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14745189

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanbury%20Manor

Hanbury Manor

Hanbury Manor, centred on the multi-wing Hanbury Manor Hotel, is a converted late-Victorian country house and adjoining golf course in Thundridge, north of Ware, Hertfordshire, some north of Greater London. It is part of a leisure retreat and country club owned by Marriott Hotels. The house is Grade II* listed on the National Heritage List for England. History Grant of land to Reginald Pole (1500-1558) A purported manor here derives from ownership of a grand house approximately on the site of the current house in the 16th century. A manor is a leading family estate typically with farmland and other manorial rights across a wider area. The longstanding mention of the estate as 'Poles' derives from the erection of a major house (and possible subinfeudation of some of the Church Manor's rights rather than inheritance of a medieval manor) to Reginald Pole, a cardinal before Henry VIII's English Reformation. His mother The Blessèd Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury was the last legitimate Plantagenet based on strict patrilineality. He served two years as the last catholic Archbishop of Canterbury and died 12 hours after Queen Mary I of England. Sampson Hanbury (1769–1835) During the final years of the 18th century the Hanbury family chose to settle here (first becoming lessees) and later purchasers. This branch of the Hanbury family had Norman noble ancestry; forebear Geoffrey De Hanbury (a Norman first name) settled in Worcestershire in the 14th century. Sampson Hanbury bought Poles outright about the year 1800. From 1799 to 1830 he was Master of the Puckeridge Hounds. Childless, he left Poles to his widow, Agatha. Robert Hanbury (1798–1884) Robert Hanbury was senior partner in the Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co major brewery in East London. He inherited Poles on the death of his aunt Agatha in 1847. He was a magistrate and Deputy Lieutenant, and in 1854 became the High Sheriff of Hertfordshire. His son, also Robert Hanbury (aka Robert Culling Hanbury after second marriage) (1823–1867) died before inheriting. He was a partner in the brewery and from 1857 to 1867 was one of the two MPs for Middlesex. Edmund Smith Hanbury (1850–1913) Edmund Hanbury was a partner in the brewery from 1873, from which he retired in 1886. On his grandfather's death he brought his family to live at Poles, a property which, at that time, was in excess of . His wife, Amy, found the house to be a rambling, uninhabitable monstrosity and refused to live in it. Architects Sir Ernest George and Harold Peto designed a replacement grand house, built by Simpsons & Ayrton of Paddington in 1890–91 for £20,000. The final cost, £30,000 (), may well have hastened the end of the great prosperity of his branch of the family. The house, built in the Jacobean style in red brick with blue brick reticulation and stone mullioned windows, was the first in the parish to have electricity and to have a central heating system. Like his father, he became a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant and in 1891 High Sheriff of Hertfordshire. In later life, he was for two years, 1906–1909, Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers. A service wing and stables were added in 1913, by which time the estate had shrunk to . Robert Francis Hanbury (1883–1960) Edmund's only son, Robert Francis Hanbury, a barrister, sold Poles in 1914 to Mr. H.J. King. Poles Convent In 1923 the house was purchased by the Faithful Companions of Jesus with the intent of establishing a convent school. The house was transformed in 1934 with the addition of a gym, classrooms, dormitories, a three-storeyed tower, and a new chapel. From 1974, some girls from the convent school progressed into the sixth form of nearby St Edmund's College, Ware, although the two schools were independently managed. By the time the school closed in 1986 the separate St Edmund's College was fully co-educational. Notable former pupils Sarah Badel, actress Karren Brady, sporting executive and broadcaster Terry Keane, Irish social columnist and fashion journalist Pilar Ordovas, antiquities dealer Hotel The estate was redeveloped and extended over a three-year period by Landbase Ltd as a 5-star hotel and country club, opening in 1990 with RockResorts as the first operator. The development was majority funded by local building firm Hubert C Leach. The former parts of the main building whilst a convent school having been a gym, chapel and classrooms, formed the base for a conference and banqueting centre set around the courtyard. The latter-day chapel, renamed Poles Hall, forms the main banqueting hall. The development in 1988/89 added a wing onto the main building containing swimming pool, gym, changing rooms, squash courts, bar, brasserie restaurant, and billiard room. An annexe next to the walled garden (known as the Garden Court) added 53 bedrooms at the same time. Country Club Hotel Group took over as the hotel operator in 1994, and subsequently was bought out by Marriott International, who added a 65-bedroom extension in 1999 and currently own and operate the hotel and golf course. The Hanbury Manor golf course was first designed by Harry Vardon in the early 1900s as a 9-hole course, and the newer (1991) 18-hole course by Jack Nicklaus II. The course hosted the Marks & Spencer European Open in 1996 and the English Open from 1997 to 1999. The wedding of Paul and Sheryl Gascoigne took place there in 1996. References External links Catholic schools in the United Kingdom Country houses in Hertfordshire Ernest George buildings Golf clubs and courses designed by Harry Vardon Grade II* listed buildings in Hertfordshire Grade II* listed houses Harold Peto buildings Hotels in Hertfordshire Houses completed in 1891 Jacobethan architecture Marriott hotels Ware, Hertfordshire Country house hotels

2655363

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20electricity%20supplier

Public electricity supplier

Public electricity suppliers (PES) were the fourteen electricity companies created in Great Britain when the electricity market in the United Kingdom was privatised following the Electricity Act 1989. The Utilities Act 2000 subsequently split these companies between distribution network operators and separate supply companies. In England and Wales the Central Electricity Generating Board had been responsible for the generation and transmission of electricity, with the twelve area electricity boards (AEBs) formed under the Electricity Act 1947 responsible for the distribution and supply of electricity to consumers. In Scotland the structure was different, with all aspects of generation, transmission, distribution and supply being carried out by two vertically integrated companies. History England and Wales On 31 March 1990 the AEBs were changed into independent regional electricity companies (RECs) and the CEGB was split into four, three generation companies and the National Grid Company, operator of the National Grid. The National Grid Company was placed under the ownership of the RECs. On 11 December 1990 the RECs were privatised. In 2000, as part of further restructuring under the Utilities Act 2000, the PES were required to have separate licences for their supply business and distribution network, which were renamed distribution network operators (DNOs). Scotland The Scottish boards were privatised whole in 1991 with the exception of the nuclear plants, which passed to Scottish Nuclear and were later privatised as part of British Energy. Companies East Midlands Electricity Formerly the East Midlands Electricity Board. Acquired by Powergen in 1998, which was itself taken over by multinational E.ON in 2002. The retail supply business continues to operate as E.ON UK. After Powergen also acquired MEB in 2004, the two distribution networks were merged under the Central Networks name. The combined network was sold in 2011 and is now part of Western Power Distribution. Eastern Electricity Formerly the Eastern Electricity Board. Acquired by Hanson plc in 1995. Demerged from Hanson as part of The Energy Group, which was later sold to the US firm Texas Utilities and became TXU Energi, part of TXU Europe. In 2002 it was sold to Powergen, which was subsequently acquired by the German utility company E.On, and the operations were rebranded in 2004. The distribution business was owned by EDF. Now owned by UK Power Networks along with London Electricity and SEEBOARD. London Electricity Formerly the London Electricity Board. Acquired by US-based Entergy in 1996 for £1.3bn ($2.1bn). Acquired by EDF International in 1998, which merged it with SEEBOARD and Eastern Electricity to form EDF Energy. Now owned by UK Power Networks. Manweb Formerly the Merseyside and North Wales Electricity Board. Manweb plc was acquired by Scottish Power in 1995. Scottish Power was in turn acquired by the Spanish energy utility Iberdrola during 2017, although it continues to use Scottish Power branding on domestic sales of gas and electricity. The DNO for the area is SP Manweb plc, a subsidiary of SP Energy Networks. Midlands Electricity Formerly the Midlands Electricity Board. Originally acquired in 1996 by a consortium of US companies GPU and Cinergy, after a bid by Powergen was blocked by government. The electricity retail business was sold to National Power in 1999 and continues under the Npower brand. The distribution business that remained was purchased by Powergen in 2004 and merged with that of East Midlands Electricity to form Central Networks. In 2011 the combined operation was sold and became part of Western Power Distribution. Northern Electric Formerly the North Eastern Electricity Board. The electricity distribution business is operated by CE Electric UK, a subsidiary of MidAmerican Energy Holdings Company. The successor company to the retail supply business is npower UK. NORWEB Formerly the North Western Electricity Board. Merged with North West Water in 1995 to form United Utilities, the electricity businesses of which were subsequently sold, with the retail supply arm of Norweb becoming part of TXU Energi (now part of E.On) and the distribution network becoming Electricity North West. Scottish Hydro-Electric The North of Scotland Hydro Board became Scottish Hydro-Electric plc before merging with Southern Electric to form Scottish & Southern Energy (later trading simply as 'SSE') in 1998. During 2020, SSE's retail business was sold to Ovo Energy. The distribution networks in Scotland and the south of England remain part of SSE plc and now trade under the name Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks. Scottish Power The South of Scotland Electricity Board became Scottish Power plc. In 2007 it was acquired by the Spanish energy utility Iberdrola, although it continues to use Scottish Power branding on domestic sales of gas and electricity. Its DNO subsidiary is SP Distribution plc, under SP Energy Networks. SEEBOARD Formerly the South Eastern Electricity Board. Owned by UK Power Networks along with Eastern Electricity and London Electricity. It markets to the public as part of CK Infrastructure Holdings (CKI). South Wales Electricity Formerly the South Wales Electricity Board, later known as SWALEC. The business was purchased by Welsh Water in 1996, but the company formed as a result - Hyder plc - soon encountered serious financial difficulties which led to its break-up. The electricity retail business was initially sold to British Energy in June 1999 and then again in 2000 to Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE plc). During 2020, SSE's retail business was sold to Ovo Energy. The distribution network was ultimately acquired by Western Power Distribution during September 2000. South Western Electricity Formerly the South Western Electricity Board, it was acquired by London Electricity (owned by EDF) in 1999. The distribution business is part of Western Power Distribution and the retail business is part of EDF Energy. Southern Electric Formerly the Southern Electricity Board, the company merged with Scottish Hydro-Electric plc to form Scottish & Southern Energy in 1998. During 2020, SSE's retail business was sold to Ovo Energy. The distribution network remains part of SSE plc and now trades under the name Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks. Yorkshire Electricity Formerly the Yorkshire Electricity Board. Sold to Innogy (now npower) in 2001, and to the German utility RWE the following year. Now RWE npower, but most domestic marketing is under the npower brand. See also Electricity sector in the United Kingdom Electricity billing in the UK Electricity Commission (United Kingdom) Big Six energy suppliers References Electric power companies of the United Kingdom Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom

4104890

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Hampus%20Furuhjelm

Johan Hampus Furuhjelm

Johan Hampus Furuhjelm, (; 11 March 1821 – 21 September 1909) was a Finnish-Russian vice-admiral and explorer, commander of the Russian Baltic Fleet, Governor of the Russian Far East, Taganrog and Russian America. Early years Johan Hampus Furuhjelm was born into a Swedish-speaking noble family of Furuhjelm in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland on March 11, 1821. Johan Hampus was the son of Otto Wilhelm Furuhjelm (1794–1871) and Ulrica Johanna Fredrika Fock (1795–1856). Johan Hampus was schooled at home until 1836 when he joined the Navy (1st Finnish Sea Battalion 1:a finska sjöekipaget). Graduate of the Navy Corps, Furuhjelm served at Russian Baltic Fleet in 1838–1846. Promoted to midshipman 1839, lieutenant 1845. In 1843–1844, he participated in hydrographic works in the Gulf of Finland on board the schooner Meteor. In 1846–1847, he served at the Black Sea. In Russian America In 1850, Furuhjelm was detached to the new post in the Russian-American Company and sailed from Kronstadt to Novoarkhangel'sk (New Archangel, as the Russian community in Sitka was called) on board of the ship Nikolai I. He arrived to Novoarkhangel'sk on 23 April 1851, where he was appointed commander of Novoarkhangel'sk's seaport and sailed to Hawaii, California and China on behalf of the Russian-American Company. In 1853–1854, Furuhjelm was captain of the supply ship Count Menshikoff in the squadron of Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In 1854, he was appointed commander of the Ayan seaport and on 11 December 1858, Governor of Russian America. During a Christmas ball in Helsinki in 1858, Furuhjelm met the 22-year-old Anna von Schoultz. On 10 January they were engaged and on 2 February 1859 the wedding took place. In Novo Archangelsk, Furuhjelm was forced to acknowledge that one of the most acute needs was rebuilding the Indians' trust in the white man. During his period as governor of Alaska, he managed to put an end to hostilities with natives. Once, he used the trick of an eclipse of the moon. He threatened the Indians to take away the moon if they did not obey him. Furuhjelm's magic made a deep impression on the natives. They were also impressed because the governor dared to go out on inspection tours without an escort. He made the trips with just paddlers and an interpreter. Furuhjelm was successful in winning the Indians' respect and the camp was normalized. One of the most important successes which Furuhjelm noted during his period as governor was that he was successful in abolishing the ice treaty with San Francisco. According to a contract which had been signed, Russian America had to deliver a certain amount of ice to San Francisco at a fixed price. The problem was that the product melted down on the way to the warmer climates. The ice contract became very awkward for the Russian colony. Furuhjelm arranged for a new contract to sell ice to San Francisco: 3,000 tons at $25.00 a ton. The Furuhjelms had three children during their five years in Russian America. The oldest daughter Annie Furuhjelm later became one of the foremost figures within the international women's movement and a member of Finland's Parliament. On 17 March 1864 Johan Hampus Furuhjelm turned over his duties to prince Dmitri Petrovich Maksutov, who happened to be the last governor of Russian America. In the summer of 1864 it was time for the Furuhjelm family to make a move and leave Russian America. Later years In 1865–1870, Furuhjelm served as military governor of Primorsky Krai. On 25 February 1871 he was appointed chief of Russian seaports in the Pacific, where he contributed a lot to development of Vladivostok and Primorsky Krai, opened the Amur Telegraph Company, several lighthouses and ship dockyards. In 1872 Furuhjelm was made Flag Officer of the Russian Baltic Fleet. In 1874, Ivan Furugelm was promoted to the rank of vice admiral and appointed governor of the city of Taganrog (1874–1876), where he opened the first naval school (founded by Ivan Shestakov) and the first public library (Chekhov Library) on 23 May 1876 (old style). Among library's most frequent visitors was Anton Chekhov. Anna Furuhjelm joined her husband in Taganrog for the winter 1874–1875 with the two youngest children. In 1878–1880 Hampus Furuhjelm served as commander of Revel's naval port. From 1880 until 1886, he was at the disposal of the commander of the port of Saint Petersburg. In 1889, on the occasion of his jubilee as an officer in the Imperial Russian Navy, he received a golden snuffbox, decorated with diamonds and the initials of Alexander III of Russia. Furuhjelm died on 21 September 1909 near Urjala, present-day Finland. Places named after Furuhjelm Mount Furuhelm - A mountain 3,610 ft., 4.5 miles SW of Baranof, on East coast of Baranof Island, Alexander Archipelago. Named in 1935 by U.S. Forest Service for Ivan Vasilievitch Furuhelm, mining engineer and Governor of Russian America, 1859-1864; Furugelm Island - Island in Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan. Two islands discovered by Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1853. Named for him by the Russian Admiral Putyatin; Furuhelm Street - in Sitka, Alaska, located between Edgecumbe Drive and Georgeson Street, starting at Kimsham Street. Furugelm - A point and an island at Sakhalin, Sea of Japan. Named for Carl Harald Felix Furuhjelm, b. May 13, 1830 in Helsinki, Finland, d. April 30, 1871 in Nakhodka, East Siberia, Russia (brother of Johan Hampus Furuhjelm). References Sources Энциклопедия Таганрога. Таганрог: Антон, 1998. — 624 с. — . Finnish explorers 19th-century Finnish nobility Governors of the Russian-American Company Governors of Taganrog Explorers from the Russian Empire Imperial Russian Navy admirals 1821 births 1909 deaths Military personnel from Helsinki People from the Grand Duchy of Finland Nobility from the Russian Empire Russian people of Finnish descent Swedish-speaking Finns

126606

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield%2C%20New%20York

Brookfield, New York

Brookfield is a town in Madison County, New York, United States. The population was 2,403 at the 2000 census. The Town of Brookfield is located in the southeastern part of the county. The county agricultural fair is held here every year. History The town was first settled circa 1791. The Town of Brookfield was established in 1795 from part of the town of Paris, but part was removed in 1805 to form the Town of Columbus, all this taking place while it was still part of Chenango County. Geography The northern town line is the border of Oneida County, and the southern town boundary is the border of Chenango County. The eastern town line is the border of Otsego County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and (0.13%) is water. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,403 people, 877 households, and 658 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 1,041 housing units at an average density of 13.4 per square mile (5.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.29% White, 0.54% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.37% Asian, 0.04% from other races, and 0.50% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.33% of the population. There were 877 households, out of which 37.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.9% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the average family size was 3.13. In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.7% under the age of 18, 8.2% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $31,000 and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had a median income of $26,462 versus $19,226 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,719. About 10.4% of families and 13.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over. Notable people William R. Williams, former US Congressman John Palmer Usher, Secretary of the Interior under the Lincoln Administration, was born in Brookfield, NY Myrtilla Miner, educator and abolitionist, was born near Brookfield, NY Communities and locations in Brookfield Brookfield – The hamlet of Brookfield is in the eastern part of the town on Route 80. Button Falls – A waterfall located southwest of Leonardsville on Button Creek. Guideboard – A hamlet west of Brookfield village on Route 80. Leonardsville – A hamlet near the eastern town line. Marsh Corners – A location in the southwestern part of the town. Moscow Hill – A hamlet in the western part of the town on Route 95. North Brookfield – A hamlet in the northwestern part of the town. River Forks – A location in the northeastern corner of the town. South Brookfield – A hamlet in the southeastern corner of the town. West Brookfield – A hamlet north of Moscow Hill, near the western town line. West Edmeston – A hamlet on the eastern town line, partially situated in the Town of Edmeston. Education Brookfield has one school, the Brookfield Central School, and it instructs grades K-12. The Brookfield Central School mascot is the Beaver. The 1982-1983 Brookfield Central School boys varsity basketball team won the Section III tournament and went on to win the New York State Championship in the Class D division. References External links Early history of Brookfield Syracuse metropolitan area Populated places established in 1791 Towns in Madison County, New York Towns in New York (state) 1791 establishments in New York (state)

8203158

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Puerto%20Rican%20general%20election

2008 Puerto Rican general election

The 2008 Puerto Rican general elections were held on Tuesday, November 4, 2008, to elect the officials of the Government of Puerto Rico that would serve for the next four years, most notably the Governor of Puerto Rico. The election was won by incumbent Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico Luis Fortuño (from the New Progressive Party), who defeated the incumbent Governor, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (from the Popular Democratic Party). Fortuño received 1,025,965 votes, and Acevedo Vilá 801,071. Also, most of the other positions were won by the candidates of the New Progressive Party, who ended up with a majority of seats in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The elections occurred after one term of what was called "shared government", as a result of the 2004 elections. Because of this, the island had a Governor from one party (Acevedo Vilá), while the opposing party held a majority in the Senate and the House of Representatives. The struggles faced by the opposing parties attempts at cooperation, mixed with the global economic crisis, paved the campaign for this elections. Also, Acevedo Vilá was facing criminal accusations at the time. Fortuño was sworn in as Governor of Puerto Rico on January 2, 2009. Significance The 2008 Puerto Rican election was historic because: It was the first time in more than 20 years that a new party (PPR) joined the three traditional parties in the election. It was the first time in Puerto Rican political history that one of the candidates (Aníbal Acevedo Vilá) faced federal criminal charges. Supporters of former Governor Pedro Rosselló organized to promote a write-in campaign on his behalf after he lost the party primary against Luis Fortuño. Nominations Before the election year, the Constitution of Puerto Rico provides for any qualified person to present their candidacy for a specific position. If two or more candidates from the same party present their candidacy for the same position, and they can't reach an agreement within the party, a primary election is held. This election is held within the inscribed members of each party, to select which of the candidates will represent the party in the general election. Both of the main parties: New Progressive Party (PNP) and Popular Democratic Party (PPD), held primaries for several positions on March 9, 2008. The PNP primary was more notable for having two candidates for the position of Governor of Puerto Rico. New Progressive Party (PNP) The primaries were held on March 9, 2008. In it, Fortuño comfortably defeated Rosselló to win the spot for Governor at the 2008 elections. Also, Pedro Pierluisi defeated Charlie Rodríguez and Miriam Ramírez de Ferrer with 60% of the votes to win the spot for Resident Commissioner. Popular Democratic Party (PPD) The primaries were held on March 9, 2008, to determine several candidates for the Senate, House of Representatives, and others. Among the most notable outcomes, former Secretary of Consumer Affairs Alejandro García Padilla received the most votes for the Senate, despite being his first time in an election. Also, in the primaries for Mayor of Ponce, incumbent Francisco Zayas Seijo narrowly beat Carlos Jirau Vélez, for less than 50 votes. Final candidates Governor After the primaries, the official candidates for Governor of Puerto Rico were set. The incumbent governor, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Popular Democratic Party (PPD) faced the following candidates for the Governorship: Luis Fortuño, Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, New Progressive Party (PNP) Edwin Irizarry Mora, Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) Rogelio Figueroa, Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party (PPPR) Resident Commissioner The United States House of Representatives elections in Puerto Rico, 2008 was won by Pedro Pierluisi, New Progressive Party (PNP). He ran against: Jessica Martínez Birriel, Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) Alfredo Salazar, Popular Democratic Party (PPD) Carlos Alberto Velazquez Lopez, Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party (PPR) Election results Governor Resident Commissioner Senate of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico House of Representatives Mayoral References "2008 General Elections Results". State Commission of Elections of Puerto Rico . San Juan, Puerto Rico. November 4, 2008. External links Washington Post: Puerto Rican Governor Plans to Seek Reelection UPI: Puerto Rico approves Acevedo candidacy New York Daily News: Luis Fortuño wins pro-statehood primary in Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

3102042

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%20Street%20%28Washington%2C%20D.C.%29

M Street (Washington, D.C.)

The name "M Street" refers to two major roads in the United States capital of Washington, D.C. Because of the Cartesian coordinate system used to name streets in Washington, the name "M Street" can be used to refer to any east-west street located twelve blocks north or south of the dome of the United States Capitol (not thirteen blocks, as there is no J Street). Thus, in all four quadrants of the city there are streets called "M Street", which are disambiguated by quadrant designations, namely, M Street NW, NE, SW, and SE. M Street NW In Northwest Washington, M Street is a major street downtown and the main east-west street in the Georgetown neighborhood. M Street NW begins at the Key Bridge, which crosses the Potomac River at the 3500 block. To the west of 36th Street, M Street turns into Canal Road. M Street was originally called Bridge Street until the roads in Georgetown were renamed in 1895 to conform to the street names used in Pierre Charles L'Enfant's original plan for the federal city. Where 32nd Street would otherwise be, M Street intersects with Wisconsin Avenue. At 29th Street, it meets the western terminus of Pennsylvania Avenue. This is the last major intersection before the M Street Bridge over Rock Creek, which forms the eastern border of Georgetown. The section in Georgetown carries heavy commuter traffic because it connects Pennsylvania Avenue with the Key Bridge and Canal Road. From Pennsylvania Avenue to Thomas Circle at 14th Street, M Street is designated for one-way traffic with vehicles driving westbound-only. M Street once again becomes two-way in Georgetown. This stretch is highly developed, consisting mainly of apartments from 26th to 21st and businesses from 21st to Thomas Circle. From 14th Street to 5th Street NW, M Street is again two-way. Although, halfway through the 900 block, the street turns eastbound. Between 9th and 7th Streets NW, it passes underneath the Walter E. Washington Convention Center. From 5th Street to North Capitol Street, it assumes a complex traffic pattern because of the intersections and near-intersections of several high-traffic streets: M, New York Avenue/U.S. Route 50, the northern terminus of Interstate 395, New Jersey Avenue, and North Capitol Street. Traffic is west-to-east from 5th to 4th, east-to-west from New York to 4th, and west-to-east from New York through North Capitol and onto M Street NE. M Street NE M Street NE runs west-to-east from North Capitol Street to Florida Avenue between 6th and 7th, where it terminates at the gates of Gallaudet University. Along the way, it uses an overpass to avoid the Union Station rail yard. Because the intervening Trinidad neighborhood does not follow the grid pattern, M Street does not emerge again until Bladensburg Road (between 16th and 17th). This two-way stretch dead-ends after intersecting with Maryland Avenue (where 26th Street would be), because the remaining land between that intersection and the Anacostia River is occupied by the United States National Arboretum and Langston Golf Course. The portion of Washington across the Anacostia follows its own variant of the grid pattern, so while there is no M Street NE, the Deanwood neighborhood of Anacostia does have a Meade Street NE in the location where M Street would have re-emerged. M Street SW/SE About a mile south of the U.S. Capitol, M Street is a major east-west traffic thoroughfare connecting Maine Avenue with Interstate 295. The Potomac River prevents M Street from extending farther west than 6th Street/Maine Avenue. Likewise, the Anacostia River limits M Street SE east of 11th to being a named on-ramp for I-295 (the 11th Street Bridges to the immediate south and the Southeast Freeway to the immediate north), Water Street SE (home of several boating clubs), and Pennsylvania Avenue SE at the John Philip Sousa Bridge before terminating. The most prominent intersection on M Street between those points is with South Capitol Street. M Street runs along the northern edge of the Washington Navy Yard (between 1st and 11th) and near Nationals Park, between 1st and South Capitol. Another segment of M Street SE continues east of the Anacostia River. Beginning at the Anacostia Freeway (DC-295, roughly where 29th Street would be), it runs diagonally southeast for two blocks, merges with Anacostia Road for one block, then straightens out for two blocks before terminating at 34th Street SE. Its route is blocked by Massachusetts Avenue SE and Fort Dupont Park. References External links Dupont Circle Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Streets in Washington, D.C. Shopping districts and streets in Washington, D.C.

28085457

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/869th%20Bombardment%20Squadron

869th Bombardment Squadron

The 869th Bombardment Squadron is a former United States Army Air Forces unit. It was assigned to the 497th Bombardment Group, and was last stationed at MacDill Field, Florida where it was inactivated on 31 March 1946. The squadron was activated in late 1943. After training in the United States, it moved to Saipan in the Central Pacific Area, where it served in the strategic bombing campaign against Japan with Twentieth Air Force, flying Boeing B-29 Superfortress aircraft, where it earned two Distinguished Unit Citations. Following V-J Day, the squadron returned to the United States and briefly became part of Strategic Air Command before inactivating. History The squadron was established in late 1943 as the 869th Bombardment Squadron at El Paso Army Air Base, Texas, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress very heavy bombardment squadron that was one of the original operational squadrons of the 497th Bombardment Group. The squadron's initial cadre was drawn from the 491st Bombardment Group. In December the squadron moved on paper to Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico. At Clovis, the squadron began to man its air echelon by January 1944. The 869th drew heavily on aircrews of the 480th Antisubmarine Group who were returning to the United States from duty in England and Africa to fill out its crews. Aircrew training at Clovis was limited to ground training, although some flying in Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft assigned to the 73d Bombardment Wing was accomplished. Key personnel trained with the Army Air Forces School of Applied Tactics at Orlando Army Air Base, Florida. In April 1944, the squadron's air and ground echelons united at Pratt Army Air Field. Here the 869th finally received newly manufactured Boeing B-29 Superfortresses the following month, although it continued to fly B-17s due to continuing engine problems with the B-29s. In May the United States Army Air Forces reorganized its very heavy bombardment units. The 872d Bombardment Squadron and support units of the 497th group were inactivated and their personnel absorbed into the 869th and the remaining squadrons of the group. The 869th deployed to the Pacific Theater of Operations, with the ground echelon sailing 30 July on the SS Fairisle, passing through Honolulu and Eniwetok before arriving at Saipan on 20 September. Upon arrival the squadron's personnel were engaged in construction. By mid-October most personnel were able to move into Quonset huts from the tents that they were assigned on their arrival. The aircrews began departing from Kansas on 6 October, ferrying their aircraft to Saipan via a 6500 nautical mile route, with the last B-29 arriving on 30 October. At Saipan the unit became part of the XXI Bomber Command at Isely Field. The squadron began operations on 28 October 1944 with a night attack against the submarine pens at Truk Islands and attacks against Iwo Jima in early November. The squadron took part in the first attack on Japan by AAF planes based in the Marianas. On 24 November 1944 Major Robert Morgan, the squadron commander, led the first mission of XXI Bomber Command to bomb Japan, with wing commander Brigadier Gen. Emmett O'Donnell, Jr. as co-pilot. 110 aircraft of the 73rd Bombardment Wing bombed Tokyo during this mission. Major Morgan and his crew had flown a solo mission on 10 November using radio countermeasures equipment to obtain information on the disposition of Japanese early warning and gun control radars. The 869th flew missions against strategic objectives in Japan, originally in daylight and from high altitude. It was also tasked with "Weather Strike" missions which were single ship flights flown nightly to obtain weather information for target areas in Japan while making incendiary attacks on various targets. The squadron received a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for a mission on 27 January 1945. Although weather conditions prevented the group from bombing its primary objective, the unescorted B-29’s withstood severe enemy attacks to strike an alternate target, the industrial area of Hamamatsu. It was awarded a second DUC for attacking strategic centers in Japan during July and August 1945. The squadron assisted the assault on Okinawa in April 1945 by bombing enemy airfields to reduce air attacks against the invasion force. Beginning on 19 March and continuing until the end of the war, the squadron ran incendiary raids against Japan, flying at night and at low altitude to bomb area targets. The unit released propaganda leaflets over the Japanese home islands, continuing strategic bombing raids and incendiary attacks until the Japanese surrender in August 1945. After V-J Day, the 869th dropped supplies to Allied prisoners. In November 1945 the unit returned to the United States where it became part of Continental Air Forces (CAF) at March Field, California. In January 1945, the 869th moved to MacDill Field, Florida. In March 1946 CAF became Strategic Air Command (SAC), and the squadron was one of SAC's first bombardment squadrons. Demobilization, however, was in full swing and the squadron turned in its aircraft and was inactivated on 31 March. Lineage Constituted as the 869th Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy on 19 November 1943 Activated on 20 November 1943 Inactivated on 31 March 1946 Assignments 497th Bombardment Group: 20 November 1943 – 31 March 1946 Stations El Paso Army Air Base, Texas, 20 November 1943 Clovis Army Air Field, New Mexico, 1 December 1943 Pratt Army Air Field, Kansas, 13 April 1944 – 17 July 1944 Isely Field, Saipan, 17 September 1944 – 1 November 1945 Camp Stoneman, California, 14 November 1945 March Field, California, c. 26 November 1945 MacDill Field, Florida, c. 5 January 1946 – 31 March 1946 Awards and campaigns Aircraft Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1944 Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1944–1946 See also List of B-29 Superfortress operators References Notes Explanatory notes Citations Bibliography Strategic bombing squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces Military units and formations established in 1943

12959395

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svea%20Artillery%20Regiment

Svea Artillery Regiment

The Svea Artillery Regiment (), designation A 1, was a Swedish Army artillery regiment that traced its origins back to the 17th century. It was disbanded in 1997. The regiment's soldiers were originally recruited from Svealand, and it was also garrisoned there. History The regiment has its origins in the Artillery Regiment raised in 1636. That regiment was split into four new regiments in 1794 of which Svea Artillery Regiment was one. The regiment was given the designation A 1 (1st Artillery Regiment) in 1830. In 1889 three companies garrisoned in Vaxholm became independent and formed Vaxholm Artillery Corps. In 1893 another four companies were split off to form Norrland Artillery Regiment and 2nd Svea Artillery Regiment. Due to this the regiment also changed name to 1st Svea Artillery Regiment. The name was changed back again in 1904. The regiment was garrisoned in Stockholm but moved to Linköping in 1963 before being disbanded in 1997. Campaigns ? Organisation ? Heraldry and traditions Coat of arms The coat of the arms of the Svea Artillery Regiment (A 1) 1977–1997. Blazon: "Azure, the lesser coat of arms of Sweden, three open crowns or. The shield surmounted two gunbarrels of older pattern in saltire or. The gunbarrels may be sable". Medals In 1943, the Svea artilleriregementes (A 1) förtjänstmedalj ("Svea Artillery Regiment (A 1) Medal of Merit") in gold and silver (SveaartregGM/SM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is divided in blue, red and blue moiré. In 1997, the Svea artilleriregementes (A 1) minnesmedalj ("Svea Artillery Regiment (A 1) Commemorative Medal") in bronze (SveartregSMM) of the 8th size was established. The medal ribbon is of blue moiré with a broad red stripe on the middle followed on both sides by a yellow stripe. Commanding officers Regimental commanders between 1900 and 1997. Commanders 1898–1902: Salomon Gottschalk Alfons Geijer 1902–1909: Otto Wilhelm Virgin 1909–1918: Gabriel Torén 1918–1922: Axel Breitholtz 1922–1926: Ludvig Hammarskiöld 1926–1927: Axel Lyström 1928–1935: Pehr Lagerhjelm 1935–1937: Sture Gadd 1937–1938: Hjalmar Thorén 1938–1940: Axel Rappe 1940–1941: Samuel Åkerhielm (acting 1939) 1941–1941: Gunnar Ekeroth (acting 1941) 1941–1942: Gustaf Dyrssen 1942–1948: Folke Ericsson 1948–1951: Bert Carpelan 1951–1953: Karl Ångström 1953–1955: Gunnar af Klintberg 1955–1959: Bengt Elis Leopold Brucsewitz 1959–1961: Stig Lindström 1961–1966: Carl Reuterswärd 1966–1968: Tore Gustaf Arne Rääf 1968–1974: Sven Werner 1974–1979: Åke Eriksson 1979–1982: Sven Perfors 1982–1987: Rune Eriksson 1987–1990: Karl-Ivar Pesula 1990–1995: Curt-Christer Gustafsson 1995–1997: Christer Lidström Deputy commanders 1974–1976: Lieutenant colonel Fredrik Lilliecreutz Names, designations and locations See also List of Swedish artillery regiments Footnotes References Notes Print Further reading Artillery regiments of the Swedish Army Military units and formations established in 1794 Military units and formations disestablished in 1997 1794 establishments in Sweden 1997 disestablishments in Sweden Disbanded units and formations of Sweden Stockholm Garrison Linköping Garrison

71527654

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csepel%20D-350

Csepel D-350

The Csepel D-350 is a lorry made by Hungarian manufacturer Csepel Autógyár from 1950 until 1958. It was the first series production Csepel vehicle, and a copy of the Austrian Steyr 380 lorry, built under licence. History After World War II, Hungarian Nehézipari Központ (NIK) acquired a licence for the Steyr 380 lorry, the Steyr WD-413 and WD-613 diesel engines, as well as the Steyr industrial four-cylinder petrol engine. At the time, the Steyr factory was in the Soviet occupied zone in Austria, and under Soviet control. Dezső Rankasz argues that the plans for the Steyr 380 lorry were effectively "taken over". The licence contract with Steyr was originally supposed to include a licence for the Steyr 180 agricultural tractor, but eventually, NIK acquired a licence for Steyr's WD-613 8-litre, six-cylinder diesel engine instead, because of the high power output it could provide for military vehicles. The contract also included a term which effectively transferred the rights to the Steyr patents – that were licensed in the contract – to the Hungarian state, from 1959 onwards, for a fee of USD 380,000. This later allowed Csepel Autógyár to build modified versions of the original WD-413 engine. On 3 November 1949, it was officially decided to establish a lorry factory in Szigethalom on Csepel Island, in a former aircraft factory. Mihály Zsofinyecz, Hungarian minister of heavy industries, formally accepted the plans for the factory on 18 November 1949. It was registered as a national company on 21 November 1949. The wife of Ferenc Bíró, herself an engineer, served as the factory's first managing director. The first engine, a Csepel D 413 four-cylinder diesel engine, was assembled on 21 December 1949; the first three lorries left the factory on 4 April 1950. At the time, the vehicle was still being hand-made, with several parts supplied and assembled by other vehicle manufacturers; the chassis was made by MVG in Győr, and the cab was made by Ikarus. Approximately the first 1000 engines made at Csepel Autógyár were assembled from Austrian-made parts. Production ended in 1958. Technical description The Csepel D-350 is a copy of the Steyr 380, and thus shares many technical characteristics with the aforementioned lorry. The design is a conventional body-on-frame design with two axles, and a front engine. In front, the D-350 has single wheels, and in rear it has twin wheels; all wheels were fitted with 8.25 by 20 inch tyres, and hydraulically operated brake drums. Except for a single prototype, all Csepel D-350 lorries are rear-wheel drive. Several different versions of the D-350 were made, in short- and long wheelbase forms, with the long-wheelbase, flatbed version being the most common. It has a wheelbase of 3710 mm, a length of 6735 mm, a width of 2260 mm, a height of 2740 mm, and a fording depth of 255 mm. The track width is 1740 mm in front, and 1650 mm in rear. The Csepel's mass is 3200 kg, and it has a payload of 3500 kg. The maximum permissible trailer payload is also 3500 kg. The flatbed measures 3920 by 2100 mm. The lorry can approach angles of up to 21° up front, and 17° up rear; the turning diameter measures 16.8 m. The specific ground pressure is . Csepel Autógyár built versions of the D-350 with Otto (spark ignition) and Diesel (compression ignition) engines, albeit that the diesel versions were much more common. The diesel engine used is a Csepel D 413 four-cylinder OHV diesel engine, a direct copy of the Steyr WD 413 engine. It has a reverse-flow cylinder head, pre-combustion chamber injection, and is naturally aspirated. With its bore of 110 mm, and the stroke of 140 mm, it displaces  cm³. The rated power (DIN 70020) is 85 PS (63 kW) at 2200/min, the maximum torque of 30 kp·m (294 N·m) is reached at 1400/min. The lowest fuel consumption of 200 g/(PS·h) (272 g/(kW·h)) is reached at 1700/min, where the engine produces about 70 PS (51 kW). The torque is sent from the engine through a single-disc dry clutch to a non-synchromesh five-speed manual gearbox. The top speed is 73.2 km/h in fifth gear. In a 1951 test, the average fuel consumption was found to be 20.3 L/100 km, with the lowest fuel consumption being 15.39 L/100 km on a flat concrete road at a speed of 50 km/h. Throughout the vehicle's production run, various changes were made to the technical design, proposed by the Hungarian Vehicle Development Institute (JÁFI). The original Steyr-designed pistons were prone to failure, and thus soon replaced by pistons with an increased surface area and relocated upper piston ring groove, improving the overall wall thickness design. The sealing of the engine's pushrods was also improved, as well as the fan shaft nut's washer, and the securing of the clutch release lever. External links References Csepel trucks

34591216

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost%20Live

HuffPost Live

HuffPost Live was an Internet-based video streaming network run by HuffPost, a news website in the United States. The network produced original programming as well as live conversations among users via platforms such as Skype and Google+. Live content was previously streamed for eight hours each weekday, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. EST. Instead of the usual TV news format of individual shows, the network was divided into shorter segments covering an individual story or topic from the parent website as well as other segments pertaining to a specific part of the site itself, such as politics, money, front page, and the like. It launched on August 13, 2012. On January 8, 2016, Arianna Huffington announced that HuffPost Live would be scaled back to reorganize The Huffington Posts video strategy toward more shareable online content. Ever since this reorganization, HuffPost Live's programming has consisted of rerun content from previous truly live shows combined with a varying number of new live celebrity interviews per day before the cessation of new live content on March 28, 2016. History The Huffington Post co-founder Arianna Huffington announced plans in February 2012 to launch a "breakthrough project" in a blog post to mark a year since the news website was acquired by AOL. The project, then called "HuffPost Streaming Network", was described by Huffington as a "more relaxed, more free-flowing, and much more spontaneous and interactive" platform to disseminate content, unlike television. The project was later renamed "HuffPost Live". Huffington Post founding editor Roy Sekoff and Gabriel Lewis, head of AOL Studios, co-created and developed the project. The third member of the senior management team is Mitch Semel, Executive Editor of HuffPost Live. Sekoff described it as "CNN meets YouTube". He said the project intends to take advantage of the Huffington Posts "engaged" community which produced 54 million comments on the site in 2011. The company held a demonstration to showcase the interactive components of the network on February 2, 2012 at a press conference in Manhattan. During the press conference, Huffington noted that the network will launch with 100-strong staff. The site launched on August 13, 2012 with Verizon and Cadillac listed as founding partners. In December 2014, HuffPost Live and Kosiner Venture Capital made an application to the Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission to bring the service to conventional television in Canada. Beginning on January 11, 2016 the live portion of HuffPost Live was significantly scaled back as a part of a reorganization effort announced on January 8, 2016. HuffPost Live's programming is now made up of mostly old content being re-aired. The live component continues to exist, though the emphasis on news and politics has been removed, instead being replaced with a few celebrity interviews per day at scheduled times. On March 25, 2016 HuffPost Live aired its final segment, an interview with Ric Flair and Charlotte Flair. As a replacement, the same format will be attempted utilizing Facebook's new Facebook Live feature. The first segment, under the HuffPost Entertainment Facebook Page, featured Tom Hiddleston and Wrenn Schmidt being interviewed by Caroline Modarressy-Tehrani on the HuffPost Live set but featured no branding and utilized a single roving camera rather than the previous multi-camera format. Former hosts Alyona Minkovski Caroline Modarressy-Tehrani Josh Zepps Marc Lamont Hill Nancy Redd Ricky Camilleri Caitlyn Becker Janet Varney Content In its restructured format, HuffPost Live only covered celebrity interviews, select segments and special live events. HuffPost Live formerly featured 8 hours of daily programming for five days a week, on-demand, on mobile and online. Currently, programming only features previously aired segments. Since its launch, HuffPost Live concentrated on driving viewer engagement. “The news is no longer about a few people telling everyone else what happened—it's about everyone telling everyone what's happening right now. And now. And now… This shift from presentation to participation is what fuels HuffPost Live,” said Huffington Post in the launch press release. Segments often feature viewers and other members of the Huffington Post universe, including reporters and members of the Huffington Post community. Segments are open to participants joining the conversation via webcam, smart phones and tablet computers using Skype, Google+ and other video communication platforms. Programming is produced from AOL/Huffington Post studios in New York City. Although there was initially a staff in Los Angeles as well, the LA production site was shut down on Aug 30, 2013, with some of the LA staff relocating to NY. The live stream is interrupted by promos for HuffPost Live after which a still promoting the next program replaces the video for the ongoing program. The viewer must click on the website to get the video back. Advertising on the network consists of pre-roll commercials on video-on-demand clips. The network is also backed by "premium" sponsors that will integrate their advertising into the network's content. Videos produced by HuffPost Live are available on over-the-top services including Boxee, Roku, PlayStation 3 and Apple TV. Awards 2012: Mashable's "Biggest Innovation in Media" 2013: The Webbys – News & Information Channel; The Webbys – Media Streaming (Nominee); Tellys – Online Video, News Features (Bronze); Appy – Entertainment: Professional Content; Cine Golden Eagle – Original Digital™ Division, Non-Fiction – Documentary ; NABJ – Digital Media Interactive: News – Chicago Killing Field 2014: Digiday – Best Video Platform; Gracie – Outstanding Online Producer, "Special Series on Gun Violence"; The Webbys – News & Information Channel; EPPY Award – Best Webcast HuffPost Live Conversations HuffPost Live Conversations is an hour-long program featuring HuffPost Live interviews with celebrities, politicians, journalists and more. Episodes are available for viewing on Hulu, through a partnership that launched on November 10, 2014. Every day, new episodes of HuffPost Live Conversations are added to HuffPost Live's page on Hulu and airs twice a day on MGM's diginet. The Works, where the programming is formatted into a two-hour block, features a wide-ranging mix of contents ranging from politics, entertainment, to international news. References Internet television channels Internet properties established in 2012 2012 establishments in the United States HuffPost Defunct American websites Internet properties disestablished in 2016 2016 disestablishments in the United States

50884461

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak%20Attias

Yitzhak Attias

Yitzhak Attias (born 9 September 1958) is a Gibraltar-born Israeli Jewish musician. He was the percussionist for Reva L'Sheva for several years and has released two solo albums. Early life Attias was born in Gibraltar. He attended Jewish day school until age 11. Attias initially planned to become a drummer like his friend Joe Levy, but was inspired to percussion by watching Steve Peregrin Took of the band T. Rex. He was also influenced by Santana and Osibisa, as well as flamenco and African music. As a child, he attended Carmel College boarding school in Oxfordshire, England. Musician David Broza was an older student there, and the young Attias would often play percussion alongside him and his friends. He left school at age 16 to pursue a music career and came to Israel, where he lived on Kibbutz Be'erot Yitzhak after being invited by a cousin. Feeling unsatisfied, he left the kibbutz and moved to Netanya. Career Gather the Sparks and Reva L'Sheva After moving to Israel, Attias worked with musicians like Yehuda Glantz and Eli Massias (later of Heedoosh). Both contributed to his debut album, Gather the Sparks, released in 1987. Many of the songs had been written with Attias' previous band, Ladino, and were inspired by the teachings of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov. Attias was a percussionist with the pioneering Jewish rock band Reva L'Sheva from 1999 until their break-up in 2006. He performed on four of their albums, including their final album, V'Sham Nashir. In 2014, he participated in a Reva L'Sheva reunion concert at Zappa Jerusalem alongside Yehudah Katz, Lazer Lloyd, Nitzan Chen Razel, and Chanan Elias. Reshimu Attias released a second solo album, Reshimu, in 2012, after four and a half years of development. He worked again with Massias, as well as jazz musicians Ofer Portugali, Yorai Oron, Yaron Gottfried, and Yoram Lachish. He performed at the 2014 Moshav Country Fair at Mevo Modi'im alongside Yehudah Katz and Ben Zion Solomon. Personal life Attias lives with his family near the Jerusalem Forest. His wife, Tamar Lauffer Attias, whom he met in the early 1980s, is a professional flautist who plays with the all-female Jewish rock band Tofa'ah as well as on several of her husband's albums. His sons Yonatan Attias and Michael Attias founded the Indie-rock band Nuriel, and another of his sons, David Attias, soon joined as a band member. Attias was inspired as a young man by musician Carlos Santana's spiritual journey as expressed in his music. He also read Hermann Hesse and was introduced through Martin Buber's work to Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, who intrigued him with his emphasis on music in religious practice. He has said that while he was raised Sefardi and follows Sephardic law and customs, he identifies with the Hasidic outlook and philosophy in his hashkafa. Discography Solo albums Gather the Sparks (1987) Reshimu (2012) With Reva L'Sheva Etz Chaim Hee (Voices Along the Path, 1999) Ahavat Chinam (Mayim/Welcome Music, 2001) 10: Live (Noam Hafakot, 2004) V'Sham Nashir (Noam Hafakot, 2005) With Shlomo Carlebach Shlomo Sings with the Children of Israel (Hiney Anochi V'hayeladim) (1989) – percussion The Gift of Shabbos (1995) – percussion Open Your Hearts (Music Made From The Soul, Vol. 1) (1986 Recordings) (1997) – percussion Holy Brothers and Sisters (Music Made From The Soul, Vol. 2) (1986 Recordings) (1997) – percussion Featured appearances Ashira Morgenstern, Ashira 2: Castle of Water (1985) – "Rachel (The Courage to Live)", "Tu B'Av" Various, Tomorrow Will Be Shabbos (2001) – "Kah Ribbon" Ashira Morgenstern, Faith is Like a Garden (2006) – "Circle Dance", "King and Emperor" Various, Symphony of the Spirit (2012) – "Soul Waves", "Forest Niggun", "Wandering", "Niggun Simcha", "Snow Gently Falling" References External links Living people 21st-century Israeli male singers Israeli Hasidim Israeli Sephardi Jews Reva L'Sheva members Gibraltarian Sephardi Jews Gibraltarian musicians Israeli percussionists Jewish rock musicians Musicians from Jerusalem 20th-century Israeli male singers 1958 births

36129627

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeldes

Rebeldes

Rebeldes (also stylized as RebeldeS) was a Brazilian musical group that emerged from the Brazilian soap opera Rebel Rio, produced by Rede Record in partnership with Mexican Televisa. In the plot, the six main characters—Alice, Carla, Diego, Pedro, Roberta, and Tomás—form a fictitious band, and the six actors who play these characters—Sophia Abrahão, Melanie Fronckowiak, Arthur Aguiar, Micael Borges, Lua Blanco, and Chay Suede, respectively—started to act like a real band. Rebeldes released their self-titled debut album on 30 September 2011 on EMI Music in partnership with Record Entertainment, and it reached third place in Brazil's official music chart, the CD – TOP 20 Weekly ABPD, for two consecutive weeks, with the initial single disc, Do Jeito Que Eu Sou, reaching seventeenth and twenty-first chart positions on the Hot 100 and Hot Pop, the Billboard Brazil, respectively. On 11 April 2012, the sextet released their first live album and DVD, entitled Rebeldes - Ao vivo, recorded during shows in São Paulo to 7,000 people. In the same month as the telenovela, which last aired in October 2012, the band announced their breakup, closing with a last tour, Rebeldes Para Sempre. Career 2010–2011: Formation and debut album Singer Chay Suede participated in the fifth season of the Brazilian reality show Ídolos and, shortly after being eliminated in September 2010, was already being considered as a new cast member of Rebel Rio, due to its popularity with the public. At the end of October, the actors who would comprise the band were announced. The Brazilian band NX Zero took part in producing the debut Rebeldes album. The opening song, recorded by the six protagonists on 14 March 2011, was composed by Di Ferrero, lead singer of the band, guitarist Gee Rocha, and producer Rick Bonadio. The team participated in writing the rest of the album, which we released on 23 September 2011. "Do Jeito Que Eu Sou" came out as the first single, and was accompanied by an acoustic version, originally included on Rebeldes as a bonus track. On 6 November 2011, on the stage of Programa do Gugu, Rebeldes won their first gold record, for selling 50,000 copies of the record. This was certified by the Brazilian Association of Record Producers (ABPD). The band members said they dreamed of playing to national audiences. The tour, titled Rebeldes Teen Festival, began in Porto Alegre in October 2011, with a show that included the participation of pop singer Manu Gavassi. The album went on to be certified Platinum. 2012: Live record and second album On 11 March 2012, Rebeldes released their first live CD and DVD, titled Rebeldes – Ao vivo. The album reached 5th position in the Top 10, thus garnering the group their second Gold record for 60,000 copies sold, while the DVD was certified Platinum 80,000 copies sold. On 7 April, the band released the promo single "Nada Pode Nos Parar" to publicize the album and DVD. In June, the song "Depois da Chuva" was released as the third official single from the album Rebeldes, with a live clip taken from the band's first DVD. In September 2012, Rebeldes issued the first single from their second album, "Liberdade Consciente", a reggaeton tune. This was followed in the same month by another single, "Meu Jeito, Seu Jeito", sung by Lua Blanco. The name of the band's second album was also Meu Jeito, Seu Jeito. 2013: The end In March 2013, after much controversy and rumors, Arthur Aguiar used his Instagram account to confirm the group's breakup. He promised they would still perform the shows which had already been scheduled. Past members Chay Suede Lua Blanco Melanie Fronckowiak Sophia Abrahão Micael Borges Arthur Aguiar Discography Studio albums Rebeldes (2011) Meu Jeito, Seu Jeito (2012) Live albums Rebeldes – Ao vivo (2012) Tours Awards and nominations References External links Rebeldes videos on R7 2011 establishments in Brazil Musical groups disestablished in 2013 Musical groups established in 2011 Musical groups from Rio de Janeiro (city) Brazilian dance music groups Brazilian pop music groups Brazilian vocal groups

14584390

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-254%20%28Kansas%20highway%29

K-254 (Kansas highway)

K-254 is a state highway in the U.S. state of Kansas and links Wichita to El Dorado. K-254 begins at the intersection of Interstate 135 (I-135), I-235, U.S. Route 81 (US-81), K-15 and K-96 north of Wichita. It bypasses Kechi, Benton and Towanda, ending in downtown El Dorado at an intersection with US-54 and US-77. It is limited access from I-135 to just east of Kechi. It is then four-lane divided with at grade intersections to El Dorado with the exception of a diamond interchange at K-196. There is a stoplight interchange with I-35/Kansas Turnpike on the west side of El Dorado. Route description K-254 begins at an interchange with I-135, I-235, US-81, K-15 and K-96 in Wichita and begins travelling east. It soon crosses Middle Fork Chisholm Creek then reaches an interchange with 45th Street North and Hillside Street. At this point the freeway curves northeast and begins to parallel a railroad track. It then passes under 53rd Street as it enters Kechi. K-254 then crosses Middle Fork Chisholm Creek again then curves more eastward and reaches an interchange with Oliver Avenue. The highway then curves east and reaches an interchange with Woodlawn Street and 61st Street North. It then has an at grade intersection with Rock Road as it exits Kechi. The highway continues for then crosses Whitewater Creek. It continues for then enters into Butler County. About into the county it passes along the north side and briefly enters the city of Benton. In the city it intersects Main Street, which connects the highway to the main part of the city. As it exits the city it passes Benton Cemetery and begins to parallel a Union Pacific Railway track. K-254 continues east, passing through flat lands with a few houses, then curves northeast as it crosses West Branch Whitewater River. The highway quickly curves back east again as it passes along the north side of the city of Towanda. It then crosses a Union Pacific Railway track then curves northeast and begins to parallel it. The highway continues for about through flat rural farmlands and reaches a diamond interchange with K-196 then crosses over I-35 and the Kansas Turnpike. It continues east for a short distance before intersecting a connector road that leads to I-35 and the Kansas Turnpike as it enters the city of El Dorado. K-254 continues through the city as Central Avenue and then reduces to an undivided highway slightly east of its intersection with Haverhill Road. The highway then crosses Constant Creek as it continues east before reaching its eastern terminus at US-54 and US-77. The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) tracks the traffic levels on its highways, and in 2018, they determined that on average the traffic varied from 11600 vehicles per day slightly east of Kechi to 18700 vehicles per day near the western terminus. The second highest was 15800 vehicles per day at the end of the freeway section in El Dorado. The entire length of K-254 is included in the National Highway System. The National Highway System is a system of highways important to the nation's defense, economy, and mobility. The first of the route is paved with full design bituminous pavement, the next is paved with composite pavement, and the remaining to the eastern terminus is full design bituminous pavement. All but of K-254's alignment is maintained by KDOT. The entire section of K-254 within El Dorado is maintained by the city. History K-254 was first authorized to become a state highway in a May 9, 1956 resolution once Butler and Sedgwick counties had brought the route up to state highway standards. Then by June 1957, Butler county had finished projects and in a June 26, 1957 resolution it was established as a state highway from the Sedgwick–Butler County line to K-196. Then sometime between June 26, 1957 and 1964 it was extended along K-196 through El Dorado to its current eastern terminus. In an August 12, 1959 resolution the section in Sedgwick County was established as a state highway because Sedgwick County had finished bringing it up to state highway standards. By April 1963, K-254 had become part of the federal aid primary system and due to this a section between Rechi and Wichita was realigned and made a four-lane highway. Then in an August 26, 1970 resolution, K-96 was rerouted along the first from the western terminus. This overlap lasted roughly 18 years, then in a June 14, 1988 resolution K-96 was rerouted along I-135 and the overlap was removed. The overlap with K-196 was removed on May 6, 1994 and K-196 was truncated to end at K-254 west of El Dorado. In a February 8, 1996 resolution it was approved to realign the highway to the north of Towanda and to realign the highway slightly north near Benton. Future The state is studying a northwestern bypass of Wichita, which would be US-54. If that happens KDOT would designate K-254 as US-54. Major junctions References External links Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT KDOT State Map Kansas Highways Routelog Google maps 254 Transportation in Sedgwick County, Kansas Transportation in Butler County, Kansas Transportation in Wichita, Kansas El Dorado, Kansas

551515

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%20not%20go%20gentle%20into%20that%20good%20night

Do not go gentle into that good night

"Do not go gentle into that good night" is a poem in the form of a villanelle by Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953), and is one of his best-known works. Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951, the poem was written in 1947 while Thomas visited Florence with his family. Subsequent publication, along with other Thomas works, include In Country Sleep, and Other Poems (New Directions, 1952) and Collected Poems, 1934–1952 (Dent, 1952). It has been suggested that the poem was written for Thomas's dying father, although he did not die until just before Christmas in 1952. It has no title other than its first line, "Do not go gentle into that good night", a line that appears as a refrain throughout the poem along with its other refrain, "Rage, rage against the dying of the light". Form The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines (tercets) followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines. It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas. The rhyme-and-refrain pattern of "Do not go gentle into that good night" can be schematized, as shown below. Analysis Summary In the first stanza of "Do Not Go Gentle", the speaker encourages his father not to "go gentle into that good night" but rather to "rage, rage against the dying of the light." Then, in the subsequent stanzas, he proceeds to list all manner of men, using terms such as "wise", "good", "wild", and "grave" as descriptors, who, in their own respective ways, embody the refrains of the poem. In the final stanza, the speaker implores his father, whom he observes upon a "sad height", begging him to "Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears", and reiterates the refrains once more. Literary opinion While this poem has inspired a significant amount of unique discussion and analysis from such critics as Seamus Heaney, Jonathan Westphal, and Walford Davies, some interpretations of the poem's meaning is under general consensus. "This is obviously a threshold poem about death", Heaney writes, and Westphal agrees, noting that "[Thomas] is advocating active resistance to death." Heaney thinks that the poem's structure as a villanelle "[turns] upon itself, advancing and retiring to and from a resolution" in order to convey "a vivid figure of the union of opposites" that encapsulates "the balance between natural grief and the recognition of necessity which pervades the poem as a whole."   Westphal writes that the "sad height" Thomas refers to in line 16 is "of particular importance and interest in appreciating the poem as a whole." He asserts that it was not a literal structure, such as a bier, not only because of the literal fact that Thomas' father died after the poem's publication, but also because "it would be pointless for Thomas to advise his father not to 'go gentle' if he were already dead ..." Instead, he thinks that Thomas' phrase refers to "a metaphorical plateau of aloneness and loneliness before death". In his 2014 "Writers of Wales" biography of Thomas, Davies disagrees, instead believing that the imagery is more allusive in nature, and that it "clearly evokes both King Lear on the heath and Gloucester thinking he is at Dover Cliff." Use and references in other works "Do not go gentle into that good night" was used as the text for Igor Stravinsky's In Memoriam Dylan Thomas (Dirge-Canons and Song) for tenor and chamber ensemble, which was written soon after Thomas's death and first performed in 1954. It is the subject of a 1979 tone poem for wind ensemble by Elliot del Borgo entitled Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night, and was set to orchestral music by John Cale for his 1989 album Words for the Dying. Vincent Persichetti wrote a work for organ pedals alone after the poem called Do Not Go Gentle; it was premiered by Leonard Raver at Alice Tully Hall on Feb 7, 1976. In 1999 Janet Owen Thomas set the poem to music in the 2nd (final) movement of her work Under the Skin. The title of George R.R. Martin's sci-fi novel Dying Of the Light, published in 1977, is based on one of the two refrains present in "Do not go gentle into that good night". The book deals with topics of the resistance and acceptance of death, on a planetary scale. In the book, the planet is slowly on course out of the region of its neighboring stars, experiencing both literal and metaphorical "dying of the light". The ninth book in the Skulduggery Pleasant series by Irish Author Derek Landy is titled ‘The dying of the light’. The opening passage of the book features an extract from the poem. The poem is read in full by Iggy Pop as the ninth track on his 2019 album Free. A rock version by Billy Green was featured in the soundtrack of the Australian biker film Stone (1974). The poem has been referenced in several films, including Independence Day (1996), where President Thomas J. Whitmore (portrayed by Bill Pullman) vows "we will not go quietly into the night", Back to School (1986), Dangerous Minds (1995) where Michelle Pfeiffer's character LouAnne Johnson uses the poem for a class contest (Dylan Thomas v Bob Dylan contest), and Interstellar (2014) where the poem is used repeatedly by Michael Caine's character Professor John Brand, as well as by several other supporting characters. The poem has also been referenced in other media: "Do not go gentle into that good night" was the inspiration for three paintings by Swansea-born painter and printmaker Ceri Richards, who drew them in 1954, 1956, and 1965 respectively. Chinese law professor Xu Zhangrun has used it in his widely recognized 2020 text of government critique. The novel Solenoid (2015), by Romanian writer Mircea Cărtărescu mentions the poem as the most important protest against death. References External links Hear Dylan Thomas Recite His Classic Poem, “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night” (posted at Open Culture, September 19, 2018). Anglo-Welsh literature 1951 poems Poetry by Dylan Thomas Works originally published in Italian magazines Works originally published in literary magazines Poems about death Quotations from literature 1950s neologisms Modernist poems Redirects from opening lines

34213470

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Gould%20%28arts%20director%29

Tony Gould (arts director)

Anthony M. Gould (1937 – 10 March 2020) was a theatre impresario, as an arts director, producer and manager, he was the founding director of the Queensland Performing Arts Centre (QPAC) and the Brisbane Festival. Career Gould was born in Sydney, New South Wales and worked as a professional actor in the UK and later in Australia. He joined the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust and became an Arts Administrator in 1961. Over the next ten years he was a theatre producer and co-ordinated performing activities from overseas and Australia. He was appointed in 1972 by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation to the position of State Concert Manager for Queensland. He later moved to Sydney ABC, spending seven years presenting world class concert artists and symphony orchestras and presented around 750 concerts annually. In 1979, after a worldwide search, Gould was named Director of Queensland's $130 million Performing Arts Centre (QPAC). Following the opening of the Centre in 1985, it received acclaim for its achievements in all disciplines of the performing arts. Under Gould's direction the Centre became known internationally for its contribution to the development of social-justice performing arts programs. During his time at QPAC, Tony Gould was chairman of the board of the Queensland Symphony Orchestra. He served on the Council of the Queensland University of Technology, the Queensland Arts Council, the Queensland Cultural Centre Trust and the Music Council of Australia. He was a member of the Board of the Queensland Performing Arts Trust and served on the Australia International Cultural Council (AICC) – a body established to promote Australia's Arts image overseas. In 1998, Tony Gould was awarded, by the Queensland University of Technology (QUT), the degree of Doctor of the University. The following year was the twentieth anniversary of his appointment as Director of the Queensland Performing Arts Trust and Gould received a special award from Brisbane Tourism for an Outstanding Contribution by an Individual for his leadership with arts-tourism initiatives. In addition to his responsibilities as CEO and Artistic Director of QPAC, Gould established and was Artistic Director of the multimillion-dollar 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002 and 2004 Brisbane Festivals. These major international events received critical and public acclaim. It was Gould's policy that his festivals should include a high proportion of Australian performers and Australian performing companies. In 2001, Griffith University admitted him to the degree of Doctor of the University. In 2002, he was appointed to the position of adjunct professor at QUT in the faculty of Creative Industries. In 2002, after 23 years at QPAC, Gould retired from his position as founding Director. During that period, attendances totalled more than eight million and there were in excess of twelve thousand performances. Gould worked with all major stage and concert producers and his focus has invariably been on the appointment of Australian performers and creative artists Awards In 2005, Gould was honoured by the Government of Queensland as a Queensland Great for his "Invaluable Personal Contribution to Queensland". Gould has been appointed an Australia Day Ambassador (Queensland) on seven occasions (2005 to 2013). He has also been awarded the Australian Centenary Medal. On his retirement, to acknowledge Gould's contribution to the live-performance industry, the exhibition space at the Arts Centre was named the Tony Gould Gallery. Personal life Gould was married to former actress Jeannette Brown and they have two children. Their son Dr Anthony M. Gould is a professor at Laval University in Canada and a Visiting Professor at Cornell University in the USA and their daughter Kate Gould, former Chief Executive of the Adelaide Festival of Arts, is the CEO/Founder of an online business consortium OurBodyCorp and OurPlaceManager and is also an Arts Consultant. Kate Gould is a director of the Adelaide Football Club (the Crows). Honours In 1994, Gould was made a Member of the Order of Australia for service to the arts. In 2008, Gould was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award by The Actors' and Entertainers' Benevolent Fund of Queensland. He was Patron of the Fund from 2010 until his passing in 2020. The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group Live Performance Australia (LPA) since 2001. In 2010, Gould received the JC Williamson Award, the LPA's highest honour, for their life's work in live performance. This national award recognises an outstanding contribution to the Australian Live Performance Industry and is the highest honour that Live Performance Australia can bestow on an individual. He is also honoured in Live Performance Australia's Hall of Fame. References External links QPAC Brisbane Festival Government House Speech QPAC 25th Anniversary Speech 1937 births 2020 deaths Australian art directors Australian theatre managers and producers Helpmann Award winners Members of the Order of Australia People from Brisbane Place of birth missing Queensland Greats

12570838

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn%20Camacho

Joaquín Camacho

José Joaquín Justo Camacho y Rodriguez de Lago (July 17, 1766 – August 31, 1816) was a Neogranadine statesman, lawyer, journalist and professor, who worked for the Independence of the New Granada, what is now Colombia, and participated in the Open Cabildo which declared the Act of Independence, of which he was also a signer. He was executed during the Reign of Terror of Pablo Morillo after the Spanish invasion of New Granada. Early life Camacho was born on July 17, 1766, in Tunja, which was part of the Viceroyalty of the New Granada, now Colombia. His parents were Francisco Camacho y Solórzano and Rosa Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo. He attended Our Lady of the Rosary University where he studied Jurisprudence. He was admitted as a lawyer by the Royal Audiency of Santafé de Bogotá in the year 1792. He became one of the most important lawyers of the viceroyalty and winning the admiration of his colleagues. On June 13, 1793, Camacho married Marcelina Rodríguez de Lago y Castillo, a member of the prominent Sanz de Santamaría family on her mother's side. Together they had three children. Writing and journalism Responding to a prize competition in 1808 by philanthropist Nicolás Manuel Tanco, Camacho wrote Memoria sobre la causa y curación de los cotos, an account on the cause and treatment for goitre; this remarkable work won the competition. The competition was a response to the situation of Bogotá, which at the time was having a small epidemic of goiter. Camacho wrote for the Seminario del Nuevo Reino de Granada, a newsletter edited by Francisco José de Caldas, its most important contribution was in 1809, Relación territorial de la provincia de Pamplona en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, an extensive account of the Province of Pamplona at the end of the Colonial Period. In it is described its main cities, the fauna and flora of the region, the provincial limits and borders, and other geographical and botanical information about Pamplona. Camacho started venturing more into journalism in 1810, when he co-edited the newspaper Diario Político, with Francisco José de Caldas. The Diario Politico first came out on August 27, 1810, and contained political articles related with the events of July 20 then on. It ran three editions per week until February 1811. July 20, 1810 On July 19, 1810, the precursors of the independence - Camilo Torres Tenorio, José Acevedo Gómez, José Miguel Pey and Jorge Tadeo Lozano, among others - held a secret meeting in the Astronomic Observatory of Bogotá, the office of Francisco José de Caldas. They had been informed of a plan by the Spaniards to arrest prominent criollos who had ideas of independence; the precursors were determined to win their independence and they, that night, planned the revolution. They were also convinced that the upcoming visit of the Regency Commissioners, Antonio Villavicencio and Carlos Montúfar, would bring the same results it had in Cartagena de Indias. Camilo Torres proposed that the first strike had to come from the Spaniards, to incite the people for an uprising and to prevent their supporters from doing something about it. Camacho would go to the house of the viceroy and ask him to allow a Junta to take place: they knew that he was going to oppose this, but would use it as the Spaniards' way of undermining the American people. Meanwhile, Luis de Rubio and Antonio Morales would go to the house of José Gonzales Llorente and start a mob uprising with the excuse of borrowing a flower vase, something they knew he would refuse giving Llorente's reputation. The next day, Friday July 20, 1810, everything went according to their plan, and by night they had assembled an Open Cabildo. Don Camacho was part of this Cabildo, which wrote the first Declaration of Independence of Colombia, the Acta del Cabildo Extraordinario de Santa Fe, which declared the Viceroyalty of New Granada independent. Camacho was one its signers. Deputy of Congress Camacho also participated in the Congress of the United Provinces of the New Granada, which was convened in Villa de Leiva, as a Deputy Representative for the Province of Tunja. Triumvirate On October 5, 1814, the Congress of the United Provinces changed the Presidency of the United Provinces and replaced it with a Triumvirate, a three-member executive body. Congress nominated Custodio García Rovira, Manuel Rodríguez Torices and José Manuel Restrepo for the triumvirate, but they were all unable to assume the presidency, so Congress replaced them with José María del Castillo y Rada, José Fernández Madrid, and Camacho. Camacho exercised the executive power until January 2, 1815. Execution Camacho was sentenced to death by Pablo Morillo and the War Council on August 31, 1816, and was executed by a firing squad on the same day, at the age of fifty. He was sick, blind and paralyzed and had to be carried in his wheelchair up the platform designated for his execution. Survivors When Camacho died, his family was oppressed by the Terror Regime until the liberation by Simón Bolívar in 1819. His wife asked the Libertador to grant her a pension for her husband's sacrifice to the Nation. Bolívar personally asked congress for this and in 1820 a pension was given to her in his name. His daughter, Indalecia Camacho, who was also blind, received a pension from Congress on May 26, 1869. His niece, Juana Martínez Camacho, married Antonio Ricaurte. See also Camilo Torres Tenorio Francisco José de Caldas Spanish invasion of New Granada Notes 1766 births 1816 deaths People from Tunja Colombian people of Spanish descent Del Rosario University alumni Presidents of Colombia Colombian military personnel 18th-century Colombian lawyers Colombian journalists Male journalists 19th-century Colombian historians Blind politicians People executed for treason against Spain Executed Colombian people People of the Colombian War of Independence People executed by Spain by firing squad 19th-century Colombian lawyers Blind scholars and academics Blind lawyers Camacho family

12925436

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947%20Masters%20Tournament

1947 Masters Tournament

The 1947 Masters Tournament was the 11th Masters Tournament, held April 3–6 at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia. The purse was $10,000 with a winner's share of $2,500. Jimmy Demaret, the 1940 champion, was the co-leader after both the first and second rounds, and had a three-shot lead after 54 holes. He carded a 71 on Sunday and won by two strokes over Byron Nelson and amateur Frank Stranahan. Demaret joined Horton Smith and Nelson as two-time winners of the Masters. He was the first to score four sub-par rounds in the same Masters and later became the first three-time winner in 1950. Field 1. Masters champions Jimmy Demaret (9,10,12), Herman Keiser (9), Byron Nelson (2,6,9,10,12), Henry Picard (6,10), Gene Sarazen (2,4,6), Horton Smith (9), Craig Wood (2) Ralph Guldahl (2) did not play. 2. U.S. Open champions Billy Burke, Johnny Farrell, Bobby Jones (3,4,5), Lawson Little (3,5,9,10), Lloyd Mangrum (9,10) 3. U.S. Amateur champions Dick Chapman (8,a) 4. British Open champions Denny Shute (6), Sam Snead (6,9,10) 5. British Amateur champions Charlie Yates (a) 6. PGA champions Vic Ghezzi (9,10), Bob Hamilton (9), Ben Hogan (9,10,12), Johnny Revolta 7. Members of the U.S. 1947 Ryder Cup team Team not selected in time for inclusion. 8. Members of the U.S. 1947 Walker Cup team George Hamer (a), Skee Riegel (a), Frank Stranahan (9,a) Ted Bishop (3,11,a), Fred Kammer (11,a), Smiley Quick (11,a), Willie Turnesa (3,5,a) and Bud Ward (3,a) did not play. 9. Top 24 players and ties from the 1946 Masters Tournament Johnny Bulla (10), Jim Ferrier, Jim Foulis, Fred Haas, Chick Harbert (10), Claude Harmon (10), Chandler Harper (10), Clayton Heafner (10), Ky Laffoon, Cary Middlecoff (11), Toney Penna (10), George Schneiter, Felix Serafin 10. Top 24 players and ties from the 1946 U.S. Open Herman Barron, Ed Furgol, Dutch Harrison, Steve Kovach, Gene Kunes, Dick Metz, Ed Oliver (12), Harry Todd, Lew Worsham Henry Ransom and Paul Runyan did not play. 11. 1946 U.S. Amateur quarter-finalists Babe Lind (a), Robert Willits (a) Maurice McCarthy (8,a) and Robert Sweeny Jr. (5,a) did not play. 12. 1946 PGA Championship quarter-finalists Charles Congdon, Jug McSpaden, Frank Moore, Jim Turnesa 13. One amateur, not already qualified, selected by a ballot of ex-U.S. Amateur champions Johnny Dawson (a) did not play 14. One professional, not already qualified, selected by a ballot of ex-U.S. Open champions Ellsworth Vines 15. Two players, not already qualified, with the best scoring average in the winter part of the 1947 PGA Tour Johnny Palmer, George Schoux 16 Winner of the 1947 Inter-service Invitational tournament Joe MacDonald (a) 17 Home club professional Ed Dudley 18. Extra invitations George Fazio (winner of the 1946 Canadian Open), Bobby Locke Round summaries First round Thursday, April 3, 1947 Source: Second round Friday, April 4, 1947 Source: Third round Saturday, April 5, 1947 Source: Final round Sunday, April 6, 1947 Final leaderboard Sources: Scorecard Cumulative tournament scores, relative to par References External links Masters.com – past winners and results Augusta.com – 1947 Masters leaderboard and scorecards 1947 1947 in golf 1947 in American sports 1947 in sports in Georgia (U.S. state) April 1947 sports events in the United States

45583693

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX%20CRS-9

SpaceX CRS-9

SpaceX CRS-9, also known as SpX-9, is a Commercial Resupply Service mission to the International Space Station which launched on 18 July 2016. The mission was contracted by NASA and is operated by SpaceX using a Dragon capsule. The cargo was successfully carried aboard SpaceX's Falcon 9 Flight 27. Launch and operations history A July 2014 NASA Flight Planning Integration Panel (FPIP) presentation had this mission scheduled no earlier than (NET) 7 December 2015. By December 2014, the launch had been pushed back to NET 9 December 2015. Following the failure of SpaceX CRS-7 on 28 June 2015, the launch date was left open and, in September 2015, was moved to NET 21 March 2016. The flight was later pushed to 24 June, 27 June, 16 July, and finally 18 July 2016, as the crewed mission Soyuz MS-01 took the 24 June slot. CRS-9 launched on 18 July 2016 at 04:44 UTC from Cape Canaveral SLC-40 aboard a Falcon 9 launch vehicle. After 9 minutes and 37 seconds the Dragon spacecraft successfully separated from the rocket, and deployed its solar arrays about two minutes later. The opening of its GNC door came two hours later, enabling orbital operations. After a series or orbital maneuvers and stationkeeping at different hold points, the CRS-9 Dragon was captured by the ISS's Canadarm2 on 20 July 2016 at 10:56 UTC. After robotic operations, it was berthed some three hours later at 14:03 UTC. In preparation for recovery, the Dragon capsule was loaded with of experiments and no-longer-needed equipment and, on 25 August 2016 at 21:00 UTC, it was unberthed and stowed in an overnight parking position away from the station. Dragon was released from Canadarm2 the following day at 10:11 UTC. After maneuvering away from the station, Dragon conducted a re-entry burn at 14:56 UTC and successfully landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:47 UTC, approximately southwest of Baja California. Primary payload NASA contracted for the CRS-9 mission from SpaceX and therefore determined the primary payload, date/time of launch, and orbital parameters for the Dragon space capsule. CRS-9 carried of cargo to the International Space Station. Amongst its pressurized cargo was of material supporting about 250 science and research experiments, of crew supplies, of spacecraft hardware, of extravehicular activity equipment, of computer equipment, and of Russian hardware. Its unpressurized cargo, the International Docking Adapter-2 located in Dragon's trunk, massed . Some of the key experiments transported by CRS-9 to the ISS were the Biomolecule Sequencer, which performed DNA sequencing in orbit; the Phase Change Heat Exchanger, which tested temperature regulation systems for future spacecraft applications; the OsteoOmics experiment, which tested if Earth-based magnetic levitation can properly simulate microgravity conditions; and the Heart Cells experiment from Stanford University, which examined the effects of microgravity on the human heart at the cellular and molecular level using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. First stage landing Following stage separation, the rocket's first stage performed a boostback maneuver and landed smoothly at Landing Zone 1, Cape Canaveral, for the second time on solid ground, following Falcon 9 Flight 20 in December 2015. Gallery See also List of Falcon 9 launches References External links SpaceX CRS portal at NASA.gov Dragon spacecraft page at SpaceX.com SpaceX Dragon Spacecraft launched in 2016 Spacecraft which reentered in 2016 SpaceX payloads contracted by NASA Supply vehicles for the International Space Station

11834366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordersville%2C%20Houston

Bordersville, Houston

Bordersville is a predominantly African American community on Farm to Market Road 1960 in northeast Harris County, Texas, United States. The community, located less than one half-mile from George Bush Intercontinental Airport, has about 80% of its territory in the City of Houston and the rest in an unincorporated area. History Bordersville was established in an unincorporated section of Harris County, Texas in 1927 after the closing of a sawmill in the nearby city of Humble. African-Americans formerly employed at the mill were forced to leave. A man named Edgar Borders opened a mill close in proximity to the closed sawmill and employed some of the former Humble sawmill workers. Borders created wooden shacks to house workers. In 1940, Bordersville contained 100 residents. Bordersville, served by the Aldine Independent School District, was five miles from the closest public schools. Bordersville was around thirty-five miles from Ben Taub Hospital, grocery stores, and libraries. Borders closed the mill in 1941. During the same year, he rented and sold the land within Bordersville to its residents. Borders died in 1963. Most Bordersville citizens did not own their land. No individuals forced the Bordersville residents out of their homes. Throughout the 1960s, A. W. Jones and other residents founded a civic club which became the Bordersville Neighborhood Council. Many citizens became members of the Houston Junior Chambers of Commerce. Some citizens created a water well, and others painted area houses. The City of Houston annexed about 80% of Bordersville in 1965. During that year, the basic housing and the lack of paved streets, running water, and sewers convinced some Houstonians that Bordersville had the most severe poverty in the city limits. Residents paid city taxes and did not receive city utilities. Jerry Wood, executive assistant in the Planning and Development Department of the City of Houston, said in a 1998 Houston Chronicle article that the city followed easily tracked survey lines when it adopted the annexation plan of 1965 and that it did not intentionally exclude any part of Bordersville. The city of Houston stated that Bordersville was "the worst pocket of poverty in the city." The Three H Service Center, referring to Houston, Humble, and Harris County, opened in 1974. The center, serving people living within a twenty-mile radius, opened partly due to a $196,000 United States dollar grant from the United States Department of Commerce's Economic Development Administration. Architect John Zemanek designed the facility, consisting of nine low-rise buildings. The Three H Service Center received funding from Houston and federal agencies and local churches. With a volunteer staff, the center established various services, including day care, tutoring, a health clinic, public bathing facilities for homeless, a senior citizen center, literacy classes, youth and elderly employment, and summer recreational activities. In 1975, Bordersville had 550 residents. Residents earned annual incomes averaging to between $2,500 and $3,500 United States dollars. Fire trucks of the Houston Fire Department delivered water for bathing, cooking, and drinking on a twice-weekly basis during 1975. Water service lines opened in 1981. In the 1980s, the Three H Service Center collaborated in an organization of funding to install sink, bathtub, and toilet facilities in Bordersville residences. In 1985, 700 citizens lived in 120 residences in Bordersville. By 1985 cooking and heating fires had ruined many of the original Bordersville homes. Maps in the 1980s revealed four churches in the Bordersville area. During the same year, most residents cooked food on wood stoves and with outdoor appliances. The community lacked public transportation access; this increased unemployment. Social Security was the main source of income for the community, which had a disproportionate population of very young and very elderly residents. In 1985 some residents still used outhouses and some residents did not have bathtubs, sinks, and toilets in their residences. In 1996 Thomas Phillips, a retired longshoreman and Bordersville resident, joined with representatives of Kingwood and sued the City of Houston in a federal court, arguing that the city could not legally annex areas if it did not provide certain services to some of its existing areas, including Bordersville. In 1998 Phillips advocated for the annexation of Humble Heights, an area around Carver Avenue, Dunbar Avenue, and Granger Street, into Houston; if the residents are annexed they would use the city sewer system instead of septic tanks. As of 2008 the area remains unincorporated. A Lone Star College–Kingwood presentation about Bordersville states that the community "may possibly disappear as commercial development claims much of the land." Infrastructure and government Local government Bordersville is served by the Houston Police Department's Northeast Patrol Division, with headquarters at 8301 Ley Road. The Houston Fire Department serves the Houston portion and the unincorporated portion. City Council District B covers the Houston section of Bordersville. As of 2008 Jarvis Johnson represents the district. County, federal, and state representation Bordersville is within Harris County Precinct 4. As of 2008 Jerry Eversole heads the precinct. The unincorporated part of Bordersville is served by Harris County Sheriff's Office District II Patrol, headquartered from the Humble Substation at 7900 Will Clayton Parkway in Humble. The county operated a health clinic in Bordersville. In 1991 the E. A. Squatty Lyons Health Center opened in Humble, replacing the Bordersville clinic. The Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District) designated the Lyons clinic for the ZIP code 77338. The designated public hospital is Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital in northeast Houston. Bordersville is located in District 141 of the Texas House of Representatives. As of 2008, Senfronia Thompson represents the district. Bordersville is within District 15 of the Texas Senate; as of 2008 John Whitmire represents the district. The community is within Texas's 18th congressional district. As of 2008 the representative is Sheila Jackson-Lee. Education Primary and secondary schools Residents are served by the Aldine Independent School District and the Lone Star College System (formerly the North Harris Montgomery Community College District). Residents are zoned to schools outside of Bordersville in unincorporated areas, including Jones EC/PK School for early childhood education and Pre-Kindergarten, A. W. Jones Elementary School for Pre-Kindergarten through 5th Grade, Townsen Middle School in Humble for grades 6–8, and Nimitz High School and Nimitz Ninth Grade School for grades 9 through 12. Jones Elementary was dedicated on Sunday November 2, 2008. Prior to the opening of Jones, De Santiago EC/PK & Head Start Center and Magrill Elementary School served Bordersville. Parker Intermediate School formerly served Bordersville for grades 5 and 6, and Teague Middle School formerly served Bordersville for grades 7–8. Community colleges Lone Star College System (formerly the North Harris Montgomery Community College District) serves the area. In 1972 residents of Aldine ISD and two other K-12 school districts voted to create the North Harris County College. The community college district began operations in the northern hemisphere fall of 1973. Lone Star College-Kingwood's Service Learning program created the Bordersville Literacy Project. References Further reading Harris County Block Book Maps, Volume 103, Pages 207–214, Bordersville Index Map (PDF and JPG) Plate 1/2 (PDF and JPG) Plate 2/2 (PDF and JPG) External links Neighborhoods in Houston Geography of Harris County, Texas

20901471

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th%20parallel%20south

14th parallel south

The 14th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 14 degrees south of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Africa, the Indian Ocean, Australasia, the Pacific Ocean and South America. Around the world Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 14° south passes through: {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" width="125" | Co-ordinates ! scope="col" | Country, territory or sea ! scope="col" | Notes |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | | |- | ! scope="row" | | |- | ! scope="row" | | For about |- | ! scope="row" | | For about |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Passing just south of Lilongwe Passing through Lake Malawi |- | ! scope="row" | | |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mozambique Channel |- | ! scope="row" | | Island of Nosy Berafia |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Mozambique Channel |- | ! scope="row" | | |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Indian Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | | Western Australia - passing through Vansittart Bay and Napier Broome Bay |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Joseph Bonaparte Gulf | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | | Northern Territory |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Carpentaria | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | | Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Gulf of Carpentaria | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |- | ! scope="row" | | Cape York Peninsula, Queensland |-valign="top" | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Coral Sea | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just south of Osprey Reef, 's Coral Sea Islands Territory Passing between the islands of Vanua Lava and Gaua, |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just north of Futuna Island, |- | ! scope="row" | | Island of Upolu |-valign="top" | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Pacific Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Passing just north of Tutuila island, Passing just north of the Ofu-Olosega islands, Passing just north of the Disappointment Islands, |- | ! scope="row" | | |- | ! scope="row" | | |-valign="top" | ! scope="row" | | Mato Grosso Goiás Bahia |- | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | ! scope="row" style="background:#b0e0e6;" | Atlantic Ocean | style="background:#b0e0e6;" | |} See also 13th parallel south 15th parallel south s14

17941229

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie%20Izard

Stephanie Izard

Stephanie Izard is an American chef and television personality best known as the first female chef to win Bravo's Top Chef, taking the title during its fourth season. She is the co-owner and executive chef of three award-winning Chicago restaurants, Girl and the Goat, Little Goat, and Duck Duck Goat, and opened her first restaurant, Scylla (now closed) as chef-owner at the age of 27. Izard received a James Beard Foundation Award for "Best Chef: Great Lakes" in 2013 for her work at Girl and the Goat. She has made a number of appearances on Top Chef since her win, both as a guest judge on subsequent seasons and as a participant in Top Chef Duels. In 2017, Izard competed in the Food Network series Iron Chef Gauntlet, where she overall defeated chefs Bobby Flay, Michael Symon, and Masaharu Morimoto to obtain the title of Iron Chef. Early life and education Stephanie Izard was born in the Chicago suburb of Evanston, Illinois and grew up in Stamford, Connecticut, where she developed an interest in food from her parents. She earned a degree in sociology from the University of Michigan in 1998 before attending the Le Cordon Bleu College of Culinary Arts Scottsdale, graduating in 1999. Career After graduating with a culinary arts degree, Izard worked in the Phoenix, Arizona area at the Camelback Inn Resort & Spa and Christopher Gross's Fermier Brasserie. Izard returned to the Chicago area in 2001, with a job as garde manger at Jean-Georges Vongerichten's Vong. While working at Vong, Izard met future Top Chef contestant Dale Talde and Heather Shouse, with whom she would later co-author the cookbook Girl in the Kitchen: How a Top Chef Cooks, Thinks, Shops, Eats, and Drinks. After leaving Vong, Izard worked as tournant at Shawn McClain's Spring, and then as sous chef at Dale Levitski's La Tache. Restaurants In 2004, at 27, Izard opened her first restaurant, Scylla, in the Bucktown neighborhood of Chicago. The 50-seat restaurant, named for the Greek mythological creature Scylla, offered a menu emphasizing seafood and a sweet-savory interplay with dishes like lobster-stuffed profiteroles and grouper with sweet corn risotto and lobster sauce Reviews and awards included three stars from the Chicago Tribune, "Best New Restaurants 2005" from Chicago Magazine, and "Ten Best Small U.S. Restaurants" from Bon Appétit. Izard closed Scylla in August 2007. In the wake of her Top Chef win, Izard met future business partners Kevin Boehm and Rob Katz of the BOKA Restaurant Group, and the trio eventually opened Girl and the Goat in Chicago's West Loop in the summer of 2010. The 130-seat restaurant features an eclectic menu showcasing Mediterranean influences and "nose-to-tail" cooking, emphasizing the use of offal alongside traditional cuts of meat. Saveur magazine dubbed Girl and the Goat “America’s Best New Restaurant" in their first-ever restaurant review." Girl and the Goat was nominated for the James Beard Award (Best New Restaurant) in 2011, the same year that Food & Wine magazine named Izard, a "Best New Chef." In March 2011, Izard announced that she would be teaming up with the BOKA restaurant group to open a second restaurant, Little Goat. Little Goat was an opportunity for Izard to expand the Girl and the Goat's burgeoning bread program. The restaurant offers upscale diner food and an all-day breakfast. In February 2015, Izard announced the opening of a third restaurant in Chicago's Fulton-Randolph Market District, called Duck Duck Goat. In July 2021, Izard opened her second Girl and the Goat location in Los Angeles, the first of her restaurants outside Chicago. Television Top Chef Around the time of Scylla's closing, Izard signed on to the Chicago-based fourth season of Bravo's Top Chef, which she ultimately won, becoming the show's first female winner and claiming a $100,000 prize. Throughout the season, Izard won two "Quickfire" challenges and five elimination challenges and was on the top eleven out of fourteen episodes. In the Puerto Rico-based finale, she chose Eric Ripert to assist with her prep work in preparing a four-course tasting menu for judging, which prevailed over the menus offered by fellow contestants Richard Blais and Lisa Fernandes. On the Top Chef Season 4 Reunion Special, Izard won the "Fan Favorite," receiving a $10,000 prize in addition to her Top Chef title and prizes. Until Kelsey Barnard Clark of season 16 and Melissa King of season 17, she was the only Top Chef winner also to win Fan Favorite. Other appearances In April 2012, Stephanie Izard was featured in an episode of Hulu's A Day in the Life TV series. The episode followed Izard for an entire day while she worked at her restaurant. About halfway through the episode, there is a planning meeting to discuss the development of Izard's new restaurant, Little Goat. Izard also appeared on Food Network's Iron Chef America, where she competed against, and ultimately lost to, Iron Chef Michael Symon in a head-to-head bread competition. In 2017, in the first season of Iron Chef Gauntlet, she won through the final round and defeated Iron Chefs Bobby Flay, Masaharu Morimoto, and Michael Symon, earning the title Iron Chef in the process. Other projects In October 2011, Izard published her first cookbook, Girl in the Kitchen. Following its release, Izard and her team went on a national "Goat Tour" to promote the book. While in each city on tour, Izard teamed up with a chef friend in town to co-host a collaboration dinner to benefit Share Our Strength, an organization dedicated to feeding hungry children, of which Izard has been a supporter. In 2016, Izard launched This Little Goat, a line of bottled sauces and spice mixes inspired by international cuisines. Personal life Izard currently resides in Los Angeles with her son, Ernie (born in 2016), and husband, Gary Valentine, a craft beer consultant, whom she married on October 6, 2013. Awards, nominations and accolades 2013 James Beard Foundation Award "Best Chef: Great Lakes" Winner 2012 James Beard Foundation Award "Best Chef: Great Lakes" Nominee Listed as one of the "Top 10 Chefs to Follow on Twitter" by Bon Appétit Magazine References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Alumni of Le Cordon Bleu Chefs from Chicago Businesspeople from Evanston, Illinois Food and drink award winners Food Network chefs James Beard Foundation Award winners Reality cooking competition winners Top Chef winners University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni American women chefs 21st-century American women

3218635

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20Firmino%20de%20Mello-Leit%C3%A3o

Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão

Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão (July 17, 1886 – December 14, 1948) was a Brazilian zoologist who is considered the founder of Arachnology in South America, publishing 198 papers on the taxonomy of Arachnida. He was also involved with education, writing high-school textbooks, and contributed to biogeography, with essays on the distribution of Arachnida in the South American continent. Biography Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão was born on the Cajazeiras Farm, Campina Grande, Paraíba state, Brazil, to Colonel Cândido Firmino and Jacunda de Mello-Leitão. He died in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. His parents were subsistence farmers, and he had 15 brothers and sisters. He lived most of his childhood at the state of Pernambuco. His first job as a zoologist (1913) was at the Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinária in Piraí, RJ, as a teacher of general Zoology and Systematics. In 1915, he published his first taxonomical paper, with descriptions of some genera and species of spiders from Brazil. He also produced much taxonomic information on the Opiliones, Solifugae, Amblypygi, Uropygi, and smaller orders of arachnids. Mello-Leitão was appointed professor of Zoology at the Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro in April 1931, where he remained until December 1937. Among the many species of spiders researched and catalogued by the zoologist there is one in particular which is very intriguing, given its big size, beauty and carnivore habits (it is a bird eater) – the Lasiodora parahybana. The species was discovered and first described in 1917 in the vicinities of the city of Campina Grande, Paraíba, from where it is endemic. Mello-Leitão received many honor awards and was appointed or elected to distinguished positions during his career. He was president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences from 1943 to 1945. On June 6, 1949, his friend Augusto Ruschi inaugurated the Museum of Biology Mello-Leitão in Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo (state). The "Mello-Leitão Award" is granted by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. Contributions to the taxonomy of Arachnida Below a list of species of spiders discovered, studied and named by the zoologist, as well as the date of discovered and the country where it they are found: Avicularia ancylochira, 1923 — Brazil Avicularia bicegoi, 1923 — Brazil Avicularia cuminami, 1930 — Brazil Avicularia juruensis, 1923 — Brazil Avicularia nigrotaeniata, 1940 — Guyana Avicularia palmicola, 1945 — Brazil Avicularia pulchra, 1933 — Brazil Avicularia taunayi, 1920 — Brazil Iridopelma zorodes, 1926 — Brazil Catumiri argentinense, 1941 — Chile, Argentina Hemiercus proximus, 1923 — Brazil Tapinauchenius violaceus, 1930 — French Guiana, Brazil Acanthoscurria chiracantha, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria cunhae, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria gomesiana, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria juruenicola, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria melanotheria, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria parahybana, 1926 — Brazil Acanthoscurria paulensis, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria rhodothele, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria rondoniae, 1923 — Brazil Acanthoscurria violacea, 1923 — Brazil Cesonia irvingi, 1944 — Bahamas, United States Ctenus vespertilio, 1941 — Colombia Cyclosternum garbei, 1923 — Brazil Cyriocosmus fasciatus, 1930 — Brazil Cyrtopholis zorodes, 1923 — Brazil Eupalaestrus spinosissimus, 1923 — Brazil Grammostola inermis, 1941 — Argentina Grammostola porteri, 1936 — Chile Grammostola pulchra, 1921 — Brazil Hapalopus nigriventris, 1939 — Venezuela Hapalopus nondescriptus, 1926 — Brazil Hapalotremus cyclothorax, 1923 — Brazil Hapalotremus exilis, 1923 — Brazil Hapalotremus muticus, 1923 — Brazil Hapalotremus scintillans, 1929 — Brazil Homoeomma hirsutum, 1935 — Brazil Homoeomma montanum, 1923 — Brazil Homoeomma uruguayense, 1946 — Uruguay, Argentina Lasiodora acanthognatha, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora citharacantha, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora cristata, 1923 — Brazil Lasiodora cryptostigma, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora difficilis, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora dolichosterna, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora dulcicola, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora erythrocythara, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora fracta, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora itabunae, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora lakoi, 1943 — Brazil Lasiodora mariannae, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora parahybana, 1917 — Brazil Lasiodora pleoplectra, 1921 — Brazil Lasiodora sternalis, 1923 — Brazil Lasiodora subcanens, 1921 — Brazil Phormictopus australis, 1941 — Argentina Phormictopus ribeiroi, 1923 — Brazil Plesiopelma insulare, 1923 — Brazil Plesiopelma minense, 1943 — Brazil Plesiopelma physopus, 1926 — Brazil Plesiopelma rectimanum, 1923 — Brazil Proshapalopus anomalus, 1923 — Brazil Proshapalopus multicuspidatus, 1929 — Brazil Sericopelma fallax, 1923 — Brazil Vitalius dubius, 1923 — Brazil Vitalius roseus, 1923 — Brazil Vitalius sorocabae, 1923 — Brazil Vitalius vellutinus, 1923 — Brazil Vitalius wacketi, 1923 — Brazil List of arachnological works Kury, A.B. & Baptista, Renner L.C., 2004. Arachnological papers published by Cândido Firmino de Mello-Leitão (Arachnida). Publicações Avulsas do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 105: 1-17. [Date of publ: October 2004]. PDF References Cândido de Mello-Leitão (1886-1948). pp 59–63. In: Nomura, Hitoshi. 1991. Vultos da Zoologia Brasileira. Volume I. Coleção Mossoroense série "C", 661, pp. 1–121. 1886 births 1948 deaths 20th-century Brazilian zoologists Brazilian arachnologists Members of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences

72825258

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim%20Khan%20Kangarli

Karim Khan Kangarli

Karim Khan Kangarli (Persian: كريم خان کنگرلو, Azerbaijani: Kərim xan Kəngərli) is the last khan of the Nakhichevan khanate, whose reign lasted intermittently from 1808 to 1827. After the abolition of the Nakhichevan khanate in 1828 the governors of Nakhichevan, who were under the rule of the Russian Empire was appointed Ehsan Khan. Origin Karim Khan was descended from the Kangarli tribe. From the end of the 18th century to the present day he is called the brother, then the nephew and sometimes the cousin of Kalb-Ali Khan. It is known from the Tiflis archive that the son of Karim Khan named Imam Qoli Khan married the granddaughter of Heydar Qoli KhanTelli-Begum. One of the khans Jafar Qoli Khan is sometimes also written as the native or cousin of Kalb-Ali Khan. From the very beginning, the customs of Kangarli confused Russian researchers, since the wife of the deceased brother was taken by another brother, who was signed as a relative or cousin. And although we do not have direct confirmation as it is written in the book “Khans of Nakhichevan in the Russian Empire”, indirect data from two sources suggest that Karim Khan was the brother of Kalb-Ali Khan. History Rule Karim Khan named in the document for 1810 as the khan of Nakhichevan he received an order from the son of the shah Abbas Mirza to invade Karabakh and 1.000 militias were sent to Nakhichevan to help him. In the first days of June of the same year, Karim Khan's detachment was already operating in Karabakh: it covered the roads to the village of Meghri and the commander of the Russian detachment located in the Chardakhly tract (the former Ganja khanate) general Nebolsin ordered colonel Pyotr Kotlyarevsky with a battalion of the 17th jäger regiment to occupy this important point. Then Pyotr Kotlyarevsky captured Meghri with a night attack. The commander of the garrison occupying Meghri Pir Qoli Khan fled beyond the Aras river to Karadagh khanate and Karim khan to Nakhichevan. As a result, the unfortunate Karim Khan was sent under guard to Tehran and the Nakhichevan khanate was transferred to the control of the eldest son of the deceased Kalb-Ali Khan Nazar Ali Khan. However, politics is changeable: in 1813, Karim khan again became the ruler of Nakhichevan, in 1816 — again Kalb-Ali Khan, and after 1820 — again the first, but for two years. In 1822, Hussein Mirza became khan and a year later in 1823 Karim Khan returned to power. Abbas Mirza again replaced him with Muhammad Bagher, but on the eve of the next Russo-Persian war, since Muhammad did not justify the Shah's trust, Karim khan was returned for the last time. Relations with the Russian empire In 1827, Karim Khan decided to punish his son-in-law Ehsan Khan Nakhichevansky, who helped the Russian troops. On July 17 of the same year, the Russian camp near AbbasAbad fortress received alarming news from Ehsan Khan that an attack was being prepared against him. Russian military leader Paskevich quickly responded to the request and on July 19 the Tiflis infantry regiment with a brigade of Cossacks and six horse artillery under the command of general Vadbolsky was already entering the city of Ordubad. On behalf of the Russian government, Ehsan Khan was appointed naib (deputy) of the Nakhichevan province and on July 21, the prince with his detachment set out from Ordubad back to Nakhichevan. Not even two days had passed since the departure of the Russian detachment — Karim Khan with his armies again appeared in the vicinity of Ordubad and began to destroy the nearby villages. Ehsan Khan with 60 sarbazs (soldiers) arrived in time to help the inhabitants and Karim Khan was defeated. Failure, however, only embittered Karim Khan. Having received reinforcements from Abbas Mirza, he again appeared near Ordubad with a detachment of three thousand and this time they took the city. Ehsan Khan locked himself in the citadel along with several relatives. They had no water and nevertheless, they decided to hold out to the end, and even managed to send a scout to general Paskevich with a request for immediate help. Finally, on August 1, the Russians approached Ordubad. Karim Khan not accepting the battle and withdrew behind the Aras river and Ehsan Khan was saved. On August 7, near the village of Varanda, a Russian column of troops was cut off by Persian troops — two battalions of sarbazs and two thousand cavalry. Karim Khan, who led this detachment launched an offensive with his usual decisiveness and the Russians were blocked in the gorge. Fortunately, a company of the carabiniers approached from the direction of Nakhichevan. The Persians mistaking her for the vanguard of a large detachment and retreated. After the events described, Karim Khan settled in Ordubad and continued to disturb the Russians with raids on their territory. In the end, all the estates of Karim Khan located on the territory of the Nakhichevan Khanate were confiscated to the Russian treasury. In the early 1830s, the khan tried to obtain their return from the Russian authorities; even his son came to Nakhichevan and Yerevan for this purpose, but to no avail. However, Abbas Mirza provided Karim Khan and the Kangarli beys with him with several villages in the Maraga Khanate, where he moved after 1827. Family In 1808, the families of the two brothers Kalb-Ali Khan and Karim Khan reconciled to a certain extent: the son of the Kalb-Ali Khan Ehsan Khan married the only daughter of Karim Khan Badyr-Nisah begum and the son of Karim Khan named Imam Qoli Khan married the daughter of Rahim Khan Telli-begum. See also Nakhichevan khanate Kalb-Ali Khan Kangarlu References Sources Nakhichevan khans Azerbaijani noble families 19th-century monarchs in Asia 19th-century monarchs in Europe Kangarlis

9142956

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandrs%20Cau%C5%86a

Aleksandrs Cauņa

Aleksandrs Cauņa (; born 19 January 1988) is a Latvian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Career Club Born in Daugavpils, at youth level Cauņa played for Dinaburg, being brought to Skonto Riga system at the age of 14 in 2002, where he spent three years. In 2006, he joined the Latvian First League side Olimps Riga, playing 10 matches and scoring 2 goals. In 2006, he re-joined Skonto Riga and got a place in the starting eleven. He was named the best youth player in Latvia despite playing only half the season in 2006. In January 2008 Cauņa was invited to join the Premier League club Chelsea on trial and he trained with the club's reserves. After the 2008 season Cauņa was on trials at several Premier League clubs, including Blackburn Rovers and Sunderland, but moves eventually fell through as managers Paul Ince and Roy Keane left the clubs. On 2 February 2009, he joined English Championship club Watford on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season, with a view to a permanent move. On 3 March he made his debut, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Jon Harley in the 2–1 defeat to Plymouth Argyle at Home Park. Cauņa scored his first Watford goal on his full debut for the club, firing a powerful half-volley in a 2–2 draw with Southampton at Vicarage Road on 7 April 2009. He returned to Skonto at the end of the season. On 25 August 2010, he went on trial with English Premier League side Blackpool, playing in their Lancashire Senior Cup tie against Morecambe later the same day at Bloomfield Road, but did not stay with the club. CSKA Moscow At the start of 2011 Cauņa went on trial with the Russian Premier League side PFC CSKA Moscow, and on 1 February 2011 he was loaned to the club for four months. He made his debut on 17 February in the UEFA Europa League match against PAOK. On 27 June 2011, CSKA bought out his rights from Skonto and he signed a five-year contract with CSKA. On 18 October 2011, Cauņa scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League group stages in a 3–0 victory over Trabzonspor. Cauņa scored his first Russian Premier League goal for CSKA on 19 August 2012 in a match against Mordovia Saransk. On 26 August 2012, Cauņa scored his second RPL goal against Krylia Sovetov Samara – a powerful blast from 30 metres, that was later highly rated and put him in the team of the week. On 26 September Cauņa and CSKA matched up against FC Tom Tomsk at the 1/16 stage of Russian Cup. CSKA came out with 1–0 win, with Cauņa being a goalscorer. He made an undeniable shot with left foot from outside the penalty area. Cauņa left CSKA Moscow by mutual consent on 11 January 2017. FK Jelgava On 28 December 2018, it was announced, that Cauna had signed with FK Jelgava as a coach, but he also wanted to return on the pitch some time. International career Cauņa was a vital member of the Latvia national team since his international debut in 2007. He scored his first two international goals in 2009 – in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Luxembourg (a 4–0 win) and Switzerland (a 2–2 draw). His third goal came on 11 August 2010 in a 4–1 friendly match defeat to Czech Republic. It was his first appearance after recovering from a serious injury and being out of football for almost six months. On 12 October he scored a last-minute bicycle kick to level against Georgia in a UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying match. In 2008, he helped the team win the Baltic Cup. As of 3 November 2013 he had made 40 appearances for Latvia, scoring 11 goals. Career statistics Club International Scores and results list Latvia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Cauņa goal. Non-FIFA International goals Honours Skonto Riga Virsliga: 2010 CSKA Moscow Russian Premier League: 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16 Russian Cup: 2011, 2013 Russian Super Cup: 2013 Latvia Baltic Cup: 2008, 2012 Individual Latvian Higher League young footballer of the season: 2006 Latvian Young Footballer of the Year: 2006, 2007, 2008 Latvian Footballer of the Year: 2011, 2012 References External links Aleksandrs Cauna player profile at CSKA Moscow official website Aleksandrs Cauna player profile at skontofc.lv Aleksandrs Cauna player profile at watfordfc.com Aleksandrs Cauņa player profile at lff.lv Living people 1988 births Sportspeople from Daugavpils Latvian men's footballers Men's association football midfielders Latvia men's international footballers Latvian Higher League players English Football League players Russian Premier League players Skonto FC players Watford F.C. players PFC CSKA Moscow players JFK Olimps players FK RFS players Latvian expatriate men's footballers Latvian expatriate sportspeople in England Latvian expatriate sportspeople in Russia Expatriate men's footballers in England Expatriate men's footballers in Russia

65520022

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Davidovich%20Timenchik

Roman Davidovich Timenchik

Roman Davidovich Timenchik (in Russian Рома́н Дави́дович Тиме́нчик, in Latvian Romāns Timenčiks, in Hebrew, ‏רומן טימנצ'יק, born in Riga on 3 December 1945) is a Soviet and Israeli literary critic and a researcher on Russian literature of the 20th century. He studied at the Faculty of Philology of the University of Latvia. He participated in the seminars of Professor Juri Lotman at the University of Tartu, took part in the Summer School on secondary modeling systems. After graduating from university in 1967, he worked as the head of the literary section of the Riga Young Spectator's Theatre (1968-1991). From 1970 to 1989, he lectured on the history of Russian literature and theater at the Theater Faculty of the Jāzeps Vītols Latvian Academy of Music. In 1982 he defended his dissertation on “The Artistic Principles of Anna Akhmatova’s Pre-Revolutionary Poetry” at the University of Tartu. He has been the compiler and commentator of a number of publications on Anna Akhmatova, Ivan Bunin, Nikolay Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, Vladimir Nabokov, Vladimir Piast and a member of the editorial board and author of articles in the biographical dictionary "Russian Writers 1800-1917" ("Russkie pisateli 1800-1917"). From 1988 to 1991, he was a member of the editorial board of the publication "Literary Heritage" ("Literaturnoe nasledstvo"). In 1991 he moved to Israel. Since March 1991, he has been a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. As a visiting professor, he lectured at the University of California. One of the founders (1999) and a member of the editorial board of the "Jerusalem Journal" ("Ierusalimski Zhurnal"). Member of the editorial board of Russian magazines "New Literary Review" ("Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie") and "New Russian Book" ("Novaja russkaja kniga"). In 2006, he was awarded the Andrei Bely Prize in the category “Humanitarian Studies” for the book “Anna Akhmatova in the 1960s” (М.; Toronto: Volodej Publishers; Toronto University Press, 2005). His main area of research is the history of Acmeist poetry. His first scientific work “Toward an Analysis of A. Akhmatova's Poem without a Hero” was published as a student in the collection “Materials of the 22nd Scientific Conference” (Tartu, 1967). He studied the works of Akhmatova, Gumilyov, Mandelstam, Blok, Annensky and their literary and creative environment. He also studied the works of Alexander Pushkin, Vladimir Nabokov, Joseph Brodsky. He is the author of many articles in literary magazines and collections of scientific articles, most of which are devoted to Russian poetry of the Silver Age. References Роман Тименчик — Журнальный зал Синие листья Гумилева Мир Иннокентия Анненского: Р. Д. Тименчик, персональная страница Роман Тименчик: «Те, кто не понимает, что б/п – это беспартийный, пусть читают облегченную биографию Ахматовой» — OpenSpace.ru Роман Тименчик: «Наша профессия — объяснять утраченные смыслы» • Arzamas External links Роман Тименчик: «Наша профессия — объяснять утраченные смыслы» • Arzamas 1945 births Living people Soviet academics Soviet emigrants to Israel Academic staff of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem University of Latvia alumni University of Tartu alumni Soviet literary critics Israeli literary critics Academic staff of Jāzeps Vītols Latvian Academy of Music

3883059

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon%20Short%20Line%20Railroad

Oregon Short Line Railroad

The Oregon Short Line Railroad was a railroad in Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, Montana and Oregon in the United States. The line was organized as the Oregon Short Line Railway in 1881 as a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railway. The Union Pacific intended the line to be the shortest route ("the short line") from Wyoming to Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. Construction was begun in 1881 at Granger, Wyoming, and completed in 1884 at Huntington, Oregon. In 1889 the line merged with the Utah & Northern Railway and a handful of smaller railroads to become the Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway. Following the bankruptcy of Union Pacific in 1897, the line was taken into receivership and reorganized as the Oregon Short Line Railroad (“OSL”). The OSL became a part of the Union Pacific System in the Harriman reorganization of 1898. Oregon Short Line Railway The Oregon Short Line Railway was organized on April 14, 1881. The line started from the Union Pacific main line in Granger, Wyoming, and reached Montpelier, Idaho, on August 5, 1882, and then to McCammon, Idaho, in the Fall of 1882. Between McCammon and Pocatello, Idaho, the line was shared with fellow Union Pacific subsidiary Utah & Northern's grade by adding a third rail to the narrow gauge track to accommodate the cars. The line from Pocatello to Huntington, Oregon, was completed in late 1884. Access to Portland, Oregon, was on track leased from the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company. The line was essential because the Union Pacific main line ended in Utah where it met the Central Pacific Railroad, which by that time was part of the Southern Pacific Railroad. The Southern Pacific had built tracks as far east as El Paso, Texas, and would, in 1883, become a transcontinental railroad in its own right. The Southern Pacific then started routing traffic to the southern line, cutting off the Union Pacific, which needed other access to the Pacific coast. The Oregon Short Line also was meant to halt the OR&N's continued eastward expansion at the Idaho-Oregon border. Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway In 1889, the Oregon Short Line Railway merged with Utah & Northern Railway and 6 other smaller railroads to form the Oregon Short Line and Utah Northern Railway. In 1890 the company finished converting the original Utah & Northern line from narrow gauge to , a process that U&N had started as early as 1885. On October 13, 1893, the OSL&UN went into receivership with the rest of the Union Pacific holdings. The Oregon Short Line Railroad was incorporated in February 1897 and purchased the property of the OSL&UN later that month. On March 15, the OSL took possession of the line and started operating. The OSL was independent for a short period of time until October 1898 when the newly reformed Union Pacific Railroad took control of a majority of the board of directors. During the early part of the 20th century the railroad publicized tours of Yellowstone National Park by way of a spur constructed from Idaho Falls, Idaho, to West Yellowstone, Montana. In 1938, Union Pacific began consolidating operations and leased for operation a number of its subsidiaries including the Oregon Short Line. The railroad operated under the lease until December 30, 1987, when the OSL was fully merged into the Union Pacific Railroad. See also Oregon Short Line Railroad Depot, in Ontario, Oregon – listed on the National Register of Historic Places Layton Oregon Short Line Railroad Station, in Layton, Utah - listed on the National Register of Historic Places References Further reading External links http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/main/idovrntr.htm http://imnh.isu.edu/digitalatlas/geog/rrt/part3/chp7/58.htm http://www.yellowstonehistoriccenter.org/trains.php 3 ft gauge railways in the United States Former Class I railroads in the United States Predecessors of the Union Pacific Railroad Defunct Idaho railroads Defunct Nevada railroads Defunct Montana railroads Defunct Oregon railroads Defunct Utah railroads Defunct Wyoming railroads Railway companies established in 1897 Railway companies disestablished in 1987 1881 establishments in Oregon American companies disestablished in 1987

58665171

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerich%20Juettner

Emerich Juettner

Emerich Juettner (January 1876 – January 4, 1955), also known as Edward Mueller or Mister 880, was an Austrian-American immigrant known for counterfeiting United States $1 bills and eluding the United States Secret Service for a decade, from 1938 to 1948. When caught, he openly admitted his actions, adding that he had never given more than one bill to anyone, so no person had lost more than one dollar. He was sentenced to one year and one day in prison and a one-dollar fine, and he later sold the rights to his story, which was made into the 1950 film Mister 880. Early and personal life Emerich Juettner was born in January 1876 in Austria to a working-class family. He was the eldest of four siblings, having two brothers and a sister. On June 21, 1890, at the age of 14, he arrived in New York. He found work as a picture frame gilder before marrying Florence LeMein in 1902 at the age of 26. His wife gave birth to a son, Walter, in 1903 and a daughter, Florence, in 1918. To support his family, he began working as a maintenance man and building superintendent in New York's Upper East Side. His job allowed him and his family to live rent free in the basement of the building where he worked. His wife died in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, shortly after giving birth to their daughter Florence. He then became a junk collector. Counterfeiting scheme After his wife's death, Juettner had limited financial means. In 1938, Juettner began using ten to twelve homemade counterfeited bills a week in select stores in the neighborhoods of Manhattan. Over the following ten years, Juettner continued to use his counterfeited bills sparingly, never repeating storefronts or tenders. The bills were always poorly made on cheap paper and included details such as Washington being misspelled "Wahsington." After Juettner used his first bill at a local cigar shop, the Secret Service opened Case File 880 in what began a decade-long search. He became impossible to track down, since the bills were low profile and were used so rarely in new places each time. In 1948, the counterfeiting came to an end. After a fire in his apartment building, Juettner decided to throw out his destroyed counterfeiting materials into the street. Once snowfall came, the materials were effectively hidden. Later on, a group of children found several of Juettner's $1 bills and took them to their parents. The parents subsequently reported the found bills to the Secret Service. Upon arrival at his apartment, Juettner was arrested. Juettner was later sentenced to one year and one day in prison, plus a one-dollar fine that elicited laughter from those inside the courtroom. Response from the media In 1949, American journalist St. Clair McKelway wrote a series in The New Yorker about several different crimes. McKelway covered Juettner's story in a three-part series detailing counterfeiting in America and Juettner's life and scheme, later developing his story into a book. Entitled Annals of Crime, the series was combined with several comics and illustrations. Legacy Former Secret Service Director James Maloney blamed Juettner for the rise in counterfeiting incidents in the United States. In popular culture Mister 880 The life of Emerich Juettner inspired the 1950 comedy-drama film Mister 880, directed by Edmund Goulding and starring Burt Lancaster as the Secret Service agent in charge of the investigation and Edmund Gwenn (in a supporting role) as the character based on Juettner. The film was based on St. Clair McKelway's article on Juettner. Juettner attended the premier of the film. Gwenn won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in Mister 880. Ultimately, Juettner made more money from the release of Mister 880 than he had made by counterfeiting. The 20th Century Fox Hour - "The Moneymaker" An episode of The 20th Century Fox Hour, titled "The Moneymaker", was based on the movie and first aired on October 31, 1956. Here, the counterfeiter was an elderly lady, played by Spring Byington. References 1876 births 1955 deaths American counterfeiters Emigrants from Austria-Hungary to the United States

1953574

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Library%20and%20Archive%20of%20Iran

National Library and Archive of Iran

The National Library and Archives of Iran (NLAI) or National Library of the Islamic Republic of Iran is located in Tehran, Iran, with twelve branches across the country. The NLAI is an educational, research, scientific, and service institute authorized by the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Its president is appointed by the President of Iran. The NLAI is the largest library in the Middle East and includes more than fifteen-million items in its collections. History Iran's national library and national archives began as separate institutions. In 2002, the two merged to form the National Library and Archives of Iran, but continue to operate in two independent buildings. Library The prototype of a national library in Iran was the Library of Dar al-Funun College, established in 1851. The college's small library collection became the cornerstone of the National Library. In 1899, another institution called the Nation's Library opened in Tehran. In 1934, Mehdi Bayani became the director of the Public Library of Education. In his efforts to solve space problems at the Public Library of Education, he promoted establishing a National Library of Iran to Ali-Asghar Hekmat, then Minister of Education. The National Library of Iran was established in 1937. Mehdi Bayani served as the National Library's first director. André Godard, a French archaeologist and architect who designed the Museum of Ancient Iran, was asked to design a library building similar to the museum as the two would be adjacent. As the collection expanded, the library was housed in several buildings throughout Tehran. In 1994, the Commissioning Organization for Public State Buildings of Ministry of Housing and Urban Development held a national competition to design a new building. The new building was constructed between 1996 and 2004 in Abbasabad, Tehran. Yousef Shariatzadeh (Persian: یوسف شریعت زاده), Mohsen Mirheydar, and Yadollah Razaghi of Pirraz Consulting Planners, Architects and Engineers designed the building. which cost $53,930,769 USD. It was dedicated on March 1, 2004, by Seyed Mohammad Khatami, then president of the National and Collective Documents and Library, in a ceremony attended by foreign writers, publishers, and ambassadors. The new library building won a design award from the Environmental Engineering and Architecture Forum in 1997. The National Library also includes twelve provincial branches: Boushehr, Ghazvin, Hamadan, Kerman, Isfahan, Mashhad, Rasht, Sari, Shiraz, Tabriz, Yazd, and Zahedan. Isfahan officially Central Region including Kohgiluyeh Buyerahmad and Chaharmahal Bakhtiari keeps 7 -15 million documents. Since 2004, the National Library of Iran has had a beneficial relationship with the Library of Congress. Archives During the Qajar period, especially under Fath Ali Shah Qajar in the early 19th-century, documents were kept in the archives of the Biotat Office at the court. During the time of Nasser al-Din Shah in the mid to later 19th-century, political documents were stored at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and financial documents at the office of Mirza Yusuf Khan Mostofi al-Mamalik. In 1899, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs started following European archival methods by consolidating its archives and implementing the principles of document preservation. In 1966, a bill to create a National Archive Organization of Iran was introduced. In 1970, the National Assembly approved the law establishing this organization. National records are, "All records, correspondence, offices, files, photographs, maps, clichés, charts, films, tape recorders and other documents that have been prepared by the government or have reached the government and are constantly in the possession of the government." Facilities The eight-story library building has . It is constructed of concrete that can withstand level nine-magnitude earthquakes. The overall design is organic and creates "an intimate and inviting atmosphere." The building consists of fifteen halls: Kharazmi Hall: rare books and manuscripts Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi Hall: links Kamal al-Molk Forum: non-book resources Ibn Nandim Hall: reference and bibliography Razi Hall: science and technology Ibn Sina Hall: humanities Farabi Hall: social sciences and arts Mohaddes Armavi Hall: Iranian Studies and Islam Studies Rudaki Hall: special section for the enlightened and the disabled Kamaluddin Behzad Hall: non-book resources Parvin Etesami Hall: women's hall Digital Forum Public Library: titles of Saadi and Hafez Children's Library Museum of Books and Documentary Heritage of Iran Collections The National Archives and Library of Iran houses three major collections: National Library, National Archive, and Digital. The National Library incorporates collections from many older libraries. The majority of the collection consists of books and manuscripts covering the writings of Iranian scholars in the fields of literature, history, philosophy, mysticism, jurisprudence, medicine, and astronomy. The collection also includes many rare and valuable manuscripts, such as calligraphy pieces by great masters. The smallest known octagonal Quran, measuring , is a prized item in the collection. This Quran is important because of its antiquity and line cleanliness. According to the Deputy of the National Library in 2019, the collection included: 2,841,665 books 301,782 dissertations 609,053 non-book resources, including photographs and CDs. 4,000,000 magazines in 140,619 volumes, including 24,997 Latin and Arabic publications 298,150 books for children and adolescents 23,323 books for the blind, including books-on-tape, books-on-CD, and around 1,000 Braille books 775 magazines for the blind and visually impaired 55,000 old books, including 28,158 manuscripts and more than 26,000 lithographs featuring old lead printing An Iranian Studies collection that includes 80,410 books, 2,300 dissertations, and 6000 journals An Islam Studies collection with 8,203,238 books, magazines, and tapes The library has fourteen halls with fifteen million library items. Publications In 1962, the National Library took over the publication of the Iranian National Bibliography (Ketab-shenasi-e Melli-e Iran). It issued this annual publication between 1962 and 1966, changing to monthly and quarterly in 1969. The NLAI also publishes a Biannual Journal of Oral History Research. See also Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi List of national libraries International rankings of Iran References External links Buildings and structures in Tehran Education in Tehran Architecture in Iran Cultural organisations based in Iran Libraries in Iran Iran Culture in Tehran 1937 establishments in Iran Libraries established in 1937 Archives in Iran

8459484

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short%20SB.1

Short SB.1

The Short SB.1 was a British tailless glider designed by David Keith-Lucas and Professor Geoffrey T.R. Hill. Built by Shorts as a private research venture to test the concept of the aero-isoclinic wing, it was the first aircraft to incorporate this feature. It was in effect a one-third scale glider version of Keith-Lucas' ambitious preliminary design P.D.1, intended to meet the Air Ministry's (V bomber) specification B.35/46, which was the basis for the Avro Vulcan, the Handley-Page Victor and the Vickers Valiant. Design and development After extensive testing with wind-tunnel and flutter models, the design team proposed that a manned glider be built. Shorts (Belfast) undertook construction on a single-seat glider incorporating the "aero-isoclinic" wing originated by Professor Hill. This radical wing configuration was designed to maintain a constant angle of incidence regardless of flexing, by placing the torsion box well back in the wing so that the air loads, acting in the region of the quarter-chord line, have a considerable moment arm about it. The torsional instability and tip stalling characteristics of conventional swept wings were recognised at the time, together with their tendency to aileron-reversal and flutter at high speed. It was to prevent these effects that the aero-isoclinic wing was designed. The SB.1 glider was designed to be an inexpensive, simple machine, constructed primarily of spruce with reinforced sections using light alloy steel. The all-important wing controls had "elevons" pivoted on long, tapered light-alloy tubes extending from the leading edge of the tip, just inside the fixed part of the wing (illustrated by photographs in the Short SB.4 Sherpa article). The pivoting mechanism had a double-ball bearing unit on the inboard end with main loads transferred to a needle roller bearing at the outboard end of the fixed wing. Anti-balance tabs were fitted along trailing edges along with small pneumatically actuated flaps under the inboard sections. When the elevons were rotated in the same direction they functioned as elevators; when rotated in opposite directions they functioned as ailerons. Testing After final construction at Aldersgrove, the Shorts SB.1 bearing Class B registration G-14-5 was readied for flight testing early July 1951. For the first flight on 14 July 1951, the SB1 was winch-launched and the gliding characteristics were found by Shorts' Chief Test Pilot Tom Brooke-Smith ("Brookie") to be satisfactory. A further successful test flight on 15 July 1951 was followed by the first towed launch from RAF Aldergrove on 30 July 1951. The SB.1 was towed behind a Short Sturgeon TT2 (VR363) piloted by "Jock" Eassie to a height of 10,000 ft, the height of the release. Although Brooke-Smith experienced turbulence inherent in flying a light aircraft in the wake of the towing aircraft, the subsequent test flight was completed successfully. During the second flight of the day (using a longer towline intended to alleviate the turbulence), the test pilot encountered severe buffeting problems and he had to cast off at low altitude. The flight ended catastrophically when Brooke-Smith attempted to side-slip out of the wake and struck the ground "nose-down" at 90 mph, injuring himself seriously and heavily damaging the aircraft. During his recovery, Brooke-Smith expressed concerns about the towed launches and was adamant that testing the SB.1 required a new approach. The Shorts company persevered with the project, redesigning the aircraft six months later. The new design retained the wings and tail of the SB.1 but (at Tom Brooke-Smith's insistence) featured two small turbojet engines housed in a new, light-alloy fuselage. The result was the Short SB.4 Sherpa. Specifications (SB.1) See also Notes Bibliography Buttler, Tony and Jean-Louis Delezenne. X-Planes of Europe: Secret Research Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946-1974. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2012. Barnes, C.H. with revisions by James, Derek N. Shorts Aircraft since 1900. London: Putnam, 1989 (revised). . Gunston, Bill. "Short's Experimental Sherpa." Aeroplane Monthly Vol. 5, no. 10, October 1977. p. 508–515. Short SB4 Sherpa RAF (EJA18c philatelic cover). Croydon, Surrey, UK: Aviation Collectibles. Access date: 1 February 2007. External links 1950s British experimental aircraft Glider aircraft Short Brothers aircraft

55852389

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokul%20Chand%20Mukerji

Gokul Chand Mukerji

Gokul Chand Mukerji (; 1894 – 18 December 1980) was an Indian mechanic, driver, driving instructor, and a soldier in the British army. ‌His rank was of a sepoy. He was sent to Iraq during the first world war as a British-Indian soldier. He was the first person to bring a car into the city of Sulaymaniyah – Iraq. Also, he was the first driving instructor in the same city. He held British-Indian nationality. He received the Kingdom of Iraq’s certificate of naturalization in 1932. Later in 1936, he received the Iraqi nationality copybook. Early life Mukerji was born in Manikganj District, Dhaka, Bengal, British Raj (present Bangladesh) in 1894. The exact day and month of his birth remains unknown to this day. Dhaka was a part of the Indian subcontinent then. His mother, Sugni Sada, was born in 1850 and his father, Sankar Jand Mukerji, was born in 1842. His father was a policeman. Due to his job, he moved to Gaya city. Gokul Chand was the ninth child and the youngest of his family, having seven brothers and a sister. He finished primary school in Gaya. During his early childhood, his parents and some of his brothers died by the plague. Career After the tragedy of losing his parents and some of his brothers, Mukerji moved to Patna, to live with some relatives. The relatives were poor so he was forced to work from an early age. His first job was as a night watch at a directorate. His next position was as a petition clerk at the central post office, Gaya. His next job was as a ticket collector for trams. Later, on 5 February 1918, at the age of 24, he joined the British army as a sepoy. He was sent to Rawalpindi to take driving and mechanic courses. He was sent to Iraq in 1918. In March 1919, he was sent to Sulaymaniyah from Baghdad upon Major Ely Bannister Soane's request. In Salihi Rasha's book of Sulaimaniyah city, he describes it this way: "As we mentioned, in 1919 Major Soanne became the political officer of Sulaimaniyah city. He had two Indian drivers. because these two drivers left their damaged cars near Tasluja and Kandakawa destrict near Sulaimaniyah and failed to fix them, he punished both of them and sent them back to Baghdad while requesting for a very good driver who is also a very good mechanic and can speak a good English.Meanwhile, there was a young Indian mechanic coming to Baghdad. He was going back and forth between his duty station which was the Indian force base (Rasheed air force base) to Bab Al-Moatham per his orders. Because this young man had a very good heart and gave rides to any women or children he found on his way, his hard hearted supervisor disliked this manner. As the Major Soanne's request arrived to the station, this supervisor called for the Indian young man and told him "I gave your name my good-hearted soldier to my supervisors, so they send you to a very disciplined and hard-hearted officer who is also very far away from Baghdad". Therefore after a few days, Gokul Chand Mukerji moved to Sulaimaniyah from Baghdad."He was discharged from military service at his request and became a private citizen effective on 1 January 1921. Although the English army left Sulaymaniyah in 1922, he stayed there. Mukerji gave his car as a gift to Sheikh Mahmud when he became the king of Kurdistan. Then he became his driver per Mahmud's request. Although the date of his resignation from being Sheikh Mahmud's driver is not known or confirmed to this date, but later on he started working as a freelance driver on the road between Halabja and Sulaimaniyah. Mukerji requested for cancellation of his driving license that was valid until 31 March 1969. The date of his request is not confirmed, only the mentioned validity of his license number is mentioned. Moving to Iraq and Sulaymaniyah Mukerji was sent to Iraq on 11 March 1918. This date was recorded in his "Record of Movement" as the "Date of embarkation for field service"; otherwise, it is also stated that the "Date of leaving station for field station" is 4 March 1918. He was sent to Basra, then Kirkuk, and then Baghdad. He was appointed as a driver of the Rasheed air force base. It was called "Indian force base" then. In the same year, Major Ely Bannister Soane, who was the political officer of Sulaymaniyah, had two Indian drivers. Their cars were irreparably damaged on the road of Tasluja and they left them there. This angered Major Soane, so he sent them back to Baghdad and requested a good driver and mechanic who can speak English. When this request arrived at the Indian force base, the supervising officer called for Mukerji. A few days later, Mukerji was sent to Sulaymaniyah. He fixed one of the broken cars with pieces from the other one and towed the broken one into Sulaymaniyah city. Major Soane praised his wittiness and ordered that a course of driving shall be held in Sulaymaniyah by Mukerji. In March 1920, the course was held in Muhandis-khana. On 1 January 1921, Mukerji was discharged from service at his request and became a private citizen. He bought some new cars and put them to work between Sulaymaniyah-Kirkuk, Kirkuk-Erbil, and Kirkuk-Kifri. During this time, he befriended Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji and his cousin Hapsa Naqib. Mukerji gave his car as a gift to Sheikh Mahmud, but he paid him back for it and requested that he become his driver. Sheikh Mahmud could not pronounce "Gokul Chand Mukerji" very well, so he gave him the nickname of "Ghafur Hindi" or "Ghafura Rash" (the black Ghafur). He was, thereafter, known by this nickname. In late 1968, he retired from work. Personal life Mukerji married three times. His first name wife was Haba Khan, they were together for a short period of time as she died soon after the wedding. His second wife's name was Amina, they had a daughter (Sabiha), and were divorced later. On 25 August 1925, he married Khairiya Aiyub Ghaiyub, a woman from Kirkuk and they stayed together until his death. They had a daughter, (Shukriya Mukerji) and a son, (Kamal Mukerji). Gokul Chand Mukerji lived in the alley of Sabunkaran in Sulaymaniyah, but moved to Ali Naji alley in 1970. He died on 18 December 1980 and Khairiya died in August 1984. Mukerji's resting place is in Saiwan cemetery in Sulaymaniyah. Mukerji was a big fan of Rabindranath Tagore and he memorized many of his works. He was fluent in Hindi, Sanskrit, Arabic, Kurdish, English, Persian and Turkish. References 1894 births 1980 deaths People from Sulaymaniyah People from Manikganj District Transport in Iraqi Kurdistan British Indian Army personnel Iraqi people of Indian descent Naturalised citizens of Iraq People buried in Saiwan Cemetery

38533167

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMobc

EMobc

eMobc is an open source framework for generation of web, mobile web and native IOS and Android apps develop mobile applications quickly and easily using XML. eMobc Framework is developed by Neurowork Consulting S.L. and was introduced in November 2012. eMobc currently supports the following platforms IOS, Android, and HML5. In the future is to add other platforms as BlackBerry or Windows Phone. All the framework is published under the Affero GPLv3 license. Developers also can donate their code and integrate it with the eMobc framework. Moreover, eMobc is the first framework with job board where developers can register and collaborate on client projects. Features Included in the framework is support for 19 types of screens, with text, forms, maps, calendars, and more, for building applications. Various themes and styles are also supported so the appearance of each screen can be customized. Navigation created with eMobc can be configured with top, bottom, and sidebar menus. The framework also allows for screen rotation, text to speech, and social network sharing. In addition, various formats support smartphones and tablets. Any components developed with the platform can be done so in the desired language. Numerous possibilities are provided for screens, including splash screens, a cover for the application with buttons, photo galleries, PDF viewing, lists, videos, and geolocation maps. Users can also add search, form, image with text, zoom, quiz, and canvas functions. eMobc Cloud From eMobc Framework born eMobc Cloud platform for creating mobile web and landing pages in just three minutes. This project is currently in development and will be released in the coming months. Advantages Multiplatform:- eMobc as of now underpins the accompanying local stages: iOS, Android and HTML5. Being open source don't hold up to make another stage. It is simple and basic utilizing the system. Client Server:- The system permits mix with outer administrations. Through structures create dynamic route. Would you be able to envision conversing with an outside administration and have the capacity to produce the whole application on the fly? This is as of now conceivable with eMobc. Screens:- eMobc underpins 19 sorts of screens to construct your application. Screens with content, maps, structures, schedules and then some. Expands the structure and backings your new screen or utilize existing ones to give new usefulness to your applications. Offline Online:-The whole structure is equipped for both online and offline. Envision including your substance inside the cell phone to save money on data transmission or outsource your administrations to be dynamic and can expend the web or outer administrations. Along these lines you get a completely unique stage. References 1.eMobc, a multiplatform opensource framework made in Spain http://www.genbetadev.com/desarrollo-aplicaciones-moviles/emobc-un-framework-opensource-multiplataforma-hecho-en-espana . Published on 06/11/2012 2.Interview with Alejandro Sánchez Acosta, CEO of eMobc http://www.pabloyglesias.com/blog/entrevista-a-alejandro-sanchez-acosta-ceo-de-emobc/ Published on 10/12/12 3.eMobc project, framework for developing cross-platform native mobile apps http://wwwhatsnew.com/2012/11/15/proyecto-emobc-framework-para-el-desarrollo-de-aplicaciones-moviles-nativas-multiplataforma/ Published on 15/112012 4.Interesting made in Spain framework development for iOS and Android apps. https://web.archive.org/web/20121128013623/http://desarrolloweb.com/actualidad/emobc-crea-aplicaciones-moviles-usandoxml-7684.html Published on 23/11/2012 5.eMobc, an opensource Framework to generate native applications on Android, IOS and Webapps http://www.elandroidelibre.com/2012/11/emobc-un-framework-opensource-para-generar-aplicaciones-nativas-en-ios-y-android-webapps-y-web-mobile.html Published on 24/11/2012 6.eMobc, a multiplatform opensource framework made in Spain http://www.cenatic.es/hemeroteca-de-cenatic/3-sobre-el-sector-del-sfa/40144-emobc-un-framework-opensource-multiplataforma-hecho-en-espana- Published on 13/02/2013 References External links Official Website Apps using eMobc (http://emobc.com/home.php#cases) Mobile software programming tools

9490837

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Operations%20Center

Air Operations Center

An Air Operations Center (AOC) is a type of command center used by the United States Air Force (USAF). It is the senior agency of the Air Force component commander to provide command and control of air operations. The United States Air Force employs two kinds of AOCs: regional AOCs utilizing the AN/USQ-163 Falconer weapon system that support geographic combatant commanders, and functional AOCs that support functional combatant commanders. When there is more than one U.S. military service working in an AOC, such as when naval aviation from the U.S. Navy (USN) and/or the U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) is incorporated, it is called a Joint Air Operations Center (JAOC). In cases of allied or coalition (multinational) operations in tandem with USAF or Joint air operations, the AOC is called a Combined Air Operations Center (CAOC). An AOC is the senior element of the Theater Air Control System (TACS). The Joint Force Commander (JFC) assigns a Joint Forces Air Component Commander (JFACC) to lead the AOC weapon system. If allied or coalition forces are part of the operation, the JFC and JFACC will be redesignated as the CFC and CFACC, respectively. Quite often the Commander, Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR) is assigned the JFACC/CFACC position for planning and executing theater-wide air forces. If another service also provides a significant share of air forces, the Deputy JFACC/CFACC will typically be a senior flag officer from that service. For example, during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, when USAF combat air forces (CAF) and mobility air forces (MAF) integrated extensive USN and USMC sea-based and land-based aviation and Royal Air Force (RAF) and Royal Navy / Fleet Air Arm aviation, the CFACC was an aeronautically rated USAF lieutenant general, assisted by an aeronautically designated USN rear admiral (upper half) as the Deputy CFACC, and an aeronautically rated RAF air commodore as the Senior British Officer (Air). Divisions There are five divisions in the AOC. These separate, but distinct, organizations fuse information that eventually becomes the Air Tasking Order. Staffing of these divisions consists primarily of USAF officers of various specialities in the ranks of captain, major and lieutenant colonel, supported by a smaller cohort of enlisted airmen, typically in the rank of staff sergeant and above. When conducting joint air operations, U.S. Army and USMC officers of similar rank and USN officers in the ranks of lieutenant, lieutenant commander and commander will also provide augmentative manning as required, the majority of whom will be aeronautically rated/aeronautically designated. Senior leadership oversight of the AOC is provided by USAF colonels and general officers and USN captains and flag officers. Strategy Division (SRD) Strategy Plans Team Strategy Guidance Team Operational Assessment Team Information Operations Team Combat Plans Division (CPD) Target Effects Team Master Air Attack Plan Team Air Tasking Order Production Team Command and Control Planning Team Combat Operations Division (COD) Offensive Ops Team Defensive Ops Team Personnel Recovery Senior Intelligence Duty Officer Joint Interface Control Officer Weather Specialty Team Naval Amphibious Liaison Element (NALE) USN + USMC; NALE also provides personnel/support to CPD and ISRD Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance Division (ISRD) Analysis, Correlation, and Fusion Targeting and Tactical Assessment ISR Operations Air Mobility Division (AMD) AMD Chief Deputy AMD Chief Superintendent Air Mobility Control Team (AMCT) Execution Cell Mission Management Flight Management USAPAT Mission Planner Maintenance Airlift Control Team (ALCT) Airlift Plans DV Airlifts Diplomatic Clearance Requirements Air Refueling Control Team (ARCT) Aeromedical Evacuation Control Team (AECT) Unique Missions Support Team (AMDU) Active Air Operations Centers Inactive Air Operations Centers AOC-equipping Units 102d Air Operations Group – Otis ANGB, Cape Cod, Massachusetts (Massachusetts Air National Guard) 103d Air Operations Group – East Granby, Connecticut (Connecticut Air National Guard) 193d Air Operations Group formally known as the 112th Air Operations Squadron – State College, Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania Air National Guard) 152d Air Operations Group – Hancock Field ANGB, Syracuse, New York (New York Air National Guard) 157th Air Operations Group – Jefferson Barracks, St Louis, Missouri (Missouri Air National Guard) 183d Air Operations Group Capital Airport ANGS, Springfield, Illinois (Illinois Air National Guard) 201st Air Operations Group - JB Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii (Hawaii Air National Guard) 217th Air Operations Group – Kellogg ANGB, Battle Creek, Michigan (Michigan Air National Guard) 321st Air Mobility Operations Squadron – Travis AFB, California (Air Mobility Command) 349th Air Mobility Operations Squadron – Travis AFB, California (Air Force Reserve Command) 515th Air Mobility Operations Squadron – McGuire AFB, New Jersey (Air Force Reserve Command) 621st Air Mobility Operations Squadron – McGuire AFB, New Jersey (Air Mobility Command) 701st Combat Operations Squadron – March ARB, California (Air Force Reserve Command) In addition to its augmentation role to PACAF's 607 AOC at Osan AB, South Korea, the 701 COS established its own AOC facility in the former Southwest Air Defense Sector at March ARB (established 2004) 710th Combat Operations Squadron – Langley AFB, Virginia (Air Force Reserve Command) NATO CAOC Since July 2013 The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) also uses the Combined Air Operations Centre concept at two locations (Torrejon, Spain and Uedem, Germany) with a deployable Air Operations Centre at Poggio Renatico, Italy. Previously, supporting the air component commands were 5 static Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOCs) to direct NATO air operations: in Finderup, Denmark; Eskişehir, Turkey; Larissa, Greece; Torrejon, Spain and Lisbon, Portugal. There were 2 further CAOCs with a static as well as a deployable role; Uedem, Germany and Poggio Renatico. The static CAOCs can support Allied air operations from their fixed locations, while the deployable CAOC will move where they are needed. See also Theater Battle Management Core Systems Global Command and Control System Air Force Command and Control Integration Center References Military electronics of the United States

41596399

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20New%20Zealand%20M%C4%81ori%20sportspeople

List of New Zealand Māori sportspeople

This is a list of New Zealand sportspeople who are Māori or of Māori descent. While Māori have been involved in many sports, they are particularly prominent in both forms of rugby. Where known, the person's iwi are listed in brackets. Association football Leo Bertos Claudia Bunge (Ngāi Tuhoe) Moses Dyer Abby Erceg (Ngāpuhi) Rory Fallon Ngati Porou Amber Hearn (Ngāpuhi) Clayton Lewis (Ngāpuhi) Max Mata Heremaia Ngata Winston Reid (Tainui, Te Arawa) Rebecca Rolls (Ngāti Porou) Alex Rufer Shane Rufer Wynton Rufer (Ngāti Porou) Paige Satchell (Ngāpuhi) Tamati Williams Kirsty Yallop Athletics (track & field) Holly Robinson (Ngāi Tāhu) Sam Tanner (Ngāpuhi) Australian rules football Basketball Pero Cameron (Ngāpuhi) Brendon Pongia Boxing Daniella Smith (Ngāpuhi) Lani Daniels (Ngāti Hine) Shane Cameron Canoeing Lisa Carrington (Ngati Porou, Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki) Kayla Imrie (Te Whakatōhea) Kurtis Imrie (Te Whakatōhea) Jaimee Lovett (Ngāti Raukawa) Cricket Suzie Bates (Ngāi Tahu) Shane Bond (Ngāpuhi)(Ngāi Tahu) Trent Boult (Ngāi Tahu, Ngāti Porou, Ngāi Te Rangi) Tama Canning Heath Davis Peter McGlashan(Ngāti Porou) Kyle Mills (Ngāi Tahu) Adam Parore - the first Maori man to play test cricket for New Zealand(Ngāpuhi) Jesse Ryder Ben Stokes(Ngāpuhi)( Daryl Tuffey(Te Ātiawa) Cycling Pieter Bulling (Ngāi Tahu) Emma Foy (Ngāpuhi) Sam Gaze (Te Atiawa) Dylan Kennett (Ngāi Tahu) Diving Anton Down-Jenkins (Te Arawa) Equestrian Daniel Meech Golf Michael Campbell (Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāi Rauru) Gymnastics Courtney McGregor (Ngāti Kahungunu) Hockey Gemma Flynn (Te Arawa, Tainui) Charlotte Harrison (Ngāpuhi) Blair Hilton (Ngāpuhi) Kane Russell (Ngāpuhi) Kayla Whitelock (Rangitāne) Horseracing Michael Walker Judo Darcina-Rose Manuel (Ngāti Porou) Lawn bowls Shannon McIlroy (Ngāti Porou) Netball A selection of Māori netball players who have represented New Zealand. Margaret Matangi, June Mariu, Waimarama Taumaunu, Temepara Bailey and Ameliaranne Ekenasio all captained New Zealand. Taumaunu and Noeline Taurua have both been New Zealand head coaches. Rowing Kelsey Bevan Kirstyn Goodger Jackie Gowler (Rangitāne) Kerri Gowler (Rangitāne) Michael Brake (Ngāti Porou) Caleb Shepherd (Ngāti Porou) Jade Uru (Ngāi Tahu) Rugby league Rugby union Sailing Paul Snow-Hansen (Ngāpuhi) Softball Nathan Nukunuku (Ngāti Porou) Squash Leilani Joyce (Ngāti Hine, Ngāi Te Rangi, Tainui) Joelle King (Ngāti Porou) Swimming Lewis Clareburt (Tainui) Erika Fairweather (Ngāi Tahu) Cameron Leslie (Ngāpuhi) Corey Main (Ngāti Porou, Ngāpuhi) Kane Radford (Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Te Arawa) Emma Robinson (Ngāpuhi) Triathlon Tayler Reid (Ngāti Kahunungu) Weightlifting Kanah Andrews-Nahu (Ngāti Porou, Ngāpuhi) References Maori Sportspeople

23493780

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th%20New%20York%20Veteran%20Infantry%20Regiment

17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment

The 17th New York Veteran Infantry Regiment was an infantry regiment that served in the United States Army during the American Civil War. It was often referred to as the 17th New York Veteran Zouaves and has been erroneously reported as using mules as mounts during Sherman's March to the Sea up until the Grand Review of the Armies. The regiment wore the Hawkins Zouave pattern uniform, which was first used by the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry, Hawkins Zouaves, and later was adopted by several other regiments including the 164th New York, 35th New Jersey and others. Military service, October 1863 to April 1865 The regiment was organized in New York City, New York, from June to October 1863, with elements of the 9th (Hawkins' Zouaves), 11th (First Fire Zouaves), 17th, & 38th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiments. The Regiment was mustered into United States service on October 18, 1863, in New York City for three years service with 900 officers and men under the command of Colonel William Thomas Campbell Grower, formerly the major of the 17th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment. When they left the State, they were composed almost wholly of veteran volunteers. Ordered to the Department of the Southwest under Major General Andrew Jackson Smith, they would later join the army of Major General William T. Sherman, and serve under him throughout the remainder of the war. In December 1863, under General Andrew J. Smith, the regiment took part in the Tennessee Campaign chasing Confederate Major General Nathan B. Forrest's Cavalry command. Joining Major General William T. Sherman's forces at Vicksburg, Mississippi, in January 1864, the regiment took part in the Meridian Campaign from Vicksburg to Meridian, Mississippi, marching over 460 miles. In April they moved to Decatur, Alabama, where they were engaged in skirmishing with the Confederate forces under Brigadier General Philip D. Roddy, attacking them at Pond Spring, Courtland, etc., and routing them and capturing the whole of their camp. Joining the Army in the operations against Atlanta, Georgia, they took part in the fighting and siege against Atlanta with the 14th Army Corps. On September 1, 1864, at the Battle of Jonesboro they charged and fought against Confederate Major General Patrick R. Cleburne's Division, who boasted to never have been defeated, but who were then broken, routed, and had their works taken from them. It was there that Colonel William T.C. Grower was mortally wounded (dying several days later) and over 150 men left on the field as casualties. From Atlanta they pursued the Confederate Army of Tennessee, under General John Bell Hood, westward, marching over 600 miles back into Tennessee and Alabama. Returning to Atlanta they started the next morning on the March to the Sea from Atlanta to Savannah. Following the fall of Savannah, the regiment rested around Savannah before crossing into South Carolina with the Army. In the Carolina's Campaign they marched through South Carolina into North Carolina, being engaged at Averysboro, North Carolina, where Lieutenant Colonel James Lake was severely wounded. A few days later they took part in their last major engagement at Bentonville, North Carolina, where, despite being completely surrounded, it held off several attacks. Following the surrender of the Confederate Forces under General Joseph E. Johnston on April 26, 1865, at Durham Station, North Carolina, the regiment took part in the rapid march through Richmond, Virginia, and onto Washington, D.C. Camping at Alexandria, Virginia, they took part in the Grand Review of the Army later that month, and were soon thereafter mustered out of service. General William Vandever said of the regiment, "...In all the essential qualities which distinguish the heroic citizen soldier, the Seventeenth New York has been excelled by none." While General Jefferson C. Davis wrote, "...its soldierly conduct, attention to duty, and invariably gallant conduct in action, has reflected credit upon itself and the corps." Military service, 1865 The regiment was mustered out of service on June 13, 1865, at Alexandria, Virginia, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James Lake, with less than 200 officers and men. Casualties The regiment suffered the following casualties during its service. Killed in action: 1 officer, 38 enlisted Died of wounds: 1 officer, 16 enlisted Died of disease and other causes: 65 enlisted (2 died as POW's) Wounded but recovered: 6 officers, 111 enlisted Captured or missing: 1 officer, 39 enlisted Total: 213 casualties Commanding officers Colonel William Thomas Campbell Grower Lieutenant Colonel Edward Jardine Lieutenant Colonel James Lake Lieutenant Colonel Joel O. Martin Major Charles Hilbert Major James B. Horner Major Alexander S. Marshall See also List of New York Civil War regiments New York State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center – Civil War – 17th Veteran Infantry Regiment History, photographs, historical sketch, table of battles and casualties, and Civil War newspaper clippings, for the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Palmetto Riflemen & New York Zouaves American Civil War Living History / Reenactor Group that portrays Company H of the 17th New York Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment. References Graham, Matthew J.; "The Ninth Regiment New York Volunteers (Hawkins' Zouaves). Being a History of the Regiment and Veteran Association from 1860 to 1900." New York: E.P. Coby & Co., printers, 1900. Phisterer, Frederick; “New York in the War of the Rebellion.” 3rd Edition, Albany, New York, J.B. Lyon Company, 1912. Westervelt, William B.; "Lights and Shadows of Army Life, as seen by a private soldier, by Wm. B. Westervelt of the 27th N.Y. Infantry and 17th N.Y. Veteran Zouaves." C.H. Cochrane Printer, Marlboro, New York, 1886. Pages 821 to 958, “Annual Report of the Adjutant General of the State of New York. For the Year 1899.” James B. Lyon State Printers, Albany, New York, 1900. Volume II, "The Union Army: A History of Military Affairs in the loyal States, 1861–1865. Records of the Regiments in the Union Army, Cyclopedia of Battles, Memoirs of Commanders and Soldiers.” Federal Publishing Company, Madison, Wisconsin, 1908. Pages 388 to 407, Volume VI, “A Record of the Commissioned Officers, Non Commissioned Officers and Privates, of the Regiments which were organized in the State of New York, and called into the service of the United States to Assist in Suppressing the Rebellion caused by the secession of some of the Southern States from the Union, A.D. 1861, as taken from the Muster-In Rolls on File in the Adjutant Generals Office, S.N.Y.” Weed, Parsons, and Company, Printers, Albany, New York, 1866. Page 452, “Official Army Register of the Volunteer force of the United States Army for the years 1861, ’62, ’63, ’64, ’65.” Adjutant Generals Office, United States Army, 1865 to 1867. Infantry 017 1863 establishments in New York (state) Military units and formations established in 1863 Military units and formations disestablished in 1865

7430844

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial%20Noble%20Consort%20Zhuangshun

Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun

Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (29 November 1822 – 13 December 1866), of the Manchu Uya clan, was a consort of the Daoguang Emperor. She was 40 years his junior. She was the paternal grandmother of the Guangxu Emperor and the great grandmother of The Qing Dynasty's last emperor, Puyi through her son, Yixuan. Life Family background Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun's personal name was not recorded in history. Father: Lingshou (; 1788–1824), served as a sixth rank literary official () Paternal grandfather: Bailu () Paternal grandmother: Lady Zhou (周氏) Mother: Lady Weng (翁氏) One younger brother: Xilin (禧霖) Daoguang era The future Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun was born on the 16th day of the tenth lunar month in the second year of the reign of the Daoguang Emperor, which translates to 29 November 1822 in the Gregorian calendar. In March or April 1837, Lady Uya entered the Forbidden City and was granted the title "Noble Lady Lin" by the Daoguang Emperor. On 3 December 1837, she was demoted to "First Attendant Xiu". On 31 August 1839, she was restored as "Noble Lady Lin". On 16 October 1840, she gave birth to the emperor's seventh son, Yixuan. In November or December 1840, Lady Uya was elevated to "Concubine Lin". On 24 March 1842, she gave birth to the emperor's ninth daughter, Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank. In June or July 1842, Lady Uya was elevated to "Consort Lin". She gave birth on 14 March 1844 to the emperor's eighth son, Yihe, and on 15 November 1845 to his ninth son, Yihui. In January or February 1847, she was elevated to "Noble Consort Lin". Xianfeng era The Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850 and was succeeded by his fourth son Yizhu, who was enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Xianfeng Emperor granted Lady Uya the title "Dowager Noble Consort Lin". Tongzhi era The Xianfeng Emperor died on 22 August 1861 and was succeeded by his first son Zaichun, who was enthroned as the Tongzhi Emperor. The Tongzhi Emperor elevated Lady Uya to "Grand Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Lin" in November or December 1861. Lady Uya died on 13 December 1866 and was granted the posthumous title "Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun". In 1867, she was interred in the Mu Mausoleum of the Western Qing tombs. Guangxu era On 25 February 1875, Yixuan's second son, Zaitian, was enthroned as the Guangxu Emperor. The Guangxu Emperor increased the amount of offerings at Lady Uya's tomb and had more ancestral worship rites performed for her. Titles During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor (r. 1820–1850): Lady Uya (烏亞施;from 29 November 1822) Noble Lady Lin (; from March/April 1837), sixth rank consort Attendant Xiu (; from 3 December 1837), seventh rank consort Noble Lady Lin (; from 31 August 1839), sixth rank consort Concubine Lin (; from November/December 1840), fifth rank consort Consort Lin (; from June/July 1842), fourth rank consort Noble Consort Lin (; from January/February 1847), third rank consort During the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor (r. 1850-1861): Dowager Noble Consort Lin () During the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor (r. 1861–1875): Grand Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Lin (; from November/December 1861) Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun (; from December 1866), second rank title Issue As Noble Lady Lin: Yixuan (; 16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), the Daoguang Emperor's seventh son, granted the title Prince Chun of the Second Rank in 1850, elevated to Prince Chun of the First Rank in 1872, posthumously honoured as Prince Chunxian of the First Rank As Concubine Lin: Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank (; 24 March 1842 – 11 March 1884), the Daoguang Emperor's ninth daughter Married Dehui (; d. 1859) of the Bolod () clan in December 1859 or January 1860 As Consort Lin: Yihe (; 14 March 1844 – 17 December 1868), the Daoguang Emperor's eighth son, granted the title Prince Zhong of the Second Rank in 1850, posthumously honoured as Prince Zhongduan of the Second Rank Yihui (; 15 November 1845 – 22 March 1877), the Daoguang Emperor's ninth son, granted the title Prince Fu of the Second Rank in 1850, posthumously honoured as Prince Fujing of the Second Rank As Noble Consort Lin: Miscarriage (1848) Gallery In fiction and popular culture Portrayed by Sherry Chen in Curse of the Royal Harem (2011) See also Ranks of imperial consorts in China#Qing Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Notes References 1822 births 1866 deaths Consorts of the Daoguang Emperor Manchu nobility

13699915

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-Vett

Micro-Vett

Micro-Vett was an Italian company manufacturing electric vehicles. History Beginning Micro-Vett was founded in 1986 in Voltana di Lugo (RA) by three shareholders including Mr. Galli and Mr. Giacomoni. A new four-wheel electric vehicle, similar to current quadricycles, the Lady, was developed and built from scratch. Starting from 1989 Coop. Car, a cooperative from Imola, gradually acquired Micro-Vett shares becoming majority shareholder and transferring the headquarters to Imola. At that time, the management faced difficulties related to manufacturing vehicles and decided to focus solely on electrification components. Consequently, Micro-Vett started a partnership with Bedford for the electrification of Rascal. In 1991, after the bankruptcy of parent company Coop. Car, even Micro-Vett was declared bankrupted and, after a brief period of inactivity, it was taken over by Mr. Gaetano Di Gioia, already manager of his buyout by Coop. Car. The Electric Porter The company from Imola continued the production of the electrified Rascal, but given the lack of involvement of the vehicle manufacturer, Micro-Vett started a collaboration with Piaggio The electrified Porter was a great success in the Italian market, thanks to purchasing incentives. It was manufactured from 1994 to 2003 in about 5,000 units. The lead-acid batteries provided a range of 60 km and a top speed of 65 km/h. Piaggio delivered the vehicles without the endothermic engine to Micro-Vett, which in turn converted them to pure electric vehicles. The sale of the complete vehicle was almost exclusively done by Piaggio. During this period the company took part in many sport events for electric vehicles, including the 24 hours of Turin and the Monte-Carlo Rally for alternative energies propelled vehicles, winning prestigious results. Zebra batteries and the new vehicles Starting from the end of the 1990s, the technology of Zebra batteries provided an energy density about four times more than lead-acid batteries. Micro-Vett created many prototypes including Eurocargo in association with Iveco and different units of Porter with improved range. Since 2001 Micro-Vett fleet expanded with the introduction of electric Daily and Ydea, a quadricycle made by Casalini. However, the high cost of the improved Zebra batteries severely limited the market penetration, that was still dominated by the electric Porter. Another innovation was an Daily in a plug-in hybrid version, first manufactured in 2004. By placing an electric motor on the shaft, the vehicle could be propelled by either the diesel engine or the electric motor, ensuring a unique flexibility of use. The battery could be both charged from the electrical grid and the diesel engine when the car was in use. Iveco was, however, not interested, leading Micro-Vett to directly market the vehicle with a total sale of approximately 600 units between 2004 and 2011. Lithium batteries and FIAT range Already in 2005, as low-cost lithium batteries for automotive use started appearing from Chinese manufactures, Micro-Vett began working on prototypes equipped with this technology. The company began the manufacturing of Fiat Doblò in an electric version. This vehicle was also sold directly by Micro-Vett to final customers, as the conversion was not explicitly supported by FIAT. The new batteries guaranteed a range up to 150 km, but had safety issues pushing Micro-Vett to finally focus on two battery manufacturers from South Korea. In 2009 Micro-Vett started the production of an electric Fiorino/Qubo that was a market success is Italy and Europe. In 2007, the company created a network of European and extra-European dealers, with the main markets being France, Germany, Norway, the Netherlands and Spain, but many vehicles were also sold in Russia, Hong Kong, Finland and Baltic countries. In 2009 the company also developed the e500, electric version of the new Fiat 500, which was presented at London Motorshow by the English dealer Nice Car. The electric Ducato, in all its models, was also developed my Micro-Vett. The configuration of the batteries could be adapted to customer requirements. For this vehicle Micro-Vett started a partnership with the French company Gruau, which installed kits provided by Micro-Vett. Since 2006 Piaggio offered an independently made version of electric Porter, triggering Micro-Vett do search for a new collaboration partner. An attempted partnership with Uz-Daewoo was unsuccessful and other partnership with Chinese OEMs or Italian importers of Chinese vehicles also failed. Finally Micro-Vett begun a relationship with VEM, which led to the birth of the EdyOne in 2011. Prototypes and projects Throughout its history, Micro-Vett implemented many electric-powered prototypes, including the bus Albatros in collaboration with the local public transport company of Rimini, a Ducato with endothermic engine on the front axle and electric motor on the rear axle in partnership with Al-Ko, a three-wheeled motorcycle, a bimodal hearse, an all-electric excavator in collaboration with Venieri and a bimodal boat for carrying 70 people. Micro-Vett also developed CHAdeMO protocols for rapid charging of its vehicles at 50 kW; moreover the company also attended many national and European projects, including Green eMotion under the 7th European framework program. Customers At the beginning of 2011, the company had a turnover of around 17 million Euros and employed 50 people. The vehicle range included EdyOne, e500, Fiorino, Doblò, Ducato and Bimodal Daily. Main customers were state-owned companies and delivery companies, including Trambus, Reggio Emilia Municipality, Italian Mail, Turin Municipality, Milan Municipality, San Martino Hospital in Genoa, Cinque Terre National Park, VeLoCe from Vicenza, Bartolini, DHL, Acciona Madrid, Eurodisney Paris, La Poste France, Cannes Municipality, Monaco Municipality, Moscow Municipality, RWE, ESB Ireland, among others. Bankruptcy Due to both the electric vehicle market contraction caused by the international crisis, unpaid debts due by Italian state-owned companies and technical problems related to defective components, Micro-Vett faced liquidity challenges from the second half of 2011. In February 2013 the court of Bologna declared its bankruptcy. Attempted relaunch Following several failed bankruptcy auctions without offers, the company was taken over in April 2014 by the Bocchi family, moving headquarters to Altavilla Vicentina. The new company was led by Claudio Cicero, who already had experience in the Micro-Vett company and winner of the 2010 World Championship FIA Alternative Energies Cup with a Micro-Vett e500. Despite the limited manpower following the Imola phase, the company manufactured purely electric prototypes on Fiat chassis: Panda, Fiorino and Doblò. The technical peculiarity of these vehicles was the application of an innovative idea aimed to maintain all the auxiliary services activated by the belt of the combustion engine. This would lead to lower costs and greater reliability. Fiat showed a lot of interest in these vehicles and Micro-Vett approached several companies based in Piedmont to start manufacturing, but no agreement was reached and activities gradually slowed down to a grinding halt. At the end of 2016, the whole workforce leaved Micro-Vett. As of mid 2019 the website is no longer active. References Electric vehicle manufacturers of Italy

25124216

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Strathclyde%20Faculty%20of%20Science

University of Strathclyde Faculty of Science

The Faculty Of Science is one of the four faculties which make up the University of Strathclyde, in Glasgow, Scotland. The faculty contains a number of departments offering various undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Introduction The Faculty of Science is based on the John Anderson Campus of the University. The faculty has over 3,000 students and receives a grant income for research of over £20million. The Faculty offers courses at both undergraduate and also postgraduate level, at which teaching and research options are available. Departments The faculty consists of five departments, namely: Pure & Applied Chemistry Mathematics & Statistics Computer and Information Sciences Physics Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) Pure & Applied Chemistry Most recently, greater than £10 million was spent on the departments buildings and laboratories. Many graduates from the department work worldwide in research, industry and education. The Department is home to a number of Centres, namely: - The Doctoral Training Centre in Synthetic and Medicinal Chemistry - The Centre for Nanometrology - The Centre for Process Analysis & Control Technology (CPACT) - The Centre for Physical Organic Chemistry - The Centre for Forensic Science Mathematics & Statistics This department was previously two separate entities; the Department of Mathematics, and the Department of Statistics and Modelling Science. However, they merged to form the single Department of Mathematics and Statistics. Research is focused on applied mathematics in the broadest sense, with an emphasis on nonlinear systems and solution of problems with industrial relevance. Computer & Information Sciences The Department is engaged in research across Computer and Information Sciences, spanning Artificial Intelligence, Software Engineering, Information Retrieval, Mobile and Ubiquitous Interaction, Functional Programming, Dataflow Systems, Database Indexing and Information Science. In addition to their research, the Department offers a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Many of these are cross disciplinary, with courses jointly run with the Strathclyde Business School and the University's Law School, for example. Physics The Department offers undergraduate courses which lead to both the award of BSc and MPhys. They also offer a number of postgraduate taught courses, including Masters courses in: - High-Power Radio Frequency Science and Engineering - Nanoscience - Optical Technologies - Photonics and Device Microfabrication - Quantum Information and Coherence The research portfolio of the Department of Physics is among the best in the UK. Based on the Research Excellence Framework (REF) 2014 GPA Scores, Times Higher Education ranked the Department as number one in the UK for physics research. Since 2014 the University's Institute of Photonics has been incorporated within the Department of Physics. Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences (SIPBS) SIPBS is a major research centre in Scotland and is amongst the UK's top Schools of Pharmacy. It benefited from a new £36 million purpose-built building to harness this department's research in drug discovery and development. The building was completed in 2011. SIPBS research is focused on New Medicines, Better Medicines and Better Use of Medicines. Research within the Institute is advanced through six Research Groups: • Cardiovascular Research • Cell Biology • Infection, Immunity and Microbiology • Medicines Use and Health • Neuroscience • Pharmaceutical Sciences Dean of Faculty The current dean of the Faculty is Prof. Iain Hunter. He replaces Brian Furman who retired. After being a professor of Molecular Microbiology for 13 years at Strathclyde University he became the dean of the faculty in 2008. Based in the SIPBS department the professor took up his post with "a determination to strengthen links between faculties and with industry." Originally Hunter graduated from Glasgow University with an honours degree in Biochemistry before undertaking a phD in Microbial Physiology (the study of how the microbial cell functions biochemically) again at University of Glasgow. The professor also works with the Scottish Qualifications Authority in creating the new Curriculum For Excellence Framework in Biology. Research The Faculty of Science has the largest number of research students in the University. The Faculty of Science collaborates with many external groups such as the European Space Agency, NASA, NHS Scotland, and the Metropolitan Police. Former Departments and Research Units Centre for Digital Library Research The Centre for Digital Library Research (CDLR) was a research unit based within the then Information Resource Directorate (IRD) and later the Department of Computer and Information Sciences. It was established in 1999 by Prof. Derek Law, Head of the Information Resources Directorate, as a centre of expertise in digital library research and digital library development activities. It later contributed to the research portfolio of the Department of Computer and Information Sciences, including the Research Assessment Exercise and Research Excellence Framework. The Centre was disbanded in 2011 following organisational changes at the University of Strathclyde. The Centre was originally established to further the application of web technologies within the context of digital libraries, thereby contributing to the development of national and global networked information services. This often entailed the concept of holistic approaches to system development whereby tangible technical outputs were interconnected and used to further research of a specific issue or problem. During its operation the Centre received numerous grants from a wide variety of funders, including the Jisc, the Scottish Funding Council (SFC), the European Commission, the British Academy, the New Opportunities Fund and others. A number of these grants, particularly those from the Jisc, funded the creation of service nodes within the Jisc's Information Environment, such as terminology services and federated search tools. Research specialisms for the Centre were varied but included topics such as digital content creation and maintenance, resource discovery, syntactic and semantic interoperability across distributed digital libraries and repositories, metadata schema, digitization and digital preservation. Although the Centre ceased operations in 2011, some of its technical outputs from research and development activities, such as the Glasgow Digital Library, remain available and supported by the University of Strathclyde Library. Perhaps the best known of the Centre's technical outputs was the BUBL Information Service. Originally predating the advancements in web searching offered by emergent services like Google, BUBL offered a searchable directory of specially selected and described web resources, covering all subjects of academic relevance for the UK higher education community. The directory BUBL operated was similar to the Yahoo! Directory but was instead organised, described and navigable according to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system See also University of Strathclyde Strathclyde Business School University of Strathclyde Faculty of Engineering References External links University of Strathclyde

68470738

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Schollum

Robert Schollum

Robert Schollum (22 August 1913 – 30 September 1987) was an Austrian composer, conductor, music educator, music critic, musicographer and academic scholar. He was president of the for several years in the 1960s and 1980s. Life and career Education Born in Vienna, Schollum studied composition with Joseph Marx, music theory with Egon Lustgarten and organ and piano with Carl Lafite at the Neues Wiener Konservatorium and the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. He taught as assistant to Anton Maria Klafsky at the New Vienna Conservatory and gave piano lessons at the Conservatory for Folk Music. National Socialism In 1932, Schollum joined the Hitler Youth, later also the SA. From 1933, he performed as a conductor. From 1939 to 1945, he did military service with the Wehrmacht, and after being wounded, he served as a purser on the Russian Front. In addition, he worked as a pianist, conductor and choir director for the Hitler Youth and was a district commissioner of the Reich Chamber of Music for music education. After the airstrike of his Vienna flat in 1944, he moved to Ottensheim near Linz. Career after the Second World War From 1945, Schollum was choirmaster at the Old Cathedral, Linz and also directed the Ignatius Choir, the Sängerbund "Frohsinn" and the Linz Chamber Orchestra. In 1946, he became head of the Linz Municipal Music Directorate, in 1952 music advisor to the Department of Culture and in 1953 municipal music director. He founded the Linz section of the International Society for New Music, whose "Arnold Schönberg Medal" he received in 1953. From 1955, Schollum conducted the Vienna City Serenade, in the same year he founded the . In 1956, he became regional choir master of the . In Linz as well as in Vienna he made radio broadcasts on a case-by-case basis. In 1958 he was awarded the , the following year he was appointed Professor of Lied and Oratorio at the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna; he held this post until 1983. In 1960, he was awarded the Honorary Prize of the Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Culture for outstanding achievements in the field of popular education; in 1961, he received the State Prize for Music and in 1971 the . From 1963, Schollum was the national choir director of the Workers' Singers' Association. From 1965 to 1969 and from 1983 to 1984, he was president of the Austrian Composers' Association. In 1973, he was made an honorary member. In 1978, he was awarded the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art and the in gold. Schollum died in Vienna at the age of 74. He is buried in an honorary grave (group 40, number 157) at the Vienna Central Cemetery. Work Already as a student, Schollum composed more than 100 Volkslied movements. Later, his compositions were first in the tradition of Claude Debussy, then in that of Béla Bartók and Darius Milhaud. In the 1950s, he then moved on to partly tonally bound serial compositions. His oeuvre encompasses almost all genres from instrumental solo works, chamber music, choral works and songs to instrumental concertos and symphonies. His estate is housed in the music collection of the Austrian National Library. Publications Musik in der Volksbildung (1959) Egon Wellesz (1964) Das kleine Wiener Jazzbuch (1969) Die Wiener Schule (1969) Das österreichische Lied des 20. Jahrhunderts (1977) References External links Robert Schollum im Musiklexikon der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Christian Heindl: Robert Schollum, KDG – Komponisten der Gegenwart, in Munzinger-Archiv ([https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=17000000754 Start of article freely available) Regina Thumser: Robert Schollum. 2008, [https://austria-forum.org/af/AEIOU/Schollum,_Robert pdf on Austria-Forum 20th-century Austrian composers 20th-century Austrian male musicians Austrian conductors (music) Austrian music educators University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni Academic staff of the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art 1913 births 1987 deaths Musicians from Vienna

44350493

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%20Littlefield

Bob Littlefield

Robert W. "Bob" Littlefield was a Scottsdale, Arizona city councilman. Littlefield served out the three-term city charter-mandated limit at the beginning of 2015. Personal life Littlefield's wife Kathy ran for and won a seat on the Scottsdale city council in 2014. Business and community involvement Bob Littlefield is the founder and president of NetXpert Systems, Inc., a Scottsdale-based computer company. He also is a commercial pilot and flight instructor, specializing in "glass cockpit" (electronic flight instrument system) transition training. His book Glass Cockpit Flying is aimed at enhancing safety and proficiency for what the FAA calls "Technically Advanced Airplanes" (TAAs). Littlefield's corporate career spanned 17 years as an engineer, sales executive, sales manager, and general manager for Prime Computer, DataPhaz, Apollo, and Hewlett-Packard. He was a director of the Arizona Software & Internet Association (now part of the Arizona Technology Council). Littlefield is a member of the American Legion, the Kiwanis, the Arizona Pilot's Association, the Arizona Business Aviation Association, and Civitan International. Still an active youth soccer referee, Littlefield served 11 years on the board of the Arcadia Scottsdale United Soccer Club "Blackhawks" (now Scottsdale Soccer). He spent 20 years as a youth soccer and baseball coach. Political career Running on a platform of protecting suburban neighborhoods and rural areas from gentrification, Littlefield won his seat on the Scottsdale City Council in November 2002, and was reelected to his second term in 2006. Littlefield was reelected again to his third term in 2010. He was in a virtual tie for the most votes in that election. In 2010, the Arizona Republic reported that in his eight years on the City Council, Littlefield had "challenged popular development projects, stood behind a city-run fire department and supported the Foothills Overlay and scenic corridors." In 2014, Littlefield was strongly opposed to a nine-point economic-development action plan for the City of Scottsdale. Among other objections, Littlefield said the plan was "drowning in buzzwords" and opposed a proposal to add marketing to the list of duties of the city economic development department. Littlefield was firmly opposed to the city's hospitality trolley, "which carries riders to some of the city's most popular destinations during tourist season," saying in 2014: "It didn't work, it cost a ton of money and it's time to put a stake through the heart and end it." Littlefield and council allies Tony Nelssen and Guy Phillips frequently sparred with Lane and the council majority over budget deficits, municipal debt, and inadequate funding for the city's capital projects and maintenance. During his time on the city council, Littlefield served as: Chairman of Scottsdale's Council Subcommittee on Water Issues Member of Scottsdale's Audit Committee Member of Scottsdale's WestWorld Council Subcommittee Chairman of Scottsdale's City Council Budget Subcommittee, 2004 and 2006 Chairman of Scottsdale's Council Subcommittee on Regional Aviation Issues, 2005 Scottsdale's representative to the Regional Public Transportation Authority (RPTA, aka Valley Metro) Member of the Regional Public Transportation Authority (RPTA) Board of Directors' Budget and Finance Subcommittee Scottsdale's representative to the Papago Park Executive Committee Member of the Arizona Governor's Advisory Council on Aviation Scottsdale's representative to the Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) Regional Aviation System Plan Policy Committee The influx of significant dark money-funded attack ads resulting from the US Supreme Court's Citizens United decision thwarted Littlefield's 2014 bid for a Legislative District 23 seat in the Arizona House of Representatives. In 2016, Littlefield ran for major against incumbent Jim Lane, who was running for a third term. Littlefield lost the election decisively, losing to Lane 35 - 65 percent, and winning in only 1 of Scottsdale's 53 precincts. References Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Arizona city council members Commercial aviators

23174159

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20United%20Methodist%20Hymnal

The United Methodist Hymnal

The United Methodist Hymnal is the hymnal used by The United Methodist Church. It was first published in 1989 as the first hymnal for The United Methodist Church after the 1968 merger of The Methodist Church with The Evangelical United Brethren Church. The 960-page hymnal is noted for many changes that were made in the lyrics of certain hymns, so as to modernize the hymnal. History Prior to the release of The United Methodist Hymnal, The United Methodist Church used the hymnals that were in use by The Methodist Church and The Evangelical United Brethren Church at the time of the merger. The Methodist Church generally used The Methodist Hymnal, also known as The Book of Hymns, or a 1982 supplement, while The Evangelical United Brethren Church had its own hymnal, The Hymnal, which was first published in 1957, and other congregations sometimes used special hymnals oriented to different nationalities. The release of United Methodist Hymnal in 1989 followed the updates of several other denominational hymnals in the previous decade, such as Lutheran Book of Worship in 1978 and the Episcopalian The Hymnal 1982. The United Methodist Hymnal was developed by a revision committee composed of twenty-five members led by editor Carlton R. Young (who also edited The Methodist Hymnal), and chaired by Bishop Rueben P. Job. It was the first hymnal following The Methodist Church's merger with The Evangelical United Brethren Church. In selecting and arranging hymns, many that contained masculine pronouns were altered so as to include gender-neutral pronouns instead. Male references to God, such as "Master", "Father" and "King", were retained, and a hymn entitled "Strong Mother God" was rejected. The editors had also considered eliminating militaristic references, and in 1986 the hymnal revision was the subject of controversy as the editors had considered eliminating "Onward Christian Soldiers" and some verses of "The Battle Hymn of the Republic," but retained both hymns after receiving more than 11,000 protest letters. The line "white as snow" was changed to "bright as snow" in "Nothing but the Blood of Jesus", so as to eliminate the imagery of black and white respectively being images of sin and redemption. A line in "O for a Thousand Tongues to Sing" containing references to blindness, deafness and muteness was marked with an asterisk to indicate that it may be omitted. Several international hymns were also selected, including Spanish, Asian and American Indian hymns, as well as Black spirituals. Duke Ellington's "Come Sunday" was also included. In compositions by John Wesley, many of the lyrical changes made by his brother Charles were reverted, and most uses of "thee" were replaced with "you". The hymnal also contains four forms of the Holy Communion ritual, known as the Service of Word and Table, and also of the Baptismal Covenant, along with several musical settings for both of those services. It also contains the marriage and funeral rites, forms for morning and evening Praise and Prayer, and a Psalter based on the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible but with a few revisions. Before the hymnal's official release, The United Methodist Publishing House sent a 73-page sampler to several churches. More than three million copies were sold by July 31, 1989, and the total was over four-and-a-half million ten years later. Two supplemental hymnals have been issued, The Faith We Sing in 2000, and Worship & Song in 2011. There are two other equally official hymnals of The United Methodist Church: Mil Voces Para Celebrar: Himnario Metodista (published in 1996) and Come, Let Us Worship: The Korean-English United Methodist Hymnal (published in 2000). See also List of English-language hymnals by denomination External links HymnSite.com - United Methodist Hymn Resources (Unofficial Resource) References Protestant hymnals United Methodist Church 1989 books 1989 in Christianity 1989 in music

31603740

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azteca%20andreae

Azteca andreae

Azteca andreae is an arboreal ant species found in the tropics of South America, most notably in French Guiana. They are most notable for their predatory skills and strength. They are ambush predators that are able to capture and eat other insects much greater than their own size. Physical characteristics Azteca andreae have dark brown, shiny bodies covered in white hair. The workers are a little less than 3mm in length, and the queen is slightly more than 5mm in length. Habitat The ants live in the hollow internodes, or the spaces in between nodes on the plant stem, of select plant species. When the queens start a new colony, they apparently limit their colonies to Cecropia trees. They will inhabit multiple different species of tree, but they have a preference for Cecropia obtusa. Up to 8350 workers live in each tree. The queens initially start the colonies inside of the tree, but the ants will eventually build external carton nests. The ants will also build their nests near the wasp species Polybia rejecta in order to protect the nests from other predators. The wasp is highly aggressive towards any mammal or other predator that approaches their nest. Plant-ant symbiosis Often, the ants will not only receive housing from the plant; they will eat extrafloral nectar and food bodies that the plant provides. In return, the plant receives security from herbivores that may eat the plant, because the ants hunt on the plant and eat many of the plant’s predators. This symbiosis benefits both the plant and ants. Predatory behavior Azteca andreae use ambush predation to hunt insects many times their own size. The ants will actually position themselves side-by-side next to each other underneath the edge a leaf. There, they are invisible from above except for their mandibles, which hang outside the edge waiting for prey. Many times, the ants will occupy each leaf of the plant. When an insect lands on the leaf, three to ten of the closest ants immediately attack and drive the prey to the leaf margin, where more ambushing ants will congregate and attack. Large prey was only captured if on the edge of the leaf, because the ants use their specialized legs to hold onto the velvety surface underneath ‘’Cecropia obtusa’’ leaves. This mechanism essentially acts like Velcro, with the many small hooks on the legs of the ant gripping onto the velvet of the underside of the leaf. Because only the bottom of the leaf has this surface, the ants can only really capture prey when they are holding onto the leaf from the underside. This is the main factor that allows the ants to capture such massive prey. After catching their prey, they will either start tearing it to shreds on the spot or take it back to the colony and cut it up into smaller pieces. In an experiment by Alain Dejean et al. (2010), the ants captured more prey when hunting on Cecropia obtusa than any other plant. The proposed explanation for this was the enhanced gripping power resulting from the Velcro-like mechanism that was absent on all the other plants. In addition, the research team tested the limits of the ants’ strength. They placed a weight on a thread, which they introduced to an ant that immediately grabbed on to the thread with its mandibles. An individual ant held onto weights up to eight grams, or 5,714 times the ant’s weight. Collectively, they were observed to capture a locust that weighed 18.61 grams, or 13,350 times the average weight of a single worker. This is one of the largest feats of strength documented in the entire animal world. References External links Youtube video of A. andreae ants ambushing a moth "Arboreal Ants Use the 'Velcro® Principle' to Capture Very Large Prey" Article "Taxonomic Contribution to the aurita Group of the Ant Genus Azteca (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)" Article "'Velcro' effect in Guianese ants" Article andreae Hymenoptera of South America Insects described in 2010

2097497

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%20Votha

Si Votha

Si Votha (; also spelled Si Vattha; c. 1841 – 31 December 1891) was a Cambodian prince who was briefly a contender for the throne. He spent his entire life fighting his half brother King Norodom for the throne. Si Votha was a grandson of King Ang Eng (reigning from 1772 to 1796) and a son of King Ang Duong. His biographical notes only record that he had a daughter named Neak Ang Mechas (Princess) Ang Duong Rath Votha. Si Votha had two half-brothers, Norodom and Sisowath of Cambodia, with Norodom being the king's chosen heir. Succession struggle and 1861 rebellion Upon King Ang Duong's death, a succession struggle ensued, with Si Votha attempting to take power while his half brother Norodom was occupied with a rebellion; eventually Norodom gained the upper hand when he gained the backing of Sisowath. When Norodom was officially crowned king in 1864 in a joint coronation ceremony supervised by the French and Siamese officials, Si Votha once again made no secret of his intention to lay claim to the Cambodian throne. Norodom's throne would have been extremely precarious without French support. Sisowath would likely have adopted the same attitude as Si Votha if the Siamese king had allowed him to leave Bangkok. Si Votha's long history of opposition to Norodom, which led him to lead a life of discomfort in the most isolated regions of the kingdom, suggests some deep personal antagonism between the two princes. 1876 Rebellion During the 1870s, taking advantage of a new uprising against Norodom's authority, Si Votha swiftly returned to Cambodia from Thailand. Begging the pardon of the king of Siam for his unauthorized departure, Si Votha left Bangkok, swiftly passed through Battambang, and travelled onward to the higher region of the Mekong. He had little difficulty in quickly raising a large band of supporters and began to harry the officials loyal to King Norodom. He besieged the provincial capital at Kampong Thom and went through the turbulent province of Kampong Svai. Forces dispatched under Norodom's orders failed to apprehend him. As late as 1876, Si Votha remained in revolt, striking at an outpost of Norodom's government, and slipping back to his sanctuary among the Stiengs, one of the tribal groups on the fringes of Cambodian society. Resistance and 1885-1886 revolt The French refused to help King Norodom put down Si Votha's revolt until the king concluded a treaty which advocated several reforms. By January 1877, the treaty was concluded and on 15 January, King Norodom proclaimed a series of reforms under the new treaty. In return, the French now bent their efforts to defeating Si Votha's uprising. Si Votha's uprising lasted until 1885-1886 with the help of Khmer Prince Duong Chakr, Norodom's own child. It was Norodom's prestige that ultimately brought Si Votha's resistance to an end. Si Votha, lurking on the northeastern boundaries of the kingdom, was a nuisance but nothing more. For the inhabitants of the northeastern region of Cambodia, Votha remained a king and he maintained his own small, if impoverished, court. After the failure of his efforts in 1885-1886, his followers became fewer, dwindling to a few companions by the time he died. In the closing years of his life, Si Votha entered into hesitant and inconclusive negotiations with the French. Having grown tired of living amongst the less civilized hill tribe people in the jungle of northeastern Cambodia, Si Votha eventually submitted to the French. However, he strongly emphasized his refusal to submit to his half-brother, King Norodom. The French, who were attempting to expand their influence in Cambodia at the time, were pleased by Si Votha's defeat, as he had been an outspoken critic of European colonialism in the area. Si Votha became something of a figurehead for resistance against the French. Si Votha's rebellion was largely unsuccessful, however, and in 1887, Cambodia was incorporated in the French-controlled Indochinese Union. Defeat and death Almost totally abandoned by his followers and virtually without resources, Prince Si Votha died on the last day of 1891. Si Votha's life of perpetual dissidence had never brought him within certain reach of toppling Norodom from the throne. Backed by the French, Norodom had always been able to resist Si Votha's uprisings, despite the latter's popular appeal or gift of oratory. Si Votha came to symbolise the first fight against the French colonial rule in Cambodia. But his rebellion was largely born out of jealousy and animosity toward his half brother King Norodom, rather than a desire for the independence of his country from France. During his time he was never considered an independence fighter but rather a rebellious usurper of the Cambodian throne. Descendants His descendants from his daughter Princess Rathnavothea ANG live nowadays in France under the name of Yosvara family tree. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab of Thailand said when he was ordained as a samanera (Buddhist novice) at Wat Bowonniwet, Si Votha was one of his teachers. When Si Votha lived at Wang Chao Khamen (Palace of Khmer princes) in Bangkok, he has only son named Ditsawong (ดิศวงศ์, also called Praditthawong ประดิษฐวงษ in a letter of Si Votha to Phraya Si Sahathep). Ditsawong and his family lived under the patronage of Damrong Rajanubhab until he died in 1903. He has five children from two wives as follows: from Phuean (เผื่อน), his first wife Thawin (ถวิล, daughter) Wilat (วิลาศ, daughter) from Chan (จันทร์), his second wife Phumriang (พุมเรียง, daughter) Sangwian (สังเวียน, daughter) Sarakham (สะราคำ, his only son) Sarakham (1891-1969, 78 years old) worked as a judge in the Court of Justice of Thailand and had a noble title named "Phra Inthabenya" (พระอินทเบญญา). He used the surname "Wattha" (วัตถา) since 1914 following his grandfather's name "Si Votha", as suggested by Prince Svasti Sobhana. Phra Inthabenya (Sarakham Wattha) married with Phak Pinthatsathian (ภักดิ์ ปิ่นทัษเฐียร) and has three children: Thom (ธม, male), Thiat (เธียด, male) and Opal (โอปอ, female). References 1. Milton E. Osborne, The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia 2. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~royalty/cambodia/i547.html#I548 Cambodian princes 1891 deaths Year of birth uncertain Sons of kings

18416693

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xue%20Chen

Xue Chen

Xue Chen (; born 18 February 1989 in Fuzhou, Fujian) is a Chinese beach volleyball player, measuring in height. Her hometown is Fuzhou, but she trains in Sanya, Hainan. She has also trained in California under coach Dane Selznick. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics with Wang Xinxin. Career Xue began playing basketball as a child, but disliked the physical contact of that sport. She then played indoor volleyball from the age of 10 to 13 before settling into beach volleyball. She began training for her sports career in 2000 at the Fuzhou Sports Training School. In 2002, she attended the Athletic Sports College of Fuzhou and became a member of the Chinese national beach volleyball team. Xue then made her Swatch-FIVB World Tour debut in 2005, playing in two events with You Wenhui and winning the FIVB Top Rookie award for 2006. Early 2006 Xue became the youngest player to ever win a major event, when on 28 May 2006 the 17-year-old won the $400,000 China Shanghai Jinshan Open. Later in 2006, Xue and Zhang Xi won the gold medal in the women's team competition at the 2006 Asian Games. The pair also won the bronze medal in women's beach volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics. The pair had great success in 2010, which included winning the Grand Slam in Moscow, Russia, for the second time. They also achieved an extraordinary gold-medal win on the FIVB World Tour Women's Final in Åland, Finland, by snapping the record gold-medal winning-streak of Brazil's França–Silva duo on 21 August 2010. In 2009 they won the gold medal at the Asian Beach Volleyball Championships in Haikou, China, and retained the title in 2010. They then went on to win gold at the Sanya Open in Hainan, the Guangzhou Asian Games, and the Asian Beach Games. The team of Xue and Zhang were ranked 4th overall on the 2010 FIVB Beach Volleyball World Rankings and finished the season ranked first in the FIVB World Rankings. Xue and Zhang represented China in the 2012 London Olympics and ended 4th in the female beach volleyball competition. She competed at the 2020 Olympics with X. Wang in Tokyo held in 2021. Playing partners Zhang Xi 2010–present Zhang Ying 2008–2009 Zhang Xi 2006–2008 Yan Ni 2003–2006 Xia Xinyi: 2017 Ma Yuanyuan: 2017 Xinxin Wang: 2020-2021 See also China at the 2012 Summer Olympics#Volleyball Beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament References External links 1989 births Living people Chinese female beach volleyball players Olympic beach volleyball players for China Olympic medalists in beach volleyball Olympic bronze medalists for China Asian Games medalists in beach volleyball Asian Games gold medalists for China Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics Beach volleyball players at the 2006 Asian Games Beach volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Beach volleyball players at the 2010 Asian Games Beach volleyball players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Beach volleyball players at the 2020 Summer Olympics Beach volleyball players at the 2022 Asian Games Sportspeople from Fuzhou Volleyball players from Fujian 21st-century Chinese women

50586174

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Francis%20Hettinger

Karl Francis Hettinger

Karl Francis Hettinger (October 29, 1934 - May 4, 1994) was an American police officer of the Los Angeles Police Department from 1958 to 1963. Hettinger formerly served for the United States Marine Corps from 1952 to 1958 and served in the Korean War and Vietnam War. He was known for surviving the "Onion Field" incident, in which he and his partner, Officer Ian Campbell, were kidnapped on the night of March 9, 1963, by criminals Gregory Powell and Jimmy Lee Smith and taken to an onion field near Bakersfield, California where Officer Campbell was fatally shot. Hettinger's story is depicted in Joseph Wambaugh's 1973 nonfiction book, The Onion Field. The book was adapted into a 1979 feature film of the same name in which Hettinger was portrayed by John Savage. Biography Hettinger was born in Los Angeles, California, to Francis and Elsie (Eberley) Hettinger. He had two sisters, Miriam and Eunice. He was raised in Los Angeles. He was married to Helen Beth Davis in Las Vegas, Nevada, on May 1, 1962; they had three children: Laurie, Kurt, and Christine. On the night of March 9, 1963, Hettinger and his partner, Ian Campbell, pulled over a vehicle driven by Powell and Smith. After both men got out of the vehicle, Powell disarmed Campbell and pointed a gun at his back. Smith and Powell held the officers hostage, and all four of them returned to the vehicle. Campbell was then forced to drive the four of them to an onion field near Bakersfield. When they arrived, the officers were ordered to step out into the field. Powell asked Campbell if he had ever heard of the Lindbergh Law. When Campbell replied, "Yes," Powell shot him. The killing occurred primarily because Powell assumed that the kidnapping of the officers alone already constituted a capital crime under the Lindbergh Law. However, Powell's interpretation was incorrect. Under the Lindbergh Law at that time, kidnapping became a capital crime only if victims were harmed or if a ransom was demanded. Today, kidnapping in California is punishable by life imprisonment, either with or without the possibility of parole, depending on the circumstances. Hettinger managed to escape to a farmhouse, where he called for help. Powell was arrested hours later, whereas Smith was arrested the next day. According to Pierce Brooks, the officer who investigated the crime, Hettinger suffered from survivor's guilt because of Campbell's death, describing it as a "tremendous guilt complex." In addition, Hettinger was forced to visit squad rooms and publicly admit blame for his lack of courage at the onion field. His experience inspired the controversial "Hettinger Memorandum," whereby officers were admonished never to give up their weapons. Depressed and finding it difficult to function, Hettinger was transferred to a less stressful job as a driver for the police chief. But after he began shoplifting, Hettinger was forced to resign from the police department. Joseph Wambaugh said of Hettinger after writing both the book and the film about the "Onion Field" incident, "Karl minded terribly, but I just exploited him. I used money as my weapon to get the story. I offered him money that, for the sake of his family, he couldn't refuse. I acted that way because I thought the story was more important than Karl Hettinger, more important than me -- that it was a story so important that I would have done almost anything to get it written." In 1985, Hettinger spoke for the first time about the incident: "I still get uneasy. I still can't sleep very well. I can still see their faces. I want to stop him (Powell) from getting back on the street. I know this man." That same year, Hettinger strongly opposed parole for Powell. Hettinger said, "I'm speaking as a victim. A very good friend of mine was murdered, and the same men tried to murder me. But the death penalty was not carried out. I don't think it's right. I've been quiet too long." In 1987, Hettinger was appointed by California Governor George Deukmejian to the Kern County Board of Supervisors until 1993. Hettinger died on May 4, 1994 at a hospital in Bakersfield. He was 59. The cause of death was liver failure. References 1934 births 1994 deaths Kidnapped American people Los Angeles Police Department officers People from Bakersfield, California People from Los Angeles

171550

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulee%27s%20Gold

Ulee's Gold

Ulee's Gold is a 1997 American drama film written and directed by Victor Nuñez and starring Peter Fonda in the title role. Co-stars include Patricia Richardson, Christine Dunford, Tom Wood, Jessica Biel, J. Kenneth Campbell and Vanessa Zima. It was released by Orion Pictures, with Jonathan Demme receiving presenter credits for his role in the film's financing. The film was the "Centerpiece Premiere" at the 1997 Sundance Film Festival. Fonda won a Golden Globe Award for his performance and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor and a Screen Actors Guild Award. The film's title refers most concretely to the honey Ulee produces as a beekeeper, particularly that made from the nectar of the tupelo tree. Van Morrison sings "Tupelo Honey" (the title song of his 1971 album) over the end credits. Plot Ulee Jackson is a widowed beekeeper in Wewahitchka, Florida whose son Jimmy is in prison following a botched robbery. Jimmy's wife Helen has abandoned their two daughters and is living in Orlando. Ulee's stubborn independence prevents him from asking for help, and he has his hands full running his business and acting as surrogate parent to his granddaughters Casey and Penny. Casey is a rebellious teenager and Penny is a timid 10-year-old who seems confused by her parents' absence and the tension at home. When Ulee visits Jimmy in prison, Jimmy tells him that Helen has turned up at the Orlando home of petty criminals Eddie Flowers and Ferris Dooley. They were Jimmy's accomplices in the bank robbery, but were never caught. Now they say Helen is sick, and Jimmy asks Ulee to bring her home. Ulee goes to Orlando to pick up Helen, but it turns out what Eddie and Ferris really want is the bank money that Jimmy allegedly hid after the robbery. Ulee agrees to ask Jimmy about it, and then takes Helen home. Helen's "illness" is actually drug addiction, and while she is almost comatose on the way home, she becomes violent and belligerent as she wakes up near the house. Ulee's tenant and neighbor, a divorced nurse named Connie Hope, is brought into the home by a frightened Penny, and over the next few days she helps Helen through her drug withdrawal. Meanwhile, Ulee learns that Jimmy hid the bank money in one of his beeyards. He tells Eddie and Ferris he'll bring the money to Orlando in a few days, but they decide they can't wait and take Helen, Casey, and Penny hostage in Ulee's home. Helen, Casey, and Penny are then tied up and left at the home as Eddie and Ferris force Ulee at gunpoint to take them to the beeyard, where he shows them the hiding place. As they are recovering the money, Ulee kicks the gun into the swamp. The angry men ride with Ulee back into town, then Eddie stabs him in the parking lot when they arrive. As Ulee stumbles bleeding, Eddie and Ferris drive off but are pulled over almost immediately by the sheriff, Bill Floyd. In a newly hopeful Jackson household, Helen has stepped back into her role as a mother, and Jimmy expects to be paroled soon. Ulee is happy to return to his bees, but has mixed feelings about giving up some of his responsibilities. As he recovers from his knife wound he begins work on expanding his business to accommodate Jimmy's eventual return, and seems to finally be taking a romantic interest in Connie. Cast Peter Fonda as Ulee Jackson Patricia Richardson as Connie Hope Christine Dunford as Helen Jackson Tom Wood as Jimmy Jackson Jessica Biel as Casey Jackson Vanessa Zima as Penny Jackson Steven Flynn as Eddie Flowers Dewey Weber as Ferris Dooley J. Kenneth Campbell as Sheriff Bill Floyd Traber Burns as Chance Barrow Ryan Marshall as Charley Myers Production Nuñez used the Lanier family, a third-generation beekeeping family in Wewahitchka, Florida as "bee consultants" for the film; the Lanier family swamp lands and bee yards served as filming locations, with some members of the family appearing as extras in the film. Other filming locations were Orlando, Carrabelle, Apalachicola and Port St. Joe in Florida. Ulee's Gold was filmed during the late summer/early autumn of 1996. During a 1997 interview held in Melbourne, Fonda commented on the character he portrayed: The film would help revive Fonda's career. Reception Ulee's Gold was well received by critics. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, it has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 51 critics, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The website's consensus reads, "Led by an outstanding Peter Fonda performance, Ulee's Gold movingly depicts a family in crisis -- and a patriarch willing to sacrifice for the good of others." On Metacritic, it has a score of 77 out of 100 based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "B+" on scale of A to F. Andrew Johnston wrote in Time Out New York: "The plot poses ample opportunities for cliches, all of which Nunez deftly avoids. The characters are wonderfully drawn and bring out the best in the actors —the taciturn Fonda often seems to be channeling his father, and Richardson proves she's too talented to be wasting her time on Home Improvement". Varietys Todd McCarthy described the film as a "gem of rare emotional depth and integrity". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3.5 out of 4, and wrote: "Peter Fonda here reveals a depth of talent we did not suspect." Accolades Notes References External links 1997 films 1997 drama films American drama films American independent films Films set in Florida Orion Pictures films Fictional beekeepers Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films about bees Films directed by Victor Nuñez 1997 independent films 1990s English-language films 1990s American films English-language drama films

2813697

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Payne%20University

Howard Payne University

Howard Payne University is a private Baptist university in Brownwood, Texas, United States. It is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas. Howard Payne College was founded by Noah T. Byers and John David Robnett in 1889. The institution is named for its first major benefactor, Edward Howard Payne, who was the brother-in-law of Robnett. Athletic programs include NCAA Division III football, baseball, softball, women's volleyball, men and women's soccer, basketball and tennis. The HPU mascot is a yellow jacket named "Buzzsaw". The university also has extension centers located in New Braunfels, Texas and in El Paso, Texas. Founding and history On June 20, 1889, Howard Payne College was founded at Indian Creek by members of the Pecan Valley Baptist Association, Noah T. Byers and John David Robnett. It was named for its first financial benefactor and Robnett's brother-in-law, Edward Howard Payne. The first classes at HPC were held in 1890, with the first degree being granted in 1895 to Robnett. In 1915, the yellow jacket was chosen by Carrie (Camp) Allen as the university mascot. Thomas H. Taylor led the university through the Great Depression, which began just two months into his presidency. Robert Mangrum, university historian of HPU, states that it was made apparent to Taylor at the 1930 Texas Baptist convention that HPU would have to be closed due to an inability to continue funding through the BGCT. A faculty prayer meeting was held upon his return to Brownwood, writes Mangrum, and it was decided that HPC would continue to operate with no deficits through the receipts and endowment interests. Daniel Baker College, a Presbyterian college located in Brownwood, consolidated with HPC in 1953, while Taylor was president. Taylor retired as the university's longest-serving president (26 years) after leading the college through the hardship of the Great Depression and helping the campus expand. Guy D. Newman was named president of HPC following Taylor's retirement. Under Newman's leadership, the Douglas MacArthur Academy of Freedom was established. The program is now called the Guy D. Newman Honors Academy and is still housed in the Academy of Freedom, formerly DBC's main building. Newman retired in 1972. HPC became Howard Payne University in 1974 under the presidency of Roger Brooks. Don Newbury, a 1961 graduate of HPU, served as president of the university from 1985 to 1997. HPU's student enrollment increased significantly during Newbury's presidency. The university also underwent numerous upgrades and additions to campus facilities. HPU's "Buzzsaw" mascot was also announced in 1996, during Newbury's presidency. The university celebrated one of its most significant athletics successes during the 2000s, with the HPU women's basketball team capping a perfect 33-0 season by winning the 2008 NCAA Division III Women's Basketball National Championship. Cory Hines, a 1997 graduate of HPU, was named president in 2019. Under his presidency, ground was broken for the Newbury Family Welcome Center in 2020. Construction on the project was scheduled for completion in spring 2022. The university also began restoring the Douglas MacArthur Academy of Freedom's wings in 2020. Other campus improvement projects were completed in 2020 and 2021, including renovations to the Veda Hodge Residence Hall lobby, the Newbury Place Student Apartments and the lobbies of the Guy D. Newman Hall of American Ideals. Presidents A. J. Emerson 1890 -1893 John D. Robnett 1893- 1896 James H. Grove 1896- 1908 John S. Humphreys (Acting President) 1908–1910 Robert H. Hamilton 1910–1911 John S. Humphreys 1911–1913 James M. Carroll 1913–1914 Anderson E. Baten (Vice President & Acting President) 1915–1917 Judson A. Tolman 1917–1919 L. J. Mims 1919–1922 William R. Hornburg (Vice President & Acting President) 1922–1923 Edgar Godbold 1923–1929 Thomas H. Taylor 1929–1955 Guy D. Newman 1955–1973 Roger Brooks 1973–1979 Charles A. Stewart (Chief Executive officer) 1979–1980 Ralph A. Phelps Jr. 1980–1985 Don Newbury 1985–1997 Rick Gregory 1997–2002 Russell H. Dilday (Interim President) 2002- 2003 Lanny Hall 2003–2009 William Ellis 2009–2018 Paul Armes (Interim President) 2018-2019 Cory Hines 2019–present Athletics The school supports an active athletic program for both men's and women's competition in the NCAA Division III. The school is currently a member of the American Southwest Conference. National championship teams Howard Payne University teams achieved national championship status in 1957 and 1964 in NAIA Cross country, and in 2008 with NCAA Division III Women's Basketball. Football Football began at Howard Payne in 1903. Gwinn Henry was named the first head coach in 1912 and coached for two seasons. Campus life In 2015 the university was granted an exception to Title IX allowing it to discriminate against LGBT students for religious reasons. In 2016 the organization Campus Pride ranked the college among the worst schools in Texas for LGBT students. Greek organizations Alpha Delta Kappa Alpha Psi Omega Chi Alpha Omega sorority Delta Chi Rho Delta Omicron (Co-ed International Music Fraternity) Inactive Iota Chi Alpha Kappa Kappa Psi (National Honorary Band Fraternity) Delta Epsilon Omega Tau Beta Sigma (National Honorary Band Sorority) Zeta Chi Pi Theta Chi Notable alumni Coffey Anderson, singer O. L. Bodenhamer, 12th national commander of The American Legion from 1929 to 1930 Cynthia Clawson, Grammy Award-winning musician Keith Crawford, NFL player Ronnie Floyd, president and chief executive officer of the Southern Baptist Convention Ken Gray, NFL Pro Bowl player Slim Harriss, Major League Baseball player Ray Hildebrand, one half of the duo Paul & Paula Robert E. Howard, writer and creator of Conan the Barbarian Jill Jackson, one half of the duo Paul & Paula Ray Jacobs, four-time NFL All-Star Ken Sanders, NFL player J. D. Sheffield, Texas State representative from Coryell County Bob Young, NFL All-Pro player References External links Howard Payne Athletics website 1889 establishments in Texas Buildings and structures in Brown County, Texas Council for Christian Colleges and Universities Education in Brown County, Texas Universities and colleges established in 1889 New Braunfels, Texas Private universities and colleges in Texas Universities and colleges accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Universities and colleges affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas Universities and colleges affiliated with the Southern Baptist Convention

2062495

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum%20Exposure

Maximum Exposure

Maximum Exposure (also known as Max X) is an American reality TV program showcasing video clips on a variety of subjects. It ran from October 7, 2000 until May 25, 2002. As its various slogans attest, the show was targeted at teens and young adults. The program also showed videos from other reality shows, especially its predecessor Real TV, and was noted both for its fast-paced action and its analysis of slow-motion replays. Outline The executive producers were brothers Mack and Bradley Anderson of First Television. Cam Brainard (better known as the narrator of This Week in Baseball and the announcer for Disney Channel) narrated the show, while credited as the "Smart-Aleck Announcer Dude." Each episode was an hour long and aired in syndication from 2000 to 2002, with reruns until 2004. The show was produced by Paramount Domestic Television and RTV News. Syndication At one point, it was re-aired on Spike TV from 2005 to 2008, and the Fox Reality Channel from 2005 to 2008. Also, reruns aired on WGN America and in some syndication markets. In India, Maximum Exposure is currently being aired on Spark Big CBS Channel. In Estonia Meeletu Maailm (Maximum Exposure) is currently being aired on TV6. In Australia, the program aired on FOX8 from 2006 to 2007, and reruns are still aired from time to time. While in Malaysia, the show had previously been aired in TV2 from 2002 to 2003. In 2006 the show aired on ABC-5 (now The 5 Network) in the Philippines that was given the own local name titled Todo Max and was hosted by Gladys Guevarra with the narrators/co-hosts Nicole Hyala and Chris Tsuper of Love Radio. On AXN Asia, where the series was formerly aired, only 13 episodes in both Seasons 1 and 2 were broadcast, while the remaining episodes from both seasons was not aired due to censorship on immature content which was not suitable for young viewers. Running gags Max X had a series of running gags throughout the duration of the show. Dudes: Most males on the show's videos are referred to as "dudes." The La-dies: Brainard is usually heard ogling at attractive women which he refers to as "la-dies." "Sweet" mullets: Brainard takes the time in videos to point out and make fun of people with mullets. "Oh yeah!": One of Brainard's favorite sayings. Use of Telestrator: Brainard often uses a yellow colored telestrator to highlight certain parts of videos. He often uses this to point out sweet mullets. "Good eatin'": Usually used in conjunction with animal videos. As in, "Remember, them monkeys is good eatin'" or "Hyenas say dik-dik is good eatin'." Double negatives: Quite common on the show and used for comedic effect, such as, "In Bizarro world, cops don't shoot nobody." Cigarettes: Brainard usually points out people's inability to let go of their cigarette when either they or someone else is in grave danger. Stereotypes: Max X routinely makes fun of foreigners, including the French, the Russians, and the Canadians, especially those who are intoxicated. Running gags include how "dirty" France is and how "boring" Canada is. Variable Speed: When a clip is replayed, a menu comes up on the left hand side of the screen with the Variable Speed controls. Brainard usually says something like, "Let's see that again," prompting the menu. The choices include Slo-Mo, Frame by Frame, Super Slo-Mo, High Speed, and Replay. Image Enhancement: similar to the "Variable Speed" menu, but with features to detail the replay of a clip. The choices are Zoom, Enlarge, Extreme Close-Up, Highlight (Isolation), Night Vision, Thermal Vision, Color Enhancement, and Resolution. Camera Angle: similar to the "Variable Speed" menu, but with different angles of the replay of the clip if it was filmed on multiple cameras. Max X List: The top clips (usually three to five) for each episode are counted down at the end of the episode as the Max X List. Yellow Arrows: Yellows arrows appear suddenly around limbs that are broken in multiple places. Each arrow appearance is accompanied with a very quick cow bell sound effect. Episodes Each episode of the 52 produced for the series had a particular theme: Season 1: 2000-2001 Season 2: 2001-2002 Note: 15 out of 26 episodes of the series' second season was aired between January and May 2002, however the copyright year is written as 2001 instead of 2002. This is maybe due to its production year. See also Real TV References External links 2000 American television series debuts 2002 American television series endings 2000s American reality television series 2000s American video clip television series Television series by CBS Studios First-run syndicated television programs in the United States English-language television shows

56384658

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minetest

Minetest

Minetest is a free and open-source sandbox video game and game creation system with focus on voxel graphics. It is written primarily in C++ and makes use of the Irrlicht Engine. Minetest provides an API for users to write their own games and mods written in Lua. It is cross-platform, being available for Linux-based systems, FreeBSD, Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Android. In the default game of Minetest, Minetest Game (MTG for short), players explore a blocky, procedurally-generated 3D world spanning approximately 31 000 full nodes (blocks) in each direction, and may discover and extract raw materials, craft tools and items, and build structures and landscapes. Depending on the game selected and mods present, players can fight computer-controlled "mobs", as well as cooperate with or compete against other players in the same world. The game mechanics of Minetest are similar to those of the 2009 game Minecraft. Over a decade of active development Minetest has garnered critical acclaim and gained in popularity; since November 2013 Minetest has been downloaded over 1.4 million times from GitHub, and the Android version of Minetest has over 500,000 downloads on the Google Play store. Gameplay Minetest is a voxel sandbox video game. Gameplay is in the first-person perspective by default, but players have the option for third-person perspective. The game world is composed of voxels: 3D objects, many of them simple cubes, commonly called "nodes". Different voxels represent various materials, such as dirt, stone, ores, tree trunks, water, and lava. The core gameplay revolves around picking up and placing these objects, one node at a time. Nodes are arranged in a 3D grid, while players can move smoothly around the world. Players can "mine" (or "dig") blocks and then "place" (or "build") them elsewhere, enabling them to modify the game world. Players can also craft a wide variety of hand-held tools to aid them with the world modification. Pick axes allow to dig rocky nodes, shovels speed up the digging of dirt and sand, water buckets allow to pick up water nodes, etc. A player controls a 3D character known as Sam, which is a recursive acronym for "Sam ain't Minecraft". As players explore the world, new areas are procedurally generated, using a map seed specified by the player. A new game puts the player in the center of a voxel cube 62 thousand nodes across, so the player can travel 31 thousand nodes in any direction (sideways, up, or down) before reaching the invisible wall at the end of the world. The world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields; the terrain includes plains, mountains, forests, caves, and various lava/water bodies. The in-game time system follows a day and night cycle, and one full cycle lasts 20 real-time minutes. Minetest provides two basic game mode options: Enable Damage and Creative Mode which affect how players interact with the world and use items. Creative Mode is intended to provide players with infinite resources, while toggling the damage setting determines whether the players are able to take damage from environmental hazards and other players. Multiplayer Minetest implements a client-server architecture, and can be played solo or multiplayer. A player starting a new game can choose between playing in a single-player mode, or hosting a server to which other Minetest players can connect. Customizations The full source code of Minetest, and all of its artistic assets such as textures and sounds, are distributed under a variety of free licenses, making it easier to create modified versions and derivatives. The base version of Minetest provides an interface for games and mods written in Lua. Games define the basic rules of the game world, and are a core feature of Minetest. Most games feature sandbox gameplay focused on construction, mining, and creativity. Mods are used to further customize various aspects of gameplay, and are an inherent part of Minetest. Mods are server-side and work out of the box when playing on Internet servers, with no manual installation required. Games Developers refer to Minetest as an engine rather than a "game" because almost every aspect of gameplay is implemented within so-called games written in Lua. Since version 5.0.0, the main menu of the Minetest engine allows users to browse and install games from a curated list. Minetest is shipped with two games: Minetest Game, a sandbox, and Development Test implementing a more minimal sandbox primarily for debugging. Minetest Game implements a simple and peaceful game mode with no goals and no built-in computer enemies. Mods There are over 1000 free and open-source mods available at Minetest forums. Since version 5.0.0, Minetest features a built-in content picker, allowing users to browse a curated list of add-ons and install mods and texture packs with a single click. Content is also available at Minetest's site ContentDB. Mods can be used to add node types, tools, monsters, player skins, and alter many aspects of the gameplay. Both the forums and the in-game browser exclude non-free or closed source software as a matter of policy. Development Minetest was originally released in November 2010 under a proprietary license. Shortly afterwards the license was changed to the GPL-2.0-or-later license. By agreement among major contributors, in June 2012 the project license was to be changed to LGPL-2.1-or-later, though at the time small parts still remained under the GPL-2.0-or-later license. In September 2013, the transition was complete. While LGPL-2.1-or-later remains the main license for the Minetest engine, other free and open-source licenses are used for various other parts of the latest release. Perttu Ahola was the only developer working on the project for about six months, until Ciaran Gultnieks started making code contributions in May 2011. The roster of contributors grew and changed over the years. As of July 2020, there are 9 active core developers and 15 active contributors. Project participants do not have set roles, but rather keep their activity within their respective areas of expertise. Perttu Ahola's role morphed over the years: whereas initially it was engine development, now it is mostly Web-hosting and administration, assigning core developer, moderator, and other roles to people, as well as being the final word in cases where other developers are unable to render a decision. Usage in education Minetest has been used in educational environments to teach subjects such as mathematics, programming, and earth sciences. Such examples are: In 2017 in France, Minetest was used to teach calculus and trigonometry. At Federal University of Santa Catarina in Brazil, Minetest was used to teach programming in a variant called MineScratch. In 2018, for Laboratory Education and Apprenticeships (EDA) at the Paris Descartes University, Minetest was used to teach life and earth sciences to year 6 students who could not observe some phenomena in person but could experience them in the Minetest virtual world. Reception Opensource.com listed Minetest at #1 in its "Best open source games of 2015", stating that it is maybe "the most complete alternative to Minecraft", and noted its expansibility, stating that it contains a user-friendly API for creating mods in Lua. PC Magazine listed Minetest among "The best Sandbox Creation Games for Minecraft Fans". See also Free and open source software List of open-source video games Open-source video game Linux gaming Sandbox game Survival game Minecraft References Survival video games Linux games Windows games Android (operating system) games Multiplayer online games Open-source video games Open-world video games Free and open-source software Free and open-source Android software MacOS games Multiplayer and single-player video games Video games developed in Finland 2010 video games Minecraft clones Lua (programming language)-scripted video games

6559510

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Carolina%20Commissioner%20of%20Labor

North Carolina Commissioner of Labor

The Commissioner of Labor is a statewide elected office in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The commissioner is a constitutional officer who leads the state's Department of Labor. North Carolina's general statues provide the commissioner with wide-ranging regulatory and enforcement powers to tend to the welfare of the state's workforce. They also sit on the North Carolina Council of State. The incumbent is Josh Dobson, who has served since January 2021. The original Bureau of Labor Statistics, the historical precursor of the present Department of Labor, was created by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1887, with provision for appointment by the governor of a Commissioner of Labor Statistics for a two-year term. In 1899 another act was passed providing that the commissioner, beginning with the general election of 1900, be elected by the people for a four-year term. The office was elevated to constitutional status in 1944. History of the office Following lobbying by the Knights of Labor, the Bureau of Labor Statistics was established by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1887 as a sub-agency of the Department of Agriculture, Immigration, and Statistics. The bureau was led by a commissioner, who was to be appointed by the Governor of North Carolina with the consent of the North Carolina Senate. With the aid of a chief clerk and other appointed assistants, the commissioner of labor statistics gathered information on workers' hours, wages, education, and finances. They were also tasked with promoting the "mental, material, social, and moral prosperity" of the workforce. Their findings were compiled into an annual report to be submitted to the General Assembly and the press. The first appointed commissioner was Wesley N. Jones. In 1899 the General Assembly transformed the Bureau of Labor Statistics into an independent agency responsible for both statistic collection and printing of state documents, the Bureau of Labor and Printing. At the same time, they made the commissioner a popularly-elected official with four-year terms, beginning with the elections of 1900 with an interim commissioner to be appointed by the legislators. Henry B. Varner was the first popularly-elected commissioner. An assistant commissioner's position was also created to be filled by a person with printing experience. Early on, the commissioner's bureau had minimal staffing and responsibilities. In 1919 the bureau was elevated to department status, and in 1931 the General Assembly reorganized it and shortened its name to Department of Labor, opening it up to more regulatory and enforcement responsibilities. The commissionership was made a constitutional office in 1944. A 1968 constitutional study commission recommended making the governor responsible for the selection of the commissioner to reduce voters' burden by shortening the ballot, but this proposal was disregarded by the General Assembly when it revised the state constitution in 1971. Historically, the office has not usually been politically powerful or prominent in the state. Cherie Berry, who assumed the commissionership in 2001, was the first woman elected to the office. In 2005, Berry began placing her photo on labor department inspection certification forms in elevators in North Carolina. The move garnered increased public attention to herself and the commissioner's office, and earned her the moniker "elevator queen". Berry holds the record for longest tenure as labor commissioner. The incumbent commissioner, Josh Dobson, assumed office on January 2, 2021. Dobson discontinued the practice of putting the commissioner's photo on elevator inspection certifications in 2023. Powers, duties, and structure Article III, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina stipulates the popular election of the commissioner of labor every four years. The office holder is not subject to term limits. In the event of a vacancy in the office, the Governor of North Carolina has the authority to appoint a successor until a candidate is elected at the next general election for members of the General Assembly. Per Article III, Section 8 of the constitution, the commissioner sits on the Council of State. They are ninth in line of succession to the governor. The North Carolina Department of Labor is by law tasked with ensuring the "health, safety, and general well-being" of the state's workforce. North Carolina's general statutes grant the commissioner of labor wide-ranging regulatory and enforcement powers. The commissioner leads the Department of Labor and its constituent bureaus. As of February 2023, the department has 318 employees retained under the terms of the State Human Resources Act. The commissioner is advised by five statutory boards in creating policies and developing programs. As with all Council of State officers, the commissioner's salary is fixed by the General Assembly and cannot be reduced during their term of office. In 2022, the commissioner's annual salary was $146,421. The commissioner's office is located in the Labor Building, formerly the meeting place of the North Carolina Supreme Court, on West Edenton Street in Raleigh, North Carolina. List of Commissioners of Labor Appointed commissioners Elected commissioners References Works cited State departments of labor of the United States Labor

51881642

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20del%20Carmen%20Gonz%C3%A1lez-Ramos%20Garc%C3%ADa-Prieto%20de%20Mu%C3%B1oz

María del Carmen González-Ramos García-Prieto de Muñoz

María del Carmen González-Ramos García-Prieto de Muñoz (30 June 1834 – 9 November 1899), also known by her religious name María del Carmen of the Child Jesus, was a Spanish Roman Catholic professed religious and the founder of the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts. She married in mid-1857 – against her parents' advice – to a brash and dissolute husband and secured his repentance not too long before his death. The religious was beatified in mid-2007 under Pope Benedict XVI though the pontiff delegated Cardinal José Saraiva Martins to preside on his behalf. Life María del Carmen González-Ramos García-Prieto de Muñoz was born in Málaga on 30 June 1834 as the sixth of nine children to Salvador González and Juana Ramos. She was baptized at the parish of Saint Mary Major on 1 July 1834. Her mother died on 12 July 1855 and her father died on 8 March 1871. Private tutors oversaw her education. She married on 9 May 1857 to Joaquín Muñoz del Caño – despite the objections of her parents – who turned out to be a violent and unfaithful man. Nevertheless, she saw her duties as a wife as a sign from God and suffered for Him while hoping that her husband would repent until he approached her on 15 July 1878 and announced he would be turning his life around. He begged that she forgive him for his misdeeds. Her husband died after an illness on 3 October 1881. In 1882, the Capuchin priest Bernabé de Astoraga (her spiritual director) and some female friends helped turn her home into a combination of a clinic and school where she would invite people in who needed her aid. On 8 May 1884 she began living with women she rallied at the convent of Our Lady of Victory that she founded in her hometown in a move that established the Franciscan Sisters of the Sacred Hearts. On 10 May 1884 the order received diocesan approval from Bishop Miguel Salazar Gomez while it later received papal approval after her death from Pope Leo XIII on 3 May 1902. She made her initial vows with eight others on 17 September 1884 and assumed the habit while making her perpetual profession with her new religious name on 20 February 1889. She died due to typhus on 9 November 1899. Her remains were exhumed on 9 October 1907 and later exhumed once again on 30 May 1947. Her remains at present are at the motherhouse of the order. Beatification The beatification process opened in Málaga in an informative process that was inaugurated on 2 February 1945 and it later concluded its business sometime in 1950 while theologians approved her writings on 25 November 1956. The formal introduction to the cause came on 19 December 1963 under Pope Paul VI and she was titled as a Servant of God. An apostolic process was later held from 1964 to 1965 while the newly formed Congregation for the Causes of Saints validated the process on 25 October 1969. Theologians approved the cause on 12 April 1983 as did the C.C.S. on 21 February 1984 which allowed for Pope John Paul II to confirm her life of heroic virtue and name her as Venerable on 7 April 1984. The process for a miracle was opened in early April 2003 and closed in late May 2003 and it received C.C.S. validation on 24 October 2003 before receiving the approval of a medical board on 10 March 2005 while theologians also approved it on 16 September 2005; the C.C.S. issued their own approval on 7 February 2006. Pope Benedict XVI issued the final approval for the miracle on 26 June 2006 and Cardinal José Saraiva Martins presided over the beatification on the pope's behalf on 6 May 2007 before a crowd of 10,000 people including pilgrims from countries such as Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic. The miracle involved was the 1991 cure of Sister Maria José Rodríguez who was cured of a large tumor in the liver. The current postulator to the cause is Antonio Sáez de Albeniz. References External links Hagiography Circle Saints SQPN Madre Carmen 1834 births 1899 deaths 19th-century venerated Christians 19th-century Spanish nuns Beatifications by Pope Benedict XVI Deaths from typhus Founders of Catholic religious communities People from Málaga Spanish beatified people Venerated Catholics by Pope John Paul II

2836741

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%20at%20Wembley

Queen at Wembley

Queen Live at Wembley Stadium, also referred to as Queen Live At Wembley, Queen At Wembley, Queen Live At Wembley '86, Live At Wembley and Live At Wembley '86, is a recording of a concert at the original Wembley Stadium, London, England on Saturday 12 July 1986 during Queen's Magic Tour and transmitted and released in various audio and video forms (including the Queen: Live at Wembley Stadium DVD). Transmission and release history The recorded concert was first seen as a ‘The Tube Special’ on TV. This was transmitted in mono (as was normal before NICAM stereo became standard on UK TV in the early 1990s). However, it was simultaneously broadcast over the radio in stereo so that viewers had the option to mute their televisions, play the audio on a nearby radio and enjoy “the world’s first ever stereo simulcast” in a similar way that previous live (as opposed to, in this case, pre-recorded) classical performances had sometimes been offered. The recording was first commercially released in December 1990 as an edited VHS (missing 9 songs), then as the Live at Wembley '86 audio CD in 1992. This was followed by a DVD release as Queen: Live at Wembley Stadium (in its entirety) to coincide with the CD rerelease in 2003. The DVD has gone five times platinum in the United States, four times platinum in the United Kingdom, and achieved multi platinum status around the world. On 5 September 2011, the 25th Anniversary Edition of the concert was released as a standard 2-DVD set and a deluxe 2-DVD and 2-CD set which also included the entire Friday 11 July 1986 concert on DVD for the first time. Eagle Rock Entertainment released a 25th Anniversary Edition in the US and Canada on 12 March 2013. Disc one One Vision Tie Your Mother Down In the Lap of the Gods... Revisited Seven Seas of Rhye Tear It Up A Kind of Magic Under Pressure Another One Bites the Dust Who Wants to Live Forever I Want to Break Free Impromptu Brighton Rock Solo Now I'm Here Love of My Life Is This the World We Created? (You're So Square) Baby I Don't Care Hello Mary Lou Tutti Frutti Gimme Some Lovin' Bohemian Rhapsody Hammer to Fall Crazy Little Thing Called Love Big Spender Radio Ga Ga We Will Rock You Friends Will Be Friends We Are the Champions God Save the Queen Disc two Road to Wembley Brian May and Roger Taylor interview (2003) (28 mins) Gavin Taylor (Director) and Gerry Stickells (Tour Manager) interview (19 mins) A Beautiful Day – Rudi Dolezal's backstage documentary about the whole day (30 mins) Tribute to the Wembley Towers – including timelapse demolition footage set to 'These Are the Days of Our Lives (Instrumental)' (5 mins) Unseen Magic Features 'Friday Concert Medley' – highlights package of the previous night's show (28 mins): A Kind of Magic Another One Bites The Dust Tutti Frutti Crazy Little Thing Called Love We Are The Champions (ending) God Save The Queen Rehearsals (10 mins) Picture Gallery (5 mins) (The background music for this extra is the full, unreleased original version of "A Kind of Magic" used in the Highlander film) Queen Cams 4 tracks presented in multi-angle Brian, Roger, John and Freddie cams: One Vision Under Pressure Now I'm Here We Are the Champions Audio PCM Stereo & DTS 5.1 Surround Sound The Original Concert The original concert started at 4.00pm with tickets costing £14.50, Four bands performed in the following order: INXS The Alarm Status Quo Queen Charts Charts Certifications and sales References External links Queen (band) video albums Live albums recorded at Wembley Stadium 1990s English-language films fr:Live at Wembley '86 (album)

3598464

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th%20Connecticut%20Regiment

6th Connecticut Regiment

The 6th Connecticut Regiment was raised on May 1, 1775, at New Haven, Connecticut, as a provincial regiment for the Continental Army. It then became a regiment of the Continental Line on January 1, 1776, designated the 10th Continental Regiment, and a regiment of the Connecticut Line on January 1, 1777, again designated the 6th Connecticut. The regiment saw action at the siege of Boston, the Battle of Long Island, the New York Campaign, and its colonel and company of light infantry served in the Corps of Light Infantry at the Battle of Stony Point. The regiment was merged into the 1st Connecticut Regiment on January 1, 1783, at West Point, New York, and disbanded on November 16, 1783. History The 6th Connecticut Regiment, a provincial regiment, was raised on May 1, 1775, under the command of Col. Samuel Holden Parsons. In June, under the "1st establishment" of the Continental Army, it joined Gen. George Washington at the Siege of Boston. In August, to promote cohesion among the various colonial units, regiments were given precedence by Washington and the 6th Connecticut was also designated the "13th Regiment of Foot." In September, in the "2nd establishment", Congress re-authorized the Continental Army for the year 1776, with Connecticut allocated to supply five regiments, to be numbered in the "Continental Line" as of January 1, 1776, and to serve until December 31, 1776. The 6th Connecticut became the 10th Continental Regiment on January 1, with Parsons as its colonel. On August 9, 1776, Parsons became a brigadier general in the Continental Armyand John Tyler, who had been appointed lieutenant colonel of the 10th Continentals on January 1, became its colonel. During this period another regiment known as the "Connecticut State Regiment" was authorized by Connecticut on June 20, 1776, for home defense with William Douglas, then a captain of the 1st Connecticut Regiment, appointed as its colonel. The state regiment was raised at New Haven by Douglas and in Middletown by Return Jonathan Meigs, a major of the 2nd Connecticut Regiment then on parole after being captured during Arnold's Invasion of Canada. The Continental Army was authorized under the "3rd establishment" on January 1, 1777, with enlistments to last for the duration of the war. Connecticut was now allocated to supply eight regiments of infantry. The 10th Continental Regiment became the 6th Regiment of the Connecticut Line on January 1, with Douglas appointed as it new colonel. Meigs, then lieutenant colonel of Sherburne's Additional Continental Regiment, returned to take command of the 6th Connecticut on May 12, 1777, when Douglas became ill. Douglas died on May 28 and Meigs was commissioned as colonel of the 6th Connecticut on September 10, with his date of rank retroactive to May 12. The Raid on Sag Harbor was launched on May 21, 1777, but due to a storm and rough seas the raiding party put back to shore at Guilford, Connecticut to wait out the storm. Then on May 23, 1777, three weeks after the Battle of Ridgefield, Col. Meigs and 170 men from New Haven left Guilford, Connecticut, in 13 whale boats and two armed sloops, bringing with them an extra sloop in which to bring back prisoners. This raid was planned as a reprisal for the British Brig. Gen. William Tryon's raid on Danbury, Connecticut, whose action had cost the life of General David Wooster of New Haven. Landing on Long Island they marched across to Sag Harbor, surprised the garrison, burned a dozen vessels, destroyed a large quantity of military stores, killed several of the enemy and took 90 prisoners, without losing a man. For this action, Col. Meigs was voted a Sword by Congress, which now hangs in the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. After the Sag Harbor raid, the 6th Connecticut went to Peekskill, New York, to join the other regiments of the Connecticut Line. The Connecticut Line wintered at West Point during the winter of 1777-1778. While there, they constructed the "Meigs Redoubt" and other fortifications in the area. In the summer of 1778, the Connecticut Line was encamped with the Main Army under General Washington at White Plains, New York, near the site of the 1776 battle. It was here that the Connecticut Line was divided into two brigades, which stood until January 1, 1781. The 6th Connecticut was placed in the 1st Brigade under Parsons. From White Plains, they took up winter quarters at Redding, Connecticut. The troops built huts and settled in. Maj. Gen. Israel Putnam took command of all forces at Redding. In the early part of 1779, the 6th Connecticut was encamped on the Highlands across from West Point. When Tryon raided Connecticut in July, the Connecticut Line was sent to defend its own state, but arrived after Tryon and his men had left. The Connecticut Line was then called on to provide a number of Light Infantry Companies to join with Brig. Gen. "Mad" Anthony Wayne. Being a light infantry regiment, the 6th Connecticut filled the role perfectly and was sent, under Col. Meigs, to join with General Wayne. On July 15, 1779, this force successfully stormed the British fort at Stony Point on the Hudson River. From Stony Point, the 6th Connecticut was stationed with the Connecticut Line around West Point where it worked again on fortifications in the area. Maj. Gen. Baron Von Steuben praised the Connecticut Line for their proficiency on performing his manual of arms exercises. The Morristown huts in New Jersey were the site of winter quarters for the two Connecticut Brigades in the winter of 1779-80. While the troops were in Morristown, the Connecticut troops protested their conditions and mutinied. Col. Meigs quelled this mutiny with reason and affection and with no loss of life. A letter from General Washington commended him for this action. The Connecticut Line spent the summer of 1780 along the Hudson and while in Orange Town, New Jersey, heard of the treason of Connecticut's own Brig. Gen. Benedict Arnold and his flight to the British on September 25. The 6th Connecticut Regiment was ordered to West Point to defend any attack the enemy might have planned. There was no attack and Connecticut Line went into winter quarters near West Point. In 1781, the 6th Connecticut was consolidated with part of the 4th as the Continental forces wound down their forces pending the outcome of peace talks in Paris. Peace came two years later in September 1783 with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. See also 1st Connecticut Regiment References External links Bibliography of Connecticut's participation in the Continental Army compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History 6th Connecticut Regiment - Rev War reenacting group Connecticut regiments of the Continental Army History of New Haven, Connecticut Military units and formations established in 1775 Military units and formations disestablished in 1783 1775 establishments in Connecticut

52060721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20DelGuidice

Mike DelGuidice

Michael DelGuidice is an American musician, best known as rhythm guitarist and vocalist of Billy Joel's band, and as the lead vocalist and pianist for the Long Island band Big Shot. He had played 15 years as a Billy Joel cover artist and later joined Joel's band at Joel's invitation in 2013. Early life During DelGuidice's childhood, his mother listened to Barbra Streisand music, and his father listened to Billy Joel and Chicago. He was 13 years old when he first started playing Joel's music. He grew up on the North Shore, where he spent a lot of time watching Joel's Live from Long Island concert video and hanging out in the music room at Miller Place High School where he practiced the songs of Joel, Elton John and Paul McCartney. DelGuidice required seven surgeries to address a congenital kidney condition when he was a child. Career DelGuidice started his music career performing in Long Island piano bars and saloons. He started singing songs of Billy Joel in Miller Place High School's vocal jazz band in the late 1980s. He struggled for many years to pay the bills pushing and performing his original music and finally releasing 2 music albums, Miller Place and My Street.In 2000, DelGuidice started the band Big Shot, which is a tribute to the music of Billy Joel. Big Shot played their first gig at the Village Pub in Port Jefferson in the same year. With DelGuidice on lead vocals and piano, it drew big crowds from the start. By 2011, some of Big Shot's members were burnt out from playing over 100 gigs a year. DelGuidice's solution was to call Joel's long-time lead guitarist, Tommy Byrnes. Byrnes and Joel's drummer since 2005, Chuck Burgi joined regular bassist Nick Dimichino, keyboardist Carmine Giglio and saxophonist John Scarpulla in filling out Big Shot's lineup and DelGuidice continued to sing in concerts. Having Joel's band members Byrnes and Burgi in Big Shot in 2011 started the progression into the whole process of getting DelGuidice involved with Joel's band. DelGuidice also writes his own music for his songs. On August 4, 2015, DelGuidice was the opening act for Joel's closing concert at Long Island's Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale. Comedian Kevin James came out that night to play "Miami 2017". Months later, James texted DelGuidice to see if he had a song they could use as the theme to his CBS show Kevin Can Wait, DelGuidice sent over "Ordinary Guy", a tune he wrote for a 2011 reality show about tribute bands that never made it to air. James accepted the song for his show and was shot in Bethpage. On October 15, 2013, Joel came to listen to the rehearsal of DelGuidice at the Paramount Theater in Huntington. After noticing the dedication to Joel's music, DelGuidice was asked by Joel himself to join his European tour of that year. In 2013, DelGuidice joined the Billy Joel Band playing rhythm guitar and vocals. On June 24, 2016, DelGuidice performed with Big Shot at the Paramount Theatre in Huntington. Joel appeared at the show as a surprise guest. On July 28, 2016, Big Shot teamed up with the Suffolk County Police Department to raise money through a concert named "Help Stop The Long Island Heroin Epidemic" at the Emporium in Patchogue, New York. On August 9, 2016, DelGuidice performed the opera classic "Nessun dorma" for the first time with Joel at Madison Square Garden. Their second performance of the song there was held on October 28, 2016. DelGuidice and John Mongiardo are working to release "Victoria's Song", an unreleased song by Doug Stegmeyer, a member of Joel's band who died by suicide in 1995. Personal life DelGuidice lives in Bradenton, FL as of 2019. He has four children named Colby, Noah, Victoria and Samantha. References External links From Billy Joel Tribute Band to the Real Thing, Dave Itzkoff (December 30, 2013); The New York Times; Retrieved: November 10, 2016. 1971 births 20th-century American singer-songwriters 21st-century American singer-songwriters American male pop singers American male singer-songwriters American pop pianists American pop rock singers American rock keyboardists American rock pianists American male pianists American rock songwriters American soft rock musicians Living people Musicians from the New York metropolitan area Ragtime composers Singer-songwriters from New York (state) 20th-century American pianists 21st-century American pianists American rock guitarists American male guitarists American pop guitarists Rhythm guitarists Guitarists from New York (state) 20th-century American male singers 21st-century American male singers Billy Joel Band members

74858036

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulu%20Zaharani

Lulu Zaharani

Lulu Zaharani Krisna Widodo (born December 16, 2003) is an Indonesian model, athlete, and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned as Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2023. Zaharani will represent Indonesia at the Miss Charm 2024 pageant which will be held in Vietnam. Early life and education Zaharani was born on December 16, 2003 in Bandar Lampung in Lampung, Indonesia. She completed her high school education from SMAN 1 Tumijajar in Tulang Bawang Barat Regency, Lampung. Currently, she is a Communication Science student from Bandar Lampung University in Bandar Lampung, Lampung. Zaharani started her career as a retired Paskibraka for Lampung Province in 2019. Career In May 2023, along with fellow winners Puteri Indonesia 2023, Farhana Nariswari Wisandana and Yasinta Aurellia, Zaharani was appointed as one of brand ambassadors for Bank Central Asia (BCA) Indonesia. The appointment was conveyed by Mustika Ratu Entertainment (MRE) which is a subsidiary of PT Mustika Ratu Tbk. Apart from that, the appointment of brand ambassadors is also part of a collaboration between PT Bank Central Asia and Puteri Indonesia 2023 to find women with potential to promote products from Bank Central Asia. Pageantry Zaharani started her beauty pageant career by taking part in the Muli Menganai Tulang Bawang Barat Election and was selected as 1st Runner-Up in Muli Tulang Bawang Barat 2020, then took part in the Muli Menganai ambassador contest for Tulang Bawang Regency and was successfully selected as Muli Tulang Bawang 2022. Then in August 2022, Zaharani was selected as Muli Lampung 2022 in the 2022 Muli Mekhanai Lampung Province contest. Puteri Indonesia Lampung 2023 At the end of 2022, not long after being selected as Muli Lampung 2022, Zaharani began to participate in beauty pageants by competing in the provincial level contest Puteri Indonesia 2023 which was held at the Radisson Hotel in Bandar Lampung on December 24, 2022. At the end of the event, she was successfully selected as the title winner. After successfully holding the title of Puteri Indonesia Lampung 2023, Zaharani has the right to represent the province of Lampung in the national level beauty pageant Puteri Indonesia 2023. Puteri Indonesia 2023 After holding the title of Puteri Indonesia Lampung 2023, Zaharani represented the province of Lampung in the national beauty contest Puteri Indonesia 2023 which was held at the Plenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center in Central Jakarta on May 19, 2023. In the final round, Zaharani was asked by the Chair of the Advisory Board of Puteri Indonesia Foundation, Putri Kuswisnu Wardani about whether there is a difference between doing good and doing right. She answered: Zaharani was crowned 2nd Runner-Up with the title Puteri Indonesia Wisata 2023 by Adinda Cresheilla from East Java as the previous titleholder. She also placed in the top three for Best Make-Up and Best Evening Gown. As Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2023, Zaharani has the right to compete representing Indonesia in the Miss Charm 2024 pageant. References External links Puteri Indonesia official website Miss Charm official website Living people 2003 births Puteri Indonesia winners Puteri Indonesia contestants Indonesian beauty pageant winners Indonesian female models Elder rights activists Indonesian child activists Open access activists Indonesian human rights activists Indonesian women activists Indonesian actresses Indonesian television actresses 21st-century Indonesian actresses People from Bandung

43545751

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Sherard

Michael Sherard

Michael Sherard (17 July 1910 – 26 December 1998) was a British fashion designer and a member of the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers, which represented the British couture industry in the wartime and post-war years. Operating his own label from the 1940s to 1960s, he is remembered primarily for his evening and occasion gowns. He also helped train future British designers, including Caroline Charles, and was later a design academic. Early life and career Michael Sherard was born Malcolm Henry Sherrard, recorded in portraits of his family now held by the National Portrait Gallery. Later he would change his professional name, but insist that he was not a couturier but a dressmaker. Eustace and Ida Sherrard had five other sons and lived in Kingston-upon-Thames, then part of the county of Surrey. Sherard's father was a City solicitor and his grandfather George C. Sherrard had been mayor of Kingston three times. Sherard was educated at Berkhamsted School, where one of his teachers developed his love of the classics and encouraged his interest in drawing and theatre. He refused to follow his father and study law and was instead enrolled at Westminster School of Art, graduating in 1931. He showed his work to Norman Hartnell – already a leading name in London couture – who turned him down as an assistant, recommending that he go to Paris. With his first choice rejecting him, Sherard secured a role as assistant to Peter Russell, known for his no-nonsense manner and designs for country ladies. While the two were not natural soulmates, Sherard did learn the business practicalities of running a couture house, but the stress of his job led to a duodenal ulcer. He spent the war years in the Admiralty as an assistant in the trade division censoring cables. Establishment of label One of Peter Russsell's couture clients, the opera singer Ruth Vincent, introduced Sherard to her son John Fraser. The two became business partners and the Michael Sherard showroom opened in 1945 at 24 Connaught Street, Marble Arch; much of the financial backing came from their families. When the business opened, Peter Russell – who had by now also lost his client Ruth Vincent to Norman Hartnell because of his temper – is said to have remarked that Sherard was: "the wrong side of Edgware Road". Although Sherard's salon was not in the best London location, his charm and attention to detail soon drew prestigious clients, including Margot Fonteyn, Margaret Lockwood, Phyllis Calvert and Gladys Cooper. One of his early collections was sold to Chicago department store Marshall Field's, a significant boost for his business and British couture's reputation. In 1948, he joined the Incorporated Society of London Fashion Designers – entrance required a vote from existing members – making him one of the leading names in London fashion design. Sherard not only created gowns for private clients, but also costumes for some 30 West End theatre productions, including The Mousetrap and The Reluctant Debutante, during this period. His business had support from other members of the family, with his sister-in-law – referred to in a newspaper article simply as "Mrs Sherrard", the wife of his brother Peter – acting as his chief assistant, taking charge of the label's publicity and providing advice on collections. By 1952, Sherard had accrued enough funds and reputation to move to a new salon in Curzon Street, Mayfair and he also lived in nearby Albany for two years, sharing a grand apartment at a stellar London address with Fraser and two dachshunds Hansel and Humperdinck; it was the location of many parties. The events surrounding the Coronation of Elizabeth II created more business for the firm, with some 40 assistants creating outfits for a growing clientele. Brand hallmarks Lavish occasion outfits – whether New Look-inspired ballgowns or slimline and classical sheath dresses – were Sherard's forte and his bestsellers. Throughout the 1950s and early '60s, he developed variations on these themes, such as a black lace and taffeta flamenco-style cocktail dress that is now part of the Victoria and Albert Museum (V&A) archive and featured in its 2007 exhibition The Golden Age of Couture. A 1961 review of his spring lines syndicated to the US and Canadian press describes his use of the 'wagtail' line (short at the front tapering to long at the back) on jackets. The review noted that he had even used this style to create a bolero with full-length train for the bridal gown in his show's finale. Later career In the early 1950s Sherard attempted to branch out into ready-to-wear with a line known as Pumkin, but this proved unsuccessful. In common with other London couturiers, he found business increasingly difficult in the 1960s because of high production costs and the emergence of a new breed of youth-focused ready-to-wear designers. Sherard closed his business in 1964 and went on to lecture at London and Shoreditch Colleges of Fashion as a second career. He was elected fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) in 1966 and also became closely involved with the City liveries, acting as master of the Worshipful Company of Girdlers (1959–60) and helping to organise the rebuilding of Girdlers' Hall (bombed during the war), for which he also laid the foundation stone. The stone laid is inscribed with Sherard's birth name – Malcolm Henry Sherrrard. Legacy Caroline Charles was among Sherard's assistants in the 1960s, subsequently moving on to Mary Quant before launching her own couture label that dressed both rock stars and royalty. The designer Murray Arbeid – also noted for his elegant evening gowns – was an assistant at the fashion house. In 2012, Sherard's work formed part of the exhibition Glamour, a retrospective of 100 years of evening wear held at the Bath Museum of Costume. Some of his designs and his work drawings also form part of the V&A fashion archive. References External links Michael Sherard (Malcolm Sherrard) portraits at National Portrait Gallery Black taffeta and lace cocktail dress in flamenco style, part of Sherard's 1958 collection, in V&A collection 1910 births 1998 deaths British fashion designers 1940s fashion 1950s fashion 1960s fashion People from Surrey Academics of the London College of Fashion People from Kingston upon Thames

434752

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic%20pushbutton

Magic pushbutton

The magic pushbutton is a common anti-pattern in graphical user interfaces. At its core, the anti-pattern consists of a system partitioned into two parts: user interface and business logic, that are coupled through a single point, clicking the "magic pushbutton" or submitting a form of data. As it is a single point interface, this interface becomes over-complicated to implement. The temporal coupling of these units is a major problem: every interaction in the user interface must happen before the pushbutton is pressed, business logic can only be applied after the button was pressed. Cohesion of each unit also tends to be poor: features are bundled together whether they warrant this or not, simply because there is no other structured place in which to put them. Drawbacks For users To a user, a magic pushbutton system appears clumsy and frustrating to use. Business logic is unavailable before the button press, so the user interface appears as a bland form-filling exercise. There is no opportunity for assistance in filling out fields, or for offering drop-down lists of acceptable values. In particular, it is impossible to provide assistance with later fields, based on entries already placed in earlier fields. For instance, a choice from a very large list of insurance claim codes might be filtered to a much smaller list, if the user has already selected Home/Car/Pet insurance, or if they have already entered their own identification and so the system can determine the set of risks for which they're actually covered, omitting the obscure policies that are now known to be irrelevant for this transaction. One of the most off-putting aspects of a magic pushbutton is its tendency for the user interaction to proceed by entering a large volume of data, then having it rejected for some unexpected reason. This is particularly poor design when it is combined with the infamous "Redo from scratch" messages of older systems. Even where a form is returned with the entered data preserved and the problem field highlighted, it is still off-putting to users to have to return to a field that they thought they had completed some minutes earlier. These features, and their lack with a magic pushbutton, are particularly important for naive users who are likely to make mistakes, less so for experts or the system's own programmers. This type of interface failing has been highlighted by the web, and the need to support more public users, rather than a more traditional user group of role-based office workers, carrying out the same tasks on the same system, over and over. Even though a developer who knows the system intimately and can enter data perfectly the first time around is able to use it efficiently, this is no indication that such a system is suitable for use by its actual users. For implementation The magic pushbutton often arises through poor management of the design process in the early stages, together with a lack of importance placed on user experience, relative to project completion. At a simple view, the simplicity of the magic pushbutton is attractive as it has few user interface modules and their interactions appear simple too. This view hides the complexity inside each module, and also devalues interface quality relative to cost. Alternatives In a modern system (i.e., one where processing is cheap and competing interface standards are high), users should simply not be left to enter data for long periods without some automatic interaction to guide, validate, or to tailor the system according to the developing state of the data they've so far entered. Leaving them alone to "just get on with it", then validating everything at the end, means that the corrections needed will be detected further and further from when that data was entered. As an a priori principle, corrections needed should be highlighted as soon and as close to when they are either entered, or could first be identified. In an event-driven interface, most events triggered by the "completion" of a field will present an opportunity to either validate that field, or to guide the choices for entering the next. They may even control which field the user is taken to next: sub-sections of a form are often made relevant or irrelevant by values entered early on, and users should not need to manually skip these, if it can be done for them. In this scenario, the programmer draws the user interface first and then writes the business logic in the automatically created methods. Example The following is a typical example of a magic pushbutton in Borland Delphi: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var reg: TRegistry; begin reg := TRegistry.Create; try reg.RootKey := HKey_Current_User; if reg.OpenKey('\Software\MyCompany', true) then begin reg.WriteString('Filename', Edit1.Text); end; finally reg.Free; end; end; A better way to do this is to refactor the business logic (in this example storing the filename to the registry) into a separate class. type TPreferences = class private FFilename: String; procedure SetFilename(const Value: String); public property Filename: String read FFilename write SetFilename; procedure Load; procedure Save; end; and call this class Save method from the Click handler: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); begin Preferences.Save; end; procedure TForm1.Edit1Change(Sender: TObject); begin Preferences.Filename := Edit1.Text; end; References Anti-patterns Articles with example code

54073085

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20do%20Egito

José do Egito

José do Egito (English: Joseph from Egypt) is a Brazilian miniseries produced and broadcast by RecordTV. It premiered on January 30, 2013 and ended on October 9, 2013. It is based on the biblical account of the book of Genesis that deals with the patriarch Joseph, son of Jacob. Synopsis Joseph was born around 1716 BC, in Haran, region of Mesopotamia, a ‘miracle‘ son. He is the son of Rachel, a sterile woman and the most loved wife of Jacob, who is already an old man when his son is born. Joseph soon becomes the favorite son. Joseph receives an ornamented tunic from Jacob, symbolizing he was chosen as his successor. Unaccepting of their father‘s decision and overcome by envy, the brothers decide to teach Joseph a lesson, throwing him into a deep well with no way out and they then sell the brother as a slave. Joseph is taken to Egypt. The young Hebrew becomes the servant of Potiphar, head of the Pharaoh Apepi‘s guard. Sati, the commander‘s wife, begins to feel a burning desire for Joseph, and does everything to conquer his heart, but always fails. Furious, she gets back at Joseph by lying and saying the Hebrew tried to rape her. Potiphar sends him to prison. Pharaoh Apepi begins to be tormented by strange nightmares and, when he finds out that Joseph has the gift to interpret dreams, he calls him to the royal palace. After hearing Apepi‘s dream, Joseph reveals that Egypt will enjoy seven years of bounty, which will then be replaced by long period of famine. Joseph also says it will be necessary to store enough food during the bounty period to supply the people during the times of lamentation. When hunger arrives in Canaan, Jacob sends his sons in search of food in Egypt, because he learns it is the only place on earth with food. Upon arriving before the respected governor of Egypt, Jacob‘s sons do not recognize him as their brother under the Egyptian clothing. But Joseph recognizes them and he is forced to hide in order to cry, in deep pain, almost twenty years after the betrayal. Now, only Joseph can save the brothers who made him suffer so much in the past. Cast Ângelo Paes Leme as José Maytê Piragibe as Azenate Carla Cabral as Bila Samara Felippo as Diná Mylla Christie as Raquel Caio Junqueira as Simeon Eduardo Lago as Pentephres Sandro Rocha as Seneb Iran Malfitano as Hapu Babi Xavier as Elisa Gustavo Leão as Benjamin Vitor Hugo as Judá Marcela Barrozo as Diná (young) Paulo Nigro as Siquém Ricky Tavares as José (young) Camila Rodrigues as Tamar Guilherme Winter as Rúben Andréa Avancini as Zilpa Felipe Cardoso as Levi Nanda Ziegler as Naamá Thelmo Fernandes as Jetur Juliana Boller as Mara Bruno Padilha as Kedar Henrique Ramiro as Onã Rafael Sardão as Nekau Caetano O'Maihlan as Gibar Joelson Medeiros as Mitri Henri Pagnoncelli as Hamor Daniel Bouzas as Thot João Vitor as Selá Elder Gatelly as Ismael Janaína Moura as Rebeca Bia Braga as Mara (young) Fernando Sampaio as Naftali Eduardo Spinetti as Dã Vasco Valentino as Gade Eduardo Melo as Benjamin (young) Binho Beltrão as Er Edu Porto as Issacar Wendell Duarte as Aser Acacio Ferreira as Zebulom Anna Rita Cerqueira as Azenate (young) Eliete Cigarini as Grande Sacerdotisa Maurício Ribeiro as Manassés Production Shooting includes scenes recorded in the Atacama Desert in Chile, Egypt and Israel. For the scenery two cities were built representing Avaris, and Hebron. Rating References External links 2013 telenovelas Brazilian telenovelas RecordTV miniseries Portuguese-language telenovelas Television series based on the Bible 2013 Brazilian television series debuts 2013 Brazilian television series endings

23003696

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20DeSpirito

Anthony DeSpirito

Anthony "Tony" DeSpirito (December 24, 1935 – May 26, 1975) was a champion American Thoroughbred horse racing jockey who found instant fame when he won the national riding title in 1952 as an apprentice in his first full year of racing. Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts, Tony DeSpirito was the son of a millworker. He left school at an early age to work as an exercise rider at Rockingham Park in Salem, New Hampshire. There are conflicting newspaper reports of his birth year but the United States Social Security Death Index records him as being born in 1935. DeSpirito rode his first race as an apprentice jockey in 1951 at Narragansett Park in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. 1952 Championship In 1952, DeSpirito began his record-setting year well behind other American jockeys in races won, as he did not get his first win until January 22 at Sunshine Park in Oldsmar, Florida. He then began winning at a tremendous pace and had several racedays with multiple victories. During the week of June 6–13, three times Despirito rode four winners on a single racecard at Suffolk Downs. At Rockingham Park he rode six winners on August 21, 1952, and won six races again at Rockingham on October 10, 1953. On November 29, 1952, he rode five winners on a single card at Lincoln Downs in Rhode Island. By December, he was in a position to challenge the world record for wins in a year. That month, he rode in Florida; when the tracks there closed on Sunday, he flew to Cuba and won three races on December 28 at Oriental Park Racetrack. On December 30, 1952, he rode his 389th winner at Tropical Park Race Track in Coral Gables, Florida, breaking the record for most wins in a single year set by Walter Miller in 1906. DeSpirito ended the year with 390 wins from 1,474 mounts, a 26% win rate. On the last day of the year, he was flown from Miami to New York so that he could appear on CBS's Toast of the Town with Ed Sullivan. In 1953, DeSpirito continued his winning ways but was involved in the first of four serious accidents that profoundly affected his career and saw the media dub him the "hard luck jockey". Despite time lost as a result of his 1953 accident, he finished the year with 311 wins but was well behind Bill Shoemaker, who smashed Despirito's record with 485 wins. On November 1, 1953, DeSpirito married Doris De Christoforo in a church ceremony in Revere, Massachusetts. DeSpirito won the 1954 Kentucky Oaks aboard the Maine Chance Farm filly Fascinator. In his only Kentucky Derby appearance, he finished 13th in the 1954 edition aboard the Maine Chance colt Black Metal. During 1954, DeSpirito battled with riding greats Avelino Gomez and Bill Shoemaker for top jockey honors in the United States and by July 10 had taken over the lead with 176 wins. However, in August, Shoemaker took the lead and maintained it for the rest of the year. On September 18, 1955, DeSpirito suffered a traumatic brain injury in a racing accident at New York's Aqueduct Racetrack. He returned to racing in January 1956; in May, he was hurt again in an accident at Laurel Park Racecourse and had to undergo surgery to remove a damaged kidney and spleen. Henry Wajda's heroism In 1960, DeSpirito rode in his second and final Preakness Stakes, obtaining his best result with a second-place finish aboard the future Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame colt Victoria Park. On June 30 of that year, DeSpirito came close to losing his life in a racing mishap at Suffolk Downs. After being knocked off his saddle in the first turn, he was left dangling from one stirrup and clinging to the horse's neck. In what the Jockeys' Guild described as "one of the most heroic feats ever seen in American racing history", jockey Henry Wajda rode up beside DeSpirito's horse and reached over with his left hand to lift him back up into the saddle. Wajda lost his own life from injuries sustained in a July 28, 1973, racing accident at Rockingham Park. DeSpirito continued to ride until April 1973, when he began work as a track patrol judge at Naragansett Park. On May 26, 1975, 39-year-old DeSpirito was found dead in his Riverside, Rhode Island, apartment. Police ruled out foul play, and the coroner's report found he had choked to death. References 1935 births 1975 deaths American jockeys American Champion jockeys Sportspeople from Lawrence, Massachusetts

69302192

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20English%20immigrants%20to%20America

List of English immigrants to America

This is a list of English people who immigrated to the North American colonies which preceded the formation of the United States of America. Henry Adams (1583-1646) John Alden (c.1598-1687) Isaac Allerton (c.1586-1658/59) Richard Bellingham (c.1592-1672) William Blaxton (1595-1675) Robert Bolling (1646-1709) Bridget Bishop (c.1632-1692) William Bradford (c.1590-1657) Simon Bradstreet (1603/04-1697) Jonathan Brewster (1593-1659) Love Brewster (c.1611-bef.1650/51) Mary Brewster (c.1569-1627) William Brewster (1566/67-1644) The Rev. Peter Bulkeley (1583-1659) The Hon. Leonard Calvert (1606-1647) The Hon. Philip Calvert (c.1626-1682) John Carver (1576-1621) James Chilton (c.1556-1620) The Rev. Charles Chauncey (1592-1672) The Rev. John Clarke (1609-1676) Francis Cooke (c.1583-1663) Tistram Coffin (c.1609-1681) Giles Corey (c.1611-1692) The Rev. John Cotton (1585-1652) John Crackston (c.1575-c.1620/21) Thomas Danforth (c.1623-1699) Daniel Denison (c.1612-1682) Thomas Dudley (1576-1653) The Rev. Henry Dunster (1609-1659) Mary Eastey (c.1634-1692) John Endecott (bef.1600-1664/65) Moses Fletcher (c.1564-1620/21) Edward Fuller (1575-1620/21) Samuel Fuller (c.1580/81-1633) Lion Gardiner (1599-1663) John Goodman (c.1595 to 1623-1627) Samuel Gorton (1593-1677) Bartholomew Gosnold (1571-1607) Jonn Greene (1597-1659) John Greene, Jr. (1620-1708) The Rev. John Harvard (1607-1638) William Hathorne (c.1606-1681) John Haynes (1594-1654) Thomas Hinckley (c.1628-1706) The Rev. Thomas Hooker (1586-1647) The Rev. Leonard Hoar (1630-1675) Elizabeth Howe (1637-1692) William Hubbard (1621-1704) George Jacobs (1609-1692) The Rev. Isaac Johnson (1601-1630) John Leverett (c.1616-1678/79) The Rev. John Lothrop (1584-1653) Susannah Martin (1621-1692) The Rev. Richard Mather (c.1596-1669) Thomas Mayhew (1593-1682) The Rev. James Noyes (1608-1656) Rebecca Nurse (1621-1692) The Rev. Urian Oakes (1631-1681) John Page (c.1627-1692) The Rev. Samuel Paris (1653-1720) Thomas Prence (c.1601-1673) Degory Priest (c.1579-1621) John Proctor (1632-1692) Edmund Rice (c.1594-1663) The Rev. John Rogers (1630-1684) John Rolfe (c.1585-1622) Margaret Scott (1616-1692) Robert Sedgwick (1611-1656) Henry Sherburne (1611-1680) Miles Standish (c.1584-1656) Edward Tilley (c.1588-1620/21) Elizabeth Tilley (c.1607-1687) Thomas Tinker (c.1581-1620/21) Roger Toothaker (1634-1692) John Turner (c.1590-1620/21) John Washington (1633-1677 William Wentwortth (1616-1696/97 The Rev. John Wheelwright (c.1592-1679) The Rev. Roger Williams (c.1603-1683) Peregrine White (c. 1620-1704) Reslolved White (c.1615-aft.1687) Susanna White (c.1592-aft.1654) William White (1586/87-1621) Sarah Wiles (1627-1692) Edward Winslow (1595-1655) Josiah Winslow (c.1623-1680) John Winthrop (1587/88-1649) George Wyllys (1590-1644) References immigrants to America English English colonization of the Americas

26158525

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shir%C5%8D%20Takasu

Shirō Takasu

Admiral was a career naval officer in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Biography Takasu was a native of Sakuragawa Village, (currently part of Inashiki, Ibaraki), and graduated from the 35th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, where his classmates included future admirals Nobutake Kondō and Naokuni Nomura. He served his midshipman duty on the cruisers and , and as sublieutenant on the battleship , cruiser , and battlecruiser . Takasu was commissioned as a lieutenant in December 1913, serving on the battleship , followed by the cruiser . He attended the 17th class of the Naval Staff College and was promoted to lieutenant commander upon graduation in December 1919. On June 23, he was assigned as a military attaché to the United Kingdom and was promoted to commander in December of the same year. During his time in the UK, Takasu was instrumental in intelligence activities to obtain British naval aviation technology for the Japanese navy to use. This work included recruiting both the Sempill Mission and Frederick Rutland to come to Japan. After his return to Japan in 1924, he served as executive officer on the cruiser . A year later, he was assigned as an instructor at the Naval War College and promoted to captain in December 1928, after which he received his first command, the cruiser in 1929. Takasu returned to England again in December 1930 to serve as military advisor on the ambassador’s staff, where he recruited Frederick Rutland to work for the Japanese Navy for a second time. He served on the court marshal of the perpetrators of the May 15 Incident in 1932. He was promoted to rear admiral on November 15, 1934 and reassigned to head the 3rd Bureau of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff, which was in charge of military intelligence. An outspoken opponent to the Tripartite Alliance between Japan, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, he was a member of the naval faction led by Isoroku Yamamoto and Mitsumasa Yonai opposed to war with the western powers. From 1936-1937, he commanded the First Carrier Division, which was active in combat in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and was a naval advisor to the fledgling state of Manchukuo in 1937. Promoted to vice admiral on November 15, 1938, he then became commandant of the Naval War College. He was assigned as commander of the IJN 5th Fleet on September 29, 1939. On April 29, 1940, Takasu was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, 1st class. On November 15, 1940, Takasu was assigned to command the IJN 4th Fleet, and from August 11, 1941, the IJN 1st Fleet. As the military position of Japan became precarious in the Solomon Islands and other areas of the Southwest Pacific, Takasu was assigned to command the Southwest Area Fleet from September 15, 1942. The IJN 13th Air Fleet also came under his command from September 20, 1943. Promoted to full admiral on March 1, 1944, he was recalled to Japan on June 18, to assume the position of military councilor. However, he died of sickness only two months later and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo. Notes References Evans, David C. and Mark R. Peattie. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ; Drabkin, Ron, and Bradley W. Hart. “Agent Shinkawa Revisited: The Japanese Navy’s Establishment of the Rutland Intelligence Network in Southern California.” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 35, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2020.1871252. External links 1884 births 1944 deaths Military personnel from Ibaraki Prefecture Military personnel of the Second Sino-Japanese War Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun Japanese admirals of World War II

32036020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomasticon%20%28Eusebius%29

Onomasticon (Eusebius)

The Onomasticon compiled by Eusebius of Caesarea (more properly, On the Place-Names in the Holy Scripture, , Peri tōn topikōn onomatōn tōn en tē Theia Graphē, in Greek) is a directory of place names, or "gazetteer", a primary source that provides historical geographers with a contemporary knowledge of early 4th-century Palestine and Transjordan. It sits uneasily between the ancient genres of geography and lexicography, taking elements from both but serving as a member of neither. It is, according to many, the most important book for the study of Palestine in the Roman period. Background Eusebius' description of his own method, who wrote: "I shall collect the entries from the whole of the divinely inspired Scriptures, and I shall set them out grouped by their initial letters so that one may easily perceive what lies scattered throughout the text," implies that he had no similar type of book to work from; his work being entirely original, based only on the text of the Bible. Others have suggested that Eusebius had at his disposal early Roman maps of the Roman Empire with which to work, and which allowed him to record the precise distances between locations in Roman miles. Needless to say, this innovation has been very useful to modern research. Of the approximate 980 Biblical and New Testament names of places contained in those works, Eusebius identifies some 340 with locations known in his own day and age. The primary source for the Onomasticon is Codex Vaticanus, Gr. 1456 which dates from the 11th or 12th century. Klostermann published a scientific edition of the manuscript in 1904, using in addition four other manuscripts. Dependent upon the Codex Vaticanus manuscript is Codex Parisinus Gr 464 which dates from the 16th century. These two manuscripts were edited and published by Lagarde in 1870. Eusebius organizes his entries into separate categories according to their first letters. The entries for Joshua under Tau, for example, read as follows: Tina (Kinah, 15:22): of the tribe of Judah. Telem (15:24): of the tribe of Judah. Tessam ([Azem] 15:29): of the tribe of Judah. Tyre ([Zer] 19:35): of the tribe of Naphthali. Under each letter, the entries are organized first by the book they are found in, and then by their place in that book. In almost all of the entries in his geographical opus, Eusebius brings down the respective distances in Roman "milestones" (semeia) from major points of reference, such as from Jerusalem, Beit Gubrin (Eleutheropolis), Hebron, Ptolemais, Caesarea, etc. In Eusebius' Onomasticon, distances between each "milestone" were usually 1,600 meters–1,700 meters, although the standard Roman mile was 1,475 meters. Since most villages in the Onomasticon are far removed from Roman-built roads, scholars have concluded that Eusebius did not glean the geographical information from maps based on a milestone survey, but rather collected the information from some other source. Where there is a contemporary town at the site or nearby, Eusebius notes it in the corresponding entry. "Terebinth", for example, describes Shechem as "near Neapolis", modern Nablus, and "Tophet" is located "in the suburbs of Jerusalem". Date The Onomasticon has traditionally been dated before 324, on the basis of its sparse references to Christianity, and complete absence of remarks on Constantine the Great's buildings in the Holy Land. The work also describes traditional religious practices at the oak of Mamre as though they were still happening, while they are known to have been suppressed soon after 325, when a church was built on the site. Eusebius references the encampment of the Legio X Fretensis at Aila (in southern Israel, near modern Aqaba and Eilat); the X Fretensis was probably transferred from Jerusalem to Aila under Diocletian (r. 284–305). Jerome provided a Latin translation of Eusebius' Onomasticon, which Jerome translated in anno 388 CE while living in Bethlehem. Jerome's Latin edition includes various designations, based on the different manuscripts available to him. This Latin version of Eusebius' Onomasticon became the main source for research of Israel in the west. The edition published by Paul de Lagarde includes the Latin work compiled by Jerome under the title, Hieronymi de situ et nominibus locorum hebraicorum liber. Language Eusebius compiled his work in Greek, although a Latin translation of the Onomasticon was made by Jerome in little over half-a-century later. Greco-Roman referents are used by Eusebius in his Onomasticon for Hebrew names, such as Ailia for Jerusalem, Nicopolis for Emmaus, Diospolis for Lydda (Lod), Eleutheropolis for Beit Gubrin, Azotus for Ashdod, Jamnia for Yavne, Neapolis for Shechem, Scythopolis for Beit Shean, Diocaesarea for Sepphoris, Philadelphia for Amman, and Ptolemais for Acco. Demographics The complete demographic diversity of Israel in the 4th-century CE is not fully known. However, Eusebius who lived in Beit Gubrin (Eleutheropolis) speaks briefly about the country's ethnic make-up, principally, in the area of the country in which he was most familiar. Out of fourteen entries where he mentions the town's ethnic details, eleven of these settlements were Jewish, namely: Ekron, Anea (thought to be Khirbet Ghuwein et-Taḥta, now a ruin), Debir , En-Gedi, Eshtemoh, Hormah, Thalca, Juttah, Nineveh , Naarah, and Carmel (mentioned incidentally to Ziph); one a Samaritan village: Tirzah (Thersila) in Batanaea; and two Christian settlements: Anaea and Jattir. The town Debir , being "Dabeira on Mount Thabor, in the borders of Diocaesarea" in Lower Galilee had a sizable Jewish population. Published editions of Eusebius' Onomasticon Wolf, Carl Umhau (1971). Eusebius of Caesarea, Onomasticon () (2nd ed. 1887; reprinted in Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966) (In this edition the Greek and Latin texts do not appear in parallel but in succession: first Latin, then Greek. The editor provides the material with references to biblical and other sources, without introductory notes and commentary) (reprinted in Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1966. ) (The first critical edition of the Onomasticon) (Provides an English translation both of the Greek text by Eusebius and of the Latin translation by Jerome) (A triglott edition - in Greek, Latin, and English, with notes and commentary) References External links C. Umhau Wolf, The Onomasticon of Eusebius Pamphili - Compared with the Version of Jerome and Annotated (PDF) The Onomasticon of Eusebius of Caesarea and the Liber Locorum of Jerome - Translated by G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville Eusebius of Caesarea, Onomasticon (1971 translation) 4th-century Christian texts 4th-century history books Ancient Greek geographical works Greek-language books Works by Eusebius of Caesarea Holy Land during Byzantine rule Textual scholarship History of the Levant Oral tradition Ancient sites in Israel Land of Israel Historical geography Ancient Jewish history Geography of Israel Biblical places Old Testament places New Testament places Toponymy Geography of Palestine (region)

3564024

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local%20Hero%20%28soundtrack%29

Local Hero (soundtrack)

Local Hero is the debut soundtrack album by British singer-songwriter and guitarist Mark Knopfler, released in April 1983 by Vertigo Records internationally and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States. It contains music composed for the 1983 film Local Hero, produced by David Puttnam and both written and directed by Bill Forsyth. In 1984, the album received a BAFTA award nomination for Best Score for a Film. The final track of the album, "Going Home", is played before every home game of Newcastle United F.C. Knopfler re-recorded the song as a charity single for the 2014 Great North Run in his home city. Background Following a string of three multi-platinum albums with Dire Straits—Dire Straits (1978), Communiqué (1979), and Making Movies (1980)—Knopfler, the group's lead singer, guitarist, songwriter, and producer, began to look for new musical challenges and opportunities. In early 1982, his manager wrote to several film directors indicating that Knopfler was interested in writing film music. Producer David Puttnam responded, and after reviewing the Local Hero project, Knopfler accepted the job. Following the completion of Dire Straits' fourth album, Love Over Gold, recorded from 8 March to 11 June 1982, Knopfler began work on the film's music. He invited Gerry Rafferty to be the lead vocalist on the song, "The Way It Always Starts". In 2000, Rafferty invited Knopfler to provide rhythm guitar and lead fills on what would be his final studio album, Another World. Recording The Local Hero album was recorded in 1982 at The Power Station in New York, and Eden Studios in London. The Ceilidh scenes were recorded at Hilton Women's Royal Institute Hall near Banff, Scotland on 19 June 1982. Critical reception In his retrospective review for AllMusic, William Ruhlmann gave the album four and a half out of five stars, noting that Knopfler's "intricate, introspective finger-picked guitar stylings make a perfect musical complement to the wistful tone of Bill Forsyth's comedy film." Ruhlmann continued, "The low-key music picks up traces of Scottish music, but most of it just sounds like Dire Straits doing instrumentals, especially the recurring theme, one of Knopfler's more memorable melodies." Rolling Stone magazine's contemporary review called Knopfler's film music debut an "insinuating LP of charming, cosmopolitan soundtrack music—a record that can make movies in your mind." For the Local Hero soundtrack, Knopfler received a BAFTA award nomination for Best Score for a Film. "Going Home" is played at Newcastle United F.C. and Aberdeen F.C. home games as the football players run out onto the pitch, as well as at the end of games at other clubs such as Burton Albion F.C. and Tranmere Rovers F.C. Track listing All music and lyrics were written by Mark Knopfler, except where indicated. Personnel Music Mark Knopfler – guitars, synthesizers, percussion, LinnDrum Alan Clark – synthesizers, piano, Hammond organ Hal Lindes – rhythm guitar (3) Michael Brecker – saxophone (4,11,14) Mike Mainieri – vibes (4,11) Gerry Rafferty – vocals (5) Neil Jason – bass (4,5) Tony Levin – bass (11,14) John Illsley – bass (3) Eddie Gomez – bass (8) Steve Jordan – drums (4,5) Terry Williams – drums (3) The Acetones Production Mark Knopfler – producer Neil Dorfsman – engineer Josh Abbey – assistant engineer Tim Palmer – assistant engineer Phil Vinall – assistant engineer Bob Ludwig – mastering at Masterdisk Denis Waugh – cover photo Frank Griffin – back cover photo Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References Notes Citations External links Local Hero at Mark Knopfler official website 1983 debut albums 1983 soundtrack albums Albums produced by Mark Knopfler 1980s film soundtrack albums Mark Knopfler soundtracks Vertigo Records soundtracks Warner Records soundtracks

3731029

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haco

Haco

Haco is a Japanese singer, composer, multi-instrumentalist and sound artist, known for her work with After Dinner and Hoahio, among others. Following formal studies in acoustics, electronic music and recording technology in 1980, Haco came to international attention fronting the group After Dinner (active between 1981–1991), helped by their association with the "Rock in Opposition"-related label Recommended Records. Haco would later appear in Step Across the Border, a 1990 documentary film on Henry Cow's Fred Frith, as well as contributing music to the soundtrack. Haco released her first solo album in 1995, and embarked on her first solo European tour a year later. More recently, Haco has worked with the groups Happiness Proof, Hoahio and Ash in the Rainbow, and has recorded or performed with countless other artists, such as David Toop, Otomo Yoshihide, Nobukazu Takemura, Pierre Bastien, Anthony Moore and Carl Stone. In addition to her more conventional album releases Haco has also worked in the fields of sound art; curating exhibitions and installations and establishing the sound art project View Masters (with focus on the environmental sounds of daily life), later beginning the production and curation of a four-year series of View Masters lectures, concerts and workshops in 2002. Discography (albums as leader or co-leader) 1995 Haco (MIDI Creative, Japan; ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA) 1999 Happiness Proof (P-Vine, Japan; ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA) 2004 Stereo Bugscope 00 (Improvised Music from Japan, Japan) [awarded Honorary Mention in digital music category at Prix Ars Electronica 2005, Austria] 2007 Riska (Arcangelo/Disk Union, Japan) 2015 Secret Garden (Nuovo Immigrato, Japan) 2017 Qoosui (Someone Good/Room40, Australia) 2021 Novo Naturo (Someone Good/Room40, Australia) After Dinner 1984 After Dinner (originally released as Glass Tube in Japan; reissued 1991 with Live Editions) (ReR Megacorp, UK) 1988 Souvenir Cassette (Recommended Records, UK) 1989 Paradise of Replica (RecRec Music, Switzerland) (reissued 2001 with Paradise of Remixes) (ReR Megacorp, UK) 2019 The Souvenir Cassette and Further Live Adventures (CD reissue) (ReR Megacorp, UK; Fish Prints, USA) 2021 After Dinner: 1982-85 (vinyl reissue) (Soave Records, Italy) 2022 Paradise of Replica (vinyl reissue) (Aguirre Records, Belgium) Hoahio 1997 Happy Mail (with Michiyo Yagi and Sachiko M) (Amoebic, Japan) 2000 Ohayo! Hoahio! (with Michiyo Yagi and Sachiko M) (Tzadik Records, US) 2003 Peek-Ara-Boo (with Michiyo Yagi and Mari Era) (Tzadik Records, US) Kam-pas-nel-la 1998 Kam-pas-nel-la (with Kazuhisa Uchihashi, Zeena Parkins, and Samm Bennett) (Festival Beyond Innocence Live Performance Series Vol.1. FBI Works/Innocent, Japan) Ash in the Rainbow 2003 Ash in the Rainbow (with Sakamoto Hiromichi) (ReR Megacorp, UK; Detector, USA) Yesterday's Heroes 2004 1979 (with Terre Thaemlitz) (La Louche, France) Synapse 2005 Raw (with Ikue Mori and Aki Onda) (CD, Tzadik Record, US) Diane Labrosse, Martin Tetreault, and Haco 2005 Lunch in Nishinomiya (Improvised Music from Japan, Japan) Haco, Takako Minekawa, Dustin Wong, and Tarnovski 2019 Kannazuki (Warm Winters Ltd., UK/Slovakia) Vocal contributions 2000 Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O.: Troubadours From Another Heavenly World (Squealer, Japan) 2001 Acid Mothers Temple & The Melting Paraiso U.F.O.: New Geocentric World of Acid Mothers Temple (Squealer, Japan) 2005 Stefano Panunzi feat. Haco: Web Of Memories (A Rose CD) (Emerald Recordings, Italy) 2009 Fjieri feat. Haco: Soul Eaters (produced by Richard Barbieri) (Forward Music, Italy) References External links Official website Haco Bandcamp website Page at japanimprov.com After Dinner's page at Prog Archives Year of birth missing (living people) Japanese composers Japanese women composers Japanese women singers Japanese singer-songwriters Japanese women singer-songwriters Living people

4299372

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschlin

Tschlin

Tschlin is a former municipality in the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in the extreme east of Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Ramosch and Tschlin merged to form the new municipality of Valsot. History While Bronze and Iron Age items have been found in Tschlin, the first mention of the village is in the 10th century. In the 10th century, bishop Hildibald gave the chapterhouse in Chur a gift of a farm house in Tschlin. In the High Middle Ages Tschlin was under the authority of Ramosch. The village church of St. Blasius was built in 1515 in the gothic style. In 1545 the Protestant Reformation reached the village and in 1574–82 the reformer and historian Ulrich Campell worked in Tschlin. In 1856 a fire destroyed much of the village, including the Church of St. John the Baptist. The church was not rebuilt, but the church tower is still visible in the village. Geography Tschlin had an area, , of . Of this area, 28.7% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34.7% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (35.3%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The former municipality is located in the Ramosch sub-district of the Inn district. It consists of the village of Tschlin on a terrace above the left bank of the Inn, the sections of Strada and Martina and the hamlets of San Niclà, Chaflur, Sclamischot and Vinadi. Until 1943 Tschlin was known as Schleins. Demographics Tschlin had a population (as of 2011) of 442. , 6.3% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.8%. , the gender distribution of the population was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The age distribution, , in Tschlin is; 39 children or 9.9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old. 27 teenagers or 6.9% are 10 to 14, and 14 teenagers or 3.6% are 15 to 19. Of the adult population, 42 people or 10.7% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 59 people or 15.1% are 30 to 39, 54 people or 13.8% are 40 to 49, and 48 people or 12.2% are 50 to 59. The senior population distribution is 37 people or 9.4% of the population are between 60 and 69 years old, 55 people or 14.0% are 70 to 79, there are 16 people or 4.1% who are 80 to 89, and there are 1 people or 0.3% who are 90 to 99. In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 48.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (20.8%), the FDP (14.3%) and the CVP (13.6%). In Tschlin about 62.8% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Tschlin has an unemployment rate of 0.81%. , there were 62 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 24 businesses involved in this sector. 28 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 8 businesses in this sector. 101 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 21 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table: Languages Most of the population () speaks Rhaeto-Romance (71.4%), with German being second most common (25.5%) and Serbo-Croatian being third ( 1.0%). Heritage sites of national significance The Museum Stamparia da Strada is listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance. References Valsot Former municipalities of Graubünden Cultural property of national significance in Graubünden Populated places disestablished in 2013

20879301

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate%20training%20in%20general%20dentistry

Postgraduate training in general dentistry

Australia There are two forms of institution-based training for general dentistry available for dental school graduates in Australia: General dental residency or Dental house officer, often abbreviated as GDR and DO respectively. Graduate diploma in clinical dentistry, often abbreviated as GradDipClinDent Canada There are three forms of institution-based training for general dentistry available for dental school graduates in Canada: General practice residency, often abbreviated as GPR Special Enhancement for general dentistry, often abbreviated as SEGD Multidisciplinary training program, often abbreviated as MTP United States There are two forms of institution-based training for general dentistry available for dental school graduates in the United States: General practice residency, often abbreviated as GPR Advanced education in general dentistry, often abbreviated as AEGD United Kingdom In the UK, most postgraduate training in dentistry are specialized. Some universities offer postgraduate degrees in general dentistry, with an emphasis on clinical research. Program details All of the programs below can be 1-year programs with an option available to continue for a second year, or they may be a two-year program from the start. They allow the new dentist to further hone his or her skills in most of the traditionally defined disciplines of dentistry while at the same time increasing one's speed and refining one's techniques. These programs also afford trainees the opportunity to learn from the attending dentists who serve a supervisory role, something generally unavailable in private practice. AEGD While a GPR is a hospital-based program, an AEGD is usually not and the differences between the two types of programs are generally a result of this distinction. AEGDs are usually based in postgraduate dental school clinics. Both types of programs afford the trainee with a larger patient pool than he or she was exposed to in dental school as an undergraduate; while dental students will typically treat 2 or 3 patients a day in multiple-hour-long sessions, these postgraduate programs are constructed so that trainees may see anywhere from 8-15 patients a day, or even more. They emphasize restorative dentistry, fixed and removable prosthodontics, orofacial pain, and dental implants. DO/GDR Both DO and GDR programs are 1-year long commitments and are usually based in a hospital setting. These programs provide a dentist with a wide range of experiences including oral surgery, oral pathology, oral medicine, and treating medically compromised patients. GPR Programs will often emphasize the importance of managing comprehensive dental treatment plans and adjusting them based on the patient's medical condition. During training, residents may be faced with the task of managing patients that require dentistry in a hospital setting due to a compromised medical condition. Medical management of dental patients may be emphasized in weekly grand rounds and rotations through anesthesia, internal medicine, and the hospital emergency department. Some programs also provide rotations in family medicine and otolaryngology. These rotations not only increase the trainee's knowledge and experience, but also allow physicians, resident or attending, to see how dentistry and medicine are related, permitting a better referral relationship in future practices. This relationship is best demonstrated in tumor boards where both medical and dental residents discuss and treatment plan head and neck cancer patients. GPR residents may also become familiar with performing dental/oral surgical procedures in the operating room and managing the patient's stay while in the hospital. Rotation through the dental specialties increases the resident's ability to handle situations in private practice without referral to a specialist. GradDipClinDent These programs are usually 1-year in length and are designed very similar in structure to an AEGD program. Emphasis is placed on restorative dentistry, fixed prosthodontics, removable prosthodontics, orofacial pain, and dental implants. SEGD Emphasis is on enhanced general practice skills to allow for broader patient care to underserviced areas. Clinical experience is usually obtained from the residency clinic in the department of dentistry, and during rotations including off site rural experience. Multidisciplinary training program The goal of the program is to provide the recent dental graduate with a broad multidisciplinary approach to the clinical practice of dentistry. The postgraduate trainees are thus under the constant supervision and guidance of members of the attending staff. Experience is gained in general practice and specialties. The specialties represented are: Endodontics, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Medicine, Orthodontics, Periodontics, Prosthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry. In general, GPR, DO/GDR, and MPT programs pay higher stipends than do AEGD, SEGD, and GradDipClinDent programs; this is because the former residents take call and answer consults. While on call, the residents are expected to manage dental as well as some head and neck trauma reporting to the ER in accordance with hospital guidelines Program examples Dental Procedure Education System GPR program at NJDS GPR program at MCG School of Dentistry MTP program at McGill AEGD program at Columbia CDM References Dentistry education Dentistry occupations

70469210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica%20Asman

Monica Asman

Sister Monica Asman (1920-2016) was an American Catholic nun and research scientist at University of California, Berkeley. She applied genetic methods to mosquitoes with the aim of reducing their ability to carry viruses that can cause disease in humans and animals, and to reduce the size of mosquito populations. She also opened the St. Francis Center of Redwood City for the poor. Education and personal life Monica Asman was born in Germany on September 14, 1920. She was brought up in America and in 1940 she joined the Sisters of St. Francis of Penance and Christian Charity. She graduated from University of Notre Dame in 1966 with a Ph. D. degree. In 1987 she founded the St. Francis Center for poor people in Redwood City, California. In 2004 she retired to a religious residence. She died April 5, 2016. Career As well as her religious vocation, Asman had a successful career as a science teacher and researcher. Her reason for becoming a scientist was probably the need for science teachers at Catholic schools. Between 1944 and 1962 Asman worked as a teacher in schools run by her religious order. Making a significant change, she then began scientific research supervised by George B. Craig at the University of Notre Dame. He led a research group that was beginning to apply genetics to the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Asman's project provided her with a training in genetics and the use of cobalt-60 to induce mutations. This required evaluation of the effects of radiation as the mosquito developed from egg to adult to identify the level of radiation that would cause mutations without killing all the mosquitoes. After completing her doctorate, her religious order moved her to Mount Alverno Center in Redwood City, California with the objective of returning to teaching. She was appointed as an instructor in the Biology Department at Santa Clara University from 1966 until 1971. However, she made contact with the parasitology department at University of California, Berkeley, specifically the arbovirus research group led by William C. Reeves in order to continue genetics research. She began working with them, adding her skill and knowledge of genetics to their research, initially unpaid. From 1968 until 1988 she was an Associate Research Entomologist in the University of California, Berkeley. At the suggestion of the Berkeley research group, she changed from A. aegypti to the mosquito species Culex tarsalis and A. sierrensis because they were more important disease vectors in the California region. She transferred the methods she had learnt to these species and applied them in projects aiming to reduce the fertility or disease transmission of these mosquitoes. The mosquitoes were tested in controlled outdoor environments as well as in the laboratory. Some genetically altered mosquitoes were also released into the wild. The research demonstrated that there were genetic determinants for how likely mosquitoes were to carry the viruses that caused disease in humans and animals. Part of the funding for this research came from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the United States Army Medical Research and Development Command. Publications Asman was the author or co-author of over 50 scientific publications. These included: S. M. Asman, M. M. Milby, W. C. Reeves. (1990) Genetics of Culex tarsalis. In: Reeves, W. C., Epidemiology and Control of Mosquito-borne Arboviruses in California. Calif. Mosq. Vector Control Assocn., pp. 330–356. Asman SM, McDonald PT and T. Prout. (1981) Field studies of genetic control systems for mosquitoes. Annual Review of Entomology 26 289-318 Asman SM and HA Terwedow. (1980) Initial studies on the genetics of Aedes sierrensis. Mosquito News 40 224-226. Asman SM, Nelson RL, McDonald P, Milby M, Reeves W, White KD, et al. (1979) Pilot release of sex-linked multiple translocation into a Culex tarsalis field population in Kern County, California [Biological control]. Mosq News. 39 248–258. James L. Hardy, George Apperson, S. Monica Asman, and William C. Reeves. (1978) Selection of a strain of Culex tarsalis highly resistant to infection following ingestion of western equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Heredity 27 313–321 McDonald PT, Asman SM, Terwedow HA. (1978) Sex-linked translocations in Culex tarsalis: chromosome—linkage group correlation and segregation patterns. J Hered. 69 304–310. Asman, M and KS Rai (1972) Developmental effects of ionising radiation in Aedes egypti. J. Med Entomol. 9 468-478 Rai, KS, McDonald, PT and SM Asman (1970) Cytogenetics of two radiation-induced sex-linked translocations in the yellow-fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Genetics 66 635-651 References 1920 births 2016 deaths 20th-century American nuns American entomologists American women scientists University of Notre Dame alumni

67638240

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisca%20Linconao

Francisca Linconao

Francisca Linconao Huircapán (born September 18, 1958), also known as Machi Linconao, is a machi (a Mapuche spiritual authority) and human rights activist in Chile. She became the first Indigenous rights defender in Chile to successfully invoke the 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention when she sued to stop a company from logging a forest adjacent to her community. In 2021, she was elected as a representative of the Mapuche people to the Chilean Constitutional Convention election. Early life Linconao was born in Padre Las Casas, Chile, in 1958. She was one of nine children, and her father died when she was a baby. Despite her initial hesitation, wanting to stay in school, at age 12 she became a machi, a Mapuche traditional healer and religious leader. She went on to become both a spiritual leader and a human rights defender for the Mapuche people. Machi Linconao v. Palermo In 2008, she submitted a protection action known as a against Sociedad Palermo Ltd., owned by the Taladriz family, to stop the company from illegally felling trees and shrubs of the native forest along the slopes of Cerro Rahue and replacing them with pine trees. The trees and shrubs were located within the Palermo Chico farm, next to her community. The logging was affecting not only the Cerro Rahue ecosystem but also a wetland known as a menoko that Linconao and her people consider sacred. In 2009, the ruled in Linconao's favor, a ruling that was upheld by the Supreme Court. It was the first judgement in Chile that took into consideration the 1989 Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention of the International Labour Organization, making Linconao the first Indigenous rights defender in the country to successfully invoke the convention. Luchsinger-Mackay case In 2013, Linconao was one of the Mapuches linked to the , in which a couple, Werner Luchsinger and Vivianne Mackay, died in a house fire that was blamed on arson amid the Mapuche conflict. Linconao was arrested in the afternoon on the day of the fire. She was accused of terrorism and illegal arms possession. Authorities alleged an improvised shotgun was found at her home during a raid, but during her trial the official who had supposedly found the shotgun in her home never testified, and no one could even recall his name. The court dismissed the charges, acquitted Linconao, and ordered she be compensated. On March 1, 2016, she was imprisoned and faced a new judicial process for the same charges. She began a hunger strike on December 22, 2016, after spending nine months in pretrial detention. Fourteen days later, she ended her hunger strike after the Temuco Court of Appeals allowed her to leave pretrial detention and instead be put under house arrest. On August 22, 2017, the World Organisation Against Torture's Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, the International Federation for Human Rights, and the Chilean organization Observatorio Ciudadano issued a statement of concern about using the Chilean against Linconao and 10 other Mapuche community members. The in Temuco acquitted Linconao on October 18, 2017. But then, on December 29, 2017, the Temuco Court of Appeals annulled that decision, ordering the reopening of the case. Eventually, on May 10, 2018, she was acquitted of all the charges against her. Chilean Constitutional Convention In January 2021, Linconao gathered the required signatures to become a candidate for the 2021 Chilean Constitutional Convention election, running to represent District 23 of the Araucanía Region, and as a representative of the Mapuche people. In the constituent election held in Chile on May 15–16, 2021, she obtained 83.51% of the votes where there were votes from the Mapuche people, becoming the candidate with the most votes among Indigenous peoples. Thus, she was elected as one of the seven Mapuche representatives in the Constitutional Convention. Early reports suggested that Francisca Linconao was seen as "the natural candidate" for indigenous members of the Constitutional Convention to support for president of the body. However, Linconao declined to run, instead proposing that Elisa Loncón stand for the presidency of the convention during a Winter solstice meeting held in her house in Padre Las Casas. Loncón agreed to run for the presidency, and was elected on 4 July 2021 after the convention was inaugurated. References 1958 births Mapuche women Chilean human rights activists Chilean people of Mapuche descent Indigenous rights activists Living people Members of the Chilean Constitutional Convention Mapuche politicians Shamans People from Cautín Province 20th-century Mapuche people 21st-century Mapuche people Indigenous activists of the Americas

1059634

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Steer

Bill Steer

William Geoffrey Steer (born 3 December 1969) is a British guitarist and co-founder of the extreme metal band Carcass. He is considered a pioneer and an essential contributor to grindcore and death metal due to his involvement in Napalm Death and Carcass, two of the most important bands of those genres. Presently he plays with Gentlemans Pistols, the reactivated Carcass and appeared as a live second guitarist for Angel Witch from 2011 to 2015. Biography Born in Stockton-on-Tees to a Scottish mother and English father, Steer spent his teenage years in the Wirral. According to various interviews, it was at this time he was exposed to hard rock and heavy metal in the form of Motörhead, Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, UFO, Iron Maiden, Led Zeppelin and so on, followed by lesser-known NWOBHM artists such as Raven, Tank and Venom. These years saw Steer begin playing electric guitar and also becoming one of the earliest tape traders in the UK, immersing himself in the embryonic underground death metal scene. During this time, an early incarnation of Carcass was formed. Steer appeared in Guitar magazine's "Best Ten Guitarists You've Never Heard Of" in 1996, was featured in Metal Hammer's "Greatest Metal Guitar Players" and was ranked no.3 in Decibel Magazine's "Top Twenty Death Metal Guitarists" as well as No. 92 out of 100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists of All Time by Guitar World He was guitarist for Napalm Death from April 1987 – July 1989, appearing on their first two albums as well as the BBC Radio One John Peel Sessions. Throughout this period the group toured across the UK and Europe, only for Steer and vocalist Lee Dorrian to quit immediately after a tour of Japan. He played in Carcass from 1985 to 1995, the only guitarist to feature on all of the band's albums and perform throughout their live career. After the demise of Carcass he moved to Australia and developed a passion for blues music, teaching himself harmonica and slide guitar. Upon returning to the UK, he started his own band Firebird, which was mainly inspired by 1970s rock. During this time he was married and then divorced. Firebird split up in late 2011. Steer now plays guitar in the band Gentlemans Pistols and also performed with a new wave of British heavy metal veterans Angel Witch. Steer currently resides in east London. Steer also appeared along with Jeffrey Walker (bassist/vocalist of Carcass) in an episode of the Sci-Fi comedy Red Dwarf. He performed as the drummer of the band Smeg and the Heads named Dobbin in series 3 episode 5 "Timeslides". In addition to Steer's guitar prowess, he is well known for Jeff Walker's naming of his solos on earlier Carcass albums (example: "Maim to Please" by W. G. Steer from Tools of the Trade). In 2008 Steer reunited with his Carcass bandmates (except for drummer Ken Owen, who suffered a cerebral haemorrhage in 1999; Daniel Erlandsson was tapped to play drums in his place) to play at several European festivals such as Wacken '08. In an interview, Steer mentioned that a new Carcass album could hardly be possible. The Carcass reunion show schedule continued through to 2010, playing festivals and headlining a small US tour in 2009. In 2010, Steer briefly hosted a show at the Internet radio station, TotalRock. Since then, besides playing in various bands, including Angel Witch, he has been involved in the "Friday Night Powerhouse" club in London. Carcass started rehearsing again in May 2012, and played at the Maryland Deathfest XI music festival in May 2013. In mid-2013, the band released Surgical Steel, on which Steer played lead guitars with some backing vocals. Steer plays old Gibson Les Paul guitars (primarily Juniors and Customs), and uses vintage fifty-watt Marshall amplifiers. He has used a white Schecter Strategy on the first two albums, a black Ibanez S540LTD on Necroticism, a Peavey Nitro III, and on the Heartwork album he used Marshall SL-X and anniversary heads as well as the Peavey 5150. Steer has also used ESP Eclipse model guitars. In recent years he has avoided endorsements. Steer has been a vegetarian since 1986 and was also vegan for a period of time. Steer married his long-term girlfriend in the summer of 2021. References 1969 births Carcass (band) members Death metal musicians English heavy metal guitarists English heavy metal singers English male singers English people of Scottish descent Lead guitarists Living people Napalm Death members English male guitarists Grindcore musicians People from Stockton-on-Tees Angel Witch members

6897511

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Herring

Ben Herring

Ben Herring (born 14 March 1980) is a professional rugby coach currently Head coach of Toyota Verblitz. Previously Head coach of the Otago. Herring has coached with two national sides, Canada and Japan, and with two super franchises. Coaching career 2009–2011 Herring was appointed assistant coach at Leicester Tigers by director of rugby Richard Cockerill. He had over 60 games as coach, including Heineken Cup semifinals and winning two Premiership titles 2008–09, 2009–10, and beaten finalist 2010–11. 2011–2013 Japanese club side the NEC Green Rockets recruited Herring to coach alongside former Blues head coach Greg Cooper. In his first season NEC finished in third place, their highest finish in Top League history. 2013–2015 Herring was employed by Rugby Canada to coach national representative teams both in 15s and 7s. Herring was assistant to Kieran Crowley with the national 15s team, and Geraint John with the 7s.  The national 7s side reached 6th in the world, its highest ever world ranking. Coached by Herring and John Tait, the national women's 7s team consistently ranked top 3 in the world. 2015–2018 Due to a growing family, Herring returned to New Zealand and became assistant coach for Otago, and a specialist coach for the Highlanders. Jamie Joseph's appointment to coach the Japanese national side saw him take Tony Brown (attack) and Ben Herring (defense) as his two assistant coaches. Herring was also appointed assistant coach to the newly formed Japanese Super team, the Sunwolves, in order to create alignment between the national and Super franchise. Japan exceeded expectations in 2016 finishing the November internationals with a last-minute drop goal loss to Wales at a sold-out Principality Stadium. 2018–2019 With the arrival of his fourth child, Herring returned to New Zealand, where he was appointed head coach of the Otago team. In 2018 Otago won the Ranfurly shield, New Zealand's oldest trophy. The Otago team made the Championship final. Playing career Herring played professionally from 2001 to 2009 in both New Zealand and England before his retirement through concussion. Herring was a reliable openside flanker and turnover specialist. He began his senior rugby career when he shifted from Auckland to Dunedin to study a Physical Education degree at the University of Otago. He played for the Alhambra-Union club, whose most notable All Black was fellow openside Josh Kronfeld. Herring won Otago club player of the year for his first two seasons, playing fifty games for the club, before being contracted to Southland for the start of his professional career. In his debut season for the Southland Stags he was named Southland player of the year, scoring two highly memorable NPC tries off kick-offs. The first was an intercept and an unopposed run to the line off a Southland kick-off, while the second was against Canterbury in a Ranfurly Shield challenge, when he fielded a Canterbury kick-off and ran 60 meters to score. This form won him a Super 12 contract with the Highlanders in 2002. A second season at Southland followed, where by the end of 2003 he had scored seven tries in 22 games. In 2004 he transferred to the Hurricanes and Vodafone Wellington Lions replacing the departing Kupu Vanisi. Injury restricted him to only six Super rugby games in his debut season with the Hurricanes. He returned to play a leading role for both the capital sides, forming a regular loose forward trio with Jerry Collins and Rodney So’oialo. After notable highlights against the British and Irish lions and NPC final appearances, Herring took up a contract for European giants Leicester Tigers in 2007. Herring won Leicester Tigers newcomer of the year in 2008. After 30 Premiership and Heineken Cup appearances, Herring suffered a series of concussions that led to his premature retirement from all rugby in January 2009. References https://web.archive.org/web/20130208061638/http://hurricanes.co.nz/team/players/ben-herring www.thisisleicestershire.co.uk/Assistant ... Ben-Herring ... /story.html http://www.espnscrum.com/premiership-2010-11/rugby/story/138356.html External links Leicester profile Living people 1980 births New Zealand rugby union coaches New Zealand rugby union players Rugby union flankers Leicester Tigers players Southland rugby union players Wellington rugby union players Highlanders (rugby union) players Hurricanes (rugby union) players Rugby union players from Auckland New Zealand expatriate rugby union players New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in England New Zealand expatriate sportspeople in Japan Expatriate rugby union players in England

20103954

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic%27s%20Ultimate%20Genesis%20Collection

Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection

Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection (Sega Mega Drive Ultimate Collection in PAL regions) is a compilation of video games developed by Backbone Entertainment and published by Sega for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The compilation features 48 Sega games (49 counting two versions of Altered Beast) which were previously released for the Sega Genesis (including most of the Sonic the Hedgehog titles released for the system), arcades and the Master System. It is the sequel to the Sega Genesis Collection released previously for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, but contains 16 (in NTSC regions) more games (including unlockable extras). List of games Sega Genesis Alex Kidd in the Enchanted Castle (1989) † Alien Storm (1991) Altered Beast (1989) † Beyond Oasis (1994) Bonanza Bros. (1991) † Columns (1990) † Comix Zone (1995) † Decap Attack (1991) † Dr. Robotnik's Mean Bean Machine (1993) Dynamite Headdy (1994) Ecco the Dolphin (1992) † Ecco: The Tides of Time (1994) † ESWAT: City Under Siege (1990) Fatal Labyrinth (1990) Flicky (1991) † Gain Ground (1991) † Golden Axe (1989) † Golden Axe II (1991) † Golden Axe III (1993) † Kid Chameleon (1992) † Phantasy Star II (1989) † Phantasy Star III: Generations of Doom (1990) † Phantasy Star IV: The End of the Millennium (1993) † Ristar (1995) † Shining Force (1992) Shining Force II (1993) Shining in the Darkness (1991) Shinobi III: Return of the Ninja Master (1993) † Sonic & Knuckles (1994) Sonic 3D Blast (1996) Sonic the Hedgehog (1991) † Sonic the Hedgehog 2 (1992) † Sonic the Hedgehog 3 (1994) Sonic Spinball (1993) Streets of Rage (1991) Streets of Rage 2 (1992) Streets of Rage 3 (1994) Super Thunder Blade (1988) † Vectorman (1995) † Vectorman 2 (1996) † † Previously available in Sega Genesis Collection. Unlockable extra games Alien Syndrome (arcade) [1987] Altered Beast (arcade) [1988] † Congo Bongo (arcade) (under original title Tip Top in some regions) [1983] † Fantasy Zone (arcade) [1986] Golden Axe Warrior (Master System) [1991] Phantasy Star (Master System) [1987] Shinobi (arcade) [1987] Space Harrier (arcade) [1985] Zaxxon (arcade) [1982] † † Previously available in Sega Genesis Collection. According to Ethan Einhorn, the producer for the collection, the three "lock-on" games (Knuckles in Sonic 2, Sonic 3 & Knuckles, and Blue Sphere) were not included citing "tight development times", and that including them would have meant "dropping several titles from the collection altogether", specifically the aforementioned nine unlockable games since "they all required unique emulation solutions". Reception Sonic's Ultimate Genesis Collection received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. References 2009 video games Multiplayer and single-player video games PlayStation 3 games Sega Genesis Sonic the Hedgehog video games Sega video game compilations Video games developed in the United States Xbox 360 games Backbone Entertainment games

60189996

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20London%20Spitfire%20season

2018 London Spitfire season

The 2018 London Spitfire season was the first season of the London Spitfire's existence in the Overwatch League. The team finished with a regular season record of 24–16, which was the fifth best in the Overwatch League. London qualified for the Stage 1 and Stage 2 Playoffs. In the stage 1 playoffs, London defeated the Houston Outlaws in the semifinals and New York Excelsior in the finals. The team lost in the Stage 2 semifinals to the Philadelphia Fusion. The team also qualified for the Season Playoffs, in which they won in the Grand Finals against the Philadelphia Fusion. Preceding offseason Cloud9 was awarded the London slot for an OWL franchise on 10 August 2017 and was later named the London Spitfire. Shortly afterwards, they disclosed their 12-player inaugural season roster, the maximum permitted, which would be entirely composed of the following South Korean players: Kim "birdring" Ji-hyeok Park "Profit" Joon-yeong Kim "Rascal" Dong-jun Lee "Hooreg" Dong-eun Hong "Gesture" Jae-hui Baek "Fissure" Chan-hyung Choi "Bdosin" Seung-tae Kim "NUS" Jong-seok Jung "Closer" Won-sik Jo "HaGoPeun" Hyeon-woo Kim "Fury" Jun-ho Seong "WooHyaL" Seung-hyun The roster would mainly be an amalgamation of their current Cloud9 KONGDOO core and OGN's Overwatch APEX Season 4 champions GC Busan. Review Regular season On 11 January, the Spitfire played their first regular season Overwatch League match in a 3–1 victory over the Florida Mayhem. They would end Stage 1 of the 2018 Season with a record, earning them the third and final spot in the Stage 1 Playoffs. The team then became the first-ever stage playoffs champions, after achieving victories over the Houston Outlaws (3–1) and the New York Excelsior (3–2) in a reverse sweep. On 7 March 2018, midway through Stage 2, the Spitfire parted ways with head coach Lee "Bishop" Beom-joon for undisclosed reasons. The team finished Stage 2 with an improved record and attained another stage playoffs berth. However, they fell short to the Philadelphia Fusion in a thrilling 2–3 semi-finals series. However, after stage 2, the Spitfire failed to make another stage playoffs, going 5–5 in stage 3 and 4–6 in stage 4. They had to bank on their earlier results to edge them over the finish line. They would end the season with a record, good for 5th place and a spot in the postseason where they would face the Los Angeles Gladiators. Playoffs London lost their first postseason matchup against the Gladiators on 11 July by a score of 0–3 in the quarterfinals. The Spitfire turned it around the next two games against the Gladiators, winning in 3–0 sweeps in matches two and three and advancing the team to the semifinals. London won both games against the Los Angeles Valiant in the semifinals, winning 3–0 in match one and 3–1 in match two. London claimed the 2018 Overwatch League championship after defeating the Philadelphia Fusion on 27 and 28 July by scores of 3–1 and 3–0, respectively. Final roster Transactions Transactions of/for players on the roster during the 2018 regular season: On 20 February, Spitfire transferred Baek "Fissure" Chan-hyung to Los Angeles Gladiators. On 21 February, Spitfire released Kim "Rascal" Dong-jun. On 8 March, Spitfire signed Hwang "TiZi" Jang-hyeon. On 18 June, Spitfire released Jo "HaGoPeun" Hyeon-woo, Hwang "TiZi" Jang-hyeon, Seong "WooHyaL" Seung-hyun, and Lee "Hooreg" Dong-eun. Standings Record by stage League Game log Preseason Regular season Playoffs References 2018 Overwatch League seasons by team London Spitfire London Spitfire seasons

11991090

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie%20%26%20Peter

Katie & Peter

The Katie & Peter franchise is a series of ITV and ITV2 shows that documented glamour model Katie Price and her former husband Peter Andre. The franchise included several fly on the wall reality series and a short lived late-night chat show. The pair's separation has resulted in individual shows related to the franchise being recorded, including Katie and Peter Andre: My Life. When Jordan Met Peter The Katie & Peter franchise was launched after the success of a six-part documentary series broadcast on ITV in November and December 2004. Entitled "When Jordan Met Peter", the series, narrated by Terry Wogan, charted the first six weeks of the pair's relationship following their meeting on I'm a Celebrity....Get Me Out of Here. The first episode aired on 12 November 2004, and the final episode aired on 17 December. The series earned more than 1 million viewers, and as such, following its success, a further series was commissioned for broadcast in 2005. Jordan & Peter: Laid Bare Following the success of When Jordan Met Peter, a new ten-part series, entitled Jordan & Peter: Laid Bare, was commissioned by ITV2. Narrated by Samantha Womack, the series charted the pair's first Christmas together, and revealed what they believe the future holds for them. The first episode aired on 21 January 2005, and the last episode aired on 2 April. The series was not as successful as When Jordan Met Peter, but still managed to average more than 750,000 viewers per episode. A best bits episode was aired on 23 May 2005. Jordan & Peter: Marriage and Mayhem A further six-part series, entitled Jordan & Peter - Marriage and Mayhem, was commissioned by ITV2, following the news of Katie Price's pregnancy. The series followed the birth of Junior, the pair's wedding, and how Pete had to cope with Katie's post-natal depression. Narrated by Lola Buckley, the first episode aired on 23 September 2005, and the last episode aired on 28 October. The series once again averaged more than 750,000 viewers per episode. Katie & Peter: The Next Chapter The duo's next reality series did not hit screens until 2007, following the pair's recording of a duet album. The series was commissioned by ITV2 in late 2006. The series follows life two years on from Junior's birth, and the impending arrival of the pair's second child, Princess Tiami. The first episode aired on 19 April 2007, and the last episode aired on 7 June, with a total of eight episodes. The series became their most successful series to date, averaging 1,250,000 viewers per episode. A second, ten-part series began airing on 24 April 2008, and concluded on 3 July 2008. A third and final seven-part series began airing on 11 September 2008, and concluded on 23 October. Katie & Peter: The Baby Diaries The Baby Diaries was a short four-episode follow up to The Next Chapter, charting the first six weeks following Princess Tiami's birth. The first episode was aired on 5 July 2007, and the final episode on 26 July. Katie & Peter: Unleashed Katie & Peter: Unleashed was a late night chat-show hosted by the couple. The eight-episode series proved unpopular with viewers. The first episode aired on 19 October 2007, and the final episode aired on 11 December. Katie & Peter: Down Under Similarly to The Baby Diaries, Down Under was a short four-episode follow up to The Next Chapter, charting the pair's holiday to Australia in January 2008. The first episode was aired on 27 March 2008, and the final episode on 17 April. Katie & Peter: African Adventures Similarly to Down Under and The Baby Diaries, African Adventures was a two-part documentary following the family on a safari adventure holiday in Africa. Episode one aired on 30 October 2008, and episode two aired on 6 November. Katie & Peter: Stateside Katie & Peter: Stateside became the final series in the franchise, following the family as they relocated to Malibu for three months, whilst Peter recorded his comeback album Revelation, and their son Harvey attended a special school which helped with his condition. The eight-part series aired from 16 April to 9 June 2009. References External links CanTV: The Official Home of Katie and Peter: The Next Chapter 2000s American reality television series 2004 American television series debuts 2007 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings 2004 British television series debuts 2007 British television series debuts 2009 British television series endings American television talk shows British reality television series British television talk shows E! original programming English-language television shows ITV (TV network) original programming Katie Price Peter Andre

972078

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrote

Garrote

A garrote ( ; alternatively spelled as garotte and similar variants) or garrote vil () is a weapon, usually a handheld ligature of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line, used to strangle a person. Assassination weapon A garrote can be made of different materials, including ropes, cloth, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, guitar strings, telephone cord or piano wire. A stick may be used to tighten the garrote; the Spanish word refers to the stick itself. In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device. Since World War II, the garrote has been regularly employed as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of killing sentries and other enemy personnel. Instruction in the use of purpose-built and improvised garrottes is included in the training of many elite military units and special forces. A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion. Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion have used a particular type of double-loop garrote (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, the other is tightened. Garrote-like assassination techniques were widely employed in 17th- and 18th-century India, particularly by the Thuggee cult. Practitioners used a yellow silk or cloth scarf called a rumāl. The Indian version of the garrote frequently incorporates a knot at the center intended to aid in crushing the larynx, decreasing the communication capabilities of the victim, while someone applies pressure to the victim's back, usually using a foot or knee. Execution device The garrote () is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catilinian Conspiracy, where conspirators including Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura were strangled with a laqueus in the Tullianum, and the implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919). It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa. It was intended as a more merciful form of execution than death by burning, where heretics who converted to Christianity after their conviction would receive a quick strangulation from the Spanish Inquisition. A later version of the garrote used an iron collar with a large metal screw in the back. The theory was that when the screw was tightened, it would crush the brain stem and kill the victim instantly. But if the screw missed the point where the brain meets the spinal column, it would simply bore into their neck while the iron collar strangled him. In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar. During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrote to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents of Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrote appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrote was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country. In May 1897, the last public garroting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. Abolition The last civilian executions in Spain, both by garroting, were those of the poisoner Pilar Prades in May 1959 and the spree killer José María Jarabo in July 1959. Recent legislation had caused many crimes (such as robbery–murder) to fall under the jurisdiction of military law; thus, prosecutors rarely requested civilian executions. Military executions were still performed in Spain until the 1970s. The garrotings of Heinz Chez (real name Georg Michael Welzel) and Salvador Puig Antich in March 1974, both convicted in the Francoist State of killing police officers, were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain and in the world. With the 1973 Penal Code, prosecutors once again started requesting execution in civilian cases, but the death penalty was abolished in 1978 after dictator Francisco Franco's death. The last man to be sentenced to death by garroting was José Luis Cerveto "el asesino de Pedralbes" in October 1977, for a double robbery–murder in May 1974. Cerveto requested execution, but his sentence was commuted. Another prisoner whose civilian death sentence was commuted was businessman Juan Ballot, for the contract killing of his wife in Navarre in November 1973. In Spain, the death penalty was abolished after a new constitution was adopted in 1978. The writer Camilo José Cela obtained a garrote (which had probably been used for the execution of Puig Antich) from the Consejo General del Poder Judicial to display at his foundation. The device was kept in storage in Barcelona. It was displayed in the room that the Cela Foundation devoted to his novel La familia de Pascual Duarte until Puig Antich's family asked for its removal. In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garrotting, though this method had not been employed there since the late 12th century. Notable people executed by garroting References External links Execution equipment Execution methods Instruments of torture Torture

6823157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony%20houses

Colony houses

The colony houses of Edinburgh were built between 1850 and 1910 as homes for artisans and skilled working-class families by philanthropic model dwellings companies. The first development was the Pilrig Model Buildings, near Leith Walk. Later developments across the city were built by the Edinburgh Cooperative Building Company Limited, founded in 1861. The founders of this company were influenced by the Reverend Dr. James Begg and the Reverend Dr. Thomas Chalmers, ministers of the Free Church of Scotland, who campaigned to improve the housing conditions of the poor. Description Streets with colony houses are found in ten locations within Edinburgh: Abbeyhill Dalry Place, Haymarket Leith Links, Leith Lochend Road, Lochend North Fort Street, Leith Rosebank Cottages, Fountainbridge Shaw Colonies, Pilrig Shandon Slateford Stockbridge The developments at Stockbridge, Dalry, Shaw Colonies, and Rosebank Cottages are category B listed buildings. Characteristically, each flat originally had four rooms, a separate external toilet and a garden. Colony houses were built as double flats, upper and lower, with the upper flat's front door on the opposite side to the lower flat's front door, allowing each flat to have a front garden. In some areas, many upper Cottage Flat owners have converted their attic space in to additional living accommodation resulting in the property being more reminiscent of colony houses. In some residential areas such as Colinton Mains, in Edinburgh, a majority of such accommodation has now been converted due to high property prices comparative to the cost of conversion. History In 1849, the Pilrig Model Dwellings Company was formed by the Rev. William Garden Blaikie, minister for Pilrig, to build housing for the working classes. The scheme of 44 houses in four blocks was developed by architect Patrick Wilson, and built between 1850 and 1851. Originally known as the Pilrig Model Buildings, the streets were renamed Shaw's Place, Shaw's Street and Shaw's Terrace in 1896. The second development was at Rosebank Cottages, and was designed by architect Alexander MacGregor for Sir James Gowans. The 36 houses in three rows were based on the Pilrig model, though they added the external stair which is characteristic of the later colonies. In 1861, a group of builders found themselves locked out of their building sites due to a dispute about working hours. Their three-month ban led to the formation of The Edinburgh Co-operative Building Company Ltd (ECBC). This group comprised many different trades - stonemasons, plasterers, plumbers and others sympathetic to their aims. Central to its mission was a co-operative spirit that was reflected in its adoption of the beehive motif. The company's first site was at Glenogle Park, by the Water of Leith near Stockbridge, where the foundation stone was laid on 23 October 1861. The layout of 11 terraces took the Rosebank development as its prototype, and was mostly complete by 1872. While the building lock out provided the opportunity for tradesmen to form a company, it was the poor state of housing in the old town which was the underlying stimulus for the foundation of the ECBC, whose stated intention was to build houses for sale to working people. A newspaper from 1870 reports: ECBC also constructed the Dalry Colonies at Haymarket, from 1868 to 1870, largely to house the employees of the Caledonian Railway. By 1911 over 2,000 houses had been constructed on eleven sites. Many were owned by the artisan classes in an era when mortgages did not exist. The earliest residents of the colonies were skilled workers and artisan builders and this remained the largest occupational group for much of the 20th century. The Abbeyhill colonies in particular had a number of railway workers due to the proximity of the area to the line. Persistence of inhabitants was also a key feature of colony life, which made for stable neighbourhoods. The design of the buildings did result in a certain amount of overlooking and gossiping, but this feature has also contributed to a sense of identity and community that is quite unique in Edinburgh. See also Cottage flat Rutherglen#Farme Cross, examples of same building style List of existing model dwellings References Richard Rodger (1999) Housing the people: the colonies of Edinburgh. City of Edinburgh Council in association with RCAHMS. External links Edinburgh Colonies - edinburgharchitecture.co.uk Category B listed buildings in Edinburgh Housing estates in Edinburgh Houses in Edinburgh House styles House types in the United Kingdom

62920366

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treating%20%28dating%29

Treating (dating)

In the social context of dating, treating is the practice of providing companionship and intimate activity in exchange for entertainment outings, gifts, and other items of monetary value. The activity was prevalent in the large urban areas of the United States from the 1890s to the 1940s and was most commonly engaged in by young working-class women. As treating became more widespread, the activity acquired the label "charity," and the young women who engaged in the more risqué aspects of the practice were often called charity girls. Although some reformers in the early 20th century equated treating with prostitution, the young women who engaged in the activity strongly rejected this view and drew sharp distinctions between the two. As social dating between the sexes became more standard in the 1920s, treating began to blend with the system of dating and by the 1940s the specific language of treating had largely disappeared. Etymology and usage The word "treating" began as a political term with the practice of "providing" understood as a means to influence people and gain benefits. In modern usage, it is generally defined as the act of providing food, drink, and entertainment to an individual or a group free of charge. The word's use as a verb in a social context is believed to have originated in the male sphere of saloons when individuals would treat each other to another round of drinks. Around the turn of the nineteenth century, young working-class women who were seeking language for their interactions and bartering with young men adopted the word. Similar to the activity in the saloon, the practice of "to treat" evolved to mean the providing of something by a man to a woman, the women being the recipient of the "treat." Origin Treating came about with the birth of leisure time in the late nineteenth century. It emerged about the same time cheap amusements in cities gave working-class men and women opportunities to enjoy new aspects of city life away from cramped tenements and noisy, oppressive workplaces. For young women, the issue was how to afford the new entertainments, and one solution which materialized was treating. In the late 19th century, inexpensive entertainment venues, such as public dance halls, amusement parks, and nickelodeon movie theaters, emerged and flourished in large American cities. At the same time, changing societal mores allowed more young women who previously had to be escorted in public more freedom to go out on their own or in same-sex groups. Although the cheap amusements were a major draw, going out for young working-class women still proved difficult due to their low wages, a portion of which was more often than not handed over to support the family. This lack-of-money issue was dealt with in various ways: some women refrained from going out altogether or limited going out to special occasions, while others depended on friends or their male counterparts to finance their entertainment pleasures. Inevitably, as more young women regularly went out, some found it necessary to depend on males for their entertainment and fun. As such, the practice of treating by young working-class women emerged. Bartered exchange The practice of treating ranged from the innocent bartered exchange to the more scandalous. It was seen as a harmless activity when conducted between a “steady” couple and more risqué when performed on a casual basis. Often the treating exchange was a tacit understanding with nuanced communication. However, even with little communication, young women well understood they were indebted to a certain extent to the men who treated. Like any interaction between a couple, whether tacit or not, sometimes it went smoothly with each party pleased with the outcome; other times, it did not. Occasionally, because men were sometimes tricked by women who skipped out after being provided a meal or an evening out, the exchange was more direct, for example a man asking directly what he would get in return. Unlike prostitution, in the treating exchange there was no guarantee the man would get what he wanted. Young women who wanted more from the exchange—clothes, shoes, jewelry, or payment of bills—often engaged in the more risqué forms of treating. This may have involved, for example, being picked up from a dance hall or other venue and offering companionship for the evening, sometimes up to and including sexual favors. The women who engaged in the more risqué activities were referred to as charity girls. Cash was very rarely used in the treating transaction; that was considered an aspect of prostitution. The young women who engaged in treating did not see themselves as prostitutes, and, in fact, drew sharp distinctions between the two, but they often walked a fine line between being treated and being paid for their intimate activity. Treating was predominantly practiced by young working-class women. It was seldom taken up by young women of middle- or upper-class means as members of those classes generally could afford their own entertainments. The activity was largely confined to the large urban areas of the United States as cities contained the entertainment venues and offered, as well, a degree of anonymity against prying family members and watchful neighbors. Treating differed from gold digging in that it was mainly a dating practice utilized to enjoy the entertainments and pleasures of city life and to acquire, perhaps, some desired personal items. To be sure, some women took "charity" a step further, but finding a wealthy man to marry, or becoming a mistress, was generally not the goal of the treating exchange. Societal problem As the practice of treating by young women became more widely known, it attracted the attention of reformers and vice squads who were alarmed by the activity. It was considered nothing less than outright prostitution by some. Entertainment venues, such as dance halls, where young men and women interacted came under close scrutiny. The taxi-dance halls where young women hostesses could be danced with for a modest sum per dance, usually ten cents, drew the particular ire of reformers, and some venues were shut down. Treating in popular culture The protagonist of the Broadway musical Sweet Charity, Charity Hope Valentine, was a taxi-dancer and likely charity girl. In the show, the title character is all too "charitable" but has a heart of gold. The musical was later adapted to the movie of the same name, directed by Bob Fosse. In Truman Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's, the dating activities of protagonist Holly Golightly closely resemble treating. Holly isn't employed, so to support her New York City lifestyle she has to depend on gifts and assistance from the men in her life. In a March 1968 interview with Playboy, Capote asserted that Holly was not a prostitute and instead labeled her, and other young women like her, "authentic American geishas." He noted that "if [Holly] felt like it, she might take her escort home for the night." Capote, who wrote Breakfast at Tiffany's in the late 1950s, may not have realized the behavior he ascribed to Holly was previously known as treating, as by then the earlier language used to describe the activity had largely disappeared from the American vernacular. In 1961, the novella was adapted into the eponymous film, directed by Blake Edwards and featuring Audrey Hepburn as Holly. See also Casual sex Enjo kōsai Gold digging Prostitution Sugar dating Transactional sex Protective pairing Further reading McBee, Randy D. Dance Hall Days: Intimacy and Leisure among Working-Class Immigrants in the United States (New York: New York University Press, 2000) Peiss, Kathy. Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Temple University Press, 1986) Antonizzi, Barbara. The Wayward Woman: Progressivism, Prostitution, and Performance in the United States, 1888–1917 (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2014) References 1890s in the United States 1900s in the United States 1910s in the United States 1920s in the United States 1930s in the United States 1940s in the United States Casual sex Dating Human sexuality Prostitution in the United States Sexuality and society Underground culture Working-class culture in the United States

21920868

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roemheld%20syndrome

Roemheld syndrome

Roemheld syndrome (RS), or gastrocardiac syndrome, or gastric cardiac syndrome or Roemheld–Techlenburg–Ceconi syndrome or gastric-cardia, was a medical syndrome first coined by Ludwig von Roemheld (1871–1938) describing a cluster of cardiovascular symptoms stimulated by gastrointestinal changes. Although it is currently considered an obsolete medical diagnosis, recent studies have described similar clinical presentations and highlighted potential underlying mechanisms. Symptoms and signs Symptoms can be as follows. They are periodic, and occur only during an "episode", usually after eating. Sinus bradycardia Difficulty inhaling Angina pectoris Left ventricular discomfort Premature heart beats (PVC / PAC) Tachycardia Fatigue Anxiety Uncomfortable breathing Poor perfusion Muscle pain (crampiness) Burst or sustained vertigo or dizziness Sleep disturbance (particularly when sleeping within a few hours of eating, or lying on the left side) Hot flashes Mechanical Mechanically induced Roemheld syndrome is characterized by pressure in the epigastric and left hypochondriac region. Often the pressure is in the fundus of the stomach, esophagus or distention of the bowel. It is believed this leads to elevation of the diaphragm, and secondary displacement of the heart. This reduces the heart's ability to fill and increases the contractility of the heart to maintain homeostasis. Neurological The cranium dysfunction mechanical changes in the gut can compress the vagus nerve at any number of locations along the vagus, slowing the heart. As the heart slows, autonomic reflexes are triggered to increase blood pressure and heart rate. This is complemented by gastro-coronary reflexes whereby the coronary arteries constrict with "functional cardiovascular symptoms" similar to chest-pain on the left side and radiation to the left shoulder, dyspnea, sweating, up to angina pectoris-like attacks with extrasystoles, drop of blood pressure, and tachycardia (high heart rate) or sinus bradycardia (heart rate below 60 bpm). Typically, there are no changes/abnormalities related in the EKG detected. This can actually trigger a heart attack for persons with cardiac structural abnormalities i.e. coronary bridge, missing coronary, and atherosclerosis. If the heart rate drops too low for too long, catecholamines are released to counteract any lowering of blood pressure. Catecholamines bind to alpha receptors and beta receptors, decreasing vasodilation and increasing contractility of the heart. Sustaining this state causes heart fatigue which results in fatigue and chest pain. Causes Gastroesophageal reflux disease Excessive gas in the transverse colon caused by: Lactose intolerance Abnormal gall bladder function and/or blood flow Gall stones Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction Hiatal hernia Cardiac bridge (Coronary occluding reflexes triggered by coronary reflexes) Enteric disease Aneructonia, the loss of the ability to belch (continuous or intermittent) Bowel obstruction (Less common, this usually leads to intense pain in short time) Acute pancreatic necrosis Diagnosis There is significant scope of misdiagnosis of Roemheld syndrome. Diagnosis of Roemheld syndrome usually starts with a cardiac workup, as the gastric symptoms may go unnoticed, the cardiac symptoms are scary and can be quite severe. After an EKG, Holter monitor, tilt test, cardiac MRI, cardiac CT, heart catheterization, EP study, echo-cardiogram, and extensive blood work, and possibly a sleep study, a cardiologist may rule out a heart condition. Often a psych workup may ensue as a conversion disorder may be suspected in the absence of heart disease, or structural heart abnormalities. Diagnosis is often made based on symptoms in the absence of heart abnormalities. A gastroenterologist will perform a colonoscopy, endoscopy, and ultrasound to locate or eliminate problems in the abdomen. Determining the cause of Roemheld syndrome is still not an exact science. If you have an ultrasound or sleep study, ensure that you know how to reproduce the symptoms, as it is difficult to detect any abnormalities when symptoms have subsided. Treatment Treatment of the primary gastroenterological distress is the first concern, mitigation of gastric symptoms will also alleviate cardiac distress. Anticholinergics, magnesium, or sodium (to raise blood pressure) supplements Anticonvulsants have eliminated all symptoms in some Roemheld syndrome sufferers; Lorazepam, Oxcarbazepine increase GI motility, reduce vagus "noise" (sodium channel blocking believed to contribute to positive effects) Alpha blockers may increase gi motility if that is an issue, also 5 mg to 10 mg amitriptyline if motility is an issue that can't be solved by other methods Antigas - simethicone, beano, omnimax reduces epigastric pressure Antacids - calcium carbonate, famotidine, omeprazole, etc. reduces acid reflux in the case of hiatal hernia or other esophageal type Roemheld syndrome. Vagotomy Beta blockers - reduces contractility and automaticity of the heart which reduces irregular rhythms but also lowers blood pressure when symptoms occur, and further reduces perfusion ex: Carvedilol, this will control abnormal heart rhythms, but can precipitate Prinzmetal angina and heart block. Etiology Roemheld syndrome is characterized strictly by abdominal maladies triggering reflexes in the heart. There are a number of pathways through which cardiac reflexes can occur: hormones, mechanical, neurological and immunological. History Ludwig Roemheld characterized this particular syndrome shortly before his death; one of his research topics around this time was the effects of calorie intake on the heart. In Elsevier publications, there is no current research or publishing under the name Roemheld syndrome, and as a result, many cases go undiagnosed. German publishing on the subject remains untranslated as of 2009. See also Swallowing syncope References Syndromes Heart diseases Digestive diseases

39509019

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Kwok%20%28swimmer%29

Mark Kwok (swimmer)

Mark Kwok Kin-ming (; born 20 June 1977) is a former swimmer for Hong Kong, who specialized in middle-distance freestyle but also competed in butterfly and individual medley. He is a two-time Olympian (1996 and 2000), and a bronze medalist at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand. He also holds numerous Hong Kong records in 200, 400, and 800 m freestyle, and retains a dual resident status to compete internationally for his father's homeland. While studying in the United States, Kwok has competed for the USC Trojans, and has received four All-American honors at the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships in four consecutive seasons. Early years Kwok was born in Laguna Hills, California from a Hong Kong father and an American mother, giving him distinct, blond-haired and blue-eyed features, and a dual residential status. He started swimming at the age of four, when his mother sent him in a small local club: "I loved it. I never wanted to get out of the water, whether it was in the pool or at the beach. I guess I took to the water right away." During his early childhood Kwok learned the essentials of competitive swimming, and then moved on to South Coast Aquatics, where the workouts and skills became more challenging for him. After South Coast Aquatics ceased operations, Kwok joined numerous small clubs until he finally settled with the Mission Viejo Nadadores under head coach Terry Stoddard. Kwok attended Laguna Hills High School, where he swam for the swimming team, and achieved senior national marks in the 200 and 400 m individual medley, and in the long-distance freestyle (400 and 1500 m). He also earned the Laguna Hills High Academic Achievement Award and U.S. Swimming Scholastic All-American Award for his continuous success in the sport, received all-league honors, and became one of the school's top students in an academic roll with a 4.02 grade-point average. Career College career After graduating from Laguna Hills High School in 1995, Kwok accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, where he played for the USC Trojans swimming and diving team under head coach Mark Schubert. While swimming for the Trojans, he received four All-American honors in the 400-yard freestyle, and in the 4×200-yard freestyle relay. In his junior season, Kwok won the 200-yard freestyle (1:37.53), the 500-yard freestyle (4:25.09) and the 400-yard individual medley (3:55.26) at a dual college meet in Santa Barbara, California; all of his triumphs in each event were considered an NCAA mark. Kwok also competed for four consecutive season at the NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships before he graduated from the University with a bachelor's degree in business administration in 1999. International career A genuine product of a paternal heritage, Kwok retained an independent athletic status and held his family dual residency to compete internationally for Hong Kong in swimming. Kwok's major international debut came as a 19-year-old at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. There, he failed to reach the top 16 final in any of his individual events, finishing twentieth in the 400 m individual medley (4:31.13), thirty-fourth in the 200 m butterfly (2:04.01), and twenty-ninth each in the 400 m freestyle (4:02.68) and in the 200 m individual medley (2:07.61). At the 1998 FINA World Championships in Perth, Australia, Kwok placed twenty-second in the 400 m freestyle (4:00.94), thirty-second in the 200 m butterfly (2:04.42), and twenty-third in the 200 m individual medley (2:07.30), all from the prelims. Out of four individual tries, Kwok only reached the B-Final in the 400 m individual medley, where he pulled off a fifteenth-place effort in a time of 4:30.66. On that same year, at the Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand, Kwok powered home with a well-deserved bronze medal in the 400 m freestyle, earning Hong Kong's first podium finish in swimming. He established a national record of 4:00.44 to hold off South Korea's Woo Chul in his last-gasp surge by 0.22 of a second. At the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Kwok decided to drop all of his individual medley events, and experiment with the 200 m freestyle. He posted FINA B-standards of 1:52.48 (200 m freestyle), 4:01.97 (400 m freestyle), and 2:04.00 (200 m butterfly) from the Asian Championships in Busan, South Korea. On the first day of the Games, Kwok placed thirtieth in the 400 m freestyle. Swimming in heat two, he broke a four-minute barrier and a new Hong Kong record of 3:58.94 to earn a second spot by almost half the body length behind his former rival Woo. The following day, in the 200 m freestyle, Kwok finished twenty-sixth with a time of 1:52.71, just 0.23 seconds off his entry time. In his final event, 200 m butterfly, Kwok placed thirty-second on the morning prelims. Swimming again in heat two, he blasted a Hong Kong record of 2:01.99 to pick up a third seed by almost two seconds behind winner Anthony Ang of Malaysia. Two years later, at the 2002 Asian Games in Busan, South Korea, Kwok rounded out the final to eighth place in the 200 m butterfly with a time of 2:03.91. He also placed fifth as a member of the Hong Kong team in the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay (7:44.73), and sixth in the 4 × 100 m medley relay (3:54.01). Shortly after the Games, Kwok announced his retirement from swimming to pursue other lifetime opportunities. See also USC Trojans List of University of Southern California people List of Hong Kong records in swimming References External links HK Swim Bio List of USC Olympians in Swimming 1977 births Living people Olympic swimmers for Hong Kong Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Swimmers at the 1994 Asian Games Swimmers at the 1998 Asian Games Swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games Asian Games medalists in swimming Hong Kong male freestyle swimmers Hong Kong male butterfly swimmers Hong Kong male medley swimmers People from Laguna Hills, California Sportspeople from Orange County, California Swimmers from California American people of Hong Kong descent Hong Kong people of American descent USC Trojans men's swimmers University of Southern California alumni Asian Games bronze medalists for Hong Kong Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games 21st-century Hong Kong people

29476668

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil%20bioengineering

Soil bioengineering

Soil and Water Bioengineering is a discipline of civil engineering. It pursues technological, ecological, economic as well as design goals and seeks to achieve these primarily by making use of living materials, i.e. seeds, plants, part of plants and plant communities, and employing them in near–natural constructions while exploiting the manifold abilities inherent in plants. Soil bioengineering may sometimes be a substitute for classical engineering works; however, in most cases it is a meaningful and necessary method of complementing the latter. Its application suggests itself in all fields of soil and hydraulic engineering, especially for slope and embankment stabilization and erosion control. Soil bioengineering is the use of living plant materials to provide some engineering function. Soil bioengineering is an effective tool for treatment of a variety of unstable and / or eroding sites. Soil bioengineering techniques have been used for many centuries. More recently Schiechtl (1980) has encouraged the use of soil bioengineering with a variety of European examples. Soil bioengineering is now widely practiced throughout the world for the treatment of erosion and unstable slopes. Fields of Application and Plants for Soil Bioengineering Control Works Soil Bioengineering methods can be applied wherever the plants which are used as living building materials are able to grow well and develop. This is the case in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones whereas there are obvious limits in dry and cold regions, i.e. where arid, semi–arid and frost zones prevail. In exceptional cases, lack of water may be compensated for by watering or irrigation. In Europe, dry conditions limiting application exist in the Mediterranean as well as in some inner alpine and eastern European snowy regions. However, limits are most frequently imposed in alpine and arctic regions. These can usually be clearly noticed by the limited growth of woody plants (forest, tree and shrub lines) and the upper limits of closed turf cover. The more impoverished a region is in species, the less suited it is for the application of bioengineering methods. Functions and Effects of Soil Bioengineering Structures Technical functions protection of soil surface from erosion by wind, precipitation, frost and flowing water protection from rock fall elimination or binding of destructive mechanical forces reduction of flow velocity along banks surface and/or deep soil cohesion and stabilization drainage protection from wind aiding the deposition of snow, drift sand and sediments increasing soil roughness and thus preventing avalanche release Apart from these, ecological functions are gaining in importance, particularly as these can be fulfilled to a very limited extent only by classical engineering constructions. Ecological functions improvement of water regime by improved soil interception and storage capability as well as water consumption by plants soil drainage protection from wind protection from ambient air pollution mechanical soil amelioration by the roots of plants balancing of temperature conditions in near–ground layers of air and in the soil shading improvement of nutrient content in the soil and thus of soil fertility on previously raw soils balancing of snow deposits noise protection yield increase on neighbouring cropland Landscaping functions healing of wounds inflicted on the landscape by disasters and humans (exploitation of mineral resources, construction work, deposition of overburden, tunnel excavation material, industrial and domestic waste) integration of structures into the landscape concealment of offending structures enrichment of the landscape by creating new features and structures, shapes and colours of vegetation Economic effects Bioengineering control works are not always necessarily cheaper in construction when compared to classical engineering structures. However, when taking into account their lifetime including their service and maintenance, they will normally turn out to be more economical. Their special advantages are: lower construction costs compared to “hard” constructions lower maintenance and rehabilitation costs creation of useful green areas and woody plant populations on previously derelict land Useful for income generation The result of soil bioengineering protection works are living systems which develop further and maintain their balance by natural succession (i.e. by dynamic self–control, without artificial input of energy). If the right living but also non–living building materials and the appropriate types of construction are chosen, exceptionally high sustainability requiring little maintenance effort can be achieved. References Soil science Civil engineering Forestry Sustainable forest management Forestry and the environment Environmental soil science

15683974

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa%20%28The%20Munsters%29

Grandpa (The Munsters)

Count Sam Dracula, commonly known as Grandpa, is a fictional character from the American sitcom The Munsters, originally played by Al Lewis. He is an undead vampire and the doting, irritable, and sarcastic father of Lily Munster. The role was later played by Howard Morton in the 1980s television series The Munsters Today. Character background The character's full name is given as "Sam Dracula, Count of Transylvania". A running gag in both the original series and follow up The Munsters Today is his extreme age—his car, the DRAG-U-LA, bearing his gravestone, reads "born 1367–?". Grandpa talks of having personally known various figures throughout history, including Nero, King Arthur, Richard the Lionheart and Jack the Ripper. Grandpa declares his age as 378 years in the episode "Grandpa's Lost Wife", placing his date of birth around 1588. In The Munsters Today episode "Its My Party and I'll Die if I Want To", Grandpa celebrates his 402nd birthday. The family uses a time machine and brings back significant people from his life, including his friend Genghis Khan, brother Yorga (played by Sandy Baron who played Grandpa in the 1995 TV movie The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas), a former girlfriend "Shirley Zlebnik", and his overbearing mother (played by actress Ruth Buzzi). In the episode "Munster Masquerade", Grandpa describes having been married "167 times", and although his wives are "all dead", he still keeps "in touch with them". Grandpa's last wife, Katja, who is also Lily's mother, makes an emotional appearance in The Munsters Today in the 1990 episode "Once in a Blue Moon". She also appears in a photograph in the original series which was taken during Herman and Lily's wedding. Grandpa's identity as Count Dracula is alluded to in both the original series and The Munsters Today. In the 1965 episode "The Musician", Mr. Gateman refers to him as "Count Dracula" when he comes to dinner. In "The Fregosi Emerald", Grandpa refers to himself as Count Dracula to an operator in Transylvania. He is also referred to as "The Count" various times in The Munsters Today, most notably in the season one episode "Farewell Grandpa", when the family find out he isn't an American citizen, with the threat of being deported back to Transylvania by the U.S. government. In the episode "Happy 100th Anniversary", Lily notes her maiden name is Dracula. Throughout The Munsters Today, Grandpa is referred to as "Vladimir Dracula". Description Grandpa keeps a laboratory in the cellar of the house, and often refers to "going down to the lab." The potions and magic spells he devises there are central to many of the show's stories. Many of his inventions are less than successful, but he never stops thinking up new ones. Grandpa can transform himself into a wolf or a bat, as per Bram Stoker's Dracula. In "Herman's Sorority Caper" and Munster, Go Home! it is revealed that he takes special pills to turn himself into these creatures. In later episodes, however, and in all episodes of The Munsters Today he changes to and from a bat simply at will. Grandpa has an extremely sarcastic personality, and often insults his son-in-law, Herman. Despite this, Grandpa and Herman are quite close; in one episode, Lily says that if not for Herman, Grandpa would be "living in a cave picking fleas out of his wings". Many episodes of The Munsters revolve around the zany schemes Grandpa and Herman concoct, which either end successfully or result in Lily scolding the two for their failure. While Grandpa is generally considered the wisest member of the family, he also has a decidedly stubborn streak. If he feels he isn't getting his due respect, he will let everyone know it, and often sulk or go to extreme lengths to demonstrate his offense at a perceived slight. While generally a successful mad scientist and magician, his experiments tend to be comically absurd, in keeping with the genre. Grandpa is depicted as a goofish yet loveable mad scientist. He has a pet bat named Igor who "hangs around" in Grandpa's lab. And much like a bat, Grandpa sleeps hanging upside down from the ceiling: usually in the living room, the attic, or the lab (the interior of his bedroom was shown in the season one episode "My Fair Munster"; in the season two episode "Underground Munster", Grandpa was having breakfast in bed, which was a marble slab). In The Munsters Today, Grandpa's companion was Leonard the skeleton, whom he met at college back in Transylvania. Flashbacks to the events at college and to how Leonard and Grandpa met are part of the storyline in The Munsters Today episode "Never Say Die". Grandpa doesn't always display the traits that are commonly associated with vampires. For example, in one episode of The Munsters, he looks in the mirror and casts a reflection. However, he does not cast a reflection in later incarnations, nor does he appear on film or in pictures. Traditionally, vampires (including Sesame Street's Count von Count) do not cast reflections. Additionally, Grandpa, as well as Lily, is seen several times outdoors during day light hours without the sunlight having any effect on him. Vampires in most lore only come out at night and usually perish when out in daylight. A running gag on the show, later adopted in The Munsters Today, is Grandpa's attempts to bite someone on the arm which usually ends in failure. Other media Al Lewis was the only actor from the original series to reprise his role in a 1973 unsold pilot for an animated cartoon titled The Mini-Munsters. In 1987, he reprised the character as the host of SuperStation TBS's Super Scary Saturday movie block. The program aired each Saturday at noon from October 1987 to fall 1989. The name "Munsters" was never referred to in the show or its promotion and Lewis' character was simply referred to as "Grandpa". Lewis also played the role in 1-900 commercials around the same time. In 1990, Atari Corporation released Midnight Mutants, a video game featuring "Grampa" as played by Al Lewis. Daniel Roebuck was cast to play the part in the 2022 Rob Zombie reboot film, The Munsters. Notes References Fictional characters who use magic Fictional inventors Fictional mad scientists Fictional therianthropes Fictional vampires Male characters in television Grandpa Television characters introduced in 1964

34679591

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manono%20II

Manono II

Manono II (died 1819) was a Hawaiian chiefess and member of the royal family during the Kingdom of Hawaii. She along with her second husband Keaoua Kekuaokalani died fighting for the Hawaiian religion after Kamehameha II abolished the kapu system. Biography Manono's father was Kekuamanoha, and her mother was Kalola-a-Kumukoʻa, the wife of Kamehameha before his victory at the Battle of Mokuʻōhai. Through her father she was a granddaughter of Kekaulike, the King or Moʻi of Maui. From her mother's side, she was the great-granddaughter of King Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku of Hawaiʻi. Her half-siblings from her father's first marriage were Kalanimoku, Boki, and Wahinepio. She was the cousin of Kaʻahumanu, Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, and Namahana Piʻia, Kuakini, Governor of Hawaiʻi; and Keʻeaumoku II. Around 1809, while still in her youth, Manono was chosen along with her cousin Kekāuluohi by Kamehameha I "to warm his old age" thus becoming the old king's last two wives. The two young chiefesses were deemed his wahine pālama, a term that denote their special status and rank which required them to live in a sacred enclosure of lama wood. "Lama" was the Hawaiian name for endemic ebony trees of genus Diospyros sandwicensis that were used in religious ceremonies. Oral tradition attested that Kamehameha's last child, a daughter named Kapapauai, was born from one of his wahine pālama, either Manono's or Kekāuluohi's. She would later marry High Chief Keaoua Kekuaokalani, a nephew of the Kamehameha I. Kekuaokalani's maternal grandmother was her namesake Manono I, a daughter of Alapainui and Kamakaimoku. Kekuaokalani inherited the guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkaʻilimoku after Kamehameha's death. After Kamehameha I's death, on May 8, 1819, Liholiho succeeded as King Kamehameha II. Influenced by powerful female chiefs such as Kaʻahumanu and his mother Keōpūolani, the young king abolished the kapu system that had governed life Hawaiian society for centuries. Henceforth, men and women could eat together, women could eat formerly forbidden foods, and official worship at the stone platform temples, or heiaus, was discontinued. This event is called the ʻAi Noa, or free eating. In response to Liholiho's actions, Kekuaokalani put himself forward as the defender of the kapu system and old religion, amassing a formidable force in the village of Kaʻawaloa. All attempts of reconciliation failed between the two royal cousins and war broke out between Kekuaokalani and the royal forces led by Manono's half-brother Kalanimoku. Fighting alongside her husband in the Battle of Kuamoʻo, they both perished in defense of the kapu system. Visiting Kuamoʻo a few years afterward, British missionary William Ellis of the London Missionary Society chronicled the native accounts of the battle and the death of Kekuaokalani and Manono on Ellis' tour of the island of Hawaii: The small tumuli increased in number as we passed along, until we came to a place called Tuamoo. Here Kekuaokalani made his last stand, rallied his flying forces, and seemed, for a moment, to turn the scale of victory; but being weak with the loss of blood, from a wound he had received in the early part of the engagement, he fainted and fell. However, he soon revived, and, though unable to stand, sat on a fragment of lava, and twice loaded and fired his musket on the advancing party. He now received a ball in his left breast, and immediately covering his face with his feather cloak, expired in the midst of his friends. His wife Manono during the whole of the day fought by his side with steady and dauntless courage. A few moments after her husband's death, perceiving Karaimoku and his sister advancing, she called out for quarter; but the words had hardly escaped from her lips, when she received a ball in her left temple, fell upon the lifeless body of her husband, and instantly expired. The idolaters having lost their chief, made but feeble resistance afterwards; yet the combat, which commenced in the forenoon, continued till near sunset, when the king's troops, finding their enemies had all either fled or surrendered, returned to Kairua. References Bibliography Year of birth missing 1819 deaths Hawaiian royal consorts House of Keliimaikai Women in war in Oceania Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom Hawaiian military personnel Military personnel killed in action Deaths by firearm in Hawaii Women in 19th-century warfare

4528397

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival%20Freedom

Carnival Freedom

Carnival Freedom is a operated by Carnival Cruise Line. She is the 22nd operating vessel in the fleet, and the last of the Conquest-class ships. The ship was built as part of a four-ship deal with Fincantieri's Marghera shipyard and was launched in Venice, Italy on April 28, 2006. She was delivered to Carnival on February 28, 2007. History The ship was built by Fincantieri at its Marghera shipyard in Venice, Italy. She was floated out on April 28, 2006, delivered to Carnival on February 28, 2007, and formally named in Venice by American model, actress, author and entrepreneur Kathy Ireland on March 4, 2007. The ship is also one of the first of the Carnival Cruise Line fleet to get a complete to maintain of the kids’ program. The ship has 1,150 crew, 1,487 cabins and is able to carry 2,974 passengers traveling at a speed of . Carnival Freedom entered a three-week routine drydock in Freeport, Bahamas on March 30, 2014 for refurbishment and completed another dry dock in March 2019. In 2019 March, the ship debuted with its water park and major renovation. Areas of operation Carnival Freedom initially sailed from her homeport in Civitavecchia near Rome on Mediterranean cruises until the Fall of 2007 when she sailed the Caribbean Sea from the Port of Miami. In the summer of 2008, she returned to Europe and sailed in the Mediterranean again. In the fall of 2008, she sailed the Caribbean again but out of Port Everglades until February 2015 when she changed her home port to Galveston, Texas. Carnival Freedom resumed port calls to Grand Bahama in November 2019 when Hurricane Dorian ravaged the country. The ship will reposition to Seattle and sail at Alaska in 2021. Incidents In 2019, a photographer took a picture of the ship emitting black smoke in Cayman Islands. The cruise line told the media that the smoke was caused by an engine turbocharger malfunction. COVID-19 On March 23, 2020, a crew member who had sailed on the six day March 8 cruise out of Galveston, Texas was hospitalized in Gulfport, Mississippi after experiencing flu-like symptoms. On March 25 they received a positive test result for COVID-19 and passengers from the cruise were subsequently asked to quarantine for 14 days by the cruise line. The passengers had disembarked in Galveston, Texas on March 14 – a day after Carnival Cruise Line suspended operations due to coronavirus. May 26, 2022 funnel fire On May 26, 2022, Carnival Freedom suffered a large fire in her funnel while she was docked in Grand Turk. The fire was extinguished with no injuries reported. Significant damage was sustained to part of the funnel, on the starboard side. Guests and crew members were allowed to go ashore, as originally planned in Grand Turk. It was announced in the evening of May 26, 2022, by Carnival through a letter to guests that the Carnival Freedom would remain in Grand Turk with passengers on board. was scheduled to embark passengers from Carnival Freedom as the ship would not be returning to Port Canaveral. Following the incident, Carnival Freedom underwent an emergency drydock in Grand Bahama for repairs, which included the removal of the funnel's damaged wings. As for compensation, Carnival gave a $100 per stateroom onboard credit and a 50 percent off future cruise credit. Any additional parking fees at the Port Canaveral parking garage were waived, and Carnival would cover fees related to changed flights up to $200 per person. The ship resumed normal service on June 11, 2022, with the altered funnel. Dry Dock Refurbishment From October 4th to 22nd, 2023, the 2,980-guest ship entered its 16-day dry dock at the Navantia shipyard in Cadiz, Spain. Once again sporting an iconic winged funnel, Carnival Freedom marked its return to service by welcoming guests on board in Barcelona, Spain for a 14-day transatlantic voyage to its homeport of Port Canaveral, Fla. The ship underwent an extensive refurbishment that included the installation of the new funnel, the addition of the signature Carnival red, white and blue hull livery and other enhancements. The ship’s vibrant transformation is a significant milestone for the shipyard. While the yard’s team members have worked on other projects across the fleet, this is the first time they have designed and manufactured a Carnival funnel. Among the other enhancements is a newly installed Heroes Tribute Bar, which is an expanding venue across the Carnival fleet and honors military veterans and active-duty service members. Carnival Freedom now also features a Dreams Studio, where guests can capture memories that become keepsakes from their cruise with the help of Carnival’s photography staff. Some of the other work includes an expansion to the ship’s casino, and renovations and upgrades across the ship’s staterooms and public areas. References Notes Bibliography External links Official website Freedom Ships built in Venice Ships built by Fincantieri 2006 ships

65791099

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel%3A%20Who%20Killed%20Maria%20Marta%3F

Carmel: Who Killed Maria Marta?

Carmel: Who Killed María Marta? is a 2020 Argentine true crime documentary miniseries directed by Alejandro Hartmann. It was written by Alejandro Hartmann, Sofía Mora (who was in charge of the investigation), Lucas Bucci and Tomás Sposato. The showrunner and producer was Vanessa Ragone. The miniseries tells the story of the 2002 still-unsolved death of María Marta García Belsunce and the controversial criminal case that followed, known as the , which received major national media coverage in Argentina. Each one of the four episodes focuses on an aspect of the investigation, exploring different investigation lines and suspects, including interviews with journalists who covered the crime, the prosecutor of the criminal case, family members and friends. The series was filmed at the Carmel Country Club, the gated community in Pilar, Buenos Aires, where the crime took place, as well as Bariloche and Buenos Aires. It premiered worldwide on Netflix on November 5, 2020. Subject matter María Marta García Belsunce (born April 24, 1952) was an upper-class Argentine sociologist, daughter of Adolfo García Belsunce (a well-known jurist) and Luz María Blanca Luisa Galup. She devoted her last days to social causes, working with NGOs such as Red Social and becoming the vice-president for Missing Children Argentina. On October 27, 2002, María Marta García Belsunce was found dead in her house, part of the Carmel Country Club, an upper-class gated community in Pilar, Buenos Aires. This led to what was known as the García Belsunce Case. During the first days of the investigation, it was believed to be an accidental death caused by a fall in the bathtub. But a month and a half later, as new forensic reports were ordered, it was found that María Marta had been killed by five shots to the head. Some of the lines of investigation included a link with the Juárez Cartel, a failed robbery, and a fight García Belsunce had with her husband. Her widower, Carlos Carrascosa, was prosecuted and jailed for five years on homicide charges. The victim's brother, Horacio García Belsunce, and her half-brother, John Hurtig, were also prosecuted on cover-up charges, but were later acquitted. Overall, two trials were held, with thirteen people prosecuted. A new trial will be held to prosecute Nicolás Pachelo, the victim's neighbor. Persons featured The series chronicles the case mainly through interviews with Rolando Barbano and Pablo Duggan, journalists who covered the case. These are supported by interviews with family members and friends involved in the case who give their perspectives on it, as well as the case prosecutor Diego Molina Pico. The miniseries also feature writers Guillermo Martínez and Claudia Piñeiro, who analyze the social impact of the case. Journalists Rolando Barbano Pablo Duggan Victim María Marta García Belsunce (archive images) Family members Carlos Carrascosa (widower) Horacio García Belsunce (brother) Irene Hurtig (half-sibling) John Hurtig (half-brother) Guillermo Bártoli (brother-in-law) Lawyers Diego Molina Pico (prosecutor) Diego Ferrari (Carlos Carrascosa's lawyer) Gabriel Becker (Gauvry Gordon's lawyer) Other trial witnesses Nicolás Pachelo (Carmel Country Club neighbor, accused of murdering the victim) Juan Ramón Gauvry Gordon (first paramedic to be at the crime scene) Santiago Biasi (second paramedic to be at the crime scene) Sergio Binello (Carmel Country Club neighbor) Beatriz Michelini (masseur who used to attend the victim) Episodes References External links 2020 Argentine television series debuts 2020 Argentine television series endings Documentary television series about crime True crime television series Spanish-language Netflix original programming Netflix original documentary television series

1257155

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jughandle

Jughandle

A jughandle is a type of ramp or slip road that changes the way traffic turns left at an at-grade intersection (in a country where traffic drives on the right). Instead of a standard left turn being made from the left lane, left-turning traffic uses a ramp on the right side of the road. In a standard forward jughandle or near-side jughandle, the ramp leaves before the intersection, and left-turning traffic turns left off of it rather than the through road; right turns are also made using the jughandle. In a reverse jughandle or far-side jughandle, the ramp leaves after the intersection, and left-turning traffic loops around to the right and merges with the crossroad before the intersection. The jughandle is also known as a Jersey left due to its high prevalence within the U.S. state of New Jersey (though this term is also locally used for an abrupt left at the beginning of a green light cycle). The New Jersey Department of Transportation defines three types of jughandles. "Type A" is the standard forward jughandle. "Type B" is a variant with no cross-street intersected by the jughandle; it curves 90 degrees left to meet the main street, and is either used at a "T" intersection or for a U-turn only. "Type C" is the standard reverse jughandle. History A 1956 article in the Asbury Park Press cited a suggestion by the state's top highway planner to add a "jug-handle" on Route 35 to facilitate the flow of traffic. One of the earliest mentions of jughandles in The New York Times is on June 14, 1959, referring to jughandles having been built in New Jersey on U.S. Route 46 in Montville, U.S. Route 22 between North Plainfield and Bound Brook, and Route 35 at Monmouth Park Racetrack, with the article citing the addition of "jug-handle exits" as a way to reduce accidents. By the beginning of 1960, New Jersey had 160 jughandles, most if not all standard before-intersection jughandles. The 160th one was on U.S. Route 1 between New Brunswick and Trenton. Jughandles had been introduced in the 1940s as a way to keep turning vehicles away from the flow of traffic on main roads, but by 2013 a bill to ban the jughandle had made it to the floor of the New Jersey Senate. Usage Australia In Perth, Western Australia Guildford Road at East Parade (reverse jughandle) Canada In Nanaimo, British Columbia: Highway 1 south to Highway 19A In Markham, Ontario: Warden Avenue at Enterprise Boulevard (busway) In Toronto, Ontario: York University Busway at Dufferin Street (busway) Kingston Road at Midland Avenue Germany In Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia: Aachener Straße at Universitätsstraße, Innerer Grüngürtel at Innere Kanalstraße and Subbelrather Straße Singapore In Tampines: Junction of Tampines Avenue 10 and Tampines Avenue 1 United Kingdom In England: A322 at Bagshot, In Northern Ireland: A8 at Ashley Road, United States While jughandles are largely associated with New Jersey, the states of Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Ohio, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New York, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, and Vermont also use jughandles at several intersections. Jughandles are possible in other locations as they are a valid type of intersection control to consider for intersection design. Signage On New Jersey State Highways and Pennsylvania State Highways, a white sign is placed before a jughandle or at the beginning of a stretch of jughandles saying "All turns from right lane", or a similar message. Each jughandle is marked with a white sign below the standard green sign, saying "All turns", or "U and left turns" in the case of a reverse jughandle. On locally maintained roads, and in other states, jughandle signage can appear to be haphazard and confusing to out of state drivers. Advantages Safety Removes left-turning vehicles from travel lanes, particularly from higher-speed left lanes. Pedestrian crossing distance is reduced across the mainline. Reduced left-turn conflict points as compared to a standard four-leg intersection. Removes conflicts with right-turning vehicles and pedestrians/bicyclists at the primary intersection. Operations Reduced overall travel time and delay through the intersection. Reduced signal phases due to the elimination of the associated left-turn phase(s). Increases queuing space for left-turning vehicles. Shorter pedestrian crossing distance across the mainline may provide for shorter cross street signal phases. May improve U-turns by reducing the need for a tight-radius turning maneuver which conflicts with cross-street right-turns. Reduced need for rights-of-way acquisition when there is not any room for a left turning lane; focuses land requirement near intersection rather than a long stretch that is often highly developed. Disadvantages Safety Driver confusion, due to left-turns being made from the right side of the roadway – an uncommon configuration outside of the northeastern United States. Expectancy issues may be compounded due to inconsistency between intersections, where some intersections may be jughandles and others may be standard intersections. These issues can be reduced through advance signing. Pedestrian conflict is increased along the cross street due to the addition of an additional intersecting approach. Creates a higher-speed conflict between vehicles and pedestrians/bicyclists at the divergence point of the jughandle ramp. Operations Increased travel time and delay for left-turning motorists redirected through jughandle. Increased overall percentage of vehicles stopped at the intersection. Potential for queues along the cross street to block the exit terminal of the jughandle, increasing stops, delays, and travel time of left-turning motorists. With reverse jughandles, motorists travel through the intersection twice: adding to the net movement demand. Motorists wishing to perform a U-turn maneuver at a reverse jughandle must perform a weaving maneuver across all cross-street lanes to travel from the jughandle terminus to the left-turn lane (unless another reverse jughandle is located on the other corner on the side of the cross street ahead of the motorist's original direction, in which case the motorist stays on the right but must cross through the intersection three times). To provide for motorist safety, the Federal Highway Administration recommends locating transit stops further from the intersection, outside of the jughandle ramps. This can reduce pedestrian demand due to the additional travel distance to access the transit stop. "Type A" standard forward jughandles can encourage drivers to try beating (bypassing) the stopped redlight traffic by driving into the jughandle, turning left, and then turning right onto the original roadway to proceed in the original direction of travel prior to that roadway's light turning green again and releasing the stopped traffic. Right-of-way Additional right-of-way may be required alongside the roadway, unless the existing street network can be utilized. References External links Federal Highway Administration, Alternative Intersection Treatments - Jughandle Traffic Performance of Three Typical Designs of New Jersey Jughandle Intersections Federal Highway Administration - Signalized Intersections: Informational Guide - Jughandle New Jersey Department of Transportation Roadway Design Manual - Diagrams of Jughandles Roads in New Jersey Road junction types

6560802

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooky%20Lady%27s%20Sideshow

Spooky Lady's Sideshow

Spooky Lady's Sideshow is the fifth solo album by Kris Kristofferson, released in 1974 on Monument Records. It was preceded and followed by duet albums with his wife, Rita Coolidge. It was recorded shortly after Kristofferson's appearance in the movie Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid. The album mostly consists of songs about decline due to alcohol and drug abuse. That theme of decline proved to be (unintentionally) prophetic as this was Kristofferson's first album that failed to see commercial success on a large scale. Background 1973 was Kristofferson's apex with respect to commercial success. His duet album with wife Rita Coolidge topped the country albums chart, and his previous solo albums, Jesus Was a Capricorn, went gold, largely thanks to the surprise gospel smash "Why Me". In addition to being one of the most successful and respected songwriters in the business, Kristofferson was also a movie star, having appeared in Blume in Love and starring in Sam Peckinpah’s Pat Garret and Billy the Kid. Although Kristofferson commercial stock was high, some reviewers contended that the quality of his songwriting was slipping due to his preoccupation with Hollywood. Recording and composition With the release of Spooky Lady’s Sideshow, Kristofferson would begin a commercial slide and never again attain the sales he had up to that point. Rather than record with longtime producer Fred Foster in Nashville, the singer opted to record with Coolidge’s producer David Anderle at Sunset Sound in Los Angeles, and the resultant LP, sandwiched between two duet albums with wife Coolidge in 1973 and 1974, deals almost exclusively with dissipation and decline, to the point where it could be viewed as a concept album. As William Ruhlmann observed in his AllMusic review of the LP, "Over and over, Kristofferson sang of characters and of himself (or, at any rate in the persona of a first-person narrator) going downhill while consuming liquor and drugs. From the back of the album cover, which was festooned with fictional negative reviews, to song titles like "Star-Spangled Bummer (Whores Die Hard)" and "Stairway to the Bottom", the album was a portrait of excess and deterioration." The utterly uncommercial nature of the subject matter left Monument groping for a potential hit, so the rowdy horn-driven "I May Smoke Too Much" was released as a single, but it bombed, and Spooky Lady’s Sideshow became the singer's briefest charting LP of his career on the pop charts, although it did make the country Top 10. The album utilized top session players, who enabled Kristofferson and Anderle to try out an assortment of styles and inject the kind of variety that Kristofferson's vocal delivery fought against, while Mike Utley's organ playing contributed a loose Dylanesque sound and, on occasion, an infectious jazzy-bluesy groove, as on "Late Again". The themes covered – freedom, the Devil, Jesus Christ – were not new in Kristofferson's songs, but the landscapes in these songs were unremittingly grim, as biographer Stephen Miller points out: Kristofferson covered "Lights of Magdala", a poetic Larry Murray composition which contained religious overtones, and co-wrote two of the album's tracks with Roger McGuinn and Bob Neuwirth, lending further credence to the album's penchant for celebrating the rock and roll lifestyle. Beginning with Spooky Lady Sideshow, Kristofferson would blame his commercial downturn on Monument's lack of promotional support rather than his acting career, and he dismissed the notion that he ought to quit Hollywood, later quipping "I was doing movies, in a bathtub with Barbra Streisand! I said, ‘What! Quit this?’" Reception In the AllMusic review of the album, which compares Spooky Lady Sideshow to Neil Young's Tonight’s the Night, it states the songs "were so saturated in controlled substances and so determinedly focused on self-destruction that they became a self-fulfilling prophecy…and instead of reinvigorating his career, the album was a misstep from which he never recovered as a recording artist". Track listing All songs by Kris Kristofferson except where noted. "Same Old Song" – 3:15 "Broken Freedom Song" – 5:22 "Shandy (The Perfect Disguise)" – 3:38 "Star-Spangled Bummer (Whores Die Hard)" – 3:35 "Lights of Magdala" (Larry Murray) – 3:40 "I May Smoke Too Much" – 3:07 "One for the Money" – 3:03 "Late Again (Gettin' over You)" – 3:33 "Stairway to the Bottom" – 3:26 "Rescue Mission" (Kristofferson, Roger McGuinn, Bob Neuwirth, Seymour Cassell) – 5:21 "Smile at Me Again" (Kristofferson, Stephen Bruton) – 3:32 "Rock and Roll Time" (Kristofferson, McGuinn, Neuwirth) – 4:53 Personnel Kris Kristofferson – guitar, vocals Jerry McGee – guitar, sitar, harmonica Leland Sklar – bass Michael Utley – keyboards Sammy Creason – drums Bobbye Hall – percussion Jackie Kelso, Jim Horn – saxophone Chuck Findley, Dick Hyde – trombone Herb Pederson, Jerry McGee, John Beland, Larry Murray, Michael Utley, Rita Coolidge, Terry Paul – background vocals Jimmy Wachtel – album cover design Charts References 1974 albums Kris Kristofferson albums Albums with cover art by Jimmy Wachtel Albums produced by David Anderle Monument Records albums Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders

35292842

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Elliott%20%28political%20strategist%29

Matthew Elliott (political strategist)

Matthew Jim Elliott FRSA (born 12 February 1978) is a British political strategist and lobbyist who has served as the chief executive of a number of organisations and been involved in various referendum campaigns, including Vote Leave. Elliott was the founder and has served as chief executive of the TaxPayers' Alliance in 2004, Big Brother Watch and Business for Britain. He has also worked as a political strategist, acting as campaign director for the successful NOtoAV campaign in the 2011 Alternative Vote referendum. In 2015, Elliott became the chief executive of Vote Leave, the official organisation advocating for a 'leave' vote in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. He was described as "...one of the most successful political campaigners in Westminster today." In 2018, The Guardian described him as a central figure in "a network of opaquely funded organisations", mostly based at 55 Tufton Street, that "centre around... the TaxPayers’ Alliance – a pressure group that he founded – and Brexit Central, an anti-EU website of which [he was then] editor-in-chief". Personal life and education Elliott was born in Leeds and attended Leeds Grammar School. He graduated with a First in BSc Government from the London School of Economics in 2000. Whilst at the LSE, he was President of the LSESU Hayek Society. Since 2014, he has been a trustee of the Social Affairs Unit, a right-leaning think-tank. Elliott has been described by the BBC as "one of the most effective lobbyists at Westminster", and in 2010 was named by Total Politics magazine as one of the top 25 political influencers in the UK. In 2017 he was placed at Number 85 in commentator Iain Dale's list of 'The Top 100 Most Influential People on the Right'. Elliott is married to Sarah Elliott (née Smith), Chairwoman of Republicans Overseas UK. The couple have one daughter and live in a flat in the South London Borough of Brixton. Career Elliott served as press officer for the European Foundation from 2000, and political secretary to Timothy Kirkhope MEP from 2001. Lobbying In 2004, Elliott co-founded the TaxPayers' Alliance with Andrew Allum. He served as Chief executive of the organisation until 2014. In 2009, he founded the civil liberties and privacy pressure group Big Brother Watch, in response to "the prevailing climate of authoritarian and intrusive policies being pursued by the British state". In 2012, he was also a founding member of Conservative Friends of Russia. According to the New Statesman, "Elliott did attend a Conservative Friends of Russia reception in 2012 and a 10-day trip to the country, but said he had no further involvement." Referendums NOtoAV In 2011, he took a sabbatical to act as Campaign Director for the NOtoAV campaign during the 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum. NOtoAV were successful in maintaining the current voting system, receiving 67.9% of the votes cast. He is credited with helping to turn public opinion against the alternative vote, from 2 to 1 in favour to 2 to 1 against. The large victory for the NOtoAV campaign led to Elliott being praised as "...one of the most successful political campaigners in Westminster today". Tim Montgomerie wrote that "At the moment, he's there at the very top of centre-right campaigners in Britain...He does all the things that a successful campaigner needs to do. He has message discipline, he takes opinion research incredibly seriously, he's intelligent and works hard.' Vote Leave In October 2015, Elliott became the Chief executive of Vote Leave, a crossparty organisation formed to campaign to leave the European Union (EU). Vote Leave later became the official campaigning organisation to leave the EU, after having been awarded the status by the Electoral Commission. The organisation managed to recruit the support of a number of high-profile politicians, including Conservative MPs Boris Johnson and Michael Gove who became key figureheads. Despite a widespread belief that the Vote Leave campaign was heading for defeat, nearly 52% of those who voted, or 37% of the electorate, voted to leave the EU in the 2016 referendum, therefore meaning that Elliott's campaign emerged victorious. Upon victory, Elliott was praised alongside Vote Leave Campaign Director, Dominic Cummings, as being one of the key masterminds of the victorious campaign. In July 2018, an investigation by the UK's Electoral Commission accused Elliott's campaign of breaking UK electoral law, which Elliott denied. In September 2018 the High Court agreed that Elliott's campaign had broken the law, but ruled that the Electoral Commission had 'misinterpreted' the electoral law in relation to Vote Leave in advice it gave. Following her resignation as Prime Minister, Liz Truss named Elliot in her resignation honours to receive a peerage according to the BBC. Mr Elliott's nomination has resulted in multiple complaints being sent to the House of Lords appointments commission. In popular culture Elliott was portrayed by actor John Heffernan in the HBO- and Channel 4-produced drama, Brexit: The Uncivil War (2019). References 1978 births Living people Alumni of the London School of Economics British lobbyists British political consultants Lobbying in the United Kingdom People educated at Leeds Grammar School

8632129

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campgaw%20Mountain

Campgaw Mountain

Campgaw Mountain is the northernmost ridge of the volcanically formed Watchung Mountains, along the border of Franklin Lakes, Oakland, and Mahwah in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Located almost entirely within the bounds of Campgaw Mountain Reservation, the mountain offers numerous outdoor recreational opportunities, including the only ski slope in the Watchungs. Campgaw Mountain is commonly considered to be part of the greater Ramapo Mountains region, but the flora and geology of the mountain is quite different from the surrounding area and more closely resembles the nearby Preakness Range to the south. Geography Campgaw Mountain extends for three miles approximately north to south along the border of Franklin Lakes, Oakland, and Mahwah. The peak of the mountain rises to in Mahwah, becoming the fourth highest peak of Watchungs, though the height of the mountain as measured from its base is generally less than . A shallow gap exists between Campgaw Mountain and the Preakness and Goffle Hill ranges of the Watchungs to the south, somewhat isolating the ridge from the rest of the Watchung Mountains despite contiguous geology below the surface. In the north, the mountain terminates at the Ramapo Fault, the western border of the Newark Basin. Campgaw Mountain also marks the eastern edge of the Ramapo River Valley, forming a sizable basin between itself and the Ramapo Mountains. An unusual trait of Campgaw Mountain is that it is composed of the ridges of both First and Second Watchung Mountain. Fyke Brook, a tributary of the Ramapo River, divides the two ridges, running northwest through a narrow valley along the northeastern corner of the mountain. Second Watchung Mountain comprises the majority of Campgaw Mountain at the surface. History Before the arrival of Europeans, Campgaw Mountain was inhabited by Munsee (Minsi) Lenape. Evidence of the Lenape presence around Campgaw can be found in a former village that existed on the north side of the mountain, along the south bank of the Ramapo River. Reflecting on this Native American heritage, the mountain is named for a Lenape chief, Kum-Kow, with the name Campgaw being a modern variation of the original spelling. Taken literally, the syllables in the name Kum-Kow probably translate to goose-hedgehog. A historical account from 1834 indicates that Campgaw Mountain's summits were once under extensive cultivation. This would seem to explain the numerous stone walls, apparently former property boundaries, running through the woods along the mountain. Another historical work from 1894 detailing New Jersey's forests shows that Campgaw Mountain was covered by a nearly unbroken expanse of chestnut, oak, and redcedar, indicating that cultivation along the ridgeline may have declined by that time. Campgaw Mountain was essentially wilderness in 1960 when property on the ridge was taken by the Bergen County Park Commission to create Campgaw Mountain Reservation. The park, which opened in June 1961, forced many of the Ramapough Mountain Indians inhabiting Campgaw Mountain and the surrounding area off their land. In addition to the development of the park, Campgaw Mountain saw the construction of a Nike missile base during the height of the Cold War. Installed on the mountain between 1955 and 1971, the base's missiles served to guard New York City's air space, standing by to intercept nuclear-armed Soviet bombers. The facility was ultimately abandoned with the advent of intercontinental ballistic missiles. Geology Campgaw Mountain formed as molten rock extruded onto the surface 185 million years ago. At that time the mountain occupied the northern section of an active rift valley running through northern and central New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania. After the rift failed in the early Jurassic, the mountain was elevated as erosion removed the sandstone and shale surrounding the basalt lava flows of Campgaw Mountain. The main ridge of the mountain is primarily composed of Preakness Basalt, being an extension of Second Watchung Mountain, but the northeast corner of the mountain is composed of Orange Mountain Basalt, as the ridge of First Watchung Mountain emerges from surrounding glacial sediments along the north side of main ridge. The combined ridges of First and Second Watchung Mountain make a slight turn to the west before terminating at the Ramapo Fault, marking the northernmost limit of the Watchung Mountains. Campgaw Mountain appears somewhat detached from the rest of the Watchungs because it occupies a local syncline (downfold) that is itself somewhat detached from the main Watchung syncline by an intervening anticline (upfold). The effect of this is that, when traveling north from the Preakness Range and Goffle Hill, the ridges of First and Second Watchung Mountain seem to slowly dip back into the Earth before reemerging again as Campgaw Mountain. Despite the apparent gap at the surface, Campgaw Mountain is firmly linked to the rest of the Watchungs by the continuity of the ridges through the anticline. Ecology Campgaw Mountain, while adjacent to the Ramapo Mountains, features a unique ecosystem in relation to the surrounding area. In fact, according to the U.S. EPA, Campgaw Mountain is in a level III and IV ecoregion that is completely different from the Ramapo Mountains. Specifically, Campgaw Mountain's ecology is defined by its status as a level IV trap rock and conglomerate upland (ecoregion 64b), similar to the nearby Preakness Range. Features of this ecoregion include thin, well-drained soils and oak forests. Hemlock forests on northern facing slopes are also common to this ecoregion, and these are characteristically present along the northeastern slope of Campgaw Mountain. In addition to oak, chestnut and redcedar were historically prominent on Campgaw Mountain. Today, chestnuts have been eliminated by the accidental importation of chestnut blight in the early twentieth century. Redcedar, however, is still abundant along the ridgeline, unlike on nearby Goffle Hill, where the tree has been all but extirpated, and in the Preakness Range, where redcedar has become rare. Recreation Campgaw Mountain Reservation There are two 18-hole disc golf courses at Campgaw. The longer course is called Mighty Gaw. The shorter course has two tees for each hole, which provide suitable tees for most levels of play. See also Watchung Mountains Preakness Range Goffle Hill References External links Topographic map of Campgaw Mountain with Trails Landforms of Bergen County, New Jersey Ridges of New Jersey Watchung Mountains Volcanism of New Jersey Mahwah, New Jersey

45645620

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Salto%20Dam

El Salto Dam

El Salto Dam (), located on the Guadalquivir River in the municipal district of El Carpio (Province of Córdoba, Spain), comprises a dam and its corresponding hydroelectric power station. The dam is situated near the 3.3 km mark on the Pedro Abad-Adamuz highway (CO-412). Its Neo-Mudéjar design is the result of a collaboration between architect Casto Fernández Shaw and engineers Carlos Mendoza and Antonio del Águila. The Madrid-based engineering consulting firm undertook construction of the dam between 1918 and 1922. Since its inception, the dam has proved valuable to the local population for its contribution to the development and economic expansion of the area. Design Built on the site of some old water mills, the dam creates a grade in the riverbed through the use of two abutments, one on each bank of the river, and five interior buttresses. The buttresses, which sustain the bridge and the six sluice gates, also hold up the metal structure bearing the machines that operate the gates. The abutment on the right bank forms an arched portal over the roadway and houses the access stairway to the control room, whose crowning octagonal turret once bore a dome. This dome, the horseshoe arch and alfiz, the simple and double windows, and the handrail supports all belong to the Neo-Mudéjar style. The entire concrete structure is covered with a facing of blocks in imitation of stretcher and header bond masonry. The upper metal structure, a lattice box girder, initially held a wooden platform that has since been replaced by a grate. The motors that power the gears and chains used to raise the sluice gates are housed here in protective casings. A traveling bridge crane projects from the upstream side of the girder. From within its two-story wooden cabin, the operator is able to stack metal beams in slots parallel to the sluice gates in order to retain the water and allow the gates to be isolated. The crane is also used to lift motor and gear assembly casings. In addition to its carefully designed mechanisms, the dam has an important artistic value and is in a good state of preservation. El Carpio Hydroelectric Power Station El Carpio Power Station is situated on the lower side of a meander of the Guadalquivir, across from the dam. Also built in 1922, the plant uses three turbine generators to produce electricity. It belongs to Endesa, Spain's largest utility company. As a run-of-the-river power plant, which utilizes the natural flow of water, it has practically no water reserve; its generating capacity therefore depends on the condition of the river. Water is drawn from the upstream dam through a tunnel and deposited next to the power station in a small tank capable of holding . From there, it passes through the turbines and returns to the river. The kinetic energy from flowing water is used by the Francis turbines at a flow rate of per machine to generate mechanical energy. The generators then convert this energy into an alternating current, according to Faraday's Law of Induction, and create an electrical signal which must then coincide with the 50 Hz frequency used by the Spanish power grid. To reach this frequency, the turbines and in turn the generators must rotate at a speed of 214 rpm. Finally, the electric tension must be raised by the plant's transformers in order to reduce energy loss during travel along power lines. The power station was, like the dam, built with a view to aesthetics. The exterior features dressed stone blocks, while its rooftop turrets crowned by brick domes have a remarkably historicist and expressionist character. Other details stand out as well, like the elephant head supporting a balcony, which was produced by sculptor . Presented in Paris at the Decorative Arts Exposition of 1921, the building won a gold medal. References External links Endesa: Hydroelectric Station of El Carpio Escultura Urbana Digital Magazine: image of the elephant head sculpture Dams in Spain Dams completed in 1922 Hydroelectric power stations in Spain Buildings and structures in the Province of Córdoba (Spain) Neo-Mudéjar architecture in Spain Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Córdoba (Spain) Energy infrastructure completed in 1922 1922 establishments in Spain Barrages (dam) Run-of-the-river power stations

68566074

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Fragni%C3%A8re

Jean-Pierre Fragnière

Jean-Pierre Fragnière (18 September 1944 – 22 August 2021) was a Swiss academic and political scientist. He taught at the Haute école spécialisée de Lausanne and the University of Geneva at the Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences. He founded the Institut universitaire âges et générations and served as Scientific Director from 1998 to 2009 in Sion. Biography Fragnière earned a degree in theology from the University of Fribourg, a degree in sociology from the University of Geneva, and a doctorate in social sciences and education from the University of Lausanne. Ordained a priest in 1969, he then became a professor at the École d'études sociales et pédagogiques de Lausanne in 1971. He then taught at the University of Geneva and later at the University of Neuchâtel from 2005 to 2010. In 1998, he co-founded the Institut Universitaire Âges et Générations and served as Scientific Director until 2009. He also served as Secretary of the Société suisse de Sociologie, Vice-President of the Association Suisse de Politique Sociale, and was the founder and Director of Éditions Réalités Sociales. Jean-Pierre Fragnière died on 22 August 2021 at the age of 76. Books Les ambiguïtés de la démocratie locale (1976) Le pouvoir dans la ville, préface de J.-W. Lapierre (1978) Les ergothérapeutes, problèmes des professions paramédicales (1979) Santé et politique sociale (1980) Droit et politique sociale (1980) Un autre travail social (1981) Assister, éduquer et soigner (1982) Maîtriser la division du travail dans les professions sociales et les professions de la santé (1984) Comment faire un mémoire ? (1985) Les défis de la santé III, Pratiques et innovations (1985) Comment réussir un mémoire (1986) Dix ans de politique sociale en Suisse (1986) Wie schreibt man eine Diplomarbeit ? (1988) L'action sociale demain (1988) Sécurité sociale en Suisse, Une introduction (1988) La boîte à outils, un guide pour le temps des études (1989) Manuel de l'action sociale en Suisse (1989) Le temps des bénévoles (1989) L'étude de la politique sociale (1990) Pratiques des solidarités (1991) Échec scolaire et illettrisme (1992) Wegleitung durch die Institutionen der sozialen Sicherheit in der Schweiz (1993) Familles et sécurité sociale (1994) Repenser la sécurité sociale (1995) Asi se escribe una monografia (1996) La sécurité sociale en Europe et en Suisse (1996) Retraités en action. L'engagement social des groupements de retraités (1996) Maintien à domicile, le temps de l'affirmation (1997) Bewegt ins Alter (1997) Politiques sociales en Suisse, Enjeux et débats (1998) Dictionnaire suisse de politique sociale (1998) Politiques familiales, l'impasse ? (1999) La vérité est multiple. Essais de sociologie (2000) Pour les retraités. Joies et responsabilités (2001) Politiques sociales pour le XXIe siècle (2001) Le système des trois piliers a-t-il un avenir ? (2001) Dictionnaire suisse de politique sociale (2002) L'avenir (2003) Les relations entre les générations. Petit glossaire (2004) Entre science et action, La démographie au service de la cité (2004) Le furet, répertoire internet de la politique et de l’action sociales en Suisse (2005) Solidarités entre les générations (2010) Les retraites. Des projets de vie (2011) Dictionnaire des âges et des générations (2012) Retraites actives et solidaires en Valais. Aktive und solidarische Rentner im Wallis (2013) Une politique des âges et des générations (2013) References 1944 births 2021 deaths Swiss political scientists University of Fribourg alumni University of Geneva alumni University of Lausanne alumni Academic staff of the University of Geneva Academic staff of the University of Neuchâtel People from Sion District

57218332

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V.%20Shantha%20Kumari

V. Shantha Kumari

Venkatramaiah Shantha Kumari (born 5 February 1952) popularly called "Shanthakka" is the current Chief (Sanskrit: Pramukh Sanchalika) of the Hindu nationalist women's organisation Rashtra Sevika Samiti. She took charge as Chief in 2013. Early life Hailing from Bengaluru, Karnataka, she grew up in a household which actively practiced giving and devotion to the cause of the nation. Her father was active in the Quit India Movement (1942), her homemaker mother gave away all her jewellery following the call of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1968, when she was 16, Shantha Kumari came in contact with Rashtra Sevika Samiti. By 1969, not only had she completed all required Rashtra Sevika Samiti training schedules, she was conducting a daily shakha at Wilson Garden, Bengaluru. Soon after, she was made the Chief Instructor. Within five years her devotion and ability led her to the office of Nagar Karyavahak (Town Chief/In-charge). Career In 1977, Bengaluru hosted an important Rashtra Sevika Samiti event where Shanthakka met the then Samiti Sarkaryavahika Vandaneeya Moushiji Lakshmi Bai Kelkar. Kelkar exhorted the young woman to devote more of her time and energy to Samiti activities. By 1978, Shanthakka had taken a decision-she would devote herself full-time to the Samiti, and will not marry. The same year saw her elevation to the office of Sahakaryavahika, Karnataka region. In those days Samiti activists were not encouraged to adopt the semi-renunciate life style adopted by RSS pracharaks and travel as active field workers. They were expected to live within their families and work for the Samiti in various capacities. Shanthakka threw herself headlong into Samiti activities. The Samiti office ran out of the home of Rukminiamma, principal of Malleswaram Ladies Association College, who inspired and encouraged the young activist. In 1991, V. Shantha Kumari became Sahakaryavahika, Southern region (Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala). Her incessant hard work resulted in the Samiti's spread and greater visibility in southern India. She has been very dedicated to the cause of the Ramjanmabhoomi Temple. During the Ayodhya campaign in 1992, she was in the town accompanied by 200 Samiti activists from the southern states. A teacher by profession, Shantha Kumari managed to strike a balance between professional goals and her dedication to the nation. While leaving for Ayodhya she wrote an unambiguous letter to her institution's management informing them of her active participation in the Ramjanmabhoomi movement; she told them to treat the letter as her resignation from her job in case they found her participation in the movement against the policies of the institution. On her return to Bengaluru she was pleasantly surprised by the warm welcome and public felicitation accorded to her by the institution. At the insistence of the management she decided to continue with her job. In the early nineties Samiti members began to travel and work as field activists. In 1994, Shantha Kumari renounced home to live at the Samiti office at Bengaluru. In 1995, she resigned from her job and began to travel within Karnataka as a pracharika of the Samiti. 1996 onwards then Samiti Sarkaryavahika Pramila Tai Medhe took her under her wings. Her apprenticeship with Medhe gave her strong organizational skills. Her own facility for languages (English, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Tamil, Telugu) came in handy in communicating with varied audiences. The potential of her intensive campaign was noticed and she was made Sahakaryavahika in 1997. Shantha Kumari holds a record of sorts-she has apprenticed with all her predecessors- Vandaneeya Moushiji Lakshmi Bai Kelkar, Saraswati Tai Apte, Usha Tai Chati and Pramila Tai Medhe. Her association with these pioneers exposed her to the accumulated wisdom of six decades in the context of the organization and training of a dedicated cadre of women activist, a challenge anywhere, more so in India. Feminist views Shantha Kumari said she believes the Rastra Sevika Samiti to be different from other women's organizations, specially those which take the western feminist approach. She says the Samiti aims to make women more strong physically, mentally and intellectually so they may realise their potential and use it to strengthen the nation, create and guide the power of good. Her five years in office have resulted in greater visibility and diversification for the Samiti. Further reading Bacchetta, Paola. Gender in the Hindu Nation: RSS Women as Ideologues. New Delhi: Women Unlimited, 2004, . References External links - From Laxmibai Kelkar to V Shantha Kumari, here’s how RSS’ women’s wing shaped over the years 1952 births Living people Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks Hindutva Rashtra Sevika Samiti members People from Bangalore Women in Karnataka politics

579232

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20Karelia

South Karelia

South Karelia (or Southern Karelia, ; ) is a region of Finland. It borders the regions of Kymenlaakso, South Savo and North Karelia, as well as Russia (Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast). Historical province For history, geography and culture see: Finnish Karelia Regional Council The Regional Council of South Karelia is a joint municipal authority of nine member municipalities. The council operates as the authority for regional development and unit for regional planning and looks after regional interests and to promote economic development and cultural well-being in South Karelia. The council has statutory responsibility for regional development and planning. The EU's regional Objective Programmes for South Karelia have partly been prepared in the council as it also implements and coordinates various projects. The council is also represented in several international organisations, such as AEBR. Municipalities The region of South Karelia is made up of nine municipalities, of which two have city status (marked in bold). Imatra Sub-region: Imatra Population: Parikkala Population: Rautjärvi Population: Ruokolahti (Ruokolax) Population: Lappeenranta Sub-region: Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand) Population: Lemi Population: Luumäki Population: Savitaipale Population: Taipalsaari Population: Tourism South Karelia is a popular tourist area in Finland with its special features – its nature, its location between Lake Saimaa and the border as well as its cultural heritage and history as a border region. Thanks to the natural attractions, waterways and islands, tourism has natural prerequisites for developing in South Karelia. The provincial centres are continuously improving their services. Lappeenranta has in recent years focused particularly on tourism services for families, and Imatra on fishing and spa tourism. There is a good selection of agritourism attractions and tourism services available around the region. The most interesting attractions include Lake Saimaa, Saimaa Canal, Lappeenranta Fortification and Imatrankoski rapids, the Russian border and the short distance to Vyborg and St. Petersburg. Lappeenranta Fortification and its museums portray the history of the border zone and border arrangements over several centuries. Cruises on Lake Saimaa and along Saimaa Canal up to Vyborg are a unique tourist attraction for Finns and foreigners alike. The high quality guest marinas draw yachters to Lake Saimaa all the way from international waters. The region also features an interesting cross-section of churches that represent various centuries, architectural styles and denominations. The internationally best-known of these is the Church of the Three Crosses in Imatra designed by Alvar Aalto. The South Karelian nature has played a key role in the history of tourism. The rapids of Imatrankoski and their surroundings became the first actual tourist attraction in Finland. Russian upper classes and civil servants, in particular, came to marvel at the wild foams of the rapids. In the summer of 1772, Russian Empress Catherine the Great visited Imatra for one day. Her journey from St. Petersburg to Imatra took five days. The rulers and dignitaries of many other countries have left a memento of their visit in the rocks surrounding the rapids. Actual tourism in the modern sense developed in the 19th century. It was speeded up by the completion of Saimaa Canal and St. Petersburg railway in the latter half of the century. What also drew tourists all the way from St. Petersburg was the good fishing to be had in River Vuoksi, Imatra Rapids and Lake Saimaa. The Rauha – Tiuruniemi area by the Lake Saimaa has long traditions in spa and hotel activities. As early as 1894 the area's first hotel spa - Rauha pensionat för turister - was established. In 1912 a Russia-born physicist Dimitri Gabrilovitsch bought the place to transform it into a sanatorium. The clinic's services at the time were different kinds of baths as well as galvanic and bright light treatments. The clinic had visitors from Russia, Europe and even the Americas. The spa in Lappeenranta, which is still in business today, was founded in 1871. Tourism in South Karelia went into a decline for some time after the First World War ended the flows of travellers from St. Petersburg. Interest in domestic travel, which had arisen towards the end of the 19th century, increased as conditions became more settled in the newly independent Finland. Tourism had its heyday before the 1930s depression. The area, including Lake Saimaa and the legendary beaches of Terijoki, was a popular area for holiday villas. Tourism was once more affected by the closing of the borders after the Second World War. The unspoilt nature and Lake Saimaa attracted tourists especially from Central Europe and the Nordic countries. The Germans discovered the rented holiday houses on the shores of Saimaa. Nature The ground in the region consists of loose soil types accumulated on top of bedrock during the last ice age, as the ice sheet retreated to the northwest. The soil shaped by the Ice Age is still clearly visible in the South Karelian environment and scenery. The greatest natural wonder in South Karelia consists of the parallel dividers called Salpausselkä, which transect the region, and their large edge formations. At its steepest, the divider plunges into Lake Saimaa in Kyläniemi village of Taipalsaari. The variable terrain and great local height differences make South Karelia exceptional in Southern Finland. As a contrast to the rugged rocky islands of Saimaa and flat pinewoods, the region features lush deciduous woodlands reaching out from the Ladogian Karelia around Parikkala, Imatra and Lappeenranta. Parikkala and Rautjärvi are clearly different from other areas in the region, with the Ladogian Karelia even affecting their climate. The lush deciduous zone with great biodiversity shelters the most valuable wetlands of Finland. Bird wetland habitats of national importance are found in Siikalahti and Tarassiinlahti of Parikkala and Kuokkalampi in Ruokolahti. These wetlands harbour endangered habitats – birds, dragonflies, bats and butterflies. Education Lappeenranta has been voted the best university town in Finland. The campus is welcoming, there are plenty of flats available and international student exchanges are competently organised. Most importantly, however, the education offered is versatile and of a high standard. The study programmes are being developed with an open mind. Some years ago, Lappeenranta University of Technology decided to include business studies in the curriculum. The university and Saimaa University of Applied Sciences were the first in Finland to suggest mutual co-operation between these two types of third-level educational institutes. Heraldry The coat of arms of South Karelia is composed of the arms of Karelia. Politics Results of the Finnish parliamentary election, 2019 in South Karelia: Social Democratic Party 27.27% Finns Party 18.70% National Coalition Party 17.46% Centre Party 15.54% Green League 10.35% Christian Democrats 3.86% Left Alliance 2.87% Movement Now 1.65% Blue Reform 1.34% Seven Star Movement 0.27% Other parties 0.69% References External links South Karelia Region website goSaimaa.com – travel information about South Karelia The Regional Council of South Karelia Regional brochure South Karelia Museum Southern Finland Province Karelia South

57847474

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidmann%20Cottage

Weidmann Cottage

Weidmann Cottage is a heritage-listed former retail building, residence and town house and now unused building located at 132 Bridge Street, Muswellbrook in the Muswellbrook Shire local government area of New South Wales, Australia. It was built from 1840 to 1845. The property is owned by Muswellbrook Shire Council and was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999. History Weidman Cottage lies on a Crown grant given to David Brown on 27 November 1838. He sold the property to Henry Richard Clovell McAlpin, a store and innkeeper. The year of this transaction is not known. Stafford sold the property to Albert Weidman, whom the cottage is named after, in 1891. The property remained in Weidman family hands until 1977 when it was purchased by Muswellbrook Council. However, in 1935 the property was transferred into the name of A.Weidman & Company Ltd, passing out of individual private ownership. The cottage was constructed sometime between 1840 and 1850, and quite probably before 1845, by the original owner David Brown. The building was erected as one of a pair of semi-detached town cottages. The other cottage has since been demolished to make way for the council public library. Brown appears to have erected the buildings as a speculative venture or as a town residence. An inspection of the building suggested that part of the ground floor served as a shop. It is also possible that Brown was the designer, there being no record of an architect having been employed. The property was purchased by another storekeeper, William Corby Thompson in 1867 who sold it to David Stafford in 1882. An adjoining building sharing a common south wall with Weidmann Cottage was later built as a semi detached two storey dwelling similar in all respects to the cottage. Photographs support the possibility that this building was an exact copy of Weidmann Cottage. Albert Weidmann, who purchased both properties in 1891 used the adjoining residence as his butcher shop. Prior to being demolished in 1977, the second cottage was used as a cakeshop. Albert Weidmann was born in Muswellbrook and contributed significantly to the local community over a 50-year period in commercial, pastoral and sporting interests. In addition to his contribution to the Upper Hunter community, his brother Alexander was one of the founders of the Muswellbrook Colliery and his eldest son, Leslie Albert Weidmann left sufficient funds on his death to facilitate construction of the Weidmann Memorial Wing at Muswellbrook District Hospital. Description Weidman Cottage is located on gently rising ground on the western side of Bridge Street, the town's main thoroughfare and has been incorporated within the precinct of the public library, which is at its rear. The two-storey stone section of the building and its projecting top verandah contribute greatly to the streetscape of Bridge Street and in particular, their relationship to nearby Loxton House. The building consists of a predominately symmetrically designed monolithic structure constructed of sandstone, probably quarried from "Ravensworth". The building comprises a 2-storey main structure of four rooms with the remains of an original one room stone wing extending on the west side at the south end. A typical colonial middle / working-class house of the period - a merchant's townhouse. The building has a colonnaded verandah along the east facade, a light timber framed outbuilding on the western side at the northern end and a cellar. All these appear to be original except for the ground floor terrace brick coping walls which were built in the 1920s. The building is constructed of quarried sandstone and fieldstone and the south wall of quarried rubble. Internal walls are of similar rubble masonry finished with hair plaster and painted. The roof is corrugated galvanised iron. The double storeyed verandah and posts had a simple infill balustrade at first floor level, evident today. Condition As at 13 August 1997 the physical condition of the building was fair; and the archaeological potential assessed as medium. Externally the building has not been substantially altered except for the rear western elevation and removal of the semi-detached building at the south end. Internally, apart from general deterioration, the cottage generally remains as it would have bee, Modifications and dates Modifications to the structure include: –1914 – Large timber framed and weatherboard sheeted extension added. – Verandah altered Post 1910 – Back wing reconstructed Back skillion possibly contemporary. Heritage listing As at 28 September 2009, Weidmann cottage was a sturdy, monolithic structure of symmetrical proportions and reflects the type of architecture and design of a typical colonial middle/working-class house of the period - a merchant's townhouse. The two storey stone section of the building and its verandah contribute greatly to the streetscape of Bridge Street and in particular, their relationship to nearby Loxton House. Weidmann Cottage was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. The building is a good example of a typical merchant class townhouse and as such is an important element in both the streetscape of Bridge Street and the ongoing social history of the community. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. The building is a well proportioned, symmetrically designed middle-era colonial town residence typical of the reasonably affluent middle/working class merchant housing. It exhibits an interesting and very broad use of solid masonry walls devoid of moulding and utilising stone lintels in otherwise rough hewn stone walls. The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales. The building is a typical merchant class townhouse. See also Australian residential architectural styles References Bibliography Attribution New South Wales State Heritage Register Muswellbrook Houses in New South Wales Retail buildings in New South Wales Articles incorporating text from the New South Wales State Heritage Register

43774167

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais%20Tirailleur

Français Tirailleur

(), also known as () or or , is a pidgin language that was spoken by West African soldiers and their white officers in the French colonial army approximately 1857–1954, and across certain French colonies. It consists of a simplified form of French. It never creolized. This "simplified" language was taught to indigenous inhabitants in the French colonial army, and colonies. Background The first West African soldiers were enrolled in the French colonial army in 1820 and the company of the Tirailleur Sénégalais was formed in 1857. They fought for France in both World Wars. The last company of West African soldiers in the French army was disbanded in 1964 and the last Tirailleur who served in WW1 died in 1998. It is important to keep in mind that while slavery was abolished in France and her colonies in 1848, this does not mean the situation changed totally overnight. There is an inter-departmental report from 1950 suggesting that the recruitment was not necessary voluntary from that point forward. The French military was to go "up-country to enroll captives, to whom the sum needed to purchase their freedom is given as enrollment bounty (Hargreaves, 1969: 100 as cited in Wilson). In other words, they more or less bought captives and turned them into soldiers. The language of the West African soldiers in the French colonial army has been mentioned in descriptive works from the 19th century and forward. The earliest documented utterances in Français Tirailleur are found in Dupratz (1864). Maurice Delafosse wrote about Français Tirailleur in 1904, describing it as a French equivalent to the more well-known English pidgins of the area. The most cited source on the language variety is an anonymous manual, . The manual was printed in 1916 and was intended to facilitate the communication between French officers and the African soldiers in the French army. The manual is prescriptive, informing white officers how they should best formulate orders for optimal effect. The author(s) does make comments that suggest that the material is based on at least some actual experience with West African soldiers. There is also references to the structure of the Bambara language. This, together with the prescriptive nature of the work, suggests that the anonymous manual is the product of a conscious effort rather than natural utterances. Chris Corne also wrote about this pidgin in his 1999 book on French contact languages Potential substrates of Français Tirailleur There are many languages that have been mentioned in connection with Français Tirailleur. First of all there is great consensus on the matter of the lexifier (the language that has contributed with most lexical items), it is French (as spoken in 1800s). The primary contact with the French language must have been through spoken discourse, which means that it is unlikely that structures and words that were uncommon in the spoken language at that time could have made it into the pidgin. There was a French officer by the name of Charles Mangin in the late 19th century and beginning of the 20th century who, in 1910, published a book called in which he propagates for the use of African troops in the event of a European war. This book also contains valuable information about the African troops and their composition. The following is a summary of the information available in the book of Mangin. Mangin writes that the first troops of African soldiers were mainly composed by the Wolofs and Toucouleurs (Fulani). Both the Wolofs and the Fulani speak languages of the North-Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo family and are predominantly Muslim. The Fulani group is a large ethnic group in West Africa that has a wide geographical spread and many different dialects/languages. We cannot be sure what variety of the Fula was spoken by these West African soldiers. Biondi points out that one of the largest differences between slavery in West Africa and most parts of the New World colonized by France was the presence and importance of the "mixed" population and in particular, with being a term used for African or part-African women who were companions to the French men of the colony. Thus, the first troops were made up of speakers of Wolof and Fula. It is not unlikely that there were soldiers, speakers of Fula in particular, who had some knowledge of French prior to enrollment. After Wolof and Fula, the Serer (also Northern Atlantic; Niger-Congo) were added to the troops. At the time of publication of the most dominating group was Mande (Bambara, Mandinka, Dyula, Soninke and Susu) and they were recruited after the Serer. The languages spoken by the Mande group are not related to the Niger-Congo. The Bambara and Mandinka were recruited first and later Susu and Dyula and lastly Soninke. The last group that Mangin notes that the French military recruited were the Hausa of Dahomey (modern day Northern Benin). The Wolof and Toucoulers (Fula) were preferred in the beginning according to Mangin because they were easier to incorporate in the military as there were already indigenous officers who spoke their languages (Wolof and Fula). The Bambara proved more difficult to instruct at first since they did not speak Wolof nor Fula, but they did later make up the largest group of the West African troops in the French colonial army. The Hausa language is not related to Niger-Congo or the Mande languages, but a member of the Afro-Asiatic language family. This means that there were languages from at least three separate language families spoken among the soldiers: Niger-Congo (Northern Atlantic), Mande and Afro-Asiatic (if we go by the classifications as made by glottolog ). In popular culture Speakers of this pidgin have been depicted in the biographical work of madame Cousturier and in Ousmane Sembène's movie from 1987 Camp de Thiaroye. Sample text The European officers saw us as savages, even worse than dogs. See also French language French West Africa Tây Bồi Pidgin French References French-based pidgins and creoles Languages attested from the 1850s Languages extinct in the 1950s French West Africa Armée d'Afrique Military pidgins French language in Africa

40420014

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Morano

Marc Morano

Marc Morano (born 1968) is a former Republican political aide who founded and runs the website ClimateDepot.com. ClimateDepot is a project of the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT), a US non-profit organisation that promotes climate change denial. Career Morano was born in Washington, D.C., and raised in McLean, Virginia. He has a bachelor's degree from George Mason University in political science. He began his career working for Rush Limbaugh from 1992 to 1996. After 1996, he began working for Cybercast News Service (now CNSNews), where he was the first to publish the subsequently discredited accusations from Swift-Boat veterans that John Kerry had allegedly exaggerated his military service record. Beginning in June 2006, Morano served as the director of communications for Senator Jim Inhofe. He was also communications director for the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee under the George W. Bush administration. In 2007, Morano produced a report listing hundreds of scientists whose work, according to Morano, questions whether global warming is caused by human activity. In April 2009, despite having no formal education in the field of climate science, Morano founded and became executive editor of ClimateDepot.com, a website sponsored by the Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow (CFACT). In November 2009, Morano was one of the first to break the Climatic Research Unit email controversy story after being contacted by Anthony Watts. The story was subsequently picked up by James Delingpole. In 2016 Morano co-wrote and presented the CFACT-funded documentary Climate Hustle. In December 2012, Morano debated Bill Nye on global warming on CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight. In January 2013, Morano debated Michael Brune, executive director of the Sierra Club, again on Piers Morgan Tonight. Morano was interviewed in the 2015 documentary Merchants of Doubt. In 2019, Morano's blog described 16-year old climate change activist Greta Thunberg as an "autistic prophet", and he retweeted criticisms of her that center on her autism. Reception Morano mocks scientists in television debates, which he describes as fun. In one blog post he wrote "We should kick scientists when they're down. They deserve to be publicly flogged", but then said "come on, it was a stupid expression." While some climatologists who felt they had been bullied were reluctant to give their names, Michael E. Mann openly said that Morano "spreads malicious lies about scientists, paints us as enemies of the people, then uses language that makes it sound like we should be subject to death threats, harmed or killed." Morano says he merely posts public contact details, and suggests to his followers that they say what they think to the scientists, who he says "live in a bubble" and don't hear from the public. He says this is refreshing, healthy, and "good for the public debate". At the end of 2012, left-leaning media watchdog Media Matters for America named Morano the "Climate Change Misinformer of the Year." Morano has been criticized for publishing the email addresses of climate scientists on ClimateDepot.org. In March 2012, Morano posted an article and the email address of sociology professor Kari Norgaard, who had presented a paper on why it is difficult for societies to take action to respond to climate change. This story was later picked up by Rush Limbaugh, after which Norgaard received threatening emails. Morano repeated this action again in 2013, when he posted the email address of Shaun Marcott in response to Marcott's having published a temperature reconstruction which resembled the hockey stick graph. Morano says that emails targeting climate scientists can be nasty in tone, but he defends the practice of posting their addresses by noting that he, too, has received hate mail. He says that his goal is to "let the professors hear from the public" and that receiving nasty emails is "part of the process". In 2010, the conservative group Accuracy in Media awarded Morano their annual Reed Irvine Award alongside Andrew Breitbart. The lobbying group Doctors for Disaster Preparedness, described by The Guardian as a "fringe political group", awarded Morano the 2010 Petr Beckmann Award. References External links ClimateDepot.com 1968 births Living people George Mason University alumni People from McLean, Virginia Environmental bloggers Date of birth missing (living people) Virginia Republicans

8199425

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Carletti%20di%20Chivasso

Angelo Carletti di Chivasso

Angelo Carletti di Chivasso was a noted moral theologian of the Order of Friars Minor; born at Chivasso in Piedmont, in 1411; and died at Coni, in Piedmont, in 1495. His name in Latin is usually given as Angelus de Clavasio (Clavasium being the Latin name of his birthplace). This form is preserved in bibliographic usage. Life Antonio Carletti was born in 1411 to a noble family of Chivasso, Italy, near Turin. He attended the University of Bologna, where he received the degree of Doctor of Civil and Canon Law, and served as a magistrate in the Court of Chiavasso. He was appointed to the Senate by the Marquis of Monferrato Gian Giacomo. It was probably at the age of thirty that he entered the Order of Friars Minor at Santa Maria del Monte in Genoa, taking the name Angelo. There he met Francesco della Rovere, who was later to become Pope Sixtus IV. In 1467 he accompanied Fra Pietro da Napoli, who had been charged by the Vicar General to reorder the Franciscan province of Austria. In 1472 he was chosen to fill the office of Vicar-General of that branch of the Order then known as the Cismontane Observance, founded by Bernadine of Siena. He held that office again in 1478, in 1485 and in 1490. He founded the monasteries of Saluzzo, Mondovì and Pinerolo; and preached in Mantua, Genoa, Cuneo, Susa, Monferrato and Turin at the court of Charles I, Duke of Savoy. He also served as a spiritual counselor for Catherine of Genoa and Paola Gambara. Apostolic Nuncio In 1480 the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II took possession of Otranto, and threatened to overrun and lay waste the area. Angelo was appointed Apostolic Nuncio by Pope Sixtus IV, and commissioned to preach a crusade against the invaders. While the residents of Otranto held out under siege, Mehmed II died and the Turkish forces retired from the Italian peninsula. Again, in 1491, he was appointed Apostolic Nuncio and Commissary by Innocent VIII, conjointly with the Bishop of Mauriana, and reached a peaceful agreement between Catholics and Waldensians. Angelo Carletti di Chivasso died on April 11, 1495, at the convent of St. Anthony at Cuneo. Writings In theology he is considered a major adherent of Scotism. His works are given by Wadding in the latter's "Scriptores Ordinis Minorum". The most noted of these is the "Summa de Casibus Conscientiae", called after him the "Summa Angelica". The basis of this work was a "Summa Confessorum" by John Rumsik, O. P., Lector of Freiburg (d. 1314), which was then arranged alphabetically by Bartholomew of San Concordio who also added material on canon law. The first edition of di Chivasso's "Summa Angelica" appeared in the year 1486, and from that year to the year 1520 it went through 31 editions, 25 of which are preserved in the Royal Library at Munich. The "Summa" is divided into 659 articles arranged in alphabetical order and forming what would now be called a dictionary of moral theology. The most important of these articles is the one entitled "Interrogationes in Confessione". It serves, in a way, as a dictionary of moral theology and was found very useful for confessors. Judging the character of the work of Bl. Angelo as a theologian from this, his most important contribution to moral theology, one is impressed with the gravity and fairness that characterized his opinions throughout. The "Summa" is a valuable guide in matters of conscience and approaches closely, in the treatment of the various articles, to casuistic theology as this science is now understood, hence the title of the work, "Summa de Casibus Conscientiae". Martin Luther considered it a symbol of Catholic orthodoxy and had it publicly burned in the public square outside Wittenberg's Elster Gate on December 10, 1520, together with the Bull of Excommunication Exsurge Domine, the Corpus of Canon Law, and Johann Eck's "Chrysopassus". Editions Summa angelica de casibus conscientiae. Chivasso: Jacobinus Suigus, de Suico. 1486. Veneration On April 14, 1753, Pope Benedict XIII beatified Angelo Carletti, giving official approval to the cult that had for long been paid to Angelo, especially by the people of Chivasso and Coni. The latter chose him as their special patron. His feast is kept on 12 April. He is celebrated in his native Chivasso, with an old country fair each year at the end of August. References External links digital Summa de angelica. - Nürnberg : Anton Koberger, 10.02.1492. Works of O.F.M Angelus de Clavasio at the National Library of Portugal 1411 births 1495 deaths People from Chivasso Italian beatified people Italian Friars Minor 15th-century venerated Christians Scotism 15th-century Italian Roman Catholic theologians 15th-century Italian writers Beatifications by Pope Benedict XIV

11242266

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansoor%20Dadullah

Mansoor Dadullah

Mullah Mansoor Dadullah (died 2015) was Mullah Dadullah's younger half-brother who succeeded him as a senior military commander of the Taliban in southern Afghanistan. He came from the Arghandab district of Kandahar province, and belonged to the Kakar Pashtun tribe. Militant activity He appeared in a video which showed the "graduation Ceremony" of suicide bombers. In 2007, he was thought to be approximately 30 years old. During the 1990s, Mullah Mansoor Dadullah served as his brothers assistant during the Taliban's fight against the Afghan Northern Alliance. In November 2015, he was named as the Deputy Emir for the Taliban splinter faction, the High Council of the Afghanistan Islamic Emirate. In March 2007, Mullah Mansoor Dadullah was serving a prison sentence in Kabul when he was released in exchange for Italian journalist Daniele Mastrogiacomo, along with several other Taliban prisoners. At the time he was not considered to be of an important member of the Taliban movement. After his brother was killed on May 12, 2007, a Taliban spokesman announced that Mansoor Dadullah would be taking his place as military commander of the Taliban insurgency in Southern Afghanistan. His appointment is not thought to be the result of any particular ability, but was simply due to the fact that he was Dadullah's brother. Taliban leader Mullah Omar, who had resented Dadullah's brutality, was said to have opposed Mansoor Dadullah's appointment. He did, however, receive support from Al-Qaeda, who wished him to employ the tactics of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Afghanistan. In June 2007, Mullah Mansoor Dadullah said: "Sheikh Osama Bin Laden is alive and active. He’s carrying out his duties. The latest proof that he is alive is that he sent me a letter of condolences after the martyrdom of my brother. He advised me to follow my brother’s path." On December 29, 2007 Mullah Mansoor Dadullah was removed from his post as military commander by Mullah Omar due to insubordination. On February 11, 2008, Dadullah was seriously wounded and captured by Pakistani security forces in a crackdown on Taliban in Gawal Ismailzai area. Release Dadullah, alongside six other prisoners, was released by Pakistan on September 7, 2013 on the request of Afghan government for peace talks. After his release, Dadullah returned to Afghanistan to reorganise his brothers followers in a renewed Mullah Dadullah Front. Following the August 2015 announcement that Akhtar Mansour had succeeded the deceased Mullah Omar as leader of the Taliban, Dadullah refused to pledge allegiance to him, instead setting up a base with supporters in his native Zabul Province. Clashes followed between the forces loyal to Dadullah and Mansour. In early September, Afghan media sources had announced that Dadullah was said to have joined the Afghanistan branch of the Islamic State group, following disputes over the appointment of Akhtar Mansour as leader of the Taliban. The announcement came from an Islamic State supporter in Afghanistan who further stated that 230 IS fighters were deployed to Zabul province from Farah province to aid Dadullah's forces against 2,100 Taliban militants sent by Mansour. According to the district governor of Arghandab in Zabul Province, Haji Momand Nasratyar, Dadullah’s fighters are sympathetic to the Islamic State. However, other Afghan sources state that Dadullah denied joining the Islamic State in Afghanistan and was still loyal to the Taliban. He reportedly said "We are with the emirate and will (always) be." Dadullah was opposed to the Taliban leadership, calling Akhtar Mansour a "forger". Death Dadullah was killed in November 2015 in clashes between his forces and those loyal to Taliban leader Mansour in the Khak-e-Afghan District of Zabul. The claims of his death were supported by local tribal elders, government officials and Taliban commanders, however his spokesman, Mullah Naim Niazi, said that Dadullah had only been wounded. Despite this denial, his faction officially confirmed his death on August 15, 2016 and named his nephew Mullah Emdadullah Mansoor as his replacement. Mansoor vowed revenge for his uncle's death. References 1972 births 2015 deaths Pashtun people Taliban leaders Prisoners and detainees of Pakistan Afghan people imprisoned abroad Deaths by firearm in Afghanistan Afghan guerrillas killed in action Afghan expatriates in Pakistan

36430863

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Viv%C3%B3

José Vivó

José Vivó (19 May 1917 – 26 July 1989) was a Spanish television, theater and film actor. Life He studied engineering, but the Spanish Civil War forced him to leave his studies unfinished. He fought on the side of the Republican army and at the end of the conflict, he devoted himself fully to the world of acting. His career began in the theater in 1946. In 1950 he moved to Madrid where he remained for the rest of his professional life. Among his most notable films are: Bienvenido Mister Marshall (1953), La venganza de Don Mendo (1961), Las Ibéricas F.C. (1971), Ana y los lobos (1973), Las largas vacaciones del 36 (1976), Mamá cumple cien años (1979), El crimen de Cuenca (1980), Asesinato en el Comité Central (1982), El Sur (1983), El caballero del dragón (1985) and El Lute (camina o revienta) (1987). He also worked extensible on the theater, but it was for his appearances in television where he became best known. He began his career on TV since the start of this medium in Spain in the 1950s, taking part in a great number of programs until shortly before his death. Partial filmography Costa Brava (1946) La casa de las sonrisas (1948) - Julio Doce horas de vida (1949) - Luis Tiempos felices (1950) Saturday Night (1950) La trinca del aire (1951) Welcome Mr. Marshall! (1953) - Secretario The Italians They Are Crazy (1958) Don Mendo's Revenche (1962) - Marqués de la Moncada Las nenas del mini-mini (1969) - Padre de Mao El certificado (1970) - Consul de Venezuela Las ibéricas F.C. (1971) - Entrenador del equipo contrario Las melancólicas (1971) - Doctor The Scarlet Letter (1973) Flor de santidad (1973) - Cardenal Ana and the Wolves (1973) - Juan Cebo para una adolescente (1974) - Antonio Vida conyugal sana (1974) - Gutiérrez El chulo (1974) Vera, un cuento cruel (1974) - Notario (Don Carlos) Sex o no sex (1974) - Psicoanalista Doctor, me gustan las mujeres, ¿es grave? (1974) - Don Joaquín El asesino no está solo (1975) - Raimundo El vicio y la virtud (1975) - Lozano Madrid, Costa Fleming (1976) - Iturriaga Long Vacations of 36 (1976) - Alberto Cuando los maridos se iban a la guerra (1976) - Físico La ciutat cremada (1976) - Doctor Robert Volvoreta (1976) - Preco El segundo poder (1976) - Hornachuelos El hombre que supo amar (1977) - Don Luis El puente (1977) - (uncredited) El perro (1977) - Sebastián El último guateque (1978) - (uncredited) El sacerdote (1978) - Obispo Cabo de vara (1978) Traffic Jam (1979) - Mercedes passenger El día del presidente (1979) - Ministro de Sanidad Mama Turns 100 (1979) - Juan El buscón (1979) - Alonso The Crime of Cuenca (1980) - Don Rufo Los fieles sirvientes (1980) - Álvarez La plaça del Diamant (1982) - Mossèn Vivó Asesinato en el Comité Central (1982) - Fonseca La colmena (1982) - Prestamista Femenino singular (1982) - Padre de Luisa El Sur (1983) - Camarero Panic Beats (1983) - Dr. Rigaud La bestia y la espada mágica (1983) - Liutprando de Cremona La mujer del juez (1984) - Padre de Paz / Paz's father El jardín secreto (1984) - (uncredited) Mon ami Washington (1984) Padre nuestro (1985) - Papa Luces de bohemia (1985) - Zaratustra Caso cerrado (1985) - Director de la prisión The Knight of the Dragon (1985) - Count of Rue La noche de la ira (1986) - Matías El hermano bastardo de Dios (1986) Policía (1987) - Narcotraficante La guerra de los locos (1987) El Lute: Run for Your Life (1987) - Ministro Jarrapellejos (1988) - Conde La diputada (1988) - Solana Diario de invierno (1988) La punyalada (1990) - Avi References External links 1917 births 1989 deaths Spanish male film actors Spanish male television actors Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (Republican faction) 20th-century Spanish male actors

35538916

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Kanke

Victor Kanke

Victor Andreyevich Kanke (Russian: Виктор Андре́евич Ка́нке) (29 April 1944) is a Russian philosopher born in the village of Nekrasovo, Slavgorod District, Altai Territory to a German family. He taught physics at school (1966-1974) and philosophy at the Biysk State Teacher Training Institute (1976-1987) and the Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering (since 1987). Theories In his doctoral dissertation (1985), Kanke developed the concept of time forms, according to which the nature of time is always determined by the specifics of the processes in which it is inherent. Time is a measure of the process from its inception to its new state. It is a common mistake to give physical time universal features. But it is an adequate quantitative measure of solely physical processes. In 1996–2011, Kanke developed the theory of conceptual transitions. According to this theory, philosophy in its modern form is divided into two parts, namely, substantial and metascientific philosophy. Substantial philosophy, unable to keep pace with science, inevitably takes on a metaphysical form, which is characteristic of post structuralism, critical hermeneutics and analytic philosophy. In its metascientific form, philosophy has to do with subsciences, examining and criticizing their contents. The metascientific approach is opposed to metaphysics in philosophy and substantialism in Science, according to which science does not need to study metascience. The metascientific approach gives priority to the conceptual structure of modern theories that implement some form of transition from one concept to another. Kanke believes that the metascientific approach is an antidote to SPAM (syndrome of acquired antimetascientificity in sciences) and SPAN (syndrome of acquired antiscientificity in philosophy). Ethics takes a prominent place in Kanke's theoretical constructions. He believes that modern ethics is built in a substantial manner, so it is dominated by the unscientific syndrome. Genuine ethics is the apex of the philosophy of axiological sciences, it aims at achieving the full potential of the transdisciplinary matrix of modern science, including scientific philosophy. The theory of scientific transduction involves a comprehensive development of the philosophy of individual scientific disciplines. In this regard, Kanke is known for his monographs in the philosophy of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, computer science, economics, history, management, law, pedagogy. In accordance with the theory of conceptual transitions, Kanke constructs relevant courses in philosophy. He believes that the general arguments about philosophy and the philosophy of science must necessarily be supplemented by a detailed excursion into the conceptual features of various sciences. Selected books 2008. Philosophy of Science. A Short Encyclopedia. Moscow: Omega-L. . 2008 (2000). The Main Philosophical Trends and Conceptions of Science. Moscow: Logos. . 2012 (1984). Forms of Time. Moscow: URSS. 2008. General Philosophy of Science. Moscow: Omega-L. . 2007 (2003). History of Philosophy. Thinkers, Concepts and Discoveries. Moscow: Logos. . 2003. Ethics of Responsibility. A Theory of Morality of the Future. Moscow: Logos. . 2007. Modern Ethics. Moscow: Omega-L. . 2011. Modern Philosophy. Moscow: Omega-L. . 2007. The Philosophy of Textbooks. Moscow: University Book. . 2006 (2001). Conceptions of Modern Natural Sciences. Moscow: Logos. . 2011. The Philosophy of Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology. Moscow: Knorus. . 2007. The Philosophy of Economics. Moscow: Infra-M. . 2010. The Philosophy of Management. Moscow: Knorus. . 2009. The Philosophy of History. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow State University Press. (Co-authored). . 2011. History and Philosophy of Chemistry. Moscow: Publishing House of National Nuclear Research University “MEPHI”. . 2011. The Philosophy of Pedagogy. Moscow. . 2013. The methodology of scientific knowledge. Moscow: Omega-L. . 2013. History, philosophy and methodology of engineering and computer science. Moscow: Yurayt. . 2014. History, philosophy and methodology of psychology and pedagogy. Moscow: Yurayt. . 2014. History, philosophy and methodology of natural sciences. Moscow: Yurayt. . 2014. History, philosophy and methodology of social sciences. Moscow: Yurayt. . 2021. Encyclopedia of Metascience and Special Philosophy of Science. Hong Kong/Tallinn: Eurasian Scientific Editions. , . 2022. 50 critical essays on the philosophy of science. Geneva/Hong Kong/Tallinn: Eurasian Scientific Editions. . References http://yanko.lib.ru/books/philosoph/kanke_philosophy.htm http://www.koob.ru/kanke/ http://www.chronos.msu.ru/biographies/kanke.html External links Homepage 20th-century Russian philosophers Philosophers of history Philosophers of science 1944 births Living people Academic staff of Obninsk Institute for Nuclear Power Engineering

22140157

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th%20Cavalry%20Regiment

112th Cavalry Regiment

The 112th Cavalry Regiment is a Texas National Guard regiment that served in several Pacific campaigns during World War II. Early history The 112th Cavalry was first organized in 1918 as the 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment before being disbanded in 1920. In December 1920 the Texas National Guard was reorganized as the 36th Infantry Division and the 1st Texas Cavalry Brigade less one regiment. On 20 July 1921 the 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment became the 112th Cavalry. In March 1929 the 2nd Squadron and the Machine Gun Squadron of the 112th were reorganized into the 124th Cavalry Regiment. The 112th and 124th Cavalry were brigaded into the 56th Cavalry Brigade in 1940. World War II On 10 November 1940 President Roosevelt federalized the National Guard, and on 18 November 1940 the 112th was posted to Fort Bliss. The 112th's sister regiment in the brigade, the 124th Cavalry was the last of the cavalry regiments to give up their horses and was later sent to Burma. The regiment patrolled the Mexican border until being shipped to New Caledonia on 8 July 1942 arriving on 11 August 1942. They were assigned to the Americal Division under General Alexander Patch. The 112th Cavalry were assigned Australian Waler horses, and ordered to New Caledonia to serve as a horse mounted security force. General Patch initially thought horse mounted cavalry could be used in jungle warfare, but the torrential Pacific rains and the mud that followed damaged the horses' hooves, changing the general's mind. The Australian horses were shipped to Burma and assigned to Chinese forces who mistreated them. In 1944 the Walers rejoined the American Army being assigned to Merrill's Marauders. During the heavy fighting on Guadalcanal, General Alexander Vandegrift of the 1st Marine Division sent an urgent request for machetes for his Marines. General Patch took the sabers of the regiment, cut them down and sent them to the Marines for jungle warfare use. After extensive training the 112th made its first amphibious landing at Woodlark Island as part of Operation Chronicle on 30 June 1943. The landing was unopposed, and the cavalrymen established a defensible perimeter to protect Seabees building an airstrip on the island. The regiment was sent to Goodenough Island for training and became part of Task Force Director in preparation for its first action, Operation Director the Battle of Arawe. The 112th set sail on , and the high speed transports and . On 15 December 1943 the regiment landed in three separate amphibious operations on New Britain. One of these landings involved Troop A of the 2nd Squadron landing in rubber boats off Sands against fierce defense that sank all but three of the boats. The destroyer sailed close as possible to the enemy defenders to shell them and rescue the survivors of A Troop. Troop B landed at Pilelo Island from Humphreys in 15 rubber boats on the same day. When meeting resistance from Japanese troops in caves, Troop B destroyed one with a bazooka and one with a flamethrower the first use of the weapon in the Southwest Pacific area. The main landings were from amphibious tractors launched from Carter Hall and landing craft from Westralia. In this landing the 112th Cavalry were the first to use the rocket firing DUKWs. After linking up with the 1st Marine Division, the 112th was assigned to the 32nd Infantry Division in Aitape Papua New Guinea. The regiment fought in the Battle of Driniumor River for 51 days taking 62% casualties. Two of the regiment's second lieutenants, Dale Eldon Christensen and George W. G. Boyce Jr. were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions during this period. On 1 October 1944 the 112th Cavalry was combined with the 114th Field Artillery Battalion became the 112th Regimental Combat Team (RCT) and departed Aitape for Leyte in the Philippines on 31 October 1944. The 112th RCT was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division for the Battle of Leyte and Battle of Luzon. Following the Japanese surrender, the 112th landed in Japan for Occupation Duties on 3 September 1945. During World War II the 112th Cavalry served 434 days in combat. They were the first U.S. Army unit in the Southwest Pacific to use bazookas and flame throwers against enemy defenses and first used rocket firing DUKWs in amphibious assaults. The 112th were the first unit in the Philippines to use helicopters to evacuate their wounded. Two of the regiment's late replacements authored books after the war ended. Norman Mailer wrote The Naked and the Dead, and Francis Gwaltney authored The Day the Century Ended, later filmed as Between Heaven and Hell. Postwar The regiment was inactivated in Japan in 1946 but was re-organized on 13 November 1947 as the 112th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, then reorganized on 12 September 1949 as the 112th Armored Cavalry Regiment. On 16 March 1957 the regiment became the 112th Armor and was transferred to active service. In 1961 it was transferred back to the National Guard as part of the 49th Armored Division. Following the reflagging of the 49th Armored Division, the 112th Armor became part of the 56th Brigade of the 36th Infantry Division. From 1973 all of the Texas Army National Guard armor units were renumbered as battalions of the 112th Armor. From 1988 to 1993 eight battalions were assigned to the 112th making it then the largest armored regiment in the U.S. Army. 21st Century On 17 October 2008, the 4th Battalion, 112th Armor was renamed 1st Squadron, 112th Cavalry. The unit carries the colors and lineage of the original 112th Cavalry Regiment. The squadron Headquarters and Headquarters Troop is based in Bryan, Texas, with A Troop, B Troop, and C Troop based in Taylor, Rosenberg, and Houston, respectively. A and B Troops are equipped as cavalry units with HMMWVs, and C Troop is a dismounted infantry unit. The 1st Squadron, 112th Cavalry is part of the 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team now part of the 35th Infantry Division. In early 2015, 1-112 Cavalry deployed to the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt as multinational force and observers (MFO), tasked with ensuring peace between Israel and Egypt in accordance with the 1979 treaty between the two nations. The squadron completed its tour in November 2015 and redeployed to the United States. In 2020, 1-112 Cavalry again deployed to the Sinai Peninsula. 1-112 Cavalry officially assumed MFO duties in the Sinai on 8 March 2020, relieving 1st Battalion, 294th Infantry Regiment of the Guam Army National Guard. On 24 November 2020, 1-112 Cavalry was relieved by 1st Battalion, 133rd Field Artillery Regiment, also of the Texas Army National Guard. References External links Texas military forces museum Oral history project Military units and formations established in 1918 112

17088751

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavescence%20dor%C3%A9e

Flavescence dorée

Flavescence dorée (from French "Flavescence" : yellowing and "dorée" : golden) is one of the most important and damaging phytoplasma diseases of the vine with the potential to threaten vineyards. The bacterial agent has recently been named Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis, and its vector is the leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus. Infection may kill young vines and greatly reduce the productivity of old vines. It is classified as a phytoplasma disease belonging to the group generically termed grapevine yellows. Occurrences are in sporadic epidemics, and varieties vary in their sensitivity to it. There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by uprooting infected plants and by using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors. Symptoms The incubation period between infection and obvious symptoms is usually one year or more, depending on the response of the plant to both pathogen and environmental circumstances. Flavescence dorée has the following symptoms: leaves become yellow or red, depending on the variety downward rolling of leaves drying of stems and grapes there is no cold hardening Some plants affected with Flavescence dorée may die, some may be asymptomatic while some, depending on the grapevine variety, can recover in a process currently not completely understood. The S titanus can not get the Flavescence dorée from recovered and asymptomatic plants. Tests The Phytoplasma bacterium species responsible for the disease cannot be cultured in vitro in cell-free media. Quantitative PCR can be used for the early detection of the bacterium in the plant. Biology Ca. Phytoplasma vitis is part of the 16SrV group (group name: Elm yellows) in the Phytoplasma taxonomy. History Flavescence dorée first appeared in 1949 in the Armagnac region of south west France. Its insect vector, S. titanus, was originally native to the Eastern United States and Canada and is believed to have been introduced to Europe either during World War II or earlier with American rootstock brought in to fight off phylloxera. Spreading steadily throughout France, it had by 1987 reached the wine growing regions of Cognac, Languedoc and northern and southern Rhône, and by 1992 the Loire Valley, and Bordeaux. Variants of the disease are found in Switzerland, Germany, Italy, New York state, and Australia. The period of milder winters and warmer springs and falls at the beginning of the 21st century allowed S. titanus to have longer periods to complete, which is a probable reason for the increase of its population and expansion in western, eastern and southern Europe. Although Scaphoideus titanus descends from North America, flavescence dorée is not reported in USA and Canada. Management Without control measures to manage Flavescence dorée it can infect all vines in a vineyard within only a couple of years. There is no cure at the moment and the way to manage its spread is by: uprooting infected plants, using selective insecticides in an area-wide pest management approach in order to reduce the hemipteran vectors careful monitoring of the propagation material Complete suppression of Flavescence dorée is not possible only with insecticides because they reduce populations of S. titanus in average by about 80-95%. That is why uprooting of infected plants should be combined with insecticide application. During the period of activity of adult vector it is strongly recommended to avoid any kind of mechanical or chemical control of host plants because its unavailability could drive infected vector to disperse to other noninfected plants. It has been proposed by Antoine Caudwell, a French agriculturist who was a pioneer in research on grapevine phytoplasma diseases such as flavescence dorée, to treat plant material with hot water since 1966. When later works proved the effectiveness of the hot water treatment it was recognized in EU Directive and some other organizations. See also List of grape diseases black wood of grapevine or "Stolbur" or "Bois noir", another vine disease due to a Phytoplasma species References External links Documentation at inra.fr Bacterial grape diseases Candidatus taxa

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TILLING%20%28molecular%20biology%29

TILLING (molecular biology)

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes) is a method in molecular biology that allows directed identification of mutations in a specific gene. TILLING was introduced in 2000, using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and expanded on into other uses and methodologies by a small group of scientists including Luca Comai. TILLING has since been used as a reverse genetics method in other organisms such as zebrafish, maize, wheat, rice, soybean, tomato and lettuce. Overview The method combines a standard and efficient technique of mutagenesis using a chemical mutagen such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) with a sensitive DNA screening-technique that identifies single base mutations (also called point mutations) in a target gene. The TILLING method relies on the formation of DNA heteroduplexes that are formed when multiple alleles are amplified by PCR and are then heated and slowly cooled. A “bubble” forms at the mismatch of the two DNA strands, which is then cleaved by a single stranded nuclease. The products are then separated by size on several different platforms (see below). Mismatches may be due to induced mutation, heterozygosity within an individual, or natural variation between individuals. EcoTILLING is a method that uses TILLING techniques to look for natural mutations in individuals, usually for population genetics analysis. DEcoTILLING is a modification of TILLING and EcoTILLING which uses an inexpensive method to identify fragments. Since the advent of NGS sequencing technologies, TILLING-by-sequencing has been developed based on Illumina sequencing of target genes amplified from multidimensionally pooled templates to identify possible single-nucleotide changes. Single strand cleavage enzymes There are several sources for single strand nucleases. The first widely used enzyme was mung bean nuclease, but this nuclease has been shown to have high non-specific activity, and only works at low pH, which can degrade PCR products and dye-labeled primers. The original source for single strand nuclease was from CEL1, or CJE (celery juice extract), but other products have entered the market including Frontier Genomics’ SNiPerase enzymes, which have been optimized for use on platforms that use labeled and unlabeled PCR products (see next section). Transgenomic isolated the single strand nuclease protein and sells it as a recombinant form. The advantage of the recombinant form is that unlike the enzyme mixtures, it does not contain non-specific nuclease activity, which can degrade the dyes on the PCR primers. The disadvantage is a substantially higher cost. Separation of cleaved products The first paper describing TILLING used HPLC to identify mutations (McCallum et al., 2000a). The method was made more high throughput by using the restriction enzyme Cel-I combined with the LICOR gel based system to identify mutations (Colbert et al.,2001). Advantages to using this system are that mutation sites can be easily confirmed and differentiated from noise. This is because different colored dyes can be used for the forward and reverse primers. Once the cleavage products have been run on a gel, it can be viewed in separate channels, and much like an RFLP, the fragment sizes within a lane in each channel should add up to the full length product size. Advantages to the LICOR system are separation of large fragments (~ 2kb), high sample throughput (96 samples loaded on paper combs), and freeware to identify the mutations (GelBuddy). Drawbacks to the LICOR system is having to pour slab gels and long run times (~4 hours). TILLING and EcoTILLING methods are now being used on capillary systems from, Advanced Analytical Technologies, ABI and Beckman. Several systems can be used to separate PCR products that are not labeled with dyes. Simple agarose electrophoresis systems will separate cleavage products inexpensively and with standard lab equipment. This was used to discover SNPs in chum salmon and was referred to as DEcoTILLING. The disadvantage of this system is reduced resolution compared to polyacrylamide systems. Elchrom Scientific sells Spreadex gels which are precast, can be high throughput and are more sensitive than standard polyacrylamide gels. Advanced Analytical Technologies Inc sells the AdvanCE FS96 dsDNA Fluorescent System which is a 96 capillary electrophoresis system that has several advantages over traditional methods; including ability to separate large fragments (up to 40kb), no desalting or precipitation step required, short run times (~30 minutes), sensitivity to 5pg/ul and no need for fluorescent labeled primers. TILLING centers Several TILLING centers exist over the world that focus on agriculturally important species: Rice – UC Davis (USA) Maize – Purdue University (USA) Brassica napus – University of British Columbia (CA) Brassica rapa – John Innes Centre (UK) Arabidopsis – Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Soybean – Southern Illinois University (USA) Lotus and Medicago – John Innes Centre (UK)] Wheat – UC Davis (USA) Pea, Tomato - INRA (France) Tomato - RTGR, University of Hyderabad (India) References Scientific literature External links The Arabidopsis Tilling project Introduction to TILLING Zebrafish TILLING project Sanger Institute Zebrafish Mutation Project Biochemistry detection methods Genetics techniques Molecular biology