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[ "Daily Telegraph" ]
In March, the Evening Standard ceased publication of his fortnightly articles, but the Daily Telegraph published them instead.
[ "National World War I Museum and Memorial", "Kansas City, Missouri" ]
National World War I Museum and Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War I.
[ "identity matrix", "matrix" ]
Using the identity matrix I, whose entries are all zero, except those of the main diagonal, which are equal to one, this may be rewritten
[ "Scarecrow", "The Wiz", "Sidney Lumet", "Diana Ross", "Nipsey Russell", "Quincy Jones", "Studio 54", "hip hop", "beatboxing", "Working Day and Night", "rhinoplasty", "Steven Hoefflin" ]
In 1977, Jackson moved to New York City to star as the Scarecrow in The Wiz, a musical film directed by Sidney Lumet, alongside Diana Ross, Nipsey Russell, and Ted Ross. The film was a box-office failure. Its score was arranged by Quincy Jones, who later produced three of Jackson's solo albums. During his time in New York, Jackson frequented the Studio 54 nightclub, where he heard early hip hop; this influenced his beatboxing on future tracks such as "Working Day and Night". In 1978, Jackson broke his nose during a dance routine. A rhinoplasty led to breathing difficulties that later affected his career. He was referred to Steven Hoefflin, who performed Jackson's operations.
[ "Lorentz transformation" ]
There is nothing special about the x-axis. The transformation can apply to the y- or z-axis, or indeed in any direction parallel to the motion (which are warped by the γ factor) and perpendicular; see the article Lorentz transformation for details.
[ "Cieszyn Silesia", "disputed", "Czechoslovakia" ]
Those two regions, along with Cieszyn Silesia, had been disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia since 1918.
[ "popular vote" ]
The Democratic ticket won the highest proportion of the popular vote.
[ "Jewish Autonomous Region", "Birobidzhan", "Siberia", "Jews" ]
There were rumours, although they have never been substantiated, that Stalin was planning on deporting all Soviet Jews to the Jewish Autonomous Region in Birobidzhan, eastern Siberia.
[ "Republican" ]
Roosevelt initially resisted, as he was reluctant to leave Warm Springs and feared a Republican landslide in 1928.
[ "scientific discoveries" ]
Since then, the interaction between mathematical innovations and scientific discoveries has led to a rapid lockstep increase in the development of both.
[ "South America", "Colombia" ]
In South America, Colombia is traditionally considered to be the closest ally of the United States.
[ "Mukden Incident", "False flag operation", "puppet governments", "Fumimaro Konoe" ]
Beginning from the Mukden Incident in 1931 in which Japan staged a False flag operation and made a false accusation against Chinese dissidents as a pretext to invade Manchuria, Japan occupied Chinese territories and established puppet governments. Such aggression was recommended to Hirohito by his chiefs of staff and prime minister Fumimaro Konoe, and Hirohito did not voice objection to the invasion of China.
[ "new deal", "tariff", "Great Depression", "Prohibition" ]
In his acceptance speech, Roosevelt declared, "I pledge you, I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people... This is more than a political campaign. It is a call to arms." Roosevelt promised securities regulation, tariff reduction, farm relief, government-funded public works, and other government actions to address the Great Depression. Reflecting changing public opinion, the Democratic platform included a call for the repeal of Prohibition; Roosevelt himself had not taken a public stand on the issue prior to the convention but promised to uphold the party platform. Otherwise, Roosevelt's primary campaign strategy was one of caution, intent upon avoiding mistakes that would distract from Hoover's failings on the economy. His statements attacked the incumbent and included no other specific policies or programs.
[ "Alfred Rosenberg" ]
Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS.
[ "Vladimir Putin", "Vladimir", "president" ]
On 31 December 1999, president Yeltsin unexpectedly resigned, handing the post to the recently appointed prime minister and his chosen successor, Vladimir Putin.
[ "attrition", "labour force", "strategic bombing", "war economy", "slave labourers", "Germany used", "Japan used", "Germany", "Japan", "F", "Allies", "Europe", "German", "United States", "Soviet", "Axis", "Soviet Union", "E", "World War I", "Asia" ]
The United States produced about two-thirds of all the munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of attrition. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the labour force, Allied strategic bombing, and Germany's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers; Germany used about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
[ "Nazi Party" ]
On election day, 6 March 1933, the Nazi Party's share of the vote increased to 43.9 per cent, and the party acquired the largest number of seats in parliament.
[ "Z3", "programmable", "relays", "bit", "word length", "clock frequency", "Hz", "film", "floating-point numbers", "Charles Babbage", "binary", "electromechanical", "memory", "machine", "digital" ]
In 1941, Zuse followed his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code was supplied on punched film while data could be stored in 64 words of memory or supplied from the keyboard. It was quite similar to modern machines in some respects, pioneering numerous advances such as floating-point numbers. Rather than the harder-to-implement decimal system (used in Charles Babbage's earlier design), using a binary system meant that Zuse's machines were easier to build and potentially more reliable, given the technologies available at that time. The Z3 was not itself a universal computer but could be extended to be Turing complete.
[ "radical", "John Morley", "David Lloyd George" ]
As a Liberal, Churchill attacked government policy and gained a reputation as a radical under the influences of John Morley and David Lloyd George.
[ "Chaim Weizmann", "Balfour Declaration", "Jewish homeland", "Germany", "Russia", "United States", "Austria-Hungary" ]
Lobbying by Chaim Weizmann and fear that American Jews would encourage the United States to support Germany culminated in the British government's Balfour Declaration of 1917, endorsing creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. A total of more than 1,172,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Allied and Central Power forces in World War I, including 275,000 in Austria-Hungary and 450,000 in Tsarist Russia.
[ "Ernst-Günther Schenck", "Parkinson's disease" ]
Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
[ "Citizen Kane", "Orson Welles", "greatest film of all time", "Howard Hawks", "Alfred Hitchcock", "Frank Capra", "studios", "cinema" ]
Many film historians have remarked upon the many great works of cinema that emerged from this period of highly regimented filmmaking. One reason this was possible is that, with so many movies being made, not every one had to be a big hit. A studio could gamble on a medium-budget feature with a good script and relatively unknown actors: Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles (1915–1985) and often regarded as the greatest film of all time, fits this description. In other cases, strong-willed directors like Howard Hawks (1896–1977), Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980), and Frank Capra (1897–1991) battled the studios in order to achieve their artistic visions.
[ "Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million", "World War II casualties", "World War I" ]
During the war, Soviet civilian and military death were about 26–27 million, accounting for about half of all World War II casualties.
[ "clock", "inertial reference frame" ]
Whenever one hears a statement to the effect that "moving clocks run slow", one should envision an inertial reference frame thickly populated with identical, synchronized clocks. As a moving clock travels through this array, its reading at any particular point is compared with a stationary clock at the same point.
[ "King Carol II", "Ion Antonescu", "German" ]
In an effort to appease the Fascist elements within the country and obtain German protection, King Carol II appointed the General Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister on September 6, 1940.
[ "Jiang Qing", "Zhang Xueliang", "Xi'an", "Xi'an Incident", "United Front", "Red Army", "Long March", "Chiang Kai-shek", "He Zizhen", "zh" ]
On the Long March, Mao's wife He Zizhen had been injured by a shrapnel wound to the head. She travelled to Moscow for medical treatment; Mao proceeded to divorce her and marry an actress, Jiang Qing. He Zizhen was reportedly "dispatched to a mental asylum in Moscow to make room" for Qing. Mao moved into a cave-house and spent much of his time reading, tending his garden and theorising. He came to believe that the Red Army alone was unable to defeat the Japanese, and that a Communist-led "government of national defence" should be formed with the KMT and other "bourgeois nationalist" elements to achieve this goal. Although despising Chiang Kai-shek as a "traitor to the nation", on 5 May, he telegrammed the Military Council of the Nanking National Government proposing a military alliance, a course of action advocated by Stalin. Although Chiang intended to ignore Mao's message and continue the civil war, he was arrested by one of his own generals, Zhang Xueliang, in Xi'an, leading to the Xi'an Incident; Zhang forced Chiang to discuss the issue with the Communists, resulting in the formation of a United Front with concessions on both sides on 25 December 1937.
[ "improved water source" ]
Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan.
[ "quantum gate array", "quantum gates", "quantum circuits", "qubit", "ion", "measurement can be deferred", "bit", "quantum logic gates" ]
A quantum gate array decomposes computation into a sequence of few-qubit quantum gates. A quantum computation can be described as a network of quantum logic gates and measurements. However, any measurement can be deferred to the end of quantum computation, though this deferment may come at a computational cost, so most quantum circuits depict a network consisting only of quantum logic gates and no measurements.
[ "Hiroshima" ]
After the Hiroshima bombing, Truman issued a statement announcing the use of the new weapon.
[ "Federal Reserve", "Bank of England", "Hayek" ]
However, during the Depression (in 1932 and in 1934) Hayek had criticized both the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England for not taking a more contractionary stance.
[ "Frozen II", "Disney+", "Bob Chapek", "The Invisible Man", "The Hunt", "Emma", "premium video on demand", "Onward", "Sonic the Hedgehog", "Birds of Prey", "Artemis Fowl", "book", "Paramount", "Warner Bros.", "digital" ]
The 2019 fantasy film Frozen II was originally planned to be released on Disney+ on June 26, 2020 before it was moved up to March 15. Disney CEO Bob Chapek explained that this was because of the film's "powerful themes of perseverance and the importance of family, messages that are incredibly relevant". On March 16, 2020, Universal announced that The Invisible Man, The Hunt, and Emma—all films in theaters at the time—would be available through premium video on demand as early as March 20 at a suggested price of US$19.99 each. After suffering poor box office since its release at the start of March, Onward was made available to purchase digitally on March 21, and was added to Disney+ on April 3. Paramount announced on March 20 that Sonic the Hedgehog was being eyed for an early release to video on demand on March 31. On March 16, Warner Bros. announced that Birds of Prey would be released early to video on demand on March 24. On April 3, Disney announced that Artemis Fowl, a film adaptation of the 2001 book of the same name, would move straight to Disney+ on June 12, skipping a theatrical release entirely.
[ "Netherlands", "Belgium" ]
Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the Netherlands and Belgium, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border.
[ "nonlinear system identification" ]
Radial basis function and wavelet networks have also been introduced. These can be shown to offer best approximation properties and have been applied in nonlinear system identification and classification applications.
[ "treatments", "Euclid", "axioms", "postulates" ]
Modern scholars agree that Euclid's postulates do not provide the complete logical foundation that Euclid required for his presentation. Modern treatments use more extensive and complete sets of axioms.
[ "gospel", "Ellis Auditorium", "Statesmen Quartet", "Memphis", "Tupelo", "Assembly of God", "music" ]
Presley's earliest musical influence came from gospel. His mother recalled that from the age of two, at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family, "he would slide down off my lap, run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform. There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them." In Memphis, Presley frequently attended all-night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium, where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that, Guralnick suggests, sowed the seeds of Presley's future stage act:
[ "first laws", "child labour", "trade unions", "abolition of slavery", "law" ]
Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalisation of trade unions, and the abolition of slavery.
[ "the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018", "Imperial War Museum", "François Hollande", "Joachim Gauck", "the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France", "Hartmannswillerkopf", "Armistice centenary commemorations", "Emmanuel Macron", "Angela Merkel", "Germany", "Compiègne", "Chancellor", "France" ]
The UK Government has budgeted substantial resources to the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018. The lead body is the Imperial War Museum. On 3 August 2014, French President François Hollande and German President Joachim Gauck together marked the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as Hartmannswillerkopf, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. During the Armistice centenary commemorations, French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.
[ "17th highest natural disaster risk" ]
It has the 17th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2016 World Risk Index.
[ "Heinrich Held", "Gregor Strasser", "Otto Strasser", "Joseph Goebbels", "de", "Beer Hall Putsch", "socialist", "Germany", "Nazi Party" ]
At the time of Hitler's release from prison, politics in Germany had become less combative and the economy had improved, limiting Hitler's opportunities for political agitation. As a result of the failed Beer Hall Putsch, the Nazi Party and its affiliated organisations were banned in Bavaria. In a meeting with the Prime Minister of Bavaria, Heinrich Held, on 4 January 1925, Hitler agreed to respect the state's authority and promised that he would seek political power only through the democratic process. The meeting paved the way for the ban on the Nazi Party to be lifted on 16 February. However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. To advance his political ambitions in spite of the ban, Hitler appointed Gregor Strasser, Otto Strasser, and Joseph Goebbels to organise and enlarge the Nazi Party in northern Germany. Gregor Strasser steered a more independent political course, emphasising the socialist elements of the party's programme.
[ "brewing", "spent grain", "wort" ]
Most modern breweries use a continuous sparge, collecting the original wort and the sparge water together. However, it is possible to collect a second or even third wash with the not quite spent grains as separate batches. Each run would produce a weaker wort and thus, a weaker beer. This process is known as the second (and third) runnings. Brewing with several runnings is called parti gyle brewing.
[ "Wall Street Crash of 1929", "Dow Jones Industrial Average" ]
After the Wall Street Crash of 1929, where the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped from 381 to 198 over the course of two months, optimism persisted for some time.
[ "Italian Army", "Austria-Hungary", "Romanian Army", "Hungarian-Romanian War", "Hungarian", "Romania" ]
In the battles of Montello, Vittorio Veneto, Sisemolet, Piave, Cimone, Monte Grappa, Nervesa and Ponte Delle Alpi as part of the Italian Army against Austria-Hungary and in 1919 as part of the Romanian Army in the Hungarian-Romanian War.
[ "Fundamental Law of Education", "elementary", "junior high school", "senior high school", "University of Tokyo", "Kyoto University", "MEXT", "Kyoto", "Tokyo" ]
Since the 1947 Fundamental Law of Education, compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school, which together last for nine years. Almost all children continue their education at a three-year senior high school. The two top-ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University. Starting in April 2016, various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine-year compulsory schooling program; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide.
[ "Joint Chiefs of Staff" ]
In 1942, Roosevelt formed a new body, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which made the final decisions on American military strategy.
[ "Jean Edward Smith" ]
According to biographer Jean Edward Smith, there is no evidence that anyone ever proposed such a campaign to Roosevelt.
[ "bitter Finnish resistance", "Soviet offensive", "Karelian Isthmus", "Soviet-Finnish armistice", "fight their former German allies", "armistice", "Soviet", "F", "Finland", "Balkans", "German" ]
Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans, bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet-Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions, although Finland was forced to fight their former German allies.
[ "Italy" ]
Italy had been assured by Hitler of a primary role in Greece.
[ "German Student Union", "Nazi book burnings", "Joseph Goebbels", "Max Born" ]
A month later, Einstein's works were among those targeted by the German Student Union in the Nazi book burnings, with Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels proclaiming, "Jewish intellectualism is dead." One German magazine included him in a list of enemies of the German regime with the phrase, "not yet hanged", offering a $5,000 bounty on his head. In a subsequent letter to physicist and friend Max Born, who had already emigrated from Germany to England, Einstein wrote, "... I must confess that the degree of their brutality and cowardice came as something of a surprise." After moving to the US, he described the book burnings as a "spontaneous emotional outburst" by those who "shun popular enlightenment", and "more than anything else in the world, fear the influence of men of intellectual independence".
[ "20 July plot", "de", "Germany" ]
The most well-known, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war.
[ "Russian" ]
The annual celebration of women has become so popular, especially among Russian men, that Moscow's flower vendors often see profits of "15 times" more than other holidays.
[ "Hermann Göring", "Austrian Nazis" ]
Hitler attempted to break the impasse with Italy over Austria by sending Hermann Göring to negotiate with Mussolini in 1933 to convince Mussolini to press Austria to appoint Austrian Nazis to the government.
[ "Kazuo Sakamaki" ]
Kazuo Sakamaki, the commanding officer of one of the submarines, was captured.
[ "Czech Social Democratic Party", "Civic Democratic Party", "ANO 2011", "Andrej Babiš", "elections", "Miloš Zeman", "Czech" ]
Until 2017, either the centre-left Czech Social Democratic Party or the centre-right Civic Democratic Party led the governments of the Czech Republic. In October 2017, the populist movement ANO 2011, led by the country's second-richest man, Andrej Babiš, won the elections with three times more votes than its closest rival, the Civic Democrats. In December 2017, Czech president Miloš Zeman appointed Andrej Babiš as the new prime minister.
[ "Diophantine geometry", "analytical", "Riemann zeta function", "analytic number theory", "real numbers", "Diophantine approximation", "rational numbers", "integers" ]
Integers can be considered either in themselves or as solutions to equations (Diophantine geometry). Questions in number theory are often best understood through the study of analytical objects (for example, the Riemann zeta function) that encode properties of the integers, primes or other number-theoretic objects in some fashion (analytic number theory). One may also study real numbers in relation to rational numbers, for example, as approximated by the latter (Diophantine approximation).
[ "government bonds", "open market", "money supply" ]
Friedman and Schwartz argued that, if the Fed had provided emergency lending to these key banks, or simply bought government bonds on the open market to provide liquidity and increase the quantity of money after the key banks fell, all the rest of the banks would not have fallen after the large ones did, and the money supply would not have fallen as far and as fast as it did.
[ "became the official religion of the Roman Empire", "Empire", "Christianity", "Roman Empire", "East", "Middle East" ]
Although Christianity originated in the Middle East, its centre of mass shifted to Europe when it became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the late 4th century.
[ "Mississippian culture", "southeast", "agriculture", "architecture", "North America" ]
Over time, indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly sophisticated, and some, such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast, developed advanced agriculture, architecture, and complex societies.
[ "hybrid analog computers", "analog computers", "computing", "computers" ]
By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but hybrid analog computers, controlled by digital electronics, remained in substantial use into the 1950s and 1960s, and later in some specialized applications.
[ "vacuum tubes", "digital computers", "relays", "calculation", "World War I", "mechanical", "computing", "computers", "World War II" ]
The era of modern computing began with a flurry of development before and during World War II. Most digital computers built in this period were electromechanical – electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes.
[ "Graceland", "Priscilla Presley", "G" ]
Presley kept several horses at Graceland, initially because of Priscilla Presley. "He got me my first horse as a Christmas present – Domino," said Priscilla. The horse named Palomino Rising Sun was Presley' favorite horse, and there are many photographs of Presley riding him.
[ "billiards", "Politburo" ]
Stalin was a keen and accomplished billiards player, and collected watches. He also enjoyed practical jokes; for instance, he would place a tomato on the seat of Politburo members and wait for them to sit on it. When at social events, he encouraged singing, as well as alcohol consumption; he hoped that others would drunkenly reveal their secrets to him. As an infant, Stalin displayed a love of flowers, and later in life he became a keen gardener. His Volynskoe suburb had a 20-hectare (50-acre) park, with Stalin devoting much attention to its agricultural activities.
[ "Trinidad and Tobago", "Bim", "SistaGod", "2006 Toronto International Film Festival", "screenplay", "cinema", "India", "feature films", "films", "national", "film production" ]
Trinidad and Tobago's film sector began emerging in the late 1950s to early 1960s and by the late 1970s, there were a handful of local productions, both feature film and television. The first full-length feature film to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago was The Right and the Wrong (1970) by Indian director/writer/producer, Harbance Kumar. The screenplay was written by the Trinidadian playwright, Freddie Kissoon. The rest of the 20th century saw a couple more feature films being made in the country, with Bim (1974), being singled out by Bruce Paddington as "one of the most important films to be produced in Trinidad and Tobago ... . and one of the classics of Caribbean cinema." It was one of the first films to feature an almost entirely Trinidadian cast and crew. There was a rise in Trinidadian film production in the 2000s. Films such as Ivan the Terrible (2004), SistaGod (2006), I'm Santana: The Movie (2012) and God Loves the Fighter (2013) were released both locally and internationally. SistaGod had its world premiere at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival.
[ "Renaissance", "Petrarch" ]
Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages".
[ "parliament", "Japanese" ]
According to data from the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the majority of members of the Japanese parliament are male and range in age from 50 to 70. In April 2023, according to Japanese public broadcaster NHK, Ryosuke Takashima, 26, is Japan's youngest-ever mayor.
[ "operational definition" ]
This definition of the tasks in which machine learning is concerned offers a fundamentally operational definition rather than defining the field in cognitive terms.
[ "Philip M. Rasmussen", "Kenneth M. Taylor", "George S. Welch", "Harry W. Brown", "PBYs", "Enterprise", "Hawaii" ]
Of the 402 American aircraft in Hawaii, 188 were destroyed and 159 damaged, 155 of them on the ground. Almost none were actually ready to take off to defend the base. Eight Army Air Forces pilots managed to get airborne during the attack, and six were credited with downing at least one Japanese aircraft during the attack: 1st Lieutenant Lewis M. Sanders, 2nd Lieutenant Philip M. Rasmussen, 2nd Lieutenant Kenneth M. Taylor, 2nd Lieutenant George S. Welch, 2nd Lieutenant Harry W. Brown, and 2nd Lieutenant Gordon H. Sterling Jr. Of 33 PBYs in Hawaii, 30 were destroyed and three on patrol at the time of the attack returned undamaged. Friendly fire brought down some U.S. planes on top of that, including four from an inbound flight from Enterprise.
[ "Albert Speer" ]
In a conversation with Albert Speer, Hitler said, "Through me the Evangelical Church could become the established church, as in England."
[ "artificial neural network", "artificial neurons", "Warren McCulloch", "Walter Pitts", "University of Chicago", "Pitts", "neurons", "McCulloch" ]
An artificial neural network involves a network of simple processing elements (artificial neurons) which can exhibit complex global behavior, determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters. Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, a logician, who first collaborated at the University of Chicago.
[ "Home theater PC", "digital video recorder", "TV set", "computer display", "media servers", "home theater", "components" ]
A Home theater PC (HTPC) combines the functions of a personal computer and a digital video recorder. It is connected to a TV set or an appropriately sized computer display, and is often used as a digital photo viewer, music and video player, TV receiver, and digital video recorder. HTPCs are also referred to as media center systems or media servers. The goal is to combine many or all components of a home theater setup into one box. HTPCs can also connect to services providing on-demand movies and TV shows. HTPCs can be purchased pre-configured with the required hardware and software needed to add television programming to the PC, or can be assembled from components.
[ "Asia", "Soviet Union", "British", "British Empire", "Tripartite Pact", "German" ]
However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact.
[ "Physics", "classical mechanics", "electromagnetism", "mass", "density", "moment of inertia", "potential energies", "Newton's second law of motion", "momentum", "force", "acceleration", "Newton", "derivative", "motion", "velocity" ]
Physics makes particular use of calculus; all concepts in classical mechanics and electromagnetism are related through calculus. The mass of an object of known density, the moment of inertia of objects, and the potential energies due to gravitational and electromagnetic forces can all be found by the use of calculus. An example of the use of calculus in mechanics is Newton's second law of motion, which states that the derivative of an object's momentum with respect to time equals the net force upon it. Alternatively, Newton's second law can be expressed by saying that the net force is equal to the object's mass times its acceleration, which is the time derivative of velocity and thus the second time derivative of spatial position. Starting from knowing how an object is accelerating, we use calculus to derive its path.
[ "United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine", "creation of Israel", "Arab–Israeli conflict", "E", "United Nations" ]
In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab–Israeli conflict.
[ "no more than twice", "President" ]
The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice.
[ "fantasy novels", "J. K. Rowling", "wizard", "Harry Potter", "Hermione Granger", "Ron Weasley", "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry", "story arc", "Lord Voldemort", "dark wizard", "immortal", "Ministry of Magic", "Muggles" ]
Harry Potter is a series of seven fantasy novels written by British author J. K. Rowling. The novels chronicle the lives of a young wizard, Harry Potter, and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley, all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The main story arc concerns Harry's conflict with Lord Voldemort, a dark wizard who intends to become immortal, overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic and subjugate all wizards and Muggles (non-magical people).
[ "event" ]
Fig. 3-1a. Draw the x {\displaystyle x} and t {\displaystyle t} axes of frame S. The x {\displaystyle x} axis is horizontal and the t {\displaystyle t} (actually c t {\displaystyle ct} ) axis is vertical, which is the opposite of the usual convention in kinematics. The c t {\displaystyle ct} axis is scaled by a factor of c {\displaystyle c} so that both axes have common units of length. In the diagram shown, the gridlines are spaced one unit distance apart. The 45° diagonal lines represent the worldlines of two photons passing through the origin at time t = 0. {\displaystyle t=0.} The slope of these worldlines is 1 because the photons advance one unit in space per unit of time. Two events, A {\displaystyle {\text{A}}} and B , {\displaystyle {\text{B}},} have been plotted on this graph so that their coordinates may be compared in the S and S' frames.
[ "photoelectric effect" ]
But he does suggest that this idea would explain certain experimental results, notably the photoelectric effect.
[ "an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India", "Imphal", "Kohima", "invaded northern Burma", "besieged Japanese troops", "Myitkyina", "second Japanese invasion", "Henan", "new attack on Changsha", "Burma", "British", "Japan", "Allies", "counter-offensive", "invaded", "Asia" ]
The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions, an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India, and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima. In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina. The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha.
[ "Boris Yeltsin", "president", "elected", "Russian SFSR", "Russian" ]
In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin became the first directly elected president in Russian history when he was elected president of the Russian SFSR.
[ "Atari 400 and 800", "Atari" ]
While these designs were being developed, the Trinity machines hit the market with considerable fanfare. Atari's management decided to change their work to a home computer system instead. Their knowledge of the home market through the VCS resulted in machines that were almost indestructible and just as easy to use as a games machine—simply plug in a cartridge and go. The new machines were first introduced as the Atari 400 and 800 in 1978, but production problems prevented widespread sales until the next year.
[ "emergent", "Alexander Dewdney", "Go", "statistic", "neural networks" ]
A central claim of ANNs is that they embody new and powerful general principles for processing information. These principles are ill-defined. It is often claimed that they are emergent from the network itself. This allows simple statistical association (the basic function of artificial neural networks) to be described as learning or recognition. In 1997, Alexander Dewdney commented that, as a result, artificial neural networks have a "something-for-nothing quality, one that imparts a peculiar aura of laziness and a distinct lack of curiosity about just how good these computing systems are. No human hand (or mind) intervenes; solutions are found as if by magic; and no one, it seems, has learned anything". One response to Dewdney is that neural networks handle many complex and diverse tasks, ranging from autonomously flying aircraft to detecting credit card fraud to mastering the game of Go.
[ "Okinawa", "Nagasaki" ]
After initially deciding that if Nagasaki were obscured on their arrival the crew would carry the bomb to Okinawa and dispose of it in the ocean if necessary, Ashworth agreed with Sweeney's suggestion that a radar approach would be used if the target was obscured.
[ "topology", "weight" ]
ANNs have evolved into a broad family of techniques that have advanced the state of the art across multiple domains. The simplest types have one or more static components, including number of units, number of layers, unit weights and topology. Dynamic types allow one or more of these to evolve via learning. The latter is much more complicated but can shorten learning periods and produce better results. Some types allow/require learning to be "supervised" by the operator, while others operate independently. Some types operate purely in hardware, while others are purely software and run on general purpose computers.
[ "Kermit Beahan", "Bockscar", "Nagasaki" ]
At 11:01 Japanese Time, a last-minute break in the clouds over Nagasaki allowed Bockscar's bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, to visually sight the target as ordered.
[ "South-West Africa", "Africa" ]
On 10 August, German forces in South-West Africa attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war.
[ "head of government", "Vyacheslav Molotov", "Lazar Kaganovich", "Sergo Ordzhonikidze", "Yuzovka", "Mikhail Kalinin", "Avel Enukidze", "Tsaritsyn", "Politburo", "dictator" ]
Stalin was now the party's supreme leader, although he was not the head of government, a task he entrusted to his key ally Vyacheslav Molotov. Other important supporters on the Politburo were Voroshilov, Lazar Kaganovich, and Sergo Ordzhonikidze, with Stalin ensuring his allies ran the various state institutions. According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". His growing influence was reflected in naming of various locations after him; in June 1924 the Ukrainian mining town of Yuzovka became Stalino, and in April 1925, Tsaritsyn was renamed Stalingrad on the order of Mikhail Kalinin and Avel Enukidze.
[ "New Order", "Britain", "France", "World War I", "Germany" ]
Hitler aimed to eliminate Jews from Germany and establish a New Order to counter what he saw as the injustice of the post-World War I international order dominated by Britain and France.
[ "Theodor Morell", "amphetamine", "barbiturates", "opiates", "cocaine", "potassium bromide", "atropa belladonna", "Doktor Koster's Antigaspills", "ruptured eardrums", "20 July plot", "Ernst-Günther Schenck", "Parkinson's disease", "de" ]
Prescribed 90 medications during the war years by his personal physician, Theodor Morell, Hitler took many pills each day for chronic stomach problems and other ailments. He regularly consumed amphetamine, barbiturates, opiates, and cocaine, as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills). He suffered ruptured eardrums as a result of the 20 July plot bomb blast in 1944, and 200 wood splinters had to be removed from his legs. Newsreel footage of Hitler shows tremors in his left hand and a shuffling walk, which began before the war and worsened towards the end of his life. Ernst-Günther Schenck and several other doctors who met Hitler in the last weeks of his life also formed a diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.
[ "Invasion of Yugoslavia", "Banat", "Tisza", "Yugoslavia", "Romania", "Soviet Union" ]
Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. Despite not being involved militarily in the Invasion of Yugoslavia, Romania requested that Hungarian troops not operate in the Banat. Paulus thus modified the Hungarian plan and kept their troops west of the Tisza.
[ "\"Game of Thrones: Season Six Ratings\"", "Archived" ]
For the sixth season, see "Game of Thrones: Season Six Ratings". TV Series Finale. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
[ "microprocessor", "Texas Instruments" ]
Texas Instruments, at the time the world's largest chip manufacturer, decided to enter the home computer market with the TI-99/4. The first home computer designed around a 16-bit microprocessor, its specs on paper were far ahead of the competition, and Texas Instruments had enormous cash reserves and development capability.
[ "marketing strategy", "market share", "beer" ]
Craft beer has adopted a marketing strategy that differs from those of the large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK, indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them outright.
[ "Carnot", "Möbius", "angle", "line segments" ]
In the early 19th century, Carnot and Möbius systematically developed the use of signed angles and line segments as a way of simplifying and unifying results.
[ "Armenian", "Germany", "genocide" ]
The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish Holocaust, but also comprising the mass murders and purges of the Communist world, other mass killings carried out by Nazi Germany and its allies, and also the Armenian Genocide of 1915.
[ "reparations" ]
Britain had suffered heavy financial costs but suffered little physical devastation during the war. British public opinion wanted to make Germany pay for the War. Public opinion favoured a "just peace", which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914, although those of a "liberal and advanced opinion" shared Wilson's ideal of a peace of reconciliation.
[ "Hirohito", "Emperor" ]
Emperor Hirohito, who was waiting for a Soviet reply to non-committal Japanese peace feelers, made no move to change the government position.
[ "major" ]
In practice, these five were augmented by the service chiefs and ministers who attended the majority of meetings.
[ "Dirac delta function", "random variable", "probability" ]
An example of such distributions could be a mix of discrete and continuous distributions—for example, a random variable that is 0 with probability 1/2, and takes a random value from a normal distribution with probability 1/2. It can still be studied to some extent by considering it to have a PDF of ( δ [ x ] + φ ( x ) ) / 2 {\displaystyle (\delta [x]+\varphi (x))/2} , where δ [ x ] {\displaystyle \delta [x]} is the Dirac delta function.
[ "forgo the theatrical window", "day-and-date releases", "NBCUniversal", "Trolls World Tour", "video-on-demand", "Jeff Shell", "AMC Theatres", "Warner Bros. Pictures", "HBO Max", "studios", "Warner Bros.", "cinema" ]
Various studios responded to the crisis with controversial decisions to forgo the theatrical window and give their films day-and-date releases. NBCUniversal released Trolls World Tour directly to video-on-demand rental on April 10, while simultaneously receiving limited domestic theatrical screenings via drive-in cinemas; CEO Jeff Shell claims that the film had reached nearly $100 million in revenue within the first three weeks. The decision was opposed by AMC Theatres, which then announced that its screenings of Universal Pictures films would cease immediately, though the two companies would eventually agree to a 2-week theatrical window. By December 2020, Warner Bros. Pictures announced their decision to simultaneously release its slate of 2021 films in both theaters and its streaming site HBO Max for a period of one month in order to maximize viewership. The move was vehemently criticized by various industry figures, many of whom were reportedly uninformed of the decision before the announcement and felt deceived by the studio.
[ "Battle of the Somme", "de", "runner" ]
During the Battle of the Somme in October 1916, he was wounded in the left thigh when a shell exploded in the dispatch runners' dugout.
[ "Germany", "France" ]
Throughout 1915–17, the British Empire and France suffered more casualties than Germany, because of both the strategic and tactical stances chosen by the sides.