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sequence | sentence
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[
"Otto Skorzeny",
"Operation Panzerfaust"
] | Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos, led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny, held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust. |
[
"neologisms",
"polynomial",
"homeomorphism",
"or",
"exclusive or",
"free module",
"flat",
"field",
"ring"
] | Numerous technical terms used in mathematics are neologisms, such as polynomial and homeomorphism. Other technical terms are words of the common language that are used in an accurate meaning that may differ slightly from their common meaning. For example, in mathematics, "or" means "one, the other or both", while, in common language, it is either ambiguous or means "one or the other but not both" (in mathematics, the latter is called "exclusive or"). Finally, many mathematical terms are common words that are used with a completely different meaning. This may lead to sentences that are correct and true mathematical assertions, but appear to be nonsense to people who do not have the required background. For example, "every free module is flat" and "a field is always a ring".
|
[
"First Lord of the Admiralty",
"Admiralty House"
] | In October 1911, Asquith appointed Churchill First Lord of the Admiralty, and he took up official residence at Admiralty House. |
[
"display resolutions",
"Japanese text",
"Yamaha",
"FM synthesis",
"sound boards",
"video games",
"PC games",
"Japan",
"PC-98",
"NEC",
"personal computer"
] | A key difference between early Western and Japanese systems was the latter's higher display resolutions (640x200 from 1979, and 640x400 from 1985) in order to accommodate Japanese text. Japanese computers also from the early 1980s employed Yamaha FM synthesis sound boards which produce higher quality sound. Japanese computers were widely used to produce video games, though only a small portion of Japanese PC games were released outside of the country. The most successful Japanese personal computer was NEC's PC-98, which sold more than 18 million units by 1999.
|
[
"superpowers",
"nuclear proliferation",
"decolonisation",
"art",
"Soviet Union",
"Asia",
"Cold War",
"Africa"
] | The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. At the same time decolonisation, which had already started after the First World War, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa.
|
[
"recreational mathematics"
] | This aspect of mathematical activity is emphasized in recreational mathematics. |
[
"statistics",
"inferences",
"sample",
"Michael I. Jordan",
"data science"
] | Machine learning and statistics are closely related fields in terms of methods, but distinct in their principal goal: statistics draws population inferences from a sample, while machine learning finds generalizable predictive patterns. According to Michael I. Jordan, the ideas of machine learning, from methodological principles to theoretical tools, have had a long pre-history in statistics. He also suggested the term data science as a placeholder to call the overall field.
|
[
"Tsutomu Yamaguchi",
"radiation",
"ground zero",
"Nagasaki",
"Yamaguchi",
"Hiroshima",
"hibakusha"
] | Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. The 2006 documentary Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki documented 165 nijū hibakusha (lit. double explosion-affected people), nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities. On 24 March 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double hibakusha. He was confirmed to be 3 km (1.9 mi) from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the night in Hiroshima. He arrived at his home city of Nagasaki on 8 August, the day before the bombing, and he was exposed to residual radiation while searching for his relatives. He was the first officially recognized survivor of both bombings. He died in 2010 of stomach cancer.
|
[
"German",
"German Expressionist",
"Filmstudio Babelsberg",
"insanity",
"betrayal",
"intellectual",
"The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari",
"Nosferatu",
"M",
"film",
"shadows"
] | The German cinema, marked by those times, saw the era of the German Expressionist film movement. Berlin was its center with the Filmstudio Babelsberg, which is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. The first Expressionist films made up for a lack of lavish budgets by using set designs with wildly non-realistic, geometrically absurd angles, along with designs painted on walls and floors to represent lights, shadows, and objects. The plots and stories of the Expressionist films often dealt with madness, insanity, betrayal and other "intellectual" topics triggered by the experiences of World War I. Films like The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920), Nosferatu (1922) and M (1931), similar to the movement they were part of, had a historic impact on film itself.
|
[
"German navy",
"pre-dreadnought battleships",
"light cruisers",
"destroyers",
"torpedo boats",
"submarines"
] | The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers (not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve destroyers (not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve torpedo boats (not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden submarines. |
[
"reinforced concrete",
"Niigata",
"Joint Chiefs of Staff",
"military",
"Kokura",
"XXI Bomber Command",
"Hiroshima",
"Kyoto"
] | Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military. The city was a communications center, a key port for shipping, and an assembly area for troops. It supported a large war industry, manufacturing parts for planes and boats, for bombs, rifles, and handguns. The center of the city contained several reinforced concrete buildings. Outside the center, the area was congested by a dense collection of small timber workshops set among Japanese houses. A few larger industrial plants lay near the outskirts of the city. The houses were constructed of timber with tile roofs, and many of the industrial buildings were also built around timber frames. The city as a whole was highly susceptible to fire damage. It was the second largest city in Japan after Kyoto that was still undamaged by air raids, primarily because it lacked the aircraft manufacturing industry that was the XXI Bomber Command's priority target. On 3 July, the Joint Chiefs of Staff placed it off limits to bombers, along with Kokura, Niigata and Kyoto.
|
[
"Kalach-na-Donu",
"Volga–Don Canal",
"Don"
] | But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at Kalach-na-Donu (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the Volga–Don Canal), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. |
[
"surrender",
"Bataan Peninsula",
"Corregidor Island",
"Philippines"
] | After the surrender of the Filipino and American forces in Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island, the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942. |
[
"Alexander Popov",
"inventors of radio",
"Nikolai Basov",
"Alexander Prokhorov",
"laser",
"maser"
] | Alexander Popov was among the inventors of radio, while Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were co-inventors of laser and maser. |
[
"Italy"
] | An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials. |
[
"Bitola",
"Monastir offensive",
"Macedonia",
"Serbia",
"offensive"
] | The Macedonian front was initially mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing Bitola on 19 November 1916 following the costly Monastir offensive, which brought stabilisation of the front.
|
[
"brown bear",
"Japanese macaque",
"Japanese raccoon dog",
"small Japanese field mouse",
"Japanese giant salamander",
"Japanese"
] | Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife as of 2019, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the small Japanese field mouse, and the Japanese giant salamander. |
[
"population decline",
"Central and Eastern Europe",
"Eastern",
"decline",
"East"
] | The UN predicts a steady population decline in Central and Eastern Europe as a result of emigration and low birth rates. |
[
"Fibonacci",
"Renaissance",
"Arithmetica",
"arithmetic"
] | Other than a treatise on squares in arithmetic progression by Fibonacci—who traveled and studied in north Africa and Constantinople—no number theory to speak of was done in western Europe during the Middle Ages. Matters started to change in Europe in the late Renaissance, thanks to a renewed study of the works of Greek antiquity. A catalyst was the textual emendation and translation into Latin of Diophantus' Arithmetica.
|
[
"largest single economic area",
"countries",
"euro",
"national economies in GDP (PPP)",
"CIA",
"Russia",
"largest",
"Kingdom",
"Italy",
"European Union",
"France",
"Germany"
] | The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. Nineteen EU countries share the euro as a common currency.
Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest national economies in GDP (PPP). This includes (ranks according to the CIA): Germany (6), Russia (7), the United Kingdom (10), France (11) and Italy (13).
|
[
"largest",
"second-largest",
"largest",
"wealth"
] | It is the world's largest importer and second-largest exporter, and possesses the largest amount of wealth of any country. |
[
"Pietro Badoglio",
"surrendered to the Allies",
"de"
] | Marshal Pietro Badoglio, placed in charge of the government, soon surrendered to the Allies. |
[
"Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix",
"best-selling remix album",
"Blood on the Dance Floor"
] | In 1997, Jackson released Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix, which contained remixes of singles from HIStory and five new songs. Worldwide sales stand at 6 million copies, making it the best-selling remix album. It reached number one in the UK, as did the single "Blood on the Dance Floor". In the US, the album reached number 24 and was certified platinum.
|
[
"Nazi Party",
"Night of the Long Knives"
] | Stalin admired Hitler, particularly his manoeuvres to remove rivals within the Nazi Party in the Night of the Long Knives. |
[
"SELENE",
"Tanegashima Space Center"
] | In 2007, it launched lunar explorer SELENE (Selenological and Engineering Explorer) from Tanegashima Space Center. |
[
"Four Year Plan",
"de",
"Germany"
] | In August 1936, in response to a growing economic crisis caused by his rearmament efforts, Hitler ordered Göring to implement a Four Year Plan to prepare Germany for war within the next four years. |
[
"Kingdom of Hungary",
"Regent",
"Miklós Horthy",
"Tripartite Pact",
"Hungary",
"Italy"
] | The Kingdom of Hungary, ruled by Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy, was the first country apart from Germany, Italy, and Japan to adhere to the Tripartite Pact, signing the agreement on 20 November 1940. |
[
"corpora"
] | AI can be well-equipped to make decisions in technical fields, which rely heavily on data and historical information. These decisions rely on objectivity and logical reasoning. Because human languages contain biases, machines trained on language corpora will necessarily also learn these biases.
|
[
"Mengjiang",
"Inner Mongolia",
"Demchugdongrub",
"Mongol",
"Genghis Khan"
] | Mengjiang was a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia. It was nominally ruled by Prince Demchugdongrub, a Mongol nobleman descended from Genghis Khan, but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military. Mengjiang's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936, following the Japanese occupation of the region.
|
[
"Eastern Bloc"
] | Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. |
[
"waiting in ambush",
"predator of wildlife",
"mammals",
"predator",
"United States",
"rodent",
"mammal"
] | Cats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents, and are often used as a form of pest control. Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured. The strategy used depends on the prey species in the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds. Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an estimated 1.3 to 4.0 billion birds and 6.3 to 22.3 billion mammals annually.
|
[
"fuel-injected",
"reversible-pitch",
"propellers"
] | These aircraft were specially adapted to carry nuclear weapons, and were equipped with fuel-injected engines, Curtiss Electric reversible-pitch propellers, pneumatic actuators for rapid opening and closing of bomb bay doors and other improvements. |
[
"trade union",
"concentration camps",
"German Labour Front",
"Volksgemeinschaft",
"de",
"Berlin",
"Nazism"
] | Having achieved full control over the legislative and executive branches of government, Hitler and his allies began to suppress the remaining opposition. The Social Democratic Party was made illegal, and its assets were seized. While many trade union delegates were in Berlin for May Day activities, SA stormtroopers occupied union offices around the country. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve, and their leaders were arrested. Some were sent to concentration camps. The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community").
|
[
"katakana",
"Frangistan",
"Franks",
"continent",
"Europa",
"European Union"
] | Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent. Chinese, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲/欧洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲) (zhōu means "continent"); a similar Chinese-derived term Ōshū (欧州) is also sometimes used in Japanese such as in the Japanese name of the European Union, Ōshū Rengō (欧州連合), despite the katakana Yōroppa (ヨーロッパ) being more commonly used. In some Turkic languages, the originally Persian name Frangistan ('land of the Franks') is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa.
|
[
"Siberia"
] | At his command, grain procurement squads surfaced across Western Siberia and the Urals, with violence breaking out between these squads and the peasantry. |
[
"war memorials",
"armistice"
] | Some war memorials date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918. |
[
"Kartvelian languages",
"Georgian",
"Mingrelian",
"Svan",
"Georgia",
"art",
"language"
] | Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Mingrelian and Svan) are spoken primarily in Georgia. |
[
"collapse of the Soviet Union",
"standards of living",
"post-Soviet states",
"Eastern Bloc",
"financial crisis",
"economic crisis",
"GDP"
] | The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc, which was even worse than the Great Depression. Even before Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s.
|
[
"Reichstag",
"de",
"Article 48",
"Reichstag Fire Decree"
] | Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. |
[
"home in Hyde Park",
"National Historic Site",
"Presidential library",
"Roosevelt Memorial",
"Jefferson Memorial",
"Tidal Basin",
"more modest memorial",
"March of Dimes",
"dime",
"U.S. Postage stamps",
"USS Franklin D. Roosevelt",
"Westminster Abbey",
"Attlee",
"Roosevelt Island",
"Franklin"
] | Roosevelt's home in Hyde Park is now a National Historic Site and home to his Presidential library. Washington, D.C., hosts two memorials to the former president. The largest, the 7+1⁄2-acre (3-hectare) Roosevelt Memorial, is located next to the Jefferson Memorial on the Tidal Basin. A more modest memorial, a block of marble in front of the National Archives building suggested by Roosevelt himself, was erected in 1965. Roosevelt's leadership in the March of Dimes is one reason he is commemorated on the American dime. Roosevelt has also appeared on several U.S. Postage stamps. On April 29, 1945, seventeen days after Roosevelt's death, the carrier USS Franklin D. Roosevelt was launched and served from 1945 to 1977. London's Westminster Abbey also has a stone tablet memorial to President Roosevelt that was unveiled by Attlee and Churchill in 1948. Roosevelt Island was renamed after Roosevelt in September 1973.
|
[
"France"
] | France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. |
[
"decolonisation",
"Africa",
"art",
"Asia"
] | At the same time decolonisation, which had already started after the First World War, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa. |
[
"8mm film",
"video",
"smartphone cameras",
"home movies",
"video art",
"digital video",
"digital cameras",
"film"
] | Systems that were cheaper and more easily handled (including 8mm film, video, and smartphone cameras) allowed for an increasing number of people to create films of varying qualities, for any purpose (including home movies and video art). The technical quality was usually lower than that of professional movies, but improved with digital video and affordable, high-quality digital cameras.
|
[
"righting reflex"
] | The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.
|
[
"Second Italo-Ethiopian War",
"colonial war"
] | The Second Italo-Ethiopian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. |
[
"idea of wilderness",
"Wilderness Act"
] | The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964, with the Wilderness Act. |
[
"HBO Go",
"fifth season",
"simulcast",
"HBO Now",
"screener",
"file-sharing",
"The Wars to Come",
"Mother's Mercy",
"BitTorrent",
"spoilers",
"Season seven",
"eighth season",
"Winterfell",
"final season",
"pirated",
"HBO"
] | In 2013, to combat unauthorized downloads, HBO said it intended to make its content more widely available within a week of the US premiere (including HBO Go). In 2015, the fifth season was simulcast to 170 countries and to HBO Now users. On April 11, the day before the season premiere, screener copies of the first four episodes of the fifth season leaked to a number of file-sharing websites. Within a day of the leak, the files were downloaded over 800,000 times; in one week the illegal downloads reached 32 million, with the season five premiere—"The Wars to Come"— pirated 13 million times. The season five finale ("Mother's Mercy") was the most simultaneously shared file in the history of the BitTorrent file sharing protocol, with over 250,000 sharers and over 1.5 million downloads in eight hours. HBO did not send screeners to the press for the sixth season to prevent the spread of unlicensed copies and spoilers. Season seven was either illegally streamed or downloaded over 1 billion times, with the season averaging 14.7 billion illegal views, and the season finale garnering over 120 million illegal views within its first 72 hours. According to anti-piracy company MUSO, the eighth season was illegally downloaded or viewed most in India and China. Illegal viewership for the final season was double the number of legal viewers, with 55 million illegal downloads for the season eight premiere "Winterfell", compared to 17.4 million who watched on HBO platforms.
|
[
"Korean",
"Armenian",
"Ukrainian",
"Arabic",
"Urdu",
"Hindi",
"Bengali",
"Bulgarian",
"Welsh",
"Afrikaans",
"Albanian",
"Latvian",
"Vietnamese",
"Hawaiian",
"Latin",
"Ancient Greek",
"Heliodorus of Emesa"
] | The series has been translated into more than 80 languages, placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history. The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian. The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek, making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD. The second volume has also been translated into Latin.
|
[
"Deep learning",
"neural network"
] | Deep learning consists of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network. |
[
"fraud detection"
] | Deep learning is being successfully applied to financial fraud detection, tax evasion detection, and anti-money laundering.
|
[
"declared war on Japan",
"declared war",
"United States"
] | The British government declared war on Japan immediately after learning that their territory had also been attacked, while the following day (December 8) the United States Congress declared war on Japan. |
[
"Central Powers",
"Kremlin",
"proletarian revolution",
"Treaty of Brest-Litovsk",
"Russian Communist Party",
"Left Socialist-Revolutionaries",
"Bolshevik",
"First World War",
"Bolsheviks"
] | Because of the ongoing First World War, in which Russia was fighting the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, Lenin's government relocated from Petrograd to Moscow in March 1918. Stalin, Trotsky, Sverdlov, and Lenin lived at the Kremlin. Stalin supported Lenin's desire to sign an armistice with the Central Powers regardless of the cost in territory. Stalin thought it necessary because — unlike Lenin — he was unconvinced that Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. Lenin eventually convinced the other senior Bolsheviks of his viewpoint, resulting in the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918. The treaty gave vast areas of land and resources to the Central Powers and angered many in Russia; the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the coalition government over the issue. The governing RSDLP party was soon renamed, becoming the Russian Communist Party.
|
[
"statue in Parliament Square"
] | His statue in Parliament Square was unveiled by his widow Clementine in 1973 and is one of only twelve in the square, all of prominent political figures, including Churchill's friend Lloyd George and his India policy nemesis Gandhi. |
[
"Alexandria, Louisiana",
"Baton Rouge",
"Rolling Stone",
"Louisiana"
] | Journalist Tony Scherman wrote that, by early 1977, "Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Grossly overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts." According to Andy Greene of Rolling Stone, Presley's final performances were mostly "sad, sloppy affairs where a bloated, drugged Presley struggled to remember his lyrics and get through the night without collapsing ... Most everything from the final three years of his life is sad and hard to watch." In Alexandria, Louisiana, he was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand". On March 31, he canceled a performance in Baton Rouge, unable to get out of his hotel bed; four shows had to be canceled and rescheduled.
|
[
"puppet states"
] | At its zenith in 1942, the Axis presided over large parts of Europe, North Africa, and East Asia, either through occupation, annexation, or puppet states. |
[
"Atlantic Ocean"
] | Both Germany and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, most of which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. |
[
"trench foot",
"shell shock",
"mustard gas",
"lice",
"trench fever",
"cooties",
"body lice",
"Spanish flu"
] | The living conditions made it so that countless diseases and infections occurred, such as trench foot, shell shock, blindness/burns from mustard gas, lice, trench fever, "cooties" (body lice) and the 'Spanish flu'. |
[
"Fumimaro Konoe",
"Emperor",
"Hirohito"
] | In February 1945, Prince Fumimaro Konoe advised Emperor Hirohito that defeat was inevitable, and urged him to abdicate. |
[
"Jupiter missiles",
"missiles in Cuba",
"Cold War",
"United States"
] | At the same time, Cold War tensions reached its peak when the two rivals clashed over the deployment of the United States Jupiter missiles in Turkey and Soviet missiles in Cuba. |
[
"Noether's theorem",
"Lagrangian",
"translation invariance",
"general covariance",
"gauge symmetry",
"spacetime",
"General relativity",
"space"
] | General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to identify the conserved energy and momentum. Noether's theorem allows these quantities to be determined from a Lagrangian with translation invariance, but general covariance makes translation invariance into something of a gauge symmetry. The energy and momentum derived within general relativity by Noether's prescriptions do not make a real tensor for this reason.
|
[
"Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact",
"Bessarabia",
"Northern Bukovina",
"Soviet Union"
] | The August 1939 Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol ceding Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union. |
[
"Staples Center",
"Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty",
"streaming"
] | Jackson's memorial was held on July 7, 2009, at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, preceded by a private family service at Forest Lawn Memorial Park's Hall of Liberty. Over 1.6 million fans applied for tickets to the memorial; the 8,750 recipients were drawn at random, and each received two tickets. The memorial service was one of the most watched events in streaming history, with an estimated US audience of 31.1 million and a worldwide audience of an estimated 2.5 to 3 billion.
|
[
"48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia",
"Alaska",
"Hawaii",
"archipelago",
"Pacific",
"unincorporated",
"Puerto Rico",
"American Samoa",
"Guam",
"Northern Mariana Islands",
"U.S. Virgin Islands",
"third-largest nation",
"Russia",
"Canada",
"largest",
"the North",
"state",
"North America",
"third-largest",
"states"
] | The 48 contiguous states and the District of Columbia occupy a combined area of 3,119,885 square miles (8,080,470 km). Of this area, 2,959,064 square miles (7,663,940 km) is contiguous land, composing 83.65% of total U.S. land area. About 15% is occupied by Alaska, a state in northwestern North America, with the remainder in Hawaii, a state and archipelago in the central Pacific, and the five populated but unincorporated insular territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Measured by only land area, the United States is third in size behind Russia and China, and just ahead of Canada. The United States is the world's third-largest nation by land and total area behind Russia and Canada.
|
[
"entered Silesia",
"Pomerania",
"Western Allies entered western Germany",
"Rhine",
"Soviet",
"F",
"Allies",
"Germany",
"German"
] | In February, the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania, while the Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river. |
[
"U.S.",
"Washington"
] | title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C., or any of the U.S. |
[
"American Airlines",
"US Airways",
"U.S.",
"largest"
] | The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways. |
[
"The Avenging Conscience",
"D. W. Griffith",
"literature",
"film"
] | Symbolic effects taken over from conventional literary and artistic tradition continued to make some appearances in films during these years. In D. W. Griffith's The Avenging Conscience (1914), the title "The birth of the evil thought" precedes a series of three shots of the protagonist looking at a spider, and ants eating an insect. Symbolist art and literature from the turn of the century also had a more general effect on a small number of films made in Italy and Russia. The supine acceptance of death resulting from passion and forbidden longings was a major feature of this art, and states of delirium dwelt on at length were important as well.
|
[
"German"
] | In December 1940, as relations with the British worsened, Rashid Ali formally requested weapons and military supplies from Germany. |
[
"was proved",
"Andrew Wiles",
"scheme theory",
"algebraic geometry",
"category theory",
"homological algebra",
"algebra",
"geometry",
"Pierre de Fermat",
"prove"
] | This conjecture was stated in 1637 by Pierre de Fermat, but it was proved only in 1994 by Andrew Wiles, who used tools including scheme theory from algebraic geometry, category theory, and homological algebra. |
[
"puzzles",
"or"
] | Some mathematicians can see their activity as a game, more specifically as solving puzzles. |
[
"convolutional neural network",
"Kunihiko Fukushima",
"neocognitron",
"ReLU",
"activation function",
"deep neural networks",
"computer vision",
"neural networks"
] | The convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture with convolutional layers and downsampling layers was introduced by Kunihiko Fukushima in 1980. He called it the neocognitron. In 1969, he also introduced the ReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function. The rectifier has become the most popular activation function for CNNs and deep neural networks in general. CNNs have become an essential tool for computer vision.
|
[
"education"
] | Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. |
[
"Danish military brigade in exile"
] | Sweden allowed formation of a Danish military brigade in exile; it did not see combat. |
[
"Enver Pasha",
"Asia",
"Russia"
] | Enver Pasha, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, was ambitious and dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been lost to Russia previously. |
[
"Reichstag Fire Decree",
"de",
"dictator",
"Reichstag",
"Article 48"
] | Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. Many of his decrees were explicitly based on the Reichstag Fire Decree and hence on Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution. The Reichstag renewed the Enabling Act twice, each time for a four-year period. While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which carried with well over 90 per cent of the vote. These elections were held in far-from-secret conditions; the Nazis threatened severe reprisals against anyone who did not vote or dared to vote no.
|
[
"Aung San",
"State of Burma",
"Ba Maw",
"Burma"
] | The Japanese Army and Burma nationalists, led by Aung San, seized control of Burma from the United Kingdom during 1942. A State of Burma was formed on 1 August 1943 under the Burmese nationalist leader Ba Maw. A treaty of alliance was concluded between the Ba Maw regime and Japan was signed by Ba Maw for Burma and Sawada Renzo for Japan on the same day in which the Ba Maw government pledged itself to provide the Japanese "with every necessary assistance in order to execute a successful military operation in Burma". The Ba Maw government mobilised Burmese society during the war to support the Axis war-effort.
|
[
"terraces"
] | Because of this lack of arable land, a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas. |
[
"Machine learning",
"data"
] | Machine learning models are statistical and probabilistic models that capture patterns in the data through use of computational algorithms.
|
[
"Mason Patrick",
"Billy Mitchell",
"Hawaii",
"United States"
] | Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to how and why the United States had been caught unaware, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans and related topics. As early as 1924, Chief of U.S. Air Service Mason Patrick displayed a concern for military vulnerabilities in the Pacific, having sent General Billy Mitchell on a survey of the Pacific and the East. Patrick called Mitchell's subsequent report, which identified vulnerabilities in Hawaii, a "theoretical treatise on employment of airpower in the Pacific, which, in all probability undoubtedly will be of extreme value some 10 or 15 years hence".
|
[
"hypocalcaemia"
] | Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia. Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1.2:1 to ensure proper bone development and structure. Imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels can result in various skeletal complications. Excess phosphorus can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition, interfering with normal bone development. In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake, bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs.
|
[
"East Germany",
"Austria",
"Red Army",
"Potsdam Conference",
"Eastern Bloc",
"nuclear power",
"Warsaw Pact",
"Cold War",
"NATO",
"Soviet Union",
"Central",
"United States",
"World War II"
] | After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. After becoming the world's second nuclear power, the Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact alliance, and entered into a struggle for global dominance, known as the Cold War, with the rivalling United States and NATO.
|
[
"First Czechoslovak Republic",
"unitary state",
"Germans",
"Czechoslovakia",
"democracy",
"Austria",
"Europe",
"unitary",
"interwar period",
"Czech",
"Austria-Hungary"
] | The First Czechoslovak Republic comprised only 27% of the population of the former Austria-Hungary, but nearly 80% of the industry, which enabled it to compete with Western industrial states. In 1929 compared to 1913, the gross domestic product increased by 52% and industrial production by 41%. In 1938 Czechoslovakia held 10th place in the world industrial production. Czechoslovakia was the only country in Central and Eastern Europe to remain a liberal democracy throughout the entire
interwar period. Although the First Czechoslovak Republic was a unitary state, it provided certain rights to its minorities, the largest being Germans (23.6% in 1921), Hungarians (5.6%) and Ukrainians (3.5%).
|
[
"Labrador"
] | A Labrador may be expected to live for 10 to 12 years.
|
[
"inner product",
"tensors",
"Lorentz transformations",
"Lorentz transformation",
"tensor"
] | One can extend this idea to tensors of higher order, for a second order tensor we can form the invariants:
T
α
α
,
T
α
β
T
β
α
,
T
α
β
T
β
γ
T
γ
α
=
invariant scalars
,
{\displaystyle T^{\alpha }{}_{\alpha },T^{\alpha }{}_{\beta }T^{\beta }{}_{\alpha },T^{\alpha }{}_{\beta }T^{\beta }{}_{\gamma }T^{\gamma }{}_{\alpha }={\text{invariant scalars}},}
similarly for higher order tensors. Invariant expressions, particularly inner products of 4-vectors with themselves, provide equations that are useful for calculations, because one does not need to perform Lorentz transformations to determine the invariants.
|
[
"Christians"
] | Today, a bit over 25% of the world's Christians live in Europe. |
[
"campus radio",
"University of Southern California",
"KUSC-FM",
"Ben Burtt",
"Star Wars",
"John Williams"
] | Radio adaptations of the films were also produced. Lucas, a fan of the NPR-affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California, licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC-FM for US$1. The production used John Williams's original film score, along with Ben Burtt's sound effects.
|
[
"Brigadier General",
"Thomas Farrell",
"Rear Admiral",
"William R. Purnell",
"Manhattan Project",
"General"
] | There were also two representatives from Washington, D.C., Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, the deputy commander of the Manhattan Project, and Rear Admiral William R. Purnell of the Military Policy Committee, who were on hand to decide higher policy matters on the spot. |
[
"eukaryotic",
"multicellular",
"algae",
"produce their own nutrients",
"heterotrophic",
"respire aerobically",
"motile",
"life cycle",
"sponges",
"corals",
"mussels",
"barnacles",
"sessile",
"blastula",
"embryonic development",
"cells to be differentiated",
"living"
] | Animals have several characteristics that set them apart from other living things. Animals are eukaryotic and multicellular. Unlike plants and algae, which produce their own nutrients, animals are heterotrophic, feeding on organic material and digesting it internally. With very few exceptions, animals respire aerobically. All animals are motile (able to spontaneously move their bodies) during at least part of their life cycle, but some animals, such as sponges, corals, mussels, and barnacles, later become sessile. The blastula is a stage in embryonic development that is unique to animals, allowing cells to be differentiated into specialised tissues and organs.
|
[
"Woodford",
"Mary"
] | Clementine and daughter Mary had been at the count in Woodford, Churchill's new constituency in Essex, and had returned to Downing Street to meet him for lunch. |
[
"probability distribution"
] | For example, if we have a probability distribution for where a particle is, it is described by the "state"
|
[
"Élie Metchnikoff",
"immunology"
] | Élie Metchnikoff is known for his groundbreaking research in immunology. |
[
"polyestrous",
"estrus"
] | Female cats, called queens, are polyestrous with several estrus cycles during a year, lasting usually 21 days. They are usually ready to mate between early February and August in northern temperate zones and throughout the year in equatorial regions.
|
[
"Harvard Law School",
"James Roosevelt",
"Bourbon Democrat",
"Grover Cleveland",
"James MacGregor Burns"
] | Their father graduated from Harvard Law School in 1851 but chose not to practice law after receiving an inheritance from his grandfather, James Roosevelt. Roosevelt's father, a prominent Bourbon Democrat, once took Franklin to meet President Grover Cleveland, who said to him: "My little man, I am making a strange wish for you. It is that you may never be President of the United States." Franklin's mother, the dominant influence in his early years, once declared, "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all." James, who was 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer James MacGregor Burns indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time.
|
[
"Robert Stinnett",
"Day of Deceit",
"Robert Alfred Theobald",
"Pearl Harbor",
"United States",
"World War II"
] | Several writers, including decorated World War II veteran and journalist Robert Stinnett, author of Day of Deceit, and former United States Rear Admiral Robert Alfred Theobald, author of The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor: The Washington Background of the Pearl Harbor Attack, have argued that various parties high in the US and British governments knew of the attack in advance and may even have let it happen or encouraged it in order to force the US into war via the so-called "back door". |
[
"Battle of Mojkovac",
"Adriatic",
"Serbia",
"Montenegro"
] | Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat towards the Adriatic coast in the Battle of Mojkovac in 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. |
[
"military"
] | While the Japanese military decided to resume attacks on Allied bombers from late June, by this time there were too few operational fighters available for this change of tactics to hinder the Allied air raids. |
[
"Navarra",
"Guadalajara",
"Almeria",
"Girona",
"Peniscola",
"Cáceres",
"Almodovar del Rio",
"Santiponce",
"Zumaia",
"Bermeo",
"Moneyglass",
"Saintfield",
"The Long Night",
"Seville",
"Dubrovnik",
"Belfast",
"Northern Ireland"
] | The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015, returned to Spain and filmed in Navarra, Guadalajara, Seville, Almeria, Girona and Peniscola. Filming also returned to Dubrovnik, Croatia. The filming of the seven episodes of season seven began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain, including Seville, Cáceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Filming continued until the end of February 2017, as necessary, to ensure winter weather in some European locations. Filming for season eight began in October 2017 and concluded in July 2018. New filming locations included Moneyglass and Saintfield in Northern Ireland for "The Long Night" battle scenes.
|
[
"symbol",
"paradise",
"Turkish",
"Netherlands"
] | Tulips became popular garden plants in the east and west, but, whereas the tulip in Turkish culture was a symbol of paradise on earth and had almost a divine status, in the Netherlands it represented the briefness of life.
|
[
"infallible leader",
"de"
] | The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus, he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. |
[
"analysis"
] | It rests on the analysis of harmonics (noted 2 to 15 in the following figure) of a fundamental Do (noted 1); the first harmonics and their octaves sound well together. |