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Question: What do these two changes have in common? ice melting in a glass molding clay into the shape of a pot | Choices: [Both are caused by cooling., Both are caused by heating., Both are only physical changes., Both are chemical changes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Ice melting in a glass is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The solid ice becomes liquid, but it is still made of water. A different type of matter is not made. Molding clay into the shape of a pot is a physical change. The clay gets a different shape. But it is made of the same type of matter. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Ice melting is caused by heating. But molding clay is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Which object has the most thermal energy? | Choices: [a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 42°F, a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 85°F, a 150-gram glass of water at a temperature of 56°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: All three glasses of water have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 85°F glass of water is the hottest, it has the most thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: What is the temperature of a pot of boiling soup? | Choices: [215°C, 215°F] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Estimate temperatures | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Temperature can be written with units of degrees Fahrenheit (°F) or Celsius (°C). Use the list below to compare the two units. 212°F | Water boils | 100°C 98.6°F | Body temperature | 37°C 68°F | Room temperature | 20°C 32°F | Water freezes | 0°C | Solution: The better estimate for the temperature of a pot of boiling soup is 215°F. 215°C is too hot. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which text uses the word terribly in its traditional sense? | Choices: [Arianna decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing., Arianna made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Explore words with new or contested usages | Lecture: Words change in meaning when speakers begin using them in new ways. For example, the word peruse once only meant to examine in detail, but it's now also commonly used to mean to look through in a casual manner. When a word changes in meaning, its correct usage is often debated. Although a newer sense of the word may be more commonly used, many people consider a word's traditional definition to be the correct usage. Being able to distinguish the different uses of a word can help you use it appropriately for different audiences. Britney perused her notes, carefully preparing for her exam. The traditional usage above is considered more standard. David perused the magazine, absentmindedly flipping through the pages. The nontraditional usage above is now commonly used, but traditional style guides generally advise against it. | Solution: The first text uses terribly in its traditional sense: in a terrible manner. Arianna decided to make escargots using the small snails from her garden, but she prepared them terribly. Since she'd forgotten to add garlic, the taste was disappointing. The second text uses terribly in its nontraditional sense: extremely; very. Arianna made escargots using the small snails from her garden. She prepared them according to the recipe but found the chewy texture terribly disappointing. Most style guides recommend to use the traditional sense of the word terribly because it is considered more standard.

Question: Complete the statement. Lithium chloride is (). | Choices: [an elementary substance, a compound] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Classify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas | Lecture: There are more than 100 different chemical elements, or types of atoms. Chemical elements make up all of the substances around you. A substance may be composed of one chemical element or multiple chemical elements. Substances that are composed of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own atomic symbol. An atomic symbol may consist of one capital letter, or it may consist of a capital letter followed by a lowercase letter. For example, the atomic symbol for the chemical element fluorine is F, and the atomic symbol for the chemical element beryllium is Be. The atomic symbol for each chemical element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one atomic symbol. The atomic symbol in a chemical formula may be followed by a small number written lower than the symbol. This number is called a subscript. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript shows how many atoms are in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen, O2, has a subscript of 2. This subscript shows that the atomic symbol O represents two atoms. The elementary substance O2 and the chemical element represented by the atomic symbol O are both named oxygen. So, the formula tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple atomic symbols. The chemical elements in a compound are bonded together in a fixed ratio. This ratio is shown in a compound's chemical formula. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. So, the ratio of beryllium atoms to fluorine atoms is 1 to 2. This ratio is shown in the chemical formula for beryllium fluoride, BeF2. There is no subscript following the atomic symbol Be because that symbol represents one atom. The subscript 2 follows the atomic symbol F to show that the symbol represents two atoms. | Solution: You can tell whether lithium chloride is an elementary substance or a compound by counting the number of atomic symbols in its chemical formula. An atomic symbol consists of either one capital letter or a capital letter followed by one or two lowercase letters. The chemical formula for lithium chloride, LiCl, contains two atomic symbols: Li for lithium and Cl for chlorine. So, the formula tells you that lithium chloride is composed of two chemical elements bonded together. Since lithium chloride is composed of multiple chemical elements bonded together, lithium chloride is a compound. | Hint: Lithium chloride can be used to create red fireworks. The chemical formula for lithium chloride is LiCl.

Question: Select the invertebrate. | Choices: [pipevine swallowtail butterfly, human, whiptail lizard, cockatoo] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify vertebrates and invertebrates | Lecture: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. | Solution: A whiptail lizard is a reptile. Like other reptiles, a whiptail lizard is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A cockatoo is a bird. Like other birds, a cockatoo is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A human is a mammal. Like other mammals, a human is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an insect. Like other insects, a pipevine swallowtail butterfly is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. | Hint: Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.

Question: What is the volume of a large soup pot? | Choices: [6 liters, 6 milliliters] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using metric units, volume may be written in units of milliliters or liters. There are 1,000 milliliters in 1 liter. So, 1 milliliter is much less than 1 liter. A raindrop has a volume of about 20 milliliters, while a large soda bottle has a volume of 2 liters. The flask shown here measures volumes up to 500 milliliters. | Solution: The better estimate for the volume of a large soup pot is 6 liters. 6 milliliters is too little. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: Which would stretch more? | Choices: [rock, nylon swim shorts] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare properties of materials | Lecture: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. | Solution: Stretchy is a property. A stretchy material gets longer when you pull on it. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine pulling on the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the nylon swim shorts would stretch more. If you pull the leg opening on a pair of nylon swim shorts, it will get wider.

Question: Which greeting is correct for a letter? | Choices: [Dear dr. McKnight,, Dear Dr. McKnight,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The first greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Dr. McKnight is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? an old sandwich rotting in a trashcan baking cookies | Choices: [Both are only physical changes., Both are chemical changes., Both are caused by cooling., Both are caused by heating.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Chemical changes and physical changes are two common ways matter can change. In a chemical change, the type of matter changes. The types of matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. When paper gets hot enough, it re­acts with oxygen in the air and burns. The paper and oxygen change into ash and smoke. In a physical change, the type of matter stays the same. The types of matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, ice melting is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Ice and liquid water are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. A sandwich rotting is a chemical change. The matter in the sandwich breaks down and slowly turns into a different type of matter. Baking cookies is a chemical change. The type of matter in the cookie dough changes when it is baked. The cookie dough turns into cookies! Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. They are not physical changes. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are chemical changes. The type of matter before and after each change is different. Both are caused by heating. Baking is caused by heating. But a sandwich rotting is not. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Ben says that he would not be the person he is today were it not for his childhood, which he describes as Dickensian. | Choices: [a song, literature] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion Dickensian is literature. The works of British author Charles Dickens often featured characters struggling to survive in settings such as debtors' prisons and orphanages. The allusion Dickensian means harsh or poverty-stricken.

Question: Select the amphibian. | Choices: [black howler, red-headed poison frog, salmon, thresher shark] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians | Lecture: Amphibians have moist skin and begin their lives in water. | Solution: A red-headed poison frog is an amphibian. It has moist skin and begins its life in water. Poison dart frogs come in many bright colors. Their bright color warns other animals that these frogs are poisonous. A black howler is a mammal. It has hair and feeds its young milk. Howler monkeys have loud calls, or howls. Their calls can be heard over three miles away! A thresher shark is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. A thresher shark has a long tail. It can use its tail to hit and stun prey. A salmon is a fish. It lives underwater. It has fins, not limbs. Unlike most other fish, salmon can live in both fresh water and salt water.

Question: What do these two changes have in common? water evaporating from a lake dry ice sublimating and becoming a gas | Choices: [Both are caused by cooling., Both are caused by heating., Both are chemical changes.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Compare physical and chemical changes | Lecture: Matter is made of very small particles called atoms. Atoms can be linked together by chemical bonds. When two or more atoms link together, they form a molecule. In a chemical change, the chemical bonds in the molecules break. The atoms then link together to form different molecules. The types of molecules in matter before and after a chemical change are always different. Some chemical changes are caused by heating or cooling. For example, burning a piece of paper is a chemical change caused by heating. As paper burns, paper molecules react with oxygen molecules in the air. This reaction breaks the chemical bonds in the molecules. The atoms then link together in a different way to form different molecules. For example, carbon dioxide molecules are formed when paper burns. In a physical change, chemical bonds do not break. The types of molecules in matter before and after a physical change are always the same. A change of state is a type of physical change. Changes of state can be caused by heating or cooling. For example, water vaporizing is a physical change that can be caused by heating. Liquid water and water vapor are made of the same type of matter: water. The law of conservation of mass says that all physical and chemical changes conserve mass. Conserve means to keep the same. So, the total mass before a physical or chemical change is equal to the total mass after the change. | Solution: Step 1: Think about each change. Water evaporating from a lake is a change of state. So, it is a physical change. The liquid changes into a gas, but a different type of matter is not formed. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. When dry ice gets warm, it changes state and becomes carbon dioxide gas. This change of state, from solid to gas, is called sublimation. Dry ice becoming a gas is a physical change. A change of state does not form a different type of matter. Step 2: Look at each answer choice. Both are only physical changes. Both changes are physical changes. No new matter is created. Both are chemical changes. Both changes are physical changes. They are not chemical changes. Both are caused by heating. Both changes are caused by heating. Both are caused by cooling. Neither change is caused by cooling.

Question: Last year, 50,000 people lived in the city of Riverside. But since then, 8,000 people have moved away. What probably happened to the overall supply of houses for sale in Riverside? | Choices: [The supply probably went down., The supply probably went up.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: economics | Skill: Understand overall supply and demand | Lecture: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. | Solution: The population of Riverside fell by 8,000 people. Many of the people who have left are probably trying to sell their houses. Since more people are trying to sell their houses, the number of suppliers of houses for sale in Riverside has gone up. So, the supply of houses for sale probably went up, too.

Question: Which object has more thermal energy? | Choices: [a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 5°C, a 125-gram glass of grape juice at a temperature of 20°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: The two glasses of grape juice have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 20°C glass of grape juice is hotter than the 5°C glass of grape juice, it has more thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? The number of off-leash dogs I've seen in Silvergrove is completely unacceptable. Let's make our streets safe again by addressing this dog problem, before our city becomes a haven for criminals. | Choices: [false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist, red herring: the use of a completely unrelated topic or idea] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | a personal attack meant to discredit one's opponent appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something red herring | the use of a completely unrelated topic in support of a claim A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a very broad claim based on very little evidence straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that off-leash dogs would somehow cause an increase in crime in Silvergrove. However, these two ideas aren't related. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a red herring.

Question: Is there a sentence fragment? Spring and fall—the best times to enjoy the lake and avoid the crowds of summer. No fees or permits are required then. | Choices: [no, yes] | Task: yes or no | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify sentence fragments | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. The band I'm in has been rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. A sentence fragment is a group of words that does not express a complete thought. Rehearsing daily because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing a subject. It doesn't tell who is rehearsing. The band I'm in. This fragment is missing a verb. It doesn't tell what the band I'm in is doing. Because we have a concert in two weeks. This fragment is missing an independent clause. It doesn't tell what happened because of the concert. | Solution: There is a sentence fragment that does not express a complete thought. Spring and fall—the best times to enjoy the lake and avoid the crowds of summer. No fees or permits are required then. Here is one way to fix the sentence fragment: Spring and fall are the best times to enjoy the lake and avoid the crowds of summer. No fees or permits are required then.

Question: Which change best matches the sentence? A large amount of rock and soil tumbles down a slope. | Choices: [deposition, landslide, drought] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Classify changes to Earth's surface II | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: What kind of sentence is this? Tiana put a bandage on my cut. | Choices: [declarative, interrogative] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement. It tells about something. A declarative sentence always ends with a period. I have an older brother and a younger sister. An interrogative sentence is a question. It asks something. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark. How tall are you? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something. An imperative sentence usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. Read the first chapter by next week. Look out for that car! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. Some whales are over ninety feet long! I can't wait until tomorrow! | Solution: The sentence tells about something, and it ends with a period. It is a declarative sentence.

Question: Which is a compound sentence? | Choices: [The corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Lauren put on a sweater and found a flashlight., Rosanne and her sisters drew a map of the United States and hung it on the wall.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, or complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause is not a complete thought. It cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw a flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard the rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, or while. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. | Solution: The first sentence is the compound sentence. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction so. The corridor in the basement was dark and damp, so Lauren put on a sweater and found a flashlight.

Question: What does the idiom in this text suggest? In such an unfamiliar environment, Oliver was a fish out of water. | Choices: [Oliver didn't have any friends., Oliver felt out of place.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Interpret figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. | Solution: The text uses an idiom, an expression that cannot be understood literally. The idiom a fish out of water suggests that Oliver felt out of place. A fish out of water is someone out of his or her usual, comfortable environment.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Red velvet cupcakes were Jenny's Achilles's heel when she was trying to eat more healthily. | Choices: [Greek mythology, a movie] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion Achilles's heel is Greek mythology. In Greek mythology, Achilles's mother dips him in a river that protects his body wherever it touches. His heel does not get wet, so it is the one part of his body left unprotected. During the Trojan War, an arrow hits Achilles in the heel and kills him. The allusion Achilles's heel means a sole weakness.

Question: What is the volume of a water pitcher? | Choices: [12 cups, 12 fluid ounces, 12 gallons] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of volume | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Volume is a measurement of how much space something takes up. There are many different units of volume. When you are using customary units, volume may be written in units of fluid ounces, cups, or gallons. As the diagram shows, there are 8 fluid ounces in 1 cup and 16 cups in 1 gallon. So, 1 fluid ounce is less than 1 cup and much less than 1 gallon. A glass of milk has a volume of about 8 fluid ounces, or 1 cup. A jug of milk has a volume of 1 gallon. | Solution: The best estimate for the volume of a water pitcher is 12 cups. 12 fluid ounces is too little and 12 gallons is too much. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which of the following contains a vague pronoun reference? | Choices: [Zach and his best friend go to the same college, but he is graduating this coming June., Zach and his best friend go to the same college, but Zach is graduating this coming June.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Identify vague pronoun references | Lecture: When writing, make sure to avoid vague pronoun references. A vague pronoun reference occurs when a pronoun could refer to more than one possible antecedent. When Lisa and Kim finally landed, she breathed a sigh of relief. The pronoun she could refer to either Lisa or Kim, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. Vague pronoun references can be corrected in one of two ways: 1. Replace the pronoun with its correct antecedent: When Lisa and Kim finally landed, Lisa breathed a sigh of relief. 2. Rewrite the sentence: Lisa breathed a sigh of relief when she and Kim finally landed. A vague pronoun reference also occurs when they, them, their, theirs, it, or its is used without its antecedent. They say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. The pronoun they is used without its antecedent, so the meaning of the sentence is unclear. This problem can be fixed by replacing the pronoun with its missing antecedent. The advertisements say that this nail polish dries in less than five minutes. | Solution: The first answer choice contains a vague pronoun reference. The pronoun he could refer to Zach or his best friend. The second answer choice shows a possible correction for the vague pronoun reference. He has been replaced with Zach. Zach and his best friend go to the same college, but Zach is graduating this coming June.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Yesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Jayce playing against his former team captain, Tamir. | Choices: [the Bible, a poem] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible. In the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone. The allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals.

Question: Based on this information, what is Henry's phenotype for the leg color trait? | Choices: [yellow legs, ll] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Henry's observable version of the leg color trait is yellow legs. So, Henry's phenotype for the leg color trait is yellow legs. | Hint: In a group of chickens, some individuals have white legs and others have yellow legs. In this group, the gene for the leg color trait has two alleles. The allele L is for white legs, and the allele l is for yellow legs. Henry, a chicken from this group, has yellow legs. Henry has two alleles for yellow legs.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Philip inherited this trait? | Choices: [Philip's mother cuts his hair every month., Philip's parents have blond hair. They passed down this trait to Philip.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Philip has blond hair.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? We were expecting twenty guests, but only ten came. We had enough extra food to feed the entire town! | Choices: [hyperbole, euphemism] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech: euphemism, hyperbole, oxymoron, paradox | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. | Solution: The text uses hyperbole, an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. Feed the entire town is an exaggeration, since it's unlikely that there would be enough food to feed the number of people who live in a town.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Wesley inherited this trait? | Choices: [Wesley's parents were born with straight hair. They passed down this trait to Wesley., Wesley and his father both have short hair.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Wesley has straight hair.

Question: Select the one substance that is not a mineral. | Choices: [Hornblende is formed in nature. It is a pure substance., Diamond is a pure substance. It is formed in nature., Candle wax is not a pure substance. It is made by humans.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Identify minerals using properties | Lecture: Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. A rock can be made of one or more minerals. Minerals and rocks have the following properties: Property | Mineral | Rock It is a solid. | Yes | Yes It is formed in nature. | Yes | Yes It is not made by organisms. | Yes | Yes It is a pure substance. | Yes | No It has a fixed crystal structure. | Yes | No You can use these properties to tell whether a substance is a mineral, a rock, or neither. Look closely at the last three properties: Minerals and rocks are not made by organisms. Organisms make their own body parts. For example, snails and clams make their shells. Because they are made by organisms, body parts cannot be minerals or rocks. Humans are organisms too. So, substances that humans make by hand or in factories are not minerals or rocks. A mineral is a pure substance, but a rock is not. A pure substance is made of only one type of matter. Minerals are pure substances, but rocks are not. Instead, all rocks are mixtures. A mineral has a fixed crystal structure, but a rock does not. The crystal structure of a substance tells you how the atoms or molecules in the substance are arranged. Different types of minerals have different crystal structures, but all minerals have a fixed crystal structure. This means that the atoms and molecules in different pieces of the same type of mineral are always arranged the same way. However, rocks do not have a fixed crystal structure. So, the arrangement of atoms or molecules in different pieces of the same type of rock may be different! | Solution: Compare the properties of each substance to the properties of minerals. Select the substance whose properties do not match those of minerals. Candle wax is not a pure substance. But all minerals are pure substances. Candle wax is made by humans. But minerals are not made by living things. So, candle wax is not a mineral. Diamond is a mineral. Hornblende is a mineral.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? An avid reader, Jared attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month. | Choices: [simple, compound-complex, complex, compound] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and. An avid reader, Jared attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Pedro acquired this trait? | Choices: [Pedro is most interested in American history., Pedro learned history by reading.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Pedro knows a lot about history.

Question: Which tense does the sentence use? Rosa needs a new pair of shoes. | Choices: [past tense, present tense, future tense] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: verbs | Skill: Is the sentence in the past, present, or future tense? | Lecture: Present tense verbs tell you about something that is happening now. Most present-tense verbs are regular. They have no ending, or they end in -s or -es. Two verbs are irregular in the present tense, to be and to have. You must remember their forms. Past tense verbs tell you about something that has already happened. Most past-tense verbs are regular. They end in -ed. Some verbs are irregular in the past tense. You must remember their past-tense forms. Future tense verbs tell you about something that is going to happen. All future-tense verbs use the word will. Present | Past | Future walk, walks | walked | will walk go, goes | went | will go | Solution: The sentence is in present tense. You can tell because it uses a present-tense verb, needs. The verb ends in -s and tells you about something that is true or happening now.

Question: Is the following trait inherited or acquired? Colton has naturally dark skin. | Choices: [acquired, inherited] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify inherited and acquired traits | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Children do not inherit their parents' acquired traits. | Solution: Humans do not choose their skin color. Babies get their skin color from their parents. So, Colton's skin color is an inherited trait. | Hint: Hint: Humans are born with their skin color.

Question: Select the one true statement. | Choices: [The cell membrane stores nutrients, water, and waste in a plant cell., In animal cells, lysosomes break down waste and worn-out cell parts., The endoplasmic reticulum breaks down sugar to release energy that an animal cell can use.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Compare cells and cell parts | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Lester acquired this trait? | Choices: [Lester can cook food over a fire., Lester learned how to build a fire at summer camp.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Lester knows how to build a fire.

Question: A drought has made this year's tomato harvest smaller than usual. What will probably happen to the overall supply of tomato sauce? | Choices: [The supply will probably go up., The supply will probably go down.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: economics | Skill: Understand overall supply and demand | Lecture: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. | Solution: Since the tomato harvest was smaller than usual, tomatoes will be harder to get. Because tomatoes are a resource for making tomato sauce, tomato sauce will be harder to make. So, the supply of tomato sauce will probably go down.

Question: Select the elementary substance. | Choices: [hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), magnesium (Mg), hydrazine (N2H4)] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: chemistry | Skill: Identify elementary substances and compounds using chemical formulas | Lecture: Every substance around you is made of one or more chemical elements, or types of atoms. Substances that are made of only one chemical element are elementary substances. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. Every chemical element is represented by its own symbol. For some elements, the symbol is one capital letter. For other elements, the symbol is one capital letter and one lowercase letter. For example, the symbol for the element fluorine is F, and the symbol for the element beryllium is Be. The symbol for each element in a substance is shown in the substance's chemical formula. An elementary substance is represented by a chemical formula that contains only one symbol. The symbol may be followed by a subscript. A subscript is text that is smaller and placed lower than the normal line of text. A subscript is included when the atoms in the elementary substance are bonded to form molecules. The subscript tells you the number of atoms in each molecule. For example, the chemical formula for the elementary substance oxygen is O2. The formula has a subscript of 2. This subscript tells you that there are two atoms in the molecule represented by this chemical formula. The chemical element represented by the symbol O is also called oxygen. So, the formula O2 tells you that each molecule of O2 contains two oxygen atoms. A compound is represented by a chemical formula that contains multiple symbols. For example, in the compound beryllium fluoride, there is one beryllium atom for every two fluorine atoms. This combination is shown in the compound's chemical formula, BeF2. In the formula, the symbol Be represents one beryllium atom. The symbol F followed by the subscript 2 represents two fluorine atoms. | Solution: Look at the chemical formula for each substance, and count the number of symbols in the formula. Then, decide if the substance is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrogen peroxide contains two symbols: H for hydrogen and O for oxygen. So, hydrogen peroxide is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrogen peroxide is a compound, not an elementary substance. The chemical formula for magnesium contains one symbol: Mg. So, magnesium is made of one chemical element. Substances that are made of one chemical element are elementary substances. So, magnesium is an elementary substance. The chemical formula for hydrazine contains two symbols: N for nitrogen and H for hydrogen. So, hydrazine is made of two chemical elements bonded together. Substances that are made of two or more chemical elements bonded together are compounds. So, hydrazine is a compound, not an elementary substance.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? Shelby's phone slipped out of her pocket, landing in the toilet with a plop. | Choices: [verbal irony, onomatopoeia] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses onomatopoeia, a word that expresses a sound. Plop represents the sound of the phone landing in the toilet.

Question: What is the mass of an elephant? | Choices: [4,630 kilograms, 4,630 grams] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose metric units of mass | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Mass is a measurement of how much matter something contains. There are many different units of mass. When you are using metric units, mass may be written with units of grams or kilograms. There are 1,000 grams in 1 kilogram. So, 1 gram is much less than 1 kilogram. A paper clip has a mass of about 1 gram, while a textbook has a mass of about 1 kilogram. | Solution: The better estimate for the mass of an elephant is 4,630 kilograms. 4,630 grams is too light. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: What kind of sentence is this? Do you know Bernard from soccer camp, or do you have another connection with him? | Choices: [interrogative, exclamatory, declarative] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: punctuation | Skill: Is the sentence declarative, interrogative, imperative, or exclamatory? | Lecture: There are four kinds of sentences. A declarative sentence is a statement, and it always ends with a period. The nurse told Mr. Abrams to roll up his sleeve so that she could check his blood pressure. An interrogative sentence is a question, and it always ends with a question mark. Do you have any plans for the upcoming weekend? An imperative sentence is a command. It makes a request or tells someone to do something, and it usually ends with a period. If the command shows strong feeling, it ends with an exclamation point. For this assignment, use references to support your claims. Don't drive so quickly in the construction zone! An exclamatory sentence is like a statement, but it shows surprise or strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence always ends with an exclamation point. I can't wait to travel through Europe this summer! | Solution: The sentence asks something, and it ends with a question mark. It is an interrogative sentence.

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Kelly investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Does a plastic sled or a wooden sled go down a hill faster?, Does a rubber inner tube sled go faster down a small hill or down a big hill?, Does a rubber inner tube sled or a plastic sled go faster down a hill?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade8 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Kelly is sledding with her friends. She notices that some of them go faster down the sledding hill. She wonders what factors affect sledding speed. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: access to a small snow-covered hill at the park a small plastic sled a large plastic sled a rubber inner tube sled a stopwatch

Question: Suppose Nina decides to see the tamarins. Which result would be a cost? | Choices: [Nina will spend more time walking to the tamarins. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the vultures are close by., Nina will enjoy seeing the tamarins more than she would have enjoyed seeing the vultures.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: economics | Skill: Costs and benefits | Lecture: Before you decide to do something, it is often helpful to list costs and benefits. Costs are what you give up or spend when you decide to do something. Costs involve giving up things that you want or need. Benefits are what you gain or save when you decide to do something. Benefits involve gaining something that you want or need. | Solution: This result is a cost. It involves giving up or spending something that Nina wants or needs: Nina will spend more time walking to the tamarins. They are on the other side of the zoo, but the vultures are close by. | Hint: Nina is deciding whether to see the tamarins or the vultures at the zoo. She wants to see lots of animals, but the zoo is closing soon.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? That teenager just ran a stop sign! That settles it: teenagers are bad drivers. | Choices: [appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good, ad hominem: an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself, hasty generalization: a broad claim based on too few observations] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that a single teenager running a stop sign indicates that all young people are bad drivers. However, a single observation is usually not enough to draw a conclusion about a much bigger group of people. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a hasty generalization.

Question: Complete the statement. Assume that the water balloon's mass did not change. The gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth () as the water balloon fell toward Richard. | Choices: [stayed the same, decreased, increased] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: physics | Skill: Identify changes in gravitational potential energy | Lecture: Gravitational potential energy is stored between any two objects. So, for every object on or near Earth, there is gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth. The amount of gravitational potential energy stored between an object and Earth depends on the mass of the object. The amount of gravitational potential energy also depends on the distance between the object and the center of Earth. This distance increases when the object moves higher and decreases when the object moves lower. If the distance between an object and the center of Earth changes, the gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth will change. The table below shows how this change can happen. When an object's mass stays the same and its distance from the center of Earth... | Gravitational potential energy stored between the object and Earth... increases | increases decreases | decreases stays the same | stays the same | Solution: Think about how the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth changed. Richard was lower than the balcony. As the water balloon fell toward Richard, the distance between the water balloon and the center of Earth decreased. So, the gravitational potential energy stored between the water balloon and Earth decreased as the water balloon fell toward Richard. | Hint: Read the text about an object in motion. Adriana dropped a water balloon off a balcony. The water balloon fell toward her friend Richard, who was standing below the balcony.

Question: Which object has more thermal energy? | Choices: [a 175-gram baked potato at a temperature of 55°C, a 175-gram baked potato at a temperature of 65°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter move faster, the temperature goes up. The matter now has both more thermal energy and a higher temperature. | Solution: The two baked potatoes have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 65°C potato is hotter than the 55°C potato, it has more thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: The city of Danville has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Danville's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops? | Choices: [The supply will probably go up., The supply will probably go down.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: economics | Skill: Understand overall supply and demand | Lecture: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. | Solution: Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Danville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? It's an open secret that Johnny is writing a book based on his experiences living in Singapore. He never talks about it, but almost all his friends know. | Choices: [apostrophe, oxymoron] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade11 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify the figure of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Anaphora is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of several phrases or clauses. We are united. We are powerful. We are winners. Antithesis involves contrasting opposing ideas within a parallel grammatical structure. I want to help, not to hurt. Apostrophe is a direct address to an absent person or a nonhuman entity. Oh, little bird, what makes you sing so beautifully? Assonance is the repetition of a vowel sound in a series of nearby words. Try to light the fire. Chiasmus is an expression in which the second half parallels the first but reverses the order of words. Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you. A euphemism is a polite or indirect expression that is used to de-emphasize an unpleasant topic. The head of Human Resources would never refer to firing people, only to laying them off. Hyperbole is an obvious exaggeration that is not meant to be taken literally. I ate so much that I think I might explode! An oxymoron is a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Some reviewers are calling this book a new classic. A paradox is a statement that might at first appear to be contradictory, but that may in fact contain some truth. Always expect the unexpected. Understatement involves deliberately representing something as less serious or important than it really is. As you know, it can get a little cold in the Antarctic. | Solution: The text uses an oxymoron, a joining of two seemingly contradictory terms. Open secret is a contradiction, because open describes something that is freely or publicly known, and a secret is hidden.

Question: How long does it take to fly across the United States in an airplane? | Choices: [7 minutes, 7 hours] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose units of time | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. Imagine being told that the bus leaves in 7. You might be thinking, 7 what? Does the bus leave in 7 minutes? 7 seconds? The number 7 on its own does not give you much information about when the bus is leaving. That is because the units are missing. Time is usually measured in units of seconds, minutes, or hours. It takes about 1 second to sneeze and 1 minute to get dressed in the morning. It takes about 1 hour to bake a pie in the oven. There are 60 seconds in 1 minute. So, 1 second is much less than 1 minute. There are 60 minutes in 1 hour. So, 1 minute is much less than 1 hour. | Solution: The better estimate for how long it takes to fly across the United States in an airplane is 7 hours. 7 minutes is too fast. | Hint: Select the better estimate.

Question: How long is a hiking trail? | Choices: [3 miles, 3 inches, 3 yards] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of a hiking trail is 3 miles. 3 inches and 3 yards are both too short. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Which figure of speech is used in this text? "Your new hairstyle is so boring!" Dean remarked when his sister showed up with a pink-and-blue mohawk. | Choices: [verbal irony, simile] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade9 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Classify figures of speech: review | Lecture: Figures of speech are words or phrases that use language in a nonliteral or unusual way. They can make writing more expressive. Alliteration is the repetition of sounds at the beginning of nearby words. What a lucky little lady you are! An allusion is a brief reference to something or someone well known, often from history or literature. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. An idiom is an expression that cannot be understood literally. Its meaning must be learned. The assignment was a piece of cake. A simile uses like or as to compare two things that are not actually alike. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. A metaphor compares two things that are not actually alike without using like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. Onomatopoeia involves using a word that expresses a sound. The scrambled eggs hit the floor with a splat. Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. The trees danced in the wind. A pun involves using a word or phrase in a humorous way that suggests more than one meaning. A great new broom is sweeping the nation. Verbal irony involves saying one thing but implying something very different. People often use verbal irony when they are being sarcastic. Olivia seems thrilled that her car keeps breaking down. Each breakdown is as enjoyable as a punch to the face. | Solution: The text uses verbal irony, which involves saying one thing but implying something very different. Boring shows verbal irony because Dean's sister's hairstyle is not at all boring.

Question: Which is a run-on sentence? | Choices: [Tracy is from Dover now she lives in Ashland., The explorers nervously entered the dark cave.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: Tracy is from Dover now she lives in Ashland is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined without end punctuation: Tracy is from Dover and Now she lives in Ashland.

Question: Based on this information, what is Franklin's phenotype for the coat pattern trait? | Choices: [solid coloring, Aa] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Genetics vocabulary: genotype and phenotype | Lecture: All organisms have pieces of hereditary material called genes, which are passed from parents to offspring. Genes contain instructions for building the parts of an organism. An organism's genes affect its observable traits, including its appearance, its behavior, and which diseases it may have. Genes may have different alleles, or forms, that can cause different versions of a trait. For example, flower color is a trait in pea plants. The gene for this trait has two possible alleles. Each allele is represented by an uppercase or lowercase letter. The allele F is for purple flowers, and the allele f is for white flowers. Each pea plant has two alleles for the flower color gene—one allele inherited from each parent. An organism's genotype for a gene is its combination of alleles for that gene. So, a pea plant may have a genotype of FF, Ff, or ff for the flower color gene. An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait, which depends on the organism's combination of alleles. A pea plant may have a phenotype of purple flowers or white flowers for the flower color trait. | Solution: An organism's phenotype for a trait is its observable version of that trait. Franklin's observable version of the coat pattern trait is solid coloring. So, Franklin's phenotype for the coat pattern trait is solid coloring. | Hint: In a group of cows, some individuals have solid coloring and others have white spots. In this group, the gene for the coat pattern trait has two alleles. The allele A is for solid coloring, and the allele a is for white spots. Franklin, a cow from this group, has solid coloring. Franklin has one allele for solid coloring and one allele for white spots.

Question: Which organ is a muscular tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach? | Choices: [small intestine, large intestine, heart, esophagus] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: biology | Skill: Human organs and their functions | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: The city of Greenville has been one of the world's biggest makers of cough drops for many years. But last month, Greenville's cough drop factories were destroyed by floods. What will probably happen to the overall supply of cough drops? | Choices: [The supply will probably go down., The supply will probably go up.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: economics | Skill: Understand overall supply and demand | Lecture: Overall supply is the total amount of a good or service that producers make and sell. There are several things that can make overall supply go up or down. The table below shows how changes to these things might affect overall supply. | Resources | Number of producers or suppliers | Expected change in demand Supply goes up | when resources cost less or are easier to get | when there are more producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go up Supply goes down | when resources cost more or are harder to get | when there are fewer producers or suppliers | when demand is expected to go down Producers are people or companies that make goods or provide services. Suppliers are people or companies that sell goods or services. New inventions or technologies can also help workers produce goods and services more quickly. As a result of these changes, the supply of a good or service will often go up. | Solution: Floods destroyed the cough drop factories in Greenville. The number of producers of cough drops went down. So, the supply of cough drops will probably go down.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? Matthew always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor. | Choices: [complex, compound-complex, compound, simple] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and. Matthew always approaches difficult tasks enthusiastically, and he frequently motivates others with his energy and fervor.

Question: Select the one animal that has all of the fish traits listed above. | Choices: [Cardinalfish have scaly skin and live near coral reefs. Cardinalfish lay eggs with no shells and have fins that help them swim underwater., Red salamanders do not have lungs! They can breathe through their moist, smooth skin. Adult red salamanders live near rivers or ponds. They lay eggs with no shells under rocks or logs. The baby red salamanders live underwater.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Use evidence to classify mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians | Lecture: Scientists sort animals with similar traits into groups. This is called classification. Classification helps scientists learn about how animals live. How do scientists classify animals? First, they make observations about an animal. Scientists observe the animal's traits, including its body parts and behavior. Then, scientists compare the animal's traits to other animals' traits. Scientists classify animals with similar traits into a group. | Solution: To decide if an animal is part of a group, look at the traits of the group. Fish have the following traits: They have fins, not limbs. They make eggs with no shells. Compare each animal's traits to the group's traits. Select the animal with traits similar to the group's traits. A red salamander has the following traits: It spends part of its life in water and part on land. It has moist skin. It makes eggs with no shells. A red salamander does not have all of the traits of a fish. A red salamander is an amphibian. A cardinalfish has the following traits: It has fins, not limbs. It makes eggs with no shells. A cardinalfish has the traits of a fish. A cardinalfish is a fish. | Hint: Fish are a group of animals with similar traits. The following traits can be used to identify fish: They have fins, not limbs. They make eggs with no shells. Observe the animals and read the descriptions.

Question: Which logical fallacy is used in the text? Mitch's definitely voting for the Conservative Party in the next election because he said there was no way he was voting for the Labour Party. | Choices: [appeal to nature: the assumption that natural things are always good, false dichotomy: an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist, false causation: the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Classify logical fallacies | Lecture: A strong argument uses valid reasoning and logic in support of a claim. When an argument or claim introduces irrelevant information or misrepresents the issues at hand, it may be committing a logical fallacy. Logical fallacies can hurt a writer's credibility and can lead readers to draw false conclusions. A logical fallacy may present irrelevant information: Fallacy | Description ad hominem | an attack against the person making the argument, rather than the argument itself appeal to nature | an argument that assumes the natural choice is always the best choice bandwagon fallacy | an argument that assumes the popular choice is always the best choice circular reasoning | an argument that supports a claim with the claim itself guilt by association | an unfair negative association with another person or group that is intended to discredit someone or something A logical fallacy may misrepresent the issues at hand: Fallacy | Description false causation | the assumption that because two things happened together, one caused the other false dichotomy | an argument that presents only two choices when more options exist hasty generalization | a broad claim based on too few observations slippery slope fallacy | the false assumption that a small first step will necessarily lead to extreme consequences straw man | a misrepresentation of an opponent's position that makes it easier to argue against | Solution: The text argues that Mitch is voting either for the candidate from the Conservative Party or the Labour Party. However, Mitch might be voting for a third party—or he might not be voting at all. This illustrates a type of logical fallacy known as a false dichotomy.

Question: Which change best matches the sentence? A large amount of soil and rock quickly rolls down a hillside. | Choices: [meteorite crash, landslide, deposition] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: earth-science | Skill: Classify changes to Earth's surface II | Lecture: nan | Solution: nan

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Pam investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Do scented candles or unscented candles produce more smoke?, Do large candles or small candles produce more smoke?, Do candles with thick wicks or with thin wicks produce more smoke?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Pam is burning some new candles. She notices that they produce different amounts of smoke. She wonders what factors affect how much smoke a candle produces. So, she decides to design an experiment. She has the following supplies available: two large unscented candles with thick wicks two large unscented candles with thin wicks a box of matches

Question: Using only these supplies, which question can Quinn investigate with an experiment? | Choices: [Does a catapult with a longer arm launch a rubber ball farther than a catapult with a shorter arm?, Does a heavier ball travel farther than a lighter ball when launched from a catapult?, Does a rubber ball travel farther when launched from a metal catapult or from a wooden catapult?] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade6 | Topic: science-and-engineering-practices | Skill: Identify questions that can be investigated with a set of materials | Lecture: Experiments can be designed to answer specific questions. When designing an experiment, you must identify the supplies that are necessary to answer your question. In order to do this, you need to figure out what will be tested and what will be measured during the experiment. Imagine that you are wondering if plants grow to different heights when planted in different types of soil. How might you decide what supplies are necessary to conduct this experiment? First, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be tested, which is the independent variable. This is usually the part of the experiment that is different or changed. In this case, you would like to know how plants grow in different types of soil. So, you must have different types of soil available. Next, you need to identify the part of the experiment that will be measured or observed, which is the dependent variable. In this experiment, you would like to know if some plants grow taller than others. So, you must be able to compare the plants' heights. To do this, you can observe which plants are taller by looking at them, or you can measure their exact heights with a meterstick. So, if you have different types of soil and can observe or measure the heights of your plants, then you have the supplies you need to investigate your question with an experiment! | Solution: nan | Hint: Quinn visits a museum about ancient Greece. She notices an exhibit with models of wooden catapults that were used to launch large rocks across battlefields. She wonders what factors affect how far a catapult can launch an object. So, he decides to design an experiment. He has the following supplies available: a wooden catapult with a 10-inch-long arm a wooden catapult with a five-inch-long arm two identical rubber balls

Question: How long is an adult alligator? | Choices: [10 yards, 10 inches, 10 feet] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: units-and-measurement | Skill: Choose customary units of distance | Lecture: Measurements are written with both a number and a unit. The unit comes after the number. The unit shows what the number means. When you are using customary units, length may be written with units of inches, feet, yards, or miles. There are 12 inches in 1 foot, and 3 feet in 1 yard. There are 5,280 feet in 1 mile. A football is about 1 foot long. A football field is 100 yards long. | Solution: The best estimate for the length of an adult alligator is 10 feet. 10 inches is too short and 10 yards is too long. | Hint: Select the best estimate.

Question: Is a trumpet a good or a service? | Choices: [a good, a service] | Task: closed choice | Subject: social science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: economics | Skill: Goods and services | Lecture: Everything you can buy is either a good or a service. A good is something you can touch or hold in your hands. For example, a hammer is a good. A service is a job you pay someone else to do. For example, cooking food in a restaurant is a service. | Solution: To decide whether a trumpet is a good or a service, ask these questions: Is a trumpet something you can touch? Yes. Is a trumpet a job you might pay someone else to do? No. So, a trumpet is a good.

Question: Select the invertebrate. | Choices: [jumping spider, asp viper, sheep, harbor seal] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Identify vertebrates and invertebrates | Lecture: Vertebrates and invertebrates are both groups of animals. A vertebrate has a backbone. The backbone is made of many bones in an animal's back. A vertebrate's backbone helps connect the different parts of its body. In the drawings below, each vertebrate's backbone is colored orange. An invertebrate does not have a backbone. In fact, invertebrates do not have any bones! Some invertebrates have an outer cover on their body called an exoskeleton. Other invertebrates have a soft body. | Solution: Like other spiders, a jumping spider is an invertebrate. It does not have a backbone. It has an exoskeleton. A sheep is a mammal. Like other mammals, a sheep is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. An asp viper is a reptile. Like other reptiles, an asp viper is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. A harbor seal is a mammal. Like other mammals, a harbor seal is a vertebrate. It has a backbone. | Hint: Hint: Insects, spiders, and worms are invertebrates.

Question: Which word is not like the others? | Choices: [desk, shovel, saw, hammer] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: vocabulary | Skill: Which word is not like the others? | Lecture: Some words are alike. They go together in a group. Red, blue, and green go together. They are colors. Mom, dad, grandma, and grandpa go together. They are people in a family. | Solution: Saw, hammer, and shovel go together. They are tools. Desk is not a tool, so it is not like the other words.

Question: Which greeting is correct for a letter? | Choices: [Dear Steven,, dear Steven,] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Greetings and closings of letters | Lecture: A letter starts with a greeting and ends with a closing. For each one, capitalize the first word and end with a comma. You should also capitalize proper nouns, such as Aunt Sue. Dear Aunt Sue, I'm glad you could come to my party, and thank you for the birthday gift. I could not have asked for a better one! Every time I see it, I think of you. With love, Rory | Solution: The second greeting is correct: Its first word is capitalized, and it ends with a comma. Steven is capitalized because it is a proper noun.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Duncan's recent behavior made his parents begin to see his friend Kirk as some sort of Svengali. | Choices: [modern history, literature] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade12 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. The protean nature of the disease makes it difficult to diagnose. The word protean is an allusion to the sea god Proteus in Greek mythology. Because the sea is constantly changing, to describe something as protean suggests that it is variable or in flux. | Solution: The source of the allusion Svengali is literature. In George du Maurier's novel Trilby, Svengali is a hypnotist who exerts such power over the central character that she is suddenly able to sing, which she was unable to do before. The allusion Svengali means a person with an unduly strong influence over someone else.

Question: Complete the sentence so that it uses personification. The stars () in the midnight sky. | Choices: [glistened, danced] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Use personification | Lecture: Personification is giving human characteristics to nonhuman things. It is a figure of speech that can be used to make writing more interesting or to emphasize a point. The trees danced in the wind. The word danced describes the trees as if they were people. Unlike people, however, trees can't actually dance. Instead, the personification suggests that the trees are moving. | Solution: Complete the sentence with the word danced. It describes the stars as if they were lively, dancing people.

Question: Which type of sentence is this? An avid reader, Mike attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month. | Choices: [compound-complex, simple, complex, compound] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: grammar | Skill: Is the sentence simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex? | Lecture: A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a predicate. An independent clause is a complete thought that can stand alone as a sentence. A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) is not a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence. the oranges on our tree are ripe The clause can stand alone. It is independent. after we pick up Kevin from work The clause cannot stand alone. It is dependent. A simple sentence is made up of a single independent clause. Ben and I spent all day relaxing by the pool. Some simple sentences have introductory phrases, but the introductory phrase is part of the predicate. In the winter, Ben usually wears his heavy coat. Ben usually wears his heavy coat in the winter. A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. We saw the flash of lightning, and seconds later we heard a rumble of thunder. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause. The dependent clause in a complex sentence usually begins with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun. Subordinating conjunctions include after, although, as, because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, and while. Relative pronouns include that, which, who, whom, or whose. If she ever gets the chance, Terri would love to visit the Egyptian pyramids. During his trip to Italy, Tony visited the Trevi Fountain, which is in Rome. A compound-complex sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. After Samantha left work, she stopped at the bank, and then she went to the gym. Sometimes a dependent clause in a complex or compound-complex sentence can interrupt an independent clause. Orcas that are kept in captivity often have bent dorsal fins. | Solution: The sentence is compound. It is made up of two independent clauses joined by the coordinating conjunction and. An avid reader, Mike attends weekly book club meetings, and he finishes several novels every month.

Question: Which would smell more? | Choices: [soap, icicle] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade2 | Topic: physics | Skill: Compare properties of materials | Lecture: Every object is made of one or more materials. A material is a type of matter. Wood, glass, metal, and plastic are common materials. A material has different properties. A material's properties tell you how it looks, feels, tastes, or smells. | Solution: Smelly is a property. A smelly material has a strong smell. Look at each picture, one at a time. Imagine smelling the material shown in each picture. Of the choices, the soap would smell more. Dish soap has a strong smell.

Question: Which is a run-on sentence? | Choices: [The child chews her food carefully., Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: writing-strategies | Skill: Is it a complete sentence or a run-on? | Lecture: A sentence is a group of words that forms a complete thought. It has both a subject and a verb. My friends walk along the path. A run-on sentence is made up of two sentences that are joined without end punctuation or with just a comma. I knocked on the door it opened. It started raining, we ran inside. To fix a run-on sentence, separate it into two sentences. Add end punctuation after the first sentence, and capitalize the second sentence. I knocked on the door. It opened. It started raining. We ran inside. You can also fix a run-on sentence by rewriting it as a compound sentence. A compound sentence is two sentences joined by a comma and a conjunction such as and, but, or, or so. I knocked on the door, and it opened. It started raining, so we ran inside. | Solution: Mom drank coffee and milk, I had tea is a run-on sentence. It has two sentences that are joined by just a comma: Mom drank coffee and milk and I had tea.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Hanson inherited this trait? | Choices: [Hanson's parents have pale skin. They passed down this trait to Hanson., Hanson and his father both have dark hair.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade5 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down through families. Children gain these traits from their parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Hanson has pale skin.

Question: Which object has less thermal energy? | Choices: [a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 115°C, a 700-gram rock at a temperature of 120°C] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade3 | Topic: physics | Skill: How is temperature related to thermal energy? | Lecture: All solids, liquids, and gases are made of matter. Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always moving. The energy from the motion of these particles is called thermal energy. Temperature measures how hot or cold matter is. If the particles in matter slow down, the temperature goes down. The matter now has both less thermal energy and a lower temperature. | Solution: The two rocks have the same mass but different temperatures. Since the 115°C rock is colder than the 120°C rock, it has less thermal energy. | Hint: The objects are identical except for their temperatures.

Question: What is the source of the allusion in the sentence below? Yesterday's tennis match was a classic David and Goliath story, with Carter playing against his former team captain, Oscar. | Choices: [Greek mythology, the Bible] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade10 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Recall the source of an allusion | Lecture: An allusion is a brief mention of something or someone well known, often from mythology, history, or literature. An allusion lets you reference ideas from an entire story in just a few words. "I'd better get home before I turn into a pumpkin!" Lila remarked. Here, Lila alludes to the fairy tale "Cinderella," in which Cinderella must leave the ball before the coach that brought her transforms into a pumpkin. The allusion shows that Lila must depart immediately. | Solution: The source of the allusion David and Goliath is the Bible. In the Bible, a young man named David slays Goliath, a giant and champion warrior, using nothing more than a sling and a stone. The allusion David and Goliath means involving unequal rivals.

Question: Which word does not rhyme? | Choices: [tree, save, bee] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade1 | Topic: phonological-awareness | Skill: Which word does not rhyme? | Lecture: Rhyming words are words that end with the same sound. The words tip and slip rhyme. They both end with the ip sound. The words lake and make rhyme. They both end with the ake sound. The words tip and lake don't rhyme. They end with different sounds. | Solution: The words tree and bee rhyme. They both end with the ee sound. The word save does not rhyme. It ends with a different sound.

Question: Which sentence uses a metaphor? | Choices: [Mr. Kent's legs were as long as sunflower stalks., Mr. Kent's long legs were sunflower stalks.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: figurative-language | Skill: Identify similes and metaphors | Lecture: Similes and metaphors are figures of speech that compare two things that are not actually alike. A simile compares two things by saying that one is like the other. Similes often use the words like and as. My sister runs like a cheetah. The sister's running and a cheetah's running are compared using the word like. A cheetah is known for running fast, so the simile means that the sister also runs fast. The cat's fur was as dark as the night. The cat's fur and the night are compared using the word as. The night is dark, so the simile means that the cat's fur is also dark. A metaphor compares two things by saying that one of them is the other. Unlike similes, metaphors don't use the word like or as. The snow formed a blanket over the town. The snow and a blanket are compared without the word like or as. A blanket is a large piece of cloth that completely covers a bed. The metaphor makes the reader imagine that the snow becomes a blanket, covering the town completely. Using similes and metaphors in your writing can help you create an interesting picture for the reader. | Solution: This sentence uses a metaphor: Mr. Kent's long legs were sunflower stalks. The words legs and sunflower stalks are compared without the word like or as. This sentence uses a simile: Mr. Kent's legs were as long as sunflower stalks. The words legs and sunflower stalks are compared using the word as.

Question: What information supports the conclusion that Tom acquired this trait? | Choices: [Tom's scar was caused by an accident. He cut his leg when he fell off his skateboard., Tom's scar is on his left knee. His mother also has a scar on her left knee., Tom's brother has scars on both of his knees.] | Task: closed choice | Subject: natural science | Grade: grade7 | Topic: biology | Skill: Inherited and acquired traits: use evidence to support a statement | Lecture: Organisms, including people, have both inherited and acquired traits. Inherited and acquired traits are gained in different ways. Inherited traits are passed down from biological parents to their offspring through genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material that contain the instructions that affect inherited traits. Offspring receive their genes, and therefore gain their inherited traits, from their biological parents. Inherited traits do not need to be learned. Acquired traits are gained during a person's life. Some acquired traits, such as riding a bicycle, are gained by learning. Other acquired traits, such as scars, are caused by the environment. Parents do not pass acquired traits down to their offspring. | Solution: nan | Hint: Read the description of a trait. Tom has a scar on his left knee.

Question: Which correctly shows the title of a movie? | Choices: [Return to oz, Return to Oz] | Task: closed choice | Subject: language science | Grade: grade4 | Topic: capitalization | Skill: Capitalizing titles | Lecture: In a title, capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The Wind in the Willows James and the Giant Peach These words are not important in titles: Articles, a, an, the Short prepositions, such as at, by, for, in, of, on, to, up Coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but, or | Solution: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. The word to is not important, so it should not be capitalized. The correct title is Return to Oz.