metadata

language:
  - en
  - fr
  - ro
  - de
  - multilingual
license: apache-2.0
tags:
  - text2text-generation
datasets:
  - svakulenk0/qrecc
  - taskmaster2
  - djaym7/wiki_dialog
  - deepmind/code_contests
  - lambada
  - gsm8k
  - aqua_rat
  - esnli
  - quasc
  - qed
widget:
  - text: 'Translate to German:  My name is Arthur'
    example_title: Translation
  - text: >-
      Please answer to the following question. Who is going to be the next
      Ballon d'or?
    example_title: Question Answering
  - text: >-
      Q: Can Geoffrey Hinton have a conversation with George Washington? Give
      the rationale before answering.
    example_title: Logical reasoning
  - text: >-
      Please answer the following question. What is the boiling point of
      Nitrogen?
    example_title: Scientific knowledge
  - text: >-
      Answer the following yes/no question. Can you write a whole Haiku in a
      single tweet?
    example_title: Yes/no question
  - text: >-
      Answer the following yes/no question by reasoning step-by-step. Can you
      write a whole Haiku in a single tweet?
    example_title: Reasoning task
  - text: 'Q: ( False or not False or False ) is? A: Let''s think step by step'
    example_title: Boolean Expressions
  - text: >-
      The square root of x is the cube root of y. What is y to the power of 2,
      if x = 4?
    example_title: Math reasoning
  - text: >-
      Premise:  At my age you will probably have learnt one lesson. Hypothesis: 
      It's not certain how many lessons you'll learn by your thirties. Does the
      premise entail the hypothesis?
    example_title: Premise and hypothesis
model-index:
  - name: flan-t5-small
    results:
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: IFEval (0-Shot)
          type: HuggingFaceH4/ifeval
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: inst_level_strict_acc and prompt_level_strict_acc
            value: 15.24
            name: strict accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: BBH (3-Shot)
          type: BBH
          args:
            num_few_shot: 3
        metrics:
          - type: acc_norm
            value: 6.36
            name: normalized accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MATH Lvl 5 (4-Shot)
          type: hendrycks/competition_math
          args:
            num_few_shot: 4
        metrics:
          - type: exact_match
            value: 0
            name: exact match
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: GPQA (0-shot)
          type: Idavidrein/gpqa
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: acc_norm
            value: 1.45
            name: acc_norm
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MuSR (0-shot)
          type: TAUR-Lab/MuSR
          args:
            num_few_shot: 0
        metrics:
          - type: acc_norm
            value: 10.37
            name: acc_norm
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard
      - task:
          type: text-generation
          name: Text Generation
        dataset:
          name: MMLU-PRO (5-shot)
          type: TIGER-Lab/MMLU-Pro
          config: main
          split: test
          args:
            num_few_shot: 5
        metrics:
          - type: acc
            value: 2.59
            name: accuracy
        source:
          url: >-
            https://huggingface.co/spaces/open-llm-leaderboard/open_llm_leaderboard?query=google/flan-t5-small
          name: Open LLM Leaderboard

Model Card for FLAN-T5 small

drawing

TL;DR
Model Details
Usage
Uses
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Training Details
Evaluation
Environmental Impact
Citation
Model Card Authors

TL;DR

If you already know T5, FLAN-T5 is just better at everything. For the same number of parameters, these models have been fine-tuned on more than 1000 additional tasks covering also more languages. As mentioned in the first few lines of the abstract :

Flan-PaLM 540B achieves state-of-the-art performance on several benchmarks, such as 75.2% on five-shot MMLU. We also publicly release Flan-T5 checkpoints,1 which achieve strong few-shot performance even compared to much larger models, such as PaLM 62B. Overall, instruction finetuning is a general method for improving the performance and usability of pretrained language models.

Disclaimer: Content from this model card has been written by the Hugging Face team, and parts of it were copy pasted from the T5 model card.

Model Details

Model Description

Model type: Language model
Language(s) (NLP): English, Spanish, Japanese, Persian, Hindi, French, Chinese, Bengali, Gujarati, German, Telugu, Italian, Arabic, Polish, Tamil, Marathi, Malayalam, Oriya, Panjabi, Portuguese, Urdu, Galician, Hebrew, Korean, Catalan, Thai, Dutch, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Filipino, Central Khmer, Lao, Turkish, Russian, Croatian, Swedish, Yoruba, Kurdish, Burmese, Malay, Czech, Finnish, Somali, Tagalog, Swahili, Sinhala, Kannada, Zhuang, Igbo, Xhosa, Romanian, Haitian, Estonian, Slovak, Lithuanian, Greek, Nepali, Assamese, Norwegian
License: Apache 2.0
Related Models: All FLAN-T5 Checkpoints
Original Checkpoints: All Original FLAN-T5 Checkpoints
Resources for more information:

Usage

Find below some example scripts on how to use the model in transformers:

Using the Pytorch model

Running the model on a CPU

Click to expand


from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small")

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Running the model on a GPU

Click to expand

# pip install accelerate
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small", device_map="auto")

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

Click to expand

# pip install accelerate
import torch
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.float16)

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

INT8

Click to expand

# pip install bitsandbytes accelerate
from transformers import T5Tokenizer, T5ForConditionalGeneration

tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small")
model = T5ForConditionalGeneration.from_pretrained("google/flan-t5-small", device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

input_text = "translate English to German: How old are you?"
input_ids = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").input_ids.to("cuda")

outputs = model.generate(input_ids)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Uses

Direct Use and Downstream Use

The authors write in the original paper's model card that:

The primary use is research on language models, including: research on zero-shot NLP tasks and in-context few-shot learning NLP tasks, such as reasoning, and question answering; advancing fairness and safety research, and understanding limitations of current large language models

See the research paper for further details.

Out-of-Scope Use

More information needed.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

The information below in this section are copied from the model's official model card:

Language models, including Flan-T5, can potentially be used for language generation in a harmful way, according to Rae et al. (2021). Flan-T5 should not be used directly in any application, without a prior assessment of safety and fairness concerns specific to the application.

Ethical considerations and risks

Flan-T5 is fine-tuned on a large corpus of text data that was not filtered for explicit content or assessed for existing biases. As a result the model itself is potentially vulnerable to generating equivalently inappropriate content or replicating inherent biases in the underlying data.

Known Limitations

Flan-T5 has not been tested in real world applications.

Sensitive Use:

Flan-T5 should not be applied for any unacceptable use cases, e.g., generation of abusive speech.

Training Details

Training Data

The model was trained on a mixture of tasks, that includes the tasks described in the table below (from the original paper, figure 2):

Training Procedure

According to the model card from the original paper:

These models are based on pretrained T5 (Raffel et al., 2020) and fine-tuned with instructions for better zero-shot and few-shot performance. There is one fine-tuned Flan model per T5 model size.

The model has been trained on TPU v3 or TPU v4 pods, using t5x codebase together with jax.

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

The authors evaluated the model on various tasks covering several languages (1836 in total). See the table below for some quantitative evaluation: For full details, please check the research paper.

Results

For full results for FLAN-T5-Small, see the research paper, Table 3.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).

Hardware Type: Google Cloud TPU Pods - TPU v3 or TPU v4 | Number of chips ≥ 4.
Hours used: More information needed
Cloud Provider: GCP
Compute Region: More information needed
Carbon Emitted: More information needed

Citation

BibTeX:

@misc{https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2210.11416,
  doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.11416},
  
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.11416},
  
  author = {Chung, Hyung Won and Hou, Le and Longpre, Shayne and Zoph, Barret and Tay, Yi and Fedus, William and Li, Eric and Wang, Xuezhi and Dehghani, Mostafa and Brahma, Siddhartha and Webson, Albert and Gu, Shixiang Shane and Dai, Zhuyun and Suzgun, Mirac and Chen, Xinyun and Chowdhery, Aakanksha and Narang, Sharan and Mishra, Gaurav and Yu, Adams and Zhao, Vincent and Huang, Yanping and Dai, Andrew and Yu, Hongkun and Petrov, Slav and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeff and Devlin, Jacob and Roberts, Adam and Zhou, Denny and Le, Quoc V. and Wei, Jason},
  
  keywords = {Machine Learning (cs.LG), Computation and Language (cs.CL), FOS: Computer and information sciences, FOS: Computer and information sciences},
  
  title = {Scaling Instruction-Finetuned Language Models},
  
  publisher = {arXiv},
  
  year = {2022},
  
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}
}

Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results

Detailed results can be found here

Metric	Value
Avg.	6.00
IFEval (0-Shot)	15.24
BBH (3-Shot)	6.36
MATH Lvl 5 (4-Shot)	0.00
GPQA (0-shot)	1.45
MuSR (0-shot)	10.37
MMLU-PRO (5-shot)	2.59

google
/

flan-t5-small

Model Card for FLAN-T5 small

Table of Contents

TL;DR

Model Details

Model Description

Usage

Using the Pytorch model

Running the model on a CPU

Running the model on a GPU

Running the model on a GPU using different precisions

FP16

INT8

Uses

Direct Use and Downstream Use

Out-of-Scope Use

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Ethical considerations and risks

Known Limitations

Sensitive Use:

Training Details

Training Data

Training Procedure

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Results

Environmental Impact

Citation

Open LLM Leaderboard Evaluation Results