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v2_100

Compare the average kinetic energies of the particles in each sample. The diagrams below show two pure samples of gas in identical closed, rigid containers. Each colored ball represents one gas particle. Both samples have the same number of particles. Which sample has the higher temperature? Sample A or sample B?<IMG><image_0>

sample A

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v2_101

Which of these highlighted cities is the farthest north?<IMG><image_0>

CHICAGO

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v2_102

Where is this photo taken?<IMG><image_0>

turkey<OR>syria

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v2_103

Where is this photo taken?<IMG><image_0>

oscar<AND>2023

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v2_104

Where is this photo taken?<IMG><image_0>

qatar

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v2_105

In which country was this photo taken?<IMG><image_0>

australia

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v2_106

Are the trees taller than the giraffes?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_107

Is this airplane taking off or landing?<IMG><image_0>

taking off

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v2_108

How many people are sitting down?<IMG><image_0>

one

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v2_109

Is the trash empty or full?<IMG><image_0>

empty

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v2_110

Does the giraffe appear dangerous?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_111

Is there any reflection of zebra in water?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_112

Is the man happy?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_113

Are all of the cats the same color?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_114

Is that wine in the background?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_115

Is the man going to fall down?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_116

What place is pictured?<IMG><image_0>

shore

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v2_117

Is it outdoors?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_118

How's the weather?<IMG><image_0>

clear<OR>sunny

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v2_119

What is the color of the fence made of metal?<IMG><image_0>

green

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v2_120

Does the person to the left of the man appear to be sitting?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_121

Is the plate of the table both dirty and silver?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_122

Is the curtain on the right side or on the left of the picture?<IMG><image_0>

left

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v2_123

Is there a computer in this photo?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_124

Are there napkins under the utensil to the left of the rice?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_125

Are there nuts or vegetables?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_126

Are there both plates and forks in this picture?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_127

What is this bird called?<IMG><image_0>

parrot<OR>conure

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Which animal in the picture is larger, the cat or the dog?<IMG><image_0>

cat

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v2_129

On the right desk, what is to the left of the laptop? <IMG><image_0>

table lamp<OR>desk lamp

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v2_130

Does the man ride a horse?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_131

Is the surfer to the left or to the right of the surfboard?<IMG><image_0>

left

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What is the lamp on, a side table or a nightstand?<IMG><image_0>

side table

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v2_133

What do both the stump and the fence have in common?<IMG><image_0>

material

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Is the spoon made of the same material as the chopsticks?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_135

Does the shirt have a different color than the kite?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_136

Do all these people have the same gender?<IMG><image_0>

no

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v2_137

Are these two animals different species?<IMG><image_0>

yes

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v2_138

Where are the persons? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

They are in a college classroom. I think so because he young woman appears to be college age, and they are surrounded by desks and chairs.

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v2_139

Why are the persons wearing black clothes? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

They are going to a funeral. I think so because it is traditional for people to wear black to a funeral.

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v2_140

Why is the woman wearing a robe? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

She is getting ready for bed. I think so because The room appears to be a bedroom and the woman is headed in the general direction of her bed.

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Where is this happening? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

This is happening in a fancy restaurant. I think so because the man is dressed fancily and the background is fancy.

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Is it summertime in the scene? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

No, it looks to be fall. I thinks so because there are pumpkins in the background and they are normally associated with fall.

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Is the woman in red going to be mad at the man, for looking at the woman in dress? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

Yes, the woman in red and the man appear to be a couple and the woman in red would not appreciate the man checking out other women.I think so because in a monogamous relationship, partners are expected to be faithful to one another.

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v2_144

Why does the woman have both of her hands in the air? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

She just shot a basketball. I think so because Her arms are angled for a basketball shot and they are in a basketball arena.

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What kind of school does the boy go to? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

The boy goes to a private school, not a public school. I think so because the boy is all dressed up in a suit, public schools don't require that but some private schools do.

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v2_146

Do the persons live in this house? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

No they do not. I think so because they are all looking around at the paintings and decorations, which one would not do if they were used to seeing them.

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v2_147

Why are the man and woman in white so close to each other? Answer it and give the rationale.<IMG><image_0>

They just got married. I think so because they're in wedding clothing and everyone is looking at them.

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Can you explain this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme is a humorous take on procrastination and the tendency to delay tasks until a specific time. The person in the meme plans to do something at 8 o'clock, but when they miss that deadline by a few minutes, they decide to wait until 9 o'clock instead. The image of Kermit the Frog lying in bed represents the person's laziness and lack of motivation to complete the task.

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Can you explain this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme is a commentary on the current situation of online learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It shows how different parties are affected by it. The first two images show the Zoom company and the teachers throwing money in the air, which implies that they are profiting from the situation. Zoom, in particular, has seen a surge in usage and revenue due to the pandemic. The third image shows the WiFi company also throwing money in the air, which implies that they are also profiting from the situation as more people are using the internet for online learning. The last image shows a student with a sad clown face, which implies that students are not benefiting from the situation and are struggling with online learning. The "Put on a happy face" sign in the background further emphasizes the idea that students are putting on a brave face despite their struggles.

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Can you explain this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme is poking fun at the fact that the names of the countries Iceland and Greenland are misleading. Despite its name, Iceland is known for its beautiful green landscapes, while Greenland is mostly covered in ice and snow. The meme is saying that the person has trust issues because the names of these countries do not accurately represent their landscapes.

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Can you explain this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme is poking fun at how a student's handwriting deteriorates during an exam. The first two pages show neat and legible handwriting, the middle page shows slightly messier handwriting, and the last two pages show completely illegible scribbles. This is likely due to the student becoming tired or rushed as the exam progresses.

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Can you explain this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme is a joke about how new college students (freshmen) are often eager to take notes and learn everything they can in class. The image is from the cartoon SpongeBob SquarePants, where SpongeBob and Patrick are frantically writing down notes. The caption implies that the freshmen are so eager to learn that they are even writing down the professor's greeting.

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What is funny about this image?<IMG><image_0>

It is a cartoon of a rhinoceros painting a picture and each picture has its rhino horn because the rhino horn grows in front of its eyes. The caption "You see the world as you are!" is a playful commentary on how our perspective shapes our perception of the world.

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What is funny about this image?<IMG><image_0>

There are a few things that people might find funny about this image: 1. The contrast between the two images: On the left, we see two women who are very emotional and angry, while on the right, we see a cat who is calmly sitting at a dinner table. 2. The absurdity of the cat's situation: It is not common to see a cat sitting at a dinner table with a plate of food in front of it, so this image is unexpected and ridiculous. 3. The cat's expression: The cat appears to be frightened by the women's yelling, which adds to the humor of the image.

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What occasions would someone use this meme?<IMG><image_0>

The meme with the sleepy man and the Chinese caption "除了睡觉时间不想睡觉其他时间都想睡觉" (Except during sleep time, I don't want to sleep. But during other times, I want to sleep) can be used in various occasions where the theme of feeling sleepy or having conflicting desires is relevant. Here are a few scenarios where this meme could be fitting: Relatable sleepiness: The meme can be shared on social media or in conversations when expressing the relatable feeling of being tired or sleepy during the day. It can serve as a lighthearted way to convey that relatable experience and generate a humorous response from others who can relate. Work or study-related humor: This meme can be used in work or study-related contexts to humorously express the desire to sleep or feeling drowsy during tasks that require attentiveness and focus. It can be shared among colleagues or classmates to lighten the mood and create a shared understanding of the challenges of staying awake and alert. Procrastination humor: The meme can also be used to depict the internal struggle between wanting to sleep or rest instead of engaging in productive activities. It can be shared when discussing procrastination or humorous self-reflections on the constant desire to avoid responsibilities and indulge in relaxation. Comedic irony: The meme's contradiction between sleep time and wanting to sleep at other times can be used as a form of comedic irony in various contexts. It can be shared when discussing situations where our desires or behaviors contradict what is expected or appropriate, adding a humorous twist to the conversation. Ultimately, the meme can be employed in different situations where its theme of sleepiness, conflicting desires, or ironic situations aligns with the topic or sentiment being discussed, adding a touch of humor and relatability to the conversation or online interaction.

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What occasions would someone use this meme?<IMG><image_0>

This meme, commonly known as "Screaming Panda," is typically used to express shock, surprise, or fear. It could be used in response to a startling or unexpected event, or to convey a sense of panic or alarm. Some possible occasions where someone might use this meme include: - Reacting to a jump scare in a horror movie - Responding to a surprising plot twist in a TV show or book - Expressing shock at a news headline or current event - Conveying fear or anxiety about an upcoming deadline or exam - Showing surprise at an unexpected outcome in a sports game or other competition.

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What occasions would someone use this meme?<IMG><image_0>

The "crying cat" meme with the Chinese caption "Mom!" is typically used to express a sense of distress, helplessness, or seeking comfort. Here are some occasions where someone might use this meme: Expressing vulnerability: The meme can be used to express a moment of vulnerability or when feeling overwhelmed. It can convey a sense of seeking support or empathy from others by humorously invoking the idea of calling out for one's mother. Seeking comfort or sympathy: This meme can be shared to evoke sympathy or support from friends or online communities. By using a relatable and recognizable meme format, it can effectively communicate feelings of sadness, disappointment, or needing emotional support. Self-deprecating humor: The meme can also be used in a self-deprecating manner to make light of personal situations or minor mishaps. It allows individuals to humorously highlight their own moments of perceived "helplessness" while inviting others to provide comfort or reassurance. Playful emotional exaggeration: The meme's dramatic and exaggerated expression can be used in a playful manner to emphasize a situation or event that is not necessarily distressing but may require attention or care. It can add a humorous touch when expressing minor inconveniences or humorous hyperbole. It's important to note that meme usage and interpretation can vary, and individuals may find creative ways to adapt it to different contexts. The suggested occasions above provide a general understanding of when this meme could be used based on its common themes and emotional tone.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

The dish is called "Hungarian Mushroom Soup". This Hungarian mushroom soup has lots of flavor and is fairly quick to make. It's primarily a mushroom soup but derives a lot of its flavor from other ingredients. My family loves soup and this is one of their favorites. Prep Time: 15 mins Cook Time: 35 mins Total Time: 50 mins Servings: 6 Ingredients 4 tablespoons unsalted butter 2 cups chopped onions 1 pound fresh mushrooms, sliced 2 cups chicken broth 1 tablespoon soy sauce 1 tablespoon paprika 2 teaspoons dried dill weed 1 cup milk 3 tablespoons all-purpose flour ½ cup sour cream ¼ cup chopped fresh parsley 2 teaspoons lemon juice 1 teaspoon salt ground black pepper to taste Directions Step1 Melt butter in a large pot over medium heat. Add onions; cook and stir until softened, about 5 minutes. Add mushrooms and sauté for 5 more minutes. Stir in broth, soy sauce, paprika, and dill; reduce heat to low, cover, and simmer for 15 minutes. step2 Whisk milk and flour together in a separate bowl; stir into soup until blended. Cover and simmer for 15 more minutes, stirring occasionally. Step3 Add sour cream, parsley, lemon juice, salt, and ground black pepper; stir over low heat until warmed through, about 3 to 5 minutes. Serve immediately.

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v2_159

How to make this?<IMG><image_0>

This is called "Sparkling Cantaloupe Agua Fresca". This refreshing agua fresca with cantaloupe and lime juice topped with club soda is perfect on a hot day. Prep Time: 15 mins Total Time: 15 mins Servings: 8 Ingredients 2 pounds fresh cantaloupe cubes (6 cups) 2 cups water 6 tablespoons freshly squeezed lime juice (from 2 limes) 3 tablespoons honey 1/4 teaspoon salt 2 cups club soda, chilled cantaloupe melon balls or cubes, for garnish lime zest twists, for garnish Directions Step 1 Working in batches if needed, blend cantaloupe, water, lime juice, honey, and salt in a blender until smooth. Press through a sieve; discard solids. Add strained juice to a pitcher. Step 2 Chill until ready to serve. Add club soda just before serving. Serve over ice, and garnish glasses with melon balls and lime zest twists.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Ginger Glazed Mahi Mahi". This ginger sauce for mahi mahi is bursting with flavor and combines both sweet and sour taste sensations. This recipe is a snap and so delicious. You'll love it! Prep Time: 5 mins Cook Time: 10 mins Additional Time: 20 mins Total Time: 35 mins Servings: 4 Ingredients 3 tablespoons honey 3 tablespoons soy sauce 3 tablespoons balsamic vinegar 2 teaspoons olive oil 1 teaspoon grated fresh ginger root 1 clove garlic, crushed or to taste 4 (6 ounce) mahi mahi fillets salt and pepper to taste 1 tablespoon vegetable oil Directions Step 1 Mix honey, soy sauce, balsamic vinegar, olive oil, ginger, and garlic together in a shallow dish. Season fish fillets with salt and pepper; place them skin-sides down in the dish with marinade. Cover and refrigerate for 20 minutes. Step 2 Heat vegetable oil in a large skillet over medium-high heat. Remove fish fillets, reserving marinade. Fry fish for 4 to 6 minutes on each side, turning only once, until fish flakes easily with a fork. Remove fillets to a serving platter and keep warm. Step 3 Pour reserved marinade into the skillet; simmer over medium heat until reduced to a glaze. Spoon glaze over fish and serve.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Strawberry Rhubarb Pie". This strawberry rhubarb pie is a favorite springtime dessert in our house. The filling has a sweet-tart flavor; bake in your favorite pie crust and serve with vanilla ice cream. Prep Time: 20 mins Cook Time: 35 mins Additional Time: 30 mins Total Time: 1 hr 25 mins Servings: 8 Yield: 1 9-inch pie Ingredients 1 cup white sugar ½ cup all-purpose flour 1 pound rhubarb, cut into 1/4 inch slices 2 pints strawberries, hulled and quartered 1 recipe pastry for a 9 inch double crust pie 2 tablespoons butter 1 large egg yolk 2 tablespoons white sugar Directions Step 1 Preheat oven to 400 degrees F (200 degrees C). Step 2 In a large bowl, mix flour and sugar. Step 3 Add strawberries and chopped rhubarb. Toss with sugar and flour and let stand for 30 minutes. Step 4 Pour filling into prepared pie crust. Dot top with butter, and cover with top crust. Seal edges of top and bottom crust with water. Step 5 Apply yolk to top of pie, using a pastry brush. Step 6 Sprinkle with sugar. Step 7 Cut small holes in top to let steam escape. Step 8 Bake at 400 degrees F (200 degrees C), for 35 to 40 minutes, or until bubbly and brown. Cool on rack. Step 9 Enjoy!

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Authentic Chinese Egg Rolls". These Chinese egg rolls come from my mom who is the best cook ever — and I am a picky eater. If I like this, then you will. This is very authentic because my family is Chinese and I am too. This recipe is at least 300 years old in the Ling family. Prep Time: 1 hr Cook Time: 30 mins Additional Time: 1 hr Total Time: 2 hrs 30 mins Servings: 20 Yield: 20 egg rolls Ingredients 4 teaspoons vegetable oil, divided 3 large eggs, beaten 1 medium head cabbage, finely shredded ½ carrot, julienned 1 pound Chinese barbequed or roasted pork, cut into matchsticks 1 (8 ounce) can shredded bamboo shoots 1 cup dried, shredded wood ear mushroom, rehydrated 2 green onions, thinly sliced 2 ½ teaspoons soy sauce 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon sugar ½ teaspoon monosodium glutamate (MSG) 1 (14 ounce) package egg roll wrappers 1 egg white, beaten 4 cups oil for frying, or as needed Directions Step 1 Heat 1 teaspoon vegetable oil in a wok or large skillet over medium heat. Pour in beaten eggs and cook, without stirring, until firmed up. Flip eggs over and cook for an additional 20 seconds to firm the other side. Set egg pancake aside to cool, then slice into thin strips. Step 2 Heat remaining vegetable oil in a wok or large skillet over high heat. Stir in cabbage and carrot; cook for 2 minutes to wilt. Add pork, bamboo shoots, mushroom, green onions, soy sauce, salt, sugar, and MSG; continue cooking until vegetables soften, about 6 minutes. Stir in sliced egg, then spread the mixture out onto a pan, and refrigerate until cold, about 1 hour. Step 3 To assemble the egg rolls: Place a wrapper onto your work surface with one corner pointing towards you. Place about 3 tablespoons of cooled filling in a heap onto the bottom third of the wrapper. Brush a little beaten egg white onto the top two edges of the wrapper, then fold the bottom corner over the filling and roll firmly to the halfway point. Fold the left and right sides snugly over the egg roll, then continue rolling until the top corners seal the egg roll with the egg white. Repeat with remaining egg roll wrappers, covering finished egg rolls with plastic wrap to keep from drying out. Step 4 Heat about 6 inches of oil in a wok or deep-fryer to 350 degrees F (175 degrees C). Step 5 Fry egg rolls 3 or 4 at a time until golden brown, 5 to 7 minutes. Drain on paper towels.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Chocolate Coated Peanut Butter Crackers". Prep Time: 30 mins Cook Time: 5 mins Additional Time: 15 mins Total Time: 50 mins Servings: 40 Yield: 40 sandwich cookies Ingredients ¾ cup creamy or chunky peanut butter 2 pounds chocolate almond bark, broken into pieces 80 buttery round crackers (such as Ritz®) 2 ¼ ounces colored candy sprinkles (Optional) Directions Step 1 Spread approximately 1 teaspoon peanut butter onto each cracker half. Press peanut butter sides together to form 40 peanut butter-filled sandwich cookies. Step 2 Melt almond bark in the top of a double boiler over hot, but not boiling, water. Reduce heat and keep melted chocolate in top of double boiler over simmering water. Step 3 Dip each sandwich cookie into the melted chocolate, allowing excess to drain back into pot. Step 4 Place coated cookies onto waxed paper and immediately sprinkle with candy sprinkles so they adhere to the melted chocolate. Step 5 Place cookies in the refrigerator until chocolate has set, about 15 minutes.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Broccoli and Carrot Stir Fry". Prep Time: 10 mins Cook Time: 16 mins Total Time: 26 mins Servings: 5 Yield: 5 cups Ingredients 5 ½ cups broccoli florets 1 carrot, thinly sliced 2 teaspoons water 1 teaspoon cornstarch 1 teaspoon chicken bouillon granules, or to taste salt to taste 2 tablespoons peanut oil Directions Step 1 Bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a boil. Add broccoli and cook uncovered until bright green, about 2 minutes. Transfer broccoli to a bowl of ice water using a slotted spoon and immerse for several minutes to stop the cooking process. Drain. Step 2 Bring water back to a boil in the same large pot; add sliced carrot and cook for 1 minute. Drain. Step 3 Mix water and cornstarch together in a bowl until smooth. Add chicken granules and salt and mix well. Step 4 Heat peanut oil in a wok or large skillet over high heat; saute broccoli and carrots for 2 minutes. Add cornstarch mixture; cook and stir until vegetables are coated evenly, 1 to 2 minutes.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Cream Cheese and Crab Sushi Rolls". Prep Time: 20 mins Cook Time: 20 mins Total Time: 40 mins Servings: 2 Yield: 2 sushi rolls Ingredients 1 cup uncooked white rice 2 cups water 2 tablespoons rice vinegar 1 teaspoon salt 2 sheets nori seaweed sheets ¼ cucumber, peeled and sliced lengthwise 2 pieces imitation crab legs ½ (3 ounce) package cream cheese, sliced 1 teaspoon minced fresh ginger root Directions Step 1 Gather all ingredients. Step 2 Bring rice and water to a boil in a saucepan over high heat. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover, and simmer until the rice is tender, and the liquid has been absorbed, 20 to 25 minutes. Stir in rice vinegar and salt. Allow to cool completely. Step 3 Lay out seaweed sheets. Moisten hands with water, then spread cooled rice evenly on each sheet, leaving a 1/2-inch gap along one edge, lengthwise. Arrange strips of cucumber, imitation crabmeat, and cream cheese on top of the rice in a straight line along the side opposite the gap. Roll up sushi from the toppings to the seaweed sheet's exposed end. Step 4 Using a sharp wet knife, slice each roll into 5 or 6 pieces. Serve with minced ginger on the side.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Vegan Sweet Potato Chickpea Curry". Prep Time: 10 mins Cook Time: 20 mins Total Time: 30 mins Servings: 6 Ingredients 3 tablespoons olive oil 1 onion, chopped 2 cloves garlic, minced 2 teaspoons minced fresh ginger root 1 (15 ounce) can chickpeas, drained 1 (14.5 ounce) can diced tomatoes 1 (14 ounce) can coconut milk 1 sweet potato, cubed 1 tablespoon garam masala 1 teaspoon ground cumin 1 teaspoon ground turmeric ½ teaspoon salt ¼ teaspoon red chile flakes 1 cup baby spinach Directions Step 1 Heat oil in a skillet over medium heat. Cook onion, garlic, and ginger in hot oil until softened, about 5 minutes. Add chickpeas, tomatoes, coconut milk, and sweet potato. Bring to a boil, reduce heat to low, and simmer until tender, about 15 minutes. Step 2 Season with garam masala, cumin, turmeric, salt, and chile flakes. Add spinach right before serving.

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How to cook this dish?<IMG><image_0>

This dish is called "Lime Chicken Soft Tacos". Prep Time: 20 mins Cook Time: 30 mins Total Time: 50 mins Yield: 10 servings Ingredients 1 ½ pounds skinless, boneless chicken breast meat - cubed 2 green onions, chopped ⅛ cup red wine vinegar ½ lime, juiced 2 cloves garlic, minced 1 teaspoon dried oregano 1 teaspoon white sugar ½ teaspoon salt ½ teaspoon ground black pepper 10 (6 inch) flour tortillas 1 tomato, diced ¼ cup shredded lettuce ¼ cup shredded Monterey Jack cheese ¼ cup salsa Directions Step 1 Sauté chicken in a medium saucepan over medium high heat until tender, about 15 to 20 minutes. Add green onions, vinegar, lime juice, garlic, oregano, sugar, salt, and pepper. Simmer over low heat for 10 minutes. Step 2 Heat an iron skillet over medium heat. Place a tortilla in the pan, warm, and turn over to heat the other side. Repeat with remaining tortillas. Serve lime chicken mixture in warm tortillas topped with tomato, lettuce, cheese and salsa.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

The Shawshank Redemption is a 1994 American drama film written and directed by Frank Darabont, based on the 1982 Stephen King novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption. The film tells the story of banker Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins), who is sentenced to life in Shawshank State Penitentiary for the murders of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. Over the following two decades, he befriends a fellow prisoner, contraband smuggler Ellis "Red" Redding (Morgan Freeman), and becomes instrumental in a money laundering operation led by the prison warden Samuel Norton (Bob Gunton). William Sadler, Clancy Brown, Gil Bellows, and James Whitmore appear in supporting roles.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film[2] directed by Francis Ford Coppola, who co-wrote the screenplay with Mario Puzo, based on Puzo's best-selling 1969 novel of the same title. The film stars Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Richard Castellano, Robert Duvall, Sterling Hayden, John Marley, Richard Conte, and Diane Keaton. It is the first installment in The Godfather trilogy, chronicling the Corleone family under patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando) from 1945 to 1955. It focuses on the transformation of his youngest son, Michael Corleone (Pacino), from reluctant family outsider to ruthless mafia boss.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

The Dark Knight is a 2008 superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan from a screenplay he co-wrote with his brother Jonathan. Based on the DC Comics superhero, Batman, it is the sequel to Batman Begins (2005) and the second installment in The Dark Knight Trilogy. The plot follows the vigilante Batman, police lieutenant James Gordon, and district attorney Harvey Dent, who form an alliance to dismantle organized crime in Gotham City. Their efforts are derailed by the Joker, an anarchistic mastermind who seeks to test how far Batman will go to save the city from chaos. The ensemble cast includes Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Heath Ledger, Gary Oldman, Aaron Eckhart, Maggie Gyllenhaal, and Morgan Freeman.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

Twelve Angry Men is an American courtroom drama written by Reginald Rose concerning the jury of a homicide trial. It was broadcast initially as a television play in 1954. The following year it was adapted for the stage. It was adapted for a film of the same name, directed by Sidney Lumet and released in 1957. Since then it has been given numerous remakes, adaptations, and tributes.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

Schindler's List is a 1993 American epic historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Steven Zaillian. It is based on the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark by Australian novelist Thomas Keneally. The film follows Oskar Schindler, a German industrialist who saved more than a thousand mostly Polish–Jewish refugees from the Holocaust by employing them in his factories during World War II. It stars Liam Neeson as Schindler, Ralph Fiennes as SS officer Amon Göth, and Ben Kingsley as Schindler's Jewish accountant Itzhak Stern.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson from a screenplay by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Jackson. It is based on 1955's The Return of the King, the third volume of the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The sequel to 2002's The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, the film is the final instalment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy. It features an ensemble cast including Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Liv Tyler, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Astin, Cate Blanchett, John Rhys-Davies, Bernard Hill, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Hugo Weaving, Miranda Otto, David Wenham, Karl Urban, John Noble, Andy Serkis, Ian Holm, and Sean Bean. Continuing the plot of the previous film, Frodo, Sam and Gollum are making their final way toward Mount Doom to destroy the One Ring, unaware of Gollum's true intentions, while Merry, Pippin, Gandalf, Aragorn, Legolas, Gimli and the others join forces together against Sauron and his legions in Minas Tirith.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino from a story he conceived with Roger Avary.[3] It tells four intertwining tales of crime and violence in Los Angeles, California. The film stars John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Bruce Willis, Tim Roth, Ving Rhames, and Uma Thurman. The title refers to the pulp magazines and hardboiled crime novels popular during the mid-20th century, known for their graphic violence and punchy dialogue.

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Can you give a short introduction to this movie?<IMG><image_0>

The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson from a screenplay by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Jackson, based on 1954's The Fellowship of the Ring, the first volume of the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The film is the first installment in The Lord of the Rings trilogy. It features an ensemble cast including Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Liv Tyler, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Astin, Cate Blanchett, John Rhys-Davies, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Orlando Bloom, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, Sean Bean, Ian Holm, and Andy Serkis.

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The Godfather Part II is a 1974 American epic crime film produced and directed by Francis Ford Coppola. The film is partially based on the 1969 novel The Godfather by Mario Puzo, who co-wrote the screenplay with Coppola, and it is both a sequel and a prequel to the 1972 film The Godfather, presenting parallel dramas: one picks up the 1958 story of Michael Corleone (Al Pacino), the new Don of the Corleone family, protecting the family business in the aftermath of an attempt on his life; the prequel covers the journey of his father, Vito Corleone (Robert De Niro), from his Sicilian childhood to the founding of his family enterprise in New York City. The ensemble cast also features Robert Duvall, Diane Keaton, Talia Shire, Morgana King, John Cazale, Mariana Hill, and Lee Strasberg.

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Farewell My Concubine is a 1993 Chinese historical drama film directed by Chen Kaige, starring Leslie Cheung, Gong Li and Zhang Fengyi. Adapted for the screen by Lu Wei based on the novel by Lilian Lee, the film is set in a politically tumultuous 20th-century China, from the early days of the Republic of China to the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution. It chronicles the troubled relationships between two Peking opera actors and lifelong friends Cheng Dieyi (Cheung) and Duan Xiaolou (Zhang), and Xiaolou's wife Juxian (Gong).

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Can you give a short introduction to this painting?<IMG><image_0>

The Mona Lisa is a half-length portrait painting by Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci. Considered an archetypal masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance,it has been described as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world". The painting's novel qualities include the subject's enigmatic expression, monumentality of the composition, the subtle modelling of forms, and the atmospheric illusionism.

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Girl With A Pearl Earring (Dutch: Meisje met de parel) is an oil painting by Dutch Golden Age painter Johannes Vermeer, dated c. 1665. Going by various names over the centuries, it became known by its present title towards the end of the 20th century after the earring worn by the girl portrayed there. The work has been in the collection of the Mauritshuis in The Hague since 1902 and has been the subject of various literary and cinematic treatments.

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Can you give a short introduction to this painting?<IMG><image_0>

The Starry Night is an oil-on-canvas painting by the Dutch Post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an imaginary village.It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941, acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Widely regarded as Van Gogh's magnum opus, The Starry Night is one of the most recognizable paintings in Western art.

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The Kiss (in German Der Kuss) is an oil-on-canvas painting with added gold leaf, silver and platinum by the Austrian Symbolist painter Gustav Klimt.It was painted at some point in 1907 and 1908, during the height of what scholars call his "Golden Period". It was exhibited in 1908 under the title Liebespaar (the lovers) as stated in the catalogue of the exhibition. The painting depicts a couple embracing each other, their bodies entwined in elaborate beautiful robes decorated in a style influenced by the contemporary Art Nouveau style and the organic forms of the earlier Arts and Crafts movement. The painting now hangs in the Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum in the Belvedere, Vienna, and is considered a masterpiece of Vienna Secession (local variation of Art Nouveau) and Klimt's most popular work after Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I. It is considered by many as a famous work of art.

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The Birth of Venus is a painting by the Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, probably executed in the mid 1480s. It depicts the goddess Venus arriving at the shore after her birth, when she had emerged from the sea fully-grown (called Venus Anadyomene and often depicted in art). The painting is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence, Italy. Although the two are not a pair, the painting is inevitably discussed with Botticelli's other very large mythological painting, the Primavera, also in the Uffizi. They are among the most famous paintings in the world, and icons of the Italian Renaissance; of the two, the Birth is better known than the Primavera. As depictions of subjects from classical mythology on a very large scale they were virtually unprecedented in Western art since classical antiquity, as was the size and prominence of a nude female figure in the Birth. It used to be thought that they were both commissioned by the same member of the Medici family, but this is now uncertain. They have been endlessly analysed by art historians, with the main themes being: the emulation of ancient painters and the context of wedding celebrations (generally agreed), the influence of Renaissance Neo-Platonism (somewhat controversial), and the identity of the commissioners (not agreed). Most art historians agree, however, that the Birth does not require complex analysis to decode its meaning, in the way that the Primavera probably does. While there are subtleties in the painting, its main meaning is a straightforward, if individual, treatment of a traditional scene from Greek mythology, and its appeal is sensory and very accessible, hence its enormous popularity.

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Arrangement in Grey and Black No. 1, best known under its colloquial name Whistler's Mother or Portrait of Artist's Mother, is a painting in oils on canvas created by the American-born painter James Abbott McNeill Whistler in 1871. The subject of the painting is Whistler's mother, Anna McNeill Whistler. The painting is 56.81 by 63.94 inches (1,443 mm × 1,624 mm), displayed in a frame of Whistler's own design. It is held by the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, having been bought by the French state in 1891. It is one of the most famous works by an American artist outside the United States. It has been variously described as an American icon and a Victorian Mona Lisa.

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The Arnolfini Portrait (or The Arnolfini Wedding, The Arnolfini Marriage, the Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, or other titles) is a 1434 oil painting on oak panel by the Early Netherlandish painter Jan van Eyck. It forms a full-length double portrait, believed to depict the Italian merchant Giovanni di Nicolao Arnolfini and his wife, presumably in their residence at the Flemish city of Bruges. It is considered one of the most original and complex paintings in Western art, because of its beauty, complex iconography, geometric orthogonal perspective, and expansion of the picture space with the use of a mirror. According to Ernst Gombrich "in its own way it was as new and revolutionary as Donatello's or Masaccio's work in Italy. A simple corner of the real world had suddenly been fixed on to a panel as if by magic... For the first time in history the artist became the perfect eye-witness in the truest sense of the term". The portrait has been considered by Erwin Panofsky and some other art historians as a unique form of marriage contract, recorded as a painting. Signed and dated by van Eyck in 1434, it is, with the Ghent Altarpiece by the same artist and his brother Hubert, the oldest very famous panel painting to have been executed in oils rather than in tempera. The painting was bought by the National Gallery in London in 1842.

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Along the River During the Qingming Festival (Qingming Shanghe Tu) is a handscroll painting by the Song dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145) and copied many times in the following centuries. It captures the daily life of people and the landscape of the capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng) during the Northern Song. The theme is often said to celebrate the festive spirit and worldly commotion at the Qingming Festival, rather than the holiday's ceremonial aspects, such as tomb sweeping and prayers. Read right to left, as a viewer unrolled it, successive scenes reveal the lifestyle of all levels of the society from rich to poor as well as economic activities in rural areas and the city, and offer glimpses of period clothing and architecture. The painting is considered to be the most renowned work among all Chinese paintings, and it has been called "China's Mona Lisa."

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Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains is one of the few surviving works by Chinese painter Huang Gongwang (1269–1354) and is considered to be among his greatest works. Painted between 1348 and 1350, the painting was burnt into two pieces in 1650. Today, one piece is kept in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum in Hangzhou, while the other piece is kept in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Put together, the entire painting would measure 691.3 cm in length.

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Emperor Taizong Receiving the Tibetan Envoy (also called 步辇图, Bùniǎn Tú ) is a painting on silk by Yan Liben to show the friendly encounter between the Tang dynasty and Tibet. The painting is 129 centimetres (51 in) long by 38.5 centimetres (15.2 in) wide. Bunian Tu is in The Palace Museum in Beijing.

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What is this disease (give short introduction) and how to treat it?<IMG><image_0>

Cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) is a fungal disease that requires juniper plants to complete its complicated two year life-cycle. Spores overwinter as a reddish-brown gall on young twigs of various juniper species. In early spring, during wet weather, these galls swell and bright orange masses of spores are blown by the wind where they infect susceptible apple and crab-apple trees. The spores that develop on these trees will only infect junipers the following year. From year to year, the disease must pass from junipers to apples to junipers again; it cannot spread between apple trees. On apple and crab-apple trees, look for pale yellow pinhead sized spots on the upper surface of the leaves shortly after bloom. These gradually enlarge to bright orange-yellow spots which make the disease easy to identify. Orange spots may develop on the fruit as well. Heavily infected leaves may drop prematurely. Treatment 1. Choose resistant cultivars when available. 2. Rake up and dispose of fallen leaves and other debris from under trees. 3. Remove galls from infected junipers. In some cases, juniper plants should be removed entirely. 4. Apply preventative, disease-fighting fungicides labeled for use on apples weekly, starting with bud break, to protect trees from spores being released by the juniper host. This occurs only once per year, so additional applications after this springtime spread are not necessary. 5. On juniper, rust can be controlled by spraying plants with a copper solution (0.5 to 2.0 oz/ gallon of water) at least four times between late August and late October. 6. Safely treat most fungal and bacterial diseases with SERENADE Garden. This broad spectrum bio-fungicide uses a patented strain of Bacillus subtilis that is registered for organic use. Best of all, SERENADE is completely non-toxic to honey bees and beneficial insects. 7. Containing sulfur and pyrethrins, Bonide® Orchard Spray is a safe, one-hit concentrate for insect attacks and fungal problems. For best results, apply as a protective spray (2.5 oz/ gallon) early in the season. If disease, insects or wet weather are present, mix 5 oz in one gallon of water. Thoroughly spray all parts of the plant, especially new shoots. 8. Contact your local Agricultural Extension office for other possible solutions in your area.

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Anthracnose. It is caused by fungi in the genus Colletotrichum, a common group of plant pathogens that are responsible for diseases on many plant species. Infected plants develop dark, water soaked lesions on stems, leaves or fruit. The centers of these lesions often become covered with pink, gelatinous masses of spores especially during moist, warm weather. Anthracnose can reduce a beautiful harvest into rotted waste in just a few days. The fungal disease overwinters in and on seeds, soil and garden debris. Cool wet weather promotes its development, and the optimum temperature for continued growth of the spores is between 75-85˚F. Moisture is required for development and germination of the fungus as well as for infection of the plant. It is spread by wind, rain, insects and garden tools. Treatment 1. Choose resistant plant varieties when possible and use western grown seeds which have not been exposed to the disease. 2. If this fungal problem is common, do NOT save your own seed from plantings. 3. To avoid spreading the disease, keep out of gardens when plants are wet and make sure to disinfect all garden tools (one part bleach to 4 parts water) after use. 4. Do not compost infected leaves, fruit or stems and thoroughly clean up garden areas in the fall, after harvest, to reduce over wintering sites for the fungal spores. 5. Safely treat most fungal and bacterial diseases with SERENADE Garden. This broad spectrum bio-fungicide uses a patented strain of Bacillus subtilis that is registered for organic use. Best of all, SERENADE is completely non-toxic to honey bees and beneficial insects. 6. Liquid copper sprays and sulfur powders should be applied weekly, starting when foliage begins to develop in the early spring and continuing throughout the growing season. Spray early in the day, and avoid applications during hot weather. Seeds may also be treated prior to planting. 7. Neem oil spray is an organic, multi-purpose fungicide/insecticide/miticide that kills eggs, larvae and adult stages of insects as well as prevents fungal attack on plants. Apply early, at the first sign of spring budding, every 7-14 days as a preventative measure or on a 7-day schedule until existing problems are eliminated.

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What is this disease (give short introduction) and how to treat it?<IMG><image_0>

It is bacterial canker, most common on cherries and plums, but may also affect apricots, peaches and many other kinds of stone fruits. Suspect this plant disease if sunken, water-soaked or “gummy” lesions form on the trunk or twigs. When trees begin active growth in the spring, a sour smelling sap may ooze from these wounded areas. The cankers become darker than the surrounding healthy bark, and the underlying tissue is reddish-brown to black and moist. Note: If cankers girdle the branches or trunk, the leaves above the diseased area curl and turn yellow. Growth stops and the branch or tree will eventually die. The bacterium that causes canker, Pseudomonas syringae, enters trees through injured bark or an existing wound, such as a pruning cut on a twig or branch. Frost damage in the spring may promote additional infections. Bacterial canker infections occur during fall, winter and early spring (during cool, wet weather) and are spread by rain or water, and pruning tools. The bacteria overwinter in active cankers, in infected buds and on the surface of infected and healthy trees and weeds. Treatment 1. Prune flowering trees during blooming when wounds heal fastest. 2. Remove wilted or dead limbs well below infected areas. 3. Avoid pruning in early spring and fall when bacteria are most active. 4. Treat all pruning cuts immediately with Tanglefoot® Tree Pruning Sealer and make sure to disinfect your pruning equipment — one part bleach to 4 parts water — after each cut. 5. If using string trimmers around the base of trees avoid damaging bark with breathable Tree Wrap to prevent infection. 6. Brush bark with white latex paint diluted with water to reduce bark-damaging temperature fluctuations. 7. Research has shown that copper fungicides have some success against this stone fruit problem. However, results are inconsistent. We recommend using it as one part of a total management program. 8. Remove weeds and grass from around the base of young trees to improve air circulation and keep the trunk and crown dry. 9. Organocide® Plant Doctor is an earth-friendly systemic fungicide that works its way through the entire plant to combat a large number of diseases on ornamentals, turf, fruit and more. Mix 1/3 to 3/4 oz per gallon of water and paint or spray over pruning wounds and surrounding areas.

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It is blossom end rot. A serious disorder of tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant, blossom end rot is an environmental problem (not fungal) most often caused by uneven watering or by calcium deficiency. (These can be related; uneven watering can interfere with the uptake of calcium.) This common garden “disease” is often brought on by rapid growth from too much fertilizer, high salt levels or drought. Blossom end rot symptoms occur on both green and ripe fruits and is identified by water-soaked areas that gradually widen and mature into sunken, brown, leathery spots on the bottom end. In many cases, secondary pathogens, which appear as a black, fuzzy-like growth, attack the affected area and cause complete rotting of the fruit. Blossom end rot will not spread from plant to plant. Treatment Since this plant problem is physiological in nature, fungicides will not work as a control measure. We recommend the following: 1. Choose resistant vegetable varieties whenever possible. 2. Prevent problems by keeping soil evenly moist and by foliar spraying plants with a kelp or calcium solution. 3. Adding high levels of calcium — bone meal, oyster shell or gypsum — to the soil at planting time usually prevents this problem from developing. 4. A layer of mulch (straw, compost, grass ) will help conserve soil moisture during the hot, dry days of July and August. 5. Foliar applications of Liquid Calcium 5% (1-2 Tbsp/ gallon of water) can be used to correct or prevent deficiencies of this essential nutrient. For best results, combine with a natural surfactant to increase adhesion and spray leaves to the point of run-off. 6. Mulching plants will help conserve moisture and provide a more uniform water supply. 7. Avoid using high nitrogen fertilizers which accelerate vegetative growth and reduce the uptake of calcium by plants. A large selection of balanced organic fertilizers are available at Planet Natural.

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It is Brown rot (Monilinia fructicola), the most common fungal disease affecting the blossoms and fruit of almonds, apricots, cherries, peaches and plums. It overwinters in mummified fruit (on the tree and on the ground) and infected twigs. The disease first infects blossoms in spring and grows back into the small branches to cause cankers that can kill stems. Large numbers of flower-bearing stems are killed when the disease is severe. Dead flowers often remain attached into the summer. Developing or mature fruits show circular or brown spots that spread rapidly over the surface and light gray masses of spores are produced on the rotted areas. Rotted tissue remains relatively firm and dry. Brown rot spores are carried by wind, rain and insects to the open or unopened blossoms and young shoots. If water is present — either from rain, dew or watering — on the flower surface the spores can germinate and penetrate the plant. Disease development takes place over a wide temperature range and flowers can be infected from the time buds open until petals fall. Under favorable conditions, brown rot spreads quickly and an entire crop can be completely destroyed on the tree. Treatment 1. Choose resistant varieties whenever possible. 2. Prompt removal and destruction of infected plant parts helps breaks the life cycle of the disease in individual trees and small orchards, and may be sufficient to keep brown rot below damaging levels. 3. It is important to rake up and remove any fallen fruit or debris from under trees. 4. Prune trees occasionally to improve air circulation. Also, water from below to keep from wetting blossoms, foliage and fruit. 5. Use Tanglefoot® Pruning Sealer to seal all cuts and wounds and protect against insects and disease organisms. 6. Ready to use copper fungicides or sulfur powders should be applied weekly to infected trees starting when the blossoms are just beginning to open and continuing throughout the growing season. If at all possible, time applications so that 12 hours of dry weather follows application. 7. Organocide® Plant Doctor is an earth-friendly systemic fungicide that works its way through the entire plant to combat a large number of diseases on ornamentals, turf, fruit and more. Apply as a foliar spray (1 tsp/ gallon of water) to combat this destructive stone fruit problem. 8. Containing sulfur and pyrethrins, Bonide® Orchard Spray is a safe, one-hit concentrate for insect attacks and fungal problems. For best results, apply as a protective spray (2.5 oz/ gallon) early in the season. If disease, insects or wet weather are present, mix 5 oz in one gallon of water. Thoroughly spray all parts of the plant, especially new shoots.

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It is club root. Affecting most brassica crops (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, etc.), club root is a serious plant disease in North American home gardens. It is caused by the soil-borne fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae which infects susceptible plants through root hairs. Diseased roots become swollen, misshapen and deformed (clubbed) often cracking and rotting. As a result, plants have difficulty absorbing water and nutrients properly. Plants often grow poorly and wilt during the heat of the day; plants often revive during cool nights. Outer leaves may turn yellow, purple or brown. Club root will reduce yields and can cause total crop failure. Fungal spores can be spread by wind, water and garden tools. Disease development can occur over a wide range of conditions, but is favored by excessive moisture, low soil pH and soil temperatures between 64 and 77˚F. Spores can survive in the soil for as many as 10 years. Treatment 1. Fungicides will NOT treat this soil-dwelling micro-organism. 2. Choose resistant cultivars when possible. 3. Try to prevent the occurrence of this disease by keeping a clean garden and rotating crops. 4. Keep in mind that the disease spores can persist in the soil for up to 20 years. If club root is present you may want to solarize the soil.* 5. Control susceptible weeds — mustard, radish, shepherd’s purse — that may be infected to reduce potential buildup of the disease. 6. Carefully remove infected plants and sterilize garden tools (one part bleach to 4 parts water) after use. 7. Raise your soil’s pH to a more alkaline 7.2 by mixing oyster shell or dolomite lime into your garden in the fall. Simple and affordable soil test kits are available to check pH often.

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It is corn smut. Frequently found in backyard gardens and small farms, corn smut is caused by the fungus Ustilago zeae and can appear in the stalks, leaves, tassels or ears. Symptoms are most commonly noticed when the ears produce mushroom-like tumors or galls. These “swellings” begin as small, whitish-gray irregularities which expand and turn black as they fill with spores. Ear galls can grow to 4- to 5-inches in diameter and release thousands of spores as they rupture. These fungal spores are blown by the wind for considerable distances to infect new plants. Galls on leaves remain small and eventually become hard and dry. Corn smut overwinters on garden debris and in the soil. It is carried by wind, rain and irrigation and does best in hot, dry weather. Spores may remain viable for 5- to 7-years. Wounds from various injuries, including cultivation and abrasion from blowing soil, provide points for the fungus to enter the plant. Treatment 1. Choose the best resistant varieties, such as silver king, fantasia, brilliant and seneca sensation, when available. 2. In backyard gardens, collecting and destroying galls before the dark fungal spores are released is suggested. This will limit the number of available fungal spores and help break the disease-cycle. 3. Reduce infection points by avoiding injury of roots, stalks and leaves during cultivation. 4. Prevent damage from insects, such as corn borers, with Monterey® Garden Insect Spray or other organic insecticide. 5. Fungicides are NOT an effective control option since the disease is so widespread and can persist in the soil for years. 6. High nitrogen fertilizers may increase the severity of the disease — use a balanced organic fertilizer in the vegetable garden. 7. Remove and destroy all garden debris after harvest and practice crop rotation the following year. 8. Bag or burn infected plant parts — do NOT compost.

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It is crown gall, a common plant disease caused by the soil-borne bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It is found throughout the world and occurs on woody shrubs and herbaceous plants including grapes, raspberries, blackberries and roses. Crown gall symptoms include round, wart-like growths — 2 inches or larger in diameter — that appear at or just above the soil line, or on lower branches and stems. Plants with several galls may be unable to move water and nutrients up the trunk and become weakened, stunted and unproductive. Young plants can be killed by developing gall tissue. The bacteria responsible for crown gall can persist in the soil for many years and are released when galls become saturated with moisture or as older galls decompose. Susceptible plants are infected through fresh wounds or abrasions, many of which are a result of pruning, freeze injury, soil insects, cultivation and other factors that may damage plants. Nursery stock is often infected through grafting and budding scars. Treatment 1. Select resistant cultivars when possible and purchase plants from a reputable nursery. 2. Do not buy plants that shows signs of swelling or galling. 3. When caring for susceptible plants, avoid injury or pruning wounds that may come in contact with the soil. 4. Use Tree Wrap to protect against string trimmer damage and keep your garden tools clean. 5. Provide winter protection with natural burlap so bark does not crack. 6. In many cases, existing galls can be removed with a sharp pruning knife. Destroy the infected plant tissue and treat the wound with pruning sealer. If the plant does not recover, remove and destroy it.

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It is gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Found on a wide range of plants (too many to mention), gray mold is a fungal disease that travels quickly through gardens, especially during damp, cool to mild weather. Disease symptoms appear as grayish colored soft, mushy spots on leaves, stems, flowers and on produce. Spots may become covered with a coating of gray fungus spores, especially if humidity is high. Fruit or plants shrivel and rot and often develop black, stone-like sclerotia — a compact mass of hardened fungal filaments — under rotted parts. Gray mold is often found near the soil surface or in the densest areas of the plant canopy. It develops on wilted flowers first, then spreads quickly to other parts of the plant. The disease may also occur in storage areas causing rotting of harvested fruits and vegetables. Botrytis blight overwinters on plants, in or on the soil, and as sclerotia. Spores develop when conditions are optimal, and are moved by wind or splashing water onto blossoms or young leaves, where they germinate and enter the plant. Spores require cool temperatures (45-60 F.) and high humidity (93% and above) to germinate. Germinating spores rarely penetrate green, healthy tissue directly, but can enter through wounds on growing plants. Cuttings are particularly susceptible to infection. Treatment 1. Prune or stake plants to improve air circulation between plants. Make sure to disinfect your pruning equipment (one part bleach to 4 parts water) after each cut. 2. If growing indoors use a small clip-on fan to improve air flow. 3. Keep the soil under plants clean and rake up any fallen debris. 4. Add a good amount of organic compost or mulch under plants. Mulches will prevent the fungal spores from splashing back up onto flowers and leaves. 5. Water in the early morning hours, or use a soaker hose, to give plants time to dry out during the day. 6. Do not compost infected plant leaves or stems, and thoroughly clean up garden areas in the fall to reduce over wintering sites for the fungal spores. 7. Copper-Soap fungicides will help by protecting plants from disease spores. Apply at the start of flowering and continue every 7-10 days until harvest. Fungicidal sprays are especially warranted when weather forecasts predict a long period of cool, wet weather. 8. Safely treat most fungal diseases, including Botrytis blight, with SERENADE Garden. This broad spectrum bio-fungicide uses a patented strain of Bacillus subtilis that is registered for organic use. Best of all, SERENADE is completely non-toxic to honey bees and beneficial insects. 9. Mycostop, a biological fungicide approved for organic use, has shown suppression of the disease. Direct spray (5 gm/ 50 liters of water) to susceptible leaves, flowers and fruits to point of run-off. Apply every 2-3 weeks, or as needed depending on disease pressure. 10. Green Cure Fungicide contains a patented formula of potassium bicarbonate — commonly used in food products — that kills many plant diseases on contact and provides up to 2 weeks of residual protection. At first sign of disease, mix 1-2 Tbsp/ gallon of water and apply to all exposed surfaces of the plant. For best protection, repeat at 1-2 week intervals until conditions are no longer favorable for disease development.

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It is early blight. Common on tomato and potato plants, early blight is caused by the fungus Alternaria solani and occurs throughout the United States. Symptoms first appear on the lower, older leaves as small brown spots with concentric rings that form a “bull’s eye” pattern. As the disease matures, it spreads outward on the leaf surface causing it to turn yellow, wither and die. Eventually the stem, fruit and upper portion of the plant will become infected. Crops can be severely damaged. Early blight overwinters on infected plant tissue and is spread by splashing rain, irrigation, insects and garden tools. The disease is also carried on tomato seeds and in potato tubers. In spite of its name, early blight can occur any time throughout the growing season. High temperatures (80-85˚F.) and wet, humid conditions promote its rapid spread. In many cases, poorly nourished or stressed plants are attacked. Treatment Prune or stake plants to improve air circulation and reduce fungal problems. Make sure to disinfect your pruning shears (one part bleach to 4 parts water) after each cut. Keep the soil under plants clean and free of garden debris. Add a layer of organic compost to prevent the spores from splashing back up onto vegetation. Drip irrigation and soaker hoses can be used to help keep the foliage dry. For best control, apply copper-based fungicides early, two weeks before disease normally appears or when weather forecasts predict a long period of wet weather. Alternatively, begin treatment when disease first appears, and repeat every 7-10 days for as long as needed. Containing copper and pyrethrins, Bonide® Garden Dust is a safe, one-step control for many insect attacks and fungal problems. For best results, cover both the tops and undersides of leaves with a thin uniform film or dust. Depending on foliage density, 10 oz will cover 625 sq ft. Repeat applications every 7-10 days, as needed. SERENADE Garden is a broad spectrum, preventative bio-fungicide recommended for the control or suppression of many important plant diseases. For best results, treat prior to foliar disease development or at the first sign of infection. Repeat at 7-day intervals or as needed. Remove and destroy all garden debris after harvest and practice crop rotation the following year. Burn or bag infected plant parts. Do NOT compost.

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Sir Isaac Newton FRS (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His pioneering book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), first published in 1687, consolidated many previous results and established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for developing infinitesimal calculus.

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Confucius (/kənˈfjuːʃəs/ kən-FEW-shəs; Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ, "Master Kǒng"; or commonly 孔子; Kǒngzǐ; c. 551 – c. 479 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher and politician of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin East Asian culture and society, remaining influential across China and East Asia to this day.

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