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Question: What is the volume of a kiddie pool? | Choices: [255 fluid ounces, 255 gallons, 255 cups] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. | Solution: The best estimate for the volume of a kiddie pool is 255 gallons. 255 fluid ounces and 255 cups are both too little. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Does this passage describe the weather or the climate? The wind rarely blows from the east in Idaho Falls, Idaho. | Choices: [climate, weather] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: What's the difference between weather and climate? | Lecture: The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds Earth. Both weather and climate tell you about the atmosphere. Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Weather can change quickly. For example, the temperature outside your house might get higher throughout the day. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place. For example, summer temperatures in New York are usually higher than winter temperatures. | Solution: Read the text carefully. The wind rarely blows from the east in Idaho Falls, Idaho. This passage tells you about the usual wind pattern in Idaho Falls, Idaho. It does not describe what the weather is like on a particular day. So, this passage describes the climate. | Hint: Hint: Weather is what the atmosphere is like at a certain place and time. Climate is the pattern of weather in a certain place.

Question: Compare the motion of three bicycles. Which bicycle was moving at the highest speed? | Choices: [a bicycle that moved 70miles north in 10hours, a bicycle that moved 55miles west in 10hours, a bicycle that moved 305miles east in 10hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving the fastest will go the farthest distance in that time. It is moving at the highest speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each bicycle moved and the time it took to move that distance. The direction each bicycle moved does not affect its speed. Notice that each bicycle moved for 10 hours. The bicycle that moved 305 miles moved the farthest distance in that time. So, that bicycle must have moved at the highest speed.

Question: Which word does not rhyme? | Choices: [side, year, wide] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: phonological-awareness | Skill: Which word does not rhyme? | Lecture: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. | Solution: The words side and wide rhyme. They both end with the ide sound. The word year does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to direct an animal cell's activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. | Choices: [cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of animal cell parts | Lecture: The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cell membrane also protects the cell from the outside environment. The cytoplasm is made up of a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell membrane. The cytoplasm supports the other cell parts and holds them in place. Many important chemical reactions happen in the cytoplasm. The mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. The vacuoles store nutrients, such as sugar, in the cell. Vacuoles also store water and waste. The nucleus directs cell activities. It does this by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The chromosomes contain the information that the cell uses for growth and activities. In animal and plant cells, the chromosomes are inside the nucleus. | Solution: The nucleus is the master control center for cell activities. The nucleus sends signals and instructions to different parts of the cell. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? adding dish soap to water in a sink shaking up salad dressing | Choices: [Both are caused by cooling., Both are chemical changes., Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by heating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Adding dish soap to water in a sink is a physical change. Bubbles may appear if air gets trapped in the soapy water, but a different type of matter does not form. Shaking up salad dressing is a physical change. The different parts mix together, but they are still made of the same type of matter. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Based on this information, what is this plant's phenotype for the flower color trait? | Choices: [light yellow flowers, dark yellow flowers] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: dominant and recessive | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. Some traits, like flower color in pea plants, are controlled by a single gene. Most plants and animals have a genotype made up of two alleles for these traits. These two alleles determine whether an organism is homozygous or heterozygous for the gene. An organism with two identical alleles for a gene is homozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype FF or ff is homozygous for the flower color gene. An organism with two different alleles for a gene is heterozygous for that gene. A pea plant with the genotype Ff is heterozygous for the flower color gene. The types of alleles in an organism's genotype determine the organism's phenotype. Some alleles have types called dominant and recessive. These two types can cause different versions of a trait to appear as the organism's phenotype. A dominant allele causes its version of the trait to appear even when the organism also has a recessive allele for the gene. In pea plants, the F allele, which causes purple flowers, is dominant over the f allele. A pea plant with at least one F allele will have the F allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype FF or Ff will have purple flowers. A recessive allele causes its version of the trait to appear only when the organism does not have any dominant alleles for the gene. In pea plants, the f allele, which causes white flowers, is recessive to the F allele. A pea plant with only f alleles will have the f allele's version of the flower color trait. So, a plant with the genotype ff will have white flowers. | Solution: The rose plant's genotype for the flower color gene is ff. The rose plant's genotype of ff has only f alleles. The f allele is for dark yellow flowers. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be dark yellow flowers. To check this answer, consider whether the rose plant's alleles are dominant or recessive. The allele for dark yellow flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for light yellow flowers (F). This means F is a dominant allele, and f is a recessive allele. The rose plant's genotype of ff has only recessive alleles. An organism with only recessive alleles for a gene will have the recessive allele's version of the trait. So, the rose plant's phenotype for the flower color trait must be dark yellow flowers. | Hint: In a group of rose plants, some individuals have light yellow flowers and others have dark yellow flowers. In this group, the gene for the flower color trait has two alleles. The allele for dark yellow flowers (f) is recessive to the allele for light yellow flowers (F). A certain rose plant from this group has the homozygous genotype ff for the flower color gene.

Question: Which word does not rhyme? | Choices: [like, wish, dish] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: phonological-awareness | Skill: Which word does not rhyme? | Lecture: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. | Solution: The words wish and dish rhyme. They both end with the ish sound. The word like does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.

Question: What does the idiom in this text suggest? Katie has a lot on her plate: she is attending college, has a full-time job as a waitress, and volunteers at the animal shelter. | Choices: [Katie has many responsibilities., Katie has no time to eat well.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. | Solution: The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a lot on her plate suggests that Katie has many responsibilities. If you have a lot on your plate, you are busy with many different obligations.

Question: Which object has the most thermal energy? | Choices: [an orange at a temperature of 55°F, an orange at a temperature of 80°F, an orange at a temperature of 92°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: All three oranges have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 92°F orange is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Would you find the word instruct on a dictionary page with the following guide words? imp - item | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since instruct is between the guide words imp - item, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [Leah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be Leah's., Leah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be hers.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun hers could refer to Leah's or Katie's. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. Hers has been replaced with Leah's. Leah takes yoga classes at Katie's studio, so this yoga mat might be Leah's.

Question: Which object has less thermal energy? | Choices: [a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 55°F, a 300-gram glass of water at a temperature of 45°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. | Solution: The two glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 45°F glass of water is colder than the 55°F glass of water, it has less thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to sort and package proteins and other substances in a plant cell. | Choices: [nucleus, cell wall, mitochondria, Golgi] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of plant cell parts | Lecture: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. | Solution: The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances for the cell. The Golgi sends some of these substances to parts of the cell where they are needed. It sends other substances to the cell membrane, where they are released from the cell.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Did Porter vote for Hazel for school president, or does he hate her for some reason? | Choices: [circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself, bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct, false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Porter either voted for Hazel or he hates her. However, Porter could have voted for someone he considers a better candidate while still liking Hazel. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? Christine is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years. | Choices: [compound-complex, compound, simple, complex] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound-complex. It is made up of two independent clauses and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the relative pronoun which. Christine is a competitive horseback rider, and she will be competing in the next World Equestrian Games, which are held every four years.

Question: How long is a long-distance running race? | Choices: [25 yards, 25 miles, 25 feet, 25 inches] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of a long-distance running race is 25 miles. 25 inches, 25 feet, and 25 yards are all too short. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? From the look on her face, Reba is carrying an albatross around her neck. | Choices: [a poem, the Bible] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion an albatross around her neck is a poem. In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner," a sailor shoots and kills an albatross, an action that curses the ship and crew. As his crew members die, the Ancient Mariner feels his guilt hanging like the albatross around his neck. The allusion an albatross around her neck means a burden a person must bear.

Question: How long does it take to mow the lawn? | Choices: [38 minutes, 38 hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to mow the lawn is 38 minutes. 38 hours is too slow. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which sentence states a fact? | Choices: [Dragonflies look like giant wasps, but creepier., Dragonflies have lived on earth for three hundred million years.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Distinguish facts from opinions | Lecture: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is "better" for camping. | Solution: The first sentence states a fact. Dragonflies have lived on earth for three hundred million years. It can be proved by looking up information about dragonflies. The second sentence states an opinion. Dragonflies look like giant wasps, but creepier. Creepier shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about whether dragonflies look creepy.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Francesca investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?, Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?, Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Francesca is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: two large unscented candles with thick wicks two large unscented candles with thin wicks a box of matches

Question: Which is harder? | Choices: [clay ball, metal shield] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare properties of materials | Lecture: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. | Solution: Hard is a property. A hard material keeps its shape when you press on it with your finger. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pushing on the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the metal shield is harder. If you press on a metal shield, it will not change shape.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? a piece of apple turning brown boiling sugar to make caramel | Choices: [Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by cooling., Both are chemical changes., Both are caused by heating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. A piece of apple turning brown is a chemical change. The apple reacts with oxygen in the air and turns into a different type of matter. If you scrape off the brown layer of the apple, the inside is still white. The inside hasn't touched the air. So the chemical change didn't happen to that part of the apple. Boiling sugar to make caramel is a chemical change. The heat causes the sugar to change into a different type of matter. Unlike sugar, the new matter is brown and sticky. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Boiling sugar is caused by heating. But a piece of apple turning brown is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Based on this information, what is Delilah's phenotype for the fur color trait? | Choices: [FF, orange fur] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Delilah's observable version of the fur color trait is orange fur. So, Delilah's phenotype for the fur color trait is orange fur. | Hint: In a group of Bengal tigers, some individuals have orange fur and others have white fur. In this group, the gene for the fur color trait has two alleles. The allele F is for orange fur, and the allele f is for white fur. Delilah, a Bengal tiger from this group, has orange fur. Delilah has two alleles for orange fur.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Sophie, I've told you a million times: you need to dry the dishes before you put them away. | Choices: [oxymoron, hyperbole] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. | Solution: The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. A million times is an exaggeration, since it is unlikely that Sophie has actually been told this a million times.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? breaking a plate molding clay into the shape of a pot | Choices: [Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by cooling., Both are caused by heating., Both are chemical changes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Breaking a plate is a physical change. The plate gets broken into pieces. But each piece is still made of the same type of matter. Molding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Neither change is caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to break down sugar to release energy that a plant cell can use. | Choices: [endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplasts, mitochondria, vacuole] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of plant cell parts | Lecture: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. | Solution: Mitochondria break down sugar to release energy that the cell can use. Plant and animal cells usually have many mitochondria.

Question: Select the invertebrate. | Choices: [sea turtle, red-spotted purple butterfly, koala, puffin] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify vertebrates and invertebrates | Lecture: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. | Solution: A red-spotted purple butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a red-spotted purple butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A puffin is a bird. Like other birds, a puffin is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A koala is a mammal. Like other mammals, a koala is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A sea turtle is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a sea turtle is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. | Hint: Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Jen investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [If squash seeds and tomato seeds are planted with compost, which type of plant grows larger?, Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted in small pots or in large pots?, Do squash plants grow larger if the seeds are planted with compost or without compost?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Jen has a small vegetable garden, which includes a compost pile of food scraps. She notices that some of the squash plants growing next to the compost pile grow differently than squash plants that are farther away. She wonders what factors affect how her squash plants grow. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: one type of squash seeds four large clay pots soil a compost pile water

Question: Which sentence states a fact? | Choices: [Frogs have the strangest feet of any animal., A horse's foot contains a part known as the "frog."] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Distinguish facts from opinions | Lecture: A fact is something that can be proved to be true. The month of July has more days than the month of June. This is a fact. It can be proved by looking at a calendar and counting the number of days in each month. An opinion is something that a person believes, thinks, or feels. An opinion cannot be proved true. July is a better month than June for camping. This is an opinion. People may have different opinions about which month is "better" for camping. | Solution: The second sentence states a fact. A horse's foot contains a part known as the "frog." It can be proved by checking a drawing of a horse's foot. The first sentence states an opinion. Frogs have the strangest feet of any animal. Strangest shows what a person believes, thinks, or feels. Another person might have a different opinion about which animal has the strangest feet.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Zach has a scar on his right ankle. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: Children do not inherit their parent's scars. Instead, scars are caused by the environment. People can get scars after they get hurt. So, having a scar is an acquired trait. | Hint: Hint: Most scars are caused by accidents during a person's life.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to break down worn-out cell parts and other waste in an animal cell. | Choices: [cytoplasm, chromosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of animal cell parts | Lecture: Animal cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in animal cells: Mitochondria help the cell get the energy it needs. Mitochondria break down sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. Animal cells also have organelles for storage and waste removal. The vacuoles store sugar and other nutrients. The lysosomes break down worn-out cell parts and other waste. Animal cells usually have several vacuoles and lysosomes. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell membrane is a thin layer that surrounds and protects the cell. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. | Solution: Cells use lysosomes to break down worn-out cell parts and other waste. An animal cell may have many lysosomes.

Question: Which object has more thermal energy? | Choices: [a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 85°F, a 200-gram glass of apple juice at a temperature of 70°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: The two glasses of apple juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F glass of apple juice is hotter than the 70°F glass of apple juice, it has more thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Complete the sentence. According to the Seventh Amendment, a () is usually not allowed to change the decision of a (). | Choices: [criminal . . . victim, jury . . . judge, victim . . . criminal, judge . . . jury] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: civics | Skill: The Bill of Rights | Lecture: nan | Solution: According to the Seventh Amendment, a judge is usually not allowed to change the decision of a jury. The jury has the final say. A jury is a group of regular citizens who listen to a trial. Then they decide together which side is right. In the United States, juries are supposed to come from the area where the crime or disagreement took place. Most trial juries have between 6 and 12 people, called jurors. If you are an American citizen, you may be asked to be on a jury someday! Part of the text of the Seventh Amendment is below. What kind of trials does the amendment talk about? In suits at common law. . .the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Question: Which is a complex sentence? | Choices: [Robert returned to his hometown when he started his own family., The detour took us across the bridge and along the one-lane road by the river.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. | Solution: The first sentence is the complex sentence. It is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause begins with the subordinating conjunction when. Robert returned to his hometown when he started his own family.

Question: Last year, there were seven men's clothing stores on Main Street in Somerville. This year, there are only three. What probably happened to the overall supply of men's shirts in Somerville? | Choices: [The supply probably went down., The supply probably went up.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: economics | Skill: Understand overall supply and demand | Lecture: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. | Solution: When four men's clothing stores closed on Main Street, the number of suppliers went down. There were fewer stores selling men's shirts. So, the supply of men's shirts probably went down.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Maya acquired this trait? | Choices: [Maya learned how to build a fire at summer camp., Maya can cook food over a fire.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Maya knows how to build a fire.

Question: How long does it take to drain all of the water in a full bathtub? | Choices: [60 seconds, 60 hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to drain all of the water in a full bathtub is 60 seconds. 60 hours is too slow. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Teens shouldn't get cell phones. It's just a matter of time before they'll stop seeing friends in real life—they'll just text each other from their rooms. | Choices: [straw man: a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against, slippery slope fallacy: the false assumption that a small first step will lead to extreme consequences, false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that having cell phones will lead to teenagers no longer meeting in real life. However, this argument offers only an extreme outcome and ignores other more likely outcomes. For instance, teenagers may sometimes meet friends in real life and sometimes just text with friends. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as the slippery slope fallacy.

Question: How long is a caterpillar? | Choices: [35 kilometers, 35 millimeters, 35 centimeters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of a caterpillar is 35 millimeters. 35 centimeters and 35 kilometers are both too long. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which object has more thermal energy? | Choices: [a 2-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 30°C, a 2-kilogram block of steel at a temperature of 65°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: The two blocks of steel have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°C block is hotter than the 30°C block, it has more thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. The ocean lashed () at the boat, which nearly overturned in the rough waves. | Choices: [angrily, repeatedly] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the word angrily. It describes the ocean as if it were an angry, violent person.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Mr. Livingston can quit smoking because he's capable of stopping. | Choices: [circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself, guilt by association: a negative association intended to discredit someone or something, bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Mr. Livingston can quit smoking because he is able to stop. However, the "evidence" is just a restatement of the claim itself. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as circular reasoning.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Scott's leaving his job? That's old news. He's been planning that for months. | Choices: [chiasmus, oxymoron] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Old news is a contradiction, because news is recent information.

Question: How long is a human front tooth? | Choices: [13 centimeters, 13 kilometers, 13 millimeters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using metric units, length can be written with units of millimeters, centimeters, meters, or kilometers. One meter contains 100 centimeters or 1,000 millimeters. So, 1 meter is larger than 1 centimeter, and 1 centimeter is larger than 1 millimeter. The tip of the pencil shown here is only 1 millimeter wide, but the pencil is about 16 centimeters long. A red fox is about 1 meter long. The Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia is about 1,000 meters, or 1 kilometer, in length. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of a human front tooth is 13 millimeters. 13 centimeters and 13 kilometers are both too long. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Based on this information, what is Chase's genotype for the fur texture gene? | Choices: [soft fur, ff] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. Chase has two alleles for soft fur (f). So, Chase's genotype for the fur texture gene is ff. | Hint: In a group of dachshund dogs, some individuals have rough fur and others have soft fur. In this group, the gene for the fur texture trait has two alleles. The allele F is for rough fur, and the allele f is for soft fur. Chase, a dachshund dog from this group, has soft fur. Chase has two alleles for soft fur.

Question: Would you find the word sapling on a dictionary page with the following guide words? snack - synonym | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since sapling is not between the guide words snack - synonym, it would not be found on that page.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Clare acquired this trait? | Choices: [Some scars fade more quickly than others., Clare's scar was caused by an accident. She cut her leg when she was climbing a tree.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Clare has a scar on her left leg.

Question: What kind of sentence is this? I can't believe this is Trisha's first time seeing the Pacific Ocean! | Choices: [interrogative, exclamatory, declarative] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! | Solution: The sentence tells about something, but it shows surprise and ends with an exclamation point. It is an exclamatory sentence.

Question: Select the vertebrate. | Choices: [European green toad, grasshopper, luna moth, castor bean tick] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify vertebrates and invertebrates | Lecture: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. | Solution: A grasshopper is an insect. Like other insects, a grasshopper is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A European green toad is an amphibian. Like other amphibians, a European green toad is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A castor bean tick is an insect. Like other insects, a castor bean tick is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A luna moth is an insect. Like other insects, a luna moth is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. | Hint: Hint: Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians are vertebrates.

Question: Based on this information, what is Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait? | Choices: [a gray body, BB] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Nessie's observable version of the body color trait is a gray body. So, Nessie's phenotype for the body color trait is a gray body. | Hint: In a group of guppies, some individuals have a gray body and others have a golden body. In this group, the gene for the body color trait has two alleles. The allele B is for a gray body, and the allele b is for a golden body. Nessie, a guppy from this group, has a gray body. Nessie has two alleles for a gray body.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Lisa plays soccer. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: People are not born knowing how to play soccer. Instead, some people learn how to play soccer. Playing the sport takes practice. So, playing soccer is an acquired trait. | Hint: Hint: Playing soccer takes practice.

Question: Which text uses the word random in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Carmen made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food., At the grocery store, Carmen hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses random in its traditional sense: made or occurring without a definite pattern. At the grocery store, Carmen hastily grabbed fruits and vegetables at random, filling her shopping cart with a hodgepodge of food. The second text uses random in its nontraditional sense: odd or out of place. Carmen made a random trip to the grocery store, though her kitchen was already stocked with a hodgepodge of food. Most style guides recommend to avoid using the nontraditional sense of the word random because it is generally considered incorrect.

Question: Complete the sentence. Bees creating wax from sugar is a (). | Choices: [chemical change, physical change] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form new molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Burning a piece of paper is a chemical change. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then relink and form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are created when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. | Solution: Bees creating wax from sugar is a chemical change. Bees have a special body part that changes the sugar they eat into wax. They use the wax to make their honeycomb.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Derek inherited this trait? | Choices: [Derek likes to wear a blue sweater to match his blue eyes., Derek's mother has blue eyes. She passed this trait down to Derek.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Derek has blue eyes.

Question: Select the part whose main job is to direct a plant cell's activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. | Choices: [cytoplasm, Golgi, nucleus, cell membrane] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify functions of plant cell parts | Lecture: Plant cells are made up of many different parts. Each cell part has a function that helps the cell survive and grow. Some cell parts are called organelles. Organelles are cell structures that are surrounded by their own membranes. Here are some of the organelles in plant cells: Chloroplasts and mitochondria work together to help the cell get the energy it needs. The chloroplasts use photosynthesis to make sugar. The mitochondria break down this sugar and release energy that the cell can use for all of its activities. The nucleus directs cell activities by sending instructions to different parts of the cell. The nucleus contains structures called chromosomes. The chromosomes are made mostly of hereditary material called DNA. DNA contains information that the cell uses for growth and activities. These instructions tell ribosomes how to build molecules called proteins, which make up cell structures and help chemical reactions happen in the cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that helps ribosomes build proteins. The nucleus sends instructions for making proteins to ribosomes. Ribosomes can attach to the endoplamic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes use these instructions to make proteins that the cell needs to survive and grow. After proteins are made in the endoplasmic reticulum, they can be transferred to the Golgi. The Golgi is an organelle made up of flat, stacked membranes. The Golgi sorts and packages proteins and other substances. Then, the Golgi sends these substances to different parts of the cell. Some of these substances are sent to the cell membrane and released from the cell. In plant cells, the vacuole stores waste, water, and nutrients such as sugar. Most plant cells have one vacuole. Other cell parts are not surrounded by their own membranes. These cell parts are not organelles. The cell wall is the cell's tough outer covering. It gives the cell strength and stiffness and helps the cell keep its shape. On the inside of the cell wall is a thin layer called the cell membrane. This layer is a membrane, but it does not have a membrane surrounding it, so it is not an organelle. The cell membrane controls which substances enter and leave the cell. The cytoplasm is a thick liquid that fills the space inside the cell. The cytoplasm also helps the cell keep its shape and supports the other cell parts. | Solution: The nucleus is the master control center for cell activities. The nucleus sends signals and instructions to different parts of the cell. Not every cell has a nucleus, but most plant and animal cells have one.

Question: Answer the riddle. I work in a school. I help you read and write. I give you homework. What am I? | Choices: [a teacher, a friend] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: What am I? | Lecture: nan | Solution: A teacher works in a school. A teacher helps you read and write. A teacher gives you homework.

Question: Complete the sentence. Sitting Bull was an important () leader in the 1800s. | Choices: [Mexican American, Native American, Japanese American, German American] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: us-history | Skill: Sitting Bull | Lecture: nan | Solution: Sitting Bull was an important Native American leader in the 1800 s. He was part of the Lakota tribe. The Lakota tribe is part of a larger group of Native Americans called the Sioux. When was Sitting Bull born? Historians don't know for sure. The Lakota didn't keep many written records. Sitting Bull guessed he was born in 1831.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Leslie acquired this trait? | Choices: [Leslie likes to photograph birds at the zoo., Leslie was not born knowing how to identify different bird calls. She had to learn this skill.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Leslie is good at identifying birds from their calls.

Question: Would you find the word bare on a dictionary page with the following guide words? bent - burn | Choices: [yes, no] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since bare is not between the guide words bent - burn, it would not be found on that page.

Question: What is the mass of a blue whale? | Choices: [200 tons, 200 pounds, 200 ounces] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using customary units, mass may be written with units of ounces, pounds, or tons. There are 16 ounces in 1 pound and 2,000 pounds in 1 ton. So, 1 ounce is less than 1 pound and much less than 1 ton. A slice of bread has a mass of about 1 ounce, while a can of beans has a mass of about 1 pound. A small car has a mass of about 1 ton. | Solution: The best estimate for the mass of a blue whale is 200 tons. 200 ounces and 200 pounds are both too light. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Abdul can fly a helicopter. | Choices: [inherited, acquired] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: People are not born knowing how to fly a helicopter. Instead, some people learn how to fly helicopters. So, flying a helicopter is an acquired trait. | Hint: Hint: Pilots have to learn how to fly a helicopter.

Question: Which object has the most thermal energy? | Choices: [a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 40°F, a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 72°F, a 280-gram bottle of water at a temperature of 45°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: All three bottles of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 72°F bottle of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: What is the volume of a water balloon? | Choices: [555 milliliters, 555 liters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. | Solution: The better estimate for the volume of a water balloon is 555 milliliters. 555 liters is too much. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? If Mom didn't turn off the air conditioner, then clearly she must be too hot. | Choices: [false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist, appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Mom didn't turn off the air conditioner, because she is too hot. However, Mom may not have turned off the air conditioner for a variety of reasons. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

Question: Which word does not rhyme? | Choices: [last, late, fast] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: phonological-awareness | Skill: Which word does not rhyme? | Lecture: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. | Solution: The words last and fast rhyme. They both end with the ast sound. The word late does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.

Question: Which correctly shows the title of a play? | Choices: ["All for Me", ***All for Me***] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Formatting titles | Lecture: The title of a book, movie, play, TV show, magazine, or newspaper should be in italics. If you write it by hand, it can be underlined instead. A Midsummer Night's Dream The title of a poem, song, article, or short story should be in quotation marks. "You Are My Sunshine" | Solution: A play should be in italics. The correct title is **All for Me**.

Question: What kind of sentence is this? Do you know Marco from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him? | Choices: [declarative, interrogative, exclamatory] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! | Solution: The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.

Question: Based on this information, what is Dory's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait? | Choices: [mostly iridescent scales, Ii] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Dory's observable version of the iridescent scales trait is mostly iridescent scales. So, Dory's phenotype for the iridescent scales trait is mostly iridescent scales. | Hint: This passage describes the iridescent scales trait in bettas: In a group of bettas, some individuals have mostly iridescent scales and others have mostly plain scales. In this group, the gene for the iridescent scales trait has two alleles. The allele I is for mostly iridescent scales, and the allele i is for mostly plain scales. Dory, a betta from this group, has mostly iridescent scales. Dory has one allele for mostly iridescent scales and one allele for mostly plain scales.

Question: Which letter to the editor is more formal? | Choices: [We shouldn't put up with the mayor's nonsense for one more second., We should not tolerate the mayor's reckless behavior.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Which text is most formal? | Lecture: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. | Solution: The first letter to the editor is more formal. It uses more elevated language (should not tolerate, reckless behavior). The other letter to the editor uses casual language, such as contractions (shouldn't) and idioms (put up with).

Question: Based on this information, what is Pearl's phenotype for the tail spots trait? | Choices: [ii, an unspotted tail] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Pearl's observable version of the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail. So, Pearl's phenotype for the tail spots trait is an unspotted tail. | Hint: In a group of guppies, some individuals have a spotted tail and others have an unspotted tail. In this group, the gene for the tail spots trait has two alleles. The allele I is for a spotted tail, and the allele i is for an unspotted tail. Pearl, a guppy from this group, has an unspotted tail. Pearl has two alleles for an unspotted tail.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Christina investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with garlic spray than from unsprayed bean plants?, Do the deer eat fewer leaves from bean plants sprayed with coffee spray than from unsprayed bean plants?, Do the deer eat more leaves from tomato plants or from squash plants?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Christina has a garden that is sometimes visited by deer. She notices that the deer eat some plants in her garden more than others. She wonders what factors affect which plants the deer eat. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: a garlic spray used to keep garden pests away four tomato plants four bean plants

Question: Which object has more thermal energy? | Choices: [a 225-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 20°C, a 225-gram glass of orange juice at a temperature of 15°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: The two glasses of orange juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20°C glass of orange juice is hotter than the 15°C glass of orange juice, it has more thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Suppose Emmett decides to plant the irises. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [Emmett will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the irises., He will save some space. The irises will use up less space than the magnolia tree would have used up.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Emmett wants or needs: Emmett will give up the chance to look at the magnolia tree. He thinks it would have looked more beautiful than the irises. | Hint: Emmett is deciding whether to plant irises or a magnolia tree in his backyard. He wants to make his backyard more beautiful. But he also wants to leave space for doing fun things.

Question: Is this a sentence fragment? Although fewer than twenty-five California condors remained in the wild in 1982, their numbers increased to more than one hundred sixty by 2014. | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify sentence fragments | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. | Solution: This is not a sentence fragment. It is a complete sentence because it expresses a complete thought. Although fewer than twenty-five California condors remained in the wild in 1982, their numbers increased to more than one hundred sixty by 2014.

Question: Compare the motion of two geese. Which goose was moving at a lower speed? | Choices: [a goose that moved 215miles in 5hours, a goose that moved 375miles in 5hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare the speeds of moving objects | Lecture: An object's speed tells you how fast the object is moving. Speed depends on both distance and time. Distance tells you how far the object has moved. One unit used to measure distance is the mile. Time tells you how long the object has spent moving. One unit used to measure time is the hour. Think about two objects moving for the same amount of time. The object that is moving slower will go a shorter distance in that time. It is moving at a lower speed. | Solution: Look at the distance each goose moved and the time it took to move that distance. One goose moved 215 miles in 5 hours. The other goose moved 375 miles in 5 hours. Notice that each goose spent the same amount of time moving. The goose that moved 215 miles moved a shorter distance in that time. So, that goose must have moved at a lower speed.

Question: Which is the softest? | Choices: [ceramic plate, nylon track suit, asphalt road] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare properties of materials | Lecture: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. Some examples of properties are shiny, hard, fragile, and stretchy. For example, a shiny material reflects a lot of light. A fragile material breaks when you drop it. | Solution: Soft is a property. A soft material changes shape when pressed or squeezed. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine touching the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the nylon track suit is the softest. If you squeeze nylon, it will change shape.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? making jam photosynthesis | Choices: [Both are chemical changes., Both are caused by cooling., Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by heating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Making jam is a chemical change. It involves mixing fruit, sugar, and a substance called pectin. When these ingredients are mixed and cooked, the chemical bonds in their molecules are broken. The atoms then link together to form different molecules that make up the jam. Photosynthesis is a chemical change. Plants make sugar using carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. The reaction that makes jam is caused by heating. But photosynthesis is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? illustrate - irrigation | Choices: [income, ignorant] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since income is between the guide words illustrate - irrigation, it would be found on that page.

Question: What is the mass of a dinner fork? | Choices: [80 kilograms, 80 grams] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. | Solution: The better estimate for the mass of a dinner fork is 80 grams. 80 kilograms is too heavy. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which word is not like the others? | Choices: [dinner, breakfast, lunch, drink] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: Which word is not like the others? | Lecture: Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. | Solution: Lunch, breakfast, and dinner go together. They are meals. Drink is not a meal, so it is not like the other words.

Question: Which closing is correct for a letter? | Choices: [See You Soon, Tammy, See you soon, Tammy] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second closing is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma.

Question: How long is a basketball court? | Choices: [26 feet, 26 miles, 26 yards, 26 inches] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance, mass, and volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of a basketball court is 26 yards. 26 inches and 26 feet are too short. 26 miles is too long. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Braden and Leah have trouble working on projects together. Although Leah is very sociable and friendly, she's not exactly a team player. | Choices: [paradox, euphemism] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. | Solution: The text uses a euphemism, a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. Not exactly a team player is an indirect way of saying that someone doesn't work well with others.

Question: Which letter opening is more formal? | Choices: [Dear Ben,, Dear Mr. Baldwin,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Which text is most formal? | Lecture: Informal writing is typically used in casual situations or when communicating with someone you know well. Informal language often expresses familiarity and tends to sound more like speech. It uses more conversational language, such as slang, idioms, abbreviations, imprecise language, and contractions. Formal writing is typically used in academic and business writing or when writing directly to an authority figure. It tends to be more courteous and impersonal, avoiding overly familiar or conversational language. Compare the following sentences. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but I think they're awesome. More formal: Ostriches may be flightless, but they're remarkable runners. Most formal: Though flightless, ostriches are remarkable runners. | Solution: The first letter opening is more formal. It uses the recipient's personal title and last name. The other opening uses the recipient's first name, suggesting a more familiar relationship.

Question: Which sentence is more formal? | Choices: [Dr. Atkinson and her team took horses and went to a place that had no modern medical services., Dr. Atkinson and her team traveled by horseback to a remote village that had no modern medical services.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Which sentence is more formal? | Lecture: Formal writing is used for essays, business letters, and reports. The following types of informal language should be avoided in formal writing: Type | Examples slang | cool, awesome idioms | knock your socks off conversational language | gonna, kinda, yeah abbreviated language | ASAP, FYI overly simple or imprecise language | he got some stuff at the store contractions | can't, won't Contractions are not as informal as the other types, but they should be used sparingly in formal writing. Compare the following sentences. The first is informal. The second is formal. Informal: Yeah, ostriches can't fly, but they're awesome runners. Formal: Though ostriches are flightless, they are remarkably adept runners. | Solution: The second sentence is less formal. You can tell because it uses overly simple or imprecise language (took, went). The first sentence uses more precise language, so it is more formal overall.

Question: Select the liquid. | Choices: [hair clip, arrowhead, screwdriver, rain puddle] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify solids, liquids, and gases | Lecture: Solid, liquid, and gas are states of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space. Matter can come in different states, or forms. When matter is a solid, it has a definite volume and a definite shape. So, a solid has a size and shape of its own. Some solids can be easily folded, bent, or broken. A piece of paper is a solid. Also, some solids are very small. A grain of sand is a solid. When matter is a liquid, it has a definite volume but not a definite shape. So, a liquid has a size of its own, but it does not have a shape of its own. Think about pouring juice from a bottle into a cup. The juice still takes up the same amount of space, but it takes the shape of the bottle. Some liquids do not pour as easily as others. Honey and milk are both liquids. But pouring honey takes more time than pouring milk. When matter is a gas, it does not have a definite volume or a definite shape. A gas expands, or gets bigger, until it completely fills a space. A gas can also get smaller if it is squeezed into a smaller space. Many gases are invisible. Air is a gas. | Solution: A hair clip is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. You can use a hair clip to keep your hair out of your face because the hair clip keeps its shape. An arrowhead is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. An arrowhead is made of rock. A screwdriver is a solid. A solid has a size and shape of its own. This screwdriver has a metal blade and a plastic handle. Both metal and plastic are solids. A rain puddle is a liquid. A liquid takes the shape of any container it is in. If you collect rainwater in a bucket, the rainwater will take the shape of the bucket. But the rainwater will still take up the same amount of space.

Question: Which greeting is correct for a letter? | Choices: [Dear Ashley,, dear Ashley,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Ashley is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? all - aunt | Choices: [age, animal] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since animal is between the guide words all - aunt, it would be found on that page.

Question: Which is a run-on sentence? | Choices: [The explorers nervously entered the dark cave., Haru is from Japan I am from China.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: Haru is from Japan I am from China is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Haru is from Japan and I am from China.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. The full moon () down at me from the clear midnight sky. | Choices: [shone, gazed] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the word gazed. It describes the moon as if it were a person looking back at me.

Question: Would you find the word chant on a dictionary page with the following guide words? cannot - consist | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since chant is between the guide words cannot - consist, it would be found on that page.

Question: What is the volume of a bowl of soup? | Choices: [340 liters, 340 milliliters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. | Solution: The better estimate for the volume of a bowl of soup is 340 milliliters. 340 liters is too much. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What kind of sentence is this? Do you know Bryan from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him? | Choices: [exclamatory, declarative, interrogative] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! | Solution: The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? I won't even bother to respond to Omar's comment on my op-ed. His profile picture is a duck wearing a top hat—he's clearly incapable of thoughtful debate. | Choices: [bandwagon fallacy: the assumption that the popular choice is automatically correct, circular reasoning: an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself, ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Omar's comment should not be taken seriously because he has a silly profile picture. This is a personal attack that isn't relevant to whether his comment is valid. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as ad hominem.

Question: Which word would you find on a dictionary page with the following guide words? marriage - moment | Choices: [mint, museum] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: reference-skills | Skill: Use guide words | Lecture: Guide words appear on each page of a dictionary. They tell you the first word and last word on the page. The other words on the page come between the guide words in alphabetical order. To put words in alphabetical order, put them in order by their first letters. If the first letters are the same, look at the second letters. If the second letters are the same, look at the third letters, and so on. If one word is shorter, and there are no more letters to compare, then the shorter word comes first in alphabetical order. For example, be comes before bed. | Solution: Put the words in alphabetical order. Since mint is between the guide words marriage - moment, it would be found on that page.

Question: Complete the statement. Ozone is (). | Choices: [an elementary substance, a compound] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas | Lecture: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. | Solution: You can tell whether ozone is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for ozone, O3, contains one atomic symbol: O for oxygen. So, the formula tells you that ozone is composed of only one chemical element. Since ozone is composed of only one chemical element, ozone is an elementary substance. | Hint: Ozone gas in the atmosphere protects living things on Earth from some of the Sun's harmful rays. The chemical formula for ozone is O3.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? cooking an egg rust forming on a metal gate | Choices: [Both are chemical changes., Both are only physical changes., Both are caused by heating., Both are caused by cooling.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Cooking an egg is a chemical change. The heat causes the matter in the egg to change. Cooked egg and raw egg are different types of matter. Rust forming on a metal gate is a chemical change. As the gate rusts, the metal turns into a different type of matter called rust. Rust is reddish-brown and falls apart easily. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Cooking is caused by heating. But rust forming on a metal gate is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Select the one substance that is not a rock. | Choices: [Diorite is formed in nature. It is a solid., Quartzite is formed in nature. It is a solid., Ceramic is made in a factory. It is a solid.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Identify rocks using properties | Lecture: Rocks are made of minerals. Here are some properties of rocks: They are solid. They are formed in nature. They are not made by living things. They are not pure substances. | Solution: Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of rocks. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of rocks. Diorite is a rock. Ceramic is made in a factory. But all rocks are formed in nature. So, ceramic is not a rock. Quartzite is a rock.

Question: Which is a compound sentence? | Choices: [Helen paints in her studio at night, and she paints outside under the oak tree during the day., Before the race, the athletes enjoyed a healthy breakfast of oatmeal, fruit, and tea.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. | Solution: The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and. Helen paints in her studio at night, and she paints outside under the oak tree during the day.