Model Card for unsup-simcse-bert-large-uncased

Model Details

Model Description

More information needed

• Developed by: Princeton NLP group

• Shared by [Optional]: Princeton NLP group

• Model type: Feature Extraction

• Language(s) (NLP): More information needed

• License: More information needed

• Parent Model: BERT

• Resources for more information:

  • GitHub Repo - Associated Paper

Uses

Direct Use

This model can be used for the task of feature extraction.

Downstream Use [Optional]

More information needed.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model should not be used to intentionally create hostile or alienating environments for people.

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

Significant research has explored bias and fairness issues with language models (see, e.g., Sheng et al. (2021) and Bender et al. (2021)). Predictions generated by the model may include disturbing and harmful stereotypes across protected classes; identity characteristics; and sensitive, social, and occupational groups.

Recommendations

Users (both direct and downstream) should be made aware of the risks, biases and limitations of the model. More information needed for further recommendations.

Training Details

Training Data

The model craters note in the associatedGithub Repository:

We train unsupervised SimCSE on 106 randomly sampled sentences from English Wikipedia, and train supervised SimCSE on the combination of MNLI and SNLI datasets (314k).

Training Procedure

Preprocessing

More information needed

Speeds, Sizes, Times

Hyperparameters The model craters note in the associated GitHub Repo :

	Unsup. BERT	Sup.
Batch size	64	512
Learning rate (large)	1e-5	1e-5

Evaluation

Testing Data, Factors & Metrics

Testing Data

The model craters note in the associated paper:

Our evaluation code for sentence embeddings is based on a modified version of SentEval. It evaluates sentence embeddings on semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks and downstream transfer tasks.

For STS tasks, our evaluation takes the "all" setting, and report Spearman's correlation. See associated paper (Appendix B) for evaluation details.

Factors

More information needed

Metrics

More information needed

Results

More information needed

Model Examination

The model craters note in the associated paper:

Uniformity and alignment. We also observe that (1) though pre-trained embeddings have good alignment, their uniformity is poor (i.e., the embeddings are highly anisotropic); (2) post-processing methods like BERT-flow and BERT-whitening greatly improve uniformity but also suffer a degeneration in alignment; (3) unsupervised SimCSE effectively improves uniformity of pre-trained embeddings whereas keeping a good alignment;(4) incorporating supervised data in SimCSE further amends alignment.

Environmental Impact

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019).

• Hardware Type: Nvidia 3090 GPUs with CUDA 11
• Hours used: More information needed
• Cloud Provider: More information needed
• Compute Region: More information needed
• Carbon Emitted: More information needed

Technical Specifications [optional]

Model Architecture and Objective

More information needed

Compute Infrastructure

More information needed

Hardware

More information needed

Software

More information needed.

Citation

BibTeX:

@inproceedings{gao2021simcse,
   title={{SimCSE}: Simple Contrastive Learning of Sentence Embeddings},
   author={Gao, Tianyu and Yao, Xingcheng and Chen, Danqi},
   booktitle={Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)},
   year={2021}
}

Glossary [optional]

More information needed

More Information [optional]

More information needed

Model Card Authors [optional]

Princeton NLP group in collaboration with Ezi Ozoani and the Hugging Face team.

Model Card Contact

If you have any questions related to the code or the paper, feel free to email Tianyu ([email protected]) and Xingcheng ([email protected]). If you encounter any problems when using the code, or want to report a bug, you can open an issue. Please try to specify the problem with details so we can help you better and quicker!

How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.

Click to expand

from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModel

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-bert-large-uncased")

model = AutoModel.from_pretrained("princeton-nlp/unsup-simcse-bert-large-uncased")