7) 17 (9.0) \n Total 18 (9.6) 20 (10.6) 39 (20.7) 24 (12.8) 87 (46.3) 188 (100.0)\n\n**Abbreviations:** Dx, diagnosis; EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis; Hx, history; MTUTH, Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital; RHZE, rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol; RHZES, rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol/streptomycin; SNPTB, smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis; SPPTB, smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.", "\n\n###### \n\nFactors associated with treatment outcome of TB in TB/HIV co-infected patients at MTUTH, September 2012 to December 2015\n\n Variables Treatment success rate Univariate analysis Multivariable analysis \n ----------------------------------- ------------------------ --------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------- ------------------- -------------------- --------------------\n Sex Male 69 28 1.00 1.00 \n Female 62 29 0.66 0.87 (0.47, 1.62) \n Age group 15--29 67 24 1.00 1.00 \n 30--44 57 29 0.29 0.70 (0.37, 1.34) \n 45--59 5 4 0.26 0.448 (0.11, 1.81) \n ≥60 2 0 0.99 546410616 (0.00, --) \n Education Illiterate 34 18 0.30 0.31 (0.04, 2.82) \n Primary 50 20 0.43 0.42 (0.05, 3.68) \n Secondary 41 18 0.39 0.38 (0.04, 3.37) \n College 6 1 1.00 1.00 \n Marital status Single 50 17 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n Married 43 22 0.29 0.66 (0.31, 1.41) 0.14 0.54 (0.24, 1.22) \n Widowed 20 7 0.96 0.97 (0.35, 2.70) 0.96 0.97 (0.332, 2.84) \n Divorced 18 11 0.22 0.56 (0.22, 1.41) 0.27 0.57 (0.21, 1.55) \n Smear status Positive 25 18 0.06 0.51 (0.25, 1.04) 0.02 0.40 (0.18, 0.88)\n Negative 106 39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 \n TB type SNPTB 86 32 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n SPPTB 25 18 0.08 0.52 (0.25, 1.07) 0.02 0.40 (0.18, 0.88) \n EPTB 20 7 0.90 1.06 (0.41, 2.75) 0.70 0.82 (0.30, 2.27) \n WHO stage at TB Dx III 98 46 1.00 1.00 \n IV 33 11 0.38 1.41 (0.65, 3.03) \n Initial WHO stage II 16 16 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n III 91 35 0.02 2.60 (1.17, 5.76) 0.03 3.08 (1.14, 8.38) \n IV 24 6 0.02 4.00 (1.29, 12.42) 0.02 5.80 (1.36, 24.71) \n Duration of RVI at TB Dx in years \\<1 93 34 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n 1--5 32 16 0.39 0.73 (0.36, 1.50) 0.66 1.23 (0.49, 3.07) \n \\>5 6 7 0.05 0.31 (0.10, 0.99) 0.34 0.52 (0.14, 2.00) \n CD4 count at ART initiation \\<200 54 18 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n 200--350 50 21 0.54 0.79 (0.38, 1.66) 0.87 1.07 (0.47, 2.42) \n \\>350 27 18 0.09 0.50 (0.22, 1.11) 0.79 0.88 (0.35, 2.25) \n ART changed Yes 20 16 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00\n No 111 41 0.04 2.17 (1.02, 4.58) 0.31 1.62 (0.635, 4.12)\n CD4 count at TB Dx \\<350 118 49 1.00 1.00 \n 350--500 12 7 0.50 0.71 (0.26, 1.92) \n \\>500 1 1 0.54 0.42 (0.02, 6.77) \n\n**Abbreviations:** ART, anti-retroviral therapy; Dx; diagnosis; EPTB, extrapulmonary tuberculosis; MTUTH, Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital; RVI, retroviral infection; SNPTB, smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis; SPPTB, smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis; TB, tuberculosis; WHO, World Health Organization.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Supporting the Test Valley Business Awards 2017\n\nAs a local business, very much invested in our local community, it’s important to us to support local causes, events, and other local businesses operating in the area.", "\n\nWe do this in many different ways; hosting networking groups, holding charity fundraisers and workshops, and – most notably – supporting the Test Valley Business Awards.", "\n\nFor several years now, we’ve been a Silver Sponsor of this annual event; recognising business excellence within the borough of Test Valley, here in Hampshire, and it’s something we’re particularly proud to be involved with.", "\n\nCreated in 2004, the Test Valley Business Awards brings local businesses together in celebration of achievement – providing particularly new and small businesses with the promotion and encouragement they need to grow.", "\n\nJust last night, we were honoured to be a part of the 13th Test Valley Business Awards, held at the impressive Museum of Army Flying in Middle Wallop.", "\n\nSeeing 170 business representatives from across the Test Valley gather together to network, form new working relationships, and enjoy the night’s celebrations as they find out which of the night’s 18 shortlisted businesses were to be crowned this year’s 6 winners, the Awards was also an opportunity for us to showcase our work.", "\n\nAs Silver Sponsors, we’re able to bring our expertise to the Awards – taking care of the website, aiding the design of the evening’s programme, the Awards’ presentation, and any other creative aspects that need specialist attention – to ensure the evening is a phenomenal success, year after year.", "\n\nLast night was no different as attendees were treated to a gorgeous 3 course meal, complimentary drinks, and entertaining after dinner speech from none other than BBC One Strictly Come Dancing contestant Rev. Richard Coles, all accented by stunning visuals provided by our wonderful creative team here at Webkick.", "\n\nWe’re delighted with the outcome of the event, and would like to extend our congratulations to each of the Awards’ 6 winning businesses for 2017:\n\nNew Business of the Year Award – sponsored by Test Valley Borough Council\n\nRosebourne\n\nDoing Business Locally Award – sponsored by Taylored IT\n\nBraishfield Pantry Community Shop & Café\n\nApprentice Employer of the Year – sponsored by Andover College\n\nTest Valley Borough Council\n\nInnovation & Technology Award – sponsored by the University of Southampton Science Park\n\nCoolLED Ltd.\n\nSmall Business of the Year – sponsored by Wilkins Kennedy\n\nActive Staff Ltd.\n\nThe Brenda Locke Award for Women in Business – sponsored by Phoenix Transconnect\n\nVictoria Thorp, The Queen Charlotte Inn\n\nAnd, of course, we were incredibly proud to see our design work in situ; bringing to life the essence of the Awards in style.", "\n\nTo talk to us about the creative services we offer, and how we can support you with your design needs, contact us today.", "\n\nDigital Marketing Consultancy\n\nContact Webkick\n\nWhether you’re looking for an army of experts to take care of all your website design and digital marketing needs or you simply want us to redesign your existing logo; whatever your business’ needs, our wonderful team are here to help. ", "Contact us today to find out more." ]

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[ "Every Verzuz Instagram Battle, Ranked\n\nFor the last two-plus months, few things have kept us from going totally stir crazy as much as the Verzuz Instagram battle series, co-helmed by legendary hip-hop producers Swizz Beatz and Timbaland.", "\n\nStarting as a 20-song showdown between evenly matched producers, the series has also come to encompass writers and now performers, as hip-hop and R&B fans have been glued to their IG feeds on countless weekend nights to watch the drama and bangers unfold. ", "And while we’ve enjoyed all of them so far — with plenty more still to come, including two this Memorial Day Weekend — some have inevitably packed more fun, intrigue, good vibes and nostalgia than others.", "\n\nHere is how Billboard ranks the 10 Verzuz battles so far.", "\n\n10. ", "Mannie Fresh vs. Scott Storch\n\nA battle of grossly underrated 2000s producers — with Storch taking home the W, courtesy of his mega-hits such as Fat Joe’s “Lean Back” and Eve’s “Let Me Blow Ya Mind” — though a little less hi-octane than some of the showdowns to come.", "\n\n9. ", "Nelly vs. Ludacris\n\nBlame some storm clouds over St. Louis for Nelly’s iffy Internet connection at the start of his much-ballyhooed showdown with Ludacris, but when Nelly’s WiFi improved, this battle became the showcase of five-star early-00s rap singles that was promised. ", "Luda ultimately emerged as the people’s champ and more affable representative of the time period.", "\n\n8. ", "Teddy Riley vs. Babyface\n\nThe only Verzuz installment thus far where the technical difficulties necessitated an outright postponement — though the event is arguably more legendary now for those Saturday night memes of a frustrated, elaborately dressed Riley than anything that happened during the (still extremely enjoyable, if also issue-plagued) proper Monday night battle.", "\n\n7. ", "Johnta Austin vs. Ne-Yo\n\nThe two titans delivered an elegant touch to their R&B songwriting masterclass, even elevating their trash-talk for the affair (Meme of the night, appropriately, was Johnta’s wine glass toasts.) ", "Chris Brown, Mario and Ne-Yo songs represented the gentlemen well, but the ladies’ faceoffs covered a who’s who of R&B’s last 20 years: Aaliyah, Mary J. Blige, Jennifer Hudson, Toni Braxton, Rihanna, and Mariah Carey vs. Beyoncé for the final round? ", "Come on.", "\n\n6. ", "Boi-ida vs. Hit-Boy\n\nA flurry of unreleased gems came out of his fun matchup. ", "From Boi-ida previewing his Drake and Roddy Ricch’s championship-sounding track to Big Sean giving Hit-Boy the OK to unleash his Nipsey Hussle collaboration, it was a gratifying night for rap fans.", "\n\n5. ", "The-Dream vs. Sean Garrett\n\nThough Garrett started on the wrong foot with his cockiness and errant missteps, his down-the-stretch comeback and the overall drama of the showdown propelled this battle into top-five territory on our list.", "\n\n4. ", "Timbaland vs. SwizzBeatz\n\nSwizz Beatz and Timbaland laid the blueprint for what a competitive yet celebratory beat battle should look like before their VERZUZ series took off in March. ", "Swizz jabbed with Ruff Ryder and Hov classics from the vault, while Timbo countered by leaning on the eccentric sound he pushed into the mainstream behind the likes of legends such as the late Aaliyah and Missy Elliott.", "\n\n3. ", "Lil Jon vs. T-Pain\n\nA fantastically fun night of ’00s bangers, with viewers around the country being brought back to their teenage party years, and the chemistry electric between the two writer-producer-performers. ", "Only held back by some unfortunate moments of conspiracy theorizing by Lil Jon, offered much to his rival’s consternation.", "\n\n2. ", "RZA vs. Premier\n\nTwo of hip-hop’s finest architects impressed a packed IG Live crowd of hip-hop legends and longtime fans with their legendary tracks and untold stories. ", "Preemo and RZA might not have been the glossiest matchup for the new generation, but their ’90s classics were too undeniable for any true rap purists to ignore.", "\n\n1. ", "Jill Scott vs. Erykah Badu\n\nGoing down the night before Mother’s Day, this showdown between the two neo-soul titans was simply a pure celebration of music and culture. ", "Without most of the technical difficulties that plagued past events, the showodown was able to maintain a relaxed vibe that fed off the positive energy of its two participants — and though it was still technically a “battle,” it was clearly all love between Scott and Badu, as well as the nearly 750k viewers watching at its peak." ]

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[ "Yefim Golyshev\n\nYefim Golyshev (, variously transliterated as Golyscheff, Golyschev, Golishiff, Golishev, etc., ", "8 September 1897 – 25 September 1970) was a Ukrainian-born painter and composer who was mainly active in Europe.", "\n\nAfter a successful career as a child prodigy violinist and the Reger Prize from Berlin's Stern Conservatory, Golyshev became one of the founding members of the Dadaist November Group, painting \"anti-art\" works and creating music for kitchen utensils and various new, invented instruments. ", "In 1933 he had to flee from the Nazis, first to Portugal, then to Barcelona, where he worked as a chemist until 1938. ", "He spent World War II in France, either in prison or hiding. ", "Between 1956 and 1966 Golyshev, lived in São Paulo, where he influenced Brazil's Música Nova composers. ", "He died in Paris in 1970.", "\n\nGolyshev the composer is notable for his only surviving composition, a string trio. ", "This piece, subtitled Zwölftondauer-Komplexe (twelve-tone-duration complexes), was published in 1925 in Berlin, but was possibly written as early as 1914. ", "It makes use of various 12-note and 12-duration complexes, making it one of the earliest pieces of music composed using a variant of twelve-tone technique, and predating Olivier Messiaen's work. ", "There are five movements, four provided with titles referencing their dynamics:\n Mezzo-forte (Largo)\n Fortissimo (Allegro)\n Piano (Andante)\n Pianissimo (Allegretto)\n Adagio (Adagio)\nThe dynamics in the last movement are left to the performers to decide on. ", "Copies of the archival score can be ordered directly from Robert Lienau, the original publishers of the work.", "\n\nThe rest of Golyshev's compositional output, which included two operas, romances, music for Vsevolod Pudovkin's lost film Igdenbu the Great Hunter, a string quartet and other pieces, is lost.", "\n\nGolyshev provided illustrations for Sensorialité Excentrique, the last book published by Raoul Hausmann in 1970.", "\n\nReferences \n\n \n Kholopov, Y. N. 1983. ", "Кто изобрёл 12-тоновую технику? (", "Kto izobrel 12-tonovuyu tekhniku, \"Who invented the 12-tone technique?\"), ", "Проблемы истории австро-немецкой музыки. ", "Первая треть XX века. ", "Сб. ", "трудов Института им. ", "Гнесиных М.\n Roberts, Peter Deane. ", "2002. ", "Yefim Golyschev, in Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook, edited by Larry Sitsky and Jonathan D. Kramer, pp.", " 173–176. ", "Greenwood Publishing Group. , ", "\n Simon (Shaw-)Miller, 'Music and Art and the Crisis in Early Modernism: An introduction to some non-serial dodecaphonic techniques' (PhD, Essex, 1988) - also http://see-this-sound.at/en ('performance art')\n\nCategory:1897 births\nCategory:1970 deaths\nCategory:20th-century classical composers\nCategory:Ukrainian classical composers\nCategory:Russian artists\nCategory:Ukrainian Jews\nCategory:20th-century Ukrainian painters\nCategory:Male classical composers\nCategory:20th-century male musicians" ]

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[ "/* cairo - a vector graphics library with display and print output\n *\n * Copyright © 2005 Red Hat, Inc.\n *\n * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or\n * modify it either under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public\n * License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation\n * (the \"LGPL\") or, at your option, under the terms of the Mozilla\n * Public License Version 1.1 (the \"MPL\"). ", "If you do not alter this\n * notice, a recipient may use your version of this file under either\n * the MPL or the LGPL.", "\n *\n * You should have received a copy of the LGPL along with this library\n * in the file COPYING-LGPL-2.1; if not, write to the Free Software\n * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Suite 500, Boston, MA 02110-1335, USA\n * You should have received a copy of the MPL along with this library\n * in the file COPYING-MPL-1.1\n *\n * The contents of this file are subject to the Mozilla Public License\n * Version 1.1 (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in\n * compliance with the License. ", "You may obtain a copy of the License at\n * http://www.mozilla.org/MPL/\n *\n * This software is distributed on an \"AS IS\" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY\n * OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. ", "See the LGPL or the MPL for\n * the specific language governing rights and limitations.", "\n *\n * The Original Code is the cairo graphics library.", "\n *\n * The Initial Developer of the Original Code is Red Hat, Inc.\n *\n * Contributor(s):\n *\tCarl D. Worth <[email protected]>\n */\n\n#ifndef CAIRO_PATTERN_INLINE_H\n#define CAIRO_PATTERN_INLINE_H\n\n#include \"cairo-pattern-private.h\"\n\n#include \"cairo-list-inline.h\"\n\nCAIRO_BEGIN_DECLS\n\nstatic inline void\n_cairo_pattern_add_observer (cairo_pattern_t *pattern,\n\t\t\t cairo_pattern_observer_t *observer,\n\t\t\t void (*func) (cairo_pattern_observer_t *,\n\t\t\t\t\t cairo_pattern_t *,\n\t\t\t\t\t unsigned int))\n{\n observer->notify = func;\n cairo_list_add (&observer->link, &pattern->observers);\n}\n\nstatic inline cairo_surface_t *\n_cairo_pattern_get_source (const cairo_surface_pattern_t *pattern,\n\t\t\t cairo_rectangle_int_t *extents)\n{\n return _cairo_surface_get_source (pattern->surface, extents);\n}\n\nCAIRO_END_DECLS\n\n#endif /* CAIRO_PATTERN_INLINE_H */\n" ]

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[ "Aldeanueva de Cameros\n\nAldeanueva de Cameros is a village in the municipality of Villanueva de Cameros, in the province and autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. ", "As of 2018 had a population of 11 people.", "\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Populated places in La Rioja (Spain)" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSQL Select Statement Complication\n\nI have two tables. ", "One table has ID, Text. ", "The other has ID, Username.", "\nWhen someone logs into the page, they have a username id, so username has a value.", "\nI want to select ID and TEXT from table 1, where ID matches ID in table two and the value of Username for that ID grabbed is same as the person logged in.", "\n\nA:\n\nReplace t1 and t2 with your appropriate table names. ", " I'm not sure what language you're using for the code, but replace with the value of the user that is logged in.", "\nSELECT t1.ID, t1.TEXT\nFROM t1\nLEFT JOIN t2 on t2.ID = t1.ID\nWHERE t2.username = '<some username>'\n\nAfter your comments, here's the new query:\n$Query = \"SELECT LandingPage_Notification.", "ID, LandingPage_Notification.", "Title, LandingPage_Notification.", "HTML,LandingPage_Notification.", "DateExpiry FROM LandingPage_Notification LEFT JOIN Track_Notification on Track_Notification.", "ID = LandingPage_Notification.", "ID WHERE Track_Notification.", "Track_UserID= '$userName'\"; \n\n" ]

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[ "News, views and top stories in your inbox. ", "Don't miss our must-read newsletter Sign up Thank you for subscribing We have more newsletters Show me See our privacy notice Invalid Email\n\nThese were the terrifying scenes as hundreds of people ran for their lives at a beer festival after someone shouted 'ISIS' for a joke.", "\n\nMore than 40 people were injured in the stampede at the Beer Fest in Kosovo’s capital of Pristina after apparently a gun was fired and many wrongly thought it was a terror attack.", "\n\nAfter hearing the name of the terror group being called in the crowd, people started to run away as fast as they could from the square in which the festival was held.", "\n\nTwo people were seriously injured in the stampede, and there were also unconfirmed reports in local media that a boy aged 15 had been shot.", "\n\nIt is not uncommon for people in Kosovo to own a gun, so a weapon may have been fired in the panic.", "\n\n(Image: CEN)\n\nAccording to some estimates, about 20 percent of the country owns a gun.", "\n\nIn a video of the stampede, people can be seen pushing each other after the panic broke out. ", "In one case, a man can be seen treading on another man as he flees.", "\n\nPeople were hiding in alleys and smashing their way into buildings to look for a place to hide.", "\n\nMany lost their shoes or other people in the panic and were running barefoot trying to escape the square.", "\n\nA witness told local media that once the initial stampede had started, people did not even know the real reason why they were running.", "\n\n\"The only thing that was putting fear in the people was someone who shouted: 'Run, ISIS is here.' ", "That alone, as well as the gunshot, was enough for people to panic.\"", "\n\n(Image: CEN)\n\nAnother witness named Arton said: \"We noticed that something was not right. ", "People began to push and to throw over each other. ", "I was in the middle of it, people came pushing at us and knocked us over. ", "People were crying, shouting they have to flee.\"", "\n\nThe organiser of the beer festival, Ekrem Tahiri, says that the gun shots actually came from a person who was shooting a toy gun.", "\n\nThe mayor of Pristina has decided to revoke the permission for the Beer Fest for the next few days due to a lack of capacity by the organisers to ensure security for the large number of people and the large presence of people under 18 who were at the festival." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nExecuting a pipe line command with findstr\n\nI am trying to get the name of a file containing a particular string. ", "The following command does that.", "\ndir /a:-D /b | findstr /i \"fileName.jar\"\n\nI'm trying to run it through a bat file using the following code.", "\nfor /F \"delims=\" %%a in ('dir /a:-D /b | findstr /i \"fileName.jar\"') do set \"batToolDir=%%a\"\n\nBut I am getting the below error. ", "\n| was unexpected at this time.", "\n\nI need to get the name of the file containing a certain string. ", "How can I achieve this? ", "Any help would be much appreciated.", "\n\nA:\n\n\"below error\" ??", "\nWhat you need is to escape the | to tell cmd that the pipe is part of the command to be executed, not of the for. ", "You need to do this with all redirectors.", "\nThe escape character is ^, so substitute ^| for | within the parentheses. ", "ANy such awkwardness, try inserting ^ before the character causing the problem...\n\n" ]

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[ "---------------------- Forwarded by Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT on 10/30/2000 \n01:33 PM ---------------------------\n\n\nKristin Walsh\n10/30/2000 01:18 PM\nTo: Vince J Kaminski/HOU/ECT@ECT\ncc: John A Cote/HOU/ECT@ECT \nSubject: Lunch Conversation\n\nVince,\n We wanted to thank you for your time and support today. ", " We have been \nthinking about our conversation and it may be better to wait until December \nbefore you approached Delainey. ", " This time period would give us the \nopportunity to change his impression of our contributions to gas and power. ", " \nPlease let us know if you would advise differently.", "\n\n\nThank you,\n\nKristin and John" ]

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[ "2015–16 SIU Edwardsville Cougars men's basketball team\n\nThe 2015–16 SIU Edwardsville Cougars men's basketball team represented Southern Illinois University Edwardsville during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. ", "The Cougars, led by first year head coach Jon Harris, played their home games at the Vadalabene Center as members of the West Division of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC). ", "They finished the season 6–22, 3–13 in OVC play to finish in fifth place in the west division. ", "They failed to qualify for the OVC Tournament.", "\n\nOff-season\nA nationwide search for a new head coach began in March, 2015, and on April 3, Edwardsville native Jon Harris, an assistant coach for the California Golden Bears was introduced as the new Cougars head coach. ", "Harris announced the addition of assistant coaches Kent Williams and Tarrence Crump on April 24. ", "On May 28, Charles \"Bubba\" Wells was also added to the staff.", "\n\nPreseason\nSix players, all of whom saw major playing time, return from the 12–16 team of 2014–15. ", "One recruit from high school signed by previous coach Lennox Forrester joined the team in addition to others recruited by new coach Harris and his staff, including three transfers from Southern Illinois junior colleges (one from local Lewis & Clark), a transferring graduate student with remaining eligibility, and a transfer who will be eligible after the semester break. ", "Missing from the mix is Donovine Stewart, last season's leader in minutes played, assists, and steals and #2 in scoring and rebounding, who graduated with a year of eligibility remaining and was said to have been contacted about transferring by Illinois, Minnesota, USC, and others, with Illinois having requested his transcripts; Stewart eventually transferred to Portland State but sat out the PSU @ SIUE game on December 12.", "\n\nSeason\nThe 2015–16 season will begin in mid-November, 2015.", "\n\nAlthough the final schedule was not released until August 2, SIUE's non-conference opponents for the upcoming campaign were announced in May. The Cougars will host Saint Louis (11–21 in 2014-15), Portland State (15–14), Campbell (10–22), and Grand Canyon (17–15) at the Vadalabene Center. ", "They will take road trips to play at USC (12–20), Butler (23–11), Northwestern (15–17), SIU Carbondale (12–21), Milwaukee (14–16), and IPFW (16–15).", "\n\nMost games will be streamed online. ", "Fox Sports Midwest will carry a package of SIUE games for the fourth consecutive season. ", "Fox's broadcast/cablecasts of Cougars games began with five games in the 2012-2013 season, increasing to eight games in 2013-14 and nine games last season. ", "The OVC is also has conference cablecast packages with American Sports Network and CBS Sports Network that will include Cougar games.", "\n\nPostseason\nThe Ohio Valley Conference Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments will again return to Nashville, Tennessee and the Nashville Municipal Auditorium on March 2–5, 2016.", "\n\nThe 2016 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament is scheduled to begin on March 15, 2016, and will conclude with the championship game on April 4 at NRG Stadium in Houston, Texas.", "\n\nRoster\n\nSchedule\nSource: \n\n|-\n!", "colspan=8 style=\"background:#CC0000; color:black;\"| Exhibition\n\n|-\n!", "colspan=8 style=\"background:#CC0000; color:black;\"| Regular season\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\nReferences \n\nSIU Edwardsville\nCategory:SIU Edwardsville Cougars men's basketball seasons\nEdward\nEdward" ]

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[ "Itraconazole and fluconazole in oropharyngeal candidiasis.", "\nItraconazole and fluconazole are two relatively new anti-fungal agents which are being used successfully in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. ", "The pharmacology of these two drugs and their use in clinical studies are discussed in this review." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSubstitute char array with std::string in an input parameter to a function\n\nFollowing are two legacy routines. ", "I cannot change the routine declarations.", "\nstatic bool GetString(char * str); //str is output parameter\nstatic bool IsStringValid(const char * str); //str is input parameter\n\nWith call as follows\nchar inputString[1000];\n\nGetString(inputString);\n\nIsStringValid(inputString);\n\nInstead of using fixed char array, I want to use std::string as the input. ", "I am not able get the semantics right (string::c_str).", "\n\nA:\n\nWith IsEmpty it should not be a problem:\nstd::string str = \"Some text here\";\nIsEmpty(str.c_str());\n\nThough it's pretty useless if you have a std::string as then you would normally just call str.empty().", "\n\nThe other function though, that's harder. ", "The reason is that it's argument is not const, and std::string doesn't allow you to modify the string using a pointer.", "\nIt can be solved, by writing a wrapper-function which takes a string reference, and have an internal array used for the actual GetString call, and uses that array to initialize the passed string reference.", "\n\nWrapper examples:\n// Function which \"creates\" a string from scratch\nvoid GetString(std::string& str)\n{\n char tempstr[4096];\n GetString(tempstr);\n str = tempstr;\n}\n\n// Function which modifies an existing string\nvoid ModifyString(std::string& str)\n{\n const size_t length = str.size() + 1;\n char* tempstr = new char[length];\n std::copy_n(str.c_str(), tempstr, length);\n\n ModifyString(tempstr);\n\n str = tempstr;\n delete[] tempstr;\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "---\nabstract: 'We present results and predictions at next-to-leading order for the recent LHC lead-lead run at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair. ", "Specifically, we focus on the suppression the single and double inclusive jet cross sections and demonstrate how the di-jet asymmetry, recently measured by ATLAS and CMS, can be extracted from this general result. ", "The case of jets tagged by an electroweak boson is exemplified by the $Z^0$+jet channel. ", "We predict a signature transition from enhancement to suppression of the tagged jet related to the medium-induced modification of the parton shower. ", "Finally, we clarify the relation between the suppression of inclusive jets, tagged jets and di-jets and the quenching of inclusive particles on the example of the recent ALICE charged hadron attenuation data.'", "\naddress: |\n $^\\S$Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Divisions, Mail Stop B283\\\n Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA\\\nauthor:\n- 'I. Vitev$^\\S$'\ntitle: 'NLO analysis of inclusive jet, tagged jet and di-jet production in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nJets physics is a new area of active research at RHIC and at the LHC that paves the way for novel tests of QCD multi-parton dynamics in heavy-ion reactions [@Vitev:2008rz]. ", "At present, perturbative QCD calculations of hard probes in “elementary” nucleon-nucleon reactions can be consistently combined with the effects of the nuclear medium up to next-to-leading order [@jets]. ", "While such accuracy is desirable for leading particle tomography, it is absolutely essential for the new jet observables. ", "With this motivation, we present results and predictions at NLO for the recent LHC lead-lead run at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon-nucleon pair [@qmtalks]. ", "Our analysis includes not only final-state inelastic parton interactions in the QGP, but also initial-state cold nuclear matter effects and non-perturbative hadronization corrections.", "\n\nJets production and attenuation in heavy ion reactions\n======================================================\n\nThe basis for the evaluation of multi-jet cross sections in heavy ion collisions are the corresponding cross sections in the more elementary nucleon-nucleon reactions. ", "Accurate perturbative calculations at next-to-leading order are essential to capture the cross section dependence of the jet radius $R=\\sqrt{\\delta \\eta^2 + \\delta \\phi^2}$ [@jets] and provide an accurate estimate of the transverse energy $E_T$ dependence of tagged jets [@Neufeld:2010fj] and di-jets [@He:2011pd]. ", "For inclusive jets and di-jets we use the EKS NLO results [@EKS] and obtain baseline cross sections in excellent agreement with experiment from RHIC to LHC energies. ", "For $Z^0$-tagged jets we use the MCFM code that works very well at the Tevatron and at the LHC [@Campbell:2003dd].", "\n\nQuenching of inclusive jets\n---------------------------\n\nIn Ref.", " [@Ovanesyan:2011xy] it was shown that in QCD the final-state process-dependent medium-induced radiative corrections factorize in the production cross sections on the example of a singe jet. ", "The generalization to multiple jets proceeds as follows. ", "$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\!\\!\\!\\!\\! ", "d \\sigma(\\epsilon_1,\\cdots,\\epsilon_n)^{n-{\\rm jet}}_{\\rm quench.} &", "=&\nd\\sigma(\\epsilon_1,\\cdots,\\epsilon_n)^{n-{\\rm jet}}_{\\rm pp} \\otimes P_1(\\epsilon_1)\n\\cdots \\nonumber \\\\\n\\!\\!\\!\\!\\! && ", "\\otimes P_n(\\epsilon_n)\n\\, \\ |J_1(\\epsilon_1)| \\cdots |J_n(\\epsilon_n)| \\;. ", "\\qquad\n\\label{fact}\\end{aligned}$$ Here, $P_i(\\epsilon_i)$ is the probability that the $i^{\\rm th}$ jet will lose a fraction $\\epsilon_i$ of its energy, $|J_i(\\epsilon_i)|$ are phase space Jacobians, and $\\otimes$ denotes an integral convolution. ", "Any dependence on the jet reconstruction parameters is not shown explicitly in Eq.", " (\\[fact\\]).", "\n\n![ ", "Left panel: predicted suppression of single inclusive jets in central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC for two different radii $R=0.2, 0.6$ and three couplings between the jet and the medium $g_{\\rm med} = 1.8, \\, 2,\\, 2.2$. Preliminary ATLAS data for $R=0.2, 0.4$ is also shown. ", "Right panel: jet radius dependence of the inclusive quenching factor with ($p_T^{\\rm min}=20$ GeV) and without ($p_T^{\\rm min}=0$ GeV) diffusion of the parton shower energy due to collisional processes.[]{data-label=\"figure1\"}](LHCcouplingQM.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.3cm\"} ![ ", "Left panel: predicted suppression of single inclusive jets in central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC for two different radii $R=0.2, 0.6$ and three couplings between the jet and the medium $g_{\\rm med} = 1.8, \\, 2,\\, 2.2$. Preliminary ATLAS data for $R=0.2, 0.4$ is also shown. ", "Right panel: jet radius dependence of the inclusive quenching factor with ($p_T^{\\rm min}=20$ GeV) and without ($p_T^{\\rm min}=0$ GeV) diffusion of the parton shower energy due to collisional processes.[]{data-label=\"figure1\"}](PTnoPTQM.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.3cm\"}\n\nTheoretical predictions for the attenuation of inclusive jets are shown in the left panel of Figure \\[figure1\\] for two radii $R=0.2, 0.6$. Our results include final-state QGP-induced radiative energy loss effects [@Vitev:2007ve] and initial-state cold nuclear matter effects [@Vitev:2008vk; @Neufeld:2010dz]. ", "Preliminary ATLAS results [@qmtalks] are also shown for comparison. ", "Collisional interactions of the in-medium parton shower can re-distribute a fraction the jet energy to the non-Abelian plasma away from the jet axis [@source]. ", "This is simulated in the right panel of Figure \\[figure1\\] by a parameter $p_T^{\\rm min}=20$ GeV. The main result is that such diffusion eliminates any residual radius $R$ dependence of the inclusive jet quenching [@He:2011pd].", "\n\n$Z^0$-tagged jets\n-----------------\n\n$Z^0$-tagged jets have been proposed as one of the important new channels that open up at the LHC to study parton energy loss and jet quenching. ", "To utilize its potential, NLO calculations are necessary [@Campbell:2003dd]. ", "The left panel of Figure \\[figure3\\] shows that at tree level the jet $p_T^{\\rm jet}$ coincides with the momentum of the $Z^0$, here measured via its di-lepton decay channel. ", "${\\cal O}(G_F\\alpha_s^2)$ is the first non-trivial order at which $Z^0$-tagged jets can be studied [@Neufeld:2010fj]. ", "The right panel of Figure \\[figure3\\] shows the predicted QGP-induced modification for jets of radius $R=0.2$ associated with a $Z^0$ tag in central Pb+Pb collisions. ", "The insert shows a characteristic transition from suppression ($I_{AA}< 1$) for $p_T^{\\rm jet} > p_T^{Z^0}$ to strong enhancement ($I_{AA} \\gg 1$) for $p_T^{\\rm jet} < p_T^{Z^0}$. Integrating out the jet and including the relevant tree level processes we evaluate the inclusive $Z^0$ production cross section. ", "We find that cold nuclear matter effects [@Vitev:2008vk; @Neufeld:2010dz] are small and the calculation accurately predicts the $Z^0$ cross section measured in Pb+Pb collisions measured by CMS [@Chatrchyan:2011ua].", "\n\n![", "Left panel: comparison of LO and NLO jet cross sections for jets tagged by a $Z^0 \\rightarrow \\ell^++\\ell^-$ at the LHC. ", "Right panel: QGP-induced nuclear modification of $Z^0$-tagged jets in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Insert shows the predicted transition from moderate quenching for $p_T^{\\rm jet} > p_T^{Z^0}$ to strong enhancement $p_T^{\\rm jet} < p_T^{Z^0}$. []{data-label=\"figure3\"}](925_1125_I.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.cm\"} ![", "Left panel: comparison of LO and NLO jet cross sections for jets tagged by a $Z^0 \\rightarrow \\ell^++\\ell^-$ at the LHC. ", "Right panel: QGP-induced nuclear modification of $Z^0$-tagged jets in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Insert shows the predicted transition from moderate quenching for $p_T^{\\rm jet} > p_T^{Z^0}$ to strong enhancement $p_T^{\\rm jet} < p_T^{Z^0}$. []{data-label=\"figure3\"}](925_1125_r02.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.3cm\"}\n\nDi-jets and their $E_T$ asymmetry\n---------------------------------\n\nNew insights into the medium modification of parton showers are provided by the 2D attenuation pattern of di-jets. ", "A specific subset of di-jets in the general $(E_{T_1},E_{T_2})$ plane are the ones of fixed energy asymmetry $A_J = (E_{T_1} - E_{T_2})/( E_{T_1} - E_{T_2})$. We have verified that NLO calculations of di-jets reproduce with excellent accuracy the baseline asymmetry measured in p+p collisions by the ATLAS experiment. ", "The left panel of Figure \\[figure2\\] shows the first calculation for the suppression of di-jets $R_{AA}^{\\rm 2-jet}$ in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC [@He:2011pd]. ", "It is characterized by a broad region of approximately constant suppression around $ E_{T_1}= E_{T_2} $ and strong enhancement for $ E_{T_1} \\ll E_{T_2} $, $ E_{T_1} \\gg E_{T_2} $. ", "The corresponding QGP-enhanced asymmetry is shown in the the right panel of Figure \\[figure2\\] for jet radii $R=0.2,\\, 0.4,\\, 0.6$. We find that radiative energy loss [@Vitev:2007ve] (green lines) can explain approximately 1/2 of the measured $A_J$ broadening [@Aad:2010bu; @Chatrchyan:2011sx]. ", "Diffusion of the parton shower energy away from the jet axis through collisional processes [@source] eliminates the residual jet radius dependence and the theoretical calculation is compatible with the experimental measurements for all $R$.\n\n![ ", "Left panel: nuclear modification for di-jets in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Both jet radii are chosen to be $R=0.2$. Right panel: the corresponding enhanced di-jet asymmetry is compared to ATLAS and CMS experimental data for $R=0.2,\\, 0.4,\\ 0.6$. Green lines include radiative energy loss and red lines, denoted $p_T^{\\rm min} = 20$ GeV, add the diffusion of the parton shower energy through collisional processes. []{", "data-label=\"figure2\"}](test2.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.5cm\"} ![ ", "Left panel: nuclear modification for di-jets in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Both jet radii are chosen to be $R=0.2$. Right panel: the corresponding enhanced di-jet asymmetry is compared to ATLAS and CMS experimental data for $R=0.2,\\, 0.4,\\ 0.6$. Green lines include radiative energy loss and red lines, denoted $p_T^{\\rm min} = 20$ GeV, add the diffusion of the parton shower energy through collisional processes. []{", "data-label=\"figure2\"}](AJnewAArad.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.cm\" height=\"6.5cm\"}\n\nLeading particle suppression\n============================\n\nThe quenching of jets and hadrons has to be understood in the same theoretical formalism. ", "Specifically, the nuclear modification of jets for small radii approximates the suppression of leading particles [@Vitev:2008rz]. ", "An example of an early theoretical prediction [@Vitev:2005he] is given in the left panel of Figure \\[figure5\\] and compared to ALICE data on charged hadron attenuation in central Pb+Pb collisions [@Aamodt:2010jd]. ", "The contribution of the medium-induced bremsstrahlung to hadron production below $p_T = 6$ GeV is significant and is reflected in the non-trivial and non-monotonic $p_T$ dependence of $R_{AA}(p_T)$, confirmed by experiment. ", "Cold nuclear matter effects also play a role in this intermediate $p_T$ region. ", "Further constraints on the mechanisms of jet quenching can be obtained by investigating open heavy flavor production [@hf]. ", "Preliminary results are already available at the LHC [@Dainese:2011vb]. ", "It will be important and illuminating in the future to extend these measurements to photon-tagged heavy meson production. ", "Theoretical predictions for the differences in the effective fragmentation functions between light and heavy flavor $D(z_T)$ and the nuclear modification factor $I_{AA}(z_T)$ are presented in the right panel of Figure \\[figure5\\].", "\n\nSummary\n=======\n\nWe presented NLO results and predictions for inclusive jet, $Z^0$-tagged jet, and di-jet production in heavy ion collisions at the LHC. ", "We also demonstrated the relation between the quenching of jets, the attenuation of leading particles, and the modification of photon-tagged light and heavy hadron distributions. ", "We found that in all cases there is a good qualitative understanding of the suppression of hard probes in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. ", "Experimental results have already provided guidance on the directions where further theoretical developments are desirable for improved quantitative description of heavy ion reactions at the high energy frontier. ", "Namely, these are the interaction between the parton showers and the medium and the energy loss mechanisms for heavy quarks.", "\n\n![", "Left panel: comparison of predictions for inclusive pion quenching with (solid lines) and without (dashed lines) gluon feedback to recent ALICE data in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Right panel: predicted effective fragmentation functions in photon-triggered light and heavy hadron production in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "We also show the difference in the nuclear modification $I_{AA}$ for light and heavy flavor, to be tested in the future. []{", "data-label=\"figure5\"}](PTfeedALICE.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.3cm\" height=\"5.5cm\"} ![", "Left panel: comparison of predictions for inclusive pion quenching with (solid lines) and without (dashed lines) gluon feedback to recent ALICE data in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "Right panel: predicted effective fragmentation functions in photon-triggered light and heavy hadron production in central Pb+Pb reactions at the LHC. ", "We also show the difference in the nuclear modification $I_{AA}$ for light and heavy flavor, to be tested in the future. []{", "data-label=\"figure5\"}](lhc_dmeson_low.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"6.3cm\" height=\"6.5cm\"}\n\n**Acknowledgment:** I would like to thank my collaborators Y. He, Z.B. Kang, R.B. Neufeld, G. Ovanesyan, R. Sharma and B.W. Zhang for helpful discussion. ", "This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science under contract No. ", "DE-AC52-06NA25396.", "\n\nReferences {#references .unnumbered}\n==========\n\n[20]{}\n\nI. Vitev, S. Wicks and B. W. Zhang, JHEP [**0811**]{}, 093 (2008). ", "I. Vitev and B. W. Zhang, Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", "  [**104**]{}, 132001 (2010).", "\n\nJ. Schukraft \\[ALICE Collab.\\] these proceedings; P. Steinberg \\[ATLAS Collab.\\], these proceedings; B. Wyslouch \\[CMS Collab.\\], these proceedings.", "\n\nR. B. Neufeld, I. Vitev and B. W. Zhang, Phys.", " Rev.  C [**83**]{}, 034902 (2011) \\[arXiv:1006.2389 \\[hep-ph\\]\\].", "\n\nY. He, I. Vitev and B. W. Zhang, arXiv:1105.2566 \\[hep-ph\\].", "\n\nZ. Kunszt and D. E. Soper, Phys.", " Rev.  D [**46**]{} (1992) 192.", "\n\nJ. M. Campbell, R. K. Ellis, F. Maltoni and S. Willenbrock, Phys.", " Rev.  D [**69**]{}, 074021 (2004). ", "G. Ovanesyan and I. Vitev, JHEP [**1106**]{}, 080 (2011)\n\nI. Vitev, Phys.", " Rev.  [**C75**]{}, 064906 (2007).", "\n\nI. Vitev, B. W. Zhang, Phys.", " Lett.", "  B [**669**]{}, 337 (2008);\n\nR. B. Neufeld, I. Vitev and B. W. Zhang, arXiv:1010.3708 \\[hep-ph\\].", "\n\nR. B. Neufeld and I. Vitev, arXiv:1105.2067 \\[hep-ph\\].", "\n\nS. Chatrchyan [*et al.*]{} \\[ ", "CMS Collaboration \\], \\[arXiv:1102.5435 \\[nucl-ex\\]\\].", "\n\nG. Aad [*et al.*]{} \\[ ", "Atlas Collaboration \\], Phys.", " Rev. Lett.", "  [**105**]{}, 252303 (2010).", "\n\nS. Chatrchyan [*et al.*]{} \\[ ", "CMS Collaboration \\], \\[arXiv:1102.1957 \\[nucl-ex\\]\\].", "\n\nI. Vitev, Phys.", " Lett.", "  [**B639**]{}, 38-45 (2006).", "\n\nK. Aamodt [*et al.*]{} ", "\\[ALICE Collaboration\\], Phys.", " Lett.", "  B [**696**]{}, 30 (2011)\n\nR. Sharma, I. Vitev, B. Zhang, Phys.", " Rev.  C [**80**]{}, 054902 (2009).", "\n\nA. Dainese, arXiv:1106.4042 \\[nucl-ex\\].", "\n\nZ. B. Kang and I. Vitev, arXiv:1106.1493 \\[hep-ph\\].", "\n" ]

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[ "The Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology is applying for P30 funds to recruit new faculty with research focus and demonstrated achievement in the areas of membrane transporter, channel or receptor structure function analysis and or modern proteomic analysis of membrane transporter, channel or receptor regulation through post-translational modification. ", "Four years ago we completed the first round of hires under the Membrane Biology Initiative, centered in the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology. ", "After an analysis of our strengths, weaknesses and emerging trends we were prepared to mount a second major recruitment in the same area with the goal of filling gaps in our research expertise and positioning the department for future success. ", "Due to budget constraints as a result of the recent economic downturn we had to place our search for three state-funded positions on hold because we lacked the start up funds necessary to ensure a healthy career launch. ", "The P30 mechanism will make it possible for us to hire one and, using departmental reserves, possibly two junior faculty members. ", "The existing members of the Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology are largely focused on membrane related problems and the new recruit(s) will therefore find a cohort of individuals that shares common interests and are willing and able to serve as faculty mentors and collaborators. ", "We in the department are invested in our recruits and work hard to help them launch productive, sustainable academic careers;we hire colleagues. ", "Our previous recruits, under the Membrane Biology Initiative are doing well and all but one have been promoted to Associate Professor with tenure. ", "We expect that the last junior faculty recruit will be promoted this fall. ", "It is now time to begin to bring new junior faculty aboard. ", "The recruits will benefit from a solid, high quality supportive environment and the department will benefit from the infusion of youth, vigor and new approaches that complement and extend our existing strengths. ", "The University of California Davis is ascendant in the national rankings and it provides an excellent environment for research especially but not restricted to the Biological Sciences." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nQual será o resultado de $a?", "\n\nEstava estudando PHP e vendo perguntas, para melhorar meus conhecimentos na área.", "\nSegue um trecho de uma questão:\n\nDado um trecho de código escrito na linguagem PHP, como o abaixo:\n\n$a = array(\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\");\n$a[] = \"e\";\n\nA variável $a irá conter :\n\na) e\nb) e, a, b, c, d\nc) não é possivel atribuir um valor a um array desta forma\nd) a, b, c, d, e\ne) o array receberá um valor nulo\n\nEntão qual seria a resposta correta? ", "Seria a letra C? ", "Porque dá erro, quando eu tento fazer echo $a.\n\nA:\n\nAcredito que você retirou o código daqui. ", "E acredito também que você não terminou de ler o documento, porque no final é mostrado todas as respostas, que nesse caso corresponde a letra D, mas vamos por partes.", "\n\nA resposta correta é a letra D. Pode ver - como dito na documentação do PHP, - que um array é uma estrutura de dados ordenada representando uma coleção de elementos, e que podem ser iniciados dessa maneira supracitada. ", "Então na primeira linha:\n$a = array(\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\");\n\nVocê indica que $a é um array que terá 4 posições, com outros 4 índices (0...3), sendo então interpretado, dessa forma:\narray (size=4)\n 0 => string 'a' (length=1)\n 1 => string 'b' (length=1)\n 2 => string 'c' (length=1)\n 3 => string 'd' (length=1)\n\nNa segunda linha, você instrui o PHP à adicionar, na última posição válida do array, a string 'e':\n$a[] = \"e\";\n\nLogo $a irá conter todas as letras 'a','b','c','d','e'.", "\narray (size=5)\n 0 => string 'a' (length=1)\n 1 => string 'b' (length=1)\n 2 => string 'c' (length=1)\n 3 => string 'd' (length=1)\n 4 => string 'e' (length=1)\n\nSobre você não conseguir acessar o array, fazendo echo $a, é porque $a é um tipo não escalar, composto, diferente de uma simples string. ", " Ou seja é preciso de algo a mais para se manipular arrays.", "\nComo você não criou o array com as posições manualmente, o array seguiu o padrão e foi adicionando os dados, sempre após a última posição válida. ", "Então para acessar o array $a, você deveria fazer algo semelhante a isso:\necho $a[posição];\n\nNo caso, como seu array, possui um tamanho igual a 5, você pode acessar qualquer uma das posições (iniciando em 0 até 4), da seguinte maneira:\necho $a[0]; // imprime a\n\nSe você tentar fazer algo como echo $a, será gerado um notice, dizendo: Array to string conversion. ", "Leia mais sobre isso aqui.", "\n\nA:\n\nMeus dois centavos para a discussão.", "\nA resposta correta é a alternativa D. O resultado da operação:\n<?", "php\n\n$a = [\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\"];\n\n$a[] = \"e\";\n\nvar_dump($a);\n\né\narray(5) {\n [0]=>\n string(1) \"a\"\n [1]=>\n string(1) \"b\"\n [2]=>\n string(1) \"c\"\n [3]=>\n string(1) \"d\"\n [4]=>\n string(1) \"e\"\n}\n\nque é a mesma coisa que usar a função array_push, inserindo elementos no final do array. ", "Neste caso, apenas um:\n<?", "php\n\n$a = array(\"a\", \"b\", \"c\", \"d\");\narray_push($a, \"e\");\n\nvar_dump($a);\n\nResultado\narray(5) {\n [0]=>\n string(1) \"a\"\n [1]=>\n string(1) \"b\"\n [2]=>\n string(1) \"c\"\n [3]=>\n string(1) \"d\"\n [4]=>\n string(1) \"e\"\n}\n\n" ]

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[ "High total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio predicting deterioration of ankle brachial index in Asian type 2 diabetic subjects.", "\nWe conducted a prospective study to determine the risk factors for decrease in ABI in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes during a 3-year period. ", "Type 2 diabetic subjects with normal ABI were enrolled in this study. ", "The risk factors for PVD and ABI were examined before and after the follow-up period. ", "A total of 107 type 2 diabetic subjects completed the assessment. ", "Based on the change of ABI, the study subjects were divided into two groups. ", "Forty subjects, in Group 1, had a decrease in ABI; 67 subjects, in Group 2, had no decrease in ABI after the 3-year follow-up. ", "The baseline total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio (4.5+/-1.2 vs. 3.9+/-1.0, P=0.018) and serum creatinine (99.0+/-18.0micromol/L vs. 88.8+/-15.7micromol/L, P=0.004) were significantly higher, and the HDL cholesterol concentration was significantly lower (1.11+/-0.26mmol/L vs. 1.27+/-0.39mmol/L, P=0.011) in Group 1 than in Group 2. ", "Furthermore, total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio was the variable showed an inverse correlation and independent predictor for the change in ABI after the 3-year follow-up. ", "Total-to-HDL cholesterol ratio is a major risk factor for PVD and showed an inverse trend to change in ABI in Asian type 2 diabetic subjects." ]

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[ "Article content\n\nCalgary-based Wild Rose Brewery is embarking on a new chapter in its 19-year history.", "\n\nThe craft brewery is now selling its beer in cans, the Herald has learned.", "\n\nWe apologize, but this video has failed to load.", "\n\ntap here to see other videos from our team. ", "Try refreshing your browser, or Wild Rose Brewery opens new market with beer sold in cans Back to video\n\nBill McKenzie, president and chief executive of the company, said the brewery recently packaged 110,000 cans for sale.", "\n\nHe said the brewery’s Velvet Fog, Wraspberry Ale, IPA and Electric Avenue brands will be available in the cans. ", "The price will be the same as for the bottles but the cans will have a little more liquid in them. ", "Cans contain 355 ml while bottles are 341 ml.", "\n\n“About 66 per cent of the business in Alberta is cans,” said McKenzie. “", "That level of interest from our customers in cans warrants us looking at it. ", "We’ve had a lot of requests just through social media and calls into the brewery. ‘", "Why can’t we get it in cans? ", "I want to bring your beer to outdoor events. ", "I drink more cans than bottles’.", "\n\n“There always seemed to be limitations on where and when people could consume our beer. ", "Having it in cans has really made that easier for them. ", "Years ago, canned beer and craft beer you didn’t see them as well. ", "Over the last maybe five years, you’ve seen a lot more craft beers being offered in cans. ", "It’s a very accepted vessel. ", "It’s such a great vessel because there’s no sunlight hitting the liquid at all. ", "So it’s a very well-protected way of distributing beer.”" ]

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[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nThe next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionized modern biomedical research. ", "The sequencing data output, scale, and speed of NGS enable researchers to address a diverse range of biological questions ranging from the analysis of genome-wide rare somatic mutations, structural variations, epigenetic modifications to the study of microbial diversity in humans and in the environments^[@CR1]--[@CR6]^. Nowadays, emerging NGS applications are rapidly developed and applied for disease diagnosis in the clinical laboratories^[@CR7]--[@CR9]^. Although the formats and specifications of today's commercial DNA sequencers are different, the core of these robust sequencing platforms are mainly powered by the DNA sequencing-by-synthesis, or SBS, chemistry. ", "The SBS chemistry relies on the DNA polymerase reaction to incorporate deoxyribonucleotides for extracting DNA sequence information. ", "The fundamental differences amongst current NGS technologies are the types of modified nucleotides and their compatible DNA polymerases used in the sequencing reaction^[@CR10]^.\n\nExcept for the pyrosequencing^[@CR11],[@CR12]^ and semiconductor-based proton-sequencing techniques^[@CR13]^, in which both directly use the normal nucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) for DNA sequencing reactions, the nucleotide (NT) substrates adopted by the mainstream SBS-driven NGS platforms, including Illumina, Qiagen, and Pacific Biosciences (PacBio), are extensively modified. ", "In both Illumina's and Qiagen's sequencing chemistry, the purine (A or G) or pyrimidine (C or T) base of nucleotide (NT) is individually attached with a distinct spectrum of fluorescent dye for signal detection. ", "Moreover, the regular 3′-hydroxyl group (3'-OH) on the deoxyribose of each NT is substituted with a protecting, chemical group^[@CR14]--[@CR18]^. Unlike the normal dNTPs, the incorporation of these 3'-protected NTs by DNA polymerase (Pol) terminates the DNA-chain elongation since these NTs lack a functional 3'-OH for DNA extension^[@CR15],[@CR18],[@CR19]^. The 3'-protecting group on the primer terminus of incorporated nucleotide (N + 1) can be subsequently removed to restore a regular 3'-OH of deoxyribose. ", "As a result, the next cycle of NT addition by DNA Pol can resume and the growing DNA chain can further be extended. ", "However, in this reversible SBS reaction, the removal of fluorescent dye from the NT after each reaction cycle leaves an extra, chemical linker moiety, which covalently connects the dye molecule to the base, on the normal purine or pyrimidine NTs in the newly synthesized DNA. ", "These molecular scars on the nascent DNA strain may perturb the subsequent protein-DNA interaction and affect the performance of DNA Pol in the later cycles of DNA sequencing reactions^[@CR10],[@CR20],[@CR21]^. To avoid the scare issue, the fluorescent molecule with a unique, optical spectrum can be directly attached to the 5'-terminal γ-phosphate of each NT, respectively, as exemplified by the PacBio's real-time SBS scheme ^[@CR17],[@CR22]^. Because the phosphoryl transfer (PT) reaction catalyzed by DNA Pol occurs between the 3′-OH of primer terminus and α-phosphate of incoming NT^[@CR23],[@CR24]^, at the end of each NT-incorporation cycle results in one base addition to the primer terminus (N + 1) and a free dye-labeled polyphosphate group^[@CR17],[@CR22]^. Hence, the outcome of each NT addition leaves no molecular vestige on the newly synthesized DNA, and the N + 1 primer terminus possesses no blocking group to hinder the following rounds of DNA elongation. ", "Consequently, the DNA sequencing reaction can continue uninterruptedly (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, Upper reaction pathway**).Figure 1Uninterrupted, scar-free DNA sequencing-by-synthesis reaction using 5' or 3'-modified nucleotides. ", "Upper reaction pathway, the hexaphosphate-linker-dye moiety is attached to the terminal phosphate of the nucleotide (NT). ", "The removal of pentaphosphate-linker-dye moiety by DNA polymerase during the NT-incorporation will leave a normal 3'-OH group on the primer terminus (**one-reaction step**), which permits further nucleotide incorporations by DNA polymerase. ", "Lower reaction pathway, an ester-linker-dye group is conjugated via the 3'-O-ribose of the nucleotide. ", "After the NT-incorporation by DNA polymerase, the 3'-modified group on the primer terminus is concurrently edited by DNA polymerase and converted back to a regular 3'-OH, which allows a continuous DNA synthesis (two-reaction steps).", "\n\nAlternatively, to deal with the molecular remnant problem after the elimination of fluorescent dye from the NTs in the reversible dye-terminator (RDT) chemistry, the direct attachment of dye to the 3'-OH of deoxyribose has been proposed^[@CR25],[@CR26]^. In this reaction scheme, the insertion of NT with a 3'-fluorescent tag (3'-FT) to a DNA primer prevents the DNA Pol from further extension due to the lack of a 3'-OH at the N + 1 primer end. ", "Like the common RDT-NT, the elimination of 3'-FT from the N + 1 primer terminus restores a normal 3'-OH of the deoxyribose. ", "Hence, the nascent DNA strand can once again be elongated by DNA Pol, and the sequencing reactions can be performed continuously (Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**, Bottom reaction pathway**). ", "Unfortunately, this approach is difficult to implement since the NT with a bulky, chemical substitution on the 3′-OH of NT is generally a poor substrate for DNA Pols^[@CR10],[@CR27]^. This type of 3'-modified NT imposes a strong steric hindrance on the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP) of DNA Pol, and therefore decreases the NT-binding affinity and the overall NT-incorporation efficiency of enzyme^[@CR27],[@CR28]^. Unexpectedly, the 3'-esterified 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-monophosphate seems to be tolerated and incorporated by both Taq and the proofreading-deficient T7 DNA polymerase (Sequenase)^[@CR25],[@CR26],[@CR29]^. These two A-family DNA polymerases are able to utilize the 2'-deoxyl-3'-anthranyloyl-dNTPs as substrates for DNA synthesis^[@CR29]^. However, it remains elusive whether it is a common feature for other A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs) to accommodate such a large, ester modification at the 3'-OH position on the deoxyribose of NT. ", "Also, how well AF-DNAPs utilize this class of 3'-esterified dNTPs have not been evaluated. ", "Furthermore, the feasibility of applying these 3'-esterified dNTPs for a scar-free, continuous DNA synthesis reaction has not been tested. ", "In this study, we utilize a novel class of reversible 3'-esterified dNTPs (Fig.", " [2A](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, [3](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**'-Aep-dNTP**) and examine the NT-incorporation activities of these modified nucleotides by A-family DNA polymerases. ", "Also, using the large fragment of *Bacillus stearothermophilus* DNA polymerase I (BF) as a model enzyme, we tested the feasibility of applying these 3'-esterified dNTPs for an uninterrupted and scar-free DNA synthesis.", "Figure 2Accommodation of 3'-esterified dCTP by BF. (**", "A**) Structures of dCTP (Left) and (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl (Aep)-dCTP (Right). (**", "B**) The conserved steric gate residue and helix O of commercially available A-family DNA polymerases. (**", "C**) The structural model of 3'-Aep-dCTP in the nucleotide-binding pocket of BF. (**", "D**) Interaction of the steric gate residue E658 with 3'-Aep-dCTP inside the nucleotide-binding pocket of BF. ", "Direct hydrogen-bonding interactions are shown as black dashed lines, and the distances between C2' position and E658 are also illustrated.", "Figure 3Incorporation of 3'-Aep-dCMP by commercially available A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs). (**", "A**) Top, the schematic representation of single 3'-Aep-dCMP incorporation by Taq, Tth, Tfl, BF, KF, or Bsu. ", "Bottom, DNA fragment analysis of the primer (N) and the primer plus an incorporated 3'-Aep-dCMP by BF (N + 1). (**", "B**) Activities of single 3'-Aep-dCMP incorporation by Taq, Tth, Tfl, BF, KF, or Bsu, respectively. ", "The primer-extension assays were performed as described in the Methods using 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2, 4, 10, 20, or 40 μM of 3'-Aep-dCTP in the reaction.", "\n\nResults {#Sec2}\n=======\n\nAccommodation of 3'-esterified dNTP by the large fragment of *Bacillus stearothermophilus* DNA polymerase I (BF) {#Sec3}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo elucidate the intrinsic features of A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs) and deduce how AF-DNAPs could readily accept and incorporate the 3'-esterified nucleotide (NT), we first built the computational model of BF ternary complex with a primer-template DNA and a 3'-esterified nucleotide based on the existing ternary structure of BF (PDB file:1LV5)^[@CR31]^ (Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "We chose BF for structural simulation because of its high degree of homology to other AF-DNAPs. ", "From the protein sequence alignment of three, large fragments of DNA polymerase I from *Bacillus stearothemophilus* (BF), *Thermus aquaticus* (KlenTaq), and *Escherichia coli* (Klenow Fragment, KF) shows that BF shares a 56% and 55% of identity with KlenTaq and KF, respectively (data not shown). ", "In addition to the sequence and structure conservation of BF with other A-family DNA polymerases, there are abundant crystal structures of BF available in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), which make the outcome of computational models more predictable.", "\n\nTo construct the model of BF ternary complex in conjunction with a primer-template DNA and a 3'-esterified dNTP, we directly replaced the natural dCTP with a modified (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl (Aep)-dCTP in the closed conformation of BF ternary structure containing a primer-template DNA and a dCTP. ", "The (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group was selected for its flexibility and availability to attach a fluorescent dye (Fig.", " [2A](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As depicted in the Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the 3'-ester group of 3'-Aep-dCTP faces inward and adjacent to the E658 residue of BF, which was previously shown to exclude the C2' modifications on the deoxyribose in the nucleotide-binding pocket of BF^[@CR31]^. Meanwhile, the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group of 3'-Aep-dCTP protrudes toward the pocket opening and the three negatively charged phosphates of the nucleotide remain associated with two divalent cations (Mg^2+^ or Mn^2+^ in the Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The superimposition of model with the original BF ternary complex reveals the prominent \"exclusion effect\" of 3'-Aep-dCTP within the nucleotide-binding pocket of BF. ", "The larger size of 3'-Aep-dCTP causes a significant rotation of E658 residue and, therefore, increases the distance between the side-chain carboxylate of E658 and the C2' position of 3'-Aep-dCTP from a 3.1 Å to \\~4.0 Å. The reposition of E658 side-chain forms an alternative hydrogen bond with the 3'-ester carbonyl group of 3'-Aep-dCTP (Fig.", " [2D](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), which potentially stabilizes the 3'-Aep-dCTP within the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP) of BF. ", "Accordingly, the finger subdomain of BF also reorients in order to make room for the 3'-Aep-dCTP within the NBP. ", "The O-helix of BF finger subdomain rotates and shifts both aromatic side-chains of F710 and Y714 residues away from the 3'-Aep-dCTP (Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The reorientations of F710 and Y714 side chains slightly open up the O-helix of finger subdomain and create more space for the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group to fit inside the NBP of BF. ", "Altogether, the synergistic movements of E658 sugar-steric gate and F710 and Y714 residues on the conserved O-helix of BF finger subdomain seem to play a critical role in accepting a 3'-Aep-dCTP. ", "Interestingly, the E658, F710, and Y714 residues of BF are highly conserved among other A-family DNA polymerases (Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Hence, it is likely that these A-family DNA polymerases may all be able to incorporate the 3'-esterified dNMPs.", "\n\nIncorporation of 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF and other A-family DNA polymerases {#Sec4}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo test whether BF and other commercially available A-family DNA polymerases (KF, Taq, Tth, Tfl, and Bsu) may efficiently incorporate the 3'-esterified dNMPs during DNA replication, we synthesized all four bases of 3'-Aep-dNTPs (Fig.", " [2A](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) according to the previously published procedures^[@CR30],[@CR32]^. The molecular mass and identity of synthetic 3'-Aep-dNTPs were measured and confirmed by the electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) (Figure [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "The purity and stability of nucleotides were further determined by the analytical HPLC. ", "All four 3'-Aep-dNTPs show a purity, ranging from 99.32% to 99.92%, and a stability from 98.75% to 99.57% after incubation at 60 °C for 1 hour (Figure [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nTo determine the incorporation activity of 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF, the primer-extension assays were performed, and the reaction products were separated by the capillary electrophoresis as described in the Methods. ", "The fluorescent intensity of primer (N) and N + 1 nucleotide bands were measured by the DNA fragment analysis. ", "As illustrated in the Fig.", " [3A](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the primer (N) and the N + 1 nucleotide (NT) bands show distinct peaks in the DNA fragment analysis, respectively. ", "The relative NT-incorporation activity (% of N + 1 products) of BF can then be calculated as described in the Methods. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [3B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the incorporation activity of 3'-Aep-dCMP by BF shows a nucleotide-concentration dependence. ", "Increasing concentrations of 3'-Aep-dCTP from 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 10, 20 to 40 μM in the DNA polymerization reaction correspond to higher NT-incorporation activities of BF (inverted, filled triangles). ", "The steady-state *Michaelis* constant (*K*~m~) of 3'-Aep-dCTP for BF can be determined as described in the Methods. ", "The result was listed in the Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}. ", "The *K*~m~ value of BF for the 3'-Aep-dCTP was estimated to be 1.50 ± 0.02 μM. Likewise, the *K*~m~ values for five other commercially available A-family DNA polymerases (KF, Taq, Tth, Tfl, and Bsu) were also measured by the same experimental procedures. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [3B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}, except for the KF (dots), the Taq, Tth, Tfl, and Bsu DNA polymerases show a similar degree of NT-incorporation activity (filled squares, open circles, filled triangles, and open squares, respectively). ", "KF exhibits higher NT-incorporation activities across a series of 3'-Aep-dCTP concentrations than other DNA polymerases. ", "As a result, the *K*~m~ value of 3'-Aep-dCTP for KF is 0.28 ± 0.01 μM, which is much lower than the values of BF, Taq, Tth, Tfl, and Bsu (Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 1The steady-state *Michaelis* constant (*K*~m~) of 3'-Aep-dCTP for commercially available A-family DNA polymerases.", "DNA Polymerase*K*~m~ (μM)BF1.50 ± 0.02KF0.28 ± 0.01Taq1.04 ± 0.19Tth1.45 ± 0.07Tfl1.63 ± 0.09Bsu2.09 ± 0.25\n\nThe NT-incorporation activity of all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs by BF and KF were further examined in more details. ", "As shown in the Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}, KF shows more robust NT-incorporation activities with each of the 3'-Aep-dNTPs than BF under the identical experimental conditions. ", "The *K*~m~ values of KF for all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs are 0.24 ± 0.01 (dA), 0.08 ± 0.01 (dT), 0.28 ± 0.01 (dC), and 0.20 ± 0.01 μM (dG), respectively, which are all lower than the values of BF \\[0.95 ± 0.07 (dA), 0.20 ± 0.01 (dT), 1.50 ± 0.02 (dC), and 0.54 ± 0.01 μM (dG), respectively\\]. ", "Among all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs, the BF shows a strong preference for the 3'-Aep-dTTP and efficiently incorporates this nucleotide. ", "On the contrary, the 3'-Aep-dCTP is the least efficient nucleotide used for DNA replication by BF. ", "Although KF also shows a higher incorporation activity with the 3'-Aep-dTTP, it has less bias for the other three 3'Aep-dNTPs (Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type=\"table\"}).Table 2The steady-state *Michaelis* constant (*K*~m~) of 3'-Aep-dNTP for BF and KF.3'-Aep-dNTP*K*~m~ (μM)BFKF3'-Aep-dATP0.95 ± 0.070.24 ± 0.013'-Aep-dTTP0.20 ± 0.010.08 ± 0.013'-Aep-dCTP1.50 ± 0.020.28 ± 0.013'-Aep-dGTP0.54 ± 0.010.20 ± 0.01\n\nFaithful incorporation of 3'-Aep-dNMPs by BF and KF {#Sec5}\n---------------------------------------------------\n\nTo accommodate the 3'-Aep-dCTP, our modeling suggests that BF has to adapt an alternative conformation in the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP), mainly at the E658 sugar-steric gate and the O-helix of finger subdomain (Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The subtle structure shifts may alter the active-site geometry in the closed conformation of BF ternary complex and affect its nucleotide (NT) selectivity^[@CR33]^. To evaluate whether the 3'-Aep-dNTP-induced structural changes may alter the selection of correct and incorrect NT by BF during DNA replication, the primer-extension assays were performed followed by DNA fragment analysis. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the BF selectively incorporated the corresponding complementary nucleotide (primer + dNMP) opposite the templating base. ", "Similar results were obtained when a 1 mM concentration of each 3'-Aep-dNTP (approximately 1,000-fold higher than the *K*~*m*~ values of each nucleotide) were used in the same reaction conditions (data not shown). ", "Likewise, when the KF was tested under the same experimental conditions, the correct, complementary 3'-Aep-dNMP was selectively incorporated into the DNA (Figure [S3](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Hence, both BF and KF maintain a good NT selectivity for 3'-Aep-dNTPs during DNA replication.", "Figure 4Selectivity of correct verse incorrect 3'-Aep-dNTP (Oligo_T\\#1\\~4) by BF. ", "Each reaction contains 3 nM of DNA primer (Oligo_P\\#1), 1 μM of 3'-Aep-dNTP and 0.5 U of BF. ", "The assay was performed at 60 °C for 5 minutes as described in the Methods. ", "The primer (N) and the primer plus an incorporated 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF (N + 1) are indicated.", "\n\nThe 3'-esterified group of 3'-Aep-dNMP is edited during the nucleotide incorporation by BF {#Sec6}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTwo A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs), a 3'→5' exonuclease-deficient T7 (Sequenase) and Taq were previously shown to productively use various 3'-esterified dNTPs for DNA replication^[@CR25],[@CR26],[@CR29]^. However, not every modification of 3'-esterified nucleotides can prevent the growing DNA-chain from further elongation by AF-DNAPs. ", "The bulky 2'-deoxyl-3'-anthranyloyl-dNTP acts as a DNA chain-terminator once it is incorporated into the DNA by Taq^[@CR25],[@CR29]^. Conversely, the incorporated 3'-O-acylated dNMP cannot completely block the DNA extension by the same enzyme (Taq), because the 3'-O-acylated group of NT is removed during the DNA replication^[@CR26]^. Therefore, we would like to examine whether the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group of 3'-Aep-dNMP remains intact after it is incorporated into the nascent DNA chain by BF. ", "The single-nucleotide incorporation reactions by BF were performed in the primer-extension assays using an either natural dNTP or 3'-Aep-dNTP. ", "The reaction products were then applied for the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis as described in the Methods. ", "The molecular mass and identity of primer (N) or primer plus a nucleotide addition (N + 1) were determined. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [5](#Fig5){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the primer-extension reaction products with an either natural dNTP (**Left panel**) or 3'-Aep-dNTP (**Right panel**) shows identical, corresponding mass for both the primer (m/z 7,474) and primer plus an addition of dAMP (m/z 7,787), dTMP (m/z 7,778), dCMP (m/z 7,762), or dGMP (m/z 7,803), respectively. ", "These results indicate that the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group of 3'-Aep-dNMP has been hydrolyzed back to a normal 3'-OH after it is incorporated into the growing DNA chain by BF.Figure 5Analysis of incorporated 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF using the MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. ", "Each reaction mixture contains 0.2 μM of DNA primer (Oligo_P\\#2), 10 μM of dNTP or 20 μM of 3'-Aep-dNTP, and 1 U of BF. ", "Each reaction was performed at 60 °C for 15 minutes as described in the Methods. ", "The mass of primer (N) and the primer plus an incorporated dNMP or 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF (N + 1) were labeled next to the corresponding peaks, respectively.", "\n\nThe enzyme-mediated deprotection of 3'-Aep-dNMP permits multiple nucleotide incorporations by BF on homopolymeric DNA templates {#Sec7}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe 3'-substituted group of 3'-Aep-dNTP is stable in the presence or absence of BF under the assay conditions (Figure [S4](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Additionally, the heat-inactivated BF loses both the DNA polymerization and 3'-esterase activities (Figure [S5](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Hence, it is likely that the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group of 3'-Aep-dNTP is modified and restored back to a regular 3'-OH by BF during DNA replication. ", "In any case, after each round of 3'-Aep-dNMP incorporation by BF, the 3'-terminus of DNA primer is readily converted back to a normal 3'-OH. ", "Hence, multiple 3'-Aep-dNMP incorporations by BF should happen in the primer-extension reaction. ", "To test whether BF would consecutively incorporate multiple 3'-Aep-dNMPs during DNA synthesis, the primer-extension assays were performed using either a homopolymeric dA-, dT-, dC-, or dG-DNA template in the presence of a corresponding, matched 3'-Aep-dNTP, respectively. ", "The DNA template contains a twelve dA, dT, dC, or dG-sequence repeat (dN~12~) as depicted in the Fig.", " [6A](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The reaction products after each 3'-Aep-dNTP addition show a stretch of continuous, elongated DNA peaks, which represent sequential 3'-Aep-dNMP incorporations by BF ranging from 1 to 12-NT insertions on the corresponding homopolymeric DNA template (Fig.", " [6B](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Under the steady-state reaction conditions, the distance of extended DNA fragments or peaks from the original primer position is time-dependent. ", "The longer the reaction time corresponds to the farther migration of extended DNA peaks (Fig.", " [6D](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, the overall time required for BF to replicate across the twelve NT-repeat (dN~12~) region relies on the concentrations of 3'-Aep-dNTP in the reaction. ", "A higher concentration of 3'-Aep-dNTP in the reaction drives a faster DNA elongation by BF across the homopolymeric DNA template (Fig.", " [6C](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 6Multiple incorporations of 3'-Aep-dNTP by BF on a homopolymeric DNA template. (**", "A**) Schematic representation of primer-extension reaction across a homopolymeric DNA template by BF in the presence of matched 3'-Aep-dNTP (10 μM). (**", "B**) Continuous incorporations of 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF on the corresponding homopolymeric DNA template (Oligo_T\\#9\\~12). (**", "C**) The primer-extension rate of BF on the dA~12~ homopolymeric template (Oligo_T\\#9) in the presence of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 175, and 200 μM of 3'-Aep-dTTP. ", "The primer-extension rate at each nucleotide concentration was calculated as described in the Methods. (**", "D**) Time course of multiple 3'-Aep-dTMP incorporations by BF across a dA~12~ homopolymeric template in the presence of 10 μM 3'-Aep-dTTP. (**", "E**) Results of 3'-Aep-dTMP incorporations followed with 10 μM of dTTP or 3'-Aep-dTTP chasing for 1 min.", "\n\nNext, we examined whether the DNA primer with an incorporated 3'-Aep-dNMP can be readily extended by a normal dNTP on the homopolymeric dN~12~-DNA template. ", "The primer-extension assays were performed in a stepwise manner by initially adding a 3'-Aep-dNTP in the reaction followed with the supplementation with a cognate, natural dNTP or the same 3'-Aep-dNTP. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [6E](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the DNA primer was rapidly extended through the homopolymeric dA~12~-template by BF right after chasing with the normal dTTP. ", "In contrast, an extra 3'-Aep-dTTP addition in the reaction didn't influence the speed of primer extension by BF. ", "These results confirm that the 3'-substituted group of 3'-Aep-dNMP is changed back to a *bona fide* 3'-OH after it is added into a growing DNA chain.", "\n\nThe cleavage of the 3'-protective group of incorporated 3'-Aep-dNMP by BF from the 3'-primer terminus enables a long, continuous DNA synthesis {#Sec8}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nBecause the 3'-ester modification of 3'-Aep-dNMP is concurrently removed from the 3'-end of the growing DNA chain after each cycle of NT addition by BF, it should permit an uninterrupted DNA replication. ", "To further test whether BF would use all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs for a long, continuous DNA synthesis, the primer-extension assays were carried out using a fluorescein (FAM)-labeled DNA primer (P) pre-annealed with a 100 nucleotide-long-DNA template in the presence of all four dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs (Fig.", " [7A](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [7B](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, a time-dependent DNA elongation by BF was observed after the addition of either dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs, while a single DNA-primer peak (P) was seen in the negative control (NC) reaction in the absence of nucleotides (**Top panel**). ", "The elongated DNA products generated by BF with 3'-Aep-dNTPs showed a distribution of various DNA fragment sizes between \\~75 and 110 nucleotides (NTs) after 15 minutes of reaction. ", "On the other hand, longer lengths of DNA fragments, ranging from \\~106 to 144 NTs, were observed when the normal dNTPs were present in the same experimental conditions. ", "Nonetheless, the primer-extension reactions with either 3'-Aep-dNTPs or natural dNTPs were both completed within an hour of reaction. ", "Evidently, the inserted 3'-Aep-dNMPs do not prevent the DNA extension by BF and permit a long, continuous DNA synthesis.", "Figure 7Continuous DNA synthesis of BF using all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs. (**", "A**) Schematic representation of DNA elongation assay using the bacteriophage M13-DNA as a template (Oligo_T\\#13) together with all four dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs. (**", "B**) Time course of DNA elongation by BF with 20 μM of dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs, respectively, in the reaction. (**", "C**) Method to determine the base-substitution errors of BF in the presence of normal dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs. (**", "D**) The replicative error profile of BF in the presence of normal dNTPs (**Left**) or 3'-Aep-dNTPs (**Right**). ", "The expected, or correct, A, T, C or G base, respectively, are listed on the x-axis. ", "The actual base (A, T, C, or G) change identified are represented in the y-axis. ", "The z-axis shows the frequency of correct base gets substituted.", "\n\nFinally, we would like to learn whether the utilization of all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs by BF maintains a good accuracy of DNA replication. ", "To determine the error profiles of DNA synthesis by BF, DNA primers containing unique DNA sequence tags at the 5'-end were used in the primer-extension reactions as illustrated in the Fig.", " [7C](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}. ", "The extended DNA products were further amplified by PCR, cloned into a TA-cloning vector, and transformed into the *E. coli* cells. ", "The recombinant vectors harboring the BF-replication DNA fragments were recovered from individual bacterial colonies and then sequenced. ", "The base-substitution errors of DNA replication by BF were analyzed. ", "As shown in the Fig.", " [7D](#Fig7){ref-type=\"fig\"}, the overall replicative fidelity of BF in the presence of 3'-Aep-dNTPs are equivalent to the values of natural dNTPs. ", "However, the DNA synthesis reaction with the 3'-Aep-dNTPs show slight elevations of C → T and G → A transition mutations to 2.6 ×10^-4^ and 2.6 ×10^-4^ errors/base, respectively, above the background value. ", "Interestingly, the frequency of A → G transition mutations in the 3'-Aep-dNTPs reaction was lower than that in the natural dNTP reaction. ", "Overall, the BF can utilize the 3'-Aep-dNTPs for a faithful and unceasing DNA replication.", "\n\nDiscussion {#Sec9}\n==========\n\nIn this study, we synthesized all four (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl (Aep)-dNTPs and examined the nucleotide-incorporation activities by six AF-DNAPs (BF, KF, Taq, Tth, Tfl, and Bsu), respectively. ", "We also showed that the KF and BF efficiently and faithfully incorporated 3'-Aep-dNMPs. ", "Additionally, we analyzed the post-incorporation products of N + 1 primer by BF and confirmed the (2-aminoethoxy)-3-propionyl group of 3'-Aep-dNMP was modified back to a regular 3'-OH after it was inserted into the growing DNA chain. ", "By applying all four 3'-Aep-dNTPs for an *in vitro* DNA synthesis reaction, we demonstrated that the A-family DNA polymerases can efficiently insert 3'-Aep-dNMPs and permit a long, continuous, and scar-free DNA synthesis.", "\n\nThe highly conserved motif-A and -B residues of A-family DNA polymerase play a critical role in accommodating the 3'-esterified dNTP {#Sec10}\n------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nHigh resolution crystal structures of KF^[@CR34]^, Taq^[@CR35]^, T7^[@CR36]^, and BF^[@CR33]^ DNA polymerases all show that these A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs) undergo a structural transition from an open to a closed state upon binding with an incoming nucleotide (NT). ", "The NT binding coupled with the DNA polymerase conformational change establishes multiple pre-chemistry NT-selection checkpoints to ensure a correct NT binding inside the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP)^[@CR37],[@CR38]^. The closed conformation of DNA polymerase significantly confines the geometry of NBP and, thus, limit (or select for) the shapes and configurations of the incoming NT to form a proper, complementary Watson-Crick base pair with the N + 1 templating base. ", "Recent single-molecule studies have demonstrated that a smooth transition of KF from an open to a \"fully\" closed conformational state assure a high fidelity of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase^[@CR38]^.\n\nIn the closed ternary complex of BF, the conserved palm and the O-helix of finger subdomains define the boundaries of nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP) for interrogating the incoming nucleotide^[@CR33]^. At the bottom of NBP, the side-chain carboxylate of the highly conserved E658 on the motif A of the palm subdomain (Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}) serves as a \"sugar-steric gate\" to exclude the 2'-OH of ribose of the NT. ", "Therefore, the elimination of this side-chain carboxylate of E658 by substituting the glutamate with alanine (E658A) greatly reduces the ribonucleotide (rNTP) discrimination during DNA replication. ", "As a result, the mutant BF^E658A^ notably misincorporates the rNMP during DNA synthesis^[@CR33]^. Besides the steric gate function, the side chain carboxylate of E658 also forms a direct hydrogen bond with the 3'-OH of nucleotide (NT) and coordinates the alignment of NT with the 3'-OH of primer terminus in the pre-chemistry step. ", "A misalignment of active site residues with the NT and the primer terminus is observed in the ternary structure of the mutant BF^E658A^ in complex with the primer-template DNA and a nucleotide^[@CR33]^. Furthermore, the mutant BF^E658A^ has a reduced nucleotide-binding affinity and overall incorporation activity^[@CR33]^. In the current structural simulation of BF with the 3'-Aep-dNTP, the 3'-OH of normal dNTP is replaced by the 3'-ester carbonyl group of 3'-Aep-dNTP, which also forms a hydrogen bond with the side-chain carboxylate of E658 within the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP) (Fig.", " [2D](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "The formation of this alternative hydrogen bond probably retains a proper arrangement of active-site residues in the NBP and the correct alignment of 3'-Aep-dNTP with the 3'-terminus of the primer. ", "Hence, we hypothesize that the direct hydrogen bonding between the side-chain carboxylate of E658 and the 3'-OH of the incoming nucleotide (NT) might explain why the A-family DNA polymerases (AF-DNAPs) productively utilize the 3'-esterified NT, but not other types of 3'-modified NTs, for DNA replication^[@CR10],[@CR27]^.\n\nThe upper boundary of NBP for restraining the incoming NT in the A-family DNA polymerase is delineated by the O-helix of finger subdomain, which consists of an evolutionally conserved motif B region. ", "The O-helix of finger subdomain in KF has been shown to function as a fidelity checkpoint for scrutinize the shapes of nucleotide and the adequate geometry of nascent N + 1 base pair^[@CR34]^. The protein sequence alignment among AF-DNAPs indicates that this motif B region contains a consensus sequence --RRxhKhhN**F**Ghh**Y**-- **(**Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)**, in which the h and x represent a hydrophobic and any type of amino acid, respectively. ", "Structurally, the phenylalanine (F710) and tyrosine (Y714) residues in the motif B region locate on the same side of the O-helix and face toward the nucleotide-binding pocket (NBP) of BF (Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In the presence of nucleotide (NT), the NT binding induces a ≥ 40° rotation (closing) of the O-helix toward the palm subdomain. ", "The closing of the O-helix brings the planar aromatic side-chains of both F710 and Y714 to directly contact and check the configurations of the base and deoxyribose of nucleotide inside the NBP (Fig.", " [2C](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In our computational model of BF with the 3'-Aep-dCTP, both F710 and Y714 slightly re-adjust their positions to accept the 3'-Aep-dCTP in the NBP. ", "The repositions of F710 and Y714 may secure the NT binding inside the NBP and promote the subsequent NT-incorporation by BF. ", "Furthermore, the biased 3'-Aep-dNMPincorporation by BF **(**Fig.", " [4](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)** may stem from the altered base-pair geometries of the nucleotide-binding pocket, which may be caused by different conformational states of the finger subdomain as previously suggested^[@CR39]--[@CR41]^.\n\nIn summary, the alternative hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions between the conserved motif A and B residues of A-family DNA polymerase (AF-DNAP) and the 3'-Aep-dNTP may greatly stabilize the nucleotide binding and nascent N + 1 base-pairing geometry inside the nucleotide-binding pocket. ", "Consequently, the 3'-Aep-dNTP is permitted to pass through multiple fidelity checkpoints in the closed conformation of AF-DNAP. ", "In return, the AF-DNAP can accurately and efficiently incorporate the 3'-Aep-dNMP during DNA synthesis.", "\n\nThe mechanism of DNA polymerase-mediated cleavage of the inserted 3'-esterified nucleotide remains unknown {#Sec11}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe 3'-esterase activity of A-family DNA polymerase (AF-DNAP) was originally reported by Sarfati and coworkers in 1995^[@CR29]^. However, it remains unclear how the AF-DNAP hydrolyzes the 3'-ester substitution from the incorporated 3'-esterified nucleotide. ", "In Sarfati's earlier report, the 3'-catalytic editing function of Taq DNA polymerase on the 3'-esterified nucleotide (NT) or primer depends on the presence of the next, correct incoming NT relative to the templating base. ", "Using a 3'-anthranyloyl (3'-ant) protecting NT or primer-template DNA in the primer-extension assay, the removal of 3'-blockage group from the NT or 3'-primer terminus by T7 DNA polymerase only occurs when the incoming NT correctly base-paired with the templating base^[@CR29]^. Our current results are in a good agreement with Sarfati's study. ", "Additionally, our data indicate that the removal of 3'-esterified group from the 3'-primer terminus limits the rate of next correct nucleotide addition. ", "In the nucleotide-chasing experiments, the primer extension activity of BF across the homopolymeric DNA template is much more robust right after chasing with the normal dNTP, but not the 3'-Aep-dNTP (Fig.", " [6E](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To put things into perspective, we further hypothesize that the DNA polymerization reaction should proceed before the hydrolysis of the 3'-esterified substitution of the inserted NT. ", "Moreover, our study also strongly supports the Sarfati's view that the intrinsic 3'-esterase and DNA polymerase activity of AF-DNAP may share the same catalytic center^[@CR29]^.\n\nPotential application of 3'-esterified nucleotides for a scar-free, continuous DNA sequencing-by-synthesis reaction {#Sec12}\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nIn the conventional reversible dye-terminator (RDT)-based Sequencing-by-synthesis (SBS) chemistry, each reaction cycle generates unnatural, chemical residues on the newly synthesized DNA^[@CR10],[@CR20],[@CR21]^. To avoid the chemical scar issue in the current RDT-based SBS chemistry, we propose to use the A-family DNA polymerase (AF-DNAP) and 3'-esterified nucleotide (NT) directly attached with a fluorescent dye via the 3'-ester modification of the NT (designated as a 3'-FT-NT) for SBS reaction as illustrated in the Fig.", " [1](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} **(Bottom reaction pathway)**. ", "In the preliminary study, we observed that BF can efficiently incorporate the 3'-Aep-dNMP attached with an ATTO532 fluorescent dye (3'-Aep-ATTO532-dNTP, Figure [S6](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Our novel chemistry can potentially be further tested for a scar-free DNA sequencing reaction.", "\n\nMethods {#Sec13}\n=======\n\nChemicals and enzymes {#Sec14}\n---------------------\n\nAll chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich unless otherwise indicated. ", "Oligonucleotides, used as primers or templates, were commercially synthesized (Mission Biotech, Taipei, Taiwan). ", "The sequences of oligonucleotides were listed in the Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "The 3'-Aep-dNTPs were designed and synthesized in-house (Personal Genomics, Hsinchu, Taiwan). ", "The fluorescent dye-labeled 3'-Aep-ATTO532-dATP was produced via the direct conjugation of the ATTO532 fluorophore to the Aep-linker at the 3'-O position of deoxyribose. ", "The molecular mass, identity, purity, and stability of each modified nucleotides were evaluated by the ESI-MS (Figure [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}) and HPLC (Figure [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}), respectively. ", "BF, Bsu, Taq, and KF DNA polymerases were obtained from New England Biolabs (Ipswich, MA). ", "Tfl and Tth DNA polymerases were purchased from Promega (Madison, WI). ", "DNA polymerases were initially titrated and optimized in the reaction, which included 0.5U of BF, 0.1U of Taq, 0.1U of Tfl, 0.1U of Tth, 0.1U of Bsu, or 0.1U of KF, respectively.", "\n\nStructural modeling {#Sec15}\n-------------------\n\nThe ternary structural model of BF with a normal dCTP or a modified 3'-Aep-dCTP were simulated according to the previously published method^[@CR42]^. The BF ternary structure \\[PDB ID: **1LV5**\\]^[@CR31]^ is used as a structural template and its active site was aligned with a bound nucleotide (NT) using the pair-fit function in PyMol (Schrödinger, LLC)^[@CR43]^. The modelled structures were then energy minimized using BIOVIA Discovery Studio 4.5 (BIOVIA, San Diego, CA). ", "The maximum of 1,000 steps were set with minimization RMS Gradient tolerance of 0.1 kcal/(mol × Å) to terminate the minimization routine in case the average gradient is less than (or equal to) the set cut-off, thus providing the simulated model.", "\n\nPrimer-extension assay {#Sec16}\n----------------------\n\nDNA oligonucleotides used in the primer-extension (PE) assays are listed in the Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "The primers used for the nucleotide incorporation and DNA elongation assays were all 5'-labeled with a 5'-6-carboxyfluorescein (FAM) for signal detection. ", "The 5'-FAM-labeled primers were individually annealed with a complementary DNA template in 1X ThermoPol buffer \\[20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 10 mM (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 10 mM KCl, 2 mM MgSO~4~, and 0.1% Triton X-100\\] before mixing with nucleotides and DNA polymerase. ", "In the PE reaction, the indicated amount of DNA polymerase was pre-incubated with the primer/template DNA on ice for 3 minutes before the addition of nucleotide(s). ", "The reactions were performed at 60 °C for 10 minutes, and then quenched with 1.25 μl of stop solution (0.5 mM EDTA)^[@CR30]^. The PE products were separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) on an ABI 3500 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA) using the POP-7 polymer and 36-cm length of capillary. ", "The capillary gel electrophoresis and sample were prepared as previously described^[@CR30],[@CR44]^. The CE data were analyzed by GeneMapper v4.0 and displayed as a linear-log plot of product formation in response to different nucleotide concentrations. ", "The average primer-extension rate (*r*) of BF on the homopolymeric DNA template at each nucleotide concentration (Fig.", " [6C](#Fig6){ref-type=\"fig\"}) was estimated by the following procedure: 1) the intensity of each peak (P~N~) from the electropherogram was first multiplied by the number of bases (N) got extended from the primer position. ", "The sum of all P~N~ × N was then divided by the sum of total (P~N~ + P~0~). ", "P~0~ represents the peak intensity of original primer. ", "Since the reaction time was fixed at one minute, the average primer-extension rate (bases/minute) of BF on the homopolymeric DNA template at each nucleotide concentration was then determined.", "\n\nMALDI-TOF/TOF MS analysis {#Sec17}\n-------------------------\n\nThe analysis of post-insertion DNA products were performed as described previously with the Bruker AutoFlex III smartbeam TOF/TOF 200 system (Bruker Daltonics, MA)^[@CR30],[@CR45]^. The primer and template DNA sequences used in the assays are listed in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "The primer was pre-annealed with the template DNA at a 1:1.2 ratio in 10× reaction buffer containing 100 mM KCl, 20 mM MnCl~2~, and 100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5. ", "In the PE assay, the DNA polymerase was pre-incubated with the duplex P/T-DNA on ice for 3 minutes. ", "Then, the 3'-Aep-dNTP was added to initiate reaction, and the reaction mixture was incubated at 60 °C for one hour. ", "The reaction was quenched with 2 μl of acetonitrile. ", "Before the MS analysis, the reaction mixture was first cleaned up with Micro Bio-Spin 30 column (Bio-Rad, CA). ", "The column-eluted sample (0.5 μl) was mixed with a 0.5 μl of 3-HPA (3-hydropicolinic acid) matrix in acetonitrile. ", "The sample was then dried and analyzed. ", "The positive ion mode was applied to collect all spectra.", "\n\nDNA elongation assay {#Sec18}\n--------------------\n\nThe sequences of duplex primer-template (P/T)-DNA substrates used in the assay are listed in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "The reactions were performed at 60 °C for one hour by mixing the DNA polymerase with the P/T-DNA substrate and nucleotides in 1x reaction buffer containing 10 mM (NH~4~)~2~SO~4~, 10 mM KCl, 5 mM MgSO~4~, 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), and 0.1% Triton X-100. ", "The analysis of elongated DNA products was performed as described in the PE assay^[@CR30],[@CR44]^.\n\nError profiling of BF DNA Replication {#Sec19}\n-------------------------------------\n\nThe fidelity of BF DNA replication in the presence of normal dNTPs or 3'-Aep-dNTPs were evaluated as described previously^[@CR30],[@CR46]^. Briefly, the primer-extension (PE) assays were performed using a DNA primer pre-annealed with a M13 phage DNA template (Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "The reaction was performed at 60 °C for one hour and the resulting products were purified by Qiagen PCR clean-up kit. ", "The purified PE products were further amplified by a High-Fidelity Phusion DNA Polymerase (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. ", "The amplified PCR products were A-tailed by Taq DNA polymerase (NEB). ", "The A-tailing products were purified by Qiagen PCR clean-up kit, and then ligated with the TA cloning vector (Yeastern Biotech, Taipei, Taiwan) following the manufacturer's protocol. ", "The ligation mixture was transformed into *Escherichia coli* DH5α cells. ", "Individual colonies were grown in the LB broth and directly submitted for DNA sequencing service (MB Biotech, Taipei, Taiwan). ", "DNA sequences were aligned with the M13 phage DNA template and analyzed by BioEdit 7.0 (IIbis Therapeutics, Carlsbad, CA). ", "DNA sequences lacking a T to A watermark were discarded as they were generated from the starting DNA template rather than replicated materials.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec20}\n\nSupplementary Information.", "\n\n**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\nis available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-020-64541-z.\n\nWe thank Dr. Ming-Daw Tsai for critical review of the manuscript. ", "We also thank Jyun-Yuan Huang, Tzu-Huei Weng and Wen-Hsin Lu from Sequencing Chemistry Group in Personal Genomics, Inc. for technical assistance. ", "This work was supported by the Taiwan Protein Project (Grant no. ", "AS-KPQ-105-TPP) and the funding from Personal Genomics, Inc.\n\nS.W.L. and C.Y.C. designed the experiments. ", "S.W.L., T.Y.T., Y.H.T., H.W.C., Z.Y.L, Y.P.T., Y.C.C., H.M.W. and W.H.C. performed experiments and analyzed data, and all authors discussed and interpreted results. ", "C.Y.C., C.F.C., and J.L. supervised the research. ", "C.Y.C. wrote the manuscript with input from all other authors. ", "All authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }

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[ "Q:\n\nFirebase retrieve highest 100 score\n\nThis is a screen shot of my firebase:\n\nI am trying to retrieve the highest 100 score in firebase database \nI am using this code to add new node to firebase:\n Map<String, String> post1 = new HashMap<String, String>();\n post1.put(\"name\",name);\n post1.put(\"score\",score);\n myRef.push().setValue(post1);\n\nAnd this is the code I am using to retrieve the highest 100 score which doesn't work (the code works but it is not retrieving the highest 100 score)\n Query queryRef = myRef.orderByChild(\"score\").limitToFirst(100);\n queryRef.addValueEventListener(new ValueEventListener() {\n @Override\n public void onDataChange(DataSnapshot dataSnapshot) {\n\n for (DataSnapshot postSnapshot: dataSnapshot.getChildren()) {\n Score score=postSnapshot.getValue(Score.class);\n Log.d(\"test\",\" values is \" + score.getName() + \" \" + score.getScore());\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onCancelled(DatabaseError databaseError) {\n\n }\n }); \n\nA:\n\nFirebase queries are always in ascending order. ", "So you'll need to get the last 100, instead of the first 100.", "\nQuery queryRef = myRef.orderByChild(\"score\").limitToLast(100);\n\nThen client-side you'll need to reverse the items.", "\nAlternatively you can add a inverted property to your items invertedScore: -99. ", "If you do that, you can order by that inverted score and won't have to reverse the array.", "\nThis scenario has been covered frequently before. ", "I highly recommend you study some of these:\n\ndata sorting in firebase\nFirebase Leaderboard, best Implmentation. ", "SQL Joins and orderby (as recently as yesterday)\nDisplay posts in descending posted order\nFirebase Data Desc Sorting in Android\nSwift - How to create Sort query as Descending on Firebase?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "book giveaway.", "JPG\n\nFirst-grader Bella Tirado poses with other children and with Ginny Carmody of the Literacy Coalition of Onondaga County, Syracuse Superintendent Sharon Contreras and Clifford the Big Red Dog at this morning's book giveaway at Salem Hyde Elementary School.", "\n\n(Paul Riede | [email protected])\n\nThe Syracuse school district will give a backpack filled with 10 books to every child from kindergarten through fifth grade so they can keep up with their reading over the summer.", "\n\nThat means the district will hand out 92,910 books.", "\n\nThe school district said Scholastic donated more than $100,000 in books and backpacks to the district. ", "The district spent $276,804 out of its general fund.", "\n\nStudy suggests the books will help many children improve their reading\n\nScholastic Upstate account executive Bob Webber said Scholastic runs the program in many school districts across the country, but this is the first time the Syracuse district has participated.", "\n\nThe district kicked off the program this morning at Salem Hyde Elementary School. ", "Mayor Stephanie Miner spoke to first-graders at the school, urging them to read throughout the summer.", "\n\n\"There are two types of people in the world,\" she said. \"", "There are people who like to read and people who haven't found the right book yet. ... ", "If you read and when you read, your whole world will become better by it.\"", "\n\nSchools Superintendent Sharon Contreras told the students the books were intended to stop \"summer learning slide.\" ", "The district cited research showing that as much as 85 percent of the achievement gap between students from low-income and high-income families can be attributed to the loss of reading skills during the summer.", "\n\n\"We want to make sure students stay on track to be successful,\" the superintendent said.", "\n\nThe program culminated as a \"special guest\" -- Clifford the Big Red Dog -- helped hand out backpacks to the first-graders.", "\n\nThe book giveaway starts where the Imagination Library leaves off. ", "Under that program, run by the Literacy Coalition of Onondaga County, a book is sent to children every month from birth to age 5. ", "The coalition hopes to expand that program this summer so that every child in the city can participate.", "\n\nContact Paul Riede at [email protected] or 470-3260. ", "Follow him on Twitter at @PaulRiede." ]

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[ " UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ", "08-1254\n\n\n\nMEI JING GUO,\n\n Petitioner,\n\n v.\n\n\nMICHAEL B. MUKASEY, Attorney General,\n\n Respondent.", "\n\n\n\nOn Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration\nAppeals.", "\n\n\nSubmitted: August 28, 2008 Decided: September 12, 2008\n\n\nBefore WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges.", "\n\n\nPetition denied by unpublished per curiam opinion.", "\n\n\nMichael Brown, LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL BROWN, New York, New York,\nfor Petitioner. ", " Gregory G. Katsas, Acting Assistant Attorney\nGeneral, Alison Marie Igoe, Senior Litigation Counsel, Jeffrey L.\nMenkin, Office of Immigration Litigation, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT\nOF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.", "\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.", "\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Mei Jing Guo, a native and citizen of the People’s\n\nRepublic of China, petitions for review of an order of the Board of\n\nImmigration Appeals (“Board”) dismissing her appeal from the\n\nimmigration judge’s denial of her motion to reopen. ", " We have\n\nreviewed the record and the Board’s order and find no abuse of\n\ndiscretion. ", "See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.23(b)(1)(iv) (2008) (setting forth\n\nstandard of review). ", " Accordingly, we deny the petition for review\n\nfor the reasons stated by the Board. ", " See In re: Guo (B.I.A. Jan.\n\n30, 2008). ", " We dispense with oral argument because the facts and\n\nlegal contentions are adequately presented in the materials before\n\nthe court and argument would not aid the decisional process.", "\n\n\n\n PETITION DENIED\n\n\n\n\n 2\n\f" ]

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[ "PHAGE INFECTION OUTCOMES REMAIN LARGELY UNKNOWN FOR UNCULTURED HOSTS\n====================================================================\n\nPhages and their bacterial hosts are abundant across diverse ecosystems wherever investigated, including fresh water ([@B34]), sea water ([@B12]; [@B32]; [@B102]), sediment ([@B23]), soil ([@B9]; [@B77]), and the human mouth, gut, and respiratory tract ([@B36]; [@B57]; [@B100]; [@B83]; [@B72]). ", "Phages influence global biogeochemical cycling by manipulating host populations through mortality, horizontal gene transfer, and viral metabolic reprogramming. ", "First, phage-induced lysis of microbial cells releases organic matter and contributes to carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycling ([@B80]; [@B49]). ", "Second, virus-mediated horizontal gene transfer can have major implications on host evolutionary trajectories. ", "In the oceans, cyanobacterial viruses (cyanophages) have captured core photosystem genes that alter the evolutionary trajectory of these globally distributed photosystems ([@B59]; [@B85]). ", "In medicine, prophage-encoded virulence factors routinely transform hosts into pathogens (e.g., *Clostridium botulinum*, *Corynebacterium diphtheria*, *Streptococcus pyogenes*, and *Vibrio cholera*) that cause diseases in humans ([@B24]; [@B93]; [@B16]; [@B17]; [@B67]). ", "Finally, virus-encoded 'auxiliary metabolic genes' (AMGs, *sensu*; [@B15]) can directly alter the metabolic processing of infected cells away from their uninfected states with known implications for photosynthesis ([@B64]; [@B22]; [@B79]; [@B90], and as above), nearly all of central carbon metabolism ([@B42]), and coupled carbon and sulfur cycling ([@B4]; [@B76]).", "\n\nDespite the apparent importance of virus--host interaction outcomes to ecosystem function, our knowledge has been largely bottlenecked by cultivation and technical limitations. ", "Only a fraction (\\<1%) of microbes in nature grow under typical laboratory conditions ([@B71]), and few of the 50 known bacterial phyla have cultured phages, largely dominated by three phyla including *Cyanobacteria* (e.g., [@B87]; [@B62]; [@B86]), *Proteobacteria* (e.g., [@B20]; [@B30]; [@B101]), and *Bacteroidetes* (e.g., [@B38], [@B37]). ", "Such model systems are inordinately valuable to test experimental hypotheses and represent the gold standard for developing mechanistic understanding of particular phage--host infection dynamics and outcomes. ", "However, even while new and ecologically abundant phage--host systems are coming into culture (e.g., SAR11 and SAR116 phages; [@B50]; [@B108]), it is unlikely that cultivation-based approaches will be able to map the immense network of phage--host interactions in natural ecosystems.", "\n\nIn addition to establishing reference data representing some fraction of the virosphere, there is a need to better quantify the relative importance of phage--host interaction outcomes in nature. ", "The most commonly described phage life cycles are lytic and lysogenic. ", "Lytic phages infect cells and use host machinery for replicating their nucleic acids ([@B106]; [@B19]). ", "After self-assembly of capsid proteins with their DNA/RNA genomes, host cells are lysed to release 10--100s of progeny into the extracellular environment which then seek to infect other cells. ", "In contrast, temperate phages infect a cell and then either continue with a lytic infection or enter lysogeny whereby the phage chromosome is maintained either integrated in the host's chromosome or extrachromosomally ([@B46]; [@B60]). ", "Under certain conditions (e.g., UV radiation, chemicals, nutrients), temperate phages are induced into the lytic cycle to produce progeny phages and lyse the cells. ", "Lytic phages impact the ecosystem by reducing susceptible host abundances and releasing organic matter from lysed cells. ", "Lysogeny can improve host fitness ([@B5]), including increased growth rate ([@B29]), resistance against superinfection by other phages ([@B13]), resilience to stressors ([@B95]), and virulence of a host microbe to its eukaryotic host ([@B31]).", "\n\nOther than the lytic and lysogenic cycles, phages are also known to chronically infect their hosts or enter pseudolysogeny. ", "Chronically infecting phages produce progeny that are slowly budded off the cell or passed down to daughter cells without cell lysis at any time ([@B96]; [@B27]). ", "Similarly, the pseudolysogenic state (sometimes known as \"carrier state\"), which is poorly understood, implies neither integration of the phage genome into the host genome nor host cell lysis ([@B96]; [@B61]; [@B27]) and might also be thought of as a chronic infection. ", "This infection strategy is believed to help phages persist in hosts when there is a lack of nutrients to support normal microbial growth. ", "However, both phenomena are insufficiently described in natural communities, and their ecological impacts remain quantitatively unknown at least partly due to the lack of suitable methods.", "\n\nThis leaves three fundamental questions unanswered: (1) *who infects whom*, (2) *how many percent of microbial cells are infected at a particular time point*, and (3) *how does infection progress over time or under different growing conditions*. ", "Fortunately, some of these much-needed methods are beginning to emerge. ", "These include viral tagging ([@B25]) and viral tagged metagenomics ([@B26]), large-insert fosmid library screening ([@B66]), and *in silico* linkages derived from sequence composition ([@B18]; [@B70]; [@B1]) or CRISPR identification ([@B7]; [@B6]; [@B97]). ", "In addition, the sequence composition-independent approach of metagenomic analysis ([@B2]) facilitates the recovery of more complete genomes of bacteria, including ones of rare abundance, to allow mining of viral signals at the population level. ", "While all these methods are incredibly powerful for examining population genomic signals across datasets, they lack the ability to develop a single-cell perspective on virus--host interaction outcomes.", "\n\nHere we review emerging single-cell methods to study phage diversity and infection outcomes with a focus on those that also provide access to uncultured hosts. ", "These methods leverage the sequence information increasingly becoming available to mine virus signals from single-cell genomic datasets and/or to design probes and primers to target particular phage--host groups over time and space in complex communities.", "\n\nMINING THE \"VIRUS\" FROM UNCULTIVATED SINGLE-CELL AMPLIFIED GENOMES (SAGs)\n=========================================================================\n\nMicrobial ecologists are rising to the challenge of understanding the 'unseen majority' ([@B99]) or 'microbial dark matter' ([@B73]) by sequencing single-cell amplified genomes (SAGs). ", "This process works by isolating individual cells from an environmental sample (e.g., micro-pipetting, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, microfluidic cell separating), screening those cells using marker gene sequencing, and then amplifying and sequencing the DNA from cells of interest ([@B56]; [@B63]). ", "Researchers are generally interested in what metabolisms are associated with this sequence data to pair up known metabolisms with their organismal \"owners\". ", "However, such data also represents a treasure trove for new virus discovery. ", "For example, SAG analysis revealed a complete genome of single-stranded DNA virus associated with a cell of one clade, but not with two other marine picobiliphytes ([@B104]).", "\n\nBeyond general surveys, SAGs offer the opportunity for focused ecological and evolutionary study of particular phage--host pairs in nature, which represents a grand challenge in the field and is only achievable using cultures. ", "For example, a recent study ([@B76]) in a model marine oxygen minimum zone targeted the phages of SUP05 bacteria, an uncultivated group critical in this environment for chemoautotrophy driven by coupled carbon and sulfur nutrient cycling ([@B103]). ", "A total of 127 SUP05 SAGs were sequenced and mined for viral signal, leading to genomic reference sequences for 69 new phages ([@B76]). ", "Distributions of detected phages across the SAGs suggested that about one-third of SUP05 cells were infected, with higher infection frequencies where cells are more active. ", "Comparison of these new reference phage genomes to 189 viral or microbial metagenomic datasets suggested that the SUP05 phages were persistent over 3 years in the oxygen minimum zone, but endemic with little indication of the viruses occurring in any of the other datasets available for population-level analysis. ", "Undoubtedly, as more microbial sequence data becomes available, SAGs will provide an invaluable resource for further mapping the virosphere and gaining ecological and evolutionary insight into specific phage--host interaction dynamics.", "\n\nLINKING VIRUSES TO THEIR HOSTS USING DIGITAL PCR\n================================================\n\nDigital PCR was initially used to quantify the fraction of DNA molecules with mutations predefined in cancer cells ([@B92]). ", "Briefly, genomic DNA is diluted to extinction in microtiter plates (e.g., 96- or 384-well plates) so that individual templates can be separately PCR-amplified. ", "This enables a rare mutant template to be detected from the mixture with sensitivity and accuracy higher than the ∼2-fold detection limits possible with quantitative real-time PCR ([@B81]; [@B10]). ", "Based on a fluorescence measurement, the mutant signal can be distinguished from the wild-type by a loop sequence of fluorescent probe molecular beacon-RED (MB-RED, 5′-Cy3-oligonucleotide probe-Dabcyl-3′) that detects wild-type and mutant products as compared to an MB-GREEN (5′-fluorescein-oligonucleotide probe-Dabcyl-3′) probe that only recognizes wild-type template as mutations impede probe hybridization.", "\n\nApplication of microfluidic technology improves digital PCR ([@B69]; [@B65]; [@B107]) by enabling larger-scale study (e.g., isolate and analyze single cells on a 765-chamber PCR array panel, where most chambers contain no or one cell; **Figure [1A](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**). ", "When complemented with sequencing, microfluidic digital PCR has helped elucidate phage--host associations from environmental samples (e.g., termite hindgut; [@B88]), specifically answering two critical research questions in viral and microbial ecology: who infects whom, and what percent of particular host cells is infected by a particular phage. ", "Pragmatically, the phage--host association is revealed by co-localized fluorescent signals (FAM and HEX for phage and host, respectively). ", "PCR products of a phage conserved gene (e.g., terminase) hybridize to FAM-labeled probe while that of bacterial 16S rRNA gene bind to HEX-labeled probe. ", "Finally, phage and host can be identified by sequencing DNA retrieved from PCR array chambers with co-localized signals.", "\n\n![**", "Overview of procedures of single-cell experimental methods to examine phage--host interactions. (", "A)** For microfluidic digital PCR, cells are sorted onto an array panel with the majority of chambers containing no or single cells (adapted from [@B88]). ", "Concurrent amplification is carried out for both phage and bacterial marker genes. ", "Co-localization of phage and bacterial signals is shown in FAM and HEX channels, respectively, with fluorescence in half of each PCR array chamber. **(", "B)** For phageFISH, the phage--host sample is either immobilized on 0.2 μm filter membranes or adhered to positively charged slides (adapted from [@B3]). ", "A bacterial marker gene (16S rRNA) is detected by oligoprobes conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules, which catalyze the deposition of many fluorescently labeled tyramides (e.g., green Alexa~488~). ", "Subsequently, the phage marker gene is detected by a set of double-stranded DNA probes (6--12) labeled with digoxigenin (DIG) molecules. ", "DIG is then recognized by an antibody that is labeled with HRP molecule to catalyze the deposition of many fluorescently labeled tyramides (e.g., red Alexa~595~).](fmicb-05-00724-g001){#F1}\n\nThe critical step in applying microfluidic digital PCR to other systems is the design of appropriate primers. ", "In the termite hindgut work ([@B88]), universal 16S rRNA primers and terminase primers were used to identify the host and phage, respectively. ", "New primer sets can be designed by analyzing metagenomic datasets (e.g., use of Metagenome Cluster Analysis Tool; [@B88]) to identify lineage-specific marker genes for particular viral and microbial targets. ", "The program CODEHOP ([@B74]) can then explore marker gene regions to design primers with minimal degeneracy and primer dimers, as well as melting temperature profiles similar to those of the bacterial rRNA universal primer set to enable co-amplification. ", "Several sets of designed primers are then experimentally tested to optimize amplification performance and detection limit (e.g., \\<100 gene copies; [@B88]).", "\n\nThere are a few challenges for linking viruses to their hosts by microfluidic digital PCR. ", "First, false positive signals can occur from multiple phage genes released from prematurely lysed cells, multiple bacterial 16S rRNA genes from cells adhered to the same chamber, or fluorescence signal spilled over from neighboring chambers ([@B88]). ", "These issues can be circumvented by excluding chambers with multiple bacterial and/or viral signals, which notably rules out co-infections whose frequencies are largely unknown, and considering only chambers flanked by ones with no fluorescence in both channels. ", "Alternatively, a barcoding strategy can be applied so that individual DNA template can be tagged with a unique barcode, amplified, and read by sequencing ([@B53]). ", "Second, the 765-chamber PCR array panel, while already a large increase in throughput, is still likely only a tiny sub-sample of naturally occurring diversity. ", "One way forward would be adoption of droplet-based strategies ([@B35]; [@B48]) to sort cells into nanoliter-sized droplets (QX100/QX200 Droplet Digital PCR System, Bio-Rad) where PCR could occur on scales of 10s of 1000s of reactions while leveraging automated fluidic systems. ", "Such data scales would allow researchers to examine specific phage--host pairs with a very small fraction of cells and/or phages in environmental samples.", "\n\nLINKING AND VISUALIZING PHAGE--HOST INTERACTIONS USING FLUORESCENCE *IN SITU* HYBRIDIZATION\n===========================================================================================\n\nAlternative to digital PCR-based methods, fluorescence *in situ* hybridization (FISH) methods offer an opportunity to examine specific phage--host interactions. ", "GeneFISH ([@B68]) was originally developed to detect cellular marker genes at the single-cell level. ", "Briefly, microbial communities are collected (e.g., on 0.2 μm membrane filters or positive-charged slides), and then probes are introduced to target a bacterial marker gene (e.g., 16s rRNA) and a biogeochemically relevant gene. ", "Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) molecules linked to probes catalyze the deposition of many fluorescently labeled tyramides so that both gene targets are represented by different fluorescent signals (e.g., green Alexa~488~ and red Alexa~595~), again enabling microscopy-based co-localization of the separate gene targets. ", "Here the goal was to find the microbial \"owners\" of biogeochemically important genes from samples of complex communities.", "\n\nBuilding upon these findings, phageFISH ([@B3]) was developed to more sensitively target marker genes of both cells and their infecting phages. ", "It improved upon previous geneFISH and FISH-based methods ([@B39]; [@B52]; [@B68]) by increasing detection efficiency of phage genes from less than 40% to 98% by using more probes (up to 12 probes, ∼300bp each) to enable detection of a single phage gene copy within a cell. ", "Though long probes (∼800 bp) have been used to achieve similar detection efficiency ([@B51]), the binding specificity for naturally occuring phage targets can be affected due to high genetic variation where such long stretches of conservation are uncommon. ", "This high sensitivity enables phageFISH to measure infection dynamics (**Figure [1B](#F1){ref-type=\"fig\"}**) from early (single phage template) to late/bursting stage (multiple phage templates encapsulated and spread out), as demonstrated in marine podovirus--gammaproteobacterial host model system ([@B3]). ", "Such measurements are invaluable for discerning among lytic, lysogenic, and chronic phage infection modes (**Figure [2](#F2){ref-type=\"fig\"}**), and phageFISH is the only method available to do this without genetics.", "\n\n{#F2}\n\nFor single phage--host model systems, the production of probe sets is straightforward with identification of 6--12 gene regions with similar %G+C and length to achieve melting temperatures that range no more than 1--2°C. ", "However, for environmental samples, bioinformatics is required to identify suitable areas of conservation as even core orthologous genes in viruses can be \\<40% identical for 21 out of 57 tested viral taxa ([@B54]). ", "Growing viral metagenomic datasets \\[e.g., ", "viromes from seawater ([@B43]), freshwater ([@B75]), marine sediment ([@B14]; [@B105]), and human gut ([@B94])\\] should at least provide the sequence data to identify highly conserved phage gene targets suitable for phageFISH probe design. ", "Also well-studied phage groups like T4-like myoviruses ([@B84]; [@B26]) and T7-like podoviruses ([@B55]), for which \"core genomes\" are already identified, offer prime starting materials for phageFISH probe development and application. ", "Pragmatically, probes must target all phages of interest with no more than 5% mismatches to be effective ([@B68]), which requires consideration of appropriate sub-groups to target.", "\n\nIn addition to probe design challenges, the use of a catalyzed reporter deposition (CARD) step limits phageFISH to at best \"relative quantification.\" ", "Specifically, phageFISH cannot absolutely quantify phage targets within cells where tyrosine molecules of close proximity to target-bound probes become limited. ", "To acquire absolute quantification of per-cell phage signal, the CARD step needs to be eliminated, perhaps replaced by super-resolution microscopy to allow sensitive signal detection ([@B40]; [@B78]; [@B91]). ", "Finally, phageFISH is currently, relatively low throughput since only a limited number of samples on membrane filters or positive slides can be handled at a time. ", "To increase throughput, especially for experiments comparing infection of one phage on multiple hosts or different phages on the same host, phageFISH samples could be prepared in a 96- or 384-well plate format and analyzed by an automated imaging system.", "\n\nCONCLUSION\n==========\n\nThese three emerging methods enable future studies to examine phage--host interaction at the single-cell level with particular strengths in accessing the uncultivated phage--host pairs in nature. ", "Mining the viral signal from rapidly growing SAG datasets offers a high-throughput informatic approach to identify phage--host pairs and temperate phages, as well as estimate the frequency of infection in microbial populations. ", "Complementarily, digital PCR and phageFISH utilize single-cell resolution marker gene tracking of specific phage--host pairs through space and time with strong potential for high-throughput adaptation that would allow more rapid screening and large-scale experimental tracking. ", "While microfluidic digital PCR likely has more immediate high-throughput capability, phageFISH offers the sole ability to discriminate between infection strategies (e.g., lytic, chronic, lysogenic) through single-cell dynamic measurements. ", "To further understand particular viral gene dynamics or the function of any viral-encoded genes, gene or protein expression studies are required during the course of infection (e.g., [@B58]; [@B22]; [@B90]). ", "Together these and other advances in viromics (e.g., [@B8]; [@B47]; [@B28]; [@B41]; [@B21]), informatics (e.g., [@B45]; [@B2]; [@B33]; [@B44]), and theory (e.g., [@B11]; [@B98]; [@B82]; [@B89]) are transforming our ability to explore natural viral communities at the single-cell and whole population levels and increasingly in their hosts. ", "While this review is focused on phages, relevant archaeal hosts and their viruses could also be investigated using these methods. ", "These advances should help viral and microbial ecologists begin to develop predictive models for these critical ecological and evolutionary cogs in natural ecosystems.", "\n\nConflict of Interest Statement\n==============================\n\nThe authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.", "\n\nWe thank our colleagues Mya Breitbart, Sallie Chisholm, Maureen Coleman, Jed Fuhrman, Steven Hallam, Philip Hugenholtz, Debbie Lindell, Forest Rohwer, Grieg Steward, Joshua Weitz, Mark Young, and TMPL lab members for years of engaging discussions on viral ecology methods. ", "This publication is funded in part by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grants GBMF2631, GBMF3305, and GBMF3790 to Matthew B. Sullivan.", "\n\n[^1]: Edited by: *Stefan Bertilsson, Uppsala University, Sweden*\n\n[^2]: Reviewed by: *Andreas Schramm, Aarhus University, Denmark; Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Centre National de la Recherche, France*\n\n[^3]: This article was submitted to Microbial Physiology and Metabolism, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.", "\n" ]

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[ "During development and testing of an embedded computer system, especially an embedded microprocessor-based computer system, it is normally necessary to connect the system to a host computer so that an engineer can debug the embedded system. ", "Debugging software on the host computer provides access by the engineer into the embedded system. ", "Typically, the engineer uses the host computer and debugging software to set break points which stop threads of execution on the target embedded system, monitor registers in the target, monitor memory states and monitor input and output data. ", "The engineer may also restart threads that have been previously stopped and perform a variety of other tasks including rebooting the target computer using the host.", "\nAlthough in normal operation the embedded system may be virtually self-sufficient in that it does not in normal use need to perform input/output, it may be necessary during debugging for such input/output to be performed. ", "Examples of this are displaying messages at the host, reading characters from the host keyboard or reading data from a file stored on the host.", "\nSimilar situations requiring input/output may occur where an embedded system is sold to an end user and the end user needs to customize the embedded system, for example writing information into programmable read only memory in the embedded system.", "\nEmbedded systems may contain more than one application, for instance stored in a read only memory or downloaded over a link, at run-time. ", "An example of the latter is a satellite transmission link. ", "Each such application may need to perform input/output of data to the host computer during debugging. ", "Furthermore, applications may be interconnected so that one application that is executing may, at a virtually arbitrary point in time, cause another application to start executing. ", "Although it is possible to provide input/output libraries during the construction of each application, such libraries, and as a result the protocol implemented by the application for input/output, may differ between applications.", "\nIt is proposed in a related application to provide a dynamically loaded library containing routines necessary for communication. ", "Such a library may additionally or alternatively include other routines, for example subroutines that allow hardware bugs discovered during debugging to be masked or worked around. ", "A mechanism is also proposed in a related application to allow an application to locate the dynamic library by means of the stack of an exception handler for that application.", "\nTypically, each application may be built individually, with a linker dynamically determining the addressable locations used for protocol implementation. ", "If there is more than one application needing to access the library, the host will not be able to determine easily which memory locations should be used at a particular point in time. ", "It would of course be possible to arrange a system which reserved locations in memory for protocol use but this requires application developer intervention regarding the input/output implementation.", "\nAs used herein, the term ‘digital signal processor’ includes microprocessors' in general and other like digitally operating processing devices.", "\nIt is accordingly a primary object of the present invention to at least partially overcome the difficulties of the prior art." ]

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[ "\n198 P.3d 1264 (2008)\nThe PEOPLE of the State of Colorado, Plaintiff-Appellee,\nv.\nDavid Eugene McCULLOCH, Defendant-Appellant.", "\nNo. ", "07CA0773.", "\nColorado Court of Appeals, Div. ", "I.\nSeptember 4, 2008.", "\n*1266 John W. Suthers, Attorney General, Paul Koehler, Assistant Attorney General, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff-Appellee.", "\nLeslie A. Goldstein, LLC, Leslie A. Goldstein, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, for Defendant-Appellant.", "\nOpinion by Judge CONNELLY.", "\nDefendant, David Eugene McCulloch, appeals his aggregate fourteen-year sentence on two felony counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor. ", "He challenges the authority of the sentencing judge and the constitutionality of the sentence. ", "We hold the district court properly appointed a county court judge to sentence defendant and the sentence was constitutional. ", "Accordingly, we affirm.", "\n\nI. Background\nDefendant, a 48-year-old man, had five prior felony convictions for: attempted sexual assault of a child, pandering, attempted theft, attempted first degree criminal trespass, and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. ", "He pled guilty in this case to two class 4 felony counts of contributing to the delinquency of a minor; in return, the prosecution dismissed habitual criminal charges. ", "Because defendant was on parole for another felony at the time of the offenses, the two- to six-year per count presumptive term of imprisonment increased to four to twelve years per count. ", "See ß 18-1.3-401(8)(a)(II), C.R.S. 2007. ", "The parties stipulated to a four-year prison sentence on one count consecutive to four to ten years imprisonment on the other count.", "\nA Boulder county court judge, sitting by assignment in Boulder district court, sentenced defendant to fourteen years in prison. ", "The sentence consisted of four years on one count consecutive to ten years on the other.", "\nDefendant filed timely collateral challenges to his sentence that were decided by a district court judge in separate orders. ", "The first order ruled the county court judge had the delegated authority to impose sentence in this felony case. ", "The second order found the sentence was not constitutionally disproportionate.", "\n\nII. ", "Discussion\n\nA. Delegation of Authority to a County Court Judge\nThe Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court has constitutional and statutory authority to assign qualified county court judges to perform judicial duties in any district. ", "Colo. Const. ", "art. ", "VI, ß 5(3); ß 13-6-218, C.R.S.2007. ", "The Constitution allows the Chief Justice to delegate administrative powers to chief district judges. ", "Colo. Const. ", "art. ", "VI, ß 5(4). ", "The Chief Justice has delegated appointment authority to the chief judge of each respective Colorado district. *", "1267 See Chief Justice Directive 95-01 (amended Aug. 2005).", "\nHere, acting with authority delegated by the Chief Justice, the chief judge of the Boulder district court assigned the county court judge to sit as a district judge for one week. ", "Defendant claims this appointment was illegal because: 1) the Chief Justice cannot delegate appointment powers; and, alternatively, 2) chief district judges can only make appointments for specific cases.", "\nThe statute granting appointment powers to the Chief Justice is silent on whether those powers may be delegated to another judicial officer. ", "ß 13-6-218. ", "Prior cases have upheld the delegation in Chief Justice Directive 95-01, \"discern[ing] no conflict between the statute and the directive.\" ", "People v. Rodriguez, 799 P.2d 452, 453 (Colo.App. ", "1990); accord People v. Prentiss, 172 P.3d 917, 927 (Colo.App.2006); People v. Jachnik, 116 P.3d 1276, 1277 (Colo.App.2005). ", "We likewise find no statutory basis for requiring the Chief Justice personally to make each temporary appointment. ", "See 1 Norman J. Singer, Sutherland's Statutory Construction ß 4.14, at 208-09 (6th ed.2002) (if \"statute is silent on the question of redelegation and the delegation was to a single executive head, it is almost universally held that the legislature, understanding the impossibility of personal performance, impliedly authorized the delegation of authority to subordinates\") (citing cases); cf. ", "Fremont RE-1 School District v. Jacobs, 737 P.2d 816, 819 (Colo.1987) (not requiring \"explicit legislative authorization\" for school district to delegate its \"administrative\" powers that \"do not have a significant impact on institutional policy\"). ", "Indeed, reading the statute to preclude delegation would bring it into conflict with the constitutional provision expressly allowing the Chief Justice to delegate her administrative powers. ", "Colo. Const. ", "art. ", "VI, ß 5(4).", "\nWe also reject defendant's contention that chief judges can only appoint county judges to specific cases. ", "The Chief Justice's Directive allows judges to \"be assigned by written order to a particular court, to a division within a court, to try a specific case, or [to] hear or decide all or any part of a case.\" ", "CJD 95-01(3)(a)(iii) (emphasis added).", "\n\nB. Proportionality Challenge\nDefendant claims his 14-year total sentence violated the Eighth Amendment. ", "We hold ß 18-1-409(1), C.R.S.2007, does not preclude review of this claim because it covers only statutory, not constitutional, challenges to sentences. ", "But the claim fails on the merits because the sentence was well within constitutional limits.", "\n\n1. ", "Waiver\nThe People's brief claimed ß 18-1-409(1) precluded defendant from challenging the constitutionality of his sentence because it was within the plea agreement range. ", "At oral argument, however, the People conceded the right to constitutional review. ", "Because this point arguably is jurisdictional, and is likely to recur in the future, we decide it independently of any concession. ", "We hold the statute does not preclude review of constitutional challenges.", "\nThe statute grants appellate review of most felony sentences but not sentences agreed to in plea agreements. ", "See ß 18-1-409(1) (allowing noncapital felony defendants \"the right to one appellate review of the propriety of the sentence, having regard to [various enumerated factors]; except that, if the sentence is within a range agreed upon by the parties pursuant to a plea agreement, the defendant shall not have the right of appellate review of the propriety of the sentence\"). ", "This statute allows a defendant to challenge the sentence's \"propriety\" ‚Äî that is, its \"intrinsic fairness or appropriateness.\" ", "Juhl v. People, 172 P.3d 896, 901 (Colo.2007) (internal quotations omitted) (quoting People v. Malacara, 199 Colo. 243, 247, 606 P.2d 1300, 1302-03 (1980)).", "\nSentencing courts retain broad discretion, but this discretion \"`is not carte blanche.'\" ", "People v. Leske, 957 P.2d 1030, 1043 (Colo.1998) (quoting People v. Edwards, 198 Colo. 52, 56, 598 P.2d 126, 128 (1979)). ", "Sentences have been set aside where they were inadequately justified or arbitrarily harsh. ", "People v. Fuller, 791 P.2d 702, 708 (Colo.1990); People v. Martinez, 628 P.2d 608, 613 (Colo.1981); Edwards, 198 Colo. at *1268 56-58, 598 P.2d at 129-30; People v. Hudson, 709 P.2d 77, 80 (Colo.App.1985).", "\nThe statute precludes defendants from challenging the intrinsic fairness of sentences within the range agreed to in a plea agreement. ", "People v. Scofield, 74 P.3d 385, 386 (Colo.App.2002); People v. Garcia, 55 P.3d 243, 244 (Colo.App.2002). ", "But an Eighth Amendment challenge is of a different magnitude than a statutory challenge. ", "The issue is not whether a particular sentence was a wise exercise of discretion, but whether it was so disproportionate as to constitute cruel and unusual punishment. ", "Accordingly, unlike statutory review for abuse of discretion, appellate scrutiny of an Eighth Amendment challenge is de novo. ", "See People v. Reese, 155 P.3d 477, 479 (Colo.App. ", "2006); People v. Mandez, 997 P.2d 1254, 1273 (Colo.App.1999).", "\nThe statute neither grants nor eliminates a defendant's Eighth Amendment right to challenge a sentence as constitutionally disproportionate. ", "Indeed, the supreme court recently ruled section 18-1-409(1) inapplicable where the challenge is to the legality rather than the propriety of a sentence. ", "Juhl, 172 P.3d at 901. ", "This reasoning applies with heightened force to challenges to the constitutionality of a sentence. ", "Cf. ", "Malacara, 606 P.2d at 1303 n. 4 (statute \"would likely be unconstitutional\" if construed to bar constitutional challenges to the fairness of a sentencing proceeding).", "\n\n2. ", "Merits\nThe Eighth Amendment \"does not require strict proportionality between crime and sentence\" but \"forbids only extreme sentences that are `grossly disproportionate' to the crime.\" ", "Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957, 1001, 111 S.Ct. ", "2680, 115 L.Ed.2d 836 (1991) (Kennedy, J., concurring) (partially quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 288, 303, 103 S.Ct. ", "3001, 77 L.Ed.2d 637 (1983)). ", "The leading cases applying these standards to Colorado sentences are Close v. People, 48 P.3d 528 (Colo.2002), and People v. Deroulet, 48 P.3d 520 (Colo.2002). ", "These cases settle two issues pertinent here.", "\nFirst, sentences are reviewed on a count-by-count basis rather than in the aggregate. ", "Close, 48 P.3d at 538. ", "Defendant, therefore, cannot bring an Eighth Amendment challenge to his total 14-year sentence. ", "Instead, the only issue is whether the higher sentence of ten years imprisonment is constitutionally disproportionate.", "\nSecond, courts initially conduct \"only an abbreviated form of proportionality review, consisting of a comparison of the two subparts of the gravity of the offense and the harshness of the penalty.\" ", "Id. Further analysis is required only if this abbreviated review \"gives rise to an inference of gross disproportionality.\" ", "Id. at 542.", "\nWe assess an offense's gravity by examining the offender's culpability and the harm caused to the victim or society. ", "Id. at 534 (citing Solem). ", "The offense may be aggravated not just by its immediate circumstances but also by the offender's prior criminal record. ", "See, e.g., Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 123 S.Ct. ", "1179, 155 L.Ed.2d 108 (2003) (upholding constitutionality of \"three strikes\" sentence of 25 years to life for defendant convicted of stealing golf clubs worth $1,200); People v. McNally, 143 P.3d 1062, 1064-65 (Colo.App.2005) (24-year habitual criminal sentence for defendant convicted of $1,000 commercial theft raised no inference of gross disproportionality).", "\nThe offense of contributing to the delinquency of a minor covers a wide spectrum of criminal conduct, and is not one of the crimes previously listed by our supreme court as per se grave or serious. ", "See Close, 48 P.3d at 538; Deroulet, 48 P.3d at 524; but cf. ", "People v. Ebbert, 925 P.2d 274, 277 (Colo.1996) (\"[p]ossession of cocaine, and contributing to the delinquency of a minor, both felonies, are serious crimes\" warranting a lawyer's disbarment). ", "The circumstances of this particular offense, however, coupled with defendant's criminal background, were aggravated. ", "Defendant, a previously convicted sex offender, had recent convictions for attempted sexual assault on a child and contributing to the delinquency of a minor. ", "He was on parole for less than a month when he committed the instant offenses. ", "Those prior convictions, *1269 moreover, involved conduct similar to that underlying this case.", "\nDefendant tries to minimize his current offense as simply \"providing a beer and cigarettes\" to a 17-year-old boy. ", "But defendant previously was convicted of attempted sexual assault of a child and the trial court found he apparently was trying to use the beer and cigarettes to lure another minor into a sexual encounter. ", "This accordingly was a grave and serious offense based on the harm to this particular victim and, more broadly, on the harm to society caused by defendant's repeated victimization of minors. ", "The sentences give rise to no inference of gross disproportionality so extended review is unnecessary. ", "See People v. Strean, 74 P.3d 387, 396 (Colo.App.2002).", "\n\nIII. ", "Conclusion\nThe district court's denial of defendant's challenges to his sentence is affirmed.", "\nJudge ROTHENBERG and Judge ROM¡N, concur.", "\n" ]

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[ "Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross told CNBC on Friday that President Donald Trump's tariffs are \"no big deal,\" and he used a can of Campbell's Soup as a prop to defend their minimal impact.", "\n\n\"In a can of Campbell's Soup, there are about 2.6 pennies worth of steel. ", "So if that goes up by 25 percent, that's about six-tenths of 1 cent on the price on a can of Campbell's soup,\" Ross argued. \"", "I just bought this can today at a 7-Eleven ... and it priced at a $1.99. ", "Who in the world is going to be too bothered?\"", "\n\nIn a statement provided to CNBC earlier Friday about the tariffs, though, a Campbell spokesperson noted its impact on the company's costs.", "\n\n\"Any new broad-based tariffs on imported tin plate steel — an insufficient amount of which is produced in the U.S. — will result in higher prices on one of the safest and more affordable parts of the food supply.\"" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }

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[ "\"Death is not the worst thing,\" the kindly man replied. \"", "It is His gift to us, an end to want and pain. ", "On the day that we are born the Many-Faced God sends each of us a dark angel to walk through life beside us. ", "When our sins and sufferings grow too great to be borne, the angel takes us by the hand to lead us to the nightlands, where the stars burn ever bright.", "\"–George R. R. Martin, A Feast for Crows\n\nThe first Chapter Pack in the Beyond the Narrow Sea cycle, Valar Morghulis immerses players in the deadly intrigues of the Eastern continent, Essos. ", "No individual has ruled all of Essos since at least the days of Valyria. ", "Now the Great Houses of Westeros take their agendas to this massive and diverse continent with 60 new cards (3 copies each of 20 different cards) drawn from George R.R. Martin's A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons.", "\n\nValar Morghulis offers new players an excellent second step after the purchase of the Core Set and simultaneously challenges veterans' expectations about agendas, plots, and House loyalties. \"", "All men must die.\" ", "Valar Morghulis adds deadly new cards to the game of thrones the Houses wage against each other. ", "Which House will prosper amid the city-states and sovereign nations of Essos? ", "Who will perish?", "\n\nAn A Game of Thrones: The Card Game core set is required to play. ", "Contains cards 1-20 of the Beyond the Narrow Sea series." ]

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[ "// Code generated by smithy-go-codegen DO NOT EDIT.", "\n\npackage types\n\ntype DetectorModelVersionStatus string\n\n// Enum values for DetectorModelVersionStatus\nconst (\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusActive DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"ACTIVE\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusActivating DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"ACTIVATING\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusInactive DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"INACTIVE\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusDeprecated DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"DEPRECATED\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusDraft DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"DRAFT\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusPaused DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"PAUSED\"\n\tDetectorModelVersionStatusFailed DetectorModelVersionStatus = \"FAILED\"\n)\n\ntype EvaluationMethod string\n\n// Enum values for EvaluationMethod\nconst (\n\tEvaluationMethodBatch EvaluationMethod = \"BATCH\"\n\tEvaluationMethodSerial EvaluationMethod = \"SERIAL\"\n)\n\ntype InputStatus string\n\n// Enum values for InputStatus\nconst (\n\tInputStatusCreating InputStatus = \"CREATING\"\n\tInputStatusUpdating InputStatus = \"UPDATING\"\n\tInputStatusActive InputStatus = \"ACTIVE\"\n\tInputStatusDeleting InputStatus = \"DELETING\"\n)\n\ntype LoggingLevel string\n\n// Enum values for LoggingLevel\nconst (\n\tLoggingLevelError LoggingLevel = \"ERROR\"\n\tLoggingLevelInfo LoggingLevel = \"INFO\"\n\tLoggingLevelDebug LoggingLevel = \"DEBUG\"\n)\n\ntype PayloadType string\n\n// Enum values for PayloadType\nconst (\n\tPayloadTypeString PayloadType = \"STRING\"\n\tPayloadTypeJson PayloadType = \"JSON\"\n)\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }

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[ "Crohn's disease in Italy: A critical review of the literature using different data sources.", "\nIncidence and prevalence of Crohn's disease (CD) have increased during the last decades in several world areas. ", "Italian data on CD are scattered between various administrative, educational and scientific sources, and findings are poorly summarized. ", "We conducted a review focusing not only on prevalence and incidence of CD in Italy, but also on mortality, treatments, delayed diagnosis and hospitalization. ", "In October 2015, we searched for quantitative epidemiological data of CD using PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. ", "We also conducted searches on selected web resources for databases and educational publications. ", "Sixteen studies reporting data on incidence of CD from Italy were found. ", "Incidence rates of CD in the early 2010's in Italy were 3.5-4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants per year. ", "Ten investigations provided data on CD prevalence, with large variability between Italian areas. ", "Most studies considering data at two or more time points or across consecutive time periods reported increasing incidence or prevalence of CD. ", "This review of Italian epidemiological data indicates that CD incidence and prevalence are continuing to (moderately) increase. ", "Diagnostic delay, treatments, hospitalization and surgery for CD in Italy were also reviewed and quantified, though information is somewhat limited." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Tuberculosis-related mortality in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, 1985-2004.", "\nThe purpose of this study was to describe tuberculosis-related mortality in Espírito Santo, Brazil, evaluating its tendencies in relation to clinical presentation, gender and age bracket. ", "We conducted a retrospective, descriptive study based on secondary data. ", "For the 1985-2004 period, we investigated all deaths of residents of Espírito Santo in which tuberculosis was given as the underlying cause, as reported in the Brazilian National Mortality Database. ", "The adjusted mortality rates for all forms of tuberculosis paralleled the overall mortality rates in the state, decreasing from 5.6/100,000 inhabitants in 1985 to 2.0/100,000 inhabitants in 2004. ", "Pulmonary tuberculosis was the predominant form of the disease (89.7% of tuberculosis-related deaths) throughout the period studied, and the male/female mortality rate ratio ranged from 1.1 in 1998 to 3.19 in 2004. ", "We observed a decrease in the mortality rates in all age brackets. ", "Predominance of the pulmonary form, male gender and advanced age was similar to that of overall tuberculosis-related mortality in Brazil." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Dual-truncated-cone structure for quasi-distributed multichannel fiber surface plasmon resonance sensor.", "\nWe propose and demonstrate an effective method to adjust the dynamic range of a fiber surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor by introducing a multimode fiber-sensing probe with a dual-truncated-cone (DTC) structure. ", "When the grind angle of the DTC structure increases, the dynamic range redshifts. ", "Based on this result, we fabricate a quasi-distributed two-channel multimode fiber SPR sensor by cascaded-connecting a DTC-sensing probe of 14° grind angle and a traditional transmitted multimode fiber (TMF)-sensing probe in the same fiber. ", "The corresponding sensitivities of two sensing probes are 3423.08 nm/RIU and 2288.46 nm/RIU. ", "By using this quasi-distributed multichannel fiber SPR-sensing approach, we may improve the detecting accuracy by extracting, calibrating, and compensating for the signals caused by the nonspecific bindings, other physical absorptions, and temperature changes in detecting samples, truly achieving dynamic detection in real-time. ", "The excellence of this multichannel fiber SPR sensor is that the sensitivity of each subchannel-sensing probe stays unreduced after it is cascaded-connected in the main-channel fiber; the sensor is based on the multimode fiber, which is inexpensive, accessible, and convenient to be universalized in applications." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to determine time signature of drum tab?", "\n\nRecently I started playing drums on the side just to relax, so nothing serious. ", "I picked up this song because the drums seemed reasonably complex so that they would present a fair challenge for the next few weeks / months.", "\nI've been making progress, but I'd like to learn a bit about the theory too (I played piano as a kid so I'm not scared of music theory). ", "So now I'm trying to figure out the time signature of the following drum tab:\nC |X---------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\nH |--X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-XXX-X-XX|XXXXX-X-XXX-X---|\nS |------O-----O---|------O-----O--O|------O-----O---|------O-----O-OO|\nB |O----O-----O----|O----O-----O----|O----O-----O----|O----O-----O-O--|\nSo the accent is on the 7th and on the 13th note. ", "How would one then go about determining the time signature?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can't. ", " Your example could be 2/2, 2/4, 2/8, 4/2, 4/4, 4/8, etc.; ", "there's nothing to indicate the time signature. ", " Unless it's explicitly indicated you need to either be familiar with the song or make an educated guess.", "\nI'm not overly familiar with drum beats but I would guess that there are common time signatures used with accents on 7 and 13. ", " While it's not guaranteed to be one of them it's not a bad default assumption.", "\nJust like with staff notation, tabs don't incorporate tempo into their representation of the music. ", " The tempo has to be noted separately, or as is more usual in the case of guitar tabs, you need to already be familiar with the speed.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe simplest way to interpret this is 4/4. ", "Notice that each bar is 16 \"beats\" wide - each of these notes would be a sixteenth note in standard notation. ", " The sixteenth notes are usually counted as \"one-e-and-a-two-e-and-a\" and so on. ", " So, what you called the 7th note is generally called \"two-and\" and the 13th note is called \"four\". ", " \nHere's your example with the counting added below: \n\nC |X---------------|----------------|----------------|----------------|\n\n \nH |--X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-XXX-X-XX|XXXXX-X-XXX-X---|\n\n \nS |------O-----O---|------O-----O--O|------O-----O---|------O-----O-OO|\n\n \nB |O----O-----O----|O----O-----O----|O----O-----O----|O----O-----O-O--|\n\n \n...1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-|\n\nHere's an example of a simple beat in 5/4: \n\nH |X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-|\n\n \n S |--O-----O-------O---|--O-----O-------O---|--O-----O-------O---|--O-----O-------O---|\n\nB |O-----O-----O-------|O-----O-----O-------|O-----O-----O-------|O-----O-----O-------|\n\n...1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-5-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-5-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-5-+-|1-+-2-+-3-+-4-+-5-+-| \n\nYou can just about hum \"Take 5\" along to this :-) \nHope this helps...\n\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }

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[ "[Effects of different doses of hyperbaric oxygenation on morphology and transcription of cortical neurons of rats with experimental cerebral ischemia].", "\nIts effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (the doses 1.2 and 2 ata) on cortical pyramids of the rats with one-or both-side ligation of common arteria carotis 2.5 or 24 hours after operation was studied. ", "The neuron survival and transcription activity were estimated. ", "In all experimental situations except the most serious, e.g. 24 hours after the both-side artery ligation, the dose 2 ata was more effective. ", "On the contrary, in most serious cases the dose 1.2 ata or applying in the baro-camera the air instead of oxygen provided the better result." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "Timeline (video game)\n\nTimeline is a 2000 adventure/puzzle video game published by Eidos Interactive for the Microsoft Windows. ", "The game was developed by author Michael Crichton's Timeline Computer Entertainment (initially formed as Timeline Studios), and is based on Crichton's 1999 novel of the same name. ", "Crichton was directly involved in the game's creation.", "\n\nGameplay\nTimeline is played from a first-person perspective, with a focus on adventure and puzzle-solving. ", "The plot of Timeline is largely similar to the novel, with some changes that include the absence of the novel's scientific aspect and character development, and the removal of characters such as Andre Marek.", "\n\nIn the game, a group of scientists discover a method of time travel and ventures to 14th century France to conduct research. ", "When one of the scientists, Edward Johnston, does not return from the trip, a graduate student named Christopher Hughes travels to the time era to search for Johnston. ", "The player controls Hughes, and is accompanied by Kate, who provides hints to the player throughout the game. ", "The game is divided into various chapters, which include the player participating in a jousting tournament. ", "Enemies cannot be killed in the game, as doing so could disrupt Hughes' future timeline. ", "Killing an enemy results in the player being forced to restart from the last save point. ", "The game includes a free-roaming tour mode, in which the player can observe the environment while Michael Crichton provides narration to explain the history of the area.", "\n\nDevelopment and release\nIn April 1999, Crichton announced the formation of his own video game development company, Timeline Studios, which would develop games based on Crichton's previous projects. ", "In May 1999, publishing company Eidos Interactive announced that it had invested a stake in Timeline Studios as part of a publishing deal. ", "Development began that month on Timeline's first project, an unspecified video game planned for the first half of 2000. ", "On June 21, 2000, Eidos announced that the company's first game with Timeline Computer Entertainment would be Timeline, based on Crichton's 1999 novel of the same name. ", "Eidos had hoped that Timeline would break new ground with its emphasis on diverse environments, interactivity, and story.", "\n\nCrichton worked on the game as director and as a game designer. ", "Crichton often held video conferences with the development team to approve and disapprove of gameplay elements. ", "On the game's official website, Crichton described Timeline as \"a game for people that don't usually play games.\" ", "The development team hoped to create a game that would be easy enough for new players, but still challenging enough for more experienced players. ", "Paul Wirth, a producer on the game, said, \"One of the design objectives was making it so the average person could finish the whole experience.\" ", "An orchestral score was composed for the game by Bill Brown. ", "Timeline was released on November 10, 2000. ", "Copies of the game included a free copy of the novel. ", "Timeline was the only video game developed by Timeline Computer Entertainment.", "\n\nReception\n\nAccording to Metacritic, Timeline received \"Generally unfavorable reviews\", with a score of 41 out of 100. ", "Several reviewers criticized the game's character, Kate, for providing hints to the player throughout the game. ", "According to Mark Asher of GameSpy, Timeline was a \"sales flop\". ", "Its developer closed after its release.", "\n\nMichael Tresca of AllGame criticized the game's short length and the \"mediocre\" sound effects, but noted the \"exceptional\" music. ", "Tresca wrote that the arcade sequences, \"While a refreshing change of pace,\" can become repetitive, particularly because of the game's \"imprecise\" controls. ", "Considering that the game is about knights, Tresca expected more sword combat: \"What little there is, though, is really nothing more than a simple button-clicking exercise. ", "Even then, you can't actually kill anyone. ", "These elements make gameplay seem artificial within the story's context.\" ", "Tresca concluded that Timeline ultimately \"seems less like a time-travel experiment gone awry and more like a game design gone bad. ", "The battles, the excitement, and the potential mix of science fiction with history, is all lost in a stilted game environment that was obviously crafted by Crichton's vision of what the game should be vs. the ultimate goal of creating a good game.\"", "\n\nJonathan Houghton of The Adrenaline Vault wrote that overall, Timeline \"just doesn't stand up as anything more than a slightly entertaining diversion. ", "Though there are minor problems with the graphics system, control scheme and interface, the primary drawback is that an experienced player can fly through it in around three hours and thirty minutes.\" ", "Houghton, who praised the novel, felt as if he \"had been robbed of what promised to be a wondrous encounter. ", "Why Mr. Crichton felt the need to remove more than half of the storyline, I suppose we'll never know. ", "Timeline ends up being another one of the many botched translations from a truly great piece of literature.\" ", "Houghton noted that the game's tour mode \"is especially interesting\" for history connoisseurs, but wrote that most longtime players would likely be \"sorely disappointed by the un-involving plot and quirky control scheme.\"", "\n\nRon Dulin of GameSpot praised the voice acting and \"fairly good though somewhat bland\" graphics, and wrote that \"it's hard to understand what Timeline is supposed to be. ", "It borrows good ideas from many different action games, but it isn't very fun. ", "It's based on a lengthy page-turner; yet, it manages to include very little story of its own. ", "And it is so short and easy that it seems like little more than a tutorial for a better game.\" ", "Dulin wrote that the game's diverse chapters made it seem as if Timeline \"is just a collection of scenes from different action games.\" ", "Dulin felt that the game's most disappointing aspect was its \"almost complete lack of story,\" stating that without reading the novel, \"it's doubtful you'll have any idea why anything is happening, who any of these people are, or, most importantly, why you should care.\"", "\n\nSal Accardo of GameSpy praised the game's graphics, its music, some of its levels, and its \"nifty\" tour mode, but wrote, \"At its best moments, it barely achieves above-average status, and feels like a game that was rushed from the first day of development. ", "This is truly a shame, because this game had some potential - I would gladly have overlooked the brevity had the story been fleshed out more and made more sense.\" ", "Joe Bailey of Computer Gaming World wrote that the game \"is over before it begins,\" with a playing time of less than five hours. ", "Bailey wrote that the game lacks the \"essential elements\" that were common in Crichton's novels, stating that it was devoid of action, tension, and challenges; Bailey attributed these problems to the \"dumbing-down of gameplay,\" which he felt would \"test only the most inexperienced gamer.\"", "\n\nScott Steinberg of IGN, who praised the music and voice-overs, wrote that the game was \"way too patronizing for any adult to take seriously,\" and that the \"slow-moving, semi-mature\" story was not suitable for younger children. ", "Steinberg wrote that scenes in the game only looked \"wondrous when viewed from afar,\" and also opined that the game was \"especially annoying\" for providing answers to each of its challenges. ", "A reviewer for Game Informer noted some of the nice-looking outdoor environments, as well as some \"good voice acting and effects,\" but wrote that Crichton's \"recent foray into the video game world with Timeline is less than good. ", "In fact, I would be willing to suggest that he had little or nothing to do with it, judging from the overall suckhood of the title.\" ", "Another reviewer for the magazine offered a second opinion, writing that inexperienced players might be impressed with Timeline but otherwise, \"this is a lame adventure game.\"", "\n\nNiko Sylvester of The Electric Playground criticized the game's linear gameplay and its controls, as well as the Kate character, \"who tells you exactly what you need to do, even if she's chained to the wall in a dungeon three floors below you. ", "Having Kate around is like having a narrated walkthrough you can't turn off.\" ", "Sylvester wrote that some of the game's graphics \"are quite nice\" when viewed from a distance, but stated that a majority of them were \"uninspiring at best.\" ", "Sylvester called the game's music \"actually quite good, if occasionally repetitive. [...] ", "The other sound effects are occasionally very good, sometimes extremely irritating, but mostly average.\" ", "Sylvester concluded that Timeline could make a decent family video game to play. ", "Erik Wolpaw of Computer Games Magazine criticized the game's short length of approximately 90 minutes, and wrote that in general, progressing through each level \"is a slightly more challenging version of clicking the install program's 'Next' button.\"", "\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Timeline at MobyGames\n\nCategory:2000 video games\nCategory:Video games based on novels\nCategory:Works by Michael Crichton\nCategory:Eidos Interactive games\nCategory:Video games set in France\nCategory:Video games set in the 14th century\nCategory:Video games about time travel\nCategory:First-person adventure games\nCategory:Puzzle video games\nCategory:Video games developed in the United States\nCategory:Windows games\nCategory:Windows-only games" ]

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[ "\n\nAmbulance Drone - ratzinho87\nhttp://alecmomont.com/projects/dronesforgood\n\n======\njoshz404\nIt mentions a paper that isn't linked. ", "Can this be linked somewhere?", "\n\n" ]

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[ "As you know, MinexSystems is a company working on a wide range of blockchain products. ", "And even though we’ve been recently focusing primarily on MinexPay cards, they’re part of an entire complex system where all solutions are interconnected in one way or another.", "\n\nToday, the highlight is on MinexWallet, a product that allows storing your crypto assets online without installing a desktop version and that is as secure as traditional wallets.", "\n\nWe are continuing to develop MinexWallet as a complete platform for working with MinexPay cards. ", "For this purpose, we are adding the card functionality to the wallet, the beta version of which has been tested by our community. ", "We will then connect the bank API with this functionality at the same time creating support services to ensure the work of this platform.", "\n\nAnd we will top it all off with some MinexWallet’s development updates!", "\n\nConnecting Synchronizer with the Bitcoin blockchain\n\nIn the first version, we are implementing the Bitcoin blockchain for the private and public testing purposes. ", "Synchronizer is our internal microservice-middleman that provides an interlayer between the blockchain and our microservices needed for the wallet’s operation.", "\n\nThis is what we’ve been facing so far: the Bitcoin blockchain is currently 280 GB. ", "We are running all these blocks through our Synchronizer, and it takes a significant amount of time — already a couple of weeks, considering that we are using all our servers. ", "Currently, we’ve already passed 250,000 blocks, so the halfway point is already behind us — yet not without issues.", "\n\nAs it is an external blockchain, we need to be sure of security of our users’ crypto funds and successful transactions. ", "Our Synchronizer has gone mad once it has found two blocks with the same transaction on the Bitcoin’s blockchain. ", "This issue has been resolved in the Bitcoin blockchain, but it has left the traces in the network. ", "Therefore, we had to change the logic of our Synchronizer for the Bitcoin blockchain.", "\n\nSetting up a Bitcoin test net to test the wallet\n\nDuring this process, we have re-compiled our node because during installation it was adding extra peers, which were listed in the code of the Bitcoin network.", "\n\nFinishing touches for the functionality of bank operators\n\nIn some cases, you cannot bypass operators’ work, such as identifying suspicious payments, their validation, and handling some manual payments. ", "Although users do not see them at work, it is still being done. ", "Our internal functionality can ease the operators’ work. ", "After testing is complete, these processes will be automated.", "\n\nAnd this is it for today. ", "Stay tuned! ", "More updates and news are coming in the meantime." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nCore Data: best way of checking the uniqueness of an attribute\n\nAs far as I know, there is no way of setting an entity's attribute as unique through Core Data, neither programmatically nor in Xcode's editor... I need to make sure that certain managed objects can't be created if there are collisions with the values of the attributes I want to be unique, and I've been reading some posts dealing with that.", "\nI've found a couple of approaches (e.g. Core Data unique attributes): \n\nTo use -validateValue:forKey:error:\nTo write some kind of custom method to check if the attribute's value already exists\n\nWhat should the most recommendable option be?", "\nThanks\n\nA:\n\nYou're going to need some kind of custom code, whether you put it in validateValue:forKey:error: or in a custom method or somewhere else.", "\nWhether to use the built-in validation method is really a matter of how you prefer to organize your code. ", "I'd prefer to do something like\n\nCheck to see if the value is unique.", "\nIf so, then insert a new instance.", "\n\nThat's partly because I find the built-in validation scheme to be a pain, but mostly it's because that code will run every time you save changes to an object. ", "If your check is in validateValue:forKey:error:, you'll run it repeatedly, even after you've verified that the value is unique. ", "Then again maybe you need to do that, so the best answer in your case depends on a bigger picture of how your app needs to work.", "\nThe simple way to approach validation is by doing a fetch with a predicate identifying the key and value that you need to check. ", "The one change I'd make to the common fetching approach as described in the other answer is that I'd use countForFetchRequest:error: instead of executeFetchRequest:error:. ", "It doesn't sound like you actually need to fetch existing objects during validation, you just need to know whether any exist, so just check that.", "\nDepending on the type of the unique attribute, you may be able to reduce the performance hit that you're going to take by doing this. ", "For example, if it's a string. ", "Checking all existing strings for a match is relatively expensive. ", "On the other hand checking a bunch of existing integers is cheap. ", "In that case you might find it worthwhile to add a numeric property to your entity type that stores a numeric hash of the unique string value. ", "Use the hash only when checking uniqueness. ", "It'll be a hell of a lot faster than looking for matching strings, and NSString even has a handy hash method to calculate the value for you.", "\n\n" ]

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[ "A new bipyrrole and some phenolic constituents in prunes (Prunus domestica L.) and their oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).", "\nIsolation and structural elucidation of prune constituents were performed and total 10 compounds were determined by NMR and MS analyses. ", "A novel compound was identified to be 2-(5-hydroxymethyl-2',5'-dioxo-2',3',4',5'-tetrahydro-1'H-1,3'-bipyrrole)carbaldehyde, and 7 phenolic compounds were isolated from prunes for the first time. ", "In addition, antioxidant activity of them was evaluated on the basis of the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)." ]

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[ "Join us for a visit with some of our favorite authors whose books we love to read and share with everyone. ", "You'll get to hear from authors who've become friends over the years, authors we're just discovering, and lots of prizes and books to win!", "\n\nPages\n\nFriday, October 04, 2013\n\nAddison Fox: An Unexpected Stop\n\nAs a writer, it’s my job to write about life – the big moments, the\nsmall moments and the moments that take our breath away. ", "So how can I do\nthat—or keep doing that—if I don’t make sure I get out and experience moments\nof my own.", "\n\nI had one of those moments last week. ", "I was traveling on business with\nseveral colleagues and we took a small detour in our day and went apple picking\nin a beautiful Massachusetts orchard. ", "Here I was, dressed in my professional\nclothes and heels, tromping through the orchard and plucking apples off the\ntree. ", "We were only there for a half hour at most, but it was thirty minutes\nincredibly well spent and I loved it!", "\n\nWhat I loved even more…. ", "Doing something unexpected and off the beaten\npath.", "\n\nWhen I got back in that car and continued on with my day’s meetings, my\nheart was lighter, my step had a bit more spring in it and my smile was a\nlittle wider. ", "I’d had a few unexpected moments of fun and it was well worth the\ndetour in my day.", "\n\nWhat about you? ", "When was the last time you took a detour? ", "And how did\nit make you feel?", "\n\nThanks for joining me today!", "\n\nXOXO,\n\nAddison\n\nPS\n\nBy the way – the apple was delicious!!", "\n\n~~~~~~~~~~\n\nDespite early ambitions of\nbeing a diver, a drummer or a doctor, Addison\nFox happily discovered she was more suited to life as a writer. ", "She\nlives in Dallas and - thankfully - doesn't have to operate on anyone. ", "You can\nfind her at her home on the web at www.addisonfox.com. ", "Her latest book, THE LONDON DECEPTION,\nis out now from Harlequin Romantic Suspense.", "\n\n2 comments:\n\nThis past summer we decided to stop at Storybook Gardens in Sheboygan,WI with our then 19 month old granddaughter. ", "Books are provided with reading areas as you visit a scene from a featured book. ", "Cute idea! ", "For example a barn with items from Charlotte's Web and Peter Rabbit and Pooh's Tree House. ", "I can't wait to go again when our granddaughter is a little bit older." ]

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[ "Work on Dublin’s cross-city Luas line is to begin in May next year, Minister for Transport Leo Varadkar announced today.", "\n\nThe Cabinet today approved an updated business plan for the €370 million line, known as Luas BXD, which will link the existing red and green tram lines.", "\n\nThe pre-construction works are due to begin in May with the main construction beginning in 2015 and a scheduled completion date of 2017. ", "Mr Varadkar has asked the Transport Authority (NTA) and the Railway Procurement Agency (RPA) to prepare for the works.", "\n\nThe line will run from St Stephen’s Green, down Dawson Street and Nassau Street, through College Green, Westmoreland Street and O’Connell Street, where it connects with the Luas Red line.", "\n\nIt will serve the new DIT campus at Grangegorman and terminate at the Iarnród Éireann station at Broombridge in Cabra.", "\n\nMajor traffic disruption can be expected on St Stephen’s Green and surrounding streets when the work gets under way.", "\n\nMr Varadkar said the move would give the capital “an integrated commuter rail network for the first time”.", "\n\n“The two Luas lines should have been joined up years ago.” ", "Mr Varadkar said, adding that it was a “privilege” to be “able to finish the job\".", "\n\nThe construction phase is likely to generate 800 temporary jobs with some 60 permanent jobs as a result of the project, the Department of Transport said.", "\n\nA working group comprising the RPA, NTA and Dublin City Council has been set up to examine traffic arrangements during construction while a broader forum including businesses and the Garda is also proposed." ]

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[ "Ascender #2\n\nIn Stock\n\n£3.99\n\nSORRY - CURRENTLY OUT OF STOCK!", "\n\nWritten by Jeff Lemire Art & Cover by Dustin Nguyen\n\n'THE HAUNTED GALAXY,' Part Two (of Five)-Mila reunites her dad Andy with his old robot pal, Bandit, but their heartwarming reunion doesn't last for long. ", "It's forbidden to have robot tech, and soon they're on the run from a troll militia with a vampire commander. ", "Meanwhile, the vamp witch Mother moves to consolidate power on Gnish." ]

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[ "London copper slipped on Monday, but still retained most of the previous session's steep climb to a 4-1/2 month top as a new round of\nU.S. monetary stimulus measures and a weak dollar continued to support prices.", "\n\nGeneral Motors Company (NYSE: GM) may be losing money on the Chevy Volt at present, but the long-term benefits of early R&D in electric vehicles, improvements to brand image and improving sales volumes should ultimately make it a wise decision for the company.", "\n\nEach week, the IBTimes Money team picks the six biggest, most dramatic, or most compelling winners and losers in business. ", "For the week of Sept. 3-7, the former include global automakers such as the Honda Motor Co. (NYSE: HMC), and the latter include the Nokia Corp. (NYSE: NOK).", "\n\nGrowing global demand for electric cars could drive demand for lithium up by as much as 20 percent per year, benefiting chemical and mining companies such as the FMC Corp. (NYSE: FMC), Rio Tinto PLC (NYSE: RIO) and Rockwood Holdings Inc. (NYSE: ROC), according to Standard & Poor's Capital IQ.", "\n\nThe president of the Association of Injured Workers and Ex-Workers of General Motors Colombia, or Asotrecol, traveled to Detroit to continue the group's hunger strike and push for direct negotiation with General Motors Company (NYSE:GM) corporate management.", "\n\nGeneral Motors Company (NYSE: GM) holding the European debuts of three vehicles at the Moscow International Motor Show on Wednesday, and a key member of the company's Russian management confirmed a $1 billion investment." ]

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[ "Valacyclovir neurotoxicity: clinical experience and review of the literature.", "\nValacyclovir (VACV) is used increasingly to treat herpes zoster, although neuropsychiatric symptoms [VACV neurotoxicity (VAN) or acyclovir neurotoxicity], may accompany use of this drug. ", "To promote awareness of this rare condition, we describe here two clinical cases of VAN we previously reported and review 20 cases from the literature. ", "In all cases, chronic or acute renal failure preceded VAN. ", "The symptoms of VAN varied, but disturbances of consciousness and hallucination occurred most commonly. ", "When acute renal failure was due to the drug, recovery from both the disturbance of consciousness and renal failure followed within several days after discontinuation of VACV. ", "Early recognition and diagnosis will ensure effective treatment of VAN." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "I like boy things\n\nI have a friend whose little boy, age 4, is starting to want to play more with “girl” toys. ", "According to my friend, when they go to a store, he’s been bringing over “pink things”, and when there’s a toy that has a boy and a girl version, he’ll opt for the Barbie roller skates over Buzz Lightyear skates, and for whatever reason, it’s causing her slight concern.", "\n\n“Amanda. ", "He insisted on the Princess Hopper over the Cars Hopper. ", "He loves the movie Cars, but nope he wanted the purple Princess Hopper.”", "\n\n“Princess Hopper? ", "Excuse me?” ", "I had no idea what it was, but I refrained from making a joke about how that sounds incredibly healthy for a boy to want.", "\n\n“It’s one of those bouncy balls you sit on and it has a handle…”\n\nOhhh, OK.", "\n\nAt this point, I wasn’t sure if she wanted my non-parent advice, or a friend to just vent to, so I didn’t say much else.", "\n\nI’m sure some people could go crazy one way or another — either probing her with questions that may attempt to label her — “What are you worried about…huh?!” ", "or, telling her what she should do/say to lure him away from the pink aisles. ", "But, honestly — I think this was one of the few times I had/have zero opinion. ", "I felt myself just shrugging. ", "I mean, I’m not a parent, so maybe that’s a big reason why, but that’s never stopped me before (wink wink), so I think it’s just that I don’t care.", "\n\nHowever, it did get me thinking later on. ", "Her son is an only child, and there are no plans for a second child. ", "So, I know that growing up as an only child, I had to have an imagination. ", "All kids do, or should, but I had to really use mine – a lot.", "\n\nAnd, looking back at pictures reminds me just how well-balanced I was when it came to playtime. ", "I loved Barbie — so much — but I also loved my race car track that I begged for one year for Christmas. ", "I loved Punky Brewster and Rainbow Brite…but I also loved Nintendoand my RC car…both toys I asked for, and received, with no hesitation. ", "I enjoyed talking with the neighborhood girls about boys and nail polish while we rode our pink and purple bikes…but I also had fun dropping my bike and running to play baseball in the field (even if I wasn’t very good at all).", "\n\n37 Responses\n\nI have twin girls…one of them is a girly girl all the way, the other, well, up until recently (like last week) she was the biggest tomboy I knew. ", "She wore boys clothes (down to the boxers), plays sports, loves to grill with her dad, and gets dirty in the mud whenever possible. ", "But like I said, she’s beginning to turn a corner and is trying to find middle groung between her boy self and her girl self. ", "I don’t care which one she settles on, I jusy want her to be happy with who she is!!", "\n\nMany “girl” toys encourage girls to turn out vapid, shallow and brainwashed into thinking they need babies ASAP. ", "I was always gently encouraged to play with gender-neutral toys like dinosaurs or Hot Wheels, and now I have a hard time relating to lots of women – and that’s fine by me!", "\n\nYour friend is probably worried about bullying and gay-bashing in school when he reaches that age, which is legitimate – no one wants their kid getting picked on.", "\n\nI was an only child, too, and I definitely had a good mix of both ‘boy’ and ‘girl’ toys AND interests. ", "I think that there is a huge double-standard when it comes to little boys wanting to play with girl things. ", "When I was little, it was okay to be a “tom-boy,” as they called it. ", "I played in the mud, got dirty, scraped my knees, and played with K’nex over Barbies. ", "Why is it ok for little girls to get the blue race car and have no one think anything of it, but when a little boy wants something pink or purple, it’s a red flag?", "\n\nPeople don’t like to admit it, but I this behavior is linked to the child’s hormone levels and hormone levels passing through the womb during certain times. ", "And it wouldn’t happen if things were all in balance healthwise. ", "Stress, environmental exposure, eating and exercise habits all impact hormones, and it is really something for pregnant mothers to think about…especially if they have a real problem with having a butch daughter or a girly son someday. ", "Because if they do, it could very well be their own fault. ", "Controversial, but true.", "\n\nA: “their own fault”?! ", "You make it sound like having a “butchy daughter or a girly son” is a bad thing. ", "Funny, I don’t see people saying it’s their fault that they’ve had an athletic child or a sensitive child…which is often another way of saying the EXACT SAME THING. ", "How about we love and cherish all children instead of analyzing what we “did” to “make” them turn out that way?", "\n\nWow… it’s a terrible attitude to think that is a situation where you need to lay blame somewhere, or that her son liking “girl” toys is anyone’s “fault”. ", "That’s all I’ll say about that.", "\n\nAnyway… I can understand that parents might have a hard time adjusting to behavior from their kids that isn’t typically expected of their gender. ", "But I hope she gives him enough leeway to explore his own interests rather than try to push him in one direction or another. ", "It’s healthier for kids to work out their own identity rather than try to shape it for them.", "\n\nI second Nikki’s comment. ", "Why are purple and pink especially such off-limits colors for boys? ", "Definite double standard.", "\nI forget where I first saw that youtube video of that adorable little girl getting mad in the toy aisle because everything for girls is pink, but this situation reminds me of that.", "\n\nChildren will lean toward what they want, and they will play with it how they want.", "\nWe tried giving gender neutral toys to our kids. ", "Didn’t work. ", "He pretented the “squirt banana” was a gun. ", "She pretended the dinosaurs were a loving and happy family. ", "And they played with the cars & track, dominoes, games, ping pong table and such together.", "\n\nMy most requested toys were Barbies, books, & Legos. ", "However, I have an older brother and older sister, so I was handed down equal amounts of toys geared towards each gender. ", "I got a pink bicycle, but always wanted my brother’s black bicycle. ", "There is a 5+ year span between myself & them, so I often played alone.", "\n\nTo this day, my favorite invented toy world as a child of 10 was to spend hours setting up my Barbie dream house & surrounding Lego village *just so* Prim, proper, pristine, pink, & purple.", "\n\nOf course, I then proceeded to invade & pillage my perfect girly mansion village using my formerly brother’s GI Joes, Cowboys/Indians, Vikings & their assorted weaponry. ", "They destroyed everything in their path (while Iron Maiden’s ‘Run To The Hills’ blared out of my brother’s stereo) The pink corvette did mow down a few of them, but they were zombie soldiers, so it was futile. ", "Barbie & crew were POW’s with no access to glittery clothes. ", "Barbie did get to enjoy her metal music & time alone with my Boba Fett action figure though.", "\n\nChildren are wonderful, no matter if they are gay, Down Syndrome, Aspergers, etc. ", "And anybody can unknowingly be harming an unborn child. ", "But, you know how people are about these things. ", "It freaks them out.", "\n\nMost parents who have a little boy putting on dresses all of the time are going to be harping on them every minute to play with something more boyish…probably ruining their childhood in the process.", "\n\nEven though normal girls like cars and video games, they are not playing with the same fervor as boys do. ", "Boys naturally tear around and slam their toys more than girls do. ", "Sisters may pick up this behavior to copy the boys, but I don’t think they would be doing things like that if they weren’t constantly exposed to it. ", "Also, girls might want to do “boy” things to be close to the boys…while boys have little interest in doing girl things to be close to the girls at very young ages.", "\n\nMy 4 year old son is all boy and loves his cars, trucks and dinosaurs. ", "But when I picked him up at his preschool the other week, he was playing with a group of girls and was wearing a plastic necklace, bracelet, ring, clip on earrings and a tiara. ", "I wish I had had my iPhone on me to take a picture because I thought he looked so adorable and silly. ", "I don’t want to limit my son’s imagination or creativity by allowing him to play with toys that are only geared towards boys. ", "You only have one childhood…let kids be kids!", "\n\nStory of my life! ", "My parents were very balanced in the toy department. ", "Barbie was the absolute favorite (I’m still all about playing dress up today!) ", "but we also had Tinker Toys and baby dolls and cars. ", "I read Nancy Drew and loved video games of the Mario variety. ", "Fun is fun!", "\n\nPeople don’t let A. get you too worked up. ", "Yes, hormone levels in the womb affect a child’s sexuality but no one quite knows how to control those factors. ", "Plus to say that having a gay child is your “fault” (which suggests that it’s a bad thing and you’re being punished for something) is as nasty as it is untrue. ", "That is so effed up, A.!", "\n\nYou’ve blogged a lot about parenting lately, and your perspective on these topics is great. ", "I do have an opinion on this.", "\n\nI know you’ve mentioned that you were a What Would You Do fan before on your blog. ", "I’ve watched plenty of episodes and all of the scenarios that are played out are sometimes handled nicely by outsiders but mostly controversial. ", "I remember the scenario when they had the little boy wanting to dress in princess clothes and do girly things while the father protested loudly at the toy store. ", "I can’t find the clip online but I’m sure it’s on YouTube. ", "Why not show the clip to your friend and say that it’s ok that your son likes girl things?", "\n\nI think your friend is mostly afraid that her son will be teased about liking girl things when he goes to school. ", "She should love her son, no matter how he turns out to be.", "\n\nI used to watch Jurassic Park, Harry Potter, and other “boyish” movies. ", "Doing things that normally guys ,or if you’re a guy- that normally girls, would do does not make you “different”.", "\n\nWhen I was a child I wore my older brothers’ tee shirts, played baseball, and refused to wear anything close to resembling a dress. ", "I played with dolls, but if I had my choice, I would have taken a nerf football over a barbie any day. ", "I bemoaned that fact that there were not Mets tee shirts in the girls section at Caldor.", "\n\nI still have tomboy traits, but I also wear dresses and make-up. ", "Who you are as a child does not reflect who you will be as an adult.", "\n\nDistinguishing between “boy” and “girl” toys is just stupid. ", "There are only good (Lego, dolls, balls, stuffed animals) and bad toys (toy guns, cross-bows, transformer crap…).", "\nI did have a big baby doll growing up and played with it a lot. ", "The doll eventually was passed on to my younger (boy) cousin to play with. ", "By that time I was more into stuffed animals which I still have today. ", "My kids play with them now.", "\n\nre “fault”…When the parent is harassing their child because they are different they should think twice.", "\n\nI don’t think they know all of the reasons why the hormones get messed up, but they know some. ", "I think by talking about it and investigating it more, they think they’d be setting the gay rights movement back a few decades. ", "The problem is that sometimes there are medical conditions associated with these hormonal disruptions, and they should be studied more. ", "Some studies even say excess testosterone in the womb is responsible for autism and ADD.", "\n\nI was the girliest girl on earth as a child. ", "Everything was pink and I went through a phase where I would ONLY wear dresses, preferably ones with “twirly skirts” — where the skirt part with woosh around if I twirled in a circle. ", "I threw a fit at my fourth birthday party because I wearing a dress made of denim and was “underdressed.” ", "Apparently I got it all out of my system then, because I grew up to be a total tom boy and am SO not girly now at all.", "\nDuring my teenage years I hated having to babysit for families with girls because I hated playing house, or doing other girly things with them. ", "I was able to relate to the little boys games, and had more fun playing with them.", "\nI don’t think anything anyone is doing at age four is worth stressing out about. ", "Things change. ", "A lot.", "\n\nMy opinion is that your friend’s little guy is probably drawn to the purple color more than the “princess” aspect of the toy.", "\n\nMy now 23 year old son had a variety of toys as a child, including a Cabbage Patch doll who happened to look like him and have his initials. ", "He also played hockey, video games and read books. ", "He was allowed to have any toy I could afford except for guns, knives, or weaponry that was not “Nerf”.", "\n\nFor me, I don’t remember my toys as much as playing outside, climbing trees, playing baseball, kickball, and touch football in the field behind our house. ", "It was “kids” playing, not boys or girls…\n\nWhen my son was around 4 he loved Ariel from the Little Mermaid. ", "He used to go around “singing” like her and asked for an Ariel doll. ", "We got it for him. ", "He carried it everywhere for about 3 months. ", "He then moved on to Pokemon. ", "He is now 16 and loves basketball, video games and music (he’s a big Dead Mau5 and Skrillex fan).", "\n\nYour friend should not worry about it. ", "Kids go through phases and at that young age they do not invest as much in gender “roles” as adults do.", "\n\nLet him play with whatever he wants to (as long as it meets your other requirements – age appropriate, safety etc.)", "\n\nMy older son went to a preschool where the toys were never labeled girl or boy. ", "They were encouraged to Play with everything. ", "We were ok with it. ", "When mcDonalds does the kids toy, he will ask for the girl toy sometimes. ", "I asked him why and he said, I’m tired of getting a car or truck everytime. ", "The girl toys are stickers, drawing pads, a stamper or a bag to put his Pokemon cards. ", "My older son is very bright, his mind is always going, so the truck goes back and forth, no challenge. ", "His favorite color has changed over the years, currently its dark purple. ", "I’m ok with him. ", "He thinks Selena Gomez is pretty and has a crush on her. ", "I’m not worried. ", "As long as he grows up healthy and feeling secure, I’m happy. ", "My sister and her husband didn’t agree with whole neutral toy thing, no neutral toy playing. ", "My boys are passive and good boys. ", "Hers fight like hell with eAch other. ", "So I think letting children have a variety of toys is good.", "\n\nConfused, you are over-simplifying. ", "There are different stages in development of a fetus where different things are ya know…being worked on by God or whoever. ", "Hormone fluctuations at key times…especially in those who are more sensitive (genetically or via other factors) to these fluctuations can bring about various different things. ", "Just like we know certain things cause cancer, but for some reason, some people exposed to these things don’t get it.", "\n\nAmanda, remember in this society, girly boys are looked upon badly, but girls who are tomboys are not looked upon badly. ", "It is a horrible thing that a girl can play with boy toys without being ridiculed, but a boy cannot play with girl toys.", "\n\nYou handled the situation very well. ", "It is clear that your friend loves her son, but is worried about the ramifications of having a boy who plays with girl toys. ", "She may not care, but most people will make comments.", "\n\nin support of A, or to reinforce or whatever and not really contribute anything to the blog topic… My wife is due in August. ", "We had an OB/GYN appointment this past tuesday. ", "We talked about stress because my wife has been busy with work The OB didn’t bring out journals or cite sources, but she very confidently told us that mom stress levels have shown a direct correlation with sexuality.", "\n\nalso, to stir the pot and, again, not actually contribute to the topic at hand. ", "We are choosing NOT to circumcise. ", "It’s 100% unnecessary and I can’t imagine surgically cutting off a functioning, biological part of my baby’s anatomy. ", "I’m cut, but my baby will not be. ", "To each his own, but when you start to read up and educate yourself about it… circumcision is weird.", "\n\nNot only that, but it is well-established that inactivity and poor eating habits (too many carbs) can cause elevated testosterone levels in women which inhibits ovulation. ", "I don’t see why those same bad habits practice during pregnancy would not have the same testosterone-raising result. ", "And yes, stress as well. ", "The field of medicine would rather medicate you and charge you for IVF than emphasize these issues and walk you through them. ", "And again, talking too much about this would hurt the gay rights movement. ", "Imagine treating “gayness” as a physical ailment that can be prevented." ]

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[ "Local and remote microvascular changes in excitotoxin-induced focal brain lesions.", "\nWe have examined the changes in the microvascular diameter, number/mm2 (NA) and area (AAi%) which occur after local brain lesions by the excitotoxin ibotenic acid (IBO). ", "Rats (n = 18) were anesthetized with halothane. ", "IBO (10 micrograms in 1 microliters of phosphate buffer) or vehicle was microinjected in a target region of the parietal cortex via glass micropipettes stereotaxically placed and animals were allowed to recover. ", "Four 9, 15 and 30 days later rats were sacrificed and their brains removed, sectioned (thickness: 20 microns) and processed for the microvascular marker alkaline phosphatase. ", "AAi%, NA and diameter were measured in the area of the lesion and in the homotopic contralateral cortical area by computer-assisted image analysis. ", "In the lesion, AAi% increased by 83% at day 4, reached its maximum at day 9 (+227%) and then declined. ", "Vascular diameter and NA also increased. ", "However while diameter peaked at day 9 (+75%), Na reached its maximum at day 15 (+50%), at a time when AAi% was declining. ", "In the contralateral cortex diameter increased at day 9 (+21%) but NA decreased (-35%) resulting in unchanged vascular area. ", "Thus, focal brain lesions by excitotoxins produce substantial local and remote microvascular changes which have different patterns and may be mediated by distinct cellular and molecular mechanisms." ]

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[ "Fogarty International Center (FIC)\nNational Cancer Institute (NCI)\nNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)\nNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)\nOffice of Research on Women’s Health (ORWH)\n\nFIC plans to provide opportunities for up to four support\ncenters to develop and support global health research education/research\nexperience programs that meet the following objectives:\n\nProvide focused mentoring for participants (post-doctorates and\ndoctoral students) from the U.S. and low- and middle- income countries\n(LMICs) in global health research in established research sites in LMICs.", "\n\nProvide educational opportunities in diverse areas of research\nfor participants at those research sites.", "\n\nEnhance the global health research career trajectory potential\nof the participants.", "\n\nStrengthen global health programs at U.S. academic institutions\nand help to sustain global health research at institutions in LMICs.", "\n\nStrengthen global health research networks among the alumni\nand mentors across institutions in the U.S. and LMICs.", "\n\nKey Dates\n\nPosted Date\n\nAugust 16, 2011\n\nOpen Date (Earliest Submission Date)\n\nSeptember 14, 2011\n\nLetter of Intent Due Date\n\nSeptember 14, 2011\n\nApplication Due Date(s)\n\nOctober 14 , 2011\n\nAIDS Application Due Date(s)\n\nNot Applicable\n\nScientific Merit Review\n\nFebruary/March 2012\n\nAdvisory Council Review\n\nMay 2012\n\nEarliest Start Date(s)\n\nJuly 2012\n\nExpiration Date\n\nOctober 15, 2011\n\nDue Dates for E.O. 12372\n\nNot Applicable\n\nRequired Application Instructions\n\nIt is critical that applicants follow the instructions in\nthe SF\n424 (R&R) Application Guide except where instructed to do otherwise (in\nthis FOA or in a Notice from the NIH\nGuide for Grants and Contracts). ", "Conformance to all requirements (both\nin the Application Guide and the FOA) is required and strictly enforced. ", "Applicants\nmust read and follow all application instructions in the Application Guide as\nwell as any program-specific instructions noted in Section IV. ", "When the program-specific\ninstructions deviate from those in the Application Guide, follow the\nprogram-specific instructions. ", "Applications that do not comply with\nthese instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.", "\n\nThis Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) outlines an\nopportunity for eligible institutions to apply to become a Fogarty Global\nHealth Program Support Center under the Global Health Program for Fellows and\nScholars (Global Health Fellows) Program.", "\n\nBackground\ninformation: Established in 2004, the Fogarty Scholars (for\ndoctoral students) Program has provided early training and career opportunities\nfor doctoral students in the health professions from the U.S. and low- and\nmiddle-income countries (LMICs) to participate in one-year mentored clinical\nresearch training programs in LMICs. ", "An expansion of the Program added\nopportunities for post-doctorates from the U.S. and LMICs (Fellows Program) in\n2008, and the whole program was renamed the Fogarty International Clinical Research\nTraining Scholars and Fellows (FICRSF) Program. ", "The general purpose of this\nprogram is to develop the next generation of clinical investigators, especially\nwith an eye toward international health research capacity building and\ncollaborations. ", "The program provides mentored hands-on experience for these\npotential new U.S. and LMIC investigators in LMICs, and strengthens\nrelationships and collaborations between U.S. and LMIC institutions,\nresearchers, and trainees in these countries. ", "In addition, the program builds\nresearch capacity in the LMICs by providing financial and technical training\nsupport for students and newly graduated researchers in those countries. ", "The\nresearch training sites in LMICs have existing capacity to provide an\noutstanding mentored clinical research training experience to Scholars and\nFellows in the FICRSF Program. ", "Each site is involved in both an FIC\ninternational research training grant and on-going NIH-funded clinical\nresearch, has capacity for strong ethical review and oversight of clinical\nresearch, committed interest and expertise in mentoring students, appropriate\nresearch facilities, and suitable infrastructure arrangements for housing,\nfood, and transportation. ", "The Fogarty International Center managed the Program\nfrom the beginning until 2007 when the administration and logistics management\nof the Program were transferred to a grantee as a support center of the\nprogram. ", "The current support center award (2007-2012) will expire in June\n2012.", "\n\nThe\ncurrent Scholars Program: The program focuses on doctoral level\nU.S. students in the health professions (e.g., medical students after 3rd year,\ndoctoral students who have not completed their dissertation). ", "Twenty-five\nselected sites with established NIH-funded research projects in Africa, Asia\nand Latin America have participated in the program as training sites. ", "Each site\nhas a US-based lead mentor and LMIC-based lead mentor. ", "Each training site pairs\nthe U.S. scholar with an international scholar from that site. ", "All scholars\nstay and receive mentored clinical research training at the assigned LMIC site.", "\n\nThe\ncurrent Fellows Program: The program focuses on post-doctorates\n(those in either post-residency clinical fellowships or in other health-related\npost-doctoral programs from the US and LMICs) as a one-year mentored clinical\nresearch training program. ", "All fellows stay and receive mentored clinical\nresearch training at an established NIH-funded research site in LMICs. ", "There\nare currently 37 pre-approved LMIC sites for fellows in Africa, Asia and Latin\nAmerica. ", "The program builds on international research and research training\ngrants supported by FIC and collaborating NIH Institutes and Centers (ICs),\nwhich have been critically important to training scientists and health\nprofessionals from LMICs in research and in helping them to establish careers\nin their home country.", "\n\nObjectives\nof this FOA: Based on the success and experience from the\ncurrent FICRSF program, this FOA provides opportunities for up to four support centers\nto develop and support global health research education/experience programs\nthat meet the following objectives:\n\nProvide focused mentoring for participants (post-doctorates and\ndoctoral students from the U.S. and LMICs) in global health research at\nestablished research sites in LMICs.", "\n\nProvide 11-month research education/experience opportunities in\ndiverse areas of research for participants at those research sites\n\nEnhance the global health research career trajectory potential of\nthe participants.", "\n\nStrengthen global health research networks among the alumni and\nmentors across institutions in the U.S. and LMICs.", "\n\nStrengthen global health programs at U.S. academic institutions\nand help to sustain global health research at institutions in LMICs.", "\n\nFor the operational purposes of this FOA, the following\nworking definition is used for \"global health\": “Global health is an\narea for study, research and practice that places a priority on improving\nhealth and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. ", "Global health\nemphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves\nmany disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and promotes\ninterdisciplinary collaboration; and is a synthesis of population-based\nprevention with individual-level clinical care.” (", "Koplan JP, Bond TC, Merson\nMH, Reddy KS, Rodriguez MH, Sewankambo NK, Wasserheit JN; Consortium of\nUniversities for Global Health Executive Board. ", "Towards a common definition\nof global health. ", "Lancet. ", "2009 Jun 6;373(9679):1993-5.)", "\n\nSupport Centers for this Global Health Program for Fellows\nand Scholars (Global Health Fellows) are required to provide supportive\nmentorship, research opportunities and a collaborative research environment for\nearly stage investigators from the U.S. and LMICs to enhance their global\nhealth research expertise and their careers. ", "Building on the momentum of the\nFICRSF Program, the Global Health Fellows awards will provide opportunities to\ncontinue to support research capacity building and research education/experience\nin priority health areas in LMICs such as communicable diseases including\nHIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and vaccine-preventable diseases; chronic\nnon-communicable diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, lung\ndiseases, blood diseases, metabolic diseases and mental health; maternal and\nchild health; women’s health; arthritis and rheumatic, musculoskeletal and skin\ndiseases; environmental and occupational health; trauma and burn injury,\nanesthesiology, and clinical pharmacology; genetics; behavioral and social\naspects of health and illness; and cross-cutting global health research areas.", "\n\nThese awards may be used to strengthen existing (and in some\ncases develop new) partnerships between U.S. and LMIC research institutions\nthat will contribute to global health research capacity building and the use of\nresearch to improve treatment, identify preventive measures, and groom future\ngenerations of health scientists who can ultimately improve the health outcomes\nrelated to these areas in the applicant’s community and country (both U.S. and\nLMIC).", "\n\nAlthough not required, applicants are encouraged to form a\nconsortium that may include up to 4 complementary US academic/training\ninstitutions. ", "Benefits of consortia include a wider range of opportunities\nfor fellows and scholars in different research areas (e.g., non-communicable\ndiseases, communicable diseases, translation and implementation science,\nmaternal and child health, women’s health) to reflect FIC’s strategic plan (http://www.fic.nih.gov/About/Pages/Strategic-Plan.aspx).", "\nIn addition, consortia are likely to provide a wider pool of post-doctoral\ncandidates than just one institution and a wider pool of faculty/mentors.", "\n\nApplicants are also encouraged to recruit graduates from\nNIH-funded T32 post-doctoral research training grants awarded to applicant\ninstitutions as the primary but not the exclusive pipeline from which U.S\npost-doctorates will be selected for the Global Health Fellows program.", "\nBenefits of utilizing T32 programs for potential participants include the fact\nthat T32 graduates have advanced scientific skills that could be applied to\nglobal health research, they would benefit and learn from experience in an\nLMIC, and would contribute research expertise to the research sites. ", "T32\ngraduates also usually pursue academic research careers which would increase\nthe pool of U.S. faculty with global health expertise and experience in LMICs.", "\nIf it would strengthen the pool of potential participants, the applicants may include\nplans to recruit post-doctorates funded by other mechanisms in the consortium.", "\nApplicants are encouraged to include advanced doctoral students with focus on\nhealth sciences (e.g., medicine, dentistry, osteopathy, nursing, public health,\netc.) ", "in their consortium as potential doctoral student participants (scholars)\nfor Global Health Fellows.", "\n\nDevelop strategic partnerships with established research,\nresearch training and research education/experience sites (preferably\nlong-standing NIH-funded programs) in LMICs.", "\n\nDevelop and implement a system for recruitment, selection\n(including selection criteria for participants) and placement of participants\nevery year (for U.S. post-doctorates, LMIC post-doctorates, U.S. doctoral\nstudents and LMIC doctoral students).", "\n\nDevelop and implement mentoring and support plans for the participants\nat LMIC sites.", "\n\nPropose an appropriate number of participants (post-doctorates\nand doctoral students) per year within the allowable budget.", "\n\nProvide at least 80% of opportunities for post-doctorates\n\nLimit the number of post-doctorates from LMICs to 25% of\npost-doctorates per year (recognizing that additional opportunities for LMIC\npost-doctorates are also available through other FIC research training and research\neducation programs at these sites).", "\n\nPropose mechanisms to recruit, select and mentor post-doctorates\nas well as scholars (doctoral students) from LMICs. ", "Participants from LMICs should\nhave strong potential to contribute to global health research through\nstrengthening collaboration among LMIC and U.S. research programs during and\nafter the Global Health Fellows program.", "\n\nThe NHLBI will support\nonly fellows, not scholars, with proposed research projects in cardiovascular,\nchronic lung disorders, or blood diseases. ", "The NHLBI-supported research\nprojects conducted by the fellows could be in clinical research, population\nresearch, health services research, health policy research and health\neconomics. ", "Basic science research applications will not be supported by NHLBI.", "\n\nThe Office of\nBehavioral and Social Sciences Research (OBSSR) joins this FOA as part of its\neffort to promote research on the behavioral and social aspects of health and\nillness.", "\n\nThe OER\nGlossary and the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide provide details on\nthese application types.", "\n\nFunds Available and Anticipated Number of Awards\n\nThe FIC and Issuing IC partner components intend to commit annually\nup to an estimated total of $4 million for up to 4 awards.", "\n\nAward Budget\n\nUp to $1 million per year (direct costs) per award is\navailable for this program, depending upon availability of funds.", "\n\nAward Project Period\n\nThe total project period for an application submitted in\nresponse to this Funding Opportunity Announcement may not exceed 5 years.", "\n\nOther Award Budget Information\n\nPersonnel Costs\n\nIndividuals designing, directing, and implementing the\nresearch education program may request salary and fringe benefits appropriate\nfor the person months devoted to the program. ", "Salaries requested may not\nexceed the levels commensurate with the institution's policy for similar\npositions and may not exceed the congressionally mandated cap. (", "If mentoring\ninteractions and other activities with students/participants are considered a\nregular part of an individual's academic duties, then any costs associated\nwith the mentoring and other interactions with students/participants are not\nallowable costs from grant funds).", "\n\nParticipant Costs\n\nParticipants may be paid if specifically required for the\nproposed research education program and sufficiently justified. ", "Participant\ncosts must be itemized in the proposed budget.", "\n\nAllowable participant costs depend on the educational level/career status of\nthe individuals to be selected to participate in the program.", "\n\nWhile generally not allowable costs, with strong justification, participants\nin the research education program may receive partial costs of meals unless\nsuch costs are furnished as part of the registration fee. ", "Participants may\nalso receive funds to defray partial tuition, and other education-related\nexpenses.", "\n\nAdditional guidance on participant costs:\n\nAmount of compensation should\nbe based on 11 months duration at 36 hours per week for all US post-doctoral participants\nand should not exceed NRSA equivalent amounts based on the education,\ntraining and experience of the participant.", "\n\nAmount of compensation for US\ndoctoral participants should be equivalent to the amount offered by the\nFulbright US student program.", "\n\nAmount of compensation for\nLMIC participants should be based on local site equivalent amount based on\nthe education, training and experience of the participant, and should be\ndecided with concurrence of lead mentors at the sites.", "\n\nApplicants should plan for a\ngeneral orientation program that spans a maximum of five days for new participants\nat the NIH campus in Bethesda.", "\n\nDescribe any other education-related costs allowed for this\nresearch education program, such as supplies, travel to scientific meetings\nand/or to and from the grantee institution, and temporary housing when\napplicable.", "\n\nIndividuals currently supported\nby NIH training and career development mechanisms (K, T, or F awards) may\nreceive, and indeed are encouraged to receive, educational experiences supported\nby the R25 mechanism, as participants, but may not receive salary or stipend\nsupplementation from a research education program.", "\n\nBecause the R25 mechanism is not intended as a substitute for an NRSA\ninstitutional training program (T32), costs to support full-time participants\n(supported for 40 hours/week for a continuous, 12-month period) are not allowable.", "\n\nOther Program-Related Expenses\n\nConsultant costs, equipment, supplies, travel for key\npersons, and other program-related expenses may be included in the proposed\nbudget. ", "These expenses must be justified as specifically required by the\nproposed program and must not duplicate items generally available at the\napplicant institution.", "\n\nApplicants are encouraged\nto leverage existing administrative supports of global health programs and\nT32 awards to reduce the administrative costs of this R25 grant to 20% or\nless of the total grant budget.", "\n\nApplicants are also encouraged to leverage\nresearch and research training resources from collaborating partners at LMIC\nsites in the proposed Global Health Fellows.", "\n\nIndirect Costs\n\nIndirect Costs (also known as Facilities &\nAdministrative [F&A] Costs) are reimbursed at 8% of modified total direct\ncosts (exclusive of tuition and fees and expenditures for equipment), rather\nthan on the basis of a negotiated rate agreement.", "\n\nNIH grants policies as\ndescribed in the NIH Grants\nPolicy Statement will apply to the\napplications submitted and awards made in response to this FOA.", "\n\nSection III. ", "Eligibility Information\n\n1. ", "Eligible Applicants\n\nEligibleOrganizations\n\nHigher Education Institutions\n\nPublic/State Controlled Institutions of Higher Education\n\nPrivate Institutions of Higher Education\n\nThe following types of Higher Education Institutions\nare always encouraged to apply for NIH support as Public or Private\nInstitutions of Higher Education:\n\nHispanic-serving Institutions\n\nHistorically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)\n\nTribally Controlled Colleges and Universities (TCCUs)\n\nAlaska Native and Native Hawaiian Serving Institutions\n\nAll Program\nDirectors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs) must also work with their\ninstitutional officials to register with the eRA Commons or ensure their\nexisting eRA Commons account is affiliated with the eRA Commons account of the\napplicant organization.", "\n\nAll registrations must be completed by the application due date.", "\n\nThe sponsoring institution must assure support for\nthe proposed program. ", "Appropriate institutional commitment to the program\nincludes the provision of adequate staff, facilities, and educational resources\nthat can contribute to the planned program.", "\n\nInstitutions with existing Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service\nAward (NRSA) institutional training grants (e.g., T32) or other Federally\nfunded training programs may apply for a research education grant provided that\nthe proposed educational experiences are distinct from those training programs\nreceiving NIH support. ", "In many cases, it is anticipated that the proposed\nresearch education program will complement ongoing research training occurring\nat the applicant institution.", "\n\nForeign Institutions\n\nNon-domestic (non-U.S.) Entities (Foreign Institutions) are\nnoteligible to apply.", "\nNon-domestic (non-U.S.) components of U.S. Organizations are noteligible to apply.", "\nForeign components, as defined in the NIH Grants Policy Statement, are not allowed.", "\n\nRequired Registrations\n\nApplicant organizations must complete the following registrations\nas described in the SF 424 (R&R) Application Guide to be eligible to apply\nfor or receive an award. ", "Applicants must have a valid Dun and Bradstreet\nUniversal Numbering System (DUNS) number in order to begin each of the following\nregistrations.", "\n\nAll Program Directors/Principal Investigators (PD/PIs) must also work with\ntheir institutional officials to register with the eRA Commons or ensure their\nexisting eRA Commons account is affiliated with the eRA Commons account of the\napplicant organization.", "\n\nAll registrations must be completed by the application due date. ", "Applicant\norganizations are strongly encouraged to start the registration process at\nleast four (4) weeks prior to the application due date.", "\n\nEligible Individuals (Program Director/Principal Investigator)\n\nAny individual(s) with the skills, knowledge, and resources\nnecessary to carry out the proposed research as the Program Director/Principal\nInvestigator (PD/PI) is invited to work with his/her organization to develop an\napplication for support. ", "Individuals from diverse backgrounds, including underrepresented\nracial and ethnic groups, individuals with disabilities, and women are always\nencouraged to apply for NIH support.", "\n\nThe PD/PI should be an established investigator in the scientific area in which\nthe application is targeted and capable of providing both administrative and\nscientific leadership to the development and implementation of the proposed\nprogram. ", "The PD/PI will be expected to monitor and assess the program and\nsubmit all documents and reports as required.", "\n\nApplicants must document the attributes and capability of the support center\nconsortium using the following criteria:\n\nAccredited U.S. academic institutions with established global\nhealth programs that support research education/experience at the doctoral\nlevel in the health sciences;\n\nKnowledge of and interactions with postdoctoral residency and\nfellowship programs in the health sciences [by the faculty of the institution(s)];\n\nFaculty with proven track records of providing mentorship to\ngraduate students and post-doctorates in global health research;\n\nSufficient number of diverse active T32 grants for post-doctoral training programs among the proposed collaborating U.S. institutions covering a\nrange of research areas mentioned in the objectives of this FOA. ", "The T32 grants\nthat will be participating in the Global Health Fellows program should be\nlisted in the application;\n\nAbility of collaborating principal investigators with T32 awards\nat the institution(s) to encourage a sufficient number of post-doctorate\napplicants in diverse research areas each year;\n\nComprehensive communications strategies to reach the majority of\nT32 post-doctoral trainees in affiliated collaborating schools in the health\nsciences including schools of medicine, nursing, osteopathy, dentistry,\nveterinary and public health;\n\nEstablished track records in global health research training and research\neducation/experience for both U.S. and LMIC researchers (having at least 3\nyears of partnership experience in training researchers at proposed LMIC\nsites);\n\nAffiliation with a sufficient number of partner application\nresearch sites in LMICs from either the applicant or among the partners of a\nconsortium across a range of communicable and non-communicable diseases that\nhave well documented strong track records of active NIH or other US\ngovernment/organization funded research projects and research training and research\neducation projects (e.g., MEPI, Centers of Excellence of NHLBI, NIAID global\nresearch networks, international research sites of NCI, NICHD and NIMH).", "\n\nBased on the experience from the\ncurrent research training program, we encourage applicants to include at least\n6 research sites in each consortium to provide diverse research education\nexperiences (e.g., malignancy, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis,\nmalaria, metabolic diseases, women’s health, child health, vaccine-preventable\ndiseases, mental health, etc.) ", "for the participants;\n\nExpertise in coordinating meetings and organizing scientific\nconferences, including travel and logistical support; and\n\nExpertise and ability to disseminate educational materials and\nknowledge in global health science and public health to participants in the research\neducation sites.", "\n\nProposed research education sites in LMICs must have the\nfollowing attributes:\n\nexisting capacity to provide an outstanding mentored global\nhealth research education experience to participants in the Global Health\nFellows Program;\n\ninvolvement in at least one active multi-year research training or\nresearch education grant, on-going NIH-funded and/or other US government-funded\nclinical research projects, strong ethical review and oversight of clinical\nresearch, committed interest and expertise in mentoring students, appropriate\nresearch facilities, and suitable infrastructure arrangements for housing,\nfood, and transportation;\n\nestablished partnership with the applicant or at least one member\nof the US consortium for at least 3 years in research or research training or research\neducation;\n\nApplicants are required to have written agreements from\nparticipating LMIC site mentors/leaders for a partnership if the grant is\nawarded. ", "Research education/experience sites in LMICs can participate in more\nthan one consortium if they have established collaborations with the applicant\nor at least one member of the applicant consortia. ", "Based on the need to\nstrengthen the Global Health Fellows Program, additional research education/experience\nsites in LMICs that meet the eligibility requirements for the Program can be\nincluded in the consortia even after the awards are made with prior approval\nfrom FIC. ", "Please see the sites supported under the current program (2007-12) http://www.fogartyscholars.org/fellows/sites\n\nA leadership plan for each applicant or consortium is\nrequired. ", "Potential applicants who believe they are eligible to apply under\nthis FOA are advised to consult with FIC staff (as listed under INQUIRIES) to\nverify their eligibility before submitting an application.", "\n\nOnly one application per institution or consortia (normally identified by having a unique DUNS number or NIH IPF number) is allowed.", "\n\nNIH will not accept any application in response to this FOA\nthat is essentially the same as one currently pending initial peer review\nunless the applicant withdraws the pending application. ", "NIH will not accept any\napplication that is essentially the same as one already reviewed.", "\n\nPreceptors/Mentors\n\nResearchers from diverse backgrounds, including racial and\nethnic minorities, persons with disabilities, and women are encouraged to\nparticipate as preceptors/mentors. ", "Mentors should have research expertise and\nexperience relevant to the proposed program. ", "Mentors must be committed to\ncontinue their involvement throughout the total period of the mentee’s\nparticipation in this award.", "\n\nParticipants\n\nApplications must describe the intended participants, and\nthe eligibility and/or specific educational background characteristics that are\nessential for participation in the proposed research education program.", "\nIdentify the career levels essential for participation in the planned program.", "\n\nUnless strongly justified on the basis of exceptional\nrelevance to NIH, research education programs should be used primarily for the\neducation of U.S. citizens.", "\n\nSection IV. ", "Application and Submission Information\n\n1. ", "Requesting an Application Package\n\nApplicants must download the SF424 (R&R) application\npackage associated with this funding opportunity using the “Apply for Grant\nElectronically” button in this FOA or following the directions provided at Grants.gov.", "\n\n2. ", "Content and Form of Application Submission\n\nIt is critical that applicants follow the instructions in\nthe SF424\n(R&R) Application Guide, except where instructed in this funding\nopportunity announcement to do otherwise. ", "Conformance to the requirements in\nthe Application Guide is required and strictly enforced. ", "Applications that are\nout of compliance with these instructions may be delayed or not accepted for review.", "\n\nAlthough a letter of intent is not required, is not binding,\nand does not enter into the review of a subsequent application, the information\nthat it contains allows IC staff to estimate the potential review workload and\nplan the review.", "\n\nBy the date listed in Part 1. ", "Overview\nInformation, prospective applicants are asked to submit a letter of intent\nthat includes the following information:\n\nThe forms package associated with this FOA includes all\napplicable components, mandatory and optional. ", "Please note that some\ncomponents marked optional in the application package are required for\nsubmission of applications for this FOA. ", "Follow the instructions in the SF 424\n(R&R) Application Guide to ensure you complete all appropriate “optional”\ncomponents.", "\n\nPage Limitations\n\nAll page limitations described in the SF424 (R&R)\nApplication Guide and the Table of\nPage Limits must be followed.", "\n\nSF424 (R&R) Other Project Information Component\n\nFollow all instructions provided in the SF424 (R&R)\nApplication Guide with the following modifications:\n\nFacilities & Other\nResources\n\nDescribe the educational environment, including the\nfacilities, laboratories, participating departments, computer services, and any\nother resources to be used in the development and implementation of the\nproposed program. ", "List all thematically related sources of support for research\neducation/experience following the format for Current and Pending Support.", "\n\nAdvisory Committee (Uploaded\nvia the Other Attachments section)\n\nA plan must be provided for the appointment of an Advisory\nCommittee to monitor progress. ", "Composition, responsibilities, frequency of\nmeetings, and other relevant information should be included. ", "Describe the\ncomposition of the Advisory Committee, identifying the role and the desired\nexpertise of members. ", "A plan for Advisory Committee approval and selection of participants\nshould be included. ", "Describe how the Advisory Committee will function in\nproviding oversight of the development, implementation, and evaluation of\nrecruitment strategies, the recruitment and retention of candidates, and the\nevaluation of the overall effectiveness of the program. ", "Note that Advisory\nCommittee members should not be named in the application, particularly if they\ninclude individuals from outside the institution.", "\n\nThe Advisory Committee, made up of at least six\nmembers, shall be comprised of representatives from institutions that are\nawardees of FIC or other compatible U.S. Government (USG) research training and\nresearch education grants. ", "The Advisory Committee will have virtual meetings as\nneeded and one face-to-face meeting per year as needed.", "\n\nCreation of an\nadvisory panel of participants to provide perspective from their experiences\nfor future program development is required.", "\n\nThe\nfilename provided for each “Other Attachment” will be the name used for the\nbookmark in the electronic application in eRA Commons.", "\n\nR&R Budget Component\n\nFollow all instructions provided in the SF424 (R&R)\nApplication Guide with the following modifications:\n\nInclude all personnel other than the\nPD/PI(s) in the Other Personnel section, including clerical and administrative\nstaff.", "\n\nPHS 398 Research Plan Component\n\nAll instructions in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide\nmust be followed, with the additional instructions described below:\n\nThe Research Strategy section must be used to upload\nthe Research Education\nProgram Plan, which must include the following components\ndescribed below: Proposed Research Education Program, Institutional Environment\nand Commitment, Program Director/Principal Investigator, Program Faculty/Staff,\nProgram Participants, Diversity Recruitment and Retention Plan, Plan for\nInstruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research, Evaluation Plan..\n\nProposed Research Education\nProgram (Component of Research Education Program Plan)\n\nWhile the proposed research education program may\ncomplement ongoing research training and education occurring at the applicant\ninstitution, the proposed educational experiences must be distinct from those\nresearch training and research education programs currently receiving federal\nsupport. ", "When research education programs are on-going in the same department,\nthe applicant organization should clearly describe the distinction between the\nintended participants in the proposed research education program and the existing\nresearch education supported by the other programs. ", "The information should\ninclude a description of the education and/or career levels of the planned\nparticipants. ", "In addition, the following plans and activities are required to\nbe included in the application:\n\nA detailed plan for recruitment,\nselection and training for Year 1. ", "This information is needed to assess the\napplicant’s capability to begin the training class no later than September 2012\nif the award is made in July 2012 or earlier.", "\n\nApplication for innovative\nmechanisms to reduce cost without compromising the quality and principles of\nselection, education, and mentoring of the participants (e.g., by building on\nexisting administrative structure for global health programs and T32 awards at\ncollaborating applicant institutions and by leveraging resources from research\nand research training awards involving LMIC sites associated with the proposed\nprogram).", "\n\nThe research education plan\nshould cover a period of five years and indicate how the capacity to engage\nU.S. and LMIC participants in global health research will be strengthened\nsignificantly in this time period.", "\n\nInstitutional Environment and\nCommitment (Component of Research Education Program Plan)\n\nDescribe the institutional environment, reiterating\nthe availability of facilities and educational resources (described separately\nunder “Facilities & Other Resources”), that can contribute to the planned\nResearch Education Program. ", "Evidence of institutional commitment to the\nresearch educational program is required. ", "A letter of institutional commitment\nmust be attached as part of Letters of Support. ", "Appropriate institutional\ncommitment should include the provision of adequate staff, facilities, and\neducational resources that can contribute to the planned research education\nprogram.", "\n\nProgram Director/Principal Investigator (Component of\nResearch Education Program Plan)\n\nDescribe arrangements for administration of the\nprogram, provide evidence that the Program Director is actively engaged in\nresearch and/or teaching in an area related to the mission of NIH, and can\norganize, administer, monitor, and evaluate the research education program, as\nwell as evidence of institutional and community commitment and support for the\nproposed program.", "\n\nProgram Faculty/Staff (Component of Research Education\nProgram Plan)\n\nDescribe the characteristics and responsibilities of\nthe participating faculty; provide evidence that the participating faculty and\npreceptors are actively engaged in research or other scholarly activities\nrelated to the mission of NIH.", "\n\nProgram Participants\n(Component of Research Education Program Plan)\n\nWhere the proposed program involves participants, provide\ndetails about the pool of expected participants, their qualifications,\nrecruitment strategies and sources of applicant pool, etc.", "\n\nDiversity Recruitment and\nRetention Plan (Component of Research Education Program Plan)\n\nThe NIH recognizes a unique and compelling need to\npromote diversity among U.S. citizens and permanent residents in the\nbiomedical, behavioral, clinical and social sciences research workforce. ", "The\nNIH expects efforts to diversify the workforce to lead to the recruitment of\nthe most talented researchers from all groups; to improve the quality of the\neducational and training environment; to balance and broaden the perspective in\nsetting research priorities; to improve the ability to recruit subjects from\ndiverse backgrounds into clinical research protocols; and to improve the\nNation's capacity to address and eliminate health disparities.", "\n\nAccordingly, the NIH continues to encourage institutions to diversify their\nstudent and faculty populations and thus to increase the participation of\nindividuals currently underrepresented in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral,\nand social sciences such as: individuals from underrepresented racial and\nethnic groups; individuals with disabilities; and individuals from socially,\nculturally, economically, or educationally disadvantaged backgrounds that have\ninhibited their ability to pursue a career in health-related research.", "\nInstitutions are encouraged to identify candidates who will increase diversity\non a national or institutional basis.", "\n\nThe NIH is particularly interested in encouraging the recruitment and retention\nof the following classes of participants:\n\nA. Individuals from racial and ethnic groups that\nhave been shown by the National Science Foundation to be underrepresented in\nhealth-related sciences on a national basis (see the report Women,\nMinorities, and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering, 2007,\np. 262). ", "The following racial and ethnic groups have been shown to be\nunderrepresented in biomedical research: African Americans, Hispanic Americas,\nNative Americans, Alaskan Natives, Hawaiian Natives, and natives of the US\nPacific Islands. ", "In addition, it is recognized that underrepresentation can\nvary from setting to setting; individuals from racial or ethnic groups that can\nbe convincingly demonstrated to be underrepresented by the grantee institution\nshould be encouraged to participate in this program.", "\n\nB. Individuals with disabilities, who are defined as\nthose with a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or\nmore major life activities.", "\n\nC. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds who are\ndefined as:\n\n1. ", "Individuals who come from a\nfamily with an annual income below established low-income thresholds. ", "These\nthresholds are based on family size; published by the U.S. Bureau of the\nCensus; adjusted annually for changes in the Consumer Price Index; and adjusted\nby the Secretary for use in all health professions programs. ", "The Secretary\nperiodically publishes these income levels at\nhttp://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/index.shtml. ", "For individuals from low income\nbackgrounds, the institution must be able to demonstrate that such participants\nhave qualified for Federal disadvantaged assistance or they have received any\nof the following student loans: Health Professions Student Loans (HPSL), Loans\nfor Disadvantaged Student Program, or they have received scholarships from the\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the Scholarship for\nIndividuals with Exceptional Financial Need.", "\n\n2. ", "Individuals who come from a\nsocial, cultural, or educational environment such as that found in certain\nrural or inner-city environments that have demonstrably and recently directly\ninhibited the individual from obtaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities\nnecessary to develop and participate in a research career.", "\n\nRecruitment and retention plans related to a\ndisadvantaged background (C1 and C2) are most applicable to high school and\nperhaps to undergraduate candidates, but would be more difficult to justify for\nindividuals beyond that level of academic achievement. ", "Under extraordinary\ncircumstances the PHS may, at its discretion, consider an individual beyond the\nundergraduate level to be from a disadvantaged background. ", "Such decisions will\nbe made on a case-by-case basis, based on appropriate documentation.", "\n\nNew applications must include a description of\nplans to enhance recruitment of a diverse participant pool and may wish to\ninclude data in support of past accomplishments.", "\n\nApplications lacking a diversity recruitment and\nretention plan may be delayed or not accepted for review. ", "An award cannot be\nmade if an application lacks this component.", "\n\nPlan for Instruction in the\nResponsible Conduct of Research (Component of Research Education Program Plan)\n\nEvery participant supported by this Research\nEducation grant must receive instruction in the responsible conduct of\nresearch. ", "All applications must include a plan to provide such instruction. ", "The\nplan must address five components (format; subject matter; faculty\nparticipation; duration of instruction; and frequency of instruction) as\ndetailed in NOT-OD-10-019.", "\n\nApplications lacking a plan for instruction in responsible conduct of research may\nbe delayed or not accepted for review. ", "An award cannot be made if an\napplication lacks this component. ", "The background, rationale and more detail\nabout instruction in the responsible conduct of research can be found in NOT-OD-10-019.", "\nIf such instruction is not appropriate for the proposed research education\nprogram, then the PD/PI must provide a strong justification for its exclusion.", "\n\nEvaluation Plan (Component of Research Education\nProgram Plan)\n\nA plan must be provided for program evaluation.", "\nBenchmarks should be specified, and specific plans and procedures must be\ndescribed to capture, analyze and report short or long-term outcome measures\nthat would determine the success of the research education program in achieving\nits objectives. ", "Where appropriate, applicants are encouraged to include plans\nto obtain feedback from participants to help identify weaknesses and to provide\nsuggestions for program improvements.", "\n\nResource Sharing Plans\n\nIndividuals\nare required to comply with the instructions for the Resource Sharing\nPlans (Data Sharing Plan, Sharing Model Organisms, and Genome Wide Association\nStudies; GWAS) as provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide, with the\nfollowing modifications:\n\nApplications are expected to include a software dissemination plan if\nsupport for development, maintenance, or enhancement of software is requested\nin the application. ", "There is no prescribed single license for software\nproduced. ", "However, the software dissemination plan should address, as\nappropriate, the following goals:\n\nSoftware source code should be freely available to biomedical\nresearchers and educators in the non-profit sector, such as institutions of\neducation, research institutions, and government laboratories. ", "Users should be\npermitted to modify the code and share their modifications with others.", "\n\nThe terms of software availability should permit the\ncommercialization of enhanced or customized versions of the software, or\nincorporation of the software or pieces of it into other software packages.", "\n\nTo preserve utility to the community, the software should be transferable\nsuch that another individual or team can continue development in the event that\nthe original investigators are unwilling or unable to do so.", "\n\nAppendix\n\nDo not use the appendix to circumvent page limits.", "\nFollow all instructions for the Appendix as described in the SF424 (R&R)\nApplication Guide.", "\n\n3. ", "Submission Dates and Times\n\nPart I. Overview Information contains information about Key Dates. ", "Applicants are encouraged to submit in\nadvance of the deadline to ensure they have time to make any application\ncorrections that might be necessary for successful submission.", "\n\nOrganizations must submit applications via Grants.gov, the online portal to find and apply for grants\nacross all Federal agencies. ", "Applicants must then complete the submission\nprocess by tracking the status of the application in the eRA Commons, NIH’s electronic system for grants\nadministration.", "\n\nApplicants are\nresponsible for viewing their application in the eRA Commons to ensure accurate\nand successful submission.", "\n\nInformation on the submission process and a definition of on-time submission\nare provided in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.", "\n\nFor assistance with your electronic application or for more information on the electronic submission\nprocess, visit Applying\nElectronically.", "\n\nImportant\nreminders:All PD/PIs must include their eRA Commons ID in the Credential\nfieldof the Senior/Key Person Profile Component of the SF 424(R&R) Application\nPackage. ", "Failure to register in the Commons and to include a valid PD/PI\nCommons ID in the credential field will prevent the successful submission of an\nelectronic application to NIH.", "\n\nThe applicant organization must ensure that the DUNS number it provides on the\napplication is the same number used in the organization’s profile in the eRA\nCommons and for the Central Contractor Registration (CCR). ", "Additional\ninformation may be found in the SF424 (R&R) Application Guide.", "\n\nUpon receipt, applications will be evaluated for\ncompleteness by the Center for Scientific Review and responsiveness by components of participating organizations,\nNIH. ", "Applications that are incomplete and/or nonresponsive will not be\nreviewed.", "\n\nPost Submission Materials\n\nApplicants are required to follow the instructions for\npost-submission materials, as described in NOT-OD-10-115.", "\n\nSection\nV. Application Review Information\n\n1. ", "Criteria\n\nOnly the review criteria described below will be considered\nin the review process. ", "As part of the NIH mission,\nall applications submitted to the NIH in support of biomedical and behavioral\nresearch are evaluated for scientific and technical merit through the NIH peer\nreview system.", "\n\nOverall Impact\n\nReviewers will provide an overall impact/priority score to\nreflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a\nsustained, powerful influence on the research field(s) involved, in\nconsideration of the following review criteria and additional review criteria\n(as applicable for the project proposed).", "\n\nScored Review Criteria\n\nReviewers will consider each of the review criteria below in\nthe determination of scientific merit, and give a separate score for each. ", "An\napplication does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to\nhave major scientific impact.", "\n\nSignificance\n\nDoes the proposed research education program address\nan important problem or critical question in research education or other\ncritical issues? ", "How will implementation of the proposed program advance the\nobjectives of the Global Health Fellows program? ", "Does the Global Health Fellows application address an important problem or a critical barrier to\nprogress in the field? ", "If the aims of the Global Health Fellows application lare achieved, how will scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice\nbe improved? ", "What is the likelihood of the overall project to adhere to the\ngoals of this funding opportunity announcement? ", "Does the proposed five-year\nstrategic plan of the support center applicant meet the objectives of the Global\nHealth Fellows? ", "Will the mentoring plan improve the research\neducation/experience as well as career trajectory aspect of the participants\nand alumni (both U.S. and LMIC)? ", "Is\nthe proposed program of research education/experience likely to ensure that participants\nwill be prepared for successful and productive global health research careers?", "\n\nInvestigator(s)\n\nAre the PD/PIs, collaborators, and other researchers\nappropriately trained and well suited to the proposed research education\nprogram? ", "Is the PD/PI an established investigator in the scientific area in\nwhich the application is targeted and capable of providing both administrative\nand scientific leadership to the development and implementation of the proposed\nresearch education program? ", "If Early Stage Investigator or New Investigator,\nor in the early stages of an independent career, does the PD/PI have\nappropriate experience to lead the program? ", "If the project is collaborative or\nmulti-PD/PI, do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise;\nare their leadership approach, governance and organizational structure\nappropriate for the project? ", "Is there evidence that an appropriate level of\neffort will be devoted by the program leadership to ensure the program's\nobjectives? ", "Does the applicant (consortium) have a sufficient number of\ndiverse T32 postdoctoral training programs as mentioned in the eligibility?", "\nDoes the applicant have an appropriate mentoring plan for the participants?", "\nDoes the applicant include diverse and strong mentors from U.S. and LMICs? ", "Does\nthe applicant include appropriate mentors from LMIC research education/experience\nsites who will provide mentorship for both U.S. and LMIC participants? ", "Does the\nresearch education/experience plan address the collaborating roles of the\nU.S.-based and LMIC-based mentors? ", "Would the proposed mentoring plan enhance\nglobal health research career trajectory potential of the participants? ", "Does the PD/PI have the scientific\nbackground, expertise, and experience to provide strong leadership, direction,\nmanagement, and administration to the proposed research education/experience\nprogram? ", "Does the PD/PI plan to commit sufficient time to the program to ensure\nits success? ", "Do the preceptors/mentors have strong records as researchers,\nincluding successful competition for research support in areas directly related\nto the proposed research education/experience program? ", "Do the\npreceptors/mentors have strong records of educating pre- and/or\npost-doctorates?", "\n\nInnovation\n\nIs the proposed research education\nprogram characterized by innovation and scholarship? ", "Does the proposed program\nchallenge and seek to shift current research education paradigms or clinical\npractice; address an innovative hypothesis or critical barrier to progress in\nthe field? ", "Are the proposed concepts, approaches, methodologies, tools, or\ntechnologies novel for this area? ", "Does this proposed program duplicate, or\noverlap with, existing research education, training and/or career development\nactivities currently supported at the applicant institution or available\nelsewhere? ", "Adaptations of existing research education programs may be\nconsidered innovative under special circumstances, e.g., the addition of unique\ncomponents and/or an application to determine portability of an existing\nprogram? ", "Does the application address the\nrecruitment, selection and education/experience plans in innovative ways to\nmaximize diversity of areas of research education as well as among U.S. citizen\nand permanent resident participants? ", "Does the application address collaboration\nwith research education/experience sites in LMICs? ", "Does it do so using\ninnovative approaches to meet the objectives of Global Health Fellows? ", "Do the courses, where relevant, and research\neducation experiences of the support center applicant address state-of-the-art\nscience relevant to the aims of the program? ", "Does the program provide education\nin inter- or multi-disciplinary research and/or in state-of-the-art or novel\nmethodologies and techniques?", "\n\nApproach\n\nAre the overall\nstrategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish\nthe specific aims of the proposed research education program? ", "Are\npotential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success\npresented? ", "If the program is in the early stages of development, will the\nstrategy establish feasibility and will particularly risky aspects be\nmanaged? ", "If called for, is the proposed plan for evaluation and/or\ndissemination of the education program sound and likely to provide data on the\neffectiveness of the education program? ", "Is there evidence that the\nprogram is based on sound research concepts and educational principles?", "\nIs the approach feasible and appropriate to achieve the stated research\neducation goals? ", "If the proposed program will recruit participants, are\nthe recruitment, retention, and follow-up activities adequate to ensure a\nhighly qualified and diverse participant pool? ", "Is the institutional research support development plan, including plans for enhancing institutional\ncapacity to support global health and individual participants, and career\ndevelopment plans sufficient to enhance one another in achieving overall\nobjectives? ", "Does the applicant include a plan for participant selection and, if\nso, are the function and membership of a participant advisory selection\ncommittee appropriate to support the identification of training needs,\nprograms, and appropriate participants? ", "Are sufficient numbers of experienced preceptors/mentors with\nappropriate expertise and funding available to support the number and level of participants\nproposed in the application? ", "Is a recruitment plan proposed with strategies to\nattract high quality participants? ", "Are there well-defined and justified\nselection criteria and strategies? ", "Is a competitive applicant pool in sufficient\nnumbers to warrant the proposed size and levels (doctoral and post-doctoral) of\nthe training program in evidence? ", "Will the participants be provided\nsufficient opportunities for global health research experiences during the\ntraining? ", "Will the core competencies for the participants in the research\neducation plan reflect the objectives of the Global Health Fellows? ", "Will the\nPDs/PIs provide leadership in this training program? ", "Will the training program\nleadership communicate with the FIC/NIH to reflect the objectives of the Global\nHealth Fellows? ", "Does the program have a rigorous evaluation plan to\nassess the quality and effectiveness of the training? ", "Is the proposed monitoring and evaluation plan appropriate\nand timely for the program? ", "Are effective mechanisms in place for obtaining feedback from current\nand former participants and monitoring participants’ subsequent career\ndevelopment? ", "Does the applicant include the detailed plan of\nrecruitment, selection and training for Year 1? ", "Is the recruitment and\nselection strategy for Year 1 appropriate to start the Year 1 training class by\nSeptember 2012?", "\n\nIf the program involves clinical research, are\nthe plans for 1) protection of human subjects from research risks, and 2)\ninclusion of minorities and members of both sexes/genders, as well as the\ninclusion of children, justified in terms of the scientific goals and research\nstrategy proposed?", "\n\nEnvironment\n\nWill the scientific/educational environment in which\nthe proposed research education program will be conducted contribute to the\nprobability of success? ", "Are the institutional commitment and support,\nequipment and other physical resources available to the investigators adequate\nfor the program proposed? ", "Will the program benefit from unique features\nof the scientific environment, subject populations, or collaborative\narrangements? ", "Is there evidence of appropriate collaboration among participating\nprograms, departments, and institutions? ", "If multiple sites are\nparticipating, is this adequately justified in terms of the research education\nexperiences provided? ", "Are adequate plans provided for coordination and\ncommunication between multiple sites (if appropriate)? ", "Is a significant level of institutional commitment to\nthe program evident? ", "Is sufficient administrative and research education/experience\nsupport provided for the program? ", "Are the research facilities and research\nenvironment conducive to preparing participants for successful careers in\nglobal health research? ", "Do the objectives, design and direction of the proposed\nresearch education/experience program ensure effective training? ", "Is the\nproposed consortium constructed to complement the institutions’/partners’\nstrengths? ", "Is the proposed partnership between the applicant and selected\npartner(s) appropriate for the objectives of the Global Health Fellows program?", "\nDoes the applicant identify and plan to take advantage of other resources at\ntheir institution or in proposed LMIC research sites/countries? ", "Does the\napplication take advantage of experience and inputs from the alumni and mentors\nof the current Fogarty International Clinical Research Education/Experience for\nScholars and Fellows Program in the U.S. and LMICs? [", "NOTE: Contact information\nand background of the alumni and the mentors of the current Fogarty\nInternational Clinical Research Training for Scholars and Fellows Program is\navailable on www.fogartyscholars.org website]\n\nAdditional Review Criteria\n\nAs applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will\nevaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and\ntechnical merit, and in providing an overall impact/priority score, but will\nnot give separate scores for these items.", "\n\nProtections for Human Subjects\n\nGenerally not applicable. ", "Reviewers should bring any\nconcerns to the attention of the Scientific Review Officer.", "\n\nInclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children\n\nGenerally not applicable. ", "Reviewers should bring any\nconcerns to the attention of the Scientific Review Officer.", "\n\nVertebrate Animals\n\nGenerally not applicable. ", "Reviewers should bring any\nconcerns to the attention of the Scientific Review Officer.", "\n\nBiohazards\n\nGenerally not applicable. ", "Reviewers should bring any\nconcerns to the attention of the Scientific Review Officer.", "\n\nResubmissions\n\nNot Applicable\n\nRenewals\n\nNot Applicable\n\nRevisions\n\nNot Applicable\n\nAdditional Review Considerations\n\nAs applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will\nconsider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these items,\nand should not consider them in providing an overall impact/priority score.", "\n\nRecruitment & Retention Plan to Enhance Diversity\n\nPeer reviewers will separately evaluate the\nrecruitment and retention plan to enhance diversity after the overall score has\nbeen determined. ", "Reviewers will examine the strategies to be used in the\nrecruitment and retention of individuals from underrepresented groups. ", "The\nreview panel’s evaluation will be included in an administrative note in the\nsummary statement.", "\n\nTraining in the Responsible Conduct of Research\n\nTaking into account the specific characteristics of\nthe research education program, level of participant experience, and the\nparticular circumstances of the participants, the reviewers will address the\nfollowing questions. ", "Does the plan satisfactorily address the format of\ninstruction, e.g. lectures and/or real-time discussion groups? ", "Do plans\ninclude a sufficiently broad selection of subject matter, such as conflict of\ninterest, authorship, data management, human subjects and animal use,\nlaboratory safety? ", "Do the plans adequately describe how faculty will\nparticipate in the instruction? ", "Do the plans ensure participants will receive\ninstruction (or in the case of more senior level participants, provide\ninstruction) for an appropriate amount of time given the length of the research\neducation experience? ", "Plans and past record will be rated as ACCEPTABLE or UNACCEPTABLE, and the summary statement will provide the consensus of\nthe review committee.", "\n\nApplications from Foreign Organizations\n\nNot Applicable.", "\n\nSelect Agent Research\n\nReviewers will assess the information provided in\nthis section of the application, including 1) the Select Agent(s) to be used in\nthe proposed research, 2) the registration status of all entities where Select\nAgent(s) will be used, 3) the procedures that will be used to monitor\npossession use and transfer of Select Agent(s), and 4) plans for appropriate\nbiosafety, biocontainment, and security of the Select Agent(s).", "\n\nReviewers will consider whether the budget and the\nrequested period of support are fully justified and reasonable in relation to\nthe proposed research.", "\n\n2. ", "Review and Selection Process\n\nApplications will be evaluated for scientific and technical\nmerit by (an) appropriate Scientific Review Group(s) the Center for Scentific Review (CSR), in accordance with NIH peer\nreview policy and procedures, using the stated review\ncriteria. ", "Review assignments will be shown in the eRA Commons.", "\n\nAs part of the scientific peer review, all applications:\n\nMay undergo a selection process in which only those applications\ndeemed to have the highest scientific and technical merit (generally the top\nhalf of applications under review), will be discussed and assigned an overall impact/priority\nscore.", "\n\nWill receive a written critique.", "\n\nApplications will be assigned to the appropriate NIH\nInstitute or Center. ", "Applications will compete for available funds with all\nother recommended applications submitted in response to this FOA. ", "Following initial peer review, recommended applications will receive a second level of\nreview by the Fogarty International Center Advisory Board and by the Advisory\nCouncils of co-funding NIH ICs. ", "The following will be considered in making\nfunding decisions:\n\nScientific and technical merit of the proposed project as\ndetermined by scientific peer review.", "\n\nAvailability of funds.", "\n\nRelevance of the proposed project to program priorities.", "\n\nInterests of co-funding partners.", "\n\nGeographic and program balance in proposed LMIC sites/countries.", "\n\nApplicants’ collaboration with other USG partners in global\nhealth (e.g. USAID, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of\nDefense, Department of State and others).", "\n\n3. ", "Anticipated Announcement and Award Dates\n\nAfter the peer review of the application is completed, the\nPD/PI will be able to access his or her Summary Statement (written critique)\nvia the eRA\nCommons.", "\n\nA formal notification in the form of a Notice of Award (NoA) will be provided\nto the applicant organization for successful applications. ", "The NoA signed by\nthe grants management officer is the authorizing document and will be sent via\nemail to the grantee’s business official.", "\n\nAwardees must comply with any funding restrictions described in Section IV.5. ", "Funding Restrictions. ", "Selection\nof an application for award is not an authorization to begin performance. ", "Any\ncosts incurred before receipt of the NoA are at the recipient's risk. ", "These\ncosts may be reimbursed only to the extent considered allowable pre-award costs.", "\n\nIn carrying out its stewardship of human resource-related\nprograms, the NIH may request information essential to an assessment of the\neffectiveness of this program. ", "Accordingly, participants are hereby notified\nthat they may be contacted after the completion of this award for periodic\nupdates on various aspects of their employment history, publications, support\nfrom research grants or contracts, honors and awards, professional activities,\nand other information helpful in evaluating the impact of the program.", "\n\nThe Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of\n2006 (Transparency Act), includes a requirement for awardees of Federal grants\nto report information about first-tier subawards and executive compensation\nunder Federal assistance awards issued in FY2011 or later. ", "All awardees of\napplicable NIH grants and cooperative agreements are required to report to\nthe Federal Subaward Reporting System (FSRS) available at www.fsrs.gov on all subawards over $25,000. ", "See the NIH Grants\nPolicy Statement for additional information on this reporting requirement.", "\n\nFailure by the grantee institution to submit required forms\nin a timely, complete, and accurate manner may result in an expenditure\ndisallowance or a delay in any continuation funding for the award.", "\n\nOther Reporting Requirements\n\nSupport Centers are required to provide information on\nparticipants through a system to be specified in the Notice of Award, as well\nas a summary report on activities and accomplishments of each of the participants\nat the end of the training year.", "\n\nProgress reports are due annually two months prior to the next\nyearly non-competing annual cycle.", "\n\nA final progress report, invention statement,\nand the expenditure data portion of the Federal Financial Report are required for\ncloseout of an award as described in the NIH Grants Policy Statement.", "\n\nSection\nVII. ", "Agency Contacts\n\nWe encourage inquiries concerning this funding opportunity\nand welcome the opportunity to answer questions from potential applicants.", "\n\nAwards are made under the authorization of Sections 301 and 405 of the Public Health Service Act as amended (42 USC 241, 284 and (287\n(b)) and under Federal Regulations 42 CFR Part 52 and 45 CFR Parts 74 and 92." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }

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[ "<!", "DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">\n<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">\n<head>\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/xhtml;charset=UTF-8\"/>\n<meta http-equiv=\"X-UA-Compatible\" content=\"IE=9\"/>\n<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"Doxygen 1.8.14\"/>\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1\"/>\n<title>PxControllerFilterCallback Class Reference</title>\n<link href=\"tabs.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"jquery.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"dynsections.js\"></script>\n<link href=\"navtree.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"resize.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"navtreedata.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"navtree.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n/* @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:cf05388f2679ee054f2beb29a391d25f4e673ac3&amp;dn=gpl-2.0.txt GPL-v2 */\n $(document).ready(initResizable);\n/* @license-end */</script>\n<link href=\"search/search.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\"/>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"search/searchdata.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"search/search.js\"></script>\n<link href=\"doxygen.css\" rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" />\n</head>\n<body>\n<div id=\"top\"><!-- do not remove this div, it is closed by doxygen! --", ">\n<div id=\"titlearea\">\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n <tbody>\n <tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n <td id=\"projectlogo\"><img alt=\"Logo\" src=\"PhysXLogoBlack.png\"/></td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table>\n</div>\n<!-- ", "end header part -->\n<!-- ", "Generated by Doxygen 1.8.14 -->\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n/* @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:cf05388f2679ee054f2beb29a391d25f4e673ac3&amp;dn=gpl-2.0.txt GPL-v2 */\nvar searchBox = new SearchBox(\"searchBox\", \"search\",false,'Search');\n/* @license-end */\n</script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"menudata.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\" src=\"menu.js\"></script>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n/* @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:cf05388f2679ee054f2beb29a391d25f4e673ac3&amp;dn=gpl-2.0.txt GPL-v2 */\n$(function() {\n initMenu('',true,false,'search.php','Search');\n $(document).ready(function() { init_search(); });\n});\n/* @license-end */</script>\n<div id=\"main-nav\"></div>\n</div><!-- top -->\n<div id=\"side-nav\" class=\"ui-resizable side-nav-resizable\">\n <div id=\"nav-tree\">\n <div id=\"nav-tree-contents\">\n <div id=\"nav-sync\" class=\"sync\"></div>\n </div>\n </div>\n <div id=\"splitbar\" style=\"-moz-user-select:none;\" \n class=\"ui-resizable-handle\">\n </div>\n</div>\n<script type=\"text/javascript\">\n/* @license magnet:?xt=urn:btih:cf05388f2679ee054f2beb29a391d25f4e673ac3&amp;dn=gpl-2.0.txt GPL-v2 */\n$(document).ready(function(){initNavTree('classPxControllerFilterCallback.html','');});\n/* @license-end */\n</script>\n<div id=\"doc-content\">\n<!-- ", "window showing the filter options -->\n<div id=\"MSearchSelectWindow\"\n onmouseover=\"return searchBox.", "OnSearchSelectShow()\"\n onmouseout=\"return searchBox.", "OnSearchSelectHide()\"\n onkeydown=\"return searchBox.", "OnSearchSelectKey(event)\">\n</div>\n\n<!-- ", "iframe showing the search results (closed by default) -->\n<div id=\"MSearchResultsWindow\">\n<iframe src=\"javascript:void(0)\" frameborder=\"0\" \n name=\"MSearchResults\" id=\"MSearchResults\">\n</iframe>\n</div>\n\n<div class=\"header\">\n <div class=\"summary\">\n<a href=\"#pub-methods\">Public Member Functions</a> &#124;\n<a href=\"classPxControllerFilterCallback-members.html\">List of all members</a> </div>\n <div class=\"headertitle\">\n<div class=\"title\">PxControllerFilterCallback Class Reference<span class=\"mlabels\"><span class=\"mlabel\">abstract</span></span><div class=\"ingroups\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"group__character.html\">Character</a></div></div> </div>\n</div><!--header-->\n<div class=\"contents\">\n\n<p>Dedicated filtering callback for CCT vs CCT. ", " \n <a href=\"classPxControllerFilterCallback.html#details\">More...</a></p>\n\n<p><code>#include &lt;<a class=\"el\" href=\"PxController_8h_source.html\">PxController.h</a>&gt;</code></p>\n<table class=\"memberdecls\">\n<tr class=\"heading\"><td colspan=\"2\"><h2 class=\"groupheader\"><a name=\"pub-methods\"></a>\nPublic Member Functions</h2></td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:a4e3b6035ab3f5ae561abeba651621972\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">virtual&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxControllerFilterCallback.html#a4e3b6035ab3f5ae561abeba651621972\">~PxControllerFilterCallback</a> ()</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:a4e3b6035ab3f5ae561abeba651621972\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memitem:aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\"><td class=\"memItemLeft\" align=\"right\" valign=\"top\">virtual bool&#160;</td><td class=\"memItemRight\" valign=\"bottom\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxControllerFilterCallback.html#aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\">filter</a> (const <a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxController.html\">PxController</a> &amp;a, const <a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxController.html\">PxController</a> &amp;b)=0</td></tr>\n<tr class=\"memdesc:aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\"><td class=\"mdescLeft\">&#160;</td><td class=\"mdescRight\">Filtering method for CCT-vs-CCT. ", " <a href=\"#aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\">More...</a><br /></td></tr>\n<tr class=\"separator:aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\"><td class=\"memSeparator\" colspan=\"2\">&#160;</td></tr>\n</table>\n<a name=\"details\" id=\"details\"></a><h2 class=\"groupheader\">Detailed Description</h2>\n<div class=\"textblock\"><p>Dedicated filtering callback for CCT vs CCT. ", "</p>\n<p>This controls collisions between CCTs (one CCT vs anoter CCT).</p>\n<p>To make each CCT collide against all other CCTs, just return true - or simply avoid defining a callback. ", "To make each CCT freely go through all other CCTs, just return false. ", "Otherwise create a custom filtering logic in this callback.</p>\n<dl class=\"section see\"><dt>See also</dt><dd><a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxControllerFilters.html\" title=\"Filtering data for &quot;move&quot; call. \"", ">PxControllerFilters</a> </dd></dl>\n</div><h2 class=\"groupheader\">Constructor &amp; Destructor Documentation</h2>\n<a id=\"a4e3b6035ab3f5ae561abeba651621972\"></a>\n<h2 class=\"memtitle\"><span class=\"permalink\"><a href=\"#a4e3b6035ab3f5ae561abeba651621972\">&#9670;&nbsp;</a></span>~PxControllerFilterCallback()</h2>\n\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n<table class=\"mlabels\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"mlabels-left\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">virtual PxControllerFilterCallback::~PxControllerFilterCallback </td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\"></td><td>)</td>\n <td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n </td>\n <td class=\"mlabels-right\">\n<span class=\"mlabels\"><span class=\"mlabel\">inline</span><span class=\"mlabel\">virtual</span></span> </td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n\n</div>\n</div>\n<h2 class=\"groupheader\">Member Function Documentation</h2>\n<a id=\"aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\"></a>\n<h2 class=\"memtitle\"><span class=\"permalink\"><a href=\"#aa68889abf4e0aa179fd3216b832fc19f\">&#9670;&nbsp;</a></span>filter()</h2>\n\n<div class=\"memitem\">\n<div class=\"memproto\">\n<table class=\"mlabels\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"mlabels-left\">\n <table class=\"memname\">\n <tr>\n <td class=\"memname\">virtual bool PxControllerFilterCallback::filter </td>\n <td>(</td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">const <a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxController.html\">PxController</a> &amp;&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\"><em>a</em>, </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td class=\"paramkey\"></td>\n <td></td>\n <td class=\"paramtype\">const <a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxController.html\">PxController</a> &amp;&#160;</td>\n <td class=\"paramname\"><em>b</em>&#160;</td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <td></td>\n <td>)</td>\n <td></td><td></td>\n </tr>\n </table>\n </td>\n <td class=\"mlabels-right\">\n<span class=\"mlabels\"><span class=\"mlabel\">pure virtual</span></span> </td>\n </tr>\n</table>\n</div><div class=\"memdoc\">\n\n<p>Filtering method for CCT-vs-CCT. ", "</p>\n<dl class=\"params\"><dt>Parameters</dt><dd>\n <table class=\"params\">\n <tr><td class=\"paramdir\">[in]</td><td class=\"paramname\">a</td><td>First CCT </td></tr>\n <tr><td class=\"paramdir\">[in]</td><td class=\"paramname\">b</td><td>Second CCT </td></tr>\n </table>\n </dd>\n</dl>\n<dl class=\"section return\"><dt>Returns</dt><dd>true to keep the pair, false to filter it out </dd></dl>\n\n</div>\n</div>\n<hr/>The documentation for this class was generated from the following file:<ul>\n<li><a class=\"el\" href=\"PxController_8h_source.html\">PxController.h</a></li>\n</ul>\n</div><!-- contents -->\n</div><!-- doc-content -->\n<!-- ", "HTML footer for doxygen 1.8.14-->\n<!-- ", "start footer part -->\n<div id=\"nav-path\" class=\"navpath\"><!-- id is needed for treeview function! --", ">\n <ul>\n <li class=\"navelem\"><a class=\"el\" href=\"classPxControllerFilterCallback.html\">PxControllerFilterCallback</a></li>\n <li class=\"footer\">Copyright &copy; 2008-2019 NVIDIA Corporation, 2788 San Tomas Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95050 U.S.A. All rights reserved. ", "<a href=\"http://www.nvidia.com \">www.nvidia.com</a></li>\n </ul>\n</div>\n</body>\n</html>\n" ]

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[ "For a city once nicknamed “Fredneck” because of its reputation as an unsophisticated working-class town, Frederick, Maryland’s second largest city after Baltimore, has had an impressive makeover. ", "The flourishing culinary scene is undoubtedly the biggest change. ", "Natives of this metropolis of 65,000 are transforming the city, one hour from Washington, by opening restaurants and food shops.", "\n\nLong a destination for its Civil War heritage, Frederick has seen most of the changes in its 50-block historic district. ", "At least 13 restaurants and artisanal culinary spots have opened in the last two years, according to the Downtown Frederick Partnership, which tracks business openings. ", "The turnaround began in 2008, when Bryan Voltaggio opened Volt, featuring entrees prepared with local ingredients in a 19th-century town house. ", "The chef, 37, returned to his hometown after serving as the head chef at Charlie Palmer Steak in Washington.", "\n\n“A lot of our customers were coming from Frederick because there weren’t any good places to eat here,” he said. “", "It was the perfect time to come back and bring in that quality dining.”", "\n\nMr. Voltaggio and Volt rose to fame after his 2009 appearance on “Top Chef,” and he is currently competing in “Top Chef Masters” on Bravo. ", "He has opened two more casual spots in the last two years. ", "The latest is Family Meal (880 North East Street, 301-378-2895; voltfamilymeal.com), a bustling restaurant in what was an abandoned car dealership. “", "I wanted to create an affordable place where my kids and I would both be happy eating,” he said. ", "Familiar dishes like burgers and steaks are the highlights." ]

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[ "So wtf happened around here?", "\n\n11 June, 2014\n\nHello. ", "Anybody Home?", "\n\nSome of you who have been with us a while may be wondering what happened to Ninja Forge over the last couple of years. ", "Our once amazing support has come to a screaming halt, our frequent extension updates dropped to a trickle.", "\n\nWell it is a long and messy tale of overcommitment, failure and shame. ", "I will however give you the condensed version.", "\n\nOptimism and Overcommitment\n\nIf I was to pick a single turning point, it would have to be Ninjaboard. ", "Up until we started on this project we were humming along with enough money to keep people working and we were able to meet all our commitments in a timely manner. ", "Customers were happy, the team was happy and progress was being made.", "\n\nNinjaboard also introduced us to Nooku which at first was a great boon and let us pump out some powerful extensions with a lot less effort than it took us in the past. ", "Which led us to get far too over-confident in how many extensions we thought we could handle - every good idea became an extension or an extension in development. ", "I have a graveyard of perhaps 2 dozen extensions that never quite made it to light.", "\n\nWhy? ", "Because gradually the rapid fire changes to the platforms we were using, Nooku especially, began to pile up and we spent more time studying the changes in Nooku and Joomla and refactoring our extensions in production and those in development than we did working on new features.", "\n\nOver this time we began pouring more and more of our income into Ninjaboard, even though it wasn't actually making money, because we just knew it would be great and pay for itself eventually. ", "Meanwhile, stagnation and increasing competition in the Joomla extension space meant we were slowly losing income every month, while pouring more into NB.", "\n\nOff to work we go...\n\nI had personally never taken much of an income from Ninja Forge up to this point, preferring to pay developers in an effort to get more done. ", "But the increasing cost of NB combined with deceasing revenues forced me to go the other direction and start paying people's salaries out of my own pocket.", "\n\nThis resulted in a struggle, especially once we had our first child and my wife took time off work (and thus money) to look after our child. ", "So I had to find more work, to cover developers and my own life as well. ", "This resulted in less time for me to spend on NF, even as the issues were piling up in the background. ", "We had already invested so much into NB and Nooku that I thought it would be madness to throw it all out now. ", "If we could just hold on a little more then it would sort itself out...\n\nOpportunity Knocks...me over\n\nAround this stage I managed to hook a great job working for the Linux Foundation. ", "The money was good, initially the hours were good and there was lots of Joomla work to keep my skills up. ", "But that changed soon after when our infrastructure got hacked (I can't go into details but it wasn't via the web). ", "This resulted in me working 20 hours day, 7 days a week for 4 months rebuilding our infrastructure more securely and testing it.", "\n\nAs you can imagine I had 0 time for NF and the work almost killed me, but NF was still kind of chugging along with the other devs working. ", "I was still paying people out of pocket but it felt like progress was being made.", "\n\nThen it all kind of collapsed over the next year.", "\n\nNo funny quips. ", "Things just went to shit.", "\n\nI forget the exact order and timeline, but the following events each did their bit to tear things apart for NF over that year :\n\nWork at Linux kept me far busier than I wanted, with frequent returns to double and triple time work.", "\n\nWe had another child, which takes a ludicrous amount of effort more than one child.", "\n\nDevelopers and mods started vanishing. ", "Some taking months of salary with them.", "\n\nThe primary NB dev, and the person most skilled with Nooku on our team left and NB development stopped dead as no one had time to learn it all. ", "The straw finally broke the camel's back and we lost tens of thousands of dollars in work invested in NB.", "\n\nNooku changes finally got the better of me - I was all that was left pretty much - and I could no longer keep up to date.", "\n\nIncome dropped so far that I couldn't even afford to keep on temporary contractors to keep things up to date.", "\n\nThe work that I did contract out often was so poor that I couldn't use it, so I ended up wasting thousands of my own dollars on code that got tossed out.", "\n\nThe only saving grace here was Mark really who dutifully kept up support as best he could and he basically single handedly kept NF from slipping past it's coma into death. ", "But even he got burnt out in the end.", "\n\nShame and Failure\n\nI made a lot of mistakes over the last few years, but the biggest was to let my shame get the better of me and avoid facing how bad things at NF had slipped to. ", "I ended up pathologically avoiding looking at support tickets or the forum because I couldn't face the people I had let down.", "\n\nFor that I am truly sorry to everyone who put their trust in us and we let you down. ", "I am doing my best to catch up on support, and make much needed changes as best I can to the site.", "\n\nI hope you can forgive me, and show a tiny bit more patience as I get things back together.", "\n\nWhere to now?", "\n\nWell, I left the Linux Foundation in January (they are moving to Drupal for their sites) but I am still having to work 2 jobs to keep food on the table and I still have my two kids so time is limited.", "\n\nHowever I am making a dedicated commitment of several hours per week to improve and update Extensions again. ", "I just released a fixed Ninja Eye for J3, and I have a totally revamped Ninjamonials for J3 coming along. ", "I also have a practically complete Ninja RSS for Joomla 3, but it's built on FOF, which has it's own issues now, so I have to refactor it and remove FOF.", "\n\nThe new NRSS has been reworked to use plugins to provide source data and output formats, so you will be able to pull data from any component you like (by making a plugin or using one we make) and display it in any format you like (again by making or using a plugin), e.g. I have working plugins for Atom, RSS, Sitemap XML and JSON. ", "It's really sexy, and I hope to show it to you all soon.", "\n\nI am redoing the admin interfaces in Angular.js to make them a lot more responsive and our extensions in the future will function more like a dynamic web app than a PHP pageload-by-pageload extension. ", "I hope to have some screenshots or video soon for people.", "\n\nWe will also be trimming down our selection somewhat. ", "Many of our extensions have been made redundant by new core features, or there are quite simply better options out there. ", "I hate to abandon anything that people are using, but I simply don't have the time to look after everything anymore and it will just continue to hurt everyone if I continue to try to please everyone. ", "I will instead focus on the most popular extensions and anyone who wishes to take up one of our discards and maintain it or improve it is more than welcome to. ", "That's what makes Open Source great after all.", "\n\nI will also be temporarily taking the forum down, as it is becoming a den of spam and anger, and redirecting people to the contact form. ", "I will try to find a more elegant solution, but there are higher priorities before that and email is adequate for support, even though it's not ideal.", "\n\nFinal Words\n\nAgain, I am sorry to everyone we let down. ", "I still love NF and appreciate all of you that have stuck with us, helped us, supported us and even those got (justifiably) angry with us. ", "I will make it right.", "\n\nEdit: p.s. ", "I also unpublished pretty much the rest of the blog, they were all posts from two years ago about products we can't keep, so totally irrelevant now.", "\n\nWhy Your Customers Know More Than You Think\n\n27 November, 2009\n\nIf you are in business, putting your head in the sand doesn't work anymore. ", "You need to be listening and talking to your customers, because if you aren't, they will be doing it with each other, and they won't be happy about it.", "\n\nHow a Marathon Can Teach You About Business\n\n25 November, 2009\n\nEvery year some friends and I participate in the Nagoya Marathon, well at least the 10 km fun run section.", "\n\nUsually I do a little bit of training in the months before the race and as a result I usually finish in the top 20% of runners. ", "This year though, I was really busy with various things and did basically no training, resulting in my worst ever time and putting me just inside the 70% mark.", "\n\nWhile running the race this year, I noticed something very important...\n\nIs Your Customer Service Costing You Customers?", "\n\nMy wife and I were recently looking for baby beds on the Internet and we found two that we really liked, they looked good and the prices were very good.", "\n\nBeing Japanese, my wife is a little more into the group consensus than I am, and so she was looking around for comments and reviews on the two beds.", "\n\nWe found the usual stuff, and both of the beds were rated around the four and a half out of five mark. ", "But one comment really stuck out to me. ", "One person was saying that they had bought the bed and had it delivered to their house. ", "When it arrived there, they opened it and found that it was broken. ", "They then apparently immediately called the company asking what they should do to get a replacement or refund.", "\n\nGoogle Fast Flipping You Out of Revenue\n\n28 October, 2009\n\nNot satisfied controlling almost every advertisement on almost every website in the world, Google has decided that it's going to cut the middleman out of its advertising revenue, the middleman being the content providers for the sites their advertising is on.", "\n\nPiece Prize! (", "sic)\n\n18 October, 2009\n\nMany people have already given their opinion on the latest Nobel Peace Prize so I don't think I need to really say anything that hasn't already been said. ", "However, I still thought it was worth doing a cartoon.", "\n\nThe Beauty of Zemanta\n\n16 June, 2009\n\nSimple point & click enrichment of your blog posts. ", "In real-time, while you type. ", "We suggest tags, links, photos, and related articles. ", "You save time and aspirin.", "\n\n5M+ pictures, 5M+ articles. ", "10M+ possibilities.", "\n\nWhether you run a blog or write the odd article you will be familiar with this situation.", "\n\nShe also has several thousand people she is following. ", "How anyone could follow several thousand other people's twitters and stay sane I am not sure, so it's obviously a spam account, using the follow others as a way to get them to come and check out your twitter which has an big fat add in it.", "\n\nI wonder if Twitter has some sort of policy about this? ", "Because pretty soon it will be stock full of bots following everyone (including each other)" ]

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[ "Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition\n\nRaleigh's El Dorado expedition, also known as Raleigh's first voyage to Guiana, was an English military and exploratory expedition led by Sir Walter Raleigh that took place during the Anglo-Spanish War in 1595. ", "The expedition set out in February 1595 to explore the Orinoco River on the northeast tip of South America in an attempt to find the fabled city of El Dorado.", "\n\nRaleigh first captured the Spanish settlement of San José de Oruña on the colony of Trinidad, along with the Governor Antonio de Berrío, who was also looking for the city. ", "After questioning De Berrío, Raleigh and the English held the place and used it as a base for their exploration. ", "Despite the presence of a Spanish force shadowing him, Raleigh successfully navigated the river and inlets, penetrating some into the Guiana highlands.", "\n\nNo gold or lost city was ever found, however Raleigh returned to England and subsequently exaggerated his account. ", "Still, the expedition resulted in an important alliance with the natives of the region, which would have a lasting impact on future colonization of the area.", "\n\nBackground\n\nWith England at war with Spain in 1585, English privateers had set out to raid Spanish and Portuguese possessions and shipping, and conduct illicit trading. ", "Sir Walter Raleigh had enjoyed several years of high esteem from Queen Elizabeth I, which stemmed in part from his previous exploits at sea which included the famous Capture of the Madre de Deus. ", "Soon after, however, Raleigh suffered a short imprisonment for secretly marrying one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting, Elizabeth Throckmorton, and bearing her a child. ", "In a bid to restore his influence with the Queen, Raleigh, having promised a \"gold-rich empire more lucrative than Peru\", had set up an expedition under John Whiddon to find the fabled city of gold known as El Dorado, following one of the many old maps which indicated the putative existence of the city. ", "Raleigh aimed to reach Lake Parime in the highlands of Guyana (the supposed location of the city at the time).", "\n\nRaleigh's fascination began when he captured Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa, the Spanish governor of Patagonia, in a raid in 1586, who, despite Spain's official policy of keeping all navigational information secret, shared his maps with English cartographers. ", "The biggest discovery was Gamboa's account of Juan Martinez de Albujar, who had taken part in Pedro de Silva's expedition to the area in 1570, only to fall into the hands of the Caribs of the Lower Orinoco. ", "Martinez claimed that he was taken to the golden city blindfolded and was entertained by the natives, then left the city but could not remember how to return, only remembering a large lake which was nearby. ", "Raleigh wanted to find the mythical city, which he suspected was an actual native Indian city named Manoa near a large lake called Parime. ", "In addition, he hoped to establish an English presence in the Southern Hemisphere that could compete with that of the Spanish and to try to reduce commerce between the natives and Spaniards by forming alliances.", "\n\nWhiddon sailed to the island of Trinidad in 1594 and was greeted by Antonio de Berrío, the Spanish governor of the island (which had only been established in 1592), and María de Oruña (niece of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada). ", "When questions were raised about El Dorado, De Berrío got angry and ordered the execution of the small English party, but Whiddon was allowed to leave to tell the tale to Raleigh. ", "Raleigh immediately organised an expedition in late 1594, of which the first goal was to try and capture de Berrío, who was using the island for the purpose of the exploration of the Orinoco River. ", "The expedition consisted of four ships: the Lion's Whelp under Captain George Giffard, a small Spanish prize named Gallego captained by Lawrence Kemys, Raleigh's own flagship under Captain Jacob Whiddon and Master John Douglas, and a small bark under Captain Cross. ", "On board were 150 officers, soldiers as well as gentleman volunteers. ", "Another two expeditions were hoping to join in. ", "The first expedition, under Robert Dudley and George Popham, had left earlier and the second, led by George Somers and Amyas Preston, left a month later.", "\n\nExpedition\nRaleigh left Plymouth on 6 February 1595, and sailed towards the Azores to take on fresh supplies before the crossing of the Atlantic. ", "Having successfully done so Raleigh was sailing near the Canary Islands where off Tenerife a Spanish ship was captured; the cargo was emptied of which a large amount of firearms was taken. ", "A day later a Flemish ship was captured its cargo too being emptied – 20 hogsheads of Spanish wine.", "\n\nRaleigh arrived in the Caribbean in late March but had lost contact with two other consorts during the transatlantic crossing and failed to rendezvous with either. ", "The first expedition under Dudley and Popham, who had waited and only departed from the area around 9 February. ", "Between them they had captured many Spanish ships giving them an excuse to head back to England with their prizes. ", "At the same time the Preston Somers Expedition headed further West in a way to distract the Spanish from Raleigh's expedition. ", "They too were supposed to meet up but had also missed the rendezvous. ", "Instead they continued with their expedition and headed towards La Guaira and Coro where they successfully raided. ", "Their greatest prize was when they took Caracas in a daring assault having crossed a pass through the mountains.", "\n\nCapture of Trinidad\n\nRaleigh had planned to descend on the Spanish colony of Trinidad – in particular the principal settlement of San José de Oruña, founded by Berrio in 1592. ", "First of all he landed and explored the south of the island Raleigh found that the Indians were cultivating good quality tobacco and sugar cane. ", "While sailing across the Gulf of Paria he reputedly smelled tar, and put into shore at Terra de Brea. ", "The Caribs led Raleigh to a pitch lake (the largest of the world's three natural asphalt lakes) and he realized that the substance was ideal for caulking his ships. ", "He took several barrels with him, and has since been credited with \"discovering\" the lake. ", "Raleigh's principal objective was to capture the Spanish governor who was also looking for the same fabled city, question him and gain as much information before he continued his expedition.", "\n\nOn 4 April Raleigh disembarked a hundred soldiers and seized the small stockade at Puerto de España overwhelming the small Spanish garrison before pushing inland with the intent to capture San José de Oruña. ", "After arriving just before the town surprise was well on the English side. ", "A night time assault was launched that lasted no more than an hour and the garrison of almost fifty men were put to the sword. ", "The Spanish general Mayor Alvaro Jorge, was captured and taken prisoner but the real prize was the Governor de Berrio. ", "He soon begged the place to be spared and Raleigh agreed and kept the town to use it as a temporary base for an exploration of the Orinoco river. ", "Raleigh also released five native Indian chiefs whom Berrio had bound with one long chain tortured and left to starve.", "\n\nA fort was built in case of any Spanish counterattack while his quest to find the supposed city of El Dorado was to begin. ", "Raleigh interrogated de Berrio and was told what he knew about Manoa and El Dorado, but then tried to discourage the Englishman from continuing on his quest, but his warnings were in vain.", "\n\nQuest for El Dorado\nOn April 15, Raleigh set out from his base in the Gallego which was cut down for river travel, with a hundred men along with two wherries. ", "They had provisions for nearly a month but they had to set out as quickly as possible – they had heard rumors of a massive Spanish expedition to the area. ", "This rumor turned out to be true; a Spanish force led by a Captain Felipe de Santiago one of Berrio's trusted officers with number of canoes set out from his base at Margarita Island and attempted to shadow Raleigh's expedition. ", "The English entered the Orinoco river basin but the waters were sometimes too shallow and thus the Gallego was modified even more to compensate; and in addition a few rafts were built to reduce weight. ", "As they went further through the river, a myriad of waterways opened up but Raleigh and his men made their way upriver first travelling down the Manamo river.", "\n\nAs the expedition headed further and further Raleigh and his men soon began to suffer from the heat and tropical rains. ", "As the jungle got denser the crew had to hack their way through but a few men became bewildered including an Indian guide by the name of Ferdinando who vanished; either having escaped or being captured by local natives. ", "Raleigh however soon came across an Indian village where they procured not only a guide but also fish, bread and fowl. ", "He set off again and the jungle became less dense. ", "Within a few days the savannah country of the Orinoco valley was revealed. ", "Morale was boosted among the crew – one of them, a negro decided to swim but was devoured by a crocodile in full view of the men. ", "Raleigh noted in horror of this event which shook the crew and then realized the river here was teeming with the reptiles and ordered his crew not to take any chances.", "\n\nOn April 27, the Spanish under Santiago, who were still shadowing Raleigh's expedition, decided to surprise the English when their rear echelon became separated after getting fresh water. ", "Having sent the four canoes they crept up on the English but surprise was lost when they became trapped in a narrow channel in a bend in the river. ", "The English, although surprised, quickly took advantage and Gifford with his boats launched an attack on the Spanish, who overpowered them. ", "The Spanish had a number of casualties compared to the English, who were without loss, and the remainder fled into the woods. ", "Gifford then took the boats as prizes. ", "Raleigh and the rest of the boats having heard shots and shouts came up and forced the remaining two Spanish canoes to disappear from sight. ", "Raleigh sent a small force of men to chase the Spanish who also fled into the woods. ", "The English troops caught up with three Indians whom they captured and they begged for their lives, one of whom agreed to be their guide. ", "Santiago after this defeat decided to give up, and returned to his base at Margarita Island. ", "The captured Spanish canoes had much needed food and supplies which were put to good use, but also found were tools for finding various types of ores.", "\n\nA day later Raleigh's expedition soon encountered the indigenous Amerindians; first the Warao people and the Pemons and after showing their victory over the Spaniards (presenting a captured Spanish canoe) the English successfully established peaceful relations with them. ", "A large village was found, possibly near present-day Ciudad Guayana, ruled by an aged chieftain named Topiawari – Raleigh made friends by announcing that he was an enemy of the Spanish, who were widely detested by the natives. ", "Topiawari told Raleigh of a rich culture living in the mountains who easily convinced himself that the culture was an offshoot of the rich Inca culture of Peru and that it must be the fabled city of Manoa. ", "Raleigh left two of his men to become hostages and Raleigh took Topiawari's son in return. ", "With this friendship an alliance was forged with them against the Spaniards. ", "Some of the ships stayed at the village to replenish for the voyage home while Raleigh and Kemys continued on with Topiawari's son as a guide. ", "They continued up the Caroni River, sending out scouts to look for gold and mines, all the while making alliances with any natives they encountered. ", "His scouts brought back rocks, hoping that further analysis would reveal gold ore.", "\n\nAs they pushed further Raleigh noted a change on the landscape and described a tepuy (table top mountain). ", "He saw and recorded the largest, Mount Roraima, its summit area bounded on all sides by cliffs rising . ", "In addition, Raleigh observed around twelve waterfalls but noted the largest \"higher than any church spire\" he had seen—they disembarked and walked on foot to get a closer view and described the surrounding area as the most beautiful he had seen. ", "There could be a claim that Raleigh may have been the first European to view Angel Falls, although these claims are considered farfetched.", "\n\nBy this time the expedition had traveled nearly inland and the rainy season had begun. ", "Raleigh decided he had done enough, and gave the order to turn back. ", "They returned to Topiawari's village, whose son agreed to come back to England with Raleigh, who christened him Gualtero. ", "Having joined the other crew left there, Raleigh set off back to Trinidad but on his way learnt from a cacique of a gold mine near Mount Iconuri and sent Lawrence Keymis with a small detachment to investigate. ", "Keymis neared the place, which was actually a few miles from Santo Tomas; he observed a large waterfall (today Llovizna Falls) and though he did not see the mine, by the quality of quartz rock he saw and kept, he warranted that the place was of value.", "\n\nReturn to Trinidad\nRaleigh returned to San Jose and remarkably, apart from the crocodile attack, he had lost no men to disease; in fact his crew was fairly healthy, partly because of the native Indian diet. ", "As he arrived at the fort the decision was made to return to England but before doing so everything of value was taken from the place and it was burnt to the ground despite de Berrío's protests. ", "Raleigh landed on Margarita Island and successfully plundered for supplies and then landed at the port of Cumaná, where he left de Berrío ashore after he was unable to get a ransom. ", "He finally descended upon Riohacha, which he also sacked and plundered.", "\n\nOn July 13, Raleigh finally met up with Preston and Somers and was told of their remarkable exploits in capturing Caracas, La Guaira and Coro. ", "Contrary winds forced them to abandon the idea of seeking the colony of Roanoke and all arrived in England by the end of August 1595.", "\n\nAftermath and consequences\nRaleigh arrived in England but he was received with lackluster praise. ", "Cecil was disappointed with the lack of booty and gold considering he had invested so much in the expedition. ", "A London Alderman had the rocks examined and considered them worthless even though they contained reliable assays of gold. ", "He was accused by others that he had hidden the gold in remote regions in Devon and Cornwall. ", "With these claims Raleigh was infuriated and decided to then write and publish an overblown account of the expedition under the title of The Discovery of rich and beautiful empire of Guiana, a work that somewhat exaggerated the whole region.", "\n\nDespite this the book became popular not just in England but France and the Netherlands. ", "Raleigh sent Kemys, back to Guyana the following year to check up on the hostages and to renew the alliance with the native Indians. ", "He also needed to map the Orinoco, record the Amerindian tribes and prepare geographical, geological and botanical reports of the country. ", "Kemys this time went much further inland along the banks of the Essequibo River and reached what he wrongly believed to be Lake Parime. ", "He wrote about the coast of Guiana in detail in his Relation of the Second Voyage to Guiana after his return.", "\n\nDe Berrío the same year also set out with a Spanish expedition of his own with 470 men under command of Domingo de Vera Ibargoyen to search for El Dorado. ", "As they advanced further inland however the Amerindians now allied to England then attacked and destroyed Vera and Berrio's entire force losing 350 men. ", "The rest tried to retreat but soon after disease and famine reduced the survivors to only a handful of men.", "\n\nIn 1617, Raleigh having been released from prison by order of King James I returned to continue his quest for El Dorado on a second expedition but was to avoid any conflict with the Spanish. ", "Along with Kemys and his son, Watt Raleigh they were to have another search for the supposed gold mine at Mount Iconuri. ", "However, Raleigh by now ill stayed behind in a camp on the island of Trinidad. ", "Kemys remounted the Orinoco river and Watt was killed in a battle with the Spaniards as they destroyed and sacked the Spanish settlement at Santo Tome de Guayana. ", "No gold was found and Kemys disheartened by this and feeling responsible for the death of Walter's son subsequently committed suicide.", "\n\nIn fact, Kemys had already informed Raleigh by letter of the unfolding disaster and the death of his son. ", "He went to Raleigh's cabin to beg forgiveness, but found Raleigh unable to grant him this. ", "In Raleigh's words \"I told him that he had undone me by his obstinacy, and that I would not favour... in any sort his former follie\". ", "Kemys reportedly replied \"I know then, Sir, what course to take,\" before returning to his own cabin. ", "Kemys then committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest with a pistol, then when that did not prove immediately fatal, stabbing himself in the heart with a knife. ", "Upon Raleigh's return to England, King James ordered him to be beheaded for disobeying orders to avoid conflict with the Spanish. ", "He was executed in 1618.", "\n\nIn 1713, Spain and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Utrecht, whereby the latter pledged to respect the Spanish territories occupied in America. ", "With the aggression of the Indians towards Spain, the Spanish never returned in force particularly and this allowed other European countries (France and Holland as well as England) to colonize the area over the next two centuries with the creations of Dutch Guyana, French Guiana and eventually British Guyana after 1796 when the Essequibo (part of the Dutch Guyana) was taken by the English, who had initiated the massive introduction of settlers and slaves for their plantations. ", "By the early 19th century, as more explorers came to the region, Lake Parime's existence was definitively disproved and there was a theory that the seasonal flooding of the Rupununi savannah may have been misidentified as such.", "\n\nThe gold mine at El Callao (Venezuela), started in 1871 few miles at south of Orinoco River, was for a time one of the richest in the world, and the goldfields as a whole saw over a million ounces exported between 1860 and 1883. ", "The gold mining was dominated by immigrants from the British Isles and the British West Indies, giving an appearance of almost creating an English colony on Venezuelan territory.", "\n\nThe Orinoco Mining Arc (OMA), officially created on February 24, 2016 as the Arco Mining Orinoco National Strategic Development Zone, is an area rich in mineral resources that the Republic of Venezuela has been operating since 2017; occupies mostly the north of the Bolivar state and to a lesser extent the northeast of the Amazonas state and part of the Delta Amacuro state. ", "It has 7,000 tons of reserves of gold, copper, diamond, coltan, iron, bauxite and other minerals.", "\n\nLegacy \n In 1953, a Trinidad and Tobago postage stamp featured the Discovery of Lake Asphalt by Raleigh, 1595.", "\n In 1976, the Republic of Guyana issued a 100-dollar gold coin commemorating the book Discovery of Guiana 1596 and 10 Years of Independence from British Rule.", "\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nBibliography \n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\nCategory:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)\nCategory:Battles involving England\nCategory:Battles involving Spain\nCategory:Conflicts in 1595\nCategory:History of the Royal Navy\nCategory:History of Trinidad and Tobago\nCategory:History of Venezuela\nCategory:Military expeditions\nCategory:Walter Raleigh" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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[ "\n420 F.Supp.2d 584 (2006)\nAdam CRAWFORD, Plaintiff,\nv.\nGUIDEONE MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendant.", "\nNo. ", "CIV.A. 504CV313C-ECF.", "\nUnited States District Court, N.D. Texas, Lubbock Division.", "\nFebruary 21, 2006.", "\n*585 *586 *587 Damon C. Richards, Fargason Booth St. Clair & Richards, Lubbock, TX, for Plaintiff.", "\nLeonard R. Grossman, Gary Bellair, Craig Terrill Hale & Grantham, Lubbock, TX, for Defendant.", "\n\nORDER\nCUMMINGS, District Judge.", "\nOn this day the Court considered GuideOne Mutual Insurance Company's (\"Defendant\") Re-Urged Motion for Summary Judgment, Brief in Support, and Appendix, filed with this Court on November 15, 2005. ", "The Court further considered Adam Crawford's (\"Plaintiff\") Response to Defendant's Re-Urged Motion for Summary Judgment and Counter Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, Brief in Support, and Appendix, filed on December 5, 2005. ", "Defendant *588 failed to file a response to Plaintiff's Counter Motion for Partial Summary Judgment. ", "After considering all relevant arguments and evidence, and the papers and pleadings filed in this case, the Court is of the opinion that Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment should be GRANTED and Plaintiff's Counter Motion for Partial Summary Judgment should be DENIED.", "\n\nI.\n\n\nBACKGROUND[1]\nThis lawsuit is based on an alleged duty to defend Plaintiff under an insurance policy (\"the Policy\") issued by Defendant to Lubbock Christian University (\"LCU\"), Policy number 1200-313 with a policy period of June 1, 2000 through June 1, 2001. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "pp. ", "40-66.) ", "It is undisputed that the occurrence occurred on February 11, 2001-within the policy period. ", "Ashley Pliler, the plaintiff in the underlying state court litigation, was injured during a practice for an entertainment event known as Master Follies. ", "Plaintiff and Ashley Pliler were students at LCU at the time of the incident and members of Alpha Chi Delta, a social club on LCU's campus.", "\nMaster Follies is an LCU-organized and sponsored event in which LCU social club organizations participate by creating and performing skits consistent with the theme of the event. ", "Master Follies is coordinated and supervised by a committee composed exclusively of LCU employees. ", "LCU maintains control over the Master Follies event and the skits performed by its social clubs. ", "Ashley Pliler, Plaintiff, and other students were members of Alpha Chi Delta, one of several social clubs at LCU, which exists only on the campus of LCU. ", "LCU sets guidelines, rules, and regulations that must be followed by Alpha Chi Delta and the other social clubs. ", "LCU had appointed a committee of staff members to oversee the Alpha Chi Delta social club at the time of Ashley Pliler's incident. ", "Apparently, the skit that Alpha Chi Delta was to perform, including the basket toss, was approved by the appropriate channels, or at least not disapproved. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "4-7, ¶ 8 (\"described to the Master Follies Committee the skit, that there would be a basket toss included in the skit, and a video of the skit was made and given to the Master Follies Committee pursuant to the guidelines established by [LCU]. [", "LCU] was aware of the basket toss\"); ¶ 15 (\"The activities performed by the social clubs and their members at Master Follies are subject to the direction of [LCU] and they must present their skit within the scope of the directions and guidelines provided by [LCU].\")).", "\nAlthough LCU's social clubs may resemble fraternities, they are specifically defined as not being fraternities in the general sense of that term as used on college campuses. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "5-6, ¶¶ 5-6.) ", "As stated above, LCU maintains control over the social clubs on its campus and *589 directs that Master Follies is a proper reflection of the University. ", "Plaintiff was the President of Alpha Chi Delta at the time of the incident. ", "LCU receives benefits from the Master Follies event in the form of aid in recruiting and public relations, as well as financially benefitting from ticket sales for the event. ", "LCU directs the specific details of what a social club and its members can and cannot do. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 5.)", "\nPliler filed suit only against LCU based on damages he suffered as a result of his injuries. ", "Specifically, he asserted claims for personal injuries suffered during the practice for the club's Master Follies performance. ", "Ashley Pliler was tossed into the air in a gymnastics-type procedure called a \"basket toss.\" ", "He sustained injuries when he suffered a fall after being tossed into the air and improperly caught upon his return downward. ", "Pliler is alleged to have suffered a cracked skull, concussion, bleeding from his left ear, a degree of permanent hearing loss, and the loss of smell. ", "Plaintiff was designated to be one of the tossers and catchers in the basket toss gymnastic procedure.", "\nFollowing the filing of Pliler's lawsuit against LCU, upon the advice and insistence of the Defendant, LCU filed a third-party claim against Alpha Chi Delta and three members of the club, including Plaintiff. ", "Apparently, LCU was \"advised\" to bring in these third parties in an effort to seek contribution and dilute any negligence finding that might ensue. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at p. 32; Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "83-85.) ", "Defendant maintained a right to control the litigation regardless of any moral objections by LCU's President against suing one of its own social clubs and the club's members. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at p. 31; Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "84-86.) ", "The testimony of LCU's President indicates that the three members of Alpha Chi Delta, and the club itself, were sued as third-party defendants by LCU under the belief that an opportunity might exist for third parties to pick up a part of the costs of the lawsuit by way of certain insurances that they might have and in hopes that the final judgment might find a division of liability thereby spreading the liability among more parties. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "83-84.) ", "It was \"suggested\" by Defendant to include Plaintiff as a third-party defendant. (", "Id. at p. 84.) ", "LCU's President testified that he had moral concerns about suing one of LCU's social clubs and three of its students, but he felt that there was a possibility that Defendant would withdraw its support in defending the Pliler suit. (", "Id. at p. 86.) ", "At the time LCU was advised to bring in Plaintiff as a third-party defendant (apparently in the belief that other insurances might be available to be utilized by the third-party defendants), Plaintiffs parents apparently resided on the campus of LCU as dorm parents and thus had no homeowner's insurance in place to cover Plaintiff for the third-party claims advanced against him.[2] (Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "86-87.)", "\nThe third-party petition asserted negligence claims first against Plaintiff and two other individuals as \"agents and/or representatives of Alpha Chi Delta, acting within the scope of their authority.\" (", "Docket 8 p. 20 (copy of third-party petition attached *590 to prior summary judgment appendix)). ", "The third-party claim against Plaintiff and the two other members of the club went on to allege that \"[s]uch acts or omissions of the individuals Adam Crawford, Cody Batten and Kameron Barnett were the sole proximate cause of the incident in question, or in the alternative, at least a proximate cause. . . .\" (", "Id.) As to the claims against those three members, the third-party petition went on to allege that \"these individuals were negligent in failing to catch [Pliler], thus preventing harm to Plaintiff while performing the `basket toss' stunt.\" (", "Id.)\nThe third-party petition also alleged further claims against Alpha Chi Delta itself. ", "The petition alleged that the \"incident referenced above was the result of the negligence of Alpha Chi Delta by and through the acts and/or omissions of its authorized agent and/or representatives,\" (id.), and that the organization \"was negligent in failing to properly supervise its members in the rehearsal of a skit including a `basket toss' stunt in which [Pliler] was injured\" and \"in the design and implementation of its skit entry for the Master Follies Production by including the `basket toss' stunt. . . .\" (", "Id.)\nThe claims against Alpha Chi Delta were not dropped until almost nine months after being filed when, prior to the judgment in the Pliler lawsuit, LCU non-suited Alpha Chi Delta. ", "Defendant was advised in an opinion letter that it would be best for LCU to nonsuit the club because it might be construed by a court to be a covered insured under the Policy terms if certain facts were developed. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "30-33; Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 20.) ", "The writer opined in the letter that if LCU maintained a third-party action against the club, it might be found that Defendant would also be an insurer of the club and thus be required to defend Alpha Chi Delta from a suit brought by LCU-whom Defendant was already defending under the Policy. ", "Moreover, the writer opined that LCU would be liable for any liability of its club by respondeat superior liability. ", "Therefore, the opinion was offered that nothing would be accomplished by suing a third party through whom vicarious liability would flow. ", "Shortly before trial, in mid-January of 2004, Alpha Chi Delta was non-suited.", "\nThe Pliler lawsuit went to trial in February of 2004 and the jury found LCU to be 55 percent negligent, Pliler himself to be 25 percent negligent, and Plaintiff along with another member of the club to each be 10 percent negligent (as stated, Alpha Chi Delta was dropped from the third-party suit prior to trial so no liability finding was made as to the club). ", "The Pliler jury also found that at the time of the incident Plaintiff (as well as the club) was \"acting in furtherance of a mission for the benefit of Lubbock Christian University and subject to control by Lubbock Christian University as to the details of the mission.\" (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 31.) ", "In the Final Judgment, entered March 17, 2004, the state court ordered that LCU's third-party claims against Plaintiff be denied and that LCU take nothing in connection with those claims. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 37.)", "\nOn at least two occasions Plaintiff has requested a defense under the Policy for the third-party claims advanced against him by LCU. ", "Plaintiff made the requests formally in writing-first on November 11, 2003, and again on January 19, 2004. ", "It is unclear if any response was ever given to Plaintiff as to his requests. ", "The evidence suggests that Defendant never responded to the requests for coverage. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at p. 26 (affidavit stating \"neither I nor any other person affiliated with [Defendant] initiated any contact with [Plaintiff] or made any representations to him concerning *591 the existence of coverage\"); Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 22 (\"I have heard nothing from you.\")).", "\nOn May 28, 2004, after the trial and entry of judgment, Plaintiff's counsel sent two letters to Defendant demanding payment of Plaintiff's attorney's fees and expenses incurred in defending Plaintiff against the third-party claims as well as a similar demand for attorney's fees and expenses in defending Alpha Chi Delta for fees incurred prior to its being non-suited. ", "Both demand letters were sent pursuant to the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act, Tex. ", "Bus. & ", "Comm.", "Code §§ 17.01 et seq. (\"", "DTPA\"), and the Texas Insurance Code, Tex. ", "Ins.", "Code § 21.21, as is required prior to bringing suit for such claims. ", "The Alpha Chi Delta demand was resolved amicably. ", "Though the reasons for resolution of the Alpha Chi Delta demand are not clear, the Court notes that the opinion letter issued to Defendant regarding coverage under the Policy states that facts could possibly be developed that would indicate coverage of Alpha Chi Delta as an organization under the control of LCU and by way of classic respondeat superior liability. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "30-33.) ", "The Pliler jury specifically found that on the occasion in question, \"Alpha Chi Delta and its members, particularly Adam Crawford, Cody Batten, and Ashley Pliler act[ed] in the furtherance of a mission for the benefit of Lubbock Christian University and subject to control by Lubbock Christian University as to the details of the mission.\" (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at p. 31.) ", "The opinion letter was, in this sense, prescient.", "\nThe opinion letter made the statement that it was ironic LCU was directed to sue Alpha Chi Delta and three of the club's members because if it were to be found that Defendant had a duty to provide a defense to the club and its three student members who were sued, then Defendant would be in the position of paying several sets of lawyers (for LCU, Alpha Chi Delta, and the three club members) to fight against one another. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at p. 29.)", "\n\nII.", "\n\nPROCEDURAL HISTORY\nPlaintiff filed this lawsuit on November 23, 2004, and it was removed by Defendants on December 30, 2004, from the 72nd Judicial District Court of Lubbock County, Texas. ", "Defendant filed its Second Amended Answer on January 27, 2005. ", "On May 11, 2005, Defendant filed its Motion for Summary Judgment and supporting brief and appendix. ", "Plaintiff filed his Response to said Motion on May 31, 2005, along with a brief in support and an appendix. ", "On July 1, 2005, this Court denied as moot the then-pending Motion for Summary Judgment because the Defendant had argued for summary judgment based upon one policy and Plaintiff had made arguments in his Response based upon that same policy and an additional policy. ", "The Court determined that in order to prevent confusion of the issues, the Plaintiff should amend his Complaint to reflect which policy or policies of insurance he wished to pursue claims under. ", "Thus, the Court denied as moot the then-pending Motion for Summary Judgment and ordered Plaintiff to amend his Complaint by July 20, 2005. ", "The Court further instructed the parties that they would later be able to file new motions for summary judgment addressing the amended complaint. ", "Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint on July 7, 2005. ", "Defendant proceeded on its previously filed Second Amended Answer.", "\nOn November 15, 2005, Defendant filed the pending Re-urged Motion for Summary Judgment, along with supporting brief and appendix. ", "Plaintiff filed his Response *592 and Counter Motion for Partial Summary Judgment on December 5, 2005, along with supporting brief and appendix. ", "Defendant failed to file a response to Plaintiff's Counter Motion. ", "This case is set for trial on March 6, 2006.", "\n\nIII.", "\n\nSTANDARD\nSummary judgment is appropriate only if \"the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,\" when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, \"show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\" ", "Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986) (internal quotations omitted). ", "A dispute about a material fact is \"genuine\" if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the non-moving party. ", "Id. at 248, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505. ", "In making its determination, the court must draw all justifiable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. ", "Id. at 255, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505. ", "Once the moving party has initially shown \"that there is an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case,\" Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325, 106 S.Ct. ", "2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986), the non-movant must come forward, after adequate time for discovery, with significant probative evidence showing a triable issue of fact. ", "FED. ", "R. Civ. ", "P. 56(e); State Farm Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Gutterman, 896 F.2d 116, 118 (5th Cir.1990). ", "Conclusory allegations and denials, speculation, improbable inferences, unsubstantiated assertions, and legalistic argumentation are not adequate substitutes for specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. ", "Douglass v. United Servs. ", "Auto. ", "Ass'n, 79 F.3d 1415, 1428 (5th Cir.1996) (en banc); SEC v. Recite, 10 F.3d 1093, 1097 (5th Cir.1993). ", "To defeat a properly supported motion for summary judgment, the non-movant must present more than a mere scintilla of evidence. ", "See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 251, 106 S.Ct. ", "2505. ", "Rather, the non-movant must present sufficient evidence upon which a jury could reasonably find in the non-movant's favor. ", "Id.\nIn reviewing the summary judgment evidence, \"Rule 56 does not impose upon this Court a duty to sift through the record in search of evidence to support a party's opposition to summary judgment.\" ", "Ragas v. Tenn. Gas Pipeline Co., 136 F.3d 455, 458 (5th Cir.1998). ", "Rather, the Court need rely only on those portions of the submitted documents to which the nonmoving party directs the Court's attention. ", "Id.; see also Forsyth v. Barr, 19 F.3d 1527, 1536-37 (5th Cir.1994) (finding that two volumes of summary judgment evidence was insufficient to preclude summary judgment when plaintiffs failed to identify specific portions which supported their claims).", "\nRule 56(e), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, requires the party against whom the motion is made to \"set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.\" ", "Absent such a showing, a properly supported motion for summary judgment should be granted. ", "See Eversley v. MBank Dallas, 843 F.2d 172, 173-74 (5th Cir.1988); Resolution Trust Corp. v. Starkey, 41 F.3d 1018, 1022-23 (5th Cir.1995). ", "An actual controversy of fact exists only where both parties have submitted evidence of contradictory facts. ", "Olabisiomotosho v. City of Houston, 185 F.3d 521, 525 (5th Cir.1999). \"", "A party whose motion or response is accompanied by an appendix must include in its brief citations to each page of the appendix that supports each assertion that the party makes concerning *593 the summary judgment evidence.\" ", "LR 56.5(c).", "\n\nIV.", "\n\nDISCUSSION\nDuty to Defend\nA plaintiff bears the initial burden of showing that a claim alleged in the underlying lawsuit is potentially within the scope of coverage of an insurance policy. ", "See Data Specialties, Inc. v. Transcontinental Ins. ", "Co., 125 F.3d 909, 911 (5th Cir.1997). ", "Under Texas law, a court determines an insurer's duty to defend by following the \"Eight Corners\" or \"Complaint Allegation\" rule. ", "St. Paul Guardian Ins. ", "Co. v. Centrum GS Ltd., 283 F.3d 709, 713 (5th Cir.2002). ", "According to this rule, the court examines only the allegations in the underlying complaint (for which a duty was sought) and the insurance policy in determining whether a duty to defend exists. ", "Id. \"The duty to defend arises when a third party sues the insured on allegations that, if taken as true, potentially state a cause of action within the terms of the policy.\" ", "Id. (emphasis added). ", "The duty to defend \"is not affected by facts ascertained before suit, developed in the process of the litigation, or by the ultimate outcome of the suit.\" ", "TRI Core Inc. v. Northland Ins. ", "Co., 2002 WL 31548754, *4 (N.D.Tex.2002) (quoting Am. ", "Alliance Ins. ", "Co. v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 788 S.W.2d 152, 154 (Tex.", "App.-Dallas 1990, writ dism'd)). ", "Rather, the duty to defend exists if the complaint/petition contains at least one claim that is facially within the policy's coverage. ", "Id.; see also Lafarge Corp. v. Hartford Cas. ", "Ins. ", "Co., 61 F.3d 389, 393 (5th Cir.1995); Rhodes v. Chicago Ins. ", "Co., 719 F.2d 116, 119 (5th Cir.1983); Scottsdale Ins. ", "Co. v. Travis, 68 S.W.3d 72, 75 (Tex. ", "App.—Dallas 2001, pet. ", "denied).", "\nWhen applying the eight corners rule, the allegations in the underlying complaint should be given a liberal interpretation. ", "Nat'l Union Fire Ins. ", "Co. v. Merchants Fast Motor Lines, 939 S.W.2d 139, 141 (Tex.1997). \"", "Stated differently, in case of doubt as to whether or not the [factual] allegations of a complaint against the insured state a cause of action within the coverage of a liability policy sufficient to compel the insurer to defend the action, such doubt must be resolved in insured's favor.\" ", "Id. \"In Texas, an insurer's contractual duty to defend must be determined from the face of the pleadings, without reference to any facts outside the pleadings.\" ", "Id. at 142.", "\n\"When the words of a policy are unambiguous, they are to be given their plain, ordinary, and generally accepted meaning, unless the policy clearly indicates that the contractual terms have been used in a different or technical sense.\" ", "Gulf Chem. & ", "Metallurgical Corp. v. Associated Metals & Minerals Corp., 1 F.3d 365, 369 (5th Cir.1993). ", "The determination of whether an ambiguity exists in a contract is a question of law. ", "Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. ", "Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex.1998). ", "A contract is ambiguous if it is susceptible to more than one meaning. ", "Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. ", "1983). ", "Where the policy language is susceptible to more than one construction, it should be \"construed strictly against the insurer and liberally in favor of the insured.\" ", "Gulf Chem., ", "1 F.3d at 369 (internal quotation mark omitted). ", "The general rule, then, is that a court must determine the intention of the parties as expressed in the language of the policy. ", "See Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. ", "Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex.1998). ", "Consideration must be given to all the provisions, with reference to the contract as a whole rather than to any single provision. ", "Coker v. *594 Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983). ", "Each provision should be given meaning so that coverage is not illusory. ", "See Trinity Universal Ins. ", "Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 828 (Tex.1997). ", "When ambiguity exists, a court may properly consider extrinsic evidence on the duty to defend only in the very narrow circumstance of \"where fundamental policy coverage questions can be resolved by readily determined facts that do not engage the truth or falsity of the allegations in the underlying suit.\" ", "Northfield Ins. ", "Co. v. Loving Home Care, Inc., 363 F.3d 523, 530 (5th Cir.2004) (citing Westport Ins. ", "Corp. v. Atchley, Russell, Waldrop & Hlavinka, L.L.P., 267 F.Supp.2d 601, 621 (E.D.Tex.2003)).", "\nAnalysis\nThe central allegations in the First Amended Complaint require that the terms and provisions of the Policy first be determined. ", "Plaintiff specifically advances claims only under Article 21.21 of the Texas Insurance Code and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. (", "Pl.", "'s First Am. ", "Compl.) ", "Defendant argues in its Re-urged Motion that none of the factual allegations in the Second Amended Third Party Complaint raised even the possibility that Plaintiff was an insured such that there would have been a duty to defend at the time Plaintiff requested a defense. ", "What Defendant is asking for in moving for summary judgment is a finding that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim or that he lacks standing to assert the claims. (", "See Def.", "'s Br.) ", "Defendant alternatively argues that it did not breach the duty of good faith and fair dealing because a bona fide controversy over coverage existed that created a reasonable basis for denial of coverage. ", "Defendant does not argue any exclusions listed in the Policy.", "\nThe Declaratory Judgment Act states that federal courts, \"upon the filing of an appropriate pleading, may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested party seeking such declaration whether or not further relief is or could be sought.\" ", "28 U.S.C. § 2201(a). ", "It appears from the arguments made by Defendant in its Brief that it intended for this Court to determine whether Plaintiff was an insured under the Policy. ", "The only relevant coverage issue is whether there was a duty to defend. ", "Thus, as to the issues in this case, the Court must interpret the provisions stating who is an insured under the Policy.", "\nThe following provisions are the only ones argued to apply in order to create coverage:\nSECTION I COVERAGES\nCOVERAGE A. BODILY INJURY AND PROPERTY DAMAGE LIABILITY\n1. ", "Insuring Agreement\na. We will pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of \"bodily injury\" or \"property damage\" to which this insurance applies. ", "We will have the right and duty to defend the insured against any \"suit\" seeking those damages.", "\n* * * * * *\nSECTION II WHO IS AN INSURED\n* * * * * *\n5. ", "a. The following persons or organizations are also insureds:\n(1) Any of your members, but only with respect to their liability for your activities or activities they perform on your behalf, at your direction and within the scope of their duties.", "\n* * * * * *\n\n*595 (4) Any organization or entity authorized or controlled by you.", "\n* * * * * *\n(Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "48, 55 and 57.)", "\nThe duty to defend is determined by consulting the latest amended pleading upon which the insurer based its refusal to defend the action. ", "Canutillo Indep. ", "Sch. ", "Dist. ", "v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. ", "Co., 99 F.3d 695, 701 (5th Cir.1996). ", "As the only evidence before the Court as to the thirdparty claims is the Second Amended Third Party Petition, the Court cannot determine if any of the prior third-party petitions alleged claims possibly invoking coverage at an earlier date. ", "See Nutmeg Ins. ", "Co. v. Clear Lake City Water Auth., ", "229 F.Supp.2d 668, 677 n. 2 (S.D.Tex.2002) (the issue of a duty to defend could relate to prior-filed claims while they were pending).", "\nPlaintiff's Coverage Arguments\nPlaintiff begins by arguing that the Policy \"includes `persons or organizations . . . ", "with respect to their liability for your activities or activities they perform on your behalf at your direction and within the scope of their duties.\"' (", "Pl.", "'s Br. ", "at p. 5.) ", "Plaintiff argues that he is an insured because he was found by the jury at the conclusion of the state court action to have been acting in furtherance of a mission for the benefit of and subject to the control of LCU. ", "The gist of Plaintiff's argument is that he was acting for a principal and is entitled to coverage for the costs of defending the third-party claims advanced against him by LCU. ", "Plaintiff further argues that because he has been found to have been acting in furtherance of a mission for the benefit of and subject to the control of LCU, Defendant is collaterally estopped from arguing otherwise and thus a duty to defend existed under either the \"Members Provision\" or the \"Organization Provision.\" ", "No other provisions were argued.[3] In concluding his arguments after presenting the law on agency relationships, summarily and in one short paragraph, Plaintiff argues that the \"Members Provision\" and \"Organization Provision\" entitle him to status of insured because he is the member of an organization authorized or controlled by LCU. ", "Plaintiff apparently seeks coverage by binding the two provisions together and argues that he was a member of an organization controlled or authorized by LCU. ", "Specifically he argues that \"Crawford was an agent of Alpha Chi Delta, who was authorized and controlled by LCU and, thus, Crawford is a covered insured. . . .\" (", "Pl.", "'s Br. ", "at p. 11.)", "\nDefendant argues, in relation to the state court finding, that facts ascertained at the conclusion of a suit do not invoke a duty to defend. ", "Defendant correctly argues that facts ascertained in the process of the litigation or by the ultimate outcome have no effect upon a duty to defend because no duty to defend exists unless the third-party petition alleged facts against an insured that were within the coverage provided under the insuring agreement. (", "Def.", "'s Br. ", "at p. 7); see American Alliance Ins. ", "Co. v. Frito-Lay, Inc., 788 S.W.2d 152, 154 (Tex.", "App.-Dallas 1990, writ dism'd). ", "Moreover, Defendant argues that a court is to apply the eight-corners rule without reference to the veracity of factual allegations, to what the parties know or believe the facts to be, or to any legal determination of the facts. ", "Heyden Newport Chem. ", "Corp. v. Southern Gen. Ins. ", "Co., 387 S.W.2d 22, 24 (Tex.1965).", "\n*596 Defendant argues that even though the jury found Plaintiff to be acting in furtherance of a mission benefitting LCU, such a finding was not made until the conclusion of the trial and nothing in the third-party petition alleged as much. ", "Thus, Defendant argues that the duty to defend Plaintiff did not exist at the two times Plaintiff made written requests for a defense during the underlying state litigation because nothing in the state petition triggered the duty by alleging facts that might have been construed as implying that Plaintiff was an insured.", "\na. \"Member Provision\"\nPlaintiff argues for coverage under the \"Members Provision\" in that he is a member of Alpha Chi Delta and thus a member of LCU because the club was found at the end of the trial to have been acting in furtherance of and subject to the control of LCU at the time of the occurrence. ", "Plaintiff argues that he is covered because he was judicially found to have been acting under the control and for the benefit of LCU. ", "Thus, Plaintiff argues, he is an insured under the \"Members Provision\" while acting on behalf of LCU and the club. ", "Plaintiff's argument seems to recognize that all students would not and could not be covered under the provision (a separate provision exists for student coverage in a very limited circumstance). ", "However, he argues that members of the on-campus social clubs, under the authorization and control of LCU and while performing and preparing for Master Follies, are covered.", "\nThe argument advanced by Defendant is that regardless of a jury finding after the fact that he was acting in furtherance of a mission and subject to the control of LCU, any duty to defend arises from the Second Amended Third Party Petition and that petition did not allege that Plaintiff was a member of LCU or any facts that could have been construed as alleging as much. ", "Alternatively, Defendant argues that because the petition did not allege facts that would allow for the determination of whether Plaintiff was a \"member,\" the Court should look to extrinsic evidence-LCU's restated Articles of Incorporation.", "\nThe Court will first begin with the Policy. ", "The term \"member\" is undefined in the Policy. ", "The opinion letter recognized that the term \"members\" goes undefined in the Policy.[4] But, the general rule is that a court must determine the intention of the parties as expressed in the language of the policy. ", "See Kelley-Coppedge, Inc. v. Highlands Ins. ", "Co., 980 S.W.2d 462, 464 (Tex.1998). ", "Consideration must be given to all the provisions, with reference to the contract as a whole rather than to any single provision. ", "Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex.1983). ", "Each provision should be given meaning so that coverage is not illusory. ", "See Trinity Universal Ins. ", "Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 828 (Tex.1997). ", "Upon review of the Policy, the Court finds that the Policy does reference \"members\" in other provisions. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at 55-57 (using the term \"member\" as relating to joint ventures and limited liability *597 companies)). ", "Thus, from the four corners of the Policy, it appears that the term \"members\" is intended to refer to the make up of joint ventures, limited liability companies, and partnerships. ", "The provisions under Section II, \"Who Is An Insured,\" allow for the coverage of members of joint ventures, partnerships, and limited liability companies but only if the named insured is designated as such an entity in the Declarations. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "55-56.) ", "The Declarations page of the Policy clearly states that LCU is a corporation and not one of these other types of entities. (", "Pl.", "'s App. ", "at 46.) ", "Even if the term were to be considered as ambiguous, when resolving the ambiguity, a court can admit extraneous evidence to determine the meaning of the provision. ", "Defendant has proffered LCU's Articles and Restated Article of Incorporation as extrinsic evidence that LCU has no \"members.\" (", "Def.", "'s Br. ", "at 10 (citing to App. ", "at pp. ", "3 and 7 for the argument that \"[w]hile the pleadings [in the third-party petition] are un-enabling, LCU's restated articles of incorporation resolve the coverage issue . . . ", "by establishing that LCU is a non-profit corporation who has no members.\")). ", "The cited portions of LCU's Articles and Restated Articles state \"[t]he Corporation has no members\" and \"[t]he Corporation shall have no members.\" (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at 3 and 7.)", "\nThus, the Court finds that the term \"member\" as used in the provision relied upon by Plaintiff was intended to apply in the same manner that \"member\" is used in other provisions in the Policy. ", "Such a construction does no harm to the usage of the term in other provisions throughout the Policy-in fact, such a construction is the only logical one. ", "The rules favoring insureds in interpreting a policy as opposed to the insurer's interpretation are applicable only when there is ambiguity in the policy; if the term is susceptible to only one reasonable construction, the rules do not apply. ", "Canutillo Indep. ", "Sch. ", "Dist., ", "99 F.3d at 701. ", "Moreover, if any ambiguity did exist, extrinsic evidence has been offered that states that LCU has no members. ", "Plaintiff does not qualify as an insured under the \"member\" provision for additional insureds even though he was found to have acted in furtherance of a mission benefitting and subject to the control of LCU. ", "Rather, the Court finds that the \"Members Provision\" is referring to members of a joint venture, partnership, or limited liability company. ", "This comports with how the term is used in other provisions of the Policy.", "\nb. \"Organization Provision\"\nSimilar to his argument above, Plaintiff argues that he was covered under the \"Organization Provision\" because he was sued for acting within the scope of authority allegedly granted to him by the club. ", "Apparently, relying upon the vicarious liability allegations against him in the third-party complaint, Plaintiff seeks coverage for the claims advanced against Alpha Chi Delta for his acts alleged to have been committed as an agent of the club. ", "Here, the third-party petition clearly alleged claims against Alpha Delta Chi and separate claims against Plaintiff for his alleged negligence in failing to catch Pliler. ", "Thus, the claims are not interdependent upon each other. ", "Either, neither, or both could have been found liable. ", "See New York Life Ins. ", "Co. v. Travelers Ins. ", "Co., 92 F.3d 336, 340 (5th Cir.1996) (\"A claim against a principal is `related' to and `interdependent' on a claim against an agent if the claim against the principal would not exist absent the claim against the agent.\"). ", "Although, as argued by Plaintiff, a corporation acts through its representatives and agents, see Hammerly Oaks, Inc. v. Edwards, 958 S.W.2d 387, 391 (Tex.1997), *598 Plaintiff was also sued individually for negligence claims beyond those asserted in his agency capacity.", "\nDefendant also argues that the provision does not express an intent to cover agents of an organization in that it is intentionally silent as to agents of a covered organization. ", "Defendant also argues that at the time of the third-party claims, no allegations were made regarding whether the club was an organization that LCU \"authorized or controlled.\" ", "Thus, Defendant argues that no duty arose under the \"Organization Provision\" to defend Plaintiff because the third-party petition failed to allege facts relating to whether LCU authorized or controlled Alpha Chi Delta-allegations that would have triggered possible coverage for the club by way of the \"Organization Provision.\" ", "Defendant argues that based upon the third-party petition, there was no reason that Defendant knew or should have known that a duty to defend might possibly exist because the third-party petition failed to make any mention of the control and authorization LCU exerted over the club. ", "Defendant argues that it could not have known from the allegations in the third-party petition that the club was possibly covered under the \"Organization Provision,\" much less the Plaintiff. ", "Defendant also implies that any coverage that might have existed as to the respondeat superior claims advanced against Alpha Chi Delta by way of individuals' acts, dissolved when the club was non-suited.", "\nThe Court agrees with Defendant that, at all times during the underlying litigation, no allegations in the Second Amended Third Party Petition invoked the possibility of a duty to defend pursuant to the \"Organization Provision.\" ", "Said Petition did not allege any facts as to control or authorization over Alpha Chi Delta by LCU. ", "Moreover, Plaintiff himself is clearly not an organization under the control or authorization of LCU. ", "No arguments were advanced as to whether he might qualify as an \"entity\" under the \"Organization Provision\"—thus, the Court will not analyze such.", "\nExtra-contractual Claims\nThe issue before this Court is that Plaintiffs only causes of action advanced in his First Amended Complaint are that Defendant violated Article 21.21 and the DTPA. \"", "In Texas, if a liability insurer wrongfully refuses to defend a suit filed against its insured, . . . ", "then the insured may, in a separate suit instituted against the insurer for that purpose, recover judgment for the total expenses of [its] defense . . .\" ", "General Motors Corp. v. Am. ", "Ecology Environmental Servs. ", "Corp., 2001 WL 1029519, *8 (N.D.Tex. ", "Aug.30, 2001) (citing Texas United Ins. ", "Co. v. Burt Ford Enters., ", "Inc., 703 S.W.2d 828, 835 (Tex.", "App.-Tyler 1986, no writ)). ", "Thus, there is a basic premise that the insured bring the suit for an alleged failure to defend. ", "As stated above, Plaintiff was not an insured under the two provisions argued. ", "Plaintiff clearly was not a \"member\" as the Policy and the parties thereto intended that term to be used in the Policy. ", "Moreover, it is clear that he is not an \"organization\" authorized or controlled by LCU.", "\nAlthough the vicarious liability claims may have imposed a duty for Defendant to provide a defense for Alpha Chi Delta or LCU due to their possible exposure under respondeat superior liability, that duty went only to Alpha Chi Delta and/or LCU as covered insureds (Alpha Chi Delta is possibly an insured by way of the \"Organization Provision\"). ", "Nothing in the third-party petition invoked a duty to defend Plaintiff unless Plaintiff could show that the Policy covered him as an insured, thereby creating a duty to him. ", "Here, any possible breach of the duty to defend LCU *599 or an organization it controls or authorizes is a claim for the proper insured to bring. ", "Any breach of the duty to defend under the Policy to a proper insured cannot be advanced by Plaintiff absent an assignment of rights. ", "Plaintiff is not an insured under the argued provisions of the Policy and has no standing to bring claims premised upon the breach of a duty to defend-a duty owed to the proper insureds.", "\nHowever, Texas also allows for a third-party beneficiary to bring a suit. ", "A third-party beneficiary who is not a party to the contract will still have a cause of action to enforce the contract if that contract was made for that person's benefit. ", "Quilter v. Wendland, 403 S.W.2d 335, 337 (Tex.1966). ", "And such a third-party beneficiary can possibly seek to recover attorney's fees under the contract if the third party is a claimant for damages under a policy that statute requires be in place. ", "Dairyland County Mut. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of Tex. ", "v. Childress, 650 S.W.2d 770, 775 (Tex.1983). ", "Plaintiff does not appear to be, nor was the argument made that he was, an intended third-party beneficiary of the contract. ", "Nothing in the Policy indicates a desire for third-party beneficiary status to apply to Plaintiff. \"[", "A] third party beneficiary may qualify as a consumer of goods or services, as long as the transaction was specifically required by or intended to benefit the third party and the good or service was rendered to benefit the third party.\" ", "See Lukasik v. San Antonio Blue Haven Pools, Inc., 21 S.W.3d 394, 401 (Tex.", "App.-San Antonio 2000, no pet.) (", "citing Arthur Andersen & Co. v. Perry Equip. ", "Corp., 945 S.W.2d 812, 815 (Tex.1997)).", "\nIn order to impose liability upon an insurer for violations of Article 21.21 and the DTPA, Texas law requires that an insured show that it is entitled to recover for a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. ", "See, e.g., Hamburger v. State Farm Mut. ", "Auto. ", "Ins. ", "Co., 361 F.3d 875, 880 (5th Cir.2004). ", "Plaintiff cannot advance claims under Article 21.21 or the DTPA against Defendant for any alleged breach of a duty to defend because he is not an insured under the Policy provisions argued. ", "Rumley v. Allstate Indem. ", "Co., 924 S.W.2d 448, 450 (Tex.", "App.-Beaumont 1996, no writ) (while a third party might ultimately benefit from a bad faith claim which the insured might pursue against insurer, that duty is owed to insured and not third party because third-party claimant has no standing to assert extra-contractual and statutory claims against insurer for the denial and delay in the payment of claim). \"", "Absent privity of contract or some sort of reliance by the person bringing the claim on the words or deeds of the insurer, a suit will not lie under art. ", "21.21.\" ", "See Palma v. Verex Assurance, Inc., 79 F.3d 1453, 1456 (5th Cir.1996) (citing Warfield v. Fidelity & Deposit Co., 904 F.2d 322, 327 (5th Cir. ", "1990)). \"", "Texas law does not recognize bad-faith claims beyond the contractual privity between the insurer and the insured.\" ", "Gisentaner v. U.S. Fire Ins. ", "Co., 1999 WL 339329, *5 (Tex. ", "App-Houston [1st Dist.] ", "1999, pet. ", "denied) (citing Natividad v. Alexsis, Inc., 875 S.W.2d 695, 697 (Tex.1994)). ", "The \"obligations imposed by art. ", "21.21 of the Insurance Code . . . ", "are engrafted onto the contract between the insurer and insured and are extra-contractual in nature.\" ", "See Allstate Ins. ", "Co. v. Watson, 876 S.W.2d 145, 149-50 (1994).", "\nMoreover, Plaintiff is clearly not a consumer in that he is actually a third party and stranger to the insurance contract. ", "See Tex. ", "Bus. & ", "Comm.", "Code § 17.45(4). ", "The question of consumer status under the DTPA is a question of law for the court to decide, unless there is a dispute concerning factual issues that create consumer status. ", "See Lukasik, 21 *600 S.W.3d at 401. ", "Nor is Plaintiff an additional insured under the Policy as discussed above. ", "For a claim brought pursuant to the Texas Business and Commerce Code § 17.46(b)(5), a plaintiff must be a consumer seeking to acquire \"goods or services.\" ", "Webb v. Int'l Trucking Co., Inc., 909 S.W.2d 220, 227-28 (Tex.", "App.-San Antonio 1995, no writ). ", "Plaintiff was clearly not a consumer in relation to acquiring this Policy; thus, he cannot bring a claim under § 17.46(b)(5). ", "Yet, § 17.46(b)(12) does not require consumer status, and does not involve a seeking to acquire goods or services by purchase or lease. ", "Id. However, Plaintiff failed to direct the Court to evidence to support the allegation that Defendant represented that the Policy involved rights, remedies, or obligations which it did not have or involve. ", "Thus, there is no genuine issue of material fact as to this claim. ", "Summary judgment is proper as to the § 17.46(b) claims. ", "Plaintiff also does not have standing to recover for any \"unconscionable course of conduct\" under Section 17.50(a)(4) because actions under Section 17.50 are only available to consumers. ", "See Webb, 909 S.W.2d at 227.", "\nAdditionally, Plaintiff does little to elaborate upon his Article 21.21 and DTPA claims. ", "As correctly argued by Defendant, \"[t]o the extent, if any, that Crawford states an extra-contractual claim predicated on allegations other than bad-faith conduct, the Court may dismiss those claims under the authority of section (c) of Rule 12 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure because the conclusionary allegation of his pleading, which does little more than regurgitate statutory language, is insufficient to avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim.\" (", "Def.", "'s Br. ", "at 11 (citing Watson v. State Farm Lloyds, 56 F.Supp.2d 734, 736 (N.D.Tex.1999))).", "\nFinally, Defendant also argues that a bona fide controversy exists as to coverage and thus it had a reasonable basis to deny coverage. ", "Lyons v. Millers Cas. ", "Ins. ", "Co. of Tex., ", "866 S.W.2d 597, 600 (Tex.1993). ", "The Court agrees that a bona fide controversy did exist at the time the requests for a defense were made and Defendant thus had a reasonable basis for denying coverage at the time. ", "It was not reasonably clear at the time the requests were made in November of 2003 and January of 2004 that Plaintiff could possibly be covered as an insured.", "\n\nV.\n\nCONCLUSION\nHaving considered all the relevant arguments and evidence, the Court finds that Plaintiff was not an insured under the two provisions of the Policy argued. ", "Therefore, Plaintiff was not entitled to his own defense under these provisions. ", "Any breach of a duty to defend a properly covered insured from which Plaintiff would have benefitted incidentally is not a claim which Plaintiff can bring. ", "The Court finds that, as asserted, Defendant cannot be liable for the claims advanced by Plaintiff under Article 21.21 and the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act. ", "Thus, Defendant's Re-urged Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED. ", "Plaintiffs Counter Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is DENIED. ", "Plaintiffs claims against Defendant, as advanced, are hereby DISMISSED.[5]\n*601 The trial setting of March 6, 2006, is hereby VACATED.", "\nNOTES\n[1] The Court notes that Defendant asked the Court to take judicial notice of the prior documents filed in this case. ", "Because neither party included copies of the state court petitions in the current motions and response, the Court will take judicial notice of the state court petitions attached as part of appendixes to the previously filed, moot summary judgment motion. ", "The state court petitions are essential to making coverage determinations.", "\n\nThe vast majority of properly supported factual evidence proffered by Plaintiff in his Response/Counter Motion is uncontested and unrebutted. \"[", "T]he court will assume that the [counter-]movant's facts as claimed and supported by admissible evidence are admitted to exist without controversy, unless controverted in an opposing statement of genuine issues which is supported by proper summary judgment evidence.\" ", "Ceasar v. Lamar Univ., ", "147 F.Supp.2d 547, 550-51 (E.D.Tex.2001).", "\n[2] It is not clear to the Court, nor were arguments made in the Briefs, as to what effect the fact that Plaintiff's parents lived on campus in a dorm as dorm parents would have on whether coverage should have been available to them in much the same way as a homeowner's policy would afford coverage. ", "There were simply no facts in the record as to how the University covers such residences and occupants for insurance, if it does so at all. ", "It may be that Defendant also insured the dorm parent residences in a manner similar to or as a homeowner's policy.", "\n[3] The Court makes no findings nor does it analyze whether coverage might have existed under a different theory or provision.", "\n[4] The writer opined in the opinion letter that coverage would not likely be found under a provision including \"members.\" ", "It opined that if the coverage under said provision was sought under the belief that, merely as a student of LCU, Plaintiff was entitled to coverage, such an assertion would likely fail because \"registered students\" were covered in a limited manner under another provision. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "33-34; Pl.", "'s App. ", "at pp. ", "57 (policy provision on registered students whose courses of study include mandatory on-the-job training)). ", "The letter correctly opined that classifying all students as members would render the Policy's restrictions on \"registered students\" meaningless. (", "Def.", "'s App. ", "at p. 34.) ", "The letter did not directly address \"member\" as applied to members of LCU's social clubs or as an agent of LCU itself.", "\n[5] The Court does not condone Defendant's actions in the handling of and control of the state court litigation. ", "However, it does not appear that Plaintiff was an insured under the two provisions argued. ", "Plaintiff relies heavily upon the final findings in the state court proceeding as entitling him to recover the costs of his defense in that matter. ", "It may be that Plaintiff should have sought damages from LCU for the costs of defense based upon that finding. ", "In turn, LCU would have sought coverage under its insurance policy for a claim advanced against it. ", "Or Plaintiff might possibly have sought coverage for indemnity of his costs in defending the third-party claims under the \"volunteer worker provision\" based on the state court findings that he acted in furtherance of a mission under the control of LCU. ", "Such a claim would not be for coverage seeking damages based on \"bodily injury\" to a co-volunteer (which would be excluded) but, instead, seeking damages incurred in defending a suit brought against him for acts committed while acting in the scope of duties as a volunteer. ", "However, the Court makes no conclusion as to such a claim at this time because it was not raised.", "\n" ]

{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nMonitoring of pressures within human body cavities has an important role in diagnosis and management of a large number of diseases and clinical conditions. ", "The present invention relates to a method for analyzing pressure signals derivable from pressure measurements on or in a body of a human being or animal, comprising the steps of sampling said signals at specific intervals, and converting the pressure signals into pressure-related digital data with a time reference.", "\nMore specifically, the invention relates to methods as defined in the preamble of attached independent claims 1 and 94.", "\n2. ", "Related Art\nContinuous monitoring of pressures in humans and animals has a widespread place. ", "During continuous pressure monitoring, today's existing technology, not the inventive technology (hereafter referred to as conventional or current technology) calculates a mean or area under curve of several seconds of pressure recordings. ", "For example, for a given time sequence of 6 seconds, mean pressure may be computed as the sum of all pressure sample levels divided by the numbers of samples. ", "Most modern monitors update the calculated pressure value each 5-10 seconds. ", "Thereby information within the single waves is lost. ", "Whether or not the mean pressure corresponds to single pressure waves during said time sequence is not known. ", "Therefore, absolute numbers of systolic, mean and diastolic pressures shown oil the scope of vital signs monitors do not reveal single wave distribution. ", "The basis for this praxis is the assumption of a linear relationship between mean pressure and amplitude of the single waves.", "\nThere are several problems with the current strategies of assessing continuous pressure recordings. ", "Current technology uses calibration of pressures against a zero pressure level, usually the atmospheric pressure. ", "This situation raises various problems, such as drift of zero pressure level during a period of recording. ", "Differences in absolute zero pressure levels may cause false or inaccurate differences in pressures between different pressure recordings, making it difficult to compare pressure curves. ", "Other causes of erroneous continuous pressure recordings are sensor failure, misplacement of pressure sensor, low quality of sensor signals related to movement of patient, and low signal-noise ratio of other reasons. ", "Whether the quality of pressure signals is good or bad may be difficult to decide according to Current strategies of assessing continuous pressure signals. ", "The present invention aims at solving these problems, introducing a new strategy of analysis of pressure related digital data, including assessment of the single pressure waves.", "\nA continuous pressure signal fluctuates over time related to the cardiac beats. ", "In the human or animal body cavities, single pressure waves are built up from the waves created by each of the cardiac pulsation's. ", "For example, the intracranial and arterial blood pressure waves are intimately related as the intracranial pressure waves arise from the contractions of the left cardiac ventricle. ", "Each heart beat results in a pulse pressure wave, termed single pressure wave. ", "Related to the cardiac beats, these waves have a diastolic minimum pressure and a subsequent systolic maximum pressure. ", "When it has not previously been possible to take the knowledge of single wave parameters into daily clinical practice, this situation is related to the facts that heart rate is variable, single waves fluctuate a lot over time, and the inter-individual variation is large. ", "So-called spectrum analysis or Fourier analysis assesses fluctuations in pressure, but not by analyzing the single pressure waves.", "\nNon-invasive pressure monitoring is partially established for blood pressure and ocular pressure monitoring, though no methods or devices allows for continuous single wave monitoring with identification of single wave distribution. ", "In particular, applanation tonometry is a non-invasive method for intraocular pressure measurement, blood pressure measurement, and measurements of intracranial pressure in infants." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }

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[ "Do we really need another meeting? ", "Lessons from the Los Angeles County Elder Abuse Forensic Center.", "\nElder abuse cases are often time consuming and complex, requiring interagency cooperation from a diverse array of professionals. ", "Although multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) offer a potentially powerful approach to synergizing the efforts of different providers, there has been little research on elder abuse MDTs in general or elder abuse forensic centers in particular. ", "This article draws on our experience with the development of an innovative elder abuse MDT model by describing the structure, process, and outcomes of the Los Angeles County Elder Abuse Forensic Center (the Center). ", "We use a logic model to provide the framework for discussing the Center's components and de-identified client records to report key characteristics of the cases reviewed (n = 313). ", "We summarize surveys of core team members' evaluations of team effectiveness (n = 37) and case presenters' assessments of the Center effectiveness (n = 108). ", "During its first 3 years, the Center reviewed 2-4 cases per week and gained active and regular participation among core team members. ", "Both team members' and presenters' evaluations were highly favorable. ", "Process outcomes indicate that busy professionals found the model extremely valuable, with added consultation and services aiding elder abuse prevention, protection, and prosecution. ", "The logic model offers structure, process, and outcomes with which to replicate and individualize the elder abuse forensic center model according to the needs and resources in each community." ]

{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }

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[ "---\nabstract: |\n We investigate the structure of the dark matter halo formed in the cold dark matter scenario using $N$-body simulations. ", "We simulated 12 halos with the mass of $6.6\\times 10^{11}M_{\\odot}$ to $8.0\\times\n 10^{14}M_{\\odot}$. In almost all runs, the halos have density cusps proportional to $r^{-1.5}$ developed at the center, which is consistent with the results of recent high-resolution calculations. ", "The density structure evolves in a self-similar way, and is universal in the sense that it is independent of the halo mass and initial random realization of density fluctuation. ", "The density profile is in good agreement with the profile proposed by Moore et al. (", "1999), which has central slope proportional to $r^{-1.5}$ and outer slope proportional to $r^{-3}$. The halo grows through repeated accretion of diffuse smaller halos. ", "We argue that the cusp is understood as a convergence slope for the accretion of tidally disrupted matter.", "\nauthor:\n- Toshiyuki Fukushige\n- Junichiro Makino\ntitle: Structure of Dark Matter Halos From Hierarchical Clustering\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nIn standard cosmological pictures, such as the cold dark matter cosmology, dark matter halos are considered to be formed in a hierarchical way; smaller halos first formed from initial density fluctuations and they merged with each other to become larger halos. ", "In reality, the formation process of dark matter halo is rather complicated, since a variety of processes, such as merging between halos of various sizes and tidal disruption of small halos (satellite) proceed simultaneously.", "\n\nOne of the most influential works on the dark matter halo is the “finding” of the universal profile by Navarro, Frenk, and White (1996, 1997, hereafter NFW), though there were many analytical and numerical studies before NFW (see NFW (1996) or Bertschinger (1998) for reviews). ", "NFW performed $N$-body simulations of the halo formation and found that the profile of dark matter halo can be fitted by a simple formula $$\\rho = {\\rho_0 \\over (r/r_{\\rm s})(1+r/r_{\\rm s})^2},$$ where $\\rho_0$ is a characteristic density and $r_{\\rm s}$ is a scale radius. ", "They also argued that the profile has the same shape, independent of the halo mass, the initial density fluctuation spectrum or the value of the cosmological parameters. ", "It should be noted that, before NFW, Dubinski and Carlberg (1991) also found in their high-resolution simulation the halo can be well fitted by Hernquist (1990) profile .", "\n\nMany studies on the NFW “universal profile”, both numerical and analytical, were done after their proposal. ", "Many $N$-body simulations whose resolution are similar to those of NFW were performed and results similar to NFW were obtained (Cole and Lacy 1996, Tormen, Bouchet and White 1996, Brainerd, Goldberg, and Villumsen 1998, Thomas et al. ", "1998, Okamoto and Habe 1999, Huss, Jain and Steinmetz 1999, Kravtov et al. ", "1998, Jing 2000). ", "Analytical and semi-analytical studies to explain the NFW universal profile were also done (Evans and Collet 1997, Syer and White 1998, Avila-Reese, Firmani, Hernandez 1998, Nusser and Sheth 1999, Kull 1999, Heriksen and Widrow 1999, Yano and Gouda 1999, Bullock et al. ", "1999, Subramanian, Cen, Ostriker 2000, Lokas 2000). ", "The clear understanding for the NFW profile, however, has not yet been given. ", "One of the reasons why a clear understanding has not been established might be that all these studies were trying to answer a wrong question.", "\n\nOur previous study (Fukushige and Makino 1997, hereafter FM97) showed that density profile obtained by high-resolution $N$-body simulation is different from the NFW universal profile. ", "We performed simulations with 768k particles, while previous studies employed $\\sim 20$k. ", "We found that the galaxy-sized halo has a cusp steeper than $\\rho\\propto r^{-1}$.\n\nThis disagreement with the NFW universal profile was confirmed by other high-resolution simulations. ", "Moore et al. (", "1998, 1999) and Ghigna et al. (", "2000) performed simulations with up to 4M particles and obtained the results similar to ours. ", "They found that cluster-sized halos also have cusps steeper than the NFW profile and they proposed the modified universal profile, $\\rho = \\rho_0 / [(r/r_{\\rm s})^{1.5}(1+(r/r_{\\rm\ns})^{1.5})]$. On the other hand, Jing and Suto (2000) found that the density profile of dark matter is not universal. ", "They performed a series of $N$-body simulations and concluded that the power of the cusp depends on mass. ", "It varies from $-1.5$ for galaxy mass halo to $-1.1$ for cluster mass halo.", "\n\nIn this paper, we again investigate the structure of dark matter halos using $N$-body simulation. ", "We performed $N$-body simulations of formation of 12 dark matter halos with masses $6.6\\times\n10^{11}M_{\\odot}$ to $8.0\\times 10^{14}M_{\\odot}$, using a special-purpose computer GRAPE-5 (Kawai et al. ", "2000) and Barnes-Hut treecode. ", "In section 2, we describe the model of our $N$-body simulation. ", "In section 3, we present the results of simulation. ", "Section 4 is for summary and section 5 is for discussion.", "\n\nSimulations Models\n==================\n\nWe performed in total 12 runs on 4 different mass scales, which are summarized in Table 1. ", "Initial conditions were constructed in a way similar to that in FM97. ", "We assigned initial positions and velocities to particles in a spherical region with a radius of $R$ Mpc surrounding a density peak selected from a unconstrained discrete realization of the standard CDM model ($H_o = 50$km/s/Mpc, $\\Omega = 1$ and $\\sigma_8=0.7$). ", "The peak was chosen from an $R_{\\rm box}$ Mpc cube using a density field smoothed by a Gaussian filter of radius ($R_{\\rm\nbox}/2$) Mpc. ", "The values of $R$ and $R_{\\rm box}$ in the comoving flame are summarized in Table 1. ", "In order to generate the discrete realization of the CDM model we used the COSMICS package.", "\n\n Run $R$ (Mpc) $R_{\\rm box}$ (Mpc) $m$ ($M_{\\odot}$) $\\varepsilon$ (kpc) $\\Delta t$ (yr) $z_{\\rm start}$ $z_{\\rm end}$\n ------ ----------- --------------------- ------------------- --------------------- ------------------ ----------------- ---------------\n 16M0 12.8 32 $3.0\\times 10^8$ 0.56 $1.6\\times 10^6$ 18.8 0.0\n 16M1 16 32 $6.0\\times 10^8$ 0.56 $1.5\\times 10^6$ 18.5 0.0\n 16M2 16 32 $6.1\\times 10^8$ 0.56 $1.6\\times 10^6$ 20.4 0.0\n 8M0 6.4 16 $3.7\\times 10^7$ 0.28 $7.9\\times 10^5$ 22.3 0.58\n 8M1 8 16 $7.6\\times 10^7$ 0.28 $7.5\\times 10^5$ 22.2 0.63\n 8M2 8 16 $7.6\\times 10^7$ 0.28 $7.8\\times 10^5$ 23.9 0.59\n 4M0 3.2 8 $4.7\\times 10^6$ 0.14 $7.8\\times 10^5$ 25.9 1.6\n 4M1 4 8 $9.5\\times 10^6$ 0.14 $7.4\\times 10^5$ 25.9 1.6\n 4M2 4 8 $9.5\\times 10^6$ 0.14 $7.6\\times 10^5$ 27.4 1.2\n 2M0 1.6 4 $5.9\\times 10^5$ 0.07 $3.8\\times 10^5$ 29.7 2.1\n 2M1 2 4 $1.2\\times 10^6$ 0.07 $3.6\\times 10^5$ 29.7 2.2\n 2M2 2 4 $1.2\\times 10^6$ 0.07 $3.8\\times 10^5$ 30.9 1.8\n\n : Simulation Models\n\nWe followed evolution of the density peak by $N$-body simulation. ", "We added the local Hubble flow and integrated the orbits directly in the physical space. ", "We used the Plummer softened potential with the softening length constant in physical space, and used a leap-flog integrator with shared and constant timestep. ", "In Table 1 we summarized the individual particle mass, $m$, softening length, $\\varepsilon$, timestep size, $\\Delta t$, and starting and ending redshift, $z_{\\rm\nstart}$ and $z_{\\rm end}$. The masses of particles are equal and the total number of particles for each simulation is $(2.0-2.1) \\times\n10^6$.\n\nWe determined the radius $R$ Mpc for Run 16M{0,1,2} using trial runs with smaller number of particles, so that all particles lying inside of $r_{200}$ at $z_{\\rm end}$ are included. ", "Here, the radius $r_{200}$ is defined as the radius of the sphere in which the mean density $\\rho$ is equal to $200\\rho_{\\rm crit}$, where $\\rho_{\\rm crit}$ is the critical density. ", "We did not include tidal effects from outside the $R$ Mpc sphere. ", "The region of Runs 8M{0,1,2}, 4M{0,1,2}, and 2M{0,1,2} is 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 of the size of 16M{0,1,2} and mass resolution are $\\times 2$, $\\times 4$, and $\\times 8$, respectively. ", "The ending redshift $z_{\\rm end}$ for Runs 8M{0,1,2}, 4M{0,1,2}, and 2M{0,1,2} is determined so that the truncation outside the sphere did not influence the profile around $r_{200}$.\n\nThe number before M in a run name (ex. ", "8 for Run 8M1) indicates the length of the simulation box, $R_{\\rm box}/2$, in Mpc. ", "The number after M in the run name (ex. ", "1 for Run 8M1) identifies the index for the random number seed used to generate initial density field. ", "For example, Runs {16,8,4,2}M0 are series of runs in which the phases of initial density waves are same and the amplitude of the wave are different.", "\n\nFor the force calculation, we used the Barnes-Hut tree code ($\\theta=0.75$, Barnes and Hut 1986, Barnes 1990, Makino 1991) implemented on GRAPE-5 (Kawai et al. ", "2000), a special-purpose computer designed to accelerate $N$-body simulations. ", "Using the tree code on two GRAPE-5 boards and a workstation whose CPU is 21264/677MHz Alpha chip, one timestep took 21 seconds. ", "The total number of timesteps is about $6000-8000$. Therefore, we can complete one run in 35-50 CPU hours.", "\n\nResult\n======\n\nSnapshot\n--------\n\nFigure \\[fig1\\] shows the particle distributions for Run 16M0 at 16 different redshifts. ", "For these plots, we shifted the origin of coordinates to the position of the potential minimum so that the largest halo is at the center of the panel. ", "Figure \\[fig3\\] shows the particle distribution for Runs {16,8,4,2}M1 together. ", "The phases of waves for initial density field are the same for all these runs and only the amplitude are different. ", "In Table 2, we summarized the radius $r_{200}$, the mass $M_{200}$ and number of particles $N_{200}$ within $r_{200}$, at $z_{\\rm end}$.\n\n Run $M_{200}$ ($M_{\\odot}$) $r_{200}$ (Mpc) $N_{200}$\n ------ ------------------------- ----------------- -----------\n 16M0 $2.6\\times 10^{14}$ 1.7 873170\n 16M1 $7.8\\times 10^{14}$ 2.4 1279383\n 16M2 $8.0\\times 10^{14}$ 2.4 1322351\n 8M0 $2.8\\times 10^{13}$ 0.48 745735\n 8M1 $9.0\\times 10^{13}$ 0.72 1186162\n 8M2 $7.7\\times 10^{13}$ 0.70 1015454\n 4M0 $2.7\\times 10^{12}$ 0.13 559563\n 4M1 $8.0\\times 10^{12}$ 0.20 846301\n 4M2 $6.6\\times 10^{12}$ 0.22 697504\n 2M0 $6.6\\times 10^{11}$ 0.062 643151\n 2M1 $1.1\\times 10^{12}$ 0.085 957365\n 2M2 $1.0\\times 10^{12}$ 0.096 923545\n\n : Halo properties at $z=z_{\\rm end}$\n\nAccuracy Criteria {#secac}\n-----------------\n\nIn this study, we plot the density only for the radii unaffected by numerical artifacts. ", "We used the following two criteria: (1) $t_{\\rm\nrel}(r)/t > 3$ and (2) $t_{\\rm dy}(r)/\\Delta t > 40$. We obtained the criteria (1) and (2) experimentally and the details of the experiments are discussed in sections \\[secactr\\] and \\[secacdt\\]. ", "We plot the densities only if both criteria are satisfied. ", "Here, $t_{\\rm\nrel}(r)$ is the local two-body relaxation time defined by, $$t_{\\rm rel}={0.065v^3 \\over G^2\\rho m \\ln(1/\\varepsilon)},\n\\label{eqtr}$$ (cf. ", "Spitzer 1987) and $t_{\\rm dy}(r)$ is the local dynamical time defined by $$t_{\\rm dy}=(G\\bar{\\rho})^{-1/2}\n\\label{eqdy}$$ where $\\bar{\\rho}$ is the average density within radius $r$. Using these criteria we judge whether the density profile is unaffected by numerical artifacts due to the two-body relaxation (1) and the step size for the time integration (2).", "\n\nThe inner limit of radii where the density is correctly calculated in our simulations is $(0.01-0.02) r_{200}$ at the final redshifts. ", "In most cases, the criterion (1) for the two-body relaxation determines the limit radius for reliability.", "\n\n### Criterion for two-body relaxation {#secactr}\n\nIn this subsection, we evaluate the criterion, $t_{\\rm rel}(r)/t > 3$, to distinguish the numerical artifact due to the two-body relaxation. ", "In order to see the effect of two-body relaxation, we calculated the same model as Run 16M0 but with several different values for total number of particles ($N$) and the softening size ($\\varepsilon$). ", "In Figure \\[figac1\\], we plot the final average density profiles ${\\bar\n\\rho}$ for three simulations with $N/4$, $N/16$, and $N/16$ and $4\\varepsilon$, where $N$ and $\\varepsilon$ mean values used in Run 16M0. ", "Otherwise stated, we used the same simulation parameter as in Run 16M0. ", "We can see that the central density depends on $N$ rather strongly, and is lower for lower number of particles. ", "For the same value of $N$, larger softening has small but clear effect of increasing the central density.", "\n\nFigure \\[figac2\\] shows the ratio, ${\\bar \\rho}/{\\bar \\rho_{\\rm\nref}}$, where ${\\bar \\rho_{\\rm ref}}$ is the averaged density of the reference run in which the effect of the two-body relaxation is smallest. ", "Here, we used Run 16M0 as the reference run. ", "In Figure \\[figac3\\], we show the ratio ${\\bar \\rho}/{\\bar \\rho_{\\rm ref}}$ plotted as a function of the ratio of the local two-body relaxation time $t_{\\rm rel}(r)$ defined by (\\[eqtr\\]) to simulation period $t$. Note that $t_{\\rm rel}(r)$ is monotonous and increasing function of $r$. Therefore, smaller $t_{\\rm rel}(r)$ means smaller $r$. We can see that the density tends to go below the reference value if $t<3 t_{\\rm\nrel}(r)$. The difference between the reference run and runs with smaller number of particles is insignificant if $ t<3 t_{\\rm rel}(r)$. From this result, we adapt $t_{\\rm rel}(r)/t > 3$ as the criterion for the two-body relaxation.", "\n\n### Criterion for time integration {#secacdt}\n\nIn this subsection, we evaluate the criterion, $t_{\\rm dy}(r)/\\Delta t\n> 40$, to distinguish the numerical artifact due to large step size of time integration. ", "In order to see the effect of large step size, we calculated the same model as Run 16M0 but with larger time step size ($\\Delta t$). ", "In Figure \\[figac4\\], we plot the final average density profiles ${\\bar \\rho}$ for three simulations with $4\\Delta t$, $8\\Delta\nt$, and $16\\Delta t$, where $\\Delta t$ means values used in Run 16M0. ", "Otherwise stated, we used the same simulation parameter as in Run 16M0. ", "We can see that the central density depends on $\\Delta t$ rather strongly and is lower for larger $\\Delta t$. Figure \\[figac5\\] shows the ratio, ${\\bar \\rho}/{\\bar \\rho_{\\rm ref}}$. Here, we used Run 16M0 as the reference run.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[figac6\\], we show the ratio ${\\bar \\rho}/{\\bar \\rho_{\\rm\nref}}$ plotted as a function of ratio of the local dynamical time $t_{\\rm dy}$ defined by (\\[eqdy\\]) to the time step size $\\Delta t$. Note that $t_{\\rm dy}(r)$ is monotonous and increasing function of $r$. Therefore, smaller $t_{\\rm dy}(r)$ means smaller $r$. We can see that the density tends to go below the reference value if $t_{\\rm dy}(r)< 40\n\\Delta t$. From this result, we adapt $t_{\\rm dy}(r)/\\Delta t > 40 $ as the criterion for time integration.", "\n\nNote that the number 40 is applicable only to the integration scheme we used: the leapfrog scheme integrated in physical space with constant time step size. ", "This scheme has good characteristics such as the time-reversibility and symplecticity. ", "The number 40 should increase when variable stepsize is used or the system is integrated in comoving space (where acceleration depends on velocity).", "\n\nAs a result of adapting this criterion, the total number of time steps to integrate in Hubble time becomes about 8000 in our simulation. ", "The number is a little smaller than that reported in previous simulation (ex. ", "$\\sim 50000$, Moore et al. ", "1999). ", "We also calculated the same model as Run 16M0 but with 4 times many time steps. ", "We confirmed that the density profile, shape, and anisotropy parameter do not change, and the number of timestep 8000 is enough. ", "In figure \\[figac4\\] we show the density profile.", "\n\n### Other numerical effects\n\nThe potential softening also affects the density profile. ", "In order to see the effect of the potential softening, we calculated the same model as Run 16M0 but with different softening length ($\\varepsilon$). ", "In Figure \\[figeps\\], we plot the final average density profiles ${\\bar\n\\rho}$ for six models with $\\varepsilon$ = 0.18, 0.56, 1.7, 5, 15, 30 kpc. ", "Except for the softening length, we used the same simulation parameter as in Run 16M0. ", "In Figure \\[figeps\\] we can see that the central density is lower for both smaller and larger $\\varepsilon$. The former is because the two-body relaxation effect is stronger and the time integration is less accurate for smaller $\\varepsilon$. The latter is because the potential softening itself affects the density structure for larger $\\varepsilon$. The potential softening, therefore, should be set in the intermediate range.", "\n\nThe potential softening for Run 16M0 ($\\varepsilon=$0.56kpc) is in the intermediate range, though it is not optimal. ", "It does not affect the density profile outside of 20 kpc, which is the critical radius defined by the accuracy criterion (1) and (2). ", "The ratio of the softening length to the critical radius in other runs are similar to that in Run 16M0.", "\n\nWe made sure that the accuracy of the BH tree code did not influence the structure in the range where the above criteria are satisfied, by re-simulating the same initial model as used in FM97, in which the direct summation is used. ", "We found no systematic difference in the results. ", "Therefore, the accuracy of BH tree-code is okay.", "\n\nDensity Profiles\n----------------\n\nFigure \\[fig4\\] shows the evolution of density profiles for Run 16M0. ", "The position of the center of the halo was determined using the potential minimum and the density is averaged over each spherical shell whose width is $\\log_{10}(\\Delta r)=0.0125$. Figure \\[fig5\\] is for Run 2M0. ", "For the illustrative purpose, the densities are shifted vertically. ", "Figure \\[fig6\\] show the density profiles at $z_{\\rm\nend}$ for all Runs.", "\n\nIn all runs we can see the central density cusps approximately proportional to $r^{-1.5}$. In other words, the power of the cusp is $-1.5$ and is independent of halo mass, which is consistent with the result of Moore et al.(1999). ", "In the outer region, the density profiles are very similar for all runs. ", "The dependence of the power-law index of the inner cusp on the halo mass observed by Jing and Suto (2000) was not reproduced in our simulations. ", "Even if we take into account the run-to-run variation, the dependence on mass in our results is in the opposite direction compared to that of Jing and Suto (2000). ", "In the following subsections, we discuss the self-similar growth of the halo (section \\[sec\\_self\\]), the universality of the profile (section \\[sec\\_univ\\]), and the mechanism for the self-similar growth (section \\[sec\\_mec\\]).", "\n\nSelf-Similar Evolution {#sec_self}\n----------------------\n\nFigure \\[fig7\\] shows the growth of the halo, without the vertical shift. ", "In this figure it is clear that the halo grows in a self-similar way, keeping the density of the central cusp region constant.", "\n\nIf the evolution is self-similar, we can write the density as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho(r,t) & = & \\rho_{\\dagger}(M)\\rho_{\\ast}(r_{\\ast})\\label{eq1} \\\\\nr_{\\ast}& = & r/r_{\\dagger}(M) \\end{aligned}$$ Here, we write $\\rho_{\\dagger}(M)$ and $r_{\\dagger}(M)$ as a function of the mass of the halo $M$, instead of the time. ", "The self-similar profile itself should have the central cusp of $\\rho_{\\ast}(r_{\\ast})\\propto\nr_{\\ast}^{n}$. The actual profile at the cusp region satisfies $\\rho(r)=Cr^{n}$, with $C$ constant in time. ", "Therefore, $\\rho_{\\dagger}$ and $r_{\\dagger}$ should satisfy $\\rho_{\\dagger}\\propto\nr_{\\dagger}^n$. If we write $\\rho_{\\dagger}$ and $r_{\\dagger}$ as function of $M$, we have $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_{\\dagger}(M) & = & \\rho_{00}\\displaystyle\\left({M \\over M_{00}}\\right)^{n\\over 3+n} \\\\\nr_{\\dagger}(M) & = & r_{00}\\left({M \\over M_{00}}\\right)^{1\\over 3+n} \n\\label{eq2}\\end{aligned}$$ where $r_{00}$, $\\rho_{00}$, $M_{00}$ are constants and $n$ is the power-law index of the cusp given by $\\rho \\propto r^{n}$. This self-similarity is illustrated in Figure \\[figself\\]. ", "If we set $n=-1.5$ from the simulations, we obtain $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_{\\dagger}(M) & \\propto & M^{-1}\\\\\nr_{\\dagger}(M) & \\propto & M^{2\\over 3}. ", "\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn Figure \\[fig8\\], we plot $\\rho_{\\ast}$ defined through equations (\\[eq1\\])-(\\[eq2\\]) as a function of $r_{\\ast}$ Here, we took $M_{00}=10^{14}M_{\\odot}$, $r_{00}=0.2$ Mpc, and $\\rho_{00}=7\\times\n10^{-4} M_{\\odot}/$pc$^3$. We plot four density profiles at different values of the redshift $z$. We set $n=-1.5$ for all runs and use $M_{200}$ as the total mass. ", "In this figure, we can see that the density profiles of the same halo at different times show very good agreement to each other, which means the density structure evolves self-similarly, though in outer region a degree of overlapping becomes worse. ", "Therefore, Figure \\[fig8\\] demonstrates that our assumption of the self-similarity is justified.", "\n\nUniversality {#sec_univ}\n------------\n\nIn this subsection we discuss the universality of the density profile. ", "Using a non-dimensional free parameter $\\delta$, we define new non-dimensional variables expressed as $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_{\\ast\\ast} & = & \\rho_{\\ast}\\delta^{-1} \\\\ \nr_{\\ast\\ast} & = & r_{\\ast}\\delta^{1\\over 3} \\end{aligned}$$ Figure \\[fig9\\] shows $\\rho_{\\ast\\ast}$ $r_{\\ast\\ast}$ of all Runs at $z=z_{\\rm end}$. The values of $\\delta^{-1}$ are 1.0, 0.4, and 0.6 for Run 16M{0,1,2}, 2.5, 1.0 and 3.0 for Run 8M{0,1,2}, 10.0, 3.0 and 6.0 for Run 4M{0,1,2}, and 35.0, 12.0 and 30.0 for Run 2M{0,1,2}. ", "We can see that the 12 density structures agree very nicely, which means they are universal. ", "In principle, any scaling on the $r$-$\\rho$ plane can be expressed using two parameters. ", "We used the total mass $M$ as one of two parameters to express the self-similarity discussed in section \\[sec\\_self\\]. ", "The parameter $\\delta$ corresponds to the other freedom. ", "The value of $\\delta$ is considered to reflect an amplitude of the density fluctuation at the collapse.", "\n\nWe attempted to fit the density structure to several profiles proposed in earlier studies. ", "Figure \\[fig10\\] and \\[fig11\\] show the profile proposed by Moore et al. (", "1999) and by NFW. ", "The function forms are given by $\\rho_{\\ast\\ast}=r_{\\ast\\ast}^{-1.5}(1+r_{\\ast\\ast}^{1.5})^{-1}$ and by $\\rho_{\\ast\\ast}=10(0.5r_{\\ast\\ast})^{-1}(1+0.5r_{\\ast\\ast})^{-2}$, respectively. ", "Our simulation results agree with the profile proposed by Moore et al.(1999) very well, while the agreement with the NFW profile is not so good.", "\n\nIn summary, the density structure of simulated halos is well expressed by $${\\rho(r)\\over \\rho_0} (= \\rho_{\\ast\\ast})\n= \\displaystyle{1 \\over (r/r_0)^{1.5}[1+(r/r_0)^{1.5}]} \n\\left(= \\displaystyle{1 \\over r_{\\ast\\ast}^{1.5}[1+r_{\\ast\\ast}^{1.5}]} \\right)$$ where $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\rho_0 &=& 7\\times 10^{-4} \\cdot \\delta \n\\displaystyle\\left({M\\over 10^{14}M_{\\odot}}\\right)^{-1}\n\\quad (M_{\\odot}{\\rm /pc^3})\\\\\nr_0 &=& 0.2 \\cdot \\delta^{-{1 \\over 3}} \n \\displaystyle\\left({M\\over 10^{14}M_{\\odot}}\\right)^{2 \\over 3} \n\\quad ({\\rm Mpc}) \\end{aligned}$$ where again $M$ is the total mass of halos, $\\delta$ is a non-dimensional free parameter. ", "The free parameter $\\delta$ is constant during evolution of a halo.", "\n\nFormation Process of The Central Cusp {#sec_mec}\n-------------------------------------\n\nIn this subsection, we show that the central cusp grows through the accretion of the disrupted smaller halos by a larger halo. ", "In the bottom-up structure formation a typical halo grows through repeated merging of smaller halos. ", "In the CDM hierarchical clustering, the larger halo typically has a denser central region than the smaller halo has. ", "Therefore, the smaller halo is disrupted by the tidal field of the larger halo and the matter from the smaller halo is scattered around, when two halos merge. ", "On the other hand, the central region of the larger halo survives the merging process more or less intact.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig7\\], we can clearly see that the cusp grows outward without changing the inner part. ", "In Figure \\[fig12\\] we show density profiles of halos which will merge to the largest halo, for Runs 16M0 and 2M0. ", "We plot 6 halos with more than 1000 particles which are nearest from the potential minimum, together with the largest halo. ", "It is clear that the central halo has the highest density.", "\n\nThe reason why larger halos have higher density can be understood as follows. ", "Let us consider the peaks of the fluctuation whose characteristic scale is $\\lambda$. If the total density field is only composed of the fluctuation whose scale is $\\lambda$, the peaks will collapse to halos with similar density almost simultaneously. ", "Actually, there are contributions from fluctuations whose scale is larger than $\\lambda$, too. ", "A peak in high-density background would collapse to a halo with higher density than peaks in low-density background, simply because of the difference in the background density. ", "Later, the “background”, which is just a density peak of longer wavelength, would collapse. ", "During this collapse, however, the high-density peak collapsed earlier is not affected. ", "Therefore, larger halo tend to have higher central density than smaller halos.", "\n\nIn Figure \\[fig14\\] we show one-dimensional trajectory of the particles for Run 16M0. ", "We randomly select 10 particles from the particles whose distances from the center of the halo at the end of the simulation are 0.02-0.03, 0.1-0.2, and 1-2 Mpc Figure \\[fig14\\] shows that a large fraction of particles in the inner region settles there early, and those in the outer region tend to fall later. ", "In other words, Figure \\[fig14\\] shows that the formation process discussed in the above actually takes place.", "\n\n\\[seccusp\\]\n\nThe cusp with the slope of $-1.5$ seems to be a “fixed point” or a “convergence point” for the growth of the halo through accretion of diffuse and small halos. ", "Once the cusp with the slope of $-1.5$ forms, the density in the $r^{-1.5}$ cusp remains unchanged and the disrupted matter is accreted outside the $r^{-1.5}$ cusp, which is clearly shown in Figure \\[fig7\\].", "\n\nMoreover, the power index of $-1.5$ seems to be a universal feature independent of the form of initial power spectrum. ", "The high-resolution simulations presented in this paper and those by Moore et al. (", "1999) show that the power of the cusp is $-1.5$, independent of the mass scale. ", "A preliminary result of our another simulation from the initial power spectrum of $P(k) \\propto k^{-1.7}$, which is shallower than that at cluster scale for standard CDM model, also show that the power of the cusp is around $-1.5$.\n\nCurrently, we do not have a clear explanation why the slope of the cusp is $-1.5$ when it forms through the accretion of disrupted small halos. ", "We will discuss this topic more comprehensively elsewhere.", "\n\nOrigin of The Outer Profile\n---------------------------\n\nFigure \\[fig15\\] shows the distribution of particles on the $r$-$v_{\\rm r}$ plane, where $r$ is distance from the center and $v_{\\rm\nr}$ is the radial velocity, at 16 different redshifts for Run 16M0. ", "We can see that the outer region consists of two component. ", "The first component is infalling matters which is visible as thick stream of particles in the right-lower region of each panels. ", "The vertical spreads visible in this stream are infalling smaller halos. ", "The second component is the more scattered particles with nearly zero average velocity. ", "As one can see from the time evolution, these stars gained energy in the central region when small halos accreted on the central halo. ", "In Figure \\[fig16\\] we show density profiles of scattered and infalling particles separately. ", "We separated two components by defining appropriate boundary in Figure \\[fig15\\]. ", "At around $r_{200}$, contribution of two components to the total profile are of the same order.", "\n\nThe profile in the outer region exhibits large fluctuations. ", "The merging events occur intermittently, and the amount of scattered matter depends on earlier merging events. ", "Nevertheless, the density profile fits the profile which is asymptotically proportional to $r^{-3}$, as shown in the previous section.", "\n\nConsequently, in the outer region orbits of particles shows strong radial anisotropy. ", "Figure \\[fig17\\] shows anisotropy in velocity distribution of the profile together with simulation results for Run 16M{0,1,2} and 2M{0,1,2}. ", "The anisotropy are expressed by the anisotropy parameter $\\beta$, defined as $$\\beta= 1- {\\langle v_{\\theta}^2 \\rangle \\over \\langle v^2_{\\rm r} \\rangle},$$ where $\\langle v_{\\theta}^2 \\rangle$ and $\\langle v^2_{\\rm r} \\rangle$ are mean tangential and radial velocity dispersion. ", "In this definition, $\\beta=0$ means the velocity distribution is isotropic and $\\beta=1$ means completely radial.", "\n\nConclusion\n==========\n\nWe performed $N$-body simulations of dark matter halo formation in the standard CDM model. ", "We simulates 12 halos whose mass range is $6.6\\times 10^{11}M_{\\odot}$ to $8.0\\times 10^{14}M_{\\odot}$. We introduced the accuracy criteria to guarantee that numerical artifact due to the two-body relaxation and the time integration do not affect the result, and obtained the density profile which is free from numerical artifact down to the radii $(0.01-0.02)r_{200}$.\n\nOur main conclusions are:\n\n- In all runs, the final halos have density cusps proportional to $r^{-1.5}$.\n\n- The density profile evolves self-similarly.", "\n\n- The density profile is universal, independent of the halo mass, initial random realization of density fluctuation and the redshift. ", "The density structure is in good agreement with the profile proposed by Moore et al. (", "1999).", "\n\n- We found that the central cusp grows through the disruption and accretion process of diffuse smaller halos. ", "The slope of the central cusp seems to be a fixed point for the growth of the halo through accretion of tidally disrupted matter.", "\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nHere we discuss the relation between our results and those of the previous studies.", "\n\nWe obtained steeper inner cusp than that obtained by NFW, which was already found in high-resolution simulations (FM97, Moore et al 1999, Ghigna et al.2000, Jing and Suto 2000). ", "The reason for this disagreement is that in low-resolution simulations the central cusp is smoothed out by the two-body relaxation. ", "If the cusp is shallower than $-2$, the velocity dispersion decreases inward. ", "The energy flows inward due to the two-body relaxation and the central region expands, which is called the gravothermal expansion (Hachisu et al. ", "1978, Quinlan 1996, Heggie, Inagaki, McMillan 1994, Endo, Fukushige, Makino 1997). ", "Therefore, the density in the cusp decreases and the cusp becomes shallower. ", "Using the relations $t_{\\rm rel} \\sim v^3/(\\rho m)$, $\\rho\\sim r^{-1.5}$, and $v\\sim r^{0.25}$ and our simulation results, we can estimate the lower limit of the radius where the structure is free from the two-body relaxation effect as $\\sim 0.01\nr_{200}(N/10^6)^{-0.44}(\\rho_0/2.7\\times 10^{-4}M_{\\odot}/{\\rm\npc}^3)^{0.44}(\\sigma_0/1300 {\\rm km/s})^{-1.33}$ for a cluster-sized halo at the present epoch, where $\\sigma_0$ is velocity dispersion at the scale radius $r_0$. For simulations with $N=10^4$ and $10^5$ within $r_{200}$, the limits are estimated as $\\sim 0.08r_{200}$ and $\\sim\n0.03r_{200}$, respectively. ", "Therefore, simulations with $\\sim 20$k particles the central cusp would be become significantly shallower due to relaxation.", "\n\nWe could not reproduce the dependence of the slope observed by Jing and Suto (2000). ", "The difference could be also due to the smoothing by two-body relaxation in their cluster-sized halos. ", "In this paper, we show that the density profile within $\\sim 0.01r_{200}$ smoothed by the two-body relaxation. ", "The density at $0.01r_{200}$ and the mass resolution in their cluster-sized halo are similar to those in ours. ", "The density profile in their simulations within $0.01r_{200}$, at which the profile begins to depart from $r^{-1.5}$ inward, could be affected by the two-body relaxation.", "\n\nOur result is in good agreement with results of simulations by Moore et al. (", "1999), in which the tidal field was included. ", "This agreement suggests that the neglect of the tidal field in our present study and in FM97 hardly affects the density profile. ", "The formation mechanism we discussed in this paper also suggests that the tidal field due to the mass outside the simulation sphere is not crucial.", "\n\nMoore et al. (", "1999) argued that the merging process is not related with the structure. ", "They simulated the halo formation using a power spectrum with a cutoff to suppress merging event in smaller scale and showed the profile does not change. ", "However, in this simulation, several merging event took place since the cutoff wave length is rather short. ", "Therefore, their conclusion that merging is not important is not really supported by their simulation. ", "According to our explanation, several merging events where the central large halo swallows smaller halos determines the structure of the halo. ", "Such events did took place in Moore et al.", "’s simulations.", "\n\nAs discussed in the Introduction, there are a lot of analytical and semi-analytical studies to explain the density structure. ", "However, no study succeeded to explain the universality satisfactory. ", "This is because none of them is based on the formation and growth process of the halo as discussed in this paper. ", "Syer and White (1998) discussed that the cusp is a convergence point of disrupting and sinking of satellite, and that the convergence slope depends on the initial power spectrum. ", "In their model, some of smaller halos were assumed to sink down to the center of the larger halo, when two halos merged. ", "However, as we discussed, smaller halos are always disrupted and never sink down to the center, because the smaller halo is always less dense. ", "Evans and Collet (1997) argued the cusp is a steady-state solution of Fokker-Plank equation. ", "The solution is derived by assuming that many small clumps within a large halo evolve by the two-body relaxation. ", "In our simulations, there are no such small clumps, since they are disrupted before they reaches the center.", "\n\nWe are grateful to Atsushi Kawai, for his help in preparing the hardware and software environment of the GRAPE-5 system, and to Yasushi Suto and Yoko Funato for many helpful discussions. ", "To generate initial condition, we used the COSMICS package developed by Edmund Bertschinger, to whom we express our thanks. ", "A part of numerical computations was carried out on the GRAPE system at ADAC (the Astronomical Data Analysis Center) of the National Astronomical Observatory, Japan. ", "This research was partially supported by the Research for the Future Program of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, grant no. ", "JSPS-RFTP 97P01102.", "\n\nAvila-Reese, V., Firmani, C., Hernandez, X. 1998, ApJ, 505, 37\n\nBarnes, J. E. 1990, J. Comp. ", "Phys., ", "87, 161\n\nBarnes, J. E., & Hut, P. 1986, Nature, 824, 446\n\nBertschinger, E. 1998, ARA&A, 36, 599\n\nBrainerd, T. G., Goldberg, D. M., & Villumsen, J. V. 1998, ApJ, 502, 505.", "\n\nBullock, J. S., Kolatt, T. S., Sigad, Y., Somervill, R. S., Kravtsov, A. V., Klypin, A., Primack, J. P., & Dekel, A. 2000, MNRAS, submitted.", "\n\nCole, S., & Lacy, C. 1996, MNRAS, 281, 716\n\nDubinski, J., & Carlberg, R. 1991, ApJ, 278, 496\n\nEndo, H., Fukushige, T. & Makino, J. 1997, PASJ, 49, 345\n\nEvans, W. N., & Collet, J. L., 1997, ApJ, 480, L103\n\nFukushige, T., & Makino, J. 1997, ApJ, 477, L9\n\nGhigna, S., Moore, B., Governato, F., Lake, G., Quinn, T., & Stadel, J. 2000, ApJ, submitted.", "\n\nHachisu, I, Nakada, Y., Nomoto, K., Sugimoto, D. 1978, Prog. ", "Theor. ", "Phys. ", "60, 393\n\nHeggie, D. C., Inagaki, S., & McMillan, S. L. W. 1994, MNRAS 271, 706\n\nHeriksen, R. N., & Widrow, L. M. 1999, MNRAS, 302, 321\n\nHernquist, L. 1990, ApJ, 356, 359\n\nHuss, A., Jain, B., & Steinmetz, M. 1999, ApJ, 517, 64\n\nJing, Y. P. 2000, ApJ, 535, 30\n\nJing, Y. P., & Suto, Y. 2000, ApJ, 529, L69\n\nKawai, A., Fukushige, T., Makino, J., & Taiji, M. 2000, PASJ, 52, 659\n\nKravtov, A. V., Klypin A. A., Bullock, J. S., Primack J. R., 1998, ApJ. 502, 48\n\nKull, A. 1999, ApJ, 516, L5\n\nLokas, E. L. 2000, MNRAS, 311, 423\n\nMakino, J. 1991, PASJ, 43, 621\n\nMoore, B., Governato, F., Quinn T., Statal, J., & Lake, G. 1998, ApJ, 499, L5\n\nMoore, B., Quinn T., Governato, F., Statal, J., & Lake, G. 1999, MNRAS, 310, 1147\n\nNavarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M., 1996, ApJ, 462, 563\n\nNavarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S., & White, S. D. M., 1997, ApJ, 490, 493\n\nNusser, A., & Sheth R., 1999, MNRAS, 303, 685\n\nOkamoto, T., & Habe, A. 1999, ApJ, 516, 591\n\nQuinlan, G, D., 1996, New Astronomy, 1, 255\n\nSpitzer, L., 1987,\n\nSteinmetz, M. H., & White, S. D. M., 1997, MNRAS, 288, 545\n\nSubramanian, K., Cen, R., & Ostriker, J. P. 2000, 538, 528\n\nSyer, D., & White, S. D. M., 1998, MNRAS, 293, 337\n\nThomas, P. et al. ", "1998, MNRAS, 296, 1061\n\nTormen, G., Bouchet, F. R., & White, S. D. M. 1996, MNRAS, 286, 865\n\nYano, T. & Gouda, N. 2000, ApJ, 539, 493\n" ]

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[ "I graduated from the University of Auckland in New Zealand in January 2001 with a Bachelor of Engineering, emphasis in mechanical. ", "I worked for one year as a machine designer at Compac Sorting equipment designing fruit sorting machinery. ", "I moved to Reno Nevada where I completed my Masters in Engineering in August 2003 studying shock isolation on pulse power plasma generators. ", "I worked for the University of Nevada at Reno for two years before moving to Davis California to start my PhD in Mechanical Engineering." ]

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[ "Q:\n\nHow to use $(this) to select an element\n\nI have the following code, which animates an image to spin 3 times on it's axis using CSS3:\n$(function(){\n var $img = $(\".flipimg\");\n\n function rotate(degree,speed,orientation) {\n\n $img.css({ WebkitTransform: 'rotateY('+degree+'deg)'});\n $img.css({ '-o-transform': 'rotateY('+degree+'deg)'});\n $img.css({ '-transform': 'rotateY('+degree+'deg)'});\n $img.css({ '-moz-transform': 'rotateY('+degree+'deg)'});\n\n $img.css({ '-moz-transition': speed+'s'});\n $img.css({ '-moz-transform-style': 'preserve-3d'});\n $img.css({ '-webkit-transition': speed+'s'});\n $img.css({ '-webkit-transform-style': 'preserve-3d'});\n $img.css({ '-o-transition': speed+'s'});\n $img.css({ '-o-transition-style': 'preserve-3d'});\n $img.css({ '-transition': speed+'s'});\n $img.css({ '-transform-style': 'preserve-3d'});\n\n }\n $('.flipimg').click(function(){\n\n $speed = 1;\n for($i=0;$i<=1080;$i++)\n {\n if($i % 100 == 0)\n {\n $speed = $speed + 0.2 ;\n }\n rotate($i,$speed,'Y');\n }\n setTimeout(function(){\n $('.flipimg').removeAttr('style');\n },3000);\n\n });\n\n}); \n\nAt the moment, it applies to all images with the .flipimg class. ", "I want to update this code so that the effect only applies to the specific image that was clicked. ", "I assume I should use the $(this) string, but am not sure how or where the correct usage would be?", "\n\nA:\n\nMy suggestion is to use css animate instead and then listen for the animation end event. ", "This way u can use a css class to start the animation and remove it when it's done. ", "And I only do it on the image that is clicked using this as u requested.", "\nMy css:\n.image {\n width: 120px;\n height: 120px;\n margin:10 px;\n}\n.spin{\n -webkit-animation:spin 1s linear 3;\n -moz-animation:spin 1s linear 3;\n animation:spin 1s linear 3;\n}\n@-moz-keyframes spin { 100% { -moz-transform: rotate(360deg); } }\n@-webkit-keyframes spin { 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); } }\n@keyframes spin { 100% { -webkit-transform: rotate(360deg); transform:rotate(360deg); } }\n\nAnd this small javascript:\n(function($){\nvar animEndEventNames = ['webkitAnimationEnd',\n 'oAnimationEnd',\n 'MSAnimationEnd',\n 'animationend'].join(\" \");\n\n $(\".image\").click(function(){\n var $this = $(this);\n $this.addClass(\"spin\").on(animEndEventNames, function(e){\n $this.off(animEndEventNames).removeClass(\"spin\");\n });\n\n }); \n}(jQuery));\n\nU can test it out in this fiddle.", "\n\nA:\n\n$(function() {\n var $img = $(\".flipimg\");\n\n function rotate(degree, speed, orientation, s) {\n\n s.css({\n WebkitTransform: 'rotateY(' + degree + 'deg)',\n '-o-transform': 'rotateY(' + degree + 'deg)',\n '-transform': 'rotateY(' + degree + 'deg)',\n '-moz-transform': 'rotateY(' + degree + 'deg)',\n '-moz-transition': speed + 's',\n '-moz-transform-style': 'preserve-3d',\n '-webkit-transition': speed + 's',\n '-webkit-transform-style': 'preserve-3d',\n '-o-transition': speed + 's',\n '-o-transition-style': 'preserve-3d',\n '-transition': speed + 's',\n '-transform-style': 'preserve-3d'\n });\n\n }\n $img.click(function() {\n var _this = $(this);\n\n $speed = 1;\n for ($i = 0; $i <= 1080; $i++) {\n if ($i % 100 == 0) {\n $speed = $speed + 0.2;\n }\n rotate($i, $speed, 'Y', _this);\n }\n\n setTimeout(function() {\n _this.removeAttr('style');\n }, 3000);\n\n });\n\n});\n\n" ]

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[ "Q:\n\nSQL Check constraint on column referencing other columns\n\nI want to limit a column that it can only have a value when another column has a value.", "\nexample: (this doesn't work)\ncreate table testConstraint (\ncol1 int not null identity(1, 1) primary key,\ncol2 int,\ncol3 int check (col2 is not null),\ncol4 int)\n\nThis is not possible because he cannot reference another column.", "\nError:\n\nColumn CHECK constraint for column 'col3' references another column,\n table 'testConstraint'.", "\n\nAnother try was: (also doesn't work)\ncreate table testConstraint (\ncol1 int not null identity(1, 1) primary key,\ncol2 int,\ncol3 int,\ncol4 int)\nGO\n\nalter table testConstraint add constraint ck_columnNotNull check (case when col2 is null then col3 is null end)\nGO\n\nAnyone have an idea how this would be possible with a constraint?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou can write a trigger.", "\nAlso, you can try this\n(1)\nALTER TABLE TestConstraint ADD CONSTRAINT\n CK_TestConstraint CHECK (NOT ( (col3 is not null) and (col2 is null) ))\nGO\n\nor this\n(2)\nALTER TABLE TestConstraint ADD CONSTRAINT\nCK_TestConstraint CHECK \n(\n ((col3 is not null) and (col2 is not null)) or \n ((col3 is null) and (col2 is null))\n)\nGO\n\ndepending on what exactly you need.", "\nI just tested it and it works OK, I think.", "\ninsert into \nTestConstraint\n(col2, col3, col4)\nvalues\n(null, 1, 2)\n\n-- ERROR\n\ninsert into \nTestConstraint\n(col2, col3, col4)\nvalues\n(1, 1, 2)\n\n-- OK\n\n" ]

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[ "Further studies of dopamine metabolism and function in Tetrahymena.", "\nThe large amounts of dopamine accumulated by cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain NT-1 and secreted into their growth medium were found to depend primarily upon an extracellular, non-enzymatic conversion of tyrosine to L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA); L-DOPA was then rapidly taken into the cells and transformed into dopamine enzymatically. ", "Efforts to find physiologically significant dopamine binding sites on the cell surface or dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity were unsuccessful, suggesting that the catecholamine does not function in Tetrahymena as it does in higher animals." ]

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[ "7/3/2012\n\nRail News: Passenger Rail\n\nOn Sunday, the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) began service of its newest rail cars on the Green Line.", "One six-car train was added to the line’s existing fleet on Sunday, and additional trains will be added soon, CTA officials said in a prepared statement.", "The new, 5000-series cars will replace the 35-year-old 2400-series cars used on the Green Line.", "“The cars are a big part of our efforts to modernize the CTA and bring the system into the 21st century,” said CTA President Forrest Claypool.", "The agency will continue to add 5000-series cars throughout the summer until the entire Green Line fleet is replaced. ", "The cars then will be added to other CTA lines. ", "The agency will receive 706 5000-series cars at a total cost of $1.14 billion." ]

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[ "As indeed I said would happen, the pro-EU media would start asking questions about the Ukipist's lack of realistic policy regarding Brexit. ", "I wasn't expecting them to catch on so soon, but it was an inevitability.", "Of course Rafael Behr is behind the curve, mouthing the usual lines about \"fax democracy\", which we have put to bed a number of times, but the general thrust of his piece highlights the tough time Ukipists are going to have selling their absolutist vision without detail. ", "As we have demonstrated, Flexcit is a means to sidestep any such uphill battles and reframe the debate. ", "These are next phase debating matters that will come to the forefront when the immigration row has run out of steam. ", "Ukip is unprepared for this. ", "David Cameron today echos the points we have made that there are a number of domestic measures we must take in order to get a grip on immigration. \"", "the flipside of the coin on immigration is a welfare system that rewards work and an education system that turns out people with the skills necessary to do the jobs that we are creating in our country today. ", "No immigration policy will succeed unless it's accompanied by that welfare and that education reform as well.", "\"We could not agree more, and we are gradually getting through with this message. ", "Meanwhile, Ukip is hung up on an unrealistic immigration policy, augmented by whatever Mr Farage dreams up on the spot. ", "It looks very much to us like the debate is overtaking Ukip and it will have to backtrack in order to regain credibility. ", "Ukip campaigners are now having to repeatedly clarify that they are not anti-immigration, which is a consequence of the damage done by the euro-election posters. ", "With nothing more than string bag talking points in place of policy, they will not have an easy time convincing anybody they are serious.", "It is our view that that we can only win a referendum by reclaiming the middle ground and presenting Brexit as an ambitious but realistic proposition - engaging in measured and reasonable debates rather than the hackneyed schtick and guesswork we've seen from Ukipists for more than a decade now. ", "Presently the conduct of Ukipists makes it embarrassing to be a eurosceptic.", "We should be keen to remind people that there is a moderate and principled reason for leaving the EU, and we need to recognise we cannot win the debate without a detailed alternative that puts fears to rest. ", "If we're going to let Ukipists make the running in the Brexit debate then we might as well give up now." ]

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[ "The Match King\n\nThe Match King is a 1932 American Pre-Code drama film made by First National Pictures, directed by William Keighley and Howard Bretherton. ", "The film starred Warren William and Lili Damita, and follows the rise and fall of Swedish safety match tycoon Ivar Kreuger. ", "Based on the novel by Einar Thorvaldson, the film was released in December 31, 1932.", "\n\nPlot\nThough a lowly Chicago street cleaner, Swedish immigrant Paul Kroll is ambitious and unscrupulous. ", "When a fellow employee is fired (due to one of Kroll's schemes), Kroll convinces his foreman to keep him on the payroll (officially at least) so they can split his salary. ", "Soon there are eight \"phantom\" workers, and Kroll and his partner have amassed enough money for a ticket back to Sweden. ", "However, Kroll has been romancing his partner's wife, Babe, behind his back.", "\n\nMeanwhile, he has also been lying to the people of his hometown in Sweden, telling them what a successful businessman he has become. ", "As a result, when the local match factory is in trouble, his uncle begs him to return and save it. ", "Kroll gets Babe to withdraw the money he has stolen, deceiving her into thinking they are running away together, then leaves her behind as he sails away to Sweden.", "\n\nHe cons the local bank into giving him a loan to buy a second match factory so he can merge them. ", "Only his old friend Erik Borg knows the truth about Kroll's \"success\", so Kroll recruits him as his all-too-trusting second in command in his expanding business. ", "Though corrupt, he is also a brilliant business visionary and eventually Kroll owns all of the match factories in Sweden. ", "However, his ambitions do not stop there. ", "Using information he obtains from beautiful, well-placed women he has charmed, he gains official match monopolies, first in Poland, then in Germany and other countries, by offering loans to cash-strapped governments and bribes to corrupt officials.", "\n\nWhile dining with Ilse Wagner, one of his conquests, he is dazzled by the beauty of rising actress Marta Molnar. ", "Despite her initial rebuffs, he goes to great lengths to win her heart, even hiring a celebrated \"gypsy violinist\" to serenade her. ", "Uncharacteristically, he dangerously neglects his business, financed by an ever-growing series of loans. ", "When Marta leaves for Hollywood, he reluctantly returns his attention to his company. ", "One of his agents discovers that an eccentric recluse named Christian Hobe has invented an everlasting match, so Kroll has him locked away as a madman.", "\n\nWhen the stock market crashes, Kroll no longer can obtain a bank loan. ", "In desperation, he buys $50 million in fake Italian bonds from forger Scarlatti, whom he then dumps in the middle of a lake to drown. ", "With the bonds as collateral, he obtains a $40 million loan from an American bank. ", "Marta has returned to Sweden and Kroll thinks of retiring, but when he asks Marta to marry him, he discovers that, in his frequent absences, she has fallen in love with Trino, the gypsy violinist. ", "Much worse, his forgeries are detected, and his American loan is canceled. ", "Kroll shoots himself on the balcony and his body tumbles into the gutter, where he started.", "\n\nCast\n\nPreservation\nA print of the film is held at the Library of Congress.", "\n\nSee also\nNight of January 16th, a play also inspired by Ivar Kreuger\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:1932 films\nCategory:1930s drama films\nCategory:American films\nCategory:American black-and-white films\nCategory:Directorial debut films\nCategory:English-language films\nCategory:Films directed by William Keighley\nCategory:Films directed by Howard Bretherton\nCategory:First National Pictures films\nCategory:Ivar Kreuger\nCategory:American drama films" ]

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[ "tor of 242 and 12?", "\n2\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 875 and 56.", "\n7\nCalculate the highest common factor of 2794 and 11.", "\n11\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 40 and 1080.", "\n40\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 18 and 414?", "\n18\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 103 and 2?", "\n1\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 17541 and 36.", "\n9\nCalculate the highest common factor of 3132 and 216.", "\n108\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 45 and 325.", "\n5\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 45 and 186.", "\n3\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 9 and 198.", "\n9\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 261 and 3.", "\n3\nCalculate the highest common factor of 39 and 1417.", "\n13\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 12 and 36.", "\n12\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 4 and 324.", "\n4\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 50 and 2490.", "\n10\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 98 and 6?", "\n2\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 26610 and 90.", "\n30\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 108 and 126.", "\n18\nCalculate the highest common factor of 8 and 28.", "\n4\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 1850 and 40.", "\n10\nCalculate the highest common factor of 63 and 2604.", "\n21\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 95 and 38.", "\n19\nWhat is the highest common factor of 31 and 124?", "\n31\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 2 and 1042?", "\n2\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 12524 and 62?", "\n62\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 2322 and 36?", "\n18\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 705 and 7520?", "\n235\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 123574 and 274?", "\n274\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 801 and 657?", "\n9\nWhat is the highest common factor of 5330 and 390?", "\n130\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 272 and 1496?", "\n136\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 228 and 1482.", "\n114\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 29358 and 9.", "\n9\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 99 and 396.", "\n99\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 104 and 130?", "\n26\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 18 and 1458.", "\n18\nWhat is the highest common factor of 6 and 10548?", "\n6\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 836 and 176?", "\n44\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 115 and 184.", "\n23\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 36 and 21366?", "\n18\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 60 and 29370.", "\n30\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 4284 and 17.", "\n17\nCalculate the highest common factor of 104 and 1469.", "\n13\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 30 and 10.", "\n10\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 18 and 14.", "\n2\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 15 and 204.", "\n3\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 90 and 18.", "\n18\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 12144 and 16?", "\n16\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 6870 and 60?", "\n30\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 275 and 400.", "\n25\nCalculate the highest common factor of 352 and 22.", "\n22\nWhat is the highest common factor of 1 and 839?", "\n1\nWhat is the highest common factor of 582 and 21?", "\n3\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 76 and 4484?", "\n76\nCalculate the highest common factor of 10183 and 68.", "\n17\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 84 and 924.", "\n84\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 4619 and 155?", "\n31\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 166 and 2075.", "\n83\nCalculate the highest common factor of 475 and 190.", "\n95\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 34 and 136?", "\n34\nCalculate the highest common factor of 26 and 702.", "\n26\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 44 and 99?", "\n11\nCalculate the highest common factor of 135 and 10.", "\n5\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 7969 and 13?", "\n13\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 889 and 21?", "\n7\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 9 and 729.", "\n9\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 649 and 59?", "\n59\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 610 and 10.", "\n10\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 120 and 264?", "\n24\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 435 and 180.", "\n15\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 110 and 88?", "\n22\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 168 and 714.", "\n42\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 4459 and 728?", "\n91\nWhat is the highest common factor of 9 and 135?", "\n9\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 312 and 1794.", "\n78\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 48 and 7824.", "\n48\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 8 and 808?", "\n8\nCalculate the highest common factor of 42 and 350.", "\n14\nCalculate the highest common factor of 1944 and 24.", "\n24\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 525 and 42.", "\n21\nCalculate the highest common factor of 16 and 8.", "\n8\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 36 and 9468.", "\n36\nWhat is the highest common factor of 84 and 63?", "\n21\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 28 and 26446?", "\n14\nWhat is the highest common factor of 720 and 996?", "\n12\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 76 and 475.", "\n19\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 10 and 16?", "\n2\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 368 and 23?", "\n23\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 60 and 1476?", "\n12\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 12 and 64?", "\n4\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 41 and 41.", "\n41\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 306 and 72.", "\n18\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 162 and 42?", "\n6\nCalculate the highest common factor of 36 and 2835.", "\n9\nWhat is the highest common factor of 198 and 264?", "\n66\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 18 and 150?", "\n6\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 1024 and 96.", "\n32\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 22 and 704.", "\n22\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 120 and 16.", "\n8\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 4 and 284.", "\n4\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 4617 and 57?", "\n57\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 41 and 4223?", "\n41\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 1386 and 2618?", "\n154\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 729 and 9.", "\n9\nCalculate the highest common factor of 16896 and 198.", "\n66\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 864 and 18?", "\n18\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 28 and 16.", "\n4\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 1111 and 22.", "\n11\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 24 and 5312?", "\n8\nCalculate the highest common factor of 2304 and 612.", "\n36\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 153 and 1233?", "\n9\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 216 and 14868.", "\n36\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 13 and 65?", "\n13\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 96 and 240?", "\n48\nWhat is the highest common factor of 182 and 280?", "\n14\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 12 and 1368?", "\n12\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 2340 and 36.", "\n36\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 1665 and 5661.", "\n333\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 1184 and 28.", "\n4\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 292 and 4?", "\n4\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 656 and 16.", "\n16\nCalculate the highest common factor of 603 and 67.", "\n67\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 17 and 1377?", "\n17\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 25 and 10.", "\n5\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 591 and 3?", "\n3\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 24 and 56.", "\n8\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 12 and 24?", "\n12\nWhat is the highest common factor of 31 and 18817?", "\n31\nCalculate the highest common factor of 72 and 8.", "\n8\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 26 and 117.", "\n13\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 182 and 28?", "\n14\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 1596 and 252.", "\n84\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 106 and 583?", "\n53\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 580 and 130.", "\n10\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 104 and 1912.", "\n8\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 7689 and 33?", "\n33\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 58 and 1247.", "\n29\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 117 and 273?", "\n39\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 17 and 68?", "\n17\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 216 and 8?", "\n8\nWhat is the highest common divisor of 132 and 880?", "\n44\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 20 and 1620.", "\n20\nWhat is the greatest common divisor of 140 and 56?", "\n28\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 322 and 2737.", "\n161\nWhat is the highest common factor of 11 and 18667?", "\n11\nCalculate the highest common divisor of 11653 and 43.", "\n43\nCalculate the greatest common factor of 96 and 168.", "\n24\nWhat is the greatest common factor of 143 and 44?", "\n11\nCalculate the highest common factor of 280 and 40.", "\n40\nCalculate the greatest common divisor of 62 and 682.", "\n62\nWhat is t" ]

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[ "Toys aren't the only gifts that bring joy. ", "These children live in 220 different households throughout Soweto, South Africa—households are often run by grandmothers or other children. ", "In addition to toys and gifts, each household also received six months worth of food parcels. ", "Some families also received one year's worth of electricity." ]

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[ "ICE consists of three directorates to accomplish the agency’s mission, including Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO) and Management and Administration (M&A).", "\n\nICE executes its mission through the enforcement of more than 400 federal statutes, and focuses on smart immigration enforcement, preventing terrorism and combating the illegal movement of people and trade. (", "read more)\n\nLearn more about U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, including facts about investigations, immigration enforcement and removal operations, and management and administration information. (", "read more)\n\nTo ensure openness and transparency and to better serve those seeking more information about ICE and its operations, the agency centralized processing of all ICE-related Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests in a single office.", "\n\nICE Newsroom\n\nConvicted felon charged with illegal export of rocket technology to South Korea\n\nFORT LAUDERDALE, Fla. - A New Jersey resident, Juwan Yun, a/k/a \"Jw Yun,\" 69, was arrested and charged with attempting to export and exporting RD-180 rocket propulsion system and technology to the Republic of South Korea without a license as a result of a U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) investigation with the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) and NASA Office of the Inspector General (OIG).", "\n\nYun was arrested by ICE special agents in Fort Lauderdale and charged in a six-count indictment with attempting to export defense articles without a license and brokering defense articles designated on the U.S. Munitions List (USML) and the Missile Technology Control Regime Annex, without first having registered and obtained a license from the U.S. Department of State, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls, in violation of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA), the Missile Technology Control Regime, and the International Trafficking in Arms Regulations (ITAR). ", "If convicted of all charges, Yun faces up to 60 years in prison.", "\n\nThe indictment alleges that as early as December 2008, Yun tried to acquire RD 180 rocket propulsion systems, engines and related technology for subsequent sale and delivery to the Republic of South Korea. ", "These items are classified as defense articles under the USML.", "\n\nAccording to an affidavit previously filed with the court in support of the criminal complaint, Yun was previously convicted of a conspiracy to export Sarin gas, in violation of the Arms Export Control Act and was sentenced to 39 months in prison. ", "As a result of this conviction, Yun was debarred by the Department of State, Directorate of Defense Trade Controls and is prohibited from engaging in any export or brokering activities involving defense articles." ]

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[ "Bernard Lapasset\n\nBernard Lapasset (born 20 October 1947) is a French rugby administrator who was Chairman of the World Rugby from 2008 to 2016. ", "He previously served as President of the French Federation of Rugby Union from 1991 to May 2008, when Pierre Camou, then Vice-President took over. ", "He is also vice-chairman of the National Olympic Committee.", "\n\nLapasset was born in Tarbes, Hautes-Pyrénées.", "\n\nHe played a critical role in France winning the hosting rights to the 2007 Rugby World Cup and its organisation and the introduction of rugby sevens into the Olympics for 2016.", "\n\nBiography\nHe is married and has three children. ", "Law degree and office, he was Director of Customs (General Directorate of Customs and Excise.) ", "before embarking on a career in rugby administration.", "\n\nAs a player of rugby, he is junior champion of France Agen Reichel with the U.S. in 1967 and Champion of France with the U.S. Customs Corporate Paris.", "\nAs leader, he is chairman of the regional rugby in Ile-de-France from 1988 to 1992, then secretary general of the French Rugby Federation in 1991.", "\n\nIn 2003, he helped obtain for France, the organization of the World Cup Rugby 2007. ", "Since 2004, he was president of ILM 2007 World Cup.", "\n\nOn 19 October 2007 he was elected president of the IRB and thus succeeded Syd Millar. ", "He served two terms and was succeeded by Englishman Bill Beaumont on 1 July 2016.", "\n\nLapasset is an Officer of the Legion of Honour and co-chairman of France Friendship Fund New Zealand. ", "In July 2006 he received the Order of Merit in New Zealand.", "\n\nHe's also the co-chairman of the Organizing Committee of the Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:1947 births\nCategory:Living people\nCategory:People from Tarbes\nCategory:World Rugby Committee members\nCategory:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur\nCategory:Officers of the New Zealand Order of Merit" ]

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[ "1867 Port Chalmers by-election\n\nThe 1867 Port Chalmers by-election was a by-election held on 15 June 1867 in the electorate during the 4th New Zealand Parliament.", "\n\nThe by-election was caused by the death on 11 February of the incumbent MP Thomas Dick. ", "The by-election was won by David Forsyth Main.", "\n\nResults\nThe following table gives the election result, which was contested by five candidates, although Main and Captain Malcolm were the only serious contenders:\n\nReferences\n\nPort Chalmers 1867\nCategory:1867 elections in New Zealand\nCategory:Politics of Otago\nCategory:June 1867 events" ]

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[ "New Storage: Power Sports Corona\n\nI found a new storage unit in Corona that is really cool. ", "It used to be a storage facility, but is under new ownership now and this guy Aaron who currently owns it is much more professional then the previous owner. ", "I encourage everybody in the area to give him a call, his prices are really reasonable for indoor and outdoor.", "\nJames" ]

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[ "publié le 10/12/2018 à 12:53\n\nNouvel accident de chasse ce week-end. ", "Un homme de 45 ans faisait son jogging dimanche à 10 heures, non loin de son domicile à Roncq, quand il a été pris pour cible par un chasseur. ", "Confondu avec une bécasse, il a reçu une dizaine de plombs dans le corps, rapporte La Voix du Nord.", "\n\n\"Le chasseur a tiré sur une bécasse et c’est mon mari qui a pris les plombs. ", "C’est un endroit avec beaucoup de ronces, où il n’y a pas beaucoup de visibilité\", raconte Déborah son épouse, au quotidien régional. ", "Son mari, touché au crâne au dos et à la mâchoire, a été transporté à l’hôpital Dron de Tourcoing. ", "Mais il doit maintenant être transféré à Lille pour une opération chirurgicale spécialisée.", "\n\nSelon le journal Nord Éclair, le chasseur responsable de cet incident est venu au domicile de la victime avant d’être accompagné au poste de police. \"", "Il dit qu’en quarante ans, c’est la première fois que cela lui arrive', explique Déborah, qui va déposer plainte contre lui." ]

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[ "Igerna (genus)\n\nIgerna is a genus of leafhopper.", "\n\nSpecies \n Igerna bimaculicollis (Stål, 1855)\n Igerna delta Viraktamath & Gonçalves, 2013\n Igerna flavocosta Viraktamath & Gonçalves, 2013\n Igerna malagasica Viraktamath & Gonçalves, 2013\n Igerna neosa (Webb, 1980)\n\nReferences \n\nCategory:Cicadellidae genera\nCategory:Agalliinae" ]

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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to an electron-emitting device, an electron source using the electron-emitting device, and an image forming apparatus.", "\n2. ", "Related Background Art\nConventionally, as an electron-emitting device, generally two kinds respectively using a thermionic cathode and a cold cathode are known. ", "As the cold cathode, there is a field emission type (hereinafter referred to as an FE type), a metal/insulation layer/metal type (hereinafter referred to as an MIM type), a surface conduction type electron-emitting device or the like. ", "As examples of the FE type, those which have been disclosed in W. P. Dyke & W. W. Dolan, “Field emission”, Advance in Electron Physics, 8,89 (1956) or C. A. Spindt. “", "Physical Properties of thin-film field emission cathodes with molybdenium cones”, J. Appl. ", "Phys., ", "47.5248 (1976), etc. ", "are known.", "\nAs examples of the MIM type, those which are disclosed in C. A. Mead”, Operation of Tunnel-Emission Devices”, J Apply. ", "Phys. ", "32, 646 (1961), etc. ", "are known.", "\nAs examples for the surface conduction type electron-emitting device, there are those which have been disclosed in M. I. Elinson, Radio Eng. ", "Electron Phys, 10, 1290, (1965), etc.", "\nThe surface conduction type electron-emitting device is to utilize phenomena giving rise to the electron emission by making a current flow in parallel with the film surface at a small area of a film formed on a substrate. ", "For this surface conduction type electron-emitting device, the one utilizing SnO2 film by aforementioned Elinson et al., ", "the one involving Au film (G. Ditmmer, Thin Solid Films, 9.317 (1972)), the one involving In2O3/SnO2 film (M. Hartwell and C. G. Fonsted, IEEE Trans. ", "ED Conf., ", "519 (1975)), and the one involving carbon film (Hisashi Araki, et al., ", "Vacuum, vol. ", "26, the first issue, page 22 (1983)), etc. ", "have been reported.", "\nThe present applicant has presented a number of proposals on surface conduction type electron-emitting devices having novel configurations and their applications. ", "Its basic configuration and manufacturing method, etc. ", "have been disclosed in for example Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. ", "7-235255, Japanese Patent No. ", "2836015, Japanese Patent No. ", "2903295, etc.", "\nNow, their points are briefly described below.", "\nAn example of surface conduction type electron-emitting device disclosed in the above-described publication is schematically shown in FIGS. ", "5A and 5B. As in FIGS. ", "5A and 5B, the device is configured to comprise a pair of device electrodes 2 and 3 facing each other on the substrate 1, and conductive film 4 which is connected with the device electrodes and has an electron-emitting region 5 in a part thereof. ", "FIG. ", "5A is its schematic plan view, and FIG. ", "5B is its schematic sectional view. ", "The electron-emitting region 5 is a portion where a part of the conductive film 4 has been destroyed, deformed, or changed in quality. ", "And the electron-emitting region has a fissure. ", "On the substrate 1 inside the fissure and on its adjacent conductive film 4, the deposit comprising carbon and/or carbon compound as main ingredients has been formed with a step called activation process." ]

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[ "Balaxanı-Sabunçu polis idarəsi süvari qorodovoyların at oynatmaları\n\nBalaxanı-Sabunçu Polis İdarəsi Süvari Qorodovoylarının At Oynatmaları is one of the earliest films ever produced in the cinema of Azerbaijan directed by Azeri cinema pioneer Aleksandr Mişon. ", "It was released in 1898.", "\n\nThe film was shot on 35mm.", "\n\nSee also\nList of Azerbaijani films: 1898-1919\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nCategory:Azerbaijani films\nCategory:1898 films\nCategory:Azerbaijani silent films\nCategory:Azerbaijani black-and-white films\nCategory:Films of the Russian Empire" ]

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[ "How to choose what ICON P-Reps to vote for? ", "Russ Follow Apr 28 · 5 min read\n\nThe ICON network is growing everyday! ", "Public Representatives (P-Reps) on the ICON Network have a responsibility to run and manage the ICON network. ", "Voters have an opportunity to elect their chosen P-Reps by voting for them. ", "In return for fulfilling these actions, voters are rewarded (roughly 16% annually for voting at the time of this writing) and P-Reps are rewarded (varies based on votes, but rewards can be seen on the ICON Community Webpage). ", "This article outlines some ways to learn more about the different P-Reps and make informed voting decisions.", "\n\nHow do voters know which P-Rep to choose?", "\n\nThere are 122 P-Reps at the time of this writing (from many different continents, as shown in Fig. ", "1)!", "\n\nFig. ", "1: P-Rep Locations (from icon.community webpage)\n\nMost people don’t have time to look into what each one is doing. ", "The question of who to vote for or how to see what each team is doing often comes up. ", "Just today, this question came up in response to a tweet I wrote encouraging teams to spread votes to lower teams to further decentralize the network and support many teams (Fig. ", "2). ", "How does one make an informed decision?", "\n\nFig. ", "2: How do we make an informed decision?", "\n\nP-Reps have a responsibility to govern, run, and secure the ICON by running nodes to ensure the ICON blockchain is running smoothly (perform block validation and block production) and also participate in Governance (voting for different proposals and changes to the ICON ecosystem, such as the recent IISS 3.0). ", "More details about the ICON ecosystem can be found in the ICON Yellow Papers. ", "Many P-Reps go above an beyond these tasks to further try to grow and bring value to the ICON network. ", "This is done in a variety of ways: outreach, community engagement, marketing, education, or development are a few examples." ]

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[ "Dino Entertainment\n\nDino Entertainment was a firm specializing in the compilation market of the late 1980s and early 1990s, releasing records such as the That Loving Feeling and Energy Rush range of CDs, in competition with Telstar Records, Stylus and K-Tel.", "\n\nDespite a relatively successful run at releasing various genres of music under the Dino label, increasing competition in the Compilation sector forced Dino to close down in 1997 after releasing just over 130 different albums in eight years. ", "Major companies such as EMI and Virgin became fiercely competitive in the wake of their successful Now That's What I Call Music brand, while BMG launched their own Compilation subsidiary Global Television, Warner Music launched warner.esp.tv, Sony Music released their compilations under the Sony Music TV banner and Polygram became Universal in 1999 and their TV advertised material was released on Universal Music TV.", "\n\nHowever, prior to its demise, Dino did score many hits in varying genres of music. ", "As noted, Dance was a speciality for the label although 1970s revival albums, Love Songs and A.O.R Rock collections all became big sellers for the label.", "\n\nSeries released by Dino Entertainment\n\nThat Loving Feeling\n\nThe first series Dino released were That Loving Feeling which launched in December 1989. ", "Their particular longevity was because Dance compilations dominated the Compilation Chart in 1989 and 1990 and Love Songs made a welcome change to the older Music buyer.", "\n\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 1 (12/89. #", "3. ", "14 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 2 (03/90. #", "5. ", "26 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 3 (06/90. #", "1. ", "31 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 4 (04/91. #", "4. ", "14 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 5 (10/91. #", "2. ", "15 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 6 (09/93. #", "3. ", "12 wks)\nThat Loving Feeling Volume 7 (08/94. #", "4. ", "10 wks)\nThe Very Best of That Loving Feeling (12/93. #", "2. ", "21 wks)\n\nHardcore\n\nThese Dance compilations released by Dino contained the word Hardcore somewhere in the title and became a very successful series between 1991 and 1992. ", "These albums were released as a single-CD format, with 20 tracks on each. ", "Hardcore albums always contained big dance hits first, and then less well-known, underground tracks at the end, making the series an attractive purchase for mainstream dance fans as well as underground followers of the genre.", "\n\nHardcore Uproar (03/91. #", "1. ", "9 wks)\nHardcore Dancefloor (07/91. #", "2. ", "10 wks)\nHardcore Ecstasy (11/91. #", "1. ", "16 wks)\nEssential Hardcore (12/91. #", "1. ", "10 wks)\nHeavenly Hardcore (03/92. #", "2. ", "9 wks)\n\nEnergy Rush\n\nAfter a series of one-off Dance compilations including Cold Sweat and Trance Dance, Dino launched a new Dance series called Energy Rush in late 1992 which out-lasted the Hardcore series by many years. ", "The formats were identical, a single-CD release with chart hits at the beginning of the album and more club-orientated material at the end. ", "Like Telstar's earlier Deep Heat series, each release had a suffix naming each volume. ", "The series ended in 1995 when Dance music became less popular, with genres such as Brit-pop and R&B gaining more mainstream success. ", "\n\nEnergy Rush (10/92. #", "1. ", "6 wks)\nEnergy Rush II (12/92. #", "7. ", "7 wks)\nEnergy Rush Level 3 (01/93. #", "3. ", "6 wks)\nEnergy Rush Presents Dance Hits 93 (04/93. #", "1. ", "12 wks)\nEnergy Rush Phase 4 (06/93. #", "2. ", "6 wks)\nEnergy Rush Factor 5 (09/93. #", "3. ", "5 wks)\nEnergy Rush Presents Dance Hits of the Year (10/93. #", "3. ", "13 wks)\nEnergy Rush Safe Six (12/93. #", "5. ", "7 wks)\nEnergy Rush - Euro Dance Hits 94 (03/94. #", "5. ", "4 wks)\nEnergy Rush 7th Heaven (04/94. #", "2. ", "5 wks)\nEnergy Rush Xtermin8 (05/94. #", "1. ", "8 wks)\nEnergy Rush Dance Hits 94 (08/94. #", "3. ", "8 wks)\nEnergy Rush K9 (02/95. #", "3. ", "4 wks)\n\nPure Swing\n\nThis successful series focused on current and past R&B and Hip hop tracks or \"new jack swing\", with the genre becoming more popular with mainstream buyers. ", "The series launched in March 1995 and ran for several volumes until 1996. ", "Usually issued as a single-CD, some of the releases (Pure Swing IV for example) were double-CDs.", "\n\nPure Swing (03/95. #", "3. ", "9 wks)\nPure Swing II (06/95. #", "4. ", "5 wks)\nPure Swing III (09/95. #", "3. ", "8 wks)\nPure Swing IV (11/95. #", "1. ", "7 wks)\nPure Swing V (01/96. #", "5. ", "6 wks)\nPure Swing 96 (04/96. #", "9. ", "3 wks)\n\nDrivetime\n\nThe Drivetime series brought together popular 'driving anthems', with tracks often made popular through extensive Radio play, hence the title's borrowing of many Radio Stations' evening programme name. ", "Although not a huge success in chart-terms, this series however contained many rare tracks previously difficult to find on CD at the time. ", "The four volumes were all double-CD releases, each containing between 34 and 38 tracks ranging from the 1960s through to more recent radio hits of the time.", "\n\nDrivetime (04/95. #", "5. ", "8 wks)\nDrivetime 2 (07/95. #", "4. ", "7 wks)\nDrivetime 3 (01/96. #", "4. ", "6 wks)\nDrivetime 4 (08/96. #", "8. ", "3 wks)\n\nWhen Dino Entertainment closed in 1997, the brand transferred to Universal Music who released several compilations using the Drivetime name, although these were less successful, failing to track the Compilations Chart Top 20.", "\n\nOther releases\n\nThe Rhythm Divine ~ Two double-CD volumes of 1970s Disco hits.", "\nBlues Brother Soul Sister ~ Three double-CD volumes (and a 'Best of' collection) containing Blues and Soul classics.", "\nAll Time Rock Classics- Rock hits from the 70s and 80s.", "\nRock 'n' Roll Lovesongs ~ Two double-CD volumes of classic Rock 'n' Roll hits.", "\nRock 'N' Roll Is Here To Stay ~ \"Two CD Collection of 40 Original 50's & 60's Rock 'n' Roll Hits.\" ", "2 different versions with different album artwork were available with one being in a dual-style thick jewel case and the other in a 2CD flip-over style jewel case.", "\nStompin' Party ~ \"40 Party Hits ranging from the 1950s to 1980s and known as \"The World's Greatest Party Album\" as stated on the album artwork.\"", "\nIt's Electric ~ A successful single-CD collection of New Romantic classics. ", "Reached #2 in April 1994.", "\nSka Mania ~ A double-CD collection of Ska music from the late 1970s and early 1980s.", "\nRock Anthems ~ Two double-CD volumes of anthemic rock tracks. ", "Volume 1 made #3 and stayed in the Compilation Chart Top 20 for 17 weeks.", "\nEighties Soul Weekender ~ A cool collection of Soul classics from the early to mid-1980s.", "\nPure Jazz Moods ~ A double-CD collection of Jazz music.", "\nDance Massive ~ Three volumes of current Dance hits from 1994 to 1996.", "\nVienna Symphonic Orchestra Project ~ The Power of Rock\n\nSublabels\n Crash Bang! ", "Records - a dance music label releasing singles and albums by artists including Bedrock, Chris & James, Eve Gallagher, plus compilations including Sundazed, The Anthems and Therapy Session by DJ Mark Dynamix\n Dino Music (Australia) - distributing albums/singles by Kamahl, Amadin, DJ BoBo (1992–1996) as well as various compilation sets of chart hits, dance music (notably dance label \"Pro-DJ International\") and country music.", "\n Dino Music (Germany)\n Firm Music,\n Pump Records\n\nSee also\n List of record labels\n\nExternal links\n Dino Ent at Discogs\n\nCategory:British record labels\nCategory:Record labels disestablished in 1997\nCategory:Electronic dance music record labels\nCategory:Pop record labels" ]

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