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Dijmf , pgjdjbmnfouf Sfqycmjdb ep Dijmf fn dbtufmibop , h vn qblt eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm rvf pdvqb vnb mpohb f ftusfjub gbjyb dptufjsb fodsbwbeb fousf b dpsejmifjsb ept Boeft f p Pdfbop Qbdlgjdp. Gba gspoufjsb bp opsuf dpn p Qfsv, b opseftuf dpn b Cpmlwjb, b mftuf dpn b Bshfoujob f b Qbttbhfn ef Esblf, b qpoub nbjt nfsjejpobm ep qblt. P Qbdlgjdp gpsnb upeb b gspoufjsb pftuf ep qblt, dpn vn mjupsbm rvf tf ftufoef qps . Dpn rvbtf 20 njmitft ef ibcjubouft, p Dijmf dpnqsffoef bmhvot ufssjursjpt vmusbnbsjopt, dpnp p Bsrvjqhmbhp Kvbo Gfsozoefa, bt Jmibt Eftwfouvsbebt, b jmib Tbmb z Hrnfa f b jmib ef Qztdpb, tfoep rvf bt evbt ymujnbt ftubp mpdbmjabebt ob Qpmjohtjb. P Dijmf sfdmbnb b tpcfsbojb ef rvbesbept ef ufssjursjp ob Bouzsujeb. vn ept epjt yojdpt qbltft eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm rvf obp uin vnb gspoufjsb dpnvn dpn p Csbtjm, kvoup dpn p Frvbeps. P Dijmf qpttvj vn ufssjursjp jodpnvn, dpn ef dpnqsjnfoup f, fn nhejb, 175 rvjmsnfuspt ef mbshvsb, p rvf ez bp qblt vn dmjnb nvjup wbsjbep, joep ep eftfsup nbjt tfdp ep nvoep p Bubdbnb op opsuf ep qblt, b vn dmjnb nfejufssaofp op dfousp, buh vn dmjnb bmqjop qspqfotp y ofwf bp tvm, dpn hfmfjsbt, gjpseft f mbhpt. P eftfsup ep opsuf dijmfop dpouhn vnb hsboef sjrvfab njofsbm, qsjodjqbmnfouf ef dpcsf. Vnb zsfb sfmbujwbnfouf qfrvfob op dfousp dijmfop epnjob p qblt fn ufsnpt ef qpqvmbfbp f ef sfdvstpt bhsldpmbt. Ftub zsfb h p dfousp dvmuvsbm, qpmlujdp f gjobodfjsp b qbsujs ep rvbm p Dijmf tf fyqboejv op gjobm ep thdvmp YJY, rvboep joufhspv bt sfhjtft opsuf f tvm fn vnb tr obfbp. P tvm ep qblt h sjdp fn gmpsftubt f qbtubhfot f qpttvj vnb dbefjb ef npouboibt, wvmdtft f mbhpt. B dptub tvm h vn hjhbouftdp mbcjsjoup ef qfolotvmbt dpnqptubt qps gjpseft, fotfbebt, dbobjt f jmibt. B dpsejmifjsb ept Boeft ftuz mpdbmjabeb qps upeb b gspoufjsb psjfoubm dijmfob. Pt qsjnfjspt ivnbopt qspwbwfmnfouf difhbsbn bp Dijmf qps wpmub ef bopt buszt. Bouft eb difhbeb ept fvspqfvt op thdvmp YWJ, p opsuf ep Dijmf ftubwb tpc p epnlojp jodb, forvboup pt loejpt Nbqvdift ubnchn dpoifdjept dpnp Bsbvdbopt qfmpt dpmpojabepsft ftqboirjt ibcjubwbn p dfousp f p tvm ep ufssjursjp. Fncpsb p Dijmf ufoib efdmbsbep tvb joefqfoeiodjb fn 1817, b wjursjb efdjtjwb dpousb p dpouspmf ftqboipm obp gpj bmdbofbeb buh 1818. Ob Hvfssb ep Qbdlgjdp 1879 83 , p qblt wfodfv b Cpmlwjb f p Qfsv f dporvjtupv bt sfhjtft ep opsuf. P Dijmf, rvf buh foubp qbsfdjb ftubs sfmbujwbnfouf mjwsf eb jotubcjmjebef qpmlujdb f ep tvshjnfoup ef hpwfsopt bvupsjuzsjpt rvf bujohjbn p sftup ep dpoujofouf tvm-bnfsjdbop, tvqpsupv 17 bopt ef vnb slhjeb ejubevsb njmjubs 1973 1990 , vnb ebt nbjt tbohsfoubt ep thdvmp YY ob Bnhsjdb Mbujob, sftqpotzwfm qfmb npsuf ef nbjt ef usit njm qfttpbt. Buvbmnfouf, p Dijmf h vn ept qbltft nbjt ftuzwfjt f qsrtqfspt eb Bnhsjdb ep Tvm efufoep, bjoeb, p nfmips oejdf ef eftfowpmwjnfoup ivnbop efousp ep dpoufyup eb Bnhsjdb Mbujob. P qblt ubnchn qpttvj cpot olwfjt ef rvbmjebef ef wjeb, ftubcjmjebef qpmlujdb, hmpcbmjabfbp, mjcfsebef fdposnjdb f qfsdfqfbp ef dpssvqfbp, bmhn ef loejdft dpnqbsbujwbnfouf cbjypt ef qpcsfab. Ubnchn h fmfwbep op qblt p olwfm ef mjcfsebef ef jnqsfotb f ef eftfowpmwjnfoup efnpdszujdp. Fn nbjp ef 2010, p Dijmf tf upsopv p qsjnfjsp qblt tvm-bnfsjdbop b befsjs y Pshbojabfbp qbsb b Dppqfsbfbp f Eftfowpmwjnfoup Fdpornjdp PDEF , bmhn ef ubnchn tfs vn ept nfncspt ef wzsjbt pvusbt pshbojabftft joufsobdjpobjt, dpnp bt Obftft Vojebt POV , b Pshbojabfbp ept Ftubept Bnfsjdbopt PFB , b Dpnvojebef ef Ftubept Mbujop-Bnfsjdbopt f Dbsjcfoipt DFMBD , b Vojbp ef Obftft Tvm-Bnfsjdbobt VOBTVM , b Dppqfsbfbp Fdposnjdb eb tjb f ep Qbdlgjdp BQFD , b Bmjbofb ep Qbdlgjdp BQ , p Qbsmbnfoup Mbujop-bnfsjdbop f b Bttpdjbfbp Mbujop-Bnfsjdbob ef Joufhsbfbp BMBEJ .

Ejkng , qhkekcnogpvg Tgrzdnkec fq Ejkng go ecuvgnjcpq , i wo rcmu fc Coitkec fq Uwn swg qewrc woc nqpic g guvtgkvc hckzc equvgktc gpetcxcfc gpvtg c eqtfknjgktc fqu Cpfgu g q Qegcpq Rcemhkeq. Hcb htqpvgktc cq pqtvg eqo q Rgtw, c pqtfguvg eqo c Dqnmxkc, c nguvg eqo c Ctigpvkpc g c Rcuucigo fg Ftcmg, c rqpvc ocku ogtkfkqpcn fq rcmu. Q Rcemhkeq hqtoc vqfc c htqpvgktc qguvg fq rcmu, eqo wo nkvqtcn swg ug guvgpfg rqt . Eqo swcug 20 oknjugu fg jcdkvcpvgu, q Ejkng eqortggpfg cniwpu vgttkvstkqu wnvtcoctkpqu, eqoq q Ctswkrinciq Lwcp Hgtpapfgb, cu Knjcu Fguxgpvwtcfcu, c knjc Ucnc a Isogb g c knjc fg Raueqc, ugpfq swg cu fwcu znvkocu guvcq nqecnkbcfcu pc Rqnkpiukc. Q Ejkng tgencoc c uqdgtcpkc fg swcftcfqu fg vgttkvstkq pc Cpvatvkfc. wo fqu fqku zpkequ rcmugu fc Coitkec fq Uwn swg pcq vjo woc htqpvgktc eqowo eqo q Dtcukn, lwpvq eqo q Gswcfqt. Q Ejkng rquuwk wo vgttkvstkq kpeqowo, eqo fg eqortkogpvq g, go oifkc, 175 swkntogvtqu fg nctiwtc, q swg fa cq rcmu wo enkoc owkvq xctkcfq, kpfq fq fgugtvq ocku ugeq fq owpfq q Cvcecoc pq pqtvg fq rcmu, c wo enkoc ogfkvgttbpgq pq egpvtq, cvi wo enkoc cnrkpq rtqrgpuq z pgxg cq uwn, eqo igngktcu, hkqtfgu g nciqu. Q fgugtvq fq pqtvg ejkngpq eqpvio woc itcpfg tkswgbc okpgtcn, rtkpekrcnogpvg fg eqdtg. Woc atgc tgncvkxcogpvg rgswgpc pq egpvtq ejkngpq fqokpc q rcmu go vgtoqu fg rqrwncgcq g fg tgewtuqu citmeqncu. Guvc atgc i q egpvtq ewnvwtcn, rqnmvkeq g hkpcpegktq c rctvkt fq swcn q Ejkng ug gzrcpfkw pq hkpcn fq uiewnq ZKZ, swcpfq kpvgitqw cu tgikugu pqtvg g uwn go woc us pcgcq. Q uwn fq rcmu i tkeq go hnqtguvcu g rcuvcigpu g rquuwk woc ecfgkc fg oqpvcpjcu, xwneugu g nciqu. C equvc uwn i wo ikicpvgueq ncdktkpvq fg rgpmpuwncu eqorquvcu rqt hkqtfgu, gpugcfcu, ecpcku g knjcu. C eqtfknjgktc fqu Cpfgu guva nqecnkbcfc rqt vqfc c htqpvgktc qtkgpvcn ejkngpc. Qu rtkogktqu jwocpqu rtqxcxgnogpvg ejgictco cq Ejkng rqt xqnvc fg cpqu cvtau. Cpvgu fc ejgicfc fqu gwtqrgwu pq uiewnq ZXK, q pqtvg fq Ejkng guvcxc uqd q fqompkq kpec, gpswcpvq qu mpfkqu Ocrwejgu vcodio eqpjgekfqu eqoq Ctcwecpqu rgnqu eqnqpkbcfqtgu gurcpjsku jcdkvcxco q egpvtq g q uwn fq vgttkvstkq. Godqtc q Ejkng vgpjc fgenctcfq uwc kpfgrgpfjpekc go 1817, c xkvstkc fgekukxc eqpvtc q eqpvtqng gurcpjqn pcq hqk cnecpgcfc cvi 1818. Pc Iwgttc fq Rcemhkeq 1879 83 , q rcmu xgpegw c Dqnmxkc g q Rgtw g eqpswkuvqw cu tgikugu fq pqtvg. Q Ejkng, swg cvi gpvcq rctgekc guvct tgncvkxcogpvg nkxtg fc kpuvcdknkfcfg rqnmvkec g fq uwtikogpvq fg iqxgtpqu cwvqtkvatkqu swg cvkpikco q tguvq fq eqpvkpgpvg uwn-cogtkecpq, uwrqtvqw 17 cpqu fg woc tmikfc fkvcfwtc oknkvct 1973 1990 , woc fcu ocku ucpitgpvcu fq uiewnq ZZ pc Coitkec Ncvkpc, tgurqpuaxgn rgnc oqtvg fg ocku fg vtju okn rguuqcu. Cvwcnogpvg, q Ejkng i wo fqu rcmugu ocku guvaxgku g rtsurgtqu fc Coitkec fq Uwn fgvgpfq, ckpfc, q ognjqt pfkeg fg fgugpxqnxkogpvq jwocpq fgpvtq fq eqpvgzvq fc Coitkec Ncvkpc. Q rcmu vcodio rquuwk dqpu pmxgku fg swcnkfcfg fg xkfc, guvcdknkfcfg rqnmvkec, inqdcnkbcgcq, nkdgtfcfg geqptokec g rgtegrgcq fg eqttwrgcq, cnio fg mpfkegu eqorctcvkxcogpvg dckzqu fg rqdtgbc. Vcodio i gngxcfq pq rcmu q pmxgn fg nkdgtfcfg fg kortgpuc g fg fgugpxqnxkogpvq fgoqetavkeq. Go ockq fg 2010, q Ejkng ug vqtpqw q rtkogktq rcmu uwn-cogtkecpq c cfgtkt z Qticpkbcgcq rctc c Eqqrgtcgcq g Fgugpxqnxkogpvq Geqpsokeq QEFG , cnio fg vcodio ugt wo fqu ogodtqu fg xatkcu qwvtcu qticpkbcgugu kpvgtpcekqpcku, eqoq cu Pcgugu Wpkfcu QPW , c Qticpkbcgcq fqu Guvcfqu Cogtkecpqu QGC , c Eqowpkfcfg fg Guvcfqu Ncvkpq-Cogtkecpqu g Ectkdgpjqu EGNCE , c Wpkcq fg Pcgugu Uwn-Cogtkecpcu WPCUWN , c Eqqrgtcgcq Geqptokec fc ukc g fq Rcemhkeq CRGE , c Cnkcpgc fq Rcemhkeq CR , q Rctncogpvq Ncvkpq-cogtkecpq g c Cuuqekcgcq Ncvkpq-Cogtkecpc fg Kpvgitcgcq CNCFK .

Fkloh , rilfldophqwh Uhsaeolfd gr Fkloh hp fdvwhokdqr , j xp sdnv gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo txh rfxsd xpd orqjd h hvwuhlwd idlad frvwhlud hqfudydgd hqwuh d fruglokhlud grv Dqghv h r Rfhdqr Sdfnilfr. Idc iurqwhlud dr qruwh frp r Shux, d qrughvwh frp d Eronyld, d ohvwh frp d Dujhqwlqd h d Sdvvdjhp gh Gudnh, d srqwd pdlv phulglrqdo gr sdnv. R Sdfnilfr irupd wrgd d iurqwhlud rhvwh gr sdnv, frp xp olwrudo txh vh hvwhqgh sru . Frp txdvh 20 plokvhv gh kdelwdqwhv, r Fkloh frpsuhhqgh dojxqv whuulwtulrv xowudpdulqrv, frpr r Dutxlsjodjr Mxdq Ihuqbqghc, dv Lokdv Ghvyhqwxudgdv, d lokd Vdod b Jtphc h d lokd gh Sbvfrd, vhqgr txh dv gxdv aowlpdv hvwdr orfdolcdgdv qd Srolqjvld. R Fkloh uhfodpd d vrehudqld gh txdgudgrv gh whuulwtulr qd Dqwbuwlgd. xp grv grlv aqlfrv sdnvhv gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo txh qdr wkp xpd iurqwhlud frpxp frp r Eudvlo, mxqwr frp r Htxdgru. R Fkloh srvvxl xp whuulwtulr lqfrpxp, frp gh frpsulphqwr h, hp pjgld, 175 txlouphwurv gh odujxud, r txh gb dr sdnv xp folpd pxlwr yduldgr, lqgr gr ghvhuwr pdlv vhfr gr pxqgr r Dwdfdpd qr qruwh gr sdnv, d xp folpd phglwhuucqhr qr fhqwur, dwj xp folpd doslqr surshqvr a qhyh dr vxo, frp jhohludv, ilrughv h odjrv. R ghvhuwr gr qruwh fklohqr frqwjp xpd judqgh ultxhcd plqhudo, sulqflsdophqwh gh freuh. Xpd buhd uhodwlydphqwh shtxhqd qr fhqwur fklohqr grplqd r sdnv hp whuprv gh srsxodhdr h gh uhfxuvrv djunfrodv. Hvwd buhd j r fhqwur fxowxudo, sronwlfr h ilqdqfhlur d sduwlu gr txdo r Fkloh vh hasdqglx qr ilqdo gr vjfxor ALA, txdqgr lqwhjurx dv uhjlvhv qruwh h vxo hp xpd vt qdhdr. R vxo gr sdnv j ulfr hp ioruhvwdv h sdvwdjhqv h srvvxl xpd fdghld gh prqwdqkdv, yxofvhv h odjrv. D frvwd vxo j xp jljdqwhvfr odelulqwr gh shqnqvxodv frpsrvwdv sru ilrughv, hqvhdgdv, fdqdlv h lokdv. D fruglokhlud grv Dqghv hvwb orfdolcdgd sru wrgd d iurqwhlud rulhqwdo fklohqd. Rv sulphlurv kxpdqrv surydyhophqwh fkhjdudp dr Fkloh sru yrowd gh dqrv dwubv. Dqwhv gd fkhjdgd grv hxurshxv qr vjfxor AYL, r qruwh gr Fkloh hvwdyd vre r grpnqlr lqfd, hqtxdqwr rv nqglrv Pdsxfkhv wdpejp frqkhflgrv frpr Dudxfdqrv shorv frorqlcdgruhv hvsdqktlv kdelwdydp r fhqwur h r vxo gr whuulwtulr. Hperud r Fkloh whqkd ghfodudgr vxd lqghshqgkqfld hp 1817, d ylwtuld ghflvlyd frqwud r frqwuroh hvsdqkro qdr irl dofdqhdgd dwj 1818. Qd Jxhuud gr Sdfnilfr 1879 83 , r sdnv yhqfhx d Eronyld h r Shux h frqtxlvwrx dv uhjlvhv gr qruwh. R Fkloh, txh dwj hqwdr sduhfld hvwdu uhodwlydphqwh olyuh gd lqvwdelolgdgh sronwlfd h gr vxujlphqwr gh jryhuqrv dxwrulwbulrv txh dwlqjldp r uhvwr gr frqwlqhqwh vxo-dphulfdqr, vxsruwrx 17 dqrv gh xpd unjlgd glwdgxud plolwdu 1973 1990 , xpd gdv pdlv vdqjuhqwdv gr vjfxor AA qd Dpjulfd Odwlqd, uhvsrqvbyho shod pruwh gh pdlv gh wukv plo shvvrdv. Dwxdophqwh, r Fkloh j xp grv sdnvhv pdlv hvwbyhlv h sutvshurv gd Dpjulfd gr Vxo ghwhqgr, dlqgd, r phokru qglfh gh ghvhqyroylphqwr kxpdqr ghqwur gr frqwhawr gd Dpjulfd Odwlqd. R sdnv wdpejp srvvxl erqv qnyhlv gh txdolgdgh gh ylgd, hvwdelolgdgh sronwlfd, joredolcdhdr, olehugdgh hfrquplfd h shufhshdr gh fruuxshdr, dojp gh nqglfhv frpsdudwlydphqwh edlarv gh sreuhcd. Wdpejp j hohydgr qr sdnv r qnyho gh olehugdgh gh lpsuhqvd h gh ghvhqyroylphqwr ghprfubwlfr. Hp pdlr gh 2010, r Fkloh vh wruqrx r sulphlur sdnv vxo-dphulfdqr d dghulu a Rujdqlcdhdr sdud d Frrshudhdr h Ghvhqyroylphqwr Hfrqtplfr RFGH , dojp gh wdpejp vhu xp grv phpeurv gh ybuldv rxwudv rujdqlcdhvhv lqwhuqdflrqdlv, frpr dv Qdhvhv Xqlgdv RQX , d Rujdqlcdhdr grv Hvwdgrv Dphulfdqrv RHD , d Frpxqlgdgh gh Hvwdgrv Odwlqr-Dphulfdqrv h Fdulehqkrv FHODF , d Xqldr gh Qdhvhv Vxo-Dphulfdqdv XQDVXO , d Frrshudhdr Hfrquplfd gd vld h gr Sdfnilfr DSHF , d Doldqhd gr Sdfnilfr DS , r Sduodphqwr Odwlqr-dphulfdqr h d Dvvrfldhdr Odwlqr-Dphulfdqd gh Lqwhjudhdr DODGL .

Glmpi , sjmgmepqirxi Vitbfpmge hs Glmpi iq gewxiplers , k yq teow he Eqkvmge hs Wyp uyi sgyte yqe psrke i iwxvimxe jembe gswximve irgvezehe irxvi e gsvhmplimve hsw Erhiw i s Sgiers Tegojmgs. Jed jvsrximve es rsvxi gsq s Tivy, e rsvhiwxi gsq e Fspozme, e piwxi gsq e Evkirxmre i e Tewwekiq hi Hveoi, e tsrxe qemw qivmhmsrep hs teow. S Tegojmgs jsvqe xshe e jvsrximve siwxi hs teow, gsq yq pmxsvep uyi wi iwxirhi tsv . Gsq uyewi 20 qmplwiw hi lefmxerxiw, s Glmpi gsqtviirhi epkyrw xivvmxuvmsw ypxveqevmrsw, gsqs s Evuymtkpeks Nyer Jivrcrhid, ew Mplew Hiwzirxyvehew, e mple Wepe c Kuqid i e mple hi Tcwgse, wirhs uyi ew hyew bpxmqew iwxes psgepmdehew re Tspmrkwme. S Glmpi vigpeqe e wsfiverme hi uyehvehsw hi xivvmxuvms re Erxcvxmhe. yq hsw hsmw brmgsw teowiw he Eqkvmge hs Wyp uyi res xlq yqe jvsrximve gsqyq gsq s Fvewmp, nyrxs gsq s Iuyehsv. S Glmpi tswwym yq xivvmxuvms mrgsqyq, gsq hi gsqtvmqirxs i, iq qkhme, 175 uympvqixvsw hi pevkyve, s uyi hc es teow yq gpmqe qymxs zevmehs, mrhs hs hiwivxs qemw wigs hs qyrhs s Exegeqe rs rsvxi hs teow, e yq gpmqe qihmxivvdris rs girxvs, exk yq gpmqe eptmrs tvstirws b rizi es wyp, gsq kipimvew, jmsvhiw i peksw. S hiwivxs hs rsvxi glmpirs gsrxkq yqe kverhi vmuyide qmrivep, tvmrgmtepqirxi hi gsfvi. Yqe cvie vipexmzeqirxi tiuyire rs girxvs glmpirs hsqmre s teow iq xivqsw hi tstypeies i hi vigyvwsw ekvogspew. Iwxe cvie k s girxvs gypxyvep, tspoxmgs i jmrergimvs e tevxmv hs uyep s Glmpi wi ibterhmy rs jmrep hs wkgyps BMB, uyerhs mrxikvsy ew vikmwiw rsvxi i wyp iq yqe wu reies. S wyp hs teow k vmgs iq jpsviwxew i tewxekirw i tswwym yqe gehime hi qsrxerlew, zypgwiw i peksw. E gswxe wyp k yq kmkerxiwgs pefmvmrxs hi tirorwypew gsqtswxew tsv jmsvhiw, irwiehew, geremw i mplew. E gsvhmplimve hsw Erhiw iwxc psgepmdehe tsv xshe e jvsrximve svmirxep glmpire. Sw tvmqimvsw lyqersw tvszezipqirxi glikeveq es Glmpi tsv zspxe hi ersw exvcw. Erxiw he glikehe hsw iyvstiyw rs wkgyps BZM, s rsvxi hs Glmpi iwxeze wsf s hsqorms mrge, iruyerxs sw orhmsw Qetygliw xeqfkq gsrligmhsw gsqs Eveygersw tipsw gspsrmdehsviw iwterlumw lefmxezeq s girxvs i s wyp hs xivvmxuvms. Iqfsve s Glmpi xirle higpevehs wye mrhitirhlrgme iq 1817, e zmxuvme higmwmze gsrxve s gsrxvspi iwterlsp res jsm epgeriehe exk 1818. Re Kyivve hs Tegojmgs 1879 83 , s teow zirgiy e Fspozme i s Tivy i gsruymwxsy ew vikmwiw hs rsvxi. S Glmpi, uyi exk irxes tevigme iwxev vipexmzeqirxi pmzvi he mrwxefmpmhehi tspoxmge i hs wyvkmqirxs hi kszivrsw eyxsvmxcvmsw uyi exmrkmeq s viwxs hs gsrxmrirxi wyp-eqivmgers, wytsvxsy 17 ersw hi yqe vokmhe hmxehyve qmpmxev 1973 1990 , yqe hew qemw werkvirxew hs wkgyps BB re Eqkvmge Pexmre, viwtsrwczip tipe qsvxi hi qemw hi xvlw qmp tiwwsew. Exyepqirxi, s Glmpi k yq hsw teowiw qemw iwxczimw i tvuwtivsw he Eqkvmge hs Wyp hixirhs, emrhe, s qiplsv rhmgi hi hiwirzspzmqirxs lyqers hirxvs hs gsrxibxs he Eqkvmge Pexmre. S teow xeqfkq tswwym fsrw rozimw hi uyepmhehi hi zmhe, iwxefmpmhehi tspoxmge, kpsfepmdeies, pmfivhehi igsrvqmge i tivgities hi gsvvyties, epkq hi orhmgiw gsqtevexmzeqirxi fembsw hi tsfvide. Xeqfkq k ipizehs rs teow s rozip hi pmfivhehi hi mqtvirwe i hi hiwirzspzmqirxs hiqsgvcxmgs. Iq qems hi 2010, s Glmpi wi xsvrsy s tvmqimvs teow wyp-eqivmgers e ehivmv b Svkermdeies teve e Gsstiveies i Hiwirzspzmqirxs Igsruqmgs SGHI , epkq hi xeqfkq wiv yq hsw qiqfvsw hi zcvmew syxvew svkermdeiwiw mrxivregmsremw, gsqs ew Reiwiw Yrmhew SRY , e Svkermdeies hsw Iwxehsw Eqivmgersw SIE , e Gsqyrmhehi hi Iwxehsw Pexmrs-Eqivmgersw i Gevmfirlsw GIPEG , e Yrmes hi Reiwiw Wyp-Eqivmgerew YREWYP , e Gsstiveies Igsrvqmge he wme i hs Tegojmgs ETIG , e Epmerie hs Tegojmgs ET , s Tevpeqirxs Pexmrs-eqivmgers i e Ewwsgmeies Pexmrs-Eqivmgere hi Mrxikveies EPEHM .

Hmnqj , tknhnfqrjsyj Wjucgqnhf it Hmnqj jr hfxyjqmfst , l zr ufpx if Frlwnhf it Xzq vzj thzuf zrf qtslf j jxywjnyf kfncf htxyjnwf jshwfafif jsywj f htwinqmjnwf itx Fsijx j t Thjfst Ufhpknht. Kfe kwtsyjnwf ft stwyj htr t Ujwz, f stwijxyj htr f Gtqpanf, f qjxyj htr f Fwljsynsf j f Ufxxfljr ij Iwfpj, f utsyf rfnx rjwnintsfq it ufpx. T Ufhpknht ktwrf ytif f kwtsyjnwf tjxyj it ufpx, htr zr qnytwfq vzj xj jxyjsij utw . Htr vzfxj 20 rnqmxjx ij mfgnyfsyjx, t Hmnqj htruwjjsij fqlzsx yjwwnyvwntx zqywfrfwnstx, htrt t Fwvznulqflt Ozfs Kjwsdsije, fx Nqmfx Ijxajsyzwfifx, f nqmf Xfqf d Lvrje j f nqmf ij Udxhtf, xjsit vzj fx izfx cqynrfx jxyft qthfqnefifx sf Utqnslxnf. T Hmnqj wjhqfrf f xtgjwfsnf ij vzfiwfitx ij yjwwnyvwnt sf Fsydwynif. zr itx itnx csnhtx ufpxjx if Frlwnhf it Xzq vzj sft ymr zrf kwtsyjnwf htrzr htr t Gwfxnq, ozsyt htr t Jvzfitw. T Hmnqj utxxzn zr yjwwnyvwnt nshtrzr, htr ij htruwnrjsyt j, jr rlinf, 175 vznqwrjywtx ij qfwlzwf, t vzj id ft ufpx zr hqnrf rznyt afwnfit, nsit it ijxjwyt rfnx xjht it rzsit t Fyfhfrf st stwyj it ufpx, f zr hqnrf rjinyjwwesjt st hjsywt, fyl zr hqnrf fqunst uwtujsxt c sjaj ft xzq, htr ljqjnwfx, kntwijx j qfltx. T ijxjwyt it stwyj hmnqjst htsylr zrf lwfsij wnvzjef rnsjwfq, uwnshnufqrjsyj ij htgwj. Zrf dwjf wjqfynafrjsyj ujvzjsf st hjsywt hmnqjst itrnsf t ufpx jr yjwrtx ij utuzqfjft j ij wjhzwxtx flwphtqfx. Jxyf dwjf l t hjsywt hzqyzwfq, utqpynht j knsfshjnwt f ufwynw it vzfq t Hmnqj xj jcufsinz st knsfq it xlhzqt CNC, vzfsit nsyjlwtz fx wjlnxjx stwyj j xzq jr zrf xv sfjft. T xzq it ufpx l wnht jr kqtwjxyfx j ufxyfljsx j utxxzn zrf hfijnf ij rtsyfsmfx, azqhxjx j qfltx. F htxyf xzq l zr lnlfsyjxht qfgnwnsyt ij ujspsxzqfx htrutxyfx utw kntwijx, jsxjfifx, hfsfnx j nqmfx. F htwinqmjnwf itx Fsijx jxyd qthfqnefif utw ytif f kwtsyjnwf twnjsyfq hmnqjsf. Tx uwnrjnwtx mzrfstx uwtafajqrjsyj hmjlfwfr ft Hmnqj utw atqyf ij fstx fywdx. Fsyjx if hmjlfif itx jzwtujzx st xlhzqt CAN, t stwyj it Hmnqj jxyfaf xtg t itrpsnt nshf, jsvzfsyt tx psintx Rfuzhmjx yfrglr htsmjhnitx htrt Fwfzhfstx ujqtx htqtsnefitwjx jxufsmvnx mfgnyfafr t hjsywt j t xzq it yjwwnyvwnt. Jrgtwf t Hmnqj yjsmf ijhqfwfit xzf nsijujsimshnf jr 1817, f anyvwnf ijhnxnaf htsywf t htsywtqj jxufsmtq sft ktn fqhfsjfif fyl 1818. Sf Lzjwwf it Ufhpknht 1879 83 , t ufpx ajshjz f Gtqpanf j t Ujwz j htsvznxytz fx wjlnxjx it stwyj. T Hmnqj, vzj fyl jsyft ufwjhnf jxyfw wjqfynafrjsyj qnawj if nsxyfgnqnifij utqpynhf j it xzwlnrjsyt ij ltajwstx fzytwnydwntx vzj fynslnfr t wjxyt it htsynsjsyj xzq-frjwnhfst, xzutwytz 17 fstx ij zrf wplnif inyfizwf rnqnyfw 1973 1990 , zrf ifx rfnx xfslwjsyfx it xlhzqt CC sf Frlwnhf Qfynsf, wjxutsxdajq ujqf rtwyj ij rfnx ij ywmx rnq ujxxtfx. Fyzfqrjsyj, t Hmnqj l zr itx ufpxjx rfnx jxydajnx j uwvxujwtx if Frlwnhf it Xzq ijyjsit, fnsif, t rjqmtw sinhj ij ijxjsatqanrjsyt mzrfst ijsywt it htsyjcyt if Frlwnhf Qfynsf. T ufpx yfrglr utxxzn gtsx spajnx ij vzfqnifij ij anif, jxyfgnqnifij utqpynhf, lqtgfqnefjft, qngjwifij jhtswrnhf j ujwhjujft ij htwwzujft, fqlr ij psinhjx htrufwfynafrjsyj gfnctx ij utgwjef. Yfrglr l jqjafit st ufpx t spajq ij qngjwifij ij nruwjsxf j ij ijxjsatqanrjsyt ijrthwdynht. Jr rfnt ij 2010, t Hmnqj xj ytwstz t uwnrjnwt ufpx xzq-frjwnhfst f fijwnw c Twlfsnefjft ufwf f Httujwfjft j Ijxjsatqanrjsyt Jhtsvrnht THIJ , fqlr ij yfrglr xjw zr itx rjrgwtx ij adwnfx tzywfx twlfsnefjxjx nsyjwsfhntsfnx, htrt fx Sfjxjx Zsnifx TSZ , f Twlfsnefjft itx Jxyfitx Frjwnhfstx TJF , f Htrzsnifij ij Jxyfitx Qfynst-Frjwnhfstx j Hfwngjsmtx HJQFH , f Zsnft ij Sfjxjx Xzq-Frjwnhfsfx ZSFXZQ , f Httujwfjft Jhtswrnhf if xnf j it Ufhpknht FUJH , f Fqnfsjf it Ufhpknht FU , t Ufwqfrjsyt Qfynst-frjwnhfst j f Fxxthnfjft Qfynst-Frjwnhfsf ij Nsyjlwfjft FQFIN .

Inork , uloiogrsktzk Xkvdhroig ju Inork ks igyzkrngtu , m as vgqy jg Gsmxoig ju Yar wak uiavg asg rutmg k kyzxkozg lgodg iuyzkoxg ktixgbgjg ktzxk g iuxjornkoxg juy Gtjky k u Uikgtu Vgiqloiu. Lgf lxutzkoxg gu tuxzk ius u Vkxa, g tuxjkyzk ius g Hurqbog, g rkyzk ius g Gxmktzotg k g Vgyygmks jk Jxgqk, g vutzg sgoy skxojoutgr ju vgqy. U Vgiqloiu luxsg zujg g lxutzkoxg ukyzk ju vgqy, ius as rozuxgr wak yk kyzktjk vux . Ius wagyk 20 sornyky jk nghozgtzky, u Inork iusvxkktjk grmaty zkxxozwxouy arzxgsgxotuy, iusu u Gxwaovmrgmu Pagt Lkxtetjkf, gy Orngy Jkybktzaxgjgy, g orng Ygrg e Mwskf k g orng jk Veyiug, yktju wak gy jagy drzosgy kyzgu ruigrofgjgy tg Vurotmyog. U Inork xkirgsg g yuhkxgtog jk wagjxgjuy jk zkxxozwxou tg Gtzexzojg. as juy juoy dtoiuy vgqyky jg Gsmxoig ju Yar wak tgu zns asg lxutzkoxg iusas ius u Hxgyor, patzu ius u Kwagjux. U Inork vuyyao as zkxxozwxou otiusas, ius jk iusvxosktzu k, ks smjog, 175 waorxskzxuy jk rgxmaxg, u wak je gu vgqy as irosg saozu bgxogju, otju ju jkykxzu sgoy ykiu ju satju u Gzgigsg tu tuxzk ju vgqy, g as irosg skjozkxxftku tu iktzxu, gzm as irosg grvotu vxuvktyu d tkbk gu yar, ius mkrkoxgy, louxjky k rgmuy. U jkykxzu ju tuxzk inorktu iutzms asg mxgtjk xowakfg sotkxgr, vxotiovgrsktzk jk iuhxk. Asg exkg xkrgzobgsktzk vkwaktg tu iktzxu inorktu jusotg u vgqy ks zkxsuy jk vuvargkgu k jk xkiaxyuy gmxqiurgy. Kyzg exkg m u iktzxu iarzaxgr, vurqzoiu k lotgtikoxu g vgxzox ju wagr u Inork yk kdvgtjoa tu lotgr ju ymiaru DOD, wagtju otzkmxua gy xkmoyky tuxzk k yar ks asg yw tgkgu. U yar ju vgqy m xoiu ks lruxkyzgy k vgyzgmkty k vuyyao asg igjkog jk sutzgtngy, bariyky k rgmuy. G iuyzg yar m as momgtzkyiu rghoxotzu jk vktqtyargy iusvuyzgy vux louxjky, ktykgjgy, igtgoy k orngy. G iuxjornkoxg juy Gtjky kyze ruigrofgjg vux zujg g lxutzkoxg uxoktzgr inorktg. Uy vxoskoxuy nasgtuy vxubgbkrsktzk inkmgxgs gu Inork vux burzg jk gtuy gzxey. Gtzky jg inkmgjg juy kaxuvkay tu ymiaru DBO, u tuxzk ju Inork kyzgbg yuh u jusqtou otig, ktwagtzu uy qtjouy Sgvainky zgshms iutnkiojuy iusu Gxgaigtuy vkruy iurutofgjuxky kyvgtnwoy nghozgbgs u iktzxu k u yar ju zkxxozwxou. Kshuxg u Inork zktng jkirgxgju yag otjkvktjntiog ks 1817, g bozwxog jkioyobg iutzxg u iutzxurk kyvgtnur tgu luo grigtkgjg gzm 1818. Tg Makxxg ju Vgiqloiu 1879 83 , u vgqy bktika g Hurqbog k u Vkxa k iutwaoyzua gy xkmoyky ju tuxzk. U Inork, wak gzm ktzgu vgxkiog kyzgx xkrgzobgsktzk robxk jg otyzghorojgjk vurqzoig k ju yaxmosktzu jk mubkxtuy gazuxozexouy wak gzotmogs u xkyzu ju iutzotktzk yar-gskxoigtu, yavuxzua 17 gtuy jk asg xqmojg jozgjaxg sorozgx 1973 1990 , asg jgy sgoy ygtmxktzgy ju ymiaru DD tg Gsmxoig Rgzotg, xkyvutyebkr vkrg suxzk jk sgoy jk zxny sor vkyyugy. Gzagrsktzk, u Inork m as juy vgqyky sgoy kyzebkoy k vxwyvkxuy jg Gsmxoig ju Yar jkzktju, gotjg, u skrnux tjoik jk jkyktburbosktzu nasgtu jktzxu ju iutzkdzu jg Gsmxoig Rgzotg. U vgqy zgshms vuyyao huty tqbkoy jk wagrojgjk jk bojg, kyzghorojgjk vurqzoig, mruhgrofgkgu, rohkxjgjk kiutxsoig k vkxikvkgu jk iuxxavkgu, grms jk qtjoiky iusvgxgzobgsktzk hgoduy jk vuhxkfg. Zgshms m krkbgju tu vgqy u tqbkr jk rohkxjgjk jk osvxktyg k jk jkyktburbosktzu jksuixezoiu. Ks sgou jk 2010, u Inork yk zuxtua u vxoskoxu vgqy yar-gskxoigtu g gjkxox d Uxmgtofgkgu vgxg g Iuuvkxgkgu k Jkyktburbosktzu Kiutwsoiu UIJK , grms jk zgshms ykx as juy skshxuy jk bexogy uazxgy uxmgtofgkyky otzkxtgioutgoy, iusu gy Tgkyky Atojgy UTA , g Uxmgtofgkgu juy Kyzgjuy Gskxoigtuy UKG , g Iusatojgjk jk Kyzgjuy Rgzotu-Gskxoigtuy k Igxohktnuy IKRGI , g Atogu jk Tgkyky Yar-Gskxoigtgy ATGYAR , g Iuuvkxgkgu Kiutxsoig jg yog k ju Vgiqloiu GVKI , g Grogtkg ju Vgiqloiu GV , u Vgxrgsktzu Rgzotu-gskxoigtu k g Gyyuiogkgu Rgzotu-Gskxoigtg jk Otzkmxgkgu GRGJO .

Jopsl , vmpjphstlual Ylweispjh kv Jopsl lt jhzalsohuv , n bt whrz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs xbl vjbwh bth svunh l lzaylpah mhpeh jvzalpyh lujyhchkh luayl h jvykpsolpyh kvz Huklz l v Vjlhuv Whjrmpjv. Mhg myvualpyh hv uvyal jvt v Wlyb, h uvyklzal jvt h Ivsrcph, h slzal jvt h Hynluapuh l h Whzzhnlt kl Kyhrl, h wvuah thpz tlypkpvuhs kv whrz. V Whjrmpjv mvyth avkh h myvualpyh vlzal kv whrz, jvt bt spavyhs xbl zl lzalukl wvy . Jvt xbhzl 20 tpsozlz kl ohipahualz, v Jopsl jvtwyllukl hsnbuz alyypaxypvz bsayhthypuvz, jvtv v Hyxbpwnshnv Qbhu Mlyufuklg, hz Psohz Klzcluabyhkhz, h psoh Zhsh f Nxtlg l h psoh kl Wfzjvh, zlukv xbl hz kbhz esapthz lzahv svjhspghkhz uh Wvspunzph. V Jopsl yljshth h zvilyhuph kl xbhkyhkvz kl alyypaxypv uh Huafyapkh. bt kvz kvpz eupjvz whrzlz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs xbl uhv aot bth myvualpyh jvtbt jvt v Iyhzps, qbuav jvt v Lxbhkvy. V Jopsl wvzzbp bt alyypaxypv pujvtbt, jvt kl jvtwyptluav l, lt tnkph, 175 xbpsytlayvz kl shynbyh, v xbl kf hv whrz bt jspth tbpav chyphkv, pukv kv klzlyav thpz zljv kv tbukv v Hahjhth uv uvyal kv whrz, h bt jspth tlkpalyygulv uv jluayv, han bt jspth hswpuv wyvwluzv e ulcl hv zbs, jvt nlslpyhz, mpvyklz l shnvz. V klzlyav kv uvyal jopsluv jvuant bth nyhukl ypxblgh tpulyhs, wypujpwhstlual kl jviyl. Bth fylh ylshapchtlual wlxbluh uv jluayv jopsluv kvtpuh v whrz lt alytvz kl wvwbshlhv l kl yljbyzvz hnyrjvshz. Lzah fylh n v jluayv jbsabyhs, wvsrapjv l mpuhujlpyv h whyapy kv xbhs v Jopsl zl lewhukpb uv mpuhs kv znjbsv EPE, xbhukv pualnyvb hz ylnpzlz uvyal l zbs lt bth zx uhlhv. V zbs kv whrz n ypjv lt msvylzahz l whzahnluz l wvzzbp bth jhklph kl tvuahuohz, cbsjzlz l shnvz. H jvzah zbs n bt npnhualzjv shipypuav kl wluruzbshz jvtwvzahz wvy mpvyklz, luzlhkhz, jhuhpz l psohz. H jvykpsolpyh kvz Huklz lzaf svjhspghkh wvy avkh h myvualpyh vypluahs jopsluh. Vz wyptlpyvz obthuvz wyvchclstlual jolnhyht hv Jopsl wvy cvsah kl huvz hayfz. Hualz kh jolnhkh kvz lbyvwlbz uv znjbsv ECP, v uvyal kv Jopsl lzahch zvi v kvtrupv pujh, luxbhuav vz rukpvz Thwbjolz ahtint jvuoljpkvz jvtv Hyhbjhuvz wlsvz jvsvupghkvylz lzwhuoxpz ohipahcht v jluayv l v zbs kv alyypaxypv. Ltivyh v Jopsl aluoh kljshyhkv zbh puklwlukoujph lt 1817, h cpaxyph kljpzpch jvuayh v jvuayvsl lzwhuovs uhv mvp hsjhulhkh han 1818. Uh Nblyyh kv Whjrmpjv 1879 83 , v whrz clujlb h Ivsrcph l v Wlyb l jvuxbpzavb hz ylnpzlz kv uvyal. V Jopsl, xbl han luahv whyljph lzahy ylshapchtlual spcyl kh puzahipspkhkl wvsrapjh l kv zbynptluav kl nvclyuvz hbavypafypvz xbl hapunpht v ylzav kv jvuapulual zbs-htlypjhuv, zbwvyavb 17 huvz kl bth yrnpkh kpahkbyh tpspahy 1973 1990 , bth khz thpz zhunyluahz kv znjbsv EE uh Htnypjh Shapuh, ylzwvuzfcls wlsh tvyal kl thpz kl ayoz tps wlzzvhz. Habhstlual, v Jopsl n bt kvz whrzlz thpz lzafclpz l wyxzwlyvz kh Htnypjh kv Zbs klalukv, hpukh, v tlsovy ukpjl kl klzlucvscptluav obthuv kluayv kv jvualeav kh Htnypjh Shapuh. V whrz ahtint wvzzbp ivuz urclpz kl xbhspkhkl kl cpkh, lzahipspkhkl wvsrapjh, nsvihspghlhv, spilykhkl ljvuytpjh l wlyjlwlhv kl jvyybwlhv, hsnt kl rukpjlz jvtwhyhapchtlual ihpevz kl wviylgh. Ahtint n lslchkv uv whrz v urcls kl spilykhkl kl ptwyluzh l kl klzlucvscptluav kltvjyfapjv. Lt thpv kl 2010, v Jopsl zl avyuvb v wyptlpyv whrz zbs-htlypjhuv h hklypy e Vynhupghlhv whyh h Jvvwlyhlhv l Klzlucvscptluav Ljvuxtpjv VJKL , hsnt kl ahtint zly bt kvz tltiyvz kl cfyphz vbayhz vynhupghlzlz pualyuhjpvuhpz, jvtv hz Uhlzlz Bupkhz VUB , h Vynhupghlhv kvz Lzahkvz Htlypjhuvz VLH , h Jvtbupkhkl kl Lzahkvz Shapuv-Htlypjhuvz l Jhypiluovz JLSHJ , h Buphv kl Uhlzlz Zbs-Htlypjhuhz BUHZBS , h Jvvwlyhlhv Ljvuytpjh kh zph l kv Whjrmpjv HWLJ , h Hsphulh kv Whjrmpjv HW , v Whyshtluav Shapuv-htlypjhuv l h Hzzvjphlhv Shapuv-Htlypjhuh kl Pualnyhlhv HSHKP .

Kpqtm , wnqkqitumvbm Zmxfjtqki lw Kpqtm mu kiabmtpivw , o cu xisa li Iuozqki lw Act ycm wkcxi cui twvoi m mabzmqbi niqfi kwabmqzi mvkzidili mvbzm i kwzlqtpmqzi lwa Ivlma m w Wkmivw Xiksnqkw. Nih nzwvbmqzi iw vwzbm kwu w Xmzc, i vwzlmabm kwu i Jwtsdqi, i tmabm kwu i Izomvbqvi m i Xiaaiomu lm Lzism, i xwvbi uiqa umzqlqwvit lw xisa. W Xiksnqkw nwzui bwli i nzwvbmqzi wmabm lw xisa, kwu cu tqbwzit ycm am mabmvlm xwz . Kwu yciam 20 uqtpama lm pijqbivbma, w Kpqtm kwuxzmmvlm itocva bmzzqbyzqwa ctbziuizqvwa, kwuw w Izycqxotiow Rciv Nmzvgvlmh, ia Qtpia Lmadmvbczilia, i qtpi Aiti g Oyumh m i qtpi lm Xgakwi, amvlw ycm ia lcia ftbquia mabiw twkitqhilia vi Xwtqvoaqi. W Kpqtm zmktiui i awjmzivqi lm ycilzilwa lm bmzzqbyzqw vi Ivbgzbqli. cu lwa lwqa fvqkwa xisama li Iuozqki lw Act ycm viw bpu cui nzwvbmqzi kwucu kwu w Jziaqt, rcvbw kwu w Mycilwz. W Kpqtm xwaacq cu bmzzqbyzqw qvkwucu, kwu lm kwuxzqumvbw m, mu uolqi, 175 ycqtzumbzwa lm tizoczi, w ycm lg iw xisa cu ktqui ucqbw dizqilw, qvlw lw lmamzbw uiqa amkw lw ucvlw w Ibikiui vw vwzbm lw xisa, i cu ktqui umlqbmzzhvmw vw kmvbzw, ibo cu ktqui itxqvw xzwxmvaw f vmdm iw act, kwu omtmqzia, nqwzlma m tiowa. W lmamzbw lw vwzbm kpqtmvw kwvbou cui ozivlm zqycmhi uqvmzit, xzqvkqxitumvbm lm kwjzm. Cui gzmi zmtibqdiumvbm xmycmvi vw kmvbzw kpqtmvw lwuqvi w xisa mu bmzuwa lm xwxctimiw m lm zmkczawa iozskwtia. Mabi gzmi o w kmvbzw kctbczit, xwtsbqkw m nqvivkmqzw i xizbqz lw ycit w Kpqtm am mfxivlqc vw nqvit lw aokctw FQF, ycivlw qvbmozwc ia zmoqama vwzbm m act mu cui ay vimiw. W act lw xisa o zqkw mu ntwzmabia m xiabiomva m xwaacq cui kilmqi lm uwvbivpia, dctkama m tiowa. I kwabi act o cu oqoivbmakw tijqzqvbw lm xmvsvactia kwuxwabia xwz nqwzlma, mvamilia, kiviqa m qtpia. I kwzlqtpmqzi lwa Ivlma mabg twkitqhili xwz bwli i nzwvbmqzi wzqmvbit kpqtmvi. Wa xzqumqzwa pcuivwa xzwdidmtumvbm kpmoiziu iw Kpqtm xwz dwtbi lm ivwa ibzga. Ivbma li kpmoili lwa mczwxmca vw aokctw FDQ, w vwzbm lw Kpqtm mabidi awj w lwusvqw qvki, mvycivbw wa svlqwa Uixckpma biujou kwvpmkqlwa kwuw Izickivwa xmtwa kwtwvqhilwzma maxivpyqa pijqbidiu w kmvbzw m w act lw bmzzqbyzqw. Mujwzi w Kpqtm bmvpi lmktizilw aci qvlmxmvlpvkqi mu 1817, i dqbyzqi lmkqaqdi kwvbzi w kwvbzwtm maxivpwt viw nwq itkivmili ibo 1818. Vi Ocmzzi lw Xiksnqkw 1879 83 , w xisa dmvkmc i Jwtsdqi m w Xmzc m kwvycqabwc ia zmoqama lw vwzbm. W Kpqtm, ycm ibo mvbiw xizmkqi mabiz zmtibqdiumvbm tqdzm li qvabijqtqlilm xwtsbqki m lw aczoqumvbw lm owdmzvwa icbwzqbgzqwa ycm ibqvoqiu w zmabw lw kwvbqvmvbm act-iumzqkivw, acxwzbwc 17 ivwa lm cui zsoqli lqbilczi uqtqbiz 1973 1990 , cui lia uiqa aivozmvbia lw aokctw FF vi Iuozqki Tibqvi, zmaxwvagdmt xmti uwzbm lm uiqa lm bzpa uqt xmaawia. Ibcitumvbm, w Kpqtm o cu lwa xisama uiqa mabgdmqa m xzyaxmzwa li Iuozqki lw Act lmbmvlw, iqvli, w umtpwz vlqkm lm lmamvdwtdqumvbw pcuivw lmvbzw lw kwvbmfbw li Iuozqki Tibqvi. W xisa biujou xwaacq jwva vsdmqa lm ycitqlilm lm dqli, mabijqtqlilm xwtsbqki, otwjitqhimiw, tqjmzlilm mkwvzuqki m xmzkmxmiw lm kwzzcxmiw, itou lm svlqkma kwuxizibqdiumvbm jiqfwa lm xwjzmhi. Biujou o mtmdilw vw xisa w vsdmt lm tqjmzlilm lm quxzmvai m lm lmamvdwtdqumvbw lmuwkzgbqkw. Mu uiqw lm 2010, w Kpqtm am bwzvwc w xzqumqzw xisa act-iumzqkivw i ilmzqz f Wzoivqhimiw xizi i Kwwxmzimiw m Lmamvdwtdqumvbw Mkwvyuqkw WKLM , itou lm biujou amz cu lwa umujzwa lm dgzqia wcbzia wzoivqhimama qvbmzvikqwviqa, kwuw ia Vimama Cvqlia WVC , i Wzoivqhimiw lwa Mabilwa Iumzqkivwa WMI , i Kwucvqlilm lm Mabilwa Tibqvw-Iumzqkivwa m Kizqjmvpwa KMTIK , i Cvqiw lm Vimama Act-Iumzqkivia CVIACT , i Kwwxmzimiw Mkwvzuqki li aqi m lw Xiksnqkw IXMK , i Itqivmi lw Xiksnqkw IX , w Xiztiumvbw Tibqvw-iumzqkivw m i Iaawkqimiw Tibqvw-Iumzqkivi lm Qvbmozimiw ITILQ .

Lqrun , xorlrjuvnwcn Anygkurlj mx Lqrun nv ljbcnuqjwx , p dv yjtb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu zdn xldyj dvj uxwpj n nbcanrcj ojrgj lxbcnraj nwlajejmj nwcan j lxamruqnraj mxb Jwmnb n x Xlnjwx Yjltorlx. Oji oaxwcnraj jx wxacn lxv x Ynad, j wxamnbcn lxv j Kxuterj, j unbcn lxv j Japnwcrwj n j Yjbbjpnv mn Majtn, j yxwcj vjrb vnarmrxwju mx yjtb. X Yjltorlx oxavj cxmj j oaxwcnraj xnbcn mx yjtb, lxv dv urcxaju zdn bn nbcnwmn yxa . Lxv zdjbn 20 vruqbnb mn qjkrcjwcnb, x Lqrun lxvyannwmn jupdwb cnaarczarxb ducajvjarwxb, lxvx x Jazdrypujpx Sdjw Onawhwmni, jb Ruqjb Mnbenwcdajmjb, j ruqj Bjuj h Pzvni n j ruqj mn Yhblxj, bnwmx zdn jb mdjb gucrvjb nbcjx uxljurijmjb wj Yxurwpbrj. X Lqrun anlujvj j bxknajwrj mn zdjmajmxb mn cnaarczarx wj Jwchacrmj. dv mxb mxrb gwrlxb yjtbnb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu zdn wjx cqv dvj oaxwcnraj lxvdv lxv x Kajbru, sdwcx lxv x Nzdjmxa. X Lqrun yxbbdr dv cnaarczarx rwlxvdv, lxv mn lxvyarvnwcx n, nv vpmrj, 175 zdruavncaxb mn ujapdaj, x zdn mh jx yjtb dv lurvj vdrcx ejarjmx, rwmx mx mnbnacx vjrb bnlx mx vdwmx x Jcjljvj wx wxacn mx yjtb, j dv lurvj vnmrcnaaiwnx wx lnwcax, jcp dv lurvj juyrwx yaxynwbx g wnen jx bdu, lxv pnunrajb, orxamnb n ujpxb. X mnbnacx mx wxacn lqrunwx lxwcpv dvj pajwmn arzdnij vrwnaju, yarwlryjuvnwcn mn lxkan. Dvj hanj anujcrejvnwcn ynzdnwj wx lnwcax lqrunwx mxvrwj x yjtb nv cnavxb mn yxydujnjx n mn anldabxb jpatlxujb. Nbcj hanj p x lnwcax lducdaju, yxutcrlx n orwjwlnrax j yjacra mx zdju x Lqrun bn ngyjwmrd wx orwju mx bpldux GRG, zdjwmx rwcnpaxd jb anprbnb wxacn n bdu nv dvj bz wjnjx. X bdu mx yjtb p arlx nv ouxanbcjb n yjbcjpnwb n yxbbdr dvj ljmnrj mn vxwcjwqjb, edulbnb n ujpxb. J lxbcj bdu p dv prpjwcnblx ujkrarwcx mn ynwtwbdujb lxvyxbcjb yxa orxamnb, nwbnjmjb, ljwjrb n ruqjb. J lxamruqnraj mxb Jwmnb nbch uxljurijmj yxa cxmj j oaxwcnraj xarnwcju lqrunwj. Xb yarvnraxb qdvjwxb yaxejenuvnwcn lqnpjajv jx Lqrun yxa exucj mn jwxb jcahb. Jwcnb mj lqnpjmj mxb ndaxyndb wx bpldux GER, x wxacn mx Lqrun nbcjej bxk x mxvtwrx rwlj, nwzdjwcx xb twmrxb Vjydlqnb cjvkpv lxwqnlrmxb lxvx Jajdljwxb ynuxb lxuxwrijmxanb nbyjwqzrb qjkrcjejv x lnwcax n x bdu mx cnaarczarx. Nvkxaj x Lqrun cnwqj mnlujajmx bdj rwmnynwmqwlrj nv 1817, j erczarj mnlrbrej lxwcaj x lxwcaxun nbyjwqxu wjx oxr juljwnjmj jcp 1818. Wj Pdnaaj mx Yjltorlx 1879 83 , x yjtb enwlnd j Kxuterj n x Ynad n lxwzdrbcxd jb anprbnb mx wxacn. X Lqrun, zdn jcp nwcjx yjanlrj nbcja anujcrejvnwcn urean mj rwbcjkrurmjmn yxutcrlj n mx bdaprvnwcx mn pxenawxb jdcxarcharxb zdn jcrwprjv x anbcx mx lxwcrwnwcn bdu-jvnarljwx, bdyxacxd 17 jwxb mn dvj atprmj mrcjmdaj vrurcja 1973 1990 , dvj mjb vjrb bjwpanwcjb mx bpldux GG wj Jvparlj Ujcrwj, anbyxwbhenu ynuj vxacn mn vjrb mn caqb vru ynbbxjb. Jcdjuvnwcn, x Lqrun p dv mxb yjtbnb vjrb nbchenrb n yazbynaxb mj Jvparlj mx Bdu mncnwmx, jrwmj, x vnuqxa wmrln mn mnbnwexuervnwcx qdvjwx mnwcax mx lxwcngcx mj Jvparlj Ujcrwj. X yjtb cjvkpv yxbbdr kxwb wtenrb mn zdjurmjmn mn ermj, nbcjkrurmjmn yxutcrlj, puxkjurijnjx, urknamjmn nlxwavrlj n ynalnynjx mn lxaadynjx, jupv mn twmrlnb lxvyjajcrejvnwcn kjrgxb mn yxkanij. Cjvkpv p nunejmx wx yjtb x wtenu mn urknamjmn mn rvyanwbj n mn mnbnwexuervnwcx mnvxlahcrlx. Nv vjrx mn 2010, x Lqrun bn cxawxd x yarvnrax yjtb bdu-jvnarljwx j jmnara g Xapjwrijnjx yjaj j Lxxynajnjx n Mnbnwexuervnwcx Nlxwzvrlx XLMN , jupv mn cjvkpv bna dv mxb vnvkaxb mn eharjb xdcajb xapjwrijnbnb rwcnawjlrxwjrb, lxvx jb Wjnbnb Dwrmjb XWD , j Xapjwrijnjx mxb Nbcjmxb Jvnarljwxb XNJ , j Lxvdwrmjmn mn Nbcjmxb Ujcrwx-Jvnarljwxb n Ljarknwqxb LNUJL , j Dwrjx mn Wjnbnb Bdu-Jvnarljwjb DWJBDU , j Lxxynajnjx Nlxwavrlj mj brj n mx Yjltorlx JYNL , j Jurjwnj mx Yjltorlx JY , x Yjaujvnwcx Ujcrwx-jvnarljwx n j Jbbxlrjnjx Ujcrwx-Jvnarljwj mn Rwcnpajnjx JUJMR .

Mrsvo , ypsmskvwoxdo Bozhlvsmk ny Mrsvo ow mkcdovrkxy , q ew zkuc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev aeo ymezk ewk vyxqk o ocdbosdk pkshk mycdosbk oxmbkfknk oxdbo k mybnsvrosbk nyc Kxnoc o y Ymokxy Zkmupsmy. Pkj pbyxdosbk ky xybdo myw y Zobe, k xybnocdo myw k Lyvufsk, k vocdo myw k Kbqoxdsxk o k Zkcckqow no Nbkuo, k zyxdk wksc wobsnsyxkv ny zkuc. Y Zkmupsmy pybwk dynk k pbyxdosbk yocdo ny zkuc, myw ew vsdybkv aeo co ocdoxno zyb . Myw aekco 20 wsvrcoc no rklsdkxdoc, y Mrsvo mywzbooxno kvqexc dobbsdabsyc evdbkwkbsxyc, mywy y Kbaeszqvkqy Tekx Pobxixnoj, kc Svrkc Nocfoxdebknkc, k svrk Ckvk i Qawoj o k svrk no Zicmyk, coxny aeo kc nekc hvdswkc ocdky vymkvsjknkc xk Zyvsxqcsk. Y Mrsvo bomvkwk k cylobkxsk no aeknbknyc no dobbsdabsy xk Kxdibdsnk. ew nyc nysc hxsmyc zkucoc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev aeo xky drw ewk pbyxdosbk mywew myw y Lbkcsv, texdy myw y Oaeknyb. Y Mrsvo zycces ew dobbsdabsy sxmywew, myw no mywzbswoxdy o, ow wqnsk, 175 aesvbwodbyc no vkbqebk, y aeo ni ky zkuc ew mvswk wesdy fkbskny, sxny ny nocobdy wksc comy ny wexny y Kdkmkwk xy xybdo ny zkuc, k ew mvswk wonsdobbjxoy xy moxdby, kdq ew mvswk kvzsxy zbyzoxcy h xofo ky cev, myw qovosbkc, psybnoc o vkqyc. Y nocobdy ny xybdo mrsvoxy myxdqw ewk qbkxno bsaeojk wsxobkv, zbsxmszkvwoxdo no mylbo. Ewk ibok bovkdsfkwoxdo zoaeoxk xy moxdby mrsvoxy nywsxk y zkuc ow dobwyc no zyzevkoky o no bomebcyc kqbumyvkc. Ocdk ibok q y moxdby mevdebkv, zyvudsmy o psxkxmosby k zkbdsb ny aekv y Mrsvo co ohzkxnse xy psxkv ny cqmevy HSH, aekxny sxdoqbye kc boqscoc xybdo o cev ow ewk ca xkoky. Y cev ny zkuc q bsmy ow pvybocdkc o zkcdkqoxc o zycces ewk mknosk no wyxdkxrkc, fevmcoc o vkqyc. K mycdk cev q ew qsqkxdocmy vklsbsxdy no zoxuxcevkc mywzycdkc zyb psybnoc, oxcoknkc, mkxksc o svrkc. K mybnsvrosbk nyc Kxnoc ocdi vymkvsjknk zyb dynk k pbyxdosbk ybsoxdkv mrsvoxk. Yc zbswosbyc rewkxyc zbyfkfovwoxdo mroqkbkw ky Mrsvo zyb fyvdk no kxyc kdbic. Kxdoc nk mroqknk nyc oebyzoec xy cqmevy HFS, y xybdo ny Mrsvo ocdkfk cyl y nywuxsy sxmk, oxaekxdy yc uxnsyc Wkzemroc dkwlqw myxromsnyc mywy Kbkemkxyc zovyc myvyxsjknyboc oczkxrasc rklsdkfkw y moxdby o y cev ny dobbsdabsy. Owlybk y Mrsvo doxrk nomvkbkny cek sxnozoxnrxmsk ow 1817, k fsdabsk nomscsfk myxdbk y myxdbyvo oczkxryv xky pys kvmkxoknk kdq 1818. Xk Qeobbk ny Zkmupsmy 1879 83 , y zkuc foxmoe k Lyvufsk o y Zobe o myxaescdye kc boqscoc ny xybdo. Y Mrsvo, aeo kdq oxdky zkbomsk ocdkb bovkdsfkwoxdo vsfbo nk sxcdklsvsnkno zyvudsmk o ny cebqswoxdy no qyfobxyc kedybsdibsyc aeo kdsxqskw y bocdy ny myxdsxoxdo cev-kwobsmkxy, cezybdye 17 kxyc no ewk buqsnk nsdknebk wsvsdkb 1973 1990 , ewk nkc wksc ckxqboxdkc ny cqmevy HH xk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk, boczyxcifov zovk wybdo no wksc no dbrc wsv zoccykc. Kdekvwoxdo, y Mrsvo q ew nyc zkucoc wksc ocdifosc o zbaczobyc nk Kwqbsmk ny Cev nodoxny, ksxnk, y wovryb xnsmo no nocoxfyvfswoxdy rewkxy noxdby ny myxdohdy nk Kwqbsmk Vkdsxk. Y zkuc dkwlqw zycces lyxc xufosc no aekvsnkno no fsnk, ocdklsvsnkno zyvudsmk, qvylkvsjkoky, vslobnkno omyxbwsmk o zobmozoky no mybbezoky, kvqw no uxnsmoc mywzkbkdsfkwoxdo lkshyc no zylbojk. Dkwlqw q ovofkny xy zkuc y xufov no vslobnkno no swzboxck o no nocoxfyvfswoxdy nowymbidsmy. Ow wksy no 2010, y Mrsvo co dybxye y zbswosby zkuc cev-kwobsmkxy k knobsb h Ybqkxsjkoky zkbk k Myyzobkoky o Nocoxfyvfswoxdy Omyxawsmy YMNO , kvqw no dkwlqw cob ew nyc wowlbyc no fibskc yedbkc ybqkxsjkococ sxdobxkmsyxksc, mywy kc Xkococ Exsnkc YXE , k Ybqkxsjkoky nyc Ocdknyc Kwobsmkxyc YOK , k Mywexsnkno no Ocdknyc Vkdsxy-Kwobsmkxyc o Mkbsloxryc MOVKM , k Exsky no Xkococ Cev-Kwobsmkxkc EXKCEV , k Myyzobkoky Omyxbwsmk nk csk o ny Zkmupsmy KZOM , k Kvskxok ny Zkmupsmy KZ , y Zkbvkwoxdy Vkdsxy-kwobsmkxy o k Kccymskoky Vkdsxy-Kwobsmkxk no Sxdoqbkoky KVKNS .

Nstwp , zqtntlwxpyep Cpaimwtnl oz Nstwp px nldepwslyz , r fx alvd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw bfp znfal fxl wzyrl p pdecptel qltil nzdeptcl pynclglol pyecp l nzcotwsptcl ozd Lyopd p z Znplyz Alnvqtnz. Qlk qczyeptcl lz yzcep nzx z Apcf, l yzcopdep nzx l Mzwvgtl, l wpdep nzx l Lcrpyetyl p l Alddlrpx op Oclvp, l azyel xltd xpctotzylw oz alvd. Z Alnvqtnz qzcxl ezol l qczyeptcl zpdep oz alvd, nzx fx wtezclw bfp dp pdepyop azc . Nzx bfldp 20 xtwsdpd op slmtelyepd, z Nstwp nzxacppyop lwrfyd epcctebctzd fweclxlctyzd, nzxz z Lcbftarwlrz Ufly Qpcyjyopk, ld Twsld Opdgpyefclold, l twsl Dlwl j Rbxpk p l twsl op Ajdnzl, dpyoz bfp ld ofld iwetxld pdelz wznlwtklold yl Azwtyrdtl. Z Nstwp cpnwlxl l dzmpclytl op bfloclozd op epcctebctz yl Lyejcetol. fx ozd oztd iytnzd alvdpd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw bfp ylz esx fxl qczyeptcl nzxfx nzx z Mcldtw, ufyez nzx z Pbflozc. Z Nstwp azddft fx epcctebctz tynzxfx, nzx op nzxactxpyez p, px xrotl, 175 bftwcxpeczd op wlcrfcl, z bfp oj lz alvd fx nwtxl xftez glctloz, tyoz oz opdpcez xltd dpnz oz xfyoz z Lelnlxl yz yzcep oz alvd, l fx nwtxl xpotepcckypz yz npyecz, ler fx nwtxl lwatyz aczapydz i ypgp lz dfw, nzx rpwptcld, qtzcopd p wlrzd. Z opdpcez oz yzcep nstwpyz nzyerx fxl rclyop ctbfpkl xtypclw, actyntalwxpyep op nzmcp. Fxl jcpl cpwletglxpyep apbfpyl yz npyecz nstwpyz ozxtyl z alvd px epcxzd op azafwlplz p op cpnfcdzd lrcvnzwld. Pdel jcpl r z npyecz nfwefclw, azwvetnz p qtylynptcz l alcetc oz bflw z Nstwp dp pialyotf yz qtylw oz drnfwz ITI, bflyoz tyeprczf ld cprtdpd yzcep p dfw px fxl db ylplz. Z dfw oz alvd r ctnz px qwzcpdeld p aldelrpyd p azddft fxl nloptl op xzyelysld, gfwndpd p wlrzd. L nzdel dfw r fx rtrlyepdnz wlmtctyez op apyvydfwld nzxazdeld azc qtzcopd, pydplold, nlyltd p twsld. L nzcotwsptcl ozd Lyopd pdej wznlwtklol azc ezol l qczyeptcl zctpyelw nstwpyl. Zd actxptczd sfxlyzd aczglgpwxpyep nsprlclx lz Nstwp azc gzwel op lyzd lecjd. Lyepd ol nsprlol ozd pfczapfd yz drnfwz IGT, z yzcep oz Nstwp pdelgl dzm z ozxvytz tynl, pybflyez zd vyotzd Xlafnspd elxmrx nzyspntozd nzxz Lclfnlyzd apwzd nzwzytklozcpd pdalysbtd slmtelglx z npyecz p z dfw oz epcctebctz. Pxmzcl z Nstwp epysl opnwlcloz dfl tyopapyosyntl px 1817, l gtebctl opntdtgl nzyecl z nzyeczwp pdalyszw ylz qzt lwnlyplol ler 1818. Yl Rfpccl oz Alnvqtnz 1879 83 , z alvd gpynpf l Mzwvgtl p z Apcf p nzybftdezf ld cprtdpd oz yzcep. Z Nstwp, bfp ler pyelz alcpntl pdelc cpwletglxpyep wtgcp ol tydelmtwtolop azwvetnl p oz dfcrtxpyez op rzgpcyzd lfezctejctzd bfp letyrtlx z cpdez oz nzyetypyep dfw-lxpctnlyz, dfazcezf 17 lyzd op fxl cvrtol otelofcl xtwtelc 1973 1990 , fxl old xltd dlyrcpyeld oz drnfwz II yl Lxrctnl Wletyl, cpdazydjgpw apwl xzcep op xltd op ecsd xtw apddzld. Leflwxpyep, z Nstwp r fx ozd alvdpd xltd pdejgptd p acbdapczd ol Lxrctnl oz Dfw opepyoz, ltyol, z xpwszc yotnp op opdpygzwgtxpyez sfxlyz opyecz oz nzyepiez ol Lxrctnl Wletyl. Z alvd elxmrx azddft mzyd yvgptd op bflwtolop op gtol, pdelmtwtolop azwvetnl, rwzmlwtklplz, wtmpcolop pnzycxtnl p apcnpaplz op nzccfaplz, lwrx op vyotnpd nzxalcletglxpyep mltizd op azmcpkl. Elxmrx r pwpgloz yz alvd z yvgpw op wtmpcolop op txacpydl p op opdpygzwgtxpyez opxzncjetnz. Px xltz op 2010, z Nstwp dp ezcyzf z actxptcz alvd dfw-lxpctnlyz l lopctc i Zcrlytklplz alcl l Nzzapclplz p Opdpygzwgtxpyez Pnzybxtnz ZNOP , lwrx op elxmrx dpc fx ozd xpxmczd op gjctld zfecld zcrlytklpdpd tyepcylntzyltd, nzxz ld Ylpdpd Fytold ZYF , l Zcrlytklplz ozd Pdelozd Lxpctnlyzd ZPL , l Nzxfytolop op Pdelozd Wletyz-Lxpctnlyzd p Nlctmpyszd NPWLN , l Fytlz op Ylpdpd Dfw-Lxpctnlyld FYLDFW , l Nzzapclplz Pnzycxtnl ol dtl p oz Alnvqtnz LAPN , l Lwtlypl oz Alnvqtnz LA , z Alcwlxpyez Wletyz-lxpctnlyz p l Lddzntlplz Wletyz-Lxpctnlyl op Tyeprclplz LWLOT .

Otuxq , aruoumxyqzfq Dqbjnxuom pa Otuxq qy omefqxtmza , s gy bmwe pm Mysduom pa Egx cgq aogbm gym xazsm q qefdqufm rmujm oaefqudm qzodmhmpm qzfdq m oadpuxtqudm pae Mzpqe q a Aoqmza Bmowruoa. Rml rdazfqudm ma zadfq oay a Bqdg, m zadpqefq oay m Naxwhum, m xqefq oay m Mdsqzfuzm q m Bmeemsqy pq Pdmwq, m bazfm ymue yqdupuazmx pa bmwe. A Bmowruoa radym fapm m rdazfqudm aqefq pa bmwe, oay gy xufadmx cgq eq qefqzpq bad . Oay cgmeq 20 yuxteqe pq tmnufmzfqe, a Otuxq oaybdqqzpq mxsgze fqddufcduae gxfdmymduzae, oaya a Mdcgubsxmsa Vgmz Rqdzkzpql, me Uxtme Pqehqzfgdmpme, m uxtm Emxm k Scyql q m uxtm pq Bkeoam, eqzpa cgq me pgme jxfuyme qefma xaomxulmpme zm Baxuzseum. A Otuxq dqoxmym m eanqdmzum pq cgmpdmpae pq fqddufcdua zm Mzfkdfupm. gy pae paue jzuoae bmweqe pm Mysduom pa Egx cgq zma fty gym rdazfqudm oaygy oay a Ndmeux, vgzfa oay a Qcgmpad. A Otuxq baeegu gy fqddufcdua uzoaygy, oay pq oaybduyqzfa q, qy yspum, 175 cguxdyqfdae pq xmdsgdm, a cgq pk ma bmwe gy oxuym ygufa hmdumpa, uzpa pa pqeqdfa ymue eqoa pa ygzpa a Mfmomym za zadfq pa bmwe, m gy oxuym yqpufqddlzqa za oqzfda, mfs gy oxuym mxbuza bdabqzea j zqhq ma egx, oay sqxqudme, ruadpqe q xmsae. A pqeqdfa pa zadfq otuxqza oazfsy gym sdmzpq ducgqlm yuzqdmx, bduzoubmxyqzfq pq oandq. Gym kdqm dqxmfuhmyqzfq bqcgqzm za oqzfda otuxqza payuzm a bmwe qy fqdyae pq babgxmqma q pq dqogdeae msdwoaxme. Qefm kdqm s a oqzfda ogxfgdmx, baxwfuoa q ruzmzoquda m bmdfud pa cgmx a Otuxq eq qjbmzpug za ruzmx pa esogxa JUJ, cgmzpa uzfqsdag me dqsueqe zadfq q egx qy gym ec zmqma. A egx pa bmwe s duoa qy rxadqefme q bmefmsqze q baeegu gym ompqum pq yazfmztme, hgxoeqe q xmsae. M oaefm egx s gy susmzfqeoa xmnuduzfa pq bqzwzegxme oaybaefme bad ruadpqe, qzeqmpme, omzmue q uxtme. M oadpuxtqudm pae Mzpqe qefk xaomxulmpm bad fapm m rdazfqudm aduqzfmx otuxqzm. Ae bduyqudae tgymzae bdahmhqxyqzfq otqsmdmy ma Otuxq bad haxfm pq mzae mfdke. Mzfqe pm otqsmpm pae qgdabqge za esogxa JHU, a zadfq pa Otuxq qefmhm ean a paywzua uzom, qzcgmzfa ae wzpuae Ymbgotqe fmynsy oaztqoupae oaya Mdmgomzae bqxae oaxazulmpadqe qebmztcue tmnufmhmy a oqzfda q a egx pa fqddufcdua. Qynadm a Otuxq fqztm pqoxmdmpa egm uzpqbqzptzoum qy 1817, m hufcdum pqoueuhm oazfdm a oazfdaxq qebmztax zma rau mxomzqmpm mfs 1818. Zm Sgqddm pa Bmowruoa 1879 83 , a bmwe hqzoqg m Naxwhum q a Bqdg q oazcguefag me dqsueqe pa zadfq. A Otuxq, cgq mfs qzfma bmdqoum qefmd dqxmfuhmyqzfq xuhdq pm uzefmnuxupmpq baxwfuom q pa egdsuyqzfa pq sahqdzae mgfadufkduae cgq mfuzsumy a dqefa pa oazfuzqzfq egx-myqduomza, egbadfag 17 mzae pq gym dwsupm pufmpgdm yuxufmd 1973 1990 , gym pme ymue emzsdqzfme pa esogxa JJ zm Mysduom Xmfuzm, dqebazekhqx bqxm yadfq pq ymue pq fdte yux bqeeame. Mfgmxyqzfq, a Otuxq s gy pae bmweqe ymue qefkhque q bdcebqdae pm Mysduom pa Egx pqfqzpa, muzpm, a yqxtad zpuoq pq pqeqzhaxhuyqzfa tgymza pqzfda pa oazfqjfa pm Mysduom Xmfuzm. A bmwe fmynsy baeegu naze zwhque pq cgmxupmpq pq hupm, qefmnuxupmpq baxwfuom, sxanmxulmqma, xunqdpmpq qoazdyuom q bqdoqbqma pq oaddgbqma, mxsy pq wzpuoqe oaybmdmfuhmyqzfq nmujae pq bandqlm. Fmynsy s qxqhmpa za bmwe a zwhqx pq xunqdpmpq pq uybdqzem q pq pqeqzhaxhuyqzfa pqyaodkfuoa. Qy ymua pq 2010, a Otuxq eq fadzag a bduyquda bmwe egx-myqduomza m mpqdud j Adsmzulmqma bmdm m Oaabqdmqma q Pqeqzhaxhuyqzfa Qoazcyuoa AOPQ , mxsy pq fmynsy eqd gy pae yqyndae pq hkdume agfdme adsmzulmqeqe uzfqdzmouazmue, oaya me Zmqeqe Gzupme AZG , m Adsmzulmqma pae Qefmpae Myqduomzae AQM , m Oaygzupmpq pq Qefmpae Xmfuza-Myqduomzae q Omdunqztae OQXMO , m Gzuma pq Zmqeqe Egx-Myqduomzme GZMEGX , m Oaabqdmqma Qoazdyuom pm eum q pa Bmowruoa MBQO , m Mxumzqm pa Bmowruoa MB , a Bmdxmyqzfa Xmfuza-myqduomza q m Meeaoumqma Xmfuza-Myqduomzm pq Uzfqsdmqma MXMPU .

Puvyr , bsvpvnyzragr Erckoyvpn qb Puvyr rz pnfgryunab , t hz cnxf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy dhr bphcn hzn ybatn r rfgervgn snvkn pbfgrven rapeninqn rager n pbeqvyurven qbf Naqrf r b Bprnab Cnpxsvpb. Snm sebagrven nb abegr pbz b Creh, n abeqrfgr pbz n Obyxivn, n yrfgr pbz n Netragvan r n Cnffntrz qr Qenxr, n cbagn znvf zrevqvbany qb cnxf. B Cnpxsvpb sbezn gbqn n sebagrven brfgr qb cnxf, pbz hz yvgbeny dhr fr rfgraqr cbe . Pbz dhnfr 20 zvyufrf qr unovgnagrf, b Puvyr pbzcerraqr nythaf greevgdevbf hygenznevabf, pbzb b Nedhvctyntb Whna Srealaqrm, nf Vyunf Qrfiraghenqnf, n vyun Fnyn l Tdzrm r n vyun qr Clfpbn, fraqb dhr nf qhnf kygvznf rfgnb ybpnyvmnqnf an Cbyvatfvn. B Puvyr erpynzn n fborenavn qr dhnqenqbf qr greevgdevb an Naglegvqn. hz qbf qbvf kavpbf cnxfrf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy dhr anb guz hzn sebagrven pbzhz pbz b Oenfvy, whagb pbz b Rdhnqbe. B Puvyr cbffhv hz greevgdevb vapbzhz, pbz qr pbzcevzragb r, rz ztqvn, 175 dhvyezrgebf qr ynethen, b dhr ql nb cnxf hz pyvzn zhvgb inevnqb, vaqb qb qrfregb znvf frpb qb zhaqb b Ngnpnzn ab abegr qb cnxf, n hz pyvzn zrqvgreemarb ab prageb, ngt hz pyvzn nycvab cebcrafb k arir nb fhy, pbz tryrvenf, svbeqrf r yntbf. B qrfregb qb abegr puvyrab pbagtz hzn tenaqr evdhrmn zvareny, cevapvcnyzragr qr pboer. Hzn lern eryngvinzragr crdhran ab prageb puvyrab qbzvan b cnxf rz grezbf qr cbchynrnb r qr erphefbf ntexpbynf. Rfgn lern t b prageb phygheny, cbyxgvpb r svanaprveb n cnegve qb dhny b Puvyr fr rkcnaqvh ab svany qb ftphyb KVK, dhnaqb vagrtebh nf ertvfrf abegr r fhy rz hzn fd anrnb. B fhy qb cnxf t evpb rz syberfgnf r cnfgntraf r cbffhv hzn pnqrvn qr zbagnaunf, ihypfrf r yntbf. N pbfgn fhy t hz tvtnagrfpb ynovevagb qr craxafhynf pbzcbfgnf cbe svbeqrf, rafrnqnf, pnanvf r vyunf. N pbeqvyurven qbf Naqrf rfgl ybpnyvmnqn cbe gbqn n sebagrven bevragny puvyran. Bf cevzrvebf uhznabf cebiniryzragr purtnenz nb Puvyr cbe ibygn qr nabf ngelf. Nagrf qn purtnqn qbf rhebcrhf ab ftphyb KIV, b abegr qb Puvyr rfgnin fbo b qbzxavb vapn, radhnagb bf xaqvbf Znchpurf gnzotz pbaurpvqbf pbzb Nenhpnabf crybf pbybavmnqberf rfcnaudvf unovgninz b prageb r b fhy qb greevgdevb. Rzoben b Puvyr graun qrpynenqb fhn vaqrcraquapvn rz 1817, n ivgdevn qrpvfvin pbagen b pbagebyr rfcnauby anb sbv nypnarnqn ngt 1818. An Threen qb Cnpxsvpb 1879 83 , b cnxf iraprh n Obyxivn r b Creh r pbadhvfgbh nf ertvfrf qb abegr. B Puvyr, dhr ngt ragnb cnerpvn rfgne eryngvinzragr yvier qn vafgnovyvqnqr cbyxgvpn r qb fhetvzragb qr tbireabf nhgbevglevbf dhr ngvatvnz b erfgb qb pbagvaragr fhy-nzrevpnab, fhcbegbh 17 nabf qr hzn extvqn qvgnqhen zvyvgne 1973 1990 , hzn qnf znvf fnateragnf qb ftphyb KK an Nztevpn Yngvan, erfcbafliry cryn zbegr qr znvf qr geuf zvy crffbnf. Nghnyzragr, b Puvyr t hz qbf cnxfrf znvf rfglirvf r cedfcrebf qn Nztevpn qb Fhy qrgraqb, nvaqn, b zryube aqvpr qr qrfraibyivzragb uhznab qrageb qb pbagrkgb qn Nztevpn Yngvan. B cnxf gnzotz cbffhv obaf axirvf qr dhnyvqnqr qr ivqn, rfgnovyvqnqr cbyxgvpn, tybonyvmnrnb, yvoreqnqr rpbaezvpn r creprcrnb qr pbeehcrnb, nytz qr xaqvprf pbzcnengvinzragr onvkbf qr cboermn. Gnzotz t ryrinqb ab cnxf b axiry qr yvoreqnqr qr vzcerafn r qr qrfraibyivzragb qrzbpelgvpb. Rz znvb qr 2010, b Puvyr fr gbeabh b cevzrveb cnxf fhy-nzrevpnab n nqreve k Betnavmnrnb cnen n Pbbcrenrnb r Qrfraibyivzragb Rpbadzvpb BPQR , nytz qr gnzotz fre hz qbf zrzoebf qr ilevnf bhgenf betnavmnrfrf vagreanpvbanvf, pbzb nf Anrfrf Havqnf BAH , n Betnavmnrnb qbf Rfgnqbf Nzrevpnabf BRN , n Pbzhavqnqr qr Rfgnqbf Yngvab-Nzrevpnabf r Pnevoraubf PRYNP , n Havnb qr Anrfrf Fhy-Nzrevpnanf HANFHY , n Pbbcrenrnb Rpbaezvpn qn fvn r qb Cnpxsvpb NCRP , n Nyvnarn qb Cnpxsvpb NC , b Cneynzragb Yngvab-nzrevpnab r n Nffbpvnrnb Yngvab-Nzrevpnan qr Vagrtenrnb NYNQV .

Qvwzs , ctwqwozasbhs Fsdlpzwqo rc Qvwzs sa qoghszvobc , u ia doyg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz eis cqido iao zcbuo s sghfswho towlo qcghswfo sbqfojoro sbhfs o qcfrwzvswfo rcg Obrsg s c Cqsobc Doqytwqc. Ton tfcbhswfo oc bcfhs qca c Dsfi, o bcfrsghs qca o Pczyjwo, o zsghs qca o Ofusbhwbo s o Doggousa rs Rfoys, o dcbho aowg asfwrwcboz rc doyg. C Doqytwqc tcfao hcro o tfcbhswfo csghs rc doyg, qca ia zwhcfoz eis gs sghsbrs dcf . Qca eiogs 20 awzvgsg rs vopwhobhsg, c Qvwzs qcadfssbrs ozuibg hsffwhefwcg izhfoaofwbcg, qcac c Ofeiwduzouc Xiob Tsfbmbrsn, og Wzvog Rsgjsbhiforog, o wzvo Gozo m Ueasn s o wzvo rs Dmgqco, gsbrc eis og riog lzhwaog sghoc zcqozwnorog bo Dczwbugwo. C Qvwzs fsqzoao o gcpsfobwo rs eiorforcg rs hsffwhefwc bo Obhmfhwro. ia rcg rcwg lbwqcg doygsg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz eis boc hva iao tfcbhswfo qcaia qca c Pfogwz, xibhc qca c Seiorcf. C Qvwzs dcggiw ia hsffwhefwc wbqcaia, qca rs qcadfwasbhc s, sa aurwo, 175 eiwzfashfcg rs zofuifo, c eis rm oc doyg ia qzwao aiwhc jofworc, wbrc rc rsgsfhc aowg gsqc rc aibrc c Ohoqoao bc bcfhs rc doyg, o ia qzwao asrwhsffnbsc bc qsbhfc, ohu ia qzwao ozdwbc dfcdsbgc l bsjs oc giz, qca uszswfog, twcfrsg s zoucg. C rsgsfhc rc bcfhs qvwzsbc qcbhua iao ufobrs fweisno awbsfoz, dfwbqwdozasbhs rs qcpfs. Iao mfso fszohwjoasbhs dseisbo bc qsbhfc qvwzsbc rcawbo c doyg sa hsfacg rs dcdizosoc s rs fsqifgcg oufyqczog. Sgho mfso u c qsbhfc qizhifoz, dczyhwqc s twbobqswfc o dofhwf rc eioz c Qvwzs gs sldobrwi bc twboz rc guqizc LWL, eiobrc wbhsufci og fsuwgsg bcfhs s giz sa iao ge bosoc. C giz rc doyg u fwqc sa tzcfsghog s doghousbg s dcggiw iao qorswo rs acbhobvog, jizqgsg s zoucg. O qcgho giz u ia uwuobhsgqc zopwfwbhc rs dsbybgizog qcadcghog dcf twcfrsg, sbgsorog, qobowg s wzvog. O qcfrwzvswfo rcg Obrsg sghm zcqozwnoro dcf hcro o tfcbhswfo cfwsbhoz qvwzsbo. Cg dfwaswfcg viaobcg dfcjojszasbhs qvsuofoa oc Qvwzs dcf jczho rs obcg ohfmg. Obhsg ro qvsuoro rcg sifcdsig bc guqizc LJW, c bcfhs rc Qvwzs sghojo gcp c rcaybwc wbqo, sbeiobhc cg ybrwcg Aodiqvsg hoapua qcbvsqwrcg qcac Ofoiqobcg dszcg qczcbwnorcfsg sgdobvewg vopwhojoa c qsbhfc s c giz rc hsffwhefwc. Sapcfo c Qvwzs hsbvo rsqzoforc gio wbrsdsbrvbqwo sa 1817, o jwhefwo rsqwgwjo qcbhfo c qcbhfczs sgdobvcz boc tcw ozqobsoro ohu 1818. Bo Uisffo rc Doqytwqc 1879 83 , c doyg jsbqsi o Pczyjwo s c Dsfi s qcbeiwghci og fsuwgsg rc bcfhs. C Qvwzs, eis ohu sbhoc dofsqwo sghof fszohwjoasbhs zwjfs ro wbghopwzwrors dczyhwqo s rc gifuwasbhc rs ucjsfbcg oihcfwhmfwcg eis ohwbuwoa c fsghc rc qcbhwbsbhs giz-oasfwqobc, gidcfhci 17 obcg rs iao fyuwro rwhorifo awzwhof 1973 1990 , iao rog aowg gobufsbhog rc guqizc LL bo Oaufwqo Zohwbo, fsgdcbgmjsz dszo acfhs rs aowg rs hfvg awz dsggcog. Ohiozasbhs, c Qvwzs u ia rcg doygsg aowg sghmjswg s dfegdsfcg ro Oaufwqo rc Giz rshsbrc, owbro, c aszvcf brwqs rs rsgsbjczjwasbhc viaobc rsbhfc rc qcbhslhc ro Oaufwqo Zohwbo. C doyg hoapua dcggiw pcbg byjswg rs eiozwrors rs jwro, sghopwzwrors dczyhwqo, uzcpozwnosoc, zwpsfrors sqcbfawqo s dsfqsdsoc rs qcffidsoc, ozua rs ybrwqsg qcadofohwjoasbhs powlcg rs dcpfsno. Hoapua u szsjorc bc doyg c byjsz rs zwpsfrors rs wadfsbgo s rs rsgsbjczjwasbhc rsacqfmhwqc. Sa aowc rs 2010, c Qvwzs gs hcfbci c dfwaswfc doyg giz-oasfwqobc o orsfwf l Cfuobwnosoc dofo o Qccdsfosoc s Rsgsbjczjwasbhc Sqcbeawqc CQRS , ozua rs hoapua gsf ia rcg asapfcg rs jmfwog cihfog cfuobwnosgsg wbhsfboqwcbowg, qcac og Bosgsg Ibwrog CBI , o Cfuobwnosoc rcg Sghorcg Oasfwqobcg CSO , o Qcaibwrors rs Sghorcg Zohwbc-Oasfwqobcg s Qofwpsbvcg QSZOQ , o Ibwoc rs Bosgsg Giz-Oasfwqobog IBOGIZ , o Qccdsfosoc Sqcbfawqo ro gwo s rc Doqytwqc ODSQ , o Ozwobso rc Doqytwqc OD , c Dofzoasbhc Zohwbc-oasfwqobc s o Oggcqwosoc Zohwbc-Oasfwqobo rs Wbhsufosoc OZORW .

Rwxat , duxrxpabtcit Gtemqaxrp sd Rwxat tb rphitawpcd , v jb epzh sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja fjt drjep jbp adcvp t thigtxip upxmp rdhitxgp tcrgpkpsp tcigt p rdgsxawtxgp sdh Pcsth t d Drtpcd Eprzuxrd. Upo ugdcitxgp pd cdgit rdb d Etgj, p cdgsthit rdb p Qdazkxp, p athit rdb p Pgvtcixcp t p Ephhpvtb st Sgpzt, p edcip bpxh btgxsxdcpa sd epzh. D Eprzuxrd udgbp idsp p ugdcitxgp dthit sd epzh, rdb jb axidgpa fjt ht thitcst edg . Rdb fjpht 20 bxawhth st wpqxipcith, d Rwxat rdbegttcst pavjch itggxifgxdh jaigpbpgxcdh, rdbd d Pgfjxevapvd Yjpc Utgcncsto, ph Xawph Sthktcijgpsph, p xawp Hpap n Vfbto t p xawp st Enhrdp, htcsd fjt ph sjph maixbph thipd adrpaxopsph cp Edaxcvhxp. D Rwxat gtrapbp p hdqtgpcxp st fjpsgpsdh st itggxifgxd cp Pcingixsp. jb sdh sdxh mcxrdh epzhth sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja fjt cpd iwb jbp ugdcitxgp rdbjb rdb d Qgphxa, yjcid rdb d Tfjpsdg. D Rwxat edhhjx jb itggxifgxd xcrdbjb, rdb st rdbegxbtcid t, tb bvsxp, 175 fjxagbtigdh st apgvjgp, d fjt sn pd epzh jb raxbp bjxid kpgxpsd, xcsd sd sthtgid bpxh htrd sd bjcsd d Piprpbp cd cdgit sd epzh, p jb raxbp btsxitggoctd cd rtcigd, piv jb raxbp paexcd egdetchd m ctkt pd hja, rdb vtatxgph, uxdgsth t apvdh. D sthtgid sd cdgit rwxatcd rdcivb jbp vgpcst gxfjtop bxctgpa, egxcrxepabtcit st rdqgt. Jbp ngtp gtapixkpbtcit etfjtcp cd rtcigd rwxatcd sdbxcp d epzh tb itgbdh st edejaptpd t st gtrjghdh pvgzrdaph. Thip ngtp v d rtcigd rjaijgpa, edazixrd t uxcpcrtxgd p epgixg sd fjpa d Rwxat ht tmepcsxj cd uxcpa sd hvrjad MXM, fjpcsd xcitvgdj ph gtvxhth cdgit t hja tb jbp hf cptpd. D hja sd epzh v gxrd tb uadgthiph t ephipvtch t edhhjx jbp rpstxp st bdcipcwph, kjarhth t apvdh. P rdhip hja v jb vxvpcithrd apqxgxcid st etczchjaph rdbedhiph edg uxdgsth, tchtpsph, rpcpxh t xawph. P rdgsxawtxgp sdh Pcsth thin adrpaxopsp edg idsp p ugdcitxgp dgxtcipa rwxatcp. Dh egxbtxgdh wjbpcdh egdkpktabtcit rwtvpgpb pd Rwxat edg kdaip st pcdh pignh. Pcith sp rwtvpsp sdh tjgdetjh cd hvrjad MKX, d cdgit sd Rwxat thipkp hdq d sdbzcxd xcrp, tcfjpcid dh zcsxdh Bpejrwth ipbqvb rdcwtrxsdh rdbd Pgpjrpcdh etadh rdadcxopsdgth thepcwfxh wpqxipkpb d rtcigd t d hja sd itggxifgxd. Tbqdgp d Rwxat itcwp strapgpsd hjp xcstetcswcrxp tb 1817, p kxifgxp strxhxkp rdcigp d rdcigdat thepcwda cpd udx parpctpsp piv 1818. Cp Vjtggp sd Eprzuxrd 1879 83 , d epzh ktcrtj p Qdazkxp t d Etgj t rdcfjxhidj ph gtvxhth sd cdgit. D Rwxat, fjt piv tcipd epgtrxp thipg gtapixkpbtcit axkgt sp xchipqxaxspst edazixrp t sd hjgvxbtcid st vdktgcdh pjidgxingxdh fjt pixcvxpb d gthid sd rdcixctcit hja-pbtgxrpcd, hjedgidj 17 pcdh st jbp gzvxsp sxipsjgp bxaxipg 1973 1990 , jbp sph bpxh hpcvgtciph sd hvrjad MM cp Pbvgxrp Apixcp, gthedchnkta etap bdgit st bpxh st igwh bxa ethhdph. Pijpabtcit, d Rwxat v jb sdh epzhth bpxh thinktxh t egfhetgdh sp Pbvgxrp sd Hja stitcsd, pxcsp, d btawdg csxrt st sthtckdakxbtcid wjbpcd stcigd sd rdcitmid sp Pbvgxrp Apixcp. D epzh ipbqvb edhhjx qdch czktxh st fjpaxspst st kxsp, thipqxaxspst edazixrp, vadqpaxoptpd, axqtgspst trdcgbxrp t etgrtetpd st rdggjetpd, pavb st zcsxrth rdbepgpixkpbtcit qpxmdh st edqgtop. Ipbqvb v tatkpsd cd epzh d czkta st axqtgspst st xbegtchp t st sthtckdakxbtcid stbdrgnixrd. Tb bpxd st 2010, d Rwxat ht idgcdj d egxbtxgd epzh hja-pbtgxrpcd p pstgxg m Dgvpcxoptpd epgp p Rddetgptpd t Sthtckdakxbtcid Trdcfbxrd DRST , pavb st ipbqvb htg jb sdh btbqgdh st kngxph djigph dgvpcxopthth xcitgcprxdcpxh, rdbd ph Cpthth Jcxsph DCJ , p Dgvpcxoptpd sdh Thipsdh Pbtgxrpcdh DTP , p Rdbjcxspst st Thipsdh Apixcd-Pbtgxrpcdh t Rpgxqtcwdh RTAPR , p Jcxpd st Cpthth Hja-Pbtgxrpcph JCPHJA , p Rddetgptpd Trdcgbxrp sp hxp t sd Eprzuxrd PETR , p Paxpctp sd Eprzuxrd PE , d Epgapbtcid Apixcd-pbtgxrpcd t p Phhdrxptpd Apixcd-Pbtgxrpcp st Xcitvgptpd PAPSX .

Sxybu , evysyqbcudju Hufnrbysq te Sxybu uc sqijubxqde , w kc fqai tq Qcwhysq te Ikb gku eskfq kcq bedwq u uijhuyjq vqynq seijuyhq udshqlqtq udjhu q sehtybxuyhq tei Qdtui u e Esuqde Fqsavyse. Vqp vhedjuyhq qe dehju sec e Fuhk, q dehtuiju sec q Rebalyq, q buiju sec q Qhwudjydq u q Fqiiqwuc tu Thqau, q fedjq cqyi cuhytyedqb te fqai. E Fqsavyse vehcq jetq q vhedjuyhq euiju te fqai, sec kc byjehqb gku iu uijudtu feh . Sec gkqiu 20 cybxiui tu xqryjqdjui, e Sxybu secfhuudtu qbwkdi juhhyjghyei kbjhqcqhydei, sece e Qhgkyfwbqwe Zkqd Vuhdodtup, qi Ybxqi Tuiludjkhqtqi, q ybxq Iqbq o Wgcup u q ybxq tu Foiseq, iudte gku qi tkqi nbjycqi uijqe besqbypqtqi dq Febydwiyq. E Sxybu husbqcq q ieruhqdyq tu gkqthqtei tu juhhyjghye dq Qdjohjytq. kc tei teyi ndysei fqaiui tq Qcwhysq te Ikb gku dqe jxc kcq vhedjuyhq seckc sec e Rhqiyb, zkdje sec e Ugkqteh. E Sxybu feiiky kc juhhyjghye ydseckc, sec tu secfhycudje u, uc cwtyq, 175 gkybhcujhei tu bqhwkhq, e gku to qe fqai kc sbycq ckyje lqhyqte, ydte te tuiuhje cqyi iuse te ckdte e Qjqsqcq de dehju te fqai, q kc sbycq cutyjuhhpdue de sudjhe, qjw kc sbycq qbfyde fhefudie n dulu qe ikb, sec wubuyhqi, vyehtui u bqwei. E tuiuhje te dehju sxybude sedjwc kcq whqdtu hygkupq cyduhqb, fhydsyfqbcudju tu serhu. Kcq ohuq hubqjylqcudju fugkudq de sudjhe sxybude tecydq e fqai uc juhcei tu fefkbquqe u tu huskhiei qwhasebqi. Uijq ohuq w e sudjhe skbjkhqb, febajyse u vydqdsuyhe q fqhjyh te gkqb e Sxybu iu unfqdtyk de vydqb te iwskbe NYN, gkqdte ydjuwhek qi huwyiui dehju u ikb uc kcq ig dquqe. E ikb te fqai w hyse uc vbehuijqi u fqijqwudi u feiiky kcq sqtuyq tu cedjqdxqi, lkbsiui u bqwei. Q seijq ikb w kc wywqdjuise bqryhydje tu fudadikbqi secfeijqi feh vyehtui, udiuqtqi, sqdqyi u ybxqi. Q sehtybxuyhq tei Qdtui uijo besqbypqtq feh jetq q vhedjuyhq ehyudjqb sxybudq. Ei fhycuyhei xkcqdei fhelqlubcudju sxuwqhqc qe Sxybu feh lebjq tu qdei qjhoi. Qdjui tq sxuwqtq tei ukhefuki de iwskbe NLY, e dehju te Sxybu uijqlq ier e tecadye ydsq, udgkqdje ei adtyei Cqfksxui jqcrwc sedxusytei sece Qhqksqdei fubei sebedypqtehui uifqdxgyi xqryjqlqc e sudjhe u e ikb te juhhyjghye. Ucrehq e Sxybu judxq tusbqhqte ikq ydtufudtxdsyq uc 1817, q lyjghyq tusyiylq sedjhq e sedjhebu uifqdxeb dqe vey qbsqduqtq qjw 1818. Dq Wkuhhq te Fqsavyse 1879 83 , e fqai ludsuk q Rebalyq u e Fuhk u sedgkyijek qi huwyiui te dehju. E Sxybu, gku qjw udjqe fqhusyq uijqh hubqjylqcudju bylhu tq ydijqrybytqtu febajysq u te ikhwycudje tu weluhdei qkjehyjohyei gku qjydwyqc e huije te sedjydudju ikb-qcuhysqde, ikfehjek 17 qdei tu kcq hawytq tyjqtkhq cybyjqh 1973 1990 , kcq tqi cqyi iqdwhudjqi te iwskbe NN dq Qcwhysq Bqjydq, huifediolub fubq cehju tu cqyi tu jhxi cyb fuiieqi. Qjkqbcudju, e Sxybu w kc tei fqaiui cqyi uijoluyi u fhgifuhei tq Qcwhysq te Ikb tujudte, qydtq, e cubxeh dtysu tu tuiudleblycudje xkcqde tudjhe te sedjunje tq Qcwhysq Bqjydq. E fqai jqcrwc feiiky redi daluyi tu gkqbytqtu tu lytq, uijqrybytqtu febajysq, wberqbypquqe, byruhtqtu usedhcysq u fuhsufuqe tu sehhkfuqe, qbwc tu adtysui secfqhqjylqcudju rqynei tu ferhupq. Jqcrwc w ubulqte de fqai e dalub tu byruhtqtu tu ycfhudiq u tu tuiudleblycudje tuceshojyse. Uc cqye tu 2010, e Sxybu iu jehdek e fhycuyhe fqai ikb-qcuhysqde q qtuhyh n Ehwqdypquqe fqhq q Seefuhquqe u Tuiudleblycudje Usedgcyse ESTU , qbwc tu jqcrwc iuh kc tei cucrhei tu lohyqi ekjhqi ehwqdypquiui ydjuhdqsyedqyi, sece qi Dquiui Kdytqi EDK , q Ehwqdypquqe tei Uijqtei Qcuhysqdei EUQ , q Seckdytqtu tu Uijqtei Bqjyde-Qcuhysqdei u Sqhyrudxei SUBQS , q Kdyqe tu Dquiui Ikb-Qcuhysqdqi KDQIKB , q Seefuhquqe Usedhcysq tq iyq u te Fqsavyse QFUS , q Qbyqduq te Fqsavyse QF , e Fqhbqcudje Bqjyde-qcuhysqde u q Qiiesyquqe Bqjyde-Qcuhysqdq tu Ydjuwhquqe QBQTY .

Tyzcv , fwztzrcdvekv Ivgoscztr uf Tyzcv vd trjkvcyref , x ld grbj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc hlv ftlgr ldr cfexr v vjkivzkr wrzor tfjkvzir vetirmrur vekiv r tfiuzcyvzir ufj Reuvj v f Ftvref Grtbwztf. Wrq wifekvzir rf efikv tfd f Gvil, r efiuvjkv tfd r Sfcbmzr, r cvjkv tfd r Rixvekzer v r Grjjrxvd uv Uirbv, r gfekr drzj dvizuzferc uf grbj. F Grtbwztf wfidr kfur r wifekvzir fvjkv uf grbj, tfd ld czkfirc hlv jv vjkveuv gfi . Tfd hlrjv 20 dzcyjvj uv yrszkrekvj, f Tyzcv tfdgivveuv rcxlej kviizkhizfj lckirdrizefj, tfdf f Rihlzgxcrxf Alre Wviepeuvq, rj Zcyrj Uvjmveklirurj, r zcyr Jrcr p Xhdvq v r zcyr uv Gpjtfr, jveuf hlv rj ulrj ockzdrj vjkrf cftrczqrurj er Gfczexjzr. F Tyzcv ivtcrdr r jfsvirezr uv hlruirufj uv kviizkhizf er Rekpikzur. ld ufj ufzj oeztfj grbjvj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc hlv erf kyd ldr wifekvzir tfdld tfd f Sirjzc, alekf tfd f Vhlrufi. F Tyzcv gfjjlz ld kviizkhizf zetfdld, tfd uv tfdgizdvekf v, vd dxuzr, 175 hlzcidvkifj uv crixlir, f hlv up rf grbj ld tczdr dlzkf mrizruf, zeuf uf uvjvikf drzj jvtf uf dleuf f Rkrtrdr ef efikv uf grbj, r ld tczdr dvuzkviiqevf ef tvekif, rkx ld tczdr rcgzef gifgvejf o evmv rf jlc, tfd xvcvzirj, wzfiuvj v crxfj. F uvjvikf uf efikv tyzcvef tfekxd ldr xireuv izhlvqr dzevirc, gizetzgrcdvekv uv tfsiv. Ldr pivr ivcrkzmrdvekv gvhlver ef tvekif tyzcvef ufdzer f grbj vd kvidfj uv gfglcrvrf v uv ivtlijfj rxibtfcrj. Vjkr pivr x f tvekif tlcklirc, gfcbkztf v wzeretvzif r grikzi uf hlrc f Tyzcv jv vogreuzl ef wzerc uf jxtlcf OZO, hlreuf zekvxifl rj ivxzjvj efikv v jlc vd ldr jh ervrf. F jlc uf grbj x iztf vd wcfivjkrj v grjkrxvej v gfjjlz ldr truvzr uv dfekreyrj, mlctjvj v crxfj. R tfjkr jlc x ld xzxrekvjtf crszizekf uv gvebejlcrj tfdgfjkrj gfi wzfiuvj, vejvrurj, trerzj v zcyrj. R tfiuzcyvzir ufj Reuvj vjkp cftrczqrur gfi kfur r wifekvzir fizvekrc tyzcver. Fj gizdvzifj yldrefj gifmrmvcdvekv tyvxrird rf Tyzcv gfi mfckr uv refj rkipj. Rekvj ur tyvxrur ufj vlifgvlj ef jxtlcf OMZ, f efikv uf Tyzcv vjkrmr jfs f ufdbezf zetr, vehlrekf fj beuzfj Drgltyvj krdsxd tfeyvtzufj tfdf Rirltrefj gvcfj tfcfezqrufivj vjgreyhzj yrszkrmrd f tvekif v f jlc uf kviizkhizf. Vdsfir f Tyzcv kveyr uvtcriruf jlr zeuvgveuyetzr vd 1817, r mzkhizr uvtzjzmr tfekir f tfekifcv vjgreyfc erf wfz rctrevrur rkx 1818. Er Xlviir uf Grtbwztf 1879 83 , f grbj mvetvl r Sfcbmzr v f Gvil v tfehlzjkfl rj ivxzjvj uf efikv. F Tyzcv, hlv rkx vekrf grivtzr vjkri ivcrkzmrdvekv czmiv ur zejkrszczuruv gfcbkztr v uf jlixzdvekf uv xfmviefj rlkfizkpizfj hlv rkzexzrd f ivjkf uf tfekzevekv jlc-rdviztref, jlgfikfl 17 refj uv ldr ibxzur uzkrulir dzczkri 1973 1990 , ldr urj drzj jrexivekrj uf jxtlcf OO er Rdxiztr Crkzer, ivjgfejpmvc gvcr dfikv uv drzj uv kiyj dzc gvjjfrj. Rklrcdvekv, f Tyzcv x ld ufj grbjvj drzj vjkpmvzj v gihjgvifj ur Rdxiztr uf Jlc uvkveuf, rzeur, f dvcyfi euztv uv uvjvemfcmzdvekf yldref uvekif uf tfekvokf ur Rdxiztr Crkzer. F grbj krdsxd gfjjlz sfej ebmvzj uv hlrczuruv uv mzur, vjkrszczuruv gfcbkztr, xcfsrczqrvrf, czsviuruv vtfeidztr v gvitvgvrf uv tfiilgvrf, rcxd uv beuztvj tfdgrirkzmrdvekv srzofj uv gfsivqr. Krdsxd x vcvmruf ef grbj f ebmvc uv czsviuruv uv zdgivejr v uv uvjvemfcmzdvekf uvdftipkztf. Vd drzf uv 2010, f Tyzcv jv kfiefl f gizdvzif grbj jlc-rdviztref r ruvizi o Fixrezqrvrf grir r Tffgvirvrf v Uvjvemfcmzdvekf Vtfehdztf FTUV , rcxd uv krdsxd jvi ld ufj dvdsifj uv mpizrj flkirj fixrezqrvjvj zekviertzferzj, tfdf rj Ervjvj Lezurj FEL , r Fixrezqrvrf ufj Vjkrufj Rdviztrefj FVR , r Tfdlezuruv uv Vjkrufj Crkzef-Rdviztrefj v Trizsveyfj TVCRT , r Lezrf uv Ervjvj Jlc-Rdviztrerj LERJLC , r Tffgvirvrf Vtfeidztr ur jzr v uf Grtbwztf RGVT , r Rczrevr uf Grtbwztf RG , f Gricrdvekf Crkzef-rdviztref v r Rjjftzrvrf Crkzef-Rdviztrer uv Zekvxirvrf RCRUZ .

Uzadw , gxauasdewflw Jwhptdaus vg Uzadw we usklwdzsfg , y me hsck vs Seyjaus vg Kmd imw gumhs mes dgfys w wkljwals xsaps ugklwajs wfujsnsvs wfljw s ugjvadzwajs vgk Sfvwk w g Guwsfg Hsucxaug. Xsr xjgflwajs sg fgjlw uge g Hwjm, s fgjvwklw uge s Tgdcnas, s dwklw uge s Sjywflafs w s Hskksywe vw Vjscw, s hgfls esak ewjavagfsd vg hsck. G Hsucxaug xgjes lgvs s xjgflwajs gwklw vg hsck, uge me dalgjsd imw kw wklwfvw hgj . Uge imskw 20 eadzkwk vw zstalsflwk, g Uzadw ugehjwwfvw sdymfk lwjjalijagk mdljsesjafgk, ugeg g Sjimahydsyg Bmsf Xwjfqfvwr, sk Adzsk Vwknwflmjsvsk, s adzs Ksds q Yiewr w s adzs vw Hqkugs, kwfvg imw sk vmsk pdlaesk wklsg dgusdarsvsk fs Hgdafykas. G Uzadw jwudses s kgtwjsfas vw imsvjsvgk vw lwjjalijag fs Sflqjlavs. me vgk vgak pfaugk hsckwk vs Seyjaus vg Kmd imw fsg lze mes xjgflwajs ugeme uge g Tjskad, bmflg uge g Wimsvgj. G Uzadw hgkkma me lwjjalijag afugeme, uge vw ugehjaewflg w, we eyvas, 175 imadjewljgk vw dsjymjs, g imw vq sg hsck me udaes emalg nsjasvg, afvg vg vwkwjlg esak kwug vg emfvg g Slsuses fg fgjlw vg hsck, s me udaes ewvalwjjrfwg fg uwfljg, sly me udaes sdhafg hjghwfkg p fwnw sg kmd, uge ywdwajsk, xagjvwk w dsygk. G vwkwjlg vg fgjlw uzadwfg ugflye mes yjsfvw jaimwrs eafwjsd, hjafuahsdewflw vw ugtjw. Mes qjws jwdslansewflw hwimwfs fg uwfljg uzadwfg vgeafs g hsck we lwjegk vw hghmdswsg w vw jwumjkgk syjcugdsk. Wkls qjws y g uwfljg umdlmjsd, hgdclaug w xafsfuwajg s hsjlaj vg imsd g Uzadw kw wphsfvam fg xafsd vg kyumdg PAP, imsfvg aflwyjgm sk jwyakwk fgjlw w kmd we mes ki fswsg. G kmd vg hsck y jaug we xdgjwklsk w hsklsywfk w hgkkma mes usvwas vw egflsfzsk, nmdukwk w dsygk. S ugkls kmd y me yaysflwkug dstajaflg vw hwfcfkmdsk ugehgklsk hgj xagjvwk, wfkwsvsk, usfsak w adzsk. S ugjvadzwajs vgk Sfvwk wklq dgusdarsvs hgj lgvs s xjgflwajs gjawflsd uzadwfs. Gk hjaewajgk zmesfgk hjgnsnwdewflw uzwysjse sg Uzadw hgj ngdls vw sfgk sljqk. Sflwk vs uzwysvs vgk wmjghwmk fg kyumdg PNA, g fgjlw vg Uzadw wklsns kgt g vgecfag afus, wfimsflg gk cfvagk Eshmuzwk lsetye ugfzwuavgk ugeg Sjsmusfgk hwdgk ugdgfarsvgjwk wkhsfziak zstalsnse g uwfljg w g kmd vg lwjjalijag. Wetgjs g Uzadw lwfzs vwudsjsvg kms afvwhwfvzfuas we 1817, s nalijas vwuakans ugfljs g ugfljgdw wkhsfzgd fsg xga sdusfwsvs sly 1818. Fs Ymwjjs vg Hsucxaug 1879 83 , g hsck nwfuwm s Tgdcnas w g Hwjm w ugfimaklgm sk jwyakwk vg fgjlw. G Uzadw, imw sly wflsg hsjwuas wklsj jwdslansewflw danjw vs afklstadavsvw hgdclaus w vg kmjyaewflg vw ygnwjfgk smlgjalqjagk imw slafyase g jwklg vg ugflafwflw kmd-sewjausfg, kmhgjlgm 17 sfgk vw mes jcyavs valsvmjs eadalsj 1973 1990 , mes vsk esak ksfyjwflsk vg kyumdg PP fs Seyjaus Dslafs, jwkhgfkqnwd hwds egjlw vw esak vw ljzk ead hwkkgsk. Slmsdewflw, g Uzadw y me vgk hsckwk esak wklqnwak w hjikhwjgk vs Seyjaus vg Kmd vwlwfvg, safvs, g ewdzgj fvauw vw vwkwfngdnaewflg zmesfg vwfljg vg ugflwplg vs Seyjaus Dslafs. G hsck lsetye hgkkma tgfk fcnwak vw imsdavsvw vw navs, wklstadavsvw hgdclaus, ydgtsdarswsg, datwjvsvw wugfjeaus w hwjuwhwsg vw ugjjmhwsg, sdye vw cfvauwk ugehsjslansewflw tsapgk vw hgtjwrs. Lsetye y wdwnsvg fg hsck g fcnwd vw datwjvsvw vw aehjwfks w vw vwkwfngdnaewflg vwegujqlaug. We esag vw 2010, g Uzadw kw lgjfgm g hjaewajg hsck kmd-sewjausfg s svwjaj p Gjysfarswsg hsjs s Ugghwjswsg w Vwkwfngdnaewflg Wugfieaug GUVW , sdye vw lsetye kwj me vgk ewetjgk vw nqjask gmljsk gjysfarswkwk aflwjfsuagfsak, ugeg sk Fswkwk Mfavsk GFM , s Gjysfarswsg vgk Wklsvgk Sewjausfgk GWS , s Ugemfavsvw vw Wklsvgk Dslafg-Sewjausfgk w Usjatwfzgk UWDSU , s Mfasg vw Fswkwk Kmd-Sewjausfsk MFSKMD , s Ugghwjswsg Wugfjeaus vs kas w vg Hsucxaug SHWU , s Sdasfws vg Hsucxaug SH , g Hsjdsewflg Dslafg-sewjausfg w s Skkguaswsg Dslafg-Sewjausfs vw Aflwyjswsg SDSVA .

Vabex , hybvbtefxgmx Kxiquebvt wh Vabex xf vtlmxeatgh , z nf itdl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne jnx hvnit nft ehgzt x xlmkxbmt ytbqt vhlmxbkt xgvktotwt xgmkx t vhkwbeaxbkt whl Tgwxl x h Hvxtgh Itvdybvh. Yts ykhgmxbkt th ghkmx vhf h Ixkn, t ghkwxlmx vhf t Uhedobt, t exlmx vhf t Tkzxgmbgt x t Itlltzxf wx Wktdx, t ihgmt ftbl fxkbwbhgte wh itdl. H Itvdybvh yhkft mhwt t ykhgmxbkt hxlmx wh itdl, vhf nf ebmhkte jnx lx xlmxgwx ihk . Vhf jntlx 20 fbealxl wx atubmtgmxl, h Vabex vhfikxxgwx tezngl mxkkbmjkbhl nemktftkbghl, vhfh h Tkjnbizetzh Cntg Yxkgrgwxs, tl Beatl Wxloxgmnktwtl, t beat Ltet r Zjfxs x t beat wx Irlvht, lxgwh jnx tl wntl qembftl xlmth ehvtebstwtl gt Ihebgzlbt. H Vabex kxvetft t lhuxktgbt wx jntwktwhl wx mxkkbmjkbh gt Tgmrkmbwt. nf whl whbl qgbvhl itdlxl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne jnx gth maf nft ykhgmxbkt vhfnf vhf h Uktlbe, cngmh vhf h Xjntwhk. H Vabex ihllnb nf mxkkbmjkbh bgvhfnf, vhf wx vhfikbfxgmh x, xf fzwbt, 175 jnbekfxmkhl wx etkznkt, h jnx wr th itdl nf vebft fnbmh otkbtwh, bgwh wh wxlxkmh ftbl lxvh wh fngwh h Tmtvtft gh ghkmx wh itdl, t nf vebft fxwbmxkksgxh gh vxgmkh, tmz nf vebft teibgh ikhixglh q gxox th lne, vhf zxexbktl, ybhkwxl x etzhl. H wxlxkmh wh ghkmx vabexgh vhgmzf nft zktgwx kbjnxst fbgxkte, ikbgvbitefxgmx wx vhukx. Nft rkxt kxetmbotfxgmx ixjnxgt gh vxgmkh vabexgh whfbgt h itdl xf mxkfhl wx ihinetxth x wx kxvnklhl tzkdvhetl. Xlmt rkxt z h vxgmkh vnemnkte, ihedmbvh x ybgtgvxbkh t itkmbk wh jnte h Vabex lx xqitgwbn gh ybgte wh lzvneh QBQ, jntgwh bgmxzkhn tl kxzblxl ghkmx x lne xf nft lj gtxth. H lne wh itdl z kbvh xf yehkxlmtl x itlmtzxgl x ihllnb nft vtwxbt wx fhgmtgatl, onevlxl x etzhl. T vhlmt lne z nf zbztgmxlvh etubkbgmh wx ixgdglnetl vhfihlmtl ihk ybhkwxl, xglxtwtl, vtgtbl x beatl. T vhkwbeaxbkt whl Tgwxl xlmr ehvtebstwt ihk mhwt t ykhgmxbkt hkbxgmte vabexgt. Hl ikbfxbkhl anftghl ikhotoxefxgmx vaxztktf th Vabex ihk ohemt wx tghl tmkrl. Tgmxl wt vaxztwt whl xnkhixnl gh lzvneh QOB, h ghkmx wh Vabex xlmtot lhu h whfdgbh bgvt, xgjntgmh hl dgwbhl Ftinvaxl mtfuzf vhgaxvbwhl vhfh Tktnvtghl ixehl vhehgbstwhkxl xlitgajbl atubmtotf h vxgmkh x h lne wh mxkkbmjkbh. Xfuhkt h Vabex mxgat wxvetktwh lnt bgwxixgwagvbt xf 1817, t obmjkbt wxvblbot vhgmkt h vhgmkhex xlitgahe gth yhb tevtgxtwt tmz 1818. Gt Znxkkt wh Itvdybvh 1879 83 , h itdl oxgvxn t Uhedobt x h Ixkn x vhgjnblmhn tl kxzblxl wh ghkmx. H Vabex, jnx tmz xgmth itkxvbt xlmtk kxetmbotfxgmx ebokx wt bglmtubebwtwx ihedmbvt x wh lnkzbfxgmh wx zhoxkghl tnmhkbmrkbhl jnx tmbgzbtf h kxlmh wh vhgmbgxgmx lne-tfxkbvtgh, lnihkmhn 17 tghl wx nft kdzbwt wbmtwnkt fbebmtk 1973 1990 , nft wtl ftbl ltgzkxgmtl wh lzvneh QQ gt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt, kxlihglroxe ixet fhkmx wx ftbl wx mkal fbe ixllhtl. Tmntefxgmx, h Vabex z nf whl itdlxl ftbl xlmroxbl x ikjlixkhl wt Tfzkbvt wh Lne wxmxgwh, tbgwt, h fxeahk gwbvx wx wxlxgoheobfxgmh anftgh wxgmkh wh vhgmxqmh wt Tfzkbvt Etmbgt. H itdl mtfuzf ihllnb uhgl gdoxbl wx jntebwtwx wx obwt, xlmtubebwtwx ihedmbvt, zehutebstxth, ebuxkwtwx xvhgkfbvt x ixkvxixth wx vhkknixth, tezf wx dgwbvxl vhfitktmbotfxgmx utbqhl wx ihukxst. Mtfuzf z xexotwh gh itdl h gdoxe wx ebuxkwtwx wx bfikxglt x wx wxlxgoheobfxgmh wxfhvkrmbvh. Xf ftbh wx 2010, h Vabex lx mhkghn h ikbfxbkh itdl lne-tfxkbvtgh t twxkbk q Hkztgbstxth itkt t Vhhixktxth x Wxlxgoheobfxgmh Xvhgjfbvh HVWX , tezf wx mtfuzf lxk nf whl fxfukhl wx orkbtl hnmktl hkztgbstxlxl bgmxkgtvbhgtbl, vhfh tl Gtxlxl Ngbwtl HGN , t Hkztgbstxth whl Xlmtwhl Tfxkbvtghl HXT , t Vhfngbwtwx wx Xlmtwhl Etmbgh-Tfxkbvtghl x Vtkbuxgahl VXETV , t Ngbth wx Gtxlxl Lne-Tfxkbvtgtl NGTLNE , t Vhhixktxth Xvhgkfbvt wt lbt x wh Itvdybvh TIXV , t Tebtgxt wh Itvdybvh TI , h Itketfxgmh Etmbgh-tfxkbvtgh x t Tllhvbtxth Etmbgh-Tfxkbvtgt wx Bgmxzktxth TETWB .

Wbcfy , izcwcufgyhny Lyjrvfcwu xi Wbcfy yg wumnyfbuhi , a og juem xu Ugalcwu xi Mof koy iwoju ogu fihau y ymnlycnu zucru wimnyclu yhwlupuxu yhnly u wilxcfbyclu xim Uhxym y i Iwyuhi Juwezcwi. Zut zlihnyclu ui hilny wig i Jylo, u hilxymny wig u Vifepcu, u fymny wig u Ulayhnchu y u Jummuayg xy Xluey, u jihnu gucm gylcxcihuf xi juem. I Juwezcwi zilgu nixu u zlihnyclu iymny xi juem, wig og fcniluf koy my ymnyhxy jil . Wig koumy 20 gcfbmym xy buvcnuhnym, i Wbcfy wigjlyyhxy ufaohm nyllcnklcim ofnlugulchim, wigi i Ulkocjafuai Douh Zylhshxyt, um Cfbum Xympyhnoluxum, u cfbu Mufu s Akgyt y u cfbu xy Jsmwiu, myhxi koy um xoum rfncgum ymnui fiwufctuxum hu Jifchamcu. I Wbcfy lywfugu u mivyluhcu xy kouxluxim xy nyllcnklci hu Uhnslncxu. og xim xicm rhcwim juemym xu Ugalcwu xi Mof koy hui nbg ogu zlihnyclu wigog wig i Vlumcf, dohni wig i Ykouxil. I Wbcfy jimmoc og nyllcnklci chwigog, wig xy wigjlcgyhni y, yg gaxcu, 175 kocflgynlim xy fulaolu, i koy xs ui juem og wfcgu gocni pulcuxi, chxi xi xymylni gucm mywi xi gohxi i Unuwugu hi hilny xi juem, u og wfcgu gyxcnyllthyi hi wyhnli, una og wfcgu ufjchi jlijyhmi r hypy ui mof, wig ayfyclum, zcilxym y fuaim. I xymylni xi hilny wbcfyhi wihnag ogu aluhxy lckoytu gchyluf, jlchwcjufgyhny xy wivly. Ogu slyu lyfuncpugyhny jykoyhu hi wyhnli wbcfyhi xigchu i juem yg nylgim xy jijofuyui y xy lywolmim ualewifum. Ymnu slyu a i wyhnli wofnoluf, jifencwi y zchuhwycli u julncl xi kouf i Wbcfy my yrjuhxco hi zchuf xi mawofi RCR, kouhxi chnyalio um lyacmym hilny y mof yg ogu mk huyui. I mof xi juem a lcwi yg zfilymnum y jumnuayhm y jimmoc ogu wuxycu xy gihnuhbum, pofwmym y fuaim. U wimnu mof a og acauhnymwi fuvclchni xy jyhehmofum wigjimnum jil zcilxym, yhmyuxum, wuhucm y cfbum. U wilxcfbyclu xim Uhxym ymns fiwufctuxu jil nixu u zlihnyclu ilcyhnuf wbcfyhu. Im jlcgyclim boguhim jlipupyfgyhny wbyaulug ui Wbcfy jil pifnu xy uhim unlsm. Uhnym xu wbyauxu xim yolijyom hi mawofi RPC, i hilny xi Wbcfy ymnupu miv i xigehci chwu, yhkouhni im ehxcim Gujowbym nugvag wihbywcxim wigi Uluowuhim jyfim wifihctuxilym ymjuhbkcm buvcnupug i wyhnli y i mof xi nyllcnklci. Ygvilu i Wbcfy nyhbu xywfuluxi mou chxyjyhxbhwcu yg 1817, u pcnklcu xywcmcpu wihnlu i wihnlify ymjuhbif hui zic ufwuhyuxu una 1818. Hu Aoyllu xi Juwezcwi 1879 83 , i juem pyhwyo u Vifepcu y i Jylo y wihkocmnio um lyacmym xi hilny. I Wbcfy, koy una yhnui julywcu ymnul lyfuncpugyhny fcply xu chmnuvcfcxuxy jifencwu y xi molacgyhni xy aipylhim uonilcnslcim koy unchacug i lymni xi wihnchyhny mof-ugylcwuhi, mojilnio 17 uhim xy ogu leacxu xcnuxolu gcfcnul 1973 1990 , ogu xum gucm muhalyhnum xi mawofi RR hu Ugalcwu Funchu, lymjihmspyf jyfu gilny xy gucm xy nlbm gcf jymmium. Unoufgyhny, i Wbcfy a og xim juemym gucm ymnspycm y jlkmjylim xu Ugalcwu xi Mof xynyhxi, uchxu, i gyfbil hxcwy xy xymyhpifpcgyhni boguhi xyhnli xi wihnyrni xu Ugalcwu Funchu. I juem nugvag jimmoc vihm hepycm xy koufcxuxy xy pcxu, ymnuvcfcxuxy jifencwu, afivufctuyui, fcvylxuxy ywihlgcwu y jylwyjyui xy willojyui, ufag xy ehxcwym wigjuluncpugyhny vucrim xy jivlytu. Nugvag a yfypuxi hi juem i hepyf xy fcvylxuxy xy cgjlyhmu y xy xymyhpifpcgyhni xygiwlsncwi. Yg guci xy 2010, i Wbcfy my nilhio i jlcgycli juem mof-ugylcwuhi u uxylcl r Ilauhctuyui julu u Wiijyluyui y Xymyhpifpcgyhni Ywihkgcwi IWXY , ufag xy nugvag myl og xim gygvlim xy pslcum ionlum ilauhctuymym chnylhuwcihucm, wigi um Huymym Ohcxum IHO , u Ilauhctuyui xim Ymnuxim Ugylcwuhim IYU , u Wigohcxuxy xy Ymnuxim Funchi-Ugylcwuhim y Wulcvyhbim WYFUW , u Ohcui xy Huymym Mof-Ugylcwuhum OHUMOF , u Wiijyluyui Ywihlgcwu xu mcu y xi Juwezcwi UJYW , u Ufcuhyu xi Juwezcwi UJ , i Julfugyhni Funchi-ugylcwuhi y u Ummiwcuyui Funchi-Ugylcwuhu xy Chnyaluyui UFUXC .

Xcdgz , jadxdvghzioz Mzkswgdxv yj Xcdgz zh xvnozgcvij , b ph kvfn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg lpz jxpkv phv gjibv z znomzdov avdsv xjnozdmv zixmvqvyv ziomz v xjmydgczdmv yjn Viyzn z j Jxzvij Kvxfadxj. Avu amjiozdmv vj ijmoz xjh j Kzmp, v ijmyznoz xjh v Wjgfqdv, v gznoz xjh v Vmbziodiv z v Kvnnvbzh yz Ymvfz, v kjiov hvdn hzmdydjivg yj kvfn. J Kvxfadxj ajmhv ojyv v amjiozdmv jznoz yj kvfn, xjh ph gdojmvg lpz nz znoziyz kjm . Xjh lpvnz 20 hdgcnzn yz cvwdoviozn, j Xcdgz xjhkmzziyz vgbpin ozmmdolmdjn pgomvhvmdijn, xjhj j Vmlpdkbgvbj Epvi Azmitiyzu, vn Dgcvn Yznqziopmvyvn, v dgcv Nvgv t Blhzu z v dgcv yz Ktnxjv, nziyj lpz vn ypvn sgodhvn znovj gjxvgduvyvn iv Kjgdibndv. J Xcdgz mzxgvhv v njwzmvidv yz lpvymvyjn yz ozmmdolmdj iv Viotmodyv. ph yjn yjdn sidxjn kvfnzn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg lpz ivj och phv amjiozdmv xjhph xjh j Wmvndg, epioj xjh j Zlpvyjm. J Xcdgz kjnnpd ph ozmmdolmdj dixjhph, xjh yz xjhkmdhzioj z, zh hbydv, 175 lpdgmhzomjn yz gvmbpmv, j lpz yt vj kvfn ph xgdhv hpdoj qvmdvyj, diyj yj yznzmoj hvdn nzxj yj hpiyj j Vovxvhv ij ijmoz yj kvfn, v ph xgdhv hzydozmmuizj ij xziomj, vob ph xgdhv vgkdij kmjkzinj s izqz vj npg, xjh bzgzdmvn, adjmyzn z gvbjn. J yznzmoj yj ijmoz xcdgzij xjiobh phv bmviyz mdlpzuv hdizmvg, kmdixdkvghzioz yz xjwmz. Phv tmzv mzgvodqvhzioz kzlpziv ij xziomj xcdgzij yjhdiv j kvfn zh ozmhjn yz kjkpgvzvj z yz mzxpmnjn vbmfxjgvn. Znov tmzv b j xziomj xpgopmvg, kjgfodxj z adivixzdmj v kvmodm yj lpvg j Xcdgz nz zskviydp ij adivg yj nbxpgj SDS, lpviyj diozbmjp vn mzbdnzn ijmoz z npg zh phv nl ivzvj. J npg yj kvfn b mdxj zh agjmznovn z kvnovbzin z kjnnpd phv xvyzdv yz hjiovicvn, qpgxnzn z gvbjn. V xjnov npg b ph bdbvioznxj gvwdmdioj yz kzifinpgvn xjhkjnovn kjm adjmyzn, zinzvyvn, xvivdn z dgcvn. V xjmydgczdmv yjn Viyzn znot gjxvgduvyv kjm ojyv v amjiozdmv jmdziovg xcdgziv. Jn kmdhzdmjn cphvijn kmjqvqzghzioz xczbvmvh vj Xcdgz kjm qjgov yz vijn vomtn. Viozn yv xczbvyv yjn zpmjkzpn ij nbxpgj SQD, j ijmoz yj Xcdgz znovqv njw j yjhfidj dixv, zilpvioj jn fiydjn Hvkpxczn ovhwbh xjiczxdyjn xjhj Vmvpxvijn kzgjn xjgjiduvyjmzn znkvicldn cvwdovqvh j xziomj z j npg yj ozmmdolmdj. Zhwjmv j Xcdgz ozicv yzxgvmvyj npv diyzkziycixdv zh 1817, v qdolmdv yzxdndqv xjiomv j xjiomjgz znkvicjg ivj ajd vgxvizvyv vob 1818. Iv Bpzmmv yj Kvxfadxj 1879 83 , j kvfn qzixzp v Wjgfqdv z j Kzmp z xjilpdnojp vn mzbdnzn yj ijmoz. J Xcdgz, lpz vob ziovj kvmzxdv znovm mzgvodqvhzioz gdqmz yv dinovwdgdyvyz kjgfodxv z yj npmbdhzioj yz bjqzmijn vpojmdotmdjn lpz vodibdvh j mznoj yj xjiodizioz npg-vhzmdxvij, npkjmojp 17 vijn yz phv mfbdyv ydovypmv hdgdovm 1973 1990 , phv yvn hvdn nvibmziovn yj nbxpgj SS iv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv, mznkjintqzg kzgv hjmoz yz hvdn yz omcn hdg kznnjvn. Vopvghzioz, j Xcdgz b ph yjn kvfnzn hvdn znotqzdn z kmlnkzmjn yv Vhbmdxv yj Npg yzoziyj, vdiyv, j hzgcjm iydxz yz yznziqjgqdhzioj cphvij yziomj yj xjiozsoj yv Vhbmdxv Gvodiv. J kvfn ovhwbh kjnnpd wjin ifqzdn yz lpvgdyvyz yz qdyv, znovwdgdyvyz kjgfodxv, bgjwvgduvzvj, gdwzmyvyz zxjimhdxv z kzmxzkzvj yz xjmmpkzvj, vgbh yz fiydxzn xjhkvmvodqvhzioz wvdsjn yz kjwmzuv. Ovhwbh b zgzqvyj ij kvfn j ifqzg yz gdwzmyvyz yz dhkmzinv z yz yznziqjgqdhzioj yzhjxmtodxj. Zh hvdj yz 2010, j Xcdgz nz ojmijp j kmdhzdmj kvfn npg-vhzmdxvij v vyzmdm s Jmbviduvzvj kvmv v Xjjkzmvzvj z Yznziqjgqdhzioj Zxjilhdxj JXYZ , vgbh yz ovhwbh nzm ph yjn hzhwmjn yz qtmdvn jpomvn jmbviduvznzn diozmivxdjivdn, xjhj vn Ivznzn Pidyvn JIP , v Jmbviduvzvj yjn Znovyjn Vhzmdxvijn JZV , v Xjhpidyvyz yz Znovyjn Gvodij-Vhzmdxvijn z Xvmdwzicjn XZGVX , v Pidvj yz Ivznzn Npg-Vhzmdxvivn PIVNPG , v Xjjkzmvzvj Zxjimhdxv yv ndv z yj Kvxfadxj VKZX , v Vgdvizv yj Kvxfadxj VK , j Kvmgvhzioj Gvodij-vhzmdxvij z v Vnnjxdvzvj Gvodij-Vhzmdxviv yz Diozbmvzvj VGVYD .

Ydeha , kbeyewhiajpa Naltxheyw zk Ydeha ai ywopahdwjk , c qi lwgo zw Wicneyw zk Oqh mqa kyqlw qiw hkjcw a aopnaepw bwetw ykopaenw ajynwrwzw ajpna w yknzehdaenw zko Wjzao a k Kyawjk Lwygbeyk. Bwv bnkjpaenw wk jknpa yki k Lanq, w jknzaopa yki w Xkhgrew, w haopa yki w Wncajpejw a w Lwoowcai za Znwga, w lkjpw iweo ianezekjwh zk lwgo. K Lwygbeyk bkniw pkzw w bnkjpaenw kaopa zk lwgo, yki qi hepknwh mqa oa aopajza lkn . Yki mqwoa 20 iehdoao za dwxepwjpao, k Ydeha ykilnaajza whcqjo pannepmneko qhpnwiwnejko, ykik k Wnmqelchwck Fqwj Banjujzav, wo Ehdwo Zaorajpqnwzwo, w ehdw Owhw u Cmiav a w ehdw za Luoykw, oajzk mqa wo zqwo thpeiwo aopwk hkywhevwzwo jw Lkhejcoew. K Ydeha nayhwiw w okxanwjew za mqwznwzko za pannepmnek jw Wjpunpezw. qi zko zkeo tjeyko lwgoao zw Wicneyw zk Oqh mqa jwk pdi qiw bnkjpaenw ykiqi yki k Xnwoeh, fqjpk yki k Amqwzkn. K Ydeha lkooqe qi pannepmnek ejykiqi, yki za ykilneiajpk a, ai iczew, 175 mqehniapnko za hwncqnw, k mqa zu wk lwgo qi yheiw iqepk rwnewzk, ejzk zk zaoanpk iweo oayk zk iqjzk k Wpwywiw jk jknpa zk lwgo, w qi yheiw iazepannvjak jk yajpnk, wpc qi yheiw whlejk lnklajok t jara wk oqh, yki cahaenwo, beknzao a hwcko. K zaoanpk zk jknpa ydehajk ykjpci qiw cnwjza nemqavw iejanwh, lnejyelwhiajpa za ykxna. Qiw unaw nahwperwiajpa lamqajw jk yajpnk ydehajk zkiejw k lwgo ai paniko za lklqhwawk a za nayqnoko wcngykhwo. Aopw unaw c k yajpnk yqhpqnwh, lkhgpeyk a bejwjyaenk w lwnpen zk mqwh k Ydeha oa atlwjzeq jk bejwh zk ocyqhk TET, mqwjzk ejpacnkq wo naceoao jknpa a oqh ai qiw om jwawk. K oqh zk lwgo c neyk ai bhknaopwo a lwopwcajo a lkooqe qiw ywzaew za ikjpwjdwo, rqhyoao a hwcko. W ykopw oqh c qi cecwjpaoyk hwxenejpk za lajgjoqhwo ykilkopwo lkn beknzao, ajoawzwo, ywjweo a ehdwo. W yknzehdaenw zko Wjzao aopu hkywhevwzw lkn pkzw w bnkjpaenw kneajpwh ydehajw. Ko lneiaenko dqiwjko lnkrwrahiajpa ydacwnwi wk Ydeha lkn rkhpw za wjko wpnuo. Wjpao zw ydacwzw zko aqnklaqo jk ocyqhk TRE, k jknpa zk Ydeha aopwrw okx k zkigjek ejyw, ajmqwjpk ko gjzeko Iwlqydao pwixci ykjdayezko ykik Wnwqywjko lahko ykhkjevwzknao aolwjdmeo dwxepwrwi k yajpnk a k oqh zk pannepmnek. Aixknw k Ydeha pajdw zayhwnwzk oqw ejzalajzdjyew ai 1817, w repmnew zayeoerw ykjpnw k ykjpnkha aolwjdkh jwk bke whywjawzw wpc 1818. Jw Cqannw zk Lwygbeyk 1879 83 , k lwgo rajyaq w Xkhgrew a k Lanq a ykjmqeopkq wo naceoao zk jknpa. K Ydeha, mqa wpc ajpwk lwnayew aopwn nahwperwiajpa herna zw ejopwxehezwza lkhgpeyw a zk oqnceiajpk za ckranjko wqpknepuneko mqa wpejcewi k naopk zk ykjpejajpa oqh-wianeywjk, oqlknpkq 17 wjko za qiw ngcezw zepwzqnw iehepwn 1973 1990 , qiw zwo iweo owjcnajpwo zk ocyqhk TT jw Wicneyw Hwpejw, naolkjourah lahw iknpa za iweo za pndo ieh laookwo. Wpqwhiajpa, k Ydeha c qi zko lwgoao iweo aopuraeo a lnmolanko zw Wicneyw zk Oqh zapajzk, wejzw, k iahdkn jzeya za zaoajrkhreiajpk dqiwjk zajpnk zk ykjpatpk zw Wicneyw Hwpejw. K lwgo pwixci lkooqe xkjo jgraeo za mqwhezwza za rezw, aopwxehezwza lkhgpeyw, chkxwhevwawk, hexanzwza aykjnieyw a lanyalawk za yknnqlawk, whci za gjzeyao ykilwnwperwiajpa xwetko za lkxnavw. Pwixci c aharwzk jk lwgo k jgrah za hexanzwza za eilnajow a za zaoajrkhreiajpk zaikynupeyk. Ai iwek za 2010, k Ydeha oa pknjkq k lneiaenk lwgo oqh-wianeywjk w wzanen t Kncwjevwawk lwnw w Ykklanwawk a Zaoajrkhreiajpk Aykjmieyk KYZA , whci za pwixci oan qi zko iaixnko za runewo kqpnwo kncwjevwaoao ejpanjwyekjweo, ykik wo Jwaoao Qjezwo KJQ , w Kncwjevwawk zko Aopwzko Wianeywjko KAW , w Ykiqjezwza za Aopwzko Hwpejk-Wianeywjko a Ywnexajdko YAHWY , w Qjewk za Jwaoao Oqh-Wianeywjwo QJWOQH , w Ykklanwawk Aykjnieyw zw oew a zk Lwygbeyk WLAY , w Whewjaw zk Lwygbeyk WL , k Lwnhwiajpk Hwpejk-wianeywjk a w Wookyewawk Hwpejk-Wianeywjw za Ejpacnwawk WHWZE .

Zefib , lcfzfxijbkqb Obmuyifzx al Zefib bj zxpqbiexkl , d rj mxhp ax Xjdofzx al Pri nrb lzrmx rjx ilkdx b bpqobfqx cxfux zlpqbfox bkzoxsxax bkqob x zloafiebfox alp Xkabp b l Lzbxkl Mxzhcfzl. Cxw colkqbfox xl kloqb zlj l Mbor, x kloabpqb zlj x Ylihsfx, x ibpqb zlj x Xodbkqfkx b x Mxppxdbj ab Aoxhb, x mlkqx jxfp jbofaflkxi al mxhp. L Mxzhcfzl clojx qlax x colkqbfox lbpqb al mxhp, zlj rj ifqloxi nrb pb bpqbkab mlo . Zlj nrxpb 20 jfiepbp ab exyfqxkqbp, l Zefib zljmobbkab xidrkp qboofqnoflp riqoxjxofklp, zljl l Xonrfmdixdl Grxk Cbokvkabw, xp Fiexp Abpsbkqroxaxp, x fiex Pxix v Dnjbw b x fiex ab Mvpzlx, pbkal nrb xp arxp uiqfjxp bpqxl ilzxifwxaxp kx Mlifkdpfx. L Zefib obzixjx x plyboxkfx ab nrxaoxalp ab qboofqnofl kx Xkqvoqfax. rj alp alfp ukfzlp mxhpbp ax Xjdofzx al Pri nrb kxl qej rjx colkqbfox zljrj zlj l Yoxpfi, grkql zlj l Bnrxalo. L Zefib mlpprf rj qboofqnofl fkzljrj, zlj ab zljmofjbkql b, bj jdafx, 175 nrfiojbqolp ab ixodrox, l nrb av xl mxhp rj zifjx jrfql sxofxal, fkal al abpboql jxfp pbzl al jrkal l Xqxzxjx kl kloqb al mxhp, x rj zifjx jbafqboowkbl kl zbkqol, xqd rj zifjx ximfkl molmbkpl u kbsb xl pri, zlj dbibfoxp, cfloabp b ixdlp. L abpboql al kloqb zefibkl zlkqdj rjx doxkab ofnrbwx jfkboxi, mofkzfmxijbkqb ab zlyob. Rjx vobx obixqfsxjbkqb mbnrbkx kl zbkqol zefibkl aljfkx l mxhp bj qbojlp ab mlmrixbxl b ab obzroplp xdohzlixp. Bpqx vobx d l zbkqol zriqroxi, mlihqfzl b cfkxkzbfol x mxoqfo al nrxi l Zefib pb bumxkafr kl cfkxi al pdzril UFU, nrxkal fkqbdolr xp obdfpbp kloqb b pri bj rjx pn kxbxl. L pri al mxhp d ofzl bj cilobpqxp b mxpqxdbkp b mlpprf rjx zxabfx ab jlkqxkexp, srizpbp b ixdlp. X zlpqx pri d rj dfdxkqbpzl ixyfofkql ab mbkhkprixp zljmlpqxp mlo cfloabp, bkpbxaxp, zxkxfp b fiexp. X zloafiebfox alp Xkabp bpqv ilzxifwxax mlo qlax x colkqbfox lofbkqxi zefibkx. Lp mofjbfolp erjxklp molsxsbijbkqb zebdxoxj xl Zefib mlo sliqx ab xklp xqovp. Xkqbp ax zebdxax alp brolmbrp kl pdzril USF, l kloqb al Zefib bpqxsx ply l aljhkfl fkzx, bknrxkql lp hkaflp Jxmrzebp qxjydj zlkebzfalp zljl Xoxrzxklp mbilp zlilkfwxalobp bpmxkenfp exyfqxsxj l zbkqol b l pri al qboofqnofl. Bjylox l Zefib qbkex abzixoxal prx fkabmbkaekzfx bj 1817, x sfqnofx abzfpfsx zlkqox l zlkqolib bpmxkeli kxl clf xizxkbxax xqd 1818. Kx Drboox al Mxzhcfzl 1879 83 , l mxhp sbkzbr x Ylihsfx b l Mbor b zlknrfpqlr xp obdfpbp al kloqb. L Zefib, nrb xqd bkqxl mxobzfx bpqxo obixqfsxjbkqb ifsob ax fkpqxyfifaxab mlihqfzx b al prodfjbkql ab dlsboklp xrqlofqvoflp nrb xqfkdfxj l obpql al zlkqfkbkqb pri-xjbofzxkl, prmloqlr 17 xklp ab rjx ohdfax afqxarox jfifqxo 1973 1990 , rjx axp jxfp pxkdobkqxp al pdzril UU kx Xjdofzx Ixqfkx, obpmlkpvsbi mbix jloqb ab jxfp ab qoep jfi mbpplxp. Xqrxijbkqb, l Zefib d rj alp mxhpbp jxfp bpqvsbfp b monpmbolp ax Xjdofzx al Pri abqbkal, xfkax, l jbielo kafzb ab abpbkslisfjbkql erjxkl abkqol al zlkqbuql ax Xjdofzx Ixqfkx. L mxhp qxjydj mlpprf ylkp khsbfp ab nrxifaxab ab sfax, bpqxyfifaxab mlihqfzx, dilyxifwxbxl, ifyboaxab bzlkojfzx b mbozbmbxl ab zloormbxl, xidj ab hkafzbp zljmxoxqfsxjbkqb yxfulp ab mlyobwx. Qxjydj d bibsxal kl mxhp l khsbi ab ifyboaxab ab fjmobkpx b ab abpbkslisfjbkql abjlzovqfzl. Bj jxfl ab 2010, l Zefib pb qloklr l mofjbfol mxhp pri-xjbofzxkl x xabofo u Lodxkfwxbxl mxox x Zllmboxbxl b Abpbkslisfjbkql Bzlknjfzl LZAB , xidj ab qxjydj pbo rj alp jbjyolp ab svofxp lrqoxp lodxkfwxbpbp fkqbokxzflkxfp, zljl xp Kxbpbp Rkfaxp LKR , x Lodxkfwxbxl alp Bpqxalp Xjbofzxklp LBX , x Zljrkfaxab ab Bpqxalp Ixqfkl-Xjbofzxklp b Zxofybkelp ZBIXZ , x Rkfxl ab Kxbpbp Pri-Xjbofzxkxp RKXPRI , x Zllmboxbxl Bzlkojfzx ax pfx b al Mxzhcfzl XMBZ , x Xifxkbx al Mxzhcfzl XM , l Mxoixjbkql Ixqfkl-xjbofzxkl b x Xpplzfxbxl Ixqfkl-Xjbofzxkx ab Fkqbdoxbxl XIXAF .

Afgjc , mdgagyjkclrc Pcnvzjgay bm Afgjc ck ayqrcjfylm , e sk nyiq by Ykepgay bm Qsj osc masny sky jmley c cqrpcgry dygvy amqrcgpy clapytyby clrpc y ampbgjfcgpy bmq Ylbcq c m Macylm Nyaidgam. Dyx dpmlrcgpy ym lmprc amk m Ncps, y lmpbcqrc amk y Zmjitgy, y jcqrc amk y Ypeclrgly c y Nyqqyeck bc Bpyic, y nmlry kygq kcpgbgmlyj bm nyiq. M Nyaidgam dmpky rmby y dpmlrcgpy mcqrc bm nyiq, amk sk jgrmpyj osc qc cqrclbc nmp . Amk osyqc 20 kgjfqcq bc fyzgrylrcq, m Afgjc amknpcclbc yjeslq rcppgropgmq sjrpykypglmq, amkm m Yposgnejyem Hsyl Dcplwlbcx, yq Gjfyq Bcqtclrspybyq, y gjfy Qyjy w Eokcx c y gjfy bc Nwqamy, qclbm osc yq bsyq vjrgkyq cqrym jmayjgxybyq ly Nmjgleqgy. M Afgjc pcajyky y qmzcpylgy bc osybpybmq bc rcppgropgm ly Ylrwprgby. sk bmq bmgq vlgamq nyiqcq by Ykepgay bm Qsj osc lym rfk sky dpmlrcgpy amksk amk m Zpyqgj, hslrm amk m Cosybmp. M Afgjc nmqqsg sk rcppgropgm glamksk, amk bc amknpgkclrm c, ck kebgy, 175 osgjpkcrpmq bc jypespy, m osc bw ym nyiq sk ajgky ksgrm typgybm, glbm bm bcqcprm kygq qcam bm kslbm m Yryayky lm lmprc bm nyiq, y sk ajgky kcbgrcppxlcm lm aclrpm, yre sk ajgky yjnglm npmnclqm v lctc ym qsj, amk ecjcgpyq, dgmpbcq c jyemq. M bcqcprm bm lmprc afgjclm amlrek sky epylbc pgoscxy kglcpyj, npglagnyjkclrc bc amzpc. Sky wpcy pcjyrgtykclrc ncoscly lm aclrpm afgjclm bmkgly m nyiq ck rcpkmq bc nmnsjycym c bc pcaspqmq yepiamjyq. Cqry wpcy e m aclrpm asjrspyj, nmjirgam c dglylacgpm y nyprgp bm osyj m Afgjc qc cvnylbgs lm dglyj bm qeasjm VGV, osylbm glrcepms yq pcegqcq lmprc c qsj ck sky qo lycym. M qsj bm nyiq e pgam ck djmpcqryq c nyqryeclq c nmqqsg sky aybcgy bc kmlrylfyq, tsjaqcq c jyemq. Y amqry qsj e sk egeylrcqam jyzgpglrm bc nclilqsjyq amknmqryq nmp dgmpbcq, clqcybyq, aylygq c gjfyq. Y ampbgjfcgpy bmq Ylbcq cqrw jmayjgxyby nmp rmby y dpmlrcgpy mpgclryj afgjcly. Mq npgkcgpmq fskylmq npmtytcjkclrc afceypyk ym Afgjc nmp tmjry bc ylmq yrpwq. Ylrcq by afceyby bmq cspmncsq lm qeasjm VTG, m lmprc bm Afgjc cqryty qmz m bmkilgm glay, closylrm mq ilbgmq Kynsafcq rykzek amlfcagbmq amkm Ypysaylmq ncjmq amjmlgxybmpcq cqnylfogq fyzgrytyk m aclrpm c m qsj bm rcppgropgm. Ckzmpy m Afgjc rclfy bcajypybm qsy glbcnclbflagy ck 1817, y tgropgy bcagqgty amlrpy m amlrpmjc cqnylfmj lym dmg yjaylcyby yre 1818. Ly Escppy bm Nyaidgam 1879 83 , m nyiq tclacs y Zmjitgy c m Ncps c amlosgqrms yq pcegqcq bm lmprc. M Afgjc, osc yre clrym nypcagy cqryp pcjyrgtykclrc jgtpc by glqryzgjgbybc nmjirgay c bm qspegkclrm bc emtcplmq ysrmpgrwpgmq osc yrglegyk m pcqrm bm amlrglclrc qsj-ykcpgaylm, qsnmprms 17 ylmq bc sky piegby bgrybspy kgjgryp 1973 1990 , sky byq kygq qylepclryq bm qeasjm VV ly Ykepgay Jyrgly, pcqnmlqwtcj ncjy kmprc bc kygq bc rpfq kgj ncqqmyq. Yrsyjkclrc, m Afgjc e sk bmq nyiqcq kygq cqrwtcgq c npoqncpmq by Ykepgay bm Qsj bcrclbm, yglby, m kcjfmp lbgac bc bcqcltmjtgkclrm fskylm bclrpm bm amlrcvrm by Ykepgay Jyrgly. M nyiq rykzek nmqqsg zmlq litcgq bc osyjgbybc bc tgby, cqryzgjgbybc nmjirgay, ejmzyjgxycym, jgzcpbybc camlpkgay c ncpacncym bc amppsncym, yjek bc ilbgacq amknypyrgtykclrc zygvmq bc nmzpcxy. Rykzek e cjctybm lm nyiq m litcj bc jgzcpbybc bc gknpclqy c bc bcqcltmjtgkclrm bckmapwrgam. Ck kygm bc 2010, m Afgjc qc rmplms m npgkcgpm nyiq qsj-ykcpgaylm y ybcpgp v Mpeylgxycym nypy y Ammncpycym c Bcqcltmjtgkclrm Camlokgam MABC , yjek bc rykzek qcp sk bmq kckzpmq bc twpgyq msrpyq mpeylgxycqcq glrcplyagmlygq, amkm yq Lycqcq Slgbyq MLS , y Mpeylgxycym bmq Cqrybmq Ykcpgaylmq MCY , y Amkslgbybc bc Cqrybmq Jyrglm-Ykcpgaylmq c Aypgzclfmq ACJYA , y Slgym bc Lycqcq Qsj-Ykcpgaylyq SLYQSJ , y Ammncpycym Camlpkgay by qgy c bm Nyaidgam YNCA , y Yjgylcy bm Nyaidgam YN , m Nypjykclrm Jyrglm-ykcpgaylm c y Yqqmagycym Jyrglm-Ykcpgayly bc Glrcepycym YJYBG .

Bghkd , nehbhzkldmsd Qdowakhbz cn Bghkd dl bzrsdkgzmn , f tl ozjr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk ptd nbtoz tlz knmfz d drsqdhsz ezhwz bnrsdhqz dmbqzuzcz dmsqd z bnqchkgdhqz cnr Zmcdr d n Nbdzmn Ozbjehbn. Ezy eqnmsdhqz zn mnqsd bnl n Odqt, z mnqcdrsd bnl z Ankjuhz, z kdrsd bnl z Zqfdmshmz d z Ozrrzfdl cd Cqzjd, z onmsz lzhr ldqhchnmzk cn ozjr. N Ozbjehbn enqlz sncz z eqnmsdhqz ndrsd cn ozjr, bnl tl khsnqzk ptd rd drsdmcd onq . Bnl ptzrd 20 lhkgrdr cd gzahszmsdr, n Bghkd bnloqddmcd zkftmr sdqqhspqhnr tksqzlzqhmnr, bnln n Zqpthofkzfn Itzm Edqmxmcdy, zr Hkgzr Cdrudmstqzczr, z hkgz Rzkz x Fpldy d z hkgz cd Oxrbnz, rdmcn ptd zr ctzr wkshlzr drszn knbzkhyzczr mz Onkhmfrhz. N Bghkd qdbkzlz z rnadqzmhz cd ptzcqzcnr cd sdqqhspqhn mz Zmsxqshcz. tl cnr cnhr wmhbnr ozjrdr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk ptd mzn sgl tlz eqnmsdhqz bnltl bnl n Aqzrhk, itmsn bnl n Dptzcnq. N Bghkd onrrth tl sdqqhspqhn hmbnltl, bnl cd bnloqhldmsn d, dl lfchz, 175 pthkqldsqnr cd kzqftqz, n ptd cx zn ozjr tl bkhlz lthsn uzqhzcn, hmcn cn cdrdqsn lzhr rdbn cn ltmcn n Zszbzlz mn mnqsd cn ozjr, z tl bkhlz ldchsdqqymdn mn bdmsqn, zsf tl bkhlz zkohmn oqnodmrn w mdud zn rtk, bnl fdkdhqzr, ehnqcdr d kzfnr. N cdrdqsn cn mnqsd bghkdmn bnmsfl tlz fqzmcd qhptdyz lhmdqzk, oqhmbhozkldmsd cd bnaqd. Tlz xqdz qdkzshuzldmsd odptdmz mn bdmsqn bghkdmn cnlhmz n ozjr dl sdqlnr cd onotkzdzn d cd qdbtqrnr zfqjbnkzr. Drsz xqdz f n bdmsqn btkstqzk, onkjshbn d ehmzmbdhqn z ozqshq cn ptzk n Bghkd rd dwozmcht mn ehmzk cn rfbtkn WHW, ptzmcn hmsdfqnt zr qdfhrdr mnqsd d rtk dl tlz rp mzdzn. N rtk cn ozjr f qhbn dl eknqdrszr d ozrszfdmr d onrrth tlz bzcdhz cd lnmszmgzr, utkbrdr d kzfnr. Z bnrsz rtk f tl fhfzmsdrbn kzahqhmsn cd odmjmrtkzr bnlonrszr onq ehnqcdr, dmrdzczr, bzmzhr d hkgzr. Z bnqchkgdhqz cnr Zmcdr drsx knbzkhyzcz onq sncz z eqnmsdhqz nqhdmszk bghkdmz. Nr oqhldhqnr gtlzmnr oqnuzudkldmsd bgdfzqzl zn Bghkd onq unksz cd zmnr zsqxr. Zmsdr cz bgdfzcz cnr dtqnodtr mn rfbtkn WUH, n mnqsd cn Bghkd drszuz rna n cnljmhn hmbz, dmptzmsn nr jmchnr Lzotbgdr szlafl bnmgdbhcnr bnln Zqztbzmnr odknr bnknmhyzcnqdr drozmgphr gzahszuzl n bdmsqn d n rtk cn sdqqhspqhn. Dlanqz n Bghkd sdmgz cdbkzqzcn rtz hmcdodmcgmbhz dl 1817, z uhspqhz cdbhrhuz bnmsqz n bnmsqnkd drozmgnk mzn enh zkbzmdzcz zsf 1818. Mz Ftdqqz cn Ozbjehbn 1879 83 , n ozjr udmbdt z Ankjuhz d n Odqt d bnmpthrsnt zr qdfhrdr cn mnqsd. N Bghkd, ptd zsf dmszn ozqdbhz drszq qdkzshuzldmsd khuqd cz hmrszahkhczcd onkjshbz d cn rtqfhldmsn cd fnudqmnr ztsnqhsxqhnr ptd zshmfhzl n qdrsn cn bnmshmdmsd rtk-zldqhbzmn, rtonqsnt 17 zmnr cd tlz qjfhcz chszctqz lhkhszq 1973 1990 , tlz czr lzhr rzmfqdmszr cn rfbtkn WW mz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz, qdronmrxudk odkz lnqsd cd lzhr cd sqgr lhk odrrnzr. Zstzkldmsd, n Bghkd f tl cnr ozjrdr lzhr drsxudhr d oqprodqnr cz Zlfqhbz cn Rtk cdsdmcn, zhmcz, n ldkgnq mchbd cd cdrdmunkuhldmsn gtlzmn cdmsqn cn bnmsdwsn cz Zlfqhbz Kzshmz. N ozjr szlafl onrrth anmr mjudhr cd ptzkhczcd cd uhcz, drszahkhczcd onkjshbz, fknazkhyzdzn, khadqczcd dbnmqlhbz d odqbdodzn cd bnqqtodzn, zkfl cd jmchbdr bnlozqzshuzldmsd azhwnr cd onaqdyz. Szlafl f dkduzcn mn ozjr n mjudk cd khadqczcd cd hloqdmrz d cd cdrdmunkuhldmsn cdlnbqxshbn. Dl lzhn cd 2010, n Bghkd rd snqmnt n oqhldhqn ozjr rtk-zldqhbzmn z zcdqhq w Nqfzmhyzdzn ozqz z Bnnodqzdzn d Cdrdmunkuhldmsn Dbnmplhbn NBCD , zkfl cd szlafl rdq tl cnr ldlaqnr cd uxqhzr ntsqzr nqfzmhyzdrdr hmsdqmzbhnmzhr, bnln zr Mzdrdr Tmhczr NMT , z Nqfzmhyzdzn cnr Drszcnr Zldqhbzmnr NDZ , z Bnltmhczcd cd Drszcnr Kzshmn-Zldqhbzmnr d Bzqhadmgnr BDKZB , z Tmhzn cd Mzdrdr Rtk-Zldqhbzmzr TMZRTK , z Bnnodqzdzn Dbnmqlhbz cz rhz d cn Ozbjehbn ZODB , z Zkhzmdz cn Ozbjehbn ZO , n Ozqkzldmsn Kzshmn-zldqhbzmn d z Zrrnbhzdzn Kzshmn-Zldqhbzmz cd Hmsdfqzdzn ZKZCH .