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除了赣客方言,哪里的方言会称作“客话”“客家话”“客语”?
除了所谓的“赣方言”“客家方言”之外,还有哪里的方言会被称作“客话”“客家话”“客语”? | 西南一大堆汉语都有叫客话的情况比如:云南广南乡村的汉语(西官)称“客话”,县城汉语称“汉话”,少民语言称“民话”,这些乡村汉人也被当地少民叫“客家”,他们以前也有不少会这样自称湖南湘西,像古丈的官话在当地俗称“客话”,同时当地也有属湘语的死客话,也是同样被叫客。隔壁沅陵也一样情况,当地官话和死客话都被说乡话的人叫“客话”,说死客话的人也这样自称,并会管说官话的叫“大客”黔湘桂交界地区的少民也将当地的西官和普通话叫“客话”或“客家话”广西三江六甲话(粤语)也被叫做“客话”,而当地的客家话则被叫做“麻介话”。广西左江,宾阳等地平话也有被当地少民称为“客话”,而当地客家话叫做“新民话”。广西龙胜通行的官话当地少民会叫做“客话”或“汉话“。等等广东也有这样的情况,像以前雷琼二府的闽语以前也被叫过“客话”或“东话”。粤西像湛江茂名当地的粤语也有叫“客话”,“讲客“的情况。反而是粤西的客家话一般不叫“客话” | {
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有哪些描写夏天的古诗词? | 1、别院深深夏席清,石榴开遍透帘明。--苏舜钦《夏意》2、残云收夏暑,新雨带秋岚。--岑参《水亭送华阴王少府还县》3、微风忽起吹莲叶,青玉盘中泻水银。--施肩吾《夏雨后题清荷兰若》4、夜久雨休风又定,断云流月却斜明。--韩偓《夏夜》5、吟罢清风起,荷香满四邻。--裴度《夏日对雨》6、蝉噪林逾静,鸟鸣山更幽。--王籍《入若耶溪》7、连雨不知春去,一晴方觉夏深。--范成大《喜晴》8、小荷才露尖尖角,早有蜻蜓立上头。杨万里《小池》9、接天莲叶无穷碧,映日荷花别样红。杨万里《晓出净慈寺送林子方》10、水晶帘动微风起,满架蔷薇一院香。高骈《山亭夏日》11、稻花香里说丰年。听取蛙声一片。--辛弃疾《西江月·夜行黄沙道中》12、柳庭风静人眠昼,昼眠人静风庭柳。-苏轼《菩萨蛮·回文夏闺怨》13、欲把西湖比西子,淡妆浓抹总相宜。 --苏轼《饮湖上初晴后雨二首·其二》14、黄梅时节家家雨,青草池塘处处蛙。赵师秀《约客/有约》15、有三秋桂子,十里荷花。--柳永《望海潮·东南形胜》16、漠漠水田飞白鹭,阴阴夏木啭黄鹂。-王维《积雨辋川庄作/秋归辋川庄作》17、荷叶罗裙一色裁,芙蓉向脸两边开。 --王昌龄《采莲曲》13、清风明月无人管,并作南楼一味凉。--黄庭坚《鄂州南楼书事》18、绿树阴浓夏日长,楼台倒影入池塘。--高骈《山亭夏日》19、荷风送香气,竹露滴清响。--孟浩然《夏日南亭怀辛大》20、梅子留酸软齿牙,芭蕉分绿与窗纱。杨万里《闲居初夏午睡起》21、草萤有耀终非火,荷露虽团岂是珠。--白居易《放言五首·其一》22、春水满四泽,夏云多奇峰。--陶渊明《四时》23、一夜雨声凉到梦,万荷叶上送秋来。--陈文述《夏日杂诗》24、竹深树密虫鸣处,时有微凉不是风。--杨万里《夏夜追凉》25、芳菲歇去何须恨,夏木阴阴正可人。秦观《三月晦日偶题》26、此花此叶常相映,翠减红衰愁杀人。李商隐《赠荷花》27、日长睡起无情思,闲看儿童捉柳花。-杨万里《闲居初夏午睡起》28、纸屏石枕竹方床,手倦抛书午梦长。 --蔡确《夏日登车盖亭》29、清江一曲抱村流,长夏江村事事幽。--杜甫《江村》30、更无柳絮因风起,惟有葵花向日倾。--司马光《客中初夏》31、小扇引微凉,悠悠夏日长。--顾太清《菩萨蛮·端午日咏盆中菊》32、月明船笛参差起,风定池莲自在香。 --秦观《纳凉》 | {
"major": [
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],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
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] | qid:541032225, aid:2556707144, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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有哪些描写夏天的古诗词? | 1.芳菲歇去何须恨,夏木阴阴正可人。——宋代·秦观《三月晦日偶题》2.小扇引微凉,悠悠夏日长。——清代·顾太清《菩萨蛮·端午日咏盆中菊》3.绿树阴浓夏日长,楼台倒影入池塘。——唐代·高骈《山亭夏日》4.连雨不知春去,一晴方觉夏深。——宋代·范成大《喜晴》5.梅子留酸软齿牙,芭蕉分绿与窗纱。——宋代·杨万里《闲居初夏午睡起·其一》6.柳庭风静人眠昼,昼眠人静风庭柳。——宋代·苏轼《菩萨蛮·回文夏闺怨》7.夏条绿已密,朱萼缀明鲜。——唐代·韦应物《夏花明》8.柳变园林拂暖丝,新蝉初咽最高枝。——明代·李孙宸《高柳新蝉》9.绿槐高柳咽新蝉,绫扇唤风阊阖天。——宋代·陈造《题扇集句五首》10.夜久雨休风又定,断水流月却斜明。——唐代·韩偓《夏夜》11.竹深树密虫鸣处,时有微凉不是风。——宋代·杨万里《夏夜追凉》12.四月清和雨乍晴,南山当户转分明。——宋代·司马光《客中初夏》13.别院深深夏席清,石榴开遍透帘明。——宋代·苏舜钦《夏意》14.月明船笛参差起,风定池莲自在香。——宋代·秦观《纳凉》15.青苔满地初晴后,绿树无人昼梦余。——宋代·刘攽《新晴》16.风蒲猎猎小池塘。过雨荷花满院香。沈李浮瓜冰雪凉。——宋代·李重元《忆王孙·夏词》17.竹摇清影罩幽窗,两两时禽噪夕阳。——宋代·朱淑真《初夏》18.纸屏石枕竹方床,手倦抛书午梦长。——宋代·蔡确《夏日登车盖亭》19.水天清话,院静人销夏。——清代·项鸿祚《清平乐·池上纳凉》20.高槐叶长阴初合,清润雨馀天。——宋代·陆游《乌夜啼·纨扇婵娟素月》21.落落疏帘邀月影,嘈嘈虚枕纳溪声。——宋代·张耒《夏日三首·其一》 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:541032225, aid:2554878631, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
什么叫做「力竭」?
都在说要做到力竭,那么什么叫做力竭呢?
貌似有酸加疼减麻不练的说法,力竭之后应当是什么状态? | 绝对力竭顾名思义,就是你的肌肉已经被压榨到无法再做一次的状态。更明确的说,绝对力竭是指你的肌肉已经无法使用相同的重量完成向心收缩。几乎所有传统抗阻训练都可以分为两部分:向心收缩(肌肉缩短,将重量举起)与离心收缩(肌肉拉长、将重量放下)。相对于向心收缩,肌肉在离心收缩时可以对抗更大的阻力。因此你在绝对力竭之后,如果有搭档帮你辅助向心阶段,你就能够在离心阶段多做几个强迫次数,以达到超越力竭的效果。在健身房,你一定见过那种做了11次二头弯举后,花了8-9秒时间才勉强做起第12个的训练者。最后一个做组次数通常都是艰辛的,这就是绝对力竭。技术性力竭相对于绝对力竭,技术性力竭的判定则更加主观。在做组时,当训练者开始感受到明显的力量衰减、肌肉收缩速度变慢的时候,就达到了技术性力竭状态。在前几个做组次数(比如12RM的前8-9个),我们通常能够保持较好的动作形式,每个次数的节奏基本相同。然后到了第10个次数,动作速度明显减慢,肌肉收缩变得困难——出现停顿/迟滞的时候,意味着你已经达到了技术性力竭,同样也意味着你也许该结束这组训练了,尤其是在你独自训练时。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:24783319, aid:2553472787, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
js 中这种 (0,value).xxx 这种写法有什么特殊含义吗?
今天在看 nextjs 源码时发现多处有这种写法,想知道这样写有什么含义;求解答! | 首先,这个一般出现在 transpile 之后的代码中,习惯上不手写除了以上回答提到的,其实 comma operator 还有一个用处,就是确保执行context 的 this 指向 global(non-strict,或者叫 sloppy mode)或者空(strict mode)换句话说,让被执行的函数称为一个 function,而非 method顺便,因为 comma operator 永远返回最后一个expression,所以前面不一定非要写 0,写什么都行。看例子:当然写在前面的 expression 是一定会执行的: 使用 use strict时,this 会是 undefined: 说到底,这个写法其实相当于:const obj = { func: function() { ... } };// 注:使用 strict mode const funcRef = obj.func; funcRef(); // 结果一样是 undefined扩展阅读:https://2ality.com/2015/12/references.html | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:533407666, aid:2550023314, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
浙江道教学院是个什么学校?
学生毕业后如何就业?最近老是在抖音刷到,能有人介绍一下吗? | 中国大部分的道教学院都只招收适龄及进修的已经取得了传度或冠巾资格的道士,浙江道院也是这个规定,并不向社会招收学员,所颁发的学历学位证书并不能在找工作的时候给大家帮助。你如果要强行理解,不如把他理解成龙族里面卡塞尔学院,只招收道士,毕业以后的就业方向在宗教局,道观以及各地道协。校内以全真戒律作严格要求,入读道教学院期间统一住宿,禁止恋爱,禁止食荤腥,也禁止宗教商业行为。上的课程包括道教音律,基础知识,道教史,道教经典解析,宗教哲学(道家哲学),宗教学,体育,思想政治教育,道教科仪,书法,国画美术以及其他道教的法度,醮仪。毕业以后一般可以取得箓生资格,作为各地宗教活动场所的高功重点培养。主要的教材有《中国道教史略》,《道教音律及乐器赏析演奏》,《崆峒问答》,《中华道藏》,《增补道藏》,《道教百科全书》,《正一道史》,《全真道史》,《中国宗教史》,《世界宗教史》,《宗教学》,《玄门早晚功课经》,《道德经》,《黄庭经》,《阴符经》,《老子想尔注》,《神霄法本选略》,《道教经典编纂集注》,《炁体源流》,《马克思主义哲学》,《党史大纲》,《中国近代史》,《道教哲学史》,《道家哲学思想览概》,《思想政治》,《美学》,《美术赏析(中国画篇)》,《大学英语》以及中医部分等等哦对,你们特别喜欢的那张大合照不是浙江道教学院的,是茅山道院的皈依法会合影。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:535946281, aid:2530300306, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
湍流中的能-频特征是怎样的?
各种湍流教材里面能谱(能量-
空间波数分布)讲得很多,但很少见到讨论湍流的频率特性的(基本就给个频谱的定义),那么在例如均匀湍流、剪切流、壁湍流等问题中,湍流的能频分布是如何的呢?是否有文献、专著对此进行过详细的讨论研究。(也欢迎关于wavenumber-frequency spectrum的介绍) | 如果是以欧拉的视角(即站在原地测量时间序列),那很早以前的实验就是这么干的(扔一些个 hot wire 在流场里测就行了) ,然后通过 Taylor's frozen hypothesis 将所测得的时间序列和空间结构关联起来。
已知柯氏能谱$$E(\kappa) \sim \varepsilon^{2 / 3} \kappa^{-5 / 3}$$
尺度 $\kappa$ (或者说 eddy size 为 $\ell \sim 1 / \kappa)$ 的动能$$k(\kappa) \sim \kappa E(\kappa) \sim \varepsilon^{2 / 3} \kappa^{-2 / 3}$$
由 Taylor's frozen hypothesis 有 $\omega \sim U \kappa$ ,其中 $U=\left(\frac{1}{3} \overline{u_i u_i}\right)^{1 / 2}$ ,代入 $E(k)$ 可得欧拉视角下 惯性区内频谱标度律$$E^E(\omega) \sim U^{2 / 3} \varepsilon^{2 / 3} \omega^{-5 / 3}$$
虽然形式上 $E^E(\omega)$ 和空间能谱 $E(\kappa)$ 近平一致,但是引入了一个大尺度 non-universal 的特征速度 $U$ ,从而导致经典柯氏假设被打破。
如果是以拉格朗日的视角(即追踪 passive particles),这个工作相比上面开展的晚,主要因为实验里追踪 particles 在技术上是 非常困难的,而数值模拟刚开始流行的时候也很难进行大规模的 Lagrangian particle tracking。
根据式 (1) , 定义 eddy-turnover time$$\tau \sim \frac{k}{\varepsilon} \sim \varepsilon^{-1 / 3} \kappa^{-2 / 3}$$
可得 Lagrangian 频率$$\omega \sim \tau^{-1} \sim \varepsilon^{1 / 3} \kappa^{2 / 3} \rightarrow \kappa^{-2 / 3} \sim \varepsilon^{-1 / 3} \omega^{-1}$$
代入式(1) 可得 $k(\omega) \sim \varepsilon \omega^{-1}$ 。由 $E^L(\omega) \sim k(\omega) / \omega$ ,故在拉格朗日视角下,惯性区内频谱满足$$E^L(\omega) \sim \varepsilon \omega^{-2}$$
相 比 $E^E(\omega) , E^L(\omega)$ 不包含大尺度量,满足柯氏假设。
Space-time correlation 和相应的 wavenumber-frequency spectrum 似乎更多地出现在 shear flow这种带有 convection 和 coherency 的流动中。具体工作肯定是要参考何国威院士2017年发表的 ARFM 以及他早年的一些工作; 其他一些边界层/channel flow的工作有时也会包含该内容。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:540848187, aid:2554938379, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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茶那么苦,为什么那么多人喜欢喝茶?
你为什么喜欢喝茶? | 茶叶不止是只有苦涩感,在苦的滋味基础上还会有甜、柔、滑、醇、甘、香、鲜等各种不同体验;当然,如果一款茶给你的印象只有苦,那说明这款茶本身就是劣质茶。关于茶叶的苦涩——主导茶叶苦涩味的物质有茶多酚和生物碱两大类。其中,多酚类物质主要是儿茶素,而儿茶素中以酯型儿茶素为主,约占70%,是影响茶叶苦涩味的主要成分。生物碱中以咖啡碱为主,含量约为2%-4%是影响茶叶苦味的主要物质。1、儿茶素类:占总量的70%以上,是茶叶特有成份,茶多酚也是涩的,并且具有收敛性,但可以在后期工艺中氧化,形成红茶所需要的物质,形成醇厚的口感。在茶汤中可与咖啡因结合而缓和咖啡因对人体的生理作用。具抗氧化、抗突然异变、抗肿瘤、降低血液中胆固醇及低低密度酯蛋白含量、抑制血压上升、抑制血小板凝集、抗菌、抗产物过敏等功效。另一种黄酮醇类:是决定茶汤色泽,是溶于水的,造成茶汤色泽的主要因素。2.咖啡因:带有苦味,是构成茶汤滋味的重要成份。茶汤中,与多无酚类结合成为复合物;茶汤冷后形成乳化现象。茶中特有的儿茶素类及其氧化缩和物可使除中咖啡因的兴奋作用减缓而持续,故喝茶可使长途开车的人保持头脑清醒及较有耐力。除此之外影响茶汤口感的还有——氨基酸。茶叶中发现并已鉴定的氨基酸有26种,除20种蛋白质氨基酸均发现存在于游离氨基酸中,另外还检出6种非蛋白质氨基酸。酸性氨基酸:主要包括谷氨酸和天冬氨酸。它们是茶叶中最重要的一类氨基酸,在茶叶中的含量高,是构成茶叶鲜爽滋味的重要成分。决定这三个物质含量多少的是两个因素:茶树品种和叶片嫩度。叶片越小咖啡碱和茶多酚含量低,氨基酸含量越高;叶片越大咖啡碱和茶多酚含量高,氨基酸含量低。在同一个枝条上,从嫩叶到老叶,无论哪一种物质都是嫩叶的含量高。氨基酸让茶鲜爽,茶多酚让茶涩,咖啡碱让茶苦。还有茶的各种不同的香——茶香并不玄幻也不虚无,它不是卖茶人杜撰出来的词汇,而是茶叶本身就具有的物质。从化学层面上来说,茶叶芳香物质的组成包括碳氢化合物、醇类、酮类、酸类、醛类、酯类、内酯类、过氧化物类、含硫化合物类等等。不少学者们研究认为:某种茶叶香气是由以某几种香气物质为主体,配以其他几十种或几百种带香物质共同混合而成的,并且与地区、茶树品种和加工方法不同而不同。茶叶的兰花香,板栗香,豆香,是茶叶的本味吗?7赞同 · 0 评论回答每款茶都有每款茶的特性,人群喜好也不相同。但茶叶真的不是纯粹的“苦”,如果说只喝到了茶的苦,多半都是茶不好。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:539003706, aid:2547950276, tag:['茶', '茶叶', '品茶', '知乎茶 Club', '正确喝茶'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
游泳,长跑,自行车等竞速项目的「战术」是怎样的?
为什么经常有比赛中“根据对手”,“根据队形”,“根据xx”调整战术一说?为什么不是保证自己用时越少越好那么简单呢? | 以游泳+骑行+跑步的“合体”铁人三项来说说,长距离耐力竞速项目的战术。拿克里斯蒂安·布鲁门菲尔特(KristianBlummenfelt)为例,他是当下铁人三项运动最有竞争力的选手,在过去的一年里,依次拿下东京奥运会、世界铁三锦标赛、大铁世锦赛三大冠军,并创造了大铁世界最好成绩(7小时21分12秒)。本月初,布鲁门菲尔特更是以6小时44分25秒成为第一个在铁人三项距离上打破7小时的人类。——作为最强者,他的战术显然很值得分析说道一番。铁人三项(triathlon)有多个组别,比较常见的组别又有各自的特殊名称。比如,小铁:通常比赛没有固定距离限制,是很多人体验铁人三项的首选。一般来说,游泳距离在100-750米左右(通常会在泳池/室外平静水域)、自行车5-15公里、跑步1-5公里;标铁/奥铁:游泳1.5公里、自行车40公里、跑步10公里,总距离51.5公里。这也是奥运会铁三比赛的距离;大铁:游泳3.8公里、自行车180公里、跑步42.2公里,总距离226公里。又被称为超铁,即ironmanTriathlon。不管哪个距离,对体能都会有较高的考验。为什么铁人三项的顺序依次是游泳、单车、跑步,有科学原因吗?首先明确一点,像克里斯蒂安·布鲁门菲尔特这样的顶级职业选手而言,游泳,长跑,自行车等长距离耐力竞速项目的战术本质,都建立在对个体非常系统的认知上。所以布鲁门菲尔特2016年正式开始训练铁三后,他每天的训练中都伴随大量数据监测,小到心率带和最大摄氧量测试面罩,大到20+个传感器贴满全身。每隔一段时间,布鲁门菲尔特的团队还会从他耳朵/手指上快速取血液,以获取乳酸值的变化。研究结论,布鲁门菲尔特有着超乎其它选手的精神毅力,有氧能力也非常强大,但他过于拼搏的斗志却很容易让他过早投入战斗状态,从而导致糖原的过速消耗,这会在游骑跑的前半段过早释放、整个比赛后半段无法追求更好的成绩。加上布鲁门菲尔特有着相对壮硕的上半身力量(身高1米76,体重78公斤),在游泳和骑行阶段往往能建立起一定优势,去求稳并不会浪费太多的时间,反而他相对薄弱的地方在跑步最后阶段,体能出现问题时往往未必有足够的腿部力量去赶超。因而最适合克里斯蒂安·布鲁门菲尔特的战术,是在游泳和骑行阶段尽量保持在争冠的第一集团内,以相对较小且稳定的消耗咬住对手,保持体力以较平稳的态势逐渐输出,而后在跑步阶段尽量在中程就建立起优势,避免最后关头的并肩缠斗、靠冲刺决出胜负。另外,最有考验的高温环境下,布鲁门菲尔特倒有更好的“控温”能力,比如高温下的骑行,体能消耗要比其它选手更少些。他的团队也告诉他,自行车阶段结束后,可以不用保留的全力输出,去赶超或创造领先。去年东京奥运会,1500米游泳和40公里自行车骑行后,布鲁蒙菲尔特排位第五,十公里跑步环节他逐渐追上,在最后五公里拉开足以稳定夺冠的距离,并最终1小时45分04秒拿到金牌。就是非常适合他的战术体现。铁人三项对体能的考验极高。比赛里,布鲁门菲尔特和对手显然都处于体能耗竭的边界,他会想象身后有只猛兽在追赶,用这种心理暗示去维持住对追赶者的优势。最后分享一点布鲁门菲尔特的训练小贴士。长距离耐力项目需要长期的重复训练,才能提升。作为世界顶级选手,克里斯蒂安·布鲁门菲尔特的训练也相当艰苦。他每天都会安排三节训练课,每周游泳45公里+骑行400公里+跑量120公里。过去一年布鲁门菲尔特训练用时达到了1300+个小时,每天燃烧掉的卡路里则是惊人的8000卡。这样日复一日的训练非常难熬,布鲁门菲尔特也有自己特别的方式——他有训练时听歌的习惯,每次都会准备一个非常漫长的歌单随机播放。如果感觉这首歌与自己当下的节奏“不搭”,他就马上切换;如果非常契合、正好在自己的点上,就会反复重播直到有点听腻,而后再开始切歌。布鲁门菲尔特说这样自己训练就一直很带劲,且觉得时间过去快得多。 | {
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|
既然人的体温为 37℃,那为什么在 35℃ 的气温下,人们觉得很热而不是凉快? | 主要是两个知识点没搞清楚。
1. 37度是人体的核心温度,而不是体表温度,体表温度是低于37度的。量体温的三个部位:舌下、直肠和腋下,正常体温都是不一样的,只有舌下和直肠比较接近37度。所以,35度的气温实际上是高于体表温度的,体表无法通过热传导散热。
2. 人体觉得热不热的决定因素不是温差,而是散热速度。散热速度越快,人体感觉越冷;散热速度越慢,人体感觉越热。人泡在35度的水里会觉得冷,握着50度的铁锅会觉得烫,就是因为水和金属的导热性要好于空气。
综合上述两点,当气温达到35度时,人体已经无法通过体表热传导有效散热,会导致核心温度升高。此时,正常人只能通过排汗来增加体表的散热速度,而体弱的人则可能由于散热不良而中暑。
以上。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:546132320, aid:2608692651, tag:['生物学', '体温', '生物', '体温调节'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
C++返回值类型为string的函数,如何给C代码调用? | 按C语言风格包装一层函数即可。
常规方法有三。
第一是内部静态string变量,返回const char *的c_str。外部不用释放。
第二是使用strdup复制一份,规定调用方必须负责释放。
第三是让调用方传入一个缓冲区,然后把string的cstr用 strcpy复制过去。
优缺点:
第一种方法无须分配无需释放,心智负担最低,但函数不可再入,不可递归,不可多线程调用。仅仅单线程可用。
第二种方法违反了「谁分配谁释放」原则,一般不建议。如果你不太讲究,这样用也无不可。
第三种方法要求调用方提供缓冲区,略显麻烦,但不违反常规的编程范式。也是标准C风格最常用的方式。
C标准库用第一种和第三种方法较多。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:553867748, aid:2683802691, tag:['C++', 'C / C++', 'Linux 开发', 'C 语言入门', 'C (编程语言) 初学'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
有哪些可以用于语文作文中的高级词汇? | **1. 隐遁——隐蔽**
**(以“隐遁”替换“隐蔽”,下同)**
**2. 幽黯——暗淡**
**3. 舒展——发挥**
**4. 汇拢——聚集**
**5. 挣扎沉浮——陷入**
**示例:描写时代背景**
当西方文明的光泽 **隐遁** 在中世纪的 **幽黯** 里,中国则在宋代迎来了自己的文艺复兴。在这个时代里,个性和创造力得到充分 **舒展**,而所有艺术种类的变化,都在苏东坡身上 **汇拢** 交织。在政治漩涡里 **挣扎沉浮**的苏东坡,虽然在艺术上并无野心勃勃的构想,却在无意间争得了那个时代的文坛首席。
——《苏东坡》
**6.缘分——关系**
**7.貌不惊人——平凡**
**8.吞吐、闭合——波动**
**9.饱含——充满**
**10.舒缓、激越、轻灵、凝重——奔流不息、平静**
**示例:描写自然**
追寻一座岛屿和树木之间的奇妙 **缘分** ,平凡的椰子有着最传奇的身世。 **貌不惊人**的红树林,在绝境中力挽狂澜。退潮后,加入螃蟹和鸭子的队伍,与它们一起重新发现海滩。
——《航拍中国》
鄱阳湖是其中容量最大的湖泊,它就像长江的肺叶,枯水期为长江提供水量补给。当洪水到来时,鄱阳湖吸纳江河里多余的水,这么 **一吞一吐**,帮助维持了长江水势的相对稳定。
——《航拍中国》
汉江,千百年来就这样静静地流淌, **舒缓** 中时见 **激越** , **轻灵** 中饱含 **凝重**。汉江子民内心深处最虔诚的信仰,历经数千年的碰撞与交融,呈现出这条温润大江所特有的包容、丰富与多元。
——《汉江》
**11.具体关联——关系**
**12.门前冷落鞍马稀——冷清**
**13.蒸腾的生活——社会环境**
**14.理应——应该**
**示例:论述传统的复兴**
议论北京故宫博物院的“成功转型”,社交媒体的经营,绝不仅仅是“公关”。通过互联网,故宫不仅赢回了面子,更重建了公共博物馆与公众的 **具体关联**。环顾四周,一些博物馆给人的印象是陈列呆板,讲解套路化,缺乏互动,于是恶性循环,愈显 **门前冷落鞍马稀**。加上服务意识欠缺、管理水平不足,使得那些博物馆脱离了跟公众生活的联系。这样的难受劲,故宫也不是完全没有体会过。
故宫的成功转型不只是技术层面的,更是心灵的、文化的,它说明只要融入现代人 **蒸腾的生活** ,传统文化就能再发新芽。“观乎人文,以化成天下”,文化**理应** 与人共同进化。
——人民日报
《寻找传统文化的“打开方式”》(有删减)
**15.欣喜于——满意**
**16.困惑于——不满**
**17.匮乏——缺失**
**18.滞后——落后**
**19.共生共长——和谐共处**
**20.薪火绵延——继续下去**
**示例:论述传统的复兴**
曾几何时,我们 **欣喜于** 社会日益高涨的文化需求,也 **困惑于** 公共文化服务的 **匮乏** 与 **滞后**。如今,故宫以其生动的故事打通了任督二脉:只有跟公众建立起 **共生共长** 的关系,传统文化才会焕发活力,文化传承才会 **薪火绵延。**
——人民日报
《寻找传统文化的“打开方式”》(有删减) | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
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|
浙江一男子 20 克黄金寄丢,保价八千顺丰却只肯赔两千,具体情况如何?快递公司做法是否合规?
最新进展:
顺丰同城方面表示,“此事9月10日发生以后,我们第一时间协助客户报警,同时进入客服理赔流程,9月13日已按照8000元的保价金额全额先行赔付到账。9月13日最新进展,经过警方的调查寻找,在各方配合努力下,客户遗失的黄金已经找到。”
[寄丢20克黄金只赔2000,顺丰回应:已按八千保价金赔付
中秋假期最后一天(9月12日),本该把握时光开心度过。但杭州小刘,却因为一桩同城快递出现意外而心烦不已。他向记者发来求助:
**“我该得的理赔数额是8000元,为什么只赔2000元,足足少了四分之三呀。”**
事情要从9月10日中秋节那天说起。
当天下午4点45分,住在萧山的小刘要把20克黄金送到住在拱墅区的一位客户住处,“本来打算用闪送,但试了很久没人接单,后来就下单了一个同城急送的单子。”
**20克黄金,目前市场价值约8000元,小刘特意进行了保价,保价金额8000元。**
一切就绪,小刘就准备美美地享受中秋家宴了。
但快递员突然打来了电话。
“6点48分,快递员给我打电话说黄金丢了,我问他怎么回事, **他说他把黄金放在口袋里,上衣放在车上,然后去上厕所,回来就发现口袋里的黄金没有了。”**
小刘说,“快递员当时宽慰我让我放心,说他已经和快递公司说过了,肯定有赔付的。”
快递员还向采荷派出所报了警。
小刘打电话给这家快递官方客服时,也得到了肯定回复, **对方表示“的确是快递员丢失了,会有赔付的”。**
可没想到,事情一波三折。
9月11日,小刘接到了快递公司官方客服工作人员打来的电话,对方表示“愿意赔付2000元”,小刘当即表示不接受,“明明保价8000元,为什么最后只赔付2000元呢?”
小刘问客服 **“这个2000的数额是怎么确定的?”客服工作人员回答不上来,只表示会向理赔部门进一步反馈,还表示“会在4个小时后回电”。**
小刘说,自己等了又等,但后来一直没接到对方的反馈电话。
小刘说,要送这么贵重的东西,选择这家公司就是因为看中这个响当当的品牌,“没想到碰到这样的事情,真的特别生气,一
**个是明明保价金额是8000元,为什么赔付变成2000元,那我保价意义何在。二是这个黄金市场价就是8000元,我东西丢了,当然要按本来价值赔付,难道我寄的东西被弄丢还要我自己承担损失吗?”**
小刘不仅向记者帮求助,也给市长热线12345打去了投诉求助电话。
“我查阅了相关资料,都是说保价了就应该是全额赔付,对方这么做我真的不能理解。”小刘说,“难道这笔损失真的要我自己来承担吗?是不是以后贵重的东西都得自己背来背去,都不敢快递了……”
这件事后续如何?记者正在联系快递公司相关工作人员。
9月12日下午,记者了解到,快递公司知晓此事后非常重视,立即联系当事人了解情况。据多方了解,小哥上洗手间,致快递物品丢失,已报警,现警方还没有处理结果。但公司明确表示,
**为保证客户利益,按照约定,公司先行赔付保价金额8000元。** | 快递赔偿的逻辑:
消费者和快递公司之间成立的是货物运输合同关系,作为承运人的快递公司应当在约定期限或者合理期限内将货物安全运输到约定地点,承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担赔偿责任。《快递暂行条例》第二十七条规定:“快件延误、丢失、损毁或者内件短少的,对保价的快件,应当按照经营快递业务的企业与寄件人约定的保价规则确定赔偿责任;对未保价的快件,依照民事法律的有关规定确定赔偿责任。”
交通运输部公布的《快递市场管理办法》第二十条规定:“在快递服务过程中,快件(邮件)发生延误、丢失、损毁和内件不符的,经营快递业务的企业应当按照与用户的约定,依法予以赔偿。企业与用户之间未对赔偿事项进行约定的,对于购买保价的快件(邮件),应当按照保价金额赔偿。对于未购买保价的快件(邮件),按照《中华人民共和国邮政法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》(注:该法已失效)等相关法律规定赔偿。”
根据《快递市场管理办法》第三十条规定,经营快递业务的企业应当遵守《中华人民共和国邮政法》、《邮政行业安全监督管理办法》等相关规定,建立并严格执行收寄验视制度,加强生产安全和应急管理。上诉人有义务对寄托物进行验视,被上诉人将货物交运给上诉人,视为已对寄托物进行验视,核对了寄托物价值与保价价值相符。
因此,快递赔偿的逻辑是:
1. 没有保价,用户不能证实货物的价值的,则用户无权要求快递公司按照其认为的价格进行赔偿;
2.没有保价,用户能证实货物的价值的,则用户有权要求快递公司按照可证明的价格进行赔偿;比如商家向消费者寄送商品,则商家可以用订单、订单金额等信息证明货物的价值,并据此赔偿。
3. 有保价,则双方按保价金额进行赔偿,没乱七八遭的要求。当然了,实际中还要看看保价的期限,比如有些只保价24小时,等等。
3. 有保价,但实际金额似乎比保价的还低,是不是可以按实际金额呢。一般是不行的,毕竟保价是个专业活,既然认了,再苦也得吞下去了。
最后,小tips,大家不觉得保价和保险很相似么,快递公司的保价模式是不是违法经营呢?这个很有意思,很有一段历史,大家有兴趣可以查一下当年物流企业和保险公司之间当年的保险认定大战。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:553304716, aid:2671940089, tag:['顺丰集团', '快递', '顺丰优选', '顺丰速运', '顺丰回应玉石保价4000破损赔偿600'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
学生在课上就学术问题和老师争辩,老师会怎么想?
情绪稍微有点激动 但是没有对老师不尊重 只是迫切想知道自己错在哪
也想从老师口中得到一个令自己信服的解释。课后想想有点后悔,怕老师会觉得我较真,对老师没有敬意。老师会这么想吗? | 绝大部分老师正常老师都不会因为学生在课堂上和自己争论学术问题而生气,相反可能还会高兴。
首先,学生在课堂上讨论学术问题,至少说明他在听讲和思考,怎么看都是好事。
其次,讨论有助于厘清问题,加深理解。对于某些有意义的重要问题,甚至可以通过让全班同学参与讨论,来完成教学。
再次,所谓教学相长。老师讲的也不一定就是对了,进入大学后,这样的情况更是常见。课堂上和学生进行讨论,甚至有可能帮助老师自己更好地理解问题,产生新的想法。
不过,如果讨论的原因是因为学生自己的基础知识太差、理解能力有限、钻了牛角尖等,老师为了保证完成课堂教学,可能会选择打断学生,继续授课,课后或者答疑时间再和学生单独解决问题。如果此时学生仍然坚持讨论,部分老师可能会生气。
当然,你也不能排除,少部分老师就是在乎自己的尊严,一定要维护自己永远正确的形象,排斥质疑和讨论。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:546650409, aid:2648284470, tag:['学术', '教师', '高中教师'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
这些影响你考研上岸的事情,请一定要杜绝? | ## 请一定杜绝这103条,最后一条最重要
**1.报考学校专业录取人数为个位数。**
**2.报考院校专业迟迟无法确定,也就无法开展学习**
**3.盲目跨考,一定要了解清楚再选择是否跨专业,本专业考试还是要轻松一些**
**4.跟风考研,不知道自己为什么要考研,考研目标也不明确,很容易放弃。**
**5.高估自己的能力,实力与目标不匹配。**
**6.非985院校不上。**
**7.不接受调剂。**
**8.盲目迷信经验贴。**
**9.不一定都要买新的资料,找师兄师姐买旧的材料和资料复习没有问题的,除非教材有非常大的变动。**
**10.看别人3个月可以上岸,就真的8、9月份才开始复习。**
**11.没有好好把握暑期这个黄金。**
**12.老拿自己跟别人比,焦虑倍增,一天,效率低下。**
**13.老拿自己跟别人比,焦虑倍增, 内耗严重。**
**14.戒不掉手机等娱乐,学习10分钟,娱乐1小时。**
**15.智能手机随时在手边,一会看微信,一会看微博,一会玩游戏,图书馆呆了一上午,书都没翻一页,管不住就带老人机,仅电话使用。**
**16.不做学习规划,每天学到哪算哪,最后发现进度严重滞后。**
**17.定力不强的人还在宿舍复习,聊会天,玩一会,睡会觉,一天就过去了。**
**18.学习计划太粗略,结果发现要不是做不完,要不是太轻松?**
**19.加了太多的研友,时间都花在聊天上了。**
**20.英语不做精翻,到了考场长难句和翻译不会分析。**
**21.晚上熬夜复习,早上起不来。**
**22.把难的知识点放在最后复习,最后背不下来就放弃了。**
**23.没有准备错题本,最后两个月不知道怎么复习,最后复盘都是自己会的知识点,不会的还是不会。**
**24.学习时间虽然长,但是效率低。**
**25.不是一定要报班,自己按照计划复习也是可以的。**
**26.什么都想要,一会准备考研,一会准备工作,一会准备留学,一会准备老公,最后什么都没得到。**
**27.买了很多资料,不知道学什么,导致进度一直推不了。**
**28.只顾埋头复习,不关注考试信息,有的专业临时取消或者变化考纲都是有可能的。**
**29.为了笔记好看,花较多时间记笔记,笔记仅仅是用来复习的,不是用来展示的。**
**30.复习英语不背单词,背了记不住就不想背。**
**31.为考研购买了电子产品,可是没有用于复习,光玩了。**
**32.光刷题,不总结。**
**33.6月份还在看英语单词课。**
**34.只顾复习进度,不定期回顾也是不行的。**
**35.不给自己娱乐休息的时间,憋着劲一直学。**
**36.沉迷于找资料,买资料,收藏经验,学习方法。**
**37.目标感太重,过于焦虑,时常emo。**
**38.不给自己娱乐休息的时间,憋着劲一直学。**
**39.不会控制自己的情绪,经常被情绪带偏。**
**40.背单词一来就红宝书正序背诵,结果背的都是不常考的。**
**41.英语真题做一遍就结束了,真题一定要好好研究。**
**42.不要去网上找所谓的学姐,通过身边的人打听最靠谱。**
**43.做单纯地做抄书笔记,自己整理的思维导图对复习和记忆都有好处**
**44.英语死扣语法,没意义。**
**45.尽量不要在家里备考,要在不那么舒适的环境里面复习**
**46.想几点起就几点起,想几点睡就几点睡,这样不仅效率低,也会让你意志消磨,每天固定好作息时间,该做什么就做什么。**
**47.胡乱收集信息,要知道去伪存真。**
**48.不要仅仅是看书,看书是没有用的,多勾画,多标注,多思考**
**49.一切以结果为导向,不要自欺欺人,不要做一些感动自己的无用功**
**50.一定不要偏科,考研不止是总分过分,每个单项也要过线。**
**51.花太多的时间练字,整齐即可,卷面分最多1.2分,还是花时间在知识点上。**
**52.四六级考过了就不认真复习英语了,四六级跟考研英语不一样。**
**53.英语作文不自己动手写,光背模板。**
**54.光听学习视频,不自己做题。**
**55.不重视政治选择题,政治真正拉分的就是选择题,简答题大部分人分数都差不多。**
**56.考前一个月还在关注当月的时政,这个时候考题都出完了,不会考。**
**57.数学不好的报考考数学的专业,数学不会真的不会。**
**58.初试想着只要过线就好,结果到了复试发现分差太大。排名看后。**
**59.英语作文简单拼凑,不整理自己的模板,最后发现背的时候很生硬,也不容易记住,重复率太高。**
**60.如果9月份之后才开始备考,请直接背真题词汇。**
**61.跨考前没有认真了解,上岸后才发现是从一个坑到另一个坑。**
**62.不要每天只复习一科,合理分配。**
**63.没有好好利用特碎片化时间,坐车,吃饭,睡前都可以背单词,听政治要点。**
**64.喜欢关注社交圈的动态,容易被影响。**
**65.记笔记不挑重点,要学会做框架笔记。**
**66.报考时突然换目标,特别是英语二到英语一,数学二到数学一,可以降级换,不到万不得已,不要升级换。**
**67.研究太深,爱钻牛角尖,这是应试考试,只要能够做对题就好啦。**
**68.跟比自己复习好很多还天天玩的人一起学习,要不就是你跟他一起玩,要不就是你被他带得焦虑。**
**69.太过于依靠咖啡来提神,喝多了很容易晚上失眠,继而第二天继续用咖啡,形成恶性循环,真正能提升的只有信念。**
**70.一会听这个老师,一会听那个老师,最后没能形成知识框架,每个知识板块认准了一个老师就老老实实地跟下去。**
**71.迷信网上的押题,能不能押中全靠运气,考试最后考的还是实力。**
**72.8月份才开始复习专业课。**
**73.备考期间开始谈恋爱,运气好谈恋爱为考研助力,运气不好倒拖后腿。**
**74.一次性把英语真题做完了,导致后期没有模拟题用。**
**75.放松时间以半天为宜,最好不要超过一天。**
**76.不吃早饭。**
**77.去图书馆复习,如果比较敏感的人,请自带耳塞。**
**78.为了考试放弃身体健康,每天依然可以抽半个小时到一个小时做下运动,散个步。**
**79.做对的题目就一闪而过,要分一下其他错误选项,把考点都弄懂。**
**80.沉迷在学习打卡,努不努力,学没学到知识只有你自己知道。**
**81.专业课不收集往年真题,大大提升了复习难度。**
**82.嘴巴上的 巨人,行动上的矮子,不要感动自己,知识没有学到说再多也是没有学到。**
**83.盲目迷信技巧,有的时候重复比技巧更重要。**
**84.不要把自己绷太紧,可以适量的给自己放松的时间。**
**85.不会取舍,有的时候好学校和好专业只能择其一。**
**86.不看重英语阅读,得阅读者,得高分。**
**87.老是焦虑,陷在自己的情绪里面,赶紧行动才是正理。**
**88.考验期间处理不好感情问题,大大影响复习进度。**
**89. 复试期间交流题目留下聊天记录。**
**90.自控力太差,控制不住玩手机。**
**91.太过于合群,很容易被影响。**
**92.不注意饮食,不注意荤素搭配,身体才是一切的基石。**
**93.英语想冲高分但是不看外刊。**
**94.反复问“现在开始来得及吗?”,一件事开始最好的时刻就是现在**
**95.错过了预报名和正式报名。**
**96.异地考研没有提前订好酒店。**
**97.准考证,身份证没有提前准备。**
**98.考前没有把路线摸清楚,结果考试当天坐不到车,或者堵车,最后进不了考场。**
**99.上考场不带手表,有的考场没有表,最后时间不够,没有做完。**
**100.复试前没有及时联系老师。**
**101.等到调剂系统开放后再开始准备调剂,一定要早了解。**
**102.为了考研导致本科毕业都成问题,即使就考上了也没用。**
### **103.中途放弃。** | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
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如果皇帝真维新改革,清末士大夫阶层会一起走改革路吗? | 清末本就是皇帝、太后和士大夫阶层一起真心走维新改革路的,只不过走到后面,怎么改的差距越来越大了。
清末的改革起于戊戌变法,这时候还只是甲午战败后有个朦胧想法,现在很多人认为戊戌变法说的东西不靠谱,什么事一开始探索能成熟呢?
整体启动于庚子之变后,清政府彻底认识到自己实力之差,以及清流和洋务都不够用了。
真正比较靠谱的开始,是1905年日俄战争后,真正见识了日本战胜俄国这个近代以来第一次白种人的失败。这次对清廷震撼太大,维新立宪后,国力会大增,彻底成为了国内领导和士绅层的共识。
这种情况下,无论慈禧太后、清廷官员还是地方士绅,都是真心要维新的。原因很简单,
对外而言,再不变革啥结果?随时都得亡国了,不亡国也要当列强傀儡了。统治者虽然可以卖国,但也得有国可卖啊。想辛丑条约那时候,卖都不好卖了。更用不用说对于官员和士绅来说,列强早已经严重侵犯自己利益了。
对内而言,革命党已经一步步做大做强了,朝廷自己不变革,就逼着更多人倒向革命党。而只要立宪,就走革命党的路让他们无路可走。对于革命党的厌恶,同样是清廷、官员和立宪派士绅的共识。
所以说,时间放在至少1905,清朝的皇帝(太后)和士大夫们都是要改革的。
**问题出在,到底改革成什么样子?操作中差异就越来越大了** 。
1905年,清廷派五大臣留洋考察;1906年,清廷发了《宣示预备立宪谕》,预备立宪开始。
这个阶段大家还是和谐的,和谐到革命党都怕了,五大臣出国时候都刺杀阻止,毕竟都知道,这立宪要是成功了,就没有革命什么事了。
但走着走着问题就出现了。
立宪,怎么立宪?以德国为蓝本,还是日本?还是英国?完全照搬肯定又做不到,那应该结合中国多少特色?
立宪,就要有地方自治,那给地方放权多少?地方权力又该什么形式体现?资政院该怎么定位?咨询机构还是立法机构还是行政机构?
立宪,作为整个新政改革的最后一步,在新政过程中还会涉及到方法面面的小制度变革,而每一个变革涉及到的人又是天大的事,比如科举就是新政时期废除的,宪政费用就需要新的税款。
所以,清朝末年的皇帝或者说太后是真想维新改革,官员和士绅也是真想维新改革,毕竟这时候谁都看出来再不改革,就要揭杆斩木、瓜分豆剖了。只有维新改革,才能外御列强,内防革命党。
但怎么维新,可就看法不一样了。皇室肯定希望保留更多权力,甚至比日本天皇还多点;官员肯定希望自己的权力不要被架空或者稀释,至少不能少的多;士绅肯定要求这个过程中分得更多的利益。
当然,不太一样也没什么,任何改革都是重新分蛋糕,都有矛盾,取一个最大公约数,互相妥协,才是最好的改革方式。
清末也是这样,清末改革最大势力立宪派,实际上就覆盖面极广,既有袁世凯这种中央高官,有郑孝胥这种地方大员,有谭延闿这种地方实力派,有张謇这种商业人士,还有康有为梁启超这种理论上的通缉犯。大家本身追求并不完全一样,但是有毕竟一致的目标,就大的方针上合作不错,统称为立宪派了。
而立宪派和清廷之间,同样是有个最大公约数,根据实力对比,最终出台《钦定宪法大纲》时候,也算是双方基本都满意。
所以回到题目,皇室当时是真维新改革,士大夫阶层也一起走改革路了,大家也妥协出一个都满意意见了。
为什么革命党的起义在1908年之后进入低谷,以至于1911年初,黄兴梭哈般的把骨干都拿出来去搞黄花岗起义?因为《钦定宪法大纲》就是1908年颁布的,这也意味着清廷和立宪派的妥协达到一个彼此基本满意的地步,也就是题目说的皇帝和士大夫阶层都基本统一思想改革的地步。
大家都统一思想了,还有革命党什么事?
那为什么这个一致思想没有走下去呢?
因为任何一个国家,立宪改革过程中,都会根据不同方的实力区别,随时可能改变原有的方案。英国国王也不是光荣革命后就立刻变成橡皮图章的啊。
这就是长期斗争过程了。只不过中国作为后发国家,这种斗争会更迫切更尖锐。
严格说,首先不讲武德的是立宪派。慈禧太后一死,新上台的溥仪是小孩子,隆裕太后就一普通妇人水平,载沣志大才疏的绣花枕头。所以基于实力的变化,立宪派立刻要求改变原定的预备立宪步骤,各级咨议局都都要求缩短预备立宪时间,并增加咨议局权力。
但是,虽然有点不讲武德,但这种要求是合理的。改革过程中,本就是不同势力根据自身力量变化而不断改变原有规则,走向新的妥协的过程。只可惜,载沣不懂这个道理,直接掀桌了,来了个皇族内阁,索性开倒车了。
可怜孙中山、黄兴,要是知道5月份就玩皇族内阁,去逼反立宪派,何必3月份牺牲那么多骨干去搞黄花岗?只能说载沣太不按套路出牌,超出了政治底线,把大家都搞不会了。
到此为止,皇帝和士大夫一起改革的路子才终于走不通了,原因就是士大夫提出形势不同了,你载沣不比慈禧,所以得走快点;而载沣表示老子索性不走了,还要倒退。
所以最终回到题目,不用假设,历史已经证明了,清末皇帝(太后)真维新改革时候,士大夫阶层是坚决一起走改革路的,哪怕目标不全实现,也是坚决改革抵制革命的。但等慈禧和光绪死去后,新的皇帝(摄政王)突然表示不改革了,那士大夫们也没办法啊,只好跟革命党合作推翻你吧。 | {
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"minor": [
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] | qid:548701068, aid:2644383166, tag:['改革', '清朝', '晚清', '士大夫', '皇帝'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
诡秘之主借鉴了那些设定? | 1、二十二条途径的内容根据塔罗牌改编,这个很明显
2、书中的神之途径基本参考了卡巴拉生命之树,生命之树大概可以分为三支柱,十个原质,四个世界,二十二路径等基本结构。《旧约·创世记》记载,生命之树位于伊甸园中央,而卡巴拉借由此来描述所谓通往神(在卡巴拉教派文献中,通常被称为“耶和华”)的路径,或神从无中创造世界的方式。
3、克苏鲁神话中的设定,也很明显,包括经典的不可直视神,不可逆的污染,也包括外神、旧日等称呼,以及书里提到过的群星归位之时、星之匙、泡泡、门等等,熟悉克苏鲁的可以在书里找到大量致敬的地方
4、参考了以基督教神话为主的各种神话体系,这一条感觉和第2条重复了,但主要是书里神之途径这个设定过于重要,就单独说了。按书里的说法就是,远古太阳神是从切尔诺贝利走出的旧文明幸存者,很可能是东正教的毛子,再加上全五家确实很像基督教的上帝,所以照搬了基督教的一些设定来发展自己的信仰
5、主角所处背景参考维多利亚时代,比如1英镑等于20先令,1先令等于12便士这种古怪的兑换比率;谷物法案相关的一系列事件;各种物价以及人民收入;尤其是大雾霾事件,相当于明说了贝克兰德就是伦敦。
6、赫密斯学派,作为现实世界中真实存在的一个学派,主要的思想是人类要回归神性。另外这个学派好像还是天启宗教们钦定所谓邪恶之邪恶,异端之异端(恰好对应他们的伟大之伟大,智慧之智慧)。
7、要素黎明参考了黄金黎明赫密斯学派,而现在最流行的这个版本的塔罗牌,创作者韦特刚好出身于黄金黎明赫密斯学派。
8、灵界七光的原型是现实中的“神智学”这一神秘学组织,所推崇的神秘学理念,七种对应着不同的领域的灵光,象征着神流溢在凡世间的美德与奇迹(也是因为这个,书里的七光设定上对人类友好)。创始人布拉瓦茨基夫人,就是fgo里的海伦娜
9、心智体,星灵体,以太体以及灵界、灵性这些概念都是现实中的神秘学经典概念
10、书里观众途径对应的集体潜意识大海这个概念现实中也是有相关理论的,提出者是心理学家荣格。
11、主角经常占卜,而书里涉及的一些占卜知识也是现实中比较经典的,如灵数,星象,塔罗,仪式魔法,卡巴拉,卜杖等等。当然要说最经典的还要属抛硬币。
12、书里的仪式魔法主要借鉴了现实中的仪式魔法,主要是《威卡魔法》《力量之环》这两本流传较广的现代魔法书。而且这两本魔法书有中文翻译,写西幻题材的作者如果不想啃英文大部头的话可以从这两本里找灵感。
13、封印物的不少设定借鉴了scp基金会,scp相关的设定出过一些游戏,知道的人不少,比如那个眨眼就冲过来拧你脖子的羊驼
14、还是上面提到的心理学家荣格(曾任国际心理分析学会会长、国际心理治疗协会主席),有本书叫《心理学与炼金术》,应该是书里心理炼金学会这个组织的理论原型。
15、不少设定以及人物参考了血源诅咒,比如第一猎人格尔曼等。另外强推《血源诅咒》,如果你是魂系爱好者或者克系爱好者,可以试试。
16、道恩·唐泰斯,这个也很明显,借鉴的基督山伯爵的主角爱德蒙·唐泰斯,基督山伯爵这本书对现代爽文的影响非常大,不少现在网文用滥了的套路都是出自这本书。
17、战士的序列4猎魔人的能力特点参考了巫师3的猎魔人
18、大侦探夏洛特·莫里亚蒂,也是经典致敬 | {
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|
到底人类是怎么进化而来的?
说是从猿猴猩猩猴子进化来的 但是回首几百年几千年有从猴子变成人类的吗 | 首先这个世界不存在进化。
至于人类一直都是人类,并不是猩猩、狒狒、猴子,只不过人类早期长得像猴儿,不过人家那是猿人类、原始人类、智人类、现代人类,本质上他都是人类。
如果再往前推是森林古猿,再往前是爬行动物、鱼、单细胞生物,这么推就没有意义了。一般我们管这种由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的升级叫做生物演化而并非进化。进化一词出自《物种起源》是达尔文和华莱士提出的一种猜测假说,并非是科学理论。
首先进化这一词更像在描述一种有目标性的升级,是被设计出来的,它的反义词是退化(演化论和进化论都是对evolution的翻译,我们对生物的变化称之为生物演化)。进化论的诟病主要是没有任何东西证明人类在从猿猴进化至人类,这中间没有任何过度阶段,似乎所有猿猴在一夜之间突然变成人类。
现代讲的生物演化(科学并非真理而是与时俱进,我们只是更相信有依据的事物)是指遗传性状在世代之间的变化。由于繁殖过程中基因的突变使性状改变,进而造成个体之间的差异,这种突变没有目的性,主要受环境影响其因素复杂,当这种突变在一个物种中的数量达到普遍状态时则称之为物种演化。
生物的演化很神奇,从最早的有机小分子在海洋中的热泉附近形成,直到它们逐渐壮大到不得不寻找新的能量源泉才能继续繁殖,于是乎它们盯上了太阳,这些古菌演化出了以太阳能为能源的结构,配合当时环境很快就发展壮大铺满整个地球,如果那时在外太空遥望地球会发现那是一个粉嘟嘟星球,极其的少女。此时另一个物种我们的祖先的祖先真核细胞可谓是惨之又残,他们在大海的深处只能得到透过古菌照射进来的微弱阳光,但天无绝人之路真核细胞演化出了光合作用,你不好奇为什么植物都是绿色的吗?按道理说植物呈现绿色说明他们没有吸收黄绿波段的微波,而阳光中能量最强正是黄绿波段,实际上就是因为他们演化时根本吸收不到相对高能的黄绿光。当真核细胞学会了光合作用后便开始了疯狂繁殖,疯狂制造氧气。直到它们制造出的氧充满了大气层,为这如万花筒般绚丽多彩的世界打造出了有利条件。(氧化天氧化地氧化了古菌,真核细胞因此崛起了。氧气的破坏力极强,小到苹果发黄、洁白的衬衣床单泛黄,大到岩石钢铁侵蚀,人类85%的疾病都是因为氧化。)时间来直到奥陶纪在河流岸边慢慢出现了苔藓和黏菌。不幸的是地球由于遭到来自于外太空的伽马射线爆洗礼,刚刚成型的生物们基因链被击碎于是大部分生物被毁灭。
这一直持续到了志留季地球生物才得以重新繁茂,这次的鱼类演化出了盔甲以及更复杂的器官,这使它们能够适应更复杂一些的环境,为生物上岸埋下了伏笔。
到了泥盆纪陆地也迎来大发展,登陆行动由植物先行,森林大泛滥为动物带来了生存下去的环境。石炭纪由于植物繁茂使得地球含氧量越来越高,节肢动物们因此可以将体型长得硕大无比,三米长的蜈蚣,两米宽的蜻蜓到处都是。
石炭纪是地壳运动活跃的时期,听名字就能猜到这个时期造就煤炭,大量的植物由于地壳改变被深埋在地下。石炭纪晚期的脊椎动物也就是鱼类的演化出现了一个转折点,它们终于能够完全摆脱海洋,在红海内卷中成功脱身变为两栖动物。
时间再次推演到了二叠纪,即古生代地壳运动的最后一个时代,海洋减少而陆地相互挤压上形成了一条条山脉。
在二叠纪早期由于适宜的环境温暖的气候使各种各样的动植物稳定的发展,大气氧含量逐渐在生产与消耗中平衡。直到那一天地球迎来最惨烈长夜。
地质纪元——中生代的三叠纪的开启是以一次生物大灭绝拉开序幕,以又一次生物大灭绝谢幕。二三叠纪交汇时期地球只有一块大陆,地壳频繁的运动带来了轰轰烈烈的造山运动也带来火山的大爆发,地球因此沦为地狱,95%的生物因此灭绝。不知过了多久,地球陷入了死一般的寂静,火山喷发过程中产生了大量的二氧化碳和二氧化硫,二氧化硫在空气中氧化形成硫酸,再随着雨水降落到地面。大范围的酸雨灾害几乎毁灭了泛古大陆的植被,给陆地生态系统带来了灭顶之灾,从树皮下的微小昆虫到锯齿龙那样的巨型四足发酵罐,都断绝了食物来源,在饥饿中大批死亡。食物链就这样一级一级崩塌。
全球范围的植被破坏使得光合作用产能大减,氧气生产远远抵不上消耗的速度。与此同时,大量二氧化碳从地球深处喷出,岩浆和高温点燃了地表的植被和地下的煤炭,又在源源不断地生成二氧化碳。此消彼长,大气成分又一次发生了历史性的改变。空气中的含氧量从30%迅速下降到了13%,残存的动物每一次呼吸都变得无比艰难。另外在火山喷发后灰尘布满天空,气温急剧降低,一场持续了两百万年的雨过后,地球才重新恢复生态。
三叠纪无孔亚纲和下孔亚纲基本绝灭,新类型大量出现,并有一部分转移到海中生活。原始哺乳动物在三叠纪末期也出现了。在这个新的地址纪年里爬行动物崛起了,恐龙最早出现于三叠纪晚期,同时出现的还有哺乳动物。
侏罗纪前期大家应该都熟悉,即便对这个纪年不清楚也因电影而了解到这是恐龙的年代,因为经历大灭绝,所以各种动植物都非常稀少(属于休养生息的阶段),但其中恐龙总目一枝独秀,伺机称霸陆地。侏罗纪中晚期以后,恐龙成为地球上最繁荣昌盛的优势物种,此后会统治地球1.5亿年,直到白垩纪-第三纪灭绝事件为止。
之后的纪年地球还经历了一次冰河时代,以后哺乳动物,猿人闪亮登场,一步步演化至今,有时间再讲吧。 | {
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|
乱世用重典和约法三章是不是相矛盾?
所谓乱世用重典,然而汉高祖刘邦入关中,颁布约法三章,这并不是重典啊,相反比起秦朝的严刑峻法已经大大宽松了,却依然能把社会秩序治理的很好,这怎么解释呢? | 「乱世」有很多特点,得先知道乱世用重典这句话中的「乱世」指什么。
三国时期有个故事。
诸葛亮在蜀地以「重典」治国,法正不理解,以高祖入关中约法三章说之:
> 昔高祖入关,约法三章,秦民知德。今君假借威力,跨据一州,初有其国,未垂惠抚;且客主之义,宜相降下,愿缓刑弛禁以慰其望。《通鉴·卷六十七》
诸葛亮答曰:
> 君知其一,未知其二。秦以无道,政苛民怨,匹夫大呼,天下土崩;高祖因之,可以弘济。> **刘璋暗弱,自焉已来,有累世之累,文法羁縻,互相承奉,德政不举,威刑不肃。蜀土人土,专权自恣,君臣之道,渐以陵替。宠之以位,位极则贱;顺之以恩,恩竭则慢。所以致敝,实由于此。**> 吾今威之以法,法行则知恩;限之以爵,爵加则知荣。荣恩并济,上下有节,为治之要,于斯而著矣。《通鉴·卷六十七》
要之,秦末之关中与汉末之巴蜀情况不同,用法自然不同,岂有成规?
刘邦约法三章缘因「秦以无道,政苛民怨」,反其道而行之则易得人心。也是百姓急切需要,有利于生产生活。
诸葛亮用重典缘因「自焉以来,有累世之累」,刘焉、刘璋父子二世据蜀,德政不举,威刑不肃,蜀人散漫而无君臣之道。不以重典治之,则国无以安定。
秦末与汉末皆乱世,刘邦与诸葛亮使用了不同的治国方法,都获得成功。
可见「乱世」没有一定之规。
所谓乱世用重典,指的便是诸葛亮遇到的情况,天下大乱,诏令不行,人心散乱,久无法度,用重典才可恢复秩序,使国家富强。
刘邦面对的关中百姓,已经备受秦法摧残,无人敢目无法度,没有用重典的需要。相反,还得用轻典以安抚百姓。
此即孔子所谓:
> 「政宽则民慢,慢则纠之以猛。猛则民残,残则施之以宽。宽以济猛,猛以济宽,政以是和。」《左传·昭公十二年》
胡三省认为诸葛亮可谓懂得孔子的「宽则济之以猛」,我们也可以说,刘邦约法三章可谓懂得孔子的「猛则济之以宽」。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:437657375, aid:1672474958, tag:['历史', '社会', '刘邦', '秦朝', '汉朝'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
男子年薪相比招聘时承诺年薪少发 7 万,被判公司补足,如何从法律角度解读?
2020年初,南京的蔡先生与一家公司签订劳动合同,对方承诺年收入在16-18万元。蔡先生慎重考虑后,于当年3月入职。然而,蔡先生在年底时发现年收入只有9万多元,辞职后进行劳动仲裁无果,将原公司告上法庭。原公司表示,当时与蔡先生的合同约定月工资为3000元,招聘主管承诺的年薪并不能代表公司。法院审理认为,招聘人员履行职务行为,做出的承诺对公司具有约束力,且双方在微信中对工资有过明确表示,可作为证据。因此,法院判决原公司补足工资差额69500元,公司不服提起上诉,二审被法院驳回上诉请求。 | 蔡先生本案能够胜诉是有各方面的因素叠加,并非仅凭用人单位招聘承诺就可以胜诉的。
一、招聘广告中的薪酬承诺不构成劳动合同内容,不能作为确定员工薪酬的依据
招聘广告中的承诺,是针对不特定的应聘者,仅是劳动合同的要约邀请,因此其不具备劳动合同的法律效力,不能直接依据该承诺确定员工薪酬标准,而是应当依据用人单位与劳动者最终书面订立的劳动合同确定。
二、本案主管系代公司作出承诺,其承诺对公司具有约束力
招聘广告中的承诺系针对不特定对象,因此只构成要约邀请。但本案主管系向特地对象蔡先生作出薪酬承诺,该薪酬承诺应视为订立劳动合同的要约,在蔡先生入职并且订立劳动合同后。该薪酬承诺即应当视为劳动合同的一部分,应作为认定员工薪酬的依据。另外,本案主管系履行公司职务招聘蔡先生,系在公司授权范围内行使职务。因此根据《民法典》第一百七十条“执行法人或者非法人组织工作任务的人员,就其职权范围内的事项,以法人或者非法人组织的名义实施的民事法律行为,对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。”相关法律后果应由公司承担。
需要特别说明的是,本案法院最终支持蔡先生还有一个重要原因是公司只在《劳动合同》与蔡先生约定了月薪标准,并未约定年薪标准。若是公司约定了年薪标准,那可以视为双方已经对入职时约定的薪酬承诺进行了变更,应当以《劳动合同》载明的年薪为准。如此蔡先生想按照入职时承诺主张年薪恐怕就难了。
本案也提醒各位劳动者,在签订劳动合同时,一定要仔细查看劳动合同的内容与用人单位承诺的内容是否一致。尽量争取将用人单位的承诺写在劳动合同中,以保护自己的合法权益。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:558476073, aid:2709080433, tag:['法律', '职场', '社会', '工作', '工资'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
为什么人的主观意识无法控制入睡?
人有时候想睡却睡不着,有时候不想睡却不知不觉睡着了。睡眠到底是通过什么机制运行的?为什么不能想睡就睡、想不睡就不睡? | 一般的昼夜生物(包括人)在长时间没有睡眠的情况下会分泌腺苷(Adenosine)。腺苷(符号 A 或Ado)是一种有机化合物,该分子由通过β-N9-糖苷键连接到核糖上的腺嘌呤组成。腺苷是 RNA 的四个核苷组成部分之一(其衍生物脱氧腺苷是 DNA的组成部分)。如果我们把睡眠的驱动力定义为S,那么S=前脑糖原消耗*腺苷累积量。这个过程会抑制腹外侧视前核,从而抑制上行的网状激活系统。其中,清醒时间越长,前脑糖原消耗越多,腺苷累积量越多,人就越需要睡眠,因此睡眠驱动力S越大。在进入睡眠状态后,腺苷的累积量就会明显减少。至于咖啡为什么能让我们不那么困,是因为咖啡因可以作为大脑中腺苷受体的拮抗剂。甲基黄嘌呤(Methylxanthines,例如在咖啡中发现的咖啡因、在茶中发现的茶碱或在巧克力中发现的可可碱)具有嘌呤结构,能够与腺苷的某些受体结合,进而阻碍腺苷与受体的结合。所以说,即使我们喝咖啡,看似是主观意识告诉我们要通过咖啡保持清醒,但背后还是神经,激素,化合物等调节的结果。咖啡因和腺苷的化学结构其他相关的激素还有褪黑素等。例如,褪黑素可以帮助我们控制季节性节律,同步昼夜节律,同步生物钟,调整睡眠-清醒时长等。人体会在夜晚分泌更多褪黑素帮助睡眠。综上所述,我们不难发现,睡眠其实是大脑激素,神经,有机化合物共同调节的结果,而非引起大脑激素水平变化,神经活动变化的原因。其实我们的情绪,一些复杂思考等都是神经活动与激素调节的结果而非原因,这也是为什么有些情绪来袭,我们能尽力控制住行为,但控制不住心情和思绪。这也解释了,为什么我们不能通过主观意识控制入睡,理论上来讲,我们可以主观上选择是否去睡觉,但能不能睡得着,其实不是我们说了算的。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:541000689, aid:2559295909, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
高一选科有什么建议吗?
3+1+2语数外➕物理/历史➕(四选二)化学生物政治地理 | 选科可以分为两个大问题,第一个是选历史还是物理,第二个是四选二选哪两门。第一个问题:历史还是物理?下列同学不会犹豫1、标准的理科生,数理化都好的,自然是选物理;2、标准的文科生,数理化都不太行的,自然是选历史;3、物理类可以涵盖大部分专业,包括外语类、法学等,都会在物理类招生。理科类的专业,比如医学、计算机、人工智能等等只在物理类招生。4、想学汉语言文学,自然是历史。历史类独有的专业比较少,哲学、考古等就不说了,真正市场上比较热门,同时主要在历史类招生的,也就是汉语言文学了。历史物理差不多,或者想选理科专业,但物理偏偏不太好的,才会犹豫。对于尖子生(全省范畴)来说,如果不是对专业有什么特定要求,历史和物理都比较强,可以考虑选历史。因为大多数尖子生会选择物理,虽然选择历史的总人数会比较多,但尖子生数量则是偏少的,选择历史更有利于考取985名牌大学。如果不是尖子生,在一本线及以下,建议尽量选择物理。越往下的分数,选历史科的竞争压力就越大,选物理科的竞争压力相对小一些。因为对于中下水平的学生,会更畏惧物理。到一本线及以下,文科的专业选择会更加困难。高一的时候,拿不准物理成绩怎么办?可以参考数学,数学好的学生,学物理也轻松一些,数学不好的学生,学物理也吃力。第二个问题:四选二如何选明面上的四门课程,实际定义是有区别的,即化学和政治属于一类,其主要目的是为了选专业。比如说想考警官学校,一般会要求政治;比如想学医,一般会要求化学。生物地理属于一类,其主要目的是为了更好的赋分。在赋分规则之下,选这门课的学生越多,赋分越有利,因为尖子生和偏科生的选择相对固定,选这门课的学生越多,说明大量排名靠后的学生在选这门课,分母做大了,自然赋分有利。比如说A同学化学全省排名500名,B同学地理全省排名1000名,化学尖子生基本会选化学,地理尖子生基本会选地理,所以A同学化学的含金量明显高于B同学地理。但是由于选地理学生的数量是化学的2倍,所以两人赋分是一样的,无疑B占了赋分的便宜。80%的录取专业是什么都不限的,所以大部分的学生都会选择更有利拿分的学科。所以各省新高考模式,生物地理都是选择最多的。化学是标准的理科,文科生不接受;政治是标准的文科,理科生不喜欢,而生物地理介于理科文科之间,大家都能接受。需要注意的是,一些学校并不会开放所有的选科组合,比如说历史+化学,一些学校不支持这样的选科。如果立志学医,必须选物理+化学,最好加上生物。如果化学成绩不那么差,建议选物理+化学,在理科之中,化学影响的专业最多,比如交通运输专业,也会要求必选化学。要考军警院校的,一定要加上政治,物理类和历史类都会招生。如果没有上面这些要求,如果四科成绩差不多,建议优先选择生物、地理,追求更好的赋分。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
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|
把海水控制在水能结冰盐不能结冰的温度再提取上面的冰层 是否就能得到淡化海水的效果了? | 能得到有限的淡化效果。海水结冰时盐会自然析出到冰下尚未冻结的水。一般情况下海水结冰的温度约 -1.8摄氏度,远高于题目不准确地称为“盐不能结冰的温度”的概念——饱和氯化钠溶液的凝固点约 -21.2 摄氏度,地球上没有那么浓的海水,海水要考虑的是**含盐是否超过 2.469%** ,超过则冻结过程更慢、新形成的冰含盐比例较高。
- 熔融氯化钠的凝固点约 802 摄氏度、跟海水结冰完全无关。
- 含盐不超过 2.469% 的海水的凝固点低于密度最大点,自然散热让表层温度降到凝固点时,下层密度较大,表层水不会下沉,会从表层开始结冰。含盐超过 2.469% 的海水会持续对流到整体温度足够低,因此冻结过程更慢。
极地的陈年海冰上部基本上是淡水。南冰洋的表层水在自然条件下通常含盐量较高,在南极的低温下自然形成的新冰含盐百分之二左右;其他海域新冻结的海冰里通常夹杂着咸水和含盐气泡,这些冰融化后一般含盐千分之三到千分之七。
海冰析出盐分的速度缓慢,想要盐度更低的淡水,得反复冻结、解冻,需要长时间等待。“人工制冷来淡化海水”的效费比会比工业使用的多级闪蒸和膜过滤更糟糕。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:561090240, aid:2723788059, tag:['物理学', '化学', '海水', '科学', '海水淡化'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
怀孕期间在饮食方面有哪些细节需要注意? | 怀孕期间饮食是非常重要的,因为它关系到胎儿的健康和母体的身体状况。以下是怀孕期间饮食需要注意的细节:
1. 多吃水果和蔬菜:水果和蔬菜含有丰富的营养物质,如维生素、矿物质和纤维素等,能够提供足够的能量和营养,同时还能够帮助消化和排便。
2. 控制饮食的热量和脂肪:怀孕期间需要增加热量和营养的摄入量,但是也不能过量,否则会导致体重过度增加和胎儿发育不良。同时,应该控制脂肪的摄入量,避免摄入过多的饱和脂肪和反式脂肪,因为它们会增加患妊娠糖尿病和高血压的风险。
3. 注意蛋白质的摄入:蛋白质是胎儿生长发育所必需的营养物质,怀孕期间应该增加蛋白质的摄入量,但也要注意选择健康的蛋白质来源,如鸡肉、鱼、豆类和坚果等。
4. 避免生食和半生食的食物:生食和半生食的食物容易受到细菌和寄生虫的污染,容易导致感染和食物中毒,因此应该避免食用生肉、生鱼片、生蛋黄和生菜等。
5. 增加铁和叶酸的摄入:怀孕期间需要增加铁和叶酸的摄入量,因为它们对胎儿的神经系统发育和血液形成有重要的作用。可以通过食用瘦肉、豆类、绿叶蔬菜和谷类等来增加铁和叶酸的摄入量。
6. 避免饮酒和吸烟:饮酒和吸烟会对胎儿产生极大的危害,容易导致胎儿畸形、发育迟缓和智力低下等问题,因此应该避免饮酒和吸烟。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:585857502, aid:2943870455, tag:['细节', '注意', '怀孕'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
若中医无效,那古代中国人得病都是靠自身免疫好的吗?
因为有“中医无效”的言论,并且产生争论,故作此问。 | 统计学上常用人均寿命和孕产妇死亡率,婴幼儿死亡率来衡量一个地区的医学水平。这同时可以反应一门医学的有效性。有兴趣大家可以查一下古代和现在的数据差距。然后在回到具体疾病上来看,比如说恶性传染病,古代都是听天由命,以下的史书记载可以作为证据,1、《后汉书.刘玄传》——公元11年,辛未年,大疾疫,死者过半!2、《后汉书.王莽传》——公元16年,丙子年,二月大疫,冯茂在句町,士卒死于疾疫者十有六七,3、《后汉书.刘吉传》——公元22年,壬午年,大疾疫,死者且半,4、《后汉书.钟离意传》——公元38年,戊戌年,会稽因大疫而死者万数,5、《后汉书.马援传》——公元44年,甲辰年,马援在交趾,军吏经瘴疫死者十之四五,6、《后汉书.皇甫规传》——公元162年,壬寅年,皇甫规在陇右,军中大疫,死者十有三四,7、《伤寒杂病论序》——公元196年,建安元年,丙子年,南阳大疫,仲景先生宗族200人+,死者三分之二,8、《三国志.魏志.武帝纪》——公元208年,戊子年,十二月,大疫,魏军吏士多死,9、《后汉书,献帝纪》——公元217年,丁酉年,大疫,曹植做《说疫气》,如下“建安二十二年,疠气流行。家家有僵尸之痛,室室有号泣之哀。或阖门而殪,或覆族而丧...”10、《三国会要》——公元223年,癸卯年,三月,宛许大疫,死者万数,即使在所谓鼎盛的明清时期,面对重大传染病也是如下情况,1、《明史.五行志》——公元1408年,戊子年,江西、福建疫死者七万八千四百余人,2《明史.五行志》——公元1410年,庚寅年,山东正月至六月,疫死者六千余人,3《明史.五行志》——公元1413年,癸巳年,邵武大疫,绝死者万二千户,4《明史.五行志》——公元1444年,甲子年,冬,绍兴宁波台州瘟疫大作,死者三万余人,5《明史.五行志》——公元1456年,丙子年,五月,桂林疫,死者二万余人,6《明史.五行志》——公元1457年,乙未年,八月福建大疫,延及江西,死者无算!7《明史.五行志》——公元1523年,癸未年,七月,南京大疫,军民死者甚众,8《明史.五行志》——公元1525年,乙酉年,九月,山东疫,死者四千一百二十八人,9《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1703年,癸未年,五月景州大疫,人死无算,八月,文登大疫,民死几半,10《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1704年,甲申年,春,块献县大疫,人死无算,秋,章邱大疫,福山大疫,人死无算,11《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1723年,癸卯年,秋,平乡大疫,死者无算,12《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1727年,丁未年,秋,澄海大疫,死者无算,13《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1732年,崐山大疫,死者数千人,14《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1786年,丙午年,夏,日照大疫,死者不可计数,15《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1821年,辛巳年,六月登州大疫,死者无算,八月青县时疫大作,死者不可胜计,清苑、定州瘟疫流行,病毙无数,16《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1832年,壬辰年,五月,石都大疫,死者无算,17《清史稿.灾异志》——公元1862年,壬戌年,登州大疫,死者无算,其他诸如糖尿病,高血压,慢性肝炎,癌症等其他疾病,往往不会猝死,所以大部分并不会去得到有效治疗。事实上,古代常见的致死刑疾病比如说感染,现在已经基本可以治愈,史书上常见的背发疽而死,现在几乎是小问题。在古代,如果不幸罹患重大疾病,听天由命的居多。康熙征讨准葛尔部,不幸罹患疟疾,差点要命,好了以后大骂中医是南方庸医,也是一个教训。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:543495310, aid:2581754924, tag:['中医', '免疫学', '免疫'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
如果巅峰期奥尼尔来现在的 NBA 打球会怎样?
小球时代的奥尼尔会怎么打球?会终结小球时代吗? | 先说会怎样:① 不要因为他是巨人而认为他不适合小球时代,奥尼尔根本不需要改变自己,但是联盟其他队伍遇到他的时候必须变化;②球队总经理肯定会围绕奥尼尔打造一星四射阵容,然后其他球队不是内线被奥尼尔翻江倒海,就是被外线万箭穿心;③奥尼尔庞大的身躯和力量,让人忽视了他的移动、步伐,以及他的罚球让人对他柔和的投篮产生了误解。另外,每支面对奥尼尔的球队,基本要面临每场有人被罚下的境地。戈贝尔、格林们就别提了,陪他练完一场得歇一周。暂且把1999-2002期间的奥尼尔视为“巅峰奥尼尔”。这几个赛季他都有哪些表现呢?1999-00赛季:常规赛——奥尼尔出战79场,场均砍下29.7分13.5个篮板3次封盖,全明星(与蒂姆·邓肯共同拥有)和常规赛MVP,球队以67胜15负排名西部第一。季后赛——奥尼尔出战23场,场均30.7分15.4个篮板2.4个盖帽,投篮命中率56.6%。季后赛中,他“摧毁”了2米18的迪瓦茨和巅峰韦伯,2米18的卢克·郎利,2米23的阿维达斯·萨博尼斯,2米11的“怒吼天尊”拉希德·华莱士。总决赛——场均38分16.7个篮板,获FMVP(自1998年乔丹后第一位同一个赛季囊括赛季所有“最有价值球员奖”的球员)。2000年6月20日总决赛,奥尼尔得到40分24个篮板,在46分钟时间里39次站上罚球线。2000-01赛季:季后赛连续碾过国王、开拓者、马刺,摧毁76人,湖人15胜1负的成绩创造了季后赛历史最佳战绩,奥尼尔场均30.4分15.4个篮板3.2个助攻,命中率56.6%。总决赛面对76人,几乎拆散了获得赛季最佳防守球员及篮板王的迪肯贝·穆托姆博(令人心疼),奥尼尔在5场比赛场均33分15.6个篮板。其中2001年6月9日的决赛中,19投12中拿到28分20个篮板9次助攻8次封盖的准“四双”数据。2001-02赛季:总决赛面对基德领衔的网队,场均36.3分12.3个篮板,“轻松”率领湖人三连冠。三连冠期间,奥尼尔连续三年取得总决赛最有价值球员奖(FMVP),另一个达成此成就的人,叫做迈克尔·乔丹。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:337996928, aid:2571023272, tag:['NBA', "沙奎尔·奥尼尔(Shaquille O'Neal)"] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
广州作为一线城市的优势主要体现在哪里?
我自己就住在广州,是个高中生,常听人们说北上广深,一直觉得广州还是个不错的城市,但我去了北京和深圳和其他的一些城市之后才发现广州并没有那么好,在一些方面甚至连西安等城市都不如,是广州还有些与其他城市相比特殊的不一样的地方我不知道吗? | 大而全,虽然算不上精。政治上:副省级城市,广东省省会,华南中心城市。经济上:GDP全国第四,全省第二。外交上:有66个外国领事馆,居全国第四(北京香港上海)军事上:南部战区总部、南部战区空军总部和广东省军区驻地。教育上:广东省内两所985高校均在广州市内,广州市有82所高校,在校学生总数超过110万,居全国第一。医疗上:拥有269间医院,病床总数超过10万张,其中三甲医院65间。交通上:广州拥有4F级的白云国际机场,黄埔港,南沙港,港口吞吐量居世界第五位,还是华南地区的公铁路交通枢纽,市内运营546条公交线路,地铁通车里程居全国第三、世界前五、运量全国第二。文化上:广府文化、岭南文化的核心区域,保留具有浓厚地方特色的饮食文化、戏曲文化、音乐文化、建筑文化和人文精神。历史上:广州建城二千多年,长期以来是海上丝绸之路的起点和重要节点,是对外交往的前沿重地,虽然远离北方政治中心,但在近代更是革命发源地之一,黄花岗起义,北伐战争,涌现无数爱国的英雄儿女。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
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|
生物界有没有基于嗅觉听觉的拟态?
纪录片里介绍的拟态主要是长得像,有没有气味或声音模仿其他生物的例子? | 有,许多生物会散发其他物种的信息素或发出其他物种的声音来吸引、干扰或驱逐特定物种。
寄生在蚂蚁巢穴里的多种鳞翅目昆虫、没有工蚁的特定物种蚂蚁等动物会散发信息素来让特定物种的蚂蚁将其视为同类。
Meloe 属甲虫的一些寄生性幼体散发信息素来吸引雄性蜜蜂,爬到前来交配的雄性蜜蜂腹部,跟着它来到雌性蜜蜂身上,进而抵达蜂巢、寄生于蜜蜂幼虫。
大花草属(学名:Rafflesia)散发强烈臭味,在一定程度上拟态了尸体,吸引苍蝇、甲虫等传粉。大花草属的花瓣的颜色、形态有一些肉的特征,其中一些物种还会散发一定的热量、装得更像尸体。
一些兰科植物用形状、颜色、气味和触感拟态膜翅目雌性昆虫,吸引试图交配的雄性昆虫来传粉。气味和触感的作用经常超过视觉特征。
一些装死的动物会放出臭气。
澳大利亚的一种螽斯 _Chlorobalius leucoviridis_ 会发出 **多个物种的蝉的雌性个体**用于寻找雄性的应答声,将那些雄蝉勾引过来吃掉。 _Chlorobalius leucoviridis_ 能解析 **来自不同大陆的蝉** 的声音信号模式。
穴鸮等动物会模仿响尾蛇的声音来吓退捕食者。
有些飞蛾可以 **发射超声波**去影响蝙蝠的回声定位。灯蛾以鼓膜器官、第三胸节表皮与肌肉发出超声波,不同物种发出的声音差异极大,有的干扰蝙蝠的回声定位精度(这有概率失败),有的以特定频率警告蝙蝠自己有毒(蝙蝠有概率不理,但在真的吃到有毒飞蛾后对这种频率声音的攻击欲望会下降),有的虽然无毒但发出有毒物种的频率来迷惑蝙蝠(蝙蝠有概率不理,并在吃到无毒飞蛾后对这种频率声音的攻击欲望会上升),有的飞蛾发出很大的声音来惊吓蝙蝠(这有概率失败,并会引起蝙蝠攻击欲望徐徐上升)。
一些蝙蝠会发射其他蝙蝠用于觅食的频率的声波来干扰那些蝙蝠的定位、趁机抢占食物。
- 在美国亚利桑那州,科学家记录了 145 次发生在争夺昆虫的蝙蝠之间的“电子战”:没有干扰时,蝙蝠的捕食成功率约 30%;只要有一只蝙蝠发出干扰信号,捕食成功率就下降到 14.1%;
- 研究人员照猫画虎,自己对蝙蝠展开了“电子攻击”:将一只飞蛾拴在离地约 5 米的细线上,一旦蝙蝠锁定飞蛾、发出觅食信号,他们就播放预先录制的干扰信号。结果发现 **在干扰信号的作用下蝙蝠的捕食成功率下降 73.5%** 。
诸如此类,这个列表可以继续延伸。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:569230078, aid:2778073158, tag:['自然科学', '生物', '拟态'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
高中生如何才能学好高中数学? | 以下是几点建议,可以帮助高中生学好高中数学:
1. 确保掌握基本概念和技能。高中数学是建立在初中数学基础之上的,所以要确保掌握了初中数学的基本概念和技能,比如数学符号、代数运算、几何形状、函数等。
2. 了解数学概念的本质。高中数学中的很多概念都有其本质和意义,学生需要通过探究和思考来深入理解和记忆这些概念,而不是仅仅靠死记硬背。
3. 建立良好的学习习惯。高中数学需要花费大量时间来练习和理解,因此需要建立良好的学习习惯,比如每天固定的学习时间、课后复习、做题集中在一段时间内、分析错题等。
4. 找到适合自己的学习方法。不同的学生有不同的学习方法和偏好,一些人喜欢通过阅读教科书、笔记和听讲座来学习,而另一些人则更适合通过解决问题和讨论来学习。学生需要找到适合自己的学习方法,并在学习中进行不断的调整和改进。
5. 参加数学社团或竞赛。参加数学社团或竞赛可以让学生接触到更高水平的数学问题和解决方法,也可以提高学生的学习动力和兴趣。
6. 寻求帮助。如果遇到数学难题或者不理解某个概念,可以向老师、同学或者家长寻求帮助。同时,也可以参考相关的数学学习资源,比如网上的数学课程、教学视频和在线教程。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:590365475, aid:2942452650, tag:['学习', '数学', '高中'] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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|
logo、boss、bug 这三个词真的有必要翻译吗?
一没有完全准确对应的汉语,二平时生活中我们都习惯直接用它们的英文,所以真的有必要非得中文化吗?
翻译难道不应该是服务于受众,应该更贴近于生活吗?
1.这里仅讨论这三个词(仅限于这三个词)在以下意思时的情况
logo: 公司企业等用来代表自己形象的标志,不是trademark那个商标
boss:(也是误解最多的)游戏中阶段性的强力怪物,不是我们的老板上司
bug:电脑程序bug
另外这里翻译的主要接受对象指广大游戏玩家
我困扰的点主要在于:
首先,这三个词在表示以上意思时几乎找不到简单而又能完全准确表意的汉语词
其次,虽然我们完全可以专门找个词来“赋予”它们一个准确的翻译,但由于种种未知原因导致现在翻译受众群体里相当一部分人平时直接用它们英文
这样的结果就是:
a.如果选择翻译,楼主会觉得表意没有到位,有违和感,读者第一眼看到可能想不到是指它们,甚至可能产生误解(举个例子,比如logo作为一个主菜单标题孤零零贴在那儿,如果翻成标志,徽标,商标,你能否想到是指logo?会不会把它误当成trademark?诸如此类)
b.但反过来,如果不翻,确实像大家所说的,会有一小部分人真的没接触过这几个单词,可能需要自己去查 | 不同语言各有标准,其中之一便是 **区分正式跟非正式。**
非正式语境,私下聊天、社交网互动,无论是语音还是文字,logo、boss、bug这些概念翻译不翻译都无所谓,此是非正式的轻松。中英夹杂也无所谓,胜在轻松,妙在有趣,开心就好,即是英文,也是中文,**非正式的中文有活泼的流动性。**
语言都有正式的语境,英语是由词典背后的各种协会决定,成员一般包括作家、记者、律师、创业者等,由他们投票决定,像shifu、Donghua(Donghua专门表示《狐妖小红娘》这类,跟cartoon、anime有区别,已经被urbanDictionary收录)这些词的单复数、词性等。yin(阴)、yang(阳)这些词,已经是牛津词典收录的英语,属于正式英语。
英语里的boss,就是舶来词(源自荷兰语):“The word “boss” comes from the Dutch word “baas,”originally a term of respect used to address a person in charge. We use “boss”purposely because that is what you are—someone in charge, who leads andmanages people. If you are ever in doubt, please come back to this definition.”
中文类似,像林语堂先生翻译的“幽默”,已经完成变成正式中文,不探究甚至不能发现它本是翻译。中文是象形文字,正式汉字都有固定的结构、音调、笔画顺序,这是要经过语言学家研究讨论敲定的标准,boss、logo这些概念在正式中文表达都会如“幽默”一样要翻译。正式的中文,就需要翻译,且需要由词典背后的语言学家们决定好翻译后的音调、笔画顺序、正式用法。
要成为正式中文,必须先经过翻译,且由语言学家们讨论制定规范。其实很像我们查字典,一开始看似不断的引入新词,但到头来那些新词还要用旧词来注释,逐渐形成一个互相勾连的系统,**这是一门语言的活力。** | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
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} | [
"通用"
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|
如果当年美国登月用的土星5号火箭技术那么成熟,为什么重返月球计划却弃之不用而要重新开发新火箭?
有传言说当年美国登月用的土星5号火箭图纸丢失,有登月阴谋论者反对这种传言,认为图纸没丢,并认为该传言是NASA放出的风,以掩盖当年登月造假的真相。而今又有反对登月阴谋论者也坚决反对图纸丢失传言,说土星5图纸没丢,认为那些说图纸丢的是在造谣,抹黑美国。双方都反对图纸丢失说,看来图纸没丢是众望所归,个人也认为丢图纸这个梗过于小儿科,我当年当幼师哄小盆友也不会这么玩。
那么问题来了,既然当年发射土星5仿佛俺家过年放窜天猴一般简单、可靠、好用,那现在美国人要重返月球,把那图纸拿出来再造它百八十个就行了(经过几十年技术翻天覆地的发展,简单改进一下性能会更加优良),何苦又费劲扒拉重新研发新火箭,放着现成的成熟的技术和产品弃之不用,却要另起炉灶,重打鼓另开张,是什么原因?请高人指点。 | SLS还真考虑过用土星5号火箭的技术,助推器有过用土星5号第一级F—1液氧煤油发动机改进出的F—1B,第二级则原计划用土星5号第二、第三级用的J—2氢氧发动机大改型J—2X。
至于土星5号火箭本身,工程学、材料科技的进步让原先设计落后了。改进和重开生产线可是非常折腾的。同时NASA造了几十年航天飞机燃料外储罐、玩了那么多年航天飞机主发动机,于是在航天飞机的推进技术基础下出新的更先进更有继承性。SLS第一级就是航天飞机外储罐大改拉皮,直径相同材料类似。
另外NASA在阿波罗计划结束后的重点是搞航天飞机,希望通过重复使用来降低太空发射成本然后才好真正开发月球有可持续性。航天飞机计划开展后NASA重返月球的想法基本都是围绕航天飞机技术延伸型航天运载器来的,例如航天飞机的无人货运版航天飞机—C之类的,SLS也是航天飞机衍生型航天运载器,助推器和主发动机等技术一脉相承。 | {
"major": [
"问答"
],
"minor": [
"知乎问答"
]
} | [
"通用"
] | qid:498097580, aid:2649935008, tag:[] | human | true | 暂无版权及作者信息 | [
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